Lingua Raetoromanica

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'''Lingua Raetoromanica''' est lingua coniecturalis, quam ''Graziadio Ascoli'' ([[1829]]–[[1907]]) linguista (et alii) ob communitationem inter linguas [[Lingua Rhaetica (Romanica)|Rhaeticam]], [[Lingua Ladina (Dolomiana)|Ladinam]] [[Lingua Foroiuliensis|Foroiuliensem]] postulari debere censuit. Secundum hanc hypothesim Lingua Raetoromanica est ramus [[Linguae Romanicae|Linguarum Romanicarum]] tres linguas conplectans. Haec hypothesis valde disputatur. (Vide etiam: [[Quaestio Ladina]]).

== Linguistica historica ==
[[Fasciculus:Karte Sprachen Graubünden.png|thumb|300px|Linguae raetoromanicae in pago Grisonia.]]

=== Grisonia ===
* Sursilvan
* Sutsilvan
* Surmiran
* Puter
* Vallader
* Lingua Jauer

=== Italia ===
* Maréo/Badiot
* Gherdëina
* Fascian
* Anpezan
* Fodom

=== Lingua Foroiuliana ===
* Lingua Foroiuliana centralis
* Lingua Foroiuliana septentrionalis
* Lingua Foroiuliana orientalis-meridionalis
* Lingua Foroiuliana occidentalis

== Disputatio linguarum ==
Ineunte saeculo 20 de unitate linguistica linguarum raetoromanicarum disputatio facta est. Graziodio Ascoli et Theodor Gantner unicam linguam omnium sermonum romanicarum Grisoniae et Foroiulii postulaverunt. Carlo Battisti et Carlo Salvioni solas linguas romanicas Grisonicas Raetoromanicas esse censerunt.

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20200511022116/https://ondefurlane.eu/ Radio Onde Furlane]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091014231013/http://www.liarumantscha.ch/86+M5d637b1e38d.0.html Lia Rumantscha]

== Bibliographia ==
* Theodor Gartner: ''Handbuch der rätoromanischen Sprache und Literatur''. [[Salinae Saxonicae|Salinis Saxonicis]] 1910.
* Robert H. Billigmeier, Iso Camartin: ''Land und Volk der Rätoromanen. Eine Kultur- und Sprachgeschichte.'' Frauenfeld 1983.
* Gion Lechmann: ''Rätoromanische Sprachbewegung – Die Geschichte der Lia Rumantscha von 1919–1996''. In: Urs Altermatt, Universität Fribourg (Hrsg.): Studien zur Zeitgeschichte. Band 6, Frauenfeld Oktober 2004.
* Carlo Battisti: ''Popoli e lingue dell'Alto Adige. Studi sulla latinità altoatesina'', Florenz 1931.
* Carlo Battisti: ''Le Valli Ladine dell'Alto Adige e il pensiero dei linguisti italiani sulla unità dei dialetti ladini'', 1962.
* Romano Broggini: ''Carlo Salvioni 1858–1920'', Bellinzona 1958.

[[Categoria:Linguae Romanicae|Rhaetoromancica]]
[[Categoria:Grisonia]]</text>
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    <title>2010</title>
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== Eventa ==
=== Mense Septembri ===
* [[4 Septembris]] — [[Terrae motus]] vastus magnitudinis 7.1 [[Christopolis|Christopolim]] urbem in [[Nova Zelandia|Novae Zelandiae]] insula australi, quae in Orbe Igneo Pacifico iacet, afficit. Firmorum edificiorum gratia solus duo homines moriuntur.
* [[5 Septembris]] - [[Circuitus internationalis Coreae]] inauguratum est.
* [[16 Septembris]] — Camerae Extraordinariae in [[Cambodia]]e Curiis a [[Consociatio Nationum|Consociatione Nationum]] fautae quattuor Chmerorum Rubrorum duces [[generis occidio|occidionis generis]], [[belli scelus|scelerum belli]] et scelerum humanitati adversorum accusant, causa auctoritatis eorum in regimine [[communismus|communistico]] annis [[1975]]–[[1979]] fungente. Accusati sunt [[Nuon Chea]], vicarius [[Pol Pot]], [[Ieng Sary]], rerum externarum minister, [[Ieng Thirith]], rerum socialium ministra, et [[Khieu Samphan]], civitatis dux.
* [[14 Septembris]] — [[FM Libre]] statio radiophonica [[Uraquaria]]na a magistratibus clausa est.
* [[21 Septembris]] — Asylum petentes in campo profugis excipiendis in [[Villawood]], [[Sydneium|Sydneii]] suburbio, tumultum continuant, nonnullis contumacibus se vulnerantibus, rogantes colloqium cum magistratibus ministerii ingressus advenarum et status civitatis.
* [[23 Septembris]] — Viri delecti Civitatum Foederatarum Americae et aliarum civitatum [[Humanus Cultus Occidentalis|occidentalium]] — exempli gratia [[Regnum Britanniarum|Britanniarum]], [[Hispania]]e, [[Australia]]e, [[Belgica]]e, [[Suecia]]e et [[Uraquaria]]e — de [[Communis Conventus|Conventu Commune]] [[Consociatio Nationum|Consociationis Nationum]] abeunt, postquam [[Irania]]e praeses [[Machometus Ahmadinejad]] assevit plerosque [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Americanos]] ac plerasque gentes et politicorum peritos omni in mundo dicere, quod impetus [[tromocratia|tromocratici]] die [[11 Septembris 2001]] facti fuerant opera regiminis Civitatum Foederatum Americae [[Israel (civitas)|Israelem]] defendere conantis.
* [[30 Septembris]] — Gentium Unio [[Birotatio|Birotaria]] [[Albertus Contador Velasco|Albertum Contador]] Hispanicum, victorem [[Circuitus Franciae 2010]], ad tempus submovet, postquam in specimine ab eo die [[21 Iulii]] dato inventa est parva quantitas [[clenbuterol]]is, materiae interdictae. Is in alimenta putria culpam confert.


* '''[[31 Decembris]]'''—Ministerium industriae technologiarumque informaticarum [[Res Publica Popularis Sinarum|Rei Publicae Popularis Sinarum]] monet [[telephonum|telephoniam]] &quot;vox per rete&quot; (''VoIP'') illicitam intercludendam esse.
* '''[[28 Decembris]]'''—Millia domuum fabricarumque in [[Hibernia Septentrionalis|Hibernia Septentrionali]] sine aqua fiunt, quia glacies nixque e tempestate frigida recenti fistulas ruptas ostendit. Hoc discrimine quidam sine aquae copiis iam ab [[Christi Natalis|Christi Natali]] sunt.
* '''[[26 Decembris]]'''—Ministerium rerum externatrum [[Israel (civitas)|Israelis]] nuntiat se interclusurum esse Colloquium Mundanum contra [[Phyletismus|Phyletismum]], quo [[Consociatio Nationum]] diem decimum anniversarium Colloquii Mundani contra Phyletismum anno [[2001]] [[Durbanum|Durbani]] eventi commemorabit, quia colloquium istud [[antisemitismus|antisemitismum]] et Israelis mundique [[populus Iudaicus|Iudaici]] odium ostentat, uno die postquam [[Communis Conventus]] consultum colloquii mense Septembro [[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]] tenendi approbavit.
* '''[[23 Decembris]]'''—Centena militum [[autocurrus armatus|autocurrorum armatorum]] [[helicopterum|helicopterorum]] [[aëroplanum|aëroplanorumque]] venaticorum [[Corea Meridiana|Coreae Meridianae]] [[undeviginti]] [[chiliometrum|chiliometris]] a confinio cum [[Corea Septentrionalis|Corea Septentrionali]] congregant, ut uni maximarum imaginum pugnae intersint.
* '''[[22 Decembris]]'''—Nuntii legatorum [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatum Foederatarum Americae]] nove elapsi ostendunt [[Regnum Britanniarum|Britanniarum]] regimen implicatum esse exercitiis Cohortis Intercessionis Rapidae [[Bangladesha]]e, exercitus quasi militaris valde reprehensi causa violationum [[iura humana|iurorum humanorum]], etiam cruciatuum et plurum quam mille necum extra iudicium ab eius anno [[2004]] inceptione. [[Hilaria Clinton]], ministra rerum externarum Civitatum Foederatarum Americae, confirmatur iussisse omnes legatos media vulgandi in civitate sua cogere, ne rationem succurrendi Civitatum Foederatarum Americae in [[Haitia]] maledicant, aliquot diebus post terrae motum Ianuarium.
* '''[[21 Decembris]]'''—Superstites abusus sexualis impuberorum a sacerdotibus facti furiose respondent, postquam [[papa]] [[Benedictus XVI]] asseruit [[paedophilia]]m [[decennium 198|decennio 198]] pro quodam plene conveniente cum homine et quin cum impuberis habitam esse. Papa quoque de [[praeservativum|condomis]] locutus est.
* '''[[19 Decembris]]'''—[[Consociatio Nationum]] improbat postulatum possessoris muneris praesidialis [[Litus Eburneum|Eburnei]] [[Laurentius Gbagbo|Laurentii Gbagbo]], ut copiae paciferae Consociationis Nationum e terra tollantur. [[Navanethem Pillay]], [[iura humana|iuribus humanis]] procurator Consociationis Nationum, dicit iura humana in Litore Eborneo magnopere violari.
* '''[[19 Decembris]]'''—[[Ruthenia Alba]] comitia habet. Milia adversariorum [[Minscum|Minsci]] recusantium cum vigilibus confligunt.
* [[17 Decembris]] - manifestationes [[Res Novae Tunesicae|Rerum Novarum Tunesicarum]] coeperunt, cum [[Mohamedus Bouazizi]], [[mercator]] [[herba condimentaria|holitorius]], se ipsum die [[17 Decembris]] 2010 cremaret.
* '''[[12 Decembris]]'''—Nuntii elapsi exploratorum [[Australia]]norum nove divulgati ostendunt [[Malaesia]]e ducem adversarium [[Anwar Ibrahim]] [[sodomia]]e accusatum esse, quia in insidias ab eius inimicis politicis positas inciderat.
* '''[[11 Decembris]]'''—[[Iulianus Assange]], creator situs interretialis [[WikiLeaks]], qui nuntios elapsos legatorum [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatum Foederatarum Americae]] divulgat, in cellam carceris ''Wandsworth'' [[Londinium|Londiniensis]] traducitur, &quot;probabiliter ob ipsius salutem&quot; ut eius advocatus dicit. Is quoque dicit persecutionem quemvis situs interretialis WikiLeaks investigationis clandestinae causa esse contra [[Constitutio Civitatum Foederatarum Americae|constitutionem]] eiusque appendicem primam, quae omnes societates vulgatorias protegit.
* '''[[11 Decembris]]'''—Aquarum alluvione in [[Venetiola]] recente, praeses [[Hugo Chávez]] nuntiat in eius horto tendendum esse tendorium beduinum ei a duce [[Libya]]no [[Muammar al-Gaddafi]] donatum, ut pluribus familiis domibus privatis locum cedat.
* '''[[9 Decembris]]'''—[[Res Publica Popularis Sinarum]] aditum ad nuntios peregrinos obsidet causa ceremoniae futurae ob [[Liu Xiaobo]], cui [[Praemium Nobelianum pacis componendae]] anno 2010 datum est.
* '''[[8 Decembris]]'''—Nuntii elapsi legatorum [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatum Foederatarum Americae]] nove divulgati ostendunt [[Regnum Britanniarum|Britanniarum]] regimen timuisse, ne [[Libya]] rationibus politicis minutura esset, si in Britanniarum carcere moriturus esset [[terrorismus|terrorista]] Libyanus [[Abdeel Baset Machometus Ali al-Megrahi]], qui postea vero liberatus est. Nuntia nove divulgata quoque ostendunt Civitates Foederatas Americae [[Russia]]e hoc anno in id contendentes, ne societates [[Visa]] et [[MasterCard]] nova lege adverse afficiantur.
* '''[[4 Decembris]]'''—[[Res Publica Popularis Sinarum]] fraudem interretialem et impetus cyberneticos praecisura est.
* '''[[3 Decembris]]'''—Bellum cyberneticum grave contra situm interretialem [[WikiLeaks]] (&quot;ViciElapsa&quot;) procedit. Hic situs interretialis, qui nuntios legatorum [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatum Foederatarum Americae]] clam missos divulgavit, inscriptionem interretialem suam mutare cogitur, postquam ''EveryDNS'', unus maximorum administratorum rationis nominum domaniorum interretialium, domanium ''WikiLeaks'' occidit, causa incommodorum aliis usoribus per hos impetus allatorum. Civitates Foederatae Americae accusantur ipsae impetuum horum efficiendorum. [[Iulianus Assange]], situs interretialis petiti creator, dicit mortem suam commoveri a Thoma Flanagan, capite catervae ministri primi Canadensis [[Stephanus Harper|Stephani Harper]].
* '''[[3 Decembris]]'''—Nuntii nove elapsi aperiunt [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitates Foederatas Americae]] corruptionem in [[Afghania]] timere; unus legatorum Civitatum Foederatarum Americae naturam praesidis Afghaniae [[Hamid Karzai]] parum constantem expressit.
* '''[[28 Novembris]]'''—Copiae navales [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatum Foederatarum Americae]] et [[Corea Meridiana|Coreae Meridianae]] pugnae imagini in aquis erga [[Corea]]m occidentalibus intersunt, admonitionibus a [[Corea Septentrionalis|Corea Septentrionali]] invitis.
* '''[[28 Novembris]]'''—[[Haitia]] comitia habet omnibus rebus confusis in flagranti [[cholera]]e divulgatione atque post terrae motum Ianuarium. Duodecim octodecim candidatorum fraudem allegantes scrutinium rescindendum petunt.
* '''[[23 Novembris]]'''—[[Hibernia (res publica)|Res publica Hibernica]] discrimine argentario afficitur. [[Brianus Cowen]], minister primus, in legatorum coetu dicit se potestatem non firme tenere. Unum multorum officiorum ministri rei vehiculariae Noel Dempsey picturis dispersis sive ''graffiti'' obruitur. [[Morgan C. Jones]], histrio et satirarum scriptor [[Eblana|Eblanensis]], nuntiat regimen die Iovis sententia &quot;depulsi estis&quot; recusandam esse. Laboris Factio adversaria duci suo [[Edmundo Gilmore]] mandat, ut diebus futuris industriam qualemlibet aptam libere incipiat.
* '''[[21 Novembris]]'''—Gentium Forum [[Tigris|Tigribus]] [[Petropolis|Petropoli]] in [[Russia]] septentriooccidentali evenit.
* '''[[19 Novembris]]'''—[[Granata (instrumentum)|Pilis igniariis]] [[phosphorus|phosphoreis]] et globis ignivomis a Palaestinensibus emissis respondens, [[Israel (civitas)|Israelis]] classis aëria quidem duo destinata in [[Lacinia Gazetica]] tormentis verberat.
* '''[[19 Novembris]]'''—[[Dalai Lama]] dicit [[generis occidio]]nem in [[Thibetum|Thibeto]] a regimine [[Res Publica Popularis Sinarum|Rei Publicae Popularis Sinarum]] committi.
* '''[[17 Novembris]]'''—Domuum nove aedificatarum numerus in [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatibus Foederatis Americae]] minimus ab Aprili mense [[2009]] fit.
* '''[[16 Novembris]]'''—Studia ab Instituto [[Postampium|Postampiensi]] Consequentiae [[Clima]]tis Inquirendae confecta concludunt deminutum tegimen congelatum [[Arctica|Arcticum]] [[hiems|hiemale]] inaequalitates cursus ventorum creare posse, itaque hiemes generaliter frigidiores omni in hemisphaerio boreali afferre.
* '''[[13 Novembris]]'''—Duces civitatum in Cooperatione Oeconomica [[Asia]]na–[[Oceanus Pacificus|Pacifica]] congregatarum huius consociationis conventui [[Yokohama]]e [[Iaponia]]e mediae intersunt.
* '''[[12 Novembris]]'''—[[Cholera]]e divulgatio in [[Haitia]] erumpit. [[Consociatio Nationum]] 164 milliones [[dollarium (CFA)|dollariorum]] ut succursum morbo pugnando petit.
* '''[[10 Novembris]]'''—Deciens milia alumnorum et commentatorum academicorum intersunt itineri [[Londinium|Londiniensi]] Societatis Gentilis Alumnorum contra proposita regiminis [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britanniarum]] minervalis ad novem milia [[libra Britannica|librarum]] per annum in [[Anglia]] augendi.
* '''[[7 Novembris]]'''—Suffragatores scrutinio municipali in [[Graecia]] factionem ministri primi [[Georgius Papandreu (natus 1952)|Georgii Papandreu]] favent — Motum [[Socialismus|Bonorum Aequandorum]] Panhellenium.
* '''[[2 Novembris]]'''—Medio in tempore muneris praesidis [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatum Foederatarum Americae]] [[Barack Obama]], haec terra comitia habet de [[Camera Repraesentantum Civitatum Foederatarum|repraesentantibus]] omnibus, 37 [[Senatus Civitatum Foederatarum|senatoribus]], 39 gubernatoribus civitatum territoriorumve et variis muneribus rebusve locorum. [[Factio Republicana (CFA)|Factio Republicana]] repraesentantum partem maiorem accipit.
* '''[[2 Novembris]]'''—Tela ignifera intra fasces cursuales in [[Russia]]e [[Mexicum|Mexici]] [[Helvetia]]eque legationibus in [[Graecia]] erumpunt. Duobus diebus recentibus fasces similes [[Germania]]e [[Nederlandia]]e [[Belgica]]e [[Chilia]]e [[Bulgaria]]eque legationibus missi directive sunt.
* '''[[31 Octobris]]'''—Numerus mortuorum divulgatione [[cholera]]e in [[Haitia]] 330 attingit; [[typhon marinus]] Thomas serius hac hebdomade res in peius mutaturus esse exspectatur.
* '''[[26 Octobris]]'''—[[Indonesia]] [[terrae motus|terrae motu]], [[megacyma]]te et fulmine [[mons ignifer|montis igniferi]] [[Merapi]] afficitur. A praeside Indonesiano [[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]], qui nunc [[Res Publica Popularis Sinarum|Rem Publicam Popularis Sinarum]] et [[Vietnamia]]m viset, consiliis instructus, rerum secundarum minister Indonesianus [[Agung Laksono]] necessitatem urgentem declarat. Mortuorum numerus post megacyma 23 attingit. 160 homines ad locum incertum ex vico Betu Monga [[Sumatra]]no megacymate locali affecto perierunt.
* '''[[26 Octobris]]'''—[[Regnum Britanniarum|Britanniarum]] oeconomia spatio trimestri tertio 0.8% crevit, plus praedictione, sed minus auctu spatii trimestris secundi — 1.2%. Cancellario scaccarii [[Georgius Osborne|Georgio Osborne]] id placet ut probatio alacritatis oeconomicae constantis.
* '''[[25 Octobris]]'''—[[Res Publica Popularis Sinarum]] et [[Africa]] decimum diem anniversarium Fori pro Cooperatione Sino–Africana [[Pekinum|Pekini]] celebrant.
* '''[[23 Octobris]]'''—[[Richardus Falk]], nuntius [[Consocatio Nationum|Consociationis Nationum]] de [[iura humana|iuribus humanis]], litteras publicas [[Communis Conventus|Conventui Communi]] Consociationis Nationum vulgat, asserentes coloniarum aedificationem continuatam terrae [[Palaestina|Palaestinensis]] occupationem ab [[Israel (civitas)|Israele]] probabiliter insanabilem redderet.
* '''[[21 Octobris]]'''—Inquisitio subtilis datorum detectorum Missili ad Lunam ex Orbita Cognoscendam et Satellite ad Crateras Lunares Observandos Sentiendosque concentrationem [[carbonii monoxidum|monoxidi carbonii]] in [[Cabeus|Cabeo]] cratere maiorem antea aestimata invenit.
* '''[[10 Octobris]]'''—[[Viginti]] homines in [[Res Publica Popularis Sinarum|Re Publica Populari Sinarum]] nuntiantur in [[carcer]]em inclusi esse, postquam [[iura humana|iurorum humanorum]] fautori [[Liu Xiaobo|Liú Xiǎobō]] in carcere quoque incluso [[Praemium Nobelianum pacis componendae]] 2010 datum est. Situs uxoris Liú adhuc ignoratur, postquam a vigilibus assumpta est; collegium iura humana favens [[Freedom Now]] dicit eam in de facto custodia libera esse. Nuntiatur accessus ad virum licere [[uxor]]i Liú, qui dicitur fletisse et Praemium Nobelianum suum martyribus tumultus in [[Forum Pacis Caelestis|Pacis Caelestis Foro]] [[Pekinum|Pekini]] anno [[1989]] eventi dedicavisse.
* '''[[4 Octobris]]'''—[[Thomas de Maizière]], [[Administer Foederalis Rerum Internarum|minister foederalis rerum internarum]] [[Germania]]e, colloquio cum diurnariis [[Berolinum|Berolini]] dicit nullam impetus [[tromocratia|tromocratici]] imminentis probationem claram et nullam &quot;ad arma conclamandi&quot; rationem esse. Tamen [[Iaponia]]e regimen cives suos monet, ut ab impetibus in [[Europa]] caveant. Brevi ante [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] et [[Regnum Britanniarum|Britanniae]] quoque ita monuerunt.
* '''[[4 Octobris]]'''—[[Israel (civitas)|Israel]] relegandam esse decernit [[Margaritam Corrigan]], quae praehendebatur a Marti die, cum sicut femina anno [[1976]] [[Praemium Nobelianum|praemio Nobeliano]] honestata Israelem adiit, ut alios [[quinque]] praemio Nobeliano honestatos conveniret. Israelis iudicium eam imperat propagandi studium eius sibi retinere. Israel dicit se ei territorii sui aditum interdixisse, ea tamen dicit se interdictum tale non conscire.

* '''[[27 Augusti]]'''—[[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatum Foederatarum]] praeses pristinus [[Iacobus Earl Carter|Iacobus Carter]] liberationem concivis sui [[Aijalon Gomes]] a [[Corea Septentrionalis|Corea Septentrionali]] certum facit.
* '''[[21 Augusti]]'''—Procuratores in [[Suecia]] mandatum capturae [[Iulianus Assange|Iuliani Assange]], tribuni situs interretialis [[WikiLeaks]], edicunt et postea revocant. Assange casum istum magnopere turbantem dicit, quia WikiLeaks hoc ipso tempore quina dena milia litterarum vulgandarum praeparat, quas [[Exercitus Civitatum Foederatarum|Exercitus]] [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatum Foederatarum Americae]] libentius secreto teneret.
* '''[[21 Augusti]]'''—Officium Foederale Salutis [[Foederatio Russica|Foederationis Russicae]] in [[Daghestania]] Russiae meridianae occidit [[Machometus Ali Vagabov|Machometum Ali Vagabov]], contumacium armatorum ducem suspectum de impetibus [[terrorismus|terroristicis]] die [[29 Martii]] 2010 contra [[ferrivia metropolitana|ferriviam inferam]] [[Mosqua|Mosquensem]] factis.
* '''[[21 Augusti]]'''—Domus plurum quam quinquaginta milium hominum in Sinis evacuantur causa alluvionis aquarum in fluvio Yālù (Amnokkang) inter [[Res Publica Popularis Sinarum|Sinas]] septentrioorientales et [[Corea Septentrionalis|Coream Septentrionalem]]. In Corea Septentrionali [[Sinŭiju]] urbs imprimis afficitur.
* '''[[21 Augusti]]'''—Denuntiationis causa operarii officio publico fungentes in [[Africa Australis|Africa Australi]] operandi detrectationem pro mercedibus maioribus non continuant. Exercitus contra operandi detrectationem adhibitus est et minister salubritatis publicae operandi detrectatores homicidii accusavit.
* '''[[21 Augusti]]'''—[[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] [[salmonellosis|salmonellose]] terrentur. Iam complures centeni homines omni in terra aegroti [[ovum|ovorum]] malorum causa putantur et aegrotorum numerus creturus exspectatur.
* '''[[20 Augusti]]'''—Iudicium appellationis [[Thailandia]]e decernit [[Victor But|Victorem But]], armorum negotiatorem [[Russia|Russicum]] indictum, [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatibus Foederatis Americae]] tradendum esse. Minister rerum externarum Russiae [[Sergius Lavrov]] sententiam improbat ut politicam, contra legem datam et a Civitatibus Foederatis Americae immissam.
* '''[[17 Augusti]]'''—Quidem 61 homines occiduntur et plus quam centum vulnerantur [[pyrobolus|teli igniferi]] fulmine ab interfectore facto in loco [[Bagdadum|Bagdadensi]], ubi exercitus [[Iraquia|Iraquensis]] milites conquirit. In Bagdadi parte [[Secta Siitica|Siitica]] quidem 8 homines occiduntur et 44 vulnerantur fulmine teli igniferi ad currum cisterninum affixi.
* '''[[16 Augusti]]'''—Politicorum periti et eruditi, exempli gratia [[Stephanus Balibar]], [[Noam Chomsky]], [[Daniel Cohn-Bendit]] et [[Eva Joly]], [[Francia]]e praesidem [[Nicolaus Sarkozy|Nicolaum Sarkozy]] hortantur, ut Francia reddat septendecim milliarda [[euro]]num [[Haitia]]e anno [[1825]] post res novas Haitienses ([[1791]]–[[1804]]) ablata, quod Haitiae post terrae motum Ianuarium valde adesset.
* '''[[16 Augusti]]'''—Studiosi in [[Insula Paschalis|Insula Paschali]] [[Chilia]]e occidentalis separando a Chilia minantur, commoventes abdicationem gubernatoris [[Petrus Paulus Edmundus Paoa|Petri Pauli Edmundi Paoa]]. Separandi studiosi aedificia publica, museum et deversorium in solo a [[Polynesia|Polynesiensibus]] vindicato occupant. Exercitus Chilensis ad Insulam Paschalem mittitur.
* '''[[16 Augusti]]'''—Liber a dissidente [[Yu Jie]] scriptus ministrum primum [[Res Publica Popularis Sinarum|Rei Publicae Popularis Sinarum]] [[Wen Jiabao|Wēn Jiābǎo]] maledicens [[Hongcongum|Hongcongi]] vendi incipit, vigilibus ei vincula minatis.
* '''[[11 Augusti]]'''—[[Elias Abuelazam]], [[Israel (civitas)|Israelis]] civis [[Arabes|Arabicus]] et homicida serialis suspectus a Flint [[Michigania]]e in CFA septentrionali, ex [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatibus Foederatis Americae]] defugere conans in aëroportu [[Atlanta (Georgia)|Atlantensi]] in [[Georgia (CFA)|Georgia]] Civitatum Foederatarum meridianarum ante avolatum ad Israelem praehenditur.
* '''[[6 Augusti]]'''—Ardoris unda et incendia in [[Russia]] progrediuntur. Incendiorum causa iam circa quinquaginta homines mortui sunt et sesquimille [[chiliometrum|chiliometrorum]] quadratorum silvarum igni consumptum est. Milia incolarum domibus privata sunt et plus quam mille in aquis submersum periit, nam [[vodca|aqua vitae]] bibenda ac in aqua natando multi homines refrigerandum conantur, [[temperatura thermodynamica|temperaturis]] quadraginta Celsii gradus egressis. Incendiorum fumus aedificia clara [[Mosqua|Mosquensia]] obducit et plus quam 140 volatus in aëroportibus Mosquensibus retaradantur. Numeri publici indicant 14 340 homines mense Iulio 2010 Mosquae mortuos esse, quod est 4 824 hominibus plus quam eodem mense anni praecedentis. Siccitatis historice pessimae causa Russiae minister primus [[Vladimirus Putin]] [[farina]]e [[triticum|triticique]] exportationem a 15 Augusti usque ad 31 Decembris vetat.
* '''[[6 Augusti]]'''—Nuntiatus est [[Ferdinandus Lugo|Ferdinandum Lugo]], [[Paraquaria]]e praesidem, [[cancer (morbus)|cancro]] laborantem esse.
* '''[[2 Augusti]]'''—Vitae marinae census post decem annos investigationis oceanorum mundi conficitur, indicans 230 milia specierum animalium ibi viventium.
* '''[[1 Augusti]]'''—[[Nederlandia]] omnes 1 900 milites suos de [[Afghania]] demittit causa opinionis publicae de belli Afghanici amentia.
* '''[[31 Iulii]]'''—Litterae publicae Commissionis Regiae ad Incendia Silvestria [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoriana]] de incendiis Saturni Die Nigro ([[7 Februarii]] [[2009]]) eventis, quae 173 homines occiderunt, deferuntur ad parlamentum Victoriae, civitatis [[Australia|austroorientoaustralianae]]. Eae 67 ammonitus continent, exempli gratia de evacuatione emendanda et incendiis adversariis augendis.
* '''[[31 Iulii]]'''—Ministerium Commercii [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatum Foederatarum Americae]] divulgat computationem statisticam indicantem huius rei publicae oeconomiam inter spatium trimestre quartum anni [[2007]] et spatium trimestre secundum anni [[2009]] 4.1% decrevisse, quod est discrimen maius antea cogitato.
* '''[[31 Iulii]]'''—Fulmine in [[carbo]]num puteo in provincia Shānxī [[Res Publica Popularis Sinarum|Sinarum]] mediarum 17 homines moriuntur et 24 fossores in puteo propinquuo aquarum alluvione includuntur.
* '''[[30 Iulii]]'''— [[Ioannes Francus Fini]] et aliis antiquis Foederis Nationalis legatis a [[Silvius Berlusconi|Silvio Berlusconi]] e factione Populo Libertatis, cuius Fini et Berluscono conditores fuerunt, expulsis sunt. Hi novam factionem &quot;[[Futurus et Libertas|Futurum et Libertatem]]&quot; condiderunt.
* '''[[28 Iulii]]'''—Causa caliginis crassae et erroris rectoris, [[aëroplanum]] ''Airbus A-321'' societatis ''Airblue'' supra Colles Margalla prope [[Islamabada]]m cadit. Ex 152 homines in aëroplano nemo morte perfungitur. 
* '''[[22 Iulii]]'''—[[Iudicium inter Civitates|Curia Iustitiae inter Gentes]] decernit declarationem libertatis [[Ager Merulensis|Agri Merulensis]] ab una tantum parte factam non contra legem fuisse, quod aliis civitatibus non agnitis ([[Abchasia]], [[Cyprus Septentrionalis|Cypro Septentrionali]], [[Ossetia Meridiana]], [[Palaestina]], [[Res Publica Democratica Arabica Saharensis|Re publica Democratica Arabica Saharensi]], [[Res publica Sinarum|Re publica Sinarum]]) sicut casus exepmlaris videri potesset. Iudicio assentiunt iudices [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Americanus]], [[Iaponia|Iaponicus]], [[Germania|Germanicus]], [[Regnum Britanniarum|Britannicus]], [[Francia|Francicus]], [[Brasilia|Brasiliensis]], [[Mexicum|Mexicanus]], [[Nova Zelandia|Neo-Zelandicus]], [[Iordania|Iordanicus]] et [[Somalia|Somalensis]], ab eo dissentiunt iudices [[Russia|Russicus]], [[Marocum|Maroccanus]], [[Slovacia|Slovacus]] et [[Mons Leoninus|Leoninus]].
* '''[[16 Iulii]]'''—Incendio deversorii ''Soma'' in Silêmanî, urbe [[Kurdi]]co [[Iraquia]]e septentrionalis prope [[Irania]]e fines, quidem 21 homines vulnerantur et 29 occiduntur, etiam peregrini.
* '''[[8 Iulii]]'''—[[Decem]] homines, qui investigationis clandestinae ob [[Russia]]m in [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatibus Foederatis Americae]] a Cognitionis Officio Foederali demuntur, apud iudicem culpam suam coniurationis externae ad investigationem clandestinam recognoscunt. Investigatores isti damnantur et ex Civitatibus Foederatis Americae deportantur, permutatione quattuor hominibus in Russia in carcere inclusis investigationis clandestinae ob Civitates Foederatas Americae causa.
* '''[[8 Iulii]]'''—[[David Lloyd Johnston]], praeses universitatis in Waterloo [[Ontario]]nis in Canada media, nuntiatur [[Michaela Jean|Michaelae Jean]] successor mense Septembro fore ut Canadae gubernator generalis, quo repraesentatur Sua Maiestas [[Elizabeth II (regina Britanniarum)|Elizabeth II]], Dei Gratia [[Regnum Britanniarum|Britanniarum]] [[Canada]]eque Regnorumque Suorum Ceterorum Regina, [[Consortio Populorum|Consortionis Populorum]] Princeps, [[Fidei Defensor]].
* '''[[8 Iulii]]'''—Eruditi [[Regnum Britanniarum|Britannici]] vulgant eventus studiorum, quae perceptionem usitatam obesitatis impuberorum ut eventus insufficientis exercitationis gymnicae in dubium vocant, asserentes vice versa obesitatem insufficientis exercitationis fontem esse.
* '''[[8 Iulii]]'''—Tauris currentibus in duo homines cornua tolluntur et quinque vulnerantur Sancti Firmini festo [[Pampilona]]e in [[Navarra]] [[Hispania]]e septentrionalis.
* '''[[8 Iulii]]'''—[[Nicanor Faeldon]], capitaneus contumax profugus in [[Philippinae|Philippinis]], concursus ad tumultum Oakwood accusatus, post tres annos in publicum prodit.
* '''[[8 Iulii]]'''—[[Aerarium Monetarium Internationale|Gentium Aerarium Monetarium]] auctum praedictum oeconomiae mundi anni 2010 a 4.2% ad 4.6% auget.
* '''[[3 Iulii]]'''—Plus quam 230 homines moriuntur et 200 vulnerantur, postquam autocinetum onerarium [[benzinum|laticem igniferem]] transportans in provincia [[Kivu Australis]] [[Respublica Democratica Congensis|Rei publicae Democraticae Congensis]] orientalis prope [[Tanzania]]e fines conversum est et erupit. Numerus victimarum tantus est, quia ante fulmen incolarum multitudo ad autocinetum conversum concurrit, ut laticem igniferem furetur. Probabilis conversionis causa est velocitas nimia, probabilis fulminis causa est fumi suctus.
* '''[[2 Iulii]]'''—[[Russia]]e navis siderea ''Progress M-06M'' ex portu sidereo Baikonurensi Mercurii die emissa ad [[Statio spatialis internationalis|Gentium Stationem Sideream]] appellari frustra conatur. Sedes Siderea Foederalis Russica appulsum novum conabitur.
* '''[[21 Iunii]]'''—Gregis scelerati socii in suburbio [[Sancti Salvatoris Urbs|Urbis Sancti Salvatoris]] [[laophorium]] petunt glandibus emittendis, [[benzinum|latice igniferi]] conspergendo et incendendo, occidentes quattuordecim et vulnerantes sedecim homines. Brevi postea glandes contra laophorium alium emittunt, occidentes duo homines.
* '''[[21 Iunii]]'''—[[Faisal Shahzad]], civis [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatum Foederatarum Americae]] originis [[Pakistania|Pakistanicae]], recognoscit culpam suam intentate utendi teli destructionis generalis in foro ''Times Square'' [[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]] urbis die [[1 Maii]] 2010.
* '''[[21 Iunii]]'''—Statua intentata ut monumentum Diei Solis Sanguinei ([[30 Ianuarii]] [[1972]]) [[Derae|Deris]] in [[Hibernia Septentrionalis|Hibernia Septentrionali]] [[Regnum Britanniarum|Britanniarum]] septentriooccidentalium ante confectionem devastatur.
* '''[[21 Iunii]]'''—Statio radiorum electromagneticorum metiendorum septentrionalissima Instituti [[Corea Meridiana|Coreae Meridianae]] Salutis Nuclearis dicit se [[xenon|xeni]] radios edentis amplificationem octuplam mensam esse.
* '''[[21 Iunii]]'''—Quidem 46 homines moriuntur et alii haerent post fulmen in fodina in [[Henan|Hénán]] [[Res Publica Popularis Sinarum|Sinarum]] mediarum.
* '''[[20 Iunii]]'''—Scrutinium praesidiale in [[Polonia]] evenit post mortem praesidis [[Lechus Kaczyński|Lechi Kaczyński]] in sinistro casu aëroplani die [[10 Aprilis]] 2010. Duo candidati gravissimi — praeses fungens [[Bronislaus Komorowski]] factionis Forum Civicum et minister primus pristinus [[Iaroslaus Kaczyński]] factionis Ius et Iustitia — 45.7 centesima et 33.2 centesimae punctorum accipiunt, ergo concursus secundus fit necessus.
* '''[[20 Iunii]]'''—In scrutinii praesidialis [[Columbia]]ni concursu secundo, [[Ioannes Manuel Santos]] Factionis Socialis Unitatis Gentilis cum 69.05 centesimae punctorum [[Antonius Mockus|Antonium Mockus]] Factionis Viridis vincit. Die scrutinii quidem septem vigiles morintur et octo alii absunt, postquam telo ignifero petiti sunt.
* '''[[16 Iunii]]'''—Aquarum alluvione celerrima ex nimborum vi effusa in [[Varus (praefectura Franciae)|Varo]] [[Francia]]e meridianae quidem 25 homines moriuntur.
* '''[[15 Iunii]]'''—Rerum condicio in [[Chirgisia]] calamitosa videtur, cum causa proelii inter Chirgisos et Uzbecos in urbibus valde Uzbecis Oš, Žalalabat et Suzak in Chirgisia meridiana numerus mortuorum ad 180 ascendit, fontes inofficiales{{dubsig}} autem milia mortuorum nuntiant. Quidem centum milia profugorum Uzbecorum salutem apud [[Uzbecia]]e fines quaerunt. Chirgisia cives ad arma convocat. Multae habitationes in Oš omnino deletae sunt. Et [[exercitus]] stragis Uzbecorum accusatur. Incolarum Chirgisiae 69 centesimae sunt Chirgisi, 14.5 centesimae Uzbeci.
* '''[[9 Iunii]]'''—Praeses [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatum Foederatarum Americae]] [[Barack Obama]] praesidem Imperii Palaestinensis [[Machometus Abbas|Machometum ʿAbbās]] in [[Domus Alba|Domo Alba]] convenit et Palaestinensibus 400 milliones [[dollarium (CFA)|dollariorum]] ut adiumentum [[Cisiordania]]e et [[Lacinia Gazetica|Laciniae Gazeticae]] promittit. Interea in [[Aegyptus|Aegypto]] est controversia in mediis vulgandi, postquam legatus populi [[Aegyptus|Aegypti]], qui particeps classis fautorum Gazeticorum fuerat, dixit classis participes [[Israel (civitas)|Israelis]] manipulos tres vicisse et telis despoliavisse. [[Israel (civitas)|Israelis]] minister primus [[Beniaminus Netanjahu]] suadet, ut instituatur grex peritorum iuris, qui investiget rationes non politicas cursus classis fautorum Gazeticorum et cui quidem unus Americanus intersit, si regimen Civitatum Foederatarum Americae assentiatur. Aegyptus quoque Laciniae Gazeticae conclusionem ob adiumentum benignum per Rafah praebendum minuit et Israel Laciniae Gazeticae obsidionem ob alimenta minuit.
* '''[[9 Iunii]]'''—Certamine finali Foederis Gentilis Ludi Pilae Hasta Percussae Super Glaciem,''Blackhawks'' [[Chicagum|Chicagenses]] Volantes [[Philadelphia|Philadelphienses]] 4 ad 3 vincunt, lucrati Calicem Stanley anni 2010. Duci Chicagensi [[Ionathan Toews|Ionathani Toews]] datum est Praemium Constantinis Smythe ut Lusori Utilissimo.
* '''[[9 Iunii]]'''—Scrutinii praesidialis eventu confirmato, [[Benignus Simeon Aquino Tertius]] et [[Jejomar Binay]] praeses electus et praeses vicarius electus [[Philippinae|Philippinarum]] declarantur.
* '''[[31 Maii]]'''—Multae [[Israel (civitas)|Israelis]] naves militares [[aëroplanum|aëroplanaque]] gentium classem subsidium in [[Lacinia Gazetica|Laciniam Gazeticam]] portantem persequntur et postea in [[Mare Mediterraneum|Maris Mediterranei]] aquis liberis incurrunt, occidentes novem fautores Gazeticos maiore parte ex [[Turcia]]e nave ''Marmara'', ac in [[Azotus|Azotum]] portum Israelis meridianae trahunt. Quinquaginta vulnera nuntiantur. Minister defensionis Israelis Ehud Barak dicit fautores Gazeticos mortium accusandos esse, quia milites navem in pace conscendere conati erant, sed iaculari coacti sunt, ut se ipsos defenderent. Quemadmodum fautores Gazetici armati erant in dubio est.
* '''[[30 Maii]]'''—In parte Serbica septentrionali [[Civitas Sancti Demetrii (Ager Merulensis)|Civitatis Sancti Demetrii Merulensis]] evenit scrutinium, quod milia Albanorum in partem Serbicam ingressorum turbare conantur.
* '''[[28 Maii]]'''—Litterae elapsae [[Consociatio Nationum|Consociationis Nationum]] dicunt [[Corea Septentrionalis|Coream Septentrionalem]] artem [[bomba atomica|nuclearem]] in [[Birmania]]m, [[Irania]]m et [[Syria]]m exportare. [[Res Publica Popularis Sinarum]] dicit se non protecturam esse ullum, qui mense Martio [[Corea Meridiana|Coreae Meridianae]] navem bellicam minorem ''Cheonan PCC-772'' aquis obruit.
* '''[[28 Maii]]'''—Pecuniae ex [[Iaponia]], [[Germania]], [[Francia]], [[Italia]], [[Hispania]], [[Canada]], [[Nederlandia]], [[Belgica]], [[Suecia]], [[Helvetia]], [[Norvegia]], [[Finnia]] et [[Hibernia (res publica)|Re publica Hibernica]] collatae gratia [[Argentaria Mundana]] 36 milliones [[dollarium (CFA)|dollariorum]] debiti [[Haitia|Haitiensis]] post terrae motum Ianuarium remittere potest.
* '''[[28 Maii]]'''—Societas ''BP'' nuntiat se in terebramine laeso limo obstruendo perseverare, ut [[petroleum|olei rudis]] amissionem in [[Sinus Mexicanus|Sinu Mexicano]] reprimat. Praeses [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatum Foederatarum Americae]] [[Barack Obama]] maledictiones de eius responsione tarda repellit.
* '''[[28 Maii]]'''—Discordia augetur inter [[BBC]] et socios regiminis [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britanniarum]], qui disputationum relationem ''Question Time'' intercludere volunt, nisi [[Alexander Campbell]], [[Antonius Blair|Antonii Blair]] consultor pristinus, a disputatione amoveatur.
* '''[[28 Maii]]'''—Societas [[Formosa]]na ''Foxconn'' stipendiorum additamentum 20 % concedit, ut mores in melius mutet in fabrica sua in Shēnzhèn [[Res Publica Popularis Sinarum|Sinarum meridionalium]], ubi nonnulli operarii mortem sibi consciverunt.
* '''[[17 Maii]]'''—Sex homines cultello sectorio invasi sunt in emporio urbis ''Fóshān'' in [[Res Publica Popularis Sinarum|Sinis]] meridiorientalibus, antequam invasor mortem sibi consciscit.
* '''[[16 Maii]]'''—[[Thailandia]]e minister primus [[Abhisit Vejjajiva]] monet, ne vis crescat, et de interdicto in publicum prodeundi cogitat, postquam plus quam 25 homines in tumultibus [[Bancocum|Bancocensibus]] contra regimen intra tres dies occisi sunt et plus quam ducenti vulnerati. Contumaces scrutinium novum flagitant.
* '''[[15 Maii]]'''—Tumultus evenit apud carbonum puteum ''Raspadskaja'' prope ''Меždurečensk'' [[Regio Kemerovensis|Regionis Kemerovensis]] in [[Russia]] media, quia in puteo mortui sunt circa nonaginta fossores causa securitatis vitiosae et pravitatis conductoris operis.
* '''[[14 Maii]]'''—[[Navicula spatialis|Navicula siderea]] ''Atlantis'' volatum ultimum suum post saeculi quartam partem in officio ex [[Florida]] in [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatibus Foederatis Americae]] incipit. In navicula sunt sex astronautae et Russiae modulus ''Rassvet''. Haec missio duodecim dies mansura est.
* '''[[13 Maii]]'''—Vigiles [[Australia]]ni capitaneum pristinum Serbicum [[Dragan Vasiljković]] capiunt. [[Croatia]] eius traditionem rogat, quia [[belli scelus|scelerum belli]] accusatur.
* '''[[6 Maii]]'''—[[Russia]]e nautae militares ex nave venatoria ''Maršal Šapošnikov'' navem oleariam &quot;Universitas Mosquensis&quot; a [[Somalia]]e piratis liberant. Omnes 23 nautae sine vulnere liberantur, dum piratae capiuntur.
* '''[[6 Maii]]'''—In [[Comitia Regni Britanniarum 2010|Comitiis Regni Britanniarum]] [[Parlamentum Regni Britanniarum|Parlamentariis]] [[Factio Conservativa (Britanniarum Regnum)|factio Conservativa]], duce [[David Cameron]], maiorem numerum legatorum nacta est, sed maioritati absolutae defuit. [[Carolina Lucas]], prima factionis [[Factio Viridis (Regnum Unitum)|Viridis]], ad [[Parlamentum Britannicum]] electa est.
* '''[[5 Maii]]'''—Milia civium [[Graecia]]e laboris intermissioni generali intersunt, ut recusent rationes parcas a regimine [[Georgius Papandreu (natus 1952)|Georgii Papandreu]] perlatas et mutuum salvificum ab [[Unio Europaea|Unione Europaea]] et [[Aerarium Monetarium Internationale|Gentium Aerario Monetario]] oeconomiae Graecae debitis dirutae datum. Tres homines in incendio a manifestationis violentae participibus in argentaria subiecto [[Athenae|Athenis]] suffocatione occiduntur. Graeciae praeses [[Carolus Papulias]] sententiam suam ad istam calamitatem dans dicit Graeciam in extremis stare.
* '''[[1 Maii]]'''—Milia incolarum ante [[Domus Alba|Domum Albam]] et in locis aliis [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatum Foederatarum Americae]] recusant legem novam Arizonae, civitatis meridioccidentalis, quae contra legem advenas opprimit.
* '''[[27 Aprilis]]'''—Dictator [[Panama|Panamensis]] pristinus [[Manuel Noriega]] ex [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatibus Foederatis Americae]] traditur in [[Francia]]m, ubi lavationis pecuniae accusatur. Manuel Noriega iam viginti annos in catenis in Civitatibus Foederatis Americae tenebatur.
* '''[[26 Aprilis]]'''—Domus ministri primi pristini [[Banharn Silpa-archa]] [[Bancocum|Bancocensis]] et publicae tutelae statio in [[Chiang Mai]] [[Thailandia]]e septentrionalis [[granata (instrumentum)|granatis]] petuntur. Frons Concors Gentilis Potentiae Populari contra Dictaturam sive Thoraces Rubri Bancocum intersaepiunt, ne vigiles [[urbs|urbem]] exupugnerent. Foedus Populare Potentiae Populi sive Thoraces Flavi dicunt se contra Thoraces Rubros interventuros esse, nisi magistratus tumultus tractent.
* '''[[26 Aprilis]]'''—Terrae motus magnitudinis 6.5~6.9 [[Formosa]]m meridiorientalem prope Taitung afficit.
* '''[[25 Aprilis]]'''—Dum pompa militaris [[Melbournum|Melbourni]] [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoriae]] in [[Australia]] austroorientali geritur, [[autocinetum]] onerarium vetus septem milites veteres inter septuaginta et octoginta annos natos defectus technici causa obterit.
* '''[[24 Aprilis]]'''—Praeses [[Palaestina|Palaestinensis]] Machometus ʿAbbās rogationem civitatis Palaestinensis intra fines temporarios creandae improbat, quia timet, ne hi fines temporarii fiant aeterni.
* '''[[23 Aprilis]]'''—[[Consociatio Nationum]] aestimat terrae motu Ianuario [[Haiti]]ensi magnitudinis 7.0 trecenta milia hominum necari, alia trecenta milia vulnerari et millionem domibus privari. Iam ante terrae motum Haitia fuerat pauperrima terrarum [[America]]narum.
* '''[[22 Aprilis]]'''—Tabulatum [[petroleum|olearium]] ''Deepwater Horizon'' societatis ''Transocean'' in [[Sinus Mexicanus|Sino Mexicano]] prope litore [[Ludoviciana|Ludoviciano]] in [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatibus Foederatis Americae]] meridianais demergitur, postquam fulmen forte nudiustertius 126 hominum in nave septem vulneravit; undecim adhuc absunt. Octo milia cuparum olei rudis intra diem ex navis reliquiis effluere aestimantur.
* '''[[21 Aprilis]]'''—[[Ucraina]]e praeses [[Victor Janukovyč]] et [[Russia]]e praeses [[Demetrius Medvedev]] [[Charcovia]]e in Ucraina orientali de locatione conductione extendenda consentiunt, quo Russiae classis [[Pontus Euxinus|Euxina]] in [[Ucraina]] locabitur permutatione gas usque ad annum [[2042]] viliore.
* '''[[20 Aprilis]]'''—Post dicriminis cinerei hebdomadem unam civitates nonnullae spatium aërium aperiunt; plus minusve dimidium volatuum [[Europa]]eorum omnium fieri exspectatur. Multis in civitatibus spatium aërium tamen adhuc clausum est. Favilla ex monte ignifero [[Eyjafjallajökull]] in [[Islandia]] meridionali commeatum aërium Europaeum irritum fecit et difficultates vastas commercio aërio et oeconomico attulit. Commeatus Aërii Consociatio inter Gentes nuntiat societates aërias pluram pecuniam istius discriminis cinerei causa quam post [[11 Septembris 2001|11 Septembrem 2001]] perdere.
* '''[[19 Aprilis]]'''—Centi manifestationis participes [[Batavia (urbs)|Bataviae]] urbe postulant, ut vigiles dimittantur, postquam conflictionibus atrocibus inter vigiles et manifestationis participes tres homines occisi et 156 vulnerati sunt.
* '''[[18 Aprilis]]'''—Praeses [[Res Publica Popularis Sinarum|Rei Publicae Popularis Sinarum]] [[Hu Jintao|Hú Jǐntāo]] morte perfunctos in zona motu terrae in civitatis septentriooccidente viset, mortuorum numero 1700 attingente. 
* '''[[17 Aprilis]]'''—Colloquium inter Gentes de Telorum Deminutione et Non Amplificatione [[Teheranum|Teheranense]] initium capit cum senentia &quot;energia nuclearis omnibus, tela nuclearia nemini&quot; sicut responsum Colloquio de Salute Nucleari a [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatibus Foederatis Americae]] [[Vasingtonia (D.C.)|Vasingtoniae]] composito. Sexaginta civitates colloquio intersunt, inter alia [[Res Publica Popularis Sinarum]] et [[Russia]], non autem Civitates Foederatae Americae, quas [[Irania]] non advocavit, quia eodem modo Civitates Foederatae Americae Iraniam ad Vasingtoniam non advocaverunt. Iraniae praeses [[Machometus Ahmadinejad]] hortatur, ut constituatur auctoritas libera, quae telorum nucleariorum deminutionem inspiciat. Irania quoque offert quinque punctorum tranctandorum propositum, quo &quot;architectura globalis salutis spiritui aequitatis aptetur&quot;. [[Ali Khamenei|Alī Chāmene'ī]], Iraniae summus dux, Civitates Foederatas Americae &quot;noxium nuclearem&quot; iudicat, dicens telorum nucleariorum usum religione sicut ''ḥarām'' vetari et suadens, ut Civitates Foederatae Americae ab systemate nucleari inter gentes removeantur. [[Francia]] Iraniam dialogi nuclearis cavendi accusat, dum ministra rerum externarum [[Unio Europaea|Unionis Europaeae]] [[Catharina Ashton]] Iraniam arduorum hodiernorum maximum salutis mundi indicat.
* '''[[16 Aprilis]]'''—[[Brasilia]]e [[Russia]]e [[India]]e [[Res Publica Popularis Sinarum|Sinarumque]] sive [[BRIC]] colloquium de cooperatione augenda et auctoritate maiore [[Brasiliapolis|Brasiliapoli]] evenit.
* '''[[15 Aprilis]]'''—Favilla ex fulmine montis igniferi sub mole conglaciata [[Eyjafjallajökull]] in [[Islandia]] meridionali spatium aërium irritum facit multis in terris [[Europa]]e septentriooccidentalis: [[Islandia]], [[Hibernia (res publica)|Re publica Hibernica]], [[Norvegia]], [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britanniis]], [[Nederlandia]], [[Dania]], [[Belgica]], [[Suecia]], [[Francia]], [[Germania]], [[Finnia]], [[Cechia]], [[Polonia]] et [[Russia]]. Haec favilla [[aëroplanum|aëroplanorum]] machinamentis nocere et casus afferre posset. Venti exilis causa favillae nubes adhuc est densis et movetur lente.
* '''[[14 Aprilis]]'''—589 homines moriuntur, postquam terrae motus fortis magnitudinis 6.9 praefecturam legibus suis utentem [[Yushu|Yùshù]] in provincia [[Qingha]] [[Res Publica Popularis Sinarum|Sinarum]] septentriooccidentalium affecit. Fuerunt in summa sex motus, vulnerantes plus quam decem milia hominum, etsi terrae motus in Sinarum parte raro inculta evenit. Salvatio est difficilis causa asperitatis loci terrae motu.
* '''[[13 Aprilis]]'''—Colloquium de Salute Nucleari, congressus a [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatibus Foederatis Americae]] compositus ab anno [[1945]] maximus, cui paene quinquaginta civitatum capita intersunt, [[Vasingtonia (D.C.)|Vasingtoniae]] evenit. Participes admonitiones vehementes de periculo materiae nuclearis in manus inoptatas perveniendi audiunt. [[Georgia]]e praeses [[Michael Saakašvili]] dicit eius regimen conatum [[uranium]] locuples in foro clandestino vendere mense recente irritum reddidisse. Praeses [[Res Publica Popularis Sinarum|Rei Publicae Popularis Sinarum]] [[Hu Jintao|Hú Jǐntāo]] convenit praesidem [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatum Foederatarum Americae]] [[Barack Obama]], ut de consilio nucleari [[Irania|Iranico]] colloquantur. Civitates Foederatae Americae et [[Russia]] delere promittunt 34 tonnas [[plutonium|plutonii]], ex quo sedecim milia telorum nuclearium conficere possent. Etiam Russia nuntiat pilam nuclearem plutonium facientem in ''Železnogorsk'' [[Territorium Crasnoiarense|Territorii Crasnoiarensis]] in [[Russia]] media clausuram esse.
* '''[[12 Aprilis]]'''—Rerum [[oecologia|oecologicarum]] minister [[India|Indicus]] [[Jairam Ramesh]] ait Colloquium [[Hafnia|Hafniense]] ab initio perditum fuisse causa amissionis verborum a [[Dania]] ad contrahendum propositorum, et dicit colloquium de commutatione [[clima|naturae caeli]] hoc anno quoque perditum iri posse causa fidei inter gentes perditae.
* '''[[11 Aprilis]]'''—Explicatores praedicunt [[Iaponia]]e oeconomiam — unam maximarum oeconomiarum mundi — anno [[2011]] corruturam esse, quia eius debitum publicum est maius debito cuiuscumque civitatis industralis.
* '''[[10 Aprilis]]'''—[[Aëroplanum]] ''[[Tupolev Tu-154|Tu-154]]'' regiminis [[Polonia]]e [[aeroportus|aëroportum]] militare advolans [[Smolenscum|Smolensci]] [[Russia]]e meridionalis arbores ala tetigit, arsit et cadit. Omnes 96 vectores mortui sunt. Error rectoris aëroplani et caligo videntur incommodi causa fieri posse. Aëroplanum ex [[Varsovia]] volavit ad diem anniversarium septuagesimum cladis prope ''Katyn&amp;#39;'' commemorandum. Aëroplano iter fecerunt Poloniae praeses Lechus Kaczyński, eius uxor, exercitus dux, argentariae centralis gubernator, populi legati, historici eminentes et multi alii summi magistratus. Nulli sunt morte perfuncti. Vero [[Lechus Kaczyński]] [[Polonia]]e praeses in sinistro casu [[Aeroplanum|aeroplani]] perit (natus [[1949]]). [[Bronislaus Komorowski]] sicut praesidens coetus legatorum ex lege Poloniae praeses fungens fit. [[Lechus Wałęsa]] istud appellat &quot;cladem secundam post ''Katyn&amp;#39;'' ... Ibi nobis caput abscidere voluerant, et nunc quoque ibi flos et robur gentis nostrae peritus est.&quot; Petrus Paszkowski, interpres ministerii rerum externarum, &quot;nihil similis nobis umquam accidit&quot; inquit. Minister primus [[Donaldus Tusk]] indicat istud casum tristissimum historiae Polonicae post [[Bellum Orbis Terrarum Secundum|bellum]]. Tusk nuntiat se ad casus locum volaturum esse. Vexillia in mediam partem hastilis demissa sunt omni in Polonia. Duces civitatum orbis terrarum coram dolorem suum Polonibus declarant. Polonia, [[Lituania]], [[Brasilia]], [[Cechia]], [[Germania]], [[Slovacia]], [[Hungaria]], [[Lettonia]], [[Ucraina]], [[Croatia]], [[Respublica Moldavica|Moldavia]], [[Serbia]], [[Estonia]], [[Romania]], [[Russia]], [[Turcia]], [[Georgia]], [[Hispania]] et [[Canada]] luctum publicum indicunt.
* '''[[9 Aprilis]]'''—Aëroplanum [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatum Foederatarum Americae]] ''CV-22 Osprey'', nothum inter [[helicopterum|aëroplanum ad perpendiculum exsurgens]] et [[pyrauloplanum|aëroplanum inversa erumpente vi propulsum]], in [[Afghania]] meridionali cadit, occidens tres milites et unum operarium civicum. [[Zabiullah Mujahid]] dicit [[Taliban|Ṭālibān]] contumaces id deiecisse.
* '''[[8 Aprilis]]'''—Praeses [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatum Foederatarum Americae]] [[Barack Obama]] et praeses [[Russia]]e [[Demetrius Medvedev]] novum De Strategicorum Armorum Reductione Tractatum sive ''START'' [[Praga]]e subscribunt. Ita ambarum civitatum armamentaria [[bomba atomica|nuclearia]] tertia parte deminutura sunt.
* '''[[7 Aprilis]]'''—Terrae motus submarinus magnitudinis 7.7 [[Achemum]] provinciam in [[Indonesia]] boreali afficit, affert autem nec damnum grave neque [[megacyma]].
* '''[[6 Aprilis]]'''—Plus quam centum incolae aquarum alluvione, terrae lapsu et nimborum vi effusa in [[Urbs Fluminensis|Urbe Fluminensi]], [[Niterói]], [[Fanum Sancti Gundisalvi|Fano Sancti Gundisalvi]], [[Petropolis (Brasilia)|Petropoli]] et locis aliis [[Brasilia|austroorientobrasiliensis]] civitatis [[Flumen Ianuarii]] moriuntur.
* '''[[5 Aprilis]]'''—[[Methanum|Methani]] fulmine in [[carbo]]num puteo in comitatu Raleigh [[Virginia Occidentalis|Virginiae Occidentalis]] in [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatibus Foederatis Americae]] meridionalibus 25 fossores moriuntur et nonnulli absunt. Istud est mortiferrimum incommodorum in puteis Civitatum Foederatarum Americae intra quidem 35 annos.
* '''[[4 Aprilis]]'''—114 fossores hebdomade haerentes in puteo aquis merso in [[Xansia]] [[Res Publica Popularis Sinarum|Sinarum]] mediarum salvantur. Anno singulo omni circa tria milia fossorum in Re Publica Populari Sinarum mori solent; 70% energiae in hac civitate ex carbonibus urendis oritur.
* '''[[3 Aprilis]]'''—Pugnae imago communis exercituum [[Francia]]e et [[Russia]]e in [[Mare Barentsianum|Mare Barentsiano]] initium capit.
* '''[[2 Aprilis]]'''—Navis siderea ''Sojuz TMA-18'' ex [[Russia]]e portu sidereo Baikonurensi mane emittitur, portans ad [[Statio spatialis internationalis|Gentium Stationem Sideream]] tres cosmonautas: [[Michael Kornienko|Michaelem Kornienko]] et [[Alexander Skvorcov|Alexandrum Skvorcov]] Russos et [[Tracy Caldwell Dyson]] [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Americanam]]. Hi cosmonautae in statione usque ad 16 Septembrem manebunt. Lunae die [[navicula spatialis|navicula siderea]] ''Discovery'' quoque ex Civitatibus Foederatis Americae avolatura est.
* '''[[1 Aprilis]]'''—[[Israel (civitas)|Israelis]] [[aëroplanum|aëroplana]] militaria quidem 13 impetus intra annum gravissimos contra [[Gaza]]m, Chan Yunis, Rafah et locos alios in [[Lacinia Gazetica]] noctu inicipiunt. Palaestinenses et Libanotici [[Abbas Zaki]] praehendendum recusant, qui olim legatus Societatis [[Palaestina]]e Liberandae in [[Libanus|Libano]] erat. Patriarcha Maronitus [[Victor Petrus Sfeir]] quoque petit, ut protinus liberetur. Socius [[Camera Repraesentantum Civitatum Foederatarum|Camerae Repraesentantum]] [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatum Foederatarum Americae]] [[Keith Ellison]] [[Arabia Saudiana|Arabiam Saudianam]] visens dicit Civitates Foederatas Americae colonias Israeliticas [[Hierosolyma|Orientohierosolymenses]] nefas sive contra [[ius gentium]] ducere. [[Regnum Britanniarum|Britanniarum]] legislator [[Martinus Linton]] dicit Israelitas Britanniarum factionibus politicis pecuniam destinare, dum legislator [[Geraldus Kaufman]], ipse [[Iudaei|Iudaeus]], dicit milionarios Iudaicos politice dextros in [[Factio Conservativa (Britanniarum Regnum)|Factione Conservativa]] auctoritate valere. Consilium Rationum Publicarum inter Civitates Foederatas Americae et Israelem nuntiatur peritis politicorum Civitatum Foederatarum Americae de controversia inter [[Domus Alba|Domum Albam]] et Israelis ministrum primum [[Beniaminus Netanjahu|Beniaminum Netanjahu]] persuadere.
* '''[[31 Martii]]'''—Duodecim homines, etiam duo vigiles, mane [[pyrobolus|telorum igniferorum]] fulminibus duobus in oppido ''Kizljar'' [[Daghestania]]e in [[Russia]] meridionali occiduntur, modo 160 [[chiliometrum|chiliometris]] ab [[Georgia]]e finibus. Hac hebdomade est terrorismi [[Caucasus|Septentriocaucasici]] casus iam secundus.
* '''[[30 Martii]]'''—Eruditi in [[Collisor Hadronalis Magnus|Collisore Hadronali Magno]] infra [[Geneva]]m in [[Helvetia]] occidentali [[Fragor Maximus|Fulmen Maximum]] experimento novo simulabunt. Fulmen Maximum est doctrina [[cosmologia|cosmologica]] de [[universum|universi]] nostri principio. Huius experimenti adversarii timent id [[foramen nigrum]] creaturum esse, qui [[Tellus|planetam nostrum]] devorabit. Collisor Hadronalis Magnus iam decem milliardis [[dollarium (CFA)|dollariorum]] multis ex civitatibus datis stetit.
* '''[[29 Martii]]'''—Interfectrices in [[ferrivia metropolitana|ferriviae inferae]] [[Mosqua|Mosquensis]] stationibus ''Lubjanka'' et ''Park Kul'tury'' tempore festinationis matutinae maximae duo tela ignifera ad fulmen adducunt, occidentes quidem quadraginta homines et vulnerantes centum.
* '''[[28 Martii]]'''—[[Gao Zhisheng]], iuris perius dissidens [[Res Publica Popularis Sinarum|Sinicus]], qui anno aberat, dicit se esse liberum, volens sine animadversione mediorum vulgandi tempus consumere.
* '''[[27 Martii]]'''—[[Corea Meridionalis|Coreae Meridionalis]] regimen conventum subitarium convocat, ut navis demersionem hesternam prope ad Coream Meridionalem pertinentem insulam ''Baengnyeong'', i. e. prope Limitis Septentrionalis Lineam, indaget. Salvatione permanente 46 nautae requisiti levantur.
* '''[[26 Martii]]'''—Praeses [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatum Foederatarum Americae]] [[Barack Obama]] petit, ut [[Cuba]] politicorum causa incarceratos omnes liberet, indicans [[iura humana]] ibi magnorpere disturbantia. Circa viginti mulierum grex in Cuba eadem causa it.
* '''[[25 Martii]]'''—Actorum diurnorum moderator [[Vatican]]us dicit media vulgandi &quot;dolo claro degenrique [[Benedictus XVI|Benedictum XVI]] et eius consortes omnibus viribus lacerare conari&quot;, causa paginarum multarum culpam abusus sexualis impuberum a sacerdotibus [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Catholicis]] facti papae tribuentium.
* '''[[24 Martii]]'''—Societas biopharmaceutica ''MannKind'' ex [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatibus Foederatis Americae]] [[insulinum]] inhalabile ostendit, quod in corpus [[pulmo]]nibus vice iniectione introit. Insulinum inhalabile est citius et tutius iniecto.
* '''[[23 Martii]]'''—[[Hibernia (res publica)|Rei publicae Hibernicae]] minister primus [[Brianus Cowen]] regimen suum commutat, traducens quoque potestates inter ministeria et mutans nonnullorum nomina. [[Antonius Killeen]] defensionis minister fit, postquam [[Gulielmus O'Dea]] se mense praecedente abdicavit. Unum ministerium Factioni Viridi ut supplementum datur. [[Brianus Lenihan]] iunior sibi officium ministri rerum argentariarum conservat, eius valetudine recenter peiore contempta. Factiones adversariae mutationes maledicunt, appellantes eas &quot;sellarum musicarum ludum&quot;.
* '''[[22 Martii]]'''—[[Christina Sword Gusmão]], uxor ministri primi [[Timoria Orientalis|Orientotimorensis]], adiuta a Carmen da Cruz, principe sedis impuberorum tutandorum, petit, ut mulier [[Australia]]na Lala Noronha quindecim adolescentes, quos in [[Malaesia]] habet, in [[Dili]] reddat. Adolescentes autem redire nolunt, ut dicunt.
* '''[[21 Martii]]'''—Secretarius Generalis [[Consociatio Nationum|Consociationis Nationum]] [[Ban Gi-mun|Ban Gi-moon]] [[Lacinia Gazetica|Laciniam Gazeticam]] viset cum nuntio &quot;nos Consociatio Natinum vobiscum [[Palaestina]] sumus&quot;, maledicens [[Israel (civitas)|Israelis]] facta et loquens de condicionibus ingratis quibus Palaestinenses premuntur et de [[ruina|parietinis]] restauratis carentibus.
* '''[[20 Martii]]'''—Terrae motus lenis magnitudinis 5.6 prope basem militarem carceremque [[Guantanamus|Guantanamensem]] [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatum Foederatarum Americae]] in [[Cuba]] orientali evenit.
* '''[[19 Martii]]'''—Collegium Cladium Pellendarum [[Res Publica Popularis Sinarum|Rei Publicae Popularis Sinarum]] dicit siccitates asperas 51 milliones incolarum affecisse, deserentes plus quam 16 milliones hominum et 11 milliones pecudum sine satis aquae potui iucundae.
* '''[[18 Martii]]'''—Ministra rerum externarum [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatum Foederatarum Americae]] [[Hilaria Clinton]] [[Russia]]m publice viset, inter alia ut disserat de contractu novo inter ambas civitates de telis nuclearibus strategicis minuendis.
* '''[[17 Martii]]'''—Tumultus in [[Thailandia]] a Fronte Concordi Gentili Potentiae Popularis contra Dictaturam facti durant, fautoribus sanguinem proprium suum apud domum ministri primi [[Aphisit Wetchachiwa]] effundentibus.
* '''[[16 Martii]]'''—Archiepiscopus [[Armacha]]nus et primas totius [[Hibernia]]e cardinalis [[Ioannes Baptista Brady]] &quot;ambage [[Iudicia Norimbergensia|Norimbergensi]]&quot; utendi accusatur et politicorum periti — etiam minister primus vicarius [[Martinus McGuinness]] — ei dicunt, ut se abdicet, quia cogebat duo adolescentes a [[Brendanus Smyth|Brendano Smyth]] abusos, ut iure iurando se tacituros esse sponderent.
* '''[[15 Martii]]'''—[[Israel (civitas)|Israelis]] legatus in [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatibus Foederatis Americae]] [[Michael Oren]] dicit rationes inter ambas civitates per discrimen pessimum intra 35 annos transire. [[Palaestina|Palaestinensium]] tumultus magni contra proposita regiminis Israelis de domis novis ob [[Iudaei|Iudaeos]] aedificandis et contra [[synagoga]]m novam consecrandam in [[Hierosolyma]] orientali initium capiunt. Et regimen Civitatum Foederatarum Americae, alias Israeli sociatum, ista proposita maledicit et eorum causa legatus specialis Civitatum Foederatarum Americae de [[Oriens Medius|Oriente Medio]] [[Georgius Mitchell]] Israelis adventum publicum dispositum suum differt. Postquam centae imagines et pelliculae Exercitu Israelis Defendendi divulgatae sunt, Centrum Nuntiorum de Investigatione et Terrorismo vulgat nuntium, qui imagines asserit armatos Ḥamās intra bellum [[Lacinia Gazetica|Gazeticum]] anno [[2009]] impuberibus sicut scutis vivis utentes et apud [[moschea]]s et infirmorum hospitia operantes exprimere.
* '''[[14 Martii]]'''—Plus quam 2 500 candidati 102 munera in senatu et 166 in repraesentantum camera in [[Columbia]] rogant. Etiam quinque legati Columbiani ad [[Parlamentum Andinum]] ([[Communitas Andina|Communitatis Andinae]] corpus) eliguntur. Scrutinia praesidialia praeparatoria in Factione Viridi et Factione Salutis Conservandae quoque eveniunt.
* '''[[13 Martii]]'''—Post procellam fortem 450 000 homines in [[Nova Caesarea]], [[Novum Eboracum|Novo Eboraco]], [[Pennsilvania]] et [[Connecticuta]] [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatum Foederatarum Americae]] septentrioorientalium electricitate deseruntur, cum vento acri arbores et fila electrica cadunt. Tolleno aleatorium ''Ravel'' in [[Atlantic City]] [[Nova Caesarea|Novae Caesareae]] percutit, vulnerans unum hominem.
* '''[[12 Martii]]'''—Nuntius specialis [[Consociatio Nationum|Cosociationis Nationum]] in [[Birmania]] Thomas Quintana cognitionem [[belli scelus|scelerum belli]] scelerumque humanitati adversorum contra Birmaniae incolas civicos comissorum petit.
* '''[[11 Martii]]'''—Plus quam triginta milia operariorum tertia vice contra regimen in [[Graecia]] opus intermittunt.
* '''[[10 Martii]]'''—[[Dulmatin]], artifex dictus impetuum [[terrorismus|terroristicorum]] [[Bali]]nensium anni [[2002]], post vigilum decursionem prope [[Batavia (urbs)|Bataviam]] urbem in [[Indonesia]] mortuus confirmatur a praeside Indonesiaco Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono [[Australia]]m publice visente.
* '''[[9 Martii]]'''—[[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Ecclesia Catholica]] in [[Nederlandia]] se de impuberum abusu sexuali excusat et inquisitionem liberam petit. Monasterii abbas [[Salisburgum|Salisburgi]] in [[Austria]] media confitetur se ante quadraginta annos puero abusum esse. Frater [[papa]]e [[Benedictus XVI|Benedicti XVI]] confitetur se corporis verberis erga discipulos usum fuisse in schola in [[Germania]], antequam corporis verbera anno [[1980]] prohibita sunt.
* '''[[8 Martii]]'''—Padma Choling, novus gubernator [[Tibetum|Tibeti]] in Sinis occidentalibus, [[Res Publica Popularis Sinarum|Rei publicae]] Comitiis Popularibus nuntiat Sinas quaestionem reincarnationis [[Dalai Lama]] soluturas esse.

* [[5 Martii]] — Sua Imperialis Celsitudo Pia Principissa [[Aiko]] [[Iaponia|Iaponica]] octo annos nata scholae excusatur, quia a condiscipulis vexabatur.
* [[6 Martii]] — Minister defensionis [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatum Foederatarum Americae]] [[Robertus Gates]] denuntiationes de moribus malis societatis militaris privatae ''Xe Services LLC'' (olim ''Blackwater'') in [[Afghania]] circumspicit.
* [[7 Martii]] 
** Electores [[Iraquia|Iraquenses]] legatorum scrutinio et plebiscito de Concordia de Copiarum Statu intersunt. Iraquiae paene undeviginti milliones electorum sunt, praesentia parva autem exspectatur causa comminationibus ab [[Alcaeda|Al-Qaida]] et contumacibus [[Secta Sunnitica|Sunniticis]].
** [[Praemia academiae LXXXII]] distributa sunt.

* '''[[4 Martii]]'''—Motus terrae magnitudinis 6.4 [[Formosa]]m afficit, vulnerans duodecim homines et divellens vias silice ferrove stratas.
* '''[[3 Martii]]'''—Leonidas Tjagačëv, caput Comitatus Olympici Russiae, se post civitatis exsecutionem pessimam in Olympiorum Hiemalium historia abdicat.
* '''[[2 Martii]]'''—Sedes caelestis [[India|Indica]] nuntiat eius missile [[Chandrayaan-1]] in crateris prope polum borealem [[Luna]]rem aquae quantitatem magnam invenisse — circa 600 milliones tonnarum secundum aestimationes primas.
* '''[[1 Martii]]'''—[[Francia]]e praeses [[Nicolaus Sarkozy]] tres milliones [[euro]]num territoriis procella Xynthia affectis donat, appellans eam cladem gentilem. Ista procella fortis heri duarum procellarum concursu supra Europam meridioccidentalem creata est, afferrens chaos in Franciam, [[Germania]]m, [[Hispania]]m, [[Lusitania]]m et [[Belgica]]m. Quidem quinquaginta homines mortui sunt, millio hominum sine [[electricitas|electricitate]] est.
* '''[[28 Februarii]]'''—Praeses Comitatus Gentium [[Olympica (certamina)|Olympici]] [[Iacobus Rogge]] [[2010 Olympia Hiemalia|Olympia Hiemalia XXI]] [[Vancuverium (Columbia Britannica)|Vancuverii]] [[Columbia Britannica|Columbiae Britannicae]] in Canada occidentali publice claudit. Omnium ornamentorum numero optime succedent [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (37), [[Germania]] (30) et [[Canada]] (26); ornamentorum aureorum tantum numero optimae sunt Canada (14), Germania (10), Civitates Foederatae Americae (9) et [[Norvegia]] (9). Olympica postera [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britanniae]] anno [[2012]] [[Londinium|Londinii]] apparent; hiemalia anno [[2014]] [[Sotzium|Sotzii]] in [[Territorium Crasnodarense|Territorio Crasnodarensi]] [[Russia]]e meridionalis erint.
* '''[[27 Februarii]]'''— Motus terrae vastus magnitudinis 8.8 [[Urbs Conceptionis|Conceptionem urbem]] [[Chilia]]e mediae, quae in Orbe Igneo Pacifico iacet, afficit. Centi homines moriuntur. Praeses Chilensis [[Michaela Bachelet]] civitatis partes zonam commutationis fortunae indicat. Urbes Pacificae se ad megacymata possibilia praeparant; undae duo metra excedentes [[Insulae Ioannis Ferdinandi|Insulas Ioannis Ferdinandi]] in Chilia occidentali irrigant. Admonitio historice maxima de [[megacyma]]te ad litus [[Oceanus Pacificus|Pacificum]] omne vulgatur: [[Insulae Chathamenses]] in [[Nova Zelandia]] orientali, [[Polynesia Francica]] in [[Francia]] austrooccidentali, [[Havaii (civitas)|Havaii]] in [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatibus Foederatis Americae]] occidentalibus et [[Insulae Galapagenses]] in [[Aequatoria]] occidentali megacymate evento tanguntur. Energia istius motus terrae fuit terrae motu [[Haitia|Haitiensi]] recente circa centies fortior.
* '''[[26 Februarii]]'''—[[Birmania]]e iudicium summum appellationem contra custodiam liberam ducis Foederis Gentilis pro Potentia Populari [[Aung San Suu Kyi]] duodeviginti mensibus prolongandam denegat.
* '''[[25 Februarii]]'''—Victor scrutinii praesidialis in [[Ucraina]] [[Victor Ianukovich|Victor Janukovyč]] muneri novo suo praeficitur. [[Iulia Tymoshenko|Iulia Tymošenko]] victa acerba caeremoniae non interest.
* '''[[24 Februarii]]'''—[[Methanum|Methani]] fulmine in [[carbo]]num puteo [[Turcia]]e occidentalis circa septendecim homines moriuntur.
* '''[[23 Februarii]]'''—Omnium 150 vectorum circa quadraginta duorum [[laophorium|laophoriorum]] concursu adverso in Via [[America|Panamericana]] [[Peruvia]]e boreooccidentalis moriuntur.
* '''[[22 Februarii]]'''—[[Navicula Spatialis|Navicula spatialis]] ''Endeavour'' cum sex astronautis tempestate atroci contempto ad Centrum Caeleste Kennedynum in [[Florida]] [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatum Foederatarum Americae]] meridionalium advolat.
* '''[[21 Februarii]]'''—Ministerium commercii [[Res Publica Popularis Sinarum|Rei Publicae Popularis Sinarum]] nuntiat pecuniae collocationem adventiciam directam in hanc civitatem mense sexto continuato in Ianuario crevisse, i. e. 7.79% per annum.
* '''[[20 Februarii]]'''—Regimen quartum ministri primi [[Ioannes Petrus Balkenende|Ioannis Petri Balkenende]] disputatione de auctoritate copiarum specialium [[Nederlandia]]e in provincia [[Afghania|Afghanica]] Orūzgān extendenda opprimitur.
* '''[[19 Februarii]]'''—Ornamenta aurea in [[2010 Olympia Hiemalia|Olympiis Hiemalibus Vancuveriensibus]] lucrantur maximo ingenti descensu flexuoso artis [[Alpes|Alpinae]] per nives labendi [[Absalom Lund Svindal]] [[Norvegia|Norvegus]], studio ad quindecim [[chiliometrum|chiliometra]] artis per nives currendi [[Margarita Bjørgen]] [[Norvegia|Norvega]], trahea decursu generis &quot;[[sceletus]]&quot; [[Ioannes Montgomery]] [[Canada|Canadensis]] inter viros et [[Amata Williams]] [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britanna]] inter feminas.
* '''[[18 Februarii]]'''—Statio ferriviaria [[Quancheum|Meridiquancheensis]] in Sinis meridionalibus, maxima stationum ferriviarium [[Asia]]narum, occasione feriarum anni novi [[Civilizatio Serica|Sinici]] publice aperitur. Ita longitudo ferriviarum celeritatis maioris in [[Res Publica Popularis Sinarum|Re Publica Populari Sinarum]] 3 300 [[chiliometrum|chiliometra]] excessit.
* '''[[17 Februarii]]'''—Quidem 22 homines [[laophorium|laophorii]] casu in fluvium prope [[Jalaun]] in aspera civitate [[India|septentrioindica]] [[Uttar Pradesh]] moriuntur.
* '''[[16 Februarii]]'''—Regis uxor [[Iordania|Iordanica]] magistros exsecutivos operatorum [[telephonum gestabile|telephonorum gestabilium]] ex omni orbe terrarum Barcinoni [[Catalonia]]e in [[Hispania]] septentrionali convenit, ut auxilium studio eruditionis ''1GOAL'' appellato lucretur.
* '''[[15 Februarii]]'''—Duodeviginti homines [[tramen|traminum]] concursu prope [[Halla (Brabantia Flandrensis)|Hallam]] [[Flandria]]e in [[Belgica]] media moriuntur; alii 162 vulnerantur.
* '''[[14 Februarii]]'''—Duo astronautae [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatum Foederatarum Americae]] ambulationem cosmicam ad partem &quot;Tranquillitas&quot; Gentium Stationi Cosmicae applicandam necessam rursus faciunt.
* '''[[13 Februarii]]'''—[[Tin Oo]] 82 annos natus, dux vicarius Foederis Gentilis pro Potentia Populari, post plus quam decem annos in carcere vel custodia libera in [[Yangon]] [[Birmania]]e liberatur.
* '''[[12 Februarii]]'''—[[2010 Olympia Hiemalia|Olympia Hiemalia XXI]] [[Vancuverium (Columbia Britannica)|Vancuverii]] [[Columbia Britannica|Columbiae Britannicae]] in [[Canada]] occidentali initium capiunt. Athleta trahea vectus [[Georgia]]nus Nodar K'umaritašvili, qui se exercens incommodo mortuus est, a participibus ritus Olympia aperientis commemoratur.
* '''[[11 Februarii]]'''—Procella nivosa intra hanc hebdomadem iam secunda [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitates Foederatas Americae]] septentrioorientales, e. g. [[Novum Eboracum]] et [[Vasingtonia (D.C.)|Vasingtoniam (D.C.)]], afficit. Ista &quot;apocalypsis nivosa&quot; commeatum publicum et in viis eminentibus obstupefacit. Multa milia incolarum sine [[electricitas|electricitate]] sunt.
* '''[[10 Februarii]]'''—Rerum familiarum iudicium [[Urbs Fluminensis|Fluminense]] in [[Brasilia]] australi decernit ut Iuliae Lira, puellae septem annos natae, liceat sicut festi carnalis regina [[samba]]m saltare, quid feminae libidinosiores fere faciunt. Advocati iurorum impuberorum dicunt hoc munus sexualiter perceptum puellae tam tenerae deformum esse.
* '''[[9 Februarii]]'''—Andal Ampatuan iunior, praesidis [[Gloria Macapagal-Arrugia|Gloriae Macapagal-Arroyo]] amicus pristinus, et 196 homines alii homicidii accusantur causa stragis Novembris anno [[2009]] in provincia [[Maguindanao]] Regionis Legibus Suis Utentis in [[Mindanao]] Musulmano in [[Philippinae|Philippinis]] meridionalibus eventae.
* '''[[8 Februarii]]'''—Dux adversarius [[Victor Ianukovich|Victor Janukovyč]] cum 48.95% punctorum ministram primam praesentem [[Iulia Tymoshenko|Iuliam Tymošenko]] in scrutinio praesidiali hesterno in [[Ucraina]] vincit.
* '''[[7 Februarii]]'''—[[Libya]] vetat [[YouTube]] et situs liberos adversariosque de [[iura humana|iurorum humanorum]] abusu a regimine Libyano facto et de aliis rebus controversiis.
* '''[[6 Februarii]]'''—[[Marcus Durkan]], [[Hibernia Septentrionalis|Hiberniae Septentrionalis]] minister primus vicarius pristinus, se duce Factionis [[Socialismus|Aequationis Bonorum]] [[Democratia|Potentiaeque Populi]] et Laboris abdicat.
* '''[[5 Februarii]]'''—Quidem 32 homines occiduntur et plus quam 150 vulnerantur fulminibus quidem duobus die postremo festi [[Arbaʿūn]] in [[Karbala|Karbalā’]] [[Iraquia]]e meridionalis.
* '''[[4 Februarii]]'''—[[Helicopterum]] militare ''Blackhawk'' [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatum Foederatarum Americae]] noctu prope [[Manhemium]] [[Badenia-Virtembergia|Badeniae–Virtembergiae]] in [[Germania]] meridioccidentali cadit. Omnes tres homines in [[aëroplanum|aëroplano]] moriuntur.
* '''[[3 Februarii]]'''—Lis contra [[Malaesia]]e ducem adversarium [[Anwar Ibrahim]] [[sodomia]]e accusatum in [[Kuala Lumpur]] initium capit.
* '''[[2 Februarii]]'''—Candidati [[Praemia Academiae|Praemiorum Academiae]] octogesimorum secundorum nominantur. [[Avatar (pellicula)|Avatara]] et [[The Hurt Locker|Custos Nocitus]] optime procedent nuncupationes novenas habentes. Ambae quoque inter decem candidatos optimae pellicularum sunt; prima vice ab anno [[1943]] plus quam quinque pelliculae considerantur.
* '''[[1 Februarii]]'''—Tumultus contra regimen in omnis [[Russia]]e urbibus eveniunt. Centum participes [[Mosqua]]e et [[Petropolis|Petropoli]] praehenduntur.
* '''[[31 Ianuarii]]'''—[[Helvetia|Helveticus]] [[Rogerius Federer]] [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britannicum]] [[Andreas Murray|Andream Murray]] superat, lucrans virorum singulorum titulum in Certamine Patente [[Australia]]no sive ''Australian Open'' anni 2010.
* '''[[30 Ianuarii]]'''—[[Vigil]]es tumultum contra Sinarum potentiam in [[Kazachstania]] crescentem contraque Sinis venditionem omnium opum naturae mane in [[Almatı]] disiciunt.
* '''[[29 Ianuarii]]'''—Dissidens [[Vietnamia|Vietnamica]] [[Phạm Thanh Nghiên]], quae Vietnamiae Factionem [[Communismus|Communisticam]] regnantem maledicebat, quattuor annorum vinculis de famis contra rem publicam divulgandis punitur.
* '''[[28 Ianuarii]]'''—[[Senatus Civitatum Foederatarum|Senatus]] [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatum Foederatarum Americae]] approbat [[Ben Bernanke]] sicut principem vetero-novum [[Systema aerarium foederale|Systematis Aerarii Foederalis]].
* '''[[27 Ianuarii]]'''—Milia cupidorum culturae [[Imperium Incarum|Incarum]] venutorum ex [[Sinae (regio)|Sinis]], [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britanniis]], [[Hibernia]], [[Nova Zelandia]] et terris aliis post [[pelorrhoea|terrae labinam]] [[Archaeoropolis|Archaeoropoli]] [[Peruvia]]e australis haerent. Viatores divitiores quingenta [[dollarium (CFA)|dollaria]] solvent ut devastationem effugiant qua quidem decem homines mortui sunt.
* '''[[26 Ianuarii]]'''—[[Temperatura]]e egregie humiles [[Europa]]m iugiter afficiunt. Exempli gratia in [[Polonia]] hac hieme iam plus quam ducenti incolae mortui sunt; hac nocte temperaturae ad -27–-32 [[Andreas Celsius|Celsii]] gradus deminuuntur.
* '''[[25 Ianuarii]]'''—[[Melaminum|Melamini]] indicia nova in alimentis [[lac]]teis in [[Res Publica Popularis Sinarum|Re Publica Populari Sinarum]] inveniuntur tribus semestribus post scandalum prius, cum milia infantium eadem causa aegreverunt.
* '''[[24 Ianuarii]]'''—Iacobus McCormick, vigil pristinus et princeps societatis [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britanniarum]] ATSC, praehenditur quia [[pyrobolus|telorum igniferorum]] detectorium mendax neque fungens in [[Iraquia]]m et [[Afghania]]m vendebat evehebatque. Societas eius milliones librarum lucrata est fraude ista, qua multi homines indirecte occisi sunt.
* '''[[23 Ianuarii]]'''—Circa 150 cadavera in puteos conferta post conflictiones religiosas in vico Kuru [[Nigeria]]nae civitatis [[Plateau]] inveniuntur. Haec cadavera ad [[religio Islamica|Musulmanos]] pertinuerunt quos [[religio Christiana|Christiani]] die Martis ceciderunt. [[Nigeria]] circa 150 milliones incolarum habet, quorum 50.5 % Musulmani in septentrione et 48.2 % Christiani in meridie viventes sunt, civitate Plateau media in Nigeria sita.
* '''[[22 Ianuarii]]'''—Alexius Dymovskij, [[Russia]]e vigil pristinus, notus quia vigilum ambitum per [[YouTube]] indicavit, praehenditur et fraudis ambitusque accusatur.
* '''[[21 Ianuarii]]'''—Discrimine contempto oeconomia [[Res Publica Popularis Sinarum|Rei Publicae Popularis Sinarum]] anno [[2009]] 8.7% crevisse nuntiatur. Sinae [[Iaponia]]m ita superavisse et [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitates Foederatas Americae]] anno [[2030]] superare itaque maxima oeconomiarum mundi fieri aestimantur.
* '''[[20 Ianuarii]]'''—[[Microsoft]] pannum contra foramen grave in securitate navigatoris [[Internet Explorer]] 6 amittit, postquam [[Francia]] et [[Germania]] suaserunt civibus suis ut navigatorem commutent.
* '''[[19 Ianuarii]]'''—[[Concilium Salutis]] militum vigilumve numerum in Missione [[Consociatio Nationum|Consociationis Nationum]] propter [[Haitia]]e Constitutionem Firmiorem 3 500 hominibus auget. Multitudo militum [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatum Foederatarum Americae]] ad aulam praesidialem advolat, afferrens vasa alimenta aquamque potui iucundam, penuria quorum violentia sive dimicatio capitis crescit. Milia hominum omni die curationis medicae inopia moriuntur. Tria dimidia millionis incolarum domu privati sunt et in publico habitant.
* '''[[18 Ianuarii]]'''—Viginti contumaces [[Afghania|Afghanici]] armati ad motum ''ṭālibān'' pertinentes contra aulam praesidialem et aedificia alia [[Cabura]]e mediae composite incurrunt, petulanter demontrantes debilitatem novi hodie adituri regiminis [[Hamid Karzai]].
* '''[[17 Ianuarii]]'''—Papa [[Benedictus XVI]] [[Synagoga]]m Maiorem [[Roma]]nam controverse visit.
* '''[[16 Ianuarii]]'''—Peritus politicorum [[Iaponia]]e [[Ichiro Ozawa|Ichirō Ozawa]] se non abdicare confirmat, etsi eius auxiliatores in scandalo crescente pro pecunia ob [[Democratica Factio Iaponiae|Democraticam Factionem Iaponiae]] praehensi sunt.
* '''[[15 Ianuarii]]'''—[[Res Publica Popularis Sinarum|Sinarum]] societas vias aedificans autocinetum septendecim cadavera putescentia ab terrae motu anni [[2005]] requisita continens in humo prope [[Muzaffarabad]] [[Casmiria Libera|Casmiriae Liberae]] in [[Pakistania]] septentrionali invenit.
* '''[[14 Ianuarii]]'''—Interfector in foro quodam [[Afghania|medioafghanico]] viginti homines [[pyrobolus|telo ignifero]] occidit.
* '''[[13 Ianuarii]]'''—Gentium Expositio [[Autocinetum|Autocinetica]] [[America Borealis|Boreoamericana]] [[Detroitum|Detroiti]] [[Michigania]]e in [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatibus Foederatis Americae]] septentrionalibus evenit. Autocineta [[oecologia|oecologica]] sicut responsum ad discrimen [[oeconomia|oeconomicum]] exhibentur.
* '''[[12 Ianuarii]]'''—Fortissimus [[terrae motus]] magnitudinis 7.0 multa aedificia [[Haitia]]e deruit. Circa 30–200 milia sunt etiam victimarum. [[Portus Principis]], huius pauperrimae terrarum [[America]]num caput, cum aula praesidiali evertitur.
* '''[[11 Ianuarii]]'''—13.64 decies centena milia [[autocinetum|autocinetorum]] anno [[2009]] in [[Res Publica Popularis Sinarum|Re Publica Populari Sinarum]] venditi sunt, quae ita maximum fororum autocineticorum mundi fit vice [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatibus Foederatis Americae]], ubi soli 10.4 miliones autocinetorum venditi sunt.
* '''[[10 Ianuarii]]'''—[[Ioannes Josipović]], dux adversariae Factionis [[Democratia|Popularis]] [[Socialismus|Aequationis Bonorum]], eligitur [[Croatia]]e praeses, 60.26 % punctorum accipiens et [[Milan Bandić]] superans. Ioannes Josipović sicut praeses tertius ab Croatia anno [[1991]] liberata in locum [[Stephanus Mesić|Stephani Mesić]] succedet.
* '''[[9 Ianuarii]]'''—Centum cursus volati revocantur, quia tempestas acris Europa in omni permanet. [[Germania]]e regimen ab hominibus rogat, ut alimentorum copiam ad aliquot dies sibi comparent seque domo hebdomade reliqua retineant.
* '''[[8 Ianuarii]]'''—Cymba velox ''Ady Gil'' Pastoris Maritimi — Societatis ad Conservandum in [[Oceanus Antarcticus|Oceano Antarctico]] conatibus contrariis contemptis demergitur, corrupta postquam cum [[Iaponia]]e nave ''Shōnan Maru'' [[balaena]]s venante conflixerat.
* '''[[7 Ianuarii]]'''—Nuntius specialis [[Consociatio Nationum|Consociationis Nationum]] [[Philippus Alston]] dicit tres peritos suo arbitrio confirmare quod [[pellicula]] [[telephonum gestabile|telephono gestabili]] confecta ostendens caedes extra iudicium exercitu [[Taprobane]]nsi commissas vera est.
* '''[[6 Ianuarii]]'''—[[Tromocratia|Terrorista]] [[pyrobolus|telum igniferum]] [[autocinetum|autocineticum]] apud vigilum domum in [[Machatscala]] in [[Daghestania]] [[Russia]]e meridionalis ad fulmen adducit, sibi et quidem septem vigilibus mortem consciscens et sedecim vulnerans.
* '''[[5 Ianuarii]]'''—Ministerium rerum externarum [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatum Foederatarum Americae]] nuntiat modum tractandi delectorum peregrinorum mutandum esse, postquam tertius invocatus in cenam ministro primo [[India|Indico]] apparatam penetravit.
* '''[[4 Ianuarii]]'''—52 bini innputi in [[Malaesia]] corruptelae accusantur et in carcerem fortasse includentur, postquam propter castitatem morum vigiles [[religio Islamica|Islamici]] eos solos in [[deversorium|deversorii]] diaetis arripuerunt.
* '''[[3 Ianuarii]]'''—Centum homines magnam olei amissionem in Wèi flumine [[Res Publica Popularis Sinarum|Sinarum]] septentrionalium sistere student, ne in [[Croceus Fluvius|Croceum Fluvium]] penetret.
* '''[[2 Ianuarii]]'''—Societas [[Hibernia (res publica)|Hibernia]] [[Atheismus|Athea]] verba [[blasphemia|blasphema]] [[Iesus|Iesu Christi]], [[Machometus|Machometi]], [[Salman Rushdie]], [[Mark Twain]] et Papae [[Benedictus XVI|Benedicti XVI]] in situ interretali suo dolose vulgat, ut legi novae blasphemiam vetanti refragetur.
* '''[[1 Ianuarii]]'''—Eruditi nuntiant [[cellula]]s Schwann esse causam probabilem morbi tumorum facialium [[Sarcophilus harrisii|sarcophili harrisii]]. Hic morbus transmissibilis numerum sarcophilorum harrisii sive diabolorum [[Tasmania|Tascmanicorum]] tribus partibus quintis intra decem annos depressit.

== Nati ==
{{Nati desiderati}}

== Mortui ==
=== Mense Ianuario ===
* [[1 Ianuarii|1]]
** [[Freya von Moltke]], iuris consulta et scriptrix Germanica (nata [[1911]]).
** [[Lhasa de Sela]], cantrix [[Mexicum|Mexico]] - [[CFA|Americana]]; nata est anno [[1972]].
* [[7 Ianuarii|7]] - [[Philippus Séguin]], politicorum peritus [[Francia|Francicus]]; natus est anno [[1943]].
* [[8 Ianuarii|8]] - [[Otmar Suitner]], [[concentus magister]] [[Austria]]cus; natus est anno [[1922]].
* [[10 Ianuarii|10]] - [[Ericus Rohmer]], [[moderator cinematographicus]] Francogallicus (natus [[1920]])
* [[11 Ianuarii|11]] - [[Miep Gies]], mulier Nederlandica, quae familiae [[Iudaei|Iudaicae]] [[Anna Frank|Annae Franck]] a [[NSDAP|Nazistis]] persecuta auxilium dedit (nata [[1909]]).
* [[12 Ianuarii|12]] - [[Zilda Arns]], [[paediatria|paediatra]] [[Brasilia|Brasiliensis]]; nata est anno [[1934]].
* [[24 Ianuarii|24]] - [[Robertus Mosbacher]], rerum politicarum peritus [[CFA|Americanus]] et mercaturae minister [[CFA|Civitatum Foederatarum]]; natus est anno [[1927]].
* [[28 Ianuarii|28]] - [[Eduardus Catalano]], [[architectus]] [[Argentinia|Argentinus]], natus est anno [[1917]].

=== Mense Februario ===
* [[7 Februarii]] - [[Franciscus Ballerini]], birotarius [[Italia|Italicus]]; natus est anno [[1964]].

=== Mense Martio ===
* [[1 Martii|1]] - [[Christianus Digby]], [[BBC]] [[televisio]]nis ductor; natus est anno [[1977]].
* [[4 Martii|4]] - [[Iacobus Marseille]], [[rerum gestarum scriptor]] et [[oeconomia]]e peritus [[Francia|Francicus]]; natus est anno [[1945]].
* [[7 Martii|7]] - [[Wolfgangus Frankenstein]], [[pictor]] Germanicus, natus est anno [[1918]].
* [[12 Martii|12]] - [[Michael Delibes]], mythistoriarum [[scriptor]] [[Hispania|Hispanicus]]; natus est anno [[1920]].
* [[13 Martii|13]] - [[Ioannes van Mierlo]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Nederlandia|Nederlandicus]] factionis [[Democratia 66|Democratiae 66]]; natus est anno [[1931]].
* [[21 Martii|21]] - [[Wolfgangus Wagner]], moderator theatralis Germaniae (natus [[1919]]).
* [[30 Martii|30]] - [[Petrus Flinsch]], artifex [[Canada|Canadensis]] oriundus e [[Germania]]; natus est anno [[1920]].

=== Mense Aprili ===
* [[1 Aprilis|1]] - [[Tzannes Tzannetaces]], vir publicus [[Graecia|Graecus]]; natus est anno [[1927]].
* [[4 Aprilis|4]] - [[Clifford Morris Hardin]], politicorum peritus et [[agricultura]]e minister [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitatum Foederatarum]], natus est anno [[1915]]
* [[10 Aprilis|10]]
** [[Lechus Kaczyński]] [[Polonia]]e praeses in sinistro casu [[Aeroplanum|aeroplani]] (natus [[1949]]).
** [[Ricardus Kaczorowski]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Polonia|Polonus]] et postremus administrationis Polonicae in exsilio praeses in casu aeroplani; natus est anno [[1919]]. 
** [[Ioannes Kurtyka]], rerum gestarum scriptor [[Polonia|Polonus]]; natus est anno [[1960]].
** [[Slavomirus Skrzypek]], [[oeconomia]]e peritus et argentarius [[Polonia|Polonicus]] in sinistro casu [[Aeroplanum|aeroplani]]; natus est anno [[1963]].
** [[Anna Walentynowicz]], [[Collegium opificum|collegiorum operariorum]] dux [[Polonia|Polonica]]; nata est anno [[1929]].
* [[11 Aprilis|11]] - [[Edmundus Berselli]], [[diurnarius]] [[Italia|Italicus]]; natus est anno [[1951]].
* [[16 Aprilis|16]] - [[Thomas Špidlík]], [[cardinalis]] [[Cechia|Cechicus]]; natus est anno [[1919]].
* [[20 Aprilis|20]] - [[Dorothea Height]], [[mulier]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Americana]] quae pro [[ius|iuribus]] mulierum Americanarum ex [[Africa]] ortarum pugnavit; nata est anno [[1912]].

=== Mense Maio ===
* [[3 Maii|3]]
** [[Ludovicus Amaducci]], [[Ravenna]]e (Archidioecesis Ravennatensis-Cerviensis) [[archiepiscopus]]; natus est anno [[1923]].
** [[Guenter Wendt]], [[machinator]] [[Germania|Germanicus]]; natus est anno [[1924]].
* [[15 Maii|15]]
** [[Ioannes Shepherd-Barron]], [[artifex]] et [[inventor]] [[Regnum Unitum|Britannicus]]; natus est anno [[1925]].
** [[Loris Kessel]], autocinetorum ductor [[Helvetia|Helveticus]]; natus est anno [[1950]].
* [[22 Maii|22]] - [[Martinus Gardner]], [[CFA|Americanus]] [[polymathes]] et [[scriptor]] de [[mathematica]] et [[Scientia (ratio)|scientia]]; natus est anno [[1914]].
* [[25 Maii|25]] - [[Silvius Magnago]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Alta Athesia - Tirolis Meridionalis|Altae Athesiae - Tirolis Meridionalis]]. Natus est anno [[1914]].
* [[28 Maii|28]] - [[Slim Bryant]], [[musicus]], cantuum [[scriptor]], et [[cantor]] [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1908]].
* [[31 Maii|31]] - [[Ludovica Bourgeois]], sculptrix [[Francia|Francica]]; nata est anno [[1911]].

=== Mense Iunio ===
* [[3 Iunii|3]]
** [[Vladimirus Arnold]], [[mathematicus]] [[URSS|Sovieticus]] et [[Russia|Russicus]]; natus est anno [[1937]].
** [[Ludovicus Padovese]], [[presbyter]], [[theologus]] et [[Ordo Fratrum Minorum Capuccinorum|Ordinis Fratrum Minorum Capuccinorum]] frater, fuit [[episcopus]] et [[Anatolia]]e vicarius apostolicusnecatus est; natus est anno [[1947]].
* [[8 Iunii|8]] - [[Rogerius Sablonier]], [[rerum gestarum scriptor]] [[Helvetia|Helveticus]]; natus est anno [[1941]].
* [[18 Iunii|18]] - [[Iosephus Saramago]], [[scriptor]] (natus [[1922]]).
* [[20 Iunii|20]] - [[Robertus Rosato]], pedilusor [[Italia]]nus; natus est anno [[1943]].
* [[23 Iunii|23]] - [[Machometus Mzali]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Tunesia|Tunesicus]]; natus est anno [[1925]].
* [[27 Iunii|27]] - [[Rina Gagliardi]], [[diurnaria]] et rerum politicarum perita [[Italia|Italica]]; nata est anno [[1947]].
* [[28 Iunii|28]] - [[Nicolaus Hayek]], magister officinarum [[Helvetia|Helveticus]]; natus est anno [[1928]].

=== Mense Iulio ===
* [[5 Iulii|5]] - [[Caesar Siepi]], [[cantor]] [[Italia|Italicus]]; natus est anno [[1935]].
* [[11 Iulii|11]] - [[Gunterus Behnisch]], [[architectus]] [[Germania|Germanicus]], natus est anno [[1922]].
* [[12 Iulii|12]] - [[Pius Njawé]], diurnarius [[Cameronia|Cameroniensis]]; natus est anno [[1957]].
* [[19 Iulii|19]] - [[Caecilia Aubry]], actrix [[Francia|Francica]]; nata est anno [[1928]].
* [[21 Iulii|21]] - [[Ludovicus Corvalán]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Chilia|Chilensis]] [[Factio Communistica Chilensis|Factionis Communisticae Chilensis]]; natus est anno [[1916]].
* [[24 Iulii|24]] - [[Theodorus Albrecht]], conditor cum [[frater|fratre]] societatis tabernarum victus [[ALDI]]; natus est anno [[1922]].

=== Mense Augusto ===
* [[6 Augusti]] - [[Antonius Judt]], [[rerum gestarum scriptor]] [[Regnum Unitum|Britannicus]]; natus est anno [[1948]].
* [[21 Augusti]] - [[Christophorus Schlingensief]], moderator [[cinematographia|cinematographicus]], [[theatrum|theatralis]] et [[Opera|operum lyricorum]] [[Germania|Germanicus]]; natus est anno [[1960]].

=== Mense Septembri ===
* [[3 Septembris]] - [[Noah Howard]], [[saxophona|saxophonista]] [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1943]]. 
* [[11 Septembris]] - [[Bärbel Bohley]], [[pictor|pictrix]] [[Germania|Theodisca]], quae in [[DDR|Re publica Democratica Germanica]] pro hominum [[ius|iuribus]] pugnavit; nata est anno [[1945]].
* [[21 Septembris]] - [[Bernardus Genoud]], [[episcopus]] [[Helvetia|Helveticus]] Dioecesis Lausannensis, Genevensis, et Friburgensis; natus est anno [[1942]].

=== Mense Octobri ===
* [[5 Octobris|5]] - [[Stephanus Lee]], [[musica|musicus]] et [[cantor]] [[Helvetia|Helveticus]] gregis [[Gotthard(grex)|Gotthard]]; natus est anno [[1963]].
* [[19 Octobris|19]] - [[Thomas Bosley]], [[televisio]]nis [[histrio]] [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1927]].
* [[24 Octobris|24]] - [[Georgius Frêche]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Francia|Francicus]]; natus est anno [[1938]].
* [[30 Octobris|30]] - [[Henricus Mulisch]], [[scriptor]] [[Nederlandia|Nederlandicus]]; anno [[1927]] natus est.

=== Mense Decembri ===
* [[12 Decembris]] - [[Claudia Vinciguerra]], diurnaria [[Italia]]na; nata est anno [[1923]].
* [[13 Decembris]] - [[Ricardus Holbrooke]], [[legatus]], [[diurnarius]] et [[argentarius]] [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1941]].
* [[18 Decembris]] - [[Thomas Padoa Schioppa]], [[oeconomia]]e et rerum politicarum peritus [[Italia]]nus; natus est anno [[1940]].
* [[21 Decembris]] - [[Aentius Bearzot]], [[pedilusor]] [[Italia]]nus; natus est anno [[1927]].

== Cultura popularis ==
===Radiophonia===
*Series radiophonica ''[[My First Planet]]'' a [[BBC Radio]] ultimo emissa (incipit anno [[1995]]).

=== Pelliculae ===
* [[Das Ende ist mein Anfang]] ([[Germania]])
* [[Des hommes et des dieux]] ([[Francia]])

=== Series televisificae ===
* Die [[27 Martii]] ''&quot;[[Victorious]]&quot;'' series [[CFA|Americana]] coepta est.

=== Series televisificae Interretiales ===
* [[Pioneer One]] ([[CFA]])

=== Ludi consularum lusoriarum ===
* [[Red Dead Redemption]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lacus Erieus</title>
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      <text bytes="7617" sha1="psvualtuxuv67qxkdsvlj7pt0eir7jh" xml:space="preserve">{{L}}[[Fasciculus:Great_Lakes_Lake_Erie.png|thumb|Lacus Erieus ([[Caeruleus Berolinus|caeruleo berolino]] pictus) et alii [[Lacus Magni]].]]
'''Lacus Erieus'''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lacus Erieus&quot;: [[Ioannes Luyts]], ''Introductio ad geographiam novam et veterem'' (1692) {{Google Books|cYI9AAAAcAAJ|p. 701}}; &quot;Erieus Lacus&quot;: ''Dictionnaire géographique universel'' (1701) {{Google Books|P3BiAAAAcAAJ|p. 407}}.&lt;/ref&gt; [[area (geometria)|area]] [[superficies|superficiali]] est quartus a maximo [[lacus|lacu]] ex quinque [[Lacus Magni|Lacubus Magnis]] in [[America Septentrionalis|America Septentrionali]] et undecimus a maximo in omne [[tellus|orbe terrarum]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Factmonster list&quot;&gt;[http://www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0001777.html Large Lakes of the World] (Magni Orbis Terrarum Lacus), apud Factmonster.com.&lt;/ref&gt; Lacus [[capacitas et volumen|volumine]] [[aqua]]e est maxime [[meridies|meridianus]], maxime humilis, minimusque Magnorum Lacuum.&lt;ref name=&quot;GLIN F&amp;F&quot;&gt;[http://www.great-lakes.net/lakes/ref/eriefact.html Lake Erie – Facts and Figures], ''Great Lakes Information Network.''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/us/A0817584.html Erie, Lake], ''Factmonster.com.''&lt;/ref&gt; Finitur ad [[septentrio]]nes ab [[Ontario]]ne [[Provinciae et territoria Canadae|provincia Canadiensi]], ad meridiem ab [[Ohium|Ohio]], [[Pennsilvania]], et [[Novum Eboracum|Novo Eboraco]] in [[Civitatum Foederatarum civitas|civitatibus]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitatum Foederatarum]], et ad [[occidens|occidentem]] a [[Civitatum Foederatarum civitas|civitate]] [[Michigania]].
[[Fasciculus:Lake Erie NASA.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Despectus in Lacum Erieum ex [[satelles|satellite]] anno [[2007]]. [[Photographema]] ex [[NASA]].]]

Lacus appellatur ex [[tribus Eria|tribu Eria]]{{convertimus}} [[Indi Americani|Indianorum Americanorum]] qui secundum eius [[litus]] meridianum olim [[habitatio|habitabant]].&lt;ref name=&quot;GLIN F&amp;F&quot;/&gt; Effluvum e lacu [[vis hydroelectrica|vim hydroelectricam]] [[Canada]]e [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitatibusque Foederatis]] praebet, cum ingentes apud [[Aquae cadentes Niagarenses|Aquas Cadentis Niagarenses]] turbinas{{dubsig}} verset.&lt;ref name=twsZ54&gt;{{cite news
 |title= From Honeymoon City to Hydro City
 |publisher= ''CBC Digital Archives''
 |date= 25 Augusti [[1957]]
 |url= http://archives.cbc.ca/science_technology/energy_production/topics/1750-11987/
 |accessdate= 2011-01-26
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Chad Fraser, [[scriptor]] Canadiensis, in [[liber (litterae)|libro]] ''Lake Erie Stories,'' [[regio]]nem verbis exsequitur &quot;refugium apricissimum, paene [[zona tropica|tropicum]].&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Anglice]] &quot;sun-drenched, nearly tropical retreat.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=twsZ31&gt;{{cite news
 |author= The Windsor Star
 |title= Author's imagination stoked by Lake Erie tales
 |publisher= ''Canada.com''
 |date= 24 Novembris [[2008]]
 |url= http://www.canada.com/windsorstar/news/story.html?id=23d49fb1-6607-4bc3-b282-5c69a645659d
 |accessdate= 2011-01-26
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Margarita Atwood]], scriptor [[mythistoria]]rum et [[poeta]], lacum sic describit: &quot;Magnus, planus, pulcher, rabiebus inexspectatis obnoxius, locis languidis praeditus—sicut [[oculus|oculi]] [[Robertus Mitchum|Roberti Mitchum]].&quot;&lt;ref name=twsX312a&gt;{{cite news
 |author= Margaret Atwood
 |title= On Lake Erie's demise
 |publisher= ''The Star''
 |date= 19 Ianuarii [[2008]]
 |url= http://www.thestar.com/SpecialSections/EarthHour/article/294693
 |accessdate= 2011-01-24
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Pactio Magnorum Lacuum ==
[[Fasciculus:Frozen Lake Erie.jpg|thumb|Lacus Erieus [[hiems|hieme]] visus.]]
Anno [[2005]] civitates [[Magni Lacus|Magnorum Lacuum]] [[Ohium]], [[Michigania]], [[Novum Eboracum]], [[Pennsilvania]], [[Illinoesia]], [[Indiana]], [[Visconsinia]], et [[Minnesota]], et  [[Ontario]] provincia Canadiensis Pactionem Sustinendarum Opum Aquariarum Magnorum Lacuum et Pelvis Fluminis Sancti Laurentii (''Great Lakes–St. Lawrence River Basin Sustainable Water Resources Compact'') sanxerunt, quam Praeses [[Georgius W. Bush]] [[lex|legem]] Septembri [[2008]] fecit. Pactio, ratio internationalium [[ius|iurum]] aquariorum gerendorum a Consilio Magnorum Lacuum (''Great Lakes Commission''), deductionem [[aqua]]e ex Magnis Lacubus ad civitates remotas obstare intendit, et normas usurpandi conservandique praescribit. Ambae maiores factiones politicae pactionem fulciunt, a [[Senator (CFA)|Senatore]] [[Georgius Voinovich|Georgio Voinovich]] (R-OH) et [[gubernator|Gubernatore]] [[Jennifer Granholm]] (D-MI) promotae, sed ob [[siccitas|siccitates]] frequentis et paucitatem aquae, populo in civitatibus meridio-occidentalibus Civitatum Foederatarum non grata est.

== Urbes notabiles ==
Maximae [[Urbs|urbes]] secundum litus lacus sitae sunt
* [[Ashtabula]]
* [[Buffalo]]
* [[Cleveland]]
* [[Leamington]]
* [[Portus Colborneus]]
* [[Sandusky]]
* [[Sanctus Thomas (urbs Ontarionis)]]&lt;!--aut alia urbs?--&gt;
* [[Toletum]]
{{Panorama 
|image      = File:Presque Isle Lake Panorama.jpg
|caption    = Despectus [[panorama|panoramicus]] in Lacum Erieum ex Litore Septimo ([[Anglice]] ''Waterworks Beach'') in [[Vivarium Civitatis Presque Isle|Vivario Civitatis Presque Isle]] (''Presque Isle State Park'') in [[Comitatus Erie (Pennsilvania)|Comitatu Erieo]] [[Pennsilvania]]e.
|height     = 100
}}

{{NexInt}}
* [[Canalis Eriensis]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Assel, R. A. [[1983]]. ''Lake Erie regional ice cover analysis: preliminary results.'' NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL GLERL 48. Ann Arbor Michiganiae: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Research Laboratories, Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory.
* Bolsenga, S. J., et Charles E. Herdendorf, eds. [[1993]]. ''Lake Erie and Lake St. Clair Handbook.'' Detroiti: Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0-8143-2470-3.
* Fraser, Chat. [[2008]]. ''Lake Erie Stories: Struggle and Survival on a Freshwater Ocean.'' Dundum. ISBN 978-1-55002-782-2.
* McGucken, William. [[2000]]. ''Lake Erie Rehabilitated: Controlling Cultural Eutrophication, 1960s–1990s.'' Acroniae: University of Akron Press. ISBN 1-884836-57-7.
* Saylor, J. H., et G. S. Miller. [[1983]]. ''Investigation of the currents and density structure of Lake Erie.'' NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL GLERL 49. Ann Arbor Michiganiae: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Research Laboratories, Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory.

== Nexus externus ==
{{CommuniaCat|Lake Erie|Lacum Eriarum}}
{{Fontes geographici}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120204103544/http://www.middlebass2.org/LakeErieIslands.shtml Directrix Insularum Lacus Eriarum.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190619215144/http://www.middlebass2.org/IslandsInLakeErie.PDF Quot insulae in Lacu Eriarum adsunt?]
* [http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/atlas/index.html Atlas Magnorum Lacuum EPA.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080511230142/http://www.coastwatch.msu.edu/ Vigilia Litoris Magnorum Lacuu.m]
* [http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/greatlakes/erie.html Bathymetria Lacus Eriarum apud Nationalem Geophysicam Informationum Sedem.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110119163114/http://www.slate.com/blogs/blogs/trending/archive/2010/12/16/frozen-lighthouse-on-lake-erie-captivates-world-video.aspx Pellicula phari glaciati apud ''Slate Magazine.'']

{{LacusMagni}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Erieus, lacus}}

[[Categoria:Canalis Eriensis]]
[[Categoria:Fines Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Magni Lacus]]
[[Categoria:Lacus Novi Eboraci]]
[[Categoria:Lacus Ohii]]
[[Categoria:Lacus Ontarionis]]
[[Categoria:Systema Sancti Laurentii fluminis]]
{{Myrias|Geographia}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Homerus</title>
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[[Fasciculus:Homer British Museum.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Homerus. [[Protome]] in [[Museum Britannicum|Museo Britannico]].]]
'''Homerus''' ([[Lingua Graeca|Graece]] {{Polytonic|Ὅμηρος}} ''Hómēros'') in [[cultura Occidentalis|fama classica Occidentali]] est [[auctor]] ''[[Ilias|Iliadis]]'' (de ira [[Achilles|Achilleos]] rebusque anno [[Bellum Troianum|belli Troiani]] decimo gestis) et ''[[Odyssea]]e'' (de errationibus [[Ulixes|Ulixis]] redituque in [[Ithaca (insula)|Ithacam]]) ac ceterorum operum minorum, maximus [[poeta]] [[Poësis epica|epicus]] [[Graecia|Graecus]] existimatus. Hi epici initium [[canon Occidentalis|canonis Occidentalis]] [[litterae|litterarum]] significant, cuius [[historia]]m penitus impellunt.

Nec de tempore Homeri, nec de [[vita]], nec de vera adscriptione [[carmen|carminum]] satis constat: aliqui ''Iliadem'' et ''Odysseam'' a singulo poëta [[compositio|compositas]] censent, alii a [[duo]]bus vel pluribus. Eruditorum hodiernorum, [[Scientia (ratio)|scientiae]] traditionis oralis cognoscentium, nonnulli nomen Homeri eo homine applicant qui carmina epica vel scripserit vel ad conscribenda recitaverit; alii eo qui talia carmina de [[bellum Troianum|bello Troiano]] primum invenit seu in formam optimam composuerit et cantaverit, tempore posteriori conscribenda. Sunt qui ab usu nominis Homeri abstineant potiusque de [[cantor]]ibus, [[compositor]]ibus et [[auctor]]ibus sine [[nomen proprium|nominibus]] disserunt.

== Homerus in fontibus antiquis ==
=== De nomine et indole ===
[[Fasciculus:Homeric Greece.svg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|[[Graecia]] secundum Iliadem.]]
[[Fasciculus:Apotheosis Homer BM 2191.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''[[Apotheosis Homeri]].'' [[Toreuma]] [[Archelaus Prienensis|Archelai Prienensis]]. Fortasse [[saeculum 3 a.C.n.]], nunc in [[Museum Britannicum|Museo Britannico]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema, English (born Netherlands) - A Reading from Homer - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|upright=1|''Lectio Homeri.'' [[Pictura]] [[Laurentius Alma-Tadema|Laurentii Alma-Tadema]].]]
De persona Homeri [[scriptor]]es Graeci [[saeculum 7 a.C.n.|saeculi septimi]] et [[saeculum 6 a.C.n.|sexti]] aut [[nihil]] sciunt, aut [[nihil]] dicunt. Circa annum [[520 a.C.n.]] incipit [[memoria]]: Homerum [[cantor]]em fuisse dulcissimum, eloquentissimum, fallacissimum. Homerum &quot;multos populos&quot; docuisse ait [[Simonides]] (hic autem auctor historia quadam neque in ''Iliade'' neque in ''Odyssea'' reperta alludit).&lt;ref&gt;[[Simonides]] fr. 59&lt;/ref&gt; Si poëta [[philosophia|philosophico]] [[Xenophanes|Xenophane]] credimus, &quot;Homerus et [[Hesiodus]] omnia crimina et malefacta [[deus|deis]] adscripserunt quae inter [[homo|homines]] reperiuntur, furta et stupra necnon mendacia&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Xenophanes]] fr. 11 Diehl.&lt;/ref&gt;; cum de [[Iovis]] [[Iuno]]nisque iuvenum [[amor]]es et de [[Venus (dea)|Venere]] a [[Mars (deus)|Marte]] Simili modo et [[Heraclitus]] eos qui poëtis epicis credunt contemnit: &quot;Cantoribus populorum sequuntur; a vulgo in unum congesso discunt.&quot; Homerum ipsum &quot;omnibus aliis Graecis habiliorem&quot; admittit,&lt;ref&gt;[[Heraclitus]] 104, 56 Diels et Kranz.&lt;/ref&gt; sed Homerum una cum [[Archilochus|Archilochum]] poëtam [[satura|satiricum]] &quot;e certamine eiici et vapulare&quot; meruisse, quippe qui malas res auditoribus docuerint. Talia et [[Pindarus]]: famam [[Aiax|Aiacis]], quamvis [[mors|mortem]] in se intulisset, Homerum inter homines emisisse et ad [[rhabdus|rhabdum]] [[verbum (grammatica generalis)|verbis]] [[magia (mystica)|magicis]] cantitavisse&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Pindarus]], ''[[Isthmiaca (Pindarus)|Isthmiaca]]'' 4.37-43.&lt;/ref&gt;; famam [[Odysseus|Odyssei]] &quot;ob Homerum dulciloquentem&quot; maiorem esse, mendaciis superantem: &quot;ita dexteritas [σοφία] in narrando nos distrahit et fraudat&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Pindarus, ''[[Nemeana (Pindarus)|Nemeana]]'' 7.20-23.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Secundum has memorias, Homerus [[cantor]], minime [[scriptor]], fuit. Id denuo [[Flavius Iosephus|Iosephus]] in verbis pellucidioribus exprimit: &quot;et aiunt neque [Homerum] litteris suum poëma reliquisse, sed cantibus memoria reservatum postea fuisse compositum et propterea multam in ea conspici dissonantiam.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Flavius Iosephus|Iosephus]], ''[[Contra Apionem]]'' 1.12 ([http://www.archive.org/details/flaviiiosephiope37joseiala versio Latina antiqua]).&lt;/ref&gt; De [[scriptura]] ''Iliados'' et ''Odysseae'' auctores varia dicunt, carmina Homeri temporibus posterioribus [[Athenae|Athenis]] a [[Solon]]e sive [[Pisistratus|Pisistrato]] conlecta, aut a [[Lycurgus|Lycurgo]] [[Sparta]]m advecta.

=== Adscriptiones carminum ===
Homerum [[cantor]]em indubitabilem fuisse ''Iliados'' et ''Odysseae'' [[auctor]] est [[Herodotus]] cum multis posterioribus; aliorum carminum auctores alii, interdum pro certo, interdum dubitanter:
* ''[[Ilias]]''&lt;ref&gt;[[Pindarus]], ''Isthmiaca'' 4.37-43; [[Herodotus]], ''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Historiae]]'' 2.116.&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Odyssea]]''&lt;ref&gt;Pindarus, ''Nemeana'' 7.20-23; Herodotus, ''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Historiae]]'' 2.116.&lt;/ref&gt;

Etiam alia poemata generum variorum Homero ab antiquis attributa sunt, quorum supersunt:
* ''[[Hymni Homerici]]''&lt;ref&gt;[[Thucydides]], ''[[Historiae (Thucydides)|Historiae]]'' 3.104.&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Batrachomyomachia]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;suda&quot;&gt;De adscriptione vide ''[[Suda]]'' s.v. &quot;Πίγρης&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Margites]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;suda&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Epigrammata''&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Homeri pseudoherodotiana]]''; ''[[Certamen Homeri et Hesiodi]].''&lt;/ref&gt;
Alia insuper quae non supersunt.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Eponymus ==
Asteroides [[5700 Homerus]] in eius honorem nominatus est.

== Bibliographia ==
=== Opera classica ===
* Auerbach, E. [[1953]]. ''Mimesis.'' Princetoniae: Princeton University Press. Primum Theodisce editus, [[1946]], Bernae. ISBN 0-691-11336-X.
* Edwards, M. W. [[1987]]. ''Homer, Poet of the Iliad.'' Baltimorae. ISBN 0-8018-3329-9.
* [[Moses Finley|Finley, M. I.]] [[1954]], [[1978]]. ''The World of Odysseus.'' Ed. retractata.
* Griffin, J. [[1977]]. &quot;The epic cycle and the uniqueness of Homer.&quot; ''Journal of Hellenic Studies'' 97:39-53.
* Heubeck, A. [[1974]]. ''Die homerische Frage.'' Darmstadtiae. ISBN 3-534-03864-9.
* Janko, R. [[1982]]. ''Homer, Hesiod and the Hymns.'' Cantabrigiae. ISBN 0-521-23869-2.
* Kirk, G. S. [[1976]]. ''Homer and the Oral Tradition.'' Cantabrigiae. ISBN 0-521-21309-6.
* [[Albertus Bates Lord|Lord, Albert B.]] [[1960]]. ''The Singer of Tales.'' Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-00283-0.
* [[Gregorius Nagy|Nagy, Gregory]]. [[1980]]. ''The Best of the Achaeans.'' Baltimorae. ISBN 978-0-8018-6015-7.
* [[Milman Parry|Parry, Milman]]. [[1971]]. ''The Making of Homeric Verse.'' Oxoniae. ISBN 0-19-520560-X.
* Powell, B. B. [[1991]]. ''Homer and the Origin of the Greek Alphabet.'' ISBN 0-521-58907-X.
* Wace, A. J. B., et F. H. Stubbings. [[1962]]. ''A Companion to Homer.'' Londinii: Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-07113-1.
* [[Udalricus de Wilamowitz-Möllendorff|Wilamowitz-Möllendorff, Ulrich von]]. [[1916]]. ''Die Ilias und Homer.'' Berolini.
* [[Fridericus Augustus Wolf|Wolf, F. A.]] [[1795]]. ''[[Prolegomena ad Homerum]].'' [[Salinae Saxonicae|Salinis Saxonicis]]. Liber Anglice conversus: Princeton: Princeton University Press, [[1988]]. ISBN 0-691-10247-3.

=== Opera recentissima ===
* Bakker, E. [[1997]]. ''Poetry in Speech: Orality and Homeric Discourse.'' Ithacae Novi Eboraci. ISBN 0-8014-3295-2.
* Carlier, Pierre. [[1999]]. ''Homère.'' Fayard. ISBN 2-213-60381-2.
* [[Andreas Dalby|Dalby, Andrew]]. [[2007]]. ''Rediscovering Homer: Inside the Origins of the Epic''. Novi Eboraci: W. W. Norton, 2006. ISBN 978-0-393-33019-9.
* Foley, J. M. [[1999]]. ''Homer's Traditional Art.'' University Park Pennsylvaniae. ISBN 0-271-01870-4.
* Robert Fowler, ed. [[2004]]. ''The Cambridge Companion to Homer.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-01246-5 [http://books.google.com/books?id=K5WQRBvMp18C&amp;printsec=frontcover Paginae selectae,] apud books.google.com.
* Latacz, Joachim. [[2004]]. ''Troy and Homer: Towards a Solution of an Old Mystery.'' Oxoniae. ISBN 0-19-926308-6. Ed. 5a, Lipsiae, [[2005]].
* Michalopulus, Demetrius, 2016 ''L'Odyssée d'Homère au-delà des mythes,'' Piraei: Institutum Historiae maritimae Graeciae. ISBN 9786188059924 ; (ed. anglica) ''Homer's Odyssey beyond the myths'', Piraei: Institutum Historiae maritimae Graeciae, 2016, ISBN 9786188059931; (ed. neograeca) ''Η Οδύσσεια πέρα από τον μύθο,'' Piraei: Institutum Historiae maritimae Graeciae, 2016. ISBN 978-618-80599-1-7. 
* Morris, Ian, et B. B. Powell, eds. [[1997]]. ''A New Companion to Homer.'' Lugduni Batavorum: Brill. ISBN 90-04-09989-1.
* Murray, Gilbert. [[1960]]. ''The Rise of the Greek Epic.'' Novi Eboraci: Oxford University Press. Galaxy Books edition.
* [[Adam Nicolson|Nicolson, Adam]]. [[2014]]. ''The Mighty Dead: Why Homer Matters.''
* Powell, B. B. [[2007]]. ''Homer.'' Ed. 2a. Oxoniae. ISBN 978-1-4051-5325-6.
* [[Iacoba de Romilly|de Romilly, Jacqueline]]. [[2005]]. ''Homère.'' Ed. 5a. Presses Universitaire de France. ISBN 2-13-054830-X.
* Schein, Seth L. [[1984]]. ''The mortal hero: an introduction to Homer's Iliad..'' Berkeleiae: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-05128-9.
* [[Petrus Vidal-Naquet|Vidal-Naquet, Pierre]]. [[2000]]. ''Le monde d'Homère.'' Perrin. ISBN 2-262-01181-8.

=== De vita, fragmentis, testimoniis ===
* [[Martinus West|West, M. L.]] [[2003]]. ''Greek epic fragments''. [[Loeb Classical Library]]. Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-99605-2.

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Homer|Homerum}}
{{Wikiquote|Homer|Homerum}}
{{Fontes biographici}}
* {{Gutenberg author | id=Homer | name=Homer}}
* {{cite web | first=Paola | last=Bassino | title=Homer: A Guide to Selected Sources | website=Living Poets: a new approach to ancient history | url=https://livingpoets.dur.ac.uk/w/Homer:_A_Guide_to_Selected_Sources | publisher=Durham University | year=2014}}.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141004181122/http://digital.library.northwestern.edu/homer/ The Chicago Homer.]
* {{cite web | first=Stephen (lector) | last=Daitz | title=Homer, Iliad, Book I, lines 1-52 | url=http://www.rhapsodes.fll.vt.edu/iliad1.htm | publisher=Society for the Reading of Greek and Latin Literature (SORGLL)}}.
* {{cite web|last=Heath |first=Malcolm |title=CLAS3152 Further Greek Literature II: Aristotle's Poetics: Notes on Homer's Iliad and Odyssey |publisher=Department of Classics, University of Leeds; Internet Archive |url=http://www.leeds.ac.uk/classics/resources/poetics/poet-hom.htm |date=May 4, 2001 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908005656/http://www.leeds.ac.uk/classics/resources/poetics/poet-hom.htm |archivedate=8 Septembris 2008}}.
* {{cite book | author1=Homer | author2=Murray, A. T. | title=The Iliad with an English Translation | location=Londinii; Novi Eboraci | publisher=William Heinemann Ltd.; G. P. Putnam's Sons; Internet Archive | volume=I, Books I-XII | url=https://archive.org/details/iliadmurray01homeuoft}}.

{{1000 paginae}}
{{Myrias|Homines}}

[[Categoria:Caecitas]]
[[Categoria:Carmina Homerica|!]]
[[Categoria:Dei Graeci]]
[[Categoria:Homerus|!]]
[[Categoria:Vates ideales]]</text>
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[[Fasciculus:Joseph Stalin, 1950 (cropped).jpg|200px|right|thumb|Stalin (1950)]]
'''Iosephus Bessarionis filius Stalin''' ([[Lingua Georgiana|Georgiane]] იოსებ ბესარიონის ძე სტალინი, [[translitteratio|tr.]] ''Ioseb Besarionis je Stalini''; [[Russice]] Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин, [[translitteratio|tr.]] ''Iosif Vissarionovič Stalin''), vero nomine '''''J̌uḡašvili''''' (ჯუღაშვილი, Джугашвили), [[Goridis|Goride]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305024121/http://orbis-latinus.geog.uni-heidelberg.de/detail.php?id=39649&amp;type=0 Orbis Latinus]&lt;/ref&gt; natus die [[21 Decembris]] [[1879]]&lt;ref name=D&gt;Hanc diem Stalin ipse indicavit postquam potestate suprema functus est, sed verus dies 18 Decembris 1878 est.&lt;/ref&gt; aut [[6 Decembris]] [[1878]], [[Moscua]]e mortuus die [[5 Martii]] [[1953]], fuit [[Secretarius Generalis]] [[Comitatus Summus Factionis Communisticae Unionis Sovieticae|Comitatus Summi]] [[Factio Communistica Unionis Sovieticae|Factionis Communisticae Unionis Sovieticae]].

== Vita ==
[[Fasciculus:Stalin - Der Marxismus und die Fragen der Sprachwissenschaft, Dietz Verlag.jpg|thumb|Stalin linguistica politica docens.]]
Iosephus Vissarioni filius ''J̌uḡašvili'', pseudonymum ''Stalin'' (de verbo ''сталь'' '[[chalybs]]') accepturus, natus est [[Goridis|Goride]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305024121/http://orbis-latinus.geog.uni-heidelberg.de/detail.php?id=39649&amp;type=0 Orbis Latinus]&lt;/ref&gt; in [[urbs|urbe]] [[Georgia]]e (quae illo tempore pars [[Imperium Russicum|Imperii Russici]] erat), [[filius]] sutoris Bessarionis J̌uḡašvili [[uxor]]isque Catharinae Geladze. Anno [[1894]] studium suum in quadam [[schola]] [[religio]]sorum huius urbis complevit. Dein in seminario [[Ecclesia Orthodoxa Georgiana|Orthodoxo]] in urbe [[Triphelis|Tripheli]] (nunc [[caput (urbs)|capite]] Georgiae) studebat; e quo anno [[1899]] exclusus est. 

Rerum novarum suasor post annum [[1903]] [[bolsevici|bolsevicus]] factus est, eius causa quotiens arrestationibus et exsiliis adfectabatur.

Post res novas Octobres in [[Russia]] factas annis [[1917]] ad [[1922]] investigator popularis (i.e. 'minister') rerum gentilium fuit. Anno 1922 factus est generalis Comitatus Medius [[Factio Communistica Unionis Sovieticae|Factionis Communisticae]] secretarius, quod officium ad [[mors|mortem]] administrabat. [[Vladimirus Lenin|Vladimiro Lenin]] mortuo Stalin inter quattuor annos vim apprehendit. In pugna de summa auctoritate gesta aemulos suos vicit et illos ut plurimum delevit, deinde imperio potebat Unionis Sovieticae. Vi capta hostes suos ex illa pulsit, e. g. [[Leo Trotski|Leonem Trotski]].

Stalin multa coercitiones perfecit. Res gesta eius extrema prima fuit anno [[1932]]: [[Agricola (munus)|Agricolas]] Unionis Sovieticae in [[Kolkhoz|praedia collectiva]] (vulgo ''kolchozy'') adire iussit. Eo facto paene vim suam amisit (dies partis communisticae anno [[1934]]). Itaque terrorem fecit; cuius culmen, ''Ežovščina'' vocatum (secundum nomen Nicolai ''Ežov'', tunc comissarius popularis rerum internarum), annis [[1937]] et [[1938]] erat. Finis terroris solum post annos [[1939]]–[[1940]], post mortem Nicolai ''Ežov'' (qui etiam supplicium sumpsit), fit.

Stalin vidit [[bellum]] unum novum venturum, itaque servandae causa Unionis Sovieticae cum dictatore [[Germania]]e [[Adolphus Hitler|Hitler]] pactum fecit, ut bellum inter ambas terras non fieret. Stalin ipse bellum contra [[Finnia]]m, &quot;[[Bellum Hiemale]]&quot; vocatum, gerere voluit fiendae zonis servandae causa [[Leninopolis|Leninopoli]]{{dubsig}}. Cum Finnia bene pugnaret, Unio Sovietica vicit in hoc bello. Bellum maximum autem Stalini erat contra [[Germania]]m ab Adolpho Hitler ductam. Die [[22 Iunii]] anni [[1941]] [[exercitus]] Germanicus Unionem Sovieticam offendit bellum, illic [[Bellum Magnum Patrium]] nominatum, incipiens. Tempore belli Stalin, qui initio monitus tamen nullum fecit, depressione venit, fuit supremus omnium copiarum Unionis Sovieticae praefectus.{{dubsig}}

Post Bellum Magnum Patrioticum Stalin participebat in restitutione oeconomiae Soveticae. Et oeconomia Sovetica fuit restitutum ad annum [[1950]].

Stalin mortuus est [[5 Martii]] [[1953]].

Hodie opera dictatoris Stalin pessima a multis videntur, sed opiniones variae sunt: alii dicunt Stalin scelerum suorum causa malum fuisse; alii dicunt Stalin bonum fuisse victoriae super Germanos causa. In Unione Sovietica iam anno [[1956]] (in concilio vicensimo [[Factio Communistica Unionis Sovieticae|Factionis Communisticae Unionis Sovieticae]]) Stalin damnatus, sed aevo [[Leonidas Brežnev|Brežneviano]] Stalin reputatus est. In [[Sinae (regio)|Sinis]], [[Mao Zedong]] statuit operum Stalin 70% bonum, 30% mala fuisse.

== Nota ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
; Documenta fere contemporanea
* [[Nicetas Chruščëv|Chruščëv, Nicetas]]. [[1956]]. &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20141008074629/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1956khrushchev-secret1.html Contio secreta de cultu personalitatis].&quot; {{Ling|Anglice}}
* Soviet Information Bureau. [[1948]]. ''Falsifiers of History (Historical Survey).'' Moscuae: Foreign Languages Publishing House.
* [[Leo Trotzki|Trotsky, Leo]], ''The Revolution Betrayed: What is the Soviet Union and Where is it Going?'' (1936) [http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1936/revbet/index.htm Textus interretialis] {{Ling|Anglice}}

; De vita et opere
* Boobbyer, Phillip. [[2000]]. ''The Stalin Era.'' Routledge. ISBN 0-7679-0056-1.
* Brackman, Roman. [[2001]]. ''The Secret File of Joseph Stalin: A Hidden Life.'' Frank Cass Publishers. ISBN 0-7146-5050-1.
* Brent, Jonathan, et Vladimir Naumov. [[2004]]. ''Stalin's Last Crime: The Plot Against the Jewish Doctors, 1948–1953.'' HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-093310-0.
* Conquest, Robert. [[1986]]. ''The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-Famine''. University of Alberta Press. [http://www.ditext.com/conquest/harvest.html Paginae selectae]
* Montefiore, Simon Sebag. [[2007]]. ''Young Stalin.'' Weidenfeld &amp; Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-85068-7.
* Montefiore, Simon Sebag. [[2004]]. ''Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar''. Novi Eboraci: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 1-4000-4230-5; ISBN 1-4000-7678-1
* Murphy, David E. [[2006]]. ''What Stalin Knew: The Enigma of Barbarossa.'' Portu Novo: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-11981-X.
* Overy, R. J. [[2004]]. ''The Dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia.'' Novi Eboraci: W. W. Norton &amp; Company. ISBN 0-393-02030-4.
* Roberts, Geoffrey. [[2002]]. ''Stalin, the Pact with Nazi Germany, and the Origins of Postwar Soviet Diplomatic Historiography.''
* Roberts, Geoffrey. [[2006]]. ''Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953.'' Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-11204-1.
* Tucker, Robert C. [[1992]]. ''Stalin in Power: The Revolution from Above, 1928–1941.'' Novi Eboraci: W. W. Norton &amp; Company. ISBN 0-393-30869-3.
* Wettig, Gerhard. [[2008]]. ''Stalin and the Cold War in Europe.'' Rowman &amp; Littlefield. ISBN 0-7425-5542-9.

; Specialia
* Applebaum, Anne. [[2003]]. ''Gulag: A History.'' Doubleday. ISBN 0-7679-0056-1.
* Bideleux, Robert, et Ian Jeffries. [[1998]]. ''A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change.'' Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-05024-8.
* Fest, Joachim C. [[2002]]. ''Hitler.'' Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 0-15-602754-2.
* Henig, Ruth Beatrice. [[2000]]. ''The Origins of the Second World War, 1933–41.'' Routledge. ISBN 0-415-33262-1.
* Nekrich, Aleksandr Moiseevich, Adam Bruno Ulam, et Gregory L. Freeze. [[1997]]. ''Pariahs, Partners, Predators: German-Soviet Relations, 1922–1941.'' Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-10676-9.
* Department of State. [[1948]]. ''Nazi-Soviet Relations, 1939–1941: Documents from the Archives of The German Foreign Office.'' Department of State. http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/nsr/nsr-preface.html.
* Taubert, Fritz. [[2003]]. ''The Myth of Munich.'' Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag. ISBN 3-486-56673-3.
* Watson, Derek. [[2000]]. &quot;Molotov's Apprenticeship in Foreign Policy: The Triple Alliance Negotiations in 1939.&quot; ''Europe-Asia Studies'' 52(4):695–722. doi:10.1080/713663077. http://www.jstor.org/stable/153322

== Nexus externi ==
; Bibliographica
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060828131524/http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=people%2FStalin%2C+Joseph Bibliographia Stalin] apud ''Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues''
; Encyclopaedica
{{CommuniaCat|Joseph Stalin|Iosephum Stalin}}
{{Fontes biographici}}
* &quot;[http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RUSstalin.htm Stalin]&quot; apud ''spartacus educational''
* &quot;[http://www.historyguide.org/europe/cult.html Stalin and the Cult of Personality]&quot; apud historyguide.org
; Opera et documenta
* [http://www.marx2mao.com/Stalin/Index.html Bibliotheca I. B.f. Stalin interretialis] (opera Iosephi Stalin)
* [http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/ Josef Stalin Internet Archive] apud marxists.org
* [http://images.library.pitt.edu/s/stalinka/ Stalinka]: ''digital library of Staliniana''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120308124314/http://www.foia.cia.gov/CPE/CAESAR/caesar-02.pdf De morte Stalin] (''Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Current Intelligence'', 16 Iul. 1953)

; Historica et apologetica
* Grover Furr, [http://clogic.eserver.org/2005/furr.html &quot;Stalin and the Struggle for Democratic Reform&quot;: 1], [http://clogic.eserver.org/2005/furr2.html 2]
* Paul R. Gregory, &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110222113851/http://assets.cambridge.org/052182/6284/sample/0521826284WS.pdf The political economy of Stalinism: evidence from the Soviet secret archives]&quot;
* Ludo Martens, &quot;Another view of Stalin&quot; [https://web.archive.org/web/20120129090419/http://www.plp.org/books/book1.pdf 1], [https://web.archive.org/web/20120129090347/http://www.plp.org/books/book2.pdf 2], [https://web.archive.org/web/20120129090403/http://www.plp.org/books/book3.pdf 3] apud Factionem Laboris Progressivam (CFA)

{{Factionis Communisticae Unionis Sovieticae duces}}
{{1000 paginae}}
{{Myrias|Homines}}

{{Lifetime|1879|1953|Stalin, Iosephus}}
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[[Categoria:Secundum bellum mundanum]]</text>
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    <title>Lingua Sanscrita</title>
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{{Capsa linguae desuetae
|nomen latine  ={{PAGENAME}}
|nomen         =[[:sa:संस्कृत|{{lang|sa|संस्कृत}}]]
|color familiae=lawngreen
|familia       =[[Linguae Indoeuropaeae|lingua Indoeuropaea]] e familia [[linguae Indoiranicae|Indoiranica]]
|status        =status fere antiquissimus [[linguae Indicae|linguarum Indicarum]]; parens proxima multarum recentiorum
|aevum         =saec. X a.C.n. (fortasse antea) – saec. IV p.C.n.
|civitas       =[[India]] septentrionalis
|vivacitas     =hodie lingua culturalis; [[Linguarum officialium catalogus|officialis]] Indiae; lingua sollemnis [[Hinduismus|Hinduismi]] 
|scriptura     =[[Devanagari]] aliaeque scripturae fere omnes Asiae meridionalis
|litteratura   =[[Litterae Sanscritae]]
|iso1          =sa
|iso2          =san
|iso3          =san
|tabula        =[[Fasciculus:Human Language Families (wikicolors).png|center|255px|Familiae linguisticae coloribus Vicipaedicis pictae]]
|syllabus      =[[Linguae mundi|Familiae linguisticae coloribus Vicipaedicis pictae]]
|tabula2       =
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{{res|Lingua Sanscrita}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Lassen}} pp. 31–36, al.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Devanagari]] संस्कृतम् ''saṃskṛtam'') est antiquissima [[linguae Indoeuropaeae|lingua Indoeuropaea]] familiae [[linguae Indoiranicae|Indoiranicae]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Woodard|first=Roger D.|title=The Ancient Languages of Asia and the Americas|url=https://archive.org/details/ancientlanguages0000unse|publisher=SUNY Buffalo|year=2008|isbn=9780521684941|location=|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ancientlanguages0000unse/page/1 1]}}&lt;/ref&gt; divisionis [[Linguae Indicae|Indicae]] sive Indoaryanae. Hodierni [[sermo]]nes Indoiranici, inter quos [[lingua Hindica|Hindicus]] et [[lingua Bengalica|Bengalicus]], e Sanscrito oriuntur.

Fuit [[lingua]] maximi momenti in [[historia]] [[Historia Indiae|subcontinentis Indicae antiquae]], abhinc annorum 3500 coepti,&lt;ref&gt;Murray 2007: v–vi, 1–18, 31–32, 115–116.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Coward 1990: 3–12, 36–47, 111–112.&lt;/ref&gt; cum primariă [[Hinduismus|Hinduismi]] [[lingua sacra]] et sermo plurimorum operum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|philosophia Hinduica|philosophiae Hinduicae|d|qid=Q1079293}} ac nonnullorum praecipuorum [[Buddhismus|Buddhismi]] et [[Iainismus|Iainismi]] [[textus|textuum]] esset.

Per multas [[variatio (linguistica)|variationes]] [[dialectos]]que, fuit [[lingua franca]] [[India]]e [[antiquitas|antiquae]] et [[medium aevum|mediaevalis]].&lt;ref&gt;Keown et Prebish 2013: 15.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Deshpande 2011: 218–220.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ruppel 2017: 1–2, 102–104.&lt;/ref&gt; Primo [[millennium|millennio]] ineunte, cum Buddhismus et Hinduismus ad [[Asia Meridio-Orientalis|Asiam Meridio-Orientalem]],&lt;ref&gt;Majumdar 1974: 1–4.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Asia Orientalis|Orientalem]],&lt;ref name=&quot;OrzechSørensen2011&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=Charles Orzech|author2=Henrik Sørensen|author3=Richard Payne|title=Esoteric Buddhism and the Tantras in East Asia|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=F0XNX3N1a2AC&amp;pg=PA985 |year=2011| publisher=BRILL Academic | isbn=978-90-04-18491-6|pages =985–996}}; {{cite book|author=Upendra Thakur|title=India and Japan, a Study in Interaction During 5th Cent.-14th Cent. A.D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8mLKzeLApVIC |year=1992|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-289-5|pages=53–61}}.&lt;/ref&gt; et [[Asia Media|Mediam]]&lt;ref&gt;Banerji 1989: 595–96.&lt;/ref&gt; [[migratio|migravissent]], lingua {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|alta cultura|altae culturae|d|qid=Q1479257}} et [[rex|regalis]] illorum locorum facta est.&lt;ref&gt;Howard 2012: 21.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Pollock 2009: 14.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fasciculus:Devimahatmya Sanskrit MS Nepal 11c.jpg|300px|left|Liber Sanscrite [[saeculum 1-|saeculo decimo]] [[manuscriptum|manu scriptus]] [[Nepalia|Nepalensis]].]]

Haec lingua, etiamnunc a nonnullis adhibita, una est e duobus et viginti [[sermo]]nibus Indiae [[Index linguarum sollemnium Indiae|schedulo]] enumeratis, atque una ex quattuor linguis classicis hucusque a gubernatione Indica laureatis. E [[scriptor]]ibus [[litterae Sanscritae|litterarum Sanscritarum]] enumerari merent poëta [[Kalidasa|Kālidāsa]] et [[grammatica|grammaticus]] [[Panini|Pāṇini]], sed opera maxima nominibus auctorum incertis et fortasse fictis traduntur, exempli gratia [[carmen|carmina]] epica ''[[Mahabharata|Mahābhārata]]'' et ''[[Ramayana|Rāmāyaṇa]],'' necnon collectanea lyrica antiquissima ''[[Rigveda|Ṛgveda]]'', ''[[Samaveda|Sāmaveda]]'', ''[[Yajurveda]],'' et ''[[Atharvaveda]]''.

Lingua Sanscrita hodie [[character|characteribus]] [[devanagari]] saepius scribitur et divulgatur, at in [[India]] et [[Asia Meridiorientalis|Asia Meridiorientali]] multi alii [[abecedarium|abecedarii]] e [[scriptura]] antiqua {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|scriptura Brahminica|Brahminica|d|qid=Q185083}} orti etiam adhibentur. Et [[abecedarium Latinum|abecedario Latino]] [[philologia|philologi]] [[Europa]]ei [[America Septentrionalis|Americanique]], [[translitteratio]]nem &quot;[[Alphabetum Internationale Translitterationis Sanscriticae|IAST]]&quot; consecuti, utuntur.

== Lingua oralis ==
Lingua Sanscrita ([[Veda|Vedica]] et classica) per longum spatium temporis numquam scribebatur, sed exstabat et solum [[memoria]]e tradebatur, et Vedae partim, antequam Arii [[India]]m ingressi sunt, compositi sunt. Fuit lingua culta a grege doctorum virorum, quibus nomen Sanscrite ''pandita,'' inde ab [[aetas antiqua|aetate antiqua]] usque ad dies nostros. Opera maximi momenti hac lingua composita sunt (sed serius exarata) aetate qua vulgus ea non iam loquebatur (fortasse periodo Vedica excepta).

== Historia ==
=== Origo explicatioque ===
Lingua Sanscrita membrum generis linguarum Indo-Iranicarum ex familia linguarum Indo-Europearum est. Linguae cognatae quibus proxima est sunt illae Iranicae Avestan et Persica Vetus. 

Multi scholastici proposuerunt hypotheses migrationis ad qualitates Sanscritae et multis aliis linguis Indo-Europaeis communes explicandas, locutores nativos linguae Sanscritae futurae in hodiernam Indiam et Pakistan ex septentrione occidentali aliqua tempestate recentis secundi millennii AD advenisse adfirmantes. Indicia ad talem theoriam defendendam sunt, inter alia, relatio propinqua inter linguas Indo-Iranicas et linguas Balticasque Slavicasque, commercium vocabulorum cum linguis Uralicis (quae non sunt Indo-Europeanae), et natura [[vocabulum|vocabulorum]] Indo-Europeorum quibus [[flora]]que [[animalia]]que videntur olim denotari. 

Textus recentissimi linguae Sanscritae videntur textus Brahmanici Rigvedae esse, qui creduntur permansisse ex medio secundi millennii. Nulla [[narratio]] scripta attamen habita ex ea tempestate antiqua est, etiamsi [[scriptura]] ad Sanscritam scribendam ea tempestate adfuisset. Scholastici nihilominus adcredunt transmissionem textuum supra dictorum oralem fidam esse. Hi texti erant litterae sollemnes, integritas quorum pronuntiatus ad pietatem exsequendam valde intererat. 

Ex Rigveda usque ad Pāṇini tempestatem (quarti saeculi) explicatio recentis linguae Vedicae per alios textus Vedicos perspici potest: Samaveda, Yajurveda, Atharvaveda, Brahmana, Upanishadque. Etiamsi in hoc tempore, linguae fama, utilitas, pietasque, atque molimentum enunciationis rectae inhibuissent Sanscritam linguam facile mutari secundum processus normales mutationis linguisticae, explicatio linguae quinque graduum ex Rigveda ad Upanishadan et recentissimas Sutrah (e.g., Baudhayana) praestat. 

== Hodie ==
[[Fasciculus:Rigveda MS2097.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Rigveda [[manuscriptio]]nis in [[Devanagari]], tempore saeculo 19.]]
[[Fasciculus:The word संस्कृतम् (Sanskrit) in Sanskrit.svg|thumb|Verbum 'lingua Sanscrita' (संस्कृतम्) in [[Devanagari]] scripta.]]
Idem ac lingua Latina, lingua Sanscrita adhuc hodie longe lateque usurpatur velut lingua viva; non solum extant commentaria, emissiones [[radiophonia|radiophonicae]], et [[universitas|universitates studiorum]] quae eam colant, sed [[Unio Indiana]] eam constitutione inter linguas [[natio]]num agnovit, quarum sunt viginti duae (vide [[Index linguarum sollemnium Indiae]]). Omnes chartae nummariae inscriptiones habent his viginti duabus linguis, Sanscrita addita.&lt;ref&gt;Chartae nummariae Europaeae duas habent voces, EURO Graecis Latinisque typis. Si volumus ''euro, euronis'' accipere, affirmare possumus linguam Latinam quoque inscriptionem chartas nostras habere!&lt;!--=??? POV?--&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Census anno [[1991]] habitus numeravit 49 736 hominum quibus patrius sermo est Sanscritus.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20060110024611/http://www.ciil.org/languages/indian.html (Fons)].&lt;/ref&gt;

Nam cum lingua Sanscrita sit sacra [[Hinduismus|Hinduistis]], quidam parentes eam usurpant loquendo cum liberis. Quod ad circulos vel institutiones linguae Sanscritae vivae attinet, unam saltem laudare sufficit, cui nomen est Samskrita Bharati&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20071126081519/http://www.samskrita-bharati.org/ (Fons).]&lt;/ref&gt; qui commentarium vulgat, cui index ''Sambhasanah sandeśah'' est. Quanto lingua Sanscrita simillima sit [[Lingua Graeca antiqua|Graecae linguae]], Latinaeque aliisque linguis Indoeuropaeis clarissime patet cum paucis verbis oculos intendamus:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
!colspan=&quot;8&quot;|'''Familia'''
|-
|मातृ&lt;br&gt;mātṛ
|पितृ&lt;br&gt;pitṛ
|दुहितृ&lt;br&gt;duhitṛ
|सूनु&lt;br&gt;sūnu
|भ्रातृ&lt;br&gt;bhrātṛ
|स्वासृ&lt;br&gt;svāsṛ
|श्वशऊर&lt;br&gt;śvaśura
|विधवा&lt;br&gt;vidhavā
|-
|mater
|pater
|filia&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;anglice:&lt;/small&gt; daughter&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;graece:&lt;/small&gt; θυγάτηρ (thygátēr)&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;theodisce:&lt;/small&gt; Tochter
|filius&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;anglica:&lt;/small&gt; son &lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;theodisca:&lt;/small&gt; Sohn
|frater
|soror
|socer
|vidua
|-
|}


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
!colspan=&quot;6&quot;|'''Corpus'''
|-
|दन्त&lt;br&gt;danta
|नासा&lt;br&gt;nāsā
|पाद&lt;br&gt;pāda
|कर​&lt;br&gt;kara
|केश&lt;br&gt;keśa
|हृद्/हृदय​&lt;br&gt;hṛd/hṛdaya
|-
|dēns &lt;small&gt;(dentis)&lt;/small&gt;
|nasus
|pēs &lt;small&gt;(pedis)&lt;/small&gt;
|manus, hir&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;graece:&lt;/small&gt; χείρ (chīr)
|capillus, caesaries
|cor &lt;small&gt;(cordis)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;anglice:&lt;/small&gt; heart&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;theodisce:&lt;/small&gt; Herz
|-
|}


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
!colspan=&quot;3&quot;|'''Dei'''
|-
|देव​&lt;br&gt;deva
|द्यौष्पितृ&lt;br&gt;Dyauṣpitṛ́
|-
|deus
|Iuppiter
|-
|}


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
!colspan=&quot;6&quot;|'''Pronomina'''
|-
|अहम्&lt;br&gt;aham
|त्वम्&lt;br&gt;tvam
|आवाम्&lt;br&gt;āvām
|युवाम्&lt;br&gt;yuvām
|वयम्&lt;br&gt;vayam
|यूयम्&lt;br&gt;yūyam
|-
|ego
|tū
|nōs ambō
|vōs ambō
|nōs
|vōs
|-
|}


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
!colspan=&quot;11&quot;|'''Numeri'''
|-
|एक&lt;br&gt;eka
|द्व​​&lt;br&gt;dva
|त्रि&lt;br&gt;tri
|चतुर्&lt;br&gt;catur
|पञ्च​&lt;br&gt;pañca
|षष्&lt;br&gt;ṣaṣ
|सप्त​&lt;br&gt;sapta
|अष्ट​&lt;br&gt;aṣṭa
|नव​&lt;br&gt;nava
|दश​&lt;br&gt;daśa
|शतम्&lt;br&gt;śatam
|-
|ūnus
|duo
|trēs
|quattuor
|quīnque
|sex
|septem
|octō
|novem
|decem
|centum
|-
|}


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
!colspan=&quot;9&quot;|Verbum ''sum''
|-
|अस्मि&lt;br&gt;asmi
|असि&lt;br&gt;asi
|अस्ति&lt;br&gt;asti
|स्वः&lt;br&gt;svaḥ
|स्थः&lt;br&gt;sthaḥ
|स्तः&lt;br&gt;staḥ
|स्मः&lt;br&gt;smaḥ
|स्थ&lt;br&gt;stha
|सन्ति&lt;br&gt;santi
|-
|sum
|es
|est
|ambō sumus
|ambō estis 
|ambō sunt
|sumus
|estis 
|sunt
|-
|}

et alia.

== Morphologia ==
'''Verbum'''
:Lingua Sanscrita multas [[Declinatio (grammatica)|declinationis]] ac [[coniugatio]]nis formas possidet. E. g., systema verbi Sanscritici ex his constat:
* [[persona (grammatica)|personae]] tres (''bharā-mi'' &quot;fero&quot; vs. ''bhara-si'' &quot;fers&quot; vs. ''bhara-ti'' &quot;fert&quot;)
* [[numerus (grammatica)|numeri]] tres(''bhara-ti'' &quot;fert&quot; vs. ''bharā-mas'' &quot;ambo ferimus&quot; vs. ''bhara-tha'' &quot;fertis&quot;)
* [[verbum temporale|verbi]] genera duo ([[activum]], sanscrite: '''Parasmaipada''' vs. mediopassivum, sanscrite: '''Ātmanepada'''; ''bharā-mas'' &quot;ferimus&quot; vs. ''bharā-mahe'' &quot;ferimur&quot;)
* [[modus (grammatica)|modi]] tres (vel, exnumerando altero, quattuor)(Indicativus, [[Optativus]], e. g., ''bhavem'' &quot;feram&quot;, [[Imperativus]], e. g. ''bhara-tu'' &quot;ferto&quot; et Precativus)
* tempora (praesens et [[imperfectum]], [[perfectum]], aoristum, condicionale, [[futurum]])

== Textus exempli ==
Commentatione prima [[Universa Iurum Humanorum Declaratio|Universae Iurum Humanorum Declaratio]] (a [[Consociatio Nationum|Consociatione Nationum]]) cum translitteratione Latina:

:{{lang|sa|सर्वे मानवाः स्वतन्त्राः समुत्प्न्नाः वर्तन्ते अपि च, गौरवदृशा अधिकारदृशा च समानाः एव वर्तन्ते । एते सर्वे चेतना-तर्क-शक्तिभ्यां सुसम्पन्नाः सन्ति । अपि च, सर्वेऽपि बन्धुत्व-भावनया परस्परं व्यवहरन्तु ।}}

:{{lang|sa-Latn|Sarvē mānavāḥ svatantrāḥ samutpannāḥ vartantē api ca, gauravadr̥śā adhikāradr̥śā ca samānāḥ ēva vartantē. Ētē sarvē cētanā-tarka-śaktibhyāṁ susampannāḥ santi. Api ca, sarvē’pi bandhutva-bhāvanayā parasparaṁvyavaharantu}}.

::Translatus Sanscrite ab Arvind Iyengar. E situ [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/sanskrit.htm ''Omniglot''].

:Omnes homines dignitate et iure liberi et pares nascuntur, rationis et conscientiae participes sunt, quibus inter se concordiae studio est agendum.

::E situ [http://ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Pages/Language.aspx?LangID=ltn ''United Nations Human Rights - Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights''].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Sanscritismus]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
{{Imago multiplex| align = right| image1 = IE expansion.png| width1 = 175| alt1 = | caption1 = | image2 = IE1500BP.png | width2 = 235| alt2 = | caption2 = | footer = Laeva: [[hypothesis Kurgan]] de migrationibus [[Indoeuropaei|Indoeuropaeorum]] inter 4000 et [[1000 a.C.n.]]. Dextra: [[distributio geographica]] linguarum Indoeuropaearum, Sanscrita in subcontinente Indica.}}
* Banerji, Sures. [[1989]]. ''A companion to Sanskrit literature: spanning a period of over three thousand years, containing brief accounts of authors, works, characters, technical terms, geographical names, myths, legends, and several appendices.'' Delli: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0063-2.
* Burrow, T., ''The Sanskrit language.'' Londinii: Faber, 1973. Reimpressum Calcuttae: Motilal Banarsidass, 2001 ISBN 81-208-1767-2
* Pollock, Sheldon I. (2006), ''The language of the gods in the world of men: Sanskrit, culture, and power in premodern India.'' University of California Press, ISBN 9780520245006.
* Salomon, Richard. [[1998]]/ ''Indian epigraphy: a guide to the study of inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan languages.'' Novi Eboraci: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0195099842.
* van Gulik, Robert. [[1956]]. ''Siddham; an essay on the history of Sanskrit studies in China and Japan.'' Nagpur: International Academy of Indian Culture, ISBN 8177420380.

;Res philologicae
* Abhyankar, Kashinath V. (1986), ''A dictionary of Sanskrit Grammar.'' Gaekwad's Oriental Series, 134, Baroda: Oriental Institute
* [[Franciscus Bopp|Bopp, Franciscus]]. ''Grammatica critica Linguae Sanscritae''. 1832 {{Ling|Latine}} [http://books.google.com/books?id=aQEUAAAAYAAJ Textus apud google.books]
* Franciscus Bopp, ''Ausführliches Lehrgebäude der Sanskrita-Sprache''. Berolini, 1828 {{Ling|Theodisce}} [http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/bopp1827 Textus interretialis]
* Berthold Delbrück. [[1876]]. ''Altindische Tempuslehre.'' ISBN 1421246880.
* Berthold Delbrück. [[1888]]. ''Altindische Syntax.'' [[Salinae Saxonicae|Salinis Saxonicis]]. Nachdruck: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1988, ISBN 3534041054.
* Masica, Colin. [[1991]]. ''The Indo-Aryan Languages.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978052129944-2.&lt;!--{{Google Books|J3RSHWePhXwC|Paginae selectae}}--&gt;
* Mayrhofer, Manfred. [[1978]]. ''Sanskrit-Grammatik mit sprachvergleichenden Erläuterungen.'' Berolini: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110071771.
* Oberlies, Thomas. [[2003]]. ''A Grammar of Epic Sanskrit.'' Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 3110144484.
* Wackernagel, Jacob, et Albert Debrunner. ''Altindische Grammatik''. 3 voll. Goettingae, 1896-1954

;Lexica
* Mayrhofer, Manfred. [[2001]]. ''Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen.'' 3 vol. ISBN 3-8253-1477-4.
* Monier-Williams, Monier. 1898. ''A Sanskrit-English Dictionary.''
* Mylius, Klaus. [[2005]]. ''Sanskrit–Deutsch, Deutsch–Sankrit: Wörterbuch.'' Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 3-447-05143-4.

;Artes grammaticae
* Bartholomaeus, Paulus. ''Vyacarana'' (1904) [http://www.archive.org/details/vycaranaseulocu00bartgoog Textus apud archive.org]
* Coulson, M. [[2003]]. ''Teach Yourself Sanskrit.'' Londinii: Teach Yourself, ISBN 0-340-85990-3
* Goldman, Robert P. [[1999]]. ''Devavāṇīpraveśikā: An Introduction to the Sanskrit Language.'' Berkeley: Center for South Asia Studies, University of California, ISBN 0-944613-40-3.
* Kielhorn, Franz. [[1888]]. ''Grammatik der Sanskrit-Sprache.'' Berolini: Dümmler.
* Maurer, Walter Harding. [[2000]]. ''The Sanskrit Language: An Introductory Grammar and Reader.'' Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press, ISBN 0700713824.
* Morgenroth, Wolfgang. [[1973]]. ''Lehrbuch des Sanskrit: Grammatik, Lektionen, Glossar.'' Lipsiae: Verlag Enzyklopädie
* Shastri, Vagish. [[2000]]. ''Conversational Sanskrit.'' Varanasi: Vāgyoga Chetanāpitham, ISBN 81-85570-12-4.
* Stenzler, Adolf Friedrich. ''Elementarbuch der Sanskrit-Sprache.'' Zahlreiche Auflagen (Die 7. Auflage 1902, und auch die 9. Auflage 1915 {{Ling|Theodisce}} [http://www.sanskritweb.net/deutsch/#BUECHER Textus interretialis]
* Stiehl, Ulrich. ''Sanskrit-Kompendium. Ein Lehr-, Übungs- und Nachschlagewerk.'' Devanagari-Ausgabe. 4. überarbeitete und erweiterte Auflage. Hüthig Jehle Rehm, Heidelberg 2007, ISBN 978-3-87081-539-4 [http://www.sanskritweb.net/deutsch/ Textus interretialis]
* Whitney, William Dwight. [[1889]]. ''Sanskrit Grammar: Including both the Classical Language and the Older Dialects.'' Breitkopf &amp; Härtel
* Williams, Monier. [[1846]]. ''An elementary grammar of the Sanscrit language''. Londinii: W. H. Allen. {{Ling|Anglice}} {{Google Books|REQhAAAAMAAJ}}

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Sanskrit|linguam Sanscritam}}
* Lexicon Anglicum-Sanscritum et vice versa apud [http://spokensanskrit.de/ ''spokensanskrit.de dictionary'']
* [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/sanskrit.htm Lingua Sanscita] apud encyclopaedia [http://www.omniglot.com/ Omniglot]
* [http://sanskritdocuments.org/TextsElsewhere.html Index litterarum Sanscritarum in interrete repertarum]
* [http://veda.wikidot.com/sanskrit-numbers Numeri Sanscrite] apud Vicipaedia [http://veda.wikidot.com/ ''Veda'']

{{InterWiki|code=sa}}
{{1000 paginae}}
{{Myrias|Anthropologia}}

[[Categoria:Lingua Sanscrita| ]]
[[Categoria:Linguae auxiliares]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>23 Augusti</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>14367</id>
    <revision>
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      <text bytes="7455" sha1="iwd8bdt7iy9tl5oofzxiwq6ccbqzjvl" xml:space="preserve">{{Calendarium-Augusti}}

'''23 Augusti''' [[dies]] 235ª anni est (236ª [[Annus bisextilis|annis bisextilibus]]) in [[Calendarium Gregorianum|calendario Gregoriano]]. 130 dies manent.

Secundum [[calendarium Romanum]] est '''ante diem decimum Kalendas Septembris''', quod ''a.d. X Kal. Sept.'' [[abbreviatio|abbreviatur]].

[[Fasciculus:RomulusAugustus.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.4|[[Romulus Augustulus]]]]
== Eventa ==
=== Saeculo 5 ===
* [[476]] - Ultimus [[Imperium Romanum Occidentale|imperator Romanus occidentalis]], [[Flavius Romulus|Romulus Augustulus]] ab [[Odoacer|Odoacre]], duce Germanorum deponitur.

=== Saeculo 17 ===
* [[1664]] - [[Fridericus III (rex Daniae)|Fridericus III]] rex [[Dania]]e civitati [[Altona]]e ius urbis dat post [[Christianus II (rex Daniae)|Christianum II]].

=== Saeculo 19 ===
* [[1866]] - [[Bellum Germanicum]] finitur.
* [[1887]] - [[Parlamentum Britannicum]] legem constituit, qua lege merces e [[Germania]] evectae signo &quot;''Made in Germany''&quot; (Lat. fabricatum in Germania) affici deberent. Lex proposita erat, ut emptores Britannici merces qualitatis peioris facilius animadvertere possent. Sed postea haec inscriptio paulatim signum qualitatis superioris mercium in Germania fabricatarum fiebat.

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1939]] - [[Pactum Ribbentrop-Molotovianum|Foedus]] inter Germaniam et [[Unio Sovietica|Unionem Sovieticam]] de amicitia convenit. Clam autem Hitler et [[Iosephus Stalin]] etiam de [[Polonia]] inter se dividenda conveniunt.
* [[1944]] - [[Michael (rex Romaniae)|Michael]] rex [[Romania]]e dictatorem [[Ioannes Antonescu]] dimittit et pacem ab [[Unio Sovietica|Unione Sovietica]] petit.
* [[1945]] - Iosephus Stalin milites [[Iaponia|Iaponicos]] post [[secundum bellum mundanum]] in carcerum in Siberia sitam mittit.
* [[1946]] - [[Slesvicum et Holsatia]] atque [[Rhenania Septentrionalis-Vestfalia]] terrae Germaniae conduntur.
* [[1990]] - Legati [[Camera Popularis RDG|Camerae Popularis RDG]] decernunt, ut [[RPDG]] secundum articulum 23 [[Lex Fundamentalis Germaniae|legis fundamentalis Germaniae]] die [[3 Octobris]] eiusdem anni ad [[Res publica Foederalis Germanica (1949-1990)|Rem publicam Foederalem Germanicam]] accederet.

== Nati ==
=== Saeculo 17 ===
* [[1699]] - [[Carolus Stephanus Ludovicus Camus]], [[astronomus]] et [[mathematicus]] [[Francia|Francicus]] (mortuus anno [[1768]])

=== Saeculo 18 ===
* [[1740]] - [[Ioannes VI (imperator Russiae)|Ioannes VI]], imperator Russiae (mortuus anno [[1764]])
* [[1754]] - [[Ludovicus XVI]], rex [[Francia]]e (supplicio affectus anno [[1793]])
* [[1756]] - [[Franciscus Chabot]], [[Ordo Fratrum Minorum Capuccinorum|Ordinis Fratrum Minorum Capuccinorum]] frater et postea inter [[Rerum Francicarum eversio]]nem rerum politicarum peritus (supplicio affectus anno [[1794]])
* [[1769]] - [[Georgius Cuvier]], zoologicus et palaeontologus Francicus (mortuus anno [[1832]]) 

=== Saeculo 19 ===
* [[1811]] - [[Augustus Bravais]], [[physicus]], astronomus et [[geologus]] Francicus (mortuus anno [[1863]])
* [[1864]] - [[Eleutherius Benizelus]], primus minister [[Graecia]]e (mortuus anno [[1936]])
* [[1880]] - [[Alexander Grin]], scriptor [[Russia|Russicus]] (mortuus [[1932]])
* 1887 - [[Fridericus Zander]], vir scientiae et inventor Sovieticus (mortuus [[1933]])

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1910]] - [[Iosephus Meazza]], pedilusor [[Italia|Italicus]] (mortuus anno [[1979]])
* [[1912]] - [[Eugenius Kelly]], pellicularum histrio, moderator cinematographicus, saltator et coreographus [[CFA|Americanus]] (mortuus anno [[1996]])
* [[1917]] - [[Antonius Innocenti]], [[cardinalis]] Italicus (mortuus anno [[2008]])

* [[1921]] - [[Kennethus Arrow]], oeconomicus Americanus, [[Praemium Nobelianum oeconomicarum scientiarum|praemio Nobeliano scientiarum oeconimicarum]] affectus (mortuus anno [[2017]])
* [[1924]] 
**[[Robertus Merton Solow]], oeconomiae peritus Americanus, praemio Nobeliano scientiarum oeconomicarum affectus (mortuus anno [[2023]])
**[[Ephraim Kishon]], scriptor [[Israel]]iticus (mortuus [[2005]])
* [[1927]] - [[Gualterius Giller]], [[actor]] Germanicus (mortuus anno [[2011]])
* [[1930]] - [[Michael Rocard]], vir publicus Francicus (mortuus anno [[2016]])
* [[1931]] - [[Hamilton Smith]], [[microbiologia|microbiologicus]] Americanus, qui [[praemium Nobelianum physiologiae et medicinae]] accepit (†&amp;nbsp;[[2025]])
* 1933 
**[[Robertus F. Curl Jr.]], chemicus Americanus, [[Praemium Nobelianum chemiae|praemio Nobeliano chemiae]] affectus (mortuus anno [[2022]])
**[[Petrus Barton Wilson]], rerum politicarum peritus Americanus 
* [[1934]]
** [[Carolus Amigo Vallejo]], cardinalis [[Hispania|Hispanicus]] (mortuus anno 2022) 
** [[Barbara Eden]], actrix Americana 
* [[1940]] - [[Thomas Steitz]], biologus et biochemicus Americanus, praemio Nobeliano chemiae affectus (mortuus anno [[2018]])
* [[1948]] - [[Andreas Pleșu]], philosophus, historiae artis peritus atque vir publicus Dacoromanicus
* [[1950]] - [[Rosa Otunbaeva]], femina politica et praeses [[Kyrgyzstania]]e  
* [[1954]] - [[Halimah Yacob]], praeses [[Singapura]]e
* [[1967]] - [[Iacobus Murphy]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Britanniarum regnum|Britannicus]] factionis [[Factio Laboris (Britanniarum Regnum)|Laboris]]
* [[1968]] - [[Hajime Moriyasu]], pedilusor Iaponicus 
* [[1974]]
**[[Antonius Brunner]], vir publicus [[Helvetia|Helveticus]]
**[[Constantinus Novoselov]], physicus Russo-Britannicus 
* [[1978]] - [[Kobe Bryant]]; mortus est anno [[2020]]
* [[1984]] - [[Glen Johnson]], pedilusor [[Anglia|Anglicus]]
* [[1986]] - [[Andra (cantrix)|Andra]], cantrix Dacoromanica
* [[1990]] - [[Raimundus Manco]], pedilusor [[Peruvia]]nus

== Mortui ==
=== Saeculo 1 ===
* [[93]] - [[Gnaeus Iulius Agricola]], vir politicum [[Roma antiqua|Romanus]] (*&amp;nbsp;[[40]])

=== Saeculo 14 ===
* [[1305]] - [[Guillelmus Wallaceus]], eques et propugnator libertatis [[Scotia|Scotorum]] (*&amp;nbsp;circa annum [[1270]])

=== Saeculo 19 ===
* [[1802]] - [[Corona Schröter]], cantrix et actrix Germanica (nata anno [[1751]])
* [[1865]] - [[Ferdinandus Georgius Waldmüller]], pictor Austriacus (natus anno 1793)
* [[1883]] - [[Sarah Yorke Jackson]], Prima Domina Civitatum Foederatarum (nata anno [[1805]])
* [[1892]] - [[Deodorus da Fonseca]], praeses [[Brasilia]]e (*&amp;nbsp;[[1827]])
* [[1900]] - [[Kuroda Kiyotaka]], primus minister Iaponiae (*&amp;nbsp;[[1844]])

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1926]] - [[Rudolphus Valentino|Rudolphus Valentinus]], [[histrio]] Italö-Americanus (natus anno [[1895]])
* 1933 - [[Adolphus Loos]], architectus Austro Tzekus (natus anno [[1870]])
* [[1957]] - [[Ioannes Mercati]], cardinalis Italicus et ''Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae bibliothecarius et archivarius cardinalis'' (natus anno 1866)
* [[1989]] - [[Ronaldus Laing]], psychiater [[Scotia|Scotus]] (natus anno 1927)

=== Saeculo 21 ===
* [[2016]] - [[Reinhardus Selten]], mathematicus et oeconomiae peritus Germanicus (natus anno [[1930]])
* 2023 - [[Eugenius Prigožin]], coquus Russicus et dux militum [[Grex Wagner|gregis Wagner]] (natus anno [[1961]])

== Festa et Feriae ==
* Romani antiqui [[Vulcanus|Volcanalia]] eo die celebrabant.
* Dies internationalis [[abolitionismus|abolitionis]] [[servitus|servitutis]] ([[Unesco]])
* [[Dies Europaeus victimis memorandis]] ([[Unio Europaea]])
* Festum Sanctae [[Rosa Limana|Rosae Limanae]] (ecclesia catholica)
* Festum Sancti [[Philippus Benitius|Philippi Benitii]] (calendarium Romanae ecclesiae antiquum)

{{menses}}

[[Categoria:Dies]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nomina permagnorum numerorum</title>
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      <text bytes="47329" sha1="0kvvfili1rvzwwykyre22g5ctwvu9gw" xml:space="preserve">[[Numerus]] est quaelibet [[idea]] qua utimur ad [[quantitas|quantitatem]] et multiplicitatem signandam. [[Unitas]] vero numerus non est, sed est initium, parsque numeri: numerus enim plura complectitur, quae unitas sine dubio excludit. Numerus vero oritur, si plura eiusdem speciei individua, sive quantitates simul in unam summam congregantur. Unde plures unitates numerum constituunt, qui eo maior erit, quo plures unitates in summam collectae fuerint.

'''Notatio numerica''' est tanquam [[ars]] numeros exprimendi per [[character]]ibus, figuris, [[vocabulum|verbisque]] plane dispositis: hoc modo intellegendam est tanquam systema, quod ad [[scriptura]]m atque enuntiationem numericam constituitur. Notatio talis esse debet, ut possibile efficiat quoslibet numeros scribere, etiamque eos legere ex vera eorum magnitudinis notione.

'''Numerus permagnus''' est quilibet numerus enormium multitudinum, et magnarum quantitatum significans, maxime ex illis sumptus, qui ordinem millenorum excedunt. '''Nomina permagnorum numerorum''' nobis adiumento sunt non solum in describenda entium rerumque multiplicitate, sed etiam in computatione ingentium quantitatum. Pleraeque res cotidianae, quas hodie habemus, perdissimiles sunt ac res antiquorum Romanorum. Hodie enim non solum novas res, sed etiam novas magnitudines habemus, maxime in orbe scientifico, et nonnumquam, cum eas sumimus describendas, nobis permagnis numeris opus est. Illos uero [[numeri Arabici|numerationis Indo-Arabicae]] opibus ad libitum exprimere possumus, sed etiamnunc verba idonea nobis deficiunt. Mathematici Francogallici hoc problema solvere conati sunt, et systemata scalaria invenerunt. 

'''Myrias''' exempli gratia primus fuit ex numeris permagnis apud antiquos Graecos, quo magnitudo vel quantitas ''decem millium'' signabatur. Decem millia etiam inter numeros permagnos apud antiquos Romanos constabat. Multa post saecula creatus est ''[[millio]]'', nomen cum significatione ''mille millium''. Alius ex numeris permagnis singulariter nominatis est ''[[Milliartum]]'', cuius prima significatio ''millio millionum'' fuit. Postea [[billio]] creatus est ad millionem millionum significandum. Quamvis verba [[millio]]nis, [[billio]]nis aliaque similia quodammodo nova sint in litteris Latinis, saepe barbara quibusdam auctoribus, nobis tamen expediunt numeros permagnos efferre, neque est quod ea refugiamus, cum apte exprimantur quod alias molesta millionum milliumque repetitione sit significandum. Millio ''mille millia'', billio ''millionem millionum'' significat in scalis longis, quarum dispositio maiore cum subtilitate definitur.

'''Scalae numerationis''' nihil aliud denique sunt quam indices in quibus numeri permagni notis, nominibus, significationibus disponuntur. Systemata numerationis in usu sunt ex uniuscuiusque nationis lingua, legibus, et moribus regionalibus.

Infra in tabulis systemata duo describuntur, quorum unum [[scalae longae et breves|scalae longae]], alterum scalae breves appellatur. Ut perspicuam de utriusque systematis notionem constituere possimus, summatim dicendum quod unum per dignitates milliarias, alterum per dignitates millionarias exprimitur. Analysi autem minutiosa facta, creditur systema brevium scalarum nulla cum accuratia constitutum fuisse, hodieque eius inaccuratia, etiam illis parum versatis in rebus mathematicis, protinus patescit.

== Historia ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|width=&quot;10%&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[saeculum 3 a.C.n.|Saeculo III a.C.n.]]
|width=&quot;90%&quot;|[[Archimedes]] Syracusanus ([[287a.C.n.]]-[[212a.C.n.]]), mathematicus Graecus in opere suo ''Psammites'' (Arenarius) sibi proposuit demonstrare seriem numerorum infinitam esse, neque ullam fingi posse multitudinem, quae numeris definiri non posset. Cum proverbium tritum esset, arenam innumerabilem esse, arenae potissimum numerum Archimedes demonstrandum sumpsit. Archimedes primus fuit, qui modo brevissimo rationem numerandi perfectam, quomodo nominibus paucis paucisque notis per positiones certas gradatim promotis, numeri ingentes exprimi possint, plane demonstravit. Quae autem de numeris ingentibus nominandis attulit, minimi ponderis sunt, sed demonstrationi admodum inserviunt. Praeterea, eam numerandi rationem, qua nunc utimur, in Archimedis opere non invenimus. Illo tempore myrias ingens numerus erat, aequalis decem millibus. Maximus autem numerus cognitu possibilis erat una myrias myriadum (10&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt;). Quapropter ab Archimede propositum est systema numerationis in potentiis myriadum myriadum fundatum. Post aliquas computationes inveniri potest, secundum Archimedem, numerus arenarum necessarium ad Terram implendam, qui exprimitur &lt;math&gt;((10^8)^{(10^8)})^{(10^8)}&lt;/math&gt; (octava basis decem potentia, evecta ad octavam basis decem potentiam, evectam ad octavam basis decem potentiam) vel &lt;math&gt;10^{8\cdot 10^{16}}&lt;/math&gt; (decem ad octies sedecimam basis decem potentiam evecto) vel &lt;math&gt;10^{80\cdot 10^{15}}&lt;/math&gt; (decem ad octogies quintam decimam basis decem potentiam evecto).
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[saeculum 10|Exeunte saeculo X]]
|[[Silvester II| Gerbertus Aureliacencis]] (c.946-1003), [[monachus]] Francogallicus, opera tria scripsit, rerum novarum nuntiatoria: ''Regula de abaco computu'', ''Libellus de numerorum divisione'', et ''Liber abaci''. His operibus usum signorum Indo-Arabicorum instituit Gerbertus in Europa medioaevali, novamque praxim computatoriam per abacum efficiendam docuit. Cum huiusmodi signa nondum cognita erant in Europa, Gerbertus notis Romanis usus est in describendis operationibus per abacum ductis. Abacus Gerberti tabula est, quae in viginti septem columnas dividitur; unaquaeque eius columna apice praedita est, quo signatur una ex quattuor magnitudines, scl. ''unitates'', ''decades'', ''centenae'', ''millia''. Periodi numerica in abaco per arcubus denotantur, e.g. sextus arcus centena millia denotat, et centenaris millenus arcus nominatur. Quilibet numerus per notarum positionem, una cum magnitudinum multiplicatione, plane definitur; omnes tandem numeri, praecipue permagni, unico modo efferri possunt. In hoc systemate non erat opus numerum [[0|zerum]], tunc incognitum, adhibere; zerus in [[abacus|abaco]] tantummodo positio vacua erat. Possibile erat ergo omnes numeros, praecipue permagnos, in abaco signare, eosque per ordines designare, e.g. mille, mille-mille, mille-mille-mille, et ita ad infinitum. Gerbertus scala brevi utebatur, et systemate suum in base milliaria fundabatur. Attamen plus quam quattuor saecula intercederentur, ut hocce novum systema in Europa late vulgari potuisset.
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| valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[saeculum 13|Saeculo XIII]]
|[[Maximus Planudes]] (c.1260-1330), monachus Graecus, primum fuisse putatur, qui verbum ''[[decies centena milia|millio]]'' in scriptis mathematicis adhibuit. Primus etiam inter Graecos fuisse, qui notis numericis Indicis usus in numerando fuerit, [[Rerum gestarum scriptor|historici]] consentiunt. Maximus vixit antequam notae arithmeticae ad [[Arabes]] transiissent: eas creditur directe a mathematicis Indianis accepisse. Operi suo inscripto ''Ars calculatoria secundum Indos, Magna appellata'' prima verba apposuit, quibus permagnorum numerorum ratio atque usus tradi possent.&lt;ref&gt;Millio significat, usque ab Latina origine, ''magnum mille''. In notatione numerica [[Numeri Arabici|Indoarabica]] millio septima nota digitali signatur.&lt;/ref&gt; Verbum ''million'' in usu erat in Italia, translatum ex lingua Latina.

Millio (Italice: ''Milione'') cognomen fuit, quod [[Marcus Paulus Venetus|Marco Paulo]] (1254-1324) imposuerunt, fortasse tractum ex opulentia dictu incredibili ab eo inventa in [[imperium Sinicum|regionibus Sinensibus]], cum officium legatorium exercebat. Ipsa domus, in qua Marcus Paulus cum familia habitabat, vulgo ''aula Millionum'' nuncupabatur.&lt;ref&gt;Giovanni Ramusio, ''Raccolto delle Navigationi et Viaggi''. Venetiis: Stamperia de Giunti, 1574, Vol.II, F.5.&lt;/ref&gt; Quapropter ipse princeps Venetianus cognomen ''Millio'' agnoscebat, sumptum nempe cum significatione ''millionarii'', id est, divitias habens millionum [[Ducatus (nummus)|ducatorum]] perficientes. Marci Pauli itinerum memoria ab ipse dictata, et perapposite vocata ''Millio'', translata est in Latinum sermonem anno [[1320]], tuncque aliter inscriptum ''De Condicionibus et consuetudinibus orientalium regionum''.
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| valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[saeculum 14|Mediante saeculo XIV]]
|Verbum ''million'' adhiberi incipit in [[litterae|litteratura]] [[lingua Anglica|Anglica]]. Una de primis huius verbi mentionibus legi potest in [[poësis|poemate]] ''Piers Plowman'' (Petrus Arator) ab auctore Gulielmo Langland (c.1334-c.1400) [[lingua Anglica media]] conscripto.&lt;ref&gt;In opere hoc poëtico tractatur de progredienda vita christiana, quae per seriem visionum allegorice describitur.&lt;/ref&gt;
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| valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[saeculum 15|Saeculo XV]]
|[[Jehan Adam]], [[mathematicus]] [[Francia|Francogallicus]], in manuscripto suo ''Traicté en arismétique'', anno [[1475]] edito, descripsit verba ''bymillion'' atque ''trimillion'', quae 10&lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt; et 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; significarent. Praefixa eorundem verborum plane significabant potentias millionis.&lt;ref&gt;I.e. secundam, et tertiam potentia millionis.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mathematicus Francogallicus [[Nicolaus Chuquet]] (c.1445-c.1488) in manuscripto suo ''Le Triparty en la science des nombres'', anno [[1484]] lingua Francogallica conscripto, verbis utebatur ''byllion'', ''tryllion'', ''quadrillion'', ''quyllion'', ''sixlion'', ''septyllion'', ''ottyllion'', atque ''nonyllion'', quae eodem ordine significabant 10&lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt;, 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;, usque ad 10&lt;sup&gt;54&lt;/sup&gt;. Opus Nicolai Chuquet non prius quam decennio VII saeculi XIX edendum foret, quanquam magna operis pars transcripta fuisset a [[Stephanus de la Roche|Stephano de la Roche]], quoius stilo certa auctoritas Nicholai Chuquet celata est. His circumstantiis alterum opus, Francogallice inscriptum ''[[La'Arismethique novellement composee]]'', Lugduni editum est anno [[1520]], maximam partem ex opere Nicolai Chuquet compositum.
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| valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[saeculum 16|Saeculo XVI]]
|[[Gulielmus Budé]] (1467-1540), litterarum perito Francogallicus, in opere suo ''De Asse et partibus eius libri quinque'' [[Lutetia|Parisiis]] anno [[1514]] edito, verbum ''[[milliardum|milliarti]]'' adscripsit, hocque modo id definierat: ''decies millies centena millia'' vel ''decem myriadum myriadas'' (10&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt;), numerus compendiarius, quod adhibebatur ad millionem millionum (10&lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt;) signandum.&lt;ref&gt;Milliartum igitur a Gulielmo Budé definitur tanquam millio millionum (billio) compendiarius. Hoc modo billionis abbreviatio, etsi notis Arabicis assimilis esset mille millionibus (vel 10&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt;), magnitudine tamen unus millio millionum (vel 10&lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt;) intellegendus. Nomen ''milliartum'' exeunte saeculo XVII in milliardum mutatum est, denuo Latine redditum ex [[lingua Francogallica]], neque amplius, abbreviationis causa, adhibebatur, cum modo mille millionibus usitate aequavisset.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Gemma Frisius]](1508-1555), mathematicus [[Nederlandia|Nederlandicus]], in libro suo ''Arithmeticae practicae methodus facilis'', [[Wittenberga|Witebergae]] anno [[1540]] edito, praxim numeratoriam nullo negotio intellegendam proposuit. Methodus autem facilis ab auctore nominata, quae tamen taediosam repetitionem numeralis multiplicativi ''millies'' more antiquo pronuntiare cogebat, nihil novi atttulit. E.g. usque ex quito puncto numerus est ''millies millies millies millena millia'' (10&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt;). Huiusmodi numerandi ratio in seipsa nihil aliud erat quam via scalae brevis antiquo more trita, quam per totum saeculum XVI approbatam fuisse videtur apud plerosque mathematicos.

[[Iacobus Peletarius]] (1517-1582) in suo libro ''L'Arithmétique'', [[Pictavium|Pictavii]] anno [[1549]] edito, usus est verbo [[milliardum|milliarti]], quod ''millionem millionum'' significabat.&lt;ref&gt;I.e. 10&lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Apud Peletarium ''Milliartum'' aequabat ''[[billio|billioni]]'', neque adhibebatur ut abbreviatio.

[[Petrus Ramus]] (1515-1572), humanista Fracogallicus, opus ''Arithmeticae libri tres'' scripsit, Lutetiae Parisiorum anno [[1555]] editum. Notatio numerica ''millium repetitorum'' prosequitur: quae sine dubio scala brevis planissima atque intellectu perfacilis erat.
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| valign=&quot;top&quot;| [[saeculum 17|Saeculo XVII]]
|Mathematicus [[Scotia|Scotus]] Iohannes Neperus (1550-1617) in libro suo ''Logarithmorum canonis descriptio, seu Arithmetica supputationum mirabilis abbreviatio'' Edimburgi anno [[1614]] edito, logarithmi ut opes ad calculationes simplificandas proponit. Logarithmi, secundum Iohannem Neperum, plurima problemata arithmetica, geometrica, et astronomica, minimo negotio expediuntur, quae alias vel impossibilia censenda sunt, vel admodum difficilia, nec sine magno taedio et multi temporis iactura resolvenda. Logarithmi ergo perutiles sunt, maxime in permagnos numeros tractandos. Illo tempore logarithmi in calculatione similem vim habebant, atque illa, quam tunc futurae machinae vaporiferae saeculo XVIII habiturae forent in plurimis processibus fabricationis, aut simili potentia erant praediti, atque illa, quam tunc futura computatra saeculo XX patefactura forent in magnis datorum quantitatibus operandis. Logarithmis utendo, calculator unamquamque difficultatum solvit, et nullo molimento facilem reddere potest quamlibet complexionem numericam. Logarithmorum beneficium in eo est, quod eorum usus compendiarias reddit prope omnes operationes arithmeticas. In alterum libro, inscripto ''Rabdologiae, sive Numerationis per virgulas libri duo'', Edimburgi anno [[1617]] edito, Iohannes Neperus technicam separationis periodicae in permagnis numeris legendis creavit, ut faciles fierent operationes arithmeticae. In methodo eius rabdologico periodos decem chiliadum (10&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;) commatis separabantur. Multiplicatio et divisio perficiebantur per parvas hastas intra capsam dispositas, quae postea cognitae forent nomine ''Naperi ossa''.

Jean L'Hoste (c.1586-1631) in suo libro ''Epipolimetrie ou art de mesurer toutes superficies'' Nanceii anno [[1619]] edito, definivit ''milliartum'' tanquam ''mille milliones''.
Adhuc in uso erat, ad definiendos numeros permagnos, separatio sex notarum digitalium per puncta, ac per commata aliquotiens. Augescente tamen ingentium numerorum usu, punctuatio trium notarum digitalium introduci incepit. Opportunitas tum contingebat, ut quidam parum idonei scriptores, novitatis cupientes, alias numerationis tabulas confingissent. In Francia novae scalae cum fundamento in basi mille constitutae sunt, et verbum ''billionis'', quasi mille milliones (10&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt;) innacurate adhibere inceperunt. E corruptione systematis traditionalis, novum systema instituendum proposuerunt, quod facile, et admodum practicum censebant. Pleraeque autem nationes scalas longas servaverunt. Plurimi tunc prosequebantur dicentes ''mille milliones'', aut dicebant ''milliartum'', eidem verbo aliam tribuentes vim, atque illa, quam Jacobus Peletier proposuit. Idem verbum paulo post longe lateque diffundebatur in Angliam, Germaniam, Italia, aliasque Europae partes, ubi quidam scriptores verbo billionis traditionaliter utebantur, id est, apud eos verbum ''milliartum'' idem sibi volebat atque apud Iacobum Pelletier. In tractatibus de novo systemate nihil redditur de modulo potentiali mille eiusque potentiis ad periodos ternarias applicatis. Novum systema nihil prodest, quin erratice nominet omnes numeros in serie exstantes inde a periodo mille millionum.

Franciscus Le Gendre (?-1675), mathematicus Francogallicus, in suo opere ''L'Aritimétique en sa perfection'', Lutetiae Parisiorum anno [[1648]] edito, fortasse primus qui ''scalam brevis'' constituit. ''Milliare'' tanquam 10&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt;, ''bimilliare'' tanquam 10&lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt; definivit.

Secundum [[Iohannes Lockius|Iohannem Lockium]] (1632-1704), [[Philosophia|philosophum]] Anglicum, numerus simplicissima est et maxime universalis idea. Numerus enim tribuitur hominibus, actionibus, cogitationibus, et rebus omnibus, quae vel existunt, vel concipi possunt. In libro eius inscripto ''An Essay Concerning Human Understanding'', edito Londinii anno [[1690]], declaratur nominorum necessitas ad numeros efferendos, quae consurgit ex ipsa perspicuitate et distinctione uniuscuiusque numerorum ab omnibus aliis seriei numericae constituentibus, cum omnes in singularissima unitate disponantur, unitatisque ideam repetant. Cum et nihil aliud sint in mentibus nostris, praeter unitatum complexiones, nomina aut signa unicuique distinctae complexioni magis necessaria videntur, quam in alio genere idearum. Sine nominibus aut notis idoneis, numeri fiunt computandu perdifficiles, neque iis uti possumus, praesertim in operandis complexionibus e magna unitatum collectione conflatis. Quae si coniungantur sine nomine aut signis distinctoriis, vix fieri potest, quin tanquam in congerie cum elementis confusis perturbarae sint Iohannes Lochius ostendit, per numerum quemdam ordinis nonillionum, quantum nomina distincta, et etiam idonea, ad bene numerandum conducant, aut mentem nostram nutriant ad utiles numerorum ideas adipiscendas. Enimvero, si periodi millionum, pro repetendo nomine millionis, nominibus propriis efferantur, facile fit totum numero enuntiare, atque utilem eiusdem notionem constituere.&lt;ref&gt;Iohannes Lockius, ''An Essay Concerning Human Understanding''. Londinii: s.e., 1775, pp. 163-167.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mediante saeculo XVII Francogallici nomen ''milliartum'' in ''milliardum'' mutant: denuo Latine redditum ex [[lingua Francogallica]], neque amplius, abbreviationis causa, adhibiturum foret, cum modo mille milliones usualiter definiri coepisset.

Mathematicus et ratiocinator publicus Francogallicus Franciscus Bertrandus Barrême (1638-1703), in suo opere ''L'Arithmétique'' [[Lutetia|Lutetiae Parisiorum]] anno [[1736]] postume edito, nomen ''milliacea'' adhibet ad designandum numerum ordinis ''millionis millionum''. Secundum notationem numerandi ibi propositam, ''milliardum'' tanquam ''mille milliones'' definitur.
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| valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[saeculum 18|Mediante saeculo XVIII]]
|Billio novi systematis&lt;ref&gt;Id est, billio scalarum brevium. Illo tempore systema numerandi Francico nondum appellatum erat ''scala brevis''.&lt;/ref&gt; in colonias Britannicas Americanas transferebatur. In dictionario Academiae Francogallicae anno [[1762]] edito, ''billio'' definitur verbum esse arithmeticum ''mille milliones'' significans. Milliardum synonymus erat billionis inde a medio saeculo XVII.&lt;ref&gt;Tum temporis ''milliardum'' abbreviatio billionis non erat, tantummodo ''mille milliones'' significabat.&lt;/ref&gt; Milliartum particulariter erat usitatum in Francia aliisque Europae terris, in sermone de re oeconomica et nummaria, etiamque in colloquiis vulgaribus. Nunquam ad linguam Anglicam Americanam pertinuit.

Gulielmus Le Blond (1704-1781), mathematicus Francogallicus, in libro suo ''Abregé d'Arithmétique, Lutetiae Parisiorum anno [[1758]] edito, verbum ''milliardum'' adhibet ad designandum numerum 10&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt;. Inconcinnam autem magnitudinem potentiis superioribus basis mille tribuit: ''billiardum'', 10&lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt;; trilliardum, 10&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt;; quatrilliardum, 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;; et ita ad infinitum. Notandum quod in hac serie numerica, qua scala brevis constituitur, potentiae milliariae perperam signantur per praefixa nominalia.
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| valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[saeculum 19|Ineunte saeculo XIX]]
|Francogalli plurimi scalas breves adhibuerunt et cives [[Americani]] eos secuti sunt. Scalae breves ad plurima mensurabilium genera adaptaverunt, ut ex lege adhiberentur in omnibus oficiis commercialiis, nummariis et scientificis. Pauco post tempore solae scalae breves in scholis docebantur. Etiam in encyclopediis Francogallicis scalae non explanabantur, nisi breves, nec mentio de longis fiebat, tanquam si obsoletae essent. 
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| valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[saeculum 20|Saeculo XX]]
|Eduardus Kasner (1878-1955), mathematicus [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Americanus]], in libro suo ''Mathematics and the Imagination'', una cum Iacobo Newman (1907-1966) scripto, [[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]] anno [[1940]] edito, mentionem fecit de [[nota numeri|nota illius numeri]] nominati ''[[Googol]]'', qui 10&lt;sup&gt;100&lt;/sup&gt; significat. Nomen ''[[Googol]]'' inventum est a Milton Sirotta, Eduardi filius sororio, qui etiam auctor fuit permagni numeri nominati ''[[Googolplex]]'', qui definiri potest tanquam 10&lt;sup&gt;googol&lt;/sup&gt;. Huiusmodi numeri sua ipsorum natura inconceptibiliter inconceptibiles sunt, suaque scriptura extensiva fit impossibilis, nec tota vita entis humani satis longa esset ad eos perscribendos.

In IX Consultatione Generali de Ponderibus Mensurisque, anno [[1948]] peracta, usus scalarum longarum in omni terrarum orbe propositus est. Populi scalis brevibus utentes invitati sunt ad revertendum ad scalas longas.&lt;ref&gt;Principes omnium terrarum, tempore quo conscii fiant quanti momenti, atque utilitatis esse scalas longas, haud mora leges de iis utendis sancire poterunt.&lt;/ref&gt; Ad efficiendam numerationem scriptam lectu facilem, commendatus est usus commatum et punctorum, qui partem fractam a parte integra separent; pars integra scripta dividenda est in greges ternarias, non senarias, ut eius lectio expediatur; nec puncta nec commata in spatiis vacuis inter greges poni debent.

In [[Francia]] anno [[1961]] lectum est in Diurnario Officiali (''Journal Officiel'') usum longarum scalarum confirmatum fuisse.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.ensmp.net/pdf/1961/decr-61-0501.pdf (Décret 61-501, pagina 4587, nota 3 atque erratum in pagina 7572).&lt;/ref&gt; Francogalli demum ad scalas longas reversi sunt.
[[Inglaterra|Anglicus]] administer princeps [[Haroldus Wilson]] senatus legatis confirmabat magistratus [[Regnum Unitum|Regni Uniti]] in rebus statisticis ex usque anno [[1974]] brevibus scalis usuros esse.&lt;ref&gt;Tum sublata est scala anglica traditionalis. https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-15478580;  http://news.scotsman.com/uk.cfm?id=871392004.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!-- Note this is a secondary source only and still needs confirmation of its validity. We ideally need to get the original speech, as this could be a misinterpretation. --&gt;&lt;!--&quot;Secondary?&quot; This is Wikipedia, not a thesis. I'd say the Scotsman is good enough--&gt; Exeunte saeculo XX plurimi populi linguae Anglicae scalis brevibus utebantur. In omnibus autem eius generis civitatibus etiam longae scalae in quodam usu sunt, et status publicus scalarum brevium adhuc in dubio est.

Mathematica Francogallica Genovefa Guitel (1895-1982), in opere suo ''Histoire comparée des numérations écrites'', [[Lutetia|Lutetiae Parisiorum]] anno [[1975]] edito, adhibere incipit verba ''scala longa'' et ''scala brevis'' in tractatione de diversis systematibus numerationis.&lt;ref&gt;Gueneviève Guitel, ''Histoire comparée des numérations écrites''. [[Lutetia|Lutetiae Parisiorum]]: Frammarion, 1975, pp.51-51; pp.566-574.&lt;/ref&gt; Systemata numerationum scriptarum, secundum Genovefam Guitel, magni ponderis sunt in congerie intellectu humano constructa, et potissime utiles in scientiam progrediendam.

Magistratus [[Italia|Italicus]] Anno [[1994]] ex officio usum scalarum longarum confirmavit.&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20110518122444/http://www.frareg.com/news/legislazione/ambiente/direttiva_1994_55_CE.pdf (Direttiva CE 1994 n. 55, pagina 12).&lt;/ref&gt;
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| valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[saeculum 21|Ineunte saeculo XXI]]
|Mathematicus Americanus Sbiis Saibian (1983-) notiones illimitatae denominationis proposuit ad perficienda systemata numerica. Complurima membra familiae Gugolanae invenit, ac luculentissimam nomenclaturam creavit, qua prope omnes permagnos numeros nominari possunt.
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|}

== Numeri permagni in utrisque scalis ==

* 10&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt;: notatio, qua numerus Arabicus 1 000 000 000 designatur.
* 10&lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt;: notatio, qua numerus Arabicus 1 000 000 000 000 designatur.
* etc.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Numerus
! [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|CFA]] et [[Britannia]]&lt;br /&gt;usque ab [[1974]]&lt;br /&gt;(''[[scalae longae et breves|scalae breves]]'') &lt;ref&gt;Scalae in systemate numeratorio reformato fundatae.&lt;/ref&gt;
!Britannia&lt;br /&gt;ante annum 1974&lt;br /&gt;(''[[scalae longae et breves|scalae longae]]'') &lt;ref&gt;Scalae longae traditionales.&lt;/ref&gt;
!Sollemne systema Europaeum&lt;br /&gt;(''[[scalae longae et breves|scalae longae]]'') &lt;ref&gt;Scalae longae in systemate Nicolai Chuquet fundatae.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt; || [[Billio]] &lt;ref&gt;In scalis brevibus nomen ''billio'' nihil denotat de tertia potentia basis mille; praefixum ''bi-'' improprie adhibitum est ad eamdem potentiam significandam; sic porro in infinitum omnes numeri nulla vi denotantur in serie numerica scalarum brevium.&lt;/ref&gt; || Mille milliones || [[Milliardum]] &lt;ref&gt;Verbum hodiernum, cuius significatio est ''mille milliones'' (10&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt;). Latine redditum ex lingua Francogallica hodierna.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt; || Trillio || [[Billio]] || [[Billio]] &lt;ref&gt;Verbum in saeculo XV creatum, ex contractione verbi ''bimillio'', cuius significatio est ''millio millionum'' 10&lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt; vel (10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;); antea ''[[milliartum]]'' a Iacobo Pelletier vocabatur.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt; || Quadrillio || Mille billiones || Billiardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; || Quintillio|| Trillio || Trillio
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;21&lt;/sup&gt; || Sextillio || Mille trilliones || Trilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; || Septillio || Quadrillio || Quadrillio
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;27&lt;/sup&gt; || Octillio || Mille quadrilliones || Quadrilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;30&lt;/sup&gt; || Nonillio || Quintillio || Quintillio
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;33&lt;/sup&gt; || Decillio || Mille quintilliones || Quintilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;36&lt;/sup&gt; || Undecillio || Sextillio || Sextillio
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;39&lt;/sup&gt; || Duodecillio || Mille sextilliones || Sextilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;42&lt;/sup&gt; || Tredecillio || Septillio || Septillio
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;45&lt;/sup&gt; || Quattuordecillio || Mille septilliones || Septilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;48&lt;/sup&gt; || Quindecillio || Octillio || Octillio
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;50&lt;/sup&gt; || Centum quindecilliones || Octillio || Octillio
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;51&lt;/sup&gt; || Sexdecillio || Mille octilliones || Octilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;54&lt;/sup&gt; || Septendecillio || Nonillio || Nonillio
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;57&lt;/sup&gt; || Octodecillio || Mille nonilliones || Nonilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;60&lt;/sup&gt; || Novendecillio || Decillio || Decillio
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;63&lt;/sup&gt; || Vigintillio || Mille decilliones || Decilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;66&lt;/sup&gt; || Unvigintillio || Undecillio || Undecillio
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;69&lt;/sup&gt; || Duovigintillio || Mille undecilliones || Undecilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;72&lt;/sup&gt; || Trevigintillio || Duodecillio || Duodecillio
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;75&lt;/sup&gt; || Quattuorvigintillio || Mille duodecilliones || Duodecilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;78&lt;/sup&gt; || Quinvigintillio || Tredecillio || Tredecillio
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;80&lt;/sup&gt; || Centum quinvigintilliones || Centum tredecilliones || Centum tredecilliones
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;81&lt;/sup&gt; || Sexvigintillio || Mille tredecilliones || Tredecilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;84&lt;/sup&gt; || Septenvigintillio || Quattuordecillio || Quattuordecillio
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;87&lt;/sup&gt; || Octovigintillio || Mille quattuordecilliones || Quattuordecilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;90&lt;/sup&gt; || Novemvigintillio || Quindecillio || Quindecillio
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;93&lt;/sup&gt; || Trigintillio || Mille quindecilliones || Quindecilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;95&lt;/sup&gt; || Centum trigintilliones || Centum millia quindecillionum || Centum quindecilliarda
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;96&lt;/sup&gt; || Untrigintillio || Sedecillio || Sedecillio
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;99&lt;/sup&gt; || Duotrigintillio || Mille sedecilliones || Sedecilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;100&lt;/sup&gt; || Decem duotrigintilliones || Decem milia sedecillionum || Decem sedecilliarda
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;102&lt;/sup&gt; || Tretrigintillio || Septendecillio || Septendecillio
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;105&lt;/sup&gt; || Quattuortrigintillio || Mille septendecilliones || Septendecilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;108&lt;/sup&gt; || Quintrigintillio || Octodecillio || Octodecillio
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;111&lt;/sup&gt; || Sextrigintillio || Mille octodecilliones || Octodecilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;114&lt;/sup&gt; || Septentrigintillio || Novemdecillio || Novemdecillio
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;117&lt;/sup&gt; || Octotrigintillio || Mille novemdecilliones || Novemdecilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;120&lt;/sup&gt; || Novemtrigintillio || Vigintillio || Vigintillio
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;123&lt;/sup&gt; || Quadragintillio || Mille vigintilliones || Vigintilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;126&lt;/sup&gt; || Unquadragintillio || Unvigintillio || Unvigintillio
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;129&lt;/sup&gt; || Duoquadragintillio || Mille unvigintilliones || Unvigintilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;132&lt;/sup&gt; || Trequadragintillio || Duovigintillio || Duovigintillio
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;135&lt;/sup&gt; || Quattuorquadragintillio || Mille duovigintilliones || Duovigintilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;138&lt;/sup&gt; || Quinquequadragintillio || Trevigintillio || Trevigintillio
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;141&lt;/sup&gt; || Sexquadragintillio || Mille trevigintilliones || Trevigintilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;144&lt;/sup&gt; || Septenquadragintillio || Quattuorvigintillio || Quattuorvigintillio
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;147&lt;/sup&gt; || Octoquadragintillio || Mille quattuorvigintilliones || Quattuorvigintilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;150&lt;/sup&gt; || Novemquadragintillio || Quinvigintillio || Quinvigintillio
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;153&lt;/sup&gt; || Quinquagintillio || Mille quinvigintilliones || Quinvigintilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;156&lt;/sup&gt; || Unquinquagintillio || Sexvigintillio || Sexvigintillio
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;159&lt;/sup&gt; || Duoquinquagintillio || Mille sexvigintilliones || Sexvigintilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;162&lt;/sup&gt; || Trequinquagintillio || Septenvigintillio || Septenvigintillio
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;165&lt;/sup&gt; || Quattuorquinquagintillio || Mille septenvigintilliones || Septenvigintilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;168&lt;/sup&gt; || Quinquinquagintillio || Octovigintillio || Octovigintillio
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;171&lt;/sup&gt; || Sexquinquagintillio || Mille octovigintilliones || Octovigintilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;174&lt;/sup&gt; || Septenquinquagintillio || Novemvigintillio || Novemvigintillio
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;177&lt;/sup&gt; || Octoquinquagintillio || Mille novemvigintilliones || Novemvigintilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;180&lt;/sup&gt; || Novemquinquagintillio || Trigintillio || Trigintillio
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;183&lt;/sup&gt; || Sexagintillio || Mille trigintilliones || Trigintilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;186&lt;/sup&gt; || Unsexagintillio || Untrigintillio || Untrigintillio
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;189&lt;/sup&gt; || Duosexagintillio || Mille untrigintilliones || Untrigintilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;192&lt;/sup&gt; || Tresexagintillio || Duotrigintilliones || Duotrigintilliones
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;195&lt;/sup&gt; || Quattuorsexagintillio || Mille duotrigintilliones || Duotrigintilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;198&lt;/sup&gt; || Quinquesexagintillio || Tertrigintillio || Tertrigintillio
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;200&lt;/sup&gt; || Centum quinquesexagintilliones || Centum tertrigintilliones || Centum tertrigintilliones
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;201&lt;/sup&gt; || Sexsexagintillio|| Mille tertrigintilliones || Tertrigintilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;204&lt;/sup&gt; || Septensexagintillio || Quattuortrigintillio || Quattuortrigintillio
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;207&lt;/sup&gt; || Octosexagintillio || Mille quattuortrigintilliones || Quattuortrigintilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;210&lt;/sup&gt; || Novemsexagintillio || Quintrigintillio || Quintrigintillio
|-    
|10&lt;sup&gt;213&lt;/sup&gt; || Septuagintillio || Mille quintrigintilliones || Quintrigintilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;216&lt;/sup&gt; || Unseptuagintillio || Sextrigintillio || Sextrigintillio
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;219&lt;/sup&gt; || Duoseptuagintillio || Mille sextrigintilliones || Sextrigintilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;222&lt;/sup&gt; || Treseptuagintillio || Septentrigintillio || Septentrigintillio
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;225&lt;/sup&gt; || Quattuorseptuagintillio || Mille septentrigintilliones || Septentrigintilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;228&lt;/sup&gt; || Quinseptuagintillio || Octotrigintillio || Octotrigintillio
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;231&lt;/sup&gt; || Sexseptuagintillio || Mille octotrigintilliones || Octotrigintilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;234&lt;/sup&gt; || Septenseptuagintillio || Noventrigintillio || Noventrigintillio
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;237&lt;/sup&gt; || Octoseptuagintillio || Mille noventrigintilliones || Noventrigintilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;240&lt;/sup&gt; || Novemseptuagintillio || Quadragintillio || Quadragintillio
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;243&lt;/sup&gt; || Octogintillio || Mille quadragintilliones || Quadragintilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;246&lt;/sup&gt; || Unoctogintillio || Unquadragintillio || Unquadragintillio
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;249&lt;/sup&gt; || Duooctogintillio || Mille unquadragintilliones || Unquadragintilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;252&lt;/sup&gt; || Tresoctogintilliones || Duoquadragintillio || Duoquadragintillio
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;255&lt;/sup&gt; || Quattuoroctogintillio || Mille duoquadragintilliones || Duoquadragintilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;258&lt;/sup&gt; || Quinoctogintillio || Terquadragintillio || Terquadragintillio
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;261&lt;/sup&gt; || Sexoctogintillio || Mille terquadragintilliones || Terquadragintilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;264&lt;/sup&gt; || Septoctogintillio || Quattuorquadragintillio || Quattuorquadragintillio
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;267&lt;/sup&gt; || Octoctogintillio || Mille quattuorquadragintilliones || Quattuorquadragintilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;270&lt;/sup&gt; || Novoctogintillio || Quinquadragintillio || Quinquadragintillio
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;273&lt;/sup&gt; || Nonagintillio || Mille Quinquadragintilliones || Quinquadragintilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;276&lt;/sup&gt; || Unnonagintillio || Sexquadragintillio || Sexquadragintillio
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;279&lt;/sup&gt; || Duononagintillio || Mille sexquadragintilliones || Sexquadragintilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;282&lt;/sup&gt; || Tresnonagintillio || Septenquadragintillio || Septenquadragintillio
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;285&lt;/sup&gt; || Quattuornonagintillio || Mille septenquadragintilliones || Septenquadragintilliadum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;288&lt;/sup&gt; || Quinquenonagintillio || Octoquadragintillio || Octoquadragintillio
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;291&lt;/sup&gt; || Sexnonagintillio || Mille octoquadragintilliones || octoquadragintilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;294&lt;/sup&gt; || Septennonagintillio || Novenquadragintillio || Novenquadragintillio
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;297&lt;/sup&gt; || Octononagintillio || Mille novenquadragintilliones || Novenquadragintilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;300&lt;/sup&gt; || Novemnonagintillio || Quinquagintillio || Quinquagintillio
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;303&lt;/sup&gt; || Centillio || Mille quinquagintilliones || Quinquagintilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;306&lt;/sup&gt; || Uncentillio || Unquinquagintillio || Unquinquagintillio
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;309&lt;/sup&gt; || Duocentillio || Mille unquinquagintilliones || unquinquagintilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;312&lt;/sup&gt; || Trescentillio || Duoquinquagintillio || Duoquinquagintillio
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;351&lt;/sup&gt; || Sedecicentillio || Mille octoquinquagintillio || Octoquinquagintilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;360&lt;/sup&gt; || Novendecicentillio || Sexagintillio || Sexagintillio
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;363&lt;/sup&gt; || Viginticentillio || Mille sexagintilliones || Sexagintilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;364&lt;/sup&gt; || Decem viginticentilliones || Decem Millia sexagintillionum || Decem sexagintilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;365&lt;/sup&gt; || Centum viginticentilliones || Centum millia sexagintillionum || Centum sexagintilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;366&lt;/sup&gt; || Unviginticentillio || Unsexagintillio || Unsexagintillio
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;402&lt;/sup&gt; || Trestriginticentillio || Septensexagintillio || Septensexagintillio
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;420&lt;/sup&gt; || Noventrigincentillio || Septuagintillio || Septuagintillio
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;423&lt;/sup&gt; || Quadraginticentillio || Mille septuagintilliones || Septuagintilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;480&lt;/sup&gt; || Novenquinquaginticentillio || Octogintillio || Octogintillio
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;483&lt;/sup&gt; || Sexaginticentillio || Mille octogintilliones || Octogintilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;500&lt;/sup&gt; || Centum quinsexaginticentilliones || Centum treoctogintilliones || Centum treoctogintilliones
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;540&lt;/sup&gt; || Novenseptuaginticentillio || Nonagintillio || Nonagintillio
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;543&lt;/sup&gt; || Octoginticentillio || Mille nonagintilliones || Nonagintilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;600&lt;/sup&gt; || Novemnonaginticentillio || Centillio || Centillio
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;603&lt;/sup&gt; || Ducentillio || Mille centilliones || Centilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;903&lt;/sup&gt; || Trecentillio || Mille quinquaginticentilliones || Quinquaginticentilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;999&lt;/sup&gt; || Duotrigintitrecentillio || Mille sexsexaginticentilliones || Sexsexaginticentilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;1000&lt;/sup&gt; || Decem duotrigintitrecentilliones || Decem mille sexsexaginticentilliones || Decem sexsexaginticentilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;1002&lt;/sup&gt; || Tretrigintitrecentillio || Septensexaginticentillio || Septensexaginticentillio
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;1023&lt;/sup&gt; || Quadragintitrecentillio || Mille septuaginticentilliones || Septuaginticentilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;1203&lt;/sup&gt; || Quadringentillio || Mille ducentilliones || Ducentilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;1500&lt;/sup&gt; || Novemnonagintiquadringentillio || Quinquagintiducentillio || Quinquagintiducentillio
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;1503&lt;/sup&gt; || Quingentillio || Mille quinquagintiducentilliones || Quinquagintiducentilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;1803&lt;/sup&gt; || Sexcentillio || Mille trecentilliones || Trecentilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;2103&lt;/sup&gt; || Septingentillio || Mille quinquagintitrecentilliones || Quinquagintitrecentilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;2403&lt;/sup&gt; || Octingentillio || Mille quadringentilliones || Quadringentilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;2703&lt;/sup&gt; || Nongentillio || Mille quinquaginti- quadringentillio || Quinquaginti- quadringentilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;3000&lt;/sup&gt; || Novemnonagintanongentillio || Quingentillio || Quingentillio
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;3003&lt;/sup&gt; || Millillio || Mille quingentilliones || Quingentilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;3006&lt;/sup&gt; || Milliunillio || Unquingentillio || Unquingentillio
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;3012&lt;/sup&gt; || Millitresillio || Duoquingentillio || Duoquingentillio
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;3042&lt;/sup&gt; || Millitredecillio || Septenquingentillio || Septenquingentillio
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;4096&lt;/sup&gt; || Decem milli- quattuorsexagintitrecentillio || Decem millia duooctogintisexcentillionum || Duooctogintisexcentilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;4998&lt;/sup&gt; || Milliquinsexagintisexcentillio || Tertrigintoctingentillio || Tertrigintoctingentillio
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;5000&lt;/sup&gt; || Centum milliquinsexagintisexcentillio || Centum tertrigintoctingentilliones || Centum tertrigintoctingentilliones
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;6000&lt;/sup&gt; || Millinovemnonagintinongentilio || Millillio || Millillio
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;6003&lt;/sup&gt; || Dumillillio || Mille millilliones || Millilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;9003&lt;/sup&gt; || Tremillillio || Mille milliquingentilliones || Milliquingentilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;9999&lt;/sup&gt; || Tremilliduotrigintitrecentillio || Mille milli- sexsexagintisexcentilliones || Milli- sexsexagintisexcentilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;10000&lt;/sup&gt; || Decem tremilli- duotrigintitrecentillio || Decem mille milli- sexsexagintisexcentilliones || Decem milli- sexsexagintisexcentilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;19683&lt;/sup&gt; || Sexmillisexagintiquingentillio || Mille tremilli- octogintiducentilliones || Tremilli- octogintiducentilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;100000&lt;/sup&gt; || Decem tretrigintimilli- duotrigintitrecentilliones || Decem mille sedecimilli- sexsexagintisexcentilliones || Decem sedecimilli- sexsexagintisexcentilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;300003&lt;/sup&gt; || Centimillillio || Mille quinquagintimillillio || Quinquagintimillilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;900003&lt;/sup&gt; || Trecentimillillio || Mille quinquaginticenti- millilliones || Quinquaginticentimillilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;1000000&lt;/sup&gt; || Trecentitretrigintimilli- duotrigintitrecentillio || Mille centisexagintisexmillilli- sexsexagintasexcentilliones || Centisexagintisexmillilli- sexsexagintasexcentilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;3000003&lt;/sup&gt; || Millimillillio || Mille quingentimillilliones || Quingentimilliiardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;1000000000&lt;/sup&gt; || Decem trecentitretrigintimilli- millitrecentitretrigintimilli- duotrigintitrecentilliones || Decem mille centisexsexagintimillimilli- sexcentisexsexagintimilli- sexsexagintisexcentilliones || Decem centisexsexagintimillimilli- sexcentisexsexagintimilli- sexsexagintisexcentilliardum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;3000000003&lt;/sup&gt; || Millimillimillillio || Mille quingentimillimillilliones || Quingentimillimillilliardum
|-
|}

== Numeri permagni, et plusquampermagni notabiles ==
Mathematici mentionem faciunt de illis numeris permagnis suo ipsorum ingenio creatis. Huiusmodi numeri nominibus notabilibus appellantur, sive exercitio ludico, sive tractatione seria. Nonnulli ex numeris permagnis sunt vero plusquampermagni, et conceptu difficiles, neque animo fingere possumus, eos in partem vitae nostra quotidiana venire.

Quamvis potissime sit ut proprietates numericae aptis verbis ac nominibus plane significantibus pateant, licet tamen mathematicis quosdam permagnos numeros nominibus singularissimis exprimere. Cum autem eadem nomina nihil de iis significent, eos intellegere non possimus, nisi ex elementis quibus originaliter definiuntur. Si tantum subtilitatis praeferimus, scalis longis uti debemus, ut adaequatam de unoquoque eorum notionem habeamus.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Numeri
!Nomina&lt;br /&gt;a mathematicis inventa
!Definitiones numerorum
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;50&lt;/sup&gt; || '''Gogolum''' || Centum octilliones vel radix quadrata Gugoli.&lt;ref&gt;'''Gogolum''' etiam nominatur ''Lcillio'', ita ut per litteram L, ex numeratione Romana sumptam, recordari possimus de potentia quinquagesima basis 10. ☞ Nomen autem ''Lcillio'' perperam formatum esse videtur: nescitur unde veniat littera c; si haece littera sumitur ex nomine numeri secundum scalas breves, nempe supervacua fit.&lt;/ref&gt; Gogolum aequale est (10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt; (centies quadragesimae octavae potentiae numeri decem ad sextam potentiam evecti).
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;80&lt;/sup&gt; || '''Ugolum''' || Centum tredecilliones.&lt;ref&gt;Etiam appellatum ''Gugolum adstrictum'' vel ''Gugolum contractum''.&lt;/ref&gt; Hic numerus aequalis est (10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(potentiae decimae tertiae basis decem ad sextam potentiam dignatae).
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;90&lt;/sup&gt; || '''Gugolpunctulum''' || Unus quindecillio.&lt;ref&gt;Id est, nihil aliud quam decies millies millionesima ''Gugoli'' pars.&lt;/ref&gt; Numerus aequalis (10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(quinta decimae potentiae decem unitatum ad sextam potentiae evectarum).
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;95&lt;/sup&gt; || '''Gugolmica''' || Centum millia quindecillionum vel centum quindecilliarda significat.&lt;ref&gt;Centies millies minus est quam ''Gugolum''.&lt;/ref&gt; Numerus aequalis 10&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;.(10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;sup&gt;15.5&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(potentiae quintae decimae semiprimae basis decem ad sextam potentiam evectae).
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;99&lt;/sup&gt; || '''Gugolfrustum''' || Mille sedecilliones vel unum sedecilliardum.&lt;ref&gt;Vel decima ''Gugoli'' pars.&lt;/ref&gt; Aequalis est 10&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;.(10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;sup&gt;16&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(millies sextae decimae potentiae basis decem ad sextam potentiam dignatae).
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;100&lt;/sup&gt; || '''[[Googol|Gugolum]]''' || Gugolum&lt;ref&gt;Pronuntiatur ''gŭ-gŏ-lum''. Anglice: ''Googol'' ([[IPA]] \ˈgugəl\).&lt;/ref&gt; definitur esse decem millia sedecillionum vel decem sedecilliarda.&lt;br /&gt; Numerus aequalis est 10.(10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;sup&gt;16.5&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(decies sextae decimae semiprimae potentiae numeri decem ad sextam potentiam evecti).&lt;ref&gt;In notatione Indo-Arabica ''Gugolum'' signatur nota 1 cum centum notis O subsequentibus.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;105&lt;/sup&gt; || '''Gugolmultitudo''' || Mille septendecilliones vel unum septendecilliardum.&lt;br /&gt;Aequalis est 10&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt;.(10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;sup&gt;17.5&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(centies millies septimae decimae semiprimae potentiae basis decem ad sextam potentiam evectae).
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;150&lt;/sup&gt; || '''Magnum Gugolum''' || Unus quinvigintillio.&lt;br /&gt;Aequalis est (10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;sup&gt;25&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(vicesimae quintae potentiae basis decem ad sextam potentiam evectae).
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;200&lt;/sup&gt; || '''Gargugolus''' || Centum tertrigintilliones.&lt;ref&gt;Vel quadratum ''Gugoli'', vel etiam ''Gugolum'' ad secundam potentiam evectus.&lt;/ref&gt; Numerus aequalis est 10&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;.(10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;sup&gt;33&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(centies trigesimae tertiae potentiae basis decem ad sextam potentiam evectae). 
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;500&lt;/sup&gt; || '''Gugolcrepitus''' || Centum treoctogintilliones.&lt;br /&gt;Aequalis 10&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;(10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;sup&gt;83&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(centies octogesimae tertiae potentiae basis decem ad sextam potentiam evectae).
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;5000&lt;/sup&gt; || '''Gugolcampana''' || Centum tretrigintoctingentilliones.&lt;br /&gt;Numerus aequalis 10&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;(10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;sup&gt;833&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(centies octingentesimae tricesimae tertiae potentiae basis decem ad sextam potentiam evectae).
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;10000&lt;/sup&gt; || '''Permagnum Gugolum'''&lt;br /&gt;vel '''Gougolferramentum''' || Decies mille millisexsexagintasexcentimilliones&lt;br /&gt;vel Decem millisexsexagintasexcentimilliarda.&lt;br /&gt;Quod aequale est 10.(10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;sup&gt;1666.5&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(novies millesimae sexcentesimae sexagesimae sextae semiprimae potentiae basis decem ad sextam potentiam evectae).
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;100000&lt;/sup&gt; || '''Gugolgongus''' || Mille sedecimillisexsexagintisexcentilliones&lt;br /&gt;vel sedecimillisexsexagintisexcentilliardum.&lt;ref&gt;In numeratione Indo-Arabica signatur nota 1 cum centum millibus zerorum subsequentium.&lt;/ref&gt; Aequalis est (10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;sup&gt;16666.5&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(sedecies millesimae sexcentesimae sexagesimae sextae semiprimae potentia decem unitatum ad sextam potentiam evectarum).
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;1000000&lt;/sup&gt; || '''Maximus millio'''&lt;ref&gt;Etiam nominatus ''Millioplex'' vel ''Gugolplux''.&lt;/ref&gt; || Decem ad millionesimam potentiam evectus vel millies basis millionaria ad centesimam sexagesimam sextam, sexcentesimam sexagesimam sextam potentiam evecta. 
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;1000000000&lt;/sup&gt; || '''Billioplex''' || Decem ad millesimam millionesimam potentiam evectus.&lt;ref&gt;☞ Numerus perperam nominatus: Qui eum nominavit, nesciebat eum aequalem esse basi millionariae evectae ad millies centesimam sexagesimam sextam millesimam, sexcentesimam sexagesimam sextam potentiam. Cum scalae breves inaccurate construantur, potius esset nomen ''Milliardumplex''.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;gugolum&lt;/sup&gt; || '''[[Googolplex|Gugolplex]]''' || Deest nomen arithmeticum: eum nominare proculdubio opus computatrale censemus.&lt;br /&gt;'''Gugolplex''' significat decem ad gugolesimam potentiam evectus, id est, decem dignatus ad centesimam decem unitatum potentiam. 
|-
|10&lt;sup&gt;gugolplex&lt;/sup&gt; || '''Gugolplexplex'''&lt;ref&gt;Etiam nominatus ''Gugolduplex'' uel ''Gugolplexianus'', quamvis deficiat nobis nomen eius arithmeticum: quod est computatro definiendum.&lt;/ref&gt; || '''Gugolplexplex''' significat decem ad gugolplexesimam potentiam evectus, id est, decem dignatus ad decimam potentiam dignatam centesima basis decem potentia. 
|-
|}

== Numeri permagni in natura reperti ==
Scin tu . . .

. . . [[Universum]], secundum theoriam [[immanis diruptio|immanis diruptionis]], abhinc XIV fere [[milliardum|milliardis]] annorum creatum esse, celerissima expansione ex statu primaevo calidissimo ac densissimo?&lt;ref&gt;In theoria immanis diruptionis dicitur abhinc XIV fere milliarda annorum productum fuisse illud effectum, quod Universi nostri origo fuit.&lt;/ref&gt;

. . . Terram abhinc IV [[milliardum|milliardis]], et DC millionibus annorum formatam esse?

. . . ''[[Australopithecus|Australopithecum]]'' ''afarensem'' abhinc IV millionibus annorum super Terram surrexisse?

. . . [[Via lactea|Viam lacteam]], vel orbem lacteum, [[galaxias|galaxiam]] esse, cuius diametrum est circiter C millia annorum luce mensorum latum?

. . . [[annus luce mensus|Annum luce mensum]] spatium esse in quo lux annua diffunditur, quod patet in longitudinem 9 460 730 472 580 800 m?&lt;ref&gt;Mensura sic elata per numeralia Romana: IX.CCCCCCCCCCCCCIↃↃↃↃↃↃↃↃↃↃↃↃↃ CDLX.CCCCCCCCCCCIↃↃↃↃↃↃↃↃↃↃↃ DCCXXX.CCCCCCCIↃↃↃↃↃↃↃ CDLXXII.CCCCIↃↃↃↃ DLXXX.CIↃ DCCC metra. Verbis tantum: novem billiarda, quadringenti sexaginta billiones, septingenta triginta milliarda, quadringenti septuaginta duo milliones, quingenta octoginta millia, octingenta metra.&lt;/ref&gt;

. . . [[Homo sapiens|Hominem sapientem]] surrexisse abhinc ducentis fere millibus annorum, et eius praesentia in hoc mundo aequare solis CXLII millionesimis partibus durationis Universi?

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Categoria:Numeri]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Callaina</title>
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      <text bytes="1085" sha1="8bjlr5occm2ari3hrt5kvhyt6jxw785" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Turquoise.pebble.700pix.jpg|thumb|Callaina]]

'''Callaina''',&lt;ref&gt;[[Gaius Plinius Secundus|Plin.]] ''[[Naturalis historia (Plinius)|Nat]]'' 1.37a.46; 37.147; etiam '''callais''' apud Plinium (''Nat.'' 37.151); '''lapis callainus''' in ''[[Digesta|Dig.]]'' 39.4.16.7.&lt;/ref&gt; in Latinitate mediaevali '''turcosa''',&lt;ref&gt;Keferstein 1849: 54, apud quem etiam '''lapis Turcicus''' et alia similia.&lt;/ref&gt; est [[gemma (lapis)|gemma]] [[cyaneus|cyanea]] [[viridis|viridi]] mixta, non perspicua, perraro [[crystallum|crystallina]]. In descriptione [[chemia|chemica]] est [[minerale]] [[phosphatum|phosphati]] cum alia tum [[aluminium]] et [[cuprum]] continens. 

Formula chemica callainae haec est: CuAl&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;[(OH)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;|PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;]&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Christianus Keferstein (1849) ''[https://archive.org/stream/mineralogiapoly00kefegoog#page/n71/mode/1up Mineralogia Polyglotta]''. [[Salinae Saxonicae|Salinis Saxonicis]].

{{stipula}}

[[Categoria:Gemmae]]&lt;!--Gemstones, PRO TEM--&gt;
[[Categoria:Mineralia]]</text>
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    <title>Gotthold Ephraim Lessing</title>
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      <text bytes="7298" sha1="trarkurupu2k7o3cc0ornprskyf42yh" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}

'''Gotthold Ephraim Lessing''' ([[1729]]-[[1781]]) fuit [[poeta]], [[philosophus]], et [[scriptor]] [[fabula scaenica|fabularum scaenicarum]] [[Germania|Germanicus]]. Fabulis suis scriptisque contemplativis, quae imprimis ad [[notio (philosophia)|notio]]nem [[tolerantia]]e pertinent, hic [[illuminismus|illuminator]] viam patefecit ad excolendam ac provehendam theatralem artem.  
[[Philosophia]]m [[Benedictus de Spinoza|Benedicti de Spinoza]] secutus est, et [[liber (litterae)|librum]] notissimum de [[Laocoon|Laocoonte]] anno [[1766]] in lucem protulit.

== De vita ==
Lessing die [[22 Ianuarii]] [[1729]] [[Camentia]]e natus est ex patre [[Iohannes Gottfried Lessing|Iohanne Gottfried]], archidiacono Camentiensi scriptoreque librorum [[theologia|theologicorum]], et matre Iustina Salome (nata Feller). Gotthold Ephraim scholam classicam Camentiae ab anno [[1737]] frequentavit. Deinde anno [[1741]] studia iniit in principum schola (''Fürstenschule St. Afra'') [[Misnia|Misniensi]]. Quibus finitis studiis in  [[Universitas Lipsiensis|Universitatem Lipsiensem]] adscriptus est operam daturus [[theologia]]e, [[medicina]]e, [[philosophia]]e et denique [[philologia]]e.&lt;ref&gt;Lamport 1981.&lt;/ref&gt; Duobus annis theologiae studebat, donec his interruptis studiis mense Augusto [[1748]] mwdicinae studia iniit in [[universitas Wittenbergensis|universitate Vitebergensi]],&lt;ref&gt;Juntke 1966: 274.&lt;/ref&gt; sed iam Novembri mense eiusdem anni [[Berolinum]] profectus est, cogitabat enim scribendo ibi se alere posse.

Litteris elegantioribus, poesi et theatro magis magisque adtrahebatur, et in familiaritatem venerat hominum litteratorum theatraliumque. [[Christlob Mylius]] multum apud eum valebat, et sine dubio Mylium secutus Berolinum se contulit. Berolini apud [[Vossische Zeitung|Berlinerische privilegierte Zeitung]] munera critici et redactoris curabat. Quae incepta filii parum placebant parentibus, quorum postulatu Gotthold Ephraim Vitenbergae mense Aprili 1752 gradum magistri adsecutus est. Mense Novembri eodem anno Berolinum reversus in familiaritatem venit multorum hominum litteratorum. Octobri mense [[1755]] [[Lipsia]]m rediit,&lt;ref&gt;Barner 2001.&lt;/ref&gt; certe ut ad iter circulare per [[Nederlandia]]m [[Anglia]]mque in [[Francia]]m faciendum se praepararet, comitem [[Christianus Gottfried Winckler|Christiani Winckler]], filii mercatoris nobilis Lipsiensis. Maio mense [[1756]] [[Amstelodamum]] profecti prae [[Bellum Septem Annorum|bello septem annorum]] iter continuare non iam potuerunt. 

Anno [[1758]] Berolinum reversus una cum [[Fridericus Nicolai|Friderico Nicolai]] et [[Moses Mendelssohn|Mose Mendelssohn]] epistulas ad novissimas litteras pertinentes (''[[Briefe, die neueste Literatur betreffend]]'') edidit. Anno [[1760]] Lessing socius extraneus [[Academia Scientiarum Borussica|Academiae Scientiarum Borussicae]] electus est. Ab eodem anno [[Vratislavia]]e munere [[scriba]]e [[Fridericus Bogislav von Tauentzien|Friderici von Tauentzien]] ducis generalis functus est, unde anno [[1765]] Berolinum rediit. 

Deinde, anno [[1767]], [[dramaturgus]] et consiliarius theatro nationali [[Hamburgum|Hammoniae]] operam dabat, donec theatrum propter difficultates pecuniarias anno [[1769]] clausum est. Hoc tempore in familiaritatem multorum hominum litteratorum venit, et quidem [[Eva König|Evae König]] (1736–1778), quam morte mariti viduatam anno [[1776]] in [[matrimonium]] duxit. 

Anno [[1770]] [[Guelpherbytum|Guelpherbyti]] curator [[Bibliotheca Augusta|Bibliothecae Augustae]] (''Herzog August Bibliothek'') factus est. Qua in bibliotheca [[Theophilus Presbyter|Theophili Presbyteris]] opus ''Schedula diversarum artium'' inscriptum invenit, de quo anno [[1774]] opus ''Vom Alter der Ölmalerey aus dem Theophilus Presbyter'' edidit. Anno [[1775]] Lessing munus bibliothecarii in medium reliquit propter varia itinera et audientiam ab [[Iosephus II|Iosepho II]], imperatore [[Sacrum Romanum Imperium|Sacri Romani Imperii]], factam. Praeterea [[Maximilianus Leopoldus de Brunsvico-Guelpherbyto|Leopoldum Brunsvici principem]] comitatus est in longo itinere in [[Italia]]m facto.

[[Vigilia Natalis Christi|Vigilia natali Christi]] [[1777]] Eva Lessing filium genuit, qui tamen postridie vitam amisit. Eva ipsa tres fere post septimanas [[febris puerperalis|febri puerperali]] mortem obiit. Proximo anno etiam Gotthold Ephraim Lessing deteriore adfectus est valetudine. Die [[15 Februarii]] [[infactus cerebri|infarctu cerebri]] mortuus est, Brunsvicique sepultus. 

== De gravitate auctoris ==
Lessing erat similiter magnus sciens quam bonus [[cantus|cantuum]], [[fabula]]rum, [[epigramma]]tum, [[drama (fictio)|dramatum]] compositor. Optime rationem generis prosaici explorabat: scriptis [[critica litterarum|criticis]]-[[aesthetica|aestheticis]] suis (''Briefe, die neueste Literatur betreffend,'' 1759; ''Laokoon,'' 1766; ''Wie die Alten den Tod gebildet,'' 1769) [[theoria]]m artisticam refecit in fundamentis novis liberans drama Germanicum ab imitatione servili [[Francia|Francogallica]] (''Hamburgische Dramaturgie,'' 1768–69). In [[drama]]tibus eius momenti maximi—''Miß Sara Sampson'' (1755), ''Minna von Barnhelm'' (1763), ''Emilia Galotti'' (1772), ''Nathan der Weise'' (1779)—ipse exempla [[tolerantia]]e [[religio]]nis imitanda dedit. Insuper [[theologia]]m [[cogitatio libera|liberiorem]] instituit (''Antigoeze,'' 1778; ''Die Erziehung des Menschengeschlechts,'' 1780).

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Wilfried Barner, ''Goethe und Lessing. Eine schwierige Konstellation.'' Wallstein Verlag, 2001.
* Cord-Friedrich Berghahn, ''„Töne in der Musik sind keine Zeichen“. Lessing und die Musik'', Lessing-Akademie, Guelpherbyti 2012.
* [[Fausto Cercignani]], ''Gotthold Ephraim Lessing'', Milano, 1994.
* Monika Fick, ''Lessing-Handbuch. Leben-Werk-Wirkung.'' Metzler, 2000.
* Fritz Juntke, ''Album Academiae Vitebergensis.''  [[Salinae Saxonicae|Salinis Saxonicis]], 1966.
* Lamport, F. J. ''Lessing and the Drama.'' Oxford UP, 1981. 
* Hugh Barr Nisbet, ''Gotthold Ephraim Lessing: His Life, Works and Thought'', Oxford University Press 2013
* Volker Nölle, ''Subjektivität und Wirklichkeit in Lessings dramatischem und theologischem Werk'', Berlin 1977.
* Paul Rilla, ''Lessing und sein Zeitalter'', C.H. Beck, München 1968.
* Wilhelm von Sternburg, ''Gotthold Ephraim Lessing.'' Rowohlt, 2010
* Stefanie Stockhorst, ''Einführung in das Werk Gotthold Ephraim Lessing'', Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 2011.
* Friedrich Vollhardt, ''Gotthold Ephraim Lessing: Epoche und Werk'', Wallstein, Göttingen 2018.

== Nexus externi ==
{{Communia|Gotthold Ephraim Lessing}}
* {{BBKL|l/Lessing_g_e|auctor=Hans-Josef Olszewsky|commentatio=LESSING, Gotthold Ephraim|tomus=4|columnae=1545-1551}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304191656/http://literaturnetz.org/autoren/gotthold_ephraim_lessing Fabulae Lessing apud literaturnetz.org] 
*[https://www.projekt-gutenberg.org/autoren/namen/lessing.html Opera in interreti]

{{Lifetime|1729|1781|Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim}}
[[Categoria:Auctores Theodisci]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Lipsiensis]]
[[Categoria:Deistae]]
[[Categoria:Francomurarii]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores scaenici]]
{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
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    <title>Fabula Schleicher</title>
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'''Fabula Schleicheriana''' est [[apologus|narratiuncula]], quam [[Augustus Schleicher]] anno [[1868]] eo consilio conscripsit, ut opinabile praeberet specimen [[lingua Protoindoeuropaea|linguae protoindoeuropaeae]], nempe qualem in formam tunc indicio praesertim [[Lingua Sanscrita|linguae Sanscritae]] methodo comparativa redacta esset. Inscriptio fabulae '''''Avis akvasas ka''''' ('Ovis equique') est. Post mortem Augusti Schleicher eruditi nonnulli, phoneticis et morphologicis recensis rebus linguae Protoindoeuropaeae, saepe hanc fabulam renovatis formis ediderunt.

== Textus princeps (Schleicher 1868) Latine redditus ==

'''Avis akvāsas ka'''
:Avis, jasmin varnā na ā ast, dadarka akvams, tam, vāgham garum vaghantam, tam, bhāram magham, tam, manum āku bharantam. Avis akvabhjams ā vavakat: kard aghnutai mai vidanti manum akvams agantam. Akvāsas ā vavakant: krudhi avai, kard aghnutai vividvant-svas: manus patis varnām avisāms karnauti svabhjam gharmam vastram avibhjams ka varnā na asti. Tat kukruvants avis agram ā bhugat.

'''Ovis equique'''
: Ovis, cui lana non erat, vidit equos, tum vehiculum grave vehentem, tum onus magnum, tum hominem ociter ferentem. Ovis equis dixit: cor dolet mihi videnti hominem equos agentem. Equi dixerunt: audi, ovis, cor dolet nobis (hoc) videntibus: homo potis lanam ovium facit sibi formam&lt;ref&gt;Adiectivum priscum ''formus'' 'calidus' (= Gr. θερμός).&lt;/ref&gt; vestem, ovibusque lana non (iam) est. Hoc audito ovis (in) agrum confugit.

== Recensiones posteriores ==
=== Hirt (1939) ===
'''Owis ek’wōses-kʷe'''
:Owis, jesmin wьlənā ne ēst, dedork’e ek’wons, tom, woghom gʷьrum weghontm̥, tom, bhorom megam, tom, gh’ьmonm̥ ōk’u bherontm̥. Owis ek’womos ewьwekʷet: k’ērd aghnutai moi widontei gh’ьmonm̥ ek’wons ag’ontm̥. Ek’wōses ewьwekʷont: kl’udhi, owei!, k’ērd aghnutai vidontmos: gh’ьmo, potis, wьlənām owjôm kʷr̥neuti sebhoi ghʷermom westrom; owimos-kʷe wьlənā ne esti. Tod k’ek’ruwos owis ag’rom ebhuget.

=== Lehmann et Zgusta (1979) ===
'''Owis eḱwōskʷe'''
:Gʷərēi owis, kʷesjo wl̥hnā ne ēst, eḱwōns espeḱet, oinom ghe gʷr̥um woǵhom weǵhontm̥, oinomkʷe meǵam bhorom, oinomkʷe ǵhm̥enm̥ ōḱu bherontm̥. Owis nu eḱwobh(j)os (eḱwomos) ewewkʷet: &quot;Ḱēr aghnutoi moi eḱwōns aǵontm̥ nerm̥ widn̥tei&quot;. Eḱwōs tu ewewkʷont: &quot;Ḱludhi, owei, ḱēr ghe aghnutoi n̥smei widn̥tbh(j)os (widn̥tmos): nēr, potis, owiōm r̥ wl̥hnām sebhi gʷhermom westrom kʷrn̥euti. Neǵhi owiōm wl̥hnā esti&quot;. Tod ḱeḱluwōs owis aǵrom ebhuget.

=== Adams (1997) ===
'''H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;óu̯is h&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;ék̂u̯ōs-kʷe'''
:[Gʷr̥h&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;ḗi] h&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;óu̯is, kʷési̯o u̯lh&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;néh&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; ne (h&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;é) est, h&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;ék̂u̯ons spék̂et, h&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;oinom ghe gʷr̥h&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;úm u̯óĝhom u̯éĝhontm̥ h&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;oinom-kʷe ĝ méĝh&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt;m bhórom, h&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;oinom-kʷe ĝhménm̥ h&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;ṓk̂u bhérontm̥. h&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;óu̯is tu h&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;ek̂u̯oibh(i̯)os u̯eukʷét: 'k̂ḗr h&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt;eghnutór moi h&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;ék̂u̯ons h&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt;éĝontm̥ h&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt;nérm̥ u̯idn̥téi. h&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;ék̂u̯ōs tu u̯eukʷónt: 'k̂ludhí, h&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;óu̯ei, k̂ḗr ghe h&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt;eghnutór n̥sméi u̯idn̥tbh(i̯)ós. h&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt;nḗr, pótis, h&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;éu̯i̯om r̥ u̯l̥h&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;néh&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt;m sebhi kʷr̥néuti nu gʷhérmom u̯éstrom néĝhi h&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;éu̯i̯om u̯l̥h&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;néh&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt; h&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;ésti.' Tód k̂ek̂luu̯ṓs h&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;óu̯is h&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt;éĝrom bhugét.

=== Kortlandt (2007) ===
'''ʕʷeuis ʔkeuskʷe'''
:ʕʷeuis iosmi ʕuelʔn neʔst ʔekuns ʔe 'dērkt, tom 'gʷrʕeum uogom ugentm, tom m'geʕm borom, tom dgmenm ʔoʔku brentm. ʔe uēukʷt ʕʷeuis ʔkumus: kʷntske ʔmoi kērt ʕnerm ui'denti ʔekuns ʕ'gentm. ʔe ueukʷnt ʔkeus: kludi ʕʷuei, kʷntske nsmi kērt ui'dntsu: ʕnēr potis ʕʷuiom ʕulʔenm subi gʷormom uestrom kʷrneuti, ʕʷuimus kʷe ʕuelʔn neʔsti. To'd kekluus ʕʷeuis ʕe'grom ʔe bēu'gd.

=== Lühr (2008) ===
'''h₂ówis h₁ék’wōskʷe'''

:h₂ówis, (H)jésmin h₂wlh₂néh₂ ne éh₁est, dedork’e (h₁)ék’wons, tóm, wóg’ʰom gʷérh₂um wég’ʰontm, tóm, bʰórom még’oh₂m, tóm, dʰg’ʰémonm h₂oHk’ú bʰérontm. h₂ówis (h₁)ék’wobʰos ewewkʷe(t): k’ḗrd h₂gʰnutoj moj widntéj dʰg’ʰmónm (h₁)ék’wons h₂ég’ontm. (h₁)ék’wōs ewewkʷ: k’ludʰí, h₂ówi! k’ḗrd h₂gʰnutoj widntbʰós: dʰg’ʰémō(n), pótis, h₂wlnéh₂m h₂ówjom kʷnewti sébʰoj gʷʰérmom wéstrom; h₂éwibʰoskʷe h₂wlh₂néh₂ né h₁esti. Tód k’ek’luwṓs h₂ówis h₂ég’rom ebʰuge(t).

{{NexInt}}
* [[Rex deusque]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Arntz, Helmut (ed.), Hirt, Hermann: ''Die Hauptprobleme der indogermanischen Sprachwissenschaft''. Niemeyer, [[Salinae Saxonicae|Salinis Saxonicis]] 1939 (Sammlung kurzer Grammatiken germanischer Dialekte. B. Ergänzungsheft 4)
* Kortlandt, Frederik. 2007. [http://www.kortlandt.nl/publications/art243e.pdf ''For Bernard Comrie'']. 
* Lehmann, W. &amp; Zgusta, L. 1979. Schleicher's tale after a century. ''Festschrift for Oswald Szemerényi on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday'', ed. B. Brogyanyi, 455–66. Amsterdam.
* Lühr, Rosemarie [https://web.archive.org/web/20150206223522/http://www.indogermanistik.uni-jena.de/dokumente/Weitere/delbrueck.pdf Von Berthold Delbrück bis Ferdinand Sommer: Die Herausbildung der Indogermanistik in Jena]
* Mallory, J. P. &amp; Adams, D. Q.: EIEC. London, 1997. S. 500ff.
* Schleicher, August. 1868. Fabel in indogermanischer Ursprache. ''Beiträge zur vergleichenden Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete der arischen, celtischen und slawischen Sprachen'' 5, 206-208.

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100116025030/http://dnghu.org/indoeuropean/indo-european.htm Grammatica linguae indoeuropaeae nova] (continet versiones indoeuropaeam indoiranicamque fabulae Schleicheri)
* [http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~jamesdow/s076/f332917.htm rootsweb tree]


[[Categoria:Textus linguarum reconstructarum]]
[[Categoria:Lingua Protoindoeuropaea]]</text>
      <sha1>mm87a48929ib3ype1kkvtqfmf0widvw</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Augustus Amadeus Spangenberg</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>43588</id>
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      <text bytes="1048" sha1="918xunvu2wc88sfpwe3xceztx5et5hh" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Gottlieb August Spangenberg.jpg|thumb|Augustus Amadeus Spangenberg (1704–1792)]]
'''Augustus Amadeus Spangenberg''' (natus die [[25 Iulii]] [[1704]] in ''Klettenberg'' in [[Thuringia]] - obiit die [[18 Septembris]] [[1792]] in ''[[Berthelsdorf]]'') fuit [[episcopus]] [[Moravia|Moravus]] ac secundus conditor [[Evangelica Fratrum Unitas|Evangelicae Fratrum Unitatis]].

== Opera ==
* ''Leben Zinzendorfs''. Barby anno 1772/1774 (4 volumina)
* ''Idea fidei fratrum, oder kurzer Begriff der christlichen Lehre in der Brüdergemeine''. Barby anno 1779 

== Lege etiam ==
* Carl F. Ledderhose (Hrsg.): ''Leben August Gottlieb Spangenbergs, Bischof der Brüdergemeine''. [[Heidelberga]]e anno 1846
* Georg C. Knapp: ''Beiträge zur Lebensgeschichte August Gottlieb Spangenbergs''. Druckerei des Waisenhauses, [[Salinae Saxonicae|Salinis Saxonicis]] anno 1884

{{bio-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Spangenberg, Augustus Amadeus }}

[[Categoria:Episcopi Lutherani]]
[[Categoria:Episcopi Cechiae]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1704]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1792]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Orestes (Euripides)</title>
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      <text bytes="14535" sha1="1pfj0sulyyi0okc9jebj0dg71f1x39w" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
{{Videdis|Orestes (discretiva)}}
[[Fasciculus:Orestes Pursued by the Furies by William-Adolphe Bouguereau (1862) - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Orestes cum [[Furiae|Furiis]] a [[Gulielmus Adolphus Bouguereau|Gulielmo Adolpho Bouguereau]] pictus]]
'''''Orestes''''' ([[Graece]] {{Polytonic|Ὀρέστης}}) est [[tragoedia]] [[Graecia antiqua|Graeca antiqua]] quae vitam [[Orestes|Orestis]] postquam matrem cecidit [[narratio|enarrat]]. Ludum [[Euripides]] circa annum [[408 a.C.n.]] docuit. Haec fabula velut continuationem ''[[Electra (Euripides)|Electrae]]'' addit quoniam res in ea gestae paucis diebus post [[Clytaemestra|Clytaemestrae]] necem geruntur. Ut et alibi in theatro Euripideo fit&lt;ref&gt;E.g. ''[[Alcestis (Euripides)|Alcestis]]'' et ''[[Iphigenia in Tauris]]''. Iam ita sentiebat [[Aristophanes Byzantius]] in argumento.&lt;/ref&gt; parum tragicus exitus videtur, immo etiam comicus videri potestː nam actio duobus&lt;ref&gt;Tribus si Menelaum addideris aliam feminam ducere ab Apolline iussusː ''Ἄλλην δὲ νύμφην ἐς δόμους κτῆσαι λαβών'' (1638).&lt;/ref&gt; matrimoniis finitur. Qua de causa fuerunt olim qui in hac fabula [[Fabula satyrica|drama satyricum]] agnoscere vellent potius quam veram tragoediamː quae opinio hodie obsoluit.

== Argumentum ==
Res in hac fabula gestae pleraeque ab ipso Euripide excogitatae credunturː nullus tragicus poeta alius hoc argumentum tractavit&lt;ref&gt;Sic [[Aristophanes Byzantius|Aristophanes grammaticus]].&lt;/ref&gt;. Interfectis [[Clytaemestra|Clytaemnestra]] et [[Aegisthus|Aegistho]] Orestes et Electra iudicium [[Argos|Argivorum]] exspectant atque postquam morte damnati sunt omni modo mortem effugere conantur. Ita novum episodium Orestis mythologiae additur.

== Personae ==
[[Fasciculus:Euripides, Orestes, Oxford, MS. Barocci 120.jpg|thumb|Versus 1-23 cum scholiis in manuscripto quarti decimi saeculi in [[Bibliotheca Bodleiana]] servato.]]
* [[Orestes]], filius Agamemnonis et [[Clytaemestra|Clytaemestrae]], matricida
* [[Electra]], Orestis soror
* [[Pylades]], Orestis amicus
* [[Menelaus]], rex [[Sparta|Spartae]] e bello Troiano redux.
* [[Helena]], Menelai uxor
* [[Hermione (mythologia)|Hermione]], filia Menelai et Helenae quae tempore belli Troiani [[Argos|Argis]] educabatur.
* [[Tyndareus]], Helenae et Clytemestrae pater
* [[Apollo]] deus
*  [[Chorus]] Argivarum feminarum, Electrae amicarum
*  Nuntius
*  Servus Phrygius
Res [[Argos|Argi]] geruntur. Spectatores Atridarum regiae aditum adspiciunt.

== Summarium ==
* '''Prologus'''ː Electra spectatores  de fratris morbo ab [[Erinnyes|Erinnybus]] lacessiti et tunc dormientis certiores facit. Iudicium Argivorum exspectant utrum morte damnentur an non. Solam spem in Menelai et uxoris Helenae adventu ponit  qui post longum errorem ad litus tandem adpulerunt. Ecce Helena in scaenam advenit. Odio postposito Electra eam comiter accipit. Cum Helena dona mortuis debita sororis Clytemestrae in sepulchro ponere cuperet sed parentium invidiam timeret eorum qui sub Troia ceciderant, Electra eam monet ut Hermionen filiam illuc mitterent.
* '''[[Parodos]]'''&lt;ref&gt;[[Dionysius Halicarnasseus|Dionysius Halicarnassensis]] musicae huius parodi commentarium reliquit (''De verborum compositione'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0586%3Achapter%3D11 XI]), indicans poetam non syllabas verborum secutum esse sed eas ad melodiam aptasse.&lt;/ref&gt;ː amoebis cantibus chorus Electram de Orestis malis interrogat et Electra chorum monet ne fratrem e dulci somno clarius loquentes expergefaciant.
* '''Primum episodium'''ː expergefacto et mentis compoti Oresti Electra adventum Menelai nuntiat. Laetatur primo, mox tamen subito furore correptus sororem unam ex Erinnybus esse credit. Postquam furore dissipato sororem lacrimantem videt eam solatur atque solum praesidium suum appellat.
* '''Stasimon primum'''&lt;ref&gt;Notationis musicalis fragmentum in papyro reperta est. Cf Charles Wessely et Charles-Emile Ruelle, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/reg_0035-2039_1892_num_5_19_5575 Le Papyrus musical d'Euripide]&quot;, ''Revue des Études Grecques'', 1892ː 265-280. Emile Martin, ''Trois documents de musique grecque'', Klincksieck, 1953 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1953_num_22_2_3224_t1_0495_0000_2 Recensio critica]. Douglas D. Feaver, &quot;[https://doi.org/10.2307/291756 The Musical Setting of Euripides' Orestes]&quot;, ''The American Journal of Philology'', 1960ː 1-15. Jon Solomon, &quot;[https://grbs.library.duke.edu/article/viewFile/7871/4831 Orestes 344-45: Colometry and Music]&quot;, 1977ː 71-83. 
G. A. Longman, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/638028 The Musical Papyrus: Euripides, Orestes 332-40]&quot;, ''The Classical Quarterly'', 1962ː 61-66.&lt;/ref&gt;ː chorus preces ad Erinnyes advertit ne Agamemnonis filium cruciare pergerent.
* '''Secundum episodium'''ː Menelaus in scaenam incedit atque primo vivi cadaveris aspectum quem Orestes praebet reformidat, mox tamen eum de rebus gestis interrogat. Luctusoso habitu tum intervenit senex Tyndareus, Clytemestrae pater. Miratur quod Menelaus hominem matricidio pollutum adloquatur atque odium erga Oresten manifestat. Tum agon inter senem et Oresten oriturː uterque longa oratione  apud Menelaum causam agit. Tyndareus  Oresti obicit quod non legibus sed vi contra sontem matrem egisset. Orestes [[Oraculum|oraculum]] Apollinis necem iubentis invocat&lt;ref&gt;Cf [[Aeschylus]], ''[[Choephoroe]]'' 1029-33.&lt;/ref&gt;. Iratus Tyndareus Menelao minatur reditum eius Spartam prohibiturum si matricidam defendisset et abit. Orestes a Menelao auxilium precatur qui incertus animi sese operam daturum ut homines sententiam mutarent pollicetur. A Menelao desertus de salute sua iam desperat Orestes cum ex Phocide verus amicus advenit, Pylades. Ambo ad consilium populi pergere et ibi causam suam agere constituunt.
* '''Stasimon secundum'''ː chorus matricidii horrorem explicat.
* '''Tertium episodium'''ː nuntius e consilio veniens Electrae narrat qui in iudicio pro Atridis dixerint, qui contra eos et quomodo in fine ipsa et frater a populo morte damnati sint. Sequitur monodia Electrae quae scelera et calamitates Tantalidarum a [[Tantalus|Tantalo]] ad se usque lyrico modo miserabiliter recenset&lt;ref&gt;Nonnulli interpretes partem stropharum choro attribuunt et in hoc cantu tertium stasimon agnoscunt, ita brevissimum tertium episodium relinquentes.&lt;/ref&gt;. Iam frater et soror ad [[Mors voluntaria|voluntariam mortem]] sese parant cum Pylades eis persuadet ut prius de Menelao poenas capiant (qui Orestem apud Argivos defendere noluit) dum Helenam in regia domo versantem, feminam malam et omnibus odiosam, gladiis trucidant. Et Electra insuper eorum filiam Hermionen e Clytemnestrae sepulchro redeuntem obsidem capere constituit, Menelaum ad auxiliandum ut cogerent.
* '''Stasimon tertium'''ː Electra feminas chori huc et illuc dimittit ad vias custodiendas ne quisquam appropinquet dum caedes in regia perpetratur.
* '''Exodos'''ː clamores Helenae intus audiuntur, Hermione capitur. Servus Phrygius pavitans e domo effugit et a choro interrogatus cantu lyrico et barbaro respondet narrans quomodo duo bellatores Graeci irrumpentes Phrygios fugarint et reginam adorti sint quae subito non iam visa est. Mox Menelaus uxoris necatae rumore accitus fores pulsat. At Orestes in tecto stans et gladium in cervices Hermionae premens Menelao filiae necem minatur. Tum [[Deus ex machina|deus ex machina]] Apollo, oraculi sui sero memor, omnia componitː Helenam Iove natam rapuit ad caelum ubi dea nautis propitia ad [[Castor et Pollux|Dioscuros]] fratres sedebit, a mortalibus culta. Orestes annum purgationis causa in [[Arcadia]] manebit antequam a deis in [[Areopagus|Aeropago]] iudicaretur absolvereturque. Uxorem Hermionen (quam iugulare volebatǃ) ducet. Item deus Electrae et Pyladis matrimonium confirmat atque benedicit.

== De successu ==
Quamquam multis [[Critica litterarum|criticis]] parum verisimilis et parum consequenter elaborata visa est - exempli gratia eodem die ineunte fabula Orestes homo aeger et tabescens ostenditur, media fabula orator disertus et postrema parte belua quaedam ferox (&quot;leo&quot; secundum Menelai verba&lt;ref&gt;Versus 1555ː ''δισσοῖν λεόντοιν· οὐ γὰρ ἄνδρ' αὐτὼ καλῶ'' = duorum leonum (nam viros eos non appello)...&lt;/ref&gt;) - nihilominus haec fabula Atheniensibus ceterisque Graecis, fortasse ob hanc ipsam inventionis novitatem, multum diuque placuit ut e magno numero [[Papyrus (materies)|papyrorum]] et manuscriptorum atque testimoniis posteriorum auctorum&lt;ref&gt;Ter et decies [[Plutarchus]] fabulam in operibus memoravit, pluries adhuc [[Stobaeus]].&lt;/ref&gt; apparet. Usque ad [[Imperium Romanum|aetatem Romanam]] adhuc in theatro agebatur, [[Imperium Byzantinum|aetate Byzantina]] in scholis legebatur. A modernis neglecta est donec ab annis 1960 [[Chaos|chaotica]] violentia huius fabulae temporibus turbatis sese accomodare visa est&lt;ref&gt;Enrico Medda, &quot;Euripidesː Orestes&quot; in ''The Encyclopedia of Greek Tragedy'', Wiley, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;. Etenim iam Aristophanes Byzantius omnium personarum mores pravos esse iudicabat&lt;ref&gt;Argumentumː ''πάντες φαῦλοι ἦσαν''.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;References/&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
=== Latine ===
*Augustus Grueninger,''[https://archive.org/details/deeuripidisores00gruegoog/page/n24/mode/2up De Euripidis Oreste ab histrionibus retractata]'', Basileae, 1898.
*Vernerus Krieg, ''De Euripidis Oreste'', [[Salinae Saxonicae|Salinis Saxonicis]], 1934 [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/classical-review/article/abs/vernerus-krieg-de-euripidis-oreste-dissertatio-inauguralis-pp-83-halle-gebauerschwetscke-1934-paper/49B93613BC68C8550F0E84E64C05C074# Recensio critica]
=== Barbare ===
*Jacqueline Assael,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1996_num_65_1_1242 ΣΥΝΕΣΙΣ dans Oreste d'Euripide]&quot;, ''L'Antiquité Classique'', 1996ː 53-69
*Francis M. Dunn, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/25010907 Comic and Tragic License in Euripides' &quot;Orestes&quot;]&quot;, ''Classical Antiquity'', 1989ː 238-251
*Charles Fuqua, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27831039 The world of myth in Euripides' 'Orestes']&quot;, ''Traditio'', 1978ː 1-28
*Nathan A. Greenberg, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/310739 Euripides' Orestes: An Interpretation]&quot;, ''Harvard Studies in Classical Philology'', 1962ː 157-192
*Craig Jendza, ''Paracomedy. Appropriations of Comedy in Greek Tragedy'', Oxford university Press, 2020, 167-215 = caput Vː Euripides'Orestes. [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2021/2021.01.13/ Recensio critica] [https://books.google.fr/books?id=2Y7UDwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Introductio apud Guglum librorum]
*Loukas Papadimitropoulos, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/antiqclassi.81.1 Orestes' Conviction at the Assembly in Euripides' Orestes]&quot;, ''L'Antiquité Classique'', 2012ː 1-11 
** &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/23067351 On Apollo's epiphany in Euripides' &quot;Orestes&quot;]&quot;, ''Hermes'', 2011ː 501-506
*Hugh Parry, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2935920 Euripides' Orestes: The Quest for Salvation]&quot;, ''Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association'', 1969ː 337-353
*Cecilia Perczyk, &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327759395_The_experience_of_the_madness_in_Euripides%27_Orestes_as_a_feminization_process_of_the_hero La experiencia de la locura en Orestes de Eurípides como proceso de feminización del héroe]&quot;, ''Circe de clásicos y moderno'', 2018ː 63-78
**&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20201103054312/http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/bitstream/handle/10915/93737/Versi%C3%B3n_PDF.pdf?sequence=1 Amigos son los amigos: Pílades y el coro de argivas en Orestes de Eurípides]&quot;, ''Synthesis'' (La Plata), 2019  
**cum Gabriel Lombardi, &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/43604612/EL_ODIO_HACIA_LA_MUJER_COMO_M%C3%93VIL_DE_LA_TRAGEDIA_EN_ORESTES_DE_EUR%C3%8DPIDES El odio hacia la mujer como móvil de la tragedia en Orestes de Eurípides]&quot;, ''Affectio Societatis'', 2019ː 125-147
*Elizabeth Rawson, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/26307026 Aspects of Euripides' &quot;Orestes&quot;]&quot;, ''Arethusa'', 1972ː 155-167 
*M. Carmen Encinas Reguero, &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160820040708/http://emerita.revistas.csic.es:80/index.php/emerita/article/viewFile/752/794 El relato de mensajero en el Orestes de Eurípides]&quot;, ''Emerita'', 2011ː 131-154  
**&quot;[https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/5b1f/c6f0a47660cae90f2df43b25ad00232cd430.pdf?_ga=2.41113250.1819750686.1645182365-110287103.1645182365 La estructura del Orestes de Eurípides y el enigmático relato del frigio]&quot;, ''Cuadernos de Filología Clásica Estudios griegos e indoeuropeos'', 2011ː 119-133
*  Michel Rozenn,	''[https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01528794/document Les lectures antiques de l'Oreste d'Euripide]'', Rennes, 2017 [Dissertatio academica]
*Wesley D. Smith, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4475464 Disease in Euripides' Orestes]&quot;, ''Hermes'', 1967ː 291-307
*Katherina Synodinou, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/metis_1105-2201_1988_num_3_1_918 Electra in the Orestes of Euripides. A Case of Contradictions]&quot;, ''Mètis. Anthropologie des mondes grecs anciens'',  1988ː 305-320
*Marchinus van der Valk,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1984_num_86_1_4177 Sur l'Oreste d'Euripide]&quot;, ''Revue des Études Anciennes'', 1984ː 171-192
*Maud Wirz, &quot;[https://doi.org/10.4000/coulisses.1612 Le rire tragique d’Oreste]&quot;, ''Revue de théâtre Coulisses'', 1990.

== Nexus externi ==
*[https://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%81%CE%AD%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82 Textus Graecus apud Vicifontem]
*[http://remacle.org/bloodwolf/tragediens/euripide/oreste.htm Textus Graecus cum versione Francogallica apud Remacle]
*[https://archive.org/details/euripidisoreste00eurigoog/page/n6/mode/2up Editio 1821 Latinis adnotationibus instructa]
* [https://www.greekmythology.com/Plays/Euripides/Orestes/orestes.html ''Orestes'' apud GreekMythology.com]
* [http://www.kerylos.fr/repertoire.php Musica antiqua] ''Orestis'' ([[Papyrus Vindobonensis G2315|P. Vind. G2315]]) ab [[Anna Bélis]] restituta 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051219085954/http://classics.mit.edu/Euripides/orestes.html Versio] ab [[Eduardus Coleridge|Eduardo Coleridge]] anno 1891 confecta {{Ling|Anglice}}
* [http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~loxias/orestes.htm Versio] ab [[Andreas Wilson|Andrea Wilson]] anno 1994 confecta {{Ling|Anglice}}


[[Categoria:Euripides]]
[[Categoria:Graeciae scripta]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Graecae antiquae]]
[[Categoria:Scripta saeculo 5 a.C.n.]]
[[Categoria:Tragoediae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Papa Alexandriae</title>
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      <text bytes="2523" sha1="obnhxdfvwnelwp8konfabfs0jnzjd5w" xml:space="preserve">'''Papa Alexandriae''' vel pleniter &quot;Papa Alexandriae et Patriarcha Sedis Sancti Marci&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;AAS 105 (2013) 464&quot;&gt;{{AAS|2013|464}}&lt;/ref&gt; est caput [[Ecclesia Orthodoxa Coptorum|Ecclesiae Orthodoxae Coptorum]], cui in [[Aegyptus|Aegypto]] (fontibus discrepantibus) 5-11 milliones hominum adhaerent&lt;ref&gt;Secundum Harenberg Aktuell, p. 532, in Aegypto sunt 94% Musulmani et 6% Christiani / Spiegel-dtv-Jahrbuch 2004, p. 54: 90% Musulmani et 9% Copti / [http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/diplo/de/Laenderinformationen/01-Laender/Aegypten.html Notitiae ministerii a rebus exteris Germaniae]: 90% Musulmani et 6% Copti. Maior pars Coptorum [[Ecclesia Coptica|Ecclesiis Coptorum]] adhaeret (plurimi [[Ecclesia Orthodoxa Coptorum|Ecclesiae Orthodoxae Coptorum]], pauciores [[Ecclesia Catholica Coptorum|Ecclesiae Catholicae Coptorum]]), reliqui sunt Christiani [[Ecclesiae Orthodoxae|graeco-orthodoxi]], [[Ecclesiae Catholicae Orientales|graeco-catholici]] et  [[Protestantes]]. Tantum ''Fischer Weltalmanach 2008''', p. 58, 12–15% incolarum Aegyptii Coptos esse aestimat.&lt;/ref&gt;, praeterea minores greges autochthoni in [[Libya]] et in [[Sudania]] necnon plurimi [[Copti]] in diaspora Europae, Americae et praecipue Australiae, ubi paene 1 000 000 Coptorum vivunt). Titulus ab anno 2012 habitus est a Sanctitate Sua [[Theodorus II (papa Alexandriae)|Theodoro II]], centensimo duodevicesimo Papa Alexandriae et Patriarcha Sedis Sancti Marci.&lt;ref name=&quot;AAS 105 (2013) 464&quot; /&gt;

Papa Alexandriae est in [[Patriarchatus Alexandrinus|episcopatu Alexandrino]] successor [[Sanctus Marcus|Marci]] Evangelistae, qui hanc ecclesiam saeculo primo condidisse traditur. 

{{NexInt}}
* [[Patriarchatus Alexandrinus]]
* [[Pentarchia]]
* [[Ecclesia Orthodoxa Coptorum]]
* [[:Categoria:Papae Alexandriae]]

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101015122835/http://www.copticpope.org/index.php Publicus Papae Sinuthii III situs interretialis]
* [http://www.copticchurch.net/topics/pope/ Rete Ecclesiae Copticae Orthodoxae]
* [http://st-takla.org/Pope-1.html De vita Papae Sinuthii III]
* [http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/anc-orient-ch-docs/rc_pc_christuni_doc_19730510_copti_en.html Declaratio communis paparum Sinuthii III et Pauli VI (1973)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060426125152/http://st-takla.org/Multimedia/04-Sermons-01-Pope-Shenouda.html Orationes Papae Sinuthii] {{ling|Arabice}}

[[Categoria:Ecclesia Coptica]]
[[Categoria:Aegyptus]]
[[Categoria:Alexandria]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Hadit</title>
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      <text bytes="5755" sha1="0mux68dl95glu5458n41g9y4s7htsgb" xml:space="preserve">{{L}}
[[Fasciculus:Ibnhanbal.jpg|thumb|''Quaestiones'' vel commentarius auctoris [[Abu Daud|Abū Dāūd]] in librum ''[[Sahih (Bucharius)|Ṣaḥīḥ]]'' [[Mahometus Bucharius|Bucharii]]: liber anno [[879]] manu scriptus.]]
'''''Hadit''''' ([[Arabice]] '''الحديث''', ''al-ḥadīṯ'' 'nuntia, novellae') sunt dicta quasi anecdota [[propheta]]e [[Machometus|Machometi]], e [[memoria]] [[familia]]rium [[traditio|tradita]], a posterioribus ordinatim scripta. Omne ''hadit'' duas partes habet, scilicet:
* ''isnād'' (إسناد 'catena'), nomina omnium qui id dictum seriatim audiverunt et ad posteriores tradiderunt;
* ''matn'' (متن 'res'), ipsissima Machometi et interlocutoris verba.

==Historia anthologiarum==
{{De Religione Islamica}}
Primum ex omnibus operibus hodie cognitis liber [[iurisprudentia]]e cuius titulus est ''[[al Muwatta|al-Muwaṭṭa]],'' ab [[auctor]]e [[Malik ibn Anas|Mālik ibn Anas]] [[saeculum 8|saeculo octavo]] exeunte confectum, dicta Mahometi comprehendit,&lt;ref&gt;Secundum editionem huius operis ab al-[[Saibani|Šaibānī]] curatam, [[Omar II|ʿUmar ibn ʿAbd il-ʿAzīz]] [[calipha]] olim scriptore [[Abu Bakr|Abū Bakr ibn Muhammad ibn ʿAmr]] praecepit ut [[anthologia]]m dictorum Machometi colligeret e memoria amitae suae Amra; sed de hac anthologia, si re vera olim exsistitit, posteriores nihil sciebant hodieque nihil scimus.&lt;/ref&gt; sed causa iuris statuendi tantum; igitur ''isnād'' vel catenam auctoritatum saepe neglexit. Si etiam duo [[scriptor]]es, [[Abd al-Malik ibn Juraij|ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Juraij]] et [[Said ibn Abi Aruba|Saʿīd ibn Abī ʿArūba]], anthologias dictorum Machometi congesserunt, ut asseveratur, haec fortasse fuerunt re vera libri [[iurisprudentia]]e, hodie autem deperditi. 

Paullo postea collectae sunt anthologiae dictorum secundum ''isnād'' vel catenas seriatim scriptae. Ex omnibus eis operibus hodie servatur ''[[Musnad (Ahmad ibn Hanbal)|Musnad]]'' 'index catenarum', ubi sub nominibus 700 familiarium Machometi circa 30&amp;nbsp;000 dicta ordinantur, sed indigeste. Hoc opus ab [[Ahmad ibn Hanbal|Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal]] collectum esse confitetur et a filio [[Abd Allah Abu Abd al-Rahman|ʿAbd Allāh Abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān]] [[saeculum 9|saeculo nono]] exeunte conscriptum.

Eodem fere tempore iuris consulti dicta prophetae recensebant ut ex eis decreta de quaestionibus iuridicis immutabilia deducerent. Primus talis collectionis inventor fuisse creditur [[Mahometus Bucharius]] (anno [[870]] mortuus), cuius opus titulo ''[[Sahih (Bucharius)|Ṣaḥīḥ]]'' 'Genuino', usque ad tempora nostra traditur. Hic in 97 libros divisa et sub 3450 titulos digesta habemus 2762 dicta prophetae; multa eorum, si ad quaestiones diversas relevant, vel bis vel ter vel pluries repetita sunt. Omnis huius operis liber ad rem iuridicam distinctam pertinet. Similiter in libros digestum et sub eodem titulo ''[[Sahih (Muslim)|Ṣaḥīḥ]]'' notum, eiusdem fere temporis opus auctoris [[Muslim Nisaburensis]] (anno [[875]] mortui) eo differt quod ad initium de congruitate, verisimilitudine, [[auctor]]itate et fide catenarum  disserit. Circa tria milia dictorum proponit, e quibus fere duo milia cum ''Ṣaḥīḥ al-Buḫārī'' communia sunt. [[Darimi|Dārimī]] autem (mortuus anno [[869]]; ergo scriptorum Bucharius et Muslim aequalis) [[auctor]] fuit aliae anthologiae, sub titulo ''[[Sunan (Darimi)|Sunan]]'' servatae, in qua [[libertas|libertatem]] adsumit aut consentire cum dictis Machometi attributis aut renuere, et minus de nugis [[iurisprudentia]]e, potius de [[moralitas|moralibus]] disserere.

Quattuor anthologistae qui his secuti sunt multa alia dicta (aliqua inter se discrepantia) ad corpus ''ḥadīṯ'' addiderunt, quorum nonnulla ad imperium [[Abbasidae|Abbasidarum]] corroborandum destinabantur. Hi quattuor scriptores, quorum opera hodie a credentibus secti [[Secta Sunnitica|Sunna]] ut canonica recipiuntur, sunt: [[Abu Daud|Abū Dāūd]], mortuus [[889]], auctor ''[[Sunan (Abu Daud)|Sunan]]''; al-[[Tirmidhi|Tirmidhī]], mortuus [[893]], auctor ''[[Jami (al-Tirmidhi)|Jāmiʿ]]''; [[Ibn Maja|Ibn Māja]], mortuus [[897]], auctor ''[[Sunan (ibn Maja)|Sunan]]''; al-[[Nasai|Nasāʾī]], mortuus [[917]], auctor ''[[Sunan al-Sugra|Sunan al-Šuǧra]]''. Credentes autem sectae [[Secta Siitica|Šīʿa]] hos libros, una cum operibus aliis supra citatis, omnino reiciunt, aliosque recipiunt, quorum antiquissimus est ''[[Kitab al-Kafi|Kitāb al-Kāfī]]'', ab al-[[Kulayni|Kulaynī]] (anno [[941]] mortuo) confectum, qui multa dicta Machometi de germano [[Ali ibn Abi Talib|ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib]] et de progenie eius inclusit.

==Exempli gratia==
[[Al-Tabarani]] scribit&lt;ref&gt;al-Mu'jam al-saghīr, Abū al-Qāsim al-Tabarānī vol. 1 p. 76 &lt;/ref&gt; : narratum est nobis ab Ahmad ibn Mansūr al-Jundīsābūrī: narratum est nobis ab 'Alī ibn Harb: narratum est nobis ab Ash'ath ibn 'Attāf, ab 'Abdallāh ibn Habīb, ab al-Sha'bī, a [[Comites|Comite]] Jābir ibn 'Abdallāh:

''Nuntius Dei camelum de me emit et inde me sivit equitare eum rursum ad urbem.''

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Nexus externi==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060908082854/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/hadithsunnah/ De Hadith] {{Ling|Anglice}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150630004524/http://www.hadisarsivi.com/ De Hadith] {{Ling|Turcica}}

==Bibliographia==
* Goldziher, Ignaz. [[1889]]. ''Muhammadanische Studien.'' [[Salinae Saxonicae|Salinis Saxonicis]].
* Guillaume, Alfred. [[1924]]. ''The Traditions of Islam: an introduction to the study of the Hadith literature.'' Oxoniae: Clarendon Press.

[[Categoria:Hadit|!]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Arabicae]]
[[Categoria:Mahometus]]
[[Categoria:Theologia Islamica]]
[[Categoria:Verba Arabica]]
{{Myrias|Philosophia}}</text>
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    <title>Petrus Victorius</title>
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      <text bytes="2705" sha1="mx31wdfi57tkbn2dizbnnzokydj992f" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Pietro vettori, edizione xvii secolo.gif|thumb|right| Petrus Victorius]]
''' Petrus Victorius ''' aut '''Petrus Victorinus''' ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''Piero Vettori'', nobili loco natus anno [[1499]] [[Florentia]]e – ibidem mortuus est anno [[1585]]) fuit [[Renascentia]]e [[humanista]] et [[philosophus]].

== Opera ==
* Petri Victori explicationes suarum in Catonem, Varronem, Columellam castigationum [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k52319q/f1.item]
* Petri Victori explicationes suarum in Ciceronis castigationum [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k521311]
*Petri Victorii ''commentarii in primum librum Aristotelis De arte poetarum. Positis ante singulas declarationes Graecis vocibus auctoris: iisdemque ad verbum Latine expressis. Accessit rerum &amp; verborum memorabilium index locupletissimus'', Florentiae, 1573. Secunda editio. [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ITXZE1qMO6EC/page/n3/mode/2up Editio 1560]
*Petri Victorii ''[https://archive.org/details/img101F8MiscellaneaOpal Commentarii in tres libros Aristotelis De arte dicendi. Positis ante singulas declarationes, valde studio &amp; noua cura ipsius auctas, Graecis verbis auctoris, iisque fideliter Latine expressis, cum vetere exquisito indice]'' ..., Florentiae, 1579 [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_nj4IWPoHBl8C/page/n3/mode/2up Editio 1548]

== Lege etiam ==

* Wilhelm Rüdiger, '' Petrus Victorius aus Florenz'', [[Salinae Saxonicae|Salinis Saxonicis]] 1896 (Studien zu einem Lebensbilde) 
* Max Niedermann, Consentii ars de barbarismis et metaplasmis.
* Raphaële Mouren, « La lecture assidue des classiques : Marcello Cervini et Piero Vettori », im ''Humanisme et Église entre France et Italie du début du XVe siècle au milieu du XVIe siècle'', éd. Patrick Gilli, Rome, École française de Rome, 2004 (Collection de l’École française de Rome, 330), s. 433-463
* Raphaële Mouren, « La rhétorique antique au service de la diplomatie moderne : Piero Vettori et l’ambassade florentine au pape Jules III », ''Journal de la Renaissance'', 1, 2000, p. 121-154.

== Nexus externi ==

{{PND|119263653|nomen=Petri Victorii aut de Petro Victorio}}
* [http://mdz1.bib-bvb.de/cocoon/zedler/bsb00000410_00510.gif De Petro Victorio]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} in Zedler Lexikon
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929134152/http://www.phil-fak.uni-duesseldorf.de/philo/galerie/neuzeit/victor.htm De Petro Victorio]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Victorius, Petrus}}
{{bio-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Professores Studii Florentini]]
[[Categoria:Philosophi]]
[[Categoria:Humanistae]]
[[Categoria:Philologi Italiae]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1499]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1585]]</text>
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    <title>Bernardus de Ventadorn</title>
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      <text bytes="1067" sha1="ohiydp07nvlp5uw5md3bppaayxd27mw" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Bernardus de Ventadorn''', qui saeculo XII floruit, fuit [[trobator]], regionis [[Lemovicensis]] nativus. Temporibus comitis [[Raimundus V (comes Tolosanus)|Raimundi V]] aulam Tolosanam frequentavit.&lt;ref&gt;Joseph Anglade, ''Les troubadours de Toulouse'' (Tolosae: Privat, 1928) pp. 14-17.&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Citatio3|Ben es mortz qui al cor non sen&lt;br /&gt;D’amor qualque doussa sabor;&lt;br /&gt;E que val viure ses amor&lt;br /&gt;Mas per enuey far a la gen?|Bernardus de Ventadorn||Mortuus est qui ad cor non sentit aliquem dulcem saporem amoris; et quid valet vivere sine amore nisi ut aliis obnoxium simus?|}} 

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* C. Appel, ''Bernart von Ventadorn''. [[Salinae Saxonicae|Salinis Saxonicis]], 1915.

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060511061112/http://www.trobar.org/troubadours/bernart_de_ventadorn/ Opera omnia] {{Ling|Occitanice}}

[[Categoria:Auctores Occitanici]]
[[Categoria:Trobatores]]
[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 12]]
[[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 12]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Franciae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lana Turner</title>
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      <text bytes="1057" sha1="be6kqq53aqzl1xst40gb9v5a3n6q11b" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Lana Turner - 1940 publicity.jpg|thumb|right|210px|Turner (1940)]]

'''Lana Turner''' (nata ''Julia Jean Mildred Frances Turner'' in [[Wallace (Idahum)|Wallace]], [[Idahum]], [[CFA]] die [[8 Februarii]] [[1921]] - mortua est in [[Angelopolis|Angelopoli]] die [[29 Iunii]] [[1995]]) fuit celeberrima [[actrix]] [[CFA|Americana]].

== Pelliculae selectae ==

* [[1946]] - [[The Postman Always Rings Twice]] 
* [[1959]] - [[Imitation of Life (pellicula 1959)|Imitation of Life]] 

== Lege ==

* Lana Turner: ''Lana. The Lady, the Legend, the Truth.'' New English Library, Sevenoaks 1982. ISBN 0-450-06019-5 (biographie a Lana Turner ipsa scripta)

== Nexus externi ==

{{CommuniaCat|Lana Turner|Lanam Turner}}

* {{Imdb name|0001805|Lana Turner}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061026051442/http://film.virtual-history.com/person.php?personid=1947 Imagines]

{{bio-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Turner, Lana}}

[[Categoria:Mulieres]]
[[Categoria:Actores Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Idahi]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1921]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1995]]</text>
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      <text bytes="7573" sha1="egn5x668sm3g9botpbftf2by7x5dw4i" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!--[[Imago:Beethoven opus 101 manuscript.jpg|right|thumb|250px|[[Ludwig van Beethoven]]'s  manuscript sketch for [[Piano Sonata No. 28 (Beethoven)|Piano Sonata No. 28]], Movement IV, ''Geschwind, doch nicht zu sehr und mit Entschlossenheit'' ([[Tempo|Allegro]]), in his own handwriting. The piece was completed in 1816.]]--&gt;
'''Musicologia''' ([[lingua Graeca|Graece]]: ''μουσική'' = 'musica' + ''λόγος'' 'studium, ratio') est academica musicae investigatio. &lt;!-- The word is used in narrow, broad and intermediate senses. In the narrow sense, musicology is confined to the music history of Western culture. In the intermediate sense, it includes all relevant humanities and a range of musical forms, styles, genres and traditions. In the broad sense, it includes all musically relevant disciplines and all manifestations of music in all cultures. The broad meaning corresponds most closely to the word's etymology, the entry on &quot;musicology&quot; in Grove's dictionary, the entry on &quot;Musikwissenschaft&quot; in ''Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart'', and the classic approach of Adler (1885) studies this extensively. --&gt;

== Genera ==
=== Musicologia Historica ===
===[[Ethnomusicologia]]===
=== Disciplinae mixtae ===
====&quot;Nova Musicologia&quot;====&lt;!--
''[[New musicology]]'' is a term applied since the late 1980s to a wide body of work emphasizing [[cultural studies|cultural study]], analysis, and criticism of music. Such work may be based on [[feminist]], [[gender studies]], [[queer theory]], or [[Post-colonialism|postcolonial]] theory, or the work of [[Theodor Adorno]]. Although New Musicology emerged from within historical musicology, the emphasis on cultural study within the Western art music tradition places New Musicology at the junction between historical, ethnological and sociological research in music.--&gt;
==== Investigationes Musicae Popularis ====
=== [[Psychologia]] et cognitio ===
===Theoria, analysis, et compositio musicae===&lt;!--
=== Performance practice and research ===
==Critiques==
===Exclusion of disciplines and musics===
===Exclusion of popular music === --&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Acustica]]
* [[Aesthetica musica]]
* [[Atonalitas]]
* [[Educatio musica]]
* [[Expressionismus (musica)]]
* [[Ethnomusicologia]]
* [[Fuga (musica)|Fuga]]
* [[Intonatio musica]]
* [[Iudicium musicum]]
* [[Musica electronica]]
* [[Musica et mathematica]]
* [[Musica minima]]
* [[Musicae praehistorica]]
* [[Neoclassicismus (musica)]]
* [[Notatio musica]]
* [[Organologia]]
* [[Psychoacoustica]]
* [[Scalae musicae]]
* [[Schola musica]]
* [[Serialismus]]
* [[Temperamentum musicum]]&lt;!--*[[Musical set theory]]--&gt;
* [[Theoria musicae]]
* [[Theoria tonalis]]

== Fontes ==
* [[Guido Adler|Adler, Guido]]. [[1885]]. &quot;Umfang, Methode und Ziel der Musikwissenschaft.&quot; ''Vierteljahresschrift für Musikwissenschaft'' 1:5–20.
* Honing, Henkjan. [[2006]]. &quot;On the growing role of observation, formalization and experimental method in musicology.&quot; ''Empirical Musicology Review'', [https://web.archive.org/web/20090326000820/https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/1811/21901/1/EMR000002a-honing.pdf 1/1, 2-5]
* [[Iosephus Kerman|Kerman, Iosephus]]. [[1985]]. ''Musicology.'' [[Londinium|Londinii]]: Fontana. ISBN 0-00-197170-0.
* McClary, Susan. [[1991]]. ''Feminine Endings: Music, Gender, and Sexuality''. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0-8166-1899-2.
* Middleton, Richard. [[1990]], [[2002]]. ''Studying Popular Music''. [[Philadelphia]]e: Open University Press. ISBN 0-335-15275-9.
* Parncutt, Richard. [[2007]]. &quot;Systematic Musicology and the History and Future of Western Musical Scholarship.&quot; ''Journal of Interdisciplinary Music Studies'' 1:1–32. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090326000818/http://www-gewi.uni-graz.at/staff/parncutt/publications/Pa07_SystematicMusicology.pdf versio interretialis (pdf) apud www-gewi.uni-graz.at]
* Pruett, James W., et Thomas P. Slavens. [[1985]]. ''Research guide to musicology.'' [[Sicagum|Sicagi]]: American Library Association. ISBN 0-8389-0331-2.
* Randel, Don Michael, ed. [[2003]]. ''Harvard Dictionary of Music'', ed. 4a. [[Cantabrigia (Massachusettia)|Cantabrigiae]]: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-01163-5.
* Tagg, Philip. [[1979]], [[2000]]. ''Kojak—50 Seconds of Television Music: Toward the Analysis of Affect in Popular Music.'' The Mass Media Music Scholar's Press. ISBN 0-9701684-0-3.

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://www.ams-net.org The American Musicological Society] ([[American Musicological Society|Wikipedia entry]])
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060820213516/http://www.music.indiana.edu/ddm/ Doctoral Dissertations in Musicology Online]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061116021522/http://www.ams-net.org/musicology_www.html AMS: Web sites of interest to Musicologists]
* [http://www.american-music.org The Society for American Music]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160101080204/http://www.ams-net.org/gradprog.php Graduate Programs in Musicology]
* [https://archive.is/20130114202002/http://www-gewi.uni-graz.at/staff/parncutt/cim/ Conference on Interdisciplinary Musicology]
* [http://www.iaspm.net/ International Association for the Study of Popular Music]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051001033938/http://webdb.iu.edu/sem/scripts/home.cfm Society for Ethnomusicology]
* [http://quote.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musicology Wikiquote - quotes about musicology]&lt;!--

===On-line Journals===
Although many musicology journals are not available on-line, or are only available through pay-for-access portals, a sampling of [[peer review]]ed journals in various subfields gives some idea of musicological writings: 
* [http://www.musicstudies.org/ JIMS: Journal of Interdisciplinary Music Studies]
* [http://www.echo.ucla.edu/ Echo: a music centered journal]
* [http://emusicology.org Empirical Musicology Review]
* [http://www.musicstudies.org/ Journal of Interdisciplinary Music Studies]
* [http://www.musicandmeaning.net/index.php JMM: The Journal of Music and Meaning]
* [http://mto.societymusictheory.org/ Music Theory Online]
* [http://sscm-jscm.press.uiuc.edu/jscm/ Journal of Seventeenth-Century Music]
* [http://umbc7.umbc.edu/efhm/eol.html Ethnomusicology OnLine]
* [http://www.biu.ac.il/hu/mu/ims/Min-ad/ Min-Ad: Israel Studies in Musicology Online]
* [http://www.music.ucsb.edu/projects/musicandpolitics/ Music and Politics]
* [http://www.tagg.org/index.php Philip Tagg´s Home Page]

The following musicology journals can be accessed on-line through [[JSTOR]] (requires subscription for full access). Many of them have their latest issues available on-line via publisher portals (usually requiring a fee for access).

* 19th-Century Music (1977-2004)
* Acta Musicologica (1931-2002) (current organ of the [[International Musicological Society]])
* American Music (1983-2005) ([[Society for American Music]]) 
* Asian Music (1968-2002)
* Black Music Research Journal (1980-2004) ([[Center for Black Music Research]])
* British Journal of Ethnomusicology (1992-2002)  
* Early Music History (1981-2002) 
* Ethnomusicology (1953-2003) ([[Society for Ethnomusicology]])
* Journal of Music Theory (1957-2002)
* The Journal of Musicology (1982-2004)
* Journal of the American Musicological Society (1948-2004) ([[American Musicological Society]]) 
* Music Educators Journal (1934-2007) 
* Music Theory Spectrum (1979-2003) ([[Society for Music Theory]])
* The Musical Quarterly (1915-1999) ) 
* Perspectives of New Music (1962-2000) 
* Yearbook for Traditional Music (1981-2003)--&gt;

[[Categoria:Aesthetica]]
[[Categoria:Musica]]
[[Categoria:Musicologia| ]]

{{Myrias|Ars}}</text>
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    <title>Michael Rooney</title>
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      <text bytes="1258" sha1="tsxt70rkwvw45vsd095tqz411lqsx2j" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Mickey Rooney.jpg|thumb|Mickael Rooney anno [[1986]]]]
'''Michael Rooney''' (natus '''Iosephus Yule minor''' (vulgo ''Joseph Yule, Jr.'') [[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]] die [[23 Septembris]] [[1920]]; mortuus in [[Angelopolis|Angelopoli]] die [[6 Aprilis]] [[2014]]) fuit [[actor]] [[CFA|Americanus]] notus.

== Pelliculae selectae ==
* [[1944]]: ''[[National Velvet]]'' 
* [[1961]]: ''[[Breakfast at Tiffany’s]]''
* [[1981]]: ''[[The Fox and the Hound]]''
* [[1998]]: ''[[Babe: Pig in the City]]''
* [[2001]]: ''[[Lady and the Tramp II: Scamp's Adventure]]''

== Nexus externi ==
[[Fasciculus:Mickey Rooney AFRS.jpg|thumb|180px|left|Michael Rooney (in medio) circa anno [[1940]].]]
{{CommuniaCat|Mickey Rooney|Michaelem Rooney}}
* {{Imdb name|0001682|Blake Edwards}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170609203621/http://mickeyrooney.com/ Michaelis Rooney pagina officialis]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090226225549/http://film.virtual-history.com/person.php?personid=141 Imagines et operum index de Michale Mickey Rooney]

{{bio-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rooney, Michael}}

[[Categoria:Actores Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Novi Eboraci]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1920]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 2014]]</text>
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    <title>Carolus Hermanus Conradus von Burmeister</title>
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'''Carolus Hermanus Conradus von Burmeister''' ([[Theodisce]]: ''Karl Hermann Konrad von Burmeister'') natus est die [[15 Ianuarii]], [[1807]] [[Stralsunda]] - mortuus est die [[2 Maii]] [[1892]]) fuit [[professor]] [[zoologia]]e, [[Ornithologia]]e et [[entomologia]]e [[Germania|Germanicus]].

== Vita ==
Burmeister, postquam anno [[1825]] testimonium maturitatis adeptus est, in [[Universitas Gryphiswaldensis|Universitate Gryphiswaldensis]] studebat atque anno [[1837]] professor [[Alma Mater Halensis|Almae Matris Halensis]] factus est et ad annum [[1861]] mansit. Annis [[1850]] - [[1852]] in [[Brasilia]]m, annis [[1857]] - [[1860]] in [[Argentina]]m expeditiones fecit.

== Opera ==
* 1829, ''De insectorum systemate naturali''. 40 pp. Grunert, [[Salinae Saxonicae|Salinis Saxonicis]].
* 1832, ''Handbuch der Entomologie''. Vol. 1, xvi+ 696 + [2] pp. Reimer, Berlin. [after 1832.10.31]
* 1835, Bericht über die Fortschritte der Entomologie 1834-35. ''Arch. Naturgesch''. 1(2): 7-74.
* 1837, ''Handbuch der Naturgeschichte''. [Part 2] xii + pp. 369-858. Enslin, Berolini. 
* 1851 u. 1853''Geologische Bilder zur Geschichte der Erde und ihrer Bewohner'', 2 Volumes.- Verlag von Otto Wigand, Lipsiae, 312+326pp

== Notae ==
* O. Taschenberg &quot;Karl Hermann Konrad Burmeister&quot; Leopoldina, 29: 43-46; 62-64; 78-82; 94-97. Halle (1893) 
* C. Berg &quot;Carlos Germán Conrado Burmeister. Bio (with a portrait)&quot; Anales Museum of Natural History in Buenos Aires, 4: 315-357. Buenos Aires, Argentina (1895) 
* C. Berg &quot;Carlos Germán Conrado Burmeister. Bio&quot; Anales de la Sociedad Argentina Science, 41: 97-107. Buenos Aires, Argentina (1896) 
* Anonymous &quot;Germán Burmeister, 25 † anniversary of his death&quot; Physis, 3 (14): 305-306. Buenos Aires, Argentina (1917) 
* B. Houssay &quot;The personality of German Burmeister&quot; Physis, 19 (53): 279-283. Buenos Aires, Argentina (1942) 
* WITNESS Mendilaharzu &quot;Burmeister unpublished&quot; Deutsche Lehrerzeitung für Argentinien: 22-25. Buenos Aires, Argentina (1942) 
* C. Withaus &quot;Germán Bumeister. Memorias del Museo de Entre Rios.&quot; Parana Province of Entre Rios, Argentina (1942) 
* G. Araoz Alfaro &quot;A wise German in the service of Argentina, German Burmeister&quot; Argentine-German cultural institutions, pp. 1-15. Buenos Aires, Argentina (1943) 
* R. Ardissone &quot;Homage to Burmeister. Burmeister contribution to geography&quot; Bulletin EAG, (35): 9-10. Buenos Aires, Argentina (1957) 
* A. Burkart &quot;Burmeister as botanical&quot; Revista de la Universidad Nacional de la Plata, 4: 89-95. La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina (1958) 
* M. Buraben &quot;Germán Burmeister, his life, his work&quot; Cultural issues Argentinas, pp. 1-95. Buenos Aires, Argentina (1968) 
* K. Müller &quot;Hermann Burmeister&quot; Die Natur, 36 (NF, 13): 136-138. Halle (1887) 
* M. Asua &quot;Official support for the Physics Description de la République Argentine H. Burmeister&quot; Quipu, 6 (3): 339-353. México (1989) 
* NT Auza &quot;Germán Burmeister and Paleontological Society 1866-1868&quot; Investigations and Trials, 46: 137-155. National History Academy. Buenos Aires, Argentina (1997) 

{{bio-stipula}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Burmeister, Carolus Hermanus Conradus von Burmeister}}
[[Categoria:Nati 1807]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1892]]
[[Categoria:Taxa Burmeister|!]]
[[Categoria:Zoologi Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Entomologi]]
[[Categoria:Ornithologi]]
[[Categoria:Mammalogi]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Gryphiswaldensis]]
[[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Hallensis]]</text>
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'''Carolus Hermanus Conradus von Burmeister''' ([[Theodisce]]: ''Karl Hermann Konrad von Burmeister'') natus est die [[15 Ianuarii]], [[1807]] [[Stralsunda]] - mortuus est die [[2 Maii]] [[1892]]) fuit [[professor]] [[zoologia]]e, [[Ornithologia]]e et [[entomologia]]e [[Germania|Germanicus]].

== Vita ==
Burmeister, postquam anno [[1825]] testimonium maturitatis adeptus est, in [[Universitas Gryphiswaldensis|Universitate Gryphiswaldensis]] studebat atque anno [[1837]] professor [[Alma Mater Halensis|Almae Matris Halensis]] factus est et ad annum [[1861]] mansit. Annis [[1850]] - [[1852]] in [[Brasilia]]m, annis [[1857]] - [[1860]] in [[Argentina]]m expeditiones fecit.

== Opera ==
* 1829, ''De insectorum systemate naturali''. 40 pp. Grunert, [[Salinae Saxonicae|Salinis Saxonicis]].
* 1832, ''Handbuch der Entomologie''. Vol. 1, xvi+ 696 + [2] pp. Reimer, Berlin. [after 1832.10.31]
* 1835, Bericht über die Fortschritte der Entomologie 1834-35. ''Arch. Naturgesch''. 1(2): 7-74.
* 1837, ''Handbuch der Naturgeschichte''. [Part 2] xii + pp. 369-858. Enslin, Berolini. 
* 1851 u. 1853''Geologische Bilder zur Geschichte der Erde und ihrer Bewohner'', 2 Volumes.- Verlag von Otto Wigand, Lipsiae, 312+326pp

== Notae ==
* O. Taschenberg &quot;Karl Hermann Konrad Burmeister&quot; Leopoldina, 29: 43-46; 62-64; 78-82; 94-97. [[Salinae Saxonicae|Salinis Saxonicis]] (1893) 
* C. Berg &quot;Carlos Germán Conrado Burmeister. Bio (with a portrait)&quot; Anales Museum of Natural History in Buenos Aires, 4: 315-357. Buenos Aires, Argentina (1895) 
* C. Berg &quot;Carlos Germán Conrado Burmeister. Bio&quot; Anales de la Sociedad Argentina Science, 41: 97-107. Buenos Aires, Argentina (1896) 
* Anonymous &quot;Germán Burmeister, 25 † anniversary of his death&quot; Physis, 3 (14): 305-306. Buenos Aires, Argentina (1917) 
* B. Houssay &quot;The personality of German Burmeister&quot; Physis, 19 (53): 279-283. Buenos Aires, Argentina (1942) 
* WITNESS Mendilaharzu &quot;Burmeister unpublished&quot; Deutsche Lehrerzeitung für Argentinien: 22-25. Buenos Aires, Argentina (1942) 
* C. Withaus &quot;Germán Bumeister. Memorias del Museo de Entre Rios.&quot; Parana Province of Entre Rios, Argentina (1942) 
* G. Araoz Alfaro &quot;A wise German in the service of Argentina, German Burmeister&quot; Argentine-German cultural institutions, pp. 1-15. Buenos Aires, Argentina (1943) 
* R. Ardissone &quot;Homage to Burmeister. Burmeister contribution to geography&quot; Bulletin EAG, (35): 9-10. Buenos Aires, Argentina (1957) 
* A. Burkart &quot;Burmeister as botanical&quot; Revista de la Universidad Nacional de la Plata, 4: 89-95. La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina (1958) 
* M. Buraben &quot;Germán Burmeister, his life, his work&quot; Cultural issues Argentinas, pp. 1-95. Buenos Aires, Argentina (1968) 
* K. Müller &quot;Hermann Burmeister&quot; Die Natur, 36 (NF, 13): 136-138. [[Salinae Saxonicae|Salinis Saxonicis]] (1887) 
* M. Asua &quot;Official support for the Physics Description de la République Argentine H. Burmeister&quot; Quipu, 6 (3): 339-353. México (1989) 
* NT Auza &quot;Germán Burmeister and Paleontological Society 1866-1868&quot; Investigations and Trials, 46: 137-155. National History Academy. Buenos Aires, Argentina (1997) 

{{bio-stipula}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Burmeister, Carolus Hermanus Conradus von Burmeister}}
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    <title>Iohannes Miquel</title>
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      <text bytes="1398" sha1="r9npa64bjxjnr1xjopsm4yrw43oqts6" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Führernationalliberale.jpg|thumb|Factionis liberalis Germanicae clari politicorum periti: a imaginis parte superiore sinistra, [[Gulielmus Wehrenpfennig]], [[Eduardus Lasker]], [[Henricus de Treitschke]], Iohannes Miquel; a imaginis parte inferiore sinistra Franciscus [[de Roggenbach]], [[Carolus Braun]], [[Rudolfus Gneist]] et [[Ludovicus Bamberger]]]]
'''Iohannes Miquel''' ab anno [[1897]] &quot;von Miquel&quot; (natus [[Neuenhusa]]e die [[19 Februarii]] [[1828]]; mortuus [[Francofurtum ad Moenum|Francofurti ad Moenum]] die [[8 Septembris]] [[1901]]) fuit rerum politicarum peritus [[Germania|Germanicus]] qui fuit inter alia [[Borussia]]e [[aerarium publicum|aerarii]] minister. Ab anno [[1867]] Miquel primo legatus Dietae [[Foederatio Germanica Septemtrionalis|Foederationis Germanicae Septentrionalis]] et deinde annis [[1871]] - [[1877]] atque iterum annis [[1887]] - [[1890]] [[Dieta Imperii Germanici|Dietae Imperii Germanici]] fuit.

== Nexus externi ==
* {{PND|11873413X}}
* [http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/MIC_MOL/MIQUEL_JOHANN_VON_1829_1901_.html De Iohanne Miquel in ''Encyclopaedia Britannica''' anno 1911]

{{bio-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Miquel, Iohannes}}

[[Categoria:Politici Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Legati Dietae Imperii (Foederatio Germanica Septemtrionalis)]]
[[Categoria:Legati Dietae Imperii Germaniae (Monarchia)]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1828]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1901]]</text>
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    <title>Kilimandiarus</title>
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      <text bytes="4501" sha1="lsii64o1va07vp4snn66u67k5gu669c" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa montis Vicidata}}
{{charta locatrix 
|Tanzaniae physicalis
|label=Kilimandiarus mons&lt;br /&gt;''Kilimanjaro''
|lat_deg = -03 |lat_min = -05
|lon_deg = 37 | lon_min = 21
|position=left
|background = 
|width=300
|float=right
|caption= Situs in Tanzania
}}

[[Fasciculus:Mount Kilimanjaro.jpg|thumb|400px|Apex Kibo Kilimandiari Montis.]]
 
'''Kilimandiarus''' mons (vulgo ''Kilimanjaro'') &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20101213034319/http://latinpro.info/latin_toponymy_mountains_RL.php LatinPro].&lt;/ref&gt; cum tribus conis vulcanicis (Kibo, Mawenzi, Shira), est [[compositus mons ignifer]] [[mons ignifer dormiens|quietus]] in [[Tanzania]] septentrio-orientali et [[Summae altitudines|mons altissimus]] in [[Africa]], apud Apicem Uhuru 5895 m altus.&lt;ref&gt;Kilimanjaro 2008 Precise Height Measurement Expedition, &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110612141039/http://www.fig.net/pub/fig2009/papers/ts08c/ts08c_fernandes_teamkili2008_3438.pdf Precise Determination of the Orthometric Height of Mt. Kilimanjaro]&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Kilimandiarus est unus ex altissimis mundi montibus singularibus ([[Anglice]]: ''freestanding''), ad 4600&amp;nbsp;m supra basin altus.

Origo significatioque nominis sunt incertae. Nomen putatur coniunctio vocum [[Lingua Suahili|Suahiliensis]] ''kilima'' 'mons' et [[Chagga|Kichagga]] ''njaro'' 'album'; ergo nomen erit 'Mons Albus'. Nomen additum ''kibo'' in Kichagga 'maculatus' significat, et ad saxa super nives visa spectat. Vox Swahili ''uhuru'' 'libertas' est nomen monti datum ut memoretur libertas Tanzaniae, a [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britanniarum Regno]] anno [[1961]] recepta.

== Herbae unicae ==
[[Insula caelestis]] ([[Anglice]]: ''sky island''), Kilimandiarus unicas habet [[herba]]s, sicut ''[[Dendrosenecio]]nes'' terrarum graminearum &lt;!--=tussock--&gt; et alias [[planta]]s similes, quarum omnes se ad vitam in circumiectibus alpinis adaptant.

Monti est magna generum [[silva]]rum varietas trans regionem 3000 metrorum altam, quae plus quam 1200 [[species]] [[planta]]rum vascularium sustinet. [[Ocotea]], [[silva]] montana, in meridionali clive humido, et silvae ''[[Cassipourea]]rum'' et [[Juniperus|Juniperorum]] in septentrionali clive sicco habitant. Silvae [[Erica|ericaceae]] [[silva subalpinus|subalpinae]] circa 4100 metrorum altae sunt altissimae [[silva nubium|nubium silvae]]&lt;!--=cloud forests--&gt; in [[Africa]].

Contra autem hanc [[biodiversitas|biodiversitatem]], [[endemismus]] est minimus. &lt;!-- However, forest relicts in the deepest valleys of the cultivated lower areas suggest that a rich forest flora inhabited Mt Kilimanjaro in the past, with restricted-range species otherwise only known from the Eastern Arc mountains. The low degree of endemism on Kilimanjaro may result from destruction of lower altitude forest rather than the relatively young age of the mountain. Another feature of the forests of Kilimanjaro is the absence of a bamboo zone, which occurs on all other tall mountains in East Africa with a similarly high rainfall.--&gt; [[Elephas|Elephantes]] et ''[[Syncerus caffer|Synceri caffer]]'' silvis ''[[Sinarundinaria alpina|Sinarundinariae alpinae]]'' favent. Haec [[megafauna|megaherbivora]] montis septentrionales habitant clivos. &lt;!--, where it is too dry for a large bamboo zone to develop. They are excluded from the wet southern slope forests by topography and humans, who have cultivated the foothills for at least 2000  years. This interplay of biotic and abiotic factors could explain not only the lack of a bamboo zone on Kilimanjaro but the patterns of diversity and endemism. Kilimanjaro's forests therefore serve as an example of the large and long-lasting influence of animals and humans on the African landscape.--&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Apex supra Apicem]] (''Summit on the Summit'')
* [[Glacies Furtwängler]]
* [[Glacies Rebmann]]&lt;!--
* [[Index montium igniferorum in Tanzania]]--&gt;
* [[Mons Keniae]], [[compositus mons ignifer]] conlapsus

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;
 
== Nexus externi ==
{{communiaCat|Kilimanjaro|Kilimandiarum}}
{{Fontes geographici}}
* [http://www.kilimanjaro.cc/glacial-recession.htm Glacial recession of Southern Icefields]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120923032157/http://www.tanzaniaparks.com/kili.html Mount Kilimanjaro National Park]
* [http://www.kilicam.com/ Mt Kilimanjaro live webcam]
* [http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=10856 NASA Earth Explorer page]
{{1000 paginae}}

[[Categoria:Montes igniferi]]
[[Categoria:Montes Tanzaniae]]

{{Myrias|Geographia}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Hamala</title>
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      <text bytes="6121" sha1="3ep20a4bhvtcm958t4g5p8exrn7q5z6" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

'''Hamala'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; seu '''Hamela'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; seu '''Hamelawi'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; seu '''Hamalo'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; seu '''Hamelia'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; seu '''Hameluncus'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hameln'') est magna urbs sui iuris et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]] [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Hamelensis et Petrimontensis|Circulo Hamelensi et Petrimontensi]] situm.

== Situs ==
Hamala inter occasum solis et meridiem sita est, si ab [[Hannovera]] spectas, a qua circa 60 chiliometra abest. Flumen [[Visurgis]] per Hamalam fluit, [[Terra Montana Visurgis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Weserbergland&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/terra?wb=gross&amp;nr=1Theodiscum suffixum ''-land'' Latino vocabulo &quot;terra-ae&quot;] et [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/montanus?wb=gross&amp;nr=2 Theodiscum suffixum ''-berg-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;montanus-a-um&quot;] vertitur; denique, Theodiscum toponymicum praefixum ''Weser-'' genetivo Latini hydronymi &quot;[[Visurgis|Visurgis-is]]&quot; vertitur. Quo de hydronymo, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Weserbergland'') circumdatum est. Ad Hamalam etiam vici Afferde, Hastenbeck, Halvestorf, Bannensiek, Weidehohl, Hope, Haverbeck, Hilligsfeld, Sünteltal (i.e. Holtensen, Unsen, Welliehausen), Klein Berkel/Wangelist, Tündern, Wehrbergen atque Rohrsen pertinent.

== Historia ==
=== Initia ===
Anno [[851]] monasterium [[Fulda]]e in loco urbis posterioris, ubi Visurgis facile transgredi potuit, novum monasterium [[Ordo Sancti Benedicti|Ordinis Sancti Benedicti]] condidit. Paulatim ad hunc locum plures homines venerunt et circa annum 1200 Hamala urbs vocata est. Ita inter urbes antiquissimas Saxoniae Inferioris numeratur.

=== Fabula captatoris Rattorum ===
[[Fasciculus:Pied piper.jpg|thumb|left|175px|Tibicen Hamelae.]]
[[Tibicen Hamelae|Fabula notissima]] est de tempore primo oppidi:
&lt;blockquote&gt;Anno [[1284]] molestia magna [[Rattus|rattorum]] Hamalam vexabat. Diu consilium urbis non invenit, quo modo rattos expelleret. Sed tum [[tibicen]] quidam promisit se rattos canendo ex urbe in flumen Visurgis ducturum, si ei praemium magnum solveretur, quod decuriones et magister civium affirmaverunt. Tibicen ut promiserat omnes rattos in Visurgem duxit, ubi aquis submergebantur. Sed tamen consilium urbis praemium solvere noluit. Sed tibicen in Hamalam vindicavisse dicebatur: [[26 Iunii]] 1284 urbem revertit, iterum tibiis cecinit et CXXX liberos civium canendo eduxit, qui nemo postea vidit.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Quae res vera hac fabula tradita sit, multi historici et eruditi reperire conabantur, sed res adhuc obscura est.

=== Sodalis Hansae et bellum tricennale ===
Anno [[1426]] Hamala sodalis [[Hansa]]e facta est, ad quod foedus urbium ad annum [[1572]] pertinuit. Anno [[1540]] [[reformatio]] inducta est. Ad initium [[Bellum tricennale|belli tricennalis]] oppidum mercatoris divitibus valde aucta est et multa aedificia pulchra [[Renascentia litterarum|renascentiae]] tum erecta sunt. Inter bellum tricennale Hamala saepius oppugnata et expugnata est:
* Anno [[1625]] [[Christianus IV (rex Daniae)|Christianus IV]] rex [[Dania]]e et dux Lutheranorum Hamalam occupavit.
* Anno [[1626]] [[Ioannes Tserclaes de Tilly]] dux ligae Catholicae oppidum expugnavit et ad annum [[1633]] occupavit.
* Anno [[1633]] Georgius dux Lutheranus Brunsvici et Luneburgi Hamalam obsedit et [[13 Iulii]] occupavit.

=== Locus munitissimus (1664-1806) ===
Post bellum Hamala nunc ad [[Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Luneburgensis|Ducatum Brunsvici-Luneburgi]] pertinuit atque ab anno [[1664]] ibi locus munitissimus errigebatur. Inter bellum septem annorum et loca in monte [[Klüt]] a principe electore [[Georgius III (rex Britanniarum)|Georgio III]] munita sunt. Quamquam castra ob magnitudinem et ''[[Calpe]] septentrionalis'' vocabatur, tamen anno [[1806]], postquam legatus castrorum de [[Proelium Ienense|proelio Ienensi]] infelici certior factus est, sine pugna copiis [[Napoleo I (imperator Franciae)|Napoleonis I]] imperatoris Francorum tradita est. Qui castra plene rescindi iussit. Napoleo Hamalam anno [[1807]] [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regno Westphaliae]] fratris sui [[Hieronymus Bonaparte|Hieronymi]] dedit.

=== Regnum Hannoveranum (1815-1866) ===
Hamala post [[Consilium Vindobonense]] ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]] pertinuit.

=== Pars Borussiae (1866-1946) ===
Anno 1866, postquam [[Borussia]] [[Bellum Germanicum|bello Germanico]] victrix fuit, Hamela ut totum regnum Hannoveranum occupata et cum Borussia coniuncta est.

=== Saxoniae Inferioris pars (ab anno 1946) ===
Hamela ab anno 1946 Saxonia Inferiore condita pars huius terrae est, ab anno [[1973]] caput [[Circulus Hamelensis et Petrimontensis|Circuli Hamelensis et Petrimontensis]] est, postquam ab anno [[1923]] ad nullum pagum pertinuit.

=== Numerus incolarum ===
Numerus incolarum semper auctus est. Praesertim post [[secundum bellum mundanum]] et vici parvi cum urbe coniuncta sunt, sed ab anno 1998 urbs non iam aucta est.
[[Fasciculus:Hameln Panorama 3-2006 small.jpg|thumb|600px|In Hamalam ex monte Klüt despectus.]]

* 1689: 2.397
* 1825: 5.326
* 1905: 21.385
* 1939: 29.978
* 1968: 48.787
* 1998: 58.762
* 1999: 58.544
* 2000: 58.807
* 2001: 59.052
* 2002: 59.156
* 2003: 58.902
* 2004: 58.676
* 2005: 58.739
* 2006: 58.517
* 2007: 58.563
* 2009: 57.906

== Cives praeclari ==
* [[Henricus Bürger]] (1804–1858), studiosus [[physicus]], [[natura]]e studiosus, [[biologus]], [[botanista]].
* [[Carolus Philippus Moritz]] (1756–1793), scriptor.
* [[Maximus Schneidewin]] (1843–1931), linguarum antiquarum [[philologus]].

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Urbes hanseaticae]]
[[Categoria:Saxonia Inferior]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Michael Heller</title>
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      <text bytes="652" sha1="cot20ce4i4ajltr29wdb846gcffv659" xml:space="preserve">'''Michael Heller''' (natus ''[[Tarnów]]'' in urbe [[Polonia|Polonica]] die [[12 Martii]] [[1936]]) est [[philosophus]] et [[theologus]] [[Polonia|Polonicus]], ac sodalis [[Pontificia Academia Scientiarum|Pontificiae Academiae Scientiarum]].

== Nexus externus ==
{{CommuniaCat|Michał Heller}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20200130234113/http://www.obi.opoka.org/heller/ Michaelis Heller pagina interretialis] {{Ling|Polonice}}

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Lifetime|1936||Heller, Michael}}
[[Categoria:Eruditi Poloniae]]
[[Categoria:Philosophi]]
[[Categoria:Presbyteri catholici]]
[[Categoria:Socii Pontificiae Academiae Scientiarum]]
[[Categoria:Theologi]]</text>
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    <title>Historia fabulosa Alexandri Magni</title>
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'''Historia fabulosa [[Alexander Magnus|Alexandri Magni]]''', cuius versiones posteriores permultae nobis cognoscuntur, primum saeculo fere III p.C.n. Graece conscripta est. Recensiones Graecae quinque nobis servantur, quarum [[Vita Alexandri Macedonis (Pseudo-Callisthenes)|antiquissima]] (interdum nuncupatione &quot;Pseudo-Callisthenes&quot;, interdum &quot;[[Vita Alexandri Macedonis (Pseudo-Callisthenes)|α]]&quot; indicata) in uno, posteriores (&quot;[[Vita Alexandri Macedonis (β)|β]]&quot;, &quot;[[Vita Alexandri Macedonis (γ)|γ]]&quot;, &quot;[[Vita Alexandri Macedonis (δ)|δ]]&quot;, &quot;[[Vita Alexandri Macedonis (ε)|ε]]&quot;, &quot;[[Vita Alexandri Macedonis (λ)|λ]]&quot;) in pluribus libris manu scriptis exstant. E quibus versiones in aliis linguis mox factae sunt, [[Vita Alexandri Macedonis (versio Armenica)|Armenice]], [[Vita Alexandri Macedonis (versio Syriaca)|Syriace]] (e qua [[Vita Alexandri Macedonis (versio Arabica)|Arabice]] et [[Vita Alexandri Macedonis (versio Aethiopica)|Aethiopice]]), [[Vita Alexandri Macedonis (versio Hebraica)|Hebraice]], [[Vita Alexandri Macedonis (versio Russica)|Russice]] necnon [[Latine]]. Versio Latina prima a [[Iulius Valerius|Iulio Valerio]] confecta est, e qua mox epitome Latina, deinde et recensiones mediaevales [[Francogallice]], [[Anglice]], [[Batavice]] et [[Theodisce]] scriptae sunt; e carmine Francogallico ab [[Alexander Parisiensis|Alexandro Parisiensi]] facto nomen venit illorum versuum ''[[Alexandrinus (versus)|alexandrins]]'', e syllabis duodecim structorum, quibus etiam hodie poëtae Francogallici utuntur. Versio Latina altera, a [[Leo archipresbyterus|Leone archipresbytero]] titulo ''[[Nativitas et victoria Alexandri Magni]]'' confecta, non solum Latine sed et Theodisce et [[Suecice]] servatur. Recensio Latina anonyma eiusdem versionis, titulo ''[[Historia de proeliis Alexandri Magni|Historia de preliis]]'', progeniem numerosiorem reclamat, Theodisce, Francogallice, Anglice, [[Italiane]], [[Bohemice]], [[Polonice]], [[Hungarice]], Hebraice et Russice.

Partim e traditione fabulosa, partim ex aliis fontibus deducuntur ''[[Codex Mettensis 500|Epitome Mettensis]]'' (cuius pars intitulatur ''[[Liber de morte Alexandri Magni]]'') et ''[[Itinerarium Alexandri]]''.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Sesonchis]]
* [[Al-Kahf]]

== Bibliographia ==
; Editiones et versiones selectae
* Carolus Mullerus, ed., ''Pseudo-Callisthenes'' in {{Arrianus}} fasc. 3 pp. 1-152 (vide pp. 535-723 versionis archive.org) ([[Vita Alexandri Macedonis (Pseudo-Callisthenes)|recensio α]] {{Ling|Graece|Latine}})
* Guilelmus Kroll, ed., ''Historia Alexandri Magni (Pseudo-Callisthenes). Vol. 1. Recensio vetusta''. Berolini: Weidmann, 1926 ([[Vita Alexandri Macedonis (Pseudo-Callisthenes)|recensio α]] {{Ling|Graece}})
* Bernardus Kuebler, ed., ''Iulii Valerii Alexandri Polemi Res gestae Alexandri Macedonis translatae ex Aesopo Graeco''. Lipsiae: Teubner, 1888 [http://www.archive.org/details/iulivalerialexa00valegoog Textus] {{Ling|Latine}}
* Julius Zacher, ed., ''Julii Valerii epitome''. [[Salinae Saxonicae|Salinis Saxonicis]]: Waisenhaus, 1867 [https://archive.org/details/juliivaleriiepi00zachgoog Textus] {{Ling|Latine}}

; Philologica et historica
* Adolf Ausfeld; Wilhelm Kroll, ed. ''Der griechische Alexanderroman''. Lipsiae: Teubner, 1907. [http://www.archive.org/details/dergriechischea00berngoog Textus]
* Elizabeth Baynham, &quot;Who put the ‘romance’ in the Alexander Romance? The Alexander romances within Alexander historiography&quot; in ''Ancient history bulletin'' vol. 9 (1995) pp. 1-13 [https://1stmuse.com/alex3/bucephalus2.html#1 Textus fortasse lacunosus]
* A. B. Bosworth, E. J. Baynham, edd., ''Alexander the Great in fact and fiction''. Oxonii: Oxford University Press, 2000
* George Cary; D. J. A. Ross, ed., ''The medieval Alexander''. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, 1956 {{Google Books|rCg9AAAAIAAJ|Paginae selectae}}
* Faustina C. W. Doufikar-Aerts, ''Alexander Magnus Arabicus: A Survey of the Alexander Tradition through Seven Centuries from Pseudo-Callisthenes to Sūrī''. Peeters, 2010
* P. Goukowsky, ''Essai sur les origines du mythe d'Alexandre''. Nancei, 1978-81.
* Richard Jasnow, &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/36824746/R_Jasnow_1997_The_Greek_Alexander_Romance_and_Demotic_Egyptian_Literature_JNES_56_2_pp_95_103_pdf The Greek Alexander Romance and Demotic Egyptian literature]&quot; in ''Journal of Near Eastern Studies'' vol. 56 (1997) pp. 95-103
* R. Merkelbach, ''Die Quellen des griechischen Alexander-Romans''. 2a ed. Monaci, 1977
* D. J. A. Ross, ''Alexander historiatus: a guide to medieval illustrated Alexander literature''. Londinii: Warburg Institute, 1963
* Richard Stoneman, ''Alexander the Great: a life in legend''. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-300-11203-0
* Richard Stoneman, Kyle Erickson, Ian Netton, edd., ''The Alexander Romance in Persia and the East''. Groningen: Barkhuis, 2012


[[Categoria:Fabulae de rege Alexandro|!]]</text>
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    <title>OK Go</title>
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      <text bytes="5398" sha1="g45sh8rszy44ine6j2ml5k4g06yy1fw" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!--{{Infobox musical artist
|Name = '''OK Go'''
|Img = OKGo.jpg
|Img_capt = OK Go performing in May 2006&lt;br /&gt;(a laeva) Tim Nordwind, Dan Konopka, Andy Ross, Damian Kulash.
|Landscape = yes
|Background = group_or_band
|Origin = [[Sicagum]] [[Illinoesia]]e [[CFA|Civitatum Foederatarum]] et [[Vasingtonia]]
|Genre = [[Musica rock|Rock]], [[Rock alternativum]], [[Powerpop]], [[indie rock]] 
|Years_active = 1998–present
|Label = [[Capitol Records|Capitol]], Paracadute
|URL = [http://www.okgo.net/ www.okgo.net]
|Current_members = [[Damian Kulash]]&lt;br&gt;[[Tim Nordwind]]&lt;br&gt;[[Dan Konopka]]&lt;br&gt;[[Andy Ross]] 
|Past_members = [[Andy Duncan (musician)|Andy Duncan]]
}}--&gt;
[[Imago:OKGo.jpg|thumb|350px|Grex anno [[2006]].]]
'''OK Go''' est grex [[rock]] ex [[Sicagum|Sicago]] [[Illinoesia]]e et nunc in [[Angelopolis|Angelopolite]] sedens. Socii gregis sunt [[Damianus Kulash]] ([[vox principalis]], [[cithara rhythmica]]), Timothaeus Nordwind ([[cithara gravis]], [[vox adiuvans]]), Daniel Konopka ([[membranophonum|membranophona]], [[idiophonum|idiophona]]), et deinde [[Andreas Ross]] ([[cithara ducens]], [[clavile]], [[vox adiuvans]]), qui se ad gregem adiunxit anno [[2005]], in loco [[Andreas Duncan|Andreae Duncan]]. Primi gregis socii gregem anno [[1998]] creaverunt, et duo alba in studio fecerunt antequam Duncan abiverat.&lt;!--
The band's video for &quot;[[Here It Goes Again]]&quot; won a [[Grammy Awards|Grammy Award]] for  &quot;Best Short-Form Music Video&quot; in 2007.
The band released its [[OK Go (album)|self-titled debut album]] in 2002. In the United Kingdom, &quot;Get Over It&quot; debuted at no. 21,&lt;ref name=&quot;Get Over It chart&quot;&gt;{{cite web
| url = http://acharts.us/song/8615
| title = OK Go – Get Over It – Music Charts
| publisher = αCharts.us
}}&lt;/ref&gt; in the [[UK singles chart]] on March 16, 2003, and the band performed it on that week's edition of ''[[Top of the Pops]]''. Also that week, the single's [[music video|video]] was named video of the week by ''[[Q magazine]]''. The single was featured in the [[EA Sports]] [[video game]]s ''[[MVP Baseball series|Triple Play 2003]]'' and ''[[Madden NFL 2003]]''. Also, their song &quot;Do What You Want&quot; was featured in the video games [[EA Sports]] ''[[NHL 06]]'', ''[[Guitar Hero On Tour]]'', and ''[[Burnout Revenge]]'', while their song &quot;Here It Goes Again&quot; was featured in ''[[Rock Band (video game)|Rock Band]]'', ''[[Guitar Hero 5]]'' and ''SSX on Tour''.--&gt;

== Alii socii vivi ==
* Burleigh Seaver: [[clavile]], idiophona (2002)
* Ara Anderson: clavile, idiophona, trumpet (2002, 2004)
* [[Thomas Brislin|Tom Brislin]]: clavile, idiophona (2004)
* Jerry Welborn: cithara, membranophona

== Discographia ==
&lt;!--{{Main|OK Go discography}}

===Alba in studio facta===--&gt;
* ''[[OK Go (album)|OK Go]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Oh No]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Of the Blue Colour of the Sky]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Hungry Ghosts]]'' (2014)

== Praemia ==
* [[Praemium Grammy|Grammy]]:
** Best Short Form Music Video (2007) pro &quot;Here It Goes Again&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.grammy.com/GRAMMY_Awards/49th_Show/list.aspx#31 49th Annual Grammy Awards Winners List,] grammy.com ([[The Recording Academy]]).&lt;/ref&gt;
* YouTube Video Awards:
** Most Creative Video (2006) pro &quot;Here It Goes Again&quot;

=== Nominationes ===
* '''[[Praemia Musica MTV Europaeum]]:'''
** Nominated: Best Video (2006) for &quot;A Million Ways&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nme.com/news/justin-timberlake/24395 Nominations for MTV Europe Music Awards announced,] nme.com, 19 Septembris 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!--OK Go has also been recently nominated &quot;Best Music Video That Should Have Won A Moon Man&quot; for their hit video, &quot;Here It Goes Again&quot; in the 2009 MTV Music Video Awards.--&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Kirsner, Scott. [[2009]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20190630034130/http://www.scottkirsner.com/fff/ ''Fans, Friends &amp; Followers: Building an Audience and a Creative Career in the Digital Age.''] Bostoniae: CinemaTech Books. ISBN 1-4421-0074-5.
* [[Damianus Kulash|Kulash, Damian, Jr]]. [[2010]]. &quot;The New Rock-Star Paradigm.&quot; ''The Wall Street Journal,'' 17 Decembris, D1–D2.
* Pastorek, Whitney. [[2009]]. [http://music-mix.ew.com/2009/05/ok-go-skyscrape.html OK Go's Damian Kulash talks new album, plus exclusive stream of 'Skyscrapers'.]''Entertainment Weekly, 7 Maii.
* Peoples, Glenn. [[2010]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100817230653/http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/content_display/industry/e3id98ddd2a7feb2ad800e58a6a9d37d36d OK Go Splits With EMI.] ''Billboard,'' 10 Martii.
* Seitz, Matt Zoller. [[2010]]. [http://www.salon.com/entertainment/2010/09/21/how_ok_go_could_save_the_movie_musical Can OK Go save the movie musical?] salon.com, 21 Septembris.

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://thewilltorock.blogspot.com/ Blog gregis]
* [http://www.okgo.net/ Gregis situs publicus]
* [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/music-news/8060133/OK-Go-win-video-of-year-award.html OK Go win video of year award,] ''[[The Daily Telegraph]],'' 13 Octobris 2010.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110820045339/http://livinthelimelight.typepad.com/home/2010/01/okgo.html Shooting the Moon with OK Go.] ''LivInTheLimelight,'' 13 Ianuarii.
* [http://www.webbyawards.com/webbys/specialachievement14.php 14th Annual Webby Special Achievement Award Winners,] ''[[Webby Awards]],'' 4 Maii 2010.

{{musica-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Constituta 1998]]
[[Categoria:Greges musici Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Praemium Grammy]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rudolphus Leuckart</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>113213</id>
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      <text bytes="2720" sha1="s396cha6zdl7a343wp1d9ixrd4p3rw1" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Leuckart Rudolph 1822-1898.jpg|thumb|Rudolphus Leuckart]]
'''Rudolphus Leuckart''' ([[Lingua Theodisca|Theodisce]]: ''Karl Georg Friedrich Rudolf Leuckart'') natus est die [[7 Octobris]] [[1822]] in [[Helmstadium|Helmstadii]] - mortuus est die [[6 Februarii]] [[1898]] [[Lipsia]]e) fuit studiosus [[zoologia]]e et [[parasitologia]]e [[Germania|Germanicus]].

==Vita==
Ab anno [[1842]] [[Gottinga]]e medicinae et scientiis naturalibus studebat, anno [[1845]] doctor promotus est et ab anno [[1850]] professor [[Giessa]]e erat. Anno [[1869]] Lipsiae professor zoologie nominatus est.

==Opera==
* '' Beiträge zur Kenntnis wirbelloser Tiere'', R. Leuckart, [[Henricus Frey]]; Braunschweig, 1847 
* ''Über die Morphologie und Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse der wirbellosen Tiere'', Braunschweig, 1848 
* ''Zur Morphologie und Anatomie der Geschlechtsorgane'', Braunschweig, 1848 
* ''Beiträge zur Lehre der Befruchtung'', Göttinger Nachrichten, 1849 
* ''Über den Polymorphismus der Individuen oder die Erscheinungen der Arbeitsteilung in der Natur'', Gießen, 1851 
* ''Zoologische Untersuchungen'', Gießen, 1853-54, 3 Hefte 
* ''Vergleichende Anatomie und Physiologie'', R. Leuckart, Bergmann, Stuttgart, 1852 
* ''Die Fortpflanzung und Entwicklung der Pupiparen'', [[Salinae Saxonicae|Salinis Saxonicis]], 1857 
* ''Zur Kenntnis des Generationswechsels und der Parthenogenesis bei den Insekten'', Frankfurt, 1858 
* ''Untersuchungen über Trichina spiralis'', Leipzig, 1860, 2. Aufl. 1866 
* ''Die Blasenwürmer und ihre Entwicklung'', Gießen, 1856 
* ''Die Parasiten des Menschen und die von ihnen herrührenden Krankheiten'', Leipzig, 1863-76, 2 Bde.; 2. Aufl. 1879 ff. 
* ''Die Entwicklunggeschichte des Leberegels (Distonum hepaticum, dt.)'', in: Zoologischer Anzeiger 4, 1881 
* ''Neue Beiträge zur Kenntnis des Baes und der Lebensgeschichte der Nematoden'', in: Abbh. Königl. Sächs. Ges. Wiss. Math.-physikal. Cl 1887

==Nexus externi==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100810105004/http://www.mblwhoilibrary.org/exhibits/leuckart/wall_charts/plates_1_30.html Leuckart's Zoological Wall Charts]
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=JWYSAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA423&amp;lpg=PA423&amp;dq=Leuckart+Zenker+Trichinella&amp;source=web&amp;ots=AhXzX2S3uD&amp;sig=IxFSp4exrMpBzkACDYf7y4OXIqk&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;resnum=1&amp;ct=result The Animal Parasites of Man] by Harold Benjamin Fantham and Maximilian Gustav Braun.

{{botanistae|Leuck.|Leuckart, Rudolf}}
{{bio-stipula}}

{{Lifetime|1822|1898|Leuckart, Rudolphus}}
[[Categoria:Taxa Leuckart|!]]
[[Categoria:Zoologi Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Lipsiensis]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Goettingensis]]
[[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Giessensis]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Witan</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>115937</id>
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[[Fasciculus:Witan hexateuch.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.5|Concilium regium vel &quot;''witan''&quot; in libro manu scripto Biblico saec. XI pictum]]
'''''Witan''''' et plenius '''''Witena gemot''''' (nomina [[Anglosaxonice|Anglosaxonica]], ad pedem litterarum &quot;sapientes&quot;, &quot;sapientium conventus&quot;) fuit concilium iuxta reges [[Angli|Anglos]] et [[Saxones]] in regnis [[Heptarchia]]e et [[Regnum Anglorum et Saxonum|regno Anglosaxonum]] usque ad [[Expugnatio Angliae Normannica|expugnationem Normannicam]]. Tale concilium, si ''[[Chronica Anglosaxonum|Chronicis Anglosaxonum]]'' credimus, [[Regnum Occidentalium Saxonum|regem Occidentalium Saxonum]] [[Sigebryht (rex Occidentalium Saxonum)|Sigebryht]] e regno anno [[757]] eiecit et loco eius [[Cynewulf (rex Occidentalium Saxonum)|Cynewulf]] regem creavit.&lt;ref&gt;''[[Chronica Anglosaxonum]]'' anno 755&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* &quot;[[s:en:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Witan|Witan]]&quot; in {{EncyBrit11}}
*Chadwick, H. M., ''Studies on Anglo-Saxon Institutions''. Cambridge, 1905
*Liebermann, Felix, ''The National Assembly in the Anglo-Saxon Period''. [[Salinae Saxonicae|Salinis Saxonicis]], 1913

[[Categoria:Historia Angliae]]
[[Categoria:Parlamenta]]
[[Categoria:Verba Anglosaxonica]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Niederentzen</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="1290" sha1="kzd18bi62q5c7n78hi2d9rtkei0y79a" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Niederentzen%2C_%C3%89glise_Sainte-Agathe.jpg |thumb|250 px|Niederentzen: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Sancta Agatha|Sanctae Agathae]] dicata]]
[[Fasciculus: Map commune FR insee code 68234.png|250 px|left|thumb|Niederentzen: communis tabula]]
'''Niederentzen''' ([[Germanice]] '''Niederenzen''') est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 544 incolarum (anno [[2012]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Rhenus Superior|Rheni Superioris]] in regione orientali olim [[Alsatia]] et a die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[2016]] [[Alsatia Campania Arduenna et Lotharingia]] et nunc ex plebiscito ''Grand Est'' vocata.

{{NexInt}}

* [[Index communium praefecturae Rheni Superioris|Indicem communium praefecturae Rheni Superioris]]

== Nexus externi ==

{{CommuniaCat|Niederentzen|Niederentzen}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20200521104134/https://niederentzen.fr/ Niederentzen pagina interretialis]
* [http://cassini.ehess.fr/cassini/fr/html/fiche.php?select_resultat=24990 De hoc communi apud Cassini]
* {{INSEE commune|68234|de=Niederentzen}}

[[Fasciculus:Blason de la ville de Niederentzen (68).svg|thumb|left|80 px|Niederentzen: [[insigne]]]]
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia Praefecturae Rheni Superioris]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Rheni superioris]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lambertus Poell</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="3498" sha1="ncat7jgg8ix4j1asgufpuwq7ge05pv5" xml:space="preserve">'''Lambertus Ioannes Iosephus Maria Poell''' (natus [[Silva Ducis|Silvae Ducis]] die [[22 Martii]] [[1872]] et mortuus ad Gemert in [[Brabantia Septentrionalis|Brabantia Septentrionali]] die [[7 Ianuarii]] [[1937]]) fuit [[sacerdos]] [[Ecclesia Catholica|Catholicus]] atque propugnator in diversis motibus socialibus Catholicis. Habetur tertius praeses [[Internationalis Catholica Unio Esperantistarum|Internationalis Catholicae Unionis Esperantistarum]] ([[IKUE]]).
[[Fasciculus:IKUE-Flago (02).svg|thumb|Vexillum esperantistarum Catholicorum.]]

==Munera publica==
Inde ab anno 1909 usque ad decessum munere consultoris religiosi apud [[periodicum]] ''Nederlanda Katoliko'' (Catholicus Bataviensis) fungebatur, quod olim et fundaverat et cui [[editor principalis|praefuerat]]. Anno 1920 in congressu IKUE [[Haga]]e celebrando electus est praeses associationis quae IKA (Internacio Katolika) vocabatur. Quam societatem paulo post uniebant una cum [[IKUE]]. Cuncta resignavit post paucos menses pro instructione Centri Diurnarii Catholici cuiusdam in [[Nederlandia|Batavia]]  (IKI, ''Internacia Katolika Informejo'')&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240818164913/https://www.ru.nl/kdc/bladeren/archieven-thema/subpagina-archieven-thema/cultuur-vrije-tijd-ontspanning/archieven_van/archieven/stichting-internacia/ imago et praesentatio operis fundati paucissimis verbis]&lt;/ref&gt;. Quod opus anno 1974 dissolutum est.

==Opera selecta==
*Naar 't woord (1897), liedbundel
*Tegenspoed (1898), liedbundel
*Blij en droef (1898), liedbundel
*Leergang over het maatschappelijke vraagstuk (1900)
*Cecilia (1902), liedbundel
*De Taak der R.K. Arbeidersvereenigingen (1906)
*Sociale cursus, vragen en antwoorden (1906)
*Vijf Lezingen in den Gildenbond te Tilburg gehouden. God? Eigendom? Huisgezin? Straat? Kerk? (1906)&lt;ref&gt;[http://ronaldpoell.eu/genealogy/arcen/Lambert-Poell/vijflezingen/VijfLezingen.html Vijf Lezingen in den Gildenbond te Tilburg gehouden. God? Eigendom? Huisgezin? Straat? Kerk?]. Versio originalis lingua nederlandica.&lt;/ref&gt;
*Ons Goed Recht (1907)
*Verdiende ellende? (1908)
*Een woord aan de Vrouw van den Werkman (1909)
*Uwe verhouding tegenover de S.D.A.P. (1909)
*Zes preeken over de veelvuldige en dagelijksche H. Communie (1911)
*Maatschappelijke Lessen (1914)
*Katholieke Sociale Beginselen (1920)
*De Oblectamentis Mundi; Preeken, onderrichtingen (1915)
*De Puerorum Institutione; Over het Onderwijs der Jeugd (1915)
*Poell's Liturgische Platen (1915)
*Kleine Liturgische Kathechismus in 700 vragen en antwoorden met daarbij eenige vragen en antwoorden over den zang (1915)
*De Duitsche Ridders te Gemert (1923)&lt;ref&gt;[http://ronaldpoell.eu/genealogy/arcen/Lambert-Poell/duitscheriddersgemert/DeDuitscheRiddersTeGemert.html De Duitsche Ridders te Gemert]. Versio originalis lingua Nederlandica.&lt;/ref&gt;
*Gemert in den Franschen Tijd (1925)&lt;ref&gt;[http://ronaldpoell.eu/genealogy/arcen/Lambert-Poell/gemertfranschentijd/GemertFranschenTijd.html Gemert in den Franschen Tijd]. Versio originalis lingua Nederlandica.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Notae==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

==Nexus externi==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20171226051145/http://www.ikue.org/estraro/prezidantoj.html Vita idiomate Esperantico pacta]

{{Lifetime|1872|1937|Poell, Lambertus}}
[[Categoria:Nati 1872]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1937]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Nederlandiae]]
[[Categoria:Presbyteri catholici]]
[[categoria:Esperantistae]]
[[categoria:Scriptores Nederlandiae]]
[[categoria:Quaestiones sociales]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Anatolius Karpov</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>123411</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3983824</id>
      <parentid>3710861</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Juan carlos perez rodriguez</username>
        <id>182466</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Nexus externi */</comment>
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      <text bytes="2793" sha1="5rdi7lryx7vaz530p6cbpyck4fr91f5" xml:space="preserve">{{L}}
{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:AnatoliKarpov14b.jpg|thumb|Anatolius Eugenii filius Karpov ludum scaccorum ludit]]
'''Anatolius Eugenii filius Karpov''' ([[Russice]] Анатолий Евгеньевич Карпов, [[translitteratio|tr.]] ''Anatolij Evgen'evic Karpov''; natus [[23 Maii]] [[1951]] in urbe ''Zlatoust'' regionis [[Celiabinsca|Celiabinscensis]] [[Russia]]e, tunc in [[URSS]]) est lusor [[scacci|scaccorum]] [[URSS|Sovieticus]] et [[Russia|Russicus]], annis [[1975]]–[[1986]] in omni terrarum orbi optimus omnium scaccorum lusorum temporis ordine duodecimus fuit. Nonnullis signis laudis Unionis Sovieticae, Foederationis Russicae certarumque aliarum terrarum ornatus est.
== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Anatoly Karpov|Anatolium Karpov}}
* [http://ratings.fide.com/card.phtml?event=4100026 Pagina de Anatolio Karpov in situ interretiali ''FIDE''] {{ling|Anglice}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150511085612/http://chess-db.com/public/pinfo.jsp?id=4100026 Pagina de Anatolio Karpov in situ interretiali ''Chess DB''] {{ling|Anglice}}

{{bio-stipula}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Karpov, Anatolius}}

== Honorarium ==
Certamen Anatolius Karpov (vel Certamen Poikovskiense) est spectabilis ludorum scaccorum eventus annuus, qui in urbe Russica Poikovsky celebratur.  Singulare est in orbe scaccorum exemplum, quod duodecimum mundi propugnatorem -eo adhuc vivente- honorat.  Certamen ratione &quot;omnium cum omnibus&quot; (ubi unusquisque cum singulis aliis ludit) inter decem magistros summos (vulgo *grandmasters*) agitur.

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! # !! Annus !! Victor(es)
|-
| I || 2000 ||  [[Victor Bologan]] ([[Moldavia]])
|-
| II || 2001 || [[Victor Bologan]]  ([[Moldavia]])
|-
| III || 2002 || [[Alexander Onischuk]]  {{CFAVex}}
|-
| IV || 2003 || [[Joël Lautier]] {{FranciaVex}} &lt;br/&gt; [[Peter Svidler]] {{RussiaVex}}
|-
| V || 2004 || [[Sergei Rublevsky]] {{RussiaVex}} &lt;br/&gt; [[Alexander Grischuk]] {{RussiaVex}}
|-
| VI || 2005 || [[Étienne Bacrot]] {{FranciaVex}} &lt;br/&gt; [[Victor Bologan]] ([[Moldavia]])
|-
| VII || 2006 || [[Alexei Shirov]] {{HispaniaVex}}
|-
| VIII || 2007 || [[Dmitry Jakovenko]] {{RussiaVex}}
|-
| IX || 2008 || [[Vugar Gashimov]] ([[Atropatene (res publica)]]) &lt;br/&gt; [[Dmitry Jakovenko]] {{RussiaVex}} &lt;br/&gt; [[Sergei Rublevsky]] {{RussiaVex}} &lt;br/&gt; [[Alexei Shirov]] {{HispaniaVex}}
|-
| X || 2009 || [[Alexander Motylev]] {{RomaniaVex}}
|-
| XI || 2010 || [[Victor Bologan]] ([[Moldavia]]) &lt;br/&gt; [[Sergey Karjakin]] {{RussiaVex}}
|-
| XII || 2011 || [[Étienne Bacrot]] {{FranciaVex}} &lt;br/&gt; [[Sergey Karjakin]] {{RussiaVex}}
|-
| XIII || 2012 || [[Dmitry Jakovenko]] {{RussiaVex}}
|- 
| 
|-
|}
[[Categoria:Incolae Russiae]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Unionis Sovieticae]]
[[Categoria:Lusores scaccorum]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1951]]
[[Categoria:Homines vivi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Index communium praefecturae Vosegi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <parentid>3983486</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-25T13:10:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>nomen latinum</comment>
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      <text bytes="22006" sha1="fjgz2wxxr2c7kfqu8k2nsh1k2rrltwb" xml:space="preserve">Hic est index [[commune|communium]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] praefecturae [[Francia|Francicae]], cui subsunt communia 515 numero.

[[Fasciculus:Vosges-Position.png|thumb|Situs praefecturae]]
[[Fasciculus: Senones vu du Petit Paris.jpg|thumb|Despectus in ''[[ Senones ]]'']]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! [[INSEE|Numerus INSEE]]
! [[Numerus cursualis]]
! [[Commune]]
|-
| 88001
| 88270
| [[Les Ableuvenettes]]
|- 
| 88002
| 88500
| [[Ahéville]]
|- 
| 88003
| 88140
| [[Aingeville]]
|- 
| 88004
| 88320
| [[Ainvelle (Vosegus)|Ainvelle]]
|- 
| 88005
| 88110
| [[Allarmont]]
|- 
| 88006
| 88500
| [[Ambacuria]]
|- 
| 88007
| 88410
| [[Ameuvelle]]
|- 
| 88008
| 88700
| [[Anglemont]]
|- 
| 88009
| 88650
| [[Anould]]
|- 
| 88010
| 88170
| [[Aouze]]
|- 
| 88011
| 88380
| [[Arches (Vosegus)|Arches]]
|- 
| 88012
| 88380
| [[Archettes]]
|- 
| 88013
| 88170
| [[Aroffe]]
|- 
| 88014
| 88430
| [[Arrentès-de-Corcieux]]
|- 
| 88015
| 88300
| [[Attignéville]]
|- 
| 88016
| 88260
| [[Attigny (Vosegus)|Attigny]]
|- 
| 88017
| 88300
| [[Aulnois]]
|- 
| 88018
| 88640
| [[Aumontzey]]
|- 
| 88019
| 88300
| [[Autigny-la-Tour]]
|- 
| 88020
| 88300
| [[Autreville (Vosegus)|Autreville]]
|- 
| 88021
| 88700
| [[Autrey (Vosegus)|Autrey]]
|- 
| 88022
| 88140
| [[Auzainvilliers]]
|- 
| 88023
| 88500
| [[Avillers (Vosegus)|Avillers]]
|- 
| 88024
| 88130
| [[Avrainville (Vosegus)|Avrainville]]
|- 
| 88025
| 88630
| [[Avranville]]
|- 
| 88026
| 88600
| [[Aydoilles]]
|- 
| 88027
| 88330
| [[Badménil-aux-Bois]]
|- 
| 88028
| 88460
| [[La Baffe]]
|- 
| 88029
| 88240
| [[Bains-les-Bains]]
|- 
| 88030
| 88270
| [[Bainville-aux-Saules]]
|- 
| 88031
| 88170
| [[Balléville]]
|- 
| 88032
| 88520
| [[Aquilina (Sanctus Deodatus)|Aquilina]]
|- 
| 88033
| 88210
| [[Ban-de-Sapt]]
|- 
| 88106
| 88230
| [[Ban-sur-Meurthe-Clefcy]]
|- 
| 88035
| 88640
| [[Barbey-Seroux]]
|- 
| 88036
| 88300
| [[Barville (Vosegus)|Barville]]
|- 
| 88037
| 88120
| [[Basse-sur-le-Rupt]]
|- 
| 88038
| 88130
| [[Battexey]]
|- 
| 88039
| 88500
| [[Baudricourt]]
|- 
| 88040
| 88150
| [[Bayecourt]]
|- 
| 88041
| 88270
| [[Bazegney]]
|- 
| 88042
| 88700
| [[Bazien]]
|- 
| 88043
| 88500
| [[Bazoilles-et-Ménil]]
|- 
| 88044
| 88300
| [[Bazoilles-sur-Meuse]]
|- 
| 88045
| 88300
| [[Beaufremont]]
|- 
| 88046
| 88600
| [[Beauménil]]
|- 
| 88047
| 88270
| [[Begnécourt]]
|- 
| 88048
| 88370
| [[Bellefontaine (Vosegus)|Bellefontaine]]
|- 
| 88049
| 88260
| [[Belmont-lès-Darney]]
|- 
| 88050
| 88600
| [[Belmont-sur-Buttant]]
|- 
| 88051
| 88800
| [[Belmont-sur-Vair]]
|- 
| 88052
| 88260
| [[Belrupt]]
|- 
| 88053
| 88210
| [[Belval (Vosegus)|Belval]]
|- 
| 88054
| 88520
| [[Bertrimoutier]]
|- 
| 88055
| 88450
| [[Bettegney-Saint-Brice]]
|- 
| 88056
| 88500
| [[Bettoncourt]]
|- 
| 88057
| 88490
| [[Le Beulay]]
|- 
| 88058
| 88170
| [[Biécourt]]
|- 
| 88059
| 88430
| [[Biffontaine]]
|- 
| 88060
| 88500
| [[Blémerey (Vosegus)|Blémerey]]
|- 
| 88061
| 88410
| [[Bleurville]]
|- 
| 88062
| 88320
| [[Blevaincourt]]
|- 
| 88063
| 88270
| [[Bocquegney]]
|- 
| 88064
| 88600
| [[Bois-de-Champ]]
|- 
| 88065
| 88260
| [[Bonvillet]]
|- 
| 88066
| 88500
| [[Boulaincourt]]
|- 
| 88068
| 88470
| [[La Bourgonce]]
|- 
| 88069
| 88270
| [[Bouxières-aux-Bois]]
|- 
| 88070
| 88130
| [[Bouxurulles]]
|- 
| 88071
| 88270
| [[Bouzemont]]
|- 
| 88073
| 88130
| [[Brantigny]]
|- 
| 88074
| 88350
| [[Brechainville]]
|- 
| 88075
| 88250
| [[La Bresse]]
|- 
| 88076
| 88600
| [[Brouvelieures]]
|- 
| 88077
| 88700
| [[Brû]]
|- 
| 88078
| 88600
| [[Bruyères]]
|- 
| 88079
| 88140
| [[Boloniacivilla]]
|- 
| 88080
| 88700
| [[Bult]]
|- 
| 88081
| 88540
| [[Bussang]]
|- 
| 88082
| 88110
| [[Celles-sur-Plaine]]
|- 
| 88083
| 88300
| [[Certilleux]]
|- 
| 88084
| 88130
| [[Chamagne]]
|- 
| 88085
| 88640
| [[Champdray]]
|- 
| 88086
| 88600
| [[Ducis Campus|Champ-le-Duc]]
|- 
| 88087
| 88000
| [[Chantraine (commune)|Chantraine]]
|- 
| 88088
| 88240
| [[La Chapelle-aux-Bois]]
|- 
| 88089
| 88600
| [[La Chapelle-devant-Bruyères]]
|- 
| 88090
| 88130
| [[Carpinia]]
|- 
| 88091
| 88460
| [[Charmois-devant-Bruyères]]
|- 
| 88092
| 88270
| [[Charmois-l'Orgueilleux]]
|- 
| 88093
| 88210
| [[Châtas]]
|- 
| 88094
| 88330
| [[Châtel-sur-Moselle]]
|- 
| 88095
| 88170
| [[Châtenois (Vosegus)|Châtenois]]
|- 
| 88096
| 88410
| [[Châtillon-sur-Saône]]
|- 
| 88097
| 88500
| [[Chauffecourt]]
|- 
| 88098
| 88390
| [[Chaumousey]]
|- 
| 88099
| 88150
| [[Chavelot]]
|- 
| 88100
| 88500
| [[Chef-Haut]]
|- 
| 88101
| 88460
| [[Cheniménil]]
|- 
| 88102
| 88630
| [[Chermisey]]
|- 
| 88103
| 88270
| [[Circourt]]
|- 
| 88104
| 88300
| [[Circourt-sur-Mouzon]]
|- 
| 88105
| 88410
| [[Claudon]]
|- 
| 88107
| 88630
| [[Clérey-la-Côte]]
|- 
| 88108
| 88240
| [[Le Clerjus]]
|- 
| 88109
| 88120
| [[Cleurie]]
|- 
| 88110
| 88700
| [[Clézentaine]]
|- 
| 88111
| 88100
| [[Coinches]]
|- 
| 88113
| 88490
| [[Combrimont]]
|- 
| 88114
| 88140
| [[Gundrecivilla]]
|- 
| 88115
| 88430
| [[Corcieux]]
|- 
| 88116
| 88310
| [[Cornimont]]
|- 
| 88117
| 88170
| [[Courcelles-sous-Châtenois]]
|- 
| 88118
| 88630
| [[Cussiacum (Vosegus)|Cussiacum]]
|- 
| 88119
| 88140
| [[Crainvilliers]]
|- 
| 88120
| 88520
| [[La Croix-aux-Mines]]
|- 
| 88121
| 88330
| [[Damas-aux-Bois]]
|- 
| 88122
| 88270
| [[Damas-et-Bettegney]]
|- 
| 88123
| 88320
| [[Damblain]]
|- 
| 88124
| 88260
| [[Darney]]
|- 
| 88125
| 88170
| [[Darney-aux-Chênes]]
|- 
| 88126
| 88390
| [[Darnieulles]]
|- 
| 88127
| 88700
| [[Deinvillers]]
|- 
| 88128
| 88210
| [[Denipaire]]
|- 
| 88129
| 88270
| [[Derbamont]]
|- 
| 88130
| 88600
| [[Destord]]
|- 
| 88131
| 88600
| [[Deycimont]]
|- 
| 88132
| 88000
| [[Deyvillers]]
|- 
| 88133
| 88000
| [[Dignonville]]
|- 
| 88134
| 88000
| [[Dinozé]]
|- 
| 88135
| 88460
| [[Docelles]]
|- 
| 88136
| 88000
| [[Dogneville]]
|- 
| 88137
| 88170
| [[Dolaincourt]]
|- 
| 88138
| 88260
| [[Dombasle-devant-Darney]]
|- 
| 88139
| 88500
| [[Dombasle-en-Xaintois]]
|- 
| 88140
| 88140
| [[Dombrot-le-Sec]]
|- 
| 88141
| 88170
| [[Dombrot-sur-Vair]]
|- 
| 88144
| 88500
| [[Domèvre-sous-Montfort]]
|- 
| 88142
| 88390
| [[Domèvre-sur-Avière]]
|- 
| 88143
| 88330
| [[Domèvre-sur-Durbion]]
|- 
| 88145
| 88600
| [[Domfaing]]
|- 
| 88146
| 88800
| [[Domjulien]]
|- 
| 88147
| 88390
| [[Dommartin-aux-Bois]]
|- 
| 88148
| 88200
| [[Domnus Martinus (Romaricus Mons)]]
|- 
| 88149
| 88260
| [[Dommartin-lès-Vallois]]
|- 
| 88150
| 88170
| [[Dommartin-sur-Vraine]]
|- 
| 88151
| 88270
| [[Donoparium]]
|- 
| 88152
| 88600
| [[Dompierre (Vosegus)|Dompierre]]
|- 
| 88153
| 88700
| [[Domptail]]
|- 
| 88154
| 88630
| [[Domnum Remigium]]
|- 
| 88155
| 88500
| [[Domvallier]]
|- 
| 88156
| 88700
| [[Doncières]]
|- 
| 88157
| 88220
| [[Dounoux]]
|- 
| 88158
| 88510
| [[Éloyes]]
|- 
| 88159
| 88650
| [[Entre-deux-Eaux]]
|- 
| 88160
| 88000
| [[Spinalium]]
|- 
| 88161
| 88260
| [[Escles]]
|- 
| 88162
| 88260
| [[Esley]]
|- 
| 88163
| 88130
| [[Essegney]]
|- 
| 88164
| 88500
| [[Estrennes]]
|- 
| 88165
| 88480
| [[Étival-Clairefontaine]]
|- 
| 88166
| 88450
| [[Évaux-et-Ménil]]
|- 
| 88167
| 88460
| [[Faucompierre]]
|- 
| 88168
| 88700
| [[Fauconcourt]]
|- 
| 88169
| 88600
| [[Fays (Vosegus)|Fays]]
|- 
| 88170
| 88360
| [[Ferdrupt]]
|- 
| 88171
| 88410
| [[Fignévelle]]
|- 
| 88172
| 88600
| [[Fiménil]]
|- 
| 88173
| 88130
| [[Florémont]]
|- 
| 88174
| 88390
| [[Fomerey]]
|- 
| 88175
| 88600
| [[Fontenay (Vosegus)|Fontenay]]
|- 
| 88176
| 88240
| [[Fontiniacum]]
|- 
| 88177
| 88530
| [[La Forge (Vosegus)|La Forge]]
|- 
| 88178
| 88390
| [[Les Forges (Vosegus)|Les Forges]]
|- 
| 88179
| 88320
| [[Fouchécourt (Vosegus)|Fouchécourt]]
|- 
| 88180
| 88320
| [[Frain]]
|- 
| 88181
| 88230
| [[Fraize]]
|- 
| 88182
| 88490
| [[Frapelle]]
|- 
| 88183
| 88630
| [[Frebécourt]]
|- 
| 88184
| 88600
| [[Fremifontaine]]
|- 
| 88185
| 88500
| [[Frenelle-la-Grande]]
|- 
| 88186
| 88500
| [[Frenelle-la-Petite]]
|- 
| 88187
| 88270
| [[Frénois (Vosegus)|Frénois]]
|- 
| 88188
| 88160
| [[Fresse-sur-Moselle]]
|- 
| 88189
| 88350
| [[Fréville (Vosegus)|Fréville]]
|- 
| 88190
| 88440
| [[Frizon]]
|- 
| 88192
| 88270
| [[Gelvécourt-et-Adompt]]
|- 
| 88193
| 88520
| [[Gemaingoutte]]
|- 
| 88194
| 88170
| [[Gemmelaincourt]]
|- 
| 88195
| 88140
| [[Gendreville]]
|- 
| 88196
| 88400
| [[Gérardmer]]
|- 
| 88197
| 88120
| [[Gerbamont]]
|- 
| 88198
| 88430
| [[Gerbépal]]
|- 
| 88199
| 88320
| [[Gignéville]]
|- 
| 88200
| 88390
| [[Gigney]]
|- 
| 88201
| 88390
| [[Girancourt]]
|- 
| 88202
| 88500
| [[Gircourt-lès-Viéville]]
|- 
| 88203
| 88600
| [[Girecourt-sur-Durbion]]
|- 
| 88205
| 88340
| [[Girmont-Val-d'Ajol]]
|- 
| 88206
| 88170
| [[Gironcourt-sur-Vraine]]
|- 
| 88208
| 88410
| [[Godoncourt]]
|- 
| 88209
| 88190
| [[Golbey]]
|- 
| 88210
| 88270
| [[Gorhey]]
|- 
| 88212
| 88350
| [[Grand (Vosegus)|Grand]]
|- 
| 88213
| 88490
| [[Magna Fossa]]
|- 
| 88215
| 88210
| [[Grandrupt]]
|- 
| 88214
| 88240
| [[Grandrupt-de-Bains]]
|- 
| 88216
| 88600
| [[Grandvillers]]
|- 
| 88218
| 88640
| [[Granges-sur-Vologne]]
|- 
| 88219
| 88630
| [[Greux]]
|- 
| 88220
| 88410
| [[Grignoncourt]]
|- 
| 88221
| 88240
| [[Gruey-lès-Surance]]
|- 
| 88222
| 88600
| [[Gugnécourt]]
|- 
| 88223
| 88450
| [[Gugney-aux-Aulx]]
|- 
| 88224
| 88330
| [[Hadigny-les-Verrières]]
|- 
| 88225
| 88220
| [[Hadol]]
|- 
| 88226
| 88270
| [[Hagécourt]]
|- 
| 88227
| 88300
| [[Hagnéville-et-Roncourt]]
|- 
| 88228
| 88330
| [[Haillainville]]
|- 
| 88229
| 88300
| [[Harchéchamp]]
|- 
| 88230
| 88700
| [[Hardancourt]]
|- 
| 88231
| 88800
| [[Haréville]]
|- 
| 88232
| 88300
| [[Harmonville]]
|- 
| 88233
| 88270
| [[Harol]]
|- 
| 88234
| 88240
| [[Harsault]]
|- 
| 88235
| 88240
| [[Hautmougey]]
|- 
| 88236
| 88240
| [[La Haye (Vosegus)|La Haye]]
|- 
| 88237
| 88270
| [[Hennecourt]]
|- 
| 88238
| 88260
| [[Hennezel]]
|- 
| 88239
| 88130
| [[Hergugney]]
|- 
| 88240
| 88600
| [[Herpelmont]]
|- 
| 88241
| 88170
| [[Houécourt]]
|- 
| 88242
| 88300
| [[Houéville]]
|- 
| 88243
| 88700
| [[Housseras]]
|- 
| 88244
| 88430
| [[La Houssière]]
|- 
| 88245
| 88210
| [[Hurbache]]
|- 
| 88246
| 88500
| [[Hymont]]
|- 
| 88247
| 88150
| [[Igney (Vosegus)|Igney]]
|- 
| 88248
| 88320
| [[Isches]]
|- 
| 88249
| 88300
| [[Jainvillotte]]
|- 
| 88250
| 88550
| [[Jarménil]]
|- 
| 88251
| 88700
| [[Jeanménil]]
|- 
| 88252
| 88260
| [[Jésonville]]
|- 
| 88253
| 88000
| [[Jeuxey]]
|- 
| 88254
| 88500
| [[Jorxey]]
|- 
| 88255
| 88630
| [[Jubani villa]]
|- 
| 88256
| 88640
| [[Jussarupt]]
|- 
| 88257
| 88500
| [[Jevancuria]]
|- 
| 88258
| 88320
| [[Marchia (Vosegus)|Marchia]]
|- 
| 88259
| 88300
| [[Landini villa]]
|- 
| 88260
| 88130
| [[Langley (Vosegus)|Langley]]
|- 
| 88261
| 88600
| [[Laval-sur-Vologne]]
|- 
| 88262
| 88600
| [[Aquilina (Spinalium)|Aquilina]]
|- 
| 88263
| 88640
| [[Laveline-du-Houx]]
|- 
| 88264
| 88270
| [[Légéville-et-Bonfays]]
|- 
| 88265
| 88300
| [[Lemmecuria]]
|- 
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! [[INSEE|Numerus INSEE]]
! [[Numerus cursualis]]
! [[Commune]]
|-
| 88266
| 88600
| [[Lépanges-sur-Vologne]]
|- 
| 88267
| 88260
| [[Larino]]
|- 
| 88268
| 88490
| [[Lesseux]]
|- 
| 88269
| 88400
| [[Liézey]]
|- 
| 88270
| 88350
| [[Liffodium]]
|- 
| 88271
| 88800
| [[Legisvilla]]
|- 
| 88272
| 88410
| [[Lyroncuria]]
|- 
| 88273
| 88000
| [[Longus Campus (Vosegus)|Longus Campus]]
|- 
| 88274
| 88170
| [[Longus Campus subtus Castinetum]]
|- 
| 88275
| 88490
| [[Lubine]]
|- 
| 88276
| 88490
| [[Lussia]]
|- 
| 88277
| 88110
| [[Luviniacus]]
|- 
| 88278
| 88170
| [[Macuncurtis]]
|- 
| 88279
| 88270
| [[Madecuria]]
|- 
| 88280
| 88450
| [[Maldisinum]]
|- 
| 88281
| 88270
| [[Madonne-et-Lamerey]]
|- 
| 88283
| 88140
| [[Malini curia]]
|- 
| 88284
| 88650
| [[Mandray]]
|- 
| 88285
| 88800
| [[Manderae]]
|- 
| 88286
| 88130
| [[Mareinvilla]]
|- 
| 88287
| 88320
| [[Mariacum (Vosegus)|Mariacum]]
|- 
| 88288
| 88270
| [[Monroniscurtis]]
|- 
| 88289
| 88320
| [[Martiniacum (Vosegus)|Martiniacum]]
|- 
| 88290
| 88300
| [[Martigny-les-Gerbonvaux]]
|- 
| 88291
| 88410
| [[Martinvelle]]
|- 
| 88292
| 88500
| [[Mataincuria]]
|- 
| 88293
| 88630
| [[Maxey-sur-Meuse]]
|- 
| 88294
| 88150
| [[Mazeley]]
|- 
| 88295
| 88500
| [[Maceriolae]]
|- 
| 88296
| 88140
| [[Madonis villa]]
|- 
| 88297
| 88600
| [[Méménil]]
|- 
| 88298
| 88700
| [[Menardi Mons]]
|- 
| 88302
| 88160
| [[Le Ménil]]
|- 
| 88300
| 88210
| [[Ménil-de-Senones]]
|- 
| 88299
| 88500
| [[Mansile in Sanctesio]]
|- 
| 88301
| 88700
| [[Ménil-sur-Belvitte]]
|- 
| 88303
| 88630
| [[Mudrevallis]]
|- 
| 88304
| 88500
| [[Mirecurtium]]
|- 
| 88305
| 88630
| [[Moncel-sur-Vair]]
|- 
| 88306
| 88210
| [[Le Mont]]
|- 
| 88309
| 88800
| [[Monthureux-le-Sec]]
|- 
| 88310
| 88410
| [[Monthureux-sur-Saône]]
|- 
| 88307
| 88320
| [[Mont-lès-Lamarche]]
|- 
| 88308
| 88300
| [[Montes ante Novum Castrum]]
|- 
| 88311
| 88240
| [[Montmotier]]
|- 
| 88312
| 88170
| [[Morelli Domus]]
|- 
| 88313
| 88330
| [[Murini villa]]
|- 
| 88314
| 88320
| [[Morizécourt]]
|- 
| 88315
| 88600
| [[Mors Agni]]
|- 
| 88316
| 88140
| [[Maurivilla]]
|- 
| 88317
| 88210
| [[Moussey (Vosegus)|Moussey]]
|- 
| 88318
| 88700
| [[Medius Mons (Vosegus)|Medius Mons]]
|- 
| 88319
| 88420
| [[Medianum Monasterium]]
|- 
| 88320
| 88100
| [[Nayemont-les-Fosses]]
|- 
| 88321
| 88300
| [[Neocastrum (Francia)|Neocastrum]]
|- 
| 88322
| 88600
| [[La Neuveville-devant-Lépanges]]
|- 
| 88324
| 88170
| [[La Neuveville-sous-Châtenois]]
|- 
| 88325
| 88800
| [[La Neuveville-sous-Montfort]]
|- 
| 88326
| 88100
| [[Neuvillers-sur-Fave]]
|- 
| 88327
| 88440
| [[Nomexy]]
|- 
| 88328
| 88470
| [[Nompardivilla]]
|- 
| 88330
| 88260
| [[Novilla (Vosegus)|Novilla]]
|- 
| 88331
| 88600
| [[Nontiavilla]]
|- 
| 88332
| 88800
| [[Noretum]]
|- 
| 88333
| 88700
| [[Nossoncourt]]
|- 
| 88334
| 88500
| [[Ollevilla]]
|- 
| 88335
| 88500
| [[Offroicourt]]
|- 
| 88336
| 88170
| [[Audoleni villa]]
|- 
| 88338
| 88700
| [[Ortonis curia]]
|- 
| 88340
| 88700
| [[Padua (Vosegus)|Padua]]
|- 
| 88341
| 88100
| [[Pair-et-Grandrupt]]
|- 
| 88342
| 88330
| [[Pallegney]]
|- 
| 88343
| 88800
| [[Paretum (Vosegus)|Paretum]]
|- 
| 88344
| 88350
| [[Pargniacum subtus Mirevallem]]
|- 
| 88345
| 88490
| [[La Petite-Fosse]]
|- 
| 88346
| 88210
| [[La Petite-Raon]]
|- 
| 88347
| 88270
| [[Petraficta (Vosegus)|Petraficta]]
|- 
| 88348
| 88600
| [[Petreus Pons]]
|- 
| 88349
| 88230
| [[Plenifesium]]
|- 
| 88350
| 88170
| [[Pluvesia]]
|- 
| 88351
| 88370
| [[Plumberae]]
|- 
| 88352
| 88300
| [[Pomperra (Vosegus)|Pomperra]]
|- 
| 88353
| 88260
| [[Pons iuxta Undinovilla]]
|- 
| 88354
| 88500
| [[Pont-sur-Madon]]
|- 
| 88355
| 88330
| [[Portus Caelorum]]
|- 
| 88356
| 88600
| [[Les Poulières]]
|- 
| 88357
| 88500
| [[Portus Suavis]]
|- 
| 88358
| 88550
| [[Pouxeux]]
|- 
| 88359
| 88600
| [[Prey (Vosegus)|Prey]]
|- 
| 88360
| 88260
| [[Provenchères-lès-Darney]]
|- 
| 88361
| 88490
| [[Provenchères-et-Colroy]]
|- 
| 88362
| 88210
| [[Le Puid]]
|- 
| 88363
| 88630
| [[Purneretum]]
|- 
| 88364
| 88500
| [[Puzieux (Vosegus)|Puzieux]]
|- 
| 88365
| 88270
| [[Racécourt]]
|- 
| 88366
| 88170
| [[Radalli villa]]
|- 
| 88367
| 88700
| [[Rambervilleriae]]
|- 
| 88368
| 88500
| [[Rancuria]]
|- 
| 88369
| 88160
| [[Romarici campus]]
|- 
| 88370
| 88270
| [[Radonis curtis]]
|- 
| 88371
| 88220
| [[Rapo ad Silvas]]
|- 
| 88372
| 88110
| [[Rapo ad Stationem]]
|- 
| 88373
| 88110
| [[Raon-sur-Plaine]]
|- 
| 88374
| 88130
| [[Rapey]]
|- 
| 88375
| 88520
| [[Raves (Vosegus)|Raves]]
|- 
| 88376
| 88300
| [[Ribovilla]]
|- 
| 88377
| 88410
| [[Rainharii villa]]
|- 
| 88378
| 88450
| [[Regney]]
|- 
| 88379
| 88330
| [[Ranconis curtis]]
|- 
| 88380
| 88640
| [[Rehaupal]]
|- 
| 88381
| 88260
| [[Relangia]]
|- 
| 88382
| 88500
| [[Rimacuria]]
|- 
| 88383
| 88200
| [[Romarici Mons]]
|- 
| 88386
| 88100
| [[Remomeix]]
|- 
| 88385
| 88800
| [[Romulficuria]]
|- 
| 88387
| 88170
| [[Ramaldi villa]]
|- 
| 88388
| 88390
| [[Renauvoid]]
|- 
| 88389
| 88500
| [[Reparium]]
|- 
| 88390
| 88320
| [[Roberticuria]]
|- 
| 88391
| 88120
| [[Rochesson]]
|- 
| 88394
| 88320
| [[Romania ad Silvas]]
|- 
| 88395
| 88700
| [[Rotmundum]]
|- 
| 88398
| 88600
| [[Les Rouges-Eaux]]
|- 
| 88399
| 88460
| [[Le Roulier]]
|- 
| 88400
| 88500
| [[Ruvera in Sanctesio]]
|- 
| 88401
| 88170
| [[Roverium (Vosegus)|Roverium]]
|- 
| 88402
| 88700
| [[Rovilla ad Quercus]]
|- 
| 88403
| 88500
| [[Roserota]]
|- 
| 88404
| 88320
| [[Roseriae supra Mosunam]]
|- 
| 88406
| 88130
| [[Rugney]]
|- 
| 88407
| 88630
| [[Ruppes]]
|- 
| 88408
| 88360
| [[Rupt-sur-Moselle]]
|- 
| 88409
| 88120
| [[Saint-Amé]]
|- 
| 88411
| 88260
| [[Sanctus Basolimons]]
|- 
| 88412
| 88700
| [[Sanctus Benedictus (Vosegus)|Sanctus Benedictus]]
|- 
| 88413
| 88100
| [[Sanctus Deodatus (urbs)|Sanctus Deodatus]]
|- 
| 88410
| 88700
| [[Sancta Barbara (Vosegus)|Sancta Barbara]]
|- 
| 88418
| 88700
| [[Sancta Helena (Vosegus)|Sancta Helena]]
|- 
| 88424
| 88100
| [[Sancta Margareta (Vosegus)|Sancta Margareta]]
|- 
| 88415
| 88200
| [[Sanctus Stephanus ultra Mosellam]]
|- 
| 88416
| 88700
| [[Sanctus Genesius (Vosegus)|Sanctus Genesius]]
|- 
| 88417
| 88700
| [[Sanctus Gorgonius (Vosegus)|Sanctus Gorgonius]]
|- 
| 88419
| 88210
| [[Saint-Jean-d'Ormont]]
|- 
| 88421
| 88410
| [[Sanctus Iulianus (Vosegus)|Sanctus Iulianus]]
|- 
| 88423
| 88650
| [[Sanctus Leonardus (Vosegus)|Sanctus Leonardus]]
|- 
| 88425
| 88700
| [[Sanctus Mauricius (Vosegus)|Sanctus Mauricius]]
|- 
| 88426
| 88560
| [[Saint-Maurice-sur-Moselle]]
|- 
| 88427
| 88170
| [[Sanctus Memmius (Vosegus)|Sanctus Memmius]]
|- 
| 88428
| 88470
| [[Saint-Michel-sur-Meurthe]]
|- 
| 88429
| 88200
| [[Sanctus Nabor (Vosegus)|Sanctus Nabor]]
|- 
| 88430
| 88140
| [[Sanctus Audoenus (Vosegus)|Sanctus Audoenus]]
|- 
| 88431
| 88170
| [[Sanctus Paulus (Vosegus)|Sanctus Paulus]]
|- 
| 88432
| 88700
| [[Sanctus Petrimons]]
|- 
| 88433
| 88500
| [[Sanctus Pancratius (Vosegus)|Sanctus Pancratius]]
|- 
| 88434
| 88800
| [[Sancti Remigii Mons (Vosegus)|Sancti Remigii Mons]]
|- 
| 88435
| 88480
| [[Sanctus Remigius (Vosegus)|Sanctus Remigius]]
|- 
| 88436
| 88210
| [[Sanctus Stephanus (Vosegus)|Sanctus Stephanus]]
|- 
| 88437
| 88270
| [[Sanctus Valerius (Vosegus)|Sanctus Valerius]]
|- 
| 88438
| 88470
| [[La Salle (Vosegus)|La Salle]]
|- 
| 88439
| 88390
| [[Sanchey]]
|- 
| 88440
| 88170
| [[Sandaucuria]]
|- 
| 88441
| 88260
| [[Sans-Vallois]]
|- 
| 88442
| 88120
| [[Sapois (Vosegus)|Sapois]]
|- 
| 88443
| 88300
| [[Sartes]]
|- 
| 88444
| 88210
| [[Le Saulcy]]
|- 
| 88445
| 88580
| [[Salicetum (Vosegus)|Salicetum]]
|- 
| 88446
| 88140
| [[Salsurae (Vosegus)|Salsurae]]
|- 
| 88447
| 88290
| [[Salsuriae]]
|- 
| 88448
| 88140
| [[Seivilla]]
|- 
| 88449
| 88130
| [[Saviniacum (Vosegus)|Saviniacum]]
|- 
| 88450
| 88320
| [[Senagda]]
|- 
| 88451
| 88210
| [[Senonia (Vosegus)|Senonia]]
|- 
| 88452
| 88260
| [[Senonges]]
|- 
| 88453
| 88630
| [[Seromons]]
|- 
| 88454
| 88600
| [[Sarcus (Vosegus)|Sarcus]]
|- 
| 88455
| 88320
| [[Sirecuria]]
|- 
| 88456
| 88320
| [[Serocourt]]
|- 
| 88457
| 88630
| [[Seona (Vosegus)|Seona]]
|- 
| 88458
| 88130
| [[Solicuria]]
|- 
| 88459
| 88170
| [[Soncuria]]
|- 
| 88460
| 88630
| [[Solicia]]
|- 
| 88461
| 88140
| [[Serewavilla]]
|- 
| 88462
| 88120
| [[Le Syndicat]]
|- 
| 88463
| 88100
| [[Tinctorivus]]
|- 
| 88464
| 88460
| [[Tendon (Vosegus)|Tendon]]
|- 
| 88465
| 88150
| [[Tado]]
|- 
| 88466
| 88800
| [[Tillia]]
|- 
| 88467
| 88290
| [[Thiéfosse]]
|- 
| 88468
| 88160
| [[Le Thillot]]
|- 
| 88469
| 88500
| [[Tirocuria]]
|- 
| 88470
| 88530
| [[Le Tholy]]
|- 
| 88471
| 88410
| [[Les Thons]]
|- 
| 88472
| 88260
| [[Thuillières]]
|- 
| 88473
| 88320
| [[Tignécourt]]
|- 
| 88474
| 88300
| [[Tellum (Vosegus)|Tellum]]
|- 
| 88475
| 88320
| [[Toteleni curtis]]
|- 
| 88476
| 88500
| [[Totoni villa]]
|- 
| 88477
| 88350
| [[Trampodium]]
|- 
| 88478
| 88300
| [[Tranculfi villa]]
|- 
| 88479
| 88240
| [[Trémonzey]]
|- 
| 88480
| 88130
| [[Ubexy]]
|- 
| 88481
| 88220
| [[Uriménil]]
|- 
| 88482
| 88140
| [[Eurivilla]]
|- 
| 88483
| 88390
| [[Ursiniacum]]
|- 
| 88484
| 88220
| [[Usminga]]
|- 
| 88485
| 88140
| [[La Vacheresse-et-la-Rouillie]]
|- 
| 88486
| 88120
| [[Vainiacum]]
|- 
| 88487
| 88340
| [[Le Val-d'Ajol]]
|- 
| 88488
| 88270
| [[Valefridicurtis]]
|- 
| 88489
| 88270
| [[Vallis Regia (Vosegus)|Vallis Regia]]
|- 
| 88490
| 88800
| [[Vallis Regia Sicca]]
|- 
| 88491
| 88260
| [[Tres Valesii]]
|- 
| 88492
| 88230
| [[Le Valtin]]
|- 
| 88493
| 88450
| [[Varmonzey]]
|- 
| 88494
| 88500
| [[Vaubexy]]
|- 
| 88495
| 88000
| [[Waldinivilla]]
|- 
| 88496
| 88140
| [[Valdonis curtis (Vosegus)|Valdonis curtis]]
|- 
| 88497
| 88330
| [[Wauxoncuria]]
|- 
| 88498
| 88200
| [[Vecoux]]
|- 
| 88499
| 88270
| [[Velotte-et-Tatignécourt]]
|- 
| 88500
| 88310
| [[Ventron]]
|- 
| 88501
| 88210
| [[Le Vermont]]
|- 
| 88502
| 88600
| [[Vervezelle]]
|- 
| 88503
| 88110
| [[Vexaincourt]]
|- 
| 88504
| 88170
| [[Vicherey]]
|- 
| 88505
| 88430
| [[Vienville]]
|- 
| 88506
| 88210
| [[Vieux-Moulin (Vosegus)|Vieux-Moulin]]
|- 
| 88507
| 88500
| [[Villers (Vosegus)|Villers]]
|- 
| 88508
| 88270
| [[Ville-sur-Illon]]
|- 
| 88509
| 88150
| [[Villoncourt]]
|- 
| 88510
| 88320
| [[Villotte]]
|- 
| 88511
| 88350
| [[Villouxel]]
|- 
| 88512
| 88600
| [[Viménil]]
|- 
| 88513
| 88450
| [[Vincey]]
|- 
| 88514
| 88170
| [[Viocourt]]
|- 
| 88515
| 88260
| [[Vioménil]]
|- 
| 88516
| 88800
| [[Vittel]]
|- 
| 88517
| 88260
| [[Vivarium (Vosegus)|Vivarium]]
|- 
| 88518
| 88500
| [[Viverium]]
|- 
| 88519
| 88470
| [[La Voivre (Vosegus)|La Voivre]]
|- 
| 88520
| 88240
| [[Les Voivres]]
|- 
| 88521
| 88700
| [[Vomécourt]]
|- 
| 88522
| 88500
| [[Vomécourt-sur-Madon]]
|- 
| 88523
| 88170
| [[Vouxey]]
|- 
| 88524
| 88140
| [[Vrécourt]]
|- 
| 88525
| 88500
| [[Vroville]]
|- 
| 88526
| 88520
| [[Wisembach]]
|- 
| 88527
| 88700
| [[Xaffévillers]]
|- 
| 88528
| 88460
| [[Xamontarupt]]
|- 
| 88529
| 88130
| [[Xaronval]]
|- 
| 88530
| 88220
| [[Scatiniacum]]
|- 
| 88531
| 88400
| [[Xonrupt-Longemer]]
|- 
| 88532
| 88330
| [[Zincourt]]
|}
{{Indices communium praefecturarum Franciae}}
[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi|!]]</text>
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    <title>Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten</title>
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      <text bytes="3777" sha1="0pkce1qnuvmap2yb2emtcegi7c6gzzz" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Aesthetica.png|thumb|''Aesthetica,'' [[liber (litterae)|liber]] ab Alexandro Gottlieb Baumgarten scriptus (1750)]] 
'''Alexander Gottlieb Bumgarten''' (natus die [[17 Iunii]] [[1714|&amp;nbsp;]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meier&quot;&gt;[[Georg Friedrich Meier (Philosoph)|Georg Friedrich Meier]], ''Alexander Gottlieb Baumgartens Leben'', p. 5, {{URN|nbn|de:bvb:384-uba000080-0}}; [[Thomas Abbt]], [http://digital.slub-dresden.de/werkansicht/dlf/532/10/0/''Alexander Gottlieb Baumgartens Leben und Charakter''. [[Salinae Saxonicae|Salinis Saxonicis]]: C.H. Hemmerde, 1765, p. 6]; Dagmar Mirbach, &quot;[http://www.baumgarten-alexander-gottlieb.de/leben/index.html Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten (1714-1762): Leben]&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; aut [[17 Iulii]][[1714]];&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140516044518/http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/56478/Alexander-Gottlieb-Baumgarten Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten]&quot; in ''[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] Online''; Jan Lekschas, [https://web.archive.org/web/20190124203924/https://jan.lekschas.de/?section=gene ''Ein Auszug aus der Stammfolge der Familie Baumgarten'']&lt;/ref&gt; mortuus die [[26 Maii]] [[1762]]) fuit [[philosophus]] [[Germania|Germanicus]], disciplus [[Christianus Wolffius|Christiani Wolffii]], creator notionis &quot;[[aesthetica]]e,&quot; et auctor nonnullorum [[liber (litterae)|librorum]], inter quos ''[[Aesthetica (liber)|Aesthetica]]'' ([[1750]]).

== Opera ==
* [[1735]]. ''Dissertatio chorographica, Notiones superi et inferi, indeque adscensus et descensus, in chorographiis sacris occurentes, evolvens.''
* [[1735]]. ''[https://archive.org/details/meditationesphi00unkngoog/page/n15/mode/1up Meditationes philosophicae de nonnullis ad poema pertinentibus].''
* [[1738]]. ''De ordine in audiendis philosophicis per triennium academicum quaedam praefatus acroases proximae aestati destinatas indicit Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten.''
* [[1739]]. ''Metaphysica.''
* [[1740]]. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=kwA-AAAAcAAJ Ethica philosophica].''
* [[1740]]. ''Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten eröffnet Einige Gedancken vom vernünfftigen Beyfall auf Academien, und ladet zu seiner Antritts-Rede [. . .] ein.''
* [[1740]]. ''Serenissimo potentissimo principi Friderico, Regi Borussorum marchioni brandenburgico S. R. J. archicamerario et electori, caetera, clementissimo dominio felicia regni felicis auspicia, a d. III. Non. Quinct. 1740''
* [[1741]]. ''Philosophische Briefe von Aletheophilus.''
* [[1743]]. ''Scriptis, quae moderator conflictus academici disputavit, praefatus rationes acroasium suarum Viadrinarum reddit Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten.''
* [[1750]]. ''[http://www.archive.org/details/aestheticascrip00baumgoog Aesthetica].''
* [[1760]]. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20110716230741/http://www.korpora.org/Kant/agb-initia/index.html Initia Philosophiae Practicae: Primae Acroamatice].''
* [[1761]] (ed. 2a, [[1773]]). ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=PaE_AAAAYAAJ Acroasis logica in Christianum L. B. de Wolff].''
* [[1763]]. ''Ius naturae.''
* [[1769]]. ''Sciagraphia encyclopaedia philosophicae,'' ed. Ioanne Christiano Foerster.
* [[1770]]. ''Philosophia generalis,'' ed. Ioanne Christiano Foerster.
* [[1773]]. ''Alex. Gottl. Baumgartenii Praelectiones theologiae dogmaticae,'' ed. Salomone Semmler.
* [[1776]]. ''Metaphysica,'' conversus a [[Georgius Fridericus Meier|Georgio Friderico Meier]].
* [[1796]]–[[1797]]. ''Gedanken über die Reden Jesu nach dem Inhalt der evangelischen Geschichten,'' ed. F. G. Scheltz et A. B. Thiele.

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Aesthetica]]
* [[Pulchritudo]]

[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Hallensis]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Ienensis]]
[[Categoria:Philosophi Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1714]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1762]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ordo Ionicus</title>
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      <text bytes="2974" sha1="fjba8xoiugqnbojrns5zkgfo0losifp" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Athen Erechtheum BW 2017-10-09 13-47-38.jpg|thumb|[[Erechtheum]] in in septentrionali latere [[Acropolis Athenarum]] situm.]]
[[Fasciculus:Colonne-p1040008.jpg|thumb|Capitella Ionica]]
[[Fasciculus:Ionic.JPG|thumb|Ordo Ionicus]]
'''Ordo Ionicus''' est una e [[Ordines columnarum classici|quinque ordinibus columnarum classicis]]. In [[hierarchia]] ordinum inter [[Ordo Doricus|Doricum]] et [[Ordo Corinthius|Corinthium]]  collocatus est.

Nomen a [[Ionia]] tractum est, quod ordo Ionicus saeculo sexto a.C.n. in coloniis Ioniis Asiae minoris ortus est.
Columna Ionica a [[Ordo Doricus|Dorica]] profecta est, sed varie ab ea differt: Columna non in ipso stylobate, sed in basi posita est. Procerior est et in altum non nisi mediocriter contrahitur, ut „entasis“ quae dicitur minus effecta est. Ea forma cum corpore femineo aequatur&lt;ref&gt;[[Vitruvius]], De Architectura 4,1,7: Item postea Dianae constituere aedem quaerentes novi generis specie, isdem vestigiis ad muliebrem transtulerunt gracilitatem, et fecerunt primum columnae crassitudinem altitudinis octava parte, ut haberet speciem excelsiorem. basi spiram supposuerunt pro calceo, capitulo volutas uti capillamento concrispatos cincinnos praependentes dextra ac sinistra conlocaverunt et cymatiis et encarpis pro crinibus dispositis frontes ornaverunt truncoque toto strias uti stolarum rugas matronali more demiserunt. ita duobus discriminibus columnarum inventionem, unam virili sine ornatu nuda specie, alteram muliebri subtilitate et ornatu symmetriaque sunt mutuati.&lt;/ref&gt; , quam ob rem postea ecclesiae in honorem sanctarum dedicatae saepe columnis Ionicis ornatae sunt&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20200626124759/https://archipendium.com/architekturwissen/architektur-lexikon/ionische-ordnung/ Archipendium]&lt;/ref&gt;. Inter strias quodam intervallo parva plana inter se habent, quorum numerus saepissime viginti quattuor est.
In capitello positum est echinus Dorico gracilior more ovis et pulvinus volutis specie cochlearum ornatus. Epistylium plurimum tribus fasciis divisum,est, supra denticulus esse solet, quo cymatium et corona innituntur.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;


== Bibliographia ==
* Orhan Bingöl: ''Das ionische Normalkapitell in hellenistischer und römischer Zeit in Kleinasien.'' Istanbuler Mitteilungen, 20. Beiheft. 1980.
* Vassilis Lambrinoudakis: ''Beobachtungen zur Genese der ionischen Gebälkformen''. In: Ernst-Ludwig Schwandner (ed.): ''Säule und Gebälk. Zu Struktur und Wandlungsprozeß griechisch-römischer Architektur.'' Bauforschungskolloquium in Berlin vom 16.–18. Juni 1994. Diskussionen zur Archäologischen Bauforschung vol. 6. Zabern, Monaci 1996, p. 55–60, ISBN 978-3-8053-1770-2.
* Wolfgang Müller-Wiener: ''Griechisches Bauwesen in der Antike.'' C. H. Beck, Monaci 1988, ISBN 3-406-32993-4.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Templum]]
* [[Ordines columnarum classici]]

== Weblinks ==
{{CommuniaCat|Ionic order|ordinem Ionicum}}

[[Categoria:Templum (architectura)]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Itea (Phocis)</title>
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      <text bytes="2215" sha1="1cmf2kdp6ewfila0brnltvgt2y171m4" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
'''Itea''' ([[Neograece]]: Ιτέα, &quot;salix&quot;) est urbicula et pristinus [[demus]] [[Phocis (regionalis unitas)|Phocidis]] in [[Graecia]] 5943 incolarum (status: 2010)&lt;ref&gt;Numerus incolarum secundum [http://www.eetaa.gr/kallikratis/nomosxedio/Systash_Dhmwn_Perifereiwn.pdf Libellum Callicratis (2010)], a ministerio rerum domesticarum Graeciae editum.&lt;/ref&gt; ad [[Sinus Corinthius|Sinum Corinthium]] situs. Ab administratione reformata anno [[2011]] (vide: [[Libellus Callicratis]]) pars est [[Delphi (demus)|Delphorum]] demi, cuius est &quot;unitas popularis&quot; (δημοτική ενότητα).&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20170427081550/http://www.kedke.gr/uploads2010/FEKB129211082010_kallikratis.pdf Lex Callicratis] Ministerium rerum domesticarum Graeciae&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lage ==
Itea in septentrionali [[Sinus Corinthius|Sinus Corinthii]] litore et 15 chiliometris a [[Delphi]]s in meridiem versus sita est.
Ab oriente iacet Cirra, portus Delphorum antiquus, quae hodie est pars Iteae.
Itea in fertilem planitiem [[Crisa]]eam diffunditur, cui est Graeciae olivetum maximum fere 500 000 [[olea]]rum.

== Historia ==
Itea anno [[1830]] condita mox portus mediae Graeciae maximi momenti facta est.

Die [[17 Septembris]] anni [[1827]] [[Franciscus Abney Hastings]], amicus Graecorum (&quot;[[Philhellenismus|Philhellen]]&quot;) et praefectus classis Graecae, in propinquo sinu Salonae (i.e. [[Amphissa]]e) navem ducis Turcarum oppressit atque classem eorum maxime minuit. Quae pugna fuit cardo [[Bellum rerum novarum Graecum|Belli rerum novarum Graeci]].

== Cirra ==
Cirra, quae hodie ad Iteam pertinet, iam 3000 annos a.C.n. inhabitata erat. Sanctae Delphorum urbis portus et solus aditus fuit. Cirrae erant munitiones fortes et - secundum [[Pausanias|Pausaniam]] - templa atque statuae immenses. Cirra, ut putatur, terrae motu anni [[740]] deleta est.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111104010631/http://www.aroundparnassos.com/itea-parnassos-delphi.html Situs ad peregrinorum usum confectus]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090304004532/http://www.fokida.gr/en/dim_iteas.html Situs publicus]

[[Categoria:Loci habitati Phocidis]]
[[Categoria:Delphi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Incunabula</title>
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      <text bytes="10090" sha1="156glz2g6bn1775c7kka3va66u3va9y" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Incunabulum.JPG|thumb|[[Liber]] ante [[saeculum 16|saeculum sextum decimum]] [[prelum typographicum|prelo typographico]] factus. Hic [[codex]], anno [[1497]] [[Argentoratum|Argentorati]] a J. R. Grueninger impressus, [[Biblia]] litteris nigris continet. Litterae rubrae in paginis post typographiam manu scriptae sunt.]]

'''Incunabula'''&lt;ref&gt;Proprio sensu incunabula sunt lintea et receptaculum quo infantes reponuntur. Simili modo incunabula typographica ad infantiam librorum spectant.&lt;/ref&gt; sunt [[liber|libri]] qui ab inventa arte [[typographia|typographica]] (circa 1450) usque ad annum [[1500]] exeuntem [[typographia|typis metallicis]] expressi sunt. Haec divisio non tam ad [[codicologia|codicologiam]] vel [[historia]]m librorum spectat (nihil enim libri anni 1500 a libris anni 1501 differunt !), immo potius ad [[mercatus|mercatum]] et collectorum studia quibus libri [[saeculum 15|saeculi quinti decimi]] pretiosiores videntur esse.&lt;ref&gt;Adeo ut antiquorum librorum bibliopolae hodie, postquam incunabula rariora facta sunt, ''postincunabula'' appellent libros tribus primis decenniis sexti decimi saeculi impressos.&lt;/ref&gt; Nihilominus ob hoc ipsum, iam ab [[saeculum 18|octavo decimo saeculo]], incunabula diligentius quam ceteri libri recenseri describique coeperunt: sunt bibliographiae et [[Bibliotheca|bibliothecarum catalogi]] incunabulis dediti.

== De aspectu ==
Prima incunabula codices manuscriptos imitabantur, quam simillima eis ut fierent, adeo ut magnae litterae unicuique libro aut capitulo praepositae saepe post impressionem rubro vel caeruleo pigmento manu pingerentur et textum rubricabant ut incipientes sententias insignirent. Nulla pagina [[Titulus|titulo]] dedicata corpori operis anteponebatur: at quia primum verbum textus ''Incipit'' esse solebat, prima paragraphus ipsa ''[[incipit]]'' dicebatur ubi argumentum operis explicatum invenires; contra nomen typographi, locus et annus quo liber excusus erat in calce operis inscribebantur, in paragrapho ultima cui nomen [[Colophon (litterae)|colophon]] erat. Nonnumquam etiam omnino deerant: tum investigatores historiae librorum periti typis ipsis comparandis (nam magnas varietates praebebant et saepe de novo conflabantur) vel etiam [[Filigranologia|filigranis papiraceis]] illas editiones anonymas alicui officinae typographicae tribuere conantur.
[[Fasciculus:Verteilung der Inkunabeln nach Regionen.png|thumb|Incunabula per regiones Europae distributa.]]
Typorum genera duo praecipua fuere :
* litterae '''Romanae''' vel '''rotundae''' dictae quae ab [[Humanista|humanistis]] adhibebantur quia genus scribendi antiquum fuisse credebant.
* litterae '''[[Litterae gothicae|Gothicae]]''' vel '''semigothicae''' dictae in Europa septentrionali maxime usitatae et quae scriptis medii aevi et linguis vernaculis peridonea videbantur. Vulgatissimae enim sunt in manuscriptis tertii, quarti quintique decimi saeculi.

Praeterea quo fidelius manuscripta imitarentur, primi typographi non tantum litteras metallicas separatas conflabant sed etiam [[Ligatura|litteras ligatas]] vel variis signis diacriticis instructas plerumque [[Abbreviatio|abbreviaturas]] adnotantibus.

Primus liber xylographiis illustratus ''Edelstein'' Germanice inscriptus ('Gemma') [[Bamberga]]e ex officina typographi Alberti Pfister circa annum 1461 in lucem prodiit. Iam a quarto decimo saeculo imagines xylographice expressae divulgabantur: tum vero simul cum textu typis metallicis scripto quem illustrabant, ex eadem forma, foliis imprimi coeperunt. Quod genus librorum illustratorum brevi tempore per omnem Europam in usu fuit. Illustrissima sunt ob multitudinem egregiamque artem imaginum ligno incisarum [[Liber chronicarum (Schedel)|Liber chronicarum]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Norimberga]]e, 1493.&lt;/ref&gt; et [[Hypnerotomachia Poliphili]],&lt;ref&gt;[[Venetiae|Venetiis]], apud [[Aldus Manutius|Aldum Manutium]], 1499.&lt;/ref&gt; item editiones illustratae fabularum [[Publius Terentius Afer|Publii Terentii]] [[Lugdunum|Lugduni]] a Iohanne Trechselio (1493)&lt;ref&gt;[http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k53187w/f4.image Gallica]&lt;/ref&gt; et [[Argentoratum|Argentorati]] a Iohanne Grueninger (1496) publicatae.

Ita paulatim incunabula ab imitatione manuscriptorum codicum discedebant et proprietates sui generis adsumebant, e quibus similiora libris saeculorum posteriorum fiebant. Quinto decimo saeculo exeunte prima pagina titulo dicata frequentior fit atque etiam imagine ligno incisa ornari solet, raro tamen adhuc locum officinae typographicae indicat. Folia (nondum paginae!) numeris Romanis a typographis numerari solebant. Postremo ultimis annis magnae litterae quae initium capitulorum denotant ligno incidi atque simul cum textu imprimi coeptae sunt: ita typographi vacuum locum pictoribus destinatum relinquere non iam cogebantur. Revera illa loca saepe usque ad memoriam nostram alba remanserunt quia pictores omnibus exemplaribus operam dare non poterant.

== De disseminatione geographica ==
[[Fasciculus:Druckorte Inkunabeln.svg|thumb|Loca ubi incunabula impressa sunt.]]
Si Biblia [[Iohannes Gutenberg|Gutenbergiana]] dicta, quem nisi primum saltem unum e primis libris typographicis constat fuisse, [[Moguntiacum|Moguntiaci]] ante 1455 excusa est, paucis annis ars noviter inventa e Moguntiaco in multas urbes Germanas propter [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] ([[Argentoratum]], [[Colonia Agrippina|Coloniam]], [[Basilea]]m...) et ad meridiem versus sitas ([[Bamberga]]m, [[Norimberga]]m, [[Augusta Vindelicorum|Augustam Vindelicorum]]) disseminabatur. Mox typographi Germani Alpes quoque transierunt atque artem typographicam in Italiam introduxerunt ([[Roma]]m&lt;ref&gt;[[Sublacum|Subiaci]] ubi duo typographi Germani Sweynheim et Pannartz multas [[Editio princeps|editiones principes]] auctorum Latinorum antiquorum dederunt.&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Venetiae|Venetias]], [[Mediolanum]], ...), quae brevi tempore aemulatrix Germaniae facta est. Postea etiam in Franciam, [[Lutetia]]m (1470) et [[Lugdunum]] (1473) etc., in [[Belgica]]m et Bataviam ([[Lovanium]], [[Guda]]m, [[Antverpia]]m...), postremo in Hispaniam ([[Salmantica (Hispania)|Salmanticam]], [[Hispalis|Hispalem]]...) et Angliam ([[Westminster]], [[Oxonia]]m). Incunabula nonnumquam etiam in parvis oppidis excusa sunt, quia multae officinae tunc temporis itinerariae erant. Tribus decenniis igitur ars typographica toti Europae nota fuit.

Numerus editionum incunabularum hodie circa 30&amp;thinsp;000 aestimatur, exemplaria per editionem inter centum et quingenta (quorum maxima pars hodie deperdita est). At si editiones nobis servatas per urbem dinumeres primum locum obtinet [[Venetiae]] (12%), secundum [[Lutetia Parisiorum]] (10%), tertium Roma (7%), quartum [[Colonia Agrippina|Colonia]] (5,5%), quintum [[Lugdunum]] (5%), sextum [[Lipsia]] (5%), septimum [[Augusta Vindelicorum]] (4,5%), octavum [[Argentoratum]] (4%).&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110312185857/http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/istc/index.html Incunable short title catalogue]&lt;/ref&gt;

== De linguis ==
[[Fasciculus:Incunabula distribution by language.png|thumb|Editiones incunabulae per linguam discriptae.]]
Quod si editiones incunabulas per linguam discribas, longe antecedere linguam Latinam invenies (70%): sequuntur linguae Germanica (11%), Italiana (8%), Francogallica (6%). Contra, libri et typi Graeci et [[Hebraice|Hebraici]] adhuc rari sunt.

== Recensiones ==
[[Fasciculus:Pfister.faks.1.jpg|thumb|Pagina xylographice illustrata ex ''Edelstein'' Ulrici Boner. (Bambergae, 1461).]]
* [[Ludovicus Hain]], ''Repertorium bibliographicum: in quo libri omnes ab arte typographica inventa usque ad annum MD typis expressi ordine alphabetico vel simpliciter enumerantur vel adcuratius recensentur opera Ludovici Hain'', Stuttgartiae: J. G. Cottae ; Parisiorum: J. Renouard, 1826-1838 (quatuor volumina). [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k4854b/f5.image.r=Repertorium+bibliographicum,+in+quo+libri+omnes+ab+arte+typographica+inventa+usque+ad+annum+.langFR Reeditum Berolini anno 1925] 
* W.A. Copinger, ''Supplement to Hain's Repertorium Bibliographicum, or collection towards a new edition of that work: In two parts: The First containing nearly 7000 corrections of and additions to the collations of works described or mentioned by Hain. The second a list with numerous collations and bibliographical particulars of nearly 6000 volumes printed in the fifteenth century not referred to by Hain'', Londini, 1895-1902 (duo volumina) [https://archive.org/details/supplementtohai00copigoog]
* ''Gesamtkatalog der Wiegendrucke'' / herausgegeben von der Deutschen Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, Stuttgartiae : A. Hiersemann, 1925- (hucusque non ultra litteram H progressus est). [http://www.gesamtkatalogderwiegendrucke.de/ Datorum thesaurus interretialis]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Bibliographia==
* Dominicus Coq, 'Les incunables: textes anciens, textes nouveaux' in ''Histoire de l'édition française'' (cur. H.I. Marin et Rutgero Chartier) I : ''le Livre conquérant : du Moyen âge au milieu du XVIIe siècle'', Promodis, 1983 : 177-193. 
* Lucianus Febvre et Henricus Iohannes Martin, ''L'apparition du livre'', Parisiis, Albin Michel, 1958. [http://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_1963_num_41_4_2496_t1_1287_0000_3?q=febvre%20martin%20apparition Recensio critica]
* Conradus Haebler, ''Handbuch der Inkunabelkunde'', [[Stuttgardia|Stuttgartiae]] : A.Hiersemann, 1966 (secunda editio).
** ''Typenrepertorium der wiegendrucke'', [[Salinae Saxonicae|Salinis Saxonicis]], 1905-1924 (5 vol.).
* Wytze et Lotte Hellinga, ''The fifteenth-century printing types of the Low Countries'', [[Amstelodamum|Amstelodami]] : M. Hertzberger, 1966. 
*Labarre, Albertus. [[1983]]. Les incunables: la présentation du livre. ''Histoire de l'édition française,'' ed. H. I. Marin et Rutgero Chartier, I: ''le Livre conquérant: du Moyen âge au milieu du XVIIe siècle'' 194-215. Promodis. 
* Sansy, Daniela. [[1992]]. [http://www.persee.fr/doc/medi_0751-2708_1992_num_11_22_1239 Texte et image dans les incunables français]. ''Médiévales'' 11(22): 47-70.

[[Categoria:Codices]]
[[Categoria:Historia linguisticae]]
[[Categoria:Libri]]</text>
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    <title>Aes grave</title>
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      <text bytes="6807" sha1="lzcjgf6onox939gxxgmjjsdyy5x9oqm" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Aes grave C des M.jpg|thumb|right|Caput dei [[Ianus|Iani]] in asse gravi.]]'''Aes grave''' est genus rei [[numismatica|nummariae]] aeneae a Romanis et gentibus Italicis mediam Italiam incolentibus inter annos circiter 290/280 et 217/[[215 a.C.n.]] usurpatum. Insigne erat magno pondere nummorum : nam [[As|asses]] ad [[Libra pondus|librae pondus]] exigebantur et secundum civitates et tempora inter 240 et 340 gr. pendebant. Itaque in formam flabantur, non malleolo cudebantur. Aliquid tamen a re monetaria Graeca iam mutuati erant id est rotunditatem formae : nummi enim in aere gravi speciem disci praebebant, cum antea Romani et Etrusci gravibus massis metallicis rectis angulis usi essent ([[aes signatum]]).

Numismatistae veteres rem nummariam aeneam Romanorum, antequam  similibus  Graecorum nummis uterentur, in tria tempora vel potius genera diviserunt : [[aes rude]], [[aes signatum]] et aes grave. Haec divisio, velut tralaticia, adhuc in usu est.
==De nummis==
Altera novitas in aere gravi fuit valor in unoquoque nummo per notam indicatus. Non enim  asses tantum flabantur sed etiam divisiones assis usque ad [[Uncia (pondus et nummus)|unciam]], nonnumquam ad [[Semuncia|semunciam]]. Nota [[As|assis]] consistebat in virga recta &quot;I&quot; ut unum, nota [[semis|semissis]] in littera &quot;S&quot; sive recta sive iacens sive etiam inversa. In minoribus nummis tot globuli inveniuntur quot [[Uncia (pondus et nummus)|uncias]] valebant et pendebant : quinque in [[Quincunx|quincunce]], quatuor in [[Triens (nummus)|triente]], tres in [[Quadrans|quadrante]] vel terruncio, duo in [[Sextans (nummus)|sextante]], unus in [[Uncia (pondus et nummus)|uncia]].

===Promptuarium===
&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:Vecchi 051 - transparent background.PNG|[[As]] post 240 a.C.n. : [[Ianus]]/Prora.
Image:Vecchi 009.jpg|[[Semis]] circa 270 a.C.n. : [[Pegasus (mythologia)|Pegasus]], S inversa.

Image:Vecchi 281.jpg|[[Quincunx]] post 220 a.C.n. : Crux.
Image:Vecchi 003.jpg|[[Triens (nummus)|Triens]]  240/235 a.C.n. : Fulmen/Delphinus.
Image:Aes Grave Quadrans3.jpg|[[Quadrans]] : Manus et clava.
Image:Vecchi 005.jpg|[[Sextans (nummus)|Sextans]] : Testa/Caduceus.
Image:Vecchi 013.jpg|[[Uncia (pondus et nummus)|Uncia]] : Granum hordei.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==De re nummaria illius temporis==
Eodem tempore quo Italici   aere gravi inter se media Italia utebantur, varios nummos argenteos aeneosque ad [[drachma|drachmam]] vel alias mensuras Graecas exactos percutiebant Romani, primum '''ROMANO''' ac deinde '''ROMA''' inscriptos. His nummis necnon nummis in Italia meridionali a civitatibus Graecis percussis utebantur in commercio cum nationibus exteris. Ita velut duae res nummariae fuerunt iuxta positae quae ad diversas regiones geographicas destinabantur. Hac divisione per plus quam sexaginta annos contenti Romani vixerunt : fortasse aes grave etiam diutius durasset nisi [[Hannibal]] et [[Secundum Bellum Punicum|bellum Punicum secundum]] omnia  in Italia turbassent.

== Plura legere si cupis ==
* Burnett Andrew [[1988]], ''La Numismatique romaine'', Parisiis, Errance. ISBN 2-903442-69-X.
* Ernestus Haeberlin: ''Die Systematik des ältesten Römischen Münzwesen''. Berolini. &quot;Münzblätter&quot;, 1905 [https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Seite:Die_Systematik_des_%C3%A4ltesten_R%C3%B6mischen_M%C3%BCnzwesen.djvu/1 Textus apud Vicifontem] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/ahess_0003-441x_1931_num_3_10_1418_t1_0309_0000_4 Recensio critica]
** ''[https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/haeberlin1910text/0009/image,info Aes Grave, Das Schwergeld Roms und Mittelitaliens einschließlich der ihm vorausgehenden Rohbronzewährung]'', [[Salinae Saxonicae|Salinis Saxonicis]] 1910 [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k880368k Idem apud Gallica]
*Alessandro Maria Jaia et Maria Cristina Molinari, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/42667228 Two Deposits of Aes Grave from the Sanctuary of Sol Indiges (Torvaianica/Rome): the Dating and Function of the Roman Libral Series]&quot;, ''The Numismatic Chronicle'', 2011ː 87-97 
*Pierre Lévêque, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1980_act_37_2_1188 La Genèse et les premières réductions du monnayage romain]&quot; in ''Les « dévaluations » à Rome. Epoque républicaine et impériale. Volume 2. Actes du Colloque de Gdansk (19-21 octobre 1978)'', 1980ː 3-30
*H. Mattingly, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/297279 The First Age of Roman Coinage]&quot;, ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1945ː 65-77
**&quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/42663273 &quot;Aes&quot; and &quot;Pecunia&quot; records of roman currency down to 269 B.C.]&quot;, ''The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Royal Numismatic Society'', 1943ː 21-39 
*Maria Cristina Molinari, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/26417132 Gli esemplari di &quot;aes signatum&quot; e aes grave della collezione del Medagliere Capitolino]&quot;, ''Bullettino della Commissione Archeologica Comunale di Roma'', 2010ː 15-54 
**&quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44515967 Un ripostiglio di &quot;aes grave&quot; proveniente dai «Colli Vaticani» (Roma)]&quot;, ''Bullettino della Commissione Archeologica Comunale di Roma'', 2004ː 115-122
* Rainer Albert, ''Die Münzen der römischen Republik'', 2003.
* Sydenham, Eduardus A., ''Aes Grave A Study of the Cast Coinages of Rome and Central Italy''. Londini, Spink, 1926
**&quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/42664051 The aes grave]&quot;, ''The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Royal Numismatic Society'', 1925ː 53-77
* Rudi Thomsen, ''Early Roman Coinage'' (1957, 1961). [https://www.persee.fr/doc/numi_0484-8942_1962_num_6_4_1740_t1_0321_0000_2 Recensio critica]
**	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1978_act_37_1_1094 From libral « Aes Grave » to uncial « Aes » reduction. The Literary tradition and the numismatic evidence]&quot;, in ''Publications de l'École Française de Rome'', 1978(37-1)ː 9-30
* Italo Vecchi, ''Italian Cast Coinage''. A descriptive catalogue of the cast coinage of Rome and Italy. London Ancient Coins,  2013. ISBN 978-0-9575784-0-1 [https://www.academia.edu/27956622/I_Vecchi_Italian_cast_coinage_A_descriptive_catalogue_of_the_cast_bronze_coinage_and_its_struck_counterparts_in_ancient_Italy_from_the_7_th_to_3_rd_centuries_BC_London_Ancient_Coins_Ltd_ed_London_2013_pp_84_tavv_90_ISBN_978_0_9575784_0_1 Recensio critica]
* Zehnacker, Hubert (1973). ''Moneta : recherches sur l'organisation et l'art des émissions monétaires de la République romaine (289-31 av. J.-C.)''. - Romae : École française de Rome ; Paris : diffusion de Boccard, 1973.
** Vide etiam eiusdem auctoris commentarium ad editionem Plinianam libri XXXIII, Parisiis, Les Belles Lettres, 1983.

{{NexInt}}
*  [[Aes signatum]] - [[As]] - [[Didrachma Romana]] - [[Quadrans]] - [[Quincunx]] - [[Semis]] - [[Semuncia]] - [[Sestertius]] - [[Sextans (nummus)]] - [[Triens (nummus)]] - [[Uncia (pondus et nummus)|Uncia]]


[[Categoria:Nummi Romae antiquae]]</text>
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      <text bytes="6547" sha1="md5uwc8p6g9adgpm0dgwmaqkq0tpevi" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Aes Signatum C des M.jpg|thumb|300px|Aes signatum : Bos (pecunia ?). Longitudo 15cm. Pondus: 1,4kg. Hodie in [[Nummotheca Parisiensis|Nummotheca Parisiensi]], tempore [[Ludovicus XIV|Ludovici XIV]] in bibliotheca Sanctae Genovefae servabatur.]]
'''Aes signatum''' est genus [[moneta (pecunia)|monetae]] (vel potius instar monetae) [[Aes (mixtura)|aeneae]] a [[Roma antiqua|Romanis]] et gentibus [[Italia|Italicis]] mediam Italiam incolentibus usque ad medium [[Saeculum 3 a.C.n.|tertium saeculum a.C.n.]] usurpatum.

==De aere signato Romano==
Aes signatum Romanum, [[saeculum 4 a.C.n.|saeculo quarto a.C.n.]] exeunte vel prima parte [[saeculum 3 a.C.n.|saeculi tertii a.C.n.]], in [[rectangulum|rectangulis]] [[aes (mixtura)|aeneis]] consistebat, a [[Respublica Romana|Republica]] flatis et variis figuris ([[bos|bove]], [[sus|sue]], [[Elephantidae|elephante]], [[fulmen|fulmine]], [[gladius|gladio]], et vagina, etc.) signatis atque etiam nonnumquam ''ROMANOM'' inscriptis. Hae tabulae quadratae erant ex aere paene puro ([[cuprum|cupro]] [[stannum|stanno]] mixto, cum parva portione [[Zincum|zinci]]) et circiter [[quinque]] [[libra (pondus)|libras]] Romanas pendere solebant (= 1,5/1,6 kg.) unde numismatistae putant tempore [[Aes grave|aeris gravis]] quinque [[As|asses]] valuisse (= quincussis). Nulla valoris nota aeri signato imponebatur et nonnumquam secabantur ad minores summas solvendas.

Praesentia elephanti, quia hoc [[animal]] ante bellum [[Tarentum|Tarentinum]] cum [[Rex|Rege]] [[Pyrrhus Epirotes|Pyrrho]] Romanis ignotum erat, testimonio est etiam circa annum [[275 a.C.n.]] conflari aes signatum. Non statim ergo postquam [[aes grave]] apparuit, tabulae quadratae flari desierunt, sed ambae  res nummariae simul in usu per aliquod tempus fuerunt.

==De aere signato archaeo==
[[Fasciculus:Lingotto Bitalemi.JPG|thumb|Fragmenta aeris votiva. Quod proxime ponitur signum 'rami sicci' praebet.]]
Antea alia species aeris signati fuerat, apud [[Etrusci|Etruscos]] iam [[saeculum 6 a.C.n.|saeculo sexto a.C.n.]] nota: at illae tabulae quadratae erant et mixtura [[metallum|metallica]] incerta (saepe nimiam quantitatem [[Ferrum|ferri]] continebant) et pondere vario ita ut eas pendere oporteret quotienscumque aliquid emere  volebant (unde fortasse originem trahit formula iuris &quot;per aes et libram&quot;): itaque raro integrae inveniuntur, quippe quae secabantur in partes ad summam debitam iusto pondere aeris compensandam. Hoc aes signatum vulgo ''ramo secco'' Italiane appellatur, quia velut ramo nudo et tripertito diviso signabatur. ''Ramo secco'' quasi medium locum inter [[aes rude]] et aes signatum tertii saeculi a.C.n. obtinet.

Non absurdum  est igitur quod [[Plinius Maior]] scripsit &quot;Rex Servius primus signavit aes&quot;&lt;ref&gt;HN XXXIII,13.&lt;/ref&gt; : nam [[Servius Tullius]] rex [[Etrusci|Etruscus]] fuisse traditur. Quod vero nota pecudum signavit aes.&lt;ref&gt;Sic [[Varro Reatinus|Varro]] ''Res Rusticae'' II,1,9 et 11 : &quot;aes antiquissimum quod est flatum pecore est notatum.&quot; [[Plinius Maior]] XVIII,3, 11 et 12 : &quot;Servius rex ovium boumque effigie primum aes signavit.&quot; Cf [[Plutarchus]], ''Vita Poplicolae'', XI,6.&lt;/ref&gt; (unde verbum  [[pecunia]] originem suam duxisset) dubium est : nam aes pecude signatum multo recentius videtur.

Incommodum quidem tale genus monetae erat et [[Titus Livius]] velut meminisse illius temporis videtur cum scribit : &quot;et quia nondum argentum signatum erat, aes grave plaustris quidam ad aerarium convehentes speciosam etiam conlationem faciebant.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;IV,60.&lt;/ref&gt; Qua de causa nonnulli numismatistae moderni non  putant aes signatum  ad cotidianas mercaturas creatum esse sed ad thesauros colligendos qui divitias ostenderent.

==De improprietate appellationis==
Iamdiu primordia rei nummariae Romanae a numismatistis in tria tempora divisa sunt : aes rude, aes signatum, aes grave. Sed locutio ''aes signatum'' male rem definit : omnes nummi enim signati sunt et vas figuris ornatum signatum dici potest. Nihilominus, velut translaticia appellatio, haec locutio adhuc in usu est. Intelligere debes : initia aeris signati, quia antea non signatum erat.

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
==Fontes==
===Antiqui===
*[[Plinius maior|Plinius Maior]], libro XXXIII [[Naturalis historia (Plinius)|Historiae naturalis]], capitulo 13.
===Hodierni===
* Burnett, Andrew. [[1988]]. ''La Numismatique romaine'', Parisiis, Errance. ISBN 2-903442-69-X.
* Ernestus Haeberlin: ''Die Systematik des ältesten Römischen Münzwesen''. Berolini. &quot;Münzblätter&quot;, 1905 [https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Seite:Die_Systematik_des_%C3%A4ltesten_R%C3%B6mischen_M%C3%BCnzwesen.djvu/1 Textus apud Vicifontem] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/ahess_0003-441x_1931_num_3_10_1418_t1_0309_0000_4 Recensio critica]
** ''[https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/haeberlin1910text/0009/image,info Aes Grave, Das Schwergeld Roms und Mittelitaliens einschließlich der ihm vorausgehenden Rohbronzewährung]'', [[Salinae Saxonicae|Salinis Saxonicis]] 1910 [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k880368k Idem apud Gallica]
*H. Mattingly, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/297279 The First Age of Roman Coinage]&quot;, ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1945ː 65-77
**&quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/42663273 &quot;Aes&quot; and &quot;Pecunia&quot; records of roman currency down to 269 B.C.]&quot;, ''The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Royal Numismatic Society'', 1943ː 21-39 
*Maria Cristina Molinari, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/26417132 Gli esemplari di &quot;aes signatum&quot; e aes grave della collezione del Medagliere Capitolino]&quot;, ''Bullettino della Commissione Archeologica Comunale di Roma'', 2010ː 15-54 
*  Sydenham, Eduardus A. [[1926]]. ''Aes Grave A Study of the Cast Coinages of Rome and Central Italy.'' Londinii: Spink.
* Thomsen, Rudi. [[1957]], [[1961]]. ''Early Roman Coinage.''
* Thurlow, Bradbury K., et Italo G. Vecchi. [[1979]]. ''Italian Cast Coinage: Italian Aes Grave &amp; Italian Aes Rude, Signatum and the Aes Grave of Sicily.'' Londinii: Vecchi &amp; Sons.
* Italo Vecchi, ''Italian Cast Coinage''. A descriptive catalogue of the cast coinage of Rome and Italy. London Ancient Coins,  2013. ISBN 978-0-9575784-0-1 [https://www.academia.edu/27956622/I_Vecchi_Italian_cast_coinage_A_descriptive_catalogue_of_the_cast_bronze_coinage_and_its_struck_counterparts_in_ancient_Italy_from_the_7_th_to_3_rd_centuries_BC_London_Ancient_Coins_Ltd_ed_London_2013_pp_84_tavv_90_ISBN_978_0_9575784_0_1 Recensio critica]

{{NexInt}}
*[[Aes grave]]
*[[Aes rude]]

[[Categoria:Monetae]]
[[Categoria:Nummi Romae antiquae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Paroecia (Paros)</title>
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      <text bytes="2504" sha1="mvr0dtz66soi0l0dl5sl1bllb7odbvk" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
'''Paroecia''' ([[Neograece]] Παροικιά sive Παρκιά) est caput et portus principalis insulae [[Paros|Pari]]. Inter locos [[Cyclades|Cycladicos]] numeratur, qui speciem harum insularum propriam (vici angusti silice strati, ecclesiae antiquae, parvae tabernae, domus caeruleae ac candidae) maxime praebent.

Hodie Paroecia (sicut et [[Nausa (Paros)|Nausa]] in insula septentrionali sita) ad locos insulae frequentissimos pertinet, cum tabernae cafeariae et cauponae secundum litus collocatae multos periegeticos attrahant. Praeterea Paroecia propter vividas oblectationes nocturnas nota est.

Vico in insula occidentali sito sunt fere 4500 incolae permanentes (secundum censum anni 2001: 4522).

== Historia ==
* Paroecia a temporibus antiquis repetit, ut monumenta per vicum dispersa demonstrant. Portus erat nervus rerum et Parum potentem fecit.
* [[Manto Maurogenus]] (Μαντώ Μαυρογένους), femina fortissima [[Bellum rerum novarum Graecum|belli rerum novarum Graeci]] (1821–29), quae [[Tergeste|Tergesti]] nata erat, Paroeciae mortua est. Statua in vico collocata eam commemorat.

== Visu digna ==
[[Fasciculus:EKPYL 2881.jpg|thumb|left|Ecclesia [[Panagia Hecatontapyliane|Panagiae Hecatontapylianae]].]]
* Notissimum Paroeciae monumentum est ecclesia [[Panagia Hecatontapyliane|Panagiae Hecatontapylianae]], cuius nomen Latine versum &quot;Sancta Maria centum portarum&quot; valet. Aedificia ecclesiastica saeculo sexto [[Iustinianus I|Iustiniano I]] imperatore loco antiqui [[Gymnasium (Graecia antiqua)|gymnasii]] et ecclesiae palaeochristianae (ab anno [[326]] repetens, ut traditur), erecta sunt. Ibi multa opera tectoria visuntur, praeterea Museo Ecclesiastico Paroeciae tectum praebet.
* Prope Paroeciam plura monasteria visu digna inveniuntur.
* Media in Paroecia magistratus publici aedificiis Neoclassicis utuntur.
* Notissimae sunt molae vento agitatae in portu et in castro [[Respublica Veneta|Veneto]] collocatae a saeculo decimo septimo repetentes.
* Muri [[castrum|castri]] reliquiis templorum antiquorum aedificati sunt.

== Nexus externi ==
{{Vicivia|Paroecia Pari}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070317185058/http://www.paros.gr/default.asp?catid=4873 Situs demi Pari publicus]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120305073536/http://www.parosweb.com/ Parosweb]

{{wide image|Paros Panorama.png|800px|Aspectus sinus Paroeciae panoramicus.}}

[[Categoria:Loci habitati Aegaei Australis]]
[[Categoria:Paros]]
[[Categoria:Portus maris Aegaei]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ordan-Larroque</title>
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      <text bytes="702" sha1="32375uil5uznnp7e4q6owxw9uki7img" xml:space="preserve">''' Ordan-Larroque''' ([[Gasconice]] ''Ordan e La Ròca '') est commune 893 incolarum (anno [[2008]]) [[Francia]]e [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Aegirtius (praefectura Franciae)|Aegirtii]] in regione [[Meridianum et Pyrenaeus|Meridiano et Pyrenaeo]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Aegirtii|Indicem communium praefecturae Aegirtii]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Ordan-Larroque|Ordan-Larroque}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150402154218/http://www.ordan-larroque.fr/ Ordan-Larroque pagina interretialis]
* {{INSEE commune|32301|de=Ordan-Larroque}}
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Aegircii]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Aegircii]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Maximus Planudes</title>
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'''Maximus Planudes''' ([[Graece]]: ''Μάξιμος Πλανούδης'', natus circa annum [[1260]] [[Nicomedia]]e [[Bithynia]]e; mortuus anno [[1330]] [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]]) fuit [[grammaticus]] ac [[theologus]] [[Imperium Romanum Orientale|Imperii byzantini]], qui imperatoribus [[Michael VIII Palaeologus|Michaele VIII]] et [[Andronicus II Palaeologus|Andronico II]] floruit. Maximam vitae partem [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] egit, ubi [[monachus]] litteris ac doctrinae incubuit. Et ''[[Anthologia Graeca|Anthologiam Planudeam]]'' recensuit. Multa opera Latine Graece vertit, [[Cicero]]nis et [[Boethius|Boethii]] et [[Ovidius|Ovidii]].

== Editiones ==
; Versiones Planudis 
* Annamaria Pavano (Ed.): ''Maximus Planudes: M. Tulli Ciceronis Somnium Scipionis in Graecum translatum''. Romae 1992
* Anastasios Ch. Megas (Ed.): ''Macrobii commentariorum in &quot;Somnium Scipionis&quot; libri duo in linguam Graecam translati''. Thessalonicae 1995
* Manolis Papathomopoulos (Ed.): ''Anicii Manlii Severini Boethii De consolatione philosophiae. Traduction grecque de Maxime Planude''. The Academy of Athens, Athenis 1999, ISBN 2-7116-8333-8 (Ed. critica)
; Alia opera
* J. F. Boissonade (Ed.): ''Anecdota Graeca'', 6 Vol., 1829-1844, denuo typis mandata 1962
* Carolus Immanuel Gerhardt (Ed): ''Maximus Planudes: Das Rechenbuch. Nach den Handschriften der kaiserlichen Bibliothek zu Paris''. H. W. Schmidt, [[Salinae Saxonicae|Salinis Saxonicis]] 1865
* Iacobus Paulus Migne (Ed.): ''Patrologiae cursus completus'', ''[[Patrologia Graeca|Series Graeca]]'', Vol. 147, 1865 (scripta theologica)
* Max Treu (Ed.): ''Maximi monachi Planudis epistulae''. Gutsmann, Vratislaviae 1890

== Bibliographia ==
* Carl Wendel: Planudes, Maximos. In: [[Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft]] (RE). Vol. XX,2, Stuttgardiae 1950, Col. 2202–2253.
* Maximos Planudes. In: [[Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon]] (BBKL).
* Nóra Fodor: ''Die Übersetzungen lateinischer Autoren durch M. Planudes''. Dissertatio, Heidelbergae 2004, [http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/volltexte/2008/8700/pdf/okkonyv_net.pdf in interrete] (PDF)

==Nexus externi==
{{fontes biographici}}
* [https://books.google.ru/books?id=ZktcAAAAcAAJ Metamorphoseon Libri XV Graece Versi A Maximo Planude... Parisiis 1822]

{{bio-stipula}}
[[Categoria:Theologi]]
[[Categoria:Philologi]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Imperii Byzantini]]
[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 13]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1330]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Latino-Graeci]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Levaré</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157976</id>
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      <text bytes="575" sha1="8x444e3olnab4hlqahc64n1yk1znsu6" xml:space="preserve">''' Levaré''' est commune 309 incolarum (anno [[2009]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Meduana (praefectura Franciae)|Meduanae]] in [[Francia]]e regione [[Pagi Ligeris (regio Franciae)|Pagis Ligeris]].

{{NexInt}}

* [[Index communium praefecturae Meduanae]]

== Nexus externi ==

{{CommuniaCat|Levaré|Levaré}}
* {{INSEE commune|53132|de=Levaré}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130406041943/http://levare.fr/ Levaré pagina interretialis]
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Meduanae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Meduanae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tysvær</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="421" sha1="8qqu2hrigj9jrdg7h5gindjzppihfjp" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus: NO 1146 Tysvær.svg|thumb|Ubi commune Tysvær in Rogaland situm est]]
[[Fasciculus:Tysvær rådhus, 2026.jpg|thumb|left|Tysvær: vici conciliabulum]]
''' Tysvær''' est [[Norvegia]]e commune 10320 incolarum (anno [[2012]]) in provincia [[Rogaland]].
== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Tysvær}}
* [http://www.tysver.kommune.no/ Tysvær pagina interretialis]

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia Norvegiae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Elephas pumilio</title>
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      <text bytes="5362" sha1="9yvmsp9ff6ba038xnyezoliip5bvzd2" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Borneo-elephant-PLoS Biology.jpg|thumb|Elephas pumilio in insula [[Borneum|Borneo]] vivens (''Elephas maximus borneensis'')]]
[[Fasciculus:Cretanelephant-petermaas.jpg|thumb|Ossa elephantis pumilionis ex insula [[Creta]] oriunda (''Mammuthus creticus'')]]
'''Elephas pumilio'''&lt;ref&gt;Appellatio sequitur Noack, qui anno 1906 speciem &quot;Loxodonta pumilio&quot; postulavit, vide infra.&lt;/ref&gt; plures [[elephas|elephantorum]] species humili statura denotat, quae quidem nunc maxima ex parte exstinctae [[Aevum glaciale|aevo glaciali]] variis in insulis progressae sunt. Reductio magnitudinis, quae etiam in aliis [[Mammalia|mammaliis]] (ut puta in [[Hippopotamus|hippopotamo]]) observatur, aptatio ad minorem in insula ambitum, cibum tenuiorem et [[Carnivora (mammalia)|carnivorum]] absentiam esse videtur. 

== Elephantes insulares Europaei exstincti ==
In nonnullis insulis [[Mare Mediterraneum|Maris Mediterranei]] [[Pleistocaenum|Pleistocaeno]] formae pumiliones vixerunt, quae maxima ex parte ex [[Elephas antiquus|Elephante antiquo]] ortae sunt. Praeterea sunt species, quamvis rarius, quae a ''[[Mammuthus|Mammutho]]'' repetunt.

*[[Elephas falconeri]] (sive ''elephas pumilio Siculus''), ex quo ''elephas mnaidriensis'' (sive ''elephas melitensis'') progressus est.&lt;ref&gt;Maria Rita Palombo: ''Elephants in miniature.'' In: Harald Meller (ed.): ''Elefantenreich – Eine Fossilwelt in Europa.'' [[Salinae Saxonicae|Salinis Saxonicis]], 2010, p. 275–295&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Lucia Caloi, Tassos Kotsakis / Maria Rita Palombo / Carmelio Petronio: ''The Pleistocene dwarf elephants of Mediterranean islands.'' In: Jeheskel Shoshani und Pascal Tassy (ed.): ''The Proboscidea. Evolution and palaeoecology of the Elephants and their relatives.'' Oxoniae, Novi Eboraci, Tokii, 1996, p. 234-239&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Elephas tiliensis]] in insula [[Telos|Telo]] vixit, species propinquae aliis in insulis [[Aegaeum mare|Aegaei maris]].&lt;ref&gt;G. E. Theodorou: ''Die fossilen Zwergelefanten der Höhle „Charkadio“ auf der Insel Tilos'', Athenis 1983 (= Dissertatio).&lt;/ref&gt; Utrum in picturis muralibus [[Aegyptus antiqua|Aegypti antiquae]] tales elephantes pumiliones depicti sint, disputatur.&lt;ref&gt;Baruch Rosen: „Mammoths in ancient Egypt?“, in: ''Nature'' 369, 1994, p. 364-365.&lt;/ref&gt; Ossa capitis elephantum pumilionum forsitan ad [[Cyclopes|Cyclopum]] fabulam nascendam contulerunt, quod elephantes media in fronte unam narem habent, quae perperam oculus interpretari potest.&lt;ref&gt;Hans Dietrich Kahlke: ''Das Eiszeitalter.'' Lipsiae et al. 1981&lt;/ref&gt; 
*[[Elephas cypriotes]]
*[[Mammuthus lamarmorai]] [[Sardinia]]e.&lt;ref&gt;R. Melis / Maria Rita Palombo / M. Mussi: ''Mammuthus lamarmorae (Major, 1883) remains in the pre-Tyrrhenian deposits of San Giovanni in Sinis (Western Sardinia, Italy).'' In: G. Cavarretta et al. (ed.): ''The World of Elephants – International Congress. Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche.'' Romae, 2001, p. 481–485&lt;/ref&gt; 
*[[Mammuthus creticus]], quae est species minima nota.&lt;ref&gt;Victoria L. Herridge / Adrian M. Lister: ''Extreme insular dwarfism evolved in a mammoth.'' Proceedings of  the Royal Society series B 2012 doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.0671&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aliae species exstinctae == 
*[[Mammuthus primigenius]] in [[Oceanus Arcticus|Oceano arctico]].&lt;ref&gt;Adrian M. Lister: ''Mammoths in miniature.'' Nature 362, 1993, S. 288-289&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;J. M. Enk, D. R. Yesner, K. J. Crossen, D. W. Veltre und D. H. O’Rourke: '' Phylogeographic Analysis of the mid-Holocene Mammoth from Qagnax Cave, St. Paul Island, Alaska.'' Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 273 (1-2), 2009, p. 184-190&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Mammuthus exilis]] in insulis ante litus [[California]]e meridianae sitis.&lt;ref&gt;V. Louise Roth: ''Pleistocene dwarf elephants from the California Islands.'' In: Jeheskel Shoshani und Pascal Tassy (ed.): ''The Proboscidea. Evolution and palaeoecology of the Elephants and their relatives.'' Oxoniae et al. 1996, p. 249–253&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Elephas celebensis]] in [[Celebis|Celebi]]

== Species recentes ==
*Elephas pumilio nomine ''Elephas maximus borneensis'', qui in insula [[Borneum|Borneo]] vivit, sub-species est [[Elephas maximus|Elephantis maximi]].
*Praeterea de elephante pumilione Africano nomine &quot;Loxodonta pumilio&quot;, num in [[Silva pluvialis|silva pluviali]] [[Africa]]e re vera sit, disputatur.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20131203034934/http://regis.cubedeglace.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/debruyne_et_al_20032.pdf Status of the so-called African pygmy elephant (Loxodonta pumilio (NOACK 1906)) - 2003]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Jordi Augusti: ''Mammoths, Sabertooths and Hominids 65 Million Years of Mammalian Evolution in Europe''. Columbia University Press, Novi Eboraci et al. 2002, ISBN 0-231-11640-3
* Erich Thenius: ''Grundzüge der Faunen- und Verbreitungsgeschichte der Säugetiere.'' Gustav Fischer, Stuttgardiae 1980, ISBN 3-437-30312-0
* Harald Gebhardt und Mario Ludwig: ''Von Drachen, Yetis und Vampiren - Fabeltieren auf der Spur''. Domus editoria BLV-Verlag, Monaci, 2005, ISBN 3-405-16679-9

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050830014831/http://www.lonlygunmen.de/krypto/zwergelefant/elefant.html Indicia de elephantis pumilionibus]

[[Categoria:Elephantidae]]

[[bg:Слон пигмей]]
[[de:Zwergelefant]]
[[en:Dwarf elephant]]</text>
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    <title>Les Granges-Gontardes</title>
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''' Les Granges-Gontardes''' est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 592 incolarum (anno [[2009]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Drona (praefectura Franciae)|Dronae]] in regione australi [[Rhodanus et Alpis|Rhodano et Alpibus]].

{{NexInt}}

* [[Index communium praefecturae Dronae]]

== Nexus externi ==

{{CommuniaCat|Les Granges-Gontardes|Les Granges-Gontardes}}
* {{INSEE commune|26145|de=Les Granges-Gontardes}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130715011034/http://www.les-granges-gontardes.fr/ Les Granges-Gontardes pagina interretialis]
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Drumae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Drumae]]</text>
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    <title>Circulus Holtisminnensis</title>
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'''Circulus Holtisminnensis'''&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Holtisminnensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Holzminden'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Holtisminni]]&quot; -ad quod gentilicium &quot;Holtisminnensis-e&quot; refertur-, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Holzminden''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Holzminden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Holtsminne''), nunc pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], die [[12 Octobris]] [[1832]] a [[Gulielmus (Dux Brunsvici)|Gulielmo]] duce [[Ducatus Brunsvici|Brunsvici]] conditus est. Caput circuli urbs [[Holtisminni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;  est.

== Historia ==
Circulus primo ad Ducatum, deinde ad [[Res Publica Brunsvicum|Rem Publicam Brunsvicum]] pertinebat. A die [[1 Novembris]] [[1941]] circulus Holtisminnensis pars provinciae Hannoverae [[Borussia]]e erat. Anno [[1945]] ad terram Hannoveram, ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet. Hodie disputatur, an circulus cum finitimo [[Circulus terrae Northemiensis|Circulo Northemiensi]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Northemiensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Northeim'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Northemiensis-e&quot; ad urbem [[Northemium]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenahist/wassenberg1/Wassenberg_florus.html ''FLORUS GERMANICUS''] , ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Et VVolferbytum, Northemium, Steinbruggam, Nienburgum (...) Primo vere Tillius tribunos suos Northemium misit (...) Caesaeriani Northemium expugnant (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; coniungendus sit.

== Communia circuli ==
[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in HOL.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo Holtisminnensi.]]
Circulus Holtisminnensis 32 communia habet, quae maxima parte ad &quot;communia generalia&quot; (Theodisce &quot;Samtgemeinden&quot;) coniuncta sunt. Haec sunt:

* [[Disaldishusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husaDelligsen&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Disaldishusen'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: Reuter, A. (Ed.) (1950). ''1100 Jahre Delligsen: Geschichte der Hilsmulde und des Ortes Delligsen''. Verlag der Gemeinde Delligsen. &lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Delligsen'') oppidum (8142 incolae)
* [[Holtisminni]] urbs, caput circuli (19.939)

* [[Bevernense Castrum (commune generale)|Bevernense Castrum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bevern''), commune generale (6056)
** [[Bevernense Castrum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bevern'') (3946)
** [[Goldbiki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Golmbach'') (979)
** [[Holenberg]] (440)
** [[Negenborn]] (691)

* [[Bodonis Insula-Collis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&amp;cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&amp;lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Erhard 1851&quot;&gt;Erhard, H. A. (Ed.) (1851). ''Regesta Historiae Westfaliae: Accedit Codex Diplomaticus/Regesten der Geschichte Westfalens''. Regensberg.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenwerder-Polle''), commune generale (15.375)
** [[Bodonis Insula]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenwerder'') urbs (5546)
** [[Bredenforda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoogeweg 1898&quot;&gt;Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1898). ''Westfälisches Urkundenbuch: Band 6. Die Urkunden des Bisthums Minden vom J. 1201-1300''. [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Regensberg'schen Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brevörde'') (718)
** [[Halla (Holtisminni)|Halla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Halle'') (1590)
** [[Hehlen]] (1912)
** [[Heinsen]] (861)
** [[Heyen]] (482)
** [[Kirchbrak]] (1089)
** [[Ottenstein]] (1189)
** [[Pegestorf]] (428)
** [[Collis (Saxonia Inferior)|Collis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Erhard 1851&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Polle'') oppidum (1102)
** [[Vahlbruch]] (458)

* [[Boffeshusium (commune generale)|Boffeshusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Ohainski VI 2007&quot;&gt;Casemir, K., &amp; Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen del Landkreises Holzminden''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VI)''. Editio ab Academia Scientiarum Gottingensi. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Boffzen''), commune generale (7042)
** [[Boffeshusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Ohainski VI 2007&quot;&gt;Casemir, K., &amp; Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen del Landkreises Holzminden''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VI)''. Editio ab Academia Scientiarum Gottingensi. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Boffzen'') (2701)
** [[Derental]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Ohainski VI 2007&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Derental'') (671)
** [[Fürstenberg]] (1167)
** [[Lauenförde]] (2503)

* [[Eschershusa-Aldendorpevilla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&amp;cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&amp;lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Eschershausen-Stadtoldendorf''), commune generale (15.375)
** [[Aldendorpevilla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Stadtoldendorf'') urbs (5457)
** [[Aroldishusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;&gt;Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Bremensis et Verdensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Parochiarum ditionis Corbeiensis et Hildesiensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Arholzen'') (391)
** [[Dedenhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husaDeensen&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Dedehusen'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: Casemir, K., &amp; Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Holzminden (Veröffentlichungen del Institut für Historische Landesforschung der Universität Göttingen, Vol. 51)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Deensen'') (1511)
** [[Dielmissa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Dielmissen'') (812)
** [[Eima]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Eimen'') (996)
** [[Eschershusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eschershausen''), urbs (3415)
** [[Heinade]] (920)
** [[Holzen]] (629)
** [[Lenne]] (673)
** [[Lüerdissen]] (448)
** [[Wangelnstedt]] (617)

Praeterea sunt loca quaedam, quae ad nullum commune pertinent. Quae omnia hominibus deserta sunt:

* Boffeshusium&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Ohainski VI 2007&quot;&gt;Casemir, K., &amp; Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen del Landkreises Holzminden''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VI)''. Editio ab Academia Scientiarum Gottingensi. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Boffzen'') (23,40 km²)
* Eima&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Eimen'') (12,91 km²)
* Eschershusa&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eschershausen'') (4,92 km²)
* Grünenplan (22,71 km²)
* [[Holtisminni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Holzminden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Holtsminne'') (15,01 km²)
* Merxhausen (22,50 km²)
* Wenzen (15,84 km²)

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]]

{{geo-stipula}}

{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}

[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris|Holtisminni]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1832]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Halla (Holtisminni)</title>
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      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Halle (Holtisminni)]] ad [[Halla (Holtisminni)]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam</comment>
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      <text bytes="713" sha1="fdshmefvm9gr41krxyk7waexeji68ej" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

'''Halle''' commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Holtisminnensis|circulo Holtisminnensi]] est. Ad Halle vici Bremke (249 incolae), Dohnsen (407), Halle (739), Hunzen (146), Kreipke (41), Tuchtfeld (64), Wegensen (80) pertinent. Commune ad flumen [[Visurgis|Visurgim]] situm est.

== Historia ==
Halle, cuius nomen a verbo Germanico &quot;sal&quot; significante ortum est, anno [[997]] primo in actis descripta est. Ab anno [[1973]] ad circulum Holtisminnis pertinet et a die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[2010]] pars communis generalis [[Bodonis Insula-Collis|Bodonis Insulae-Collis]] est.

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita saeculo 10]]</text>
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'''Halla'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Holtisminnensis|circulo Holtisminnensi]] est. Ad Hallam vici [[Bremke]] (Theodisce ''Bremke'') (249 incolae), [[Dohnsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Dohnsen'') (407), [[Halla (vicus in Circulo Holtisminnensi)|Halla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Halle'') (739), [[Hunza]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Hunzen'') (146), [[Kreipke]] (Theodisce ''Kreipke'') (41), [[Tuchtfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-felda&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-feld(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-felda-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Falufelda]], [[Frauenfelda]], [[Heresfelda]], [[Hirutfelda]], [[Ilfelda]], [[Mansfelda]], [[Salfelda]], [[Sualafelda]], [[Alfelda]], [[Alsfelda]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Tuchtfeld'') (64) et [[Wegensa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Wegensen'') (80) pertinent. Commune ad flumen [[Visurgis|Visurgim]] situm est.

== Historia ==
Halla, cuius nomen ab vocabulo Germanico &quot;salem&quot; significante ortum est, anno [[997]] primo in actis descripta est. Ab anno [[1973]] ad circulum Holtisminnensem pertinet et a die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[2010]] pars communis generalis [[Bodonis Insula-Collis|Bodonis Insulae-Collis]] est.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita saeculo 10]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Clothildis de Surville</title>
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      <text bytes="5083" sha1="93k8gb9uueil3sgkapgatku65echhpq" xml:space="preserve">'''Clothildis''', vulgo ''Clotilde'' '''de Surville''' est auctrix saeculi XV suppositicia cui adscripta sunt poëmata anno [[1803]] ab editore [[Carolus Vanderbourg|Carolo Vanderbourg]] divulgata. Alia ex eisdem libris manu scriptis, a Vanderbourg reiecta, anno [[1827]] a barone Roujoux et [[Carolus Nodier|Carolo Nodier]] edita sunt. Poëmata omnia ab eruditis pluribus marchioni '''Iosepho Stephano de Surville''' (1755-1798) attribuuntur.

Vandenbourg in dissertatione huic libro praefixa marchionem Surville (iam mortuum) carmina inter schedas familiae suae repperisse adseveravit, Clotildemque de aliis poëtriis mediaevalibus, praecessoribus suis, commentaria scripsisse. Quarum Vanderbourg vitas breves et carmina aliqua se extrahere praetendit, scilicet [[Agnes de Bragelonne|Agnetis de Bragelonne]], [[Doëte de Trecis|Doëttae de Trecis]], [[Sainte des Préz|Sanctae des Préz]], [[Barbe de Verrue|Barbae de Verrue]], Rose de Créquy, N. de Rose, Rose d'Estrées, Clarae de Parthenay, Blancae de Courtenay, [[Amélie de Montendre|Ameliae de Montendre]] et[[Justine de Lévis|Iustinae de Lévis]], necnon [[Beatrix de Dia|Beatricis de Aragonia]] et [[Maria Franciae|Mariae Franciae]] quae re vera cantaverunt.

&quot;Margarita Alienora Clothildis de Vallon-Chalys&quot; saeculo XV ineunte natam praetenditur et [[Berengarius de Surville|Berengario de Surville]] anno 1421 nupsisse, qui post septem annos ad obsidionem Aureliani interfectum sit. Illum re vera Margaritam anno 1428 in matrimonium duxisse, anno fere 1448 mortuum esse Albinus Mazon anno 1873 e documentis monstravit,&lt;ref&gt;Mazon (1873)&lt;/ref&gt; sed philologi iam rogaverant quomodo Clothildis saeculo XV ineunte [[Lucretius|Lucretium]] (eo aevo ignotum) imitare potuisset, quomodo etiam cantare de satellitibus [[Saturnus (planeta)|Saturni]] nondum repertis.&lt;ref&gt;Nodier (1812); Sainte-Beuve (1841)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
; Editiones
* 1804 : Ch. Vanderbourg, ed., ''Poésies de Marguerite-Éléonore Clotilde de Vallon-Chalys, depuis Madame de Surville, poète françois du XVe siècle''. Lutetiae: Henrichs [http://archive.org/details/posiesdemarguer00survgoog Textus apud archive.org]
* 1827 : Prudence Guillaume Roujoux, Charles Nodier, edd., ''Poésies inédites de Marguerite-Éléonore Clotilde de Vallon et Chalys''. Lutetiae: Nepveu [http://archive.org/details/posiesindite00surv Textus apud archive.org]

; Historica et critica
* &quot;[http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Clotilde_de_Surville Clotilde de Surville]&quot; in {{EncyBrit11}}
* Edmund Kerchever Chambers, ''The History and Motives of Literary Forgeries'' (Oxonii, 1891) [http://archive.org/stream/cu31924029550989#page/n37/mode/2up p. 34]
* Paul Cottin, &quot;Vanderbourg et les poésies de Clotilde de Surville&quot; in ''Bulletin du bibliophile'' (1894) pp. 501-526 [http://archive.org/stream/bulletindubibli56frangoog#page/n531/mode/2up Textus apud archive.org]
* Wilhelm Koenig, ''Étude sur l'authenticité des poésies de Clotilde de Surville, poète français du xve siècle''. [[Salinae Saxonicae|Salinis Saxonicis]]: Schwabe, 1875 [http://archive.org/details/tudesurlauthen00koen Textus apud archive.org]
* Antonin Macé, ''Un procès d'histoire littéraire: les poésies de Clotilde de Surville''. Gratianopoli, 1870 [http://archive.org/details/lesposiesdeclot00lpgoog Textus apud archive.org]
* Albin Mazon, ''Marguerite Chalis et la légende de Clotilde de Surville: étude sur l'authenticité des poésies de Clotilde de Surville, suivie de l'acte de mariage de Béranger de Surville, d'une lettre de M. Eugène Villard et d'une lettre de M. Jules Baissa''. Lutetiae, 1873
* [[Carolus Nodier|Charles Nodier]], ''Questions de littérature légale: du plagiat, de la supposition d'auteurs, des supercheries qui ont rapport aux livrees''. Lutetiae: Barba, 1812 [http://archive.org/details/questionsdelitt02nodigoog Textus apud archive.org]
* [[Gaston Paris]], recensio operum Macé et Vaschalde in ''Revue critique d'histoire et de littérature'' (1 Mar. 1873; 30 Mai. 1874) [http://archive.org/stream/revuecritiquedhi13pariuoft#page/132/mode/2up 1873]
* [[Sainte-Beuve]], &quot;[[:s:fr:Poètes et romanciers modernes de la France/Clotilde de Surville|Poètes et romanciers modernes de la France: Clotilde de Surville]]&quot; in ''Revue des deux mondes'' vol. 28 (1841) pp. 353-376
* Helen Solterer, ''The Master and Minerva: Disputing Women in French Medieval Culture'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995) pp. 201-216 [http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft1t1nb1fx&amp;chunk.id=d0e8031&amp;toc.depth=1&amp;toc.id=d0e8031&amp;brand=ucpress Textus]
* Henry Vaschalde, ''Clotilde de Surville et ses poésies: documents inédits''. Lutetiae, 1873
* Henry Vaschalde, ''Bibliographie survillienne: description de tout ce qui a été écrit sur Clotilde de Surville, depuis l'apparition de ses poésies jusqu'à nos jours''. Lutetiae: Aubry, 1876 [http://archive.org/details/bibliographiesur00vasc textus apud archive.org]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Surville, Clothildis de}}
[[Categoria:Scriptores ficticii]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Amatricum</title>
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      <text bytes="3629" sha1="q4rnopz680xoc8pmb3w3n44wbybnxiv" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Amatrice - Corso.jpg|thumb|Via principalis (Corso Umberto I) anno 2008, ante [[Terrae motus Italiae mediae anni 2016|terrae motum]]]]
'''Amatricum'''&lt;ref&gt;''[https://books.google.fi/books?id=7fdfAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA1659&amp;lpg=PA1659&amp;dq=amatricum+amatrice&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=NQCODA43S6&amp;sig=OXYIV3fLtUDWy04fKsYmL99CiEk&amp;hl=fi&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjQ3NfiiZvQAhULCSwKHQpqCzIQ6AEIOjAG#v=onepage&amp;q=amatricum%20amatrice&amp;f=false Grosses vollständiges Universal Lexicon aller Wissenschaften und Künste]''. [[Salinae Saxonicae|Salinis Saxonicis]] &amp; Lipsiae, 1732.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Graesse, J. G. Th. &amp; Benedict, Fr.: ''[http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=81 Orbis latinus]'', tom. I. Braunschweig, 1972.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Amatrice|Amatrice]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Sacco}}&lt;/ref&gt;) est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], circiter 2&amp;thinsp;650 incolarum, in [[Regio Italiae|regione]] [[Latium|Latio]] et in [[Provincia Reatina]] situm.

Sententia municipalis est: ''Fidelis Amatrix''.

== Geographia ==
* [[Sabina (terra)|Sabina]] (''terra'')

== Historia ==
* [[Comitatus Civitatis Ducalis]]

=== Terrae motus anni 2016 ===
Die [[24 Augusti]] [[2016]] ([[Hora|hora loci]] 3:36), [[Terrae motus Italiae mediae anni 2016|fortissimus terrae motus]] magnitudine 6.2 graduum [[Scala Richteriana|Richterianorum]] multa oppidi vicorum propinquorumque aedificia deruit. Saltem 21 incolae oppidi Amatricis mortui sunt in tremore terrae.

Ictus novi diebus 26 atque 30 Octobris 2016 et domus relictos delent.

== Homines notabiles ==
* [[Elius Augustus Di Carlo]]

== Gastronomia ==
[[Fasciculus:Bucatini amatriciana.JPG|thumb|''Bucatini amatriciani'']]
Amatrix clara propter [[Ars coquinaria|artem coquinariam]] et [[pasta]] modo '''Amatriciana''' (in specie ''Bucatini'') [[Ferculum (Ars coquinaria)|ferculum]] celeberrimum est.

== Aedificia illustria ==
* Ecclesia S. Francisci

== Ecclesia Catholica Romana ==
* [[Dioecesis Reatina]]

== Fractiones, vici et loci in municipio ==
=== Fractiones ===
''Aleggia, Bagnolo, Capricchia, Casale, Casale Bucci, Casale Nadalucci, Casalene, Casale Nibbi, Casali della Meta, Cascello, Castel Trione, Collalto, Collecreta, Collegentilesco, Collemagrone, Collemoresco, Collepagliuca, Colletroio, Colli, Conche, Configno, Cornelle di Sopra, Cornelle di Sotto, Cornillo Nuovo, Cornillo Vecchio, Cossara, Cossito, Crognale, Domo, Faizzone, Ferrazza, Filetta, Fiumatello, Francucciano, Forcelle, Moletano, Musicchio, Nommisci, Osteria della Meta, Pasciano, Patàrico, Petrana, Pinaco Arafranca, Poggio Castellano, Poggio Vitellino, Prato, Preta, Rio, Retrosi, Roccapassa, Rocchetta, Saletta, San Benedetto, San Capone, San Giorgio, [[Sanctus Laurentius ad Pinacum]],''&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; ''San Martino, Santa Giusta, Sant'Angelo, San Tomasso, Saletta, Scai, Sommati, Torrita, Torritella, Varoni, Villa San Cipriano, Villa San Lorenzo a Flaviano, Voceto''.

== Municipia finitima ==
''Accumoli, Campotosto (AQ), Cittareale, Cortino (TE), Crognaleto (TE), Montereale (AQ), Rocca Santa Maria (TE), Valle Castellana (TE)''.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://www.comune.Amatrice.ri.it/ Situs publicus] {{Ling|Lingua Italiana{{!}}Italiane}}
{{Communia|Amatrice|Amatricum}}

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]''
Imago:Circondario cittaducale 1.PNG| Comitatus civitatis ducalis.
Imago:Amatrice (31).jpg|Ecclesia S. Francisci.
&lt;/gallery&gt;


{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Municipia in provincia Reatis]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Langelshemium</title>
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[[Fasciculus:Andreaskirche Langelsheim 01.jpg|thumb|left|Ecclesia Sancti Andreae Langelshemii]]
'''Langelshemium'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Chemnitz 1717&quot;&gt;Chemnitz, B. P., auctore (1717). ''Belli Sueco-Germanici Volumen Primum: In quo ostenditur, quibus de caussis Gustavus Adolphus, Suecorum Rex, in Germaniam transiverit''. Sumptibus Ioh. Caspari Meyeri.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Langelsheim'') est oppidum [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Goslariensis|Circulo Goslariensi]]. Ad Langelshemium etiam pertinent hi vici: Astfeld cum Herzog Juliushütte;  Bredelem cum Palandsmühle; [[Hahausen]] cum Neuekrug; Kernstadt Langelsheim; Bergstadt Lautenthal cum Hüttschenthal; Flecken Lutter am Barenberge cum Rhode et villagiis Nauen cum Pöbbeckenmühle et Ostlutter; Wallmoden cum villagiis Alt Wallmoden cum Könneckenrode ac Mühle Ringelheim, Bodenstein ac Neuwallmoden; et Wolfshagen im Harz.

== Historia ==
Langelshemium primo in saeculo 10 nomine '' Langenizze'' vel ''Langenesse'' in actis descripta est. Saeculo 19 ad [[Ducatus Brunsvici|Ducatum Brunsvici]], ab anno [[1918]] ad [[Res Publica Brunsvicum|Rem Publicam Brunsvicum]] pertinuit. Anno [[1951]] Langelshemium oppidum declaratum est. Ab anno [[1946]] pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Anno 1977 aliqui vici supra dicti accesserunt.

== Clari cives ==

* [[Ioannes Assmann]], [[Aegyptus antiqua|Aegypti antiquae]], [[religio]]nis et [[cultura]]e peritus ([[1938]])

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{Commonscat}}
* [http://www.langelsheim.de Pagina urbis Langelshemii (lingua Theodisca)]

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita saeculo 10]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Messas</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>176079</id>
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      <text bytes="837" sha1="r7kth7g5krffat4cuqpdjtjke74tkfu" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Messas_-_Eglise_-_20_avril_2004_%2827%29.jpg |thumb|left|300px|Messas: [[ecclesia]] [[Sanctus Sebastianus|Sancto Sebastiano]] dicata die [[20 Aprilis]] [[2004]]]]
[[Fasciculus: Map commune FR insee code 45202.png|thumb|300px|Messas: communis tabula]]
''' Messas''' est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 875 incolarum (anno [[2010]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Ligerula (praefectura Franciae)|Ligerulae]] in provincia [[Centrum (regio Franciae)|Media]]

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Ligerulae]]
== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Messas|Messas}}
* {{INSEE commune|45202|de=Messas}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120323095425/http://www.messas.fr/ Messas pagina interretialis]
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Ligerulae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Ligerulae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Eustathius Sebastenus</title>
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      <text bytes="2805" sha1="f79nlr07mr3q257kmsi3twbpp5ze62p" xml:space="preserve">{{videdis|Eustathius (discretiva)}}
'''Eustathius Epiphaniensis''' seu '''Sebastenus''', [[Graece]] {{Polytonic|Εὐστάθιος Σεβαστηνός}}, fuit [[episcopus]] [[Sebastea]]e in [[Cilicia]] (eo aevo provincia [[Imperium Romanum|Romana]], incolis praecipue [[Armeni]]s) et rerum gestarum scriptor. Una cum [[Basilius Ancyrensis|Basilio Ancyrensi]], fuit auctor sectae [[Dogma Macedonianum|Macedonianae]].&lt;ref&gt;''[[Suda]]'' s.v. {{Polytonic|Εὐστάθιος}} [http://www.stoa.org/sol-bin/search.pl?&amp;searchstr=epsilon,3746&amp;field=adlerhw_gr ε 3746]{{Nexus deficitur|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Primum fuit [[monachus]], et traditur fuisse primus qui fecit ut Armeni viam [[ascesis|asceticam]] scirent. Qua pro causa nonnulli eruditi opus de ascese quod [[scriptura]] [[Basilius Magnus|Basilii Magni]] usitate habetur ei ascribunt. 

Aequalis habetur [[Constantinus Magnus|Constantini Magni]], quia [[Nicephorus Gregoras|Nicephorus]] adfirmat eum, quamquam decreta [[Concilium Nicaenum Primum|Concilii Nicaeni]] signaverat, aperte cum [[Arianismus|Arianis]] se coniunxisse. Eustathius post [[377]] obiit.

==Fontes de vita Eustathii==
* [[Epiphanius Scholasticus]], ''[[Historia tripartita (Cassiodorus)|Historia tripartita]]'' 75.1, etc.
* [[Nicephorus Gregoras]], ''[[Historia Romana (Gregoras)|Historia Romana]]'' 9.16.
* [[Sozomenus]], ''[[Historia ecclesiastica (Sozomenus)|Historia ecclesiastica]]'' 3.14.
* ''[[Suda]]'' s.v. {{Polytonic|Εὐστάθιος}} [http://www.stoa.org/sol-bin/search.pl?&amp;searchstr=epsilon,3746&amp;field=adlerhw_gr ε 3746 Adler]{{Nexus deficitur|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.

==Notae==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

==Bibliographia==
; Editio fragmentorum
* &quot;Eustathii Epiphaniensis fragmenta&quot; in [[Ludovicus Dindorfius]], ed., ''Historici Graeci minores'' (Lipsiae: Teubner, 1870) vol. 1 pp. 354-363 [http://www.archive.org/stream/historicigraecim01dinduoft#page/352/mode/2up Textus apud archive.org] {{Ling|Graece}}

; Historica et critica
* {{BBKL|e/eustathius_v_se|band=1|autor=Friedrich Wilhelm Bautz|spalten=1570–1571}}
* {{RE|VI,1|1449|1450|Eustathios 10|Adolf Jülicher|RE:Eustathios 10}}
* W. A. Jurgens, ''Eustathius of Sebaste''. Romae: Pontificia Universitas Gregoriana, 1959.
* Terrence G. Kardong, &quot;Who was Basil's mentor? Part 1&quot; in ''American Benedictine Review'' vol. 60, 2009, pp. 183–201.
* Friedrich Loofs, ''Eustathius von Sebaste und die Chronologie der Basilius-Briefe. Eine patristische Studie''. [[Salinae Saxonicae|Salinis Saxonicis]] 1898.
 
[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 3 aut 4]]
[[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 4]]
[[Categoria:Episcopi Sebasteni in Armenia]]
[[Categoria:Historici Graeci antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Anatoliae Graecoromanae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Iurnhacum</title>
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'''Iurnhacum'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt; est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 991 incolarum (anno [[2008]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vigenna Superior|Vigennae Superioris]] in provincia [[Lemovicensis (regio Franciae)|Lemovicensi]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Vigennae Superioris]]
== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Jourgnac|Iurnhacum}}
* {{INSEE commune|87081|de=Iurnhaco}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130612040159/http://mairie-jourgnac.fr/ Iurnhaci pagina interretialis]
{{geo-stipula}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vigennae Superioris]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vigennae superioris]]</text>
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    <title>Iugum Elmense Septentrionale (commune generale)</title>
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'''Iugum Elmense Septentrionale'''&lt;ref name=&quot;IES&quot;&gt;[https://www.frag-caesar.de/lateinwoerterbuch/iugum-uebersetzung.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com Latina vox &quot;iugum&quot; Theodiscam ''Höhenzug''] et Latinum adiectivum [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/septentrionalis?wb=gross&amp;nr=3 &quot;septentrionalis-e&quot;] Theodiscum praefixum ''Nord(-)'' vertit. Latinum autem gentilicium &quot;Elmensis-e&quot; ad Theodiscum toponynum ''Elm'' refertur.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Nord-Elm'') commune generale [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Helmstadiensis|circulo Helmstadiensi]] est.

== Historia ==
Anno [[1974]] commune generale Iugum Elmense Septentrionale conditum est. Sedes administrationis [[Süpplingen]] est.

== Communia ad Iugum Elmense Septentrionale pertinentes ==
* [[Maius Vrelstede]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Maius Vrelstede&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B76-2/NOB%20VII%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Helmstedt%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Wolfsburg.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der stadt WoLfsburg'']{{Nexus deficit|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 1318 ''in Maiori Vrelstede'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Frellstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Frillstidde'') (826 incolae)
* [[Räbke]] (683)
* [[Süpplingen]], sedes administraionis (1739)
* [[Süpplingenburg]] (656)
* [[Warberg]] (854)
* [[Wolsdorf]] (1034)

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia generalia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1974]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ingeleben</title>
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[[File:Ingeleben Total.jpg|thumb|Panorama Ingeleben]]
'''Ingeleben''' est commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et ad [[Circulus Helmstadiensis|Circulum Helmstadiensem]] pertinet. Ingeleben ab anno [[1974]] pars est communis generalis [[Hese Nemus (commune generale)|Hesis Nemoris]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hese Nemus&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B76-2/NOB%20VII%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Helmstedt%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Wolfsburg.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg'']{{Nexus deficit|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Bergnamen Heeseberg, vor 1196-1197 (a. 14. Jh.) ''in monte, qui dicitur Hese nemus'' (schneidmüller, Kollegiatstifte s. 307) (...)&quot;. Qui mons citatus nomen praesenti communi generali dat.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heeseberg'').

== Historia ==
Ingeleben anno [[1086]] primo in actis descriptum est. Postea possessio [[Guelfi|Guelphorum]] factum est. Annis [[1807]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Ducatus Brunsvici|Ducatum Brunsvici]], ab anno [[1918]] ad [[Res Publica Brunsvicum|Rem Publicam Brunsvicum]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1946]] pars Saxoniae Inferioris est.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{Commonscat}}
* [http://www.ingeleben.de Pagina communis Ingeleben]
* [http://www.samtgemeindeheeseberg.de/ Pagina communis generalis Hesis Nemoris]

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita saeculo 11]]</text>
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    <title>Jerxheim</title>
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'''Jerxheim''' est commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et ad [[Circulus Helmstadiensis|Circulum Helmstadiensem]] pertinet. Ingeleben ab anno [[1974]] sedes administrationis est communis generalis [[Hese Nemus (commune generale)|Hesis Nemoris]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hese Nemus&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B76-2/NOB%20VII%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Helmstedt%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Wolfsburg.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg'']{{Nexus deficit|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Bergnamen Heeseberg, vor 1196-1197 (a. 14. Jh.) ''in monte, qui dicitur Hese nemus'' (schneidmüller, Kollegiatstifte s. 307) (...)&quot;. Qui mons citatus nomen praesenti communi generali dat.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heeseberg'').

== Historia ==
[[Fasciculus:Jerxheim (Merian).jpg|thumb|left|Jerxheim anno [[1654]] a [[Matthaeus Merian Senior|Meriano Maiore]] depictum]]
Jerxheim anno [[1195]] primo in actis descriptum est. Postea possessio [[Guelfi|Guelphorum]] factum est. Annis [[1807]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Ducatus Brunsvici|Ducatum Brunsvici]], ab anno [[1918]] ad [[Res Publica Brunsvicum|Rem Publicam Brunsvicum]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1946]] pars Saxoniae Inferioris est.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{Commonscat}}
* [http://www.samtgemeindeheeseberg.de/ Pagina communis generalis Hesis Nemoris]

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita saeculo 12]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Maius Vrelstede</title>
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'''Maius Vrelstede'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Maius Vrelstede&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B76-2/NOB%20VII%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Helmstedt%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Wolfsburg.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der stadt WoLfsburg'']{{Nexus deficit|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 1318 ''in Maiori Vrelstede'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Frellstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Frillstidde'') est commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et ad [[Circulus Helmstadiensis|Circulum Helmstadiensem]] pertinet. Maius Vrelstede ab anno [[1974]] pars est communis generalis [[Iugum Elmense Septentrionale (commune generale)|Iugi Elmensis Septentrionalis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;IES&quot;&gt;[https://www.frag-caesar.de/lateinwoerterbuch/iugum-uebersetzung.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com Latina vox &quot;iugum&quot; Theodiscam ''Höhenzug''] et Latinum adiectivum [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/septentrionalis?wb=gross&amp;nr=3 &quot;septentrionalis-e&quot;] Theodiscum praefixum ''Nord(-)'' vertit. Latinum autem gentilicium &quot;Elmensis-e&quot; ad Theodiscum toponynum ''Elm'' refertur.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Nord-Elm'').

== Historia ==
Maius Vrelstede anno [[827]] primo in actis descriptum est. Postea Maius Vrelstede possessio [[Guelfi|Guelphorum]] factum est. Annis [[1807]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Ducatus Brunsvici|Ducatum Brunsvici]], ab anno [[1918]] ad [[Res Publica Brunsvicum|Rem Publicam Brunsvicum]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1946]] pars Saxoniae Inferioris est.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{Commonscat|Frellstedt|Maius Vrelstede}}
* [http://www.samtgemeinde-nord-elm.de/ Pagina communis generalis Iugi Elmensis Septentrionalis]

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita saeculo 9]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sinuhe egyptiläinen</title>
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      <text bytes="3783" sha1="lnm1sj5tzzvoq5txjdraiu1962i02qd" xml:space="preserve">{{titulus italicus}}
[[Fasciculus:Mika Waltari 1939.jpg|thumb|[[Michael Waltari]], scriptor libri ''Sinuhe Egyptiläinen.'']]

{{ires|Sinuhe egyptiläinen}} ('Sinuhe Aegyptius') est [[liber mythistoricus]] anno [[1945]] a [[Michael Waltari|Mika Waltari]] scriptus, qui fabulam de [[Aegyptus antiqua|Aegypto antiqua]] aetatis [[pharao]]nis [[Akhenaten|Ekhnaton]] narrat. Quod opus primum est de multis libris eius res hisoricas tractantibus. Opus inter gentes innotuit, et conversiones adhuc quadraginta sunt confectae.&lt;ref&gt;Vaarala 2024: 76.&lt;/ref&gt;

Persona princeps est Sinuhe, qui infans a matre sua ignota in scaphio iuncino in [[Nilus|Nili]] flumen dimissus esse fertur. Senmut pauperum [[medicus]] [[Thebae|Thebanus]], et Kipa eius uxor, [[expositio infantis|miserum puerulum]] ex undis servaverunt et, cum orbi liberis essent, eum tamquam suum filium educaverunt. Kipa eum Sinuhe nominavit ex fabella,&lt;ref&gt;Waltari hic ad fabellam quam notissimam significat, ex initio [[regnum medium Aegypti|medii regni Aegypti]] oriundam, quae res miras et pericula [[narratio de Sinuhe|narrat]], quibus vir nomine Sinuhe obicitur.&lt;/ref&gt; quae ei placebat.

Cum septem annos natus esset Sinuhe, Senmut pater eum adlocutus, quo munere fungi vellet, sciscitatus est. Cum miles fieri vellet, pater eum ad Inteb militem amicum duxit, qui diris horrendisque exemplis eum a militaribus phantasiis dehortaretur. Itaque patris voluntatem secutus Sinuhe ad scholam ire et legere discere constituit. In schola, amicitiam iunxit cum Thotmes, puero qui iam tum bonam in pingendo et fingendo indolem ostendebat. Per patrem in familiaritatem venit Ptahoris, regii [[trepanatio|trepanatoris]], quocum postea laboravit.

Die consecrationis in feminam incidit venustissimam, cui nomen erat Nefernefernefer. Iuvenis indoctus feminarum statim amore huius feminae adfabilis captus est. Sed vita et disciplina domus vitae prohibuerunt, quominus vitam Thebanam gustaret. Praeterea his temporibus pharao [[Amana Hatpa III|Amenhotep III]] morbo exitiali laborabat, et iam erat tempus trepanandi, qua ultima sanandi ratione pharaonem recreatum iri sperabant. Ptahor trepanator rem suam recte gessit, sed haud inopinte aeger vitam amisit. 

Sinuhe etiam familiaritatem iunxit cum Ekhnaton, defuncti pharaonis filio, qui ipse [[epilepsia|morbo sacro]] laborabat et ceteroqui vir mirus erat, qui novum deum [[Aton]] introducere vellet. Amicitia iunctus erat etiam cum viro bellicoso Horemheb, praefecto militum, qui, ut ipse dicebat, &quot;cum stergore in digitis natus&quot; erat. Quae cum ita sint, Sinuhe, cum audissset Horenheb de amore Baketamonis, Ekhnatonis sororis, somniare, perturbatus erat temeritate huiusmodi vanae meditationis. Sinuhe medicus privatus pharaonis factus est.

Quibus interpositis temporibus, Sinuhe in Nefernefernefer iterum incidit, et quidem in eius domo, ubi populus turbulentus epulandi causa coactus erat. Usque adhuc hac [[femina convictualis|femina convictuali]] ardebat, quae tamen primum suam agnitionem celavit. In hac renovata conventione, Sinuhe amorosus tantum impetum ostendit, ut crederes eum putare, amorem vere inter femora inveniri. Ideo Nefernefernefer nimium ardorem amaturientis frenare conata didascalicam narrat de Setne [[Chamois]] et Tabubue sacerdote fabulam.&lt;ref&gt;Reich 1924.&lt;/ref&gt;


== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt; 

== Bibliographia ==
* Rajala, Panu (2008) ''Unio mystica: Mika Waltarin elämä ja teokset'' (Finnice). WSOY.
* Reich, Nathaniel (1924) Marriage and Divorce in Ancient Egypt. ''Museum Journal'' XV:1.
* Silver, Minna (2024) ''Sinuhe egyptiläisen maailma arkeologin silmin'' (Finnice). SKS Kirjat. 
* Vaarala, Noora (2024) Sontakärsä japaniksi ('Sontakärsä' [''merdinasus''] Iaponice'). ''HS Teema'' 6. 


[[Categoria:Finniae scripta]]
[[Categoria:Mythistoriae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Iacobus Spensley</title>
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      <text bytes="2735" sha1="5g09oydfjfrbzdj5wiw7r7y66as7fwh" xml:space="preserve">[[ File:JamesRichardSpensley.jpg|thumb|Iacobus Spensley.]] 
'''Iacobus Spensley''' (natus [[Anglice]] ''James Spensley'' ([[dies|die]] [[17 Maii]] [[1867]] [[Stoke Newington]]; [[Moguntiacum|Moguntiaci]] [[dies|die]] [[10 Novembris]] [[1915]] [[mors|mortuus]]) fuit [[Anglia|Anglicus]] [[pediludium|pedilusor]], procurator et [[Motus Puerorum Exploratorum]] fautor.

==De vita==
[[Annus|Anno]] [[1867]] [[Stoke Newington]] natus, [[Genua]]m [[annus|anno]] [[1896]] venit; hic, [[Genoa Cricket and Football Club|Genuae turmae]] capitaneus factus, multa pro [[Genoa Cricket and Football Club|hac]] fecit (etiam primum [[Serie A|certamen Italicum]] [[pediludium|pediludii]] et quinque alia vinxit). [[Annus|Anno]] [[1910]], postquam [[annus|anno]] [[1906]] [[pediludium]] reliquerat, [[Genua]]e [[Motus Puerorum Exploratorum|Puerorum Exploratorum societatem]] condidit. [[Moguntiacum|Moguntiaci]], ab hostibus [[Bellum Orbis Terrarum Primum|Bello Orbis Terrarum Primo]] vulnibus affectus, [[annus|anno]] [[1915]] obiit. Alia studia Spensley erant: [[pugil]], de orientalibus [[religio]]nibus et de [[lingua|linguis]] [[Europa]]eis, [[Lingua Sanscrita|Sanscrita]], [[Lingua Aegyptia|Aegyptia]] et [[Lingua Graeca antiqua|Graeca antiqua]] studiosus, ''[[Daiy Mail]]'' [[diarium|diarii]] [[diurnarius]], pro [[Genua]]e [[orbus|orbis]] benefactor et [[Latomismus|Latomismi]] fautor erat.

==Nexus externi==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130614040817/http://www.storiedicalcio.altervista.org/james-spensley.html] {{ling|italice}}
* [http://www.tuttomercatoweb.com/genoa/?action=read&amp;idnet=cGlhbmV0YWdlbm9hMTg5My5uZXQtODc3Mw] {{ling|italice}}
* [http://www.tuttomercatoweb.com/genoa/?action=read&amp;idnet=cGlhbmV0YWdlbm9hMTg5My5uZXQtODQwOQ] {{ling|italice}}
* [http://www.tuttomercatoweb.com/genoa/?action=read&amp;idnet=cGlhbmV0YWdlbm9hMTg5My5uZXQtODQ5OQ] {{ling|italice}}
* [http://www.tuttomercatoweb.com/genoa/?action=read&amp;idnet=cGlhbmV0YWdlbm9hMTg5My5uZXQtODM1MQ] {{ling|italice}}
* [http://www.tuttomercatoweb.com/genoa/?action=read&amp;idnet=cGlhbmV0YWdlbm9hMTg5My5uZXQtODAyMg] {{ling|italice}}

==Bibliographia==
* Alberto dal Porto, ''Sir Francis Patrick Fletcher-Vane'', Paduae: AGESCI Comitato Regionale Veneto; Centro Studi e Documentazione, 2010. {{ling|italice}}
* ''Cronaca rievocativa a ricordo ed onore del Prof. Carlo Colombo fondatore del C.N.G.E.I. nel cinquantenario della sua morte 1918-1968'', a cura di Antonio Viezzoli, suppl. a «Il Sentiero», 10 (1968), 3. {{ling|italice}}
* Mauro Furia, ''Storia dei Ragazzi Esploratori Italiani R.E.I.'', «Esperienze &amp; Progetti», 18 (1991), 3. {{ling|italice}}

{{Lifetime|1867|1915|Spensley, Iacobus}}
[[Categoria:Pedilusores Angliae]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1867]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1915]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Georgius Danielewicz</title>
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      <text bytes="4317" sha1="qs12xhruc773pwxag0ey1cn7i2k7fss" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Prof. dr hab. Jerzy Danielewicz.JPG|thumb|Georgius Danielewicz anno 2012]]
'''Georgius Danielewicz''' (natus die [[1 Aprilis]] [[1942]] oppido Pobiedziska) est [[philologia|philologus]] [[res classicae|classicus]] [[Polonia|Polonus]], [[res classicae|litterarum antiquarum]], imprimis carminum Graecorum, [[interpretatio|interpres]] et ipse poeta doctus&lt;ref&gt;Scripsit carmen Graecum in [[professor|professorem]] Victorem Steffen (Symbolae Philologorum Posnaniensium 1, 1973, 5) et amicum [[Georgius Arvalis|Georgium Arvalem]] (Eos 78, 1990, 7) carmenque Latinum in professorem [[Miecislaus Broscius|Miecislaum Broscium]] (Eos 74, 1986, 5-6) et amicum Andream Wójcik (Symbolae Philologorum Posnaniensium 19, 2009, 15).&lt;/ref&gt;. Alumnus Universitatis Studiorum Mickiewiczianae Posnaniensis, ubi anno 1969 [[doctor philosophiae]] promotus et anno 1976 habilitatus est. In Alma Matre Posnaniensi annis 1985-1988 Litterarum Facultatis Decanus fuit annisque 1987-2012 Graecarum litterarum peritis praefuit. Anno 1995 professor appellatus est.

== Opera selecta ==
* ''Technika opisów w &quot;Metamorfozach&quot; [[Publius Ovidius Naso|Owidiusza]]'', Poznań 1971
* ''[[Hymni Homerici]] minores quanam arte conscripti sint'', Symbolae Philologorum Posnaniensium 1, 1973, 7-17
* ''Morfologia hymnu antycznego. Na materiale greckich zbiorów hymnicznych'', Poznań 1976
* ''Modlitwa i hymn w poezji rzymskiej'', Poznań 1981 (una cum Michaele Swoboda)
* ''Liryka starożytnej Grecji'', Wrocław 1984, 1987, 2006 (editio nova, aucta et emendata: Warszawa-Poznań 1996 et 2001)
* ''[[Anacreontea|Anacreontics]] as a Literary Genre'', Acta Classica Universitatis Scientiarum Debreceniensis 22, 1986, 41-51
* ''Love with Doris: A Medical Explanation? (On Dioscorides A.P. V 55. 7-8)'', in: J. Ebert, H.-D. Zimmermann (edd.), ''Innere und äußere Integration der Altertumswissenschaften'', [[Salinae Saxonicae|Salinis Saxonicis]] 1989, 233-236
* ''Deixis in Greek Choral Lyric'', Quaderni Urbinati di Cultura Classica n.s. 34, 1990, 7-17;
* ''Towards an Understanding of the Chorus: [[Homerus|Homer]] on Early Forms of Lyric Poetry'', Eos 78, 1990, 55-62
* ''L'inno nella lirica romana fino all'eta di Augusto: dal culto alla letteratura'', Annali dell’Istituto Universitario Orientale di Napoli 13, 1991, 279-289
* ''Miary wierszowe greckiej liryki. Problemy opisu i interpretacji'', Poznań 1994 (Anglice versum: ''The Metres of Greek Lyric Poetry. Problems of Notation and Interpretation'', Bochum 1996)
* ''Liryka grecka'', vol. 2: ''Melika'', Warszawa-Poznań 1999
* ''Metatext and its Functions in Greek Lyric'', in: S. J. Harrison (ed.), ''Texts, Ideas, and the Classics. Scholarship, Theory, and Classical Literature'', Oxford 2001, 46-61
* ''Posejdippos. [[Epigramma|Epigramy]]'', Warszawa 2004
* ''Posidippus Epigr. 52 Austin-Bastianini (P. Mil. Vogl. VIII 309, col. VIII 25-30)'', Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 151, 2005, 30-32
* ''Further Hellenistic Acrostics: [[Aratus Solensis|Aratus]] and Others'', Mnemosyne 58, 2005, 321-334
* ''On lines 8 and 12 of the New [[Sappho]] (P. Köln 21351 + 21376)'', Eos 92, 2005, 133-136
* ''[[Bacchylides]] fr. 20A, 12 S.-M. and [[Sappho]], P. Köln fr. I-II, 12'', Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 155, 2006, 19-21
* ''Alexis, Lebes, Fr. 129.17 Kassel-Austin: Unnecessary Obeli?'', Hermes 136, 2008, 246-249
* ''[[Athenaeus (Naucratites)|Atenajos]]. Uczta mędrców'', Poznań 2010 (una cum [[Christina Bartol]])
* ''[[Comoedia|Komedia]] grecka od Epicharma do [[Menander|Menandra]]. Wybór fragmentów'', Warszawa 2011 (una cum [[Christina Bartol]]).

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* Georgius Danielewicz in virorum doctorum Polonorum inventario [http://nauka-polska.pl/dhtml/raporty/ludzieNauki?rtype=opis&amp;objectId=29423&amp;lang=pl]
* Georgius Danielewicz in Universitate Studiorum Mickiewicziana Posnaniensi [https://web.archive.org/web/20130315140124/http://ifk.amu.edu.pl/ifk/ifk/pracownicy/prof.-zw.-dr-hab.-jerzy-danielewicz]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Danielewicz, Georgius}}
[[Categoria:Nati 1942]]
[[Categoria:Homines vivi]]
[[Categoria:Eruditi Poloniae]]
[[Categoria:Philologi Poloniae]]
[[Categoria:Professores rerum Classicarum]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Graeco-Polonici]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ad fontes</title>
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      <text bytes="1424" sha1="aivr42e4b3veo4890fbopbow34lgivu" xml:space="preserve">'''Ad fontes''' fuit dictum [[Humanismus|humanistarum]] [[Novum Aevum|Novo Aevo]] ineunte, quo antiquarum litterarum studia poposcerunt. Anno [[1511]] [[Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus]] in libello ''De ratione studii ac legendi interpretandique auctores'' intitulato scripsit:
:''Sed in primis ad fontes ipsos properandum, id est graecos et antiquos.''&lt;ref&gt;Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus: De ratione studii ac legendi interpretandique auctores, Parisiis 1511, in: Desiderii Erasmi Roterodami Opera omnia, ed. a J. H. Waszink et al., Amstelodami 1971, Vol. I 2, 79-151.&lt;/ref&gt;

Etiam [[Philippus Melanchthon]] anno [[1518]], cum munus discendi apud [[Universitas Leucorea|Universitatem Leucoream]] [[Wittenberga]]e suscepit, oratione ''De corrigendis adolescentiae studiis'' a studentibus postulavit:
:''Iungendae Graecae litterae Latinis, ut philosophos, theologos, historicos, oratores, poetas lecturus, quaqua te vortas, rem ipsam assequare, non umbram rerum ...''&lt;ref&gt; CORPUS REFORMATORUM (CR). MELANCHTHON OPERA. Edidit Carolus Bretschneider, [[Salinae Saxonicae|Salinis Saxonicis]] 1834 ss., Vol. XI, p. 22. &lt;/ref&gt;

[[Martinus Lutherus]] sententia commotus in [[Biblia|Bibliis]] vertendis fontibus [[lingua Hebraica|Hebraicis]] [[lingua Graeca|Graecisque]] innixus est. 

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;


[[Categoria:Locutiones Latinae]]
[[Categoria:Humanismus]]
[[Categoria:Renascentia]]</text>
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    <title>Magny-Vernois</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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''' Magny-Vernois ''' est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 1'304 incolarum (anno [[2010]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Arar Superior|Araris Superioris]] in regione [[Liber Comitatus (regio Franciae)|Libero Comitatu]].
{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Araris Superioris|Indicem communium praefecturae Araris Superioris]]
== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat| Magny-Vernois |Magny-Vernois }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20200521035653/https://magny-vernois.fr/ Magny-Vernois pagina interretialis]
* {{INSEE commune|70321|de=Magny-Vernois}}
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Araris Superioris]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Araris superioris]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ormoy (Arar Superior)</title>
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      <text bytes="758" sha1="mtjocu12jtacxdq2jtvnhcgfap1trkl" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus: Map commune FR insee code 70399.png|left|thumb|250px|Ormoy: communis tabula]]

''' Ormoy ''' est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 224 incolarum (anno [[2010]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Arar Superior|Araris Superioris]] in regione [[Liber Comitatus (regio Franciae)|Libero Comitatu]].
{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Araris Superioris|Indicem communium praefecturae Araris Superioris]]
== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Ormoy (Haute-Saône)|Ormoy}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150929082657/http://www.ormoy-70.fr/ Ormoy pagina interretialis]
* {{INSEE commune|70399|de=Ormoy}}
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Araris Superioris]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Araris superioris]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Circulus Luchoviensis et Danebergensis</title>
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      <text bytes="9231" sha1="esewllmg5u8h3rhzdrlqyt0lybagnxo" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in DAN.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|Communia in circulo Luchoviensi et Danebergensi.]]
'''Circulus terrae Luchoviensis et Danebergensis'''&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Luchoviensis et Danebergensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Lüchow-Dannenberg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latina gentilicia &quot;Luchoviensis-e&quot; et &quot;Danebergensis&quot; ad [[Luchovia]]m et [[Daneberga]]m repective referuntur. Primo de toponymo, vide [https://ia801403.us.archive.org/28/items/antiquitatessele00keys/antiquitatessele00keys.pdf ''Antiquitates selectae septentrionales et Celticae''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) De Venedicis aut Germanicis prope Luchoviam effossis Epistola ''Georgii Frid, Mithofii'' data Luchovia d. 17. Maji 1691 (...)&quot;; et secundo de toponymo, vide {{Hofmannus}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Lüchow-Dannenberg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Lüchow-Dannenberg''; [[Polabice]] ''Vokres Ljauchüw-Wajdars''), nunc pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1932]] e circulis Luchoviensi et Dannenbergensi consociatis conditus est. Ad annum [[1945]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit, et ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem. [[Caput (urbs)|Caput]] circuli est [[Luchovia]].

== Historia ==
Ager circuli fuit pars [[Ducatus Luneburgensis]]. Anno [[1705]] ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Annis ab [[1810]] ad [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Anno [[1867]] magnus circulus Danenbergensis conditus est, sed anno [[1885]] in circulos Luchoviam et Danebergam divisus est. Anno [[1932]] iterum coniunctus est. Ab anno [[1946]] Circulus Luchoviensis et Danebergensis pars Saxoniae Inferioris est.

== Coniunctiones ==
Circulus Luchoviensis et Danebergensis duas coniunctiones habet, cum
* [[Stegelicium-Zelendorfium|Stegelicio-Zelendorfio]] regione [[Berolinum|Berolini]] ab anno [[1979]], tum cum Stegelicio regione
* [[Powiat Obornicki]] ([[Polonia]], ab anno 2001)

== Communia circuli ==
Haec sunt communia huius circuli, quae omnes ad communia generalia coniuncti sunt:

* [[Gartovia (commune generale)|Gartovia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ovia&quot;&gt;[[Linguae Germanicae|Germanica]] ac [[linguae Slavicae|Slavica]] toponyma cum suffixo ''-ov'' seu ''-öv'' seu ''ow'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-ovia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Asovia]], [[Brewnovia]], [[Czernichovia]], [[Glasgovia]], [[Golnovia]], [[Grabovia]], [[Kharkovia]], [[Laszovia]], [[Ostrovia]], [[Pscovia]], [[Racovia]], [[Sucovia]], [[Tarnovia]], [[Wengrovia]], [[Witkowa]], [[Wittovia]], [[Crovia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gartow'') commune generale (3700)
** [[Gartovia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ovia&quot;&gt;[[Linguae Germanicae|Germanica]] ac [[linguae Slavicae|Slavica]] toponyma cum suffixo ''-ov'' seu ''-öv'' seu ''ow'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-ovia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Asovia]], [[Brewnovia]], [[Czernichovia]], [[Glasgovia]], [[Golnovia]], [[Grabovia]], [[Kharkovia]], [[Laszovia]], [[Ostrovia]], [[Pscovia]], [[Racovia]], [[Sucovia]], [[Tarnovia]], [[Wengrovia]], [[Witkowa]], [[Wittovia]], [[Crovia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gartow'') oppidum (1362)
** [[Gorleba]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gorleben'') (634)
** [[Höhbeck]] (645)
** [[Prezelle]] (473)
** [[Schnackenburg]], oppidum (586)

* [[Luchovia (Vandalia)|Luchovia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Luchovia&quot;&gt;Vide [https://ia801403.us.archive.org/28/items/antiquitatessele00keys/antiquitatessele00keys.pdf ''Antiquitates selectae septentrionales et Celticae''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) De Venedicis aut Germanicis prope Luchoviam effossis Epistola ''Georgii Frid, Mithofii'' data Luchovia d. 17. Maji 1691 (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lüchow''; [[Polabice]] ''Ljauchüw'') commune generale (24.675)
** [[Berga ad Dumnam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bruzen de La Martinière 1737&quot;&gt;Bruzen de La Martinière, A. A. (1737). ''Thesaurus geographicus criticus: in quo omnium orbis terrarum regionum, civitatum, oppidorum, nominibus antiquis, medii aevi et modernis''. Ex Officina Wetsteniana.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bergen an der Dumme''; [[Polabice]] ''Djörska'') (1589)
** [[Clenza]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Janicke II 1896&quot;&gt;Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1896). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 2. Von 1221 bis 1260''. S. Hirzel.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Clenze''; [[Polabice]] ''Kloncka'') oppidum (2446)
** [[Küsten]] (1362)
** [[Lemgow]] (1408)
** [[Lübbow]] (836)
** [[Luchovia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Luchovia&quot;&gt;Vide [https://ia801403.us.archive.org/28/items/antiquitatessele00keys/antiquitatessele00keys.pdf ''Antiquitates selectae septentrionales et Celticae''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) De Venedicis aut Germanicis prope Luchoviam effossis Epistola ''Georgii Frid, Mithofii'' data Luchovia d. 17. Maji 1691 (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lüchow''; [[Polabice]] ''Ljauchüw''), urbs et sedes administrationis (9401)
** [[Luckau (Saxonia Inferior)|Luckau]] (634)
** [[Schnega]] (1354)
** [[Trebel]] (953)
** [[Waddeweitz]] (906)
** [[Woltersdorf]] (939)
** [[Wustrow (Saxonia Inferior)|Wustrow]], oppidum (2847)

* [[Prata Albis (commune generale)|Prata Albis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Prata Albis&quot;&gt;Fingitur huius communis generalis Latinum nomen sic: Substantivum plurale &quot;Prata&quot; Theodiscum lexema ''-talaue'' vertit; qua de versione, vide: Georges, K. E. (1910). ''Ausführliches lateinisch-deutsches und deutsch-lateinisches Handwörterbuch: Deutsch-lateinischer Teil (VII ed., Vol. I, s.v. &quot;Aue&quot;)''. Hahnsche Buchhandlung. Et hydronymum Latinum &quot;[[Albis]]&quot; Theodiscum hydronymicum lexema ''Elb-'' vertit; quo de hydronymo, vide: {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elbtalaue'') commune generale (20.707 incolae)
** [[Damnatzium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Garzmann LXXVI 2004&quot;&gt;Garzmann, M. R. W. (Ed.) (2004). ''Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte: Neue Folge der Zeitschrift des Historischen Vereins für Niedersachsen (Band 76)''. Hahnsche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Damnatz'') (317)
** [[Danneberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&amp;cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&amp;lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Dannenberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dannenbarg''; [[Polabice]] ''Wajdars''), urbs (8081)
** [[Gorenthin]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gorenthin&quot;&gt;Vide [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Zeitschrift_des_Historischen_Vereins_f%C3%BCr_Niedersachsen_%28IA_zeitschriftdeshi1857hist%29.pdf?utm ''Zeitschrift des Historischen Vereins für Niedersachsen''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) villam Gorenthin '' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Göhrde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Göhr''; [[Polabice]] ''Djöra'') (635)
** [[Gusbornium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-bornium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-born'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-bornium-ii&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Calenbornium (prope Aram)|Calenbornium prope Aram]] et [[Calenbornium (prope Caesariacum)|Calenbornium prope Caesariacum]] (Theodisce ''Kalenborn''); [[Calenbornium-Scheurenum]] (Theodisce ''Kalenborn-Scheuern''); [[Hasbornium (Eiflia)|Hasbornium]] (Theodisce ''Hasborn''); [[Leidenbornium]] (Theodisce ''Leidenborn''); [[Lichtenbornium]] (Theodisce ''Lichtenborn''). Quae omnia toponyma ex articulo Vicipaediae Latinae de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Rhenaniae_et_Palatinatus indice urbium et communium Rhenaniae et Palatinatus] desumpta sunt, ubi apte referuntur.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gusborn'') (1225)
** [[Hitzacker]], oppidum (4933)
** [[Jameln]] (1071)
** [[Karwitz]] (742)
** [[Langendorf]] (719)
** [[Neu Darchau]] (1396)
** [[Zernien]] (1588)

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Landkreis Lüchow-Dannenberg|Circulum Luchoviensem et Danebergensem}}
* [http://www.luechow-dannenberg.de/ Situs interretialis circuli proprius.]

{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Luechow-Dannenberg circulus}}
[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1932]]</text>
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    <title>Prata Albis (commune generale)</title>
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'''Prata Albis'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Prata Albis&quot;&gt;Fingitur huius communis generalis Latinum nomen sic: Substantivum plurale &quot;Prata&quot; Theodiscum lexema ''-talaue'' vertit; qua de versione, vide: Georges, K. E. (1910). ''Ausführliches lateinisch-deutsches und deutsch-lateinisches Handwörterbuch: Deutsch-lateinischer Teil (VII ed., Vol. I, s.v. &quot;Aue&quot;)''. Hahnsche Buchhandlung. Et hydronymum Latinum &quot;[[Albis]]&quot; Theodiscum hydronymicum lexema ''Elb-'' vertit; quo de hydronymo, vide: {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elbtalaue'') commune generale [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Luchoviensis et Danebergensis|Circuli Luchoviensis et Danebergensis]] est. Ad Prata Albis communia [[Damnatzium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Garzmann LXXVI 2004&quot;&gt;Garzmann, M. R. W. (Ed.) (2004). ''Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte: Neue Folge der Zeitschrift des Historischen Vereins für Niedersachsen (Band 76)''. Hahnsche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Damnatz'') (317 incolae), [[Dannenberg]] oppidum (8081, sedes administrationis), [[Gorenthin]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gorenthin&quot;&gt;Vide [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Zeitschrift_des_Historischen_Vereins_f%C3%BCr_Niedersachsen_%28IA_zeitschriftdeshi1857hist%29.pdf?utm ''Zeitschrift des Historischen Vereins für Niedersachsen''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) villam Gorenthin '' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Göhrde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Göhr''; [[Polabice]] ''Djöra'') (635), [[Gusbornium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-bornium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-born'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-bornium-ii&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Calenbornium (prope Aram)|Calenbornium prope Aram]] et [[Calenbornium (prope Caesariacum)|Calenbornium prope Caesariacum]] (Theodisce ''Kalenborn''); [[Calenbornium-Scheurenum]] (Theodisce ''Kalenborn-Scheuern''); [[Hasbornium (Eiflia)|Hasbornium]] (Theodisce ''Hasborn''); [[Leidenbornium]] (Theodisce ''Leidenborn''); [[Lichtenbornium]] (Theodisce ''Lichtenborn''). Quae omnia toponyma ex articulo Vicipaediae Latinae de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Rhenaniae_et_Palatinatus indice urbium et communium Rhenaniae et Palatinatus] desumpta sunt, ubi apte referuntur.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gusborn'') (1225), [[Hitzacker]] oppidum (4933), [[Jameln]] (1071), [[Karwitz]] (742), [[Langendorf]] (719), [[Neu Darchau]] (1396) atque [[Zernien]] (1588) pertinent.

== Historia ==
Commune generale Prata Albis anno [[2006]] e communibus generalis Dannenberg et Hitzacker constitutum est.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://www.elbtalaue.de/ Pagina Communis generalis Pratorum Albis]

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia generalia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 2006]]</text>
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      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Gusborn]] ad [[Gusbornium]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam</comment>
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[[Fasciculus:Gusborn Quickborn - Windmühle 01 ies.jpg|thumb|left|Molae ventis in vico Quickborn]]
'''Gusborn''' commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Lüchow-Dannenberg|Circuli Lüchow-Dannenberg]] est. Ad Gusborn vici Groß Gusborn (circa 340 incolae), Klein Gusborn (350), Quickborn (400), Siemen (120), Sipnitz (20) atque Zadrau (120) pertinent. Gusborn pars communis generalis [[Prata Albis (commune generale)|Pratorum Albis]] est.

== Historia ==
Gusborn ab anno [[1671]] pars [[Ducatus Luneburgensis]] fuit. Anno [[1705]] ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Annis [[1810]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Gusborn ab anno [[1946]] pars Saxoniae Inferioris et ab anno [[2006]] pars [[Prata Albis (commune generale)|Pratorum Albis]] communis generalis est. Anno [[1972]] vici supra dicti ad Gusborn adiuncti sunt.

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140131224103/http://www.elbtalaue.de/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-5934/ Pagina communis generalis Pratorum Albis de Gusborn scripta]

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]</text>
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[[Fasciculus:Gusborn Quickborn - Windmühle 01 ies.jpg|thumb|left|Molae ventis in vico Quickborn.]]
'''Gusbornium'''&lt;ref name=&quot;-bornium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-born'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-bornium-ii&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Calenbornium (prope Aram)|Calenbornium prope Aram]] et [[Calenbornium (prope Caesariacum)|Calenbornium prope Caesariacum]] (Theodisce ''Kalenborn''); [[Calenbornium-Scheurenum]] (Theodisce ''Kalenborn-Scheuern''); [[Hasbornium (Eiflia)|Hasbornium]] (Theodisce ''Hasborn''); [[Leidenbornium]] (Theodisce ''Leidenborn''); [[Lichtenbornium]] (Theodisce ''Lichtenborn''). Quae omnia toponyma ex articulo Vicipaediae Latinae de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Rhenaniae_et_Palatinatus indice urbium et communium Rhenaniae et Palatinatus] desumpta sunt, ubi apte referuntur.&lt;/ref&gt;  seu '''Gusborna'''&lt;ref name=&quot;-borna&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-born(e)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-borna-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Paderbronna|Paderborna]], [[Sherborna]], [[Herborna]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gusborn'') commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Luchoviensis et Danebergensis|Circuli Luchoviensis et Danebergensis]] est. Ad Gusbornium vici Groß Gusborn (circa 340 incolae), Klein Gusborn (350), Quickborn (400), Siemen (120), Sipnitz (20) atque Zadrau (120) pertinent. Gusbornium pars communis generalis [[Prata Albis (commune generale)|Pratorum Albis]] est.

== Historia ==
Gusbornium ab anno [[1671]] pars [[Ducatus Luneburgensis]] fuit. Anno [[1705]] ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Annis [[1810]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Gusbornium ab anno [[1946]] pars Saxoniae Inferioris et ab anno [[2006]] pars [[Prata Albis (commune generale)|Pratorum Albis]] communis generalis est. Anno [[1972]] vici supra dicti ad Gusbornium adiuncti sunt.

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Gusborn|Gusbornium}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140131224103/http://www.elbtalaue.de/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-5934/ Pagina communis generalis Pratorum Albis de Gusbornio scripta]

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]</text>
      <sha1>122o2d7g2qhs3pp66aixoru93o2fmuo</sha1>
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      <id>3983622</id>
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      <text bytes="5456" sha1="s5je3l1cdocljt0apb258lz6jwxmiq0" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Gusborn Quickborn - Windmühle 01 ies.jpg|thumb|left|Molae ventis in vico Quickborn.]]
'''Gusbornium'''&lt;ref name=&quot;-bornium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-born'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-bornium-ii&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Calenbornium (prope Aram)|Calenbornium prope Aram]] et [[Calenbornium (prope Caesariacum)|Calenbornium prope Caesariacum]] (Theodisce ''Kalenborn''); [[Calenbornium-Scheurenum]] (Theodisce ''Kalenborn-Scheuern''); [[Hasbornium (Eiflia)|Hasbornium]] (Theodisce ''Hasborn''); [[Leidenbornium]] (Theodisce ''Leidenborn''); [[Lichtenbornium]] (Theodisce ''Lichtenborn''). Quae omnia toponyma ex articulo Vicipaediae Latinae de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Rhenaniae_et_Palatinatus indice urbium et communium Rhenaniae et Palatinatus] desumpta sunt, ubi apte referuntur.&lt;/ref&gt;  seu '''Gusborna'''&lt;ref name=&quot;-borna&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-born(e)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-borna-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Paderbronna|Paderborna]], [[Sherborna]], [[Herborna]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gusborn'') commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Luchoviensis et Danebergensis|Circuli Luchoviensis et Danebergensis]] est. Ad Gusbornium vici [[Gusbornium Maius]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-bornium&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Groß Gusborn'') (circa 340 incolae); [[Gusbornium Minus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-bornium&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Klein Gusborn'') (350); [[Quickbornium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-bornium&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Quickborn'') (400); [[Siema]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Siemen'') (120); [[Sipnicium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-icium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-itsch'' aut '''-itz'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-icium-i&quot; aut &quot;-itium-i&quot; aut &quot;-icia-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-itsch, -itz''' : ''-icium, -itium, -icia'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;  (Theodisce ''Sipnitz'') (20); atque [[Zadravia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-avia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-avia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Zadrau'') (120) cum locis habitatis [[Domus saltuarii|Domo Saltuarii]]&lt;ref&gt;Vide ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo, s.v. ''Forsthaus''.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Domus Saltuarii Seybruchensis|Seybruchensi]]&lt;ref&gt;Latinum gentilicium &quot;Seybruchensis-e&quot; ad Theodiscum toponymum ''Seybruch'' refert.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Forsthaus Seybruch'') et [[Aula Wulfsahlensis]]&lt;ref&gt;[Theodiscum vocabulum ''Hof'' Latino &quot;aula-ae&quot; vertitur. Latinum autem gentilicium &quot;Wulfsahlensis&quot; ad Theodiscum toponymum ''Wulfsahl'' refert.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Hof Wulfsahl'') pertinent. Gusbornium pars communis generalis [[Prata Albis (commune generale)|Pratorum Albis]] est.

== Historia ==
Gusbornium ab anno [[1671]] pars [[Ducatus Luneburgensis]] fuit. Anno [[1705]] ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Annis [[1810]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Gusbornium ab anno [[1946]] pars Saxoniae Inferioris et ab anno [[2006]] pars [[Prata Albis (commune generale)|Pratorum Albis]] communis generalis est. Anno [[1972]] vici supra dicti ad Gusbornium adiuncti sunt.

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Gusborn|Gusbornium}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140131224103/http://www.elbtalaue.de/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-5934/ Pagina communis generalis Pratorum Albis de Gusbornio scripta]

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]</text>
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[[Fasciculus:Gusborn Quickborn - Windmühle 01 ies.jpg|thumb|left|Molae ventis in vico Quickborn.]]
'''Gusbornium'''&lt;ref name=&quot;-bornium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-born'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-bornium-ii&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Calenbornium (prope Aram)|Calenbornium prope Aram]] et [[Calenbornium (prope Caesariacum)|Calenbornium prope Caesariacum]] (Theodisce ''Kalenborn''); [[Calenbornium-Scheurenum]] (Theodisce ''Kalenborn-Scheuern''); [[Hasbornium (Eiflia)|Hasbornium]] (Theodisce ''Hasborn''); [[Leidenbornium]] (Theodisce ''Leidenborn''); [[Lichtenbornium]] (Theodisce ''Lichtenborn''). Quae omnia toponyma ex articulo Vicipaediae Latinae de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Rhenaniae_et_Palatinatus indice urbium et communium Rhenaniae et Palatinatus] desumpta sunt, ubi apte referuntur.&lt;/ref&gt;  seu '''Gusborna'''&lt;ref name=&quot;-borna&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-born(e)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-borna-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Paderbronna|Paderborna]], [[Sherborna]], [[Herborna]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gusborn'') commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Luchoviensis et Danebergensis|Circuli Luchoviensis et Danebergensis]] est. Ad Gusbornium vici [[Gusbornium Maius]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-bornium&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Groß Gusborn'') (circa 340 incolae); [[Gusbornium Minus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-bornium&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Klein Gusborn'') (350); [[Quickbornium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-bornium&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Quickborn'') (400); [[Siema]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Siemen'') (120); [[Sipnicium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-icium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-itsch'' aut '''-itz'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-icium-i&quot; aut &quot;-itium-i&quot; aut &quot;-icia-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-itsch, -itz''' : ''-icium, -itium, -icia'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;  (Theodisce ''Sipnitz'') (20); atque [[Zadravia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-avia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-avia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Zadrau'') (120) cum locis habitatis [[Domus saltuarii|Domo Saltuarii]]&lt;ref&gt;Vide ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo, s.v. ''Forsthaus''.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Domus Saltuarii Seybruchensis|Seybruchensi]]&lt;ref&gt;Latinum gentilicium &quot;Seybruchensis-e&quot; ad Theodiscum toponymum ''Seybruch'' refert.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Forsthaus Seybruch'') et [[Aula Wulfsahlensis]]&lt;ref&gt;[Theodiscum vocabulum ''Hof'' Latino &quot;aula-ae&quot; vertitur. Latinum autem gentilicium &quot;Wulfsahlensis&quot; ad Theodiscum toponymum ''Wulfsahl'' refert.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Hof Wulfsahl'') pertinent. Gusbornium pars communis generalis [[Prata Albis (commune generale)|Pratorum Albis]] est.

== Historia ==
Gusbornium ab anno [[1671]] pars [[Ducatus Luneburgensis]] fuit. Anno [[1705]] ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Annis [[1810]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Gusbornium ab anno [[1946]] pars Saxoniae Inferioris et ab anno [[2006]] pars [[Prata Albis (commune generale)|Pratorum Albis]] communis generalis est. Anno [[1972]] vici supra dicti ad Gusbornium adiuncti sunt.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Gusborn|Gusbornium}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140131224103/http://www.elbtalaue.de/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-5934/ Pagina communis generalis Pratorum Albis de Gusbornio scripta]

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]</text>
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      <text bytes="5481" sha1="iv9uhq6c3jdr8zvsf5sx34rpxn254zz" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Gusborn Quickborn - Windmühle 01 ies.jpg|thumb|left|Molae ventis in vico Quickborn.]]
'''Gusbornium'''&lt;ref name=&quot;-bornium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-born'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-bornium-ii&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Calenbornium (prope Aram)|Calenbornium prope Aram]] et [[Calenbornium (prope Caesariacum)|Calenbornium prope Caesariacum]] (Theodisce ''Kalenborn''); [[Calenbornium-Scheurenum]] (Theodisce ''Kalenborn-Scheuern''); [[Hasbornium (Eiflia)|Hasbornium]] (Theodisce ''Hasborn''); [[Leidenbornium]] (Theodisce ''Leidenborn''); [[Lichtenbornium]] (Theodisce ''Lichtenborn''). Quae omnia toponyma ex articulo Vicipaediae Latinae de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Rhenaniae_et_Palatinatus indice urbium et communium Rhenaniae et Palatinatus] desumpta sunt, ubi apte referuntur.&lt;/ref&gt;  seu '''Gusborna'''&lt;ref name=&quot;-borna&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-born(e)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-borna-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Paderbronna|Paderborna]], [[Sherborna]], [[Herborna]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gusborn'') commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Luchoviensis et Danebergensis|Circuli Luchoviensis et Danebergensis]] est. Ad Gusbornium vici [[Gusbornium Maius]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-bornium&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Groß Gusborn'') (circa 340 incolae); [[Gusbornium Minus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-bornium&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Klein Gusborn'') (350); [[Quickbornium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-bornium&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Quickborn'') (400); [[Siema]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Siemen'') (120); [[Sipnicium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-icium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-itsch'' aut ''-itz'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-icium-i&quot; aut &quot;-itium-i&quot; aut &quot;-icia-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-itsch, -itz''' : ''-icium, -itium, -icia'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;  (Theodisce ''Sipnitz'') (20); atque [[Zadravia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-avia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-avia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Zadrau'') (120) cum locis habitatis [[Domus saltuarii|Domo Saltuarii]]&lt;ref&gt;Vide ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo, s.v. ''Forsthaus''.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Domus Saltuarii Seybruchensis|Seybruchensi]]&lt;ref&gt;Latinum gentilicium &quot;Seybruchensis-e&quot; ad Theodiscum toponymum ''Seybruch'' refert.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Forsthaus Seybruch'') et [[Aula Wulfsahlensis]]&lt;ref&gt;[Theodiscum vocabulum ''Hof'' Latino &quot;aula-ae&quot; vertitur. Latinum autem gentilicium &quot;Wulfsahlensis&quot; ad Theodiscum toponymum ''Wulfsahl'' refert.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Hof Wulfsahl'') pertinent. Gusbornium pars communis generalis [[Prata Albis (commune generale)|Pratorum Albis]] est.

== Historia ==
Gusbornium ab anno [[1671]] pars [[Ducatus Luneburgensis]] fuit. Anno [[1705]] ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Annis [[1810]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Gusbornium ab anno [[1946]] pars Saxoniae Inferioris et ab anno [[2006]] pars [[Prata Albis (commune generale)|Pratorum Albis]] communis generalis est. Anno [[1972]] vici supra dicti ad Gusbornium adiuncti sunt.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Gusborn|Gusbornium}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140131224103/http://www.elbtalaue.de/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-5934/ Pagina communis generalis Pratorum Albis de Gusbornio scripta]

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]</text>
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    <title>Circulus Harburgensis</title>
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[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in WL.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo Harburgensi]]
'''Circulus Harburgensis''' ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Harburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Horborg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Harburg''), nunc pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1885]] conditus est et ad annum [[1945]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit et ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem. Caput circuli urbs [[Winsenia]] est.

== De rebus gestis ==
Ager circuli fuit pars [[Ducatus Luneburgensis]]. Anno [[1705]] ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Ab anno [[1810]] ad [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Anno [[1885]] circulus Harburgensis conditus est. Caput tum [[Hamburg-Harburg (regio urbana)|Harburgum]] erat. Quae urbs ab anno [[1937]] ad urbem [[Hamburgum]] pertinet. Tamen administratio circuli ad annum [[1945]] ibi mansit. Quod autem aedificia administrationis inter [[secundum bellum mundanum]] deleta erant, administratio in castellum [[Winsenia]]e translata est. Ab anno [[1946]] Circulus Harburgensis pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Anno [[1958]] Winsenia caput perpetua circuli est.

== Communia circuli ==
Haec sunt communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communia generalia coniuncti sunt:

* [[Bocholtum in Ericeto]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mindermann 2001&quot;&gt;Mindermann, A. (Ed.) (2001). ''Urkundenbuch der Bischöfe und des Domkapitels von Verden: Band 1''. Von den Anfängen bis 1300. [[Stadae|Stadis]]: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz in der Nordheide''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bookholt'') [[urbs]] et commune sui iuris (36.875 incolae)
* [[Neu Wulmstorf]] (19.935)
* [[Rosengarten (Saxonia Inferior)|Rosengarten]] (12.907)
* [[Seevetal]] (39.921)
* [[Stelle]] (10.827)
* [[Winsenia]] (Theod.: ''Winsen (Luhe)'', 32.638, sedes administrationis)

* [[Hanstedt (commune generale)|Hanstedt]] commune generale (13.747)
** [[Asanthorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Vogell 1856&quot;&gt;Vogell, A. (Ed.) (1856). ''Urkundenbuch des Bisthums Verden y des Collegiatstifts Bardewick: Chartae, diplomata et monumenta historica saeculi XIII...''. Hannoverae: Hahn’sche Hofbuchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Asendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Asendörp'') (1903)
** [[Braclina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rübel 1881&quot;&gt;Rübel, K. (Ed.) (1881). ''Dortmunder Urkundenbuch: Band 1. Urkunden bis zum Jahre 1340''. [[Isarlohia]]e: J. Baedeker.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Brackel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Braackel'') (1767)
** [[Egestorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Egestorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Äästörp'') (2395)
** [[Hanstedt (Circulus Harburgensis)|Hanstedt]], sedes administrationis (5317)
** [[Marxen]] (1386)
** [[Undeloh]] (979)

* [[Hollenstedt (commune generale)|Hollenstedt]] commune generale (10.809)
** [[Appelium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;&gt;Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Bremensis et Verdensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Appel'') (1830)
** [[Drestadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Drestedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dreest'') (744)
** [[Halvesbostel]] ([[Theodisce]] ''Halvesbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hassbossel'') (728)
** [[Hollenstedt]], sedes administrationis (3400)
** [[Moisburg]] (1761)
** [[Regesbostel]] (1075)
** [[Wenzendorf]] (1271)

* [[Jesteburg (commune generale)|Jesteburg]] commune generale (10.595)
** [[Bendestorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bührmann 2005&quot;&gt;Bührmann, M. (2005). ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen des norddeutschen Raumes''. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. &lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bendestorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bendsdörp'') (2262)
** [[Harmstorf]] (884)
** [[Jesteburg]], sedes administrationis (7449)

* [[Paludes Albis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egger 1977&quot;&gt;Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Elbmarsch''; [[Saxonice]] ''Elvmasch'') commune generale (11.932)
** [[Drage (Albis)|Drage]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Drage&quot;&gt;'''Drage-es'''; declinatio regularis generis Graeci vel Latini in prima declinatione, aut ut nomen substantivum regulare primae declinationis in geographicis rationibus modernis tractatum. Quo de toponymo, vide: Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Drage''; [[Saxonice]] ''Draag'') (4038)
** [[Marschacht]], sedes administrationis (3786)
** [[Tespe]] (4108)

* [[Salzhausen (commune generale)|Salzhausen]] (14.065)
** [[Eyendorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Eyendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eyndörp'') (1235)
** [[Garlstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Garlstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Garlstörp'') (1081)
** [[Garstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Garstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gastää'') (1449)
** [[Godenstorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Gödenstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gö’nstörp'') (931)
** [[Salzhausen]], sedes administrationis (4642)
** [[Toppenstedt]] (2126)
** [[Vierhöfen]] (986)
** [[Wulfsen]] (1615)

* [[Tostedt (commune generale)|Tostedt]] (25.018)
** [[Dohra (Circulus Harburgensis)|Dohra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Dohren''; [[Saxonice]] ''Duhrn'') (1080)
** [[Handeloh]] (2393)
** [[Heidenau (Saxonia Inferior)|Heidenau]] (2098)
** [[Kakenstorf]] (1312)
** [[Königsmoor]] (638)
** [[Otter]] (1545)
** [[Tostedt]], sedes administrationis (13.089)
** [[Welle]] (1193)
** [[Wistedt]] (1670)

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Landkreis Harburg|Circulus Harburgensis}}
* [http://www.landkreis-harburg.de/ Pagina officialis]

{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}

{{geo-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Harburgensis circulus}}
[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1885]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Hollenstedt (commune generale)</title>
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'''Hollenstedt''' commune generale [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Harburgensis|Circuli Harburgensis]] est. Ad Hollenstedt communia [[Appelium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;&gt;Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Bremensis et Verdensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Appel'') (1830 incolae), [[Drestadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Drestedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dreest'') (744), [[Halvesbostel]] ([[Theodisce]] ''Halvesbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hassbossel'') (728), [[Hollenstedt]], sedes administrationis (3400), [[Moisburg]] (1761), [[Regesbostel]] (1075) atque [[Wenzendorf]] (1271) pertinent.

== Historia ==
Commune generale Hollenstedt anno [[1972]] e communibus supra dictis constitutum est.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://www.hollenstedt.de/ Pagina Communis generalis Hollenstedt]

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia generalia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1972]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lieuran-lès-Béziers</title>
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[[Fasciculus:Map commune FR insee code 34139.png|left|thumb|Lieuran-lès-Béziers: communis tabula]]

'''Lieuran-lès-Béziers''' ([[Occitane]]: ''Liuran de Besièrs'') est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 1'362 incolarum (anno [[2010]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Arauris (praefectura Franciae)|Arauris]] in regione [[Occitania et Ruscino]]ne.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Arauris|Indicem communium praefecturae Arauris]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Lieuran-lès-Béziers|Lieuran-lès-Béziers}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130922170652/http://www.lieuran-les-beziers.fr/ Lieuran-lès-Béziers pagina interretialis]
* {{INSEE commune|34139|de=Lieuran-lès-Béziers}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Araurae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Araurae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Montblanc (Arauris)</title>
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[[Fasciculus: Map commune FR insee code 34166.png|left|thumb|250px|Montblanc: communis tabula]]

''' Montblanc ''' est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 2'594 incolarum (anno [[2010]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Arauris (praefectura Franciae)|Arauris]] in regione [[Occitania et Ruscino]]ne.
{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Arauris|Indicem communium praefecturae Arauris]]
== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Montblanc (Hérault)|Montblanc}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20200815131244/http://www.mairie-montblanc.fr/ Montblanc pagina interretialis]
* {{INSEE commune|34166|de=Montblanc}}
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Araurae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Araurae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Labatie-d'Andaure</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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[[Fasciculus: Map commune FR insee code 07114.png|thumb|left|250px|Labatie-d'Andaure: communis tabula]]

''' Labatie-d'Andaure ''' est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 203 incolarum (anno [[2010]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Ardesca (praefectura Franciae)|Ardescae]] in regione [[Rhodano-Alpes|Rhodano-Alpibus]].
{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Ardescae|Indicem communium praefecturae Ardescae]]
== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Labatie-d'Andaure|Labatie-d'Andaure}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161018002411/http://labatiedandaure.fr/ Labatie-d'Andaure pagina interretialis]
* {{INSEE commune|07114|de=Labatie-d'Andaure}}
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Ardescae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Ardescae]]</text>
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    <title>Mauves</title>
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[[Fasciculus: Map commune FR insee code 07152.png|thumb|left|250px|Mauves: communis tabula]]

''' Mauves ''' est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 1'174 incolarum (anno [[2010]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Ardesca (praefectura Franciae)|Ardescae]] in regione [[Rhodano-Alpes|Rhodano-Alpibus]].
{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Ardescae|Indicem communium praefecturae Ardescae]]
== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat| Mauves |Mauves }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110202111955/http://ville-mauves.com/ Mauves pagina interretialis]
* {{INSEE commune|07152|de=Mauves}}
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Ardescae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Ardescae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Stephanus George</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="2005" sha1="mb0hsk4x5urx54utkd4b0l7lt94clj0" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Hilsdorf, Jacob - Stefan George (Zeno Fotografie).jpg|thumb|George phototypice depicta a Jacopo Hilsdorf]]
'''Stephanus George''' sive vulgo '''Stefan George''' (natus [[Bingium|Bingii ad Rhenum]] die [[12 Iulii]] [[1868]]; obiit [[Menuxius|Menuxii]] die [[4 Decembris]] [[1933]]) fuit [[poeta]] et [[interpretatio|interpretator]] [[Germanicus]]. Doctoria{{dubsig}}&lt;sup&gt;doctrinam?&lt;/sup&gt; more symbolismi [[Stephanus Mallarmé|Stephani Mallarmé]] et ideam &quot;[[ars gratia artis]]&quot; tenebat et opera [[Dantes  Alagherius|Dantis]], [[Gulielmus Shakesperius|Shakesperii]], et [[Carolus Baudelaire|Baudelaire]] vertit Theodisce.

== Poemata sua ==
* ''Hymnen'' (1890)
* ''Pilgerfahrten'' (1891)
* ''[[Algabal (George)|Algabal]]'' (1892)
* ''Die Bücher der Hirten- und Preisgedichte der Sagen und Sänge und der hängenden Gärten'' (1895)
* ''Das Jahr der Seele'' (1897)
[[Fasciculus:Dasjahrderseele.jpg|thumb| ''Das Jahr der Seele'' anno 1897 editum]]
* ''Der Teppich des Lebens und die Lieder von Traum und Tod'' (1900)
* ''Tage und Taten'' (1903)
* ''Der siebente Ring'' (1907)
* ''Der Stern des Bundes'' (1914)
* ''Das neue Reich'' (1928)

{{NexInt}}
*[[Circulus Georgianus]]

== Bibliographia ==
*  ''Stefan George und sein Kreis: eine Bibliographie'', curante Georgio Petro Landmann, Hauswedell, Hamburgi 1960, nova editio 1976.
* ''Stefan-George-Bibliographie 1976-1997. Mit Nachträgen bis 1976'', curante Lore Frank et Sabine Ribbeck, Niemeyer, Tubingae 2000. 

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|Stefan George|Stephanum George}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130411015308/http://viaf.org/viaf/46761592/ Pagina interretialis VIAF]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080430054139/http://www.wlb-stuttgart.de/archive/george1.htm Pagina archivum a Stephano George dicata apud Bibliothecam Virtembergiana]

{{scriptor-stipula}} 

{{Lifetime|1868|1933|George, Stephanus}}
[[Categoria:Poetae Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Theodisci]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Index urbium, oppidorum et communium Saxoniae Inferioris</title>
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      <text bytes="128772" sha1="r1rqh7dtwanu2p0na5d22oxflxups7z" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in Lower Saxony.svg|thumb|500px|Urbes et communia Saxoniae Inferioris.]]
'''Index urbium, oppidorum et communium in [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxonia Inferiore]]''' omnia [[commune|communia]] (Theodisce ''Gemeinden''), consociationes communium (Theodisce ''Gemeindeverbände'') atque loca nulli communium adscripta (Theodisce ''gemeindefreien Gebiete''), quae hodie in [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terra]] [[Germania|Germanica]] [[Saxonia Inferior]]e exstant, complectitur.

Postremae mutationes finium territorialium in Saxonia Inferiore [[1 Novembris|Kalendis Novembribus]] anni [[2021]] effectae sunt. Ex eo tempore [[Saxonia Inferior]] 939 communia et 25 loca nulli communi adscripta (quorum duo habitantur) habet. Quibus e communibus 159 titulo [[urbs|urbis]] (Theodisce ''Stadt'') et 49 titulo [[oppidum|oppidi]] (Theodisce ''Flecken'') utuntur.

Praeterea nonnullae proprietates exstant secundum communium administrationem: Nam 939 communia in 289 communia unitaria et 650 communia membra dividuntur; quae vero in universum 114 consociationes communium constituunt, ut munera communiter administrent. Hae consociationes communium ipsa communia non sunt, sed foedera cooperationis, quae aut ex regione aut ex communitate in qua sedes administrationis sita est nomen accipiunt. Quapropter in Saxonia Inferiore idem nomen tam communi quam consociationi communium tribui potest. Agitur tamen de duobus corporibus iuridicis distinctis, quae proprias repraesentationes atque propria munera habent.

Praeterea, propter magnitudinem suam, nonnullae communium et consociationes communium peculiarem rationem cum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulo terrae]] (Theodisce ''Landkreis'') habent:

* Decem urbes statum iuridicum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli urbani]] (Theodisce ''kreisfreien Stadt'') obtinent, nulli circulo terrae subiiciuntur atque omnia sua munera exercent.
* Septem urbes statum iuridicum urbis magnae sui iuris (Theodisce ''Große selbständige Stadt'') obtinent atque multa, sed non omnia, munera circuli terrae cui adscribuntur exercent.
* 61 communium et tria communia generalia (Theodisce ''Samtgemeinden'') statum iuridicum communis sui iuris (Theodisce ''Selbständige Gemeinde'') obtinent atque quaedam munera districtus cui adscribuntur exercent.
* 861 ceterae communium nullam peculiarem rationem cum circulo terrae cui adscribuntur habent.

=== A ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Abensium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Apensen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Obbens'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Acheimum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Grote III 1877&quot;&gt;Grote, H. (1877). ''Münzstudien: Geschichte der älteren Münzen und Urkunden des Bisthums Verden'' (Vol. VIII). Hannoverae: Hahn’sche Hofbuchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Achim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Achem'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Achestedium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1759&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Axstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ax'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Adelebsenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Funck 1736&quot;&gt;Funck, J. N. (1736). ''Disputatio Academica de Voluntaria Morte Judaeorum et Gentilium sub Praesidio S. R. I. Libero Baroni de Adelebsen Dedicata''. Rintelii: Typis Johannis Friderici Enax.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Adelebsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Adenebutla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pischke 1998&quot;&gt;Pischke, G. (Ed.) (1998). ''Das Lehnsregister der Edelherren von Meinersen: Edition und historische Untersuchung der mittelalterlichen Besitzurkunden'' (Documentum anni MCCXX). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Adenbüttel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Adenhusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1703&quot;&gt;Schlegel, J. C. (1703). ''Chronica Parochiarum ditionis Mindensis et Hildesiensis: De ecclesiis parochialibus et ditione antiqua oppidi Adenhusii''. Mindae: Typis Johannis Meyeri; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1703). ''Chronica Parochiarum ditionis Mindensis et Hildesiensis:...''. Mindae: Typis Johannis Meyeri.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ahnsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Adenthorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Höhbaum 1876&quot;&gt;Höhbaum, K. (Ed.) (1876). ''Hansisches Urkundenbuch: Monumenta Germaniae Historica e codicibus diplomaticis Bremensibus et Luneburgensibus'' (Vol. I). Halis Saxonum: Typis Orphanotrophei.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Adendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Adendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Affinghusia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rathlef 1766&quot;&gt;Rathlef, E. L. (1766). ''Geschichte der Grafschaften Hoya und Diepholz: Monimenta diplomatica et antiquitates ditionis Affinghusiae'' (Vol. I). Bremae: Försterischen Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Affinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Affinghusen'' seu ''Affjehusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aldendorpevilla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Stadtoldendorf'')
* [[Alrebekesa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Oven 1872&quot;&gt;Oven, A. von (Ed.) (1872). ''Urkundenbuch des Herzogthums Lüneburg: Diplomata, chartae et registra historica saeculi XII (Documentum anni MCXCVII de venditione praedii Alrebekesae)'' (Vol. I). Hannoverae: Carl Rümpler.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ahnsbeck'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ahusium (Saxonia Inferior)|Ahusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;&gt;Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Bremensis et Verdensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Parochiarum ditionis Corbeiensis et Hildesiensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ahausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ahusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Alfeld''; [[Saxonice]] ''Allefelle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alfhusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Alfhausen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Algermissenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoogeweg III 1903&quot;&gt;Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1903). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Quellen und Darstellungen zur Geschichte Niedersachsens (Monimenta historica et privilegia de Algermisseno)'' (Vol. III). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Algermissen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alisni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elsfleth'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Almstedium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoogeweg II 1901&quot;&gt;Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1901). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Quellen und Darstellungen zur Geschichte Niedersachsens (Monimenta historica et registra de Almstedio)'' (Vol. II). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Almstedt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alorstedium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1758&quot;&gt;Pratje, J. H. (1758). ''Historische Nachrichten von dem ehemaligen berühmten Closter Harsefeld: Monumenta ac documenta saeculi XII ubi de decimis Alorstedii agitur''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ahlerstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ohlers'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alvstedium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1759&quot;&gt;Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Alfstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Alfs'' seu ''Alfst'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Amelinghusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Baring 1746&quot;&gt;Baring, E. (1746). ''Succincta Hannoverae et ditionum vicinarum Notitia Historica''. Hanoverae: Typis Nicolae Försteri.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Amelinghausen''; [[lingua Saxonica|Boreosaxonice]] ''Amekhusen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Amelkusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Anchemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ankum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Andervenia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Andervenne'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Andorlangia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1759&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Anderlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Annerlingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Antiqua Medingha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Homeyer X 2006&quot;&gt;Homeyer, J. (Ed.) (2006). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Medingen: Lüneburger Urkundenbuch (Monimenta historica saeculi XIV de parochia Medinghae) (Vol. X)''. Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Altenmedingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ohmein'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Apenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Baring 1746&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Apen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aap'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Apleremum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1703&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Apelern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Appelium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Appel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aquae Lauterbergenses in Montibus Harthicis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mirus 1826&quot;&gt;Mirus, A. (1826). ''De salubritate aquarum lauterbergensium in montibus harthicis sitarum''. Typis Regiis.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Lauterberg im Harz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aquae Nendorpenses]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Marcard 1805&quot;&gt;Marcard, H. M. (1805). ''De salubritate aquarum nendorpensium et de earum usu in morbis chronicis''. [[Goettinga]]e: Dieterich; et: Macard, H. M. (1805). ''De usu salutari fontium salinorum in territorio Hildesiensi sitorum''. [[Goettinga]]e: Dieterich.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Nenndorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aquae Zwischenahnenses]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Statisitakamt Nord 2025&quot;&gt;Statistikamt Nord (Editio Latina). ''Catalogus Urbium et Communium Germaniae''. Hamburgi, 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Zwischenahn''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Twiskenoan'' seu ''Boad Twiskenoan''; [[Saxonice]] ''Twüschenahn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aroldishusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Arholzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Artlenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Baring 1746&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Artlenburg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Artlissa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mader 1664&quot;&gt;Mader, J. J. (1664). ''Antiquitates Brunsvicenses: De antiquis parochiis Saxonum et finibus dioecesis Mindensis (Caput de parochia Artlissa)''. Helmestadii: Typis Henningi Mulleri.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Aerzen'': quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Ärzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Arx Agathae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kochen 1724&quot;&gt;Kochen, J. H. (1724). ''Introductio in Historiam Ducatus Bremensis y Verdensis: Accesserunt diplomata varia et descriptio Arcis Agathae et ditionis Stadiensis''. Stadae: Typis Caspari Holmii.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Agathenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gothenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Arx Draconis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egger 1977&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Drakenburg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ascalingium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ahlden'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Asanthorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Vogell 1856&quot;&gt;Vogell, A. (Ed.) (1856). ''Urkundenbuch des Bisthums Verden und des Collegiatstifts Bardewick: Chartae, diplomata et monumenta historica saeculi XIII...''. Hannoverae: Hahn’sche Hofbuchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Harburgensis|Circulo Harburgensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Harburg&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Harburgensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Harburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Harburgum]]&quot; -ad quod gentilicium &quot;Harburgensis-e&quot; refertur-.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Asendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Asendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Asenthorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1855&quot;&gt;Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1855). ''Hoyer Urkundenbuch'' (Vol. I). Hannoverae: Jänecke Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus terrae Diepholtia|Circulo terrae Diepholtia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Diepholz&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Diepholtia&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Diepholz'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Diepholtia]]&quot;, vide {{Hofmannus}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Asendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Asendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Assena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Philippi &amp; Bar 1892&quot;&gt;Philippi, F., &amp; Bär, M. (Eds.) (1892). ''Osnabrücker Urkundenbuch: Die Urkunden der Jahre 772-1200'' (Vol. 1). Verein für Geschichte und Landeskunde von Osnabrück.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Essen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Assini]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Essen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Astanholteremarki-Scirnbeki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Osterholz-Scharmbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Oosterholt-Scharmbeek'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Asylum (Saxonia Inferior)|Asylum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Asylum&quot;&gt;Theodiscum nomen ''Freistatt'', quod ''Freistätte, Zufluchtsort, Asyl'' significat, Latine &quot;asylum&quot; reddi potest. Nam in ''Deutsches Wörterbuch'' de Weigand et Hirt vox Theodisca ''Asyl'' explicatur ut «Freistatt» et ipsa vox Theodisca ''Asyl'' e Latino &quot;asylum&quot; orta esse dicitur. Praeterea lexicon Germanico-Latinum, quod in traditione lexicographica Georgii continetur, directe tradit: ''Freistatt, -stätte'', &quot;asylum'&quot;. Itaque &quot;Asylum&quot; non est forma ficticia neque mera translatio nostra, sed aequivalentia lexicographice comprobata.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Freistatt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Freestatt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aszi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hermann&quot;&gt;Hermann Abels: ''Die Ortsnamen des Emslandes in ihrer sprachlichen und kulturgeschichtlichen Bedeutung''. S. 27f.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Esche'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aulica]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elze'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Auricum (Saxonia Inferior)|Auricum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Emmius 1616&quot;&gt;Emmius, U. (1616). ''Rerum Frisicarum Historia''. [[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]: Elzevier.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Aurich''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Aurk''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Auerk'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== B ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Badberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Badbergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Badbern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Baddekenstedium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Menzel &amp; Ohainski X 2018&quot;&gt;Casemir, K., Menzel, F., &amp; Ohainski, U. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil X)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Baddeckenstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Barkenstäe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Balga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Udolph 1994&quot;&gt;Udolph, J. (1994). ''Namenkundliche Studien zum Germanenproblem'' (Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde, Ergänzungsbände 9). Walter de Gruyter.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Balje'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Balga Cortis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Balge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Baltrumum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wiarda III 1792&quot;&gt;Wiarda, T. D. (1792). ''Ostfriesische Geschichte: Von den ältesten Zeiten bis zum Jahre 1648'' (Vol. 3). August Friedrich Winter.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Baltrum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bamwida]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bohmte''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baumte'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bardenuvicum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bardowick''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bewick'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bardorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sudendorf 1859&quot;&gt;Sudendorf, H. (Ed.) (1859). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Herzöge von Braunschweig und Lüneburg und ihrer Lande'' (Vol. 1). Carl Rümpler Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bahrdorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kolb 1712&quot;&gt;Kolb, G. (1712). ''Compendium totius orbis: partim geographicum, partim historicum, partim genealogicum''. Typis Universitatis Carolo-Francisceae&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Barenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baarnborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bargstedum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mushard 1764&quot;&gt;Mushard, M. (1764). ''Palaeogentilismus Bremensis: Monumenta ac veterum tumuli in ducatibus Bremensi et Verdensi''. Typis Andreae Vandenhoeck.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bargstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bargst'' seu ''Bars'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barnstedum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bünting &amp; Letzner 1702&quot;&gt;Bünting, H., &amp; Letzner, J. (1702). ''Braunschweig-Lüneburgische Chronica, Oder Historische Beschreibung der Durchlauchtigsten Herzogen zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg''. Gedruckt bey Caspar Johann Jakobi.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barnstedt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barnstorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Böhmer 2007&quot;&gt;Böhmer, J. F. (2007). ''Regesta Imperii III: Salisches Haus 1024–1125. Die Regesten des Kaiserreiches unter Heinrich IV'' (T. Struve, Ed.). Böhlau Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Barnstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baarnstrup'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barsela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;&gt;Köbler, G. (2016). ''Orte in der deutschen Ortsgeschichte''. Wikiling-Zier. [[Universitas Leopoldino-Franciscea]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barßel''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bäärsel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bassel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barsingehusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Harenberg 1753&quot;&gt;Harenberg, J. C. (1753). ''Historia ecclesiae Gandershemensis diplomatica''. Typis et Impensis Joannis Christophori Meisneri.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barsinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baschehusen'' seu ''Basche'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barum (Luneburgum)|Barum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mindermann I II 2004&quot;&gt;Mindermann, A. (Ed.) (2004). ''Verdener Urkundenbuch, 1. Abteilung, Band 2: 1300–1380''. Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Luneburgensis|Circulo Luneburgensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landreis Lüneburg&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Luneburgensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landreis Lüneburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Luneburgensis-e&quot; ad [[Luneburgum]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Boorn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barum (Circulus Ulsenensis)|Barum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;AdWzG 2010&quot;&gt;Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen (2010). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter'' (K. Casemir, F. Menzel, &amp; U. Ohainski, Eds.). Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Ulsenensis|Circulo Ulsenensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Uelzen&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Ulsenensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Uelzen'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Ulsenensis-e&quot; ad [[Ulsena]]m refertur. Quo de gentilicio, vide lemma &quot;res-publica Ulsenensis&quot; apud {{Google Books|w_tWAAAAcAAJ|vide paginam dedicationis operis}}&quot;; et de topnymo, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bourm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barunvilla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;SdaedhdlM 1862&quot;&gt;Société d'archéologie et d'histoire de la Moselle (1862). ''Mémoires de la Société d'archéologie et d'histoire de la Moselle: Année 1860–1861''. Rousseau-Pallez.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barverum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Böhmer 1844&quot;&gt;Böhmer, J. F. (1844). ''Regesta Chronologico-Diplomatica Regum et Imperatorum Romanorum: Inde a Conrado I. Usque ad Henricum VII''. Typis et Sumtibus J. C. Hermann.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Barver'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barwedelum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Barwedel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Basdalum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Basdahl''; [[Saxonice]] ''Basdaal'' seu ''Basdohl'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bawinkelum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Moser 1738&quot;&gt;Moser, J. J. (1738). ''Bibliotheca Iuris Publici S. R. I. Germanici: Specially regarding the territories of Westphalia and Lower Saxony''. Typis Ioannis Georgii Cottae.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bawinkel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bowinkel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bebenhusa (Saxonia Inferior)|Bebenhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ahlfeldt 2010&quot;&gt;Ahlfeldt, J. (Ed.) (2010). ''Regnum Francorum Online: Traditio Fuldenses''. Francia-Ahlfeldt Project.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bevensen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bämsen'' seu ''Bemsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beckdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;AdWzG 2010&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Beckdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Beekdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beckedorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Beckedorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Biäkedörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beckelnum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Böhmer 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Beckeln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bedenbostelum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NL 1924&quot;&gt;Niedersächsisches Landesarchiv (1924). ''Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte''. Veröffentlichungen de Historischen Kommission für Niedersachsen und Bremen.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Beedenbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bedenbossel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beierstedum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Beierstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Barste’e'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Belmum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Moser 1738&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Belm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Belumum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mushard 1764&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Belum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Belen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bema (Saxonia Inferior)|Bema]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sudendorf 1859&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Böhme''; [[Saxonice]] ''Böhm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bendestorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bührmann 2005&quot;&gt;Bührmann, M. (2005). ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen des norddeutschen Raumes''. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bendestorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bendsdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Berga (Circulus Cellensis)|Berga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bruzen de La Martinière 1737&quot;&gt;Bruzen de La Martinière, A. A. (1737). ''Thesaurus geographicus criticus: in quo omnium orbis terrarum regionum, civitatum, oppidorum, nominibus antiquis, medii aevi et modernis''. Ex Officina Wetsteniana.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Cellensis|Circulo Cellensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Celle&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Cellensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Celle'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Cella (Germania)|Cella]]&quot; -ad quod gentilicium &quot;Cellensis-e&quot; refertur-, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bargen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Berga (Circulus Osnabrugae)|Berga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Osnabrugae|Circulo Osnabrugae]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Osnabrugae&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Osnabrück'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum ''LandKreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Osnabruga|Osnabruga-ae]]&quot;, vide Pertsch, Erich: ''Langenscheidts Großes Schulwörterbuch Lateinisch-Deutsch'', Berolini et Monaci 1983, ISBN 3-468-07202-3, p. 1325.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Berge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Berga ad Dumnam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bruzen de La Martinière 1737&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bergen an der Dumme''; [[Polabice]] ''Djörska'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bergenborstelium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1855&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bahrenborstel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bornbössel'' seu ''Boornbössel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bergfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bünting &amp; Letzner 1702&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bergfeld''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Bargfeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bersenbrugum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sandhoff 1785&quot;&gt;Sandhoff, J. E. (1785). ''Antistitum Osnabrugensis ecclesiae, qui per decem saecula episcopale munus in ea gesserunt, chronotaxis''. Typis Joannis Georgii Kislingii.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bersenbrück''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bessenbrügge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bersinium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kaemling 1987&quot;&gt;Kaemling, ''Atlas zur Geschichte Niedersachsens'' (1987).&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Berßen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groten Bässen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Berumburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Emmius 1616&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Berumbur'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bestena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Jellinghaus 1923&quot;&gt;Jellinghaus, H. (1923). ''Die westfälischen Ortsnamen nach ihren Bestandteilen''' (III ed.). Ferdinand Schöningh.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Beesten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Betzendorfum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bünting &amp; Letzner 1702&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Betzendorfum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bätzendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bevernense Castrum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bevern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beverstedum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Beverstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Beverst'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bienenbuttelum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bienenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bienbüddel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bilshusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wolf 1819&quot;&gt;Wolf, J. (1819). ''Politische Geschichte des Eichsfeldes mit Urkunden erläutert''. Johann Georg Rosenbusch.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bilshausen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Binethemum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;&gt;Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: I. Historicos Germanicos, II. Historiam Helmstadensem, III. Dissertationes de utriusque Saxoniae''. Typis Georgii Wolffgangi Hammii; et: Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: Dissertationen und historische Chroniken des Herzogtums Braunschweig-Lüneburg''. Typis Georgii Wolffii.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bentheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Binnenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Binnen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bippenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bippen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bippen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Birsina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bassum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bassen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bissendorpum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bissendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bissendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Blenderum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Brosius 1993&quot;&gt;Brosius, D. (1993). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Loccum'' (Vol. 1). Wallstein Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Blender''; [[Saxonice]] ''Blenner'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bliederstorpum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Trüper 2017&quot;&gt;Trüper, H. G. (2017). ''Urkundenbuch der Herren von Zesterfleth: 1232–1657''. Wallstein Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bliedersdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bliersdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bobentunum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Ohainski &amp; Udolph&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bovenden''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Bovten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bocensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bückeburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bückeborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bocholta (Circulus Heidensis)|Bocholta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1859&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Heidensis|Circulo Heidensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Heidekreis&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Heidensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Heidekreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum suffixum ''-kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Heidensis-e&quot; Theodiscum lexema ''Heide-'' vertit.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bookholt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bocholta (Circulus Theorosburgensis)|Bocholta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilmans &amp; Hoogeweg VI 1898&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Theorosburgensis|Circulo Theorosburgensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Schaumburg&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Theorosburgensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Schaumburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino gentilicio &quot;Theorosburgensis-e&quot;, quod ad [[Theorosburgum]] refertur, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baukholt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bocholtum in Ericeto]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mindermann 2001&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz in der Nordheide''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bookholt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bochorna (Circulus Frisicus)|Bochorna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ehmck &amp; Bippen 1873&quot;&gt;Ehmck, D. R., &amp; von Bippen, W. (Ed.) (1873). ''Bremisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1. Urkunden bis zum Jahre 1300''. C. Schünemann.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Frisicus|Circulo Frisico]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Friesland&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Frisicus&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Friesland'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Frisicus-a-um&quot; ad [[Frisia (discretiva)|Frisiam]] refertur. Quod de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bockhorn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bochorna (Circulus Vetha)|Bochorna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Vetha|Circulo Vetha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Vechta&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Vetha&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Vechta'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bakum'')&lt;/small&gt; 
* [[Bochorstia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Erhard 1851&quot;&gt;Erhard, H. A. (Ed.) (1851). ''Regesta Historiae Westfaliae: Accedit Codex Diplomaticus/Regesten der Geschichte Westfalens''. Regensberg.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bockhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baukhast'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bodendicum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Brosius 1985&quot;&gt;Brosius, D. (1985). ''Aus der Geschichte der Burg Bodenteich''. Ecomed Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bodenteich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bonndiek'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bodenfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sudendorf 1859&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenfelde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bodensa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Ohainski &amp; Udolph&quot;&gt;Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2003). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Göttingen''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodensee'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bodonis Insula]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenwerder'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Boffeshusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Ohainski VI 2007&quot;&gt;Casemir, K., &amp; Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen del Landkreises Holzminden''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VI)''. Editio ab Academia Scientiarum Gottingensi. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Boffzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Boitersena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mindermann 2001&quot;&gt;Mindermann, A. (Ed.) (2001). ''Urkundenbuch der Bischöfe und des Domkapitels von Verden: Band 1''. Von den Anfängen bis 1300. [[Stadae|Stadis]]: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bötersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Boitzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Boitzia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sudendorf 1859&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Boitze''; [[Saxonice]] ''Böhtz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bokenstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sudendorf 1859&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bokensdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bokensdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bokenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bockenem''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bokeln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Borchwega]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rüther 1905&quot;&gt;Rüther, H. (Ed.) (1905). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Neuenwalde''. Halle’sche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Burweg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Borkna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Borkum''; [[lingua Frisica|Frisice]] ''Boarkum''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Börkum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Borna Castra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Berne'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Borsla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Niemeyer 2012&quot;&gt;Niemeyer, M. (Ed.) (2012). ''Deutsches Ortsnamenbuch''. De Gruyter&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bösel''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Böäsel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bäsel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Borstla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1842&quot;&gt;Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1842). ''Diepholzer Urkundenbuch: Authentische Urkunden zur Geschichte der Grafschaft Diepholz''. [[Hannovera]]e: Hahn'schen Hofbuchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Borstel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bössel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Botela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mindermann 2001&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bothel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bootel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brachia (Germania)|Brachia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Brake''; [[Saxonice]] ''Braak'' seu ''Broak'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Braclina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rübel 1881&quot;&gt;Rübel, K. (Ed.) (1881). ''Dortmunder Urkundenbuch: Band 1. Urkunden bis zum Jahre 1340''. [[Isarlohia]]e: J. Baedeker.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Brackel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Braackel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bramascus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bramsche'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Breddenberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilmans &amp; Hoogeweg VI 1898&quot;&gt;Wilmans, R., &amp; Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.). (1898). ''Westfälisches Urkundenbuch: Band 6. Die Urkunden des Bisthums Minden und angrenzender Gebiete''. [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Regensberg'schen Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Breddenberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bredenforda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoogeweg 1898&quot;&gt;Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1898). ''Westfälisches Urkundenbuch: Band 6. Die Urkunden des Bisthums Minden vom J. 1201-1300''. [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Regensberg'schen Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brevörde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bredthorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ehmck &amp; Bippen 1873&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Breddorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Breddörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brestum (Saxonia Inferior)|Brestum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1759&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brest'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brincama]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Friedländer 1878&quot;&gt;Friedländer, E. (Ed.) (1878). ''Ostfriesisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1. (Jahre 787–1470)''. [[Emda]]e: Haynel.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brinkum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Britlinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Udolph 2004&quot;&gt;Udolph, J. (2004). ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen: Akten eines internationalen Symposiums in Uppsala''. [[Gottinga]]e: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Brietlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brietl'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brochema]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilmans &amp; Hoogeweg VI 1898&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Brockum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Broubm'' seu ''Brookm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brocleda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Janicke 1896&quot;&gt;Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1896). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 1''. [[Lipsia]]e: S. Hirzel.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bröckel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bräukel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Broclina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mindermann 2001&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Brockel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brookel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Broma]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Ohainski 2014&quot;&gt;Casemir, K., &amp; Ohainski, U. (Ed.). (2014). ''Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch: Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Gifhorn''. [[Bilivelda]]e: Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Brome''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brom'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brochusium-Vilsena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1855&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilmans &amp; Hoogeweg VI 1898&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bruchhausen-Vilsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brooksen-Vilsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brunsvicum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Braunschweig''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brunswiek''; [[lingua Saxonica|Brunsvicice]] dialectaliter ''Bronswiek'' seu ''Brönswiek'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bukina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilmans &amp; Hoogeweg VI 1898&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bücken''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bücken'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bulcova]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ehmck &amp; Bippen 1873&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bülkau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bulsteda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ehmck &amp; Bippen 1873&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bülstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Büls'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brunla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bode 1893&quot;&gt;Bode, G. (Ed.) (1893). ''Urkundenbuch der Stadt Goslar und der in und bei Goslar belegenen geistlichen Stiftungen: Band 1 (922 bis 1250)''.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Braunlage'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bunda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Deiter&quot;&gt;Deiter, H. (1881). Oldeborchs, Pastoris zu Bunda in Reiderland, kleine ostfriesische Chronicke, betreffend die Jahre 1558 bis 1605. ''Jahrbuch de Gesellschaft für bildende Kunst und vaterländische Altertümer zu Emden''.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bunde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bunn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Burchardivillare]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Janicke 1892&quot;&gt;Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1892). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 1. Bis zum Jahre 1221''. S. Hirzel.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Guelpherbytensis|Circulo Guelpherbytensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Wolfenbüttel&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Guelpherbytensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Wolfenbüttel'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Guelpherbytensis-e&quot; ad [[Guelpherbytum]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide [https://vd18.gbv.de/viewer/fullscreen/006049869/1/ ''vd18.gbv.de''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Pro eo ac debuisti, urbs aerumnosa, infelix ac misera Guelpherbytum (...)&quot;; et quo de gentilicio, vide  [https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/MBRY52X6EUWPQOQRFBKHVLYBSUG4M6LS ''Carmina Votiva Honori Clarißimi atq[ue] Experientißimi Viri Dn. Samuelis Stockhausen''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Practici Guelpherbytensis (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Burgdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borgdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Burgdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Hannovera (regio)|Regione Hannovera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Burgdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borgdörp'' seu ''Bortörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Burgium (Saxonia Inferior)|Burgium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Remling VII 2026&quot;&gt;Remling, L. (2026). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Emsland''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Börger''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borger'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Buria (Saxonia Inferior)|Buria]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Ohainski &amp; Udolph&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bühren'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bursina (Saxonia Inferior)|Bursina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir 2003&quot;&gt;Casemir, K. (2003). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil III)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Börßum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Butiadinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ehmck &amp; Bippen II 1876&quot;&gt;Ehmck, D. R., &amp; Bippen, W. von. (Ed.) (1876). ''Bremisches Urkundenbuch: Band 2. 1301–1350''. D. Ed. Müller.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Butjadingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Buxtehuda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lappenberg 1842&quot;&gt;Lappenberg, J. M. (Ed.) (1842). ''Hamburgisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1''. Perthes-Besser &amp; Mauke.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Buxtehude''; [[Saxonice]] ''Buxthu'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Byspinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1859&quot;&gt;Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1859). ''Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, Fünfte Abtheilung: Archiv des Klosters St. Michaelis zu Lüneburg''. Capaun-Karlowa’sche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bispingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bissen'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== C ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Campus Rufus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Stüve 1789&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Rothenfelde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Capella (Saxonia Inferior)|Capella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Philippi II 1894&quot;&gt;Philippi, F. (Ed.) (1894). ''Osnabrücker Urkundenbuch: Band 2. Die Urkunden der Jahre 1201–1250''. H. Th. Wenner.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cappeln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Castrovallium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Burgwedel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borwee'' seu ''Boorwee'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Cella (Germania)|Cella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Celle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Clenza]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Janicke II 1896&quot;&gt;Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1896). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 2. Von 1221 bis 1260''. S. Hirzel.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Clenze''; [[Polabice]] ''Kloncka'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Cloppenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Cloppenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cloppenborg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Kloppenbuurich'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Collis (Saxonia Inferior)|Collis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Erhard 1851&quot;&gt;Erhard, H. A. (Ed.) (1851). ''Regesta Historiae Westfaliae: Accedit Codex Diplomaticus/Regesten der Geschichte Westfalens''. Regensberg.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Polle'')
* [[Cramma]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir 2003&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cramme'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Cuxhavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Cuxhaven''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cuxhoben'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== D ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Dalemia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dahlem'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dalenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rzihacek &amp; Spreitzer XI 2024&quot;&gt;Rzihacek, A., &amp; Spreitzer, F. (Ed.) (2024). ''Die Urkunden Otto IV (Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Diplomata Regum et Imperatorum Germaniae, Tomus XI). Hahnsche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dahlenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dahlenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dalum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Janicke II 1896&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dahlum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Tahln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Damma (Saxonia Inferior)|Damma]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Philippi II 1894&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Damme'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Damnatzium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Garzmann LXXVI 2004&quot;&gt;Garzmann, M. R. W. (Ed.) (2004). ''Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte: Neue Folge der Zeitschrift des Historischen Vereins für Niedersachsen (Band 76)''. Hahnsche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Damnatz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Danneberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Dannenberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dannenbarg''; [[Polabice]] ''Wajdars'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Danthorpum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Menzel % Udolph VII 2011&quot;&gt;Casemir, K., Menzel, F., &amp; Udolph, J. (2011). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII''). Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Danndorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dassela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dassel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dedenhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husaDeensen&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Dedehusen'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: Casemir, K., &amp; Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Holzminden (Veröffentlichungen del Institut für Historische Landesforschung der Universität Göttingen, Vol. 51)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Deensen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Deinste]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Vanni &amp; Rossi 2012&quot;&gt;Vanni, D., &amp; Rossi, M. (Ed.) (2012). ''Index Nominum Geographicorum Locorumque Mundi Latine Redditus''. Societas Latina.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Deinste''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deinst'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Deinstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Deinstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deins'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Delmenhorstium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Delmenhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Demost'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dengdia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Denkte'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Derental]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Ohainski VI 2007&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Derental'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dersum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egger 1977&quot;&gt;Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dersum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Derßm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dettum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egger 1977&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dettum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Detten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dicla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mooyer 1855&quot;&gt;Mooyer, E. F. (Ed.) (1855). ''Urkundenbuch des vormaligen Stiftes Minden''. J. C. C. Bruns.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dickel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Didderse]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egger 1977&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Didderse'' et [[Saxonice]] ''Deesse'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Diekholza]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Diekholzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dielmissa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dielmissen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Diepenavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-avia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-avia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Diepenau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Diepholtia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmannus&quot;&gt;{{Hofmannus}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Diepholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deefholt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dinklage]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egger 1977&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dinklage''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dinklaoge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Disaldishusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husaDelligsen&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Disaldishusen'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: Reuter, A. (Ed.) (1950). ''1100 Jahre Delligsen: Geschichte der Hilsmulde und des Ortes Delligsen''. Verlag der Gemeinde Delligsen. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Delligsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Disna (Saxonia Inferior)|Disna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dissen am Teutoburger Wald'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dohra (Terra Emesensis)|Dohra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Terrae Emesensis|Terra Emesensi]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Terrae Altenburgensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Emsland'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum &quot;terra-ae&quot; Theodiscum lexema ''-land'' vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Emesensis-e&quot; ad flumen [[Amisia|Emesam]] refertur. De hoc hydronymo, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dohren '')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dohra (Circulus Harburgensis)|Dohra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Harburgensis|Circulo Harburgensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Harburg&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dohren''; [[Saxonice]] ''Duhrn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dolnere]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Dolnere&quot;&gt;Vide [https://adw-goe.de/fileadmin/forschungsprojekte/ortsnamen_rhein_elbe/dokumente/Publikationen_Udolph_PDF/2001-2005/315._Udolph_Anmerkungen_zum_Ortsnamen_Dollern.pdf ''Anmerkugen zum Ortsnamen Dollern''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 1105 (Fälschung Mitte 12. Jh.) ''Dolnere'' (...) 1209 ''Johannes de dolnere'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dollern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Doristacus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&amp;cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&amp;lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dorstadt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dornum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egger 1977&quot;&gt;Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Dornum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dornm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dorverda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dörverden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dörbern'' seu ''Dörb'' seu ''Dörveern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dotlinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dötlingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Drage (Albis)|Drage]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Drage&quot;&gt;'''Drage-es'''; declinatio regularis generis Graeci vel Latini in prima declinatione, aut ut nomen substantivum regulare primae declinationis in geographicis rationibus modernis tractatum. Quo de toponymo, vide: Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Drage''; [[Saxonice]] ''Draag'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Drentwede]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1842&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Drentwede'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Drestadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Drestedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dreest'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Drochtersa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Drochtersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Drochters'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dudanebutli]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lappenberg 1841&quot;&gt;Lappenberg, J. M. (Ed.) (1841). ''Hamburgisches Urkundenbuch (Band 1)''. Perthes-Besser &amp; Mauke.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Düdenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Düünbeudel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Duderstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Duderstadt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dustadt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dunsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dünsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dunum  (Saxonia Inferior)|Dunum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Houtrouw 1889&quot;&gt;Houtrouw, O. G. (1889). ''Ostfriesland: Eine geschichtlich-ortskundige Wanderung gegen Ende der Fürstenzeit (Band 1)''. Dunkmann.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dunum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Duthungun]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Udolph 2004&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Duingen''; [[Saxonice|Ostfalice]] ''Daujen'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== E ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Ebbestorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Jaitner 1985&quot;&gt;Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ebstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ebstörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ebersdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Ebersdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ebersdorfium&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Ebersdorf'' in Latinam &quot;Ebersdorfium&quot; verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ebersdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eversdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Echemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-hemium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-hemium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Echem''; [[Saxonice]] ''Echen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Edemissa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Edemissen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emisse'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Egestorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Egestorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Äästörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Edewechte]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Berger 2012&quot;&gt;Berger, D. (2012). ''Edewecht''. In ''Deutsches Ortsnamenbuch''. Walter de Gruyter.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Edewecht''; [[Saxonice]] ''Erwech''; historice ''Adewacht'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eggermuhla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Eggermühlen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ehra-Lessia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ehra-Lessien'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eicklinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Eicklingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eikeln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eildissum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Stumpf-Brentano II 1865&quot;&gt;Stumpf-Brentano, K. F. (Ed.) (1865). ''Die Reichskanzler vornehmlich des X., XI. und XII. Jahrhunderts: Acta Imperii Selecta'' (Vol. 2). [[Aeni Pons (Austria)|Aeni Ponte]]: Wagner'schen Universitäts-Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Eilsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ahlsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eima]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Eimen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eime]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eime'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eimke]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Eimke''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aimk'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ekelum]]&lt;ref&gt;Vide: Von Hodenberg, W. (Ed.) (1855). ''Walsroder Urkundenbuch (Urkunde Nr. 19)''. Hahnsche Hofbuchhandlung. Quo opere &quot;proprietatem bonorum in Ekelo, que ab ecclesia Walsrodensi in feodum tenuit, pro quinquaginta marcis seriosius comparavit.&quot; dicitur.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eickeloh'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Elbingeroda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-roda&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elbingerode'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eldinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eldingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Elsdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Elsdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Elsdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Elsdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Elvede]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoops 2003&quot;&gt;Hoops, J. (Ed.) (2003). ''Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch III: Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter''. Biliveldae: Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elbe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Embeca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Embeca&quot;&gt;&quot;non ignobiles Saxoniae civitates, Embeca et Gottinga&quot; {{Google Books|I7pXAAAAcAAJ|p. 734}}. Interdum &quot;Embica&quot;, &quot;Embecka&quot; etc. reperis&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Einbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aimbeck'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Embsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Embsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Emden''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Oamde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emmelkampus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Emmelkampus&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.altreformiert.de/beuker/geschichte/grafschaft-bentheim/ERK-GRAFSCH_Classis_1625-1705_Prot_-_Plasger_2021_gjb.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Protokolle der Classis der reformierten Prediger der Grafschaft Bentheim 1625–1705''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Domino Bernhardus Tinneken Pastorum Emmelkampum (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Emlichheim''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Batavice]] ''Emmelkamp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emmendorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Emmendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emphstece]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Emphstece&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.emstek.de/die-gemeinde/ortsteile/emstek?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''www.emstek.de'']; ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Urkunde aus dem Jahre 947 als „Emphstece&quot; (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Emstek''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emstäk'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emsbura]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Emsbüren''; [[Saxonice]] ''Büren'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emtinghusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Emtinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emhusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Engda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Engden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Engn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Engelschofa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-hofa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hof(f)(e)(n)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-hofa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hattenhofa (Bavaria)|Hattenhofa Bavarica]], [[Pfaffenhofa ad fluvium Glon]], [[Pfaffenhofa ad Rotam]], [[Poohofa]], [[Gundershofa]], [[Hattenhofa (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Hattenhofa Badeniae-Virtembergiae]], [[Pfaffenhofa (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Pfaffenhofa]], [[Matichofa]], [[Philshofa]] apud [[Google|Gugulam]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Engelschoff''; [[Saxonice]] ''Engelschopp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Erenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Minden II 1902&quot;&gt;Minden, G. von (Ed.) (1902). ''Urkundenbuch der Bischöfe von Verden und Minden (Band 2)''. Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ehrenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ehrenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Erkeroda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-roda&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-rode'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-roda-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Baceroda]], [[Gerningeroda]], [[Osteroda]], [[Werningroda]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Erkerode''; [[Saxonice]] ''Erkero'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ermelstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1759&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Armstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Armsdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ericetum Magnum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ericetum&quot;&gt;[https://woerterbuchnetz.de/?sigle=MeckWB&amp;lemid=H01756 Theodiscum toponymicum suffixum ''-heide'' Latino nomine &quot;Ericetum-i&quot; vertitur.]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Magnus&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/magnus?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum praefixum ''Groß-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;magnus-a-um&quot; vertitur.]&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Großheide''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grootheid'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eschede]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Eschede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Esche'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eschershusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eschershausen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Esena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Esens'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Essel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Essel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Äsel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Esterwega]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Esterwegen''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Äästerweede'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Estorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(ad [[Visurgis|Visurgem]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Estorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Esdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Estorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Stadae|Circulo Stadae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Stade&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Stadae&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Stade'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Stadae]]&quot;, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Estorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Esdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Evergoteshemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-hemiumEver&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-hemium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Euergoteshem'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: H. Bresslau et. al.: ''Die Urkunden Heinrichs II. und Arduins''. In: Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Die Urkunden der deutschen Könige und Kaiser, Band 3. [[Hannovera]]e 1900–1903.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ebergötzen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Ewerchötzschen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Everinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ingaEvern&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum mediaevali formae huius toponymi ''Everinge'' testatae applicatur. Quo de mediaevali toponymo, vide: Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (1998). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises und der Stadt Hannover (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil I)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Deutsch Evern''; [[Saxonice]] ''Düütsch Äwern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eversmeer]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eversmeer'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Evessum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NOB 2004&quot;&gt;Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (2004). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter''' (NOB III). [[Gottinga]]e: Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Evessen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eydelstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Eydelstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eidelstee'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eyendorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Eyendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eyndörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eystharpa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-tharpa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-trup'' seu ''-drup'' seu ''-trop'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-tharpa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Butilingtharpa]], [[Graftharpa]], [[Gumorodingtharpa]], [[Haringtharpa]], [[Heppingtharpa]], [[Holttharpa]], [[Hurstharpa]], [[Kathingtharpa]], [[Kiedeningtharpa]], [[Marastharpa]], [[Markiligtharpa]], [[Meinbrahtingtharpa]], [[Peingtharpa]], [[Radistharpa]], [[Sutharpa]], [[Tettingtharpa]], [[Vilomaringtharpa]], [[Winikingtharpa]], [[Varetharpa]], [[Vrilingtharpa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eystrup'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== F ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Fallingbostela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bad Fallingbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Fambossel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fardium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Verden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Veern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Farva]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Farven''; [[Saxonice]] ''Farm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fassberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Faßberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Filsum]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Filsum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Firrel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Firrel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Florimontium (circulus Widmundensis)|Florimontium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Blomberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bloombarg'' seu ''Blombarg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Flotide]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Flotide&quot;&gt;De nominibus &quot;Flotide&quot; {{caa|780|802}}, &quot;Flathi&quot; {{caa|1013}}, &quot;Flatide&quot; {{caa|1142}}, &quot;Flothethe&quot; {{caa|1187}}, &quot;Vlothe&quot; {{caa|1189}} et &quot;Flotethe&quot; {{caa|1194}}, vide: Udolph, Jürgen. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160729194352/https://www.ndr.de/ndr1niedersachsen/programm/Ortsnamen-Uebersicht-fuer-Buchstaben-F,ortsnamenforscher111.html ''Ortsnamenforscher'']. ''NDR 1 Niedersachsen''.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Flöthe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Frankenfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-felda&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-feld(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-felda-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Falufelda]], [[Frauenfelda]], [[Heresfelda]], [[Hirutfelda]], [[Ilfelda]], [[Mansfelda]], [[Salfelda]], [[Sualafelda]], [[Alfelda]], [[Alsfelda]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Frankenfeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Freda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Freden'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fredenbiki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-biki&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-beck'' seu ''-beek'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-biki-orum&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Aesebiki]], [[Asbiki]], [[Beverbiki]], [[Gledabiki]], [[Goltbiki]], [[Sannanabiki]], [[Trobiki]], [[Walbeka|Walbiki]], [[Winesbiki]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Fredenbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Freenbeek'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Frera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Freren'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fresenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Fresenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Fräsenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Friburgum (Albis)|Friburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Friburgum&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Freiburg'' Latino toponymo &quot;Friburgum&quot; verti solet. Cf. [[Friburgum Brisgoviae]] aut [[Friburgum Nuithonum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Freiburg/Elbe''; [[Saxonice]] ''Fryborg'' seu ''Freiborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Frideburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Frideburgum&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.heimatbund-finnentrop.de/index_htm_files/Staats-%20u.%20Reisegeogr.%205.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Beschreibung derer merkwürdigsten Oerter''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Frideburg, Friedeburg, lat. Frideburgum'''. Liegt im Fürstenthum Ostfriesland, an den Grenzen der Grafschaft Oldenburg (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Friedeburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Freborg'' seu ''Freebörg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Friedlandia (Saxonia Inferior)|Friedland]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Friedland&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Friedland' in Latinam &quot;Friedlandia&quot; verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Friedland'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Frisoyta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Frisoyta&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363707446_Der_Status_animarum_im_Hochstift_Munster_und_die_Alphabetisierung_im_landlichen_Raum_eines_geistlichen_Furstentums_im_17_und_18_Jahrhundert ''Der Status animarum im Hochstift Münster und die Alphabetisierung im ländlichen Raum eines geistlichen Fürstentums im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Specificatio catholic[orum] et acatholicorum in Frisoyta (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Friesoythe''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ait''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aithe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Furstenavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Furstenavia&quot;&gt;Theodiscum nomen proprium ''Fürstenau'' in Latinam &quot;Furstenavia&quot; verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Hofmannus}}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) FURSTENAVIA Familia Germ. ''Furstenau'', ramus est Familiae Erpacensis (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Fürstenau''; [[Saxonice]] ''Fösnau'' seu ''Försnau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Furstenberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Fürstenberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}} 

=== G ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Ganderkesee]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ganderkesee''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gannerseer'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gandershemium]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.fi/books?id=6kwBAAAAQAAJ&amp;pg=PA27&amp;lpg=PA27&amp;dq=Gandershemium&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=_NMr2DmhUK&amp;sig=CXPUuuKZ8W03AC7uB3YlYYNscJ4&amp;hl=fi&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=7z7WUrfrO8iC4gTGxoGYCw&amp;ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&amp;q=Gandershemium&amp;f=false R. p. Hertenberger: ''Historia pragmatica universalis, sacra et profana''], p.27;
[http://books.google.fi/books?id=yScyAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA58&amp;lpg=PA58&amp;dq=Gandershemium&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=ZoGX4tZRRD&amp;sig=8fUZc6grFgYD0jN-twVcDyzarYI&amp;hl=fi&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=7z7WUrfrO8iC4gTGxoGYCw&amp;ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q=Gandershemium&amp;f=false ''Acta Sanctorum, Junii'' (1698-1717), cit. in ''A Companion to Hrotsvit of Gandersheim (fl. 960)''], p. 58 n.103.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Gandersheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ganderssen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gandesberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gandesbergen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Garbsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Garbsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Garlstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Garlstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Garlstörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Garrel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Garrel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Garstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Garstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gastää'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gartovia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ovia&quot;&gt;[[Linguae Germanicae|Germanica]] ac [[linguae Slavicae|Slavica]] toponyma cum suffixo ''-ov'' seu ''-öv'' seu ''ow'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-ovia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Asovia]], [[Brewnovia]], [[Czernichovia]], [[Glasgovia]], [[Golnovia]], [[Grabovia]], [[Kharkovia]], [[Laszovia]], [[Ostrovia]], [[Pscovia]], [[Racovia]], [[Sucovia]], [[Tarnovia]], [[Wengrovia]], [[Witkowa]], [[Wittovia]], [[Crovia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gartow'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Geeste]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Geeste''; [[Saxonice]] ''Choeiste'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Geestlandia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-landia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-land'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-landia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amelandia]], [[Bevelandia Australis]], [[Bevelandia Septentrionalis]], [[Bolandia]], [[Iutlandia]], [[Curlandia]], [[Estlandia]], [[Finlandia]], [[Flevolandia]], [[Friedlandia]], [[Islandia]], [[Gothlandia]], [[Hollandia]], [[Ingermanlandia]], [[Isalandia]] [[Lalandia]], [[Langelandia]], [[Oehtlandia]] [[Olandia]], [[Sallandia]], [[Samlandia]] [[Zelandia]], [[Selandia]] [[Fotlandia]], [[Wermelandia]] [[Withlandia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Geestland'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gehrde]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Gehrde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Georgsdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Georgsdorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gerdavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-avia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-avia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gerdau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gerdinum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gerdinium&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/gehrden/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Urkundlich ist der spätere Flecken möglicherweis erstmals als ''Gerdinum'' im Verzeichnis der Schenkungen (''Traditionen'') an das Kloster Corvey erwähnt, das um 826/76 angelegt wurde (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Gehrden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gieren'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gersta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gersten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Getelo]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Getelo''; [[Saxonice]] ''Getel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gevensleba]] &lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gevensleben'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gevera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Jever'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gieboldehusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Gieboldehausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Chiwelehusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Giesa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Giesen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gifhorna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cellarius 1703&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Gifhorn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gilta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gilten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Glandorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Glandorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gleicha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gleichen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gnarrenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Gnarrenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gnarrenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Godenstorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Gödenstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gö’nstörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Goldbiki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Golmbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Goldenstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Goldenstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gollnste'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Golencampus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;campus-i&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-kamp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-campus-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Gölenkamp''; [[Saxonice]] ''Göllenkamp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gorenthin]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gorenthin&quot;&gt;Vide [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Zeitschrift_des_Historischen_Vereins_f%C3%BCr_Niedersachsen_%28IA_zeitschriftdeshi1857hist%29.pdf?utm ''Zeitschrift des Historischen Vereins für Niedersachsen''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) villam Gorenthin '' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Göhrde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Göhr''; [[Polabice]] ''Djöra'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gorleba]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gorleben'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Goslaria]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Goslar''; [[Saxonice]] ''Goslär'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gottinga]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.com/books?id=kkM-AAAAcAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=gottingensis&amp;lr=&amp;cd=14#v=onepage&amp;q=&amp;f=false Libri Googles].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Göttingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Chöttingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grafhorstium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-horstium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-horst'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-horstium-i&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) -horst : -''horstium'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Grafhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grafhorst'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grasberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Grasberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grasbarg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grasleba]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Grasleben''; [[Saxonice]] ''Graslewe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grethemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-hemium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-hemium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Grethem''; [[Saxonice]] ''Graitn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grona (Leina)|Grona]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gronau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grundensis Civitas Metallica]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Grund'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grunendicum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dicum&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-diek'' aut ''-deich'' aut ''-dijk'' aut ''-dyk'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dicum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Isendicum]] apud {{Graesse}}; aut [[Mardicum]] apud ''Dictionnaire universel françois et latin, vulgairement appelé Dictionnaire de Trévoux''.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Grünendeich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Greundiek'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Guderhandviertel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Guderhandviertel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gauderhandviddel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Guelpherbytum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wolfenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wulfenbüttel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gusborn]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Gusborn''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gyhum]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== H ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Hademstorf]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haga Schauenburgi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]]  ''Stadthagen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hage]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hagen am Teutoburger Wald]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hagen im Bremischen]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hagenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hagermarsch]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hahausen]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Halbemond]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Halle (comitatus Binethensis)|Halle]] &lt;small&gt;(b.Neuenhaus)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Halle (Holtisminni)|Halle]] &lt;small&gt;(Montes Visurgis)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Halvesbostel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hamala]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hameln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hambergen]]
* [[Hambühren]]
* [[Hämelhausen]]
* [[Hamersen]]
* [[Hammah]]
* [[Handeloh]]
* [[Handorf]]
* [[Handrup]]
* [[Hankensbüttel]]
* [[Hannovera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[caput (urbs)|caput]] [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terrae foederalis]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hannover''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hannober'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hann. Münden]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hanstedt (Circulus Ulsenensis)|Hanstedt]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Ulsenensis|Circulo Ulsenensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Uelzen&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hanstedt (Nordheide)|Hanstedt]] &lt;small&gt;(Nordheide)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harbarnsen]]
* [[Hardegsen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haren (Amisia)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harmstorf]]
* [[Harpstedt]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harsefeld]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harsum]]
* [[Hartsburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Harzburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Harzeborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hasbergen]]
* [[Haselünne]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haßbergen]]
* [[Hassel (Weser)]]
* [[Hassendorf]]
* [[Haste]]	
* [[Hatten]]
* [[Hattorf ad Harthicos montes]]
* [[Häuslingen]]
* [[Haverlah]]
* [[Hechthausen]]
* [[Hedeper]]
* [[Heede (Emsland)|Heede]]
* [[Heemsen]]
* [[Heere]]	
* [[Heeslingen]]
* [[Heeßen]]
* [[Hehlen]]
* [[Heidenau (Saxonia Inferior)|Heidenau]]
* [[Heinade]]
* [[Heinbockel]]
* [[Heiningen (Niedersachsen)|Heiningen]]
* [[Heinsen]]
* [[Hellwege]]
* [[Helmstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Helmstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Helmstidde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Helpsen]]
* [[Helvesiek]]
* [[Hemmingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hemmoor]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hemsbünde]]
* [[Hemslingen]]
* [[Hemsloh]]
* [[Hepstedt]]
* [[Herzberg am Harz]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Herzlake]]
* [[Hesel]]
* [[Hespe]]
* [[Hessisch Oldendorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heuerßen]]
* [[Heyen]]
* [[Hildesia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hildesheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hilmessen'' seu ''Hilmssen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hilgermissen]]
* [[Hilkenbrook]]
* [[Hillerse]]
* [[Hilter am Teutoburger Wald]]
* [[Himbergen]]
* [[Himmelpforten]]
* [[Hinte]]
* [[Hipstedt]]
* [[Hittbergen]]
* [[Hitzacker]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hodenhagen]]
* [[Höhbeck]]
* [[Hohenhameln]]
* [[Hohne]]
* [[Hohnhorst]]
* [[Hohnstorf (Albis)]]
* [[Holdorf (Niedersachsen)|Holdorf]]
* [[Holenberg]]
* [[Holle]]
* [[Hollenstedt]]
* [[Hollern-Twielenfleth]]
* [[Hollnseth]]
* [[Holste]]
* [[Holtgast]]
* [[Holtisminni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Holzminden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Holtsminne'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Holtland]]
* [[Holzen (prope Eschershusam)|Holzen]]
* [[Hoogstede]]
* [[Hörden ad Harthicos montes]]
* [[Horneburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Horstedt (Niedersachsen)|Horstedt]]
* [[Hoya]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hoyerhagen]]
* [[Hoyershausen]]
* [[Hude (Oldenburg)]]
* [[Hüde]]
* [[Hülsede]]
* [[Husum (bei Nienburg)|Husum]]
* [[Hutta Georgii et Mariae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;hutta-ae&quot;&gt;Toponyma cum suffixis ''-hütte'' aut ''-hutta'' plerumque latinizari solent Latino vocabulo &quot;Hutta-ae&quot;, quamquam huius vocabuli variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hutta vitriaria Bohemica]] apud [https://schwaben.hu/ortschaften/bohmischhutten?utm Schwaben.hu. (s. d.). ''Böhmischhütten / Csehbánya – Ortsgeschichte'']; [[Hutta Germanica]] apud [https://huta.ewk.hu/nemetbanya-1757-1781/?utm ''Németbánya. (s. s.). Németbánya története'']; [[Hutta Vitriaria]] apud https://slavistika.sk/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/2015_1.pdf?utm [Majtán, M. (1998). ''Názvy obcí Slovenskej republiky: Vývin v rokoch 1773–1997''. Bratislaviae: Veda]; Hutta apud [https://real.mtak.hu/140291/1/K%C3%A1rp%C3%A1talja%20helys%C3%A9gnevei.pdf?utm ''Kárpátalja helységnevei.'']; [[Hutta Polonica]] apud Štefánik, M. (2022). ''Italia ed Europa centro-orientale tra Medioevo ed età moderna: Economia, società, cultura''. Heidelberg University Publishing; [[Hutta (Eiflia)|Hutta Eifliae]] apud Beyer, H. (1860). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der, jetzt die Preussischen Regierungsbezirke Coblenz und Trier bildenden mittelrheinischen Territorien'' (Vol. 1). J. Hölscher, et Beyer, H. (1860). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der mittelrheinischen Territorien: Erster Band. Von den ältesten Zeiten bis zum Jahre 1169''. [[Confluentes (Germania)|Confluentibus]]: J. Hölscher.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Georgius&quot;&gt;[https://la.wiktionary.org/wiki/Georgius?utm Theodiscum praefixum ''Georg-'' Latino anthroponymo casu genetivo &quot;Georfii&quot; vertitur].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Maria&quot;&gt;[https://la.wiktionary.org/wiki/Maria?utm Theodiscum interfixum ''-marien-'' Latino anthroponymo casu genetivo &quot;Mariae&quot; vertitur].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Georgsmarienhütte'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hüven]]
{{div col end}}

=== I ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Iburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Von Schaten 1714&quot;&gt;Von Schaten, N. (1714). ''Monumenta Osnabrugensia ex historia romana, francica, saxonicaque eruta''. Typis Jodoci Henrici Meyer.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Iburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Ibig'' seu ''Ibig'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ihlienworth]]
* [[Ihlow (Frisia Orientalis)|Ihlow]]
* [[Ilsede]]
* [[Ingeleben]]
* [[Isenbüttel]]
* [[Isernhagen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Isterberg]]
* [[Itterbeck]]
{{div col end}}

=== J ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Jade (Saxonia Inferior)|Jade]]
* [[Jameln]]
* [[Jelmstorf]]
* [[Jembke]]
* [[Jemgum]]
* [[Jerxheim]]
* [[Jesteburg]]
* [[Jork]]
* [[Jühnde]]
* [[Juist]]
{{div col end}}

=== K ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Kakenstorf]]
* [[Kalbe (Niedersachsen)|Kalbe]]
* [[Kalefeld]]
* [[Karwitz]]
* [[Katlenburg-Lindau]]
* [[Kettenkamp]]
* [[Kirchbrak]]
* [[Kirchdorf (bei Sulingen)|Kirchdorf]]
* [[Kirchgellersen]]
* [[Kirchlinteln]]
* [[Kirchseelte]]
* [[Kirchtimke]]
* [[Kirchwalsede]]
* [[Kissenbrück]]
* [[Klein Berßen]]
* [[Klein Meckelsen]]
* [[Kluse (Emsland)|Kluse]]
* [[Kneitlingen]]
* [[Kneta Maior]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Großenkneten''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grotekneten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Köhlen]]
* [[Königsmoor]]
* [[Kranenburg (Oste)|Kranenburg]]
* [[Krebeck]]
* [[Krummendeich]]
* [[Krummhörn]]
* [[Kührstedt]]
* [[Küsten]]
* [[Kutenholz]]
{{div col end}}

=== L ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Laar]]
* [[Laatzen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lachendorf]]
* [[Laerium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Stüve 1789&quot;&gt;Stüve, J. E. (1789). ''Beschreibung des Fürstenthums Osnabrück mit einigen Urkunden''. Kißling.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Laer'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lage (Saxonia Inferior)|Lage]]
* [[Lähden]]
* [[Lahn (Hümmling)|Lahn]]
* ''[[Lamspringe]]''
* [[Lamstedt]]
* [[Landesbergen]]
* [[Landolfshausen]]
* [[Landwehr (Gemeinde)|Landwehr]]
* [[Langelsheim]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Langen (bei Bremerhaven)|Langen]]''' &lt;small&gt;(b.Bremerhaven)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langen (Emsland)|Langen]] &lt;small&gt;(Emsland)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langendorf (Elbe)|Langendorf]]
* [[Langenhagen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langeoog]]
* [[Langlingen]]
* [[Langwedel (Weser)|Langwedel]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lastrup]]
* [[Lathen]]
* [[Lauenau]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lauenbrück]]
* [[Lauenförde]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lauenhagen]]
* [[Leese]]
* [[Leezdorf]]
* [[Lehe (Emsland)|Lehe]]
* [[Lehre (Niedersachsen)|Lehre]]
* [[Lehrte]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leiferde]]
* [[Lembruch]]
* [[Lemförde]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lemgow]]
* [[Lemwerdera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rüthning 1926&quot;&gt;Rüthning, G. (Ed.) (1926). ''Oldenburger Urkundenbuch''. Gerhard Stalling.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lemwerder'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lengede]]
* [[Lengenbostel]]
* [[Lengerich (Emsland)|Lengerich]]
* [[Lenne (Niedersachsen)|Lenne]]
* [[Leopolis (Saxonia Inferior)|Leopolis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ebel 1960&quot;&gt;Ebel, W. (1960). ''Lübisches Recht: Erster Band''. Hansischer Geschichtsverein.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bleckede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bleikd'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leri]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Leer''; [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Läär''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lier'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Liebenau (Niedersachsen)|Liebenau]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Liebenburg]]
* [[Lilienthal]]
* [[Lindern (Oldenburg)]]
* [[Lindhorst]]
* [[Lindwedel]]
* [[Lingen (Ems)]] &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Linsburg]]
* [[Lintig]]
* [[Locus Occidentalis (Saxonia Inferior)|Locus Occidentalis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cellarius 1703&quot;&gt;Cellarius, C. (1703). ''Geographia Antiqua iuxta et Nova''. Ienae: Bielckius.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Westerstede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Westerstäe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lohne (Oldenburg)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Löningen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lorup]]
* [[Loxstedt]]
* [[Lübberstedt]]
* [[Lübbow]]
* [[Luchovia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Luchovia&quot;&gt;Vide [https://ia801403.us.archive.org/28/items/antiquitatessele00keys/antiquitatessele00keys.pdf ''Antiquitates selectae septentrionales et Celticae''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) De Venedicis aut Germanicis prope Luchoviam effossis Epistola ''Georgii Frid, Mithofii'' data Luchovia d. 17. Maji 1691 (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lüchow''; [[Polabice]] ''Ljauchüw'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Luckau (Saxonia Inferior)|Luckau]]
* [[Lüder (Lüneburger Heide)|Lüder]]
* [[Lüdersburg]]
* [[Lüdersfeld]]
* [[Lüerdissen]]
* [[Luhden]]
* [[Luneburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lüneburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lümborg'' seu ''Lünborg''; [[Lingua Saxonica antiqua|Palaeosaxonice]] ''Hliuni'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lünne]]
* [[Lütetsburg]]
* ''[[Lutter am Barenberge]]''
* [[Luttera Regalis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Königslutter am Elm'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== M ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Maasen]]
* [[Magna Palus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Magna Palus&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/magnus?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum toponymicum praefixum ''Große-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;magnus-a-um&quot;] et [[https://www.koeblergerhard.de/germanistischewoerterbuecher/altsaechsischeswoerterbuch/asF.pdf Theodiscum suffixum ''-fehn'' Latino nomine &quot;palus paludis&quot; (f.)] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Großefehn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grootfehn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Maius Vrelstede]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Maius Vrelstede&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B76-2/NOB%20VII%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Helmstedt%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Wolfsburg.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der stadt WoLfsburg'']{{Nexus deficit|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 1318 ''in Maiori Vrelstede'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Frellstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Frillstidde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Marienhafe]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Marienhagen]]
* [[Mariental (Niedersachsen)|Mariental]]
* [[Marklohe]]
* [[Marl (Dümmer)|Marl]]
* [[Marschacht]]
* [[Martfeld]]
* [[Marxen]]
* [[Mechtersen]]
* [[Meckelsa Maior]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Meckelsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Meckels'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Meerbeck]]
* [[Meine]]
* [[Meinersen]]
* [[Melbeck]]
* [[Melle]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mellinghausen]]
* [[Menslage]]
* [[Meppea]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Meppen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Möppen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Merzen]]
* [[Messenkamp]]
* [[Messingen]]
* [[Midlum (Land Wursten)|Midlum]]
* [[Misselwarden]]
* [[Mittelnkirchen]]
* [[Mittelstenahe]]
* [[Moisburg]]
* [[Molbergen]]
* [[Mons Catonis (Saxonia Inferior)|Mons Catonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Cadenberge''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cuddeldutt'' seu ''Kumbarg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Moormerland]]
* [[Moorweg]]
* [[Moringen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Müden (Alara)]]
* [[Mulsum (Land Wursten)|Mulsum]]
* [[Mundia Hannoverana]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Munimeri]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Dronke 1844&quot;&gt;Dronke, E. F. J. (Ed.) (1844). ''Traditiones et Antiquitates Fuldenses: Chartae et registra historica saeculi IX''. Fuldense: Typis Müllerianis.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Münder am Deister''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Münner'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Munster (Örtze)|Munster]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== N ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Nahrendorf]]
* [[Natendorf]]
* [[Neetze]]
* [[Negenborn]]
* [[Nenndorf (circulus Widmundensis)|Nenndorf]]
* [[Neubörger]]
* [[Neu Darchau]]
* [[Neuenhaus]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (Altes Land)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Altes Land)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (bei Bassum)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(b.Bassum)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (Land Hadeln)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Land Hadeln)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (Landkreis Osnabrück)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Osnabrück)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (Lüneburger Heide)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Lüneb.Heide)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen-Vörden]]
* [[Neuharlingersiel]]
* [[Neuhaus (Oste)]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuhof (Landkreis Hildesheim)|Neuhof]]
* [[Neukamperfehn]]
* [[Neulehe]]
* [[Neuschoo]]
* [[Neustadt am Rübenberge]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neu Wulmstorf]]
* [[Niederlangen]]
* [[Niedernwöhren]]
* [[Niemetal]]
* [[Nienhagen (Landkreis Celle)|Nienhagen]]
* [[Nienstädt]]
* [[Norden]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nordenham]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Norderney]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nordholz]]
* [[Nordleda]]
* [[Nordsehl]]
* [[Nordstemmen]]
* [[Nörten-Hardenberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Northemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nothemium&quot;&gt;Vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenahist/wassenberg1/Wassenberg_florus.html ''FLORUS GERMANICUS''] , ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Et VVolferbytum, Northemium, Steinbruggam, Nienburgum (...) Primo vere Tillius tribunos suos Northemium misit (...) Caesaeriani Northemium expugnant (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Northeim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nuurten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Northorna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;&gt;Egli, J. J. (1893). ''Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume''. [[Lipsia]]e: Friedrich Brandstetter.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nordhorn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nothoorn'' seu ''Notthoarn'' seu ''Netthoarn'' seu ''Noordhoorn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nortmoor]]
* [[Nortrup]]
* [[Nottensdorf]]
* [[Nova Urbs (Saxonia Inferior)|Nova Urbs]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nienburg/Weser''; [[Saxonice]] ''Näinborg'' seu ''Nienborg'' seu ''Neenborg'' seu ''Negenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Novale Frigidum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Colnrade''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kollenroad'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== O ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Oberlangen]]
* [[Oberndorf (Oste)|Oberndorf]]
* [[Obernfeld]]
* [[Obernholz]]
* [[Obernkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ochtersum]]
* [[Odisheim]]
* [[Oederquart]]
* [[Oerel]]
* [[Oesinga Maior]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Oesingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Oesingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oetzen]]
* [[Ohne]]
* [[Ohrum]]
* [[Oldenburgum]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oldendorf (Landkreis Stade)|Oldendorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Stade)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oldendorf (Luhe)]]
* [[Osloß]]
* [[Osnabruga]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Osnabrück''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ossenbrääch''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Lingua Saxonica|Westfalice]] ''Ossenbrügge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Osteel]]
* [[Osten (Oste)|Osten]]
* [[Osterbruch]]
* [[Ostercappeln]]
* [[Ostereistedt]]
* [[Osterode am Harz]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Osterwald]]
* [[Ostrhauderfehn]]
* [[Ottenstein (Niedersachsen)|Ottenstein]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Otter]]
* [[Otterndorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ottersberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ovelgönne]]
* [[Ovenhagium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1703&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Auhagen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oyten]]	
{{div col end}}

=== P ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Padingbüttel]]
* [[Papenburg]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Parsau]]
* [[Pattensen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pegestorf]]
* [[Pennigsehl]]
* [[Petrimons]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Perizonius 1758&quot;&gt;Perizonius, J. (1758). ''Compendium historiarum antiquissimarum, civilium et ecclesiasticarum, usque ad seculum decimum octavum: Cum appendice de ducatu Westphaliae et comitatu Petrimontano''. Ex officina Wetsteniana.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Pyrmont''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Puurmont'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pohle]]
* [[Pollhagen]]
* [[Pons Cobbanus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Leuckfeld 1714&quot;&gt;Leuckfeld, J. G. (1714). ''Antiquitates Blankenburgenses, oder Historische Beschreibung derer vormals berühmten Grafen von Blankenburg, nebst dazugehörigen diplomatibus und Chartis''. Gottfried Freytag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Coppenbrügge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Poynum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Peine''; [[Saxonice]] ''Paane''; [[Lingua Theodisca alta recens|Protoneoaltotheodisce]] ''Peina'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Praefectura Neohusana]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Grupen II 1742&quot;&gt;Grupen, C. U. (1742). ''Disceptationes Forenses cum Observationibus Juris: De originibus et iurisdictione praefecturarum ditionis Brunsvicensis (Caput de Praefectura Neohusana)'' (Vol. II). Hannoverae: Förster.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Amt Neuhaus'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pratum Vitulorum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Calberlah'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Prezelle]]
* [[Prinzhöfte]]
{{div col end}}

=== Q ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Quakenbrück]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Quendorf]]
* [[Querenhorst]]
* [[Quernheim]]
{{div col end}}

=== R ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Räbke]]
* [[Radbruch]]
* [[Raddestorf]]
* [[Rastdorf]]
* [[Rastede]]
* [[Rätzlingen (Niedersachsen)|Rätzlingen]]
* [[Rechtsupweg]]
* [[Reeßum]]
* [[Regesbostel]]
* [[Rehburg-Loccum]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rehden]]
* [[Rehlingen]]
* [[Reinstorf]]
* [[Remlingen (Niedersachsen)|Remlingen]]
* [[Renkenberge]]
* [[Rennau]]
* [[Reppenstedt]]
* [[Rethem (Aller)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rhade]]
* [[Rhauderfehn]]
* [[Rhede (Ems)]]
* [[Rhumspringe]]
* [[Ribbesbüttel]]
* [[Riede (Landkreis Verden)|Riede]]
* [[Rieste]]
* [[Ringe]]
* [[Ringstedt]]
* [[Rinteln]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ritterhude]]
* [[Rodenberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rodewald]]
* [[Rohrsen]]
* [[Roklum]]
* [[Rollshausen]]
* [[Römstedt]]
* [[Ronnenberg]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rosche]]
* [[Rosdorf]]
* [[Rosengarten (Landkreis Harburg)|Rosengarten]]
* [[Rotenburgum ad Wemmam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rotenburgum ad Wemmam&quot;&gt;De Latino toponymico syntagmate &quot;[[Rotenburgum ad Wemmam]]&quot; -ad quod Latinum gentilicium &quot;Rotenburgensis-e&quot; refertur-, vide homonymas urbes apud {{Graesse}} et {{Hofmannus}}. De hydronymo &quot;[[Wemma]]&quot;, etiam vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Rotenburg''; quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Rotenburg an der Wümme''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rodenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rötgesbüttel]]
* [[Rüdershausen]]
* [[Rühen]]
* [[Rullstorf]]
{{div col end}}

=== S ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Sachsenhagen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sagterlandia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;BOV 2013&quot;&gt;Bischöfliches Offizialat Vechta (2013). ''Findbuch des Offizialatsarchivs Vechta: Altes Archiv (Abteilung A: Saterlandia, Kirchliche Unterlagen, Akte A 8: „Informatio de Sagterlandia“ aus dem Jahre 1710)''. Vechtae, in Germania: Bischöfliches Offizialat.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Saterland''; quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Sagterland''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Seelterlound'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Salis Cancellum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cellarius 1703&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Salzgitter''; [[Saxonice]] ''Soltgitter'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Salzbergen]]
* [[Salzdetfordium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Marcard 1805&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Salzdetfurth'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Salzhausen]]
* [[Salzhemmendorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Samern]]
* [[Sandbostel]]
* [[Sande (Frisia)|Sande]]
* [[Sarstedt]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sassenburg]]
* [[Sathsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Sachsa'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sauensiek]]
* [[Schapen]]
* [[Scharnebeck]]
* [[Scheden]]
* [[Scheeßel]]
* [[Schellerten]]
* [[Schiffdorf]]
* [[Schladen-Werla]]
* [[Schnackenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schnega]]
* [[Schneverdingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Scholen]]
* [[Schönewörde]]
* [[Schöningen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schöppenstedt]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schortens]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schüttorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schwaförden]]
* [[Schwanewede]]
* [[Schwarme]]	
* [[Schwarmstedt]]
* [[Schweindorf]]
* [[Schweringen]]
* [[Schwerinsdorf]]
* [[Schwienau]]
* [[Schwülper]]
* [[Seeburg (Niedersachsen)|Seeburg]]
* [[Seedorf (bei Zeven)|Seedorf]]
* [[Seelze]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seesen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seevetal]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seggebruch]]
* [[Sehlde]]
* [[Sehlem (Niedersachsen)|Sehlem]]
* [[Sehnde]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Selsingen]]
* [[Semmenstedt]]
* [[Seulingen]]
* [[Sibbesse]]
* [[Sickte]]
* [[Siedenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sittensen]]
* [[Soderstorf]]
* [[Sögel]]	
* [[Söhlde]]
* [[Söllingen (Niedersachsen)|Söllingen]]
* [[Soltau]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Soltendieck]]
* [[Sottrum]]
* [[Spahnharrenstätte]]
* [[Spelle]]
* [[Spiekeroog]]
* [[Sprakensehl]]
* [[Springe]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stadae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Stade''; [[Saxonice]] ''Stood'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stadlandia]]&lt;ref&gt;Ioannes Iustus Wynkelman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=WvgaAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA617&amp;lpg=PA617&amp;dq=statlandia+saxonia&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=Ysl9JI4L06&amp;sig=2y6x3I38sU3-RcrP0HtnSkUxssI&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0CCwQ6AEwA2oVChMIwqiv-NWMxgIVQgmSCh2CZwDj#v=onepage&amp;q=statlandia%20saxonia&amp;f=false ''Notitia historico-politica veteris Saxo-Westphaliae finitimarumque regionum,''] 1667:277.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Stadland'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Staffhorst]]
* [[Staufenberg]]
* [[Stavern]]
* [[Stedesdorf]]
* [[Steimbke]]
* [[Steinau (Niedersachsen)|Steinau]]
* [[Steinfeld (Oldenburg)]]
* [[Steinhorst (Niedersachsen)|Steinhorst]]
* [[Steinkirchen (Altes Land)|Steinkirchen]]
* [[Stelle]]
* [[Stemmen (Landkreis Rotenburg)|Stemmen]]
* [[Stemshorn]]
* [[Steyerberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stinstedt]]
* [[Stöckse]]
* [[Stoetze]]
* [[Stolzenau]]
* [[Stuhr]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Südbrookmerland]]
* [[Suderburg]]
* [[Südergellersen]]
* [[Südheide]]
* [[Sudwalde]]
* [[Suhlendorf]]
* [[Sulingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Süpplingen]]
* [[Süpplingenburg]]
* [[Süstedt]]
* [[Sustrum]]
* [[Surwold]]
* [[Suthfeld]]
* [[Syke]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== T ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Tappenbeck]]
* [[Tarmstedt]]
* [[Tespe]]
* [[Teuderium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&amp;cq=M%C3%BCnchen&amp;lang=de''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Detern''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Tjootern''; [[Saxonice|Orientalifrisicosaxonice]] ''Däitern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Thransfellensis Ecclesia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dransfeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Thedinghausen]]
* [[Theodolfestorpum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Asseburg 1855&quot;&gt;Asseburg, J. von der. (1855). ''Urkundenbuch des Geschlechts von der Asseburg (Vol. 1)''. Hahnschen Hofbuchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dedelstorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Thomasburg]]
* [[Thorpum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Thorpum&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/ZIER-HP/ZIER-HP-06-2016/AAAKoeblerGerhardDorfinderdeutschenOrtsgeschichte20160831-7111.htm ''www.koeblergerhard.de''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Dörpen''', 9. Jh., bei Aschendorf nördlich Meppens, F2-1090 THURP (Dorf) Dorfa (7), Thorpum (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dörpen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Thuine]]
* [[Tiddische]]
* [[Tiste]]
* [[Toppenstedt]]
* [[Tostedt]]
* [[Tosterglope]]
* [[Trebel]]
* [[Triburi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Philippi &amp; Bar 1892&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Drebber'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Tülau]]
* [[Twieflingen]]
* [[Twilpstede Maius]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Twilpstede Maius&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B76-2/NOB%20VII%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Helmstedt%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Wolfsburg.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg'']{{Nexus deficit|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 1311 ''Twilpstede Maiori'' (...) 1311 ''Twilpstede Maiori et Minori'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Twülpstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Twülpstidde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Twist (Emsland)|Twist]]
* [[Twistringen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== U ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Uchte]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Uehrde]]
* [[Uelsen]]
* [[Uetze]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ulsena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]]  et [[Saxonice]] ''Uelzen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Ülz’n'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ummern]]
* [[Undeloh]]
* [[Upgant-Schott]]
* [[Uplengen]]
* [[Uslar]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Utarp]]
{{div col end}}

=== V ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Vahlberg]]
* [[Vahlbruch]]
* [[Vahlde]]
* [[Vallis Ambrae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ambra&quot;&gt;Latino de toponymo &quot;Ambra&quot; (Theodisce ''Emmer''), vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Vallis&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Tal?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum vocabulum ''T(h)al'' aut Theodiscum suffixum ''-t(h)al'' Latino vocabulo &quot;vallis-is&quot;] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Emmerthal''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emmerdaal'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vallis Augae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;SLH 1988&quot;&gt;Societas Latina Hannoverana (1988). ''Fasciculi geographici et historici: De parvis provinciis ditionis Hannoveranae et Schaumburgensis''. Hannoverae: Typis Exscripsit Libraria Scripturarum.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Auetal'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vallis Claustra-Cella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Conring 1730&quot;&gt;Conring, H. (1730). ''De Antiquitatibus Academicis Dissertationes Septem''. Officina Smeinkiana.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Clausthal-Zellerfeld''; [[Supraharthice]] ''Clasthol-Zallerfall'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Varel]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Varrel]]
* [[Vastorf]]
* [[Vechelde]]
* [[Velpke]]
* [[Veltheim (Ohe)]]
* [[Vetha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Vechta''; [[Saxonice]] ''Vechte'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vicus Adelaidis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ALF 2016&quot;&gt;Academia Latinitati Fovendae (2016). ''Commentarii Academiae Latinitati Fovendae: De novis parochiis et communibus Saxoniae Inferioris textus'' (Vol. XXIV). Romae: Herder.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Adelheidsdorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vierden]]
* [[Vierhöfen]]
* [[Vildhusia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmannus&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Wildeshausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wilshusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villa Cremilonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cremlingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vintlum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Vintlum&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/schneverdingen-peter-und-paul/?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Schneverdingen, Peter und Paul''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''capella in honorem sancti Anthonii in villa Vintlo parrochie Snewerdinge'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Fintel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Visbek]]
* [[Visselhövede]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vögelsen]]
* [[Vollersode]]
* [[Voltlage]]
* [[Vorda Bremensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bremervörde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bremervöör'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vordorf]]
* [[Vorwerk (Niedersachsen)|Vorwerk]]
* [[Vrees]]
{{div col end}}

=== W ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Waake]]
* [[Waddeweitz]]
* [[Wagenfeld]]
* [[Wagenhoff]]
* [[Wahrenholz]]
* [[Walchum]]
* [[Walkenried]]
* [[Wallenhorst]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wallmoden]]
* [[Walsrode]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wangelnstedt]]
* [[Wangerland]]
* [[Wangerooge]]
* [[Wanna]]
* [[Warberg]]
* [[Wardenburg]]
* [[Warmsen]]
* [[Warpe]]
* [[Wasbüttel]]
* [[Wathlingen]]
* [[Wedemark]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Weener]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Weenzen]]
* [[Wehrbleck]]
* [[Welle]]
* [[Wendeburg]]
* [[Wendisch Evern]]
* [[Wennigsen]]
* [[Wenzendorf]]
* [[Werdum]]
* [[Werlte]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Werpeloh]]
* [[Wesendorf]]
* [[Weste (Niedersachsen)|Weste]]
* [[Westergellersen]]
* [[Westerholt]]
* [[Westertimke]]
* [[Westerwalsede]]
* [[Westfeld (Niedersachsen)|Westfeld]]
* [[Westoverledingen]]
* [[Wetschen]]
* [[Wettrup]]
* [[Weyhausen]]
* [[Weyhe]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wieda]]
* [[Wiedensahl]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wiefelstede]]
* [[Wielen]]
* [[Wienhausen]]
* [[Wiesmoor]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wietmarschen]]
* [[Wietze]]
* [[Wietzen]]
* [[Wietzendorf]]
* [[Wilhelmshaven]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wilstedt]]
* [[Wilsum]]
* [[Wingst]]
* [[Winkelsett]]
* [[Winnigstedt]]
* [[Winsen (Aller)]] 
* [[Winsenia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Büttner&quot;&gt;Büttner, D. S. (1710). ''Rudera Diluvii Testes, i.e. Zeichnung und Abbildung derer Columnarum Sceletonum''. Gottfried Zimmermann.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(ad [[Luya]]m&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Winsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Winzenburg]]
* [[Wippingen]]
* [[Wirdum]]
* [[Wischhafen]]
* [[Wistedt]]
* [[Witmundia]]&lt;ref&gt;E.g., [[Ioannes Luyts|Ioannis Luyts]] ''Introductio ad Geographiam novam et veterem'', Ultraiecti 1692, [https://books.google.fr/books?id=_o0YP3-9VTMC&amp;pg=PA281&amp;dq=Witmundia&amp;hl=ru&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjShLT7vdDrAhVJw4sKHZLLCokQ6AEwAnoECAMQAg#v=onepage&amp;q=Witmundia&amp;f=false p. 281].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wittmund'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wittingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wittmar]]
* [[Wittorf]]
* [[Wohnste]]
* [[Wolfsburgum]]&lt;ref&gt;Vide nomini arcis: Samuel Pufendorfus, ''Commentariorum de rebus Suecicis libri XXVI'' {{Google Books|lV1PAAAAcAAJ|pag. 457 et 475}}, ''Nova Acta Eruditorum'' {{Google Books|eGFlITDJFSMC|pag. 487}}, Lipsiae, anno 1756, ac ''Itininerarium Thomae Carve, Tipperariensis'' ([https://archive.org/details/itinerariumthom00kerngoog/page/n182 pag. 108]).&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Wolfsburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wulfsborg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wolfsbuurich'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wollbrandshausen]]
* [[Wollershausen]]
* [[Wölpinghausen]]
* [[Wolsdorf]]
* [[Woltersdorf (Wendland)|Woltersdorf]]
* [[Woltershausen]]
* [[Worde]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Worde&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/grossenwoerden/?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Hinricus rector ecclesie in Worde'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Großenwörden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grootweurn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Worpswede]]
* [[Wremen]]
* [[Wrestedt]]
* [[Wriedel]]
* [[Wulfsen]]
* [[Wulften ad Harthicos montes]]
* [[Wunstorf]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wurster Nordseeküste]]
* [[Wustrow (Saxonia Inferior)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== Y ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Yppenerdhe]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Yppenerdhe&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.gross-ippener.de/gemeinde/geschichte.html?utm ''Groß Ippene''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Parrochia Yppenerdhe (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Ippener''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Ippner'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== Z ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Zernien]]
* [[Zetel]]
* [[Zeven]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Zorge]]
{{div col end}}

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris|!]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>3983776</id>
      <parentid>3983610</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-25T23:48:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
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      <text bytes="134671" sha1="mfdpr8jy4xpsasiu8zv8rnex0ph3vdi" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in Lower Saxony.svg|thumb|500px|Urbes et communia Saxoniae Inferioris.]]
'''Index urbium, oppidorum et communium in [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxonia Inferiore]]''' omnia [[commune|communia]] (Theodisce ''Gemeinden''), consociationes communium (Theodisce ''Gemeindeverbände'') atque loca nulli communium adscripta (Theodisce ''gemeindefreien Gebiete''), quae hodie in [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terra]] [[Germania|Germanica]] [[Saxonia Inferior]]e exstant, complectitur.

Postremae mutationes finium territorialium in Saxonia Inferiore [[1 Novembris|Kalendis Novembribus]] anni [[2021]] effectae sunt. Ex eo tempore [[Saxonia Inferior]] 939 communia et 25 loca nulli communi adscripta (quorum duo habitantur) habet. Quibus e communibus 159 titulo [[urbs|urbis]] (Theodisce ''Stadt'') et 49 titulo [[oppidum|oppidi]] (Theodisce ''Flecken'') utuntur.

Praeterea nonnullae proprietates exstant secundum communium administrationem: Nam 939 communia in 289 communia unitaria et 650 communia membra dividuntur; quae vero in universum 114 consociationes communium constituunt, ut munera communiter administrent. Hae consociationes communium ipsa communia non sunt, sed foedera cooperationis, quae aut ex regione aut ex communitate in qua sedes administrationis sita est nomen accipiunt. Quapropter in Saxonia Inferiore idem nomen tam communi quam consociationi communium tribui potest. Agitur tamen de duobus corporibus iuridicis distinctis, quae proprias repraesentationes atque propria munera habent.

Praeterea, propter magnitudinem suam, nonnullae communium et consociationes communium peculiarem rationem cum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulo terrae]] (Theodisce ''Landkreis'') habent:

* Decem urbes statum iuridicum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli urbani]] (Theodisce ''kreisfreien Stadt'') obtinent, nulli circulo terrae subiiciuntur atque omnia sua munera exercent.
* Septem urbes statum iuridicum urbis magnae sui iuris (Theodisce ''Große selbständige Stadt'') obtinent atque multa, sed non omnia, munera circuli terrae cui adscribuntur exercent.
* 61 communium et tria communia generalia (Theodisce ''Samtgemeinden'') statum iuridicum communis sui iuris (Theodisce ''Selbständige Gemeinde'') obtinent atque quaedam munera districtus cui adscribuntur exercent.
* 861 ceterae communium nullam peculiarem rationem cum circulo terrae cui adscribuntur habent.

=== A ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Abensium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Apensen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Obbens'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Acheimum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Grote III 1877&quot;&gt;Grote, H. (1877). ''Münzstudien: Geschichte der älteren Münzen und Urkunden des Bisthums Verden'' (Vol. VIII). Hannoverae: Hahn’sche Hofbuchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Achim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Achem'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Achestedium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1759&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Axstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ax'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Adelebsenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Funck 1736&quot;&gt;Funck, J. N. (1736). ''Disputatio Academica de Voluntaria Morte Judaeorum et Gentilium sub Praesidio S. R. I. Libero Baroni de Adelebsen Dedicata''. Rintelii: Typis Johannis Friderici Enax.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Adelebsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Adenebutla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pischke 1998&quot;&gt;Pischke, G. (Ed.) (1998). ''Das Lehnsregister der Edelherren von Meinersen: Edition und historische Untersuchung der mittelalterlichen Besitzurkunden'' (Documentum anni MCCXX). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Adenbüttel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Adenhusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1703&quot;&gt;Schlegel, J. C. (1703). ''Chronica Parochiarum ditionis Mindensis et Hildesiensis: De ecclesiis parochialibus et ditione antiqua oppidi Adenhusii''. Mindae: Typis Johannis Meyeri; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1703). ''Chronica Parochiarum ditionis Mindensis et Hildesiensis:...''. Mindae: Typis Johannis Meyeri.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ahnsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Adenthorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Höhbaum 1876&quot;&gt;Höhbaum, K. (Ed.) (1876). ''Hansisches Urkundenbuch: Monumenta Germaniae Historica e codicibus diplomaticis Bremensibus et Luneburgensibus'' (Vol. I). Halis Saxonum: Typis Orphanotrophei.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Adendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Adendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Affinghusia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rathlef 1766&quot;&gt;Rathlef, E. L. (1766). ''Geschichte der Grafschaften Hoya und Diepholz: Monimenta diplomatica et antiquitates ditionis Affinghusiae'' (Vol. I). Bremae: Försterischen Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Affinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Affinghusen'' seu ''Affjehusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aldendorpevilla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Stadtoldendorf'')
* [[Alrebekesa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Oven 1872&quot;&gt;Oven, A. von (Ed.) (1872). ''Urkundenbuch des Herzogthums Lüneburg: Diplomata, chartae et registra historica saeculi XII (Documentum anni MCXCVII de venditione praedii Alrebekesae)'' (Vol. I). Hannoverae: Carl Rümpler.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ahnsbeck'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ahusium (Saxonia Inferior)|Ahusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;&gt;Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Bremensis et Verdensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Parochiarum ditionis Corbeiensis et Hildesiensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ahausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ahusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Alfeld''; [[Saxonice]] ''Allefelle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alfhusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Alfhausen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Algermissenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoogeweg III 1903&quot;&gt;Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1903). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Quellen und Darstellungen zur Geschichte Niedersachsens (Monimenta historica et privilegia de Algermisseno)'' (Vol. III). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Algermissen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alisni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elsfleth'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Almstedium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoogeweg II 1901&quot;&gt;Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1901). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Quellen und Darstellungen zur Geschichte Niedersachsens (Monimenta historica et registra de Almstedio)'' (Vol. II). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Almstedt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alorstedium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1758&quot;&gt;Pratje, J. H. (1758). ''Historische Nachrichten von dem ehemaligen berühmten Closter Harsefeld: Monumenta ac documenta saeculi XII ubi de decimis Alorstedii agitur''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ahlerstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ohlers'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alvstedium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1759&quot;&gt;Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Alfstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Alfs'' seu ''Alfst'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Amelinghusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Baring 1746&quot;&gt;Baring, E. (1746). ''Succincta Hannoverae et ditionum vicinarum Notitia Historica''. Hanoverae: Typis Nicolae Försteri.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Amelinghausen''; [[lingua Saxonica|Boreosaxonice]] ''Amekhusen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Amelkusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Anchemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ankum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Andervenia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Andervenne'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Andorlangia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1759&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Anderlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Annerlingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Antiqua Medingha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Homeyer X 2006&quot;&gt;Homeyer, J. (Ed.) (2006). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Medingen: Lüneburger Urkundenbuch (Monimenta historica saeculi XIV de parochia Medinghae) (Vol. X)''. Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Altenmedingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ohmein'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Apenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Baring 1746&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Apen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aap'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Apleremum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1703&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Apelern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Appelium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Appel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aquae Lauterbergenses in Montibus Harthicis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mirus 1826&quot;&gt;Mirus, A. (1826). ''De salubritate aquarum lauterbergensium in montibus harthicis sitarum''. Typis Regiis.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Lauterberg im Harz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aquae Nendorpenses]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Marcard 1805&quot;&gt;Marcard, H. M. (1805). ''De salubritate aquarum nendorpensium et de earum usu in morbis chronicis''. [[Goettinga]]e: Dieterich; et: Macard, H. M. (1805). ''De usu salutari fontium salinorum in territorio Hildesiensi sitorum''. [[Goettinga]]e: Dieterich.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Nenndorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aquae Zwischenahnenses]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Statisitakamt Nord 2025&quot;&gt;Statistikamt Nord (Editio Latina). ''Catalogus Urbium et Communium Germaniae''. Hamburgi, 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Zwischenahn''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Twiskenoan'' seu ''Boad Twiskenoan''; [[Saxonice]] ''Twüschenahn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aroldishusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Arholzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Artlenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Baring 1746&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Artlenburg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Artlissa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mader 1664&quot;&gt;Mader, J. J. (1664). ''Antiquitates Brunsvicenses: De antiquis parochiis Saxonum et finibus dioecesis Mindensis (Caput de parochia Artlissa)''. Helmestadii: Typis Henningi Mulleri.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Aerzen'': quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Ärzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Arx Agathae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kochen 1724&quot;&gt;Kochen, J. H. (1724). ''Introductio in Historiam Ducatus Bremensis y Verdensis: Accesserunt diplomata varia et descriptio Arcis Agathae et ditionis Stadiensis''. Stadae: Typis Caspari Holmii.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Agathenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gothenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Arx Draconis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egger 1977&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Drakenburg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ascalingium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ahlden'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Asanthorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Vogell 1856&quot;&gt;Vogell, A. (Ed.) (1856). ''Urkundenbuch des Bisthums Verden und des Collegiatstifts Bardewick: Chartae, diplomata et monumenta historica saeculi XIII...''. Hannoverae: Hahn’sche Hofbuchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Harburgensis|Circulo Harburgensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Harburg&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Harburgensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Harburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Harburgum]]&quot; -ad quod gentilicium &quot;Harburgensis-e&quot; refertur-.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Asendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Asendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Asenthorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1855&quot;&gt;Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1855). ''Hoyer Urkundenbuch'' (Vol. I). Hannoverae: Jänecke Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus terrae Diepholtia|Circulo terrae Diepholtia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Diepholz&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Diepholtia&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Diepholz'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Diepholtia]]&quot;, vide {{Hofmannus}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Asendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Asendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Assena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Philippi &amp; Bar 1892&quot;&gt;Philippi, F., &amp; Bär, M. (Eds.) (1892). ''Osnabrücker Urkundenbuch: Die Urkunden der Jahre 772-1200'' (Vol. 1). Verein für Geschichte und Landeskunde von Osnabrück.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Essen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Assini]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Essen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Astanholteremarki-Scirnbeki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Osterholz-Scharmbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Oosterholt-Scharmbeek'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Asylum (Saxonia Inferior)|Asylum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Asylum&quot;&gt;Theodiscum nomen ''Freistatt'', quod ''Freistätte, Zufluchtsort, Asyl'' significat, Latine &quot;asylum&quot; reddi potest. Nam in ''Deutsches Wörterbuch'' de Weigand et Hirt vox Theodisca ''Asyl'' explicatur ut «Freistatt» et ipsa vox Theodisca ''Asyl'' e Latino &quot;asylum&quot; orta esse dicitur. Praeterea lexicon Germanico-Latinum, quod in traditione lexicographica Georgii continetur, directe tradit: ''Freistatt, -stätte'', &quot;asylum'&quot;. Itaque &quot;Asylum&quot; non est forma ficticia neque mera translatio nostra, sed aequivalentia lexicographice comprobata.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Freistatt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Freestatt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aszi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hermann&quot;&gt;Hermann Abels: ''Die Ortsnamen des Emslandes in ihrer sprachlichen und kulturgeschichtlichen Bedeutung''. S. 27f.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Esche'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aulica]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elze'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Auricum (Saxonia Inferior)|Auricum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Emmius 1616&quot;&gt;Emmius, U. (1616). ''Rerum Frisicarum Historia''. [[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]: Elzevier.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Aurich''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Aurk''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Auerk'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== B ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Badberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Badbergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Badbern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Baddekenstedium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Menzel &amp; Ohainski X 2018&quot;&gt;Casemir, K., Menzel, F., &amp; Ohainski, U. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil X)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Baddeckenstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Barkenstäe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Balga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Udolph 1994&quot;&gt;Udolph, J. (1994). ''Namenkundliche Studien zum Germanenproblem'' (Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde, Ergänzungsbände 9). Walter de Gruyter.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Balje'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Balga Cortis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Balge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Baltrumum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wiarda III 1792&quot;&gt;Wiarda, T. D. (1792). ''Ostfriesische Geschichte: Von den ältesten Zeiten bis zum Jahre 1648'' (Vol. 3). August Friedrich Winter.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Baltrum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bamwida]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bohmte''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baumte'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bardenuvicum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bardowick''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bewick'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bardorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sudendorf 1859&quot;&gt;Sudendorf, H. (Ed.) (1859). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Herzöge von Braunschweig und Lüneburg und ihrer Lande'' (Vol. 1). Carl Rümpler Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bahrdorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kolb 1712&quot;&gt;Kolb, G. (1712). ''Compendium totius orbis: partim geographicum, partim historicum, partim genealogicum''. Typis Universitatis Carolo-Francisceae&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Barenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baarnborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bargstedum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mushard 1764&quot;&gt;Mushard, M. (1764). ''Palaeogentilismus Bremensis: Monumenta ac veterum tumuli in ducatibus Bremensi et Verdensi''. Typis Andreae Vandenhoeck.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bargstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bargst'' seu ''Bars'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barnstedum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bünting &amp; Letzner 1702&quot;&gt;Bünting, H., &amp; Letzner, J. (1702). ''Braunschweig-Lüneburgische Chronica, Oder Historische Beschreibung der Durchlauchtigsten Herzogen zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg''. Gedruckt bey Caspar Johann Jakobi.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barnstedt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barnstorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Böhmer 2007&quot;&gt;Böhmer, J. F. (2007). ''Regesta Imperii III: Salisches Haus 1024–1125. Die Regesten des Kaiserreiches unter Heinrich IV'' (T. Struve, Ed.). Böhlau Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Barnstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baarnstrup'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barsela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;&gt;Köbler, G. (2016). ''Orte in der deutschen Ortsgeschichte''. Wikiling-Zier. [[Universitas Leopoldino-Franciscea]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barßel''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bäärsel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bassel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barsingehusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Harenberg 1753&quot;&gt;Harenberg, J. C. (1753). ''Historia ecclesiae Gandershemensis diplomatica''. Typis et Impensis Joannis Christophori Meisneri.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barsinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baschehusen'' seu ''Basche'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barum (Luneburgum)|Barum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mindermann I II 2004&quot;&gt;Mindermann, A. (Ed.) (2004). ''Verdener Urkundenbuch, 1. Abteilung, Band 2: 1300–1380''. Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Luneburgensis|Circulo Luneburgensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landreis Lüneburg&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Luneburgensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landreis Lüneburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Luneburgensis-e&quot; ad [[Luneburgum]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Boorn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barum (Circulus Ulsenensis)|Barum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;AdWzG 2010&quot;&gt;Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen (2010). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter'' (K. Casemir, F. Menzel, &amp; U. Ohainski, Eds.). Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Ulsenensis|Circulo Ulsenensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Uelzen&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Ulsenensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Uelzen'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Ulsenensis-e&quot; ad [[Ulsena]]m refertur. Quo de gentilicio, vide lemma &quot;res-publica Ulsenensis&quot; apud {{Google Books|w_tWAAAAcAAJ|vide paginam dedicationis operis}}&quot;; et de topnymo, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bourm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barunvilla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;SdaedhdlM 1862&quot;&gt;Société d'archéologie et d'histoire de la Moselle (1862). ''Mémoires de la Société d'archéologie et d'histoire de la Moselle: Année 1860–1861''. Rousseau-Pallez.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barverum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Böhmer 1844&quot;&gt;Böhmer, J. F. (1844). ''Regesta Chronologico-Diplomatica Regum et Imperatorum Romanorum: Inde a Conrado I. Usque ad Henricum VII''. Typis et Sumtibus J. C. Hermann.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Barver'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barwedelum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Barwedel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Basdalum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Basdahl''; [[Saxonice]] ''Basdaal'' seu ''Basdohl'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bawinkelum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Moser 1738&quot;&gt;Moser, J. J. (1738). ''Bibliotheca Iuris Publici S. R. I. Germanici: Specially regarding the territories of Westphalia and Lower Saxony''. Typis Ioannis Georgii Cottae.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bawinkel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bowinkel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bebenhusa (Saxonia Inferior)|Bebenhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ahlfeldt 2010&quot;&gt;Ahlfeldt, J. (Ed.) (2010). ''Regnum Francorum Online: Traditio Fuldenses''. Francia-Ahlfeldt Project.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bevensen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bämsen'' seu ''Bemsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beckdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;AdWzG 2010&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Beckdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Beekdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beckedorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Beckedorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Biäkedörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beckelnum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Böhmer 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Beckeln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bedenbostelum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NL 1924&quot;&gt;Niedersächsisches Landesarchiv (1924). ''Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte''. Veröffentlichungen de Historischen Kommission für Niedersachsen und Bremen.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Beedenbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bedenbossel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beierstedum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Beierstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Barste’e'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Belmum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Moser 1738&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Belm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Belumum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mushard 1764&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Belum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Belen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bema (Saxonia Inferior)|Bema]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sudendorf 1859&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Böhme''; [[Saxonice]] ''Böhm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bendestorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bührmann 2005&quot;&gt;Bührmann, M. (2005). ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen des norddeutschen Raumes''. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bendestorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bendsdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Berga (Circulus Cellensis)|Berga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bruzen de La Martinière 1737&quot;&gt;Bruzen de La Martinière, A. A. (1737). ''Thesaurus geographicus criticus: in quo omnium orbis terrarum regionum, civitatum, oppidorum, nominibus antiquis, medii aevi et modernis''. Ex Officina Wetsteniana.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Cellensis|Circulo Cellensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Celle&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Cellensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Celle'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Cella (Germania)|Cella]]&quot; -ad quod gentilicium &quot;Cellensis-e&quot; refertur-, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bargen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Berga (Circulus Osnabrugae)|Berga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Osnabrugae|Circulo Osnabrugae]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Osnabrugae&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Osnabrück'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum ''LandKreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Osnabruga|Osnabruga-ae]]&quot;, vide Pertsch, Erich: ''Langenscheidts Großes Schulwörterbuch Lateinisch-Deutsch'', Berolini et Monaci 1983, ISBN 3-468-07202-3, p. 1325.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Berge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Berga ad Dumnam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bruzen de La Martinière 1737&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bergen an der Dumme''; [[Polabice]] ''Djörska'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bergenborstelium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1855&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bahrenborstel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bornbössel'' seu ''Boornbössel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bergfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bünting &amp; Letzner 1702&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bergfeld''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Bargfeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bersenbrugum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sandhoff 1785&quot;&gt;Sandhoff, J. E. (1785). ''Antistitum Osnabrugensis ecclesiae, qui per decem saecula episcopale munus in ea gesserunt, chronotaxis''. Typis Joannis Georgii Kislingii.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bersenbrück''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bessenbrügge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bersinium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kaemling 1987&quot;&gt;Kaemling, ''Atlas zur Geschichte Niedersachsens'' (1987).&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Berßen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groten Bässen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Berumburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Emmius 1616&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Berumbur'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bestena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Jellinghaus 1923&quot;&gt;Jellinghaus, H. (1923). ''Die westfälischen Ortsnamen nach ihren Bestandteilen''' (III ed.). Ferdinand Schöningh.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Beesten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Betzendorfum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bünting &amp; Letzner 1702&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Betzendorfum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bätzendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bevernense Castrum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bevern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beverstedum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Beverstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Beverst'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bienenbuttelum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bienenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bienbüddel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bilshusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wolf 1819&quot;&gt;Wolf, J. (1819). ''Politische Geschichte des Eichsfeldes mit Urkunden erläutert''. Johann Georg Rosenbusch.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bilshausen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Binethemum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;&gt;Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: I. Historicos Germanicos, II. Historiam Helmstadensem, III. Dissertationes de utriusque Saxoniae''. Typis Georgii Wolffgangi Hammii; et: Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: Dissertationen und historische Chroniken des Herzogtums Braunschweig-Lüneburg''. Typis Georgii Wolffii.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bentheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Binnenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Binnen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bippenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bippen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bippen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Birsina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bassum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bassen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bissendorpum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bissendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bissendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Blenderum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Brosius 1993&quot;&gt;Brosius, D. (1993). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Loccum'' (Vol. 1). Wallstein Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Blender''; [[Saxonice]] ''Blenner'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bliederstorpum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Trüper 2017&quot;&gt;Trüper, H. G. (2017). ''Urkundenbuch der Herren von Zesterfleth: 1232–1657''. Wallstein Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bliedersdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bliersdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bobentunum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Ohainski &amp; Udolph&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bovenden''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Bovten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bocensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bückeburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bückeborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bocholta (Circulus Heidensis)|Bocholta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1859&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Heidensis|Circulo Heidensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Heidekreis&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Heidensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Heidekreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum suffixum ''-kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Heidensis-e&quot; Theodiscum lexema ''Heide-'' vertit.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bookholt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bocholta (Circulus Theorosburgensis)|Bocholta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilmans &amp; Hoogeweg VI 1898&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Theorosburgensis|Circulo Theorosburgensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Schaumburg&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Theorosburgensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Schaumburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino gentilicio &quot;Theorosburgensis-e&quot;, quod ad [[Theorosburgum]] refertur, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baukholt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bocholtum in Ericeto]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mindermann 2001&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz in der Nordheide''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bookholt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bochorna (Circulus Frisicus)|Bochorna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ehmck &amp; Bippen 1873&quot;&gt;Ehmck, D. R., &amp; von Bippen, W. (Ed.) (1873). ''Bremisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1. Urkunden bis zum Jahre 1300''. C. Schünemann.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Frisicus|Circulo Frisico]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Friesland&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Frisicus&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Friesland'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Frisicus-a-um&quot; ad [[Frisia (discretiva)|Frisiam]] refertur. Quod de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bockhorn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bochorna (Circulus Vetha)|Bochorna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Vetha|Circulo Vetha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Vechta&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Vetha&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Vechta'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bakum'')&lt;/small&gt; 
* [[Bochorstia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Erhard 1851&quot;&gt;Erhard, H. A. (Ed.) (1851). ''Regesta Historiae Westfaliae: Accedit Codex Diplomaticus/Regesten der Geschichte Westfalens''. Regensberg.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bockhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baukhast'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bodendicum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Brosius 1985&quot;&gt;Brosius, D. (1985). ''Aus der Geschichte der Burg Bodenteich''. Ecomed Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bodenteich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bonndiek'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bodenfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sudendorf 1859&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenfelde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bodensa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Ohainski &amp; Udolph&quot;&gt;Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2003). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Göttingen''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodensee'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bodonis Insula]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenwerder'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Boffeshusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Ohainski VI 2007&quot;&gt;Casemir, K., &amp; Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen del Landkreises Holzminden''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VI)''. Editio ab Academia Scientiarum Gottingensi. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Boffzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Boitersena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mindermann 2001&quot;&gt;Mindermann, A. (Ed.) (2001). ''Urkundenbuch der Bischöfe und des Domkapitels von Verden: Band 1''. Von den Anfängen bis 1300. [[Stadae|Stadis]]: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bötersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Boitzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Boitzia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sudendorf 1859&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Boitze''; [[Saxonice]] ''Böhtz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bokenstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sudendorf 1859&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bokensdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bokensdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bokenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bockenem''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bokeln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Borchwega]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rüther 1905&quot;&gt;Rüther, H. (Ed.) (1905). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Neuenwalde''. Halle’sche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Burweg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Borkna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Borkum''; [[lingua Frisica|Frisice]] ''Boarkum''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Börkum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Borna Castra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Berne'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Borsla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Niemeyer 2012&quot;&gt;Niemeyer, M. (Ed.) (2012). ''Deutsches Ortsnamenbuch''. De Gruyter&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bösel''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Böäsel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bäsel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Borstla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1842&quot;&gt;Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1842). ''Diepholzer Urkundenbuch: Authentische Urkunden zur Geschichte der Grafschaft Diepholz''. [[Hannovera]]e: Hahn'schen Hofbuchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Borstel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bössel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Botela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mindermann 2001&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bothel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bootel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brachia (Germania)|Brachia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Brake''; [[Saxonice]] ''Braak'' seu ''Broak'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Braclina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rübel 1881&quot;&gt;Rübel, K. (Ed.) (1881). ''Dortmunder Urkundenbuch: Band 1. Urkunden bis zum Jahre 1340''. [[Isarlohia]]e: J. Baedeker.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Brackel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Braackel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bramascus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bramsche'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Breddenberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilmans &amp; Hoogeweg VI 1898&quot;&gt;Wilmans, R., &amp; Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.). (1898). ''Westfälisches Urkundenbuch: Band 6. Die Urkunden des Bisthums Minden und angrenzender Gebiete''. [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Regensberg'schen Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Breddenberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bredenforda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoogeweg 1898&quot;&gt;Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1898). ''Westfälisches Urkundenbuch: Band 6. Die Urkunden des Bisthums Minden vom J. 1201-1300''. [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Regensberg'schen Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brevörde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bredthorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ehmck &amp; Bippen 1873&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Breddorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Breddörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brestum (Saxonia Inferior)|Brestum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1759&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brest'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brincama]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Friedländer 1878&quot;&gt;Friedländer, E. (Ed.) (1878). ''Ostfriesisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1. (Jahre 787–1470)''. [[Emda]]e: Haynel.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brinkum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Britlinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Udolph 2004&quot;&gt;Udolph, J. (2004). ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen: Akten eines internationalen Symposiums in Uppsala''. [[Gottinga]]e: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Brietlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brietl'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brochema]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilmans &amp; Hoogeweg VI 1898&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Brockum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Broubm'' seu ''Brookm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brocleda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Janicke 1896&quot;&gt;Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1896). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 1''. [[Lipsia]]e: S. Hirzel.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bröckel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bräukel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Broclina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mindermann 2001&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Brockel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brookel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Broma]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Ohainski 2014&quot;&gt;Casemir, K., &amp; Ohainski, U. (Ed.). (2014). ''Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch: Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Gifhorn''. [[Bilivelda]]e: Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Brome''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brom'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brochusium-Vilsena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1855&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilmans &amp; Hoogeweg VI 1898&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bruchhausen-Vilsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brooksen-Vilsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brunsvicum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Braunschweig''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brunswiek''; [[lingua Saxonica|Brunsvicice]] dialectaliter ''Bronswiek'' seu ''Brönswiek'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bukina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilmans &amp; Hoogeweg VI 1898&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bücken''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bücken'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bulcova]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ehmck &amp; Bippen 1873&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bülkau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bulsteda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ehmck &amp; Bippen 1873&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bülstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Büls'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brunla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bode 1893&quot;&gt;Bode, G. (Ed.) (1893). ''Urkundenbuch der Stadt Goslar und der in und bei Goslar belegenen geistlichen Stiftungen: Band 1 (922 bis 1250)''.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Braunlage'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bunda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Deiter&quot;&gt;Deiter, H. (1881). Oldeborchs, Pastoris zu Bunda in Reiderland, kleine ostfriesische Chronicke, betreffend die Jahre 1558 bis 1605. ''Jahrbuch de Gesellschaft für bildende Kunst und vaterländische Altertümer zu Emden''.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bunde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bunn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Burchardivillare]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Janicke 1892&quot;&gt;Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1892). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 1. Bis zum Jahre 1221''. S. Hirzel.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Guelpherbytensis|Circulo Guelpherbytensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Wolfenbüttel&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Guelpherbytensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Wolfenbüttel'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Guelpherbytensis-e&quot; ad [[Guelpherbytum]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide [https://vd18.gbv.de/viewer/fullscreen/006049869/1/ ''vd18.gbv.de''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Pro eo ac debuisti, urbs aerumnosa, infelix ac misera Guelpherbytum (...)&quot;; et quo de gentilicio, vide  [https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/MBRY52X6EUWPQOQRFBKHVLYBSUG4M6LS ''Carmina Votiva Honori Clarißimi atq[ue] Experientißimi Viri Dn. Samuelis Stockhausen''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Practici Guelpherbytensis (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Burgdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borgdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Burgdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Hannovera (regio)|Regione Hannovera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Burgdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borgdörp'' seu ''Bortörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Burgium (Saxonia Inferior)|Burgium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Remling VII 2026&quot;&gt;Remling, L. (2026). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Emsland''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Börger''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borger'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Buria (Saxonia Inferior)|Buria]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Ohainski &amp; Udolph&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bühren'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bursina (Saxonia Inferior)|Bursina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir 2003&quot;&gt;Casemir, K. (2003). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil III)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Börßum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Butiadinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ehmck &amp; Bippen II 1876&quot;&gt;Ehmck, D. R., &amp; Bippen, W. von. (Ed.) (1876). ''Bremisches Urkundenbuch: Band 2. 1301–1350''. D. Ed. Müller.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Butjadingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Buxtehuda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lappenberg 1842&quot;&gt;Lappenberg, J. M. (Ed.) (1842). ''Hamburgisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1''. Perthes-Besser &amp; Mauke.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Buxtehude''; [[Saxonice]] ''Buxthu'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Byspinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1859&quot;&gt;Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1859). ''Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, Fünfte Abtheilung: Archiv des Klosters St. Michaelis zu Lüneburg''. Capaun-Karlowa’sche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bispingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bissen'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== C ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Campus Rufus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Stüve 1789&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Rothenfelde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Capella (Saxonia Inferior)|Capella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Philippi II 1894&quot;&gt;Philippi, F. (Ed.) (1894). ''Osnabrücker Urkundenbuch: Band 2. Die Urkunden der Jahre 1201–1250''. H. Th. Wenner.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cappeln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Castrovallium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Burgwedel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borwee'' seu ''Boorwee'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Cella (Germania)|Cella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Celle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Clenza]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Janicke II 1896&quot;&gt;Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1896). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 2. Von 1221 bis 1260''. S. Hirzel.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Clenze''; [[Polabice]] ''Kloncka'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Cloppenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Cloppenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cloppenborg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Kloppenbuurich'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Collis (Saxonia Inferior)|Collis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Erhard 1851&quot;&gt;Erhard, H. A. (Ed.) (1851). ''Regesta Historiae Westfaliae: Accedit Codex Diplomaticus/Regesten der Geschichte Westfalens''. Regensberg.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Polle'')
* [[Cramma]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir 2003&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cramme'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Cuxhavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Cuxhaven''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cuxhoben'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== D ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Dalemia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dahlem'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dalenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rzihacek &amp; Spreitzer XI 2024&quot;&gt;Rzihacek, A., &amp; Spreitzer, F. (Ed.) (2024). ''Die Urkunden Otto IV (Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Diplomata Regum et Imperatorum Germaniae, Tomus XI). Hahnsche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dahlenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dahlenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dalum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Janicke II 1896&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dahlum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Tahln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Damma (Saxonia Inferior)|Damma]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Philippi II 1894&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Damme'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Damnatzium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Garzmann LXXVI 2004&quot;&gt;Garzmann, M. R. W. (Ed.) (2004). ''Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte: Neue Folge der Zeitschrift des Historischen Vereins für Niedersachsen (Band 76)''. Hahnsche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Damnatz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Danneberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Dannenberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dannenbarg''; [[Polabice]] ''Wajdars'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Danthorpum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Menzel % Udolph VII 2011&quot;&gt;Casemir, K., Menzel, F., &amp; Udolph, J. (2011). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII''). Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Danndorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dassela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dassel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dedenhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husaDeensen&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Dedehusen'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: Casemir, K., &amp; Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Holzminden (Veröffentlichungen del Institut für Historische Landesforschung der Universität Göttingen, Vol. 51)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Deensen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Deinste]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Vanni &amp; Rossi 2012&quot;&gt;Vanni, D., &amp; Rossi, M. (Ed.) (2012). ''Index Nominum Geographicorum Locorumque Mundi Latine Redditus''. Societas Latina.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Deinste''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deinst'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Deinstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Deinstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deins'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Delmenhorstium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Delmenhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Demost'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dengdia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Denkte'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Derental]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Ohainski VI 2007&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Derental'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dersum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egger 1977&quot;&gt;Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dersum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Derßm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dettum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egger 1977&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dettum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Detten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dicla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mooyer 1855&quot;&gt;Mooyer, E. F. (Ed.) (1855). ''Urkundenbuch des vormaligen Stiftes Minden''. J. C. C. Bruns.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dickel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Didderse]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egger 1977&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Didderse'' et [[Saxonice]] ''Deesse'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Diekholza]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Diekholzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dielmissa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dielmissen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Diepenavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-avia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-avia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Diepenau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Diepholtia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmannus&quot;&gt;{{Hofmannus}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Diepholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deefholt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dinklage]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egger 1977&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dinklage''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dinklaoge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Disaldishusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husaDelligsen&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Disaldishusen'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: Reuter, A. (Ed.) (1950). ''1100 Jahre Delligsen: Geschichte der Hilsmulde und des Ortes Delligsen''. Verlag der Gemeinde Delligsen. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Delligsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Disna (Saxonia Inferior)|Disna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dissen am Teutoburger Wald'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dohra (Terra Emesensis)|Dohra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Terrae Emesensis|Terra Emesensi]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Terrae Altenburgensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Emsland'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum &quot;terra-ae&quot; Theodiscum lexema ''-land'' vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Emesensis-e&quot; ad flumen [[Amisia|Emesam]] refertur. De hoc hydronymo, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dohren '')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dohra (Circulus Harburgensis)|Dohra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Harburgensis|Circulo Harburgensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Harburg&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dohren''; [[Saxonice]] ''Duhrn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dolnere]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Dolnere&quot;&gt;Vide [https://adw-goe.de/fileadmin/forschungsprojekte/ortsnamen_rhein_elbe/dokumente/Publikationen_Udolph_PDF/2001-2005/315._Udolph_Anmerkungen_zum_Ortsnamen_Dollern.pdf ''Anmerkugen zum Ortsnamen Dollern''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 1105 (Fälschung Mitte 12. Jh.) ''Dolnere'' (...) 1209 ''Johannes de dolnere'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dollern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Doristacus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&amp;cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&amp;lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dorstadt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dornum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egger 1977&quot;&gt;Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Dornum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dornm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dorverda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dörverden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dörbern'' seu ''Dörb'' seu ''Dörveern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dotlinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dötlingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Drage (Albis)|Drage]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Drage&quot;&gt;'''Drage-es'''; declinatio regularis generis Graeci vel Latini in prima declinatione, aut ut nomen substantivum regulare primae declinationis in geographicis rationibus modernis tractatum. Quo de toponymo, vide: Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Drage''; [[Saxonice]] ''Draag'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Drentwede]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1842&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Drentwede'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Drestadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Drestedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dreest'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Drochtersa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Drochtersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Drochters'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dudanebutli]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lappenberg 1841&quot;&gt;Lappenberg, J. M. (Ed.) (1841). ''Hamburgisches Urkundenbuch (Band 1)''. Perthes-Besser &amp; Mauke.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Düdenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Düünbeudel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Duderstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Duderstadt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dustadt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dunsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dünsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dunum  (Saxonia Inferior)|Dunum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Houtrouw 1889&quot;&gt;Houtrouw, O. G. (1889). ''Ostfriesland: Eine geschichtlich-ortskundige Wanderung gegen Ende der Fürstenzeit (Band 1)''. Dunkmann.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dunum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Duthungun]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Udolph 2004&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Duingen''; [[Saxonice|Ostfalice]] ''Daujen'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== E ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Ebbestorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Jaitner 1985&quot;&gt;Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ebstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ebstörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ebersdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Ebersdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ebersdorfium&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Ebersdorf'' in Latinam &quot;Ebersdorfium&quot; verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ebersdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eversdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Echemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-hemium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-hemium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Echem''; [[Saxonice]] ''Echen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Edemissa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Edemissen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emisse'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Egestorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Egestorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Äästörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Edewechte]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Berger 2012&quot;&gt;Berger, D. (2012). ''Edewecht''. In ''Deutsches Ortsnamenbuch''. Walter de Gruyter.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Edewecht''; [[Saxonice]] ''Erwech''; historice ''Adewacht'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eggermuhla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Eggermühlen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ehra-Lessia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ehra-Lessien'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eicklinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Eicklingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eikeln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eildissum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Stumpf-Brentano II 1865&quot;&gt;Stumpf-Brentano, K. F. (Ed.) (1865). ''Die Reichskanzler vornehmlich des X., XI. und XII. Jahrhunderts: Acta Imperii Selecta'' (Vol. 2). [[Aeni Pons (Austria)|Aeni Ponte]]: Wagner'schen Universitäts-Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Eilsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ahlsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eima]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Eimen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eime]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eime'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eimke]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Eimke''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aimk'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ekelum]]&lt;ref&gt;Vide: Von Hodenberg, W. (Ed.) (1855). ''Walsroder Urkundenbuch (Urkunde Nr. 19)''. Hahnsche Hofbuchhandlung. Quo opere &quot;proprietatem bonorum in Ekelo, que ab ecclesia Walsrodensi in feodum tenuit, pro quinquaginta marcis seriosius comparavit.&quot; dicitur.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eickeloh'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Elbingeroda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-roda&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elbingerode'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eldinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eldingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Elsdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Elsdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Elsdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Elsdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Elvede]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoops 2003&quot;&gt;Hoops, J. (Ed.) (2003). ''Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch III: Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter''. Biliveldae: Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elbe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Embeca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Embeca&quot;&gt;&quot;non ignobiles Saxoniae civitates, Embeca et Gottinga&quot; {{Google Books|I7pXAAAAcAAJ|p. 734}}. Interdum &quot;Embica&quot;, &quot;Embecka&quot; etc. reperis&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Einbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aimbeck'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Embsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Embsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Emden''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Oamde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emmelkampus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Emmelkampus&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.altreformiert.de/beuker/geschichte/grafschaft-bentheim/ERK-GRAFSCH_Classis_1625-1705_Prot_-_Plasger_2021_gjb.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Protokolle der Classis der reformierten Prediger der Grafschaft Bentheim 1625–1705''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Domino Bernhardus Tinneken Pastorum Emmelkampum (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Emlichheim''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Batavice]] ''Emmelkamp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emmendorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Emmendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emphstece]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Emphstece&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.emstek.de/die-gemeinde/ortsteile/emstek?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''www.emstek.de'']; ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Urkunde aus dem Jahre 947 als „Emphstece&quot; (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Emstek''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emstäk'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emsbura]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Emsbüren''; [[Saxonice]] ''Büren'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emtinghusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Emtinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emhusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Engda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Engden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Engn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Engelschofa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-hofa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hof(f)(e)(n)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-hofa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hattenhofa (Bavaria)|Hattenhofa Bavarica]], [[Pfaffenhofa ad fluvium Glon]], [[Pfaffenhofa ad Rotam]], [[Poohofa]], [[Gundershofa]], [[Hattenhofa (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Hattenhofa Badeniae-Virtembergiae]], [[Pfaffenhofa (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Pfaffenhofa]], [[Matichofa]], [[Philshofa]] apud [[Google|Gugulam]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Engelschoff''; [[Saxonice]] ''Engelschopp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Erenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Minden II 1902&quot;&gt;Minden, G. von (Ed.) (1902). ''Urkundenbuch der Bischöfe von Verden und Minden (Band 2)''. Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ehrenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ehrenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Erkeroda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-roda&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-rode'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-roda-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Baceroda]], [[Gerningeroda]], [[Osteroda]], [[Werningroda]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Erkerode''; [[Saxonice]] ''Erkero'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ermelstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1759&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Armstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Armsdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ericetum Magnum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ericetum&quot;&gt;[https://woerterbuchnetz.de/?sigle=MeckWB&amp;lemid=H01756 Theodiscum toponymicum suffixum ''-heide'' Latino nomine &quot;Ericetum-i&quot; vertitur.]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Magnus&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/magnus?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum praefixum ''Groß-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;magnus-a-um&quot; vertitur.]&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Großheide''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grootheid'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eschede]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Eschede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Esche'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eschershusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eschershausen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Esena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Esens'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Essel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Essel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Äsel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Esterwega]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Esterwegen''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Äästerweede'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Estorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(ad [[Visurgis|Visurgem]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Estorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Esdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Estorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Stadae|Circulo Stadae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Stade&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Stadae&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Stade'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Stadae]]&quot;, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Estorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Esdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Evergoteshemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-hemiumEver&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-hemium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Euergoteshem'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: H. Bresslau et. al.: ''Die Urkunden Heinrichs II. und Arduins''. In: Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Die Urkunden der deutschen Könige und Kaiser, Band 3. [[Hannovera]]e 1900–1903.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ebergötzen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Ewerchötzschen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Everinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ingaEvern&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum mediaevali formae huius toponymi ''Everinge'' testatae applicatur. Quo de mediaevali toponymo, vide: Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (1998). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises und der Stadt Hannover (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil I)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Deutsch Evern''; [[Saxonice]] ''Düütsch Äwern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eversmeer]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eversmeer'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Evessum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NOB 2004&quot;&gt;Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (2004). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter''' (NOB III). [[Gottinga]]e: Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Evessen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eydelstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Eydelstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eidelstee'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eyendorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Eyendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eyndörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eystharpa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-tharpa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-trup'' seu ''-drup'' seu ''-trop'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-tharpa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Butilingtharpa]], [[Graftharpa]], [[Gumorodingtharpa]], [[Haringtharpa]], [[Heppingtharpa]], [[Holttharpa]], [[Hurstharpa]], [[Kathingtharpa]], [[Kiedeningtharpa]], [[Marastharpa]], [[Markiligtharpa]], [[Meinbrahtingtharpa]], [[Peingtharpa]], [[Radistharpa]], [[Sutharpa]], [[Tettingtharpa]], [[Vilomaringtharpa]], [[Winikingtharpa]], [[Varetharpa]], [[Vrilingtharpa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eystrup'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== F ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Fallingbostela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bad Fallingbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Fambossel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fardium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Verden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Veern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Farva]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Farven''; [[Saxonice]] ''Farm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fassberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Faßberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Filsum]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Filsum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Firrel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Firrel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Florimontium (circulus Widmundensis)|Florimontium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Blomberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bloombarg'' seu ''Blombarg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Flotide]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Flotide&quot;&gt;De nominibus &quot;Flotide&quot; {{caa|780|802}}, &quot;Flathi&quot; {{caa|1013}}, &quot;Flatide&quot; {{caa|1142}}, &quot;Flothethe&quot; {{caa|1187}}, &quot;Vlothe&quot; {{caa|1189}} et &quot;Flotethe&quot; {{caa|1194}}, vide: Udolph, Jürgen. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160729194352/https://www.ndr.de/ndr1niedersachsen/programm/Ortsnamen-Uebersicht-fuer-Buchstaben-F,ortsnamenforscher111.html ''Ortsnamenforscher'']. ''NDR 1 Niedersachsen''.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Flöthe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Frankenfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-felda&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-feld(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-felda-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Falufelda]], [[Frauenfelda]], [[Heresfelda]], [[Hirutfelda]], [[Ilfelda]], [[Mansfelda]], [[Salfelda]], [[Sualafelda]], [[Alfelda]], [[Alsfelda]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Frankenfeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Freda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Freden'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fredenbiki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-biki&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-beck'' seu ''-beek'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-biki-orum&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Aesebiki]], [[Asbiki]], [[Beverbiki]], [[Gledabiki]], [[Goltbiki]], [[Sannanabiki]], [[Trobiki]], [[Walbeka|Walbiki]], [[Winesbiki]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Fredenbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Freenbeek'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Frera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Freren'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fresenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Fresenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Fräsenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Friburgum (Albis)|Friburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Friburgum&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Freiburg'' Latino toponymo &quot;Friburgum&quot; verti solet. Cf. [[Friburgum Brisgoviae]] aut [[Friburgum Nuithonum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Freiburg/Elbe''; [[Saxonice]] ''Fryborg'' seu ''Freiborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Frideburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Frideburgum&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.heimatbund-finnentrop.de/index_htm_files/Staats-%20u.%20Reisegeogr.%205.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Beschreibung derer merkwürdigsten Oerter''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Frideburg, Friedeburg, lat. Frideburgum'''. Liegt im Fürstenthum Ostfriesland, an den Grenzen der Grafschaft Oldenburg (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Friedeburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Freborg'' seu ''Freebörg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Friedlandia (Saxonia Inferior)|Friedland]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Friedland&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Friedland' in Latinam &quot;Friedlandia&quot; verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Friedland'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Frisoyta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Frisoyta&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363707446_Der_Status_animarum_im_Hochstift_Munster_und_die_Alphabetisierung_im_landlichen_Raum_eines_geistlichen_Furstentums_im_17_und_18_Jahrhundert ''Der Status animarum im Hochstift Münster und die Alphabetisierung im ländlichen Raum eines geistlichen Fürstentums im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Specificatio catholic[orum] et acatholicorum in Frisoyta (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Friesoythe''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ait''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aithe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Furstenavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Furstenavia&quot;&gt;Theodiscum nomen proprium ''Fürstenau'' in Latinam &quot;Furstenavia&quot; verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Hofmannus}}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) FURSTENAVIA Familia Germ. ''Furstenau'', ramus est Familiae Erpacensis (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Fürstenau''; [[Saxonice]] ''Fösnau'' seu ''Försnau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Furstenberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Fürstenberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}} 

=== G ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Ganderkesee]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ganderkesee''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gannerseer'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gandershemium]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.fi/books?id=6kwBAAAAQAAJ&amp;pg=PA27&amp;lpg=PA27&amp;dq=Gandershemium&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=_NMr2DmhUK&amp;sig=CXPUuuKZ8W03AC7uB3YlYYNscJ4&amp;hl=fi&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=7z7WUrfrO8iC4gTGxoGYCw&amp;ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&amp;q=Gandershemium&amp;f=false R. p. Hertenberger: ''Historia pragmatica universalis, sacra et profana''], p.27;
[http://books.google.fi/books?id=yScyAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA58&amp;lpg=PA58&amp;dq=Gandershemium&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=ZoGX4tZRRD&amp;sig=8fUZc6grFgYD0jN-twVcDyzarYI&amp;hl=fi&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=7z7WUrfrO8iC4gTGxoGYCw&amp;ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q=Gandershemium&amp;f=false ''Acta Sanctorum, Junii'' (1698-1717), cit. in ''A Companion to Hrotsvit of Gandersheim (fl. 960)''], p. 58 n.103.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Gandersheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ganderssen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gandesberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gandesbergen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Garbsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Garbsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Garlstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Garlstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Garlstörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Garrel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Garrel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Garstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Garstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gastää'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gartovia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ovia&quot;&gt;[[Linguae Germanicae|Germanica]] ac [[linguae Slavicae|Slavica]] toponyma cum suffixo ''-ov'' seu ''-öv'' seu ''ow'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-ovia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Asovia]], [[Brewnovia]], [[Czernichovia]], [[Glasgovia]], [[Golnovia]], [[Grabovia]], [[Kharkovia]], [[Laszovia]], [[Ostrovia]], [[Pscovia]], [[Racovia]], [[Sucovia]], [[Tarnovia]], [[Wengrovia]], [[Witkowa]], [[Wittovia]], [[Crovia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gartow'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Geeste]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Geeste''; [[Saxonice]] ''Choeiste'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Geestlandia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-landia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-land'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-landia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amelandia]], [[Bevelandia Australis]], [[Bevelandia Septentrionalis]], [[Bolandia]], [[Iutlandia]], [[Curlandia]], [[Estlandia]], [[Finlandia]], [[Flevolandia]], [[Friedlandia]], [[Islandia]], [[Gothlandia]], [[Hollandia]], [[Ingermanlandia]], [[Isalandia]] [[Lalandia]], [[Langelandia]], [[Oehtlandia]] [[Olandia]], [[Sallandia]], [[Samlandia]] [[Zelandia]], [[Selandia]] [[Fotlandia]], [[Wermelandia]] [[Withlandia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Geestland'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gehrde]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Gehrde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Georgsdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Georgsdorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gerdavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-avia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-avia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gerdau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gerdinum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gerdinium&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/gehrden/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Urkundlich ist der spätere Flecken möglicherweis erstmals als ''Gerdinum'' im Verzeichnis der Schenkungen (''Traditionen'') an das Kloster Corvey erwähnt, das um 826/76 angelegt wurde (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Gehrden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gieren'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gersta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gersten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Getelo]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Getelo''; [[Saxonice]] ''Getel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gevensleba]] &lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gevensleben'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gevera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Jever'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gieboldehusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Gieboldehausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Chiwelehusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Giesa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Giesen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gifhorna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cellarius 1703&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Gifhorn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gilta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gilten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Glandorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Glandorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gleicha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gleichen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gnarrenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Gnarrenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gnarrenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Godenstorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Gödenstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gö’nstörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Goldbiki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Golmbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Goldenstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Goldenstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gollnste'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Golencampus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;campus-i&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-kamp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-campus-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Gölenkamp''; [[Saxonice]] ''Göllenkamp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gorenthin]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gorenthin&quot;&gt;Vide [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Zeitschrift_des_Historischen_Vereins_f%C3%BCr_Niedersachsen_%28IA_zeitschriftdeshi1857hist%29.pdf?utm ''Zeitschrift des Historischen Vereins für Niedersachsen''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) villam Gorenthin '' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Göhrde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Göhr''; [[Polabice]] ''Djöra'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gorleba]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gorleben'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Goslaria]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Goslar''; [[Saxonice]] ''Goslär'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gottinga]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.com/books?id=kkM-AAAAcAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=gottingensis&amp;lr=&amp;cd=14#v=onepage&amp;q=&amp;f=false Libri Googles].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Göttingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Chöttingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grafhorstium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-horstium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-horst'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-horstium-i&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) -horst : -''horstium'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Grafhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grafhorst'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grasberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Grasberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grasbarg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grasleba]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Grasleben''; [[Saxonice]] ''Graslewe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grethemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-hemium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-hemium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Grethem''; [[Saxonice]] ''Graitn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grona (Leina)|Grona]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gronau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grundensis Civitas Metallica]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Grund'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grunendicum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dicum&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-diek'' aut ''-deich'' aut ''-dijk'' aut ''-dyk'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dicum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Isendicum]] apud {{Graesse}}; aut [[Mardicum]] apud ''Dictionnaire universel françois et latin, vulgairement appelé Dictionnaire de Trévoux''.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Grünendeich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Greundiek'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Guderhandviertel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Guderhandviertel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gauderhandviddel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Guelpherbytum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wolfenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wulfenbüttel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gusbornium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-bornium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-born'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-bornium-ii&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Calenbornium (prope Aram)|Calenbornium prope Aram]] et [[Calenbornium (prope Caesariacum)|Calenbornium prope Caesariacum]] (Theodisce ''Kalenborn''); [[Calenbornium-Scheurenum]] (Theodisce ''Kalenborn-Scheuern''); [[Hasbornium (Eiflia)|Hasbornium]] (Theodisce ''Hasborn''); [[Leidenbornium]] (Theodisce ''Leidenborn''); [[Lichtenbornium]] (Theodisce ''Lichtenborn''). Quae omnia toponyma ex articulo Vicipaediae Latinae de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Rhenaniae_et_Palatinatus indice urbium et communium Rhenaniae et Palatinatus] desumpta sunt, ubi apte referuntur.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gusborn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gyhum]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Gyhum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Jeem'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== H ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Hademstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hademstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hamstorp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haga (Saxonia Inferior)|Haga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Haga&quot;&gt;Vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3191/Hage.pdf?utm ''Historische Ortsdatenbank für Ostfriesland''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Erscheinung trat der Ort als „curatus Hagensis“ im Jahr 1400. Spätere Bezeichnungen waren „
Haga“ (um 1409)  (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hage''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Haag'' )&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haga ad Teutoburgiensem Saltum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Teutoburger Wald&quot;&gt;Cfr. [[Cornelius Tacitus|Taciti]], ''[[Annales (Tacitus)|Annales]]'', {{Vf|Ab excessu divi Augusti (Annales)/Liber I|LX|I, 60}}: &quot;... haud procul '''Teutoburgiensi saltu''' in quo reliquiae Vari legionumque insepultae dicebantur&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hagen am Teutoburger Wald'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haga Bremensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Latinum gentilicium &quot;Bremensis-e&quot; Theodiscum syntagma ''im Bremischen'' vertit.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hagen im Bremischen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hagen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haga Schauenburgi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]]  ''Stadthagen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hagenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hagenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hagenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Halbemontium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-montium&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-mond'' aut ''-mont'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-montium-i&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-mond, mont''' : -''montium, mons'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Halbemond'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Halla (Holtisminni)|Halla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in Montibus [[Visurgis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Halle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Halla (Comitatus Binethensis)|Halla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Halla prope Neuenhusam&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Halle'' plerumque toponymo &quot;Halla-ae&quot; latinizatur. Qua de latinizatione, vide complures Hallae apud [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(prope [[Neuenhusa]]m&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Halle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Halvesbostel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Halvesbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hassbossel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hamala]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hameln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hambergen]]
* [[Hambühren]]
* [[Hämelhausen]]
* [[Hamersen]]
* [[Hammah]]
* [[Handeloh]]
* [[Handorf]]
* [[Handrup]]
* [[Hankensbüttel]]
* [[Hannovera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[caput (urbs)|caput]] [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terrae foederalis]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hannover''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hannober'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hann. Münden]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hanstedt (Circulus Ulsenensis)|Hanstedt]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Ulsenensis|Circulo Ulsenensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Uelzen&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hanstedt (Nordheide)|Hanstedt]] &lt;small&gt;(Nordheide)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harbarnsen]]
* [[Hardegsen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haren (Amisia)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harmstorf]]
* [[Harpstedt]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harsefeld]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harsum]]
* [[Hartsburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Harzburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Harzeborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hasbergen]]
* [[Haselünne]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haßbergen]]
* [[Hassel (Weser)]]
* [[Hassendorf]]
* [[Haste]]	
* [[Hatten]]
* [[Hattorf ad Harthicos montes]]
* [[Häuslingen]]
* [[Haverlah]]
* [[Hechthausen]]
* [[Hedeper]]
* [[Heede (Emsland)|Heede]]
* [[Heemsen]]
* [[Heere]]	
* [[Heeslingen]]
* [[Heeßen]]
* [[Hehlen]]
* [[Heidenau (Saxonia Inferior)|Heidenau]]
* [[Heinade]]
* [[Heinbockel]]
* [[Heiningen (Niedersachsen)|Heiningen]]
* [[Heinsen]]
* [[Hellwege]]
* [[Helmstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Helmstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Helmstidde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Helpsen]]
* [[Helvesiek]]
* [[Hemmingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hemmoor]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hemsbünde]]
* [[Hemslingen]]
* [[Hemsloh]]
* [[Hepstedt]]
* [[Herzberg am Harz]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Herzlake]]
* [[Hesel]]
* [[Hespe]]
* [[Hessisch Oldendorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heuerßen]]
* [[Heyen]]
* [[Hildesia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hildesheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hilmessen'' seu ''Hilmssen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hilgermissen]]
* [[Hilkenbrook]]
* [[Hillerse]]
* [[Hilter am Teutoburger Wald]]
* [[Himbergen]]
* [[Himmelpforten]]
* [[Hinte]]
* [[Hipstedt]]
* [[Hittbergen]]
* [[Hitzacker]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hodenhagen]]
* [[Höhbeck]]
* [[Hohenhameln]]
* [[Hohne]]
* [[Hohnhorst]]
* [[Hohnstorf (Albis)]]
* [[Holdorf (Niedersachsen)|Holdorf]]
* [[Holenberg]]
* [[Holle]]
* [[Hollenstedt]]
* [[Hollern-Twielenfleth]]
* [[Hollnseth]]
* [[Holste]]
* [[Holtgast]]
* [[Holtisminni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Holzminden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Holtsminne'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Holtland]]
* [[Holzen (prope Eschershusam)|Holzen]]
* [[Hoogstede]]
* [[Hörden ad Harthicos montes]]
* [[Horneburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Horstedt (Niedersachsen)|Horstedt]]
* [[Hoya]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hoyerhagen]]
* [[Hoyershausen]]
* [[Hude (Oldenburg)]]
* [[Hüde]]
* [[Hülsede]]
* [[Husum (bei Nienburg)|Husum]]
* [[Hutta Georgii et Mariae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;hutta-ae&quot;&gt;Toponyma cum suffixis ''-hütte'' aut ''-hutta'' plerumque latinizari solent Latino vocabulo &quot;Hutta-ae&quot;, quamquam huius vocabuli variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hutta vitriaria Bohemica]] apud [https://schwaben.hu/ortschaften/bohmischhutten?utm Schwaben.hu. (s. d.). ''Böhmischhütten / Csehbánya – Ortsgeschichte'']; [[Hutta Germanica]] apud [https://huta.ewk.hu/nemetbanya-1757-1781/?utm ''Németbánya. (s. s.). Németbánya története'']; [[Hutta Vitriaria]] apud https://slavistika.sk/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/2015_1.pdf?utm [Majtán, M. (1998). ''Názvy obcí Slovenskej republiky: Vývin v rokoch 1773–1997''. Bratislaviae: Veda]; Hutta apud [https://real.mtak.hu/140291/1/K%C3%A1rp%C3%A1talja%20helys%C3%A9gnevei.pdf?utm ''Kárpátalja helységnevei.'']; [[Hutta Polonica]] apud Štefánik, M. (2022). ''Italia ed Europa centro-orientale tra Medioevo ed età moderna: Economia, società, cultura''. Heidelberg University Publishing; [[Hutta (Eiflia)|Hutta Eifliae]] apud Beyer, H. (1860). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der, jetzt die Preussischen Regierungsbezirke Coblenz und Trier bildenden mittelrheinischen Territorien'' (Vol. 1). J. Hölscher, et Beyer, H. (1860). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der mittelrheinischen Territorien: Erster Band. Von den ältesten Zeiten bis zum Jahre 1169''. [[Confluentes (Germania)|Confluentibus]]: J. Hölscher.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Georgius&quot;&gt;[https://la.wiktionary.org/wiki/Georgius?utm Theodiscum praefixum ''Georg-'' Latino anthroponymo casu genetivo &quot;Georfii&quot; vertitur].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Maria&quot;&gt;[https://la.wiktionary.org/wiki/Maria?utm Theodiscum interfixum ''-marien-'' Latino anthroponymo casu genetivo &quot;Mariae&quot; vertitur].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Georgsmarienhütte'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hüven]]
{{div col end}}

=== I ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Iburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Von Schaten 1714&quot;&gt;Von Schaten, N. (1714). ''Monumenta Osnabrugensia ex historia romana, francica, saxonicaque eruta''. Typis Jodoci Henrici Meyer.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Iburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Ibig'' seu ''Ibig'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ihlienworth]]
* [[Ihlow (Frisia Orientalis)|Ihlow]]
* [[Ilsede]]
* [[Ingeleben]]
* [[Isenbüttel]]
* [[Isernhagen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Isterberg]]
* [[Itterbeck]]
{{div col end}}

=== J ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Jade (Saxonia Inferior)|Jade]]
* [[Jameln]]
* [[Jelmstorf]]
* [[Jembke]]
* [[Jemgum]]
* [[Jerxheim]]
* [[Jesteburg]]
* [[Jork]]
* [[Jühnde]]
* [[Juist]]
{{div col end}}

=== K ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Kakenstorf]]
* [[Kalbe (Niedersachsen)|Kalbe]]
* [[Kalefeld]]
* [[Karwitz]]
* [[Katlenburg-Lindau]]
* [[Kettenkamp]]
* [[Kirchbrak]]
* [[Kirchdorf (bei Sulingen)|Kirchdorf]]
* [[Kirchgellersen]]
* [[Kirchlinteln]]
* [[Kirchseelte]]
* [[Kirchtimke]]
* [[Kirchwalsede]]
* [[Kissenbrück]]
* [[Klein Berßen]]
* [[Klein Meckelsen]]
* [[Kluse (Emsland)|Kluse]]
* [[Kneitlingen]]
* [[Kneta Maior]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Großenkneten''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grotekneten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Köhlen]]
* [[Königsmoor]]
* [[Kranenburg (Oste)|Kranenburg]]
* [[Krebeck]]
* [[Krummendeich]]
* [[Krummhörn]]
* [[Kührstedt]]
* [[Küsten]]
* [[Kutenholz]]
{{div col end}}

=== L ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Laar]]
* [[Laatzen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lachendorf]]
* [[Laerium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Stüve 1789&quot;&gt;Stüve, J. E. (1789). ''Beschreibung des Fürstenthums Osnabrück mit einigen Urkunden''. Kißling.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Laer'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lage (Saxonia Inferior)|Lage]]
* [[Lähden]]
* [[Lahn (Hümmling)|Lahn]]
* ''[[Lamspringe]]''
* [[Lamstedt]]
* [[Landesbergen]]
* [[Landolfshausen]]
* [[Landwehr (Gemeinde)|Landwehr]]
* [[Langelsheim]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Langen (bei Bremerhaven)|Langen]]''' &lt;small&gt;(b.Bremerhaven)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langen (Emsland)|Langen]] &lt;small&gt;(Emsland)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langendorf (Elbe)|Langendorf]]
* [[Langenhagen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langeoog]]
* [[Langlingen]]
* [[Langwedel (Weser)|Langwedel]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lastrup]]
* [[Lathen]]
* [[Lauenau]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lauenbrück]]
* [[Lauenförde]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lauenhagen]]
* [[Leese]]
* [[Leezdorf]]
* [[Lehe (Emsland)|Lehe]]
* [[Lehre (Niedersachsen)|Lehre]]
* [[Lehrte]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leiferde]]
* [[Lembruch]]
* [[Lemförde]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lemgow]]
* [[Lemwerdera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rüthning 1926&quot;&gt;Rüthning, G. (Ed.) (1926). ''Oldenburger Urkundenbuch''. Gerhard Stalling.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lemwerder'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lengede]]
* [[Lengenbostel]]
* [[Lengerich (Emsland)|Lengerich]]
* [[Lenne (Niedersachsen)|Lenne]]
* [[Leopolis (Saxonia Inferior)|Leopolis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ebel 1960&quot;&gt;Ebel, W. (1960). ''Lübisches Recht: Erster Band''. Hansischer Geschichtsverein.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bleckede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bleikd'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leri]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Leer''; [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Läär''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lier'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Liebenau (Niedersachsen)|Liebenau]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Liebenburg]]
* [[Lilienthal]]
* [[Lindern (Oldenburg)]]
* [[Lindhorst]]
* [[Lindwedel]]
* [[Lingen (Ems)]] &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Linsburg]]
* [[Lintig]]
* [[Locus Occidentalis (Saxonia Inferior)|Locus Occidentalis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cellarius 1703&quot;&gt;Cellarius, C. (1703). ''Geographia Antiqua iuxta et Nova''. Ienae: Bielckius.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Westerstede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Westerstäe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lohne (Oldenburg)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Löningen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lorup]]
* [[Loxstedt]]
* [[Lübberstedt]]
* [[Lübbow]]
* [[Luchovia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Luchovia&quot;&gt;Vide [https://ia801403.us.archive.org/28/items/antiquitatessele00keys/antiquitatessele00keys.pdf ''Antiquitates selectae septentrionales et Celticae''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) De Venedicis aut Germanicis prope Luchoviam effossis Epistola ''Georgii Frid, Mithofii'' data Luchovia d. 17. Maji 1691 (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lüchow''; [[Polabice]] ''Ljauchüw'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Luckau (Saxonia Inferior)|Luckau]]
* [[Lüder (Lüneburger Heide)|Lüder]]
* [[Lüdersburg]]
* [[Lüdersfeld]]
* [[Lüerdissen]]
* [[Luhden]]
* [[Luneburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lüneburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lümborg'' seu ''Lünborg''; [[Lingua Saxonica antiqua|Palaeosaxonice]] ''Hliuni'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lünne]]
* [[Lütetsburg]]
* ''[[Lutter am Barenberge]]''
* [[Luttera Regalis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Königslutter am Elm'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== M ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Maasen]]
* [[Magna Palus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Magna Palus&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/magnus?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum toponymicum praefixum ''Große-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;magnus-a-um&quot;] et [[https://www.koeblergerhard.de/germanistischewoerterbuecher/altsaechsischeswoerterbuch/asF.pdf Theodiscum suffixum ''-fehn'' Latino nomine &quot;palus paludis&quot; (f.)] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Großefehn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grootfehn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Maius Vrelstede]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Maius Vrelstede&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B76-2/NOB%20VII%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Helmstedt%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Wolfsburg.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der stadt WoLfsburg'']{{Nexus deficit|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 1318 ''in Maiori Vrelstede'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Frellstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Frillstidde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Marienhafe]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Marienhagen]]
* [[Mariental (Niedersachsen)|Mariental]]
* [[Marklohe]]
* [[Marl (Dümmer)|Marl]]
* [[Marschacht]]
* [[Martfeld]]
* [[Marxen]]
* [[Mechtersen]]
* [[Meckelsa Maior]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Meckelsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Meckels'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Meerbeck]]
* [[Meine]]
* [[Meinersen]]
* [[Melbeck]]
* [[Melle]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mellinghausen]]
* [[Menslage]]
* [[Meppea]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Meppen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Möppen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Merzen]]
* [[Messenkamp]]
* [[Messingen]]
* [[Midlum (Land Wursten)|Midlum]]
* [[Misselwarden]]
* [[Mittelnkirchen]]
* [[Mittelstenahe]]
* [[Moisburg]]
* [[Molbergen]]
* [[Mons Catonis (Saxonia Inferior)|Mons Catonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Cadenberge''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cuddeldutt'' seu ''Kumbarg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Moormerland]]
* [[Moorweg]]
* [[Moringen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Müden (Alara)]]
* [[Mulsum (Land Wursten)|Mulsum]]
* [[Mundia Hannoverana]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Munimeri]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Dronke 1844&quot;&gt;Dronke, E. F. J. (Ed.) (1844). ''Traditiones et Antiquitates Fuldenses: Chartae et registra historica saeculi IX''. Fuldense: Typis Müllerianis.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Münder am Deister''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Münner'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Munster (Örtze)|Munster]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== N ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Nahrendorf]]
* [[Natendorf]]
* [[Neetze]]
* [[Negenborn]]
* [[Nenndorf (circulus Widmundensis)|Nenndorf]]
* [[Neubörger]]
* [[Neu Darchau]]
* [[Neuenhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenhaus''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neenhuus'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (Altes Land)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Altes Land)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (bei Bassum)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(b.Bassum)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (Land Hadeln)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Land Hadeln)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (Landkreis Osnabrück)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Osnabrück)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (Lüneburger Heide)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Lüneb.Heide)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen-Vörden]]
* [[Neuharlingersiel]]
* [[Neuhaus (Oste)]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuhof (Landkreis Hildesheim)|Neuhof]]
* [[Neukamperfehn]]
* [[Neulehe]]
* [[Neuschoo]]
* [[Neustadt am Rübenberge]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neu Wulmstorf]]
* [[Niederlangen]]
* [[Niedernwöhren]]
* [[Niemetal]]
* [[Nienhagen (Landkreis Celle)|Nienhagen]]
* [[Nienstädt]]
* [[Norden]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nordenham]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Norderney]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nordholz]]
* [[Nordleda]]
* [[Nordsehl]]
* [[Nordstemmen]]
* [[Nörten-Hardenberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Northemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nothemium&quot;&gt;Vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenahist/wassenberg1/Wassenberg_florus.html ''FLORUS GERMANICUS''] , ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Et VVolferbytum, Northemium, Steinbruggam, Nienburgum (...) Primo vere Tillius tribunos suos Northemium misit (...) Caesaeriani Northemium expugnant (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Northeim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nuurten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Northorna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;&gt;Egli, J. J. (1893). ''Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume''. [[Lipsia]]e: Friedrich Brandstetter.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nordhorn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nothoorn'' seu ''Notthoarn'' seu ''Netthoarn'' seu ''Noordhoorn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nortmoor]]
* [[Nortrup]]
* [[Nottensdorf]]
* [[Nova Urbs (Saxonia Inferior)|Nova Urbs]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nienburg/Weser''; [[Saxonice]] ''Näinborg'' seu ''Nienborg'' seu ''Neenborg'' seu ''Negenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Novale Frigidum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Colnrade''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kollenroad'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== O ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Oberlangen]]
* [[Oberndorf (Oste)|Oberndorf]]
* [[Obernfeld]]
* [[Obernholz]]
* [[Obernkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ochtersum]]
* [[Odisheim]]
* [[Oederquart]]
* [[Oerel]]
* [[Oesinga Maior]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Oesingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Oesingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oetzen]]
* [[Ohne]]
* [[Ohrum]]
* [[Oldenburgum]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oldendorf (Landkreis Stade)|Oldendorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Stade)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oldendorf (Luhe)]]
* [[Osloß]]
* [[Osnabruga]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Osnabrück''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ossenbrääch''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Lingua Saxonica|Westfalice]] ''Ossenbrügge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Osteel]]
* [[Osten (Oste)|Osten]]
* [[Osterbruch]]
* [[Ostercappeln]]
* [[Ostereistedt]]
* [[Osterode am Harz]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Osterwald]]
* [[Ostrhauderfehn]]
* [[Ottenstein (Niedersachsen)|Ottenstein]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Otter]]
* [[Otterndorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ottersberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ovelgönne]]
* [[Ovenhagium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1703&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Auhagen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oyten]]	
{{div col end}}

=== P ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Padingbüttel]]
* [[Palus Hagensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Palus Hagensis&quot;&gt;[https://www.latin-is-simple.com/de/vocabulary/noun/13172/#google_vignette Theodiscum toponymicum suffixum ''-marsch'' Latino vocabulo &quot;palus paludis&quot; vertitur] et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Hagensis-e&quot;, quod ad [[Haga (Saxonia Inferior)|Hagam]] refertur, Theodiscum gentilicium praefixum ''Hager-'' vertitur. Quo de gentilicio et toponymo, vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3191/Hage.pdf?utm ''Historische Ortsdatenbank für Ostfriesland''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Erscheinung trat der Ort als „curatus Hagensis“ im Jahr 1400. Spätere Bezeichnungen waren „Haga“ (um 1409)  (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hagermarsch'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Papenburg]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Parsau]]
* [[Pattensen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pegestorf]]
* [[Pennigsehl]]
* [[Petrimons]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Perizonius 1758&quot;&gt;Perizonius, J. (1758). ''Compendium historiarum antiquissimarum, civilium et ecclesiasticarum, usque ad seculum decimum octavum: Cum appendice de ducatu Westphaliae et comitatu Petrimontano''. Ex officina Wetsteniana.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Pyrmont''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Puurmont'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pohle]]
* [[Pollhagen]]
* [[Pons Cobbanus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Leuckfeld 1714&quot;&gt;Leuckfeld, J. G. (1714). ''Antiquitates Blankenburgenses, oder Historische Beschreibung derer vormals berühmten Grafen von Blankenburg, nebst dazugehörigen diplomatibus und Chartis''. Gottfried Freytag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Coppenbrügge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Poynum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Peine''; [[Saxonice]] ''Paane''; [[Lingua Theodisca alta recens|Protoneoaltotheodisce]] ''Peina'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Praefectura Neohusana]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Grupen II 1742&quot;&gt;Grupen, C. U. (1742). ''Disceptationes Forenses cum Observationibus Juris: De originibus et iurisdictione praefecturarum ditionis Brunsvicensis (Caput de Praefectura Neohusana)'' (Vol. II). Hannoverae: Förster.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Amt Neuhaus'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pratum Vitulorum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Calberlah'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Prezelle]]
* [[Prinzhöfte]]
{{div col end}}

=== Q ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Quakenbrück]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Quendorf]]
* [[Querenhorst]]
* [[Quernheim]]
{{div col end}}

=== R ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Räbke]]
* [[Radbruch]]
* [[Raddestorf]]
* [[Rastdorf]]
* [[Rastede]]
* [[Rätzlingen (Niedersachsen)|Rätzlingen]]
* [[Rechtsupweg]]
* [[Reeßum]]
* [[Regesbostel]]
* [[Rehburg-Loccum]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rehden]]
* [[Rehlingen]]
* [[Reinstorf]]
* [[Remlingen (Niedersachsen)|Remlingen]]
* [[Renkenberge]]
* [[Rennau]]
* [[Reppenstedt]]
* [[Rethem (Aller)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rhade]]
* [[Rhauderfehn]]
* [[Rhede (Ems)]]
* [[Rhumspringe]]
* [[Ribbesbüttel]]
* [[Riede (Landkreis Verden)|Riede]]
* [[Rieste]]
* [[Ringe]]
* [[Ringstedt]]
* [[Rinteln]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ritterhude]]
* [[Rodenberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rodewald]]
* [[Rohrsen]]
* [[Roklum]]
* [[Rollshausen]]
* [[Römstedt]]
* [[Ronnenberg]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rosche]]
* [[Rosdorf]]
* [[Rosengarten (Landkreis Harburg)|Rosengarten]]
* [[Rotenburgum ad Wemmam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rotenburgum ad Wemmam&quot;&gt;De Latino toponymico syntagmate &quot;[[Rotenburgum ad Wemmam]]&quot; -ad quod Latinum gentilicium &quot;Rotenburgensis-e&quot; refertur-, vide homonymas urbes apud {{Graesse}} et {{Hofmannus}}. De hydronymo &quot;[[Wemma]]&quot;, etiam vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Rotenburg''; quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Rotenburg an der Wümme''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rodenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rötgesbüttel]]
* [[Rüdershausen]]
* [[Rühen]]
* [[Rullstorf]]
{{div col end}}

=== S ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Sachsenhagen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sagterlandia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;BOV 2013&quot;&gt;Bischöfliches Offizialat Vechta (2013). ''Findbuch des Offizialatsarchivs Vechta: Altes Archiv (Abteilung A: Saterlandia, Kirchliche Unterlagen, Akte A 8: „Informatio de Sagterlandia“ aus dem Jahre 1710)''. Vechtae, in Germania: Bischöfliches Offizialat.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Saterland''; quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Sagterland''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Seelterlound'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Salis Cancellum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cellarius 1703&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Salzgitter''; [[Saxonice]] ''Soltgitter'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Salzbergen]]
* [[Salzdetfordium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Marcard 1805&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Salzdetfurth'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Salzhausen]]
* [[Salzhemmendorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Samern]]
* [[Sandbostel]]
* [[Sande (Frisia)|Sande]]
* [[Sarstedt]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sassenburg]]
* [[Sathsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Sachsa'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sauensiek]]
* [[Schapen]]
* [[Scharnebeck]]
* [[Scheden]]
* [[Scheeßel]]
* [[Schellerten]]
* [[Schiffdorf]]
* [[Schladen-Werla]]
* [[Schnackenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schnega]]
* [[Schneverdingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Scholen]]
* [[Schönewörde]]
* [[Schöningen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schöppenstedt]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schortens]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schüttorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schwaförden]]
* [[Schwanewede]]
* [[Schwarme]]	
* [[Schwarmstedt]]
* [[Schweindorf]]
* [[Schweringen]]
* [[Schwerinsdorf]]
* [[Schwienau]]
* [[Schwülper]]
* [[Seeburg (Niedersachsen)|Seeburg]]
* [[Seedorf (bei Zeven)|Seedorf]]
* [[Seelze]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seesen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seevetal]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seggebruch]]
* [[Sehlde]]
* [[Sehlem (Niedersachsen)|Sehlem]]
* [[Sehnde]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Selsingen]]
* [[Semmenstedt]]
* [[Seulingen]]
* [[Sibbesse]]
* [[Sickte]]
* [[Siedenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sittensen]]
* [[Soderstorf]]
* [[Sögel]]	
* [[Söhlde]]
* [[Söllingen (Niedersachsen)|Söllingen]]
* [[Soltau]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Soltendieck]]
* [[Sottrum]]
* [[Spahnharrenstätte]]
* [[Spelle]]
* [[Spiekeroog]]
* [[Sprakensehl]]
* [[Springe]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stadae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Stade''; [[Saxonice]] ''Stood'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stadlandia]]&lt;ref&gt;Ioannes Iustus Wynkelman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=WvgaAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA617&amp;lpg=PA617&amp;dq=statlandia+saxonia&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=Ysl9JI4L06&amp;sig=2y6x3I38sU3-RcrP0HtnSkUxssI&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0CCwQ6AEwA2oVChMIwqiv-NWMxgIVQgmSCh2CZwDj#v=onepage&amp;q=statlandia%20saxonia&amp;f=false ''Notitia historico-politica veteris Saxo-Westphaliae finitimarumque regionum,''] 1667:277.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Stadland'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Staffhorst]]
* [[Staufenberg]]
* [[Stavern]]
* [[Stedesdorf]]
* [[Steimbke]]
* [[Steinau (Niedersachsen)|Steinau]]
* [[Steinfeld (Oldenburg)]]
* [[Steinhorst (Niedersachsen)|Steinhorst]]
* [[Steinkirchen (Altes Land)|Steinkirchen]]
* [[Stelle]]
* [[Stemmen (Landkreis Rotenburg)|Stemmen]]
* [[Stemshorn]]
* [[Steyerberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stinstedt]]
* [[Stöckse]]
* [[Stoetze]]
* [[Stolzenau]]
* [[Stuhr]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Südbrookmerland]]
* [[Suderburg]]
* [[Südergellersen]]
* [[Südheide]]
* [[Sudwalde]]
* [[Suhlendorf]]
* [[Sulingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Süpplingen]]
* [[Süpplingenburg]]
* [[Süstedt]]
* [[Sustrum]]
* [[Surwold]]
* [[Suthfeld]]
* [[Syke]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== T ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Tappenbeck]]
* [[Tarmstedt]]
* [[Tespe]]
* [[Teuderium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&amp;cq=M%C3%BCnchen&amp;lang=de''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Detern''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Tjootern''; [[Saxonice|Orientalifrisicosaxonice]] ''Däitern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Thransfellensis Ecclesia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dransfeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Thedinghausen]]
* [[Theodolfestorpum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Asseburg 1855&quot;&gt;Asseburg, J. von der. (1855). ''Urkundenbuch des Geschlechts von der Asseburg (Vol. 1)''. Hahnschen Hofbuchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dedelstorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Thomasburg]]
* [[Thorpum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Thorpum&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/ZIER-HP/ZIER-HP-06-2016/AAAKoeblerGerhardDorfinderdeutschenOrtsgeschichte20160831-7111.htm ''www.koeblergerhard.de''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Dörpen''', 9. Jh., bei Aschendorf nördlich Meppens, F2-1090 THURP (Dorf) Dorfa (7), Thorpum (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dörpen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Thuine]]
* [[Tiddische]]
* [[Tiste]]
* [[Toppenstedt]]
* [[Tostedt]]
* [[Tosterglope]]
* [[Trebel]]
* [[Triburi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Philippi &amp; Bar 1892&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Drebber'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Tülau]]
* [[Twieflingen]]
* [[Twilpstede Maius]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Twilpstede Maius&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B76-2/NOB%20VII%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Helmstedt%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Wolfsburg.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg'']{{Nexus deficit|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 1311 ''Twilpstede Maiori'' (...) 1311 ''Twilpstede Maiori et Minori'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Twülpstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Twülpstidde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Twist (Emsland)|Twist]]
* [[Twistringen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== U ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Uchte]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Uehrde]]
* [[Uelsen]]
* [[Uetze]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ulsena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]]  et [[Saxonice]] ''Uelzen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Ülz’n'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ummern]]
* [[Undeloh]]
* [[Upgant-Schott]]
* [[Uplengen]]
* [[Uslar]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Utarp]]
{{div col end}}

=== V ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Vahlberg]]
* [[Vahlbruch]]
* [[Vahlde]]
* [[Vallis Ambrae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ambra&quot;&gt;Latino de toponymo &quot;Ambra&quot; (Theodisce ''Emmer''), vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Vallis&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Tal?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum vocabulum ''T(h)al'' aut Theodiscum suffixum ''-t(h)al'' Latino vocabulo &quot;vallis-is&quot;] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Emmerthal''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emmerdaal'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vallis Augae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;SLH 1988&quot;&gt;Societas Latina Hannoverana (1988). ''Fasciculi geographici et historici: De parvis provinciis ditionis Hannoveranae et Schaumburgensis''. Hannoverae: Typis Exscripsit Libraria Scripturarum.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Auetal'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vallis Claustra-Cella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Conring 1730&quot;&gt;Conring, H. (1730). ''De Antiquitatibus Academicis Dissertationes Septem''. Officina Smeinkiana.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Clausthal-Zellerfeld''; [[Supraharthice]] ''Clasthol-Zallerfall'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Varel]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Varrel]]
* [[Vastorf]]
* [[Vechelde]]
* [[Velpke]]
* [[Veltheim (Ohe)]]
* [[Vetha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Vechta''; [[Saxonice]] ''Vechte'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vicus Adelaidis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ALF 2016&quot;&gt;Academia Latinitati Fovendae (2016). ''Commentarii Academiae Latinitati Fovendae: De novis parochiis et communibus Saxoniae Inferioris textus'' (Vol. XXIV). Romae: Herder.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Adelheidsdorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vierden]]
* [[Vierhöfen]]
* [[Vildhusia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmannus&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Wildeshausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wilshusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villa Cremilonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cremlingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vintlum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Vintlum&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/schneverdingen-peter-und-paul/?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Schneverdingen, Peter und Paul''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''capella in honorem sancti Anthonii in villa Vintlo parrochie Snewerdinge'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Fintel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Visbek]]
* [[Visselhövede]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vögelsen]]
* [[Vollersode]]
* [[Voltlage]]
* [[Vorda Bremensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bremervörde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bremervöör'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vordorf]]
* [[Vorwerk (Niedersachsen)|Vorwerk]]
* [[Vrees]]
{{div col end}}

=== W ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Waake]]
* [[Waddeweitz]]
* [[Wagenfeld]]
* [[Wagenhoff]]
* [[Wahrenholz]]
* [[Walchum]]
* [[Walkenried]]
* [[Wallenhorst]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wallmoden]]
* [[Walsrode]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wangelnstedt]]
* [[Wangerland]]
* [[Wangerooge]]
* [[Wanna]]
* [[Warberg]]
* [[Wardenburg]]
* [[Warmsen]]
* [[Warpe]]
* [[Wasbüttel]]
* [[Wathlingen]]
* [[Wedemark]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Weener]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Weenzen]]
* [[Wehrbleck]]
* [[Welle]]
* [[Wendeburg]]
* [[Wendisch Evern]]
* [[Wennigsen]]
* [[Wenzendorf]]
* [[Werdum]]
* [[Werlte]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Werpeloh]]
* [[Wesendorf]]
* [[Weste (Niedersachsen)|Weste]]
* [[Westergellersen]]
* [[Westerholt]]
* [[Westertimke]]
* [[Westerwalsede]]
* [[Westfeld (Niedersachsen)|Westfeld]]
* [[Westoverledingen]]
* [[Wetschen]]
* [[Wettrup]]
* [[Weyhausen]]
* [[Weyhe]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wieda]]
* [[Wiedensahl]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wiefelstede]]
* [[Wielen]]
* [[Wienhausen]]
* [[Wiesmoor]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wietmarschen]]
* [[Wietze]]
* [[Wietzen]]
* [[Wietzendorf]]
* [[Wilhelmshaven]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wilstedt]]
* [[Wilsum]]
* [[Wingst]]
* [[Winkelsett]]
* [[Winnigstedt]]
* [[Winsen (Aller)]] 
* [[Winsenia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Büttner&quot;&gt;Büttner, D. S. (1710). ''Rudera Diluvii Testes, i.e. Zeichnung und Abbildung derer Columnarum Sceletonum''. Gottfried Zimmermann.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(ad [[Luya]]m&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Winsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Winzenburg]]
* [[Wippingen]]
* [[Wirdum]]
* [[Wischhafen]]
* [[Wistedt]]
* [[Witmundia]]&lt;ref&gt;E.g., [[Ioannes Luyts|Ioannis Luyts]] ''Introductio ad Geographiam novam et veterem'', Ultraiecti 1692, [https://books.google.fr/books?id=_o0YP3-9VTMC&amp;pg=PA281&amp;dq=Witmundia&amp;hl=ru&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjShLT7vdDrAhVJw4sKHZLLCokQ6AEwAnoECAMQAg#v=onepage&amp;q=Witmundia&amp;f=false p. 281].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wittmund'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wittingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wittmar]]
* [[Wittorf]]
* [[Wohnste]]
* [[Wolfsburgum]]&lt;ref&gt;Vide nomini arcis: Samuel Pufendorfus, ''Commentariorum de rebus Suecicis libri XXVI'' {{Google Books|lV1PAAAAcAAJ|pag. 457 et 475}}, ''Nova Acta Eruditorum'' {{Google Books|eGFlITDJFSMC|pag. 487}}, Lipsiae, anno 1756, ac ''Itininerarium Thomae Carve, Tipperariensis'' ([https://archive.org/details/itinerariumthom00kerngoog/page/n182 pag. 108]).&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Wolfsburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wulfsborg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wolfsbuurich'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wollbrandshausen]]
* [[Wollershausen]]
* [[Wölpinghausen]]
* [[Wolsdorf]]
* [[Woltersdorf (Wendland)|Woltersdorf]]
* [[Woltershausen]]
* [[Worde]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Worde&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/grossenwoerden/?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Hinricus rector ecclesie in Worde'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Großenwörden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grootweurn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Worpswede]]
* [[Wremen]]
* [[Wrestedt]]
* [[Wriedel]]
* [[Wulfsen]]
* [[Wulften ad Harthicos montes]]
* [[Wunstorf]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wurster Nordseeküste]]
* [[Wustrow (Saxonia Inferior)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== Y ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Yppenerdhe]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Yppenerdhe&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.gross-ippener.de/gemeinde/geschichte.html?utm ''Groß Ippene''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Parrochia Yppenerdhe (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Ippener''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Ippner'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== Z ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Zernien]]
* [[Zetel]]
* [[Zeven]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Zorge]]
{{div col end}}

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris|!]]</text>
      <sha1>mfdpr8jy4xpsasiu8zv8rnex0ph3vdi</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Index communium Rhenaniae Septentrionalis et Vestfaliae</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>216148</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3983660</id>
      <parentid>3952821</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-25T17:45:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Index Communium Rhenaniae Septentrionalis et Vestfaliae]] ad [[Index communium Rhenaniae Septentrionalis et Vestfaliae]]: Orthographia emendata</comment>
      <origin>3952821</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="76992" sha1="ajtgrpvytfwzrrxsgsamdt357ttu3on" xml:space="preserve">Hic est index [[commune|communium]] [[Rhenania Septentrionalis et Vestfalia|Rhenaniae Septentrionalis et Vestfaliae]].

== Urbes nullius [[Circulus (iurisdictio)|circuli]] ==
In [[Rhenania Septentrionalis et Vestfalia|Rhenania Septentrionali et Vestfalia]] viginti duae [[civitas|civitates]] a [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulis]] liberae sunt. Si casus singularis Aquisgrani additur, viginti tres sunt.
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|- class=&quot;hintergrundfarbe5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+ Urbes quae ad nullum circulum pertinent
! Urbs
! Nomen [[lingua Theodisca|Theodiscum]]
! Nomen [[lingua Saxonica|Saxonicum]]
! [[Nota autocineti|Notae autocineti]] abbreviatio
! [[Numerus incolarum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bevölkerung&quot;&gt;[https://www.landesdatenbank.nrw.de/ldbnrw//online?operation=table&amp;code=12411-01i&amp;bypass=true&amp;levelindex=0&amp;levelid=1750236363127#abreadcrumb ''Bevölkerung der Gemeinden Nordrhein-Westfalens am 31. Dezember 2024 – Fortschreibung des Bevölkerungsstandes auf Basis des Zensus 2022'']. Ab Instituto Publico Informationis et Technologiae Rhenaniae Septentrionalis et Vestfaliae (IT.NRW), consultum die 18  Iunii anni 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[2024]])
|-
| [[Aquisgranum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;
| ''Aachen''
| ''Aken''
| AC
| style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 262&amp;thinsp;670 
|-
| [[Assindia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;
| ''Essen''
| ''Essen''
| E
| style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 574&amp;thinsp;682 
|-
| [[Baucum (Germania)|Baucum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;
| ''Bochum''
| ''Baukem''
| BO, WAT
| style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 358&amp;thinsp;676
|-
| [[Bilivelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;
| ''Bielefeld''
| ''Builefeld''
| BI
| style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 331&amp;thinsp;605 
|-
| [[Bonna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;
| ''Bonn''
| ''Bonn''
| BN
| style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 323&amp;thinsp;336 
|-
| [[Bottorpium]]&lt;ref&gt;Vide Jacobus Augustus de Thou, ''Historiae Sui Temporis'', Pars Quarta, Lutetiae, anno 1609, [https://web.archive.org/web/20190923194356/https://www2.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenahist/thou1/t4/jpg/s590.html pag. 590].&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Bottrop''
| ''Bottrop''
| BOT
| style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 118&amp;thinsp;535 
|-
| [[Colonia Agrippina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&amp;cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&amp;lang=de ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit''/ 1. A - D].&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Köln''
| ''Köln''
| K
| style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 1&amp;thinsp;024&amp;thinsp;621
|-
| [[Crefeldia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt;
| ''Krefeld''
| ''Krievel''
| KR
| style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 231&amp;thinsp;406
|-
| [[Dusseldorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;
| ''Düsseldorf''
| ''Düsseldörp''
| D
| style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 618&amp;thinsp;685
|-
| [[Gelsenkircha]]&lt;ref&gt;Vide [https://books.google.be/books?id=WtJKAAAAcAAJ&amp;lpg=RA1-PT1&amp;ots=ysdf7qp3yh&amp;dq=Gel%C5%BFenkircha&amp;hl=de&amp;pg=RA1-PT1#v=onepage&amp;q=Gel%C5%BFenkircha&amp;f=false ''Nova literaria Maris Balthici et Septentrionis''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) defensa est a ''Conrad. Giesbert, Stohlmann,'' Gelsenkircha-Marcano (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Gelsenkirchen''
| ''Gelsenkiärken''
| GE
| style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 267&amp;thinsp;930
|-
| [[Gladbacum]]&lt;ref&gt;Vide tabulam [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:Gladbacum.jpg hic].&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Mönchengladbach''
| ''Mönchengladbach''
| MG
| style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 267&amp;thinsp;213 
|-
| [[Hagenium]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.be/books?id=OQxlAAAAcAAJ&amp;ots=9SBznVP6Hk&amp;hl=de&amp;pg=PA218#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Wernherus Teschenmacher, Clivia, Julia, Montia, Marchia, Ravensburgia, antiquæ et modernæ, Arnhemii, 1638, pag. 218].&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Hagen''
| ''Hagen''
| HA
| style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 190&amp;thinsp;384
|-
| [[Hammona]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913?p=249&amp;cq=Ludwigshafen%20u.a.&amp;lang=en ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit''/ 2. E - M].&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Hamm''
| ''Hamm''
| HAM
| style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 179&amp;thinsp;968
|-
| [[Herna (Vestfalia)|Herna]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20191018204815/https://duepublico2.uni-due.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/duepublico_derivate_00022358/1730-39/080-1734/1734.htm Matricula Universitatis Thuiscoburgensis annorum 1734-1735].&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Herne''
| ''Herne''
| HER, WAN
| style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 155&amp;thinsp;851
|-
| [[Leverkusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;&gt;Egli, J. J. (1893). ''Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume''. [[Lipsia]]e: Friedrich Brandstetter.&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Leverkusen''
| ''Leverkusen''
| LEV
| style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 168&amp;thinsp;581
|-
| [[Mulhemium ad Ruram]]&lt;ref&gt;Ioannes Hildebrandus Withof, Die Chronik der Stadt Duisburg: von den Anfängen bis zum Jahre 1742 {{Google Books|O1pC8wHf9JMC|pag. 460}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Mülheim an der Ruhr''
| ''Mölm''
| MH
| style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 173&amp;thinsp;050 
|-
| [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;
| ''Münster''
| ''Mönster''
| MS
| style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 308&amp;thinsp;258 
|-
| [[Overhusa]]&lt;ref&gt;Urbs accepit nomen stationis ferriviariae quod erat nomen arcis cuius primus dominus cognitus erat eques nominis Latini ''Henricus Dukere de Overhusa'', vide [https://www.pimath.de/PiRuhr/Orte/schloss_oberhausen.htm hic ''Schloss Oberhausen''].&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Oberhausen''
| ''Overhus'' seu ''Owerhuusen''
| OB
| style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 213&amp;thinsp;646
|-
| [[Remscheidium]]&lt;ref&gt;Ignatius Brentanus Cimarolus, Epitome chronologica mundi christiani {{Google Books|nqVRAAAAcAAJ|pag. 766}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Remscheid''
| ''Remscheid''
| RS
| style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 113&amp;thinsp;828 
|-
| [[Salingiacum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;
| ''Solingen''
| ''Solingen''
| SG
| style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 165&amp;thinsp;626
|-
| [[Thuiscoburgum]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Vox Latina}} t. 42, a. 2006, f. 164.&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Duisburg''
| ''Duisborg''
| DU
| style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 502&amp;thinsp;270
|-
| [[Tremonia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;
| ''Dortmund''
| ''Düörpm''
| DO
| style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 603&amp;thinsp;462
|-
| [[Vallis Vipperae]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20241106154351/http://ephemeris.alcuinus.net/leonina/EL%20147.pdf Leo Latinus]&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Wuppertal''
| ''Wupperdaal''
| W
| style=&quot;text-align:right&quot; | 358&amp;thinsp;193
|}

=== Urbes maiores ===
''(Quibus plures quam 60&amp;thinsp;000 incolae sunt)'' (''[[numerus incolarum|Numerus incolarum]] inter parentheses'')&lt;ref name=&quot;Bevölkerung&quot;/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot; style=&quot;-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;&quot;&gt;
* [[Arnsbergum]]&lt;ref&gt; Carolus Féaux de Lacroix, Geschichte Arnsbergs {{Google Books|rRRsCgAAQBAJ|pag. 189}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Arnsberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Arensperg'')&lt;/small&gt; (74&amp;thinsp;879)
* [[Bocholdia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bocholt''; Saxonice ''Bokelt'')&lt;/small&gt;  (73&amp;thinsp;257)
* [[Carpia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Zeiller&quot;&gt;Martinus Zeiller, Topographia Circuli Burgundici, Francofurti, anno 1654 {{Google Books|SplMAAAAcAAJ|pag. 31}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Kerpen'')&lt;/small&gt; (66&amp;thinsp;585)
* [[Castropium-Rauxelia]]&lt;ref&gt;Nomini &quot;Castropium&quot; vide: Wernherus Teschenmacher, ''Annales Cliviae, Iuliae, Montiae, Marchiae, Ravensburgiae Antiquae et Modernae'' {{Google Books|OQxlAAAAcAAJ|pag. 218}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Menczer&quot;&gt;Menczer, B. (1956). ''Commentary on Hungarian Literature'' (p. 15). Castropii-Rauxeliae&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Castrop-Rauxel'')&lt;/small&gt; (73&amp;thinsp;282)
* [[Detmolda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Detmold''; Saxonice ''	Deppelt'' seu ''Deppel'')&lt;/small&gt; (74&amp;thinsp;278)
* [[Dinslacia]]&lt;ref&gt;Wernherus Teschenmacher, ''Annales Cliviae, Iuliae, Montiae, Marchiae, Ravensburgiae Antiquae et Modernae'' {{Google Books|OQxlAAAAcAAJ|pag. 124}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Dinslaken'')&lt;/small&gt; (66&amp;thinsp;993)
* [[Dorstenum]]&lt;ref&gt;Wernherus Teschenmacher, ''Annales Cliviae, Iuliae, Montiae, Marchiae, Ravensburgiae Antiquae et Modernae'' {{Google Books|OQxlAAAAcAAJ|pag. 227}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dorsten''; Saxonice ''Dössen'')&lt;/small&gt; (75&amp;thinsp;277)
* [[Durena]]&lt;ref&gt;Wernherus Teschenmacher, ''Annales Cliviae, Iuliae, Montiae, Marchiae, Ravensburgiae Antiquae et Modernae'' {{Google Books|OQxlAAAAcAAJ|pag. 356}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Düren'')&lt;/small&gt; (94&amp;thinsp;568)
* [[Durnomagus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Dormagen'')&lt;/small&gt;  (63&amp;thinsp;799)
* [[Gladbacum Montense]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;&gt;Schannat, J. F. (1723). ''Eiflia illustrata: Sive descriptio terrae Eifliae, antiquitatum, et familiarium illustrium...'' (p. 89). Coloniae Agrippinae: Apud Balthasarem Ioachimum Endterum.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Bergisch Gladbach'')&lt;/small&gt; (111&amp;thinsp;361)
* [[Gladbeki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Gladbeck'')&lt;/small&gt; (75&amp;thinsp;499)
* [[Grevenbruchium]]&lt;ref&gt;Wernherus Teschenmacher, ''Annales Cliviae, Iuliae, Montiae, Marchiae, Ravensburgiae Antiquae et Modernae'' {{Google Books|OQxlAAAAcAAJ|pag. 362}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Grevenbroich'')&lt;/small&gt; (65&amp;thinsp;983)
* [[Gutersloha]]&lt;ref&gt;Martinus West, Homeri Ilias, Rhapsodiae I-XII, Monacii et Lipsiae, anno 2006 {{Google Books|TfoiAAAAQBAJ|p. LXII}}, G. Fischer, Die Matrikel der Universität Jena: 1723-1764, Ienae, anno 1969 {{Google Books|kdigAAAAMAAJ|p. 143}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Gütersloh''; Saxonice ''Gütsel'')&lt;/small&gt; (100&amp;thinsp;479)
* [[Herfordia (Vestfalia)|Herfordia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Herford'': Saxonice ''Hiarwede'')&lt;/small&gt; (67&amp;thinsp;503)
* [[Hertena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Herten''; Saxonice '''Hiätten'')&lt;/small&gt;  (60&amp;thinsp;941)
* [[Hreni Villa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Rheine''; Saxonice ''Rene'')&lt;/small&gt; (77&amp;thinsp;209)
* [[Iserlona]]&lt;ref&gt;Wernherus Teschenmacher, ''Annales Cliviae, Iuliae, Montiae, Marchiae, Ravensburgiae Antiquae et Modernae'' {{Google Books|OQxlAAAAcAAJ|pag. 215}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Iserlohn''; Saxonice ''Iserlaun'')&lt;/small&gt;  (91&amp;thinsp;811)
* [[Ludenscheidium]]&lt;ref&gt;Wernherus Teschenmacher, ''Annales Cliviae, Iuliae, Montiae, Marchiae, Ravensburgiae Antiquae et Modernae'' {{Google Books|gltPAAAAcAAJ|pag. 242}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Lüdenscheid''; Saxonice ''Lünsche'')&lt;/small&gt; (71&amp;thinsp;212)
* [[Luna (Vestfalia)|Luna]]&lt;ref&gt;Wernherus Teschenmacher, ''Annales Cliviae, Iuliae, Montiae, Marchiae, Ravensburgiae Antiquae et Modernae'' {{Google Books|OQxlAAAAcAAJ|pag. 215}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Lünen'')&lt;/small&gt; (86&amp;thinsp;163)
* [[Lupiaepolis]]&lt;ref&gt;Wernherus Teschenmacher, ''Annales Cliviae, Iuliae, Montiae, Marchiae, Ravensburgiae Antiquae et Modernae'' {{Google Books|OQxlAAAAcAAJ|pag. 216}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Lippstadt'')&lt;/small&gt; (68&amp;thinsp;739)
* [[Marlare]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Marl'')&lt;/small&gt; (86&amp;thinsp;766)
* [[Meursia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Moers''; Saxonice ''Meurs'')&lt;/small&gt; (101&amp;thinsp;503)
* [[Minda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Minden''; Saxonice ''Minn'')&lt;/small&gt; (84&amp;thinsp;013)
* [[Novaesium]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Carolus Gulielmus Weeber]], ''Romdeutsch. Warum wir alle Lateinisch reden, ohne es zu wissen''. Eichborn, [[Francofurtum ad Moenum|Francofurti ad Moenum 2006]] (Die Andere Bibliothek vol. 249), ISBN 3-8218-4543-0&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Neuss'')&lt;/small&gt; (154&amp;thinsp;317)
* [[Paderbronna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Paderborn''; Saxonice ''Patterbuorn'' seu ''Paterboärn'')&lt;/small&gt;  (156&amp;thinsp;378)
* [[Ratinga]]&lt;ref&gt;Wernherus Teschenmacher, ''Annales Cliviae, Iuliae, Montiae, Marchiae, Ravensburgiae Antiquae et Modernae'' {{Google Books|OQxlAAAAcAAJ|pag. 334}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Ratingen'')&lt;/small&gt; (89&amp;thinsp;368)
* [[Recklinghusium]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.archive.org/stream/itinerariumthom00kerngoog/itinerariumthom00kerngoog_djvu.txt Itinerarium Thomæ Carve, Tipperariensis ... cum historia facti Butleri, Gordon, Lesly et aliorum (1859)]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Recklinghausen''; Saxonice ''Riäkelhusen'')&lt;/small&gt; (115&amp;thinsp;344)
* [[Sigena (Rhenania Septentrionalis et Vestfalia)|Sigena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Siegen'')&lt;/small&gt; (102&amp;thinsp;685)
* [[Tiberiacum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Bergheim'')&lt;/small&gt;  (61&amp;thinsp;611)
* [[Tres Villae (Rhenania Septentrionalis et Vestfalia)|Tres Villae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren 1831&quot;&gt;Binterim, A. J., &amp; Mooren, J. H. (1831). ''Die Erzdiöcese Köln bis zur französischen Staatsumwälzung'' (Vol. 1). [[Dusseldorpium|Dusseldorpii]]: Schaub'sche Buchhandlung. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Troisdorf'')&lt;/small&gt; (75&amp;thinsp;901)
* [[Unna]]&lt;ref&gt;Wernherus Teschenmacher, ''Annales Cliviae, Iuliae, Montiae, Marchiae, Ravensburgiae Antiquae et Modernae'' {{Google Books|OQxlAAAAcAAJ|pag. 246 (nominativo), 271 (genetivo), 336 (accusativo)}}.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Unna''; Saxonice ''Unnao'')&lt;/small&gt; (58&amp;thinsp;333)
* [[Vesalia]]&lt;ref&gt;Ioannes Hübner, Johann Hübners Neu-vermehrtes und verbessertes Reales Staats-Zeitungs- und CONVERSATIONS-LEXICON (Lipsia, 1719).&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Wesel'')&lt;/small&gt; (60&amp;thinsp;785)
* [[Velberta]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20191022192715/https://duepublico2.uni-due.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/duepublico_derivate_00022358/1700-09/049-1703/1703.htm ''Matricula Universitatis Thuiscoburgensis annorum 1703-1704''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Velbert'')&lt;/small&gt; (82&amp;thinsp;463)
* [[Virsena]]&lt;ref&gt;Vide mentiones in tabula dispensationum matrimonialium Dioecesis Ruremondensis anni 1690[http://www.genbronnen.nl/dispensaties/duitsland/viersen.html]; adiectivum '''Virsensis''' etiam attestatum est[https://books.google.com/books?id=3A7LN6P7EeAC&amp;pg=PA74].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Virsena'')&lt;/small&gt; (78&amp;thinsp;373)
* [[Vuitena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;&gt;Beyer, H. J. (1860). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der, jetzt die Preussischen Regierungsbezirke Coblenz und Trier bildenden mittelrheinischen Territorien'' (Vol. 1).  [[Confluentes (Germania)|Confluentibus]]: Hölscher.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Witten'')&lt;/small&gt; (91&amp;thinsp;808)
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Urbes mediae===
''(quibus plures quam 25&amp;thinsp;000, sed pauciores quam 60&amp;thinsp;000 incolae sunt)'' (''[[numerus incolarum]] inter parentheses'')&lt;ref name=&quot;Bevölkerung&quot;/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot; style=&quot;-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;&quot;&gt;
* [[Aahusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Ahaus''; Saxonice ''Ausen'')&lt;/small&gt; (40&amp;thinsp;176)
* [[Achera Superior]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lacomblet 1840&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Overath'')&lt;/small&gt; (26&amp;thinsp;663)
* [[Ad Fossas]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren 1830&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Greven''; Saxonice ''Graiwen'')&lt;/small&gt; (38&amp;thinsp;212)
* [[Alardi Villa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Alsdorf'')&lt;/small&gt; (48&amp;thinsp;810)
* [[Alna (Vestfalia)|Alna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Ahlen''; Saxonice ''Aulen'')&lt;/small&gt; (52&amp;thinsp;666)
* [[Aquae Oeynhausanae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hirsch 1883&quot;&gt;Hirsch, A. (1883). ''Handbook of Geographical and Historical Pathology'' (C. Creighton, Trad.). New Sydenham Society.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bad Oeynhausen''; Saxonice ''Öinusen'')&lt;/small&gt; (50&amp;thinsp;620)
* [[Ascvilare]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Eschweiler'')&lt;/small&gt; (57&amp;thinsp;534)
* [[Aspelcampus]]&lt;ref&gt;Westfälisches Urkunden-Buch: Die Urkunden des Bisthums Minden vom J. 1201-1300, anno 1898 {{Google Books|yj5AAAAAYAAJ|pag. 568}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Espelkamp''; Saxonice ''Espelkämpe'')&lt;/small&gt; (25&amp;thinsp;576)
* [[Augustiniopolis ad Sigam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Fabricius 1731&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Sankt Augustin'')&lt;/small&gt; (56&amp;thinsp;521)
* [[Baswilarium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mone 1848&quot;&gt;Mone, F. J. (1848). ''Zeitschrift für die Geschichte des Oberrheins''. G. Braun'sche Hofbuchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Baesweiler'')&lt;/small&gt; (29&amp;thinsp;206)
* [[Bedburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Masenius 1652&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Bedburg'')&lt;/small&gt; (25&amp;thinsp;316)
* [[Brilo]]&lt;ref&gt;Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum ([http://www.lateinlexikon.com/lexicon_latinum_hodiernum_parsgeographica.pdf pars geographica, p. 35]).&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Brilon''; Saxonice ''Brailen'')&lt;/small&gt; (25&amp;thinsp;424)
* [[Brocha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lacomblet 1840&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Korschenbroich'')&lt;/small&gt; (34&amp;thinsp;600)
* [[Brulla]]&lt;ref&gt;Christophorus Cellarius, Geographia Antiqua iuxta &amp; Nova {{Google Books|ADpDAAAAcAAJ|p. 215}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Brühl'')&lt;/small&gt; (45&amp;thinsp;555)
* [[Bunda Westphalorum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Stieler 1821&quot;&gt;Stieler, A. (1821). ''Hand-Atlas über alle Theile der Erde''. [[Gota]]e: Justus Perthes.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bünde''; Saxonice ''Buine'' seu ''Buüne'')&lt;/small&gt; (46&amp;thinsp;365)
* [[Burkena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Burkena&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=21&amp;cq=d&amp;lang=en ''bavarikon.de''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Burkena:''' Borken, Kr,. preuss. (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Borken''; Saxonice ''Buorken'')&lt;/small&gt; (43&amp;thinsp;035)
* [[Camena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Kamen'')&lt;/small&gt; (42&amp;thinsp;319)
* [[Camina (Montana)|Camina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bergkamen''; Saxonice ''Biärgkoamen'')&lt;/small&gt; (49&amp;thinsp;143)
* [[Campum et Lintfortium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften 1875&quot;&gt;Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften (1875). ''Sitzungsberichte der Mathematisch-Physikalischen Classe der K. B. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München''. F. Straub.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Kamp-Lintfort'')&lt;/small&gt; (38&amp;thinsp;217)
* [[Carstium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Büsching 1768&quot;&gt;Büsching, A. F. (1768). ''A New System of Geography: Containing a Particular Description of the Quarters of the World''. Londinii: T. Lowndes.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Kaarst'')&lt;/small&gt; (43&amp;thinsp;295)
* [[Casae Ibbonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren 1830&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Ibbenbüren''; Saxonice ''Ippenbürn'')&lt;/small&gt; (51&amp;thinsp;803)
* [[Casae Salinariae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Fabricius 1731&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Salzkotten'')&lt;/small&gt; (25&amp;thinsp;429)
* [[Casello Villa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Niederkassel'' seu ''Niedercassel''; Saxonice ''Niedercassel'')&lt;/small&gt; (38&amp;thinsp;485)
* [[Castrum Holte et Stukenbrochium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften 1875&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Schloß Holte-Stukenbrock''; Saxonice ''Schlott Holte-Stoukenbrouk'' seu ''Haulte-Stoukenbrouk')&lt;/small&gt; (26&amp;thinsp;297)
* [[Civitas ad Arphtam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lacomblet 1840&quot;&gt;Lacomblet, T. J. (1840). ''Urkundenbuch für die Geschichte des Niederrheins oder des Erzstifts Cöln''. H. Voss.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Erftstadt'')&lt;/small&gt; (48&amp;thinsp;772)
* [[Clivia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Kleve''; Saxonice ''Kleef'')&lt;/small&gt; (53&amp;thinsp;028)
* [[Coesfeldia]]&lt;ref&gt;Ioannes Bollandus, Acta Sanctorum Martii {{Google Books|0mJWaCvDG6gC|p. 661}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Coesfeld'' seu ''Koesfeld''; Saxonice ''Koosfeld'')&lt;/small&gt; (38&amp;thinsp;237)
* [[Confluentia Westphalica]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Beckum''; Saxonice ''Biäkem'')&lt;/small&gt; (37&amp;thinsp;133)
* [[Crucis Vallis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren 1830&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Kreuztal'')&lt;/small&gt; (30&amp;thinsp;905)
* [[Dattilo (Rhenania Septentrionalis et Vestfalia)|Dattilo]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Datteln'')&lt;/small&gt; (35&amp;thinsp;473)
* [[Delbruggia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Delbrück''; Saxonice ''Diälbrügge'')&lt;/small&gt; (32&amp;thinsp;166)
* [[Dettenium ad Amisiam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cellarius 1706&quot;&gt;Cellarius, C. (1706). ''Notitia orbis antiqui, sive geographia plenior''. Gleditsch.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Emsdetten''; Saxonice ''Detten'')&lt;/small&gt; (36&amp;thinsp;159)
* [[Domus Sanctorum (Rhenania Septentrionalis et Vestfalia)|Domus Sanctorum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren 1830&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Heiligenhaus'')&lt;/small&gt; (26&amp;thinsp;252)
* [[Dulmona]]&lt;ref&gt;Wernherus Teschenmacher, ''Annales Cliviae, Iuliae, Montiae, Marchiae, Ravensburgiae Antiquae et Modernae'' {{Google Books|OQxlAAAAcAAJ|pag. 240}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Dülmen'')&lt;/small&gt; (47&amp;thinsp;989)
* [[Ecclesia Wermari]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Fabricius 1731&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Wermelskirchen'')&lt;/small&gt; (34&amp;thinsp;375)
* [[Embrica]]&lt;ref&gt;Wernherus Teschenmacher, ''Annales Cliviae, Iuliae, Montiae, Marchiae, Ravensburgiae Antiquae et Modernae'' {{Google Books|OQxlAAAAcAAJ|pag. 111}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Emmerich am Rhein''; Saxonice ''Emmerek'')&lt;/small&gt; (31&amp;thinsp;829)
* [[Erkelensa]]&lt;ref&gt;Franciscus Ludovicus, ''Iuliae Montiumque comitum marchionum &amp; ducum Annales'' {{Google Books|cTdPAAAAcAAJ|pag. 73}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Erkelenz'')&lt;/small&gt; (45&amp;thinsp;315)
* [[Erckrada]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20191020183111/https://duepublico2.uni-due.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/duepublico_derivate_00022358/1720-29/069-1723/1723.htm ''Matricula Universitatis Thuiscoburgensis annorum 1723-1724''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Erkrath'')&lt;/small&gt; (43&amp;thinsp;706)
* [[Euskirchia]]&lt;ref&gt;Wernherus Teschenmacher, ''Annales Cliviae, Iuliae, Montiae, Marchiae, Ravensburgiae Antiquae et Modernae'' {{Google Books|OQxlAAAAcAAJ|pag. 357}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Euskirchen'')&lt;/small&gt; (60&amp;thinsp;021)
* [[Geilenkirchia]]&lt;ref&gt;Wernherus Teschenmacher, ''Annales Cliviae, Iuliae, Montiae, Marchiae, Ravensburgiae Antiquae et Modernae'' {{Google Books|OQxlAAAAcAAJ|pag. 360}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Geilenkirchen'')&lt;/small&gt; (28&amp;thinsp;494)
* [[Geldria (urbs)|Geldria]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Geldern'')&lt;/small&gt; (34&amp;thinsp;962)
* [[Gevelsbergium]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.be/books?id=OQxlAAAAcAAJ&amp;ots=9SBznVP6Hk&amp;hl=de&amp;pg=PA221#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Wernherus Teschenmacher, ''Clivia, Julia, Montia, Marchia, Ravensburgia, antiquæ et modernæ'', Arnhemii, 1638, pag. 221].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Gevelsberg''; Saxonice ''Gievelsbiärg'')&lt;/small&gt; (30&amp;thinsp;006)
* [[Gochium]]&lt;ref&gt;Wernherus Teschenmacher, ''Annales Cliviae, Iuliae, Montiae, Marchiae, Ravensburgiae Antiquae et Modernae'' {{Google Books|OQxlAAAAcAAJ|pag. 301}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Goch'')&lt;/small&gt; (34&amp;thinsp;907)
* [[Gummersbachium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Paquot 1770&quot;&gt;Paquot, J. N. (1770). ''Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire littéraire des dix-sept provinces des Pays-Bas, de la principauté de Liège, et de quelques contrées voisines''. Imprimerie Académique.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Gummersbach'')&lt;/small&gt; (51&amp;thinsp;290)
* [[Halterenium]]&lt;ref&gt;Wernherus Teschenmacher, ''Annales Cliviae, Iuliae, Montiae, Marchiae, Ravensburgiae Antiquae et Modernae'' {{Google Books|OQxlAAAAcAAJ|pag. 227}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Haltern am See'' seu ''Haltern''; Saxonice ''Haltern'')&lt;/small&gt; (38&amp;thinsp;142)
* [[Hamminkela]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20191020181956/https://duepublico2.uni-due.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/duepublico_derivate_00022358/1680-89/035-1689/1689.htm ''Matricula Universitatis Thuiscoburgensis annorum 1689-1690''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Hamminkeln'')&lt;/small&gt; (26&amp;thinsp;873)
* [[Hasuinkla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Harsewinkel''; Saxonice ''Hausewinkel'')&lt;/small&gt; (25&amp;thinsp;523)
* [[Hattnegium]]&lt;ref&gt;Wernherus Teschenmacher, ''Annales Cliviae, Iuliae, Montiae, Marchiae, Ravensburgiae Antiquae et Modernae'' {{Google Books|OQxlAAAAcAAJ|pag. 215}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Hattingen'')&lt;/small&gt; (53&amp;thinsp;044)
* [[Heinsberga]]&lt;ref&gt;Wernherus Teschenmacher, ''Annales Cliviae, Iuliae, Montiae, Marchiae, Ravensburgiae Antiquae et Modernae'' {{Google Books|OQxlAAAAcAAJ|pag. 359}}, etiam ''Hinsberga'' (ibidem pag. 313).&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Heinsberg'')&lt;/small&gt;  (43&amp;thinsp;163)
* [[Hemera (Rhenania Septentrionalis et Vestfalia)|Hemera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Paquot 1770&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Hemer''; Saxonice ''Hiämer'')&lt;/small&gt; (35&amp;thinsp;005)
* [[Hennefium ad Sigam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Masenius 1652&quot;&gt;Masenius, J. (1652). ''Anima historiae huius temporis: in iunctis per Europam armis''. Typis viduae Ioannis Cnobbari.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Hennef'')&lt;/small&gt; (48&amp;thinsp;188)
* [[Hiberna Regia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Königswinter'')&lt;/small&gt; (40&amp;thinsp;574)
* [[Hilda (urbs Rhenaniae)|Hilda]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20191019204957/https://duepublico2.uni-due.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/duepublico_derivate_00022358/1660-69/014-1668/1668.htm ''Matricula Universitatis Thuiscoburgensis annorum 1668-1669''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Hilden'')&lt;/small&gt; (551&amp;thinsp;57)
* [[Hoxaria]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Höxter'')&lt;/small&gt; (28&amp;thinsp;166)
* [[Huckelhofia]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20191020181508/https://duepublico2.uni-due.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/duepublico_derivate_00022358/1680-89/030-1684/1684.htm Matricula Universitatis Thuiscoburgensis annorum 1684-1685].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Hückelhoven'')&lt;/small&gt; (41&amp;thinsp;192)
* [[Huculbi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Petershagen''; Saxonice ''Päitershaugen'')&lt;/small&gt; (25&amp;thinsp;340)
* [[Hunapha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Bad Honnef'')&lt;/small&gt; (25&amp;thinsp;061) 
* [[Hurthum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Masenius 1652&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Hürth'')&lt;/small&gt; (62&amp;thinsp;160)
* [[Iuliacum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Jülich'')&lt;/small&gt; (34&amp;thinsp;890)
* [[Kempae]]&lt;ref&gt;Thomas a Kempis, De imitatione Christi, [https://de.scribd.com/document/386882726/Kemp praefatio editionis anni 1925, pag. 2]{{Nexus deficit|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, dbnl.org, [https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/groo001brie13_01/groo001brie13_01.pdf Briefwisseling van Hugo Grotius. pars 13, pag. 109], vide etiam [[Thomas a Kempis|Thomam a Kempis]]; ''Kempena'' quoque: Wernherus Teschenmacher, ''Annales Cliviae, Iuliae, Montiae, Marchiae, Ravensburgiae Antiquae et Modernae'' {{Google Books|OQxlAAAAcAAJ|pag. 319}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Kempen''; Saxonice ''Kempe'')&lt;/small&gt; (34&amp;thinsp;105)
* [[Kevelarium]]&lt;ref&gt;Wernherus Teschenmacher, ''Annales Cliviae, Iuliae, Montiae, Marchiae, Ravensburgiae Antiquae et Modernae'' {{Google Books|OQxlAAAAcAAJ|pag. 284}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Kevelaer''; Saxonice ''Kevern'')&lt;/small&gt; (28&amp;thinsp;296)
* [[Laga (Lupia)|Laga]] &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Lage''; Saxonice ''Loge'' seu ''Lore'')&lt;/small&gt;  (35&amp;thinsp;054)
* [[Leichlinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Leichlingen'')&lt;/small&gt; (28&amp;thinsp;078)
* [[Lemgovia]]&lt;ref&gt;Dissertatione I. de Lemgovia {{Google Books|fOtmAAAAcAAJ|pag. 4}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Lemgo''; Saxonice ''Lemge'')&lt;/small&gt; (39&amp;thinsp;905)
* [[Libbeca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schaten 1701&quot;&gt;Schaten, N. (1701). ''Annalium Paderbornensium: quibus collectis ex authenticis monumentis''. Typis &amp; Impensis Joannis Baptistae Buss; aut: Schaten, N. (1701). ''Annales Paderbornenses: Quibus paderbornensis episcopatûs origo, progressus, &amp; eventus, per singulos annos persequendo, ex archiviis, codicibus, instrumentis, monumentisque fide dignis eruuntur''. Neuhusii: Sumptibus Typographiae Principis-Episcopalis; aut: ''Historia Westfaliae: in qua inferius aeque ac superius bellis civilibus ac externis vicibusque variis turbatum''. Neostadii: Typis Samuelis Maskowsky.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Lübbecke''; Saxonice ''Lübke'')&lt;/small&gt; (26&amp;thinsp;815)
* [[Lona (Rhenania Septentrionalis et Vestfalia)|Lona]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lacomblet 1840&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Löhne''; Saxonice ''Loihne'' seu ''Loine'')&lt;/small&gt; (40&amp;thinsp;826)
* [[Longus Campus (Rhenania)|Longus Campus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren 1830&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Langenfeld'')&lt;/small&gt; (59&amp;thinsp;975)
* [[Magerniacum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Fabricius 1731&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Mechernich'')&lt;/small&gt; (29&amp;thinsp;187)
* [[Menedinna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Menden'' Saxonice ''Mennen'')&lt;/small&gt; (52&amp;thinsp;255)
* [[Mescheda]]&lt;ref&gt;Wernherus Teschenmacher, ''Annales Cliviae, Iuliae, Montiae, Marchiae, Ravensburgiae Antiquae et Modernae'' {{Google Books|OQxlAAAAcAAJ|pag. 224}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Meschede''; Saxonice ''Meskede'')&lt;/small&gt; (29&amp;thinsp;615)
* [[Metmanna]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20191020181748/https://duepublico2.uni-due.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/duepublico_derivate_00022358/1680-89/034-1688/1688.htm ''Matricula Universitatis Thuiscoburgensis annorum 1688-1689''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Mettmann'')&lt;/small&gt; (39&amp;thinsp;542)
* [[Monhemium]]&lt;ref&gt;Wernherus Teschenmacher, ''Annales Cliviae, Iuliae, Montiae, Marchiae, Ravensburgiae Antiquae et Modernae'' {{Google Books|OQxlAAAAcAAJ|pag. 111}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Monheim am Rhein''; Saxonice ''Monheim an‘n Rhien'')&lt;/small&gt; (43&amp;thinsp;630)
* [[Mons Arundineti]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Fabricius 1731&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Rietberg''; Saxonice ''Rebbag'' seu ''Röwerg'')&lt;/small&gt;  (30&amp;thinsp;055)
* [[Mons Vermicularis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Fabricius 1731&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Würselen'')&lt;/small&gt; (40&amp;thinsp;145)
* [[Mons Viae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Fabricius 1731&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Wegberg'')&lt;/small&gt; (28&amp;thinsp;089)
* [[Neoclesia-Fliunnia]]&lt;ref&gt;Neoclesia: [https://web.archive.org/web/20191020173003/https://duepublico2.uni-due.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/duepublico_derivate_00022358/1660-69/007-1661/1661.htm ''Matricula Universitatis Thuiscoburgensis annorum 1661-1662'']; Fliunnia {{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Neukirchen-Vluyn''; Saxonice ''Näikärken-Vluyn'')&lt;/small&gt; (27&amp;thinsp;140)
* [[Novale Rodolphi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Fabricius 1731&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Rösrath'')&lt;/small&gt; (28&amp;thinsp;709)
* [[Ora-Erkenswica]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lacomblet 1840&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tibus 1867&quot;&gt;Tibus, A. (1867). ''Gründungsgeschichte der Stifter, Pfarrkirchen, Klöster und Kapellen im Bereich des alten Bisthums Münster''. Friedrich Regensberg.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Oer-Erkenschwick'')&lt;/small&gt; (31&amp;thinsp;404)
* [[Palus Lucosa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Fabricius 1731&quot;&gt;Fabricius, J. A. (1731). ''Salutaris lux evangelii toti orbi per divinam gratiam exoriens''. Typis Viduae Felgineriae.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Lohmar'')&lt;/small&gt; (30&amp;thinsp;992)
* [[Porta Westfalica]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften 1875&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Porta Westfalica'')&lt;/small&gt; (36&amp;thinsp;521)
* [[Pratum Viride (Vestfalia)|Pratum Viride]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren 1830&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Gronau'')&lt;/small&gt; (50&amp;thinsp;547) 
* [[Rheda et Widinbrucca]]&lt;ref&gt;Carolus Gulielmus Gärtner, Westphälische Friedens-Cantzley. Lipsiae, anno 1731 {{Google Books|i2teAAAAcAAJ|p. 251}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Iustus Möser, Osnabrückische Geschichte, Berolini, anno 1843 {{Google Books|RahDHzbo1HMC|p. 24}}; ibidem etiam '''Vuitunbruca''', alibi etiam '''Widenbrugga''' {{Google Books|7u8tAAAAMAAJ|e.g. hic p. 16}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Rheda-Wiedenbrück''; Saxonice ''Raie-Wienbrügge'')&lt;/small&gt; (48&amp;thinsp;030)
* [[Rhenoberga]]&lt;ref&gt;Wernherus Teschenmacher, ''Annales Cliviae, Iuliae, Montiae, Marchiae, Ravensburgiae Antiquae et Modernae'' {{Google Books|OQxlAAAAcAAJ|pag. 325}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Rheinberg''; Saxonice ''Rhinberg'')&lt;/small&gt; (31&amp;thinsp;172)
* [[Rivulus Rheni]] &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Rheinbach'')&lt;/small&gt; (26&amp;thinsp;918)
* [[Roda Ducis]]&lt;ref&gt;Manfredus Niemeyer, ''Deutsches Ortsnamensbuch'', Berolini, anno 2012 {{Google Books|olXnBQAAQBAJ|pag. 263}}; etiam ''Hertzogenradia'': Wernherus Teschenmacher, ''Annales Cliviae, Iuliae, Montiae, Marchiae, Ravensburgiae Antiquae et Modernae'' {{Google Books|OQxlAAAAcAAJ|pag. 361}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Herzogenrath'')&lt;/small&gt;  (48&amp;thinsp;574)
* [[Salis Ufflenia]]&lt;ref&gt;Merian, ''Topographia Westphaliae'' (Francofurti ad Moenum, 1647, pag. 68, apud [https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Topographia_Westphaliae:_Vfflen Wikisource])&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!-- Latin name of Bad Salzuflen in various sources; most important has been linked https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Topographia_Westphaliae:_Vfflen --&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bad Salzuflen'' seu ''Salzuflen''; Saxonice ''Iufeln'')&lt;/small&gt; (53&amp;thinsp;958)
* [[Sanctus Antonius in Foresta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Fabricius 1731&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Tönisvorst'')&lt;/small&gt; (29&amp;thinsp;251)
* [[Schwelma]]&lt;ref&gt;Wernherus Teschenmacher, ''Annales Cliviae, Iuliae, Montiae, Marchiae, Ravensburgiae Antiquae et Modernae'' {{Google Books|OQxlAAAAcAAJ|pag. 301}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Schwelm'')&lt;/small&gt; (27&amp;thinsp;953)
* [[Selmium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Büsching 1768&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Selm''; Saxonice ''Siälm'')&lt;/small&gt; (25&amp;thinsp;969)
* [[Siegburgum]]&lt;ref&gt;Confer [http://books.google.ch/books?id=cJIOAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA163&amp;lpg=PA163&amp;dq=Siegburgum&amp;source=web&amp;ots=S1EfAncS60&amp;sig=3Fj5oRbqEImcCgxsasnalMn_owo&amp;hl=it Metropolis ecclesiae Trevericae [[1855]]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Siegburg'')&lt;/small&gt;  (42&amp;thinsp;445)
* [[Silva Maritima]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Fabricius 1731&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Meerbusch'')&lt;/small&gt; (57&amp;thinsp;078)
* [[Steinfurtum]]&lt;ref&gt;Wernherus Teschenmacher, ''Annales Cliviae, Iuliae, Montiae, Marchiae, Ravensburgiae Antiquae et Modernae'' {{Google Books|OQxlAAAAcAAJ|pag. 233}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Steinfurt''; Saxonice ''Stemmert'')&lt;/small&gt; (34&amp;thinsp;860)
* [[Stolberga]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20191020175048/https://duepublico2.uni-due.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/duepublico_derivate_00022358/1670-79/021-1675/1675.htm Matricula Universitatis Thuiscoburgensis annorum 1675-1676].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Stolberg'')&lt;/small&gt; (57&amp;thinsp;684)
* [[Susatum]]&lt;ref&gt;Atlas Homannianus illustratus {{Google Books|Hd5OAAAAcAAJ|pag. 167}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Soest''; Saxonice ''Saust'')&lt;/small&gt; (47&amp;thinsp;776)
* [[Swerta]]&lt;ref&gt;Wernherus Teschenmacher, ''Annales Cliviae, Iuliae, Montiae, Marchiae, Ravensburgiae Antiquae et Modernae'' {{Google Books|OQxlAAAAcAAJ|pag. 215}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Schwerte''; Saxonice ''Schweierte'')&lt;/small&gt; (45&amp;thinsp;821)
* [[Terra Separata]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Fabricius 1731&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Sundern''; Saxonice ''Sonnern'')&lt;/small&gt; (27&amp;thinsp;654)
* [[Traiectum ad Rhenum (Rhenania Septentrionalis et Vestfalia)|Traiectum ad Rhenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Fabricius 1731&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Voerde'')&lt;/small&gt; (35&amp;thinsp;661)
* [[Ulidum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lacomblet 1840&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Oelde''; Saxonice ''Üle'')&lt;/small&gt; (30&amp;thinsp;129)
* [[Vallis Ennepensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren 1830&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Ennepetal''; Saxonice ''Iämpedal'')&lt;/small&gt; (29&amp;thinsp;8446)
* [[Vallis Nettae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren 1830&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Nettetal'')&lt;/small&gt; (41&amp;thinsp;955)
* [[Valtropium]]&lt;ref&gt;Christoph. Alb. Eichelberg, ''Ars Et Cognitio Intelligentiae Humanae, Thuiscoburgi'', anno 1753 {{Google Books|175YAAAAcAAJ|pag. 287}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Waltrop'')&lt;/small&gt; (29&amp;thinsp;177)
* [[Verlium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Büsching 1768&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Verl''; Saxonice ''Viärl'')&lt;/small&gt; (25&amp;thinsp;762)
* [[Villa Excelsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren 1830&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Haan'')&lt;/small&gt; (30&amp;thinsp;086)
* [[Villa Fontana (Rhenania)|Villa Fontana]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren 1830&quot;&gt;Binterim, A. J., &amp; Mooren, J. H. (1830). ''Die alte und neue Erzdiözese Köln in ihrer ehemaligen Ausdehnung''. Simon Müller.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Bornheim'')&lt;/small&gt; (48&amp;thinsp;203)
* [[Villa Pulonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Fabricius 1731&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Pulheim'')&lt;/small&gt; (56&amp;thinsp;150)
* [[Vrechenium]]&lt;ref&gt;Wernherus Teschenmacher, ''Annales Cliviae, Iuliae, Montiae, Marchiae, Ravensburgiae Antiquae et Modernae'' {{Google Books|OQxlAAAAcAAJ|pag. 247}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Frechen'')&lt;/small&gt; (52&amp;thinsp;309)
* [[Warendorpia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schaten 1690&quot;&gt;Schaten, N. (1690). ''Historia Westfaliae''.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Warendorf''; Saxonice ''Warnduorp'')&lt;/small&gt; (37&amp;thinsp;703)
* [[Werlaha]]&lt;ref&gt;Henricus Boettger, ''Diöcesan- und Gau-Grenzen Norddeutschlands, Salinis Saxonicis'', anno 1875, [https://archive.org/details/dicesanundgaugr01boetgoog/page/n29 pag. 24].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Werl'' seu ''Wallfahrtsstadt Werl''; Saxonice ''Wiärl'')&lt;/small&gt; (29&amp;thinsp;600)
* [[Werina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Werne''; Saxonice ''Wäen'')&lt;/small&gt; (30&amp;thinsp;202)
* [[Wetterenum]]&lt;ref&gt;Wernherus Teschenmacher, ''Annales Cliviae, Iuliae, Montiae, Marchiae, Ravensburgiae Antiquae et Modernae'' {{Google Books|OQxlAAAAcAAJ|pag. 219}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Wetter'')&lt;/small&gt; (26&amp;thinsp;090)
* [[Wila (Rhenania Septentrionalis et Vestfalia)|Wila]] &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Wiehl'')&lt;/small&gt; (25&amp;thinsp;164)
* [[Wilichum]]&lt;ref&gt;Wernherus Teschenmacher, ''Annales Cliviae, Iuliae, Montiae, Marchiae, Ravensburgiae Antiquae et Modernae'' {{Google Books|OQxlAAAAcAAJ|pag. 190}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Willich'')&lt;/small&gt; (49&amp;thinsp;413)
* [[Wiperfordia]]&lt;ref&gt;Franciscus Ludovicus, ''Iuliae Montiumque comitum marchionum &amp; ducum Annales'' {{Google Books|cTdPAAAAcAAJ|pag. 39}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Wipperfürth'')&lt;/small&gt; (21&amp;thinsp;604)
* [[Wiselinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lacomblet 1840&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Wesseling'')&lt;/small&gt; (38&amp;thinsp;106)
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Aliae urbes ===
''(Quibus pauciores quam 25&amp;thinsp;000 incolae sunt)'' (''[[numerus incolarum|Numerus incolarum]] inter parentheses'')&lt;ref name=&quot;Bevölkerung&quot;/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot; style=&quot;-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;&quot;&gt;
* [[Aeresburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Marsberg'')&lt;/small&gt; (19&amp;thinsp;555)
* [[Alcena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Altena''; Saxonice ''Altenoa'')&lt;/small&gt; (16&amp;thinsp;621)
* [[Angaria (Vestfalia)|Angaria]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Enger'')&lt;/small&gt; (20&amp;thinsp;688)
* [[Antiqua Villa (Rhenania Septentrionalis et Vestfalia)|Antiqua Villa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schaten 1701&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Preußisch Oldendorf''; Saxonice ''Oldenduorp'' seu ''Aulendöppe'')&lt;/small&gt; (12&amp;thinsp;439)
* [[Arvita]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Erwitte''; Saxonice ''Ärfte'')&lt;/small&gt; (16&amp;thinsp;300)
* [[Attendornum]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.de/books?id=e_dPAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=RA4-PA587&amp;lpg=RA4PA587&amp;dq=%22attendornum%22&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=mnVATo_AkR&amp;sig=ACfU3U0NRnpcI7_50XpNttpFAmdOsyeAAw&amp;hl=de&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwj5wpmMuo_lAhW586YKHeUGBRIQ6AEwEnoECAcQAQ#v=onepage&amp;q=%22attendornum%22&amp;f=false] [[Iacobus Augustus Thuanus]]: ''Historiae sui temporis, liber LXXIX'', [[Lutetia|Lutetiae]] 1607.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Attendorn'')&lt;/small&gt; (23&amp;thinsp;554)
* [[Ballova]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Balve'')&lt;/small&gt; (11&amp;thinsp;240)
* [[Barntrupia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Knese 1977&quot;&gt;Knese, L. (1977). ''Zauberwahn und Hexenprozesse in Barntrup''. Lippischer Heimatbund.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Barntrup'')&lt;/small&gt; (8&amp;thinsp;297)
* [[Benedictionis Vallis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Vlotho''; Saxonice ''Vläote'' seu ''Vläothe'' seu ''Vleode'' seu ''Vlauthe'')&lt;/small&gt; (18&amp;thinsp;335)
* [[Berlenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Bad Berleburg'')&lt;/small&gt; (18&amp;thinsp;400)
* [[Beverunga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schaten 1701&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Beverungen'')&lt;/small&gt; (12&amp;thinsp;669)
* [[Billurbeki (Rhenania Septentrionalis et Vestfalia)|Billurbeki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Billerbeck''; Saxonice ''Billerbiëk'')&lt;/small&gt; (11&amp;thinsp;945)
* [[Borgentrice]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Borgentreich''; Saxonice ''Bentreike'')&lt;/small&gt; (8&amp;thinsp;632)
* [[Borgholzhausium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schaten 1701&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Borgholzhausen'')&lt;/small&gt;  (8&amp;thinsp;847)
* [[Breckerfeldium]] &lt;ref&gt;Wernherus Teschenmacher, ''Annales Cliviae, Iuliae, Montiae, Marchiae, Ravensburgiae Antiquae et Modernae'' {{Google Books|OQxlAAAAcAAJ|pag. 218}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Breckerfeld''; Saxonice ''Bräckfelle'')&lt;/small&gt; (8&amp;thinsp;816)
* [[Breka]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Brakel'')&lt;/small&gt; (16&amp;thinsp;193)
* [[Bura (Vestfalia)|Bura]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Büren'')&lt;/small&gt; (21&amp;thinsp;593)
* [[Calcaria (Rhenania)|Calcaria]]&lt;ref&gt;Philippus Ferrari, ''Lexicon geographicum'', Parisiis, anno 1670 {{Google Books|-pREAAAAcAAJ|pag. 380}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Kalkar'')&lt;/small&gt; (14&amp;thinsp;513)
* [[Domus Lapidea (Vestfalia)|Domus Lapidea]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schaten 1701&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Steinheim''; Saxonice ''Staime'')&lt;/small&gt; (12&amp;thinsp;107)
* [[Driburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Bad Driburg'')&lt;/small&gt; (19&amp;thinsp;080)
* [[Drolshagium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schaten 1701&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Drolshagen''; Saxonice ''Draulsen'' seu ''Draulzen'')&lt;/small&gt; (11&amp;thinsp;913)
* [[Freudenberga (Vestfalia)|Freudenberga]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20191106221833/https://duepublico2.uni-due.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/duepublico_derivate_00022358/1690-99/038-1692/1692.htm Matricula Universitatis Thuiscoburgensis annorum 1692-1693].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Freudenberg '')&lt;/small&gt; (17&amp;thinsp;355)
* [[Gasgeri]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Gescher''; Saxonice ''Gesker'')&lt;/small&gt; (17&amp;thinsp;433)
* [[Gesecena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Geseke'' seu ''Gesecke''; Saxonice ''Gaiseke'')&lt;/small&gt; (20&amp;thinsp;930)
* [[Halla Westphalorum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Büsching 1768&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Halle'')&lt;/small&gt; (21&amp;thinsp;393)
* [[Hallenberga]]&lt;ref&gt;Henricus Boettger, Diöcesan- und Gau-Grenzen Norddeutschlands, Salinis Saxonicis, anno 1875, [https://archive.org/details/dicesanundgaugr01boetgoog/page/n33 pag. 28].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Hallenberg'')&lt;/small&gt; (4&amp;thinsp;367)
* [[Halvara]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Halver'')&lt;/small&gt; (16&amp;thinsp;322)
* [[Heimbacum in Eiflia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1844&quot;&gt;Schannat, J. F. (1844). ''Eiflia Illustrata, sive geographica et historica descriptionis Eifliae''. (G. Bärsch, Ed.). Aquisgrani: Jacob Anton Mayer.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Heimbach'')&lt;/small&gt; (4&amp;thinsp;487)
* [[Herdickianum]]&lt;ref&gt;Wernherus Teschenmacher, Annales Cliviae, Iuliae, Montiae, Marchiae, Ravensburgiae Antiquae et Modernae {{Google Books|OQxlAAAAcAAJ|pag. 221}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Herdecke''; Saxonice ''Häiecke'')&lt;/small&gt; (22&amp;thinsp;772)
* [[Hilchenbacum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Büsching 1768&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Hilchenbach'')&lt;/small&gt; (14&amp;thinsp;412)
* [[Horna-Meinberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schoppmeyer 2002&quot;&gt;Schoppmeyer, U. (2002). ''Codex Traditionum Westfalicarum''. [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Aschendorff Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Horn-Bad Meinberg''; Saxonice ''Häoern-Möomag'')&lt;/small&gt; (17&amp;thinsp;320)
* [[Horstila]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Tibus 1867&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Hörstel''; Saxonice ''Hüörsel'')&lt;/small&gt; (20&amp;thinsp;166)
* [[Horstmaria]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Horstmar''; Saxonice ''Huorsmer'')&lt;/small&gt; (7&amp;thinsp;528)
* [[Huickeswagium]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20191106221916/https://duepublico2.uni-due.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/duepublico_derivate_00022358/1680-89/031-1685/1685.htm ''Matricula Universitatis Thuiscoburgensis annorum 1685-1686''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Hückeswagen'')&lt;/small&gt; (14&amp;thinsp;480)
* [[Insula Vallis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Fabricius 1731&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Werdohl'')&lt;/small&gt; (17&amp;thinsp;618) 
* [[Isselburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Büsching 1768&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Isselburg''; Saxonice ''Isselbuorg'')&lt;/small&gt; (11&amp;thinsp251)
* [[Iuchina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lacomblet 1840&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Jüchen'')&lt;/small&gt; (23&amp;thinsp;926)
* [[Kierspia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Steinen 1755&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Kierspe'')&lt;/small&gt; (16&amp;thinsp;450)
* [[Lasfa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Bad Laasphe'')&lt;/small&gt; (13&amp;thinsp;148)
* [[Lengerichum Westphalorum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schaten 1701&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Lengerich''; Saxonice ''Lengerke'')&lt;/small&gt; (22&amp;thinsp;557)
* [[Lennestadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften 1875&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Lennestadt'')&lt;/small&gt; (24&amp;thinsp;238)
* [[Lichtenavia (Vestfalia)|Lichtenavia]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lichtenavia&quot;, &quot;Dalheimense Coenobium&quot;,etc.: {{Google Books|NeZXAAAAcAAJ|pp. 395-396}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Lichtenau'')&lt;/small&gt; (10&amp;thinsp;985)
* [[Linnica]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Linnich'')&lt;/small&gt; (13&amp;thinsp;653)
* [[Lippiae Fontes]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Bad Lippspringe'')&lt;/small&gt; (17&amp;thinsp;252)
* [[Liudenghusum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Lüdinghausen''; Saxonice ''Lünkhusen'' seu ''Lünksel'')&lt;/small&gt; (25&amp;thinsp;265)
* [[Lucus Ennigeri]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Steinen 1755&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Ennigerloh''; Saxonice ''Iännigerlau'')&lt;/small&gt; (19&amp;thinsp;841)
* [[Luda ad Ambram]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Lügde''; Saxonice ''Lüde'')&lt;/small&gt; (9&amp;thinsp;232)
* [[Mariae Munsteri Monasterium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Marienmünster'')&lt;/small&gt; (4&amp;thinsp;791)
* [[Medebacum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Büsching 1768&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Medebach''; Saxonice ''Miäweke'')&lt;/small&gt; (7&amp;thinsp;906)
* [[Meinerzhagium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Büsching 1768&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Meinerzhagen'')&lt;/small&gt; (20&amp;thinsp;019)
* [[Monasterium Eiffliae]]&lt;ref&gt;Wernherus Teschenmacher, Annales Cliviae, Iuliae, Montiae, Marchiae, Ravensburgiae Antiquae et Modernae {{Google Books|OQxlAAAAcAAJ|pag. 362}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Bad Münstereifel'')&lt;/small&gt; (18&amp;thinsp;297)
* [[Mons Amoris (Vestfalia)|Mons Amoris]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Fröndenberg/Ruhr''; Saxonice ''Frönnenbiärg'')&lt;/small&gt; (20&amp;thinsp;504)
* [[Mons Angustus (Rhenania Septentrionalis et Vestfalia)|Mons Angustus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Fabricius 1731&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Schmallenberg''; Saxonice ''Smalmereg'')&lt;/small&gt; (24&amp;thinsp;711)
* [[Mons Custodiae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Fabricius 1731&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Warstein'' et Saxonice ''Waossen'')&lt;/small&gt; (24&amp;thinsp;988) 
* [[Mons Florum (Rhenania Septentrionalis et Vestfalia)|Mons Florum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Steinen 1755&quot;&gt;Steinen, J. D. (1755). ''Versuch einer Westphälischen Geschichte besonders der Grafschaft Mark''. Lemgoviae: Meyer.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Blomberg''; Saxonice ''In’n Blommajje'')&lt;/small&gt; (15&amp;thinsp;485)
* [[Mons Ioci]]&lt;ref&gt;Situs urbis, [https://web.archive.org/web/20191106221802/https://www.monschau.de/de/erleben/stadtgeschichte-und-stadtteile/ Historia regionesque urbis]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Monschau'')&lt;/small&gt; (12&amp;thinsp;389)
* [[Mons Saxonum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren 1830&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Sassenberg''; Saxonice ''Sassenbiärg'')&lt;/small&gt; (14&amp;thinsp;558)
* [[Netphenium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Büsching 1768&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Netphen''; Saxonice ''Netphe'' seu ''Netphe'')&lt;/small&gt; (23&amp;thinsp;080)
* [[Neoradium]]&lt;ref&gt;Wernherus Teschenmacher, Annales Cliviae, Iuliae, Montiae, Marchiae, Ravensburgiae Antiquae et Modernae {{Google Books|OQxlAAAAcAAJ|pag. 261}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Neuenrade''; Saxonice ''Niggenroe'')&lt;/small&gt; (11&amp;thinsp;621)
* [[Nidecca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Nideggen'')&lt;/small&gt; (10&amp;thinsp764)
* [[Nihemia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schaten 1701&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Nieheim'')&lt;/small&gt; (6&amp;thinsp081)
* [[Nova Civitas in Monte]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Moser 1773&quot;&gt;Moser, J. J. (1773). ''Staatsrecht derer Reichs-Städte: Zweyter Theil''. Lipsiae: Bey Johann Samuel Heinsius Erben.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Bergneustadt'')&lt;/small&gt; (18&amp;thinsp;628)
* [[Novale Wulfi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Fabricius 1731&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Wülfrath'')&lt;/small&gt; (20&amp;thinsp;731)
* [[Ochtrupum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Büsching 1768&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Ochtrup''; Saxonice ''Aussenduerp'')&lt;/small&gt; (20&amp;thinsp;394)
* [[Oerlinghusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Büsching 1768&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Oerlinghausen''; Saxonice ''Ankhiusen'')&lt;/small&gt; (17&amp;thinsp;233)
* [[Olfa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schaten 1701&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Olfen''; Saxonice ''Ollfen'')&lt;/small&gt; (13&amp;thinsp;175)
* [[Olpa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Buno 1661&quot;&gt;Buno, Ioannes; ''Introductio in Ptolomaei Geographiam''. Guelpherbyti: Sumptibus Conradi Bunonis, 1661.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Olpe''; Saxonice ''Aeulpe'' seu ''Olpe'')&lt;/small&gt; (24&amp;thinsp;695)
* [[Olsberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Büsching 1768&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Olsberg'')&lt;/small&gt; (14&amp;thinsp;700)
* [[Plettenbergium]]&lt;ref&gt;Wernherus Teschenmacher, ''Annales Cliviae, Iuliae, Montiae, Marchiae, Ravensburgiae Antiquae et Modernae'' {{Google Books|OQxlAAAAcAAJ|pag. 357}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Plettenberg''; Saxonice ''Plettmert'')&lt;/small&gt; (24&amp;thinsp;429)
* [[Porcetum (Rhenania)|Porcetum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&amp;cq=M%C3%BCnchen&amp;lang=de ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit''/ 3. N - Z].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Burscheid'')&lt;/small&gt; (19&amp;thinsp;272)
* [[Radena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Büsching 1768&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Rahden''; Saxonice ''Roh’n'')&lt;/small&gt; (16&amp;thinsp;195)
* [[Rhadawalda]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20191019172628/https://duepublico2.uni-due.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/duepublico_derivate_00022358/1710-19/058-1712/1712.htm ''Matricula Universitatis Thuiscoburgensis annorum 1712-1713'']; vide etiam (cum nomine Theodisco): [https://www.geni.com/people/Johannes-Hofius/6000000002213672220 www.geni.com: Johannes Adolph Hofius].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Radevormwald'')&lt;/small&gt; (21&amp;thinsp;565)
* [[Rhesia]]&lt;ref&gt;Wernherus Teschenmacher, Annales Cliviae, Iuliae, Montiae, Marchiae, Ravensburgiae Antiquae et Modernae {{Google Books|OQxlAAAAcAAJ|pag. 111}}; etiam ''Reesa'', vide ibidem, pag. 262.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Rees'')&lt;/small&gt; (21&amp;thinsp;913)
* [[Rheda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schaten 1701&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Rhede''; Saxonice ''Rhee'')&lt;/small&gt; (19&amp;thinsp;674)
* [[Rudino (Vestfalia|Rudino]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Rüthen''; Saxonice ''Ruihen'')&lt;/small&gt; (10&amp;thinsp;290)
* [[Schidera-Schwalenberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schoppmeyer 2002&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Schieder-Schwalenberg''; Saxonice ''Schüer-Schwalenberg'')&lt;/small&gt; (8&amp;thinsp;098)
* [[Sendenhorstia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schaten 1701&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Sendenhorst''; Saxonice ''Siänhuorst'')&lt;/small&gt; (14&amp;thinsp;167)
* [[Sleidanum]]&lt;ref&gt;Hadrianus Valesius, ''Notitia Galliarum ordine litterarum digesta'', Parisiis, anno 1675 {{Google Books|d474SI2coBYC|pag. 490}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Schleiden'')&lt;/small&gt; (13&amp;thinsp;578)
* [[Spengia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schaten 1701&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Spenge'')&lt;/small&gt; (14&amp;thinsp;620)
* [[Spurghusila]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Sprockhövel''; Saxonice ''Sprockhüewel'')&lt;/small&gt; (24&amp;thinsp;232)
* [[Stadtlohna]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20191106221811/https://duepublico2.uni-due.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/duepublico_derivate_00022358/1670-79/019-1673/1673.htm ''Matricula Universitatis Thuiscoburgensis annorum 1673-1674''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Stadtlohn''; Saxonice ''Stadlaun'')&lt;/small&gt; (20&amp;thinsp;946)
* [[Steinfordia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Drensteinfurt''; Saxonice ''Stewwert'')&lt;/small&gt; (16&amp;thinsp;282)
* [[Stralena]]&lt;ref&gt;Wernherus Teschenmacher, ''Annales Cliviae, Iuliae, Montiae, Marchiae, Ravensburgiae Antiquae et Modernae'' {{Google Books|OQxlAAAAcAAJ|pag. 295}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Straelen'')&lt;/small&gt; (16&amp;thinsp;458)
* [[Teclaeburgum]]&lt;ref&gt;Carolus Kletke, ''Quellenkunde zur Geschichte des Preußischen Staats'', Berolini, anno 1858 {{Google Books|LR0YAAAAMAAJ|p. 482}}; Gebriel Bucelinus, ''Germaniae Topo-Chrono-stemmatographicae sacrae et profanae Pars Altera'', Augustae Vincelicorum, anno 1662 {{Google Books|MLw_AAAAcAAJ|Textus (gen.)}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Tecklenburg'')&lt;/small&gt; (9&amp;thinsp;098)
* [[Telga (Rhenania Septentrionalis et Vestfalia)|Telga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schaten 1701&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Telgte''; Saxonice ''Teegte'')&lt;/small&gt; (20&amp;thinsp;069)
* [[Tulpiacum]]&lt;ref &gt;Christophorus Cellarius, Geographia Antiqua iuxta &amp; Nova {{Google Books|ADpDAAAAcAAJ|p. 187}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Zülpich'')&lt;/small&gt;  (21&amp;thinsp;780)
* [[Ubacum-Palenberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften 1875&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Übach-Palenberg'')&lt;/small&gt; (24&amp;thinsp;277)
* [[Velena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schaten 1701&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Velen'')&lt;/small&gt; (12&amp;thinsp;678)
* [[Versmolda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Büsching 1768&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Versmold'')&lt;/small&gt; (21&amp;thinsp;513)
* [[Villa Elardi (Rhenania)|Villa Elardi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Fabricius 1731&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Elsdorf''; Saxonice ''Elsdörp'')&lt;/small&gt; (21&amp;thinsp;424)
* [[Villa Meckonis (Rhenania)|Villa Meckonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren 1830&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Meckenheim'')&lt;/small&gt; (24&amp;thinsp;925) 
* [[Vredena]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20191106221812/https://duepublico2.uni-due.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/duepublico_derivate_00022358/1680-89/027-1681/1681.htm Matricula Universitatis Thuiscoburgensis annorum 1681-1682].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Vreden''; Saxonice ''Vrene'')&lt;/small&gt; (23&amp;thinsp;099)
* [[Vunnenberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schaten 1701&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Bad Wünnenberg'')&lt;/small&gt; (12&amp;thinsp;418)
* [[Waldbrolia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Büsching 1768&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Waldbröl'')&lt;/small&gt; (19&amp;thinsp;795)
* [[Warburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Warburg''; Saxonice ''Warberich'' seu ''Warborg'')&lt;/small&gt; (23&amp;thinsp;252)
* [[Wassenberga]]&lt;ref&gt;Wernherus Teschenmacher, ''Annales Cliviae, Iuliae, Montiae, Marchiae, Ravensburgiae Antiquae et Modernae'' {{Google Books|OQxlAAAAcAAJ|pag. 361}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Wassenberg'')&lt;/small&gt; (19&amp;thinsp;713)
* [[Werthera (Vestfalia)|Werthera]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20191106221823/https://duepublico2.uni-due.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/duepublico_derivate_00022358/1710-19/065-1719/1719.htm ''Matricula Universitatis Thuiscoburgensis annorum 1719-1720''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Werther'')&lt;/small&gt; (11&amp;thinsp;051)
* [[Wilbadessa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schaten 1701&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Willebadessen'')&lt;/small&gt; (8&amp;thinsp;281)
* [[Winterberga]]&lt;ref&gt;Wernherus Teschenmacher, ''Annales Cliviae, Iuliae, Montiae, Marchiae, Ravensburgiae Antiquae et Modernae'' {{Google Books|OQxlAAAAcAAJ|pag. 226}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Winterberg''; Saxonice ''Winnenmerg'')&lt;/small&gt; (13&amp;thinsp;168)
* [[Xantum]]&lt;ref&gt;Cf. Ingo Runde: [http://books.google.at/books?id=Seb6ElXrM5AC&amp;pg=PA9&amp;lpg=PA9&amp;dq=%22Xantum%22&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=JkhwJ9v991&amp;sig=TmrzLwZUZ9xSV4JtE6ioK3cYgEk&amp;hl=de&amp;ei=_VJZTYmOEoLUsgb-hKGlCw&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=11&amp;ved=0CFgQ6AEwCg#v=onepage&amp;q=%22Xantum%22&amp;f=false Troia sive Xantum], in: Uwe Ludwig / Thomas Schilp (Ed.): Mittelalter an Rhein und Maas. Beiträge zur Geschichte des Niederrheins, p. 9-26 (2004). - Alia nomina Latina: '''Xanthum''' ([http://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Topographia_Westphaliae_%28Westphalen%29:_Santen Topographia Westphaliae]), '''Santena''' sive '''Xanthus''' ([http://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Zedler:Santen,_Zanten. Zedler]), '''Xantae''', '''Xantis''', '''Xanctum''', '''Sanctum''', '''Sanctae''', '''Santae''', '''Sancti''', '''Sanctensis civitas''', '''Zanctum''', '''Ad Sanctos''', '''Troja minor''' vel '''Troja secunda''' ({{Graesse}})&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Xanten''; Saxonice ''Santen'')&lt;/small&gt; (21&amp;thinsp;179)
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Alia communia ===
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot; style=&quot;-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;&quot;&gt;
(''[[numerus incolarum|Numerus incolarum]] inter parentheses'')&lt;ref name=&quot;Bevölkerung&quot;/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Aldenhoevia]]&lt;ref&gt;Wernherus Teschenmacher, ''Annales Cliviae, Iuliae, Montiae, Marchiae, Ravensburgiae Antiquae et Modernae'' {{Google Books|OQxlAAAAcAAJ|pag. 358}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Aldenhoven'')&lt;/small&gt; (14&amp;thinsp;324)
* [[Alftera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Büsching 1768&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Alfter'')&lt;/small&gt; (23&amp;thinsp;719)
* [[Alpa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schaten 1701&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Alpen'')&lt;/small&gt; (12&amp;thinsp;515)
* [[Anguillae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Steinen 1755&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Schlangen'')&lt;/small&gt; (9&amp;thinsp;257)
* [[Angulus Ventosus (Rhenania Septentrionalis et Vestfalia)|Angulus Ventosus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meibom 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Windeck'')&lt;/small&gt; (19&amp;thinsp;555)
* [[Anrochtia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schaten 1701&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Anröchte'')&lt;/small&gt; (10&amp;thinsp;304)
* [[Antiqua Beka]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren 1830&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Altenbeken'')&lt;/small&gt; (9&amp;thinsp;161)
* [[Aquaria (Vestfalia)|Aquaria]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meibom 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Wettringen''; Saxonice ''Wiätringen'')&lt;/small&gt; (8&amp;thinsp;295)
* [[Asschaberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Ascheberg''; Saxonice ''Askebiärg'')&lt;/small&gt; (15&amp;thinsp;831)
* [[Augustivilla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Piderit 1846&quot;&gt;Piderit, F. C. G. (1846). ''Geschichte der Lippe'schen Lande''. Detmoldae: Meyer.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Augustdorf''; Saxonice ''Up’n Doiern'')&lt;/small&gt; (9&amp;thinsp;774)
* [[Bedburum et Haga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Büsching 1768&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schaten 1701&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Bedburg-Hau'')&lt;/small&gt; (13&amp;thinsp;599)
* [[Belena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schaten 1701&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Beelen''; Saxonice ''Bailen'')&lt;/small&gt; (6&amp;thinsp;002)
* [[Bestwigium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Büsching 1768&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Bestwig'')&lt;/small&gt; (10&amp;thinsp;147)
* [[Bevera Orientalis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meibom 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Ostbevern''; Saxonice ''Austbiäwern'')&lt;/small&gt;  (11&amp;thinsp;469)
* [[Blankenhemium (Rhenania Septentrionalis et Vestfalia)|Blankenhemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Guicciardini 1588&quot;&gt;Guicciardini, L. (1588). ''Descriptio totius Belgii, siue Inferioris Germaniae''. Antuerpiae: Apud Christophorum Plantinum.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Blankenheim'')&lt;/small&gt; (8&amp;thinsp;434)
* [[Bonena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schaten 1701&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Bönen'')&lt;/small&gt; (17&amp;thinsp;734)
* [[Borchena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schaten 1701&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Borchen'')&lt;/small&gt; (13&amp;thinsp;721)
* [[Borealis Ecclesia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Tibus 1867&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Nordkirchen'')&lt;/small&gt; (10&amp;thinsp;762)
* [[Borealis Silva (Rhenania Septentrionalis et Vestfalia)|Borealis Silva]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meibom 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Nordwalde''; Saxonice ''Nordwol'' seu ''Nordwoll'' seu ''Norwoll'')&lt;/small&gt; (10&amp;thinsp024)
* [[Bruga ad Ederum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Erndtebrück'')&lt;/small&gt; (6&amp;thinsp;792)
* [[Burbacum (Rhenania Septentrionalis et Vestfalia)|Burbacum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Büsching 1768&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Burbach'')&lt;/small&gt; (14&amp;thinsp;553)
* [[Calia (Rhenania Septentrionalis et Vestfalia)|Calia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Förstemann II 1900&quot;&gt;Förstemann, E. (1900). ''Altdeutsches Namenbuch: Ortsnamen'' (Vol. 2; II ed.). P. Hanstein.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Kall'')&lt;/small&gt; (11&amp;thinsp;180)
* [[Campus Capreoli]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meibom 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Raesfeld''; Saxonice ''Raosfeld'')&lt;/small&gt; (11&amp;thinsp;709)
* [[Capella Occidentalis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meibom 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Westerkappeln''; Saxonice ''Kappeln'')&lt;/small&gt; (10&amp;thinsp;876)
* [[Celsitudo Leopoldina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kiewning VI 1903&quot;&gt;Kiewning, H. (1903). ''Lippische Geschichte: Bis zum Tode des Grafen Simon VI''. Meyersche Hofbuchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Leopoldshöhe''; Saxonice ''Höchte'')&lt;/small&gt; (17&amp;thinsp;226)
* [[Cranenburgum (Rhenania Septentrionalis et Vestfalia)|Cranenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mercator 1613&quot;&gt;Mercator, G. (1613). ''Atlas Sive Cosmographicae Meditationes de Fabrica Mundi et Fabricati Figura''. Amsterodami: Iudocus Hondius.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Kranenburg'')&lt;/small&gt; (11&amp;thinsp;303)
* [[Cruchtum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Steinen 1755&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Niederkrüchten'')&lt;/small&gt; (14&amp;thinsp;619)
* [[Crucis Avia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lacomblet II 1840&quot;&gt;Lacomblet, T. J. (1840). ''Urkundenbuch für die Geschichte des Niederrheins oder des Erzstifts Cöln'' (Vol. 2). Wolf.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Kreuzau'')&lt;/small&gt; (18&amp;thinsp;149)
* [[Curia Hoevelensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schaten 1701&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Hövelhof'')&lt;/small&gt; (16&amp;thinsp;809)
* [[Curia Imperialis (Rhenania Septentrionalis et Vestfalia)|Curia Imperialis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egger 1977&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Reichshof'')&lt;/small&gt; (18&amp;thinsp;688)
* [[Curnilo Villa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Niederzier'')&lt;/small&gt; (15&amp;thinsp;060)
* [[Curtine]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lacomblet 1840&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Kürten'')&lt;/small&gt; (20&amp;thinsp;033)
* [[Dahlemia (Rhenania Septentrionalis et Vestfalia)|Dahlemia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Büsching 1768&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Dahlem'')&lt;/small&gt; (4&amp;thinsp;416)
* [[Doerentrupium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Büsching 1768&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Dörentrup'')&lt;/small&gt; (7&amp;thinsp;528)
* [[Domus Rodingi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meibom 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Rödinghausen''; Saxonice ''Ränghiusen'')&lt;/small&gt; (10&amp;thinsp;064)
* [[Ecclesia Rommeri]]&lt;ref name=&quot;WisdomLib (2025)&quot;&gt;WisdomLib. (2025). ''Rommerskirchen (definition and history)''. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Rommerskirchen'')&lt;/small&gt; (14&amp;thinsp;079)
* [[Ecclesiae (Rhenania Septentrionalis et Vestfalia)|Ecclesiae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egger 1977&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Kerken'')&lt;/small&gt; (13&amp;thinsp;186)
* [[Eitorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Büsching 1768&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Eitorf'')&lt;/small&gt; (19&amp;thinsp;172)
* [[Ensa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schaten 1701&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Ense'')&lt;/small&gt; (12&amp;thinsp;383)
* [[Ericetum Marianum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egger 1977&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Marienheide'')&lt;/small&gt; (13&amp;thinsp;356)
* [[Eslohia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Steinen 1755&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Eslohe'')&lt;/small&gt; (8&amp;thinsp;717)
* [[Everswinkela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schaten 1701&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Everswinkel''; Saxonice ''Iärswinkel'')&lt;/small&gt; (9&amp;thinsp;772)
* [[Fanum Angelorum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Büsching 1768&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Engelskirchen'')&lt;/small&gt; (19&amp;thinsp;737)
* [[Flexus (Rhenania Septentrionalis et Vestfalia)|Flexus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meibom 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Wenden'')&lt;/small&gt; (19&amp;thinsp;415)
* [[Gangeltum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Büsching 1768&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Gangelt'')&lt;/small&gt; (13&amp;thinsp;410)
* [[Grefrathia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Büsching 1768&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Grefrath'')&lt;/small&gt; (15&amp;thinsp;117)
* [[Havixbeccum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schaten 1701&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Havixbeck''; Saxonice ''Havkesbieck'')&lt;/small&gt; (12&amp;thinsp;357)
* [[Heekia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schaten 1701&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Heek'')&lt;/small&gt; (8&amp;thinsp;773)
* [[Heidena (Rhenania Septentrionalis et Vestfalia)|Heidena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schaten 1701&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Heiden''; Saxonice ''Häiden'')&lt;/small&gt; (8&amp;thinsp;704)
* [[Hersebroca-Clarus Locus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schaten 1701&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren 1830&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Herzebrock-Clarholz'')&lt;/small&gt; (16&amp;thinsp;419)
* [[Hiddenhusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Büsching 1768&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Hiddenhausen''; Saxonice ''Hiddenkussen'')&lt;/small&gt; (19&amp;thinsp;669)
* [[Hillia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Büsching 1768&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Hille'')&lt;/small&gt; (16&amp;thinsp;274)
* [[Hirutscetha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Herscheid''; Saxonice ''Hiärschge'')&lt;/small&gt; (6&amp;thinsp;821)
* [[Holzwickedum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Büsching 1768&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Holzwickede''; Saxonice ''Holtwicker'' seu ''Holwicker'')&lt;/small&gt; (17&amp;thinsp;596)
* [[Hopstenia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schaten 1701&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Hopsten'')&lt;/small&gt; (7&amp;thinsp;717)
* [[Hullhorstium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Büsching 1768&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Hüllhorst''; Saxonice ''Hüllhuost'')&lt;/small&gt; (13&amp;thinsp;304)
* [[Hundemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ihmels 1741&quot;&gt;Ihmels, C. H. (1741). ''Lexicon Geographicum: In quo universi orbis urbes, gentes, regiones, montes, flumina, etc. accuratissime describuntur''. Apud Joannem Martinum.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Kirchhundem'')&lt;/small&gt; (11&amp;thinsp;509)
* [[Hunxium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Büsching 1768&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Hünxe'')&lt;/small&gt; (13&amp;thinsp;676)
* [[Inda (Rhenania)|Inda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Anonymus Ravennas 1860&quot;&gt;Anonymus Ravennas. (s.f.). ''Ravennatis Anonymi Cosmographia et Guidonis Geographica'' (M. Pinder &amp; G. Parthey, Eds.; Ed. anno 1860). Fridericus Nicolaus.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Inden'')&lt;/small&gt; (7&amp;thinsp;624)
* [[Indago Saxea (Vestfalia)|Indago Saxea]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meibom 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Steinhagen'')&lt;/small&gt; (20&amp;thinsp;302)
* [[Insula Vigilum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meibom 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Wachtendonk'')&lt;/small&gt; (8&amp;thinsp;217)
* [[Issum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lacomblet 1840&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Issum'')&lt;/small&gt; (12&amp;thinsp;428)
* [[Lacus Moenensis (commune)|Lacus Moenensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egger 1977&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Möhnesee'')&lt;/small&gt; (11&amp;thinsp;274)
* [[Laera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Steinen 1755&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Laer''; Saxonice ''Laor'')&lt;/small&gt; (6&amp;thinsp;993)
* [[Legdena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Steinen 1755&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Legden''; Saxonice ''Ledden'')&lt;/small&gt; (7&amp;thinsp;511)
* [[Lina (Rhenania Septentrionalis et Vestfalia)|Lina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Lienen''; Saxonice ''Linen'')&lt;/small&gt; (8&amp;thinsp;512)
* [[Lingernum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meibom 1688&quot;&gt;Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: I. Historicos Germanicos... II. Dissertationes Historicas... III. Scriptores Rerum Germanicarum''. Typis &amp; Sumptibus Georgii Wolffii.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Kirchlengern''; Saxonice ''Kirkliörnern'' seu ''Liörnern'')&lt;/small&gt; (16&amp;thinsp;334)
* [[Longa Weha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meibom 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Langerwehe'')&lt;/small&gt; (14&amp;thinsp;976)
* [[Lotta (Vestfalia)|Lotta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meibom 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Lotte''; Saxonice ''Luote'')&lt;/small&gt; (13&amp;thinsp;770)
* [[Lucus Australis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meibom 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Südlohn''; Saxonice ''Söddloon'')&lt;/small&gt; (9&amp;thinsp;861)
* [[Marcomagus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Tabula Peutingeriana II&quot;&gt;''Tabula Peutingeriana'' (Segmentum II). (s. f.). (Ed. Ekkehard Weber, 1976). Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Nettersheim'')&lt;/small&gt; (8&amp;thinsp;902)
* [[Martiniacum (Rhenania Septentrionalis et Vestfalia)|Martiniacum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gemeinde Merzenich 2025&quot;&gt;Gemeinde Merzenich (2025). ''800 Jahre Merzenich: Geschichte erforschen, erkennen, erleben''.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Merzenich'')&lt;/small&gt; (10&amp;thinsp;508)
* [[Mediolanium (Vestfalia)|Mediolanium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Metelen''; Saxonice ''Maideln'')&lt;/small&gt; (6&amp;thinsp;539)
* [[Mettinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Steinen 1755&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Mettingen'')&lt;/small&gt; (11&amp;thinsp;654)
* [[Mola Schalci]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meibom 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Schalksmühle'')&lt;/small&gt; (10&amp;thinsp;463)
* [[Mons Antiquus (Rhenania Septentrionalis et Vestfalia)|Mons Antiquus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren 1830&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Altenberge''; Saxonice ''Ollenbiärg'')&lt;/small&gt; (10&amp;thinsp;278)
* [[Mons Longus (Rhenania Septentrionalis et Vestfalia)|Mons Longus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meibom 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Langenberg'')&lt;/small&gt; (8&amp;thinsp;311)
* [[Mons Onustus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meibom 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Ladbergen''; Saxonice ''Ladbiärgen'')&lt;/small&gt; (6&amp;thinsp;906)
* [[Mons Vigiliarum (Rhenania Septentrionalis et Vestfalia)|Mons Vigiliarum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egger 1977&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Wachtberg'')&lt;/small&gt; (20&amp;thinsp;471)
* [[Morsbacum (commune)|Morsbacum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Steinen 1755&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Morsbach'')&lt;/small&gt; (10&amp;thinsp;555)
* [[Muchum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Steinen 1755&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Much'')&lt;/small&gt; (14&amp;thinsp;561)
* [[Neokircha-Seelscheidensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egger 1977&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Neunkirchen-Seelscheid'')&lt;/small&gt; (20&amp;thinsp;283)
* [[Norboniacum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gemeinde Nörvenich 2025&quot;&gt;Gemeinde Nörvenich (2025). ''Die Geschichte von Nörvenich: Von Norboniacum bis heute''.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Nörvenich'')&lt;/small&gt; (12&amp;thinsp;131)
* [[Nova Ecclesia (Circulus Sigensis et Wittgensteinensis)|Nova Ecclesia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lacomblet 1840&quot;/&gt; &lt;/small&gt;(in [[Circulus Sigensis et Wittgensteinensis|Circulo Sigensi et Wittgensteinensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CSEW&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen huius [[Circulus terrae|circuli]], qui Theodisce ''Kreis Siegen-Wittgenstein'' nuncupatur, e gentiliciis &quot;Sigensis-e&quot; et &quot;Wittgensteinensis&quot;. Primum gentilicium ad [[Siga (Germania)|Sigam]] refertur; quo de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}. Secundo de gentilicio, invenitur passim apud [https://www.google.com/search?q=%22Wittgensteinensis%22&amp;client=firefox-b-d&amp;sca_esv=2ecbce6232480e5e&amp;biw=1271&amp;bih=271&amp;ei=kP9jaM_IC-GukdUPoKDHgA8&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjP0NfS_ZuOAxVhV6QEHSDQEfAQ4dUDCA8&amp;uact=5&amp;oq=%22Wittgensteinensis%22&amp;gs_lp=Egxnd3Mtd2l6LXNlcnAiEyJXaXR0Z2Vuc3RlaW5lbnNpcyIyCBAAGIAEGKIEMgUQABjvBTIFEAAY7wUyBRAAGO8FMgUQABjvBUjNIlCqCligHXABeACQAQCYAZABoAHAB6oBAzAuOLgBA8gBAPgBAZgCCaACvQjCAgsQABiABBiwAxiiBMICCBAAGLADGO8FwgIGEAAYBxgewgIIEAAYExgHGB7CAgcQABiABBgTmAMAiAYBkAYFkgcDMS44oAeNILIHAzAuOLgHqQjCBwUyLTIuN8gHXw&amp;sclient=gws-wiz-serp Gugulam] et ad Wittgestein refertur. Denique, Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Neunkirchen'')&lt;/small&gt; (12&amp;thinsp;705)
* [[Nova Ecclesia (Circulus Steinfurtensis)|Nova Ecclesia]] &lt;/small&gt;(in [[Circulus Steinfurtensis|Circulo Steinfurtensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CSteinfurtensis&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Steinfurtensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Kreis Steinfurt'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Steinfurtum]]&quot; et eius gentilicio &quot;Steinfurtensis-e&quot;, vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenaref/koenig/Koenig_bibliotheca_3.html ''GEORG MATTHIAE KÖNIGII BIBLIOTHECA VETUS ET NOVA. ''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Hinc Steinfurtum delatus (...) Steinfurtensis archiater (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Neuenkirchen''; Saxonice ''Nienkiärken'')&lt;/small&gt; (13&amp;thinsp;915)
* [[Novale (Rhenania Septentrionalis et Vestfalia)|Novale]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meibom 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Rheurdt'')&lt;/small&gt; (6&amp;thinsp;450
* [[Novale Ruperti]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meibom 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Ruppichteroth'')&lt;/small&gt; (10&amp;thinsp;887)
* [[Novale Semeni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meibom 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Simmerath'')&lt;/small&gt; (16&amp;thinsp;612)
* [[Novus Rodus et Wiblingwerda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Steinen 1755&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Nachrodt-Wiblingwerde'')&lt;/small&gt; (6&amp;thinsp;159)
* [[Nuembrichta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meibom 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Nümbrecht'')&lt;/small&gt; (17&amp;thinsp;580)
* [[Nutlum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Nottuln''; Saxonice ''Notteln'')&lt;/small&gt; (20&amp;thinsp;205)
* [[Palus Silvestris (Rhenania Septentrionalis et Vestfalia)|Palus Silvestris]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meibom 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Wadersloh''; Saxonice ''Waossel'')&lt;/small&gt; (12&amp;thinsp;848)
* [[Parvum Novale]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meibom 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Roetgen'')&lt;/small&gt; (8&amp;thinsp;786)
* [[Pontes (Rhenania Septentrionalis et Vestfalia)|Pontes]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lacomblet 1840&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Brüggen'')&lt;/small&gt; (16&amp;thinsp;198)
* [[Recka Westfalorum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Steinen 1755&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Recke'')&lt;/small&gt; (11&amp;thinsp;341)
* [[Regnum (Rhenania Septentrionalis et Vestfalia)|Regnum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kötzsche 1906&quot;&gt;Kötzschke, R. (Ed.) (1906). ''Die Urbare der Abtei Werden an der Ruhr'' (Vol. 1). Droste Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Reken'')&lt;/small&gt; (15&amp;thinsp;109)
* [[Sassendorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Büsching 1768&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bad Sassendorf'' Saxonice ''Saßtrop'')&lt;/small&gt; (12&amp;thinsp;194)
* [[Schopinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Steinen 1755&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Schöppingen''; Saxonice ''Schüöping'')&lt;/small&gt; (7&amp;thinsp;033)
* [[Selkantia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Steinen 1755&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Selfkant'')&lt;/small&gt; (10&amp;thinsp;786)
* [[Silva Hurtgenensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Büsching 1768&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Hürtgenwald'')&lt;/small&gt; (9&amp;thinsp;196)
* [[Silva Palustris (Rhenania Septentrionalis et Vestfalia)|Silva Palustris]]&lt;ref name=&quot;WisdomLib. 2025&quot;&gt;WisdomLib. (2025). ''Waldfeucht (definition and history)''.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Waldfeucht'')&lt;/small&gt; (9&amp;thinsp;242)
* [[Sindinon]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Senden''; Saxonice ''Siänden'')&lt;/small&gt; (20&amp;thinsp;844)
* [[Sonsbeca]]&lt;ref&gt;Wernherus Teschenmacher, ''Annales Cliviae, Iuliae, Montiae, Marchiae, Ravensburgiae Antiquae et Modernae'' {{Google Books|OQxlAAAAcAAJ|pag. 124}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Sonsbeck'')&lt;/small&gt; (8&amp;thinsp;688)
* [[Stemwida]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meibom 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Stemwede''; Saxonice ''Stemwäide'')&lt;/small&gt; (13&amp;thinsp;460)
* [[Tilietum (Rhenania Septentrionalis et Vestfalia)|Tilietum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meibom 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Lindlar'')&lt;/small&gt; (21&amp;thinsp;615)
* [[Titiacum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landgemeinde Titz&quot;&gt;Landgemeinde Titz. (s. f.). ''Geschichte''.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Titz'')&lt;/small&gt; (9&amp;thinsp;052)
* [[Torrens Purus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Steinen 1755&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Schermbeck'')&lt;/small&gt; (13&amp;thinsp;516)
* [[Torrens Sarae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meibom 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Saerbeck''; Saxonice ''Saorbiek'')&lt;/small&gt; (6&amp;thinsp;906)
* [[Udena]]&lt;ref&gt;Wernherus Teschenmacher, ''Annales Cliviae, Iuliae, Montiae, Marchiae, Ravensburgiae Antiquae et Modernae'' {{Google Books|OQxlAAAAcAAJ|pag. 124}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Uedem'')&lt;/small&gt; (8&amp;thinsp;163)
* [[Vallis Exterae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Piderit 1846&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Extertal''; Saxonice ''Exterdaal'')&lt;/small&gt; (11&amp;thinsp;248)
* [[Vallis Kallensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egger 1977&quot;&gt;Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon nominum locorum: Supplementum referens nomina Latina vulgata''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Kalletal''; Saxonice ''Kalledaal'')&lt;/small&gt; (13&amp;thinsp;256)
* [[Vallis Lippiae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egger 1977&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Lippetal'')&lt;/small&gt; (11&amp;thinsp;883)
* [[Vallis Lucida (Rhenania Septentrionalis et Vestfalia)|Vallis Lucida]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schaten 1701&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Hellenthal'')&lt;/small&gt; (7&amp;thinsp;834)
* [[Vallis Odonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meibom 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Odenthal'')&lt;/small&gt; (15&amp;thinsp;782)
* [[Vallis Rosarum (Rhenania Septentrionalis et Vestfalia)|Vallis Rosarum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egger 1977&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Rosendahl''; Saxonice ''Rausendaal'')&lt;/small&gt; (11&amp;thinsp;249)
* [[Vallis Schwalmensis (Rhenania Septentrionalis et Vestfalia)|Vallis Schwalmensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egger 1977&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Schwalmtal'')&lt;/small&gt; (18&amp;thinsp;826)
* [[Vallis Swistensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egger 1977&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Swisttal'')&lt;/small&gt; (18&amp;thinsp;580)
* [[Vetus Candida]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meibom 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Vettweiß'')&lt;/small&gt; (9&amp;thinsp;903)
* [[Villa Wilni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meibom 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Wilnsdorf'')&lt;/small&gt; (20&amp;thinsp;039)
* [[Villare ad Swistam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meibom 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Weilerswist'')&lt;/small&gt; (18&amp;thinsp;980)
* [[Vindentropium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Büsching 1768&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Finnentrop'')&lt;/small&gt; (17&amp;thinsp;022) 
* [[Weezium]]&lt;ref&gt;Wernherus Teschenmacher, ''Annales Cliviae, Iuliae, Montiae, Marchiae, Ravensburgiae Antiquae et Modernae'' {{Google Books|OQxlAAAAcAAJ|pag. 124}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Weeze'')&lt;/small&gt; (12&amp;thinsp;766)
* [[Welveria]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Steinen 1755&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Welver'')&lt;/small&gt; (11&amp;thinsp;999)
* [[Wikki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce et Saxonice ''Wickede'')&lt;/small&gt; (11&amp;thinsp;637)
&lt;/div&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Communia Rhenaniae Septentrionalis-Vestfaliae|!]]</text>
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    <title>Le Favril (Ebura et Lidericus)</title>
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[[Fasciculus: Map commune FR insee code 28148.png|thumb|left|250px|Le Favril: communis tabula]]
''' Le Favril''' est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 333 incolarum (anno [[2011]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Ebura et Lidericus|Eburae et Liderici]] in regione [[Centrum (regio Franciae)|Media]].
{{NexInt}}

* [[Index communium praefecturae Eburae et Liderici|Indicem communium praefecturae Eburae et Liderici]]
== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Le Favril (Eure-et-Loir)|Le Favril}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141020062449/http://www.le-favril-28.fr/ Le Favril pagina interretialis]
* {{INSEE commune|28148|de=Le Favril}}

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[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Eburae et Liderici]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Eburae et Liderici]]</text>
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    <title>Marboué</title>
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[[Fasciculus: Map commune FR insee code 28233.png|thumb|left|250px|Marboué: communis tabula]]
''' Marboué''' est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 1'125 incolarum (anno [[2011]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Ebura et Lidericus|Eburae et Liderici]] in regione [[Centrum (regio Franciae)|Media]].
{{NexInt}}

* [[Index communium praefecturae Eburae et Liderici|Indicem communium praefecturae Eburae et Liderici]]
== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Marboué|Marboué}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090925105417/http://www.marboue.fr/ Marboué pagina interretialis]
* {{INSEE commune|28233|de=Marboué}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Eburae et Liderici]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Eburae et Liderici]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Alexius Romanus</title>
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      <text bytes="5812" sha1="kfleiu1vxystyr95w7tg8pjrlrsfwmu" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Langenargen_Pfarrkirche_Decke_Alexius_von_Edessa.jpg|thumb|Sanctus Alexius sub scalis domus patriae sedens lotura perfusus (pictura [[Antonius Maulbertsch|Antonii Maulbertsch]] in ecclesia paroeciali ''Langenargen'', 1732–1733).]]
'''Alexius Romanus''' sive '''Alexius Confessor''' (natus [[Roma]]e aut [[Edessa]]e; mortuus circa annum [[430]] Edessae; secundum Berns mortuus anno [[417]]) fuit [[eremita]] et [[sanctus]].

== Legenda ==
Nomen Alexii a verbo [[lingua Graeca|Graeco]] ἀλεξέω (arceo, auxilior, opitulor) deductum est. Antiquissima vita [[lingua Syriaca|Syriaca]] saeculi quinti eum Euphemiani [[senator]]is [[Imperium Romanum|Romani]] cum Aglaea filium fuisse narrat. Matrimonio iuncto et parentes et sponsam reliquit et Edessam fugit, ubi eremita vitam pauperem piamque degit, quare mox magno honore observebatur. Huic versioni antiquae nomen Alexii non est.

Legenda saeculi decimi narrat Alexium septendecim annos natum mendicum ante ecclesiam Edessensem vixisse. Cum aedituus visione cognovisset mendicum virum sanctum esse homines ad id incitavit, ut Alexium venerarentur. Alexius autem per mare fugit et tempestate Romam delatus est, ubi pater eius advenam mendicum non cognovit, benigne tamen in domum recepit. Septendecim annos Alexius sub scalis domus patriae habitavit incognitus a servis illusus. Cum mors appropinquaret, petita charta nomen vitamque suam litteris patefecit. In versione Graeca nemo nisi Honorius imperator litteras e manu eius demere potuit, aliis in versionibus solus [[papa]] aut sponsa. Infirmi autem, quacumque infirmitate affecti, tacto corpore statim curati sunt. Traditio Romana eum Romae sepultum esse vult, alii eum semper Edessae fuisse ibique sepultum esse dicunt, venerationem autem saeculo decimo Romam venisse.

== Veneratio ==
Nativitas Sancti Alexii in [[ecclesia Catholica Romana]] die [[17 Iulii]] celebratur, in [[Ecclesiae Orthodoxae|ecclesiis Orthodis]] die [[17 Martii]], apud [[Monophysitismus|Monophysitas]] in [[Syria]] die [[12 Martii]].

== Patronatus ==
Alexius est patronus peregrinorum, mendicorum, hominum erraticorum et infirmorum. Praeterea contra terrae motus, fulmina, tempestates et pestes invocatur. 

Ab Alexio [[Congregatio Fratrum Alexianorum]], [[ordo religiosus]] anno [[1350]] conditus, qui regulam Sancti [[Augustinus|Augustini]] sequitur et curae infirmorum se dedit, nomen trahit. 

== Tractationes litterariae ==
Legenda Alexii pluries a poetis tractata est.
* in versibus:
** [[Vita Sancti Alexii]] (Lingua Francica antiqua, saec. 11)
** [[Conradus Herbipolensis]]: Alexius (Theodisce, 1275)
** La Vida de sant Alexi (Lingua Occitana, saec. 14)
** Historia e vita di Santo Alessio (1568)

* in oratione soluta:
** [[Hermannus de Fritschelar]]: Buch von der Heiligen Leben (1349)
** Varela de Salamanca, J.: Vida de Sant Alexo (Hispanice; circa annum 1520)
** Alexius unter der Treppe oder Geständnisse vor einer Katze. Mythistoria a Kuno Raeber conscripta. Darmstadiae 1973. ISBN 3-472-86336-6; postremo: Ullstein, Francofurti ad Moenum 1982. ISBN 3-548-26077-2

* ludi scaenici:
** Le Miracle de Saint Alexis (saec. 14 exeunte)
** B. Diaz: Auto de Santo Alexio (Lusitanice; 1613)
** Stephanus Landi (musica), Iulius Rospigliosi (postea papa Clemens IX, libellum): Dramma musicale Il Sant'Alessio (1632).
** L. de Massip: Le charmant Alexis (1655)
** Der verborgene Edelstein oder der heil. Alexius (1860)
** Henricus Ghéon: Le pauvre sous l'escalier (1920)

== Bibliographia ==
* Gaston und Léopold Pannier: La vie de saint Alexis, poème du XIe siècle et renouvellements des XIIe, XIIIe et XIVe siècles, in: Recueil de travaux originaux ou traduits relatifis à la philologie et à l'histoire littèraire. Cinquième fascicule, Parisiis 1872
* Margarete Rösler: Alexiusprobleme, in: Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie, vol. 53 (1933), p. 508-528
* Melitta Hirsch: Alexiuslied und christliche Askese, in: Zeitschrift für französische Sprache und Literatur, vol. 58 (1934), p. 414-418
* E. R. Curtius: Zur Interpretation des Alexiusliedes, in: Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie, vol. 56 (1936), p. 113-137
* Margarete Rösler: Sankt Alexius, altfranzösische Legendendichtung des 11. Jahrhunderts, in: Sammlung romanischer Übungstexte, vol. XV, [[Salinae Saxonicae|Salinis Saxonicis]]: 4a. editio 1941
* Hans Sckommodau: Zum altfranzösischen Alexiuslied, in: Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie, vol. 70 (1954), p. 161-203
* Hans Sckommodau: Alexius in Liturgie, Malerei und Dichtung, in: Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie, vol. 72 (1956), p. 165-193
* Franz-Wilhelm Servaes: Joseph Bripius. De laudibus sancti Alexii. Untersuchungen und kritischer Text, Coloniae Agrippinae 1966 (simul thesis 1966)
* Klaus Berns: Das Leben des Heiligen Alexius. Aus dem Altfranzösischen übersetzt von Klaus Berns (prologo, annotationibus, bibliographia auctus), Monaci 1968: Wilhelm Fink Verlag
* Friedrich Wilhelm Bautz: Alexius von Edessa. In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL), vol. 1, Bautz, Hamm 1975. 2a. editio non mutata Hamm 1990, ISBN 3-88309-013-1, Col. 114.
* Christoper Storey: An Annotated Bibliography and Guide to Alexis Studies (La vie de Saint Alexis), Genavae 1987. In interrete partim apud [http://books.google.at/books?id=A_-J4pj2Q5MC&amp;pg=PA79&amp;lpg=PA79&amp;dq=Vida+de+Sant+Alexo&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=hXG3nPugpE&amp;sig=xAl5-GnxPWA5bjurYJMvRcsMNWw&amp;hl=de&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=mUIdVO6UDIuAywPw8IL4AQ&amp;ved=0CCUQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&amp;q=Vida%20de%20Sant%20Alexo&amp;f=false Google Books].

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Alexius of Rome|Alexium Romanum}}
* [http://www.heiligenlexikon.de/ActaSanctorum/17.Juli.html Acta Sanctorum diei 17 Iulii] (Multa et varia de Alexio)

[[Categoria:Oriens Christianus]]
[[Categoria:Sancti]]
[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 4]]
[[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 5]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Fortuna (dea)</title>
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      <text bytes="6098" sha1="plvzbiv31a69msequ1saz4luz8kg2bk" xml:space="preserve">{{videdis|Fortuna (discretiva)|Tyche (discretiva)}}
[[Fasciculus:Fortuna, inv. 2244 - Braccio Nuovo, Museo Chiaramonti - Vatican Museums - DSC00920.jpg|thumb|[[Statua]] antiqua Fortunae deae cum [[cornu copiae]] sculpta.]]
[[Fasciculus:CarminaBurana_wheel.jpg|thumb|''Imperatrix Fortuna'' in rota fatali; imago [[Medium aevum|medii aevi]] in [[manuscriptum|manuscripto]] [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]].]]
'''Fortuna''' est [[dea]], quae in [[mythologia Romana]] temporum varietates [[fortuna]]eque vicissitudines repraesentat; apud autem [[Graecia antiqua|Graecos]] Τύχη ([[Tyche (dea)|Tyche]]) appellabatur. Apud [[rerum gestarum scriptor]]es antiquos saepe dicitur [[vis|vim]] maximam in omnibus rebus humanis habere et dea omnipotens esse.&lt;ref&gt;[[Pausanias]] IV.30.4.&lt;/ref&gt; Eius [[statua]]e [[Cornu copiae|cornucopiam]] una [[manus|manu]] tenet ac nonnumquam gubernaculum altera (sic in nummis Romanis exprimebatur)ː nam divitias cui vellet dabat et [[orbis terrarum|orbem terrarum]] gubernabat. In capite polum gerebat, vel postea coronam turritam. Ita saepe velut [[personificatio]] urbium adorabatur (poeta [[Pindarus]] eam &quot;pherepolim&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Quae civitates fert.&lt;/ref&gt; Graece dicebat).&lt;ref&gt;Pausanias IV.30.4-6.&lt;/ref&gt; Quae corona ei communis est cum [[Cybele]] Romana.

== De Fortunis Italicis ==
Multae Fortunae in Italia antiqua venerabantur [[Cognomen|cognominibus]] distinctae&lt;ref&gt;Jesse Benedict Carter, &quot;[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/282639 The Cognomina of the Goddess &quot;Fortuna&quot;]&quot;, ''Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association'', 1900: 60-68 &lt;/ref&gt;. Ita [[Praeneste|Praenesti]] in delubro inclito '''Fortunam Primigeniam''' colebant quae consulentibus responsa sortibus dabat. Fuerunt etiam Fortunae [[Antium (Latium)|Antiates]] a poeta [[Horatius|Horatio]] cantatae hoc est '''Fortuna Victrix''' galeata et '''Fortuna Felix''' diademata quas videmus in [[Denarius|denario]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://en.numista.com/247802 Photographema] apud Numista.&lt;/ref&gt; et [[aureus|aureo]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://en.numista.com/247801 Photographema] apud Numista.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Gens Rustia|Quinti Rusti]]. Fuit etiam '''[[Fortuna Redux]]''' quae imperatorem et exercitum&lt;ref&gt;{{AE|1954|103}} [[stela]] [[Votum|votiva]] militis. &lt;/ref&gt; ex expeditionibus salvum Romam reducebat et [[Augustus (imperator)|Augustus imperator]] in eius honorem ex Asia anno [[19 a.C.n.]] rediens [[ara|aram]] erexit et eius cultum instituit. Quam aram in denario supradicti Quinti Rusti videre licet. Postea in nummis imperatorum invicem succedentium Fortuna Redux tamquam figura muliebris plerumque sedens  [[Gubernaculum|gubernaculumque]] et [[Cornu copiae|cornucopiam]] tenens saepe exprimitur (e.g. apud [[Vespasianus|Vespasianum]] et [[Traianus|Traianum]] et [[Lucius Verus|Lucium Verum]])&lt;ref&gt;Ut in hoc [https://fr.numista.com/280951 [[Antoninianus|antoniniano]] Gordiani III] apud Numista.&lt;/ref&gt;. Sed multae aliae Fortunae fuerunt ut '''Fortuna huiusce diei'''&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''[[De legibus (Cicero)|De legibus]]'' II.28.&lt;/ref&gt; et '''Fortuna Muliebris''' cuius templum mulierum partes in bello adversus [[Coriolanus|Coriolanum]] commemorabat, aut '''Fortuna Equestris''' aut '''Fortuna Augusta'''...

== Notae == 
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*[[Augustinus Hipponensis]], ''[[De civitate Dei|de Civitate Dei]]'' IV.18-19
* [[Horatius]], ''[[Carmina (Horatius)|Carmina]]'' I.35.

== Plura legere si cupis ==
[[Fasciculus:RIC I 322.jpg|thumb|Denarius a Quinto Rustio paulo post 19 a.C.n. signatus. Ex una parte Fortunas Antiates videmus, Victricem et Felicem,  ex altera aram quam Augustus Fortunae Reduci erexit.]]
*Otto J. Brendel, &quot;[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/502418 Two Fortunae, Antium and Praeneste]&quot;, ''American Journal of Archaeology'', 1960: 41-47 
*Jacqueline Champeaux, ''[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1982_ths_64_1 Fortuna. Le culte de la Fortune à Rome et dans le monde romain. I - Fortuna dans la religion archaïque]'', Publications de l'École française de Rome, 1982 
** II - ''[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1982_ths_64_2 Les transformations de Fortuna sous la République]'', ibidem, 1987
*Wilhelm Drexler: Fortuna. In: Wilhelm Heinrich Roscher (ed.): Ausführliches Lexikon der griechischen und römischen Mythologie. Vol. 1,2. Lipsiae 1890, Col. 1503–1558 ([http://www.archive.org/stream/ausfhrlicheslexi12rosc#page/36/mode/1up in interreti]).
*Paola Gagliardi, &quot;[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/23048899 &quot;FORTUNA&quot; in Virgilio]&quot;, ''Quaderni Urbinati di Cultura Classica'', 2011: 61-87
*Thomas Ganschow: Fortuna. In: Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae (LIMC). Vol. VIII, Turici/Monaci 1997, p. 585–591.
*Fritz Graf: Fortuna. In: [[Der Neue Pauly]] (DNP). Vol. 4, Metzler, Stuttgardiae 1998, ISBN 3-476-01474-6, Col. 598–602.
*Iiro Kajanto: Fortuna. In: Wolfgang Haase (ed.): Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt. Pars II, Vol. 17,1. de Gruyter, Berolini &amp; Novi Eboraci 1981
*Ehrengard Meyer-Landrut, ''Fortuna. Die Göttin des Glücks im Wandel der Zeiten'', Deutscher Kunstverlag, Monaci/Berolini, 1997, ISBN 3-422-06207-6
*Klaus Reichert, ''[https://www.academia.edu/86027624/Klaus_Reichert_Fortuna_oder_die_Best%C3%A4ndigkeit_des_Wechsels Fortuna oder die Beständigkeit des Wechsels]'', Suhrkamp, Francofurti ad Moenum 1985, ISBN 3-518-57729-8. (de receptione Anglica)
*Howard Rollin Patch, &quot;[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/40165867 The Goddess Fortuna in the &quot;Divine Comedy&quot;]&quot;, ''Annual Reports of the Dante Society'', 1914: 13-28 
*Olga Vassilieva-Codognet, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/bsnaf_0081-1181_2021_num_2016_1_12847 Iconographie de Fortune au Moyen Âge et à la Renaissance]&quot;, ''Bulletin de la Société nationale des Antiquaires de France'', 2021: 394-414

{{NexInt}}
*''[[O Fortuna]]''
*[[19 Fortuna]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Fortuna|Fortunam}}
* [https://dagr.univ-tlse2.fr/consulter/1539/FORTUNA/texte DAGR]
[[Categoria:Deae Romanae]]
[[Categoria:Personificationes]]
[[Categoria:Religio Romana]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Scientiae sociales</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>234949</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>LilyKitty</username>
        <id>18316</id>
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      <comment>de generibus psychologiae</comment>
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      <text bytes="3561" sha1="sn18bgz1zrtaeym9sfpmpn02arh84tb" xml:space="preserve">{{L-1}}
'''Scientiae sociales''' sunt [[disciplina academica|disciplinae]] institutae ad [[phaenomenon sociale|phaenomena socialia]], sicut [[societas|societatem]] et [[civitas|civitatem]] earumque [[institutio]]nes, exploranda. Scientiae sociales plerumque origines et incrementa societatum humanarum ab [[illuminismus|aevo illuminismi]] et [[humanismus|humanismi]] tractaverunt. [[Aemilius Durkheim]] auctor [[sociologia]]e est. [[Carolus Marx]] &quot;scientiam&quot; socialistam a critica [[oeconomia politica|oeconomiae politicae]] fecit. Hodie sectiones scientiae socialis variae sunt, at conatus studii inter disciplinas existet.&lt;!--cum in futuro?--&gt;

== Scientiae sociales ==
{{div col|2}}
*[[Anthropologia]]
**[[Anthropologia culturalis]]
**[[Anthropologia religionis]]
**[[Anthropologia socialis]]
*[[Archaeologia]]
*[[Civilitas]]
**[[Philosophia politica]]
**[[Scientia civilis]]
*[[Educatio]]
**[[Paedagogia]]
*[[Ethnologia]]
**[[Ethnographia]]
**[[Ethnomusicologia]]
*[[Geographia]]
*[[Historia]] 
**[[Historia artium]]
*[[Ingeniaria socialis (scientia politica)|Ingeniaria socialis]]
*[[Ius]]
**[[Iurisprudentia]]
**[[Ius publicum]]
**[[Ius criminale]]
**[[Ius privatum]]
*[[Oeconomica]]
**[[Oeconomia politica]]
**[[Macrooeconomia]]
**[[Microoeconomia]]
*[[Philosophia]]
**[[Philosophia politica]]
**[[Philosophia socialis]]
*[[Psychologia]]
**[[Psychoanalysis]]
**[[Psychologia analytica]]
**[[Psychologia cognitiva]]
**[[Psychologia gestalt]]
**[[Psychologia humanistica]]
**[[Psychologia socialis]]
*[[Sociologia]]
**[[Structura socialis]]
{{div col end}}

==Bibliographia==
===Fontes saeculorum 20 et 21===
&lt;!-- Listed by date; newest to oldest --&gt;
*Smelser, Neil J., et Paul B. Baltes. [[2001]]. ''International Encyclopedia of the Social &amp; Behavioral Sciences.'' Amstelodami: Elsevier.
* Byrne, D. S. (1998). [https://books.google.com/books?id=NaVSZXVdc-0C ''Complexity theory and the social sciences: an introduction'']. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-16296-3.
* Kuper, A., and Kuper, J. (1985). ''The Social Science Encyclopedia''. London: Routledge &amp; Kegan Paul. (ed., a limited preview of the [https://books.google.com/books?id=S3zZ18tt3gkC 1996 version] is available).
* Lave, C. A., et J. G. March. [[1993]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=dcL3JqFkUvQC ''An introduction to models in the social sciences'']. Lanham Terrae Mariae: University Press of America.
* Perry, John, et Erna Perry. ''Contemporary Society: An Introduction to Social Science'' (12th Edition, 2008).
* Potter, D. (1988). [https://books.google.com/books?id=EssOAAAAQAAJ ''Society and the social sciences: An introduction'']. London: Routledge.
*Sills, David L., et Robert K. Merton. [[1968]]. ''International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences''.
* Seligman, Edwin R. A., et Alvin Johnson (1934). ''Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences.'' (13 vol.)
* Ward, L. F. (1924). [https://books.google.com/books?id=qvUtAAAAIAAJ ''Dynamic sociology, or applied social science: As based upon statical sociology and the less complex sciences'']. New York: D. Appleton.
* Leavitt, F. M., et E. Brown. [[1920]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=pz5FAAAAIAAJ ''Elementary social science'']. New York: Macmillan.
* Bogardus, E. S. (1913). [https://books.google.com/books?id=nohDAAAAIAAJ ''Introduction to the social sciences: A textbook outline'']. Los Angeles: Ralston Press.
* Small, A. W. (1910). [https://books.google.com/books?id=UEYWAAAAYAAJ ''The meaning of social science'']. Sicagi: The University of Chicago Press.

[[Categoria:Scientia]]
[[Categoria:Sociologia]]

{{Myrias|Societas}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pessac-sur-Dordogne</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>235688</id>
    <revision>
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[[Fasciculus: Map commune FR insee code 33319.png|thumb|left|250px|Pessac-sur-Dordogne: communis tabula]]

'''Pessac-sur-Dordogne''' est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 484 incolarum (anno [[2012]]) praefecturae [[Girundia (praefectura Franciae)|Girundiae]] in regione occidentali [[Aquitania]] (a die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[2016]] [[Aquitania Lemovicensis Pictaviensis et Carantoni|Aquitania Lemovicensi Pictaviensi et Carantonis]]).
{{NexInt}}

* [[Index communium praefecturae Girundiae|Indicem communium praefecturae Girundiae]]

== Nexus externi ==

{{CommuniaCat|Pessac-sur-Dordogne|Pessac-sur-Dordogne}}

* {{INSEE commune|33319|de=Pessac-sur-Dordogne}}
* [http://cassini.ehess.fr/cassini/fr/html/fiche.php?select_resultat=26587 De hoc commune apud cassini.ehess.fr]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20200522064742/https://pessacsurdordogne.fr/ Huius communis pagina interretialis]
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Girumnae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Girumnae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Halvesbostel</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>236230</id>
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'''Halvesbostel''' ([[Theodisce]] ''Halvesbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hassbossel'') commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Harburgensis|Circuli Harburgensis]] est. Halvesbostel etiam pars communis generalis [[Hollenstedt (commune generale)|Hollenstedt]] est. Ad Halvesbostel etiam vicus [[Halvesbostel]] (Theodisce ''Halvesbostel'') et [[Holvede]] (Theodisce ''Holvede'') pertinet.

== Historia ==
Halvesbostel, qui vicus anno [[1564]] primo in tabellis notatus est, pars [[Ducatus Luneburgensis]] fuit. Anno [[1705]] ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Annis [[1810]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Halvesbostel ab anno [[1946]] pars Saxoniae Inferioris et ab anno [[1972]] pars [[Hollenstedt (commune generale)|Hollenstedt]] communis generalis est.

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150506104958/http://www.halvesbostel.de/startseite.htm www.halvesbostel.de]
* [http://www.hollenstedt.de/gemeinden/halvesbostel/ Pagina communis generalis Hollenstedt de Halvesbosteli]

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita saeculo 16]]</text>
      <sha1>k6dl2tuo6wwzepnqgoorpkx62bnl0yk</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Hollenstedt</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>236294</id>
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'''Hollenstedt''' commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Harburgensis|Circuli Harburgensis]] est. Hollenstedt etiam sedes administrationis communis generalis [[Hollenstedt (commune generale)|eiusdem nominis]] est. Ad Hollenstedt commune vici Hollenstedt, Emmen, Ochtmannsbruch, Ochtmannsbruch-Siedlung, Staersbeck atque Wohlesbostel pertinent.

== Historia ==
Hollenstedt vicus anno [[804]] primo in tabellis notatus est:
:''Nam imperator ([[Carolus Magnus]]) super Albiam fluvium sedebat, in loco, qui dicitur '''Holdunsteti''', et missa ad Godofridum legatione pro perfugis reddendis medio Septembrio Coloniam venit.''
::([[Annales regni Francorum]] ad annum 804)
et
:''Anno DCCCIIII, aestatis tempore, Karolus imperator movit exercitum magnum Francorum et perexit in Saxonia et habiit ultra Alaram ad locum, qui vocatur '''Oldonastath'''. Et venit ad eum ibi rex Abotritorum, nomine Irosuc et detulit ei munera multa.''
::([[Chronicon Moissiacense]] ad annum 804)

Postea pars [[Ducatus Luneburgensis]] fuit. Anno [[1705]] ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Annis [[1810]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Hollenstedt ab anno [[1946]] pars Saxoniae Inferioris et ab anno [[1972]] caput [[Hollenstedt (commune generale)|Hollenstedt]] communis generalis est.

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150506104958/http://www.halvesbostel.de/startseite.htm www.halvesbostel.de]
* [http://www.hollenstedt.de/gemeinden/hollenstedt/ Pagina communis generalis Hollenstedt de Hollenstedt communi]

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita saeculo 8]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Moisburg</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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[[Fasciculus:Moisburg-Dorfstrasse-linearWBGi.jpg|thumb|left|Moisburg]]
'''Moisburg''' commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Harburgensis|Circuli Harburgensis]] est. Moisburg etiam pars communis generalis [[Hollenstedt (commune generale)|Hollenstedt]] est. Ad Moisburg etiam vici Moisburg, Appelbeck ac Podendorf pertinent.

== Historia ==
Moisburg, qui vicus anno [[1322]] primo in tabellis notatus est, pars [[Ducatus Luneburgensis]] fuit. Anno [[1705]] ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Annis [[1810]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Moisburg ab anno [[1946]] pars Saxoniae Inferioris et ab anno [[1972]] pars [[Hollenstedt (commune generale)|Hollenstedt]] communis generalis est.

== Nexus externi ==
{{Commonscat}}
* [http://www.hollenstedt.de/gemeinden/moisburg/ Pagina communis generalis Hollenstedt de Moisburg]

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita saeculo 14]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Marcollin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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[[Fasciculus: Map commune FR insee code 38219.png|thumb|left|250px|Marcollin: communis tabula]]

'''Marcollin''' est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 675 incolarum (anno [[2012]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Isara (praefectura Franciae)|Isarae]] in regione orientali [[Rhodanus et Alpes|Rhodano et Alpibus]] (a die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[2016]] [[Arvernia Rhodanus et Alpes|Arvernia Rhodano et Alpibus]]).

{{NexInt}}

* [[Index communium praefecturae Isarae|Indicem communium praefecturae Isarae]]
== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Marcollin|Marcollin}}

* {{INSEE commune|38219|de=Marcollin}}
* [http://cassini.ehess.fr/cassini/fr/html/fiche.php?select_resultat=21087 De hoc commune apud Cassini]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20200521073148/https://marcollin.fr/ Huius communis pagina interretialis]
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Isarae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Isarae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mesland</title>
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[[Fasciculus: Map commune FR insee code 41137.png|thumb|upright=0.7|left|Communis tabula.]]
[[Fasciculus:Portail église romane.jpg|thumb|Communis [[templum]] [[Virgo Maria|Nostrae Dominae]] dicatum, porta Romanica, cum viginti septem viris barbatis.]]
'''Mesland''' est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 549 incolarum (anno [[2022]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Lidericus et Carus|Liderici et Cari]] in regione [[Centrum et Vallis Ligeris|Centro et Valle Ligeris]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Liderici et Cari]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Mesland|Mesland}}
* {{INSEE commune|41137|de=Mesland}}
* [http://cassini.ehess.fr/cassini/fr/html/fiche.php?select_resultat=22179 De hoc communi apud cassini.ehess.fr]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150403150244/http://www.mesland.fr/ Huius communis pagina interretialis]

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Liderici et Cari]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Liderici et Cari]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Circulus Auriacum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>239885</id>
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[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in AUR.svg|thumb|Communia in Auriaco Circulo.]]
'''Circulus Auriacum'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Aurich''), nunc pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1885]] conditus est. Usque ad annum [[1945]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit, et ex anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet. [[Caput (urbs)|Caput]] circuli est [[Auriacum (Saxonia Inferior)|Auriacum]] urbs.&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia ==
Ager circuli ab anno [[1815]] ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Anno [[1885]] circulus conditus est. Ab anno [[1946]] pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Anno [[1977]], [[ager]] antiqui circuli Norden{{dubsig}} cum Auriaco consociatus est.

== Communia circuli ==
Haec sunt communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communia generalia coniuncti sunt:
* [[Auriacum (Saxonia Inferior)|Auriacum]] (oppidum, caput circuli, 40&amp;thinsp;637 incolae)
* [[Baltrumum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wiarda III 1792&quot;&gt;Wiarda, T. D. (1792). ''Ostfriesische Geschichte: Von den ältesten Zeiten bis zum Jahre 1648'' (Vol. 3). August Friedrich Winter.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Baltrum'') (insula, 564)
* [[Dornum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egger 1977&quot;&gt;Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Dornum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dornm'') (4525)
* [[Ericetum Magnum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ericetum&quot;&gt;[https://woerterbuchnetz.de/?sigle=MeckWB&amp;lemid=H01756 Theodiscum toponymicum suffixum ''-heide'' Latino nomine &quot;Ericetum-i&quot; vertitur.]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Magnus&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/magnus?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum praefixum ''Groß-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;magnus-a-um&quot; vertitur.]&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Großheide''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grootheid'') (8563)
* [[Hinte]]{{dubsig}} (6906)
* [[Juist]]{{dubsig}} (insula, 1540)
* [[Krummhörn]]{{dubsig}} (12&amp;thinsp;228)
* [[Magna Palus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Magna Palus&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/magnus?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum toponymicum praefixum ''Große-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;magnus-a-um&quot;] et [[https://www.koeblergerhard.de/germanistischewoerterbuecher/altsaechsischeswoerterbuch/asF.pdf Theodiscum suffixum ''-fehn'' Latino nomine &quot;palus paludis&quot; (f.)] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Großefehn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grootfehn'') (13&amp;thinsp;646)
* [[Norden]]{{dubsig}} (oppidum, 24&amp;thinsp;887)
* [[Norderney]]{{dubsig}} (insula et oppidum, 5845)
* [[Schola Dei]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&amp;cq=M%C3%BCnchen&amp;lang=de ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].&lt;/ref&gt; (sedes administrationis: Ihlowerfehn) (12&amp;thinsp;139)
* [[Südbrookmerland]]{{dubsig}} (18&amp;thinsp;509)
* [[Wiesmoor]]{{dubsig}} (oppidum 12&amp;thinsp;887)
* [[Brookmerland (commune generale)|Brookmerland]]{{dubsig}}  commune generale (13&amp;thinsp;204)
** [[Leezdorf]]{{dubsig}}  (1859)
** [[Marienhafe]]{{dubsig}}  (sedes administrationis, 2253)
** [[Osteel]]{{dubsig}}  (2201)
** [[Rechtsupweg]]{{dubsig}}  (2060)
** [[Upgant-Schott]]{{dubsig}}  (3802)
** [[Wirdum]]{{dubsig}}  (1029)
* [[Haga (commune generale)|Haga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Haga&quot;&gt;Vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3191/Hage.pdf?utm ''Historische Ortsdatenbank für Ostfriesland''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Erscheinung trat der Ort als „curatus Hagensis“ im Jahr 1400. Spätere Bezeichnungen waren „
Haga“ (um 1409)  (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hage''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Haag'' ) commune generale (10&amp;thinsp;978)
** [[Berumburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Emmius 1616&quot;&gt;Emmius, U. (1616). ''Rerum Frisicarum Historia''. [[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]: Elzevier.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Berumbur'') (2620)
** [[Haga (Saxonia Inferior)|Haga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Haga&quot;&gt;Vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3191/Hage.pdf?utm ''Historische Ortsdatenbank für Ostfriesland''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Erscheinung trat der Ort als „curatus Hagensis“ im Jahr 1400. Spätere Bezeichnungen waren „
Haga“ (um 1409)  (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hage''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Haag'' ) (oppidum sedes administrationis, 6162)
** [[Hagermarsch]] (445)
** [[Halbemond]] (993)
** [[Lütetsburg]] (758)
* Ager ad commune non pertinens:
** [[Memmert]] (insula, 5,17 km² non habitata)

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Landkreis Aurich|Circulum Auriacum}}
[http://www.landkreis-aurich Situs interretialis Auriaci proprius.]{{Nexus deficit|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}
{{geo-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Circulus Auriacum}}
[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1885]]
[[Categoria:Frisia orientalis]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3983646</id>
      <parentid>3983645</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-25T16:06:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3983646</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5265" sha1="1jdm1s5zao9dimvzqt79k3rciq9dqbr" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in AUR.svg|thumb|Communia in Auriaco Circulo.]]
'''Circulus Auriacum'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Aurich''), nunc pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1885]] conditus est. Usque ad annum [[1945]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit, et ex anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet. [[Caput (urbs)|Caput]] circuli est [[Auriacum (Saxonia Inferior)|Auriacum]] urbs.&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia ==
Ager circuli ab anno [[1815]] ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Anno [[1885]] circulus conditus est. Ab anno [[1946]] pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Anno [[1977]], [[ager]] antiqui circuli Norden{{dubsig}} cum Auriaco consociatus est.

== Communia circuli ==
Haec sunt communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communia generalia coniuncti sunt:
* [[Auriacum (Saxonia Inferior)|Auriacum]] (oppidum, caput circuli, 40&amp;thinsp;637 incolae)
* [[Baltrumum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wiarda III 1792&quot;&gt;Wiarda, T. D. (1792). ''Ostfriesische Geschichte: Von den ältesten Zeiten bis zum Jahre 1648'' (Vol. 3). August Friedrich Winter.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Baltrum'') (insula, 564)
* [[Dornum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egger 1977&quot;&gt;Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Dornum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dornm'') (4525)
* [[Ericetum Magnum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ericetum&quot;&gt;[https://woerterbuchnetz.de/?sigle=MeckWB&amp;lemid=H01756 Theodiscum toponymicum suffixum ''-heide'' Latino nomine &quot;Ericetum-i&quot; vertitur.]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Magnus&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/magnus?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum praefixum ''Groß-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;magnus-a-um&quot; vertitur.]&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Großheide''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grootheid'') (8563)
* [[Hinte]]{{dubsig}} (6906)
* [[Juist]]{{dubsig}} (insula, 1540)
* [[Krummhörn]]{{dubsig}} (12&amp;thinsp;228)
* [[Magna Palus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Magna Palus&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/magnus?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum toponymicum praefixum ''Große-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;magnus-a-um&quot;] et [[https://www.koeblergerhard.de/germanistischewoerterbuecher/altsaechsischeswoerterbuch/asF.pdf Theodiscum suffixum ''-fehn'' Latino nomine &quot;palus paludis&quot; (f.)] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Großefehn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grootfehn'') (13&amp;thinsp;646)
* [[Norden]]{{dubsig}} (oppidum, 24&amp;thinsp;887)
* [[Norderney]]{{dubsig}} (insula et oppidum, 5845)
* [[Schola Dei]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&amp;cq=M%C3%BCnchen&amp;lang=de ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].&lt;/ref&gt; (sedes administrationis: Ihlowerfehn) (12&amp;thinsp;139)
* [[Südbrookmerland]]{{dubsig}} (18&amp;thinsp;509)
* [[Wiesmoor]]{{dubsig}} (oppidum 12&amp;thinsp;887)
* [[Brookmerland (commune generale)|Brookmerland]]{{dubsig}}  commune generale (13&amp;thinsp;204)
** [[Leezdorf]]{{dubsig}}  (1859)
** [[Marienhafe]]{{dubsig}}  (sedes administrationis, 2253)
** [[Osteel]]{{dubsig}}  (2201)
** [[Rechtsupweg]]{{dubsig}}  (2060)
** [[Upgant-Schott]]{{dubsig}}  (3802)
** [[Wirdum]]{{dubsig}}  (1029)
* [[Haga (commune generale)|Haga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Haga&quot;&gt;Vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3191/Hage.pdf?utm ''Historische Ortsdatenbank für Ostfriesland''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Erscheinung trat der Ort als „curatus Hagensis“ im Jahr 1400. Spätere Bezeichnungen waren „
Haga“ (um 1409)  (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hage''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Haag'' ) commune generale (10&amp;thinsp;978)
** [[Berumburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Emmius 1616&quot;&gt;Emmius, U. (1616). ''Rerum Frisicarum Historia''. [[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]: Elzevier.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Berumbur'') (2620)
** [[Haga (Saxonia Inferior)|Haga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Haga&quot;&gt;Vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3191/Hage.pdf?utm ''Historische Ortsdatenbank für Ostfriesland''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Erscheinung trat der Ort als „curatus Hagensis“ im Jahr 1400. Spätere Bezeichnungen waren „
Haga“ (um 1409)  (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hage''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Haag'' ) (oppidum et sedes administrationis, 6162)
** [[Hagermarsch]] (445)
** [[Halbemond]] (993)
** [[Lütetsburg]] (758)
* Ager ad commune non pertinens:
** [[Memmert]] (insula, 5,17 km² non habitata)

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Landkreis Aurich|Circulum Auriacum}}
[http://www.landkreis-aurich Situs interretialis Auriaci proprius.]{{Nexus deficit|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}
{{geo-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Circulus Auriacum}}
[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1885]]
[[Categoria:Frisia orientalis]]</text>
      <sha1>1jdm1s5zao9dimvzqt79k3rciq9dqbr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3983671</id>
      <parentid>3983646</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-25T18:10:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3983671</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6022" sha1="t8coyh6d09vp433gi4pzzd3951231v7" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in AUR.svg|thumb|Communia in Auriaco Circulo.]]
'''Circulus Auriacum'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Aurich''), nunc pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1885]] conditus est. Usque ad annum [[1945]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit, et ex anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet. [[Caput (urbs)|Caput]] circuli est [[Auriacum (Saxonia Inferior)|Auriacum]] urbs.&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia ==
Ager circuli ab anno [[1815]] ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Anno [[1885]] circulus conditus est. Ab anno [[1946]] pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Anno [[1977]], [[ager]] antiqui circuli Norden{{dubsig}} cum Auriaco consociatus est.

== Communia circuli ==
Haec sunt communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communia generalia coniuncti sunt:
* [[Auriacum (Saxonia Inferior)|Auriacum]] (oppidum, caput circuli, 40&amp;thinsp;637 incolae)
* [[Baltrumum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wiarda III 1792&quot;&gt;Wiarda, T. D. (1792). ''Ostfriesische Geschichte: Von den ältesten Zeiten bis zum Jahre 1648'' (Vol. 3). August Friedrich Winter.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Baltrum'') (insula, 564)
* [[Dornum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egger 1977&quot;&gt;Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Dornum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dornm'') (4525)
* [[Ericetum Magnum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ericetum&quot;&gt;[https://woerterbuchnetz.de/?sigle=MeckWB&amp;lemid=H01756 Theodiscum toponymicum suffixum ''-heide'' Latino nomine &quot;Ericetum-i&quot; vertitur.]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Magnus&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/magnus?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum praefixum ''Groß-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;magnus-a-um&quot; vertitur.]&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Großheide''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grootheid'') (8563)
* [[Hinte]]{{dubsig}} (6906)
* [[Juist]]{{dubsig}} (insula, 1540)
* [[Krummhörn]]{{dubsig}} (12&amp;thinsp;228)
* [[Magna Palus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Magna Palus&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/magnus?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum toponymicum praefixum ''Große-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;magnus-a-um&quot;] et [[https://www.koeblergerhard.de/germanistischewoerterbuecher/altsaechsischeswoerterbuch/asF.pdf Theodiscum suffixum ''-fehn'' Latino nomine &quot;palus paludis&quot; (f.)] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Großefehn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grootfehn'') (13&amp;thinsp;646)
* [[Norden]]{{dubsig}} (oppidum, 24&amp;thinsp;887)
* [[Norderney]]{{dubsig}} (insula et oppidum, 5845)
* [[Schola Dei]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&amp;cq=M%C3%BCnchen&amp;lang=de ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].&lt;/ref&gt; (sedes administrationis: Ihlowerfehn) (12&amp;thinsp;139)
* [[Südbrookmerland]]{{dubsig}} (18&amp;thinsp;509)
* [[Wiesmoor]]{{dubsig}} (oppidum 12&amp;thinsp;887)
* [[Brookmerland (commune generale)|Brookmerland]]{{dubsig}}  commune generale (13&amp;thinsp;204)
** [[Leezdorf]]{{dubsig}}  (1859)
** [[Marienhafe]]{{dubsig}}  (sedes administrationis, 2253)
** [[Osteel]]{{dubsig}}  (2201)
** [[Rechtsupweg]]{{dubsig}}  (2060)
** [[Upgant-Schott]]{{dubsig}}  (3802)
** [[Wirdum]]{{dubsig}}  (1029)
* [[Haga (commune generale)|Haga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Haga&quot;&gt;Vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3191/Hage.pdf?utm ''Historische Ortsdatenbank für Ostfriesland''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Erscheinung trat der Ort als „curatus Hagensis“ im Jahr 1400. Spätere Bezeichnungen waren „
Haga“ (um 1409)  (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hage''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Haag'' ) commune generale (10&amp;thinsp;978)
** [[Berumburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Emmius 1616&quot;&gt;Emmius, U. (1616). ''Rerum Frisicarum Historia''. [[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]: Elzevier.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Berumbur'') (2620)
** [[Haga (Saxonia Inferior)|Haga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Haga&quot;&gt;Vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3191/Hage.pdf?utm ''Historische Ortsdatenbank für Ostfriesland''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Erscheinung trat der Ort als „curatus Hagensis“ im Jahr 1400. Spätere Bezeichnungen waren „
Haga“ (um 1409)  (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hage''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Haag'' ) (oppidum et sedes administrationis, 6162)
** [[Halbemond]] (993)
** [[Lütetsburg]] (758)
** [[Palus Hagensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Palus Hagensis&quot;&gt;[https://www.latin-is-simple.com/de/vocabulary/noun/13172/#google_vignette Theodiscum toponymicum suffixum ''-marsch'' Latino vocabulo &quot;palus paludis&quot; vertitur] et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Hagensis-e&quot;, quod ad [[Haga (Saxonia Inferior)|Hagam]] refertur, Theodiscum gentilicium praefixum ''Hager-'' vertitur. Quo de gentilicio et toponymo, vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3191/Hage.pdf?utm ''Historische Ortsdatenbank für Ostfriesland''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Erscheinung trat der Ort als „curatus Hagensis“ im Jahr 1400. Spätere Bezeichnungen waren „Haga“ (um 1409)  (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hagermarsch'') (445)
* Ager ad commune non pertinens:
** [[Memmert]] (insula, 5,17 km² non habitata)

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Landkreis Aurich|Circulum Auriacum}}
[http://www.landkreis-aurich Situs interretialis Auriaci proprius.]{{Nexus deficit|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}
{{geo-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Circulus Auriacum}}
[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1885]]
[[Categoria:Frisia orientalis]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3983685</id>
      <parentid>3983671</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-25T19:22:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3983685</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6475" sha1="phpdjyvytgwif7bzzyqkg96fc5f1gya" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in AUR.svg|thumb|Communia in Auriaco Circulo.]]
'''Circulus Auriacum'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Aurich''), nunc pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1885]] conditus est. Usque ad annum [[1945]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit, et ex anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet. [[Caput (urbs)|Caput]] circuli est [[Auriacum (Saxonia Inferior)|Auriacum]] urbs.&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia ==
Ager circuli ab anno [[1815]] ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Anno [[1885]] circulus conditus est. Ab anno [[1946]] pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Anno [[1977]], [[ager]] antiqui circuli Norden{{dubsig}} cum Auriaco consociatus est.

== Communia circuli ==
Haec sunt communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communia generalia coniuncti sunt:
* [[Auriacum (Saxonia Inferior)|Auriacum]] (oppidum, caput circuli, 40&amp;thinsp;637 incolae)
* [[Baltrumum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wiarda III 1792&quot;&gt;Wiarda, T. D. (1792). ''Ostfriesische Geschichte: Von den ältesten Zeiten bis zum Jahre 1648'' (Vol. 3). August Friedrich Winter.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Baltrum'') (insula, 564)
* [[Dornum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egger 1977&quot;&gt;Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Dornum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dornm'') (4525)
* [[Ericetum Magnum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ericetum&quot;&gt;[https://woerterbuchnetz.de/?sigle=MeckWB&amp;lemid=H01756 Theodiscum toponymicum suffixum ''-heide'' Latino nomine &quot;Ericetum-i&quot; vertitur.]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Magnus&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/magnus?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum praefixum ''Groß-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;magnus-a-um&quot; vertitur.]&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Großheide''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grootheid'') (8563)
* [[Hinte]]{{dubsig}} (6906)
* [[Juist]]{{dubsig}} (insula, 1540)
* [[Krummhörn]]{{dubsig}} (12&amp;thinsp;228)
* [[Magna Palus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Magna Palus&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/magnus?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum toponymicum praefixum ''Große-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;magnus-a-um&quot;] et [[https://www.koeblergerhard.de/germanistischewoerterbuecher/altsaechsischeswoerterbuch/asF.pdf Theodiscum suffixum ''-fehn'' Latino nomine &quot;palus paludis&quot; (f.)] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Großefehn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grootfehn'') (13&amp;thinsp;646)
* [[Norden]]{{dubsig}} (oppidum, 24&amp;thinsp;887)
* [[Norderney]]{{dubsig}} (insula et oppidum, 5845)
* [[Schola Dei]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&amp;cq=M%C3%BCnchen&amp;lang=de ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].&lt;/ref&gt; (sedes administrationis: Ihlowerfehn) (12&amp;thinsp;139)
* [[Südbrookmerland]]{{dubsig}} (18&amp;thinsp;509)
* [[Wiesmoor]]{{dubsig}} (oppidum 12&amp;thinsp;887)
* [[Brookmerland (commune generale)|Brookmerland]]{{dubsig}}  commune generale (13&amp;thinsp;204)
** [[Leezdorf]]{{dubsig}}  (1859)
** [[Marienhafe]]{{dubsig}}  (sedes administrationis, 2253)
** [[Osteel]]{{dubsig}}  (2201)
** [[Rechtsupweg]]{{dubsig}}  (2060)
** [[Upgant-Schott]]{{dubsig}}  (3802)
** [[Wirdum]]{{dubsig}}  (1029)
* [[Haga (commune generale)|Haga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Haga&quot;&gt;Vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3191/Hage.pdf?utm ''Historische Ortsdatenbank für Ostfriesland''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Erscheinung trat der Ort als „curatus Hagensis“ im Jahr 1400. Spätere Bezeichnungen waren „
Haga“ (um 1409)  (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hage''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Haag'' ) commune generale (10&amp;thinsp;978)
** [[Berumburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Emmius 1616&quot;&gt;Emmius, U. (1616). ''Rerum Frisicarum Historia''. [[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]: Elzevier.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Berumbur'') (2620)
** [[Haga (Saxonia Inferior)|Haga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Haga&quot;&gt;Vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3191/Hage.pdf?utm ''Historische Ortsdatenbank für Ostfriesland''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Erscheinung trat der Ort als „curatus Hagensis“ im Jahr 1400. Spätere Bezeichnungen waren „
Haga“ (um 1409)  (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hage''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Haag'' ) (oppidum et sedes administrationis, 6162)
** [[Halbemontium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-montium&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-mond'' aut ''-mont'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-montium-i&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-mond, mont''' : -''montium, mons'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Halbemond'') (993)
** [[Lütetsburg]] (758)
** [[Palus Hagensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Palus Hagensis&quot;&gt;[https://www.latin-is-simple.com/de/vocabulary/noun/13172/#google_vignette Theodiscum toponymicum suffixum ''-marsch'' Latino vocabulo &quot;palus paludis&quot; vertitur] et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Hagensis-e&quot;, quod ad [[Haga (Saxonia Inferior)|Hagam]] refertur, Theodiscum gentilicium praefixum ''Hager-'' vertitur. Quo de gentilicio et toponymo, vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3191/Hage.pdf?utm ''Historische Ortsdatenbank für Ostfriesland''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Erscheinung trat der Ort als „curatus Hagensis“ im Jahr 1400. Spätere Bezeichnungen waren „Haga“ (um 1409)  (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hagermarsch'') (445)
* Ager ad commune non pertinens:
** [[Memmert]] (insula, 5,17 km² non habitata)

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Landkreis Aurich|Circulum Auriacum}}
[http://www.landkreis-aurich Situs interretialis Auriaci proprius.]{{Nexus deficit|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}
{{geo-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Circulus Auriacum}}
[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1885]]
[[Categoria:Frisia orientalis]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sergius Risius</title>
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'''Sergius Risius''' ('''Sarkis Rizzi''', Sarkis el-Rizzi; Lingua Arabica:سركيس الرزي, Serge, * [[1572]], Bkoufa; † [[Junius]] [[1638]], [[Roma]]) erat episcopus [[Libanus|Libanius]] [[Ecclesia Maronitarum|Ecclesiae Maronitarum]]. Erat primus, qui commonefacit imprimaturem libri in civitatem arabicam.

Sergius Italiam meridianam iit, ad studium. Pluris annis fuit [[Legatus (civilitas)|Legatus]].

== curriculum vitae ==
Duo avunculi et frater sui fuerent [[Patriarcha]] Ecclesiae Maronitarum. (Michael I. Rizzi -Mikhayil, ميخائيل الأول الرزي 1567-1581) et homonymus Sarkis Rizzi, Serge, سركيس الرزي 1581-1596, Josef III. Rizzi - Youssef يوسف الثالث الرزي, O1596-1608). Youssef etiam fuit Abbas [[Claustrum Antonii Quzhaya]].
Sarkis juventus iit Romam ad [[Pontificio Collegio dei Maroniti]] cum aliis studentes maronites A. D. 1584. Sacerdote ordinato, 1596 in [[Libanus|Libano]] missus est.
1606 rediit Romam, legatus patriarchae ad gratulandum [[Paulus V]]. Libano tempora mutantur, frater sui excommunicanda, Sergius rediit Romam finaliter 1621.

== Psalterium Quzhayae ==
Imprimat ''psalterium quzhayae'', librum primum imprimatus in Libano. Psalterium est [[Liber Psalmorum]] in lingua arabica cum litteras aramicas (Garshuni).
Exemplarii:
* [[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] (A-495)
* [[Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève]] (Fol A58 Inv. 62 Res.)&lt;ref&gt;Die beiden französischen Exemplare wurden im XVII. Jahrhundert erworben, dasjenige von Sainte-Geneviève zweifellos von Jean Fronteau, Bibliothekar von 1648-1662.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Stadtbibliothek Nürnberg (Solg. Ms. 21 2)
* [[Herzog August Bibliothek]] in [[Wolfenbüttel]] (Bibel-S. 4° 227)
* ''Bibliothèque orientale'' der [[Université Saint-Joseph]] (USJ-BO 26C2)
* ''Bibliothèque centrale'' der [[Universität St. Esprit]], [[Kaslik]] (USEK Pat. 291).

== Opus ==
* Bible arabe, Ancien et Nouveau Testament. 1. Januar 1671 Soc. bibl. brit. et étr.
* ''Kitāb al-ʻahd al-Jadīd, yaʻna, Injīl al-Muqqas li-Rabbinā Yesūʻ al-Masīh.'' Sergius Risius, 1. Januar 1850 Wilyam Wāṭs-Verlag.

== Bibliographie ==
* [[Johann Christian Döderlein]]: Repertorium für Biblische und Morgenländische Litteratur, Teile 3-4. Weidmanns Erben und Reich., 1778. S. 84.
* [[Johann Heinrich Zedler]], [[Carl Günther Ludovici]]: ''Großes vollständiges Universallexikon aller Wissenschaften und Künste.'' Send-Si, Bd. 37, Sp. 374. [[Salinae Saxonicae|Salinis Saxonicis]] 1706-1751.
* [[Johann Salomo Semler]]: ''Versuch eines fruchtbaren Auszugs der Kirchengeschichte'': Des 17ten Jahrhunderts erster Abschnitt, Bd. 3, Hemmerde 1778. S. 141.
* P.B. Dirksen: ''The Transmission of the Text in the Peshitta Manuscripts of the Book of Judges.'' Leiden, Brill 1972. S. 15
* Joseph Moukarzel, « Le psautier syriaque-garchouni édité à Qozhaya en 1610. Enjeux historiques et présentation du livre », ''Mélanges de l'Université Saint-Joseph'', vol. 63, 2010-2011, {{p.}}511-566.
* Joseph Nasrallah, ''L'imprimerie au Liban'', Harissa (Liban), Imprimerie de Saint-Paul, 1949.

== Einzelnachweise ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Episcopi Libani]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1572]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1638]]
[[Categoria:Typographi]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Arabici]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Moiré (Rhodanus)</title>
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      <text bytes="1056" sha1="grwwmmpapir1nm805elqfcoq2bqbgww" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus: Chapelle_de_Moire.JPG |thumb|250 px|Moiré: [[aedicula]] [[Sanctus Petrus|Sancto Petro]] dicata]]
[[Fasciculus: Map commune FR insee code 69134.png|thumb|left|250px|Moiré: communis tabula]]

'''Moiré''' est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 199 incolarum (anno [[2012]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Rhodanus (praefectura Franciae)|Rhodani]] in regione orientali [[Rhodanus et Alpes|Rhodano et Alpibus]] (a die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[2016]] [[Arvernia Rhodanus et Alpes|Arvernia Rhodano et Alpibus]]).

{{NexInt}}

* [[Index communium praefecturae Rhodani|Indicem communium praefecturae Rhodani]]
== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Moiré (Rhône)|Moiré}}

* {{INSEE commune|69134|de=Moiré}}
* [http://cassini.ehess.fr/cassini/fr/html/fiche.php?select_resultat=22682 De hoc commune apud Cassini]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181220/http://www.moire-en-beaujolais.fr/ Huius communis pagina interretialis]

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Rhodani]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Rhodani]]</text>
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    <title>Haga (commune generale)</title>
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      <text bytes="2339" sha1="bgjv20cytdau2t4gc3xsiw2hevq23md" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Ansgarikirche_Hage.JPG|thumb|left|Ecclesia Sancti Ansgarii [[Haga (Saxonia Inferior)|Hagae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Haga&quot;/&gt; sita.]]
'''Haga'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Haga&quot;&gt;Vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3191/Hage.pdf?utm ''Historische Ortsdatenbank für Ostfriesland''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Erscheinung trat der Ort als „curatus Hagensis“ im Jahr 1400. Spätere Bezeichnungen waren „
Haga“ (um 1409)  (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hage''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Haag'' ) commune generale [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Auriacum|Circuli Auriaci]] est. Ad Hagam communia [[Berumburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Emmius 1616&quot;&gt;Emmius, U. (1616). ''Rerum Frisicarum Historia''. [[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]: Elzevier.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Berumbur'') (2620 incolae), [[Haga (Saxonia Inferior)|Haga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Haga&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hage''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Haag'' ) (sedes administrationis, 6162), [[Hagermarsch]] (445), [[Halbemond]] (993) atque [[Lütetsburg]] (758) pertinent.

== Historia ==
Commune generale Haga anno [[1965]] e communibus [[Haga (Saxonia Inferior)|Haga]] (Theodisce ''Haga''), [[Berum|Bero]] (Theodisce ''Berum''), [[Blandorfium-Wichte|Blandorfio-Wichti]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Blandorf-Wichte''), Lütetsburg atque Westdorf constitutum est. Anno [[1971]] et Berumburgum commune accessit. Anno [[1977]] commune generale, quod adhuc ad circulum Nordensem, qui tum dissolutus est, pertinuerat, pars circuli Auriaci factum est.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{Commonscat|Samtgemeinde Hage|Commune generale Hagam}}
* [http://www.sg-hage.de/ www.sg-hage.de]

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia generalia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1965]]</text>
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    <revision>
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      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Hage (commune generale)]] ad [[Haga (commune generale)]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam</comment>
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      <text bytes="2339" sha1="bgjv20cytdau2t4gc3xsiw2hevq23md" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Ansgarikirche_Hage.JPG|thumb|left|Ecclesia Sancti Ansgarii [[Haga (Saxonia Inferior)|Hagae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Haga&quot;/&gt; sita.]]
'''Haga'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Haga&quot;&gt;Vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3191/Hage.pdf?utm ''Historische Ortsdatenbank für Ostfriesland''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Erscheinung trat der Ort als „curatus Hagensis“ im Jahr 1400. Spätere Bezeichnungen waren „
Haga“ (um 1409)  (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hage''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Haag'' ) commune generale [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Auriacum|Circuli Auriaci]] est. Ad Hagam communia [[Berumburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Emmius 1616&quot;&gt;Emmius, U. (1616). ''Rerum Frisicarum Historia''. [[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]: Elzevier.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Berumbur'') (2620 incolae), [[Haga (Saxonia Inferior)|Haga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Haga&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hage''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Haag'' ) (sedes administrationis, 6162), [[Hagermarsch]] (445), [[Halbemond]] (993) atque [[Lütetsburg]] (758) pertinent.

== Historia ==
Commune generale Haga anno [[1965]] e communibus [[Haga (Saxonia Inferior)|Haga]] (Theodisce ''Haga''), [[Berum|Bero]] (Theodisce ''Berum''), [[Blandorfium-Wichte|Blandorfio-Wichti]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Blandorf-Wichte''), Lütetsburg atque Westdorf constitutum est. Anno [[1971]] et Berumburgum commune accessit. Anno [[1977]] commune generale, quod adhuc ad circulum Nordensem, qui tum dissolutus est, pertinuerat, pars circuli Auriaci factum est.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{Commonscat|Samtgemeinde Hage|Commune generale Hagam}}
* [http://www.sg-hage.de/ www.sg-hage.de]

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia generalia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1965]]</text>
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      <text bytes="2357" sha1="7at3jzrlq3vd8a75abkfymshp7tdqq9" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Ansgarikirche_Hage.JPG|thumb|left|Ecclesia Sancti Ansgarii [[Haga (Saxonia Inferior)|Hagae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Haga&quot;/&gt; sita.]]
'''Haga'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Haga&quot;&gt;Vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3191/Hage.pdf?utm ''Historische Ortsdatenbank für Ostfriesland''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Erscheinung trat der Ort als „curatus Hagensis“ im Jahr 1400. Spätere Bezeichnungen waren „
Haga“ (um 1409)  (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hage''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Haag'' ) commune generale [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Auriacum|Circuli Auriaci]] est. Ad Hagam communia [[Berumburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Emmius 1616&quot;&gt;Emmius, U. (1616). ''Rerum Frisicarum Historia''. [[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]: Elzevier.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Berumbur'') (2620 incolae), [[Haga (Saxonia Inferior)|Haga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Haga&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hage''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Haag'' ) (sedes administrationis, 6162), [[Hagermarsch]] (445), [[Halbemond]] (993) atque [[Lütetsburg]] (758) pertinent.

== Historia ==
Commune generale Haga anno [[1965]] e communibus [[Haga (Saxonia Inferior)|Haga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Haga&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Haga''), [[Berum|Bero]] (Theodisce ''Berum''), [[Blandorfium-Wichte|Blandorfio-Wichti]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Blandorf-Wichte''), Lütetsburg atque Westdorf constitutum est. Anno [[1971]] et Berumburgum commune accessit. Anno [[1977]] commune generale, quod adhuc ad circulum Nordensem, qui tum dissolutus est, pertinuerat, pars circuli Auriaci factum est.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{Commonscat|Samtgemeinde Hage|Commune generale Hagam}}
* [http://www.sg-hage.de/ www.sg-hage.de]

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia generalia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1965]]</text>
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      <text bytes="3116" sha1="0kinj0qi66yuyij4j4q4oufx1nv148b" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Ansgarikirche_Hage.JPG|thumb|left|Ecclesia Sancti Ansgarii [[Haga (Saxonia Inferior)|Hagae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Haga&quot;/&gt; sita.]]
'''Haga'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Haga&quot;&gt;Vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3191/Hage.pdf?utm ''Historische Ortsdatenbank für Ostfriesland''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Erscheinung trat der Ort als „curatus Hagensis“ im Jahr 1400. Spätere Bezeichnungen waren „
Haga“ (um 1409)  (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hage''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Haag'' ) commune generale [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Auriacum|Circuli Auriaci]] est. Ad Hagam communia [[Berumburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Emmius 1616&quot;&gt;Emmius, U. (1616). ''Rerum Frisicarum Historia''. [[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]: Elzevier.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Berumbur'') (2620 incolae), [[Haga (Saxonia Inferior)|Haga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Haga&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hage''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Haag'' ) (sedes administrationis, 6162), [[Halbemond]] (993), [[Lütetsburg]] atque [[Palus Hagensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Palus Hagensis&quot;&gt;[https://www.latin-is-simple.com/de/vocabulary/noun/13172/#google_vignette Theodiscum toponymicum suffixum ''-marsch'' Latino vocabulo &quot;palus paludis&quot; vertitur] et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Hagensis-e&quot;, quod ad [[Haga (Saxonia Inferior)|Hagam]] refertur, Theodiscum gentilicium praefixum ''Hager-'' vertitur. Quo de gentilicio et toponymo, vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3191/Hage.pdf?utm ''Historische Ortsdatenbank für Ostfriesland''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Erscheinung trat der Ort als „curatus Hagensis“ im Jahr 1400. Spätere Bezeichnungen waren „Haga“ (um 1409)  (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hagermarsch'') (445), (758) pertinent.

== Historia ==
Commune generale Haga anno [[1965]] e communibus [[Haga (Saxonia Inferior)|Haga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Haga&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Haga''), [[Berum|Bero]] (Theodisce ''Berum''), [[Blandorfium-Wichte|Blandorfio-Wichti]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Blandorf-Wichte''), Lütetsburg atque Westdorf constitutum est. Anno [[1971]] et Berumburgum commune accessit. Anno [[1977]] commune generale, quod adhuc ad circulum Nordensem, qui tum dissolutus est, pertinuerat, pars circuli Auriaci factum est.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{Commonscat|Samtgemeinde Hage|Commune generale Hagam}}
* [http://www.sg-hage.de/ www.sg-hage.de]

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia generalia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1965]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>3983669</id>
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      <text bytes="3115" sha1="k7rzc92zt8xs6kksa0vaiu2j6lxtj84" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Ansgarikirche_Hage.JPG|thumb|left|Ecclesia Sancti Ansgarii [[Haga (Saxonia Inferior)|Hagae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Haga&quot;/&gt; sita.]]
'''Haga'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Haga&quot;&gt;Vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3191/Hage.pdf?utm ''Historische Ortsdatenbank für Ostfriesland''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Erscheinung trat der Ort als „curatus Hagensis“ im Jahr 1400. Spätere Bezeichnungen waren „
Haga“ (um 1409)  (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hage''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Haag'' ) commune generale [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Auriacum|Circuli Auriaci]] est. Ad Hagam communia [[Berumburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Emmius 1616&quot;&gt;Emmius, U. (1616). ''Rerum Frisicarum Historia''. [[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]: Elzevier.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Berumbur'') (2620 incolae), [[Haga (Saxonia Inferior)|Haga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Haga&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hage''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Haag'' ) (sedes administrationis, 6162), [[Halbemond]] (993), [[Lütetsburg]] atque [[Palus Hagensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Palus Hagensis&quot;&gt;[https://www.latin-is-simple.com/de/vocabulary/noun/13172/#google_vignette Theodiscum toponymicum suffixum ''-marsch'' Latino vocabulo &quot;palus paludis&quot; vertitur] et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Hagensis-e&quot;, quod ad [[Haga (Saxonia Inferior)|Hagam]] refertur, Theodiscum gentilicium praefixum ''Hager-'' vertitur. Quo de gentilicio et toponymo, vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3191/Hage.pdf?utm ''Historische Ortsdatenbank für Ostfriesland''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Erscheinung trat der Ort als „curatus Hagensis“ im Jahr 1400. Spätere Bezeichnungen waren „Haga“ (um 1409)  (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hagermarsch'') (445), (758) pertinent.

== Historia ==
Commune generale Haga anno [[1965]] e communibus [[Haga (Saxonia Inferior)|Haga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Haga&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Haga''), [[Berum|Bero]] (Theodisce ''Berum''), [[Blandorfium-Wichte|Blandorfio-Wichti]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Blandorf-Wichte''), Lütetsburg atque Westdorf constitutum est. Anno [[1971]] et Berumburgum commune accessit. Anno [[1977]] commune generale, quod adhuc ad circulum Nordensem, qui tum dissolutus est, pertinuerat, pars circuli Auriaci factum est.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{Commonscat|Samtgemeinde Hage|Commune generale Hagam}}
* [http://www.sg-hage.de/ www.sg-hage.de]

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia generalia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1965]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>3983684</id>
      <parentid>3983669</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-25T19:20:46Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
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[[Fasciculus:Ansgarikirche_Hage.JPG|thumb|left|Ecclesia Sancti Ansgarii [[Haga (Saxonia Inferior)|Hagae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Haga&quot;/&gt; sita.]]
'''Haga'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Haga&quot;&gt;Vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3191/Hage.pdf?utm ''Historische Ortsdatenbank für Ostfriesland''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Erscheinung trat der Ort als „curatus Hagensis“ im Jahr 1400. Spätere Bezeichnungen waren „
Haga“ (um 1409)  (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hage''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Haag'' ) commune generale [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Auriacum|Circuli Auriaci]] est. Ad Hagam communia [[Berumburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Emmius 1616&quot;&gt;Emmius, U. (1616). ''Rerum Frisicarum Historia''. [[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]: Elzevier.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Berumbur'') (2620 incolae), [[Haga (Saxonia Inferior)|Haga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Haga&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hage''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Haag'' ) (sedes administrationis, 6162), [[Halbemontium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-montium&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-mond'' aut ''-mont'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-montium-i&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-mond, mont''' : -''montium, mons'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Halbemond'') (993), [[Lütetsburg]] atque [[Palus Hagensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Palus Hagensis&quot;&gt;[https://www.latin-is-simple.com/de/vocabulary/noun/13172/#google_vignette Theodiscum toponymicum suffixum ''-marsch'' Latino vocabulo &quot;palus paludis&quot; vertitur] et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Hagensis-e&quot;, quod ad [[Haga (Saxonia Inferior)|Hagam]] refertur, Theodiscum gentilicium praefixum ''Hager-'' vertitur. Quo de gentilicio et toponymo, vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3191/Hage.pdf?utm ''Historische Ortsdatenbank für Ostfriesland''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Erscheinung trat der Ort als „curatus Hagensis“ im Jahr 1400. Spätere Bezeichnungen waren „Haga“ (um 1409)  (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hagermarsch'') (445), (758) pertinent.

== Historia ==
Commune generale Haga anno [[1965]] e communibus [[Haga (Saxonia Inferior)|Haga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Haga&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Haga''), [[Berum|Bero]] (Theodisce ''Berum''), [[Blandorfium-Wichte|Blandorfio-Wichti]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Blandorf-Wichte''), Lütetsburg atque Westdorf constitutum est. Anno [[1971]] et Berumburgum commune accessit. Anno [[1977]] commune generale, quod adhuc ad circulum Nordensem, qui tum dissolutus est, pertinuerat, pars circuli Auriaci factum est.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{Commonscat|Samtgemeinde Hage|Commune generale Hagam}}
* [http://www.sg-hage.de/ www.sg-hage.de]

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia generalia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1965]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Berumburgum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>246155</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3983643</id>
      <parentid>3980890</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-25T16:01:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2530" sha1="86un70uctidaash6sp4u24nxjxty2to" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Berumburer_Ortsteile.png|thumb|left|Partes communis Berumburgi.]]
'''Berumburgum'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Emmius 1616&quot;&gt;Emmius, U. (1616). ''Rerum Frisicarum Historia''. [[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]: Elzevier.&lt;/ref&gt; seu '''Berumburga'''&lt;ref&gt;Schotanus, C. (1655). ''De geschiedenissen derkercken ende herformde leere van de vrye Frieslanden: una cum catalogus historicus et geographicus''. Gysbert Sybes.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Berumbur'') est commune [[Circulus Auriacum|circuli Auriaci]] in [[Frisia orientalis|Frisia Orientali]] atque [[Saxonia Inferior]]e situm. Cum aliis parvis communibus ad [[Haga (commune generale)|Hagam]] commune generale se coniunxit. Ad Berumburgum etiam vici [[Berumburgum (vicus)|Berumburgum]] (Theodisce ''Berumbur''), [[Holzdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Holzdorf'') et [[Kleinheide]] (Theodisce ''Kleinheide'') pertinent. Nomen &quot;Berumburgum&quot; &quot;foedus agricolarum vici Beri&quot; significat, qui vicus autem ad commune [[Haga (Saxonia Inferior)|Hagam]] pertinet.

== Historia ==
Berumburgum anno [[1555]] nomine ''Bherum Buer'' primo in actis descriptum est. Iam anno [[1552]] ''Lutke Haeyde'' vicus notus erat, Holzdorf anno [[1805]] conditus est. Diu Berumburgum ad Ducatum Frisiae Orientalis pertinuit, annis [[1744]] ad usque [[1806]] ad [[Borussia]]m, tum ab anno 1806 regio ad [[Nederlandia]]m et annis [[1810]] ad [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1815]] Berumburgum [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regno Hannoverano]] traditum est, quae post annum [[1866]] iterum pars Borussiae fuit. Ab anno [[1885]] Berumburgum pars novi Circuli Norden factum est. Ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet. Anno [[1971]] Berumburgum ad commune generale Hagam accessit, ut administratio melior fieret. Anno [[1977]] Berumburgum circulo Norden dissoluto ad circulum Auriacum transiit.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150405173005/http://www.sg-hage.de/rathaus/die-samtgemeinde/berumbur.html Pagina interretialis communis generalis Hagae de Berumburgo]

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Haga (Saxonia Inferior)</title>
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    <id>246156</id>
    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Hage]] ad [[Haga (Saxonia Inferior)]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam</comment>
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[[Fasciculus:Hage AltesRathaus.jpg|thumb|left|Curia vetera Hage]]
[[Fasciculus:Ansgarikirche Hage.JPG|thumb|left|Ecclesia Sancti Ansgarii Hage]]
'''Hage''' est commune [[Aurich (circulus)|circuli Aurich]] in [[Frisia orientalis|Frisia Orientali]] atque [[Saxonia Inferior]]e situm. Cum aliis parvis communibus ad [[Hage (commune generale)|Hage]] commune generale se coniunxit, cuius sedes administrationis est. Ad Hage etiam vici Berum ac Blandorf-Wichte pertinent.

== Historia ==
Hage saeculo 12 exeunte conditum est. Anno [[1250]] ecclesia Sancti Ansgarii aedificata est. Anno [[1410]] Hage nominibus ''Haghene'', ''Hagha'' vel ''Haghe'' primo in actis descriptum est. Diu Hage ad Ducatum Frisiae Orientalis pertinuit, annis [[1744]] ad usque [[1806]] ad [[Borussia]]m, tum ab anno 1806 regio ad [[Nederlandia]]m et annis [[1810]] ad [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1815]] Hage [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regno Hannoverano]] traditum est, quae post annum [[1866]] iterum pars Borussiae fuit. Ab anno [[1885]] Hage pars novi Circuli Norden factum est. Anno [[1915]], inter [[Bellum mundanum primum]] exercitus Germaniae hic basem [[Navis aeria|Navium aeriarum]] aedificavit, quae [[Regnum Unitum]] aggressuae erant. Ab anno Hage [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet. Anno [[1969]] Hage cum aliis communibus parvis commune generale Hage condidit, ut administratio melior fieret. Anno [[1977]] Hage circulo Norden dissoluto ad circulum Aurich transiit.

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150920061414/http://www.sg-hage.de/rathaus/die-samtgemeinde/hage.html Pagina interretialis communis generalis Hage de Hage]

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita saeculo 12]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>3983632</id>
      <parentid>3983630</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-25T15:39:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2731" sha1="1ksajlqzqszdg11e8n18vwnpow4yriz" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Hage AltesRathaus.jpg|thumb|left|Curia vetus Hagensis&lt;ref name=&quot;Haga&quot;/&gt;.]]
[[Fasciculus:Ansgarikirche Hage.JPG|thumb|left|Ecclesia Sancti Ansgarii Hagae.]]
'''Haga'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Haga&quot;&gt;Vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3191/Hage.pdf?utm ''Historische Ortsdatenbank für Ostfriesland''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Erscheinung trat der Ort als „curatus Hagensis“ im Jahr 1400. Spätere Bezeichnungen waren „
Haga“ (um 1409)  (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hage''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Haag'' ) est oppidum [[Circulus Auriacum|Circuli Auriaci] in [[Frisia orientalis|Frisia Orientali]] atque [[Saxonia Inferior]]e situm. Cum aliis parvis communibus ad [[Haga (commune generale)|Hagam]] commune generale se coniunxit, cuius sedes administrationis est. Ad Hagam etiam vici [[Berum]] (Theodisce ''Berum''), [[Haga (vicus)|Haga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Haga&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Hage'') ac [[Blandorfium-Wichte]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Blandorf-Wichte'') pertinent.

== Historia ==
Haga saeculo 12 exeunte condita est. Anno [[1250]] ecclesia Sancti Ansgarii aedificata est. Anno [[1410]] Haga nominibus ''Haghene'', ''Hagha'' vel ''Haghe'' primo in actis descripta est. Diu Haga ad Ducatum Frisiae Orientalis pertinuit, annis [[1744]] ad usque [[1806]] ad [[Borussia]]m, tum ab anno 1806 regio ad [[Nederlandia]]m et annis [[1810]] ad [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1815]] Haga [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regno Hannoverano]] tradita est, quae post annum [[1866]] iterum pars Borussiae fuit. Ab anno [[1885]] Haga pars novi Circuli Nordensis facta est. Anno [[1915]], inter [[Bellum mundanumprimum]] exercitus Germaniae hic basem [[Navis aeria|Navium aeriarum]] aedificavit. Ab anno Haga [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet. Anno [[1969]] Haga cum aliis communibus parvis commune generale Hagam condidit, ut administratio melior fieret. Anno [[1977]] Haga circulo Nordensi dissoluto ad Circulum Auriacum transiit.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Hage|Hagam}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150920061414/http://www.sg-hage.de/rathaus/die-samtgemeinde/hage.html Pagina interretialis communis generalis Hagae de Haga]

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita saeculo 12]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>3983633</id>
      <parentid>3983632</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-25T15:39:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
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      <origin>3983633</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2732" sha1="pgy7x3li55066mvnagd710et8523ooq" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Hage AltesRathaus.jpg|thumb|left|Curia vetus Hagensis&lt;ref name=&quot;Haga&quot;/&gt;.]]
[[Fasciculus:Ansgarikirche Hage.JPG|thumb|left|Ecclesia Sancti Ansgarii Hagae.]]
'''Haga'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Haga&quot;&gt;Vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3191/Hage.pdf?utm ''Historische Ortsdatenbank für Ostfriesland''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Erscheinung trat der Ort als „curatus Hagensis“ im Jahr 1400. Spätere Bezeichnungen waren „
Haga“ (um 1409)  (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hage''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Haag'' ) est oppidum [[Circulus Auriacum|Circuli Auriaci]] in [[Frisia orientalis|Frisia Orientali]] atque [[Saxonia Inferior]]e situm. Cum aliis parvis communibus ad [[Haga (commune generale)|Hagam]] commune generale se coniunxit, cuius sedes administrationis est. Ad Hagam etiam vici [[Berum]] (Theodisce ''Berum''), [[Haga (vicus)|Haga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Haga&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Hage'') ac [[Blandorfium-Wichte]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Blandorf-Wichte'') pertinent.

== Historia ==
Haga saeculo 12 exeunte condita est. Anno [[1250]] ecclesia Sancti Ansgarii aedificata est. Anno [[1410]] Haga nominibus ''Haghene'', ''Hagha'' vel ''Haghe'' primo in actis descripta est. Diu Haga ad Ducatum Frisiae Orientalis pertinuit, annis [[1744]] ad usque [[1806]] ad [[Borussia]]m, tum ab anno 1806 regio ad [[Nederlandia]]m et annis [[1810]] ad [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1815]] Haga [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regno Hannoverano]] tradita est, quae post annum [[1866]] iterum pars Borussiae fuit. Ab anno [[1885]] Haga pars novi Circuli Nordensis facta est. Anno [[1915]], inter [[Bellum mundanumprimum]] exercitus Germaniae hic basem [[Navis aeria|Navium aeriarum]] aedificavit. Ab anno Haga [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet. Anno [[1969]] Haga cum aliis communibus parvis commune generale Hagam condidit, ut administratio melior fieret. Anno [[1977]] Haga circulo Nordensi dissoluto ad Circulum Auriacum transiit.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Hage|Hagam}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150920061414/http://www.sg-hage.de/rathaus/die-samtgemeinde/hage.html Pagina interretialis communis generalis Hagae de Haga]

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita saeculo 12]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3983634</id>
      <parentid>3983633</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-25T15:41:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Historia */</comment>
      <origin>3983634</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2756" sha1="rrm1flnx2qqs7bh7koc88yz6z7gjehl" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Hage AltesRathaus.jpg|thumb|left|Curia vetus Hagensis&lt;ref name=&quot;Haga&quot;/&gt;.]]
[[Fasciculus:Ansgarikirche Hage.JPG|thumb|left|Ecclesia Sancti Ansgarii Hagae.]]
'''Haga'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Haga&quot;&gt;Vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3191/Hage.pdf?utm ''Historische Ortsdatenbank für Ostfriesland''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Erscheinung trat der Ort als „curatus Hagensis“ im Jahr 1400. Spätere Bezeichnungen waren „
Haga“ (um 1409)  (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hage''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Haag'' ) est oppidum [[Circulus Auriacum|Circuli Auriaci]] in [[Frisia orientalis|Frisia Orientali]] atque [[Saxonia Inferior]]e situm. Cum aliis parvis communibus ad [[Haga (commune generale)|Hagam]] commune generale se coniunxit, cuius sedes administrationis est. Ad Hagam etiam vici [[Berum]] (Theodisce ''Berum''), [[Haga (vicus)|Haga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Haga&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Hage'') ac [[Blandorfium-Wichte]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Blandorf-Wichte'') pertinent.

== Historia ==
Haga saeculo 12 exeunte condita est. Anno [[1250]] ecclesia Sancti Ansgarii aedificata est. Anno [[1410]] Haga nominibus ''Haghene'', ''Hagha'' vel ''Haghe'' primo in actis descripta est. Diu Haga ad Ducatum Frisiae Orientalis pertinuit, annis [[1744]] ad usque [[1806]] ad [[Borussia]]m, tum ab anno 1806 regio ad [[Nederlandia]]m et annis [[1810]] ad [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1815]] Haga [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regno Hannoverano]] tradita est, quae post annum [[1866]] iterum pars Borussiae fuit. Ab anno [[1885]] Haga pars novi Circuli Nordensis facta est. Anno [[1915]], inter [[Primum bellum mundanum|Primum Bellum Mundanum]] exercitus Germaniae hic basem [[Navis aeria|Navium aeriarum]] aedificavit. Ab anno Haga [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet. Anno [[1969]] Haga cum aliis communibus parvis commune generale Hagam condidit, ut administratio melior fieret. Anno [[1977]] Haga circulo Nordensi dissoluto ad Circulum Auriacum transiit.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Hage|Hagam}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150920061414/http://www.sg-hage.de/rathaus/die-samtgemeinde/hage.html Pagina interretialis communis generalis Hagae de Haga]

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita saeculo 12]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Palus Hagensis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>246160</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3983642</id>
      <parentid>3718022</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-25T15:59:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
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      <origin>3983642</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1615" sha1="h4pinyv6jkk2zb2cgx29hxiad546fpa" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Luftaufnahmen Nordseekueste 2013 05 by-RaBoe 406.jpg|thumb|left|Hagermarsch vicus ex aere visus]]
[[Fasciculus:Hagermarsch (Landkreis Aurich) Alte Schule.jpg|thumb|left|Schola antiqua Hagermarsch]]
'''Hagermarsch''' est commune [[Aurich (circulus)|circuli Aurich]] in [[Frisia orientalis|Frisia Orientali]] atque [[Saxonia Inferior]]e ad [[Mare Germanicum]] situm. Ad commune etiam vici Hilgenriedersiel, Theener atque Junkersrott pertinent. Cum aliis parvis communibus ad [[Haga (commune generale)|Hagam]] commune generale se coniunxit.

== Historia ==
Hagermarsch anno [[1719]] nomine ''Hager Marsch'' primo in actis descriptum est. Diu Hagermarsch ad Ducatum Frisiae Orientalis pertinuit, annis [[1744]] ad usque [[1806]] ad [[Borussia]]m, tum ab anno 1806 regio ad [[Nederlandia]]m et annis [[1810]] ad [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1815]] Hagermarsch [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regno Hannoverano]] traditum est, quae post annum [[1866]] iterum pars Borussiae fuit. Ab anno [[1885]] Hagermarsch pars novi Circuli Norden factum est. Ab anno Hagermarsch [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet. Anno [[1969]] Hagermarsch cum aliis communibus parvis commune generale Hagam condidit, ut administratio melior fieret. Anno [[1977]] Hagermarsch circulo Norden dissoluto ad circulum Aurich transiit.

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150924100855/http://www.sg-hage.de/rathaus/die-samtgemeinde/hagermarsch.html Pagina interretialis communis generalis Hagae de Hagermarsch]

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]</text>
      <sha1>h4pinyv6jkk2zb2cgx29hxiad546fpa</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3983656</id>
      <parentid>3983642</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-25T17:19:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Hagermarsch]] ad [[Palus Hagensis]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam</comment>
      <origin>3983642</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1615" sha1="h4pinyv6jkk2zb2cgx29hxiad546fpa" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Luftaufnahmen Nordseekueste 2013 05 by-RaBoe 406.jpg|thumb|left|Hagermarsch vicus ex aere visus]]
[[Fasciculus:Hagermarsch (Landkreis Aurich) Alte Schule.jpg|thumb|left|Schola antiqua Hagermarsch]]
'''Hagermarsch''' est commune [[Aurich (circulus)|circuli Aurich]] in [[Frisia orientalis|Frisia Orientali]] atque [[Saxonia Inferior]]e ad [[Mare Germanicum]] situm. Ad commune etiam vici Hilgenriedersiel, Theener atque Junkersrott pertinent. Cum aliis parvis communibus ad [[Haga (commune generale)|Hagam]] commune generale se coniunxit.

== Historia ==
Hagermarsch anno [[1719]] nomine ''Hager Marsch'' primo in actis descriptum est. Diu Hagermarsch ad Ducatum Frisiae Orientalis pertinuit, annis [[1744]] ad usque [[1806]] ad [[Borussia]]m, tum ab anno 1806 regio ad [[Nederlandia]]m et annis [[1810]] ad [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1815]] Hagermarsch [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regno Hannoverano]] traditum est, quae post annum [[1866]] iterum pars Borussiae fuit. Ab anno [[1885]] Hagermarsch pars novi Circuli Norden factum est. Ab anno Hagermarsch [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet. Anno [[1969]] Hagermarsch cum aliis communibus parvis commune generale Hagam condidit, ut administratio melior fieret. Anno [[1977]] Hagermarsch circulo Norden dissoluto ad circulum Aurich transiit.

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150924100855/http://www.sg-hage.de/rathaus/die-samtgemeinde/hagermarsch.html Pagina interretialis communis generalis Hagae de Hagermarsch]

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]</text>
      <sha1>h4pinyv6jkk2zb2cgx29hxiad546fpa</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3983666</id>
      <parentid>3983656</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-25T18:03:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3983666</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3457" sha1="45mhzulk9m83b7ifpsjv5y5ppud6as8" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Luftaufnahmen Nordseekueste 2013 05 by-RaBoe 406.jpg|thumb|left|Palus Hagensis vicus ex aere visus.]]
[[Fasciculus:Hagermarsch (Landkreis Aurich) Alte Schule.jpg|thumb|left|Schola antiqua Paludis Hagensis.]]
'''Palus Hagensis'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Palus Hagensis&quot;&gt;[https://www.latin-is-simple.com/de/vocabulary/noun/13172/#google_vignette Theodiscum toponymicum suffixum ''-marsch'' Latino vocabulo &quot;palus paludis&quot; vertitur] et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Hagensis-e&quot;, quod ad [[Haga (Saxonia Inferior)|Hagam]] refertur, Theodiscum gentilicium praefixum ''Hager-'' vertitur. Quo de gentilicio et toponymo, vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3191/Hage.pdf?utm ''Historische Ortsdatenbank für Ostfriesland''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Erscheinung trat der Ort als „curatus Hagensis“ im Jahr 1400. Spätere Bezeichnungen waren „Haga“ (um 1409)  (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hagermarsch'') est commune [[Circulus Auriacum|circuli Auriaci]] in [[Frisia orientalis|Frisia Orientali]] atque [[Saxonia Inferior]]e ad [[Mare Germanicum]] situm. Ad commune Paludem Hagensem etiam vici [[Palus Hagensis (vicus)|Palus Hagensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Palus Hagensis&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Hagermarsch''), [[Hilgenriedersiel]] (Theodisce ''Hilgenriedersiel''), [[Iunkersrota]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-rota&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-rott'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-rota-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: tres Rotae [[Bavaria|Bavaricae]] et Rota fluvius apud [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&amp;cq=M%C3%BCnchen&amp;lang=de''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Junkersrott'') atque [[Theenera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-era&quot;&gt;Germanica atque Romanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-er'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-era-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-er''' : -''era'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Theener'') pertinent. Cum aliis parvis communibus ad [[Haga (commune generale)|Hagam]] commune generale se coniunxit.

== Historia ==
Palus Hagensis anno [[1719]] nomine ''Hager Marsch'' primo in actis descripta est. Diu Palus Hagensis ad Ducatum Frisiae Orientalis pertinuit, annis [[1744]] ad usque [[1806]] ad [[Borussia]]m, tum ab anno 1806 regio ad [[Nederlandia]]m et annis [[1810]] ad [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1815]] Palus Hagensis [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regno Hannoverano]] tradita est, quae post annum [[1866]] iterum pars Borussiae fuit. Ab anno [[1885]] Palus Hagensis pars novi Circuli Nordensis facta est. Ab anno Palus Hagensis [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet. Anno [[1969]] Palus Hagensis cum aliis communibus parvis commune generale Hagam condidit, ut administratio melior fieret. Anno [[1977]] Palus Hagensis circulo Nordensi dissoluto ad circulum Auriacum transiit.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Hagermarsch|Paludem Hagensem}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150924100855/http://www.sg-hage.de/rathaus/die-samtgemeinde/hagermarsch.html Pagina interretialis communis generalis Hagae de Palude Hagensi]

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Halbemontium</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>246161</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3983641</id>
      <parentid>3718031</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-25T15:57:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3983641</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1581" sha1="16z4gtnnpyfxlp3ztgo1c4vlctrdcbu" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:MotodromHalbemond.jpg|thumb|left|Cursus birotarum automatariarum in vico Halbemond]]
'''Halbemond''', cuius nomen Germanicum lingua Latina ''crescens luna'' significat, est commune [[Aurich (circulus)|circuli Aurich]] in [[Frisia orientalis|Frisia Orientali]] atque [[Saxonia Inferior]]e ad [[Mare Germanicum]] situm. Ad commune etiam vici Hilgenriedersiel, Theener atque Junkersrott pertinent. Cum aliis parvis communibus ad [[Haga (commune generale)|Hagam]] commune generale se coniunxit. In Halbemond cursus [[Birota automataria|Birotarum automatariarum]] clarus est.

== Historia ==
Halbemond diu ad Ducatum Frisiae Orientalis pertinuit, annis [[1744]] ad usque [[1806]] ad [[Borussia]]m, tum ab anno 1806 regio ad [[Nederlandia]]m et annis [[1810]] ad [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1815]] Hagermarsch [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regno Hannoverano]] traditum est, quae post annum [[1866]] iterum pars Borussiae fuit. Ab anno [[1885]] Halbemond pars novi Circuli Norden factum est. Ab anno Halbemond [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet. Anno [[1965]] Halbemond cum aliis communibus parvis commune generale Hagam condidit, ut administratio melior fieret. Anno [[1977]] Halbemond circulo Norden dissoluto ad circulum Aurich transiit.

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150918192250/http://www.sg-hage.de/rathaus/die-samtgemeinde/halbemond.html Pagina interretialis communis generalis Hagae de Halbemond]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3983670</id>
      <parentid>3983641</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-25T18:09:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3983670</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1579" sha1="65m9hxzhi65zjg3l7zt9fp9hcbpcws6" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:MotodromHalbemond.jpg|thumb|left|Cursus birotarum automatariarum in vico Halbemond]]
'''Halbemond''', cuius nomen Germanicum lingua Latina ''crescens luna'' significat, est commune [[Aurich (circulus)|circuli Aurich]] in [[Frisia orientalis|Frisia Orientali]] atque [[Saxonia Inferior]]e ad [[Mare Germanicum]] situm. Ad commune etiam vici Hilgenriedersiel, Theener atque Junkersrott pertinent. Cum aliis parvis communibus ad [[Haga (commune generale)|Hagam]] commune generale se coniunxit. In Halbemond cursus [[Birota automataria|Birotarum automatariarum]] clarus est.

== Historia ==
Halbemond diu ad Ducatum Frisiae Orientalis pertinuit, annis [[1744]] ad usque [[1806]] ad [[Borussia]]m, tum ab anno 1806 regio ad [[Nederlandia]]m et annis [[1810]] ad [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1815]] Halbemond [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regno Hannoverano]] traditum est, quae post annum [[1866]] iterum pars Borussiae fuit. Ab anno [[1885]] Halbemond pars novi Circuli Norden factum est. Ab anno Halbemond [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet. Anno [[1965]] Halbemond cum aliis communibus parvis commune generale Hagam condidit, ut administratio melior fieret. Anno [[1977]] Halbemond circulo Norden dissoluto ad circulum Aurich transiit.

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150918192250/http://www.sg-hage.de/rathaus/die-samtgemeinde/halbemond.html Pagina interretialis communis generalis Hagae de Halbemond]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3983675</id>
      <parentid>3983670</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-25T19:02:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Halbemond]] ad [[Halbemontium]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam</comment>
      <origin>3983670</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1579" sha1="65m9hxzhi65zjg3l7zt9fp9hcbpcws6" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:MotodromHalbemond.jpg|thumb|left|Cursus birotarum automatariarum in vico Halbemond]]
'''Halbemond''', cuius nomen Germanicum lingua Latina ''crescens luna'' significat, est commune [[Aurich (circulus)|circuli Aurich]] in [[Frisia orientalis|Frisia Orientali]] atque [[Saxonia Inferior]]e ad [[Mare Germanicum]] situm. Ad commune etiam vici Hilgenriedersiel, Theener atque Junkersrott pertinent. Cum aliis parvis communibus ad [[Haga (commune generale)|Hagam]] commune generale se coniunxit. In Halbemond cursus [[Birota automataria|Birotarum automatariarum]] clarus est.

== Historia ==
Halbemond diu ad Ducatum Frisiae Orientalis pertinuit, annis [[1744]] ad usque [[1806]] ad [[Borussia]]m, tum ab anno 1806 regio ad [[Nederlandia]]m et annis [[1810]] ad [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1815]] Halbemond [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regno Hannoverano]] traditum est, quae post annum [[1866]] iterum pars Borussiae fuit. Ab anno [[1885]] Halbemond pars novi Circuli Norden factum est. Ab anno Halbemond [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet. Anno [[1965]] Halbemond cum aliis communibus parvis commune generale Hagam condidit, ut administratio melior fieret. Anno [[1977]] Halbemond circulo Norden dissoluto ad circulum Aurich transiit.

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150918192250/http://www.sg-hage.de/rathaus/die-samtgemeinde/halbemond.html Pagina interretialis communis generalis Hagae de Halbemond]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]</text>
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[[Fasciculus:MotodromHalbemond.jpg|thumb|left|Cursus birotarum automatariarum Halbemontii.]]
'''Halbemontium'''&lt;ref name=&quot;-montium&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-mond'' aut ''-mont'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-montium-i&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-mond, mont''' : -''montium, mons'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Halbemond''), cuius nomen Theodiscum Latine '&quot;crescentem luna&quot;m significat, est commune [[Circulus Auriacum|circuli Auriaci]] in [[Frisia orientalis|Frisia Orientali]] atque [[Saxonia Inferior]]e ad [[Mare Germanicum]] situm. Cum aliis parvis communibus ad [[Haga (commune generale)|Hagam]] commune generale se coniunxit. Halbemontii cursus [[Birota automataria|birotarum automatariarum]] clarus est.

== Historia ==
Halbemontium diu ad Ducatum Frisiae Orientalis pertinuit, annis [[1744]] ad usque [[1806]] ad [[Borussia]]m, tum ab anno 1806 regio ad [[Nederlandia]]m et annis [[1810]] ad [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1815]] Halbemontium [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regno Hannoverano]] traditum est, quod post annum [[1866]] iterum pars Borussiae fuit. Ab anno [[1885]] Halbemontium pars novi Circuli Nordensis factum est. Ab anno Halbemontium [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet. Anno [[1965]] Halbemontium cum aliis communibus parvis commune generale Hagam condidit, ut administratio melior fieret. Anno [[1977]] Halbemontium circulo Nordensi dissoluto ad circulum Auriacum transiit.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Halbemond|Halbemontium}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150918192250/http://www.sg-hage.de/rathaus/die-samtgemeinde/halbemond.html Pagina interretialis communis generalis Hagae de Halbemontio]

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]</text>
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[[Fasciculus:MotodromHalbemond.jpg|thumb|left|Cursus birotarum automatariarum Halbemontii.]]
'''Halbemontium'''&lt;ref name=&quot;-montium&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-mond'' aut ''-mont'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-montium-i&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-mond, mont''' : -''montium, mons'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Halbemond''), cuius nomen Theodiscum Latine '&quot;crescentem luna&quot;m significat, est commune [[Circulus Auriacum|circuli Auriaci]] in [[Frisia orientalis|Frisia Orientali]] atque [[Saxonia Inferior]]e ad [[Mare Germanicum]] situm. Cum aliis parvis communibus ad [[Haga (commune generale)|Hagam]] commune generale se coniunxit. Halbemontii cursus [[Birota automataria|birotarum automatariarum]] clarus est.

== Historia ==
Halbemontium diu ad Ducatum Frisiae Orientalis pertinuit, annis [[1744]] ad usque [[1806]] ad [[Borussia]]m, tum ab anno 1806 regio ad [[Nederlandia]]m et annis [[1810]] ad [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1815]] Halbemontium [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regno Hannoverano]] traditum est, quod post annum [[1866]] iterum pars Borussiae fuit. Ab anno [[1885]] Halbemontium pars novi Circuli Nordensis factum est. Ab anno Halbemontium [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet. Anno [[1965]] Halbemontium cum aliis communibus parvis commune generale Hagam condidit, ut administratio melior fieret. Anno [[1977]] Halbemontium circulo Nordensi dissoluto ad circulum Auriacum transiit.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Halbemond|Halbemontium}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150918192250/http://www.sg-hage.de/rathaus/die-samtgemeinde/halbemond.html Pagina interretialis communis generalis Hagae de Halbemontio]

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]</text>
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[[Fasciculus:MotodromHalbemond.jpg|thumb|left|Cursus birotarum automatariarum Halbemontii.]]
'''Halbemontium'''&lt;ref name=&quot;-montium&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-mond'' aut ''-mont'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-montium-i&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-mond, mont''' : -''montium, mons'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Halbemond''), cuius nomen Theodiscum Latine '&quot;crescentem lunam&quot; significat, est commune [[Circulus Auriacum|circuli Auriaci]] in [[Frisia orientalis|Frisia Orientali]] atque [[Saxonia Inferior]]e ad [[Mare Germanicum]] situm. Cum aliis parvis communibus ad [[Haga (commune generale)|Hagam]] commune generale se coniunxit. Halbemontii cursus [[Birota automataria|birotarum automatariarum]] clarus est.

== Historia ==
Halbemontium diu ad Ducatum Frisiae Orientalis pertinuit, annis [[1744]] ad usque [[1806]] ad [[Borussia]]m, tum ab anno 1806 regio ad [[Nederlandia]]m et annis [[1810]] ad [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1815]] Halbemontium [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regno Hannoverano]] traditum est, quod post annum [[1866]] iterum pars Borussiae fuit. Ab anno [[1885]] Halbemontium pars novi Circuli Nordensis factum est. Ab anno Halbemontium [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet. Anno [[1965]] Halbemontium cum aliis communibus parvis commune generale Hagam condidit, ut administratio melior fieret. Anno [[1977]] Halbemontium circulo Nordensi dissoluto ad circulum Auriacum transiit.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Halbemond|Halbemontium}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150918192250/http://www.sg-hage.de/rathaus/die-samtgemeinde/halbemond.html Pagina interretialis communis generalis Hagae de Halbemontio]

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lütetsburg</title>
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[[Fasciculus:Lütetsburg Schloss.JPG|thumb|left|Castrum aqua circumditum Lütetsburg]]
'''Lütetsburg''' est commune [[Aurich (circulus)|circuli Aurich]] in [[Frisia orientalis|Frisia Orientali]] atque [[Saxonia Inferior]]e situm. Cum aliis parvis communibus ad [[Haga (commune generale)|Hagam]] commune generale se coniunxit.

== Historia ==
Hagermarsch anno [[1433]] nominibus ''Lützborch'', ''Lutzborch'' oder ''Lutetzborch'' primo in actis descriptum est. Diu Lütetsburg ad Ducatum Frisiae Orientalis pertinuit, annis [[1744]] ad usque [[1806]] ad [[Borussia]]m, tum ab anno 1806 regio ad [[Nederlandia]]m et annis [[1810]] ad [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1815]] Lütetsburg [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regno Hannoverano]] traditum est, quae post annum [[1866]] iterum pars Borussiae fuit. Ab anno [[1885]] Lütetsburg pars novi Circuli Norden factum est. Ab anno Lütetsburg [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet. Anno [[1965]] Hagermarsch cum aliis communibus parvis commune generale Hage condidit, ut administratio melior fieret. Anno [[1977]] Lütetsburg circulo Norden dissoluto ad circulum Aurich transiit.

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150405210702/http://www.sg-hage.de/rathaus/die-samtgemeinde/luetetsburg.html Pagina interretialis communis generalis Hagae de Lütetsburg]

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]</text>
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[[Fasciculus:Lütetsburg Schloss.JPG|thumb|left|Castrum aqua circumditum Lütetsburg]]
'''Lütetsburg''' est commune [[Aurich (circulus)|circuli Aurich]] in [[Frisia orientalis|Frisia Orientali]] atque [[Saxonia Inferior]]e situm. Cum aliis parvis communibus ad [[Haga (commune generale)|Hagam]] commune generale se coniunxit.

== Historia ==
Lütetsburg anno [[1433]] nominibus ''Lützborch'', ''Lutzborch'' oder ''Lutetzborch'' primo in actis descriptum est. Diu Lütetsburg ad Ducatum Frisiae Orientalis pertinuit, annis [[1744]] ad usque [[1806]] ad [[Borussia]]m, tum ab anno 1806 regio ad [[Nederlandia]]m et annis [[1810]] ad [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1815]] Lütetsburg [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regno Hannoverano]] traditum est, quae post annum [[1866]] iterum pars Borussiae fuit. Ab anno [[1885]] Lütetsburg pars novi Circuli Norden factum est. Ab anno Lütetsburg [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet. Anno [[1965]] Lütetsburg cum aliis communibus parvis commune generale Hage condidit, ut administratio melior fieret. Anno [[1977]] Lütetsburg circulo Norden dissoluto ad circulum Aurich transiit.

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150405210702/http://www.sg-hage.de/rathaus/die-samtgemeinde/luetetsburg.html Pagina interretialis communis generalis Hagae de Lütetsburg]

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Marcellus Virgilius Adrianus</title>
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[[Fasciculus:San salvatore al monte, lapide con busto di marcello virgilio adriani (m. 1521), cancelliere che condannò savonarola, by andrea ferrucci, 1522.JPG|thumb|upright=1.25|Simulacrum Marcelli Virgilii ab [[Andreas Ferrucci|Andrea Ferrucci]] anno fere 1522 factum. [[Ecclesia Sancti Salvatoris ad Montem (Florentia)|Ecclesia Sancti Salvatoris ad Montem]] [[Florentia]]e]]
'''Marcellus Virgilius Adrianus''' vel '''Adriani''', vulgo plene ''Marcello Virgilio di Adriano Berti'' ([[Florentia]]e natus anno [[1464]]; ibidem anno [[1521]] mortuus) fuit interpres textuum Graecorum, ab anno [[1494]] professor artis poeticae et rhetoricae apud [[Studium Florentinum]] (successor [[Angelus Politianus|Angeli Politiani]]), et [[cancellarius Florentinus|cancellarius]] [[Res publica Florentina|rei publicae Florentinae]]. Patronus fuit [[Nicolaus Maclavellus|Nicolai Maclavelli]].

Marcellus Virgilius anno [[1516]] de [[Iulianus Laurentii f. Medices|Iuliano Medices]], papae [[Leo X|Leonis X]] fratre, orationem funebrem pronuntiavit. 

Versionem Latinam confecit operis [[Dioscorides|Dioscoridis]] ''[[De materia medica (Dioscorides)|De materia medica]]'', papae Leoni X dicatam, atque anno [[1518]] divulgare iussit. Versione multo antiquiori, nostris nomine &quot;[[Dioscorides Langobardus]]&quot; cognita, usus est. Praefatione enim versionis novae suae confitetur &quot;habuisse nos tamen eius antiquissimum codicem Longobardicis literis scriptum antiquitatis egregium&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;Hofmann et Auracher (1883) p. 49&lt;/ref&gt; ita nuncupationem recentiorem suggerens.

== Scripta ==
* 1518 (interpres) : ''Pedacii Dioscoridae Anazarbei De medica materia libri sex''. Florentiae apud haeredes Philippi Iuntae [http://www.mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn=urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10139442-4 Textus apud MDZ]
* 1518 : ''Oratio de militiae laudibus''. Basileae
* 1863 (Domenico Manfrin, ed.) : ''Lettere inedite di Marcello Virgilio Adriani, cancelliere della Repubblica Fiorentina'' [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_uZesqn5qyZwC Textus apud archive.org]
* 1991 (John M. McManamon, ed.) : &quot;The Funeral Oration of Marcello Virgilio Adriani for Giuliano de' Medici (1516)&quot; (vide bibliographiam)

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Konrad Hofmann, T. M. Auracher, edd., &quot;[http://www.digizeitschriften.de/dms/img/?PPN=PPN345572629_0001&amp;DMDID=dmdlog8 Der Longobardische Dioskorides des Marcellus Virgilius]&quot; in ''Romanische Forschungen'' vol. 1 (1883) pp. 49–105
* John M. McManamon, &quot;Marketing a Medici Regime: The Funeral Oration of Marcello Virgilio Adriani for Giuliano de' Medici (1516)&quot; in ''Renaissance Quarterly'' vol. 44 (1991) pp. 1-41 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2862404 JSTOR]
* {{DBI|http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/marcello-virgilio-detto-il-dioscoride-adriani_(Dizionario_Biografico)/|Adriani, Marcello Virgilio detto il Dioscoride|Giovanni Miccoli|1960}}
* Wilhelm Rüdiger, ''Marcellus Virgilius Adrianus aus Florenz. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntniss seines Lebens und seines Wirkens''. [[Salinae Saxonicae|Salinis Saxonicis]]: Niemeyer, 1897

== Nexus externi ==
* &quot;[http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/marcello-virgilio-adriani/ Adriani, Marcello Virgilio]&quot; apud Treccani
* &quot;[http://www.summagallicana.it/lessico/m/Marcellus%20Virgilius.htm Marcello Virgilio di Adriano Berti]&quot; apud ''Summa Gallicana''

{{Cancellarii Florentini}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Adrianus, Marcellus Virgilius}}

[[Categoria:Nati 1464]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1521]]
[[Categoria:Eruditi Italiae]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Graeco-Latini]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Dioscoridis]]
[[Categoria:Professores Studii Florentini]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>David Ruhnkenius</title>
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'''David Ruhnkenius'''&lt;ref&gt;Nomen Latinum apud Nikitinski 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[2 Ianuarii]] [[1723]]; [[14 Aprilis]] [[1798]]) fuit [[res classicae|rerum classicarum peritus]] et [[scriptor]] [[Nederlandia|Nederlandicus]] originis [[Germani|Germanae]]. Vide nostram [[pictura]]m, a Ludovico Moritz (1773–1850) factam.

==De vita==
[[Fasciculus:David Ruhnken - Imagines philologorum.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|left|David Ruhnkenius.&lt;ref&gt;Alfred Gudemann, ''Imagines Philologorum'' (Monaci, 1910).&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Natus est ''David Ruhnken'' in vico [[Bedlin]] (hodie Bydlino prope [[Stolpe]]m in [[Provincia Pomerania (1653–1815)|Pomerania]], [[provincia]] [[Borussia]]e (hodie Słupsk in [[Polonia]]). [[Puer]] [[schola Latina|scholam Latinam]] [[Regiomontium|Regiomontii]] ab anno 1737 ad 1741 frequentabat, ubi condiscipulus [[Emmanuel Kant|Emmanuelis Kantii]] fuit, quocum [[auctor]]es classicos legebat, cuiusque semper mansit amicus. [[Parens|Parentes]] eum munus [[ecclesia]]sticum sustenturum esse exspectabant, sed postquam duos annos in [[Universitas Fridericiana Halensis|Universitate Fridericiana Hallensi]] degit, vitam scholasticam petere instituit. [[Wittenberga]]e in [[universitas|universitate]] [[antiquitas|historiae antiquae]] et [[res classicae|rebus antiquis]]&lt;!--melius: res antiquae = antiquities--&gt; [[litterae Latinae|litterisque Romanis]] studebat ac purum vividumque [[lingua Latina|linguae Latinae]] stilum didicit. [[Mathematica]]e [[ius Romanum|iurique Romano]] quoque studuit.&lt;ref&gt;Smith Reid 1911.&lt;/ref&gt;

Anno [[1744]] ineunte, [[Lugdunum Batavorum]] migravit, ubi in [[Academia Lugduno-Batava]] [[lingua Graeca|Graecae]] studebat, [[litterae Graecae|litterasque Graecas]] perlegebat. Ibi &quot;[[professor]] [[historia]]e eloquentiaeque ordinarius&quot; anno [[1761]] creatus, opera de [[litterae Latinae|litteris Latinis]] protulit.&lt;ref&gt;Smith Reid 1911.&lt;/ref&gt; Duodecimus universitatis [[bibliothecarius]] factus est. Unus erat e primis [[saeculum 18|saeculi duodevicensimi]] eruditis qui opera [[Plato]]nis [[Graece]] interpretari solebant, potius quam textibus ab aliis translatis intellegere conantes.&lt;ref&gt;Smith Reid 1911.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mortuus est [[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]] in [[res publica Batava|re publica Batava]] die [[14 Aprilis]] [[1798]], anno septuagesimo quinto aetatis suae. Anno [[1763]], uxorem filiam divitis mercatoris duodeviginti annos natam duxit, pulchram, doctam, musicam.

Non erat ipse Ruhnkenius ex his doctoribus umbraticis, pedantismo ridiculis, quos derisit, sed erat vir mundanus, optimus [[venator]], [[eques|equitator]] strenuus, [[pictor]] exactissimus, [[musicus]] perfectus. Inter meliores prosatores sui saeculi numeratur. Scripsit inter alia calamo eleganti libellum iocosum et cavillationibus plenum cuius titulus ''Oratio de doctore umbratico''. Scripsit etiam calamo perpolito ''Elogium Tiberii Hemsterhusii''.
&lt;ref&gt;In praefatione huius operis Ruhnkenius scribit sibi &quot;magistratum academicum deponenti&quot; publice dicendum fuisse seque &quot;perfectam Critici formam in Tiberio Hemsterhusio spectandam exhibui&quot;sse. Statim multis precantibus &quot;qui hanc orationem quam primum edi cuperent&quot;, se eam sic immutavisse, &quot;ut non tam oratio, quam Elogium esse videretur.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
Nunc eius opera curâ et eruditione [[Helgus Nikitinski|Helgi Nikitinski]], nimis mature e vitâ erepti anno 2015, denuo in luce prodierunt et novam famam sibi acquisiverunt.

==Opera maiora==
[[Scriptor]]es sequentes opera protulerant quae Ruhnken edidit.&lt;ref&gt;Smith Reid 1911.&lt;/ref&gt;
#[[Timaeus Sophista|Timaei]] ''lexicon vocabulorum Platonicorum'' (ed. prima nano 1754, cum commentario; ed. 2a anno 1789; apparuit nova editio a [[Georgius Aenotheus Koch|Georgio Aenotheo Koch]] anno 1828 facta)
#[[Thalelaeus]] et alii scriptores Graeci de iure Romano
#[[Rutilius Lupus]] et alii [[grammaticus|grammatici]]
#[[Velleius Paterculus]]
#[[Marcus Antonius Muretus]].

In [[historia]] litterarum Graecarum multum versabatur, praecipue in litteris [[orator]]iis, [[hymni Homerici|hymnis Homericis]], [[scholia|scholiis]], ac [[Plato]]ne et [[grammaticus|grammaticis]] [[rhetor]]ibusque [[Graeci]]s et [[Romani]]s. Eius magna confectio, suo tempore clarissima, fuit, in [[manuscriptum|manuscripto]] operis [[Apsines|Apsinis]] de rhetorica, magnam partem cuiusdam operis Longini invenisse; hodiernae autem sententiae de [[scriptura|scriptis]] Longino tributis gratiam, sed non meritum, huius inventi minuunt.&lt;ref&gt;Smith Reid 1911.&lt;/ref&gt;

''Elogium Tib. Hemsterhusii,'' vitam [[Tiberius Hemsterhusius|Tiberii Hemsterhusii]] amici, Lugduni anno [[1768]] protulit.&lt;ref&gt;Etiam ''Editio altera auctior, cum duabus Richardi Bentleii Epistolis ad Hemsterhusium'' (Lugduni, 1789, Salinis Saxonicis, 1788).&lt;/ref&gt; Vita eius vicissim a [[Daniel Albertus Wyttenbachius|Daniele Alberto Wyttenbachio]] discipulo scripta est.

==Eius scripta==
=== Editiones originales ===
* ''Diss. I et II de Galla Placidia Augusta.'' Wittenberg 1743
* ''Epistola critica I in Homeridarum hymnos et Hesiodum, ad L. G. Valckenarium.'' Leiden 1749
* ''Epistola critica II in Callimachum et Apollonium Rhodium, ad J. A. Ernestium.'' Leiden 1752  (Siehe später Homeri Hymnus etc.) 
* ''Thalelaei, Theodori, Stephani, Cyrilli, aliorumque ICtorum Graecorum Commentarii in Tit. D. et Cod. de Postulando, s. de Advocatis Gr. et Lat. cum annotatiohibus.'' Den Haag 1752 
* ''Timaei Sopbistae Lexicon vocum Platonicarum. Nunc primum edidit, atque animadversionibus illustravit.'' Leiden 1755; ''Editio secunda, multis partibus locupletior.'' Leiden 1789
* ''Oratio de Graecia, aitium ac doctrinarum inventrice.'' Leiden 1757
* ''Oratio de Doctore umbratico.'' Leiden 1763
* ''P. Rutilius Lupus de figuris sententiarum et elocutionis libri duo, recensuit et notas adiecit. Acc. Aquilae Romani, et Julii Rufiniani de eodem argumento libri.'' Leiden 1768
* ''Elogium Tib. Hemsterhusii.'' Leiden 1768; ''Editio altera auctior, cum duabus Richardi Bentleii Epistolis ad Hemsterhusium.'' Leiden 1789, [[Salinae Saxonicae|Salinis Saxonicis]] 1788
* ''Dissertatio de vita et scriptis Longini.'' Leiden 1776, Qxford 1778
* ''C. Velleii Paterculi quae supersunt ex historiae Romanae voluminibus duobus, cum integris animadversionibus doctorum.'' Leiden 1779
* ''Homeri Hymnus in Cererem, nunc primum editus.'' Leiden 1781, auch unter dem Titel: ''Homeri Hymnus in Cererem, nunc primum editus; accedunt duae Epistolae criticae ex editione altera, multis partibus locupletiores.'' Leiden 1782
* ''M. Anton. Mureti Opera omnia, ex MSS. aucta et emendata, cum brevi annotatione et praefatione.'' Leiden 1789
* ''Annotationes in Joh. Alberti Glossarium Hesychianum T. II; in Callimachum in Ernesti editione; in Xenophontem in. Xenophontis Memorabilum editione Ernestiana quinta.'' Leipzig 1773, 1778
* Vorrede zu der von ihm besorgten Ausgabe von ''Apuleii Metamorphoseon libri IX, cum notis variorum, in primis Francisci Oudendorpii.'' Leiden 1786
* Vorrede zu der Holländischen Ausgabe von ''I. J. G. Scheller's Lateinischen Lexicon.'' Leiden und Amsterdam 1799
* ''Scholia in Platonem; ex Codd. MSS. multarum bibliothecarum primum edidit.'' Leiden 1800

=== Editiones hodiernae ===
* ''Davidis Ruhnkenii oratio De doctore umbratico'', edidit [[Helgus Nikitinski]], in Vivario Novo, 2001, 91 pp.
* Dauid Ruhnkenius. ''Elogium Tiberii Hemsterhusii'', edidit [[Helgus Nikitinski]]. Monachii et Lipsiae in aedibus K.G. Saur.

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Nikitinski, Helgus. [[2006]]. ''Elogium Tiberii Hemsterhusii auctore Davide Ruhnkenio.'' Monachii et Lipsiae: K. G. Saur. Bibliotheca scriptorum Graecorum et Romanorum Teubneriana. ISBN 3-598-71322-3.
*Pol, Elfriede Hulshoff. [[1953]]. ''Studia Ruhnkeniana: enige hoofdstukken over leven en werk van David Ruhnkenius (1723–1798).'' Dissertatio, Academia Lugduno-Batava.
*Smith Reid, James. [[1911]]. Ruhnken, David. ''Encyclopaedia Britannica,'' ed. 11a.
*Ter Horst. David Ruhnken. ''Nieuw Nederlandsch Biografisch Woordenboek''.
*[[Daniel Albert Wyttenbach|Wyttenbachius, Daniel]]. [[1846]]. [https://books.google.de/books?id=aDc6AAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PP5#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false''Vita Davidis Ruhnkenii.''] Fribergae: I. G. Engelhardt.

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|David Ruhnken}}&lt;!--
*[http://mdz10.bib-bvb.de/~db/bsb00008387/images/index.html?id=00008387&amp;fip=77.251.253.170&amp;no=13&amp;seite=617 art. ‘Ruhnken, David’ in: ''Allgemeine deutsche Biographie'', deel 29, Leipzig 1889, 615-624]{{dode link|datum=september 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}--&gt;
{{vicifons|Scriptor:Davides Ruhnkenius|Davidem Ruhnkenium}}
*[http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/molh003nieu10_01/molh003nieu10_01_1265.htm Ruhnken, David.] ''Nieuw Nederlandsch biographisch woordenboek''10: 851-854. Lugduni Batavorum, 1937.
*[http://hoogleraren.leidenuniv.nl/id/2099 David Ruhnkenius.] Biographia, ''Leidse hoogleraren.''
*[http://books.google.nl/books?hl=nl&amp;id=A9YGAAAAQAAJ&amp;dq=ruhnken+elogium&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=web&amp;ots=ngcqCMe7fC&amp;sig=z-E7iaa_bDybM7dhSWMS2ZrGZkQ&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;resnum=9&amp;ct=result#PPP9,M1 ''Elogium Tiberii Hemsterhusii.''] Ex ''Vita Davidis Ruhnkenii'' (Amstelodami 1824), Google Books.
*Butterfield, David. [[2007]]. [http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/bmcr/2007/2007-05-34.html Recognitio libri Nikitinski 2006.]

{{Lifetime|1723|1798|Ruhnkenius, David}}
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Hallensis]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Academiae Lugduno-Batavae]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Latini recentiores]]
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&lt;!--German classical--&gt;
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[[Categoria:Philologi Nederlandiae]]
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[[Categoria:Professores Academiae Lugduno-Batavae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Nederlandiae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Philosophia socialis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <contributor>
        <username>LilyKitty</username>
        <id>18316</id>
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      <comment>de psychologia sociali</comment>
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      <text bytes="4193" sha1="hku0iqd6prmzch8s90yf6ler5tmf6rc" xml:space="preserve">'''Philosophia socialis''' est studium [[mores sociales|morum socialium]] et [[interpretatio]] [[societas humana|societatis]] et [[institutio]]num socialium per aestimationes [[ethica]]s, potius quam coniunctiones [[empirismus|empiricas]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/social%20philosophy &quot;Social philosophy,&quot;] www.merriam-webster.com.&lt;/ref&gt; Philosophi sociales exprimunt sociales quaestionum [[civilitas|civilium]], [[lex|legum]], [[mos|morum]], et [[cultura]]e contextus [[intellegentia|intellegendos]], et progressui favent novarum formarum rationalium, inter quas [[ontologia]] socialis, ethica [[curatio]]nis, et cosmopolitae [[democratia]]e, [[iura humana|iurum humanorum]], [[equitas generis|equitatis generis]], et [[iustitia]]e [[tellus|globalis]] rationes.&lt;ref&gt;[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1467-9833/homepage/ProductInformation.html ''Journal of Social Philosophy,''] onlinelibrary.wiley.com.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Res in philosophia sociali pertinentes==
Inter res a philosophis socialibus tractatas sunt:
{{div col|2}}
*[[Actio humana|Actio]] et [[liberum arbitrium]]
*[[Auctoritas (ius)|Aucroritas]]
*[[Divitiae|Bona]]&lt;!--Property--&gt;
*[[Ideologia]]e
*[[Individualismus]]
*[[Iura]]
*[[Iustitia socialis]]
*[[Modernismus]] et [[Postmodernismus]]
*[[Multitudo|Multitudines]]
*[[Vulgus]]&lt;!--
*The [[will to power]]
*[[Accountability]]
*[[Speech acts]]
*[[Situational ethics]]
*[[Cultural criticism]]--&gt;
{{div col end}}

==Philosophi sociales==
Inter philosophos qui animum de philosophia sociali sunt:
{{Div col|3}}
*[[Socrates]]
*[[Plato]]
*[[Chanakya]]
*[[Confucius]]
*[[Thiruvalluvar]]
*[[Thomas Hobbes]]
*[[Ioannes Iacobus Rousseau]]
*[[Ioannes Locke]]
*[[Ieremias Bentham]]
*[[Ioannes Stuart Mill]]
*[[Georgius Gulielmus Hegel]]
*[[Herbertus Spencer]]
*[[Henricus George]]
*[[Carolus Marx]]
*[[Fridericus Engels]]
*[[Petrus Iosephus Proudhon]]
*[[Michael Bakunin]]
*[[Petrus Kropotkin]]
*[[Marshall McLuhan]]
*[[Aemilius Durkheim]]
*[[Maximus Weber]]
*[[Sigmundus Freud]]
*[[Carolus Jung]]
*[[Ioannes Zerzan]]
*[[Fridericus Nietzsche]]
*[[Theodorus Adorno]]
*[[Gualterius Benjamin]]
*[[Carolus Popper|Carolus Raimundus Popper]]
*[[Georgius Lukács]]
*[[Antonius Pannekoek]]
*[[Simona de Beauvoir]]
*[[Michael Foucault]]
*[[Erving Goffman]]
*[[Noam Chomsky]]
*[[Ioannes Baudrillard]]
*[[Cornelius Castoriadis]]
*[[Guido Debord]]
*[[Ioannes Illich]]
*[[Terry Eagleton]]
*[[Sheila Rowbotham]]
*[[Bertrandus Russell]]
*[[Herbertus Marcuse]]
*[[Emmanuel Levinas]]
*[[Ericus Fromm]]
*[[Fridericus Poché]]
*[[Slavoj Zizek]]
*[[Anna Arendt]]
*[[Gustavus Gundlach]]
*[[Huey P. Newton]]
{{Div col end}}

{{NexInt}}
*[[Anthropologia]]
*[[Darwinismus]]
*[[Feminismus]]
*[[Paradigma]]
*[[Philosophia historiae]]
*[[Philosophia politica]]
*[[Psychologia socialis]]
*[[Scientiae sociales]]
*[[Sociologia]]
*[[Societas postindustrialis]]&lt;!--
*[[Social simulation]]
*[[List of basic sociology topics]]--&gt;

==Notae==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Bertauld, Alfred. [[2001]]. ''De la philosophie sociale: Études critiques.'' BookSurge Publishing.
*Blanc, Guillaume le. [[2011]]. ''Que faire de notre vulnérabilité?'' Lutetiae: Bayard.
*Châtelet, François. [[2000]]. ''La philosophie des sciences sociales.'' Lutetiae: Hachette Littérature.
*Dufour, Eric, Franck Fischbach, et Emmanuel Renault. [[2013]]. ''Histoires et définitions de la philosophie sociale.'' Recherches sur la philosophie et le langage. Vrin. ISSN 0754331X. ISBN 978271168409.
*Fischbach, Franck. [[2009]]. ''Manifeste pour une philosophie sociale.'' Lutetiae: La Découverte.
*Hudson, Yeager, et Creighton Peden, eds. [[1988]]. ''Philosophical essays on the ideas of a good society.'' Lewiston Novi Eboraci: E. Mellen Press. ISBN 0889461023.
*Poché, Fred. [[2008]]. ''Blessures intimes, blessures sociales: De la plainte à la solidarité.'' Lutetiae: Cerf.
*Worms, René. [[1920]]. ''Philosophie des sciences sociales.'' Ed. 2a. Lutetiae: M. Giard &amp; E. Brière.

{{Myrias|Philosophia}}

[[Categoria:Paradigmata sociologica]]
[[Categoria:Philosophia socialis| ]]

[[Categoria:Systemata]]
&lt;!--
[[Category:Branches of sociology (interdisciplinary)]]--&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lingua Amharica</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
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      <text bytes="14667" sha1="63cci6y5vb8a43op0xdjvzh8o6z0hz1" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Amharic vowel chart.svg|thumb|[[Vocalis|Vocales]] Amharicae in [[tabula vocalium]].]]
'''Lingua Amharica''' (Amharice አማርኛ ''Amarəñña'' /amarɨɲːa/) est [[linguae Semiticae|lingua Semitica]] in usu in [[Aethiopia]], secunda lingua Semitica in [[tellus|orbe terrarum]] post [[lingua Arabica|linguam Arabicam]], et [[lingua publica]] et administrativa [[Aethiopia|Reipublicae Democraticae Foederalis Aethiopiae]]. Amharica etiam est [[lingua publica]] vel administrativa nonnullarum [[civitas|civitatum]] intra systemate foederali. A temporibus [[medium aevum|mediaevalibus]] ad hodierna fuit lingua administrativa [[rectio|reipublicae]], [[militia]]e, et [[Ecclesia Tawahedo Orthodoxa Aethiopica|Ecclesiae Tawahedo Orthodoxae Aethiopicae]]. Census anni 2007 numeravit paene 22 [[millio]]nes loquentium quibus Amharica [[patrius sermo]] est.&lt;ref&gt;[http://catalog.ihsn.org/index.php/catalog/3583/download/50086]&lt;/ref&gt; Extra Aethiopiam, Amharica est [[lingua]] 2.7 millionum fere [[migratio|emigrantium]]. Scribitur a laeva in [[systema scripturae|systemate scribendi]] ፊደል (fidel Amharico), quod ex [[abugida Ge'ez]] ortum est, in [[linguae Semiticae Aethiopicae|linguis Semiticis Aethiopicis]], ፊደል ''fidel'' ('systema scribendi', 'littera') et አቡጊዳ ''abugida'' appellatum, ex primis quattuor litteris [[Aethiopica|Aethiopicis]], quae verbum ''[[abugida]]'' una genuerunt, hodiernum [[vocabulum]] [[linguistica|linguisticum]].

Haud constat unum modum [[translitteratio]]nis [[littera]]rum Amharicarum in [[litterae Romanae|litteras Romanas]] esse. Exempla Amharica in partibus infra systemate utuntur quotidiano, sed non universali, inter linguistas qui linguas Semiticas Aethiopicas bene sciunt.

=== Alphasyllabarium ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+'''Tabula fidelium Amha  ricorum&lt;ref&gt;Daniels et Bright 1996:573.&lt;/ref&gt;'''
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|title=Principles and Specification for Mnemonic Ethiopic Keyboards}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
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|- style=&quot;font-size:2em&quot;
!style=&quot;font-size:0.5em&quot;|dʒ
|ጀ||ጁ||ጂ||ጃ||ጄ||ጅ||ጆ|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||ጇ|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|- style=&quot;font-size:2em&quot;
!style=&quot;font-size:0.5em&quot;|g
|ገ||ጉ||ጊ||ጋ||ጌ||ግ||ጎ||ጐ||ጒ||ጓ||ጔ||ጕ
|- style=&quot;font-size:2em&quot;
!style=&quot;font-size:0.5em&quot;|t'
|ጠ||ጡ||ጢ||ጣ||ጤ||ጥ||ጦ|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||ጧ|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|- style=&quot;font-size:2em&quot;
!style=&quot;font-size:0.5em&quot;|tʃ'
|ጨ||ጩ||ጪ||ጫ||ጬ||ጭ||ጮ|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||ጯ|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|- style=&quot;font-size:2em&quot;
!style=&quot;font-size:0.5em&quot;|p'
|ጰ||ጱ||ጲ||ጳ||ጴ||ጵ||ጶ|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||ጷ|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|- style=&quot;font-size:2em&quot;
!style=&quot;font-size:0.5em&quot;|ts'
|ጸ||ጹ||ጺ||ጻ||ጼ||ጽ||ጾ|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||ጿ|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|- style=&quot;font-size:2em&quot;
!style=&quot;font-size:0.5em&quot;|ts'
|ፀ||ፁ||ፂ||ፃ||ፄ||ፅ||ፆ|| colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|- style=&quot;font-size:2em&quot;
!style=&quot;font-size:0.5em&quot;|f
|ፈ||ፉ||ፊ||ፋ||ፌ||ፍ||ፎ|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||ፏ|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|- style=&quot;font-size:2em&quot;
!style=&quot;font-size:0.5em&quot;|p
|ፐ||ፑ||ፒ||ፓ||ፔ||ፕ||ፖ|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||ፗ|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|-
!&amp;nbsp;!!ä&lt;br&gt;[ə]!!u!!i!!a!!e!!ə&lt;br&gt;[ɨ], ∅!!o!!ʷä&lt;br&gt;[ʷə]!!ʷi!!ʷa!!ʷe!!ʷə&lt;br&gt;[ʷɨ]
|}

== Grammatica ==
[[Fasciculus:Ethiopian Air aircraft showing Ethiopic script.jpg|thumb|[[Systema scribendi]] Aethiopicum (Ge'ez) in hoc latere [[aeroplanum|aeroplani]] [[Fokker 50]] [[Ethiopian Airlines]] videri potest: legitur የኢትዮጵያ ''ye-Ītyōṗṗyā'' ('Aethiopiae').]]
[[Fasciculus:Amharic Coca Cola bottle.jpg|thumb|Hodiernus Amharicae usus: pittacium [[ampulla]]e [[Coca-Cola]]. Scriptum legitur: ኮካ-ኮላ ''koka-kola.'']]
[[Fasciculus:Ethiopian anthem (since 1992) in amharic.jpg|thumb|Aethiopiae [[hymnus nationalis]]&quot; (ex 1992) per [[dactylographium]] manuale Amharice scriptus.]]
;Sententiae Amharicae simplices
Simplices sententiae Amharicae construi possunt per [[subiectum (grammatica)|subiectum]] et [[praedicatum (grammatica)|praedicatum]] adhibendum. Ecce sententiae simplices:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=habesha |url=http://bigaddis.com/2010/09/simple-amharic-sentences/ |title=Simple Amharic Sentences |publisher=Bigaddis |date=28 September 2010 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403130954/http://www.bigaddis.com/language/simple-amharic-sentences/.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

:ኢትዮጵያ አፍሪቃ ውስጥ ናት
:ʾItyop̣p̣ya ʾAfriqa wǝsṭ nat
:Aethiopia Africa in est
:'Aethiopia in [[Africa]] est.'

:ልጁ ተኝቷል
:Lǝǧu täññǝtʷall.
:puer dormit&lt;ref&gt;Hic ''u'' est articulus definitivus: lǝǧ = 'puer'; lǝǧu = 'ille puer'&lt;/ref&gt;
:'[[Puer]] dormit.'

:አየሩ ደስ ይላል
:Ayyäru däss yǝlall
:caelum bonum est
:'Caelum est bonum.'

:እሱ ወደ ከተማ መጣ
:Ǝssu wädä kätäma mäṭṭa.
:Is ad urbem venit
:'Is ad urbem venit.'

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
;Generalia
* Chang, Kevin O'Brien, et Wayne Chen. [[1998]]. ''Reggae Routes: The Story of Jamaican Music.'' Philadelphiae: Temple University Press. ISBN 978-1-56639-629-5. [https://books.google.com/books?id=felkD8CI97sC&amp;pg=PA242 Google.]

;Grammatica
* Abraham, Roy Clive. [[1968]]. ''The Principles of Amharic. Occasional Publication. Institute of African Studies, University of Ibadan.&lt;!-- = 'A modern grammar of spoken Amharic', 1941--&gt;
* Afevork, Ghevre Jesus. [[1905]]. ''Grammatica della lingua amarica: metodo pratico per l'insegnamento.'' R. Accademia dei Lincei. [https://books.google.com/books?id=LNbfAAAAMAAJ Google.]
* Afevork, Ghevre Jesus. [[1911]]. ''Il verbo amarico.'' Romae.
* Amsalu Aklilu, et Demissie Manahlot. [[1990]]. ''T'iru ye'Amarinnya Dirset 'Indet Yale New!''
* Anbessa Teferra and Grover Hudson. [[2007]]. ''Essentials of Amharic.'' Coloniae: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
* Appleyard, David [[1994]]. Colloquial Amharic, Routledge ISBN 0-415-10003-8.
* Armbruster, Carl Hubert. [[1908]]. ''Initia amharica: an Introduction to Spoken Amharic.'' The University Press. [https://books.google.com/books?id=8h0YAAAAYAAJ Google Books.]
* Bender, M. Lionel. [[1974]]. Phoneme frequencies in Amharic. ''Journal of Ethiopian Studies'' 12(1):19–24.
* Bender, M. Lionel, et Hailu Fulass. [[1978]]. ''Amharic verb morphology.'' Committee on Ethiopian Studies, monograph 7. East Lansing Michiganiae: African Studies Center, Michigan State University.
* Bennet, M. E. [[1978]]. Stratificational Approaches to Amharic Phonology. Dissertatio Ph.D., Michigan State University.
* Cohen, Marcel. [[1936]]. ''Traité de langue amharique.'' Lutetiae: Institut d'Ethnographie.
* Cohen, Marcel. [[1939]]. ''Nouvelles études d'éthiopien merdional.'' Lutetiae: Champion.
* Daniels, Peter T., et William Bright, eds. [[1996]]. Ethiopic Writing. In ''The World's Writing Systems.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-507993-7.
* Dawkins, C. H. ¹[[1960]], ²[[1969]]. ''The Fundamentals of Amharic.'' Addis Ababa.
* Kapeliuk, Olga. [[1988]]. ''Nominalization in Amharic.'' Stutgartiae: F. Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden. ISBN 3-515-04512-0.
* Kapeliuk, Olga. [[1994]]. ''Syntax of the noun in Amharic.'' Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 3-447-03406-8.
* Łykowska, Laura. [[1998]]. ''Gramatyka jezyka amharskiego'' Wydawnictwo Akademickie Dialog. ISBN 83-86483-60-1.
* Leslau, Wolf. [[1995]]. ''Reference Grammar of Amharic.'' Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 3-447-03372-X.
* Ludolf, Hiob. [[1968]]. ''Grammatica Linguæ Amharicæ.'' Francofurti.
* Praetorius, Franz. [[1879]]. ''Die amharische Sprache.'' [[Salinae Saxonicae|Salinis Saxonicis]]: Verlag der Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses.
* Ullendorff, Edward. [[1965]]. ''An Amharic Chrestomathy.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-7286-0058-7.

;Dictionaria
* Abbadie, Antoine Thomson d'. [[1881]]. ''Dictionnaire de la langue amariñña.'' Actes de la Société philologique, 10. Lutetiae.
* Amsalu Aklilu. [[1973]]. ''English-Amharic dictionary.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-572264-7.
* Baeteman, J.-É. [[1929]]. ''Dictionnaire amarigna-français.'' Diré-Daoua.
* Gankin, É. B. [[1969]]. ''Amxarsko-russkij slovar': Pod redaktsiej Kassa Gäbrä Heywät.'' Moscuae: Izdatel'stvo `Sovetskaja Éntsiklopedija'.
* Guidi, Ignazio. [[1901]]. ''Vocabolario amarico-italiano.'' Romae.
* Isenberg, Karl Wilhelm. [[1841]]. ''Dictionary of the Amharic language: Amharic and English : Englisch and Amharic.'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=ngdHAAAAcAAJ Google Books.]
* Guidi, I. [[1940]]. ''Supplemento al Vocabolario amarico-italiano.''&lt;!--compilato con il concorso di Francesco Gallina ed Enrico Cerulli--&gt; Romae.
* Kane, Thomas L. [[1990]]. ''Amharic–English Dictionary.'' 2 vols. Aquis Mattiacis: Otto Harrassowitz. ISBN 3-447-02871-8.
* Leslau, Wolf. [[1976]], [[1996]]. ''Concise Amharic Dictionary.'' Berkeleiae et Angelopoli: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-20501-4.
* Täsämma Habtä Mikael Gəṣṣəw. [[1953]]. ''Käsate Bərhan Täsämma: Yä-Amarəñña mäzgäbä qalat.'' [Calendarium Aethiopicum.] Addis Ababa: Artistic.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150821014049/http://amharictc7-nasci.rhcloud.com/dictionary-1/ Amharica, Tigrinya, Oromo.] [[2014]]. Admas Technologies.

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Amharic language|linguam Amaricam}}
{{InterWiki|Amharic language|code=am}}
{{wikibooks|Amharic}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080514225437/http://www.msu.edu/~hudson/Amhbiblio.htm Selected Annotated Bibliography on Amharic] by [https://web.archive.org/web/20110607201605/http://www.msu.edu/%7Ehudson/index.htm Grover Hudson at the Michigan State University] website.

{{Myrias|Anthropologia}}

&lt;!--South S. languages--&gt;
&lt;!--[[Categoria:Systemata scribendi]]--&gt;&lt;!--Abugida writing systems--&gt;&lt;!--
[[Category:Fusional languages]]
[[Category:Transverse Ethiopian Semitic languages]]--&gt;
{{DEFAULTSORT:Amharica, lingua}}
[[Categoria:Linguae Aethiopiae]]
[[Categoria:Linguae Semiticae]]
[[Categoria:Orthographia]]</text>
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    <title>Gentilicii mores</title>
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      <text bytes="4325" sha1="gt57wrz0ubcgkqbnchabei4uts5kj0v" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Horse and Sulky weathervane - SAAM - DSC00796.JPG|thumb|[[Coronis versatilis venti index]]&lt;!--(Ainsworth's) weathervane--&gt;: [[equus]] et [[currus]]. Museum Artis Americanae Smithsonianum.]]
[[Fasciculus:Hansel-and-gretel-rackham.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''[[Hansel et Gretel]].'' [[Arthurus Rackham]], [[1909]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Prince Salim (the future Jahangir) and his legendary illicit love.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Fabula]] [[Jahangir]] et [[Anarkali]] est eruditio vulgaris populo grata in terris [[Imperium Mughal]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Alphorns Grindelwald.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Cornu alpinum]] est [[instrumentum musicum]] magni momenti in vulgari [[Helvetia]]e eruditione.]]
[[Fasciculus:Australia Aboriginal Culture 009.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Homo]] [[didjeridu]] canit, [[instrumentum musicum]] [[Aborigines Australes|Aboriginum]] [[Australia]]e [[septentrio]]nalis.]]

'''Gentilicii mores'''&lt;ref&gt;[[Ebbe Vilborg]], ''Norstedts svensk-latinska ordbok,'' andra upplagan (Norstedts akademiska förlag: 2009); José Juan del Col, ''Diccionario auxiliar español-latino para el uso moderno del Latín-'' (Bahía Blanca: Instituto Superior Juan XXIII, 2007).&lt;/ref&gt; sunt [[traditio]]nales [[ars|artes]], [[litterae]], [[scientia (ratio)|scientia]], et [[mos|mores]], qui plerumque per [[communicatio]]nem vivam et exempla traduntur.&lt;ref name=afs&gt;[http://www.afsnet.org/?WhatIsFolklore &quot;What is Folklore?&quot;, American Folklore Society]&lt;/ref&gt; Res sic transmissae notiones et aestimationes communes certi gregis exprimunt. ''Folklore'' [[vocabulum]] [[Anglice|Anglicum]] anno [[1846]] excogitavisse agnoscitur.&lt;ref&gt;Sims et Stephens 2005:23.&lt;/ref&gt; Eruditio vulgaris [[disciplina academica]] rationes, sumptiones, et [[cognitio]]nes cum [[litterae|litteris]], [[anthropologia]], [[ars|arte]], [[musica]], [[historia]], [[linguistica]], [[philosophia]], et [[mythologia]] communiter habet. Elliott Oring affirmat eruditionem vulgarem esse partem [[cultura]]e quae &quot;postea feliciter vivit.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Anglice]]: &quot;lives happily ever after&quot; (Toelken 2003).&lt;/ref&gt; [[Folkloristica]] est [[academia|academicum]] eruditionis vulgaris studium.

===Nationalis vel ethnica===
{{div col|2}}
*[[America]]
**[[Eruditio vulgaris Canadae]]
***[[Eruditio vulgaris Quebeci]]
**[[Eruditio vulgaris  Civitatum Foederatarum]]
**[[Eruditio vulgaris  Americae Latinae]]
***[[Eruditio vulgaris Maris Caribici]] 
***[[Eruditio vulgaris Columbiae]]
*[[Asia]]
**[[Eruditio vulgaris Sinarum]]
**[[Eruditio vulgaris Iaponiae]]
**[[Eruditio vulgaris Indiae]]
**[[Eruditio vulgaris Indonesiae]]
**[[Eruditio vulgaris Coreae]]
**[[Eruditio vulgaris Maldiviarum]]
**[[Cultura Nepaliae|Eruditio vulgaris Nepaliae]]
**[[Eruditio vulgaris Pakistaniae]]
*[[Eruditio vulgaris Australiae]]
*Oriens Proximus
**[[Eruditio vulgaris Arabica]]
**[[Eruditio vulgaris Iraniae]]
**[[Eruditio vulgaris Iudaica]]
***[[Aggadah]]
**[[Eruditio vulgaris Turciae]]
{{Div col end}}

{{NexInt}}
*[[Apologus]]
*[[Ethnographia]]
*[[Ethnologia]]
*[[Kitsch]]
*[[Legenda]]
*[[Litterae orales]]
*[[Mythus urbanus]]
*[[Narratio]]

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Bausinger, Hermann. [[1984]]. Folklore, Folkloristik. In ''Enzyklopädie des Märchens,'' 4:1397–1403. 
*Coffin, Tristram P., et Hennig Cohen, eds. [[1966]]. ''Folklore in America; tales, songs, superstitions, proverbs, riddles, games, folk drama and folk festivals.'' Garden City, Novi Eboraci: Doubleday. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2yx3KwAACAAJ Selectiones ex ''Journal of American folklore.'']
*Mayor, Adrienne. [[2000]]. Bibliography of Classical Folklore Scholarship: Myths, Legends, and Popular Beliefs of Ancient Greece and Rome. ''Folklore'' 111(1):123–128. doi:10.1080/001558700360924.
*Schulze, Fritz Willy. [[1949]]. ''Folklore: zur Ableitung der Vorgeschichte einer Wissenschaftsbezeichnung.'' [[Salinae Saxonicae|Salinis Saxonicis]]: Niemeyer.
*Sims, Martha, et Martine Stephens. [[2005]]. ''Living Folklore.'' Logan Utae: Utah State University Press. ISBN 9780874216110.
*Toelken, Barre. [[2003]]. [http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1013&amp;context=usupress_pubs ''The Anguish of Snails.''] Logan Utae: Utah State University Press. ISBN 0874215552.

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|Folklore|gentilicios mores}}

[[Categoria:Gentilicii mores|!]]
{{Myrias|Philosophia}}</text>
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    <title>Michael Seeger</title>
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      <text bytes="10210" sha1="do6kam0fxa3i93e7mj871762yb8shet" xml:space="preserve">'''Michael &quot;Mike&quot; Seeger''' ([[15 Augusti]] [[1933]]—[[7 Augusti]] [[2009]]) fuit [[actor]] [[musica vulgaris|musicae vulgaris]] et [[eruditio vulgaris|folklorista]]. [[Cantor]] distinctus et [[musicus]] eruditus [[autolyra]]{{dubsig}}&lt;!--autoharp--&gt;, [[banio]]ne, [[violina]]&lt;!--en:fiddle (a different article from en:violin)--&gt;, [[dulcimer Appalachianus|dulcimero]]{{dubsig}}, [[cithara]],
[[homonica flatilis|homonica flatili]]&lt;!--(Traupman)m, Latine non &quot;harmonica&quot; ut videtur, nisi mendum est--&gt;, [[mandolinum|mandolino]], [[dobro]], [[lyra Iudaica]], et [[tibia Panos]]&lt;!--panpipes--&gt; ludere solebat.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20090523015500/http://www.smithsonianglobalsound.org:80/feature_21A.aspx &quot;Featured Artist: Mike Seeger&quot;] (Smithsonian Global Sound).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Paul Brown, [http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=111693752 &quot;Mike Seeger Cleared Paths, Showed Us The Way,&quot;] (NPR Music, 8 Augusti 2009).&lt;/ref&gt; Qui, consanguineus [[Petrus Seeger|Petri Seeger]] [[frater]], plus quam triginta impressiones documentarios fecit et in plus quam quadraginta aliis impressionibus egit. Fautores [[cultura]]e qui se moverant et docuerunt publicare volebat.&lt;ref name = &quot;NEA-National Heritage Fellowships-2009&quot;&gt;{{cite web|work =National Endowment for the Arts, National Heritage Fellowships|title=Mike Seeger: Musician, Cultural Scholar, and Advocate|url= http://www.arts.gov/honors/heritage/fellows/fellow.php?id=2009_10|quote=Bess Lomax Hawes NEA National Heritage Fellowship|publisher=National Endowment for the Arts|year=2009}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Familia et vita==
Seeger, [[Urbs Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]] natus, in [[Terra Mariae]] et [[Vasingtonia (DC)|Vasingtoniae DC]] adolevit. [[Pater]], [[Carolus Ludovicus Seeger]], alumnus [[Universitas Harvardiana|Universitatis Harvardianae]], fuit [[compositor]], [[musicologus]], et [[ethnomusicologia|ethnomusicologus]] praecursorius, qui [[musica vulgaris|musicam vulgarem]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Americanum]] et musicam non-Occidentalem investigavit. [[Mater]], [[Ruth Crawford Seeger]], Caroli discipula musica, fuit una ex [[compositor]]ibus [[modernismus|modernisticis]] [[saeculum 20|saeculi vicensimi]] maximi momenti a nonnullis habita.&lt;ref&gt;Judith Tick, [http://books.google.com/books/about/Ruth_Crawford_Seeger.html?id=xwLTDOR8LUYC' ''Ruth Crawford Seeger: a Composer's Search for American Music'' (1997).]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=990CE6D81E31E233A2575AC1A9649D946096D6CF 1911 ''New York Times'' wedding announcement for Charles Louis Seeger and Ruth Crawford Seeger].&lt;/ref&gt; 

[[Carolus Seeger III]], frater consanguineus maximus natu, fuit [[astronomia|astronomus]] [[radiophonia|radiophonicus]], Ioannesque Seeger, frater maior proximus natu, in [[Schola Daltoniana]] [[Manhata]]e [[decennium]] inter [[1950]] et [[1960]] docuit, et rector [[Schola Culturae Ethicae Fieldstoniana|Scholae Inferioris Fieldstonianae]] in [[Bronx]] ab [[1960]] ad [[1976]] fuit.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://peteseegersite.wordpress.com/2010/01/18/john-seeger-dies-at-95/|title=John Seeger Dies at 95|date=18 Ianuarii 2010|work=WordPress.com}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Iterum proximus frater consanguineus fuit [[Petrus Seeger|Petrus]]. Omnes quattuor ''siblings''{{dubsig}} ex patris uxore secunda—Margarita (Peggy), Michael, Barbara, et Penelope (Penny)—cantores musicae vulgaris facti sunt. [[Margarita Seeger|Peggy]], ipsa musica bene nota, uxor multos annos fuit [[Ewan MacColl]] cantoris vulgaris et [[agitator]]is [[Britannia|Britannici]]. Michael fuit conditor gregis [[New Lost City Ramblers]] ('Vagantes Novae Urbis Amissae'), cuius sodalium unus, [[Ioannes Cohen (musicus)|Ioannes Cohen]], Penny duxit—etiam cantrix ingeniosa, quae autem iuvenis mortua est.&lt;ref&gt;[http://weeklywire.com/ww/08-18-97/austin_music_feature3.html A Vision Shared, Austin Chronicle, weeklywire.com, 18 Augusti 1997].&lt;/ref&gt; Barbara cum [[liberi]]s eorundem parentium [[carmen vulgare|carmina vulgaria]] puerilia per [[phonographum|machinam phonographice]] impressit. [[Alanus Seeger]], patruus et [[poeta]] notissimus (&quot;I Have a Rendezvous with Death&quot;), unus ex primis [[miles|militibus]] Americanis in [[Bellum Orbis Terrarum I|magno bello]] interfectis fuit.

Michael Seeger, a se plerumque doctus, [[chordophonum|chordophona]] anno aetatis suae duodeviginti psallere coepit. Cecinit praeterea [[Sacred Harp]] cum Ewan et Calum MacColl.

==Discographia==
*''Old Time Country Music'' (Smithsonian Folkways) (1962)
*''Mike Seeger'' (Vanguard) (1964) &lt;ref&gt;Richie Unterberger, [http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=111693752 &quot;Mike Seeger,&quot;] ''Allmusic.''&lt;/ref&gt;
*''Tipple, Loom &amp; Rail'' (Smithsonian Folkways) (1965)
*''Mike and Peggy Seeger'' (Argo) (1966)
*''Music From True Vine'' (Mercury) (1972)
*''Berkeley Farms'' (Folkways) (1972)
*''The Second Annual Farewell Reunion'' (Mercury) (1973)
*''American Folk Songs for Children'' (Rounder) (1977)
*''Alice Gerrard and Mike Seeger'' (Greenhays) (1980)
*''Fresh Oldtime String Band'' (Rounder) (1988)
*''American Folk Songs for Christmas'' (Rounder) (1989)
*''Solo: Old Time Music'' (Rounder) (1991)
*''Animal Folk Songs for Children'' (Rounder) (1992)
*''Third Annual Farewell Reunion'' (Rounder) (1994)
*''Way Down in North Carolina'' ''(cum Paul Brown)'' (Rounder) (1996)
*''Southern Banjo Sounds'' (Smithsonian Folkways) (1998)
*''Retrograss'' ''(cum John Hartford et David Grisman)'' (Acoustic Disc) (1999)
*''True Vine'' (Smithsonian Folkways) (2003)
*''Early Southern Guitar Sounds'' (Smithsonian Folkways) (2007)
*Robert Plant et Alison Krauss. ''Raising Sand'' (Rounder) (2007)
*Ry Cooder. ''My Name Is Buddy'' (Nonesuch) (2007)
*''Talking Feet'' cum Ruth Pershing saltatrice (liber, Consignment) (2007)
*''Talking Feet'' (DVD, Smithsonian Folkways) (2007)
*''Bowling Green'' cum Alice Gerrard (5-String Productions) (2008); iterum a Greenhays editus (1980)
*''Fly Down Little Bird'' (Appalseed) (2011)

===Cum New Lost City Ramblers===
*''New Lost City Ramblers'' (Smithsonian Folkways) (1958)
*''Old Timey Songs for Children'' (Smithsonian Folkways) (1959)
*''Songs for the Depression'' (Smithsonian Folkways) (1959)
*''New Lost City Ramblers – Vol. 2'' (Smithsonian Folkways) (1960)
*''New Lost City Ramblers – Vol. 3'' (Smithsonian Folkways) (1961)
*''New Lost City Ramblers'' (Smithsonian Folkways) (1961)
*''New Lost City Ramblers – Vol. 4'' (Smithsonian Folkways) (1962)
*''American Moonshine and Prohibition Songs'' (Smithsonian Folkways) (1962)
*''New Lost City Ramblers – Vol. 5'' (Smithsonian Folkways) (1963)
*''Gone to the Country'' (Smithsonian Folkways) (1963)
*''String Band Instrumentals'' (Smithsonian Folkways) (1964)
*''Rural Delivery No. 1'' (Smithsonian Folkways) (1964)
*''Modern Times'' (Smithsonian Folkways) (1968)
*''New Lost City Ramblers with Cousin Emmy'' (Smithsonian Folkways) (1968)
*''Remembrance of Things to Come'' (Smithsonian Folkways) (1973)
*''On the Great Divide'' (Smithsonian Folkways) (1975)
*''Earth is Earth'' (Smithsonian Folkways) (1978)
*''Tom Paley, John Cohen, Mike Seeger Sing Songs of the New Lost City Ramblers'' (Smithsonian Folkways) (1978)
*''20th Anniversary Concert, with Elizabeth Cotten, Highwoods String Band, Pete Seeger &amp; the Green Grass Cloggers'' (FLYING FISH [Rounder]) (1978)
*''The Early Years, 1958–1962'' (Smithsonian Folkways) (1991)
*''Out Standing in their Field: The New Lost City Ramblers, Vol 2, 1963–1973'' (Smithsonian Folkways) (1993)
*''There Ain't No Way Out'' (Smithsonian Folkways) (1997)
*''40 Years of Concert Recordings'' (Rounder) (2001)
*''50 Years: Where Do You Come From? Where Do You Go?'' (Smithsonian Folkways) (2008)

===Cum Strange Creek Singers===
*''Strange Creek Singers'' (Mike et Alice Seeger, Hazel Dickens, Tracy Schwarz, Lamar Grier)

==Pelliculae selectae de Michaele Seeger==
*''Homemade American Music'' (1980) a Yasha Aginsky
*''Always Been a Rambler'' (2009) a Yasha Aginsky

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Nexus externi==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190726185241/http://mikeseeger.info/ Situs proprius,] mikeseeger.info
*Bissette, Elizabeth. [[2008]]. [http://countrymusicpride.com/mike-seeger/ Ultimum colloquium interrogatorium,] countrymusicpride.com&lt;!--
*Cherry, Bob. [[2009]]. {{Wayback |date=20100104064221 |url=http://cybergrass.com/modules.php?name=News&amp;file=article&amp;sid=6622 |title=&quot;Silent Strings: Mike Seeger Loses Battle with Cancer&quot;}} Cybergrass.com, 8 Augusti. Page not found, 30 Ian 2016--&gt;
*Lawless, John. [[2009]]. [http://bluegrasstoday.com/6193/mike-seeger-to-hospice-care/ &quot;Mike Seeger to Hospice Care,&quot;] bluegrasstoday.com, 29 Iulii.
*[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/culture-obituaries/music-obituaries/6011622/Mike-Seeger.html Laudatio,] www.telegraph.co.uk (''Daily Telegraph'').
*[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=111690155&amp;from=mobile1 Laudatio: &quot;Folk Music's Mike Seeger Dead,&quot;] www.npr.org (''National Public Radio'')
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090523015500/http://www.smithsonianglobalsound.org/feature_21A.aspx &quot;Mike Seeger Folk Revivalist and Historian,&quot;] www.smithsonianglobalsound, 2007.
*[http://www.loc.gov/folklife/Seegersymposium/ &quot;How Can I Keep From Singing?: A Seeger Family Tribute,&quot;] www.loc.gov (Bibliotheca Congressionalis, American Folklife Center, symposium et concentus.&lt;!--
*{{YouTube|4St8z3cBEFk|2007 Video released by Smithsonian July 2009 – Mike Seeger discusses &amp; plays &quot;Walking Boss&quot;}}
*[http://www.downhomeradioshow.com/2008/01/interview-with-mike-seeger/ Internet radio interview with Mike Seeger, he discusses Elizabeth Cotten, Dock Boggs, Henry Thomas, Alan Lomax, the current state of folk music and plays gourd banjo et lyra Iudaica live on air]--&gt;

{{Lifetime|1933|2009|Seeger, Michael}}
[[Categoria:Cantores carminum vulgarium Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Familia Seegerana]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Novi Eboraci]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Virginiae]]
[[Categoria:Musica vulgaris Civitatum Foederatarum]]
&lt;!--en:Old-time musicians--&gt;&lt;!--
[[Category:American fiddlers]]
[[Category:Cancer deaths in Virginia]]
[[Category:Autoharp players]]
[[Category:Appalachian old-time fiddlers]]
[[Category:Jaw harp players]]
[[Category:American mandolinists]]--&gt;</text>
      <sha1>do6kam0fxa3i93e7mj871762yb8shet</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>254622</id>
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      <id>3983709</id>
      <parentid>3983000</parentid>
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        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
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      <text bytes="7015" sha1="twg9hryla68pt00zmb78i19nhq4q1wa" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in NOH.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo in comitatu Binethensi]]
'''Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi'''&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus in Comitatũ Binethensi&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Grafschaft Bentheim'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum syntagma &quot;in Comitatũ Binethensi&quot; Theodiscum ''Grafschaft Bentheim'' vertit.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Grafschaft Bentheim''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Grafskup Bentheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Groafschup Bentem''), nunc pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1885]] conditus est et ad annum [[1945]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit et deinde ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem. Caput circuli urbs [[Northorna]] est.

== Historia ==
Comitatus Binethensis anno [[1015]] primo in actis descriptum est. Ab anno [[1815]] ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Anno [[1885]] circulus conditus est. Post [[Secundum Bellum Mundanum]] [[Nederlandia]] agrum circuli reparationis causa postulavit neque tamen multum adipisci potuit&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-44435312.html Der Spiegel die 1 Ianuarii 1949]&lt;/ref&gt;. Ab anno [[1946]] Circulus Binethensis pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Numerus incolarum tum multis hominibus auctus est, qui e Germania Orientali fugati erant. Annis [[1974]], [[1977]] atque [[1978]] fines circuli paulum mutatae sunt.

== Communia circuli ==
Haec sunt 25 communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communia generalia coniuncti sunt:

* [[Binethemum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;&gt;Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: I. Historicos Germanicos, II. Historiam Helmstadensem, III. Dissertationes de utriusque Saxoniae''. Typis Georgii Wolffgangi Hammii; et: Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: Dissertationen und historische Chroniken des Herzogtums Braunschweig-Lüneburg''. Typis Georgii Wolffii.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bentheim''), urbs (15.104 incolae)
* [[Northorna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;&gt;Egli, J. J. (1893). ''Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume''. [[Lipsia]]e: Friedrich Brandstetter.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nordhorn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nothoorn'' seu ''Notthoarn'' seu ''Netthoarn'' seu ''Noordhoorn''), urbs et caput circuli (52.579)
* [[Wietmarschen]] (11.765)

* [[Emmelkampus (commune generale)|Emmelkampus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Emmelkampus&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.altreformiert.de/beuker/geschichte/grafschaft-bentheim/ERK-GRAFSCH_Classis_1625-1705_Prot_-_Plasger_2021_gjb.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Protokolle der Classis der reformierten Prediger der Grafschaft Bentheim 1625–1705''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Domino Bernhardus Tinneken Pastorum Emmelkampum (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Emlichheim''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Batavice]] ''Emmelkamp'') commune generale (14.428)
** [[Emmelkampus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Emmelkampus&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.altreformiert.de/beuker/geschichte/grafschaft-bentheim/ERK-GRAFSCH_Classis_1625-1705_Prot_-_Plasger_2021_gjb.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Protokolle der Classis der reformierten Prediger der Grafschaft Bentheim 1625–1705''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Domino Bernhardus Tinneken Pastorum Emmelkampum (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Emlichheim''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Batavice]] ''Emmelkamp''), sedes administrationis (7.288)
** [[Hoogstede]] (2.883)
** [[Laar]] (2.176)
** [[Ringe]] (2.081)

* [[Neuenhusa (commune generale)|Neuenhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenhaus''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neenhuus'') commune generale (13.896)
** [[Aszi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hermann&quot;&gt;Hermann Abels: ''Die Ortsnamen des Emslandes in ihrer sprachlichen und kulturgeschichtlichen Bedeutung''. S. 27f.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Esche'') (573)
** [[Georgsdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Georgsdorf'') (1.280)
** [[Lage (Saxonia Inferior)|Lage]] (1.059)
** [[Neuenhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenhaus''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neenhuus''), urbs et sedes administrationis (9813)
** [[Osterwald]] (1.171)

* [[Schüttorf (commune generale)|Schüttdorf]] commune generale (15.388)
** [[Engda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Engden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Engn'') (432)
** [[Isterberg]] (581)
** [[Ohne]] (572)
** [[Quendorf]] (548)
** [[Samern]] (745)
** [[Schüttorf]], oppidum et sedes administrationis (12.510)

* [[Uelsen (commune generale)|Uelsen]] commune generale (11.169)
** [[Getelo]] ([[Theodisce]] ''Getelo''; [[Saxonice]] ''Getel'') (550)
** [[Golencampus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;campus-i&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-kamp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-campus-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Gölenkamp''; [[Saxonice]] ''Göllenkamp'') (588)
** [[Halle (comitatus Binethensis)|Halle]] (663)
** [[Itterbeck]] (1.760)
** [[Uelsen]], sedes administrationis (5.468)
** [[Wielen]] (551)
** [[Wilsum]] (1.589)

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Landkreis Grafschaft Bentheim|circulum in comitatu Binethensi}}
[http://www.grafschaft-bentheim.de Pagina officialis]


{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}

{{geo-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Binethensis comitatus circulus}}
[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1885]]</text>
      <sha1>twg9hryla68pt00zmb78i19nhq4q1wa</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3983741</id>
      <parentid>3983709</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-25T23:04:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
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      <text bytes="7387" sha1="6vz9arq9pb4u5st6s6jtc93kzpotdft" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in NOH.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo in comitatu Binethensi]]
'''Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi'''&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus in Comitatũ Binethensi&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Grafschaft Bentheim'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum syntagma &quot;in Comitatũ Binethensi&quot; Theodiscum ''Grafschaft Bentheim'' vertit.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Grafschaft Bentheim''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Grafskup Bentheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Groafschup Bentem''), nunc pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1885]] conditus est et ad annum [[1945]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit et deinde ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem. Caput circuli urbs [[Northorna]] est.

== Historia ==
Comitatus Binethensis anno [[1015]] primo in actis descriptum est. Ab anno [[1815]] ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Anno [[1885]] circulus conditus est. Post [[Secundum Bellum Mundanum]] [[Nederlandia]] agrum circuli reparationis causa postulavit neque tamen multum adipisci potuit&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-44435312.html Der Spiegel die 1 Ianuarii 1949]&lt;/ref&gt;. Ab anno [[1946]] Circulus Binethensis pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Numerus incolarum tum multis hominibus auctus est, qui e Germania Orientali fugati erant. Annis [[1974]], [[1977]] atque [[1978]] fines circuli paulum mutatae sunt.

== Communia circuli ==
Haec sunt 25 communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communia generalia coniuncti sunt:

* [[Binethemum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;&gt;Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: I. Historicos Germanicos, II. Historiam Helmstadensem, III. Dissertationes de utriusque Saxoniae''. Typis Georgii Wolffgangi Hammii; et: Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: Dissertationen und historische Chroniken des Herzogtums Braunschweig-Lüneburg''. Typis Georgii Wolffii.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bentheim''), urbs (15.104 incolae)
* [[Northorna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;&gt;Egli, J. J. (1893). ''Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume''. [[Lipsia]]e: Friedrich Brandstetter.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nordhorn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nothoorn'' seu ''Notthoarn'' seu ''Netthoarn'' seu ''Noordhoorn''), urbs et caput circuli (52.579)
* [[Wietmarschen]] (11.765)

* [[Emmelkampus (commune generale)|Emmelkampus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Emmelkampus&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.altreformiert.de/beuker/geschichte/grafschaft-bentheim/ERK-GRAFSCH_Classis_1625-1705_Prot_-_Plasger_2021_gjb.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Protokolle der Classis der reformierten Prediger der Grafschaft Bentheim 1625–1705''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Domino Bernhardus Tinneken Pastorum Emmelkampum (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Emlichheim''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Batavice]] ''Emmelkamp'') commune generale (14.428)
** [[Emmelkampus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Emmelkampus&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.altreformiert.de/beuker/geschichte/grafschaft-bentheim/ERK-GRAFSCH_Classis_1625-1705_Prot_-_Plasger_2021_gjb.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Protokolle der Classis der reformierten Prediger der Grafschaft Bentheim 1625–1705''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Domino Bernhardus Tinneken Pastorum Emmelkampum (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Emlichheim''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Batavice]] ''Emmelkamp''), sedes administrationis (7.288)
** [[Hoogstede]] (2.883)
** [[Laar]] (2.176)
** [[Ringe]] (2.081)

* [[Neuenhusa (commune generale)|Neuenhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenhaus''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neenhuus'') commune generale (13.896)
** [[Aszi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hermann&quot;&gt;Hermann Abels: ''Die Ortsnamen des Emslandes in ihrer sprachlichen und kulturgeschichtlichen Bedeutung''. S. 27f.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Esche'') (573)
** [[Georgsdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Georgsdorf'') (1.280)
** [[Lage (Saxonia Inferior)|Lage]] (1.059)
** [[Neuenhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenhaus''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neenhuus''), urbs et sedes administrationis (9813)
** [[Osterwald]] (1.171)

* [[Schüttorf (commune generale)|Schüttdorf]] commune generale (15.388)
** [[Engda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Engden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Engn'') (432)
** [[Isterberg]] (581)
** [[Ohne]] (572)
** [[Quendorf]] (548)
** [[Samern]] (745)
** [[Schüttorf]], oppidum et sedes administrationis (12.510)

* [[Uelsen (commune generale)|Uelsen]] commune generale (11.169)
** [[Getelo]] ([[Theodisce]] ''Getelo''; [[Saxonice]] ''Getel'') (550)
** [[Golencampus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;campus-i&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-kamp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-campus-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Gölenkamp''; [[Saxonice]] ''Göllenkamp'') (588)
** [[Halla (Comitatus Binethensis)|Halla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Halla prope Neuenhusam&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Halle'' plerumque toponymo &quot;Halla-ae&quot; latinizatur. Qua de latinizatione, vide complures Hallae apud [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Halle'') (663)
** [[Itterbeck]] (1.760)
** [[Uelsen]], sedes administrationis (5.468)
** [[Wielen]] (551)
** [[Wilsum]] (1.589)

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Landkreis Grafschaft Bentheim|circulum in comitatu Binethensi}}
[http://www.grafschaft-bentheim.de Pagina officialis]


{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}

{{geo-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Binethensis comitatus circulus}}
[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1885]]</text>
      <sha1>6vz9arq9pb4u5st6s6jtc93kzpotdft</sha1>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>Neuenhusa (commune generale)</title>
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    <id>254728</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3983699</id>
      <parentid>3982443</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-25T20:56:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Neuenhaus (commune generale)]] ad [[Neuenhusa (commune generale)]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam</comment>
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      <text bytes="1381" sha1="okg3wtkjb73xj7ymqs66r47wdcqobzb" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:2013-neuenhaus-hausambuergerpark.jpg|thumb|left|Iudicium Neuenhaus anno 1973 sublatum]]
'''Neuenhaus''' est commune generale [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi|Circulo in Comitatu Binethensi]].

== Historia ==
Die [[1 Martii]] [[1974]] Neuenhaus commune generale constitutum est. E communibus [[Aszi]]s&lt;ref name=&quot;Hermann&quot;&gt;Hermann Abels: ''Die Ortsnamen des Emslandes in ihrer sprachlichen und kulturgeschichtlichen Bedeutung''. S. 27f.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Esche'') (573 incolae), [[Georgsdorfium|Georgsdorfio]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Georgsdorf'') (1.280), [[Lage (Saxonia Inferior)|Lage]] (1.059), [[Neuenhaus]], oppidum et sedes administrationis (9813) atque [[Osterwald]] (1.171) constat.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{Commonscat|Neuenhaus}}
* [http://www.neuenhaus.de Pagina communis generalis Neuenhaus (Theodisce)]

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia generalia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1974]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3983703</id>
      <parentid>3983699</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-25T21:02:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3983703</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="2345" sha1="bb38qbu0lkgohfut6bbkw92bjwvn2gu" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:2013-neuenhaus-hausambuergerpark.jpg|thumb|left|Iudicium Neuenhusanum anno 1973 aedificatum.]]
'''Neuenhusa'''&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenhaus''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neenhuus'') est commune generale [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi|Circulo in Comitatu Binethensi]].

== Historia ==
Die [[1 Martii]] [[1974]] Neuenhusa commune generale constitutum est. E communibus [[Aszi]]s&lt;ref name=&quot;Hermann&quot;&gt;Hermann Abels: ''Die Ortsnamen des Emslandes in ihrer sprachlichen und kulturgeschichtlichen Bedeutung''. S. 27f.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Esche'') (573 incolae), [[Georgsdorfium|Georgsdorfio]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Georgsdorf'') (1.280), [[Lage (Saxonia Inferior)|Lage]] (1.059), [[Neuenhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenhaus''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neenhuus''), urbe et sede administrationis, (9813) atque [[Osterwald]] (1.171) constat.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{Commonscat|Neuenhaus|Neuenhusam}}
* [http://www.neuenhaus.de Pagina communis generalis Neuenhusae (Theodisce)]

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia generalia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1974]]</text>
      <sha1>bb38qbu0lkgohfut6bbkw92bjwvn2gu</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Uelsen (commune generale)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>254734</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3983719</id>
      <parentid>3982998</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-25T22:41:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3983719</origin>
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      <text bytes="1585" sha1="3iz019m77c87xwjh63jnubsy328w0ir" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Kerk Uelsen.jpg|thumb|left|Ecclesia communis Uelsen]]
'''Uelsen''' est commune generale [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi|Circulo in Comitatu Binethensi]].

== Historia ==
Anno [[1970]] Uelsen commune generale a communibus 10 constitutum est. Die [[1 Martii]] [[1974]] aliqua communia coniuncta sunt. A die [[1 Novembris]] [[1974]] Uelsen e communibus [[Getelo]]ne ([[Theodisce]] ''Getelo''; [[Saxonice]] ''Getel'') (550 incolae), [[Golencampus|Golencampo]]&lt;ref name=&quot;campus-i&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-kamp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-campus-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Gölenkamp''; [[Saxonice]] ''Göllenkamp'') (588), [[Halla (Comitatus Binethensis)|Halla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Halla prope Neuenhusam&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Halle'' plerumque toponymo &quot;Halla-ae&quot; latinizatur. Qua de latinizatione, vide complures Hallae apud [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Halle'') (663), [[Itterbeck]] (1.760), [[Uelsen]], sedes administrationis (5.468), [[Wielen]] (551) atque [[Wilsum]] (1.589)
constat.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{Commonscat|Uelsen|Uelsen}}
* [http://www.uelsen.de Pagina communis generalis Uelsen (lingua Theodisca)]

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia generalia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1970]]</text>
      <sha1>3iz019m77c87xwjh63jnubsy328w0ir</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aszi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>255095</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3983706</id>
      <parentid>3981438</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-25T21:06:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3983706</origin>
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{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

'''Aszi'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Hermann&quot;&gt;Hermann Abels: ''Die Ortsnamen des Emslandes in ihrer sprachlichen und kulturgeschichtlichen Bedeutung''. S. 27f.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Esche'') sunt commune in [[Saxonia Inferior]]e situm atque pars [[Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi|Circuli in Comitatu Binethensis]]. Aszi sunt praeterea pars communis generalis [[Neuenhusa (commune generale)|Neuenhusae]].

== Historia ==
Circa annum 1000 villa Aszi primo in actis descripta est. Regio usque ad annum [[1753]] ad comitatum Binethensem pertinuit, cum Friedericus Carolus comes eam cum toto comitatu [[Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Luneburgensis|Electori Hannoverae]] pigno dedit. Ab anno [[1806]] regio ad [[Magnus Ducatus Montensis|Magnum Ducatum Montensem]] pertinuit. [[Napoleo I (imperator Franciae)|Napoleone]] imperatore victo Aszi pars [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regni Hannoverani]] fuerunt. Regnum Hannoveranum autem anno [[1866]] a [[Borussia]] occupatum est. Anno [[1885]] Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi conditus est, cuius caput tum [[Aquae Benthemiae|Benthemia]] erat et ad quem Aszi ad hunc diem pertinent. Ab anno [[1946]] Circulus Binethensis pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Numerus incolarum tum multis hominibus auctus est, qui e Germania Orientali fugati erant. Anno [[1974]] Aszi cum aliis communibus se ad commune generale [[Neuenhusa (commune generale)|Neuenhusam]] coniunxerunt. Anno [[2011]] Gerhardus Trüün (CDU) novus magister civium electus est.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Esche (Grafschaft Bentheim)|Aszos}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160826215239/http://neuenhaus.de/staticsite/staticsite.php?menuid=180&amp;topmenu=179 www.neuenhaus.de - Pagina communis generalis]

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]</text>
      <sha1>cip8ccdd1s2ylr7aehxjc3ypntzvpoc</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Georgsdorfium</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>255107</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3983707</id>
      <parentid>3982442</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-25T21:07:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3983707</origin>
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{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Georgsdorf_Windmühle.JPG|thumb|left|Molae ventis Georgsdorfenses.]]
'''Georgsdorfium'''&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Georgsdorf'') est commune in [[Saxonia Inferior]]e situm atque pars [[Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi|Circuli in Comitatu Binethensis]]. Georgsdorfium est praeterea pars communis generalis [[Neuenhusa (commune generale)|Neuenhusae]].

== Historia ==
Anno [[1655]] Ioannes Picardt pastor reformatus coloniam in palude exstruxit, cui primo nomen Ernstdorfium&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Ernstdorf''), deinde, ut conditor honoraretur, Piccardia&lt;ref name=&quot;-ia-ae&quot;&gt;Toponyma cum suffixo ''-ie'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-ia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Turbia]], [[Vermeria]], [[Alteia]], [[Airdria]], [[Augustadia]], [[Curbavia]], [[Normannia]], [[Picardia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Piccardie'') nominata est. Regio usque ad annum [[1753]] ad comitatum Binethensem pertinuit, cum Friedericus Carolus comes eam cum toto comitatu [[Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Luneburgensis|Electori Hannoverae]] pigno dedit. Anno [[1760]] colonia in partes duas divisa est: Piccardia Antiqua&lt;ref name=&quot;-ia-ae&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Alt&quot;&gt;Theodiscum adiectivum ''Alte'' [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/antiquus?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Latino adiectivo &quot;antiquus-a-um&quot;] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Alte Piccardie'') -nunc ad [[Osterwald]] commune pertinens- et Piccardia Nova&lt;ref name=&quot;-ia-ae&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Neu&quot;&gt;Theodiscum adiectivum ''Neu'' Latino adiectivo &quot;novus-a-um&quot; vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Neue Piccardie'')&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160220145728/http://www.reformiert-georgsdorf.de/ Pagina communitatis Reformatae Georgsdorf]&lt;/ref&gt;. Ab anno [[1806]] regio ad [[Magnus Ducatus Montensis|Magnum Ducatum Montensem]] pertinuit. [[Napoleo I (imperator Franciae)|Napoleone]] imperatore victo Georgsdorfium pars [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regni Hannoverani]] fuit. Anno [[1862]] [[Georgius V (rex Hannoverae)|Georgius V]] rex Hannoverae vico novam ecclesiam donavit. Incolae gratia adducti coloniae novum nomen Georgsdorfium (scilicet &quot;Vicus Georgii&quot;) dederunt. Regnum Hannoveranum autem anno [[1866]] a [[Borussia]] occupatum est. Anno [[1885]] Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi conditus est, cuius caput tum [[Aquae Benthemiae|Benthemia]] erat et ad quem Georgsdorfium ad hunc diem pertinet. Ab anno [[1946]] Circulus Binethensis pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Numerus incolarum tum multis hominibus auctus est, qui e Germania Orientali fugati erant. Anno [[1974]] Georgsdorfium cum aliis communibus se ad commune generale [[[Neuenhusa (commune generale)|Neuenhusam]] coniunxit. Anno [[2007]] Ioannes Scholten (CDU) novus magister civium electus est.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Georgsdorf|Georgsdorfium}}
* [http://www.neuenhaus.de/staticsite/staticsite.php?menuid=181&amp;topmenu=179 Pagina communis generalis Neuenhusae]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita 1760]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lage (Saxonia Inferior)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>255109</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3983705</id>
      <parentid>3720486</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-25T21:05:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
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{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Kirche Lage.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Ecclesia Reformata Lagensis.&lt;ref&gt;Nomen adiectivum: ''Lagensis.'' Hermannus Hamelmannus, [https://books.google.com/books?id=auI-AAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA243&amp;lpg=PA243&amp;dq=lagensis+saxonia&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=J5RXUlF8hh&amp;sig=mM2G7kiyxpX6o-oaj6O9tqRKBKM&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwi78c7b6fzKAhUBMSYKHSiDBQkQ6AEIHzAA#v=onepage&amp;q=lagensis%20saxonia&amp;f=false ''Opera Genealogico-Historica, De Wastphalia &amp; Saxonia Inferiori''] (Lemgoviae: Sumptibus Henrici Wilh. Meyeri, 1711), 243.&lt;/ref&gt;]]
'''Lage''' est [[commune]] in [[Saxonia Inferior]]e situm atque pars [[Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi|Circuli in Comitatu Binethensis]]. Lage est praeterea pars [[Neuenhusa (commune generale)|Neuenhusae]] communis generalis.

== Historia ==
[[Fasciculus:I. Commelin Sprengung Burg Lage 1626.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Castellum Lagense anno [[1626]] bello deletum.]]
Anno [[1183]], castellum Lagense primo in actis descriptum est. Inter bellum Hispano-Nederlandicum, castellum anno [[1623]] deletum neque deinde refectum est. Ad annum [[1803]] regio Lagensis deinde quasi sui iuris fuit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160407144307/http://www.neuenhaus.de/staticsite/staticsite.php?menuid=182&amp;topmenu=179 Pagina communis generalis Neuenhusae de historia vici Lage]&lt;/ref&gt; Ab anno [[1806]] Lage ad [[Magnus Ducatus Montensis|Magnum Ducatum Montensem]] pertinuit. [[Napoleo I (imperator Franciae)|Napoleone]] imperatore victo Lage pars [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regni Hannoverani]] fuit. Regnum Hannoveranum autem anno [[1866]] a [[Borussia]] occupatum est. Anno [[1885]] Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi conditus est, cuius caput tum [[Aquae Benthemiae|Benthemia]] erat et ad quem Lage ad hunc diem pertinet. Ab anno [[1946]] Circulus Binethensis pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Numerus incolarum tum multis hominibus auctus est, qui e Germania Orientali fugati erant. Anno [[1974]] Lage cum aliis communibus se ad [[Neuenhusa (commune generale)|Neuenhusam]] commune generale coniunxit. Anno [[2011]], Henricus Bosch novus magister civium electus est.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Lage (Dinkel)|Lage}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160407144307/http://www.neuenhaus.de/staticsite/staticsite.php?menuid=182&amp;topmenu=179 www.neuenhaus.de - Pagina communis generalis]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215318/http://www.muehlenfreunde-lage.de/ Pagina amicorum molae, castelli atque vici Lage]

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Neuenhusa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>255179</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3983688</id>
      <parentid>3723242</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-25T19:45:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Neuenhaus]] ad [[Neuenhusa]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam</comment>
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[[Fasciculus:Neuenhaus_kirche_reformiert_2013.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Ecclesia Reformata Neuenhaus]]
'''Neuenhaus''' est oppidum in [[Saxonia Inferior]]e situm atque pars [[Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi|Circuli in Comitatu Binethensis]]. Ad Neuenhaus etiam vici Grasdorf, Hilten atque Veldhausen pertinent. Neuenhaus est praeterea caput communis generalis [[Neuenhaus (commune generale)|eiusdem nominis]].

== Historia ==
[[Fasciculus:Nieuhuys_(Merian)_1.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Neuenhaus anno 1647 depictum]]
Anno [[1317]] Neuenhaus a comite Benthemiae Ioanne II conditum est. Novo oppido via a [[Traiectum ad Rhenum|Traiecto ad Rhenum]] ad [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterium]] urbem tuebatur&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160826210400/http://neuenhaus.de/staticsite/staticsite.php?menuid=183&amp;topmenu=179 neuenhaus.de]&lt;/ref&gt;. Regio usque ad annum [[1753]] ad comitatum Binethensem pertinuit, cum Friedericus Carolus comes eam cum toto comitatu [[Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Luneburgensis|Electori Hannoverae]] pigno dedit. Ab anno [[1806]] Neuenhaus ad [[Magnus Ducatus Montensis|Magnum Ducatum Montensem]] pertinuit. [[Napoleo I (imperator Franciae)|Napoleone]] imperatore victo Neuenhaus pars [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regni Hannoverani]] fuit. Regnum Hannoveranum autem anno [[1866]] a [[Borussia]] occupatum est. Anno [[1885]] Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi conditus est, cuius caput tum [[Aquae Benthemiae|Benthemia]] erat et ad quem Neuenhaus ad hunc diem pertinet. Ab anno [[1946]] Circulus Binethensis pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Numerus incolarum tum multis hominibus auctus est, qui e Germania Orientali fugati erant. Anno [[1970]] vici supra dicti ad Neuenhaus adiuncti sunt et anno [[1974]] Neuenhaus cum aliis communibus se ad [[Neuenhaus (commune generale)|Neuenhaus]] commune generale coniunxit et sedes administrationis factum est.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160826210400/http://neuenhaus.de/staticsite/staticsite.php?menuid=183&amp;topmenu=179 www.neuenhaus.de - Pagina communis generalis]

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita 1317]]</text>
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[[Fasciculus:Neuenhaus_kirche_reformiert_2013.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Ecclesia Reformata Neuenhusana.]]
'''Neuenhusa'''&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenhaus''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neenhuus'') est urbs in [[Saxonia Inferior]]e situm atque pars [[Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi|Circuli in Comitatu Binethensis]]. Ad Neuenhusam etiam vici [[Grasdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Elsdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Elsdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Elvede]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoops 2003&quot;&gt;Hoops, J. (Ed.) (2003). ''Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch III: Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter''. Biliveldae: Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Grasdorf'') cum [[Bischofspool]]i (Theodisce ''Bischofspool''), [[Thesingfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-felda&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-feld(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-felda-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Falufelda]], [[Frauenfelda]], [[Heresfelda]], [[Hirutfelda]], [[Ilfelda]], [[Mansfelda]], [[Salfelda]], [[Sualafelda]], [[Alfelda]], [[Alsfelda]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Thesingfeld'') ac [[Veldgaar]]i (Theodisce ''Veldgaar''); [[Hilta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Hilten'') cum [[Buitenburgum|Buitenburgo]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Buitenborg''); [[Neuenhusa (vicus)|Neuenhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Neuenhaus''); [[Stagnum (Neuenhusa)|Stagnum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Teich&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Teich?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum vocabulum ''Teich'' Latino &quot;stagnum-i&quot; vertitur.]&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Teich''); et [[Veldhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Veldhausen'') pertinent. Neuenhusa est praeterea caput communis generalis [[Neuenhusa (commune generale)|eiusdem nominis]].

== Historia ==
[[Fasciculus:Nieuhuys_(Merian)_1.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Neuenhusa anno 1647 depicta.]]
Anno [[1317]] Neuenhusa a comite Benthemiae Ioanne II condita est. Via a [[Traiectum ad Rhenum|Traiecto ad Rhenum]] ad [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterium]] urbem tuebatur&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160826210400/http://neuenhaus.de/staticsite/staticsite.php?menuid=183&amp;topmenu=179 neuenhaus.de]&lt;/ref&gt;. Regio usque ad annum [[1753]] ad comitatum Binethensem pertinuit, cum Friedericus Carolus comes eam cum toto comitatu [[Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Luneburgensis|Electori Hannoverae]] pigno dedit. Ab anno [[1806]] Neuenhusa ad [[Magnus Ducatus Montensis|Magnum Ducatum Montensem]] pertinuit. [[Napoleo I (imperator Franciae)|Napoleone]] imperatore victo Neuenhusa pars [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regni Hannoverani]] fuit. Regnum Hannoveranum autem anno [[1866]] a [[Borussia]] occupatum est. Anno [[1885]] Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi conditus est, cuius caput tum [[Aquae Benthemiae|Benthemia]] erat et ad quem Neuenhusa ad hunc diem pertinet. Ab anno [[1946]] Circulus Binethensis pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Numerus incolarum tum multis hominibus auctus est, qui e Germania Orientali fugati erant. Anno [[1970]] vici supra dicti ad Neuenhusam adiuncti sunt et anno [[1974]] Neuenhusa cum aliis communibus se ad [[Neuenhusa (commune generale)|Neuenhusam]] commune generale coniunxit et sedes administrationis facta est.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Neuenhaus|Neuenhausam}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160826210400/http://neuenhaus.de/staticsite/staticsite.php?menuid=183&amp;topmenu=179 www.neuenhaus.de - Pagina communis generalis]

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita 1317]]</text>
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[[Fasciculus:Neuenhaus_kirche_reformiert_2013.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Ecclesia Reformata Neuenhusana.]]
'''Neuenhusa'''&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenhaus''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neenhuus'') est urbs in [[Saxonia Inferior]]e situm atque pars [[Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi|Circuli in Comitatu Binethensis]]. Ad Neuenhusam etiam vici [[Grasdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Elsdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Elsdörp'')&lt;/small&gt; (Theodisce ''Grasdorf'') cum [[Bischofspool]]i (Theodisce ''Bischofspool''), [[Thesingfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-felda&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-feld(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-felda-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Falufelda]], [[Frauenfelda]], [[Heresfelda]], [[Hirutfelda]], [[Ilfelda]], [[Mansfelda]], [[Salfelda]], [[Sualafelda]], [[Alfelda]], [[Alsfelda]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Thesingfeld'') ac [[Veldgaar]]i (Theodisce ''Veldgaar''); [[Hilta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Hilten'') cum [[Buitenburgum|Buitenburgo]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Buitenborg''); [[Neuenhusa (vicus)|Neuenhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Neuenhaus''); [[Stagnum (Neuenhusa)|Stagnum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Teich&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Teich?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum vocabulum ''Teich'' Latino &quot;stagnum-i&quot; vertitur.]&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Teich''); et [[Veldhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Veldhausen'') pertinent. Neuenhusa est praeterea caput communis generalis [[Neuenhusa (commune generale)|eiusdem nominis]].

== Historia ==
[[Fasciculus:Nieuhuys_(Merian)_1.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Neuenhusa anno 1647 depicta.]]
Anno [[1317]] Neuenhusa a comite Benthemiae Ioanne II condita est. Via a [[Traiectum ad Rhenum|Traiecto ad Rhenum]] ad [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterium]] urbem tuebatur&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160826210400/http://neuenhaus.de/staticsite/staticsite.php?menuid=183&amp;topmenu=179 neuenhaus.de]&lt;/ref&gt;. Regio usque ad annum [[1753]] ad comitatum Binethensem pertinuit, cum Friedericus Carolus comes eam cum toto comitatu [[Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Luneburgensis|Electori Hannoverae]] pigno dedit. Ab anno [[1806]] Neuenhusa ad [[Magnus Ducatus Montensis|Magnum Ducatum Montensem]] pertinuit. [[Napoleo I (imperator Franciae)|Napoleone]] imperatore victo Neuenhusa pars [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regni Hannoverani]] fuit. Regnum Hannoveranum autem anno [[1866]] a [[Borussia]] occupatum est. Anno [[1885]] Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi conditus est, cuius caput tum [[Aquae Benthemiae|Benthemia]] erat et ad quem Neuenhusa ad hunc diem pertinet. Ab anno [[1946]] Circulus Binethensis pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Numerus incolarum tum multis hominibus auctus est, qui e Germania Orientali fugati erant. Anno [[1970]] vici supra dicti ad Neuenhusam adiuncti sunt et anno [[1974]] Neuenhusa cum aliis communibus se ad [[Neuenhusa (commune generale)|Neuenhusam]] commune generale coniunxit et sedes administrationis facta est.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Neuenhaus|Neuenhausam}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160826210400/http://neuenhaus.de/staticsite/staticsite.php?menuid=183&amp;topmenu=179 www.neuenhaus.de - Pagina communis generalis]

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita 1317]]</text>
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[[Fasciculus:Neuenhaus_kirche_reformiert_2013.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Ecclesia Reformata Neuenhusana.]]
'''Neuenhusa'''&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenhaus''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neenhuus'') est urbs in [[Saxonia Inferior]]e situm atque pars [[Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi|Circuli in Comitatu Binethensis]]. Ad Neuenhusam etiam vici [[Grasdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Grasdorf'') cum [[Bischofspool]]i (Theodisce ''Bischofspool''), [[Thesingfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-felda&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-feld(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-felda-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Falufelda]], [[Frauenfelda]], [[Heresfelda]], [[Hirutfelda]], [[Ilfelda]], [[Mansfelda]], [[Salfelda]], [[Sualafelda]], [[Alfelda]], [[Alsfelda]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Thesingfeld'') ac [[Veldgaar]]i (Theodisce ''Veldgaar''); [[Hilta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Hilten'') cum [[Buitenburgum|Buitenburgo]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Buitenborg''); [[Neuenhusa (vicus)|Neuenhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Neuenhaus''); [[Stagnum (Neuenhusa)|Stagnum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Teich&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Teich?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum vocabulum ''Teich'' Latino &quot;stagnum-i&quot; vertitur.]&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Teich''); et [[Veldhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Veldhausen'') pertinent. Neuenhusa est praeterea caput communis generalis [[Neuenhusa (commune generale)|eiusdem nominis]].

== Historia ==
[[Fasciculus:Nieuhuys_(Merian)_1.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Neuenhusa anno 1647 depicta.]]
Anno [[1317]] Neuenhusa a comite Benthemiae Ioanne II condita est. Via a [[Traiectum ad Rhenum|Traiecto ad Rhenum]] ad [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterium]] urbem tuebatur&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160826210400/http://neuenhaus.de/staticsite/staticsite.php?menuid=183&amp;topmenu=179 neuenhaus.de]&lt;/ref&gt;. Regio usque ad annum [[1753]] ad comitatum Binethensem pertinuit, cum Friedericus Carolus comes eam cum toto comitatu [[Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Luneburgensis|Electori Hannoverae]] pigno dedit. Ab anno [[1806]] Neuenhusa ad [[Magnus Ducatus Montensis|Magnum Ducatum Montensem]] pertinuit. [[Napoleo I (imperator Franciae)|Napoleone]] imperatore victo Neuenhusa pars [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regni Hannoverani]] fuit. Regnum Hannoveranum autem anno [[1866]] a [[Borussia]] occupatum est. Anno [[1885]] Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi conditus est, cuius caput tum [[Aquae Benthemiae|Benthemia]] erat et ad quem Neuenhusa ad hunc diem pertinet. Ab anno [[1946]] Circulus Binethensis pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Numerus incolarum tum multis hominibus auctus est, qui e Germania Orientali fugati erant. Anno [[1970]] vici supra dicti ad Neuenhusam adiuncti sunt et anno [[1974]] Neuenhusa cum aliis communibus se ad [[Neuenhusa (commune generale)|Neuenhusam]] commune generale coniunxit et sedes administrationis facta est.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Neuenhaus|Neuenhausam}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160826210400/http://neuenhaus.de/staticsite/staticsite.php?menuid=183&amp;topmenu=179 www.neuenhaus.de - Pagina communis generalis]

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita 1317]]</text>
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[[Fasciculus:Neuenhaus_kirche_reformiert_2013.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Ecclesia Reformata Neuenhusana.]]
'''Neuenhusa'''&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenhaus''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neenhuus'') est urbs in [[Saxonia Inferior]]e situm atque pars [[Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi|Circuli in Comitatu Binethensis]]. Ad Neuenhusam etiam vici [[Grasdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Grasdorf'') cum [[Bischofspool]]i (Theodisce ''Bischofspool''), [[Thesingfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-felda&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-feld(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-felda-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Falufelda]], [[Frauenfelda]], [[Heresfelda]], [[Hirutfelda]], [[Ilfelda]], [[Mansfelda]], [[Salfelda]], [[Sualafelda]], [[Alfelda]], [[Alsfelda]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Thesingfeld'') ac [[Veldgaar]]i (Theodisce ''Veldgaar''); [[Hilta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Hilten'') cum [[Buitenburgum|Buitenburgo]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Buitenborg''); [[Neuenhusa (vicus)|Neuenhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Neuenhaus''); [[Stagnum (Neuenhusa)|Stagnum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Teich&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Teich?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum vocabulum ''Teich'' Latino &quot;stagnum-i&quot; vertitur.]&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Teich''); et [[Veldhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Veldhausen'') pertinent. Neuenhusa est praeterea caput communis generalis [[Neuenhusa (commune generale)|eiusdem nominis]].

== Historia ==
[[Fasciculus:Nieuhuys_(Merian)_1.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Neuenhusa anno 1647 depicta.]]
Anno [[1317]] Neuenhusa a comite Benthemiae Ioanne II condita est. Via a [[Traiectum ad Rhenum|Traiecto ad Rhenum]] ad [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterium]] urbem tuebatur&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160826210400/http://neuenhaus.de/staticsite/staticsite.php?menuid=183&amp;topmenu=179 neuenhaus.de]&lt;/ref&gt;. Regio usque ad annum [[1753]] ad comitatum Binethensem pertinuit, cum Friedericus Carolus comes eam cum toto comitatu [[Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Luneburgensis|Electori Hannoverae]] pigno dedit. Ab anno [[1806]] Neuenhusa ad [[Magnus Ducatus Montensis|Magnum Ducatum Montensem]] pertinuit. [[Napoleo I (imperator Franciae)|Napoleone]] imperatore victo Neuenhusa pars [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regni Hannoverani]] fuit. Regnum Hannoveranum autem anno [[1866]] a [[Borussia]] occupatum est. Anno [[1885]] Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi conditus est, cuius caput tum [[Aquae Benthemiae|Benthemia]] erat et ad quem Neuenhusa ad hunc diem pertinet. Ab anno [[1946]] Circulus Binethensis pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Numerus incolarum tum multis hominibus auctus est, qui e Germania Orientali fugati erant. Anno [[1970]] vici supra dicti ad Neuenhusam adiuncti sunt et anno [[1974]] Neuenhusa cum aliis communibus se ad [[Neuenhusa (commune generale)|Neuenhusam]] commune generale coniunxit et sedes administrationis facta est.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Neuenhaus|Neuenhusam}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160826210400/http://neuenhaus.de/staticsite/staticsite.php?menuid=183&amp;topmenu=179 www.neuenhaus.de - Pagina communis generalis]

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita 1317]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Osterwald</title>
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'''Osterwald''' est commune in [[Saxonia Inferior]]e situm atque pars [[Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi|Circuli in Comitatu Binethensis]]. Osterwald est praeterea pars communis generalis [[Neuenhusa (commune generale)|Neuenhusae]]. Ad commune etiam vici Alte Piccardie et Hohenkörben pertinent.

== Historia ==
Saeculo 14 Osterwald primo in actis descriptum est&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160826204213/http://neuenhaus.de/staticsite/staticsite.php?menuid=184&amp;topmenu=179 neuenhaus.de]&lt;/ref&gt;. Regio usque ad annum [[1753]] ad comitatum Binethensem pertinuit, cum Friedericus Carolus comes eam cum toto comitatu [[Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Luneburgensis|Electori Hannoverae]] pigno dedit. Ab anno [[1806]] regio ad [[Magnus Ducatus Montensis|Magnum Ducatum Montensem]] pertinuit. [[Napoleo I (imperator Franciae)|Napoleone]] imperatore victo Osterwald pars [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regni Hannoverani]] fuit. Regnum Hannoveranum autem anno [[1866]] a [[Borussia]] occupatum est. Anno [[1885]] Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi conditus est, cuius caput tum [[Aquae Benthemiae|Benthemia]] erat et ad quem Osterwald ad hunc diem pertinet. Ab anno [[1946]] Circulus Binethensis pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Numerus incolarum tum multis hominibus auctus est, qui e Germania Orientali fugati erant. Anno [[1974]] Osterwald cum aliis communibus se ad commune generale [[Neuenhusa (commune generale)|Neuenhusam]] coniunxit atque vicos supra dictis ad se adiunxit. Anno [[2011]] Ioannes Diekjakobs iterum magister civium electus est.

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160826215239/http://neuenhaus.de/staticsite/staticsite.php?menuid=180&amp;topmenu=179 www.neuenhaus.de - Pagina communis generalis]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Diptera</title>
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      <text bytes="13951" sha1="czuuw3n6izmy8xwiurgysty5friubni" xml:space="preserve">{{L1}}{{taxobox
 | name                = Diptera
 | fossil_range  = {{Fossil range|245|0|r=[[Triassicum]] medium &gt; [[Recens]]}}
 | image               = Calliphora augur whitebackground.jpg
 | image_caption       = ''[[Calliphora augur]]''
 | regnum              = [[Animalia]]
 | phylum              = [[Arthropoda]]
 | classis             = [[Insecta]]
 | superordo          = [[Panorpida]]
 | unranked_order        = [[Antliophora]]
 | ordo                = '''Diptera'''
 | ordo_authority   = [[Linnaeus]], [[1758]]
 | subdivision_ranks   = [[Subordo|Subordines]]
 | subdivision         =
* [[Nematocera]]
* [[Brachycera]]
}}

{{res|Diptera}} ([[Graece]] δίπτερα '(insecta) binis alis' &lt;  δι- '[[duo]]' + πτερόν '[[ala]]'), vulgo plerumque '''muscae''' appellatae, sunt [[ordo (taxinomia)|ordo]] [[insecta|insectorum]] aliis dissimiles quia par [[ala]]rum [[volatus|volatús]] in [[mesothorax|mesothorace]] et par {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Halter (entomologia)|halterum|en|qid=Q1335456}}{{dubsig}}, ab alis posterioribus deductorum, in [[metathorax|metathorace]] possident, quibus, sensoribus magnarum [[celeritas|celeritatum]] motus volventis, dipera multiplicibus aerobaticis fungi possunt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dickinson |first=Michael H. |date=29 Maii [[1999]] |title=Haltere–mediated equilibrium reflexes of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences |volume=354 |issue=1385 |pages=903–916 |doi=10.1098/rstb.1999.0442 |pmc=1692594 |pmid=10382224}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Nonnullae dipterorum [[species]] posteriori [[evolutio]]ne artem volandi amiserunt. Alter insectorum ordo cui sunt binae alae volatús et halteres sunt [[Strepsiptera]], quae contra Diptera halteres in mesothorace, alas volatús in metathorace gerunt. Diptera sunt magnus ordo, cui sunt 1&amp;thinsp;000&amp;thinsp;000 fere [[species|specierum]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://bugguide.net/node/view/55 |title=Order Diptera: Flies |website=BugGuide |publisher=Iowa State University |accessdate=26 Maii 2016}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=JHComstock&gt;{{cite book |author=Comstock, John Henry |title=An Introduction to Entomology |publisher=Comstock Publishing |date=[[1949]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontoen1949coms/page/773 773] |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontoen1949coms}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mayhew |first1=Peter J. |title=Why are there so many insect species? Perspectives from fossils and phylogenies |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_biological-reviews_2007-08_82_3/page/425 |journal=Biological Reviews |volume=82 |issue=3 |year=2007 |pages=425–54 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-185X.2007.00018.x}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fasciculus:Aedes_aegypti.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|left|''[[Aëdes aegypti]].'']]
[[Fasciculus:Halteres-Tipule.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Una ex [[Tipulidae|Tipulidis]], halteribus aspectabilissimis.]]
[[Fasciculus:Black soldier flies mating.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''[[Hermetia illucens|Hermetiae illucentes]]'' copulant.]]
[[Fasciculus:Calliphora spec.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''[[Calliphora]]'' sp.]]
[[Fasciculus:Pata insecto.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|1, [[coxa]]; 2, [[trocanter]]; 3, [[femur]]; 4. [[tibia]]; 5, [[tarsus]]; 6, [[unguis|ungues]].]]

Dipteris est [[caput]] mobile, unum magnorum [[oculus|oculorum]] compositorum par, et membra [[os (oris)|oralia]] ad pungendum et sugendum in [[Culicidae|Culicidis]], [[Simuliidae|Simuliidis]], [[Asilidae|Asilidis]], aut ad lambendum in aliis [[grex|gregibus]] designata. Propter collocationem alarum, diptera pervariis modis [[volatus|volant]], ac propter [[unguis|ungues]] [[pes|pedesque]] pulvinosos, [[superficies|superficiebus]] levibus adhaerent. Totam [[metamorphosis|metamorphosin]] patiuntur. [[Ovum|Ova]] in [[cibus|res edules]] ponuntur, et [[larva]]e, quae [[membrum|membris]] veris carent, in [[circumiecta|circumiectis]] [[natura]]libus protectis crescunt, saepe intra cibum. [[Pupa (insecta)|Pupa]] est capsula aliquantulum dura, ex qua adultus se excludit; [[vita]] autem adultorum plerumque est brevis.

Diptera sunt unus e maioribus insectorum ordinibus, magni momenti [[oecologia|oecologici]] et [[homo|humani]], avidi quoque [[pollen|pollinatores]], secundi solum ab [[apis|apibus]] aliisque [[hymenoptera|hymenopteris]]. Diptera fortasse erant inter primos pollinatores [[evolutio|evolutionarios]]. [[Drosophila]] pro [[organismus eximius|organismis eximiis]] in investigationibus [[scientia (ratio)|scientificis]] utilissima sunt, sed ex contrario [[culicidae]] sunt [[vector (epidemiologia)|vectores]] [[malaria]]e, [[febris dengue]], [[febris Nili Occidentalis]], [[flaviviridae|febris flavae]], [[encephalitis]], aliorumque [[morbus|morborum]] [[infectio]]sorum; et [[musca domestica|muscae domesticae]], cum hominibus per totum [[mundus|mundum]] commensales, morbos in [[cibus|cibo]] ortos dispergunt.

==Taxinomia==
===Coniunctiones externae===
Diptera sunt [[endopterygota]], insecta quae totam [[metamorphosis|metamorphosin]] patiuntur. Ad Mecopterida pertinent, cum [[Mecoptera|Mecopteris]], [[Siphonaptera|Siphonapteris]], [[Lepidoptera|Lepidopteris]], [[Trichoptera|Trichopteris]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-14-52 |pmid=24646345 |pmc=4000048 |title=The evolutionary history of holometabolous insects inferred from transcriptome-based phylogeny and comprehensive morphological data |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=52 |year=2014 |last1=Peters |first1=Ralph S. |last2=Meusemann |first2=Karen |last3=Petersen |first3=Malte |last4=Mayer |first4=Christoph |last5=Wilbrandt |first5=Jeanne |last6=Ziesmann |first6=Tanja |last7=Donath |first7=Alexander |last8=Kjer |first8=Karl M. |last9=Aspöck |first9=Ulrike |last10=Aspöck |first10=Horst |last11=Aberer |first11=Andre |last12=Stamatakis |first12=Alexandros |last13=Friedrich |first13=Frank |last14=Hünefeld |first14=Frank |last15=Niehuis |first15=Oliver |last16=Beutel |first16=Rolf G. |last17=Misof |first17=Bernhard}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=102510 |title=Taxon: Superorder Antliophora |website=The Taxonomicon |accessdate=21 Augusti [[2007]]}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Eorum proprietas est binae [[ala]]e; nonnulla autem, sicut [[Hippoboscidae]], alis secundarie carent.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Hutson, A. M. |year=[[1984]] |title=Diptera: Keds, flat-flies &amp; bat-flies (Hippoboscidae &amp; Nycteribiidae) | page=84 |location = Londinii | publisher=Royal Entomological Society of London |series=Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects |volume=10 pt 7}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Cladogramma]] insequens hodiernam eruditorum opinionem repraesentat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://tolweb.org/Endopterygota/8243 |title=Endopterygota Insects with complete metamorphosis |last2=Wiegmann |first2=Brian |website=Tree of Life |last1=Yeates |first1=David K. |accessdate=24 Maii 2016}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

{{clade
 |label1=pars [[Endopterygota|Endopterygotorum]]
 |1={{clade
  |label1=[[Mecopterida]]
  |1={{clade
    |label1=[[Antliophora]]
    |1={{clade 
     |1='''Diptera''' [[Fasciculus:Syrphidae_icon.jpg|70px]]
     |2={{clade
       |1=[[Mecoptera]] (400 [[species]]) (praeter Boreidas) [[Fasciculus:Mecoptera_icon.jpg|70px]]
       |2={{clade
         |1=[[Boreidae]] (30 species) [[Fasciculus:Boreus_icon.jpg|70px]]
         |2=[[Siphonaptera]] (2500 species) [[Fasciculus:HookeFlea01.jpg|50px]]
        }}
      }}
     }}
    |2={{clade
     |1=[[Trichoptera]] [[Fasciculus:Trichoptera Anabolia icon.jpg|70px]] 
     |2=[[Lepidoptera]] [[Fasciculus:Blue_morpho_butterfly.jpg|40px]]
     }}
   }}
  |2=[[Hymenoptera]] [[Fasciculus:Tremex_columba.jpg|70px]] 
  }}
}}

[[Fasciculus:Mydas sp..JPG|thumb|''[[Gauromydas heros]]'' est maximum [[tellus|orbis terrarum]] dipterum.]]
[[Fasciculus:Lutzomyia adiketis.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7 |[[Nematocera|Nematocerum]] [[fossile]] in [[sucinum|sucino]] [[Dominica]]no: ''[[Lutzomyia adiketis]]'' ([[Psychodidae]]), [[Miocaenum|Miocaeno]] ineunte, abhinc annorum 20 milliones fere.]]

===Coniunctiones internae===
Hoc cladogramma secundum propositum FLYTREE delineatum est.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Yeates |first1=David K. |last2=Meier |first2=Rudolf |last3=Wiegmann |first3=Brian |title=Phylogeny of True Flies (Diptera): A 250 Million Year Old Success Story in Terrestrial Diversification |url=http://www.inhs.illinois.edu/research/flytree/flyphylogeny/ |website=Flytree |publisher=Illinois Natural History Survey |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151228210535/http://inhs.illinois.edu/research/flytree/flyphylogeny/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 Decembris 2015 |access-date=24 Maii 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Yeates |first1= David K. |last2=Weigmann |first2=Brian M |last3=Courtney |first3=Greg W. |last4=Meier |first4=Rudolf |last5=Lambkins |first5=Christine |last6=Pape |first6=Thomas |title=Phylogeny and systematics of Diptera: Two decades of progress and prospects |year=2007 |journal=Zootaxa |volume=1668 |pages=565–590 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.1668.1.27 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{clade | style=font-size:100%;line-height:105%;
 |label1='''Diptera'''
 |grouplabel1={{clade labels|label1=&quot;[[Nematocera]]&quot; |top1=16%}}
 |1={{clade |bar1=green
  |1={{clade 
    |1=[[Ptychopteromorpha]] [[File:Ptychoptera contaminata male Walker 1856 plate-XXVIII.png|60px]]
    |2=[[Culicomorpha]] [[File:Stegomyia fasciata.jpg|55px]]
   }}
  |2={{clade
    |1=[[Blephariceromorpha]] [[File:Imago of Blepharicera fasciata as Asthenia fasciata in Westwood 1842, plate 94.png|60px]]|bar1=green
    |2={{clade
     |1=[[Bibionomorpha]] [[File:Isoneuromyia annandalei.jpg|55px]]|bar1=green
     |2={{clade
       |1=[[Psychodomorpha]] [[File:Clogmia_clean.jpg|55px]]|bar1=green
       |2={{clade
        |1=[[Tipuloidea]] [[File:Tipula oleracea icon.jpg|65px]]|bar1=green
        |label2='''[[Brachycera]]'''
        |2={{clade
          |label1=
          |1={{clade
           |1=[[Stratiomyomorpha]]  [[File:Hermetia illucens f.jpg|66px]]
           |2={{clade
             |1=[[Xylophagomorpha]] [[File:Coenomyia_ferruginea.png|55px]]
             |2=[[Tabanomorpha]] [[File:Chrysops relicta f.jpg|66px]]
            }}
           }}
          |label2=[[Muscomorpha|Mus]]
          |2={{clade
           |1=[[Nemestrinoidea]] [[File:Acrocera globulus.png|66px]]
           |2={{clade
             |1=[[Asiloidea]] [[File:Asilidae icon.jpg|66px]]
             |label2=[[Eremoneura|Ere]]
             |2={{clade
              |1=[[Empidoidea]] [[File:Drapetis_brevior_fbi.jpg|35px]]
              |label2=[[Cyclorrhapha|Cyc]]
              |2={{clade
                |1=[[Aschiza]] (pars)
                |2={{clade
                 |1=[[Phoroidea]] [[File:Platypeza_picta.png|55px]]
                 |2={{clade
                   |1=[[Syrphoidea]] [[File:Syrphidae icon.jpg|55px]]
                   |label2=[[Schizophora|Sch]]
                   |2={{clade
                    |label1=[[Calyptratae|Cal]]
                    |1={{clade
                      |1=[[Hippoboscoidea]] [[File:Nycteribiidae icon.jpg|55px]]
                      |2={{clade
                       |1=[[Muscoidea]] [[File:Musca_domestica_female.jpg|55px]]
                       |2=[[Oestroidea]] [[File:Sarcophaga_haemorrhoidalis_m.jpg|55px]]
                       }}
                     }}
                    |2=[[Acalyptratae]] [[File:Ceratitis capitata illustration.jpg|55px]]
                    }}
                  }}
                 }}
               }}
              }}
            }}
           }}
         }}
        }}
      }}
     }}
   }}
  }}
}}

''Contractiones quae in cladogrammate scribuntur:''
* Cal=[[Calyptratae]]
* Cyc=[[Cyclorrhapha]] 
* Ere=[[Eremoneura]] 
* Mus=[[Muscomorpha]]
* Sch=[[Schizophora]] 

{{NexInt}}
{{div col|2}}
*[[Asilidae]]
*[[Brachycera]]
*[[Calliphoridae]]
*[[Drosophilidae]]
*''[[Glossina]]''
*[[Musca domestica]]
*''[[Procecidochares delta]]''
*[[Tabanidae]]
{{div col end}}

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Blagoderov, V. A., E. D. Lukashevich, et M. B. Mostovski. [[2002]]. &quot;Order Diptera.&quot; In ''The History of Insects,'' ed. A. P. Rasnitsyn et D. L. J. Quicke, 227–40. Alphen aan den Rijn Nederlandiae: Kluwer.
*Colless, D. H., et D. K. McAlpine. [[1991]]. &quot;Diptera (flies).&quot; In ''The insects of Australia,'' 717–86. The Division of Entomology. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation. Canberrae: Melbourne University Press.
*Haupt, Joachim, et Hiroko Haupt. [[1998]]. ''Fliegen und Mücken: Beobachtung, Lebensweise.'' Augsburg: Naturbuch. ISBN 3-89440-278-4.
*Hennig, Willi. &quot;Diptera (Zweifluger).&quot; In ''Handb. Zool. Berl.'' 4 (2) (31):1–337.
*Lindner, Erwin. [[1949]]. ''Handbuch.'' Stutgardiae: Schweizerbart. Die Fliegen der paläarktischen Region, 1.
*Oldroyd, Harold. [[1964]]. ''The Natural History of Flies.'' Londinii: Weidenfeld &amp; Nicolson.
*Oldroyd, Harold. [[1965]]. ''The Natural History of Flies.'' Novi Eboraci: W. W. Norton.
*Schumann, H., R. Bährmann, et A. Stark, eds. [[1999]]. ''Checkliste der Dipteren Deutschland.'' [[Salinae Saxonicae|Salinis Saxonicis]]: Ampyx. ISBN 3-932795-01-6.
*Séguy, Eugène. [[1924]]–[[1953]]. ''Diptera: recueil d'etudes biologiques et systematiques sur les Dipteres du Globe.'' 11 vol. ''Encyclopedie Entomologique,'' serie B II: Diptera. 
*Séguy, Eugène. [[1950]]. ''La Biologie des Dipteres.''
*Thompson, F. Christian. &quot;Sources for the Biosystematic Database of World Diptera (Flies).&quot; Systematic Entomology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150918204612/http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/diptera/names/BDWDsour.pdf PDF.]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Diptera}}
{{fontes biologici}}
* [https://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/library/compendium/diptera.html De Dipteris.] Situs interretiale Universitatis civitatis Carolinae Septentrionalis.

[[Categoria:Diptera|!]]
[[Categoria:Taxa Linnaei]]
[[Categoria:Taxa 1758]]
{{Myrias|Biologia}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ethelbertus I (rex Cantuariorum)</title>
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      <text bytes="7526" sha1="dm1642gika9kqxr3e4jbh7ucdvk9v9w" xml:space="preserve">{{L1}}[[Fasciculus:EthelbertofKent.jpg|200px|thumb|[[Statua]] Ethelberti in parte interiori [[cathedralis]] [[Durobrivae|Durobrivarum]].]]
'''Ethelbertus'''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Ethelbyrtus rex Cantiae&quot;: ''Annales monasterii de Wintonia'' [https://archive.org/details/annalesmonastici02luar/page/n65 anno 541]. &quot;Aedilberct&quot;: [[Beda]], ''[[Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum]]''  lib. 2 passim&lt;/ref&gt; (vulgo ''Æðelberht,''&lt;ref&gt;Etiam ''Æðelbert,'' ''Aeðelberht,'' ''Aeðelbert,'' ''Eðelbert,'' etc.&lt;/ref&gt; natus circa [[560]]; mortuus [[24 Februarii]] [[616]]) fuit [[Index regum Cantuariorum|Rex]] [[Regnum Cantuariorum|Cantuariorum]] ab anno [[589]] fere usque ad mortem. [[Beda]], [[monachus]] [[saeculum 8|saeculi octavi]], in ''[[Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum|Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum]],'' affirmat Ethelbertum fuisse tertium [[rex|regem]] qui imperium aliorum [[regnum|regnorum]] [[Anglosaxones|Anglosaxonicorum]] tenuit. In ''[[Chronica Anglosaxonum]]'' [[saeculum 9|saeculo noni]] exeuntis, Ethelbertus [[bretwalda]] ('rector Britanniae') appellatur. Qui praeterea fuit primus rex Anglicus qui se ad [[Christianitas|Christianitatem]] convertit.
[[Fasciculus:Kingdoms in England and Wales about 600 AD.svg|thumb|left|200px|[[Anglia]] [[Anglosaxones|Anglosaxonica]] cum Ethelbertus regnum Cantiae recepit.]]
[[Fasciculus:Aethelberht of Kent sculpture on Canterbury Cathedral.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Sculptura]] Ethelberti in [[Cathedralis Cantuariensis|Cathedrali Cantuariensi]] in [[Anglia]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Entry for 827 in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, which lists the eight bretwaldas.gif|thumb|Indicia anni [[827]] in [[manuscriptum|manuscripto]] C, uno ex manuscriptis exstantibus [[Chronica Anglosaxonum|Chronicorum Anglosaxonum]], octo bretwaldas perscribit; [[nomen proprium|nomen]] Ethelberti, [[littera|litteris]] ''Æþelbriht'' datum, est [[vocabulum|verbum]] antepaentultimum in [[versus|versu]] quinto scriptum.]]&lt;!--

[[Fasciculus:Ethelbert, King of Kent from All Souls College Chapel.jpg|thumb|upright|Stained-glass window of Æthelberht from the chapel of [[All Souls College, Oxford]]]]--&gt;
[[Fasciculus:Textus Roffensis ms.png|thumb|200px|Prima pagina [[manuscriptum|manuscripti]] [[saeculum 12|saeculi duodecimi]] codicis legitimi Ethelbertiani.]][[Fasciculus:Eadbaldobv.1.jpg|thumb|200px|Thrymsa ex regno Eadbaldi, filii Ethelberti.]]&lt;!-- none of the coins are known to carry Æthelberht’s name, although they may have been minted during his reign]]--&gt;

Ethelbertus fuit [[filius]] [[Eormenricus Cantuarius|Eormenrici]], cui secundum ''Chronicam'' successit. [[Bertha Cantuaria|Bertham]], [[filia]]m Christianam [[Charibertus I|Chariberti I]], regis [[Franci|Francorum]], duxit, foedus cum potentissima in [[Europa Occidentalis|Europae Occidentali]] eius temporis [[civitas|civitate]] sic confirmans; nuptiae ut videtur antequam Ethelbertus regnum recepit factae sunt. Gratia Berthae sententiam [[Gregorius Magnus|Gregorii Magni]] ad [[Augustinus Cantuariensis|Augustinum]] [[missionarius|missionarium]] [[Roma|Româ]] mittendum fortasse inspiravit; qui in [[Insula Thanetensis|Insulam Thanetensem]] in Cantia orientali anno [[597]] egressit. Ethelbertus, mox se ad Christianitatem convertens, [[templum|templa]] Christiana [[aedificium|aedificavit]], generalisque Anglosaxonum conversio in regno incohata est. Ethelbertus terram in [[Cantuaria]] [[ecclesia]]e novae dedit, fundamenta sic iaciens [[institutio]]nis quae ad ultimum [[Communio Anglicana]] facta est.

[[Ius Ethelberti]] in Cantia, primus codex [[lex|legitimus]] in ulla [[linguae Germanicae|lingua Germanica]] scriptus, multiplicem mulctarum rationem instituit, cuius condiciones in [[Textus Roffensis|Textu Roffensi]] conservantur. Cantia dives erat, potentibus coniunctionibus [[merx|mercatoriis]] cum [[continens|continente]] utens, atque Ethelbertus regiam [[commercium|commercii]] moderationem constituit. Quo regnante, [[moneta]] primum post primas incursiones Anglosaxones in usum in Cantia venit. Ethelbertus post [[mors|mortem]] [[canonizatio|sanctus Christianus aestimabatur]] propter partes quas in Christianitate constituta inter Anglosaxones egit; eius [[dies festus]] primum fuit [[24 Februarii]], sed ad diem [[25 Februarii]] motus est.

{{NexInt}}
*[[Index regum Cantuariorum]]

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliographia==
;Fontes primarii
*[[Beda]]. [[1991]]. ''[[Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum]].'' Conv. Leo Sherley-Price, retractatus R. E. Latham, ed. D. H. Farmer. Londinii: Penguin. ISBN 014044565X.
*[[Gregorius Magnus]]. [[1982]]. ''S. Gregorii magni registrum epistularum,'' ed. D. Norberg. 2 vol. Turnhout.&lt;!--; tr. J.R.C. Martyn, ''The letters of Gregory the Great''. 3 vols. Toronto, 2004.--&gt;&lt;!--
* Earliest ''vita'' of [[Pope Gregory I|Gregory the Great]], ed. and tr. Bertram Colgrave, ''The earliest life of Gregory the Great by an anonymous monk of Whitby''. Lawrence, 1968.--&gt;
*[[Gregorius Turonensis]]. ''Libri Historiarum.''
*Liebermann, F., ed. and conv. [[1898]]–[[1916]]. ''Die Gesetze der Angelsachsen''. 3 vol. [[Salinae Saxonicae|Salinis Saxonicis]].&lt;!-- 3–8 (vol 1); ed. and tr.  L. Oliver, ''The Beginnings of English Law''. Toronto Medieval Texts and Translations. Toronto, 2002.--&gt;
*Swanton, Michael. [[1996]]. ''The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.'' Novi Eboraci: Routledge. ISBN 0415921295.
 
;Fontes secundarii
*Blackburn, Mark, et Philip Grierson. [[2006]]. ''Medieval European Coinage.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. Editio emendata. ISBN 052103177X.
*Campbell, James, Eric John, et Patrick Wormald. [[1991]]. ''The Anglo-Saxons.'' Londonii: Penguin Books. ISBN 0140143955.
*Fletcher, Richard. [[1989]]. ''Who's Who in Roman Britain and Anglo-Saxon England.'' Londinii: Shepheard-Walwyn. ISBN 0856830895.
*Geary, Patrick J. [[1998]]. ''Readings in Medieval History.'' Peterborough: Broadview. ISBN 1551111586.
*Hunter Blair, Peter. [[1960]]. ''An Introduction to Anglo-Saxon England.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press.
*Hunter Blair, Peter. [[1966]]. ''Roman Britain and Early England: 55 B.C.–A.D. 871.'' Novi Eboraci: W. W. Norton &amp; Company. ISBN 0393003612.
*Kirby, D. P. [[1992]]. ''The Earliest English Kings.'' Londinii: Routledge. ISBN 0415090865.
*Lapidge, Michael. [[1999]]. ''The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England.'' Oxoniae: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0631224920. 
*Stenton, Frank M. [[1971]]. ''Anglo-Saxon England.'' Oxoniae: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0198217161.
*Yorke, Barbara. [[1990]]. ''Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England.'' Londinii: Seaby. ISBN 1852640278.

==Nexus externi==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100111024558/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/560-975dooms.html#The%20Laws%20of%20%C6thelberht &quot;The Laws of Æthelberht.&quot;] www.fordham.edu (''Mediaeval Sourcebook'')

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ethelbertus Cantuarius}}
[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 6]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 616]]
[[Categoria:Reges Reginaeque Angliae]]&lt;!--Reginaeque should be lowercased--&gt;
[[Categoria:Sancti]]
[[Categoria:Legis latores]]
[[Categoria:Regnum Cantuariorum]]
&lt;!--en:Kentish saints + Christian royal saints--&gt;&lt;!--
[[Category:Converts to Christianity from pagan religions]]
[[Category:Kentish monarchs]]
[[Category:Medieval legislators]]
[[Category:7th-century Christian saints]]
[[Category:Gregorian mission]]
[[Category:Jutish people]]
[[Category:7th-century English monarchs]]
[[Category:6th-century monarchs in Europe]]
[[Category:Characters in works by Geoffrey of Monmouth]]
[[Category:English saints]]
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    <title>Halla (Comitatus Binethensis)</title>
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      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Halle (comitatus Binethensis)]] ad [[Halla (Comitatus Binethensis)]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam</comment>
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[[Fasciculus:Uitzichttoren Hesingen.jpg|thumb|left|Turris speculationis in vico Hesingen ad Halle pertinente]]
'''Halle''' est commune in [[Saxonia Inferior]]e situm atque pars [[Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi|Circuli in Comitatu Binethensis]]. Halle est praeterea pars communis generalis [[Uelsen (commune generale)|Uelsen]]. Ad Halle etiam vici Hardingen, Hesingen, qui iam anno [[779]] nomine ''Hasingen'' in actis descriptus est&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305110333/http://www.uelsen.de/staticsite/staticsite.php?menuid=111&amp;topmenu=6&amp;keepmenu=inactive uelsen.de]&lt;/ref&gt;, Belthoek, Bovenhoek, Dalenhoek, Erstenhoek atque Kleihoek pertinent.

== Historia ==
Halle vicus ut regio tota usque ad annum [[1753]] ad comitatum Binethensem pertinuit, cum Friedericus Carolus comes eam cum toto comitatu [[Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Luneburgensis|Electori Hannoverae]] pigno dedit. Ab anno [[1806]] regio ad [[Magnus Ducatus Montensis|Magnum Ducatum Montensem]] pertinuit. [[Napoleo I (imperator Franciae)|Napoleone]] imperatore victo pars [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regni Hannoverani]] fuit. Regnum Hannoveranum autem anno [[1866]] a [[Borussia]] occupatum est. Anno [[1885]] Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi conditus est, cuius caput tum [[Aquae Benthemiae|Benthemia]] erat et ad quem Halle ad hunc diem pertinet. Ab anno [[1946]] Circulus Binethensis pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Numerus incolarum tum multis hominibus auctus est, qui e Germania Orientali fugati erant. Anno [[1974]] Halle cum aliis communibus se ad commune generale [[Uelsen (commune generale)|Uelsen]] coniunxit. Eodem tempore etiam vicus Hardingen ad Halle adiunctus est&lt;ref&gt;[http://uelsen-und-umgebung.de/uelsen_gr.html uelsen-und-umgebung.de]&lt;/ref&gt;. Magister civium Halle Gerhardus Beckhuis est.

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Halle (near Neuenhaus)|Halle}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305110333/http://www.uelsen.de/staticsite/staticsite.php?menuid=111&amp;topmenu=6&amp;keepmenu=inactive Pagina communis generalis Uelsen]
* [http://uelsen-und-umgebung.de uelsen-und-umgebung.de]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]</text>
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[[Fasciculus:Uitzichttoren Hesingen.jpg|thumb|left|Turris speculationis in vico [[Hasungum|Hasungo]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hasungum&quot;/&gt; ad Hallam pertinente.]]
'''Halla'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Halla prope Neuenhusam&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Halle'' plerumque toponymo &quot;Halla-ae&quot; latinizatur. Qua de latinizatione, vide complures Hallae apud [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Halle'') est commune in [[Saxonia Inferior]]e situm atque pars [[Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi|Circuli in Comitatu Binethensis]]. Halla est praeterea pars communis generalis [[Uelsen (commune generale)|Uelsen]]. Ad Hallam etiam vici [[Halla (vicus in Comitatu Binethensi)|Halla]] (Theodisce ''Halle''), [[Hardinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Hardingen'') ac [[Hasungum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hasungum&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/3014/NOB%20XV%20Grafschaft%20Bentheim.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''NOB XV Grafschaft Bentheim''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) HESINGEN (Gem. Halle, Samtgem. Uelsen) 799 (A. Anfang 10. Jh.) ''in Hasungum'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Hesingen''), quod iam anno [[779]] nomine ''Hasingen'' in actis descriptum est&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305110333/http://www.uelsen.de/staticsite/staticsite.php?menuid=111&amp;topmenu=6&amp;keepmenu=inactive uelsen.de]&lt;/ref&gt;; et loca habitata [[Belthoek]] (Theodisce ''Belthoek''), [[Bovenhoek]] (Theodisce ''Bovenhoek''), [[Dalenhoek]] (Theodisce ''Dalenhoek''), [[Erstenhoek]] (Theodisce ''Erstenhoek'') atque [[Kleihoek]] (Theodisce ''Kleihoek'') pertinent.

== Historia ==
Halla commune ut regio tota usque ad annum [[1753]] ad comitatum Binethensem pertinuit, cum Friedericus Carolus comes eam cum toto comitatu [[Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Luneburgensis|Electori Hannoverae]] pigno dedit. Ab anno [[1806]] regio ad [[Magnus Ducatus Montensis|Magnum Ducatum Montensem]] pertinuit. [[Napoleo I (imperator Franciae)|Napoleone]] imperatore victo pars [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regni Hannoverani]] fuit. Regnum Hannoveranum autem anno [[1866]] a [[Borussia]] occupatum est. Anno [[1885]] Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi conditus est, cuius caput tum [[Aquae Benthemiae|Benthemia]] erat et ad quem Halla ad hunc diem pertinet. Ab anno [[1946]] Circulus Binethensis pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Numerus incolarum tum multis hominibus auctus est, qui e Germania Orientali fugati erant. Anno [[1974]] Halla cum aliis communibus se ad commune generale [[Uelsen (commune generale)|Uelsen]] coniunxit. Eodem tempore etiam vicus [[Hardinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt; ad Hallam adiunctus est&lt;ref&gt;[http://uelsen-und-umgebung.de/uelsen_gr.html uelsen-und-umgebung.de]&lt;/ref&gt;. Magister civium Hallae Gerhardus Beckhuis est.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Halle (near Neuenhaus)|Hallam}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305110333/http://www.uelsen.de/staticsite/staticsite.php?menuid=111&amp;topmenu=6&amp;keepmenu=inactive Pagina communis generalis Uelsen]
* [http://uelsen-und-umgebung.de uelsen-und-umgebung.de]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]</text>
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[[Fasciculus:Uitzichttoren Hesingen.jpg|thumb|left|Turris speculationis in vico [[Hasungum|Hasungo]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hasungum&quot;/&gt; ad Hallam pertinente.]]
'''Halla'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Halla prope Neuenhusam&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Halle'' plerumque toponymo &quot;Halla-ae&quot; latinizatur. Qua de latinizatione, vide complures Hallae apud [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Halle'') est commune in [[Saxonia Inferior]]e situm atque pars [[Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi|Circuli in Comitatu Binethensis]]. Halla est praeterea pars communis generalis [[Uelsen (commune generale)|Uelsen]]. Ad Hallam etiam vici [[Halla (vicus in Comitatu Binethensi)|Halla]] (Theodisce ''Halle''), [[Hardinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Hardingen'') ac [[Hasungum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hasungum&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/3014/NOB%20XV%20Grafschaft%20Bentheim.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''NOB XV Grafschaft Bentheim''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) HESINGEN (Gem. Halle, Samtgem. Uelsen) 799 (A. Anfang 10. Jh.) ''in Hasungum'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Hesingen''), quod iam anno [[779]] nomine ''Hasingen'' in actis descriptum est&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305110333/http://www.uelsen.de/staticsite/staticsite.php?menuid=111&amp;topmenu=6&amp;keepmenu=inactive uelsen.de]&lt;/ref&gt;; et loca habitata [[Belthoek]] (Theodisce ''Belthoek''), [[Bovenhoek]] (Theodisce ''Bovenhoek''), [[Dalenhoek]] (Theodisce ''Dalenhoek''), [[Erstenhoek]] (Theodisce ''Erstenhoek'') atque [[Kleihoek]] (Theodisce ''Kleihoek'') pertinent.

== Historia ==
Halla commune ut regio tota usque ad annum [[1753]] ad comitatum Binethensem pertinuit, cum Friedericus Carolus comes eam cum toto comitatu [[Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Luneburgensis|Electori Hannoverae]] pigno dedit. Ab anno [[1806]] regio ad [[Magnus Ducatus Montensis|Magnum Ducatum Montensem]] pertinuit. [[Napoleo I (imperator Franciae)|Napoleone]] imperatore victo pars [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regni Hannoverani]] fuit. Regnum Hannoveranum autem anno [[1866]] a [[Borussia]] occupatum est. Anno [[1885]] Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi conditus est, cuius caput tum [[Aquae Benthemiae|Benthemia]] erat et ad quem Halla ad hunc diem pertinet. Ab anno [[1946]] Circulus Binethensis pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Numerus incolarum tum multis hominibus auctus est, qui e Germania Orientali fugati erant. Anno [[1974]] Halla cum aliis communibus se ad commune generale [[Uelsen (commune generale)|Uelsen]] coniunxit. Eodem tempore etiam vicus [[Hardinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;/&gt; ad Hallam adiunctus est&lt;ref&gt;[http://uelsen-und-umgebung.de/uelsen_gr.html uelsen-und-umgebung.de]&lt;/ref&gt;. Magister civium Hallae Gerhardus Beckhuis est.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Halle (near Neuenhaus)|Hallam}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305110333/http://www.uelsen.de/staticsite/staticsite.php?menuid=111&amp;topmenu=6&amp;keepmenu=inactive Pagina communis generalis Uelsen]
* [http://uelsen-und-umgebung.de uelsen-und-umgebung.de]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]</text>
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    <title>Ecclesia Sancti Severi (Erfordia)</title>
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[[Fasciculus:Severikirche Erfurt.JPG|thumb|Ecclesia Sancti Severi Erfordiae]]
[[Fasciculus:Erfurt St. Severi 06.jpg|thumb|[[Sarcophagus]] Severi (media parte), Vincentiae uxoris, et Innocentiae filiae.]]
'''Ecclesia Sancti Severi''' ([[Theodisce]] ''Severikirche'') est [[templum]] [[Ecclesia Catholica|Catholicum]] quod [[Erfordia]]e media in urbe invenitur, in monte prope [[Ecclesia cathedralis Erfordiensis|Cathedralem Beatae Mariae Virginis]] stans.

== Descriptio ==
Aspectus interior huius fani, quod columnis teneris tamquam ecclesia aulica Gothica constructum est, visitatorem revera moveat. Multa artificia admirari possunt, e.g.:
*Statua S. Severi in porta meridiana (c. annum 1375)
*Statua Ioannis Baptistae (c. annum 1363)
*Statua S. Catharinae (c. annum 1460), eine Pietà
*Deipara cum Iesu parvulo (c.annum 1480)
*Altare tripartitum in honorem BMV in ala septentrionali (1510)
*Suggestum sacrum epitaphicum (1576)
*Altare privilegiatum (1670/80)
*Tegumentum organi generis Baroci (1714)
*Organum a firma Klais confectum (1930) 
*Iesus dolorosus Hildegardis Hendrichs Erfordiensis (1953)
Sed haec omnia perpulchra vere aliis operibus gravitudine obscuratur, i.e.: statua Deiparae cum Iesu parvulo Ioannis Gerhart (c. annum 1340), sarcophago [[Sanctus Severus|Sancti Severi]] (1360/70) tabula sepulcrali, fonte baptismali cum conopeo 15 metrorum in altitudinem e lapideo arenaceo (1467) et caelamine Sancti Michaelis ex alabastrita (1467). Res ultimas duas eundem artificem fecisse verisimile est.

Delubro huic etiam campanae variae et multae sunt, quarum quinque saeculi XV exeuntis. Aliae anni 1952 respective anni 1962 sunt.

== Historia structoria ==
De initio ecclesiae fontes absunt, attamen saltem unum aedificium antea fuisse constat. Monachium Sancti Pauli [[Ordo Sancti Benedicti|Benedictinarum]] iam saeculo VIII hic fuerat. Anno 836 reliquiae Severi, episcopi [[Ravenna|Ravennensis]], uxoris eius Vincentiae filiaeque Innocentiae huc venerunt. Severus tunc cum apostolo [[Paulus Tarsensis|Paulo]] patronus ecclesiasticus alter creatus est.

Reparationibus pluribus confectis omnia corruere minabantur, ut episcopi in toto [[Sacrum Imperium Romanum|Imperio]] indulgentiarum concessionibus pecuniam necessariam ad templum reaedificandum fecerunt. Constructio prisca Romanica adhuc bene cognoscitur in superficie ecclesiae Gothicae. Isti erat tam ad orientem quam ad occidentem chorus: agebatur de basilica trium navium et duarum navium transversarum necnon duarum turrium. Exempla [[Ecclesia Sancti Petri (Erfordia)|Ecclesiae Sancti Petri finitimi]] et cathedralis ipsius sequenda erant, ut liquet. Isti labores c. annum 1275 incohabantur; quando naves quinque post 1350 finitae erant Gothici generis ecclesiam aulicam architecti quasi iam anticipaturi erant. 

Incendium maximum anni 1472 huic ecclesiae valde nocuit. Postea tectum magnum fano impositum est turresque laterales renovatae sunt turrisque centralis erecta est. Tempore [[Bellum triginta annorum|Bello triginta annorum]] haec ecclesia annis inter 1633 et 1635 protestantica fuit tempore occupationis [[Suecia|Suecicae]] crudelissimo.

== Fons ==
{{opus|auctor=Schareck, Andreas|titulus=Erfurt|domus editoria= Mitteldeutscher Verlag|locus= Salinae Saxonicae |annus=2013|isbn= 978-3-95462-005-0|pagina=26-27}}

{{Commonscat|St. Severi (Erfurt)|Ecclesiam S Severi Erfordiae}}
{{Fontes geographici}}
{{Grc|Ναὸς Ἁγίου Σεβήρου (Ἐρφούρτη)}}

[[Categoria:Aedificia Erfordiae]]
[[Categoria:Ecclesiae Germaniae|Erfordia]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>J. L. Mackie</title>
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      <text bytes="6851" sha1="ssmkskaktoand0r74co7yg694k6imno" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:University of Sydney Main Quadrangle.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Universitas Sidneiensis, ubi Mackie primis studiis academicis se dedit.]]
'''Ioannes. Lesleius Mackie''' ([[Anglice]] ''John Leslie Mackie'', [[1917]]&amp;ndash;[[1981]], fuit [[philosophus]] [[Australia|Australiensis]], [[Sydneium|Sydneii]] natus, qui non mediocriter ad [[metaphysica]]m, [[philosophia scientiae|philosophiam scientiae]], [[logica]]m, [[philosophia religionis|philosophiam religionis]] contulit. Praecipue quidem [[ethica|philosophia morali]] innotuit, in qua [[relativismus moralis|relativismo]] et [[scepticismus moralis|scepticismo morali]] favit. [[Cogitatio]]ne sua non solum [[doctrina]]s [[David Humius|Davidis Humii]] et [[Ioannes Locke|Ioannis Locke]] complexus est, sed etiam [[Eduardus Westermarck|Eduardi Westermarck]], philosophi et [[anthropologia|anthropologi]] [[Finnia|Finnici]], adpulsu relativismum moralem acriter defendit. Etiam [[Ricardus Dawkins|Ricardo Dawkins]], [[zoologia|zoologo]] [[Anglia|Anglico]] usus [[atheismus|atheismum]] suum confirmavit.

== De vita ==
[[Fasciculus:UK-2014-Oxford-Oriel College 01.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|[[Collegium Orielense (Oxonia)|Collegium Orielense]], ubi Mackie litteris humanioribus studuit.]]
Ioannes Lesleius Mackie [[Sydneium|Sydneii]] natus est die [[27 Augusti]] 1917, cum [[Alexander Mackie]] eius pater praepositus erat collegii megistrorum (''Teachers’ College'') Sydneiensis; mater autem Annie Burnett Duncan ludi magistrae officio fungebatur. [[Schola]]e studiis in ''Knox Grammar School'' finitis, in tabulas [[Universitas Sidneiensis|Universitatis Sidneiensis]] nomen rettulit ubi [[linguae classicae|linguis classicis]] nec non [[philosophia]]e studuit, [[Ioannes Anderson (philosophus)|Ioanne Anderson]] duce, primatumque in his studiis obtinuit. Anno [[1938]], [[Baccalaureus|Baccalaureus Artium]] factus, [[Oxonia]]m transiit studia [[Literae Humaniores|humaniora]] navaturus in {{Creanda|en|Oriel College, Oxford|Collegium Orielense (Oxonia)|Collegio Orielensi}} [[Universitas Oxoniensis|Universitatis Oxoniensis]] ubi Baccalaureus Artium cum primatu factus est anno [[1940]]. Quamvis laboribus [[secundum bellum mundanum|belli]] impediretur, gradum [[Magister Artium|Magistri Artium]] anno [[1944]] obtinuit.

[[Fasciculus:University College Oxford.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Collegium Universitatis Oxoniensis.]]
Syndeium anno [[1946]] reversus, in [[universitas|universitate]] de philosophia morali et politica acroases facere coepit. Anno fere post Joannam Armiger Meredith in [[matrimonium]] duxit. Deinde anno [[1955]] in [[Nova Zelandia]] adpositus est cathedrarius, qui philosophiam et [[psychologia]]m apud [[Universitas Otagoënsis|Universitatem Otagoensem]] doceret, sed paulo post anno [[1959]] Sydneium rediit, ut Ioanni Anderson, quo exeuntibus [[anni 1930|annis 1930]] philosophiae professore usus erat. Anno [[1963]] iterum Australiam reliquit, ut inauguralis philosophiae [[Universitas Eboracensis|Universitatis Eboracensis]] [[professor]] fieret, quo munere functus est, donec anno [[1967]] socius [[Collegium Magnae Aulae Universitatis (Oxonia)|Collegii Universitatis Oxoniensis]] electus est. in quo [[praelector]]is officio functus est. Anno [[1974]] socius [[Academia Britannica|Academiae Britannicae]] factus est.

Mackie Oxoniae die [[12 Decembris]] [[1981]] mortem obiit.

== De libris ==
* 1973: ''Truth, Probability and Paradox: Essays in Philosophical Logic.'' Clarendon Press. 
* 1974: ''The Cement of the Universe. A Study of Causation.'' Clarendon Press. 
* 1976: ''Problems from Locke.'' Oxford University Press.
* 1977: ''Ethics. Inventing Right and Wrong.'' Penguin Books.
* 1980: ''Hume’s Moral Theory.'' Routledge &amp; Kegan Paul.
* 1982: ''Miracle of Theism. Arguments for and against the Existence of God.'' Clarendon Press.

J. L. Mackie, quamquam multas dum vivit [[commentatio|symbolas]] philosophicas scripsit, ne unum quidem librum divulgavit ante annum [[1973]], quo ''Truth, Probability and Paradox'' librum argumentis copiosum edidit, quo sex commentationes de [[analysis|analysi]], [[veritas|veritate]], [[sententia condicionalis|sententiis condicionalibus]], [[probabilitas|probabilitate]], [[paradoxum|paradoxis]], [[proclivitas|rerum proclivitate]] disserentes continentur. Qui liber velut [[cornu copiae]] est quaestionum ad logicam philosophicam pertinentium. Praesertim singulariter  paradoxa logica et [[semantica]] pertractavit. 

Postero anno librum ''The Cement of the Universe'' inscriptum edidit, quo notionem [[causalitas|causalitatis]], rem contortam et aculeatam, explicare conatur, et quidem bono successu. Deinde anno [[1976]] ''Problems from Locke'' in vulgus editum est, quo libro Mackie diserte varias quaestiones philosophicas tractat, quarum mentio facta est a [[Iohannes Lockius|Iohanne Lockio]] in opere quod de intellectu humano scripsit (''An Essay Concerning Human Understanding'', [[1690]]).&lt;ref&gt;Tralatio Latina: Iohannis Lockii Armigeri Libri IV. ''De Intellectv Hvmano'': Denvo Ex Novissima Editione Idiomatis Anglicani, Longe Accvratiori In Pvriorem Stylvm Latinvm Translati, a Gotthelff Henr. Thiele. Lipsiae: Georgi, 1741.&lt;/ref&gt; Cogitata Lockii saepe ita expedit, ut a lectoribus hodiernis facilius intellegi possint. 

In libro ''Ethics. Inventing Right and Wrong'' anno post edito de [[ethica|philosophia morali]] quaestiones pertractat acriterque pro [[relativismus moralis|relativismo]] stat, nam dicit in ethica nullos valores obiectivos inveniri posse: non esse universales veritates morales, quamvis cotidiana praecepta moralia hominibus speciem veritatis praebeant. Quem statum rerum Mackie &quot;theoriam erroris&quot; (''error theory'') appellat. Deinde anno [[1980]] doctrinam moralem [[David Humius|Davidis Humii]] tractat libro ''Hume’s Moral Theory'' inscripto, quo conatur (nec vero sine bono succesu) ea, quae ab Humio e moralitate cogitata sunt, ad ea, quae ipse de moralitate docuit in libro prioris anni, accommodare. In libro postumo, ''Miracle of Theism'', Mackie [[philosophia religionis|philosophiam religionis]] pertractat. Quamquam ipse [[atheismus|atheista]], tamen partes iudicis aequi agit in exponendis de dei exsistentia controversiis. 

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Grave, Selwyn Alfred. 1984. ''A History of Philosophy in Australia.'' Brisbane: University of Queensland Press.
* Menzies, Peter. 2012. [https://web.archive.org/web/20191011214300/http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/mackie-john-leslie-14214 Mackie, John Leslie (1917-1981)]. ''Australian Dictionary of Biography''.

{{Lifetime|1917|1981|Mackie, Ioannes Lesleius}}
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Oxoniensis]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Sidneiensis]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Anglici]]
[[Categoria:Ethica]]
[[Categoria:Eruditi Australiae]]
[[Categoria:Philosophi]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Australiae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Neogrammatici</title>
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      <text bytes="1753" sha1="0qm11zq6zlhrnwzfmwsauoaal1ofysm" xml:space="preserve">'''Neogrammatici,''' etiam '''grammatici iuvenes''' ([[Theodisce]] ''Junggrammatiker''), fuerunt [[Germania|Germanica]] [[linguistica]]e [[schola]], primum in [[Alma Mater Lipsiensis|Universitate Lipsiensi]] constita, qui '''hypothesin neogrammaticum''' de [[mutatio phonologica|mutationibus phonologicis]] constantibus [[saeculum 19|saeculo undevicensimo]] exeunte proposuerunt. Inter eorum numero notabiliter inscribuntur:
*[[Otto Behaghel]]  (1854–1936)
*[[Gulielmus Braune]] (1850–1926)
*[[Carolus Brugmann]] (1849–1919)
*[[Bertholdus Delbrück]] (1842–1922)
*[[Augustus Leskien]] (1840–1916)
*[[Adolphus Noreen]] (1854–1925)
*[[Hermannus Osthoff]] (1847–1909)
*[[Hermannus Paul]] (1846–1921)
*[[Eduardus Sievers]] (1850–1932)

{{NexInt}}
*[[Consonantium mutatio Germanica|Lex Grimmiana]]
*[[Georgius Curtius]], criticus
*[[Linguistica comparativa]]
*[[Linguistica historica]] &lt;!--

==Notae==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;--&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Hermann, Paul. [[1880]]. ''Prinzipien der Sprachgeschichte.''
*Jankowsky, Kurt R. [[1972]]. ''The neogrammarians:A re-evaluation of their place in the development of linguistic science.'' Hagae: Mouton.
*Brugmann, Karl, et Bertold Delbrück. [[1897]], [[1916]]. ''Grundriß der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen.''
*Schuchardt, Hugo. [[1922]]. Über die Lautgesetze: Gegen die Junggrammatiker. In ''Hugo-Schuchardt-Brevier: ein Vademekum der allgemeinen Sprachwissenschaft,'' ed. Leo Spitzer. [[Salinae Saxonicae|Salinis Saxonicis]].
*Wiese, Harald. [[2007]]. ''Eine Zeitreise zu den Ursprüngen unserer Sprache: Wie die Indogermanistik unsere Wörter erklärt.'' Berolini: Logos Verlag. ISBN 9783832516017.

[[Categoria:Linguistica historica]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cultura archaeologica</title>
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      <text bytes="2707" sha1="hl4iuwtg5pqtycp6k1390c673i3htfn" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Teapot P1100116.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Lebes [[thea]]e [[Res Publica Sinarum|Formosana]].
]]
[[Fasciculus:Nice Cup of Tea.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Britanniarum Regnum|Britannica]] copia [[thea]]e [[Denby Pottery Company|Denbiensus]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Fomin samovar.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Exornatum [[samovar]] [[Russia|Russicum]].]]
'''Cultura archaeologica''' est rediens [[artefactum (archaeologia)|artefactorum]] [[congregatio (archaeologia)|congregatio]] ex certo [[tempus|tempore]] et loco, quae constituere possunt reliquias [[cultura materialis|culturae materialis]] praecipuae [[societas humana|societatis]] humanae praeteritae. Coniunctio horum artefactorum [[intellegentia]]m et [[interpretatio]]nem archaeologorum repraesentat, et non semper ad greges [[homo sapiens|hominum]] praeteritorum pertinet. Notio culturae archaeologicae primas partes in [[archaeologia culturalis et historica|archaeologia culturali et historica]] agit.

Varii greges culturales res [[cultura materialis|culturae materialis]] habent quae inter se propter variantes [[mores]] culturales et sociales munere et [[aesthetica]] differunt. Haec notio latissime observatur. Exempli gratia, [[instrumentum|instrumenta]] cum [[thea]] concocta consociata magnopere per [[tellus|orbem terrarum]] variant. (Vide imagines.) Inter [[mos|mores]] et alias res [[societas humana|sociales]] qui cum cultura materiali coniunguntur saepe sunt notiones [[identitas|identitatis]] et [[status socialis]].&lt;!--

==Notae==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;--&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Childe, V. Gordon. [[1929]]. ''The Danube in Prehistory.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press.
*Eiroa García, Jorge Juan. [[2010]]. ''Prehistoria del mundo.'' Barcinonae: Sello Editorial SL. ISBN 9788493738150.
*Fröhlich, Siegfried, ed. [[2000]]. ''Kultur: ein Interdisziplinäres Kolloquium zur Begrifflichkeit.'' Interdisziplinäres Kolloquium zur Begrifflichkeit 1999, Halle, Saale. [[Salinae Saxonicae|Salinis Saxonicis]]: Landesamt für Archäologie.
*Fullola, Josep Maria, et Jordi Nadal. [[2005]]. ''Introducción a la prehistoria: La evolución de la cultura humana.'' Barcinonae: Ed. UOC. ISBN 8497881532.
*Polomé, Edgar Charles. [[1982]]. ''Language, Society and Paleoculture.'' Stanfordiae: Stanford University Press. [https://books.google.rs/books?id=tuueAAAAIAAJ Google Books.]
*Trigger, Bruce G. [[2006]]. ''A history of archaeological thought.'' Ed. 2a. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521600491.

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|Archaeological cultures|culturas archaeologicas}}

[[Categoria:Archaeologia]]&lt;!--melius:Rationes in archaeologia--&gt;
[[Categoria:Culturae archaeologicae|*]]

{{Myrias|Historia}}</text>
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    <title>Circulus Cuxhavensis</title>
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      <text bytes="6053" sha1="gm763yiujr56vqjivob137imqf36tfl" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in CUX.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo Cuxhavensi]]
'''Circulus Cuxhavensis'''&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Cuxhavensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Cuxhaven'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Cuxhavia]]&quot; -ad quod gentilicium &quot;Cuxhavensis-e&quot; refertur-, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Cuxhaven''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Cuxhaven''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Cuxhoben''), pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1977]] conditus est et circulis pristinis Hadeln et Wesermünde atque urbe [[Cuxhavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; conditus est.

== De rebus gestis ==
Ager circuli partim ad [[Ducatus Bremensis|Ducatum Bremensem]] pertinet, cum urbs [[Cuxhavia]] pars [[Hamburgum|Hamburgi]] fuit. Anno [[1715]] Ducatus Bremensem ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Ab anno [[1810]] ad [[1813]] pars [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Imperii Francici]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Anno [[1937]] etiam [[Cuxhavia]] urbs pars Borussiae facta est. Ab anno [[1946]] totus ager circuli futuri pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Anno [[1977]] circulus conditus est.

== Communia circuli ==
Haec sunt communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communia generalia coniuncti sunt:

* [[Beverstedum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;&gt;Köbler, G. (2016). ''Orte in der deutschen Ortsgeschichte''. Wikiling-Zier. [[Universitas Leopoldino-Franciscea]].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Beverstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Beverst'') (13.503 incolae)
* [[Cuxhavia]], caput circuli (48.264)
* [[Geestlandia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-landia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-land'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-landia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amelandia]], [[Bevelandia Australis]], [[Bevelandia Septentrionalis]], [[Bolandia]], [[Iutlandia]], [[Curlandia]], [[Estlandia]], [[Finlandia]], [[Flevolandia]], [[Friedlandia]], [[Islandia]], [[Gothlandia]], [[Hollandia]], [[Ingermanlandia]], [[Isalandia]] [[Lalandia]], [[Langelandia]], [[Oehtlandia]] [[Olandia]], [[Sallandia]], [[Samlandia]] [[Zelandia]], [[Selandia]] [[Fotlandia]], [[Wermelandia]] [[Withlandia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Geestland'') commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] (30.936)
* [[Haga Bremensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Latinum gentilicium &quot;Bremensis-e&quot; Theodiscum syntagma ''im Bremischen'' vertit.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Hagen im Bremischen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hagen'') (10.991)
* [[Loxstedt]] (15.980)
* [[Schiffdorf]] (14.095)
* [[Wurster Nordseeküste]] (16.965)

* [[Börde Lamstedt (commune generale)|Börde Lamstedt]] (6052)
** [[Ermelstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1759&quot;&gt;Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Armstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Armsdörp'') (646)
** [[Hollnseth]] (898)
** [[Lamstedt]] (sedes administrationis) (3349)
** [[Mittelstenahe]] (601)
** [[Stinstedt]] (558)

* [[Hemmoor (commune generale)|Hemmor]] (14.189)
** [[Hechthausen]] (3500)
** [[Hemmoor]] oppidum, sedes administrationis (8861)
** [[Osten]] (1828)

* [[Terra Hadelensis (commune generale)|Terra Hadelensis]] (27.128)

** [[Belumum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mushard 1764&quot;&gt;Mushard, M. (1764). ''Palaeogentilismus Bremensis: Monumenta ac veterum tumuli in ducatibus Bremensi et Verdensi''. Typis Andreae Vandenhoeck.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Belum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Belen'') (838)
** [[Bulcova]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ehmck &amp; Bippen 1873&quot;&gt;Ehmck, D. R., &amp; von Bippen, W. (Ed.) (1873). ''Bremisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1. Urkunden bis zum Jahre 1300''. C. Schünemann.&lt;/ref&gt;  ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bülkau'') (884)
** [[Ihlienworth]] (1588)
** [[Mons Catonis (Saxonia Inferior)|Mons Catonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;&gt;Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: I. Historicos Germanicos, II. Historiam Helmstadensem, III. Dissertationes de utriusque Saxoniae''. Typis Georgii Wolffgangi Hammii; et: Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: Dissertationen und historische Chroniken des Herzogtums Braunschweig-Lüneburg''. Typis Georgii Wolffii.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Cadenberge''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cuddeldutt'' seu ''Kumbarg'') (4126)
** Neuenkirchen (1378)
** [[Neuhaus (Oste)|Neuhaus]] (1186)
** [[Nordleda]] (1084)
** [[Oberndorf]] (1359)
** [[Odisheim]] (497)
** [[Osterbruch]] (520)
** [[Otterndorf]], oppidum, sedes administrationis (7230)
** [[Steinau]] (845)
** [[Wanna]] (2179)
** [[Wingst]] (3414)

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Landkreis Cuxhaven|Circulum Cuxhavensem}}
* [http://www.landkreis-cuxhaven.de/ Pagina officialis]

{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}

{{geo-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cuxhavensis circulus}}
[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1977]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Circulus Heidensis</title>
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[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in HK.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo Heidensi]]
'''Circulus Heidensis'''&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Heidensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Heidekreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum suffixum ''-kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Heidensis-e&quot; Theodiscum lexema ''Heide-'' vertit.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heidekreis''), pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1977]] conditus est et circulis pristinis Soltau et [[Fallingbostela]].

== De rebus gestis ==
Ager circuli maxima ex parte ad [[Electoratus Brunsvici-Luneburgi|Electoratum Brunsvici-Luneburgi]] pertinuit. Anno [[1805]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Ab anno [[1807]] ad [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Anno [[1885]] circuli Soltau et [[Fallingbostela]]e conditi sunt, anno [[1932]] hi coniuncti, sed anno sequente civibus rebellantibus iterum divisi sunt&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20161005142500/http://www.heidekreis.de/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-11042/13722_read-55182/ heidekreis.de]&lt;/ref&gt;. Ab anno [[1946]] circuli ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinent et anno [[1977]] circulus Soltau-Fallingbostela iterum conditus est. Hic anno [[2011]] nomen circuli Heidensi accepit.

== Communia circuli ==
Haec sunt communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communia generalia coniuncti sunt:

* [[Byspinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1859&quot;&gt;Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1859). ''Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, Fünfte Abtheilung: Archiv des Klosters St. Michaelis zu Lüneburg''. Capaun-Karlowa’sche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bispingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bissen'') (6404)
* [[Fallingbostela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;&gt;Egli, J. J. (1893). ''Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume''. [[Lipsia]]e: Friedrich Brandstetter.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bad Fallingbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Fambossel''), (urbs et caput circuli, 11.044 incolae)
* [[Munster]], oppidum (15.091)
* [[Neuenkirchen]] (5570)
* [[Schneverdingen]] oppidum (18.729)
* [[Soltau]], oppidum (21.414)
* [[Walsrode]], oppidum (23.219)
* [[Wietzendorf]] (4105)

* [[Ascalingium (commune generale)|Ascalingium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ahlden'') commune generale (7034)
** [[Ascalingium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ahlden'') (1518)
** [[Ekelum]]&lt;ref&gt;Vide: Von Hodenberg, W. (Ed.) (1855). ''Walsroder Urkundenbuch (Urkunde Nr. 19)''. Hahnsche Hofbuchhandlung. Quo opere &quot;proprietatem bonorum in Ekelo, que ab ecclesia Walsrodensi in feodum tenuit, pro quinquaginta marcis seriosius comparavit.&quot; dicitur.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eickeloh'') (781)
** [[Grethemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-hemium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-hemium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Grethem''; [[Saxonice]] ''Graitn'')&lt;/small&gt; (646)
** [[Hademstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Hademstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hamstorp'') (834)
** [[Hodenhagen]], sedes administrationis (3255)

* [[Rethem (commune generale)|Rethem]] commune generale (4594)
** [[Bema (Saxonia Inferior)|Bema]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sudendorf 1859&quot;&gt;Sudendorf, H. (Ed.) (1859). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Herzöge von Braunschweig und Lüneburg und ihrer Lande'' (Vol. 1). Carl Rümpler Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Böhme''; [[Saxonice]] ''Böhm'') (920)
** [[Frankenfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-felda&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-feld(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-felda-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Falufelda]], [[Frauenfelda]], [[Heresfelda]], [[Hirutfelda]], [[Ilfelda]], [[Mansfelda]], [[Salfelda]], [[Sualafelda]], [[Alfelda]], [[Alsfelda]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Frankenfeld'') (522)
** [[Häuslingen]] (795)
** [[Rethem (Alara)|Rethem]], oppidum et sedes administrationis (2357)

* [[Schwarmstedt (commune generale)|Schwarmstedt]] (12.545)
** [[Bocholta (Circulus Heidensis)|Bocholta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1859&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bookholt'') (2133)
** [[Essel]] ([[Theodisce]] ''Essel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Äsel'') (1100)
** [[Gilta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gilten'') (1205)
** [[Lindwedel]] (2618)
** [[Schwarmstedt]], sedes administrationis (5489)

* [[Ericetum Orientale]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ericetum&quot;&gt;[https://woerterbuchnetz.de/?sigle=MeckWB&amp;lemid=H01756 Theodiscum toponymicum suffixum ''-heide'' Latino nomine &quot;Ericetum-i&quot; vertitur.]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orientalis&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/orientalis?wb=gross&amp;nr=3 Theodiscum praefixum ''Ost-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;orientalis-e&quot; vertitur.]&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Osterheide''; [[Saxonice]] ''Oosterheid''), districtus communi exemptus, cuius caput vicus [[Oerbke]] est ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Oerbke'') (3564)

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Landkreis Heidekreis|Circulum Heidensem}}
* [http://www.heidekreis.de/ Pagina officialis]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}

{{geo-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Heidensis circulus}}
[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1977]]</text>
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    <title>Circulus Osnabrugae</title>
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      <text bytes="11994" sha1="pmmljrz97dzxk3x2wyivfykft8r8u7k" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in OS.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo Osnabrugensi]]
'''Circulus Osnabrugae'''&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Osnabrugae&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Osnabrück'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum ''LandKreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Osnabruga|Osnabruga-ae]]&quot;, vide Pertsch, Erich: ''Langenscheidts Großes Schulwörterbuch Lateinisch-Deutsch'', Berolini et Monaci 1983, ISBN 3-468-07202-3, p. 1325.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Osnabrück''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Ossenbrügge''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Ossenbrääch''), pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1885]] conditus est et finibus mutatis ad diem hodiernum exstat.

== De rebus gestis ==
Ager circuli ab anno [[1803]] ad [[Ducatus Luneburgensis|Ducatum Luneburgensem]] pertinuit. Anno [[1805]] cum toto Ducatu a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Ab anno [[1810]] ad [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Franciam]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1814]] ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Anno [[1946]] circulus ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet et anno [[1974]] fines hodiernas accipit.

== Communia circuli ==
Haec sunt communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communia generalia coniuncta sunt:

* [[Assena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Philippi &amp; Bar 1892&quot;&gt;Philippi, F., &amp; Bär, M. (Eds.) (1892). ''Osnabrücker Urkundenbuch: Die Urkunden der Jahre 772-1200'' (Vol. 1). Verein für Geschichte und Landeskunde von Osnabrück. &lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Essen'') (15.263 incolae)
* [[Bamwida]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bohmte''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baumte'') (12.637)
* [[Belmum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Moser 1738&quot;&gt;Moser, J. J. (1738). ''Bibliotheca Iuris Publici S. R. I. Germanici: Specially regarding the territories of Westphalia and Lower Saxony''. Typis Ioannis Georgii Cottae.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Belm'') (13.581)
* [[Bissendorpum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bissendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bissendörp'') (14.370)
* [[Bramascus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bramsche''), urbs (36.013)
* [[Campus Rufus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Stüve 1789&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Rothenfelde'') (7839)
* [[Disna (Saxonia Inferior)|Disna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Dissen am Teutoburger Wald''), urbs (9390)
* [[Glandorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Glandorf'') (6664)
* [[Haga ad Teutoburgiensem Saltum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Teutoburger Wald&quot;&gt;Cfr. [[Cornelius Tacitus|Taciti]], ''[[Annales (Tacitus)|Annales]]'', {{Vf|Ab excessu divi Augusti (Annales)/Liber I|LX|I, 60}}: &quot;... haud procul '''Teutoburgiensi saltu''' in quo reliquiae Vari legionumque insepultae dicebantur&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Hagen am Teutoburger Wald'') (13.475)
* [[Hasbergen]] (10.901)
* [[Hilter ad saltum Teutoburgensem]] (10.243)
* [[Hutta Georgii et Mariae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;hutta-ae&quot;&gt;Toponyma cum suffixis ''-hütte'' aut ''-hutta'' plerumque latinizari solent Latino vocabulo &quot;Hutta-ae&quot;, quamquam huius vocabuli variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hutta vitriaria Bohemica]] apud [https://schwaben.hu/ortschaften/bohmischhutten?utm Schwaben.hu. (s. d.). ''Böhmischhütten / Csehbánya – Ortsgeschichte'']; [[Hutta Germanica]] apud [https://huta.ewk.hu/nemetbanya-1757-1781/?utm ''Németbánya. (s. s.). Németbánya története'']; [[Hutta Vitriaria]] apud https://slavistika.sk/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/2015_1.pdf?utm [Majtán, M. (1998). ''Názvy obcí Slovenskej republiky: Vývin v rokoch 1773–1997''. Bratislaviae: Veda]; Hutta apud [https://real.mtak.hu/140291/1/K%C3%A1rp%C3%A1talja%20helys%C3%A9gnevei.pdf?utm ''Kárpátalja helységnevei.'']; [[Hutta Polonica]] apud Štefánik, M. (2022). ''Italia ed Europa centro-orientale tra Medioevo ed età moderna: Economia, società, cultura''. Heidelberg University Publishing; [[Hutta (Eiflia)|Hutta Eifliae]] apud Beyer, H. (1860). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der, jetzt die Preussischen Regierungsbezirke Coblenz und Trier bildenden mittelrheinischen Territorien'' (Vol. 1). J. Hölscher, et Beyer, H. (1860). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der mittelrheinischen Territorien: Erster Band. Von den ältesten Zeiten bis zum Jahre 1169''. [[Confluentes (Germania)|Confluentibus]]: J. Hölscher.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Georgius&quot;&gt;[https://la.wiktionary.org/wiki/Georgius?utm Theodiscum praefixum ''Georg-'' Latino anthroponymo casu genetivo &quot;Georfii&quot; vertitur].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Maria&quot;&gt;[https://la.wiktionary.org/wiki/Maria?utm Theodiscum interfixum ''-marien-'' Latino anthroponymo casu genetivo &quot;Mariae&quot; vertitur].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Georgsmarienhütte''), commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] (31.520)
* [[Iburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Von Schaten 1714&quot;&gt;Von Schaten, N. (1714). ''Monumenta Osnabrugensia ex historia romana, francica, saxonicaque eruta''. Typis Jodoci Henrici Meyer.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Iburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Ibig'' seu ''Ibig''), urbs (10.548)
* [[Laerium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Stüve 1789&quot;&gt;Stüve, J. E. (1789). ''Beschreibung des Fürstenthums Osnabrück mit einigen Urkunden''. Kißling.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Laer'') (9268)
* [[Melle]], oppidum(46.039)
* [[Ostercappeln]] (9566)
* [[Wallenhorst]] (23.018)

* [[Artlandia (commune generale)|Artlandia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-landia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-land'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-landia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amelandia]], [[Bevelandia Australis]], [[Bevelandia Septentrionalis]], [[Bolandia]], [[Iutlandia]], [[Curlandia]], [[Estlandia]], [[Finlandia]], [[Flevolandia]], [[Friedlandia]], [[Islandia]], [[Gothlandia]], [[Hollandia]], [[Ingermanlandia]], [[Isalandia]] [[Lalandia]], [[Langelandia]], [[Oehtlandia]] [[Olandia]], [[Sallandia]], [[Samlandia]] [[Zelandia]], [[Selandia]] [[Fotlandia]], [[Wermelandia]] [[Withlandia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Artland'') commune generale (22.839)
** [[Badberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Badbergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Badbern'') (4572)
** [[Menslage]] (2462)
** [[Nortrup]] (2960)
** [[Quakenbrück]], oppidum et sedes administrationis (12.845)

* [[Bersenbrugum (commune generale)|Bersenbrugum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sandhoff 1785&quot;&gt;Sandhoff, J. E. (1785). ''Antistitum Osnabrugensis ecclesiae, qui per decem saecula episcopale munus in ea gesserunt, chronotaxis''. Typis Joannis Georgii Kislingii.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bersenbrück''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bessenbrügge'') commune generale (28.870)
** [[Alfhusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;&gt;Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Bremensis et Verdensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et pagis ditionis Rotenburgensis (Caput de parochia Ahusii)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et parochiis ditionis Osnabrugensis (Caput de antiqua parochia Alfhusii)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et parochiis ditionis Osnabrugensis et Comitatus Lingensis (Caput de parochia Anderveniae)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et parochiis ditionis Osnabrugensis (Caput de antiquo archidiaconatu Anchemii)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis.&lt;/ref&gt; (3910)
** [[Anchemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; (7314)
** [[Bersenbrugum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sandhoff 1785&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bersenbrück''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bessenbrügge''), urbs et sedes administrationis (8315)
** [[Eggermuhla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Eggermühlen'') (1703)
** [[Gehrde]] ([[Theodisce]] ''Gehrde'') (2504)
** [[Kettenkamp]] (1688)
** [[Rieste]] (3436)

* [[Furstenavia (commune generale)|Furstenavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Furstenavia&quot;&gt;Theodiscum nomen proprium ''Fürstenau'' in Latinam &quot;Furstenavia&quot; verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Hofmannus}}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) FURSTENAVIA Familia Germ. ''Furstenau'', ramus est Familiae Erpacensis (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Fürstenau''; [[Saxonice]] ''Fösnau'' seu ''Försnau'') commune generale (15.873)
** [[Berga (Circulus Osnabrugae)|Berga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&amp;cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&amp;lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Berge'') (3518)
** [[Bippenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;&gt;Köbler, G. (2016). ''Orte in der deutschen Ortsgeschichte''. Wikiling-Zier. [[Universitas Leopoldino-Franciscea]].&lt;/ref&gt;  ([[Theodisce]] ''Bippen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bippen'') (2945)
** [[Furstenavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Furstenavia&quot;&gt;Theodiscum nomen proprium ''Fürstenau'' in Latinam &quot;Furstenavia&quot; verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Hofmannus}}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) FURSTENAVIA Familia Germ. ''Furstenau'', ramus est Familiae Erpacensis (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Fürstenau''; [[Saxonice]] ''Fösnau'' seu ''Försnau''), urbs et sedes administraionis (9410)

* [[Neuenkirchen (commune generale)|Neuenkirchen]] commune generale (10.162)
** [[Merzen]] (3921)
** [[Neuenkirchen]], sedes administrationis * (4498)
** [[Voltlage]] (1743)


{{NexInt}}
* [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Landkreis Osnabrück|Circulum Osnabrugensem}}
* [http://landkreis-osnabrueck/ Pagina officialis]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}

{{geo-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Osnabrugensis circulus}}
[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1885]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Circulus terrae Rotenburgensis ad Wemmam</title>
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      <text bytes="11130" sha1="ca2ee5uq4mg1blf0zkkyltmuzevz8rc" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in ROW.svg|thumb|Communia in circulo Rotenburg (Wümme)]]
'''Circulus terrae Rotenburgensis ad Wemmam'''&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Rotenburgensis ad Wemmam&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Rotenburg an der Wümme'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymico syntagmate &quot;[[Rotenburgensis ad Wemmam]]&quot; -ad quod Latinum gentilicium &quot;Rotenburgensis-e&quot; refertur-, vide homonymas urbes {{Graesse}} et {{Hofmannus}}. De hydronymo &quot;[[Wemma]]&quot;, etiam vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Landkreis Rotenburg an der Wümme''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Rotenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Rodenborg''), pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1885]] conditus est et finibus mutatis ad diem hodiernum exstat.

== De rebus gestis ==
Ager circuli ab anno [[1719]] ad [[Electoratus Brunsvici-Luneburgi|Electoratum Brunsvici-Luneburgi]] pertinuit, post [[Bella Coalitionum|Bella Napoleonica]] ad novum [[Regnum Hannoveranum]]. Ab anno [[1866]] pars [[Borussia]]e fuit. Ab anno [[1946]] circulus ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet et anno [[1977]] fines hodiernas accipit, cum circulus antiquus Vordae Bremensis&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&amp;cq=M%C3%BCnchen&amp;lang=de''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bremervörde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bremervöör'') ad Rotenburgum adiunctus esset.

== Communia circuli ==
Haec sunt communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communi generalia coniuncta sunt:
{{div col|2}}

* [[Gnarrenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Gnarrenburg'': [[Saxonice]] ''Gnarrenborg'') (9238)
* [[Rotenburgum ad Wemmam]], caput circuli (21.392)
* [[Scheeßel]] (12.946)
* [[Visselhövede]], oppidum (10.199)
* [[Vorda Bremensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&amp;cq=M%C3%BCnchen&amp;lang=de''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bremervörde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bremervöör'') urbs (18.645)

* [[Botela (commune generale)|Botela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mindermann 2001&quot;&gt;Mindermann, A. (Ed.) (2001). ''Urkundenbuch der Bischöfe und des Domkapitels von Verden: Band 1''. Von den Anfängen bis 1300. [[Stadae|Stadis]]: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bothel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bootel'')commune generale (8231)
** [[Botela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mindermann 2001&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bothel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bootel''), sedes administrationis (2428)
** [[Broclina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mindermann 2001&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Brockel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brookel'') (1320)
** [[Hemsbünde]] (1178)
** [[Hemslingen]] (1405)
** [[Kirchwalsede]] (1161)
** [[Westerwalsede]] (739)

* [[Fons Geestensis (commune generale)|Fons Geestensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;FG&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/fons?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum suffixum ''-quelle'' Latino vocabulo &quot;fons fontis&quot; vertitur]; Latinum autem gentilicium &quot;Geestensis-e&quot; ad flumen [[Geeste (flumen)|Geeste]] (Theodisce ''Geeste'') refertur. Quo de hydronymo, vide [https://dokumen.pub/deutsches-gewssernamenbuch-etymologie-der-gewssernamen-und-der-zugehrigen-gebiets-siedlungs-und-flurnamen-9783110338591-9783110190397-9783110578911.html dokumen.pub], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ultra flumen Geeste (...)&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Geestequelle''; [[Saxonice]] ''Geestborn'') commune generale (6449)
** [[Alvstedium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1759&quot;&gt;Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi: Accesserunt instrumenta diplomatica ubi de parochiis Alvstedii et Bremervördae agitur''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Alfstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Alfs'' seu ''Alfst'') (864)
** [[Basdalum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;&gt;Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: I. Historicos Germanicos, II. Historiam Helmstadensem, III. Dissertationes de utriusque Saxoniae''. Typis Georgii Wolffgangi Hammii&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Basdahl''; [[Saxonice]] ''Basdaal'' seu ''Basdohl'') (1430)
** [[Ebersdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Ebersdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ebersdorfium&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Ebersdorf' in Latinam &quot;Ebersdorfium&quot; verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Ebersdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eversdörp'') (1058)
** [[Hipstedt]] (1237)
** [[Oerel]], sedes administrationis (1860)

* [[Selsingen (commune generale)|Selsingen]] commune generale (9631)
** [[Andorlangia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1759&quot;&gt;Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi: Accesserunt instrumenta diplomatica ubi de parochiis Alvstedii et Bremervördae agitur''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Anderlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Annerlingen'') (880)
** [[Deinstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Deinstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deins'') (658)
** [[Farva]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Farven''; [[Saxonice]] ''Farm'') (634)
** [[Ostereistedt]] (914)
** [[Rhade]] (1126)
** [[Sandbostel]] (822)
** [[Seedorf]] (950)
** [[Selsingen]], sedes administrationis (3647)

* [[Sittensen (commune generale)|Sittensen]] commune generale (11.009)
** [[Hamersen]] (453)
** [[Kalbe]] (551)
** [[Klein Meckelsen]] (902)
** [[Lengenbostel]] (455)
** [[Meckelsa Maior]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Meckelsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Meckels'') (466)
** [[Sittensen]], sedes administrationis (5765)
** [[Tiste]] (876)
** [[Vierden]] (768)
** [[Wohnste]] (773)

* [[Sottrum (commune generale)|Sottrum]] commune generale (14.444)
** [[Ahusium (Saxonia Inferior)|Ahusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;&gt;Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Bremensis et Verdensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et pagis ditionis Rotenburgensis (Caput de parochia Ahusii)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Ahausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ahusen'') (1888)
** [[Boitersena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mindermann 2001&quot;&gt;Mindermann, A. (Ed.) (2001). ''Urkundenbuch der Bischöfe und des Domkapitels von Verden: Band 1''. Von den Anfängen bis 1300. [[Stadae|Stadis]]: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden.&lt;/ref&gt; [Theodisce]] ''Bötersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Boitzen'') (1070)
** [[Hassendorf]] (1120)
** [[Hellwege]] (1041)
** [[Horstedt]] (1293)
** [[Reeßum]] (1679)
** [[Sottrum]], sedes administrationis (6353)

* [[Tarmstedt (commune generale)|Tarmstedt]] commune generale (10.796)
** [[Bredthorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ehmck &amp; Bippen 1873&quot;&gt;Ehmck, D. R., &amp; von Bippen, W. (Ed.) (1873). ''Bremisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1. Urkunden bis zum Jahre 1300''. C. Schünemann.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Breddorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Breddörp'') (1065)
** [[Bulsteda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ehmck &amp; Bippen 1873&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bülstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Büls'') (753)
** [[Hepstedt]] (987)
** [[Kirchtimke]] (974)
** [[Tarmstedt]], sedes administrationis (3819)
** [[Vorwerk]] (1029)
** [[Westertimke]] (431)
** [[Wilstedt]] (1738)

* [[Vintlum (commune generale)|Vintlum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Vintlum&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Fintel'') commune generale (7461)
** [[Helvesiek]] (792)
** [[Lauenbrück]], sedes administrationis (2266)
** [[Stemmen]] (844)
** [[Vahlde]] (674)
** [[Vintlum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Vintlum&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/schneverdingen-peter-und-paul/?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Schneverdingen, Peter und Paul''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''capella in honorem sancti Anthonii in villa Vintlo parrochie Snewerdinge'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Fintel'') (2885)

* [[Zeven (commune generale)|Zeven]] commune generale (22.812)
** [[Elsdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Elsdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Elsdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Elsdörp'') (2046)
** [[Gyhum]] ([[Theodisce]] ''Gyhum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Jeem'') (2250)
** [[Heeslingen]] (4756)
** [[Zeven]], oppidum et sedes administrationis (13.760)
{{div col end}}

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Landkreis Rotenburg (Wümme)|Circulum Rotenburg (Wümme)}}
* [http://lk-row.de/ Pagina officialis]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rotenburg (Wümme) circulus}}
[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1885]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ioannes Christophorus Fredericus Gutsmuths</title>
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      <text bytes="6203" sha1="hy1j6f20gblbytcj8xkf3h27swxx02x" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Ioannes Christophorus Fredericus Gutsmuths''' (natus [[Quedlinburgum|Quedlinburgi]] die [[9 Augusti]] [[1759]], mortuus [[Gualtherihusa|Gualtherihusae]] die [[21 Maii]] [[1839]]) fuit [[scientia (ratio)|physicus]], [[gymnastica|gymnasticus]], [[paedagogus]], reformator. Laborabat in [[ludi Salzmann|Ludis Salzmann]].

==Vita==
Filius coriorum confectoris iam aetate annorum quattuordecim ipse instructor privatus factus est in domo [[medicus|medici]] Frederici Gulielmi Ritter Quedlinburgensis. Anno [[1778]] maturitatis, probationem in [[gymnasium|gymnasio]] iniit, et studium [[theologia]]e coepit [[Salinae Saxonicae|Salinis Saxonicis]]. Sed ibi sese praecipitavit etiam in aliis materiis: in [[mathematica|mathematicis]], in [[lingua|linguis]] hodiernis, in [[historia|historicis]], in paedagogicis. Anno [[1782]], Quedlinburgum reversus, [[educatio]]nem infantium Ritteri prehendit, quippe qui orbi facti essent. Misit illos Gualterihusam in [[schola]]m novam a [[Christianus Gotthilf Salzmann|Christiani Gotthilf Salzmann]] ibidem conditam. Salzmann mox [[Ordo Beatae Mariae de Mercede redemptionis captivorum|frater Mercedarius]] Gutsmuths factus est,&lt;!--??? (fecit?). Quis fuit Mercedarius: Salzmann aut GutsMuths?--&gt; qui doceret [[lingua Francogallica|linguam Francogallicam]], [[geographia]]m, [[ars athletica|artes athleticas]] (inde ab anno 1785). 

Anno 1797 in [[matrimonium]] duxit Sophiam Eckhardt, filiam parochi vici Bindersleben, qui hodie pars est [[Erfordia]]e. Dati sunt ei filii octo et filiae tres. Gutsmuths, cum iubilaeum annorum quinquaginta de disciplinis peractis ageret, ediditque opus [[geographia|geographicum]] summum  ''Versuch einer Methodik des geographischen Unterrichts''. [[Sepulcrum|Sepultus est]] in [[sepulcretum|sepulcreto]] silvestri in Schnepfenthal, ubi iacet et Salzmann. 

== Laudes ==
[[Fasciculus:gutsmuths03.jpg|thumb|[[Monumentum]] in honorem domini Gutsmuths Schnepfenthal in vico erectum]]
Fuit antepilanus et antesignanus [[ars athletica|athleticae]] educandae; licet eum nominari &quot;avum gymnasticarum rerum scholasticarum&quot;. Introduxit systema corporum exercendorum in horariis scholasticis et fundamenta in ista arte exaravit. In eo contextu citentur verba haec ex libro ''Gymnastik für die Jugend'' deprompta: &quot;Religionem et mores civium illos docetis, qui negligitis et salutem et praeparationem corporum eorum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;In versione originali Theodisca autem legitur: ''Ihr lehrt Religion, ihr lehrt sie Bürgerpflicht, auf ihres Körpers Wohl und Bildung seht ihr nicht.''&lt;/ref&gt;

Anno 1789 edidit opus de natando ''Kleines Lehrbuch der Schwimmkunst zum Selbstunterricht'', anno 1800 numerus primus periodici ''Bibliothek der pädagogischen Literatur'', quod Gutsmuths moderabatur et usque annum 1820 aparebat, in lucem prolatus est. Anno 1793 Gutsmuths [[magnum opus]] ''Gymnastik für die Jugend'' appareri iussit, quod primum systematicum manuale de arte athletica scholastica fuit. Conversio in linguam Anglicam cui est titulus ''Gymnastics for youth: or A practical guide to healthful and amusing exercises for the use of schools'' theorias Gutsmuths etiam in [[America]] divulgavit. Plurimae res in instituto Salzmanniensi ad Schnepfenthal e theoria in praxin redactae sunt.

==Honores==
*''Neue GutsMuths-Gedächtnishalle Schnepfenthal'': aula magna, ubi omniaquaeque spectacula fiunt. Invenitur in Schnepfenthal haud procul a prima area athletica scholastica a Gutsmuths erecta, apud coemeterium silvanum sita
*''GutsMuths-Waldlauf am Zöglingsweg'': certamina in semita 12 chiliometra ducenti fiunt quotannis; aliter migratores cum baculis de re Gutsmuthianis certiores fiunt tabulis informatoriis paratis 
*''GutsMuths-RennsteigULTRAski'': certamen nartatorium inter Neue Ausspanne (apud vicum Gehlberg) et Masserberg/[[Circulus Ilm]].

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Reinhard Fauer: „Dem Namensgeber des internationalen Rennsteiglaufes J. C. F. GutsMuths zum Gedächtnis“, 1997. Auszugsweise wiedergegeben und redaktionell bearbeitet in „Hörselberg-Bote“ Nr. 77/2009.
* [[Aloysia Gerbing]]: ''Johann Christoph Friedrich Guts Muths''. In: ''Mitteldeutsche Lebensbilder'', 2. Band Lebensbilder des 19. Jahrhunderts, Magdeburg 1927, S. 46–59.
* Willi Schröder: ''Johann Christoph Friedrich GutsMuths''. Leben und Wirken des Schnepfenthaler Pädagogen. Augustiniopoli ad Sigam 1996.
* Karl Waßmannsdorf: ''Johann Christoph Friedrich Guts Muths''. Heidelberg 1884.
* Rolf Geßmann (Hrsg.): ''Beiträge und Bibliographie zur GutsMuths-Forschung'', Augustiniopoli ad Sigam: Academia-Verl., 1998, ISBN 3-88345-747-7.
* ''Johann Christoph Friedrich GutsMuths. Bedeutender philanthropischer Pädagoge''. (= Schriftenreihe des Klopstockhauses [Quedlinburg]; 4). [[Salinae Saxonicae|Salinis Saxonicis]] 1999.
* Hajo Bernett: Johann Christoph Friedrich GutsMuths, in: Horst Überhorst: ''Geschichte der Leibesübungen, Bd. 3: Leibesübungen und Sport in Deutschland'', Bartels &amp; Vernetz 1982, S. 197-214 ISBN 3-87039-054-9.

== Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|Johann Christoph Friedrich GutsMuths|Ioannem Christophorum Fridericum Gutsmuths}}
* {{DNB-Portal|118699520}}
* [http://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz24816.html Biographia apud ''NDB''.]
* [http://www.sportpaedagogik-online.de/gutsmuths/ Exercitia Gutsmuthiana quaedam] 
* [http://www.gymmedia.com/AG/history/GutsMuths-Sonderheft2009.pdf ''Sonderheft zur 250-Jahr-Feier 2009'']   (PDF) 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140830165822/http://www.gutsmuths.eu/index.php?templateid=artikel&amp;id=1 ''Die Kunst des Turnens – 250 Jahre Gymnastik'', de arte corporis exercendi] 
* [http://www.sportunterricht.de/lksport/info_sport22.html ''„… auf ihres Körpers Wohl und Bildung seht ihr nicht“ – Lerneja sporto en Germanio de 1770–2000'']  
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140407085638/http://cms.thueringen-sport.de/cms/upload/downloads/Aktuelles/Veranstaltungen/Sonderheft_GutsMuths.pdf ''Sonderheft GutsMuths'' - fasciculi speciales de Gutsmuth] 

{{lifetime|1759|1839|Guthsmuths, Ioannes}}
[[Categoria:Auctores Theodisci]]
[[Categoria:Exercitatio corporis]]
[[Categoria:Paedagogi Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Germaniae]]</text>
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    <title>Circulus Theorosburgensis</title>
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      <text bytes="6365" sha1="8ahft6io9nn9c9qbmm8yzi7yml4jcrr" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in SHG.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo Theorosburgensi]]
'''Circulus Theorosburgensis'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Schaumburg&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Theorosburgensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Schaumburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino gentilicio &quot;Theorosburgensis-e&quot;, quod ad [[Theorosburgum]] refertur, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Schaumburg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Schaumburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Schaumborg''), pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1977]] conditus est.

== De rebus gestis ==
Pars agri circuli ad annum [[1946]] ad civitatem [[Schaumburgum-Lippia]]m pertinuit. Alia pars comitatus Schaumburgum ad [[Electoratus Hassiae|Electoratum Hassiae]] pertinuit. Annis [[1807]] - [[1813]] hae regiones partes [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erant. Anno [[1866]] [[Borussia]] electoratum Hassiae ad se adiunxit. Anno [[1946]] tota regio pars Saxoniae Inferioris facta est. Anno [[1977]] circuli Schaumburgum-Lippia et Comitatus Schaumburgum ad hodiernum circulum coniuncti sunt.

== Communia circuli ==
Haec sunt communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communi generalia coniuncta sunt:

* [[Bocensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}},&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bückeburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bückeborg'')&lt; urbs (19.182)
* [[Haga Schauenburgi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]]  ''Stadthagen''), caput circuli (21.814)
* [[Obernkirchen]], oppidum (9196)
* [[Rinteln]] (25.187)
* [[Vallis Augae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;SLH 1988&quot;&gt;Societas Latina Hannoverana (1988). ''Fasciculi geographici et historici: De parvis provinciis ditionis Hannoveranae et Schaumburgensis''. Hannoverae: Typis Exscripsit Libraria Scripturarum.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Auetal'')  (6315 incolae)

* [[Eildissum (commune generale)|Eildissum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Stumpf-Brentano II 1865&quot;&gt;Stumpf-Brentano, K. F. (Ed.) (1865). ''Die Reichskanzler vornehmlich des X., XI. und XII. Jahrhunderts: Acta Imperii Selecta'' (Vol. 2). [[Aeni Pons (Austria)|Aeni Ponte]]: Wagner'schen Universitäts-Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Eilsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ahlsen'') commune generale (6715)
** [[Ahnsen]] (1045)
** [[Bocholta (Circulus Theorosburgensis)|Bocholta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilmans &amp; Hoogeweg VI 1898&quot;&gt;Wilmans, R., &amp; Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.). (1898). ''Westfälisches Urkundenbuch: Band 6. Die Urkunden des Bisthums Minden und angrenzender Gebiete''. [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Regensberg'schen Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baukholt'') (724)
** [[Eildissum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Stumpf-Brentano II 1865&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Eilsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ahlsen''), sedes administrationis (2480)
** [[Heeßen]] (1385)
** [[Luhden]] (1081)

* [[Lindhorst (commune generale)|Lindhorst]] commune generale (7796)
** [[Beckedorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;&gt;Köbler, G. (2016). ''Orte in der deutschen Ortsgeschichte''. Wikiling-Zier. [[Universitas Leopoldino-Franciscea]].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Beckedorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Biäkedörp'') (1442)
** [[Heuerßen]] (938)
** [[Lindhorst]], sedes administrationis (4351)
** [[Lüdersfeld]] (1065)

* [[Aquae Nendorpenses (commune generale)|Aquae Nendorpenses]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Marcard 1805&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Nenndorf'') commune generale (16.960)
** [[Aquae Nendorpenses]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Marcard 1805&quot;&gt;Marcard, H. M. (1805). ''De salubritate aquarum nendorpensium et de earum usu in morbis chronicis''. [[Goettinga]]e: Dieterich.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Nenndorf''), urbs et sedes administrationis (10.649)
** [[Haste]] (2749)
** [[Hohnhorst]] (2076)
** [[Suthfeld]] (1486)

* [[Niedernwöhren (commune generale)|Niedernwöhren]] commune generale (8115)
** [[Lauenhagen]] (1338)
** [[Meerbeck]] (1965)
** [[Niedernwöhren]], sedes administrationis (1978)
** [[Nordsehl]] (730)
** [[Pollhagen]] (1104)
** [[Wiedensahl]] (1000)

* [[Nienstädt (commune generale)|Nienstädt]] commune generale Nienstädt (10.111)
** [[Helpsen]], sedes administrationis (1944)
** [[Hespe]] (2058)
** [[Nienstädt]] (4566)
** [[Seggebruch]] (1543)

* [[Rodenberg (commune generale)|Rodenberg]] commune generale (15.562)
** [[Apleremum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1703&quot;&gt;Schlegel, J. C. (1703). ''Chronica Parochiarum ditionis Mindensis et Hildesiensis: De ecclesiis parochialibus et ditione antiqua oppidi Adenhusii''. Mindae: Typis Johannis Meyeri; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1703). ''Chronica Parochiarum ditionis Mindensis et Hildesiensis:...''. Mindae: Typis Johannis Meyeri.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Apelern'')
* [[Adenthorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Höhbaum 1876&quot;&gt;Höhbaum, K. (Ed.) (1876). ''Hansisches Urkundenbuch: Monumenta Germaniae Historica e codicibus diplomaticis Bremensibus et Luneburgensibus'' (Vol. I). Halis Saxonum: Typis Orphanotrophei.&lt;/ref&gt; (2470) ([[Theodisce]] ''Adendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Adendörp'')
** [[Hülsede]] (1049)
** [[Lauenau]] (4100)
** [[Messenkamp]] (744)
** [[Pohle]] (851)
** [[Rodenberg]], oppidum et sedes administrationis (6348)

* [[Sachsenhagen (commune generale)|Sachsenhagen]] commune generale (9253)
** [[Hagenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Hagenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hagenborg'') oppidum (4494)
** [[Ovenhagium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1703&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Auhagen'') (1274)
** [[Sachsenhagen]], opppidum et sedes administrationis (1911)
** [[Wölpinghausen]] (1574)

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Landkreis Schaumburg|Circulum Theorosburgensem}}
* [http://www.schaumburg.de/ Pagina officialis]

{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Theorosburgensis circulus}}
[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1977]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ioannes Bellinus</title>
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{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Ioannes Bellinus'''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Ioannes Bellinus&quot; fide en:wiki in pagina ''[[:en:Transfiguration of Christ (Bellini)|Transfiguration of Christ]]'', ubi legimus: &quot;''The work is signed'' IOANNES BELLINUS&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Italiane]] ''Giovanni Bellini''; [[Venetiae|Venetiis]] circa [[1430]]—[[26 Novembris]] [[1516]]&lt;ref&gt;Eius tempus mortis in tabulis non relatum est, sed notus est eum mortuum esse ante [[29 Novembris]] [[1516]]. Vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20110912025236/http://assets.cambridge.org/97805216/62963/sample/9780521662963ws.pdf PDF]&lt;/ref&gt;) fuit [[pictor]] [[Renascentia]]e [[Italia|Italicae]], fortasse notissimus e [[familia]] Bellini pictorum [[Venetiae|Veneticorum]]. [[Pater]] [[Iacobus Bellini]], [[frater]] [[Gentilis Bellini]],&lt;ref&gt;Qui Ioanni vivo maior habebatur, quamquam contrarium hodie obtinetur.&lt;/ref&gt; levir [[Andreas Mantegna]] fuit. Putabatur [[pictura]]m Venetianam novasse, quam ad modum [[libido|libidinosum]] et [[color]]isticum movit. Claris [[pigmentum|pigmentis]] [[oleum|oleis]] quae lente siccabantur tincturas saturas [[umbra]]sque subtiles creavit. Eius colores sumptuosi regionisque situs perfluentes Venetianam picturae scholam magnopere moverunt, praecipue [[Giorgione|Georgionum]] et [[Titianus|Titianum]] discipulos. Eius [[corpus]] in [[Sancti Ioannes et Paulus (Venetiae)|Basilica Sanctorum Ioannis et Pauli]] inhumatum est, [[traditio]]nali [[dux (Venetiae)|ducum]] [[sepulcretum|sepulcreto]].

[[Fasciculus:Giovanni Bellini - San Girolamo nel deserto.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''Sanctus Hieronymus in deserto'' (circa 1455), [[tempera]] in tabula. [[Institutum Barberanum]] [[Birminghamia]]e.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://mimsy.bham.ac.uk/detail.php?t=objects&amp;type=all&amp;f=&amp;s=bellini&amp;record=1 |title=The Barber Institute of Fine Arts, the Lapworth Museum of Geology and the University of Birmingham Collections – Objects |publisher=Mimsy.bham.ac.uk |date=1948-07-23 |accessdate=2013-01-26 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323204314/http://mimsy.bham.ac.uk/detail.php?t=objects&amp;type=all&amp;f=&amp;s=bellini&amp;record=1 |archivedate=2012-03-23}}.&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[Fasciculus:Giovanni Bellini - Christ Blessing - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''[[Christus benedicens (Bellini)|Christus benedicens]]'' (1500), [[tempera]], [[oleum]], et [[aurum]] in tabula&lt;!--panel--&gt;. [[Museum Artis Kimbellianum]] in [[Texia]].]]
==Pinacotheca==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Bellini, Giovanni - Madonna and Child with St. John the Baptist - Google Art Project.jpg|''Madonna et filius'' (circa 1480), oleum. [[Museum Artis Indianapolis]].
Fasciculus:Bellini, Madonna mit Kind, Johannes dem Täufer und der heiligen Elisabeth.jpg|''Madonna et filius cum Ioanne Baptista et Sancta Elizabetha.''
Fasciculus:Giovanni Bellini St Francis in Ecstasy.jpg|''[[Sanctus Franciscus ecstaticus]]'' (1480), oleum et tempera in tabula. [[Collectio Frickiana]] [[Urbs Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]].
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Batschmann, Oskar. [[2008]]. ''Giovanni Bellini.'' Londinii: Reaktion Books.
*Goffen, Rona. [[1989]]. ''Giovanni Bellini.'' Portu Novo: Yale University Press.
*Wilson, C. C., ed. [[2016]]. ''Examining Giovanni Bellini: An Art &quot;More Human and More Divine.&quot;'' Taking Stock, 3. Turnhout. ISBN 9782503535708.

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|Giovanni Bellini|Ioannem Bellini}}
*[http://www.artbible.info/art/work/giovanni-bellini Ars biblica Ioannis Bellini.]
*[http://www.artble.com/artists/giovanni_bellini Biographia, modus, receptio.]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20121011071223/http://www.all-art.org/early_renaissance/bellini_giovanni1.html Giovanni Bellini in ''A World History of Art.'']
*[http://www.wga.hu/html/b/bellini/giovanni/index.html Pinacotheca Artis.]
*[http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/artists/giovanni-bellini Pinacotheca Nationalis.]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20101109114855/http://www.nga.gov/cgi-bin/tsearch?artistid=936 Pinacotheca Artis Nationalis.]
*Masters in Art. [https://archive.org/stream/giovannibellini00bellrich/giovannibellini00bellrich#page/n0/mode/1up Situs interretialis.]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bellini, Ioannes}}
[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 15]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1516]]
[[Categoria:Pictores Italiae]]&lt;!--
[[Category:Quattrocento painters]]
[[Category:Venetian painters]]
[[Category:Italian male painters]]
[[Category:15th-century Italian painters]]
[[Category:16th-century Italian painters]]
[[Category:15th-century Venetian people]]
[[Category:16th-century Venetian people]]--&gt;

{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lex Claudia de nave senatorum</title>
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'''Lex Claudia de nave senatorum''' anno 218 a.C.n. postulante [[Tribunus plebis|tribuno plebis]] Quinto [[Claudius (imperator)|Claudio]] lata senatores eorumque filios navem possidere ultra 300 amphoras continentem vetavit. Invito senatu hac ratione lata est, ne annona latifundiorum ex Italiae agribus lucrandi causa in externas partes exportentur. Eo modo senatores  obligati sunt, ut morem maiorum translaticiamque vitam insumptuosam observarent.

Apud Livium legimus Quintum Claudium praeter se uno solo senatore [[Gaius Flaminius|Gaio Flamin]]io nixum esse qui nolentibus ceteris patribus conscriptis in lege ferenda populi gratia confisus est, quare posteriore anno secundum consulatum assecutus est.&lt;ref&gt;Michael Crawford: ''Die römische Republik''. dtv, München 1983 (dtv-Geschichte der Antike), ISBN 3-423-04403-9, Die Opposition, p. 66 &lt;/ref&gt; 

== Fons ==
[[Titus Livius|Livius]]: ''ab urbe condita'', [http://gutenberg.spiegel.de/buch/2504/59 Liber 21, 63]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==

* Prof. Dr. Anne Kolb: [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304102510/http://www.semestra.ch/data/files/die_lex_claudia_de_nave_senatorum_kolb.pdf ''Die lex Claudia de nave senatorum; Zu den wirtschaftlichen, sozialen und politischen Folgen und Hintergründen eines Gesetzes in der römischen Republik'', Winterthur, 24.] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304102510/http://www.semestra.ch/data/files/die_lex_claudia_de_nave_senatorum_kolb.pdf Mai 2004]
* Nadja EL BEHEIRI: [https://web.archive.org/web/20160819052505/http://local.droit.ulg.ac.be/sa/rida/file/2001/El%20Beheiri.pdf ''DIE LEX CLAUDIA DE NAVE SENATORUM'', (Université Pázmány Péter, Budapest)]
[[Categoria:218 a.C.n.]]
[[Categoria:Leges Romanae|Claudia]]</text>
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    <title>Ioannes Philippus Krebs</title>
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'''Ioannes Philippus Krebs''' (natus die [[7 Iulii|7]] I[[7 Iulii|uli]] [[1771]] Glauchae apud [[Salinae Saxonicae|Salinas Saxoniae]], defunctus [[28 Septembris]] [[1850]] Vilburgi) philologus Theodiscus itemque praeceptor gymnasii.

== Quae de vita eius tradita sint ==
Krebs cum Saxoniae Salinis frequentavisset gymnasium ad philologiam adductus per annos 1788–95 magistro [[Fridericus Augustus Wolfius|Friderico Augusto Volfio]] utrique linguae studuit. Anno verum 1795 collaborator gymnasii Philippini Weilburg nominatus ibidem donec 1837 emeritus est magistri munere fungebatur. Permultos cum tractatus ad Latinam linguam rectumque usum eius spectantes conficeret praecipue innotuit propter enchiridium c.n. ''Antibarbarus Latinae Linguae'' (Theodisce: ''Antibarbarus der lateinischen Sprache).''


== Quos ferme tractatus confecerit (excerpta) ==

* ''Sophoclis Philoctetes, Euripidis Hecuba, Medea, Iphigenia In Aulide. In usum scholarum et academiarum recudit et varietate lectionis Augeri curavit D. Aug. Hermann. Niemeyer. Editio altera emendatior cui indicem copiosissimum adiecit Ioannes Philippus Krebs''. [[Salinae Saxonicae|Salinis Saxonicis]] 1797
* ''Des P. Ovidius Naso Festkalender''. Frankfurt am Main 1799 (''Des P. Ovidius Naso sämtliche Werke übersetzt'' 3)
* ''Griechisches Lesebuch für die ersten Anfänger nebst einer kurzen Grammatik''. Frankfurt am Main 1801. 4., verbesserte Ausgabe 1819. 5., sehr verbesserte Ausgabe 1826
* ''Des Publius Virgilius Maro Ländliche Gedichte oder zehn Eklogen und Landbau vier Bücher übersetzt und mit Anmerkungen begleitet''. Frankfurt 1805 (''Virgils Werke verdeutscht'' 2)
* ''Lateinisches Lesebuch nach der Stufenfolge der Formenlehre''. Gießen 1810. 4., verbesserte und mit Anhängen vermehrte Ausgabe 1820
* ''Anleitung zum Lateinischschreiben in Regeln und Beispielen zur Uebung''. Frankfurt am Main 1819. 4., verbesserte und vermehrte Auflage 1825. 6., verbesserte und vermehrte Auflage 1830. 8., verbesserte und vermehrte Auflage 1837. 11., verbesserte und vermehrte Auflage 1860
* ''Handbuch der philologischen Bücherkunde für Philologen und gelehrte Schulmänner''. Zwei Bände, Bremen 1822–1823
* ''Praktische Metrik der Lateinischen Sprache in Beispielen zum Lesen und Nachbilden der vorzüglichern bei den Alten vorkommenden Sylbenmaaße zum Gebrauche in Gelehrten-Schulen. Ein Anhang zu jeder Lateinischen Metrik''. Heidelberg/Leipzig 1826
* ''P. Ovidii Nasonis Fastorum libri sex. Ad optimorum librorum fidem recensuit, lectionis diversitatem et alias observationibus adiecit Io. Phil. Krebsius''. Wiesbaden 1826
* ''M. Tullii Ciceronis Orationes in L. Catilinam IV. et pro P. Sulla. Ex recensione Orelliana cum selecta lectionis diversitate editionum maxime recentiorum et praemissis argumentis Paulli Manutii''. Gießen 1828
* ''Kurze Accentlehre der Griechischen Wörter. Ein ergänzender Nachtrag zu meiner griechischen Grammatik und meinem griechischen Lesebuche''. Frankfurt am Main 1830
* ''Lateinischer Antibarbarus. Nebst Vorbemerkungen über Reinheit und Eleganz der Rede''. Frankfurt am Main 1832. Spätere Ausgaben unter dem Titel:
** ''Antibarbarus der Lateinischen Sprache. In zwei Abtheilungen, nebst Vorbemerkungen über reine Latinität''. 2. verbesserte und stark vermehrte Auflage 1837. 3. umgearbeitete und vermehrte Auflage 1843
* ''Vitam Caroli Sigonii, viri singulari virtute, moribus, ingenio, doctrina, meritis praediti ad imitandum iuventuti, exposuit, indicemque eius librorum abiecit Jo. Phil. Krebsius''. Weilburg 1837 (Schulprogramm)
* ''Carl Sigonius, einer der größten Humanisten des sechszehnten Jahrhunderts, ein Vorbild aller Studirenden''. Frankfurt am Main 1840
{{DEFAULTSORT:Krebs, Ioannes Philippus}}

[[Categoria:Nati 1771]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1850]]
[[Categoria:Praeceptores]]
[[Categoria:Viri]]
[[Categoria:Philologi Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Lexicographi]]</text>
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    <title>Ezechiel Spanhemius</title>
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      <text bytes="15513" sha1="a01fpuqk512vi459csec01zjug1qf0x" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Ezechiel Spanheim.jpg|thumb|Ezechiel Spanhemius anno [[1702]]. [[Chalcographia|Caelatura]] a [[Robertus White|Roberto White]] facta.]]
'''Ezechiel Spanhemius,''' plenius '''Ezechiel, Baro de Spanhemio''' ([[Genava]]e die [[7 Decembris]] [[1629]]; [[Londinium|Londinii]] [[7 Novembris]] [[1710]]), fuit [[Legatus (civilitas)|legatus]] et [[eruditio|eruditus]] [[Genava (pagus)|Genavensis]]. [[Filius]] maximus natus [[Fridericus Spanhemius|Friderici Spanhemii maioris]], [[Theologia|theologi]] [[Calvinismus|Calvinistae]], et Carolae Du Port, quae inter maiores suos Gallicum eruditum [[Gulielmus Budaeus|Gulielmum Budaeum]] numerabat, optima fama apud [[Res publica litteraria|rempublicam litterariam]] fruebatur et opera ad numismaticam et philologiam spectantia Latine divulgare solebat, cetera plerumque Francogallice.

== De cursu honorum ==
Anno [[1642]], [[philologia]]e [[theologia]]eque ut studeret in [[Academia Lugduno-Batava|Academiam Lugduno-Batavam]] missus est, ubi inter alios magistros [[Claudius Salmasius|Claudium Salmasium]] et [[Daniel Heinsius|Danielem Heinsium]] audivit. Patre mortuo (16̟49) a consiliariis Genavensibus revocatus magisterium paternum suscepit ac iam anno 1651 rhetoricam insuper professus est. Anno 1652 inter consiliarios civitatis cooptatus est. 
=== Apud Electorem Palatinum ===
27 annos natus [[Heidelberga|Heidelbergam]] venit a [[Princeps Elector Imperii|principe electorali]] Carolo Ludovico invitatus, praeceptor filii ut fieret. Collectanea antiquitatum sui novi patroni miratus studia theologica dimittere coepit et numismaticae antiquae litterisque Graecis operam dedit&lt;ref&gt;Iam anno 1660 librum  ''De Caesaribus'' [[Iulianus Apostata|imperatoris Iuliani]] Gallice versum cum commentario publicavit ː ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=nKppAAAAcAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Les Cesars de l'empereur Julien traduits du Gtrec avec des remarques]'', Heidelberg, chez Aegide Walther.&lt;/ref&gt;. Simul iuri Germano studuit Caroli Ludovici iura ut vindicaret&lt;ref&gt;Hunc libellum anno 1660 Francogallice publicavit ː ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=O4VfAAAAcAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ViewAPI&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Discours sur les affaires d'Allemagne et sur le vicariat de l'Empire]''.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Anno [[1661]] ab Electore Romam missus est, qui consilia aulae papalis de se cognoscere volebat - quod initium  [[Diplomatia|diplomatici]] cursus E. Spanhemii fuit in quo postea perseveravit. Romae usque ad annum [[1665]] mansit et per Italiam peregrinari ad libitum ei licebat. [[Christina (regina Sueciae)|Regina Christina]] cuius familiaritatem colebat (iam eius [[Panegyricus|panegyricum]] composuerat antequam Romam veniret)  ad suum ditissimum cimeliarchium et bibliothecam aditum  dedit atque gratiam ei conciliavit eruditorum virorum circa se versantium. Tum epistolare commercium cum [[Octavius Falconerius|Octavio Falconerio]] et [[Nicolaus Heinsius|Nicolao Heinsio]] incepit. Simul prima adumbratio eius maximi operis de usu et praestantia numismatum antiquorum in lucem typographicam anno [[1664]] prodiit&lt;ref&gt;	
''Dissertatio de praestantia et usu numismatum antiquorum''. Romae  : Apud Blasium Deuersin, 1664&lt;/ref&gt;. Anno 1665 in Germaniam rediit et sequentibus annis res domini sui in congressibus diplomaticis et apud varios dynastas tuebatur (bis Lutetiae et bis Londininii moratus est). Uxorem Annam Elisabeth Kolb anno 1677 duxit. Socius [[Societas Regalis Londini|Societatis Regalis Londini]] anno [[1679]] electus est.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161134/https://en.unionpedia.org/List_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1679].&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Apud Electorem Brandenburgicum, eundemque mox regem Borussiae ===
[[Fasciculus:Mary Anne Spanheim.jpg|thumb|Filia Ezechielis ː Maria Anna.]]
At anno 1680 ad [[Elector Magnus|Principem Electorem Brandenbugicum Fridericum Gulielmum]] mercede allectus transiit cui iam saepe occurrerat et mutuis beneficiis sibi conciliaverat. Tum Brandenburgicus legatus apud regem Francorum fuit&lt;ref&gt;[http://jeanluc.tulot.pagesperso-orange.fr/ezechielspanheim.pdf Commentarii a Ioanne Tulot selectae&lt;/ref&gt; (1680-1689) atque iterum postea inter 1698 et 1701 ː nam lingua Gallica sermo patrius Ezechiel Spanhemii erat. Ex illo experimento commentarios ad dominum suum [[Fridericus I (rex Borussiae)|Fridericum III]]  anno [[1690]] conscripsit qui hodieque libenter legi possunt et in lucem typographicam anno 1781&lt;ref&gt;̪[https://sammlungen.ulb.uni-muenster.de/ob/content/pageview/838524 Christian-Wilhelm Dohm, ''Materialien für die Statistick und neuere Staatengeschichte'', dritte lieferung]&lt;/ref&gt; et  1785 primum prodierunt ː ''Relation de la cour de France en 1690''&lt;ref&gt;Optima editio anno 1900 in lucem prodiit ː [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5477072j.r=Ezechiel%20Spanheim%20%281629-1710%29?rk=21459;2 Apud Gallica]&lt;/ref&gt;. [[Edictum Namnetense|Edicto Namnetensi]] a [[Ludovicus XIV|Ludovico XIV]] abrogato ([[1685]]) Ezechiel Spanhemius plurimam operam dabat ut [[Reformatio|Reformatos]] homines in Francia tueretur atque salvos in [[Brandenburgum]] mitteret. At cum Ludovicus XIV ex improviso [[Palatinatus|Palatinatum]] invasit Brandenburgum et Francia amicitia inter duas civitates dirupta est atque ita officium Lutetianum Spanhemii ineunte anno 1689 cessavit. Invitus abiit Ezechiel quia Lutetiae circulos numismaticos frequentare solebat ubi multi eruditi coibant quos magni faciebat ː Ludovicus Maria dux Aumontius, [[Franciscus Chaizius|Pater Chaizius]], [[Andreas Morellius]] etc.

[[Berolinum]] cum redisset  Elector eum coloniis Francorum tum creatis praefecit necnon suae bibliothecae. Atque cum Ezechiel Spanhemius anno 1701  propriam bibliothecam in primis luculentissimam vendere voluit a rege [[Borussia|Borussiae]] empta  et biliothecae Regiae Berolinensi adiuncta est. Eodem tempore amicum [[Laurentius Begerus|Laurentium Begerum]], nummorum et gemmarum antiquarum studiosum, Electori commendat ut custos antiquitatum et bibliothecarius electoralis fieret. Item [[Alma Mater Halensis|Universitati Halensi]] creandae multum contulit ([[1694]]).

1698 1701 iterum Lutetiae vitam agebat, Brandenburgi legatus apud Ludovicum XIV. Anno 1701  baronis (''Freiherr'') titulo honoratus est et regis Borussici legatus extraordinarius ad Anglicam aulam [[Londinium]] missus est ubi [[Anna (regina Britanniae)|reginae Annae]] gratiam sibi conciliavit . Anno 1704 ''Orbem Latinum'' suum ministro Pembroke dedicavit, homini nummorum antiquorum et ipsi studioso. Commentarios eiusdem generis atque de aula Francica composuerat de aulo Anglico quoque reliquit qui tamen non nisi anno 1900 in lucem prodierunt&lt;ref&gt;''[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5477072j.r=Ezechiel%20Spanheim%20%281629-1710%29?rk=21459;2 Relation de la cour de France en 1690 ; suivie de La relation de la cour d'Angleterre en 1704]'', Picard, 1900. Cf. R. Doebner, &quot;Spanheim's Account of the English Court&quot;, ''The English Historical Review'', 1887 ː 757-773&lt;/ref&gt;. Mense Maio anni 1710 filiam Mariam Annam exsuli Francogallico qui persecutionem religiosam in Angliam fugerat, Francisco de la Rochefoucault Montendri [[Marchio|marchioni]], nuptum dedit. Et mense novembri eodem anno obiit ː una cum uxore  requiescit in [[Abbatia Vestmonasteriensis|Abbatia Vestmonasteriensi]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042207/http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/people/ezekiel-spanheim De Spanhemio].&lt;/ref&gt;

== De numismaticis studiis ==
[[Fasciculus:Acta Eruditorum - I monete, 1707 – BEIC 13369403.jpg|thumb|Figura 1 in [[liber|libro]] ''Dissertationes de praestantia'' in [[Acta Eruditorum|Actibus Eruditorum]] anno [[1707]] edito.]]
Anno 1664 volumen in quarto modicae amplitudinis ''Dissertatio de praestantia et usu numismatum antiquorum'' inscriptum et reginae Christinae dedicatum publicavit. Hoc ipso titulo sectatorem esse se confitebatur primi numismatici, qui quidem tractatum de ea re re composuerit, [[Aeneas Vicus|Aeneae Vici]] Parmensis cuius ''Discorsi''&lt;ref&gt;[http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k8516593 Altera editio (1558) apud Gallica]&lt;/ref&gt; anno [[1555]] in duos libros dispositi erant, primum librum ''della nobiltà delle medaglie'', alterum ''della utilità delle medaglie''. Nec Spanhemius per totam vitam ''toto animo ad idem opus qua ornandum qua emendandum incumbere''&lt;ref&gt;Anselmus Banduri p. LXXIX&lt;/ref&gt; desiit et anno [[1671]] Amstelodaemi alteram editionem multo auctiorem&lt;ref&gt;''[https://reader.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs1/object/display/bsb10685065_00009.html Dissertationes de praestantia et usu numismatum antiquorum]'', Amstelodami : apud Danielem Elsevirium, 1671 &lt;/ref&gt; (ex una dissertatione novem factae erant),  ''novum veluti opus, prodire curavit''&lt;ref&gt;A. Banduri, ''ibid''.&lt;/ref&gt; quam duci Etruriae [[Cosimus III Medices|Cosmo III]] dedicavit. In immensum crevit opus et tertia editio (partim posthuma), ''in qua cum plura numismata et quidem accuratius scalpta tum singulae dissertationes ne in immensam molem crescerent in duas pluresve distractae sunt''&lt;ref&gt;Banduri p. LXXXV&lt;/ref&gt;, duobus maximis voluminibus in folio constabat. Primum anno [[1706]] Londinii&lt;ref&gt;[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k886042b.image Londinii, impensis Richardi Smith, 1706] [https://archive.org/details/gri_33125009315694 Eadem apud archive.org]&lt;/ref&gt; in lucem prodiit, alterum anno [[1717]], iam mortuo auctore, cura Isaaci Verburgii Amstelodami&lt;ref&gt;[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k886046v.image Amstelædami : Apud Rodolph. &amp; Gerhard. Wetstenios H. FF., 1717]&lt;/ref&gt;. Ita ingentem summam de re nummaria posteritati reliquit Ezechiel Spanhemius.

Numismatibus ad auctores antiquos illustrandos quoque utebatur ; ita cum anno 1683 versionem cuiusdam operis imperatoris Iuliani ''[[Caesares (Iulianus)|Les Césars]]'' inscriptam iterum edidit&lt;ref&gt;[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k87269299.r=Ezechiel%20Spanheim%20%281629-1710%29?rk=257512;0 ''Les Césars de l'empereur Julien, traduits du grec, avec des remarques et des preuves illustrées par les médailles..]'', à Paris, chez Denys Thierry, 1683. Anno 1728 tertia editio fuit ː ''[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15130188.r=Ezechiel%20Spanheim%20%281629-1710%29?rk=150215;2  Les Césars de l'empereur Julien, traduits du grec par feu Mr. le baron de Spanheim, avec des remarques et des preuves, enrichies de plus de 300 médailles, &amp; autres anciens monumens gravés par Bernard Picart...]''&lt;/ref&gt; plurimas icones nummorum notis inseruit quibus sive textum explicabat sive eius testimonium confirmabat. ''In Callimachi hymnos observationibus''&lt;ref&gt;''[https://archive.org/details/incallimachihym00spangoog/page/n5/mode/2up In Callimachi hymnos observationes]'', Ultraiecti, apud Franciscum Halmam.&lt;/ref&gt; (1697) quoque numismata delineata addidit, aliquanto parcius tamen quam apud Iulianum.

Epistolas insuper quas de uno nummo aut paucis nummis ad eruditos quosdam miserat aliorum operibus nonnumquam subiunctae sunt ː ita epistula de nummo Smyrnaeorum&lt;ref&gt;''[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ypasa1lhyzIC/page/n345/mode/2up?q=spanghemii ...seu de Vesta et Prytanibus Graecorum diatriba.]''&lt;/ref&gt; ad [[Petrus Seguinus|Petrum Seguinum]] destinata et ante [[1672]] composita quoniam Seguinus illo anno obiit a [[Ioannes Foy-Vaillant|Ioanne Vaillant]] editioni posthumae (1684) ''Selectorum Numismatum''&lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ypasa1lhyzIC/page/n4 ''Selecta numismata antiqua e Museo Petri Seguini''. Editio aucta et posthuma, sumptibus Joannis Jombert]&lt;/ref&gt; adnexa est. Item quinque epistulae ad numismatistam [[Andreas Morellius|Andream Morellium]] missae&lt;ref&gt;''Ezechielis Spanhemii Ad eximium virum Andream Morellium epistolae quinque quarum duae priores primae Speciminis editioni insertae, hic longe auctiores prodeunt, tres vero reliquae nunc primum vulgantur'', Lipsiae, 1695&lt;/ref&gt; quas nonnullis exemplaribus [[Lipsia|Lipsianae]] editionis ''Speciminis universae Rei nummariae'' (1695) subiunctas inveneris. Item duae aliae epistulae ''Observationibus in numismata quaedam'' [[Laurentius Begerus|Laurentii Begeri]] (1691) adnexae sunt&lt;ref&gt;''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=HlPKVMWXvu4C&amp;pg=PP5&amp;lpg=PP5&amp;dq=Observationes+et+conjectur%C3%A6+in+numismata+qu%C3%A6dam&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=iJOrMh--qz&amp;sig=ACfU3U1H35dadJdZgSDq08mu2wCQ2MBYIA&amp;hl=fr&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwiJ35eV85vnAhWConEKHbvJCvA4ChDoATACegQIBxAB#v=onepage&amp;q=Observationes%20et%20conjectur%C3%A6%20in%20numismata%20qu%C3%A6dam&amp;f=false Observationes et conjecturae in numismata quaedam antiqua, parergon ...]'', Coloniae Brandenburgicae&lt;/ref&gt;.

==Praecipua opera==
*''Dissertationes de praestantia et usu numismatum antiquorum.'' Romae, 1664. Amstelodami, 1671.  2 vol. Londinii et Amstelodami, 1706–1717.
*''[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k453908n.texteImage Relation de la cour de France en 1690.]'' Ed. nov. Index ab Emile Bourgeois compilatus. Lutetiae: Libr. A. Picard, 1882. [https://www.persee.fr/doc/bec_0373-6237_1901_num_62_1_461164_t1_0391_0000_2 Recensio critica novae editionis anno 1900 e chirographis Berolinensibus concoctae.]
*''Orbis Romanus.'' Londinii, 1704; [[Salinae Saxonicae|Salinis Saxonicis]], 1738.&lt;ref&gt;Qui liber fons magni momenti [[liber|libri]] ''[[The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire]]'' [[Eduardus Gibbon|Eduardi Gibbon]] erat.&lt;/ref&gt;
*Cum [[Dionysius Petavius|Dionysio Petavio]] ''Opera'' [[Cyrillus Alexandrinus|Cyrilli Alexandrini]] et [[Flavius Claudius Iulianus|Iuliani Imperatoris]] (Lipsiae, 1696) edidit.

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Plura legere si cupis==
*[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_g0WeXmHvpzAC/page/n139/mode/2up Anselmus Banduri, Bibliotheca nummaria.]
*Loewe, Victor. [[1965]]. ''Ein Diplomat und Gelehrter, Ezechiel Spanheim, 1629–1710: mit Anhang, Aus dem Briefwechsel zwischen Spanheim und Leibniz.'' Vaduz: Kraus Reprint.
*''[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k66712k.image Un diplomate érudit du XVIIe siècle, Ezéchiel Spanheim : lettres inédites, 1681-1701]'' ; publ. avec avertissement et notes par Emile Du Boys. Parisii, 1889
* Iohannes-Michael Simon, ''Le monnayage gentilice de la République romaine vu par les érudits des XVIe et XVIIe siècles'' , [[Schola Chartarum (Lutetia)|Schola Chartarum]], 1989. [http://catalogue.enc.sorbonne.fr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=94166&amp;shelfbrowse_itemnumber=125365 Citatio huius operis] {{Google Books|jQG8-b8IT2AC|Paginae selectae}}
* Marie Veillon, ''Histoire de la numismatique ou la science des médailles'', Errance, 2008. [https://www.persee.fr/doc/numi_0484-8942_2009_num_6_165_2884_t1_0478_0000_2 Recensio critica]

==Nexus externi==
*[https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz26780.html Deutsche Biographie]
*[https://data.bnf.fr/fr/12867656/ezechiel_spanheim/ Data BNF]
*[https://play.google.com/store/books/author?id=Ezechiel+Spanheim&amp;hl=en_US Libri eius apud Guglum legendi]
*[http://www.bautz.de/bbkl//s/spanheim_e.shtml.shtml De Spanhemio.]
*[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc11/Page_35.html De Spanhemio.]
{{NexInt}}
*[[Numismatica]]
*[[Spintria]]

{{Lifetime|1629|1710|Spanhemius, Ezekiel}}
[[Categoria:Auctores Francogallici]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Latini recentiores]]
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[[Categoria:Numismatistae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Helvetiae]]
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[[Categoria:Incolae Londinii]]
[[Categoria:Socii Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Immunoglobulinum G</title>
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      <text bytes="1706" sha1="jjq0qobs8lztg44yvnzlunk8uxvbvj8" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Anatomy of an IgG.png|thumb|Anatomia Immunoglobulini G.]]
'''Immunoglobulinum''' sive breve '''IgG''' est unum ex [[anticorpus|anticorporum]] grege. Generata liberataque ex [[plasmocytus|plasmocytis]] IgG in [[sanguis|sanguine]] abunde inveniuntur, circiter dodrans omnium anticorporum sanguinis. Adhuc quattuor subclasses descriptae sunt. 

Molecula IgG principaliter in [[Cellula B|cellulis B]] generantur et ex eis liberantur. Quoque IgG duo siti antigenorum sunt.

== Natura Immunoglobulini G ==
IgG immunoglobulinis ([[anticorpus|anticorporibus]]) attribuitur. Quattuor subclasses descriptae sunt. 

=== Anticorpus ===
{{main|Anticorpus}}
Anticorpora sunt [[proteinum globoideum|proteina globoidea]], ad species definitas [[antigenum|antigenorum]] alligantes (reactione immunitatis). Globoidea proteina ea gregi [[globulinum|globulinorum]] attribuitur, diligentius [[globulinum gamma|γ-globulinorum]]. Igitur notio ''immunoglobulini'' derivata est. 

Synthesis immunoglobulinorum in [[cellula B|cellulis B]] fit velut [[plasmocytus|plasmocytis]] (cellulis B differentiatis), quae immunoglobulina liberant.

In [[vertebrata|vertebratis]] quinque isotyporum noti sunt, ex quibus classis immunoglobulinorum una, IgG enim, describit.

=== Subclasses ===
Quattuor subclasses: IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, et IgG4 notae sunt.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Anticorpus]]
* [[Arthritis rheumatoidea]]
* [[Lymphocytus T]]
* [[Rheumatologia]]
* [[Systema immunitatis]]

== Nexus externi ==
* &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210929145539/https://ednieuw.home.xs4all.nl/IgGsubclasses/subkl.htm Human IgG Subclasses: Useful diagnostic markers for immunocompetence]&quot;

[[Categoria:Immunitatis systema]]
[[Categoria:Anticorpora]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Psychotherapia</title>
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      <comment>de psychologia clinica</comment>
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      <text bytes="9371" sha1="axpfjp9w79zzozixgslp9tc0pm21bp5" xml:space="preserve">[[File:A session with a psychotherapist (751707089).jpg|thumb|Imago classica patientis in sponda iacentis dum psychiatrus auscultat]] 
[[Fasciculus:Hall Freud Jung in front of Clark 1909.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Psychoanalystae sex anno [[1909]] iuxta [[Universitas Clark|Universitatem Clark]] picti. Sedentes a sinistra [[Sigismundus Freud]], [[Granville Stanley Hall|G. Stanley Hall]], [[Carolus Jung]]; stantes, [[Abraham Arden Brill|A. A. Brill]], [[Ernestus Jones]], [[Alexander Ferenczi]]]]
'''Psychotherapia''' a [[Graece|Graecis]] ψυχή '[[spiritus]], [[anima]]' + θεραπεία '[[sanatio]], [[medicina|tractatio medica]]') est [[therapia]] [[psychologia|psychologica]], [[cura loquendi]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Anglice]] &quot;talking cure&quot;; vel etiam ''therapia loquendi'' aut ''dicendi.''&lt;/ref&gt; primum appellata, adhibitio [[ratio]]num psychologicarum, praecipue in quotidiana [[colloquium|interactione personali]] condita, ut [[homo]] suos [[mores]] mutet difficultatesque modis desiderabilibus superet. Psychotherapia vult emendare hominis [[salus|salutem]] [[valetudo mentis|valetudinemque mentis]], ad mores, [[fides]], [[vis|vires]] necessarias, [[cogitatio]]nes, [[animi motus|animive motús]] operosos mitigandos aut resolvendos, atque ad coniunctiones [[sollertiae sociales|sollertiasque sociales]] meliores faciendas. Certae psychotherapiae in indiciis conditae ad nonnullos [[morbus mentis|morbos mentis]] tractandos putantur; aliae autem [[scientia falsa|pseudoscientia]] appellatae sunt.
[[Fasciculus:Freud and other psychoanalysts 1922.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Psychoanalystae septem anno [[1922]] picti. Sedentes a sinistra Sigismundus Freud, [[Alexander Ferenczi]], [[Ioannes Sachs]]; stantes, [[Otto Rank]], [[Carolus Abraham]], [[Maximilianus Eitingon|Max Eitingon]], [[Ernestus Jones]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Psi and Caduceus.svg|thumb|Littera [[Psi]] et [[caduceus]]]]
[[Fasciculus:Hypnotisk seans av Richard Bergh 1887.jpg|thumb|Sessio [[hypnosis]] anno [[1887]].]]

Sunt plus quam [[mille]] technicae rationes variae, quarum nonnullae sunt variationes minores, sed aliae in variis psychologiae notionibus, [[ethica|ethicis]] (quomodo [[vita|vivere]]), vel technicis rationibus conduntur. Plurimae sessiones therapeuticas unius therapistae uniusque clientis, sed nonnulli greges aegrorum amplectuntur,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://health.usnews.com/health-care/for-better/articles/2017-07-14/5-reasons-to-consider-group-therapy|title=5 Reasons to Consider Group Therapy|author=Jeremy Schwartz|date=14 Iulii 2017|work=US News|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722190031/http://health.usnews.com/health-care/for-better/articles/2017-07-14/5-reasons-to-consider-group-therapy|archivedate=22 Iulii 2017}}.&lt;/ref&gt; [[therapia familiaris|therapiá familiari]] non exclusá.

Psychotherapistae [[professionales valetudinis mentis]] esse possunt, sicut psychiatriae, [[psychologus|psychologi]], [[nosocomus|nosocomi]] valetudinis mentis, opifices sociales clinici, therapistae [[matrimonium|matrimonii]] et [[familia]]rum, vel consiliatores professionales. Psychotherapistae etiam ex prioribus aetatibus variis veniunt, ex variis [[reipublicae forma|iurisdictionibus]], ac [[lex|legibus]] ordinari, [[voluntas|sua voluntate]] ordinari, vel non ordinari possunt.

==Historia==
[[Societas Psychologica Americana]] hoc decretum de proficientia psychotherapiae anno [[2012]] rite sanxit, ex [[lexicographia|definitione]] ab [[Ioannes C. Norcross|Ioanne C. Norcross]] propositá: &quot;Psychotherapia est informata deque industriá effecta [[psychologia clinica|rationum clinicarum]] [[coniunctio interpersonalis|habituumque interpersonalium]] ex principiis psychologicis confirmatis adhibitio ad homines iuvandos ut eorum [[mores]], [[cognitio]]nes, [[animi motus|animi motús]], et vel aut alias proprietates personales mutent et in cursús dirigant qui participes optabiles habeant.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Anglice]] &quot;Psychotherapy is the informed and intentional application of clinical methods and interpersonal stances derived from established psychological principles for the purpose of assisting people to modify their behaviors, cognitions, emotions, and/or other personal characteristics in directions that the participants deem desirable.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=resolution&gt;Campbell et al. 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;APA [http://www.apa.org/about/policy/resolution-psychotherapy.aspx Recognition of Psychotherapy Effectiveness] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729162155/http://www.apa.org/about/policy/resolution-psychotherapy.aspx |date=29 Iulii 2015}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Bartlett, S. [[1987]]. ''When You Don't Know Where to Turn: A Self-diagnosing Guide to Counseling and Therapy.'' ISBN 9780809248292. [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/44926 Gutenberg.]
*Beese, Friedrich. [[2004]]. ''Was ist Psychotherapie?'' Gottingae: Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht. ISBN 3-525-45706-5.
*Bloch, S., ed. [[2006]]. ''Introduction to the Psychotherapies.'' Ed. quarta. ISBN 0198520921.
*Campbell, L. F., J. C. Norcross, M. J. Vasquez, et N. J. Kaslow. [[2013]]. &quot;Recognition of psychotherapy effectiveness: the APA resolution.&quot; ''Psychotherapy'' 50, no. 1 (Martius): 98–101. PMID 23505985. doi:10.1037/a0031817 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160101111335/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236058462_Recognition_of_Psychotherapy_Effectiveness_The_APA_Resolution Archivum.]
*Corey, G. [[2015]]. ''Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy.'' Ed. 10a. ISBN 9781305263727.
*Cozolino, Louis. [[2017]]. ''The Neuroscience of Psychotherapy: Healing the Social Brain.'' Ed. tertia. ISBN 9780393712643.
*Feixas, Guillem, et Mª Teresa Miró. [[1998]]. ''Aproximaciones a la psicoterapia. Una introducción a los tratamientos psicológicos.'' Barcinonae: Paidós. ISBN 978-84-7509-949-1.
*Fromme, Donald K. [[2011]]. ''Systems of psychotherapy: dialectical tensions and integration.'' Novi Eboraci: Springer. ISBN 9781441973078, ISBN 1441973079.
*Jongsma, Peterson, et Bruce. [[2014]]. ''The Complete Adult Psychotherapy Treatment Planner.'' Ed. quinta. ISBN 111806786X.
*Kriz, Jürgen. (1990) [[2012]]. ''Corrientes fundamentales en psicoterapia. '' Ed. secunda. Bonaeropoli et Matriti: Amorrortu Editores. ISBN 978-950-518-242-8.
*Kriz, Jürgen. [[2001]]. ''Grundkonzepte der Psychotherapie.'' Weinheim: Beltz. ISBN 3-621-27451-0.
*Maaz, Hans-Joachim. [[2014]]. ''Hilfe! Psychotherapie: Wie sie funktioniert und was sie leistet.'' Monaci: C. H. Beck. ISBN 978-3-406-66078-8.
*Märtens, Michael, et Hilarion Petzold, eds. [[2002]]. ''Therapieschäden.'' Moguntiaci.
*Mijares, Sharon G. [[2014]]. ''Modern Psychology and Ancient Wisdom: Psychological Healing Practices from the World's Religious Traditions.'' Novi Eboraci: Routledge. ISBN 1317788001. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=v_2sAgAAQBAJ Google Books.]
*Piontek, Rosemarie. [[2005]]. ''Wegbegleiter Psychotherapie.'' Ed. secunda. Bonnae: Psychiatrie-Verlag. ISBN 3-88414-320-4.
*Prochsaka et Norcross. [[2018]]. ''Systems of Psychotherapy: A Transtheoretical Analysis.'' Ed. nona. ISBN 9780190880415.
*Rehwalt, Laura. [[2013]]. &quot;Ancient Classical Roots of Psychology.&quot; In &quot;History of Science,&quot; ''Electrum Magazine,'' 2 Martii 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150723120858/http://www.electrummagazine.com/2013/03/ancient-classical-roots-of-psychology/ Archivum interretiale.]
*Robertson, Daniel. [[2010]]. ''The Philosophy of Cognitive–Behavioural Therapy: Stoicism as Rational and Cognitive Psychotherapy.'' Londinii: Karnac. ISBN 9781855757561.
*Schwertfeger, Bärbel, et Klaus Koch. [[2002]]. ''Der Therapieführer: Die wichtigsten Formen und Methoden.'' Monaci: Heyne. ISBN 3-453-09133-7.
*Slavney, P. [[2005]]. ''Psychotherapy: An Introduction for Psychiatry Residents and Other Mental Health Trainees.'' ISBN 0801880963.
*Strotzka, Hans, ed. [[1975]]. ''Psychotherapie. Grundlagen, Verfahren, Indikationen.'' Monaci, Berolini, Vindobonae: Urban und Schwarzenberg. |ISBN 978-3-541-06931-6.
*Stumm, Gerhard, et Beatrix Wirth. [[2006]]. ''Psychotherapie, Schulen und Methoden.'' Vindobonae: Falter. ISBN 3-85439-378-4.
*Wampold, Bruce E. [[2019]]. ''The Basics of Psychotherapy: An Introduction to Theory and Practice.'' Ed. secunda. ISBN 9781433830198.


{{NexInt}}
===Homines notabiles===
{{div col|3}}
*[[Alfredus Adler]] 
*[[Ludovicus Binswanger]]
*[[Medard Boss]]
*[[Iosephus Breuer]]
*[[Ericus Erikson]]
*[[Victor Frankl]]
*[[Anna Freud]]
*[[Sigmundus Freud]]
*[[Karen Horney]]
*[[Henricus Kohut]]
*[[Melania Klein]]
*[[Ronaldus David Laing]]
*[[Abrahamus Maslow]]
*[[Rollo May]]
*[[Otto Rank]]
*[[Carolus Rogers]]
*[[Irvin Yalom]]
*[[Carolus Jung]]
*[[Aemilia van Deurzen]]
{{div col end}}

===Res notabiles===
{{div col|3}}
*[[Behaviorismus]]
*[[Conscientia]]
*[[Ego, id et superego|Ego, id, et superego]]
*[[Hermeneutica ontologica]]
*[[Hierarchia necessitatum humanorum]]
*[[Interpretatio somniorum]]
*[[Mens omni sensu carens]] 
*[[Neurologia]]
*[[Neuroscientia]]
*[[Philosophia exsistentialis]]
*[[Phrenologia]]
*[[Psychoanalysis]]
*[[Psychologia analytica]]
*[[Psychologia clinica]]
*[[Psychopathia]]
*[[Psychopathologia]]
*[[Psychopharmacologia]]
*[[Psychosis]]
*[[Psychotherapia in persona condita]]
*[[Sophrologia]]
*[[Therapia physica]]
*[[Translatio (psychotherapia)]]
*[[Violentia psychica]]
{{div col end}}

[[Categoria:Psychotherapia|!]]
{{Myrias|Anthropologia}}</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Disputatio:Index Communium Rhenaniae Septentrionalis et Vestfaliae]] ad [[Disputatio:Index communium Rhenaniae Septentrionalis et Vestfaliae]]: Orthographia emendata</comment>
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      <text bytes="6635" sha1="ipitj48d1pt9a1d09h2t1e339e09kje" xml:space="preserve">== Footnotes for sources? ==
Over time, I have changed a lot of place names in this list to Latin names I found here and there (it must be more than 80 by now). When the name was a redlink, I added my source in hidden text. Now Andrew Dalby [[Disputatio:Flandria Hispanica|suggests]] footnotes instead, which is not something I'm necessarily against, but I never did that because it seemed to change the nature of the page, which I didn't want to do without some consensus (I've done it on other pages, too, e.g. [[Communia Walloniae|here]]).  So here's the question: Should we put footnotes everywhere in this kind of list?  When I started, in my mind it was some kind of temporary measure pending creation of the relevant pages, but then I doubt anyone will create all these pages during my lifetime (I sure won't)... [[Usor:Sigur|Sigur]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Sigur|disputatio]]) 20:45, 4 Octobris 2019 (UTC)
:Our discussion began elsewhere, and I didn't realise until now that we were talking about a whole-list page -- I had seen this page of course, but I hadn't ever clicked on &quot;edit&quot;. It is true that this list will initially have a lot of footnotes, whose eventual resting-place (when Vicipaedia is finished and we are pouring the champagne) will be on the pages of the individual communes. Footnoting, not hidden text, is our regular practice and I see strong reasons not to change. 
:* So far as I know, Helveticus Montanus was the first to adopt this practice: when he used a dubious word or an uncertain proper name, he would regularly footnote the dictionary (or whatever) from which he got it. He must have been doing this from as far back as 2005 or 2006, and I don't think anyone ever suggested a change. I sometimes remove his footnotes when I am enlarging his pages, but that's not because they are wrong, it's because a relevant page has meanwhile been created so that the footnotes are no longer needed at the point where he placed them.
:* The long term anonymous contributor who makes pages about countries also does this, especially when embedding a list of cities or regions. If we're lucky, on the more recent of those pages, any such name not already linked to a page will have a none-too-precise footnote to a source. On the older such pages there are no such footnotes, but the anonym began to notice that un-footnoted names were very often ignored or changed or deleted and adopted this good practice in self-defence.
:* I picked up the idea from Helveticus, and I'm sure others have also.
:The page containing the newly-documented names gets more footnotes than it will eventually need, but so what? The footnotes meanwhile help any user who wants to know if the Latin term is justified, and -- even better -- any user who is going to create the relevant page. Links in footnotes can be clicked on. On the other hand, hidden text has serious downsides:
:* Links in hidden text can't be clicked on. It would be strange, when pasting in a link, to make it deliberately difficult to use.
:* Any hidden text that's not in Latin (in English, German, whatever) does actually discourage editors who don't use that language: it can have the effect of creating a walled garden. There has been evidence of this and we really need to guard against it. The only language all editors use is Latin.
:Postscript: I spend a fair bit of time on the depressing task of deleting the hidden text that editors occasionally leave on their pages. [I mean, I do it while improving the page in other ways. I don't go hunting for hidden text :)] It will be a relatively cheerful job to convert this hidden text to footnotes, so I'm willing to do a share of it! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 10:16, 5 Octobris 2019 (UTC)
:::Some of these details are new to me. I've always assumed that footnotes were standard practice for attestations, [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 13:26, 5 Octobris 2019 (UTC)
::::Indeed, footnotes generated by &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Convertimus}} and {{FD ref}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; are standard practice for the ''lack'' of attestations. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 13:29, 5 Octobris 2019 (UTC)
:::and I believe they should be. Rarely, however, I've inserted a hidden gloss when it appeared that a future editor might go astray. Exempli gratia, heri in commentario de [[libido|libidine]], scripsi &quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;omni sensu omnino carens&lt;!--unconscious--&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&quot; Surely ''ordinary readers'' don't need to know (hence the hiding), or to be distracted by a visually disruptive footnote, but it might help an inexperienced ''future editor'' (and if history is a guide, plenty of them will be dropping in) to know that this phrase doesn't mean &quot;entirely lacking all sense,&quot; but according to both Cassell's &amp; Traupman involves an idiom for &quot;unconscious.&quot; (Footnote: This means that we may have trouble coining a Latin lemma for &quot;the unconscious,&quot; not least because that topic isn't the same thing as &quot;the unconscious mind,&quot; which can conveniently be ''mens omni sensu carens.'') [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 13:26, 5 Octobris 2019 (UTC)
::::Thanks for your comment -- you always start new trains of thought --
::::Hmm, not quite sure if it's true that ordinary readers don't need to see such things ... well, anyway, if I wanted to add a comment about your hidden note, I would add it on the talk page; so at that stage I'd have to copy the hidden note to the talk page. So isn't the talk page the place where it should be all along? ... that's my tentative suggestion. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 15:17, 5 Octobris 2019 (UTC)
:::::Maybe . . . but once again must run. . . . [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 15:22, 5 Octobris 2019 (UTC)
::::::The adjective &quot;inconscius&quot; turns up in late antique Latin, for what it's worth. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 17:06, 5 Octobris 2019 (UTC)
:::::::Excellent! It's not impossible, then, that the noun ''inconscientia'' is going to be turning up in the early twenty-first century! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 20:18, 5 Octobris 2019 (UTC)
OK, I'll start. I'll also put the sections into proper alphabetic order.  For now, they remain in the order of the German names, but that doesn't make much sense. [[Usor:Sigur|Sigur]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Sigur|disputatio]]) 18:51, 5 Octobris 2019 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Psychologia analytica</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <contributor>
        <username>LilyKitty</username>
        <id>18316</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>de psychologia clinica</comment>
      <origin>3983789</origin>
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      <text bytes="5890" sha1="56cv50gbl3k61ib8cgy1l9y9r30b9pa" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:CGJung.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Carolus Jung]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Toni Wolff 1911 sitting.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Antonia Wolff]] circa [[1911]], anno aetatis suae 23.]]

'''Psychologia analytica,''' etiam '''psychologia Jungiana''' appellata, est [[schola]] [[psychotherapia]]e quae ex [[cogitatio]]nibus [[Carolus Jung|Caroli Jung]], [[psychiater|psychiatri]] [[Helvetia|Helvetici]], orta est. Momentum exprimit hominis [[psyche (psychologia)|psychae]] et personalis [[auctoritas (philosophia)|auctoritatis]] inquisitionis.&lt;ref&gt;Anthony Stevens, ''Jung: A Brief Insight'' (Oxoniae: Oxford University Press, 1994), 190.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Res]] maximi momenti in [[systema]]te Jungiano sunt [[individuatio]], [[symbolus|symboli]], [[inscientia personalis]]{{dubsig}}&lt;!--personal unconscious--&gt;, [[inscientia collectiva]]{{dubsig}}, [[archetypi Jungiani|archetypi]], [[complex (psychologia)|complices]], [[persona (psychologia)|persona]], [[umbra (psychologia)|umbra]], [[anima et animus]], ac [[ipse (psychologia)|ipse]]{{dubsig}}&lt;!--self--&gt;.

[[Theoria]]e Jungianae praecipue investigabantur ab [[Antonia Wolff]], [[Maria-Ludovica von Franz]], [[Iolanthe Jacobi]], [[Aniela Jaffé]], [[Ericus Neumann|Erico Neumann]], [[Iacobus Hillman|Iacobo Hillman]], et [[Antonius Stevens|Antonio Stevens]].

Psychologia analytica a [[psychoanalysis|psychoanalysi]] distinguitur, quae est [[systema]] [[psychotherapia|psychotherapeuticum]] a [[Sigismundus Freud|Sigismundo Freud]] excogitatum.

{{NexInt}}
{{div col|3}}
*[[Conscientia]]
*[[Depressio (psychiatria)|Depressio clinica]]
*[[Extraversio]]
*[[Id, ego, et superego]]
*[[Inertia psychica]]
*[[Interpretatio somniorum]]
*[[Introversio]]
*[[Mens omni sensu carens]]
*[[Neurologia]]
*[[Neuroscientia]]
*[[Nigredo]]
*[[Phobia]]
*[[Psychologia clinica]]
*[[Psychopathia]]
*[[Psychopathologia]]
*[[Psychosis]]
*[[Socionica]]
*[[Somnium]]
*[[Spiritualitas]]
*[[Synchronicitas]]&lt;!--
* [[Active imagination]]
* [[Archetypal pedagogy]]
* [[Archetypal psychology]]
* [[Nekyia]]--&gt;
{{div col end}}

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Adler, Gerhard. [[1974]]. ''Basic concepts of analytical psychology.'' Londinii: Guild of Pastoral Psychology. ISBN 0852661282.
*Aziz, Robert. [[1990]]. ''C. G. Jung's Psychology of Religion and Synchronicity.'' Editio decima. The State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-7914-0166-9.
*Aziz, Robert. [[1999]]. &quot;Synchronicity and the Transformation of the Ethical in Jungian Psychology.&quot; In ''Asian and Jungian Views of Ethics,'' ed. Carl Becker. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-30452-1.
*Aziz, Robert. [[2007]]. ''The Syndetic Paradigm: The Untrodden Path beyond Freud and Jung.'' The State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-6982-8
*Aziz, Robert. [[2008]]. &quot;Foreword.&quot; In ''Synchronicity: Multiple Perspectives on Meaningful Coincidence,'' ed. Lance Storm. Pari Publishing. ISBN 978-88-95604-02-2.
*Clift, Wallace. [[1982]]. ''Jung and Christianity: The Challenge of Reconciliation.'' The Crossroad Publishing Company. ISBN 0-8245-0409-7.
*Clift, Jean Dalby, et Wallace Clift. [[1996]]. ''The Archetype of Pilgrimage: Outer Action with Inner Meaning.'' The Paulist Press. ISBN 0-8091-3599-X.
*Cox, David. [[1978]]. ''How your mind works: an introduction to the psychology of C. G. Jung.'' Londinii: Hodder and Stoughton. ISBN 0340233257.
*Dohe, Carrie B. [[2016]]. ''Jung's Wandering Archetype: Race and Religion in Analytical Psychology.'' Londinii: Routledge.  ISBN 978-1138888401.
*Fappani, Frederic. [[2008]]. ''Education and Archetypal Psychology.'' Cursus.
*Fordham, Michael. [[1978]]. ''Jungian psychotherapy: a study in analytical psychology.'' Chichester et Novi Eboraci: Wiley. ISBN 0471996173, ISBN 0471996181.
*Jung, Carl Gustav. [[1976]]. ''Analytical psychology, its theory and practice: the Tavistock lectures.'' Praefatio E. A. Bennett. Londinii: Routledge and Kegan Paul. ISBN 0710060513, ISBN 0710084145.
*Mayes, Clifford. [[2005]]. ''Jung and education: elements of an archetypal pedagogy.'' Rowman &amp; Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-57886-254-2.
*Mayes, Clifford. [[2007]]. ''Inside Education: Depth Psychology in Teaching and Learning.'' Atwood Publishing. ISBN 978-1-891859-68-7.
*Samuels, Andrew. [[1985]]. ''Jung and the Post-Jungians.'' Routledge. ISBN 0-203-35929-1.
*Remo, F. Roth. [[2011]]. ''Return of the World Soul: Wolfgang Pauli, C. G. Jung and the Challenge of Psychophysical Reality [unus mundus], Part 1: The Battle of the Giants.'' Pari Publishing. ISBN 978-88-95604-12-1.
*Remo, F. Roth. [[2012]]. ''Return of the World Soul: Wolfgang Pauli, C. G. Jung and the Challenge of Psychophysical Reality [unus mundus], Part 2: A Psychophysical Theory.'' Pari Publishing. ISBN 978-88-95604-16-9.

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|Analytical psychology|psychologiam analyticam}}
*Edinger, Edward F. [https://web.archive.org/web/20040426092913/http://www.israjung.co.il/edinger.htm &quot;An Outline of Analytical Psychology.&quot;]
*[http://www.adepac.org/ Societas Psychologiae Analyticae in Columbia.] Asociación de Psichología Analítica en Colombia.&lt;!--analytical psychology news, biographies, resources--&gt;
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070405050524/http://www.jungarena.com/ Arena Jungiana.]&lt;!--analytical psychology books, journals resources--&gt;
*[http://aras.org/ Archivum Investigationis in Symbolismo Archetypico.]
*[http://www.pacifica.edu/ Institutum Graduatum Pacifica.]&lt;!--a graduate school offering programs in Jungian and post-Jungian studies--&gt;
*[http://www.carl-jung.net Carolus Jung: Vita et Opera.]
*[http://www.iaap.org/ Societas Psychologiae Analyticae Internationalis.]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070218003526/http://www.jungianstudies.org/ Societas Studiorum Iungianorum Internationalis.]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Psychologia Analytica}}
[[Categoria:Psychologia analytica| ]]
[[Categoria:Psychotherapia]]
[[Categoria:Psychoanalysis]]&lt;!-- by type--&gt;

{{Myrias|Anthropologia}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Dolly Parton</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <contributor>
        <username>XLiorlaserX</username>
        <id>213821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */ Death of Dolly Parton</comment>
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      <text bytes="10048" sha1="9pr6qdyml3kegpmjj3hiwvehjwazz2u" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Dolly Parton accepting Liseberg Applause Award 2010 portrait.jpg|thumb|Dolly Parton praemium Liseberg Applause anno [[2010]] accipit.]]

'''Dolly Parton''' (nata [[19 Ianuarii]] [[1946]] decessit 25 Augusti 2026) fuit [[cantrix]], [[compositor carminum]], [[instrumentum musicum|multi-instrumentalista]], [[choragus phonodiscorum|choragus]] [[phonodiscus|phonodiscorum]], [[actrix]], [[auctor]], [[negotiator|negotiatrix]], et [[humanitarismus|humanitarista]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Americana]], quae plerumque operá [[musica rustica|musicae rusticae]] datá innotuit. Postquam bene res gestas propter [[carmen|carmina]] pro aliis [[compositio|composita]] habere coepit, ''[[Hello, I'm Dolly]],'' suum primum [[album musicum|album]] musicum, anno [[1967]] divulgavit. Bene res gestas reliquis annis [[decennium|decennii]] [[1960]] continenter habuit, ambo sola et in serie alborum cum [[Porter Wagoner]] factorum. Fastidium venditionis annis [[1970]] fiebat, annisque [[1980]] persistebat. Sua alba annis [[1990]] tam bene non vendebantur, sed bene res gestas iterum novo millennio habuerit, atque ex anno [[2000]] alba phonodiscorum pro nonnullis [[societas|societatibus]] [[negotium|negotialibus]] divulgavit, Dolly Records, [[negotium|negotio]] suo, non excluso.

==De vita==
[[Fasciculus:Dollywoodsign1.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.7|alt=Photo of the entrance to Dollywood|Aditus [[vehiculum|vehicularis]] ad locum Dollywood prope Pigeon Forge.]]
[[Fasciculus:Young-Dolly-Parton.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Parton anno [[1977]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Dolly Parton and Burnett.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Cum [[Carola Burnett]] anno [[1980]].]]&lt;!--
[[Fasciculus:Dolly Parton 2.jpg|upright=0.8|thumb|upright|Dolly Parton [[infantulus|infantulum]] [[Honolulu]] in [[Havaii]] anno [[1983]] tenet.]]--&gt;
[[Fasciculus:Dolly Parton and Bob Corker.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Cum [[Robertus Corker|Roberto Corker]], senatore Tennesiensi, mense Septembri anno [[2009]].&lt;!--at rededication ceremony for Great Smoky Mountains National Park--&gt;]]&lt;!--
[[Fasciculus:Porter Wagoner and Dolly Parton 1969.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Porter Wagoner et Dolly Parton anno [[1969]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Dolly Parton with square red earrings.jpg|áhumb|upright=0.8|Dolly Parton circa annum [[1989]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Dolly Parton 4.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Parton anno [[2006]]. at a reception for [[John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts|The Kennedy Center]] honorees in the [[East Room]] of the [[White House]] in Washington, D.C., on December 3, 2006]].]]--&gt;
[[Fasciculus:2006 Kennedy Center honorees.jpg|thumb|[[Georgius W. Bush]] [[praeses Civitatum Foederatarum|praeses]] et [[Laura Bush]] domina prima, cum hominibus honoratis [[Kennedy Center]] in [[Conclave Caeruleum|Conclavi Caeruleo]] [[Aedes Albae|Aedium Albarum]] in convivio anno [[2006]]. A laeva: [[Gulielmus &quot;Smokey&quot; Robinson]], [[cantor]] et [[compositor carminum]]; [[Andreas Lloyd Webber]], [[compositor]]; Dolly Parton; [[Stephanus Spielberg]], moderator [[pellicula]]rum; et [[Zubin Mehta]], [[conductor]] [[orchestra]]lis.]]

Nata est Dolly Rebecca Parton die [[19 Ianuarii]] [[1946]] in [[casa]] unius conclavis ad ripas [[fluvius|fluvii]] [[Little Pigeon River (Tennesia)|Little Pigeon]] prope [[Pittman Center]] [[Tennesia]]e, [[commune]] minutum in [[Sevier Comitatus (Tennesia)|Sevier Comitatu]] in [[Magni Montes Fumosi|Magnis Montibus Fumosis]] [[Tennessia Orientalis|Tennesiae Orientalis]].&lt;ref&gt;Schmidt 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; Dolly est quarta e duodecim [[liberi]]s, [[mater|matre]] Avie Lee Caroline (nata Owens; 1923–2003), [[pater|patre]] Roberto Lee Parton (1921–2000). Pater, Lee usitate appellatus, in [[mons|montibus]] Tennesiae Orientalis laborabat, olim ''[[sharecropper]]''{{dubsig}} et tum suum [[praedium]] parvum [[terra]]sque curans. Etiam varios quaestus minores faciebat, [[paupertas|paupertatis]] causá.
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Daddy's Dinner Bucket: Mr. Lee Parton|url=http://dollyparton.com/front-porch-stories/daddys-dinner-bucket-lee-parton/|publisher=DollyParton.com|access-date=9 Iulii 2018}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Parton 1994.&lt;/ref&gt; [[lectio (ratio)|Legere]] [[alphabetismus|non poterat]].&lt;ref name=&quot;belfasttelegraphifightilliteracy&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Dolly Parton: 'I fight illiteracy for my father'|url=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/entertainment/news/dolly-parton-i-fight-illiteracy-for-my-father-35185084.html|access-date=3 Iulii 2018|work=Belfast Telegraph|date=3 Novembtis 2016}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Plus quam tria milia carminum [[compositor|composuit]]. Stella nonnullarum [[pellicula]]rum et programmatum [[televisio|televisificorum]] est. [[Insigne Artium Nationale]] ei anno [[2006]] concessum est. Novem [[Praemium Grammy|praemia Grammy]] et permulta [[praemium|praemia]] honoresque alios accepit.

==Libri editi==
*''Just the Way I Am: Poetic Selections on Reasons to Live, Reasons to Love and Reasons to Smile from the Songs of Dolly Parton'' (1979)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Just the Way I Am: Poetic Selections on &quot;Reasons to Live, Reasons to Love and Reasons to Smile&quot; from the Songs of Dolly Parton|url=https://archive.org/details/justwayiampoetic0000part|publisher=Blue Mountain Press|language=English|date=1979|isbn=978-0883960431}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
*''My Life and Other Unfinished Business'' (1994)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=results|first1=search|title=Dolly: My Life and Other Unfinished Business|publisher=HarperCollins|language=English|date=1 Octobris 1994|isbn=978-0060177201|url=https://archive.org/details/dollymylifeother00part_0}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
*''Coat of Many Colors'' (1996)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Coat of Many Colors: Dolly Parton, Judith Sutton: 9780064434478: Amazon.com: Books|isbn=978-0064434478|last1=Parton|first1=Dolly|date=18 Ianuarii 1996}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
*''Dolly's Dixie Fixin's: Love, Laughter and Lots of Good Food'' (2006)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Dolly's Dixie Fixin's: Love, Laughter and Lots of Good Food|url=https://www.amazon.com/Dollys-Dixie-Fixins-Love-Laughter/dp/B000SSP25C/|publisher=Viking Studio|access-date=2 Novembris 2018}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
*''I Am a Rainbow'' (2009)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=I Am a Rainbow|url=https://www.amazon.com/I-Am-Rainbow-Dolly-Parton/dp/B006GJSJHU/|publisher=G.P. Putnam's Sons|access-date=2 Novembris 2018|language=English|date=2009}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
*''Dream More: Celebrate the Dreamer in You'' (2012)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Dream More: Celebrate the Dreamer in You|url=https://archive.org/details/dreammorecelebra0000part_r8n2|publisher=Riverhead Books|language=English|date=5 Novembris 2013|isbn=978-1594631313}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Cash, Johnny. [[1998]]. ''Cash: The Autobiography.'' [https://archive.org/details/cashautobiograph00cash| Singula.]
*Jensen, Todd Aaron. [[2010]]. ''On Gratitude: Sheryl Crow, Jeff Bridges, Alicia Keys, Daryl Hall, Ray Bradbury, Anna Kendrick, B.B. King, Elmore Leonard, Deepak Chopra, and 42 More Celebrities Share What They're Most Thankful For.'' Adams Media. ISBN 978-1-4405-0893-6.
*Miller, Stephen. [[2008]]. ''Smart Blonde: Dolly Parton.'' Music Sales Group. ISBN 978-0-85712-007-6.
*Nash, Alanna. [[1978]]. ''Dolly.'' Angelopoli: Reed Books. ISBN 978-0-89169-523-3. [https://archive.org/details/dollynash00nash Singula.]
*Pasternak, Judith Mahoney. [[1998]]. ''Dolly Parton.'' Sterling Publishing. ISBN 978-1-56799-557-2.
*Parton, Dolly. [[1994]]. ''Dolly: My Life And Other Unfinished Business.'' Novi Eboraci: Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-06-017720-1, ISBN 0060177209. [https://archive.org/details/dollymylifeother00part_0 Singula.]
*Parton, Dolly. [[2012]]. ''Dream More: Celebrate the Dreamer in You.'' Putnam Publishing Group. ISBN 9780399162480.
*Safer, Morley. [[2009]]. &quot;Dolly Parton: The Real Queen Of All Media.&quot; ''60 Minutes,'' 7 Iunii 2009. CBS. [http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2009/04/02/60minutes/main4914137_page1.shtml Editio interretialis.]
*Schmidt, Randy L., ed. [[2017]]. ''Dolly on Dolly: interviews and encounters with Dolly Parton.'' Sicagi: Chicago Review Press. ISBN 978-1-61373-519-0.
*Whitburn, Joel. [[2005]]. ''Top Country Songs 1944–2005.'' Billboard/Record Research Inc. ISBN 978-0-89820-165-9.

==Nexus externi==
{{Wikiquote|Dolly Parton}}
{{CommuniaCat|Dolly Parton}}
{{Fontes biographici}}
{{IMDb name|0000573}}
*[http://dollyparton.com Situs interretialis Parton proprius.]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140701221856/http://countrymusichalloffame.org/Inductees/InducteeDetail/dolly-parton &quot;Dolly Parton.&quot;] Pagina inductionis apud Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum.
*[http://dollyparton.com/life-of-a-living-legend Archivum historicum Dolly Parton.]

{{Lifetime|1946||Parton, Dolly}}
[[Categoria:Acceptores Insignis Artium Nationalis Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Actores Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Anglici]]
[[Categoria:Autobiographi]]&lt;!--memoirists--&gt;
[[Categoria:Cantores Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Citharistae Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Compositores Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Feminismus]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Tennesiae]]
[[Categoria:Magistri officinarum]]
[[Categoria:Philanthropi]]
[[Categoria:Praemium Grammy]]
[[Categoria:Compositores carminum]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Suprani]]&lt;!--
[[Category:21st-century American non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:American buskers]]
[[Category:American country singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:American entertainment industry businesspeople]]
[[Category:American musical theatre composers]]
[[Category:American musical theatre lyricists]]
[[Category:American television actresses]]
[[Category:American television personalities]]
[[Category:American voice actresses]]
[[Category:American women non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Country Music Hall of Fame inductees]]
[[Category:Country musicians from Tennessee]]
[[Category:Decca Records artists]]
[[Category:Grand Ole Opry members]]
[[Category:Kennedy Center honorees]]
[[Category:Literacy advocates]]
[[Category:Mercury Records artists]]
[[Category:Monument Records artists]]
[[Category:RCA Records Nashville artists]]
[[Category:Sugar Hill Records artists]]--&gt;

{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
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      <text bytes="10040" sha1="rn9c9zjcekbbl350voueje19bkjlufl" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Dolly Parton accepting Liseberg Applause Award 2010 portrait.jpg|thumb|Dolly Parton praemium Liseberg Applause anno [[2010]] accipit.]]

'''Dolly Parton''' (nata [[19 Ianuarii]] [[1946]]; mortua [[25 Augusti]] [[2026]]) fuit [[cantrix]], [[compositor carminum]], [[instrumentum musicum|multi-instrumentalista]], [[choragus phonodiscorum|choragus]] [[phonodiscus|phonodiscorum]], [[actrix]], [[auctor]], [[negotiator|negotiatrix]], et [[humanitarismus|humanitarista]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Americana]], quae plerumque operá [[musica rustica|musicae rusticae]] datá innotuit. Postquam bene res gestas propter [[carmen|carmina]] pro aliis [[compositio|composita]] habere coepit, ''[[Hello, I'm Dolly]],'' suum primum [[album musicum|album]] musicum, anno [[1967]] divulgavit. Bene res gestas reliquis annis [[decennium|decennii]] [[1960]] continenter habuit, ambo sola et in serie alborum cum [[Porter Wagoner]] factorum. Fastidium venditionis annis [[1970]] fiebat, annisque [[1980]] persistebat. Sua alba annis [[1990]] tam bene non vendebantur, sed bene res gestas iterum novo millennio habuerit, atque ex anno [[2000]] alba phonodiscorum pro nonnullis [[societas|societatibus]] [[negotium|negotialibus]] divulgavit, Dolly Records, [[negotium|negotio]] suo, non excluso.

==De vita==
[[Fasciculus:Dollywoodsign1.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|alt=Photo of the entrance to Dollywood|Aditus [[vehiculum|vehicularis]] ad locum Dollywood prope Pigeon Forge.]]
[[Fasciculus:Young-Dolly-Parton.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Parton anno [[1977]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Dolly Parton and Burnett.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Cum [[Carola Burnett]] anno [[1980]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Dolly Parton 2.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Dolly Parton [[infantulus|infantulum]] [[Honolulu]] in [[Havaii]] anno [[1983]] tenet.]]
[[Fasciculus:Dolly Parton and Bob Corker.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Cum [[Robertus Corker|Roberto Corker]], senatore Tennesiensi, mense Septembri anno [[2009]].&lt;!--at rededication ceremony for Great Smoky Mountains National Park--&gt;]]&lt;!--
[[Fasciculus:Porter Wagoner and Dolly Parton 1969.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Porter Wagoner et Dolly Parton anno [[1969]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Dolly Parton with square red earrings.jpg|áhumb|upright=0.8|Dolly Parton circa annum [[1989]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Dolly Parton 4.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Parton anno [[2006]]. at a reception for [[John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts|The Kennedy Center]] honorees in the [[East Room]] of the [[White House]] in Washington, D.C., on December 3, 2006]].]]--&gt;
[[Fasciculus:2006 Kennedy Center honorees.jpg|thumb|[[Georgius W. Bush]] [[praeses Civitatum Foederatarum|praeses]] et [[Laura Bush]] domina prima, cum hominibus honoratis [[Kennedy Center]] in [[Conclave Caeruleum|Conclavi Caeruleo]] [[Aedes Albae|Aedium Albarum]] in convivio anno [[2006]]. A laeva: [[Gulielmus &quot;Smokey&quot; Robinson]], [[cantor]] et [[compositor carminum]]; [[Andreas Lloyd Webber]], [[compositor]]; Dolly Parton; [[Stephanus Spielberg]], moderator [[pellicula]]rum; et [[Zubin Mehta]], [[conductor]] [[orchestra]]lis.]]

Nata est Dolly Rebecca Parton die [[19 Ianuarii]] [[1946]] in [[casa]] unius conclavis ad ripas [[fluvius|fluvii]] [[Little Pigeon River (Tennesia)|Little Pigeon]] prope [[Pittman Center]] [[Tennesia]]e, [[commune]] minutum in [[Sevier Comitatus (Tennesia)|Sevier Comitatu]] in [[Magni Montes Fumosi|Magnis Montibus Fumosis]] [[Tennessia Orientalis|Tennesiae Orientalis]].&lt;ref&gt;Schmidt 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; Dolly est quarta e duodecim [[liberi]]s, [[mater|matre]] Avie Lee Caroline (nata Owens; 1923–2003), [[pater|patre]] Roberto Lee Parton (1921–2000). Pater, Lee usitate appellatus, in [[mons|montibus]] Tennesiae Orientalis laborabat, olim ''[[sharecropper]]''{{dubsig}} et tum suum [[praedium]] parvum [[terra]]sque curans. Etiam varios quaestus minores faciebat, [[paupertas|paupertatis]] causá.
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Daddy's Dinner Bucket: Mr. Lee Parton|url=http://dollyparton.com/front-porch-stories/daddys-dinner-bucket-lee-parton/|publisher=DollyParton.com|access-date=9 Iulii 2018}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Parton 1994.&lt;/ref&gt; [[lectio (ratio)|Legere]] [[alphabetismus|non poterat]].&lt;ref name=&quot;belfasttelegraphifightilliteracy&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Dolly Parton: 'I fight illiteracy for my father'|url=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/entertainment/news/dolly-parton-i-fight-illiteracy-for-my-father-35185084.html|access-date=3 Iulii 2018|work=Belfast Telegraph|date=3 Novembtis 2016}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Plus quam tria milia carminum [[compositor|composuit]]. Stella nonnullarum [[pellicula]]rum et programmatum [[televisio|televisificorum]] est. [[Insigne Artium Nationale]] ei anno [[2006]] concessum est. Novem [[Praemium Grammy|praemia Grammy]] et permulta [[praemium|praemia]] honoresque alios accepit.

==Libri editi==
*''Just the Way I Am: Poetic Selections on Reasons to Live, Reasons to Love and Reasons to Smile from the Songs of Dolly Parton'' (1979)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Just the Way I Am: Poetic Selections on &quot;Reasons to Live, Reasons to Love and Reasons to Smile&quot; from the Songs of Dolly Parton|url=https://archive.org/details/justwayiampoetic0000part|publisher=Blue Mountain Press|language=English|date=1979|isbn=978-0883960431}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
*''My Life and Other Unfinished Business'' (1994)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=results|first1=search|title=Dolly: My Life and Other Unfinished Business|publisher=HarperCollins|language=English|date=1 Octobris 1994|isbn=978-0060177201|url=https://archive.org/details/dollymylifeother00part_0}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
*''Coat of Many Colors'' (1996)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Coat of Many Colors: Dolly Parton, Judith Sutton: 9780064434478: Amazon.com: Books|isbn=978-0064434478|last1=Parton|first1=Dolly|date=18 Ianuarii 1996}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
*''Dolly's Dixie Fixin's: Love, Laughter and Lots of Good Food'' (2006)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Dolly's Dixie Fixin's: Love, Laughter and Lots of Good Food|url=https://www.amazon.com/Dollys-Dixie-Fixins-Love-Laughter/dp/B000SSP25C/|publisher=Viking Studio|access-date=2 Novembris 2018}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
*''I Am a Rainbow'' (2009)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=I Am a Rainbow|url=https://www.amazon.com/I-Am-Rainbow-Dolly-Parton/dp/B006GJSJHU/|publisher=G.P. Putnam's Sons|access-date=2 Novembris 2018|language=English|date=2009}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
*''Dream More: Celebrate the Dreamer in You'' (2012)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Dream More: Celebrate the Dreamer in You|url=https://archive.org/details/dreammorecelebra0000part_r8n2|publisher=Riverhead Books|language=English|date=5 Novembris 2013|isbn=978-1594631313}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Cash, Johnny. [[1998]]. ''Cash: The Autobiography.'' [https://archive.org/details/cashautobiograph00cash| Singula.]
*Jensen, Todd Aaron. [[2010]]. ''On Gratitude: Sheryl Crow, Jeff Bridges, Alicia Keys, Daryl Hall, Ray Bradbury, Anna Kendrick, B.B. King, Elmore Leonard, Deepak Chopra, and 42 More Celebrities Share What They're Most Thankful For.'' Adams Media. ISBN 978-1-4405-0893-6.
*Miller, Stephen. [[2008]]. ''Smart Blonde: Dolly Parton.'' Music Sales Group. ISBN 978-0-85712-007-6.
*Nash, Alanna. [[1978]]. ''Dolly.'' Angelopoli: Reed Books. ISBN 978-0-89169-523-3. [https://archive.org/details/dollynash00nash Singula.]
*Pasternak, Judith Mahoney. [[1998]]. ''Dolly Parton.'' Sterling Publishing. ISBN 978-1-56799-557-2.
*Parton, Dolly. [[1994]]. ''Dolly: My Life And Other Unfinished Business.'' Novi Eboraci: Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-06-017720-1, ISBN 0060177209. [https://archive.org/details/dollymylifeother00part_0 Singula.]
*Parton, Dolly. [[2012]]. ''Dream More: Celebrate the Dreamer in You.'' Putnam Publishing Group. ISBN 9780399162480.
*Safer, Morley. [[2009]]. &quot;Dolly Parton: The Real Queen Of All Media.&quot; ''60 Minutes,'' 7 Iunii 2009. CBS. [http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2009/04/02/60minutes/main4914137_page1.shtml Editio interretialis.]
*Schmidt, Randy L., ed. [[2017]]. ''Dolly on Dolly: interviews and encounters with Dolly Parton.'' Sicagi: Chicago Review Press. ISBN 978-1-61373-519-0.
*Whitburn, Joel. [[2005]]. ''Top Country Songs 1944–2005.'' Billboard/Record Research Inc. ISBN 978-0-89820-165-9.

==Nexus externi==
{{Wikiquote|Dolly Parton}}
{{CommuniaCat|Dolly Parton}}
{{Fontes biographici}}
{{IMDb name|0000573}}
*[http://dollyparton.com Situs interretialis Parton proprius.]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140701221856/http://countrymusichalloffame.org/Inductees/InducteeDetail/dolly-parton &quot;Dolly Parton.&quot;] Pagina inductionis apud Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum.
*[http://dollyparton.com/life-of-a-living-legend Archivum historicum Dolly Parton.]

{{Lifetime|1946||Parton, Dolly}}
[[Categoria:Acceptores Insignis Artium Nationalis Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Actores Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Anglici]]
[[Categoria:Autobiographi]]&lt;!--memoirists--&gt;
[[Categoria:Cantores Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Citharistae Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Compositores Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Feminismus]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Tennesiae]]
[[Categoria:Magistri officinarum]]
[[Categoria:Philanthropi]]
[[Categoria:Praemium Grammy]]
[[Categoria:Compositores carminum]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Suprani]]&lt;!--
[[Category:21st-century American non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:American buskers]]
[[Category:American country singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:American entertainment industry businesspeople]]
[[Category:American musical theatre composers]]
[[Category:American musical theatre lyricists]]
[[Category:American television actresses]]
[[Category:American television personalities]]
[[Category:American voice actresses]]
[[Category:American women non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Country Music Hall of Fame inductees]]
[[Category:Country musicians from Tennessee]]
[[Category:Decca Records artists]]
[[Category:Grand Ole Opry members]]
[[Category:Kennedy Center honorees]]
[[Category:Literacy advocates]]
[[Category:Mercury Records artists]]
[[Category:Monument Records artists]]
[[Category:RCA Records Nashville artists]]
[[Category:Sugar Hill Records artists]]--&gt;

{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mimesis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="10472" sha1="idlud0krc05xnalwyl3ntfdgx7wlacc" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Plato Pio-Clemetino Inv305.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Plato]]. Posterius [[protome|protomae]] [[saeculum 4 a.C.n.|saeculi quarti a..n.]] exemplar.]]
[[Fasciculus:Homi K. Bhabha-cropd.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Homi K. Bhabha|Homi Bhabha]], [[professor]] [[Universitas Harvardiana|Harvardianus]] et mimesis studiosus.]]
'''Mimesis''' ([[Graece]] μίμησις &lt; μιμεῖσθαι 'imitari' &lt; μῖμος 'imitator, histrio') in [[philosophia]] [[critica litterarum|criticisque litterarum]] variissimas [[significatio (linguistica)|significationes]] implicat, inter quas sunt [[imitatio]], [[similitudo]],&lt;!-- + nonsensuous?--&gt; [[docilitas]]&lt;!--?receptivity--&gt;, [[repraesentatio (artes)|repraesentatio]], actus [[expressio]]nis, et introductio sui.&lt;ref&gt;Gebauer and Wulf (1992, 1).&lt;/ref&gt;

Mimesis in [[Graecia antiqua]] erat notio quae [[creatio]]ni [[opus artis|operum artis]] moderabatur, praecipue de [[mundus|mundo]] [[corpus|corporeo]], intellectum [[pulchritudo|pulchritudinis]], [[veritas|veritatis]], et [[bonum (ethica)|boni]] exemplar. [[Plato]] mimesim ([[imitatio]]nem) a [[diegesis|diegesi]] ([[narratio]]ne) distinguebat. Post autem Platonem, significatio [[vocabulum|vocabuli]] ''mimesis'' partes plerumque in [[litterae|litteris]] in antiqua [[societas humana|societate]] [[Graecia|Graeca]] agere coepit, et eius significatio postea commutatur emendaturque saepissime.

Unum e notissimis mimesis studiis hodiernis, genus [[realismus litterarius|realismi]] in [[litterae|litteris]], est [[Ericus Auerbach|Erici Auerbach]] ''Mimesis: The Representation of Reality in Western Literature'' ('Mimesis: repraesentatio [[realitas|realitatis]] in [[litterae|litteris]] [[cultura Occidentalis|Occidentalibus]]'), [[liber]] qui incipiens repraesentationem mundi in [[Homerus|Homeri]] ''[[Odyssea]]'' et repraesentationem mundi in [[Biblia Sacra|Bibliis Sacris]] insigniter comparat. Ex quibus [[textus|textibus]], quorum Odyssea a [[scriptor]]ibus Occidentalibus et Biblia Sacra a scriptoribus [[Asia occidentalis|Medii Orientis]] excogitata sunt, Auerbach fundamenta unificatae repraesentationis [[ratio]]nis iecit, quae omnem [[historia litterarum Occidentalium|historiam litterarum Occidentalium]] comprehendit, [[mythologia|mythologiis]] [[modernismus|modernisticis]] tempore Auerbachiano divulgatis non exclusis. In [[historia artis]], vocabula ''mimesis,'' ''realismus,'' et ''[[naturalismus]]'' saepe hodie adhibentur, saepe inter sese permutantes.&lt;!--As terms for the accurate, even llusionistic [[Realism (arts)#Illusionistic realism|representation of the visual appearance of things]].--&gt;

Mimesis a permultis [[philosophus|philosophis]] aliisque [[cogitatio|cogitatoribus]] subtiliter enodata est, inter quos sunt [[Plato]], [[Aristoteles]],&lt;ref&gt;''[[De arte poëtica (Aristoteles)|De arte poëtica]]''&lt;/ref&gt; [[Philippus Sidney]], [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge]], [[Adam Smith]], [[Gabriel Tarde]], [[Sigismundus Freud]], [[Gualterius Benjamin]], [[Theodorus Adorno]], [[Ericus Auerbach]], [[Paulus Ricoeur|Paulus Ricœur]], [[Luce Irigaray]], [[Iacobus Derrida]], [[Renatus Girard]], [[Nicolaus Kompridis]], [[Philippus Lacoue-Labarthe]], [[Michael Taussig]], [[Merlinus Donald]], [[Homi K. Bhabha|Homi Bhabha]].

{{NexInt}}
{{div col|3}}
* [[Aesthetica]]
* [[Ars]]
* [[Compositio]]
* [[Drama]]
* [[Ens]]
* [[Epistemologia]]
* [[Fictio]]
* [[Ludus scaenicus]]
* [[Memum]]
* [[Narratio]]
* [[Perceptio]]
* [[Phaenomenon]]
* [[Philosophia mentis]]
* [[Poetica]]
* [[Psychologia cognitiva]]
* [[Theatrum]]
{{div col end}}

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Antos, Gerd, Thomas Bremer, Andrea Jäger, et Christian Oberländer, eds. [[2008]]. ''Wahrnehmungskulturen. Erkenntnis-Mimesis-Entertainment.'' [[Salinae Saxonicae|Salinis Saxonicis]]: Mitteldeutscher Verlag. ISBN 978-3-89812-533-8.
*[[Ericus Auerbach|Auerbach, Erich]]. [[1953]]. ''Mimesis: The Representation of Reality in Western Literature.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-11336-X.
*[[Gualterius Benjamin|Benjamin, Walter]]. [[1977]]. &quot;Über das mimetische Vermögen.&quot; In ''Gesammelte Schriften II. Band 1,'' ed. Rolf Tiedemann et Hermann Schweppenhäuser. Francofurti: Suhrkamp.
*[[Samuel Taylor Coleridge|Coleridge, Samuel Taylor]]. [[1983]]. ''Biographia Literaria,'' vol. 1, ed. James Engell et Walter Jackson Bate. Princeton Novae Caesareae: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-09874-3.
*Davis, Michael. [[1999]]. ''The Poetry of Philosophy: On Aristotle's Poetics.'' South Bend Indianae: St Augustine's Press. ISBN 1-890318-62-0.
*Elam, Keir. [[1980]]. ''The Semiotics of Theatre and Drama.'' New Accents Series. Londinii et Novi Eboraci: Methuen. ISBN 0-416-72060-9.
*Gebauer, Gunter, et Christoph Wulf. [[1992]]. ''Mimesis: Culture, Art, Society.'' Conv. Don Reneau. Berkeleiae et Londinii: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-08459-4.
*Gebauer, Gunter, et Christoph Wulf. [[1992]]. ''Mimesis: Kultur, Kunst, Gesellschaft.'' Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt. ISBN 3-499-55497-6.
*[[Renatus Girard|Girard, René]]. [[2008]]. ''Mimesis and Theory: Essays on Literature and Criticism, 1953–2005,'' ed. Robert Doran. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-5580-1.
*Halliwell, Stephen. [[2002]]. ''The Aesthetics of Mimesis: Ancient Texts and Modern Problems.'' Princeton Novae Caesareae. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-09258-3.
*Kaufmann, Walter. [[1992]]. ''Tragedy and Philosophy.'' Princeton Novae Caesareae: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-02005-1.
*Lacoue-Labarthe, Philippe. [[1989]]. ''Typography: Mimesis, Philosophy, Politics,'' ed. Christopher Fynsk. Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780804732826.
*Lawtoo, Nidesh. [[2013]]. ''The Phantom of the Ego: Modernism and the Mimetic Unconscious.'' East Lansing: Michigan State University Press. ISBN 9781611860962.
*Mayer, Hartmut. [[2017]]. ''Mimesis und moderne Architektur.'' Bielefeld: Transcript. ISBN 978-3-8376-3812-7.
*Metscher, Thomas. [[2004]]. ''Mimesis.''  Bielefeld: Transcript. ISBN 3-89942-165-5.
*Miller, Gregg Daniel. [[2011]]. ''Mimesis and Reason: Habermas's Political Philosophy.'' Albaniae Novi Eboraci: SUNY Press. ISBN 978-1-4384-3740-8.
*Ott, Karl-Heinz. [[2010]]. ''Die vielen Abschiede von der Mimesis.' Stutgardiae. ISBN 978-3-515-09803-8.
*Pfister, Manfred. [[1988]]. ''The Theory and Analysis of Drama.''  Conv. John Halliday. European Studies in English Literature Series. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-42383-X.
*Potolsky, Matthew. [[2006]]. ''Mimesis.'' Londinii: Routledge. ISBN 0415700302. 
*Prang, Christoph. [[2010]]. &quot;Semiomimesis: The influence of semiotics on the creation of literary texts: Peter Bichsel's ''Ein Tisch ist ein Tisch'' and Joseph Roth's ''Hotel Savoy.''&quot; ''Semiotica'' 182: 375–96.
*Sörbom, Göran. [[1966]]. ''Mimesis and Art.'' Uppsalae.
*Snow, Kim, Hugh Crethar, Patricia Robey, et John Carlson. [[2005]]. &quot;Theories of Family Therapy (Part 1).&quot; In &quot;Family Therapy Review: Preparing for Comprehensive Licensing Examination.&quot; Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN 0-8058-4312-4.
*Sen, R. K. [[2001]]. ''Mimesis.'' Calcuttae: Syamaprasad College.
*Sen, R. K. [[1066]]. ''Aesthetic Enjoyment: Its Background in Philosophy and Medicine.'' Calcuttae: University of Calcutta.
*Sörbom, Göran. [[1966]]. ''Mimesis and Art.'' Uppsalae.
*Tatarkiewicz, Władysław. [[1980]]. ''A History of Six Ideas: An Essay in Aesthetics.'' Conv. Christopher Kasparek. Hagae: Martinus Nijhoff. ISBN 90-247-2233-0.
*[[Michael Taussig|Taussig, Michael]]. [[1993]]. ''Mimesis and Alterity: A Particular History of the Senses.'' Londinii et Novi Eboraci: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-90686-5.
*[[Michael Taussig|Taussig, Michael]]. [[1997]]. ''Mimesis und Alterität: Eine eigenwillige Geschichte der Sinne.'' Hamburgi: eva Wissenschaft. ISBN 3-434-52000-7.
*Tsitsiridis, Stavros. [[2005]]. &quot;Mimesis and Understanding: An Interpretation of Aristotle's ''Poetics'' 4.1448b4-19.&quot; ''Classical Quarterly'' 55: 435-46.
*Warnke, Martin. [[2004]]. ''Synthese Mimesis Emergenz.'' Eröffnungsveranstaltung der Reihe „Zeitpfeil“ im Helmholtz-Zentrum der Humboldt-Universität Berlin, Alcatel-Stiftung für die Informationsgesellschaft. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111212175142/http://weblab.uni-lueneburg.de/kulturinformatik/warnke/SynMimEmerg.pdf PDF.]

==Nexus externi==
{{Wiktionary|Mimesis|mimesim}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20111016011312/http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/republic.3.ii.html ''Plato's Republic'' II, conv. Benjamin Jowett.]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110629081145/http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/republic.4.iii.html ''Plato's Republic'' III, conv, Benjamin Jowett.]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070524045237/http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/republic.11.x.html ''Plato's Republic'' X, conv. Benjamin Jowett.]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927183406/http://www.ipfw.edu/phil/faculty/Strayer/ArtAndRepresentation.ppt &quot;The Infinite Regress of Forms.&quot;]
*[http://csmt.uchicago.edu/glossary2004/mimesis.htm &quot;Theories of Media Keywords.] Universitas Chicaginiensis.
*[http://stel.ub.edu/mimesi ''Mimesi.''] Research on Poetics &amp; Rhetorics in Catalan Literature. Universitas Barcinonensis.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20200223032741/http://host.uniroma3.it/laboratori/mimesislab/ Mimesislab.] Laboratory of Pedagogy of Expression of the Department of Educational Design of the University Roma Tre.
*Richter, Steffen. [http://www.uni-essen.de/literaturwissenschaft-aktiv/Vorlesungen/epik/mimesis.htm &quot;Mimesis.&quot;] In Vertiefungsprogramm zu ''Einladung zur Literaturwissenschaft,'' ed. Jochen Vogt. Universitas Assindiae.
*Tatarkiewicz, Władysław. [http://xtf.lib.virginia.edu/xtf/view?docId=DicHist/uvaBook/tei/DicHist3.xml;chunk.id=dv3-27 &quot;Mimesis.&quot;]{{Nexus deficit|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ''Dictionary of the History of Ideas.''

[[Categoria:Aesthetica]]&lt;!--melius: Visual arts theory + Concepts in aesthetica--&gt;
[[Categoria:Aristotelianismus]]
[[Categoria:Ars visualis]]
[[Categoria:Ars]]
[[Categoria:Drama]]
[[Categoria:Fictio]]&lt;!--melius: Plot--&gt;
[[Categoria:Mores]]
[[Categoria:Musae]]
[[Categoria:Narratologia]]
[[Categoria:Notiones epistemologicae]]
[[Categoria:Notiones philosophicae]]
[[Categoria:Otium]]
[[Categoria:Philosophia mentis]]
[[Categoria:Platonismus]]
[[Categoria:Poetica]]
[[Categoria:Theatrum]]
[[Categoria:Theatrum Graecum antiquum]]
&lt;!--
[[Category:Concepts in ancient Greek aesthetics]]--&gt;
{{Myrias|Philosophia}}</text>
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      <text bytes="7445" sha1="0uel9r6txedclw84nspswqgwyoj4nua" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:ImamBukhari1.png|thumb|Nomen al-Bukhārī in [[calligraphia Arabica]] scriptum.]]
[[Fasciculus:AlBukhari Mausoleum.jpg|thumb|[[Mausoleum]] Bochari prope [[Maracanda]]m [[Uzbecia]]e positum.]]
[[Fasciculus:BukhariTripEnglish.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Itinera Bochari [[hadit]] petentis.]]
[[Fasciculus:Memorial Imom Al Bukhari 01.jpg|thumb|[[Monumenttl]] [[imamus|imami]] Bochari.]]
'''Mahometus Bucharius,'''&lt;ref&gt;De cognomine ''Bucharius'', vide: Stephanus Evodius Assemanus, Bibliothecae Mediceae Laurentianae et Palatinae codicum mss. orientalium catalogus, Florentiae, anno 1742 {{Google Books|JGoVFzuCLlIC|pag. 290}}.&lt;/ref&gt; plenius [[Arabice]] محمد بن إسماعيل بن إبراهيم بن المغيرة البخاري ''Muḥammad b. Ismāʿīl b. Ibrāhīm b. al-Muġīra al-Buḫārī al-Ǧuʿfī'' (natus die [[21 Iulii]] [[810]]; mortuus [[Maracanda]]e [[1 Septembris]] [[870]]), sive '''Bukhārī''' ([[Persice]] Nastaliq, بخاری), &quot;Imam&quot; a pluribus appellatus, fuit [[Persia|Persicus]]&lt;ref&gt;Salaahud-Deen ibn ʿAlee ibn ʿAbdul-Maujood 2005.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Burgoin et Byers 1998.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Lang 1971.&lt;/ref&gt; [[ulama|eruditus Islamicus]] qui [[Bochara]]e, in [[caput (urbs)|capite]] [[Transoxiana]]e [[regio]]nis [[Bochara (regio)|Bocharae]] (in [[Uzbecia]] hodierna), ortus est. [[Auctor]] erat ''[[Sahih al-Bukhari]],'' collectionis [[hadit]], quam [[secta Sunnitica|Musulmani Sunnitici]] unam e praestantibus maximeque genuinis collectionibus talibus (''[[sahih]]'') habent, cum ''[[Sahih Muslim]],'' collectione [[Muslim Nisaburensis]]. ''[[Al-Adab al-Mufrad]]'' aliosque [[liber|libros]] etiam conscripsit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20141231020651/http://bewley.virtualave.net/AdabMufrad.html Al-Adab al-Mufrad.]&lt;/ref&gt;

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliographia==
===Fontes primarii===
*Bukhari, Imam. اللإمام البُخاري, ''An educational Encyclopedia of Islam.'' Syed Iqbal Zaheer.&lt;!--?--&gt;
*al-Bukhārī. [[2001]]. ''al-Jāmiʿ al-ṣaḥīḥ.'' 9 vols. in 3. Būlāq 1311–3.&lt;!--?--&gt; Liechtenstein.
*al-Bukhārī. [[1941]]–[[1945]]. ''al-Taʾrīkh al-kabīr.'' 4 vol. in 8. Hyderabad.
*al-Dhahabī. [[1987]]–[[2000]]. ''Taʾrīkh al-Islām'', ed. ʿUmar ʿAbd al-Salām Tadmurī. Beryti 19 (251–60 A.H.): 238–74.&lt;!--?--&gt;
*Ibn Abī Ḥātim. [[1941]]. ''K. al-Jarḥ wa-l-taʿdīl.'' 4 vol. in 8. Hyderabad.
*Ibn ʿAdī al-Qaṭṭān. [[1997]]. ''al-Kāmil fī ḍuʿafāʾ al-rijāl,'' ed. ʿĀdil Aḥmad ʿAbd al-Mawjūd et al. Beryti.
*Ibn ʿAdī al-Qaṭṭān. [[1994]]. ''Asāmī man rawā ʿanhum Muḥammad b. Ismāʿīl al-Bukhārī,'' ed. ʿĀmir Ḥasan Ṣabrī. Beryti.
*Ibn ʿAsākir. [[1995]]. ''Taʾrīkh madīnat Dimashq,'' ed. Muḥibb al-Dīn Abī Saʿīd al-ʿAmrawī. 70 vol. Beryti.
*Ibn Ḥajar. [[2008]]. ''Fatḥ al-bārī,'' ed. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz b. ʿAbdallāh Ibn Bāz. 15 vol. Beryti.
*al-Khaṭīb al-Baghdādī. [[1931]]. ''Taʾrīkh Baghdād aw Madīnat al-Salām.'' Cairi 2: 4–34.&lt;!--?--&gt;
*al-Khaṭīb al-Baghdādī. [[2001]]. ''Taʾrīkh Madīnat al-Salām,'' ed. Bashshar ʿAwwād Maʿrūf. Beryti. 2: 322–59.&lt;!--?--&gt;
*al-Nawawī. [[1927]]. ''Tahdhīb al-asmāʾ wa-l-lughāt.'' Cairi.
*al-Qasṭallānī. [[1996]]. ''Irshād al-sārī Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī,'' ed. Muḥammad ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz al-Khālidī. 15 vol. Beryti.
*[https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/encyclopedia-of-sahih-al-bukhari-arabic-virtual-translation-center/1134457685?ean=2940160787701 ''Encyclopedia of Sahih Al-Bukhari.''] Novi Eboraci: Arabic Virtual Translation Center, Barnes &amp; Noble. ISBN 9780359672653.
*Salaahud-Deen ibn ʿAlee ibn ʿAbdul-Maujood . [[2005]]. ''The Biography of Imam Bukhaaree.'' Conv. Faisal Shafeeq. Riadi: Darussalam. ISBN 9960969053. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NDxSBJ0E7kUC Google Books.]

===Studia===
*Abū Bakr al-Kāfī. [[2000]]. ''Manhaj al-Imām al-Bukhārī.'' Beryti.
*Bourgoin, Suzanne Michele, et Paula Kay Byers, eds. [[1998]]. &quot;Bukhari.&quot; ''Encyclopedia of World Biography.'' Ed. secunda, p. 112. Gale. ISBN 9780787625436.[https://books.google.com/books?id=bpAYAAAAIAAJ&amp;q=Bukhari#search_anchor Google Books.]
*Brown, Jonathan. [[2007]]. ''The canonization of al-Bukhārī and Muslim.'' Lugduni Batavorum.
*Dickinson, Eerik. [[2001]]. ''The development of early Sunnite ḥadīth criticism.'' Lugduni Batavorum.
*Fadel, Mohammad. [[1995]]. &quot;Ibn Ḥajar’s Hady al-sārī.&quot; ''JNES'' 54: 161–97.
*Fück, Johann W. [[1938]]. &quot;Beiträge zur Überlieferungsgeschichte von Bukhārī’s Traditionssammlung.&quot; ''ZDMG'' 92 (n.s. 17): 60–87.
*Ghassan, Abdul-Jabbar. [[2007]]. ''Bukhari.'' Londinii.
*Goldziher, Ignaz. [[1890]]. ''Muhammedanische Studien,'' vol 2. [[Salinae Saxonicae|Salinis Saxonicis]]. ISBN 3-487-12606-0.
*Goldziher, Ignaz. [[1938]]. ''Muslim studies,'' ed. S. M. Stern, conv. C. R. Barber et S. M. Stern. Sicagi 1968–71, 2: 216–29.&lt;!--?--&gt;
*al-Ḥusaynī ʿAbd al-Majīd Hāshim. N.d. ''al-Imām al-Bukhārī.'' Cairi.
*Lang, David Marshall, ed. [[1971]]. &quot;Bukhārī.&quot; ''A Guide to Eastern Literatures,'' p. 33. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CsZiAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Bukhari#search_anchor Google Books.]
*Lucas, Scott C. [[2006]]. &quot;The Legal Principles of Muhammad B. Ismāʿīl Al-Bukhārī and Their Relationship to Classical Salafi Islam.&quot; ''Islamic Law and Society'' 13 (3).
*Melchert, Christopher. [[2001]]. &quot;Bukhārī and early hadith criticism.&quot; ''JAOS'' 121: 7–19.
*Melchert, Christopher. [[2010]]. &quot;Bukhārī and his Ṣaḥīḥ.&quot; ''Le Muséon'' 123: 425–54.
*Mingana, Alphonse. [[1936]]. ''An important manuscript of the traditions of Bukhārī.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press.
*Muḥammad ʿIṣām ʿArār al-Ḥasanī. [[1987]]. ''Itḥāf al-qāriʾ bi-maʿrifat juhūd wa-aʿmāl al-ʿulamā.'' Damasci: ʿalā Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī.
*Nizār b. ʿAbd al-Karīm b. Sulṭān al-Ḥamadānī. [[1992]]. ''al-Imām al-Bukhārī.'' Meccae.
*Najm ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Khalaf. [[2000]]. ''Istidrākāt ʿalā Taʾrīkh al-turāth al-ʿArabī li-Fuʾād Sizkīn fī ʿilm al-ḥadīth.'' Beryti. 135–264.&lt;!--?--&gt;
*Noja, Sergio, Virginia Vacca, et Michele Vallaro. (1982) [[2009]]. ''Detti e fatti del Profeta dell'Islam: raccolti da al-Bukhari.'' Torino: UTET.
*Quiring-Zoche, Rosemarie. [[1998]]. &quot;How al-Bukhārī’s Ṣaḥīḥ was edited in the Middle Ages: ʿAlī al-Yūnīnī and his rumūz.&quot; ''BEO'' 50: 191–222.
*Sezgin, Fuat. [[1956]]. ''Buhârî’nin kaynakları.'' Constantinopoli.
*Umm ʿAbdallāh bt. Maḥrūs al-ʿAsalī, et al. [[1987]]. ''Fihris Muṣannafāt al-Imām Abī ʿAbdallāh Muḥammad b. Ismāʿīl al-Bukhārī . . . fīmā ʿadā al-Ṣaḥīḥ.'' Riadi.

==Nexus externi==&lt;!--
{{Wikipedia books|1=Hadith|3=Islam}}
{{Wikisource1911Enc|Bukhārī}}
{{wikisourcelang|ar|مؤلف:البخاري|Muhammad al-Bukhari}}--&gt;
*[http://www.haqislam.org/imam-bukhari/ Biographia.] Haqislam.org.
*[http://www.muslimscholars.info/manage.php?submit=scholar&amp;ID=30001 Biographia.] MuslimScholars.info.
*[https://sunnah.com/bukhari/about Biographia.] Sunnah.com.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090501191138/http://www.theclearpath.com/viewtopic.php?t=6 Biographia.] TheClearPath.com.

{{Lifetime|810|860|Mahometus Bucharius}}
[[Categoria:Auctores Persici]]

[[Categoria:Hadit]]
&lt;!-- compilers + scholars--&gt;
[[Categoria:Incolae Iraniae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Iraniae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Uzbeciae]]&lt;!--?--&gt;
[[Categoria:Secta Sunnitica]]
{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
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    <title>Reformatio Cluniacensis</title>
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      <text bytes="8909" sha1="6gxwa5quly6dmmfi8h8hejbtnnf36un" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Blason_Abbaye_Cluny.svg|thumb|upright=0.6|Insigne abbatiae Cluniacensis]]
[[Fasciculus:Modell_Cluny.jpg|thumb|Exemplar abbatiae Cluniacensis ante 1780]]
[[Fasciculus:Concecration_of_the_high_altar_of_the_Cluny_abbey_church_by_Pope_Urban_II,_25_october_1190._Miscellanea_secundum_usum_ordinis_Cluniacensis_._1190_BNF.jpg|thumb|Consecratio altaris maioris ecclesiae Cluniacensis a papa [[Urbanus II|Urbano II]] die [[25 Octobris]] [[1190]].]]

'''Reformatio Cluniacensis'''&lt;ref&gt;Vox in [http://w2.vatican.va/content/pius-xii/la/letters/documents/hf_p-xii_lett_19421118_fedele-de-stotzingen.html EPISTULA AD REV.MUM D. FIDELEM DE STOTZINGEN ORDINIS SANCTI BENEDICTI ABBATEM PRIMATEM OB SACRA SOLLEMNIA DE CIMO EXEUNTE SAECULO AB OBITU S. ODONIS ABBATIS CLUNIACENSIS CELEBRANDA] invenitur.&lt;/ref&gt; fuit motus ad [[vita monastica|vitam monasticam]] renovandam, qui saeculo decimo ab [[Abbatia Cluniacensis|abbatia Cluniacensi]] progressus multa alia [[monasterium|monasteria]] [[Francia]]e, [[Germania]]e, [[Italia]]e, [[Hispania]]e et [[Anglia]]e complectus est multisque rebus totam [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|ecclesiam Catholicam Romanam]] affecit. Arta monasteriorum societas abbatia Cluniacensi duce primus [[ordo religiosus]] habetur, quae mox '''Ordo Cluniacensis ecclesiae'''&lt;ref&gt;Recueil des chartes de l'abbaye de Cluny (not. 24), No. 3541 (Anno 1078, quo in Caserra (Catalonia) ecclesia ad monasterium condendum traditur): ''eo uidelicet tenore, ut fratres ibi aliquod ponerentur qui monacborum regulam obseruarent et ordine Beati Benedicti et Cluniacensis ecclesie (...) tenerent''. Ita saepius.&lt;/ref&gt; vel '''Cluniacensis ecclesia'''&lt;ref&gt;Petri Cluniacensis abbatis  de miraculis libri duo, II,12, ed. a Denise Bouthillier (CCCM 83), Turnhout 1988, p. 117.&lt;/ref&gt; appellata est. 

== Origo ==
Saeculo decimo ineunte monasteria occidentalia, quae magna ex parte regulam [[Benedictus de Nursia|Benedicti de Nursia]] sequebantur, variis causis in magnas difficultates incurrerant: continuis direptionibus [[Viccingi|Viccingorum]] et paupertate vexabantur; in potestate ac dicione nobilitatis localis tenebantur, quae ex iis reditus sumere ac asseclas munere [[abbas|abbatis]] afficere cupiebat. Quaedam monasteria condita sunt, ut ibi dominus [[feudum|feudalis]] sedem otii haberet, qua re regulae laxatae sunt&lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.org/stream/earlyhistoryofmo00smit#page/n7/mode/2up Smith, Lucy Margaret. The early history of the monastery of Cluny, Oxford University Press，1920]&lt;/ref&gt;.

Abbatia Cluniacensis [[Benedictini|Benedictinorum]] die [[11 Septembris]] anno [[910]] a [[Guilelmus I|Guilelmo I]] duce [[Aquitania]]e condita est&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.orden-online.de/wissen/c/cluny/ Orden online]&lt;/ref&gt;, ut haec vitia sanarentur et reformatio monasteriorum, sicut a [[Benedictus Anianensis|Benedicto Anianensi]] [[Ludovicus I Pius (imperator)|Ludovico Pio]] imperatore coepta esset, redintegraretur. Inde
dux Guilelmus abbatiae et [[exemptio|exemptionem]] et [[immunitas|immunitatem]] concessit. Ipsum monasterium in [[papa]]e patrocinium acceptum est. Guilelmus primo abbate nominato monachis licentiam posteros abbates eligendi permisit&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.uni-muenster.de/Fruehmittelalter/Projekte/Cluny/BibliothecaCluniacensis/bctext.php?seite=28 Fundatio Coenobii Cluniacensis]&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Abbatia Cluniacensis plane politicam [[papa|papalem]] adiuvit, interpellationes [[laicus|laicales]] aut [[episcopus|episcopales]] resistit. Regula Benedictina stricte observabatur (oboedientia, paupertas, castitas), [[Divinum Officium|divinum officium]] plus quam labor corporis aestimabatur. Monachus sibi semper ante oculos poneret se mortuum esse ([[Memento mori!]])&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.mittelalter-lexikon.de/wiki/Cluniazensische_Reformbewegung Mittelalter-Lexikon]&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Historia reformationis ==
Cum Berno (circa 850 - 927) primus abbas Cluniacensis institutus est, iam duas abbatias rexit. Cui abbas [[Odo Cluniacensis|Odo]] (878 - 942) secutus est. Per duo saecula iugiter alia monasteria se abbatiae Cluniacensi adiunxerunt, ut saeculo duodecimo fere 1500 monasteria ad ordinem Cluniacensem pertinerent&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.mittelalter-lexikon.de/wiki/Cluniazensische_Reformbewegung Mittelalter-Lexikon]&lt;/ref&gt;. Omnia huius ordinis monasteria vitam secundum regulam Benedictinam et consuetudines Cluniacenses egerunt se abbati Cluniacensi iureiurando subiciens, qui quasi &quot;abbas universalis&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.at/books?id=LMGurk35yBMC&amp;pg=PA517&amp;lpg=PA517&amp;dq=%22Reformatio+cluniacensis%22&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=2ILAwdoksW&amp;sig=ACfU3U2vBfXvPBKmo0RL3wiqTBFgFVhIXg&amp;hl=de&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjMhdOQqODqAhUJJBoKHb88D7YQ6AEwAXoECAsQAQ#v=onepage&amp;q=%22Reformatio%20cluniacensis%22&amp;f=false Klaus Schreiner (2013): Gemeinsam leben ...], p. 518&lt;/ref&gt; moderationem omnium obtinuit. Monachi omnium monasteriorum se [[Professio religiosa|professione religiosa]] abbatiae Cluniacensi obligaverunt, superiores ab abbate Cluniacensi nominati sunt. [[Liturgia]] maximi momenti fuit et multum temporis absumpsit. Cum Cluniacum [[stipendum missae|stipendiis missarum]] abundaret, nova ecclesia abbatialis omnium tum in occidente ecclesiarum maxima aedificata est&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.orden-online.de/wissen/c/cluny/ Orden online]&lt;/ref&gt;.

Abbas [[Odilo Cluniacensis|Odilo]] (994–1049) reformationem monasteriorum continuavit, ut quasi &quot;[[ordo religiosus|ordo]]&quot; natus est. Qui etiam [[Commemoratio Omnium Fidelium Defunctorum|commemorationem omnium fidelium defunctorum]] instituit (circa annum 998), quae postea tota [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana]] introducta die [[2 Novembris]] celebratur, necnon &quot;[[pax Dei|pacem Dei]]&quot; et postea &quot;[[treuga Dei|treugam Dei]]&quot;.

Quamquam reformatio Cluniacensis tantum monasteria spectabat, saeculo undecimo per homines, qui sibi Cluniacum in exemplum sumpserunt, etiam vim in gubernationem ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae exercere coepit. Cum monachi Cluniacenses, quorum multi Romae erant, a dominis saecularibus [[exemptio|exempti]] essent, [[papa]], caput ecclesiae, arbitrio nobilitatis Romanae parere debuit. Quod haec papatus condicio magis magisque intolerabilis visa est, homines animo Cluniacensi imbuti, inter quos [[Humbertus de Silva Candida]], [[Alexander II|Anselmus Luccensis]] et [[Gregorius VII]], contra potestatem [[laicus|laicalem]] in ecclesia et [[simonia]]m contendere coperunt, ex quo [[Renovatio ecclesiastica saeculi undecimi]] nata est.

Sed iam saeculo duodecimo medio [[Petrus Venerabilis|Petro Venerabili]] abbate ordo Cluniacensis propter difficultates oeconomicas, sed etiam disciplinam relaxantem solvi coepit. Ad hoc venit controversia cum [[Bernardus Claraevallensis|Bernardo Claraevallensis]], cuius novus [[Ordo Cisterciensis]] celeriter crevit et desideriis novi saeculi melius respondit. Anno [[1258]] abbatia Cluniacensis tutela papali relicta  [[commenda]] regis [[Francia]]e facta ordo dissolutus est.

== Quaedam monasteria, quae consuetudines Cluniacenses secuta sunt ==
*[[Sanctus Benedictus ad Ligerim (abbatia)]]
*[[Abbatia Sanctae Mariae Magdalenae]] [[Vezeliacus|Vezeliaci]]
*[[Hirsaugiensis abbatia]]
*[[Abbatia Fructuariensis]]
*[[Abbatia Farfensis]]
*[[Monasterium San-Blasianum]]
*[[Abbatia Mariae ad Lacum]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
*Dom J.-M. Besse, « L'Ordre de Cluny et son gouvernement », dans ''Revue Mabillon'', 1905 [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1095867/f7.image I. « L'abbé de Cluny, supérieur général », {{p.|5-40}}], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1095867/f101.image II. « Les chapitres généraux », {{p.|97-138}}], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1095867/f181.item III. « Les visites des monastères », {{p.|177-194}}], 1906, [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k109587m/f2.image IV. « Officiers généraux et taxes », {{p.|1-22}}]
*Pius Engelbert: Cluny. In: Walter Kasper (ed.): Lexikon für Theologie und Kirche. 3. ed. vol. 2. Herder, Friburgi Brisgoviae 1994, col. 1237 f.
*Karl Suso Frank: Cluny. In: Theologische Realenzyklopädie. Vol. 8: Chlodwig – Dionysius Areopagita. de Gruyter, Berolini et al. 1981, ISBN 3-11-008563-1, p. 126–132.
*Kenneth John Conant: Cluny. Les églises et la maison du chef d'ordre (= The Mediaeval Academy of America. Publication. Bd. 77, ISSN 0076-583X). The Mediaeval Academy of America, Cantabrigiae MA 1968.
*Ernst Sackur: Die Cluniacenser in ihrer kirchlichen und allgemeingeschichtlichen Wirksamkeit bis Mitte des 11. Jahrhunderts. Niemeyer, [[Salinae Saxonicae|Salinis Saxonicis]] 1892–1894.
*Ernst Werner: Die gesellschaftlichen Grundlagen der Klosterreform im 11. Jahrhundert. Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, Berolini 1953 (item: Lipsiae, Universitas, Dissertatio, 1952).
*Joachim Wollasch: Cluny – „Licht der Welt“. Aufstieg und Niedergang der klösterlichen Gemeinschaft. Artemis und Winkler, Turici et al. 1996, ISBN 3-7608-1129-9.

[[Categoria:Ordines Christiani]]
[[Categoria:Abbatia Cluniacensis]]</text>
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'''Lucius Turcius Apronianus Asterius''' fuit [[Senatus Romanus|senator Romanus]] quarti saeculi quem [[Iulianus Apostata|imperator Iulianus]] mense decembri [[362]] [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectum Urbi]] fecit. Anno [[364]] ineunte [[Valentinianus I|imperator Valentinianus]] ei successorem designavit, [[Lucius Aurelius Avianius Symmachus|Symmachum]]. Filius erat [[Lucius Turcius Apronianus|Lucii Turcii Aproniani]] qui et ipse anno [[339]] praefecturam urbis rexit.
== De cursu honorum ==
Ante praefecturam quaesturam et praeturam gessit, [[Quindecimviri Sacris Faciundis|quindecimvir sacris faciundis]] fuit et anno [[342]] corrector Tusciae et Umbriae. Mense decembri 362 legationi senatorum Romanorum in Orientem apud Iulianum interfuit, qui tum ei praefecturam contulit&lt;ref&gt;[[Ammianus Marcellinus]] XXIII.1.4.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ammianus Marcellinus qui Iuliano favebat diligentiam Aproniani in annona curanda et veneficiis coercendis&lt;ref&gt;In 'malas artes' severissime saevisse dicebatur ob oculum in itinere Syriaco amissum, quod ad veneficium referebat.&lt;/ref&gt; laudavitː rerum postea turbatarum culpam ad successorum negligentiam reiciebat&lt;ref&gt;''Ibid.'' XXVI.6.&lt;/ref&gt;. Nihilominus [[Templum Apollinis in Palatio|templum Apollinis in Palatio]] illo regente praefecturam conflagravit&lt;ref&gt;''Ibid.'' XXIII.3.3&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*[[Ammianus Marcellinus]], ''[[Res gestae (Ammianus)|Res gestae]]'' XXIII.1.4 et 3.3 necnon XXVI.3.
* {{CIL|6|1768}} {{CIL|6|1769}}

== Plura legere si cupis ==
* Andreas Chastagnol,  ''Les fastes de la préfecture de Rome au Bas-Empire''. Parisiis : Nouvelles éditions latines, 1962ː 156-159. (Études prosopographiques ; 2) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1963_num_32_1_1371_t1_0340_0000_2 Recensio critica] [https://books.google.fr/books?id=HYXlelRbfoMC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
** ''La préfecture urbaine à Rome sous le Bas-Empire''. Parisiis : Presses universitaires de France, 1960. (Publications de la Faculté des lettres et sciences humaines d'Alger ; 34) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/jds_0021-8103_1965_num_3_1_1113 Recensio critica]
*«L. Turcius Apronianus signo Asterius 10», in Arnold Hugh Martin Jones, John Robert Martindale, John Morris, ''[[Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire|The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire]]'' (PLRE), Volumen 1, Cambridge University Press, 1971ː [[https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/88/mode/2up 88–89].
{{DEFAULTSORT:Turcius Apronianus Asterius, Lucius}}
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[[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Correctores Tusciae et Umbriae]]
[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 4]]
[[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 4]]</text>
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'''Lucius Turcius Apronianus Asterius''' fuit [[Senatus Romanus|senator Romanus]] quarti saeculi quem [[Iulianus Apostata|imperator Iulianus]] mense decembri [[362]] [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectum Urbi]] fecit. Anno [[364]] ineunte [[Valentinianus I|imperator Valentinianus]] ei successorem designavit, [[Lucius Aurelius Avianius Symmachus|Symmachum]]. Filius erat [[Lucius Turcius Apronianus|Lucii Turcii Aproniani]] qui et ipse anno [[339]] praefecturam urbis rexit.
== De cursu honorum ==
Ante praefecturam quaesturam et praeturam gessit, [[Quindecimviri Sacris Faciundis|quindecimvir sacris faciundis]] fuit et anno [[342]] corrector Tusciae et Umbriae. Mense decembri 362 legationi senatorum Romanorum in Orientem apud Iulianum interfuit, qui tum ei praefecturam contulit&lt;ref&gt;[[Ammianus Marcellinus]] XXIII.1.4.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ammianus Marcellinus qui Iuliano favebat diligentiam Aproniani in annona curanda et veneficiis coercendis&lt;ref&gt;In 'malas artes' severissime saevisse dicebatur ob oculum in itinere Syriaco amissum, quod ad veneficium referebat.&lt;/ref&gt; laudavitː rerum postea turbatarum culpam ad successorum negligentiam reiciebat&lt;ref&gt;''Ibid.'' XXVI.6.&lt;/ref&gt;. Nihilominus [[Templum Apollinis in Palatio|templum Apollinis in Palatio]] illo regente praefecturam conflagravit&lt;ref&gt;''Ibid.'' XXIII.3.3&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*[[Ammianus Marcellinus]], ''[[Res gestae (Ammianus)|Res gestae]]'' XXIII.1.4 et 3.3 necnon XXVI.3.
* {{CIL|6|1768}} {{CIL|6|1769}}

== Plura legere si cupis ==
* Andreas Chastagnol,  ''Les fastes de la préfecture de Rome au Bas-Empire''. Parisiis : Nouvelles éditions latines, 1962ː 156-159. (Études prosopographiques ; 2) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1963_num_32_1_1371_t1_0340_0000_2 Recensio critica] [https://books.google.fr/books?id=HYXlelRbfoMC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
** ''La préfecture urbaine à Rome sous le Bas-Empire''. Parisiis : Presses universitaires de France, 1960. (Publications de la Faculté des lettres et sciences humaines d'Alger ; 34) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/jds_0021-8103_1965_num_3_1_1113 Recensio critica]
*«L. Turcius Apronianus signo Asterius 10», in Arnold Hugh Martin Jones, John Robert Martindale, John Morris, ''[[Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire|The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire]]'' (PLRE), Volumen 1, Cambridge University Press, 1971ː [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/88/mode/2up 88–89].
{{DEFAULTSORT:Turcius Apronianus Asterius, Lucius}}
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[[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Correctores Tusciae et Umbriae]]
[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 4]]
[[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 4]]</text>
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    <title>Ariobarzanes mons</title>
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'''Ariobarzanes'''&lt;ref&gt;Ex [[Orosius|Orosio]] [http://monumenta.ch/latein/text.php?tabelle=Orosius&amp;rumpfid=Orosius,%20Historiae,%20Liber%201,%20Caput%20%20%202&amp;nf=1  I 2, 42], cf. [[Paulys_Real-Enzyklopädie_der_classischen_Altertumswissenschaft|''Real-Enzyklopädie'']] [[:s:de:RE:Ariobarzanes mons|s.v.]], {{Scatebranus|585}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Persice]] nunc  البرز‎ [[Abecedarium Phoneticum Internationale|ʔælˈboɾz]]) est systema magnum iugorum montium [[Irania]]e [[septentrio]]nalis, haud longe a [[mare Caspium|mari Hyrcani]] [[litus|litoris]] meridiani distans. [[Parthia|Parthos]] a [[Massagetae|Massagetis]] Ariobarzanes dividit, ut [[Orosius]] dicit, id est [[Persia]]m a [[regio]]nibus borealibus. [[Alta planities Iranica|Altae planitiei Iranicae]] Ariobarzanes pars est.

A [[montes Talyschenses|montibus Talyschensibus]] in [[occidens|occidente]] ad [[Turcomano-Chorassanici montes|montes Turcomano-Chorassanicos]]&lt;ref&gt;{{ZK|Туркмено-Хорасанские горы}}&lt;/ref&gt; in [[oriens|oriente]] Ariobarzanes extenditur. Cacumen altissimum est [[Hyrcanus mons]] (qui et [[Demavendum]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Eduardus Eichwald|Eduardi Eichwald]] [https://books.google.ru/books?hl=fr&amp;id=E5E_AAAAYAAJ&amp;q=demavendum#v=snippet&amp;q=demavendum&amp;f=false ''Plantarum novarum quas in itinere caspio-caucasico observavit...'', p. 8]; [https://books.google.ru/books?hl=fr&amp;id=aqoPAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=demavendum#v=snippet&amp;q=demavendum&amp;f=false ''Vita'', in: Sven Hedin. ''Der Demawend'', Diss., Salini Saxonicis, 1892].&lt;/ref&gt; appellatur), 5609 [[metrum|m]] altum, [[mons ignifer]] exstinctus, haud longe ab [[Teheranum|Teherano]] situs.

[[Fasciculus:Aerial View of Tehran 26.11.2008 04-35-03.JPG|thumb|[[Teheranum]] ad radices Ariobarzanis cacuminum patet.]]
[[Simurgus|Simurgi]] nidus in Ariobarzane fuisse [[Firdausi|Firdausius]] in ''[[Liber regum (Firdusius)|Libro regum]]'' dicit.
==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Nexus externi==
{{fontes geographici}}

[[Categoria:Montes Iraniae]]
{{Myrias|Geographia}}</text>
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    <title>Paphnutius Thebanus</title>
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'''Paphnutius Thebanus''', qui dicitur '''Confessor''' aut etiam '''Aegyptius''' (natus anno 251 circa, mortuus [[Aegyptus|Aegypti]] anno 360), fuit discipulus [[Antonius abbas|sancti Antonii abbatis]] atque [[episcopus]] civitatis in regione [[Thebais (regio)|Thebaidis]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Apud catholicos orthodoxosque [[sanctus]] est.

== Biographia ==
Paphnutius monachus in monasterium fuit usque ad designiatio episcopalis in urbe Aegyptia ignota. Imperatore [[Galerius|Galerio]], [[Maximianus|Maximiano]] et [[Maximinus Daia|Maximino Daia]], Paphnutius persecutus a paganis, [[Mutilatio|mutilatus]] oculo dextro et [[Damnatio ad metalla|damnatus ad metalla]] est. Postea, denuo homo liberus factus, doctrinae theologicae [[Arianismus|arianismi]] obstitit. Fortasse praeceptor eius Antonius abbas fuit.

Post aetatem persecutionum, imperator [[Constantinus I]] dicitur eum cum reverentia tractavisse.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11457a.htm De Paphnutio] apud ''Encyclopaediam Catholicam''. {{Ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt; In [[Martyrologium Romanum|martyrologio Romano]] nomen eius inscribitur apud diem 11 Septembris, cum [[ecclesia Orthodoxa]] eius memoriam die 19 Aprilis celebret.&lt;ref&gt;Vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20230326031530/https://www.ecclesia.gr/greek/synaxaire/synaxari.asp?minas=4&amp;id=230 paginam] apud situm interretiale Graecum ''Ecclesia.gr''.{{Ling|Neograece}}&lt;/ref&gt; Secundum [[Tyrannius Rufinus|Tyrannium Rufinum]] et [[Socrates Scholasticus|Socratem Constantinopolitanum]] iste vir [[Concilium Nicaenum Primum|concilio Nicaeno Primo]] (anno Domini 325)  particeps fuit.

Probabiliter ille rector spiritualis erat qui [[Thais (sancta)|sanctam Thaidem]] ad fidem Christianam convertit, igitur Paphnutius apparet in [[Mythistoria|mythistoriis]] et in [[Ludus scaenicus|ludis scaenicis]] de historia Thaidis, exempli gratia in mythistoria ''[[Thaïs (France)|Thaïs]]'' a scriptore Francogallico [[Anatolius France|Anatolio France]] composita.

== Fontes ==

* [[Epiphanius (episcopus Salaminis)|Epiphanius]], ''Panarion de Haeresibus''
* [[Socrates Scholasticus]], ''Historia Ecclesiastica'', I
* [[Tyrannius Rufinus]], ''Historia Ecclesiastica''

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==

* Winkelmann, Friedrich, ''Paphnutios, der Bekenner und Bischof, in Probleme der koptischen Literatur'', [[Salinae Saxonicae|Salinis Saxonicis]], 1968.

== Nexus externi ==
{{fontes biographici}}{{Vicifons2|Scriptor:Paphnutius Aegyptius|Paphnutium Aegyptium}}
[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 2]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 360]]
[[Categoria:Sancti]]
[[Categoria:Monachi]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Aegypti Graecoromanae]]
[[Categoria:Antonius abbas]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Leopoldus Dreher</title>
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      <text bytes="3693" sha1="c4tglac3mmn9w4gx2q6t7xol39oan30" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Leopold Dreher 1925.jpg|thumb|Effigies Leopoldi Dreher quam fecit anno 1925 [[Anscharius Lázár]].]]
[[Fasciculus:PL EO Dreher - Słownik esperancko-polski polsko-esperancki.djvu|thumb|glossarium Polonico-Esperanticum annis inter 1930 et 1935 editum]]
'''Leopoldus Dreher''', cuius [[pseudonymum|falsum nomen]] ''Leo Turno'' (natus [[Cracovia]]e die [[24 Octobris]] [[1896]]; mortuus [[Leopolis|Leopoli]] anno [[1941]]), fuit [[iuris consultus]] et [[lingua Esperantica|Esperantici]] fautor [[imperium Austro-Hungaricum|Austro-Hungaricus]] et [[polonia|Polonicus]].

==Vita==
Ortuus ex familia Abraham Aron Dreher et Breindel Leae Rabinowicz&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ics.uci.edu/~dan/genealogy/Krakow/Families/Rabinowicz.html stemma familiare]&lt;/ref&gt; efficaciter agebat in [[sionismus|sionismo]] promovendo et plura [[lingua Hebraica]] pangere fas erat. Idioma [[ludovicus Lazarus Zamenhof|Zamenhofianum]] autem ex anno 1911 edidicerat. Iam anno insequenti res disponere auxiliabatur, ut [[congressus universalis Esperanticus|congressus universalis]] octavus digne atque gloriose Cracoviae celebrari posset.

Anno 1918 ferventer editionem periodici, cui titulus ''Esperanta Voĉo'', proposuerat; inde plures annos actis publicandis moderator summus erat. Cum legatio officialis esperantistarum Polonicorum (Pola Esperanto-Delegitaro, PED) conditus esset, nimirum etiam Leopoldum Dreher ad cooperationes invitabant.

Neque non iuvabat opuscula in Esperanticum convertere. E [[lingua Theodisca]] in Linguam internationalem inde ab anno 1913 interpretatus est, ut in foliis ''Juna Esperantisto'' legi potest. Postea multa ei conversa praesertim his in diurnis in lucem prolata sunt: ''Pola Esperantisto'', ''Esperanta Voĉo'', ''Esperanto Triumfonta'', ''Heroldo de Esperanto''. Neque linguistica sprevit et de lingua ipsa studia fecit atque vulgo explicavit. Itaque anno 1922 [[liber definitivus]] Esperanticus hominibus, quibus [[sermo patrius]] Polonicus, offerri potuit. Tres editiones principem editionem secutae sunt. Anno 1928 non iam tironibus cursus ''Supera Kurso de Esperanto'' dedicatus est. [[Festivitas|Festivitati]] cessum est in anthologia quadam anno 1931 edita praetitulata ''Studo per Rido''. Dreher magister et viva voce multos linguam Esperanticam docuit et commissioni ad Esperanticum purificandum ''(Lingva Komitato)'' interfuit. [[Encyclopaedia Esperantica]] quoque laboribus eius sedulis fulta est.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.eventoj.hu/steb/gxenerala_naturscienco/enciklopedio-1/encikl-1.htm Encyclopaediae auctorum elenchus]&lt;/ref&gt;.

Dreher [[iudaei|Iudaeus]] anno 1941 in [[ghectum|ghecto]] Leopolditano a [[Nazistae|Nazistis]] interfectus est.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.plansprachen.ch/Esperanto_Polen.pdf Andreas Künzli: ''Polen: Esperanto-Propaganda in eigener Sache und im Sog der Politik'', p. 51]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Opera ==
* ''Anekdotaro'', 1931
* ''Supera Kurso de Esperanto'', 1928 (editio altera anno 1932&lt;ref&gt;[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:EO_Leopold_Dreher_-_Supera_Kurso_de_Esperanto.pdf cf. Vicifontem]&lt;/ref&gt;, editio tertia post mortem, 1958)

== Nexus externi==
{{commonscat|Leopold Dreher|Leopoldum Dreher}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20230430025057/https://provenienz.gbv.de/Leopold_Dreher operum Dreherianorum conspectus]

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{Lifetime|1896|1941|Dreher, Leopoldus}}
[[Categoria:Cracovia|Dreher, Leopoldus]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Esperantici|Dreher, Leopoldus]]
[[Categoria:Lexicographi|Dreher, Leopoldus]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Poloniae|Dreher, Leopoldus]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes|Dreher, Leopoldus]]
[[Categoria:Iuris consulti|Dreher, Leopold]]
[[Categoria:Sionistae|Dreher, Leopoldus]]
[[Categoria:Victimae Nazistarum|Dreher, Leopoldus]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rothschild (familia)</title>
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      <comment>[[c:COM:CDC|automaton]]: Substituens [[File:Haus_der_Rothschilds_in_der_Frankfurter_Judengasse.jpg]] pro File:Haus_der_Rothschilds_in_der_frankfurter_Judengasse.jpg. CommonsDelinker hanc rationem dedit: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR3|Criterio</comment>
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      <text bytes="1564" sha1="4p388gawjn430oelonpxd3r1vkx0t11" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
[[Fasciculus:Great_coat_of_arms_of_Rothschild_family.svg|thumb|[[Insigne]] familiae Rothschildianae.]]
[[Fasciculus:Haus der Rothschilds in der Frankfurter Judengasse.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Prima domus familiae Rothschildianae, in Judengasse (&quot;vicus Iudaeorum&quot;) Francofurti sita.]]
'''''Rothschild''''' est [[nomen]] [[familia]]e [[religio Iudaica|Iudaicae]], cuius series in [[Germania]] ab anno [[1500]] litteris attestatur. Familiares a saeculo XVIII imprimis opus [[argentaria|argentariorum]] faciebant. Saeculo XIX inter feneratores civitatum [[Europa]]e maximi momenti numerabantur. Prima domus argentaria erat M. A. Rothschild &amp; Söhne [[Francofurtum ad Moenum|Francofurti ad Moenum]] sita; familia etiamnunc variis modis argentariam facit.

{{NexInt}}
*[[Archibaldus Philippus Primrose]]
*[[David de Rothschild]]
*[[Georgius Mandel]]
*[[Leonillus Gualterius Rothschild]]
*[[:en:Genealogy of the Rothschild family]]
*''[[Rothschildia]]''
*[[Natoli (familia)]]

== Bibliographia ==
*Heuberger, Georg (ed.) (1995). ''Die Rothschilds. Eine europäische Familie''. Sigmaringen, ISBN 3-7995-1201-2.
*Ferguson, Niall. ''The House of Rothschild: Money's Prophets, 1798–1848'', ISBN 0-14-024084-5.
*Ferguson, Niall. ''The House of Rothschild: The World's Banker, 1849–1998'', ISBN 0-14-028662-4.
*Morton, Frederic. ''The Rothschilds: Portrait of a Dynasty'', ISBN 1-56836-220-X.

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Rothschild family|familiam Rothschildianam}}

{{stipula}}

[[Categoria:Familiae]]
[[Categoria:Iudaei]]
[[Categoria:Oeoconomia]]</text>
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      <text bytes="1691" sha1="egdif2g75mz9ccdb5e9tuyl4hx7vtck" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
[[Fasciculus:Great_coat_of_arms_of_Rothschild_family.svg|thumb|[[Insigne]] familiae Rothschildianae.]]
[[Fasciculus:Haus der Rothschilds in der Frankfurter Judengasse.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Prima domus familiae Rothschildianae, in Judengasse (&quot;vicus Iudaeorum&quot;) [[Francofurtum ad Moenum|Francofurti]] sita.]]
'''''Rothschild''''' est [[nomen]] [[familia]]e [[religio Iudaica|Iudaicae]], cuius series litteris in [[Germania]] ab anno [[1500]] attestatur. Familiares a [[saeculum 18|saeculo duodevicensimo]] imprimis opus [[argentaria|argentariorum]] faciebant. [[Saeculum 19|Saeculum undevicensimo]] inter [[faenus|faeneratores]] [[[civitas sui iuris|civitatum]] [[Europa]]e maximi momenti numerabantur. Prima domus argentaria fuit M. A. Rothschild &amp; Söhne, res [[Francofurtum ad Moenum|Francofurti ad Moenum]] sita; familia etiamnunc variis modis argentariam facit.

{{NexInt}}
*[[Archibaldus Philippus Primrose]]
*[[David de Rothschild]]
*[[Georgius Mandel]]
*[[Leonillus Gualterius Rothschild]]
*[[:en:Genealogy of the Rothschild family]]&lt;!--
*[[Natoli (familia)]]--&gt;
*''[[Rothschildia]]''

== Bibliographia ==
*Heuberger, Georg, ed. [[1995]]. ''Die Rothschilds: Eine europäische Familie.'' Sigmaringen, ISBN 3-7995-1201-2.
*Ferguson, Niall. ''The House of Rothschild: Money's Prophets, 1798–1848.'' ISBN 0-14-024084-5.
*Ferguson, Niall. ''The House of Rothschild: The World's Banker, 1849–1998.'' ISBN 0-14-028662-4.
*Morton, Frederic. ''The Rothschilds: Portrait of a Dynasty.'' ISBN 1-56836-220-X.

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Rothschild family|familiam Rothschildianam}}

{{stipula}}

[[Categoria:Familiae]]
[[Categoria:Iudaei]]
[[Categoria:Oeoconomia]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Crataegus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <comment>Additio photographiae</comment>
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      <text bytes="1930" sha1="imrxov1evfxotbqkhjkggofqc9uo5yr" xml:space="preserve">{{titulus italicus}}
{{taxobox
| image = Pcela-cvet-1a.JPG
| image_caption = Apis in flores ''[[Crataegus sanguinea|Crataegi sanguineae]]''
| superregnum = [[Eukaryota]]
| regnum = [[Plantae]]
| subregnum = [[Tracheobionta]]
| divisio = [[Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| subclassis = [[Rosidae]]
| ordo = [[Rosales]]
| familia = [[Rosaceae]]
| subfamilia = [[Maloideae]]
| genus = '''Crataegus'''
| binomial_authority = [[Iosephus Pitton Tournefort|Tournefort]] e [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeo]] 1753
}}
[[Fasciculus:Dunes de Créances - Aubépine (Crataegus).jpg|thumb|Crataegus]]
'''''Crataegus''''' ([[Graece]] κράταιγος) est genus fruticum vel arborum familiae [[Rosaceae|Rosacearum]], permultas species habens. Persaepe ad ornandum colitur; multarum specierum (e.g. ''[[Crataegus azarolus|Crataegi azaroli]]'') fructus comestibiles sunt.

==Area==

In [[hemisphaerium boreale|hemisphaerio boreali]] inter 30 et 60 [[Circulus parallelus|circulos parallelos]] crataegi vulgares sunt. Crataegi spontanei in fruticetis, ad margines silvarum vel in silvis excisis crescunt, sed non in silva densa.

==Descriptio==

Crataegi sunt arbores truncis pluribus vel fruticulosi, altitudinis plerumque usque ad 3 vel 4 [[m]] (interdum ad 10 et altiores). [[Cortex]] [[fuscus]] atrior vel canus, ramuli novi [[rubropurpureus|rubropurpurei]]. Plures crataegi species spinas habent, quae de [[gemma|gemmis]] axillaribus crescunt.

[[Inflorescentia]]e in acuminibus ramorum lateralium brevium hornotinorum sitae sunt; flores albi (nonnullarum specierum hortensium rosei vel rubra), ubi vel duobus [[cm]] diametri, petala quina habentes. Fructus est [[malum (genus fructus)|malum]] rubrum cum aliquot (usque ad quinque) putaminibus.

Species ''Crataegi'' plus quam 380 sunt.

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biologici}}

[[Categoria:Genera plantarum]]
[[Categoria:Taxa Linnaei]]
[[Categoria:Taxa 1753]]
[[Categoria:Rosaceae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rex Laurinus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="6290" sha1="2as9pismizqgdkvxltl1otaz15yy51z" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Koenig-Laurin-Strasse Innsbruck 02.jpg|thumb|via [[Aeni Pons (Austria)|Aenipontana]] secundum Laurinum regem nominata ''König-Laurin-Straße'']]
De '''Laurino''' rege [[Nanus (mythologia)|nanorum]] ([[Theodisce|Germanice]] ''König Laurin'', [[Italiane|Italice]] ''Re Laurino'') eiusque parvo rosario (Germanice ''Der kleine Rosengarten'') priscum inscribitur [[carmen]] sine [[auctor]]e Germanicum, ad [[historia]]m [[Theodoricus Veronensis|Theodorici Veronensis]]&lt;ref&gt;https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110832846/html?lang=de&lt;/ref&gt; (Germanice ''Dietrich von Bern'') attinens, quae persona originem ducit a [[Theodericus (rex Ostrogothorum)|Theoderico rege Ostrogothorum]].

== De fabula ==
Laurinus «Dietliebii Styrii formosissimam sororem surripuerat, virginem Simildam: quam heroes aliquot, post varios casus, post multa pericula rerum, integram reducunt: Laurino mago, et nebulone perfido, Veronam Theoderici Bernensis ducto: ubi histrionicam deinceps exercens, ludibrium fortunae fuit»&lt;ref&gt;Martini Crusii ''[https://books.google.it/books?id=jUZcAAAAcAAJ Annalium Svevicorum dodecas tertia], ab anno Christi MCCXIII usque ad MDXCIV annum perducta'', Francoforti, ex officina typographica Nicolai Bassaei, MDXCVI, p. 15&lt;/ref&gt;.

«Postquam autem incuria custodum e servitute se expedivit et in hosce rediit montes, rosetum, tot causam malorum, delevit; ex carmine enim exsecrabili, quod dixit, flores in saxa concreverunt. (...) Post occasum solis omnia saxa et culmina ad breve tempus quasi purpureo colore perfusa rutilavere; quod naturae miraculum Raeti Germani ''Alpenglühen'', id est rutilum Alpium ardorem, vocant, [[Lingua Ladina (Dolomiana)|Raeti vero Latini]] ''enrosadüra''. Hoc ideo fieri censent, ut qui commenticiis fabulis magnopere delectentur, quod rex Laurinus cum, diris deprecationibus hortum suum defigens, ediceret ut flores neque die neque nocte sanguineo micarent fulgore, sed scrupulosae ibi horrerent cautes, crepusculi tempus sit oblitus; quapropter primis se intendentibus tenebris haec [[Dolomiani montes|Dolomiana juga]] fugaci adhuc robore quasi rosarum exardescere»&lt;ref&gt;Carolus Egger, &quot;In Rosetum regis Laurini ascensus&quot;, ''Latinitas: commentarii linguae Latinae excolendae'', III, 1953, pp. 195-199

&lt;/ref&gt;.

== De interpretatione ==
Fabula fert Laurino fortitudinem 40 hominum virtute baltei sui fuisse&lt;ref&gt;''[https://books.google.it/books?id=MXNDJ8CVDDEC&amp; Die Chronica novella des Hermann Korner]'', Göttingen, Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht, 1895, p. 577&lt;/ref&gt;. Sunt qui putent historiam Laurini «habere sensum allegoricum per cingulum intelligendo montes terrae Adtisis, quibus protegitur»&lt;ref&gt;''[https://books.google.it/books?id=30LGGzl2GGUC Sitzungberichte der philosophisch-philologischen und historischen Classe der k.b. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München]'', Zweiter Band, München, 1889, p. 310.&lt;/ref&gt;.

[[Andreas Libavius]], medicus et chemicus Germanicus, qui solebat fratrum de [[Rosea crux|Rosea Cruce]] Societatem aggredi, scripsit amico Schnitzero: «Si quis legat Rosarium parvum de pumilionibus seu nanis, gigantibus et heroibus, ubi rex Laurinus in monte nanorum pugnat cum Hildebrando, Theodorico Bernate et aliis, inveniet pene similia historiae, seu figmento fraternitatis de Rosea Cruce»&lt;ref&gt;Johannes Hornungus, ''[https://books.google.it/books?id=LULwMLe9PNwC Epistulae clarissimorum Germaniae medicorum familiares]'', Lipsiae, apud Christianum Johannem Schneiderum, MDCLXI, LXII, p. 178-179&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==

===Theodisce===
* Holz, Georg, ed. (1897). ''[[iarchive:laurinundderkle01holzgoog|Laurin und der kleine Rosengarten]]''. [[Salinae Saxonicae|Salinis Saxonicis]]: Niemeyer. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
* Karl Felix Wolff (Hrsg.): ''Dolomitensagen. Sagen und Überlieferungen, Märchen und Erzählungen der ladinischen und deutschen Dolomitenbewohner. Mit zwei Exkursen Berner Klause und Gardasee''. VA Athesia, Bozen, 2003, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 88-8266-216-0&lt;/nowiki&gt; (Repr. d. Ausg. Innsbruck 1989)
* Karl Felix Wolff: ''König Laurin und sein Rosengarten. Höfische Märe aus den Dolomiten.'' Verlagsanstalt Athesia, Bozen 1999 (1. Auflage 1966), &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-88-7014-047-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Karl Felix Wolff: ''König Laurin und sein Rosengarten. Nach den mittelalterlichen Dichtungen und nach verschiedenen Volkssagen in freier Bearbeitung wiedergegeben und mit Erläuterungen.''Athesia, Bozen 1947 (3., wesentlich vermehrte Auflage).
* Ulrike Kindl, ''Die umstrittenen Rosen - Laurins Rosengarten zwischen mittelalterlicher Spielmannsethik und deutsch-ladinischer Volkserzählung'' , in ''&quot;Ir sult sprechen willekomen&quot;. Grenzenlose Mediävistik - Festschrift für Helmut Birkhan zum 60. Geburtstag'', a cura di Christa Tuczay, Berna et al., Peter Lang, 1998, pp. 567–579. ISBN 3-906759-24-5
* Lienert, Elisabeth; Kerth, Sonja; Vollmer-Eicken, eds. (2011). ''[https://books.google.it/books?id=taSUaLtL38IC&amp;redir_esc=y Laurin]'' (2 vols). Berlin, Boston: de Gruyter. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;9783110258196&lt;/bdi&gt;. Retrieved 5 April 2018.

=== Anglice ===
* Weber, Henry William; Jamieson, Robert; Scott, Walter (1814). &quot;Of the Little Garden of Roses, and of Laurin, King of the Dwarfs&quot;. ''[[iarchive:illustrationsofn00webe|Illustrations of Northern Antiquities from the earlier Teutonic and Scandinavian Romances; being an abstract of the Book of Heroes and Nibelungen Lay; with translations from the old German, Danish, Swedish, and Icelandic languages; with notes and dissertations]]''. Edinburgh: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown. pp. 149-166. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
* ''The Saga of Didrik of Bern, with The Dwarf King Laurin''. Translated by Cumpstey, Ian. Skadi Press. 2017. ISBN 0-9576-1203-6

=== Italice ===
* Matilde Accolti-Egg, ''Laurino il Re dei Nani o Il piccolo giardino di rose: poema tirolese del secolo XIII'', Napoli, Morano, 1918.
* Karl Felix Wolff, ''Re Laurino e il suo roseto - saga cavalleresca delle Dolomiti'', Bolzano, Athesia, 1997. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 88-7014-913-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Fabulae Dolomianorum montium]]
* [[Nanus (mythologia)]]
* [[Theodericus (rex Ostrogothorum)]]

[[Categoria:Dolomiani montes]]
[[Categoria:Ladinia]]
[[Categoria:Litterae]]
[[Categoria:Mythologia]]
[[Categoria:Tridentinum-Athesia Superior/Tirolis Meridionalis]]</text>
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    <title>Limen Tiligulensis</title>
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      <text bytes="1204" sha1="l50qpqt1c9n5itgjvh1uz3g6v88sn7j" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Tiligul Liman Kalinovka.jpg|thumb|Limen Tiligulensis prope vicum Viburneum (''Kalinivka'').]]
'''Limen Tiligulensis'''&lt;ref&gt;Cf. [[binomen]] ''Ellobius tiligulensis''.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Ucrainice]] ''Тилігульський лиман'') est [[limen (sinus)|limen]] [[Pontus Euxinus|Ponti Euxini]], fluvii [[Asiaces|Asiacis]] [[aestuarium]] priscum. Inter [[regio]]nem [[regio Odessana|Odessanam]] et [[Regio Nicolaopolitana|Nicolaopolitanam]] [[Ucraina]]e situs est. [[Longitudo]] limenis circa 80 chm est, latitudo maxima 3,5 chm, [[altitudo]] maxima 19 [[metrum|m]], [[area (geometria)|area]] 170 [[chiliometrum quadratum|chm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;]]. [[Pulvinus arenae|Isthmo arenoso]] usque ad 4 chm latitudinis a mari separatur, per quem nunc canalis artificiosus effossus est. [[Ordesus#Ordesus antiqua|Ordesus]] urbs Graeca antiqua fortasse hic sita erat.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Nexus externi==
{{fontes geographici}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20250112015810/https://koblevo.live/tiligulskiy-liman/ De limene Tiligulensi] {{ling|Russice}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tiligulensis, limen}}
[[Categoria:Limenes]]
[[Categoria:Pontus Euxinus]]
[[Categoria:Regio Nicolaopolitana]]
[[Categoria:Regio Odessana]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Passeres illos, qui transmigrant supra montes</title>
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      <text bytes="2773" sha1="t04v7n1q9fncguzb6daf0k4ux67ooog" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus ad litteram}}
{{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}}
{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum
	| titulus =
	| imago =
	| descriptio =
	| categoria =
	| numerus =
	| auctor =
	| argumenta =
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{{lres|Passeres illos, qui transmigrant supra montes}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero LIIIa reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-cruce-signatis-46-55&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = De cruce signatis 46–55
	| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo5.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Textus ==
&lt;div style=&quot;display: flow-root;&quot;&gt;{{Versus numerati|
Passeres illos, qui transmigrant supra montes, Alexander tertius
sagax et fidelis archivenator illaqueavit,

Vulpes, que demoliuntur vineas, captivavit,
anguem stravit,
qui disseminavit
discolum virus, quod infrigidavit
igniculum fidei, quique cecavit.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-cruce-signatis-46-55&quot;/&gt;
}}&lt;/div&gt;

== Descriptio ==
Hoc breve carmen historicum et morale celebrat pontificatum [[Alexander III|Alexandri Papae III]], qui hic ut “archivenator” (id est, summus venator) describitur. Per [[Metaphora|metaphoras]] biblicas et animales, carmen victoriam papae contra hostes Ecclesiae et [[Haeresis|haereticos]] narrat, ubi “passeres” et “vulpes” figuras adversariorum vel [[Schisma|schismaticorum]] repraesentant quos pontifex sagaciter cepit. Mentio “anguis” qui virus disseminavit ad schisma vel ad haereses illius temporis referenda videtur, quas Alexander stravit ad [[Catholicismus|fidem catholicam]] protegendam.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-cruce-signatis-46-55&quot;/&gt;

In contextu historico, carmen ad res gestas saeculi XII spectat, praesertim ad certamina inter papatum et imperium, vel contra [[Antipapa|antipapas]]. Figura Alexandri III extollitur tanquam custos vineae Domini, qui vigilanter fideles a caecitate [[Spiritualitas|spirituali]] et a frigore infidelitatis defendit, restituens calorem “igniculi fidei” per suam actionem politicam et ecclesiasticam.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-cruce-signatis-46-55&quot;/&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Lehtonen, 1995
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen = Lehtonen
		| nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel
		| nomenclatura = compendiaria
		| titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy
		| annus = 1995
		| lingua = en
		| locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]]
		| domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]]
		| isbn = 978-951-717-846-4
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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    <title>Omne genus demoniorum</title>
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      <text bytes="3421" sha1="1h1ydkazum2uy0rpjuueki8qjo2v3xk" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus ad litteram}}
{{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}}
{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum
	| titulus =
	| imago =
	| descriptio =
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{{lres|Omne genus demoniorum}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero LIV reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-cruce-signatis-46-55&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = De cruce signatis 46–55
	| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo5.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
Omne genus demoniorum
cecorum,
claudorum
sive confusorum,
attendite iussum meorum
et vocationem verborum.

Omnis creatura phantasmatum,
que corroboratis principatum
serpentis tortuosi,
venenosi,
qui traxit per superbiam
stellarum partem tertiam,
Gordan,
Ingordin et Ingordan:
per sigillum Salomonis
et per magos Pharaonis
omnes vos coniuro
omnes exorcizo
per tres magos Caspar,
Melchior et Balthasar,
per regem David,
qui Saul sedavit,
cum iubilavit,
vosque fugavit.

Vos attestor,
vos contestor
per mandatum Domini,
ne zeletis,
quem soletis
vos vexare, homini,
ut compareatis
et post discedatis
et cum desperatis
chaos incolatis.

Attestor,
contestor
per timendum,
per tremendum
diem iudicii,
eterni supplicii,
diem miserie,
perennis tristitie,
qui ducturus est
vos in infernum,
salvaturus est
nos in eternum.

Per nomen mirabile
atque ineffabile
Dei tetragrammaton,
ut expaveatis
et perhorreatis,
vos exorcizo,
Larve,
Fauni,
Manes,
Nymphe,
Sirene,
Adryades,
Satyri,
Incubi,
Penates,
ut cito abeatis,
chaos incolatis,
ne vas corrumpatis
christianitatis.

Tu nos, Deus, conservare ab hostibus digneris!&lt;ref name=&quot;de-cruce-signatis-46-55&quot;/&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Hoc carmen, in numerum carminum moralium et satiricorum relatum, est [[Exorcismus|exorcismus]] iocosus vel parodicus, quo auctor omnes species spirituum malignorum et phantasmatum increpat. Textus formulas ecclesiasticas adhibet ad demones, larvas, atque etiam entia mythologica sicut [[Satyri|Satyros]] et [[Nympha|Nymphas]] fugandos, nomina sacra, sigillum [[Salomon (rex)|Salomonis]], et tres [[Magi (Biblia)|Magos]] (Caspar, Melchior, Balthasar) invocans ad christianitatem tuendam.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-cruce-signatis-46-55&quot;/&gt;

Argumentum praecipuum carminis in mixtura elementorum [[biblia|biblicorum]] et [[paganismus|paganorum]] consistit, ubi auctor auctoritate verbi utitur ad chaos coercendum. Per imperativam coniurationem, spiritus iubentur homines non vexare et ad [[Infernus|Infernum]] redire, ne “vas christianitatis” corrumpant, precatione ad Deum pro conservatione ab hostibus invisibilibus finiens.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-cruce-signatis-46-55&quot;/&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Lehtonen, 1995
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen = Lehtonen
		| nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel
		| nomenclatura = compendiaria
		| titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy
		| annus = 1995
		| lingua = en
		| locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]]
		| domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]]
		| isbn = 978-951-717-846-4
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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        <id>64423</id>
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      <text bytes="3422" sha1="866xmt7iw3l6ihd12nzuq1e3d8495a0" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus ad litteram}}
{{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}}
{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum
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{{lres|Omne genus demoniorum}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero LIV reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-cruce-signatis-46-55&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = De cruce signatis 46–55
	| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo5.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
Omne genus demoniorum
cecorum,
claudorum
sive confusorum,
attendite iussum meorum
et vocationem verborum.

Omnis creatura phantasmatum,
que corroboratis principatum
serpentis tortuosi,
venenosi,
qui traxit per superbiam
stellarum partem tertiam,
Gordan,
Ingordin et Ingordan:
per sigillum Salomonis
et per magos Pharaonis
omnes vos coniuro
omnes exorcizo
per tres magos Caspar,
Melchior et Balthasar,
per regem David,
qui Saul sedavit,
cum iubilavit,
vosque fugavit.

Vos attestor,
vos contestor
per mandatum Domini,
ne zeletis,
quem soletis
vos vexare, homini,
ut compareatis
et post discedatis
et cum desperatis
chaos incolatis.

Attestor,
contestor
per timendum,
per tremendum
diem iudicii,
eterni supplicii,
diem miserie,
perennis tristitie,
qui ducturus est
vos in infernum,
salvaturus est
nos in eternum.

Per nomen mirabile
atque ineffabile
Dei tetragrammaton,
ut expaveatis
et perhorreatis,
vos exorcizo,
Larve,
Fauni,
Manes,
Nymphe,
Sirene,
Adryades,
Satyri,
Incubi,
Penates,
ut cito abeatis,
chaos incolatis,
ne vas corrumpatis
christianitatis.

Tu nos, Deus, conservare ab hostibus digneris!&lt;ref name=&quot;de-cruce-signatis-46-55&quot;/&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Hoc carmen, in numerum carminum moralium et satiricorum relatum, est [[Exorcismus|exorcismus]] iocosus vel parodicus, quo auctor omnes species spirituum malignorum et phantasmatum increpat. Textus formulas ecclesiasticas adhibet ad demones, larvas, atque etiam entia mythologica sicut [[Satyri|Satyros]] et [[Nympha|Nymphas]] fugandos, nomina sacra, sigillum [[Salomon (rex)|Salomonis]], et tres [[Magi (Biblia)|Magos]] (Caspar, Melchior, Balthasar) invocans ad christianitatem tuendam.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-cruce-signatis-46-55&quot;/&gt;

Argumentum praecipuum carminis in mixtura elementorum [[biblia|biblicorum]] et [[paganismus|paganorum]] consistit, ubi auctor auctoritate verbi utitur ad chaos coercendum. Per imperativam coniurationem, spiritūs iubentur homines non vexare et ad [[Infernus|Infernum]] redire, ne “vas christianitatis” corrumpant, precatione ad Deum pro conservatione ab hostibus invisibilibus finiens.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-cruce-signatis-46-55&quot;/&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Lehtonen, 1995
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen = Lehtonen
		| nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel
		| nomenclatura = compendiaria
		| titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy
		| annus = 1995
		| lingua = en
		| locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]]
		| domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]]
		| isbn = 978-951-717-846-4
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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{{lres|Omne genus demoniorum}} est [[carmen]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scriptum, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero LIV reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-cruce-signatis-46-55&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = De cruce signatis 46–55
	| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo5.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
Omne genus demoniorum
cecorum,
claudorum
sive confusorum,
attendite iussum meorum
et vocationem verborum.

Omnis creatura phantasmatum,
que corroboratis principatum
serpentis tortuosi,
venenosi,
qui traxit per superbiam
stellarum partem tertiam,
Gordan,
Ingordin et Ingordan:
per sigillum Salomonis
et per magos Pharaonis
omnes vos coniuro
omnes exorcizo
per tres magos Caspar,
Melchior et Balthasar,
per regem David,
qui Saul sedavit,
cum iubilavit,
vosque fugavit.

Vos attestor,
vos contestor
per mandatum Domini,
ne zeletis,
quem soletis
vos vexare, homini,
ut compareatis
et post discedatis
et cum desperatis
chaos incolatis.

Attestor,
contestor
per timendum,
per tremendum
diem iudicii,
eterni supplicii,
diem miserie,
perennis tristitie,
qui ducturus est
vos in infernum,
salvaturus est
nos in eternum.

Per nomen mirabile
atque ineffabile
Dei tetragrammaton,
ut expaveatis
et perhorreatis,
vos exorcizo,
Larve,
Fauni,
Manes,
Nymphe,
Sirene,
Adryades,
Satyri,
Incubi,
Penates,
ut cito abeatis,
chaos incolatis,
ne vas corrumpatis
christianitatis.

Tu nos, Deus, conservare ab hostibus digneris!&lt;ref name=&quot;de-cruce-signatis-46-55&quot;/&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Hoc carmen, in numerum carminum moralium et satiricorum relatum, est [[Exorcismus|exorcismus]] iocosus vel parodicus, quo [[auctor]] omnes [[spiritus|spirituum]] malignorum et phantasmatum spiritus increpat. Textus formulas ecclesiasticas adhibet ad [[daemon]]es, [[larva]]s, atque etiam [[ens|entia]] [[mythologia|mythologica]] sicut [[satyri|satyros]] et [[nympha|nymphas]] fugandos, [[nomen sacrum|nomina sacra]],{{dubsig}} [[sigillum Salomonis]],{{dubsig}} et tris [[magi (Biblia)|magos]] (Casparem, Melchiorem, Balthasarem) invocans ad [[Christianitas|Christianitatem]] tuendam.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-cruce-signatis-46-55&quot;/&gt;

Praecipuum carminis argumentum in mixtura elementorum [[biblia|biblicorum]] et [[paganismus|paganorum]] consistit, ubi auctor [[auctoritas|auctoritate]] verbi utitur ad [[chaos]] coercendum. Per imperativam coniurationem, spiritūs iubentur homines non vexare et ad [[Infernus|Infernum]] redire, ne “vas Christianitatis” corrumpant, precatione ad [[deus|deum]] pro conservatione ab hostibus qui vidi non possunt finiens.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-cruce-signatis-46-55&quot;/&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Lehtonen, 1995
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen = Lehtonen
		| nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel
		| nomenclatura = compendiaria
		| titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy
		| annus = 1995
		| lingua = en
		| locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]]
		| domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]]
		| isbn = 978-951-717-846-4
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
      <sha1>cm5ugou40n627wyr0civmgihr5prjj5</sha1>
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    <title>Fortuna Redux</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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        <id>2059</id>
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      <text bytes="3139" sha1="mra1oskradpkc9zbkhzj0bofb1urubp" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:RIC I 322.jpg|thumb|Denarius a Quinto Rustio paulo post 19 a.C.n. signatus. In altera parte ara litteris FOR RE inscripta conspicua est, hoc est Foruna Redux.]]
'''Fortuna Redux''' est dea Romana antiqua quae [[Imperator Romanus|imperatorem]] ex expeditionibus salvum Romam reducebat, ita munus speciale [[Fortuna (dea)|deae Fortunae]] absolvens. Ab anno [[19 a.C.n.]] quotannis in eius honorem [[Augustalia]] a [[pontifex|pontificibus]] et [[Vestalis|Vestalibus]] a.d. IV [[Idus]] Octobres ([[12 Octobris]]), qui dies Augusti reditus fuit, celebrabantur&lt;ref&gt;''Res Gestae'' 11: ''Aram Fortunae Reducis ante aedes Honoris et Virtutis ad portam Capenam pro reditu meo senatus consacravit, in qua pontifices et virgines Vestales anniversarium sacrificium facere iussit eo die quo, consulibus Q. Lucretio et M. Vinicio, in urbem ex Syria redieram, et diem Augustalia ex cognomine nostro appellavit''.&lt;/ref&gt;. Nam illo anno postquam icto cum [[Parthi|Parthis]] foedere e Syria rediit [[Augustus (imperator)|Augustus]] ex omnibus honoribus sibi a [[Senatus Romanus|senatu]] delatis aram tantum Fortunae Reduci erigendam simulata modestia recepit. Quam aram in [[Denarius|denario]] [[Gens Rustia|Quinti Rusti]] videmus&lt;ref&gt;[https://en.numista.com/247802 Photographema] apud Numista. Cf [https://lesdioscures.com/2319au-aureus-auguste/ aureus  Augusti] ibidem.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ipsa ara die XVIII Kal. Decembres dedicata est ut indicant [[Fasti Amiterni]].
[[Fasciculus:GlanumAE1954,103.png|thumb|Stela votiva [[Glanum|Glani]] reperta.]]
Postea anno [[93]] imperator [[Domitianus]] e Germania [[Triumphus|triumphans]] rediens templum Fortunae Reduci aedificavit in clivo [[Capitolinus mons|Capitolino]] prope portam triumphalem&lt;ref&gt;[[Martialis]] VIII.65.&lt;/ref&gt;. Illius deae cultus usque ad quartum saeculum continuatus est et saepe in nummis celebratus est, in quibus nummis tamquam figura muliebris plerumque sedens  atque [[Gubernaculum|gubernaculumque]] et [[Cornu copiae|cornucopiam]] tenens exprimitur (e.g. apud [[Vespasianus|Vespasianum]]&lt;ref&gt;Nummi Vespasiani Fortunam Reducem stantem ostendunt.&lt;/ref&gt; et [[Traianus|Traianum]] et [[Lucius Verus|Lucium Verum]])&lt;ref&gt;Ut in hoc [https://fr.numista.com/280951 [[Antoninianus|antoniniano]] Gordiani III] apud Numista.&lt;/ref&gt;.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*{{AE|1954|103}} {{AE|1985|694}} {{CIL|8|6944}} 
*[[Dio Cassius]] 54.10.
*[[Res gestae Divi Augusti|Res Gestae Divi Augusti]] I.11.
*[[Fasti Amiterni]]
*[[Sextus Propertius|Propertius]] IV.3.71

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Francesca de Caprariis, &quot;[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/44367657 FORTUNA REDUX]&quot;, ''Archeologia Classica'', 2005: 131-153
*Melanie Grunow Sobocinski, &quot;[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/25750539 Porta Triumphalis and Fortuna Redux: reconsideruing the evidence]&quot;, ''Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome'', 2009: 135-164

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fortuna_Redux Fortunam Reducem] pertinent

[[Categoria:Deae Romanae]]
[[Categoria:Religio Romana]]</text>
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      <text bytes="3139" sha1="51ik6sfc9c15jrwbsnhdqub3ehf8nxx" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:RIC I 322.jpg|thumb|Denarius a Quinto Rustio paulo post 19 a.C.n. signatus. In altera parte ara litteris FOR RE inscripta conspicua est, hoc est Foruna Redux.]]
'''Fortuna Redux''' est dea Romana antiqua quae [[Imperator Romanus|imperatorem]] ex expeditionibus salvum Romam reducebat, ita munus speciale [[Fortuna (dea)|deae Fortunae]] absolvens. Ab anno [[19 a.C.n.]] quotannis in eius honorem [[Augustalia]] a [[pontifex|pontificibus]] et [[Vestalis|Vestalibus]] a.d. IV [[Idus]] Octobres ([[12 Octobris]]), qui dies Augusto reditus fuit, celebrabantur&lt;ref&gt;''Res Gestae'' 11: ''Aram Fortunae Reducis ante aedes Honoris et Virtutis ad portam Capenam pro reditu meo senatus consacravit, in qua pontifices et virgines Vestales anniversarium sacrificium facere iussit eo die quo, consulibus Q. Lucretio et M. Vinicio, in urbem ex Syria redieram, et diem Augustalia ex cognomine nostro appellavit''.&lt;/ref&gt;. Nam illo anno postquam icto cum [[Parthi|Parthis]] foedere e Syria rediit [[Augustus (imperator)|Augustus]] ex omnibus honoribus sibi a [[Senatus Romanus|senatu]] delatis aram tantum Fortunae Reduci erigendam simulata modestia recepit. Quam aram in [[Denarius|denario]] [[Gens Rustia|Quinti Rusti]] videmus&lt;ref&gt;[https://en.numista.com/247802 Photographema] apud Numista. Cf [https://lesdioscures.com/2319au-aureus-auguste/ aureus  Augusti] ibidem.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ipsa ara die XVIII Kal. Decembres dedicata est ut indicant [[Fasti Amiterni]].
[[Fasciculus:GlanumAE1954,103.png|thumb|Stela votiva [[Glanum|Glani]] reperta.]]
Postea anno [[93]] imperator [[Domitianus]] e Germania [[Triumphus|triumphans]] rediens templum Fortunae Reduci aedificavit in clivo [[Capitolinus mons|Capitolino]] prope portam triumphalem&lt;ref&gt;[[Martialis]] VIII.65.&lt;/ref&gt;. Illius deae cultus usque ad quartum saeculum continuatus est et saepe in nummis celebratus est, in quibus nummis tamquam figura muliebris plerumque sedens  atque [[Gubernaculum|gubernaculumque]] et [[Cornu copiae|cornucopiam]] tenens exprimitur (e.g. apud [[Vespasianus|Vespasianum]]&lt;ref&gt;Nummi Vespasiani Fortunam Reducem stantem ostendunt.&lt;/ref&gt; et [[Traianus|Traianum]] et [[Lucius Verus|Lucium Verum]])&lt;ref&gt;Ut in hoc [https://fr.numista.com/280951 [[Antoninianus|antoniniano]] Gordiani III] apud Numista.&lt;/ref&gt;.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*{{AE|1954|103}} {{AE|1985|694}} {{CIL|8|6944}} 
*[[Dio Cassius]] 54.10.
*[[Res gestae Divi Augusti|Res Gestae Divi Augusti]] I.11.
*[[Fasti Amiterni]]
*[[Sextus Propertius|Propertius]] IV.3.71

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Francesca de Caprariis, &quot;[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/44367657 FORTUNA REDUX]&quot;, ''Archeologia Classica'', 2005: 131-153
*Melanie Grunow Sobocinski, &quot;[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/25750539 Porta Triumphalis and Fortuna Redux: reconsideruing the evidence]&quot;, ''Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome'', 2009: 135-164

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fortuna_Redux Fortunam Reducem] pertinent

[[Categoria:Deae Romanae]]
[[Categoria:Religio Romana]]</text>
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'''Fortuna Redux''' est dea Romana antiqua quae [[Imperator Romanus|imperatorem]] ex expeditionibus salvum Romam reducebat, ita munus speciale [[Fortuna (dea)|deae Fortunae]] absolvens. Ab anno [[19 a.C.n.]] quotannis in eius honorem [[Augustalia]] a [[pontifex|pontificibus]] et [[Vestalis|Vestalibus]] a.d. IV [[Idus]] Octobres ([[12 Octobris]]), qui dies Augusto reditus fuit, celebrabantur. Haec fuerunt ipsius verba:
''Aram Fortunae Reducis ante aedes Honoris et Virtutis ad portam Capenam pro reditu meo senatus consacravit, in qua pontifices et virgines Vestales anniversarium sacrificium facere iussit eo die quo, consulibus Q. Lucretio et M. Vinicio, in urbem ex Syria redieram, et diem Augustalia ex cognomine nostro appellavit''&lt;ref&gt;''Res Gestae Divi Augusti'' 11.&lt;/ref&gt;. Nam illo anno postquam icto cum [[Parthi|Parthis]] foedere e Syria rediit [[Augustus (imperator)|Augustus]] ex omnibus honoribus sibi a [[Senatus Romanus|senatu]] delatis aram tantum Fortunae Reduci erigendam simulata modestia recepit. Quam aram in [[Denarius|denario]] [[Gens Rustia|Quinti Rusti]] videmus&lt;ref&gt;[https://en.numista.com/247802 Photographema] apud Numista. Cf [https://lesdioscures.com/2319au-aureus-auguste/ aureus  Augusti] ibidem.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ipsa ara die XVIII Kal. Decembres dedicata est ut indicant [[Fasti Amiterni]].
[[Fasciculus:GlanumAE1954,103.png|thumb|Stela votiva [[Glanum|Glani]] reperta.]]
Postea anno [[93]] imperator [[Domitianus]] e Germania [[Triumphus|triumphans]] rediens templum Fortunae Reduci aedificavit in clivo [[Capitolinus mons|Capitolino]] prope portam triumphalem&lt;ref&gt;[[Martialis]] VIII.65.&lt;/ref&gt;. Illius deae cultus usque ad quartum saeculum continuatus est et saepe in nummis celebratus est, in quibus nummis tamquam figura muliebris plerumque sedens  atque [[Gubernaculum|gubernaculumque]] et [[Cornu copiae|cornucopiam]] tenens exprimitur (e.g. apud [[Vespasianus|Vespasianum]]&lt;ref&gt;Nummi Vespasiani Fortunam Reducem stantem ostendunt.&lt;/ref&gt; et [[Traianus|Traianum]] et [[Lucius Verus|Lucium Verum]])&lt;ref&gt;Ut in hoc [https://fr.numista.com/280951 [[Antoninianus|antoniniano]] Gordiani III] apud Numista.&lt;/ref&gt;.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*{{AE|1954|103}} {{AE|1985|694}} {{CIL|8|6944}} 
*[[Dio Cassius]] 54.10.
*[[Res gestae Divi Augusti|Res Gestae Divi Augusti]] I.11.
*[[Fasti Amiterni]]
*[[Sextus Propertius|Propertius]] IV.3.71

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Francesca de Caprariis, &quot;[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/44367657 FORTUNA REDUX]&quot;, ''Archeologia Classica'', 2005: 131-153
*Melanie Grunow Sobocinski, &quot;[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/25750539 Porta Triumphalis and Fortuna Redux: reconsideruing the evidence]&quot;, ''Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome'', 2009: 135-164

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fortuna_Redux Fortunam Reducem] pertinent

[[Categoria:Deae Romanae]]
[[Categoria:Religio Romana]]</text>
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      <text bytes="3205" sha1="6axafz4d8wp9wbgajsefiro3e3mp5hy" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:RIC I 322.jpg|thumb|Denarius a Quinto Rustio paulo post 19 a.C.n. signatus. In altera parte ara litteris FOR RE inscripta conspicua est, hoc est Foruna Redux.]]
'''Fortuna Redux''' est dea Romana antiqua quae [[Imperator Romanus|imperatorem]] ex expeditionibus salvum Romam reducebat, ita munus speciale [[Fortuna (dea)|deae Fortunae]] absolvens. Ab anno [[19 a.C.n.]] quotannis in eius honorem [[Augustalia]] a [[pontifex|pontificibus]] et [[Vestalis|Vestalibus]] a.d. IV [[Idus]] Octobres ([[12 Octobris]]), qui dies Augusto reditus fuit, celebrabantur. Haec fuerunt ipsius verba:
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Aram Fortunae Reducis ante aedes Honoris et Virtutis ad portam Capenam pro reditu meo senatus consacravit, in qua pontifices et virgines Vestales anniversarium sacrificium facere iussit eo die quo, consulibus Q. Lucretio et M. Vinicio, in urbem ex Syria redieram, et diem Augustalia ex cognomine nostro appellavit''&lt;ref&gt;''Res Gestae Divi Augusti'' 11.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;. 
Nam illo anno postquam icto cum [[Parthi|Parthis]] foedere e Syria rediit [[Augustus (imperator)|Augustus]] ex omnibus honoribus sibi a [[Senatus Romanus|senatu]] delatis aram tantum Fortunae Reduci erigendam simulata modestia recepit. Quam aram in [[Denarius|denario]] [[Gens Rustia|Quinti Rusti]] videmus&lt;ref&gt;[https://en.numista.com/247802 Photographema] apud Numista. Cf [https://lesdioscures.com/2319au-aureus-auguste/ aureus  Augusti] ibidem.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ipsa ara die XVIII Kal. Decembres dedicata est ut indicant [[Fasti Amiterni]].
[[Fasciculus:GlanumAE1954,103.png|thumb|Stela votiva [[Glanum|Glani]] reperta.]]
Postea anno [[93]] imperator [[Domitianus]] e Germania [[Triumphus|triumphans]] rediens templum Fortunae Reduci aedificavit in clivo [[Capitolinus mons|Capitolino]] prope portam triumphalem&lt;ref&gt;[[Martialis]] VIII.65.&lt;/ref&gt;. Illius deae cultus usque ad quartum saeculum continuatus est et saepe in nummis celebratus est, in quibus nummis tamquam figura muliebris plerumque sedens  atque [[Gubernaculum|gubernaculumque]] et [[Cornu copiae|cornucopiam]] tenens exprimitur (e.g. apud [[Vespasianus|Vespasianum]]&lt;ref&gt;Nummi Vespasiani Fortunam Reducem stantem ostendunt.&lt;/ref&gt; et [[Traianus|Traianum]] et [[Lucius Verus|Lucium Verum]])&lt;ref&gt;Ut in hoc [https://fr.numista.com/280951 [[Antoninianus|antoniniano]] Gordiani III] apud Numista.&lt;/ref&gt;.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*{{AE|1954|103}} {{AE|1985|694}} {{CIL|8|6944}} 
*[[Dio Cassius]] 54.10.
*[[Res gestae Divi Augusti|Res Gestae Divi Augusti]] I.11.
*[[Fasti Amiterni]]
*[[Sextus Propertius|Propertius]] IV.3.71

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Francesca de Caprariis, &quot;[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/44367657 FORTUNA REDUX]&quot;, ''Archeologia Classica'', 2005: 131-153
*Melanie Grunow Sobocinski, &quot;[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/25750539 Porta Triumphalis and Fortuna Redux: reconsideruing the evidence]&quot;, ''Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome'', 2009: 135-164

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fortuna_Redux Fortunam Reducem] pertinent

[[Categoria:Deae Romanae]]
[[Categoria:Religio Romana]]</text>
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'''Fortuna Redux''' est dea Romana antiqua quae [[Imperator Romanus|imperatorem]] ex expeditionibus salvum Romam reducebat, ita munus speciale [[Fortuna (dea)|deae Fortunae]] absolvens. 
== De ara et Augustalibus ==
Ab anno [[19 a.C.n.]] quotannis in eius honorem [[Augustalia]] a [[pontifex|pontificibus]] et [[Vestalis|Vestalibus]] a.d. IV [[Idus]] Octobres ([[12 Octobris]]), qui dies Augusto reditus fuit, celebrabantur. Haec fuerunt ipsius verba:
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Aram Fortunae Reducis ante aedes Honoris et Virtutis ad portam Capenam pro reditu meo senatus consacravit, in qua pontifices et virgines Vestales anniversarium sacrificium facere iussit eo die quo, consulibus Q. Lucretio et M. Vinicio, in urbem ex Syria redieram, et diem Augustalia ex cognomine nostro appellavit''&lt;ref&gt;''Res Gestae Divi Augusti'' 11.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;. 
Nam illo anno postquam icto cum [[Parthi|Parthis]] foedere e Syria rediit [[Augustus (imperator)|Augustus]] ex omnibus honoribus sibi a [[Senatus Romanus|senatu]] delatis aram tantum Fortunae Reduci erigendam simulata modestia recepit. Quam aram in [[Denarius|denario]] [[Gens Rustia|Quinti Rusti]] videmus&lt;ref&gt;[https://en.numista.com/247802 Photographema] apud Numista. Cf [https://lesdioscures.com/2319au-aureus-auguste/ aureus  Augusti] ibidem.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ipsa ara die XVIII Kal. Decembres dedicata est ut indicant [[Fasti Amiterni]].
[[Fasciculus:GlanumAE1954,103.png|thumb|Stela votiva [[Glanum|Glani]] reperta.]]

== De templo et nummis ==
Postea anno [[93]] imperator [[Domitianus]] e Germania [[Triumphus|triumphans]] rediens templum Fortunae Reduci aedificavit in clivo [[Capitolinus mons|Capitolino]] prope portam triumphalem&lt;ref&gt;[[Martialis]] VIII.65.&lt;/ref&gt;. Illius deae cultus usque ad quartum saeculum continuatus est et saepe in nummis celebratus est, in quibus nummis tamquam figura muliebris plerumque sedens  atque [[Gubernaculum|gubernaculumque]] et [[Cornu copiae|cornucopiam]] tenens exprimitur (e.g. apud [[Vespasianus|Vespasianum]]&lt;ref&gt;Nummi Vespasiani Fortunam Reducem stantem ostendunt.&lt;/ref&gt; et [[Traianus|Traianum]] et [[Lucius Verus|Lucium Verum]])&lt;ref&gt;Ut in hoc [https://fr.numista.com/280951 [[Antoninianus|antoniniano]] Gordiani III] apud Numista.&lt;/ref&gt;.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*{{AE|1954|103}} {{AE|1985|694}} {{CIL|8|6944}} 
*[[Dio Cassius]] 54.10.
*[[Res gestae Divi Augusti|Res Gestae Divi Augusti]] I.11.
*[[Fasti Amiterni]]
*[[Sextus Propertius|Propertius]] IV.3.71

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Francesca de Caprariis, &quot;[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/44367657 FORTUNA REDUX]&quot;, ''Archeologia Classica'', 2005: 131-153
*Melanie Grunow Sobocinski, &quot;[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/25750539 Porta Triumphalis and Fortuna Redux: reconsideruing the evidence]&quot;, ''Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome'', 2009: 135-164

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fortuna_Redux Fortunam Reducem] pertinent

[[Categoria:Deae Romanae]]
[[Categoria:Religio Romana]]</text>
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      <text bytes="3291" sha1="rh9cs6co86kegrzvk8cgiejxvnrzg0w" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:RIC I 322.jpg|thumb|Denarius a Quinto Rustio paulo post 19 a.C.n. signatus. In altera parte ara litteris FOR RE inscripta conspicua est, hoc est Foruna Redux.]]
'''Fortuna Redux''' est dea Romana antiqua quae [[Imperator Romanus|imperatorem]] ex expeditionibus salvum Romam reducebat, ita munus speciale [[Fortuna (dea)|deae Fortunae]] absolvens. 
== De ara et Augustalibus ==
Ab anno [[19 a.C.n.]] quotannis in eius honorem [[Augustalia]] a [[pontifex|pontificibus]] et [[Vestalis|Vestalibus]] a.d. IV [[Idus]] Octobres ([[12 Octobris]]), qui dies Augusto reditus fuit, celebrabantur. Haec fuerunt ipsius verba:
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Aram Fortunae Reducis ante aedes Honoris et Virtutis ad portam Capenam pro reditu meo senatus consacravit, in qua pontifices et virgines Vestales anniversarium sacrificium facere iussit eo die quo, consulibus Q. Lucretio et M. Vinicio, in urbem ex Syria redieram, et diem Augustalia ex cognomine nostro appellavit''&lt;ref&gt;''Res Gestae Divi Augusti'' 11.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;. 
Nam illo anno postquam icto cum [[Parthi|Parthis]] foedere e Syria rediit [[Augustus (imperator)|Augustus]] ex omnibus honoribus sibi a [[Senatus Romanus|senatu]] delatis aram tantum Fortunae Reduci erigendam simulata modestia recepit&lt;ref&gt;Dio Cassius 54.10.&lt;/ref&gt;. Quam aram in [[Denarius|denario]] [[Gens Rustia|Quinti Rusti]] videmus&lt;ref&gt;[https://en.numista.com/247802 Photographema] apud Numista. Cf [https://lesdioscures.com/2319au-aureus-auguste/ aureus  Augusti] ibidem.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ipsa ara die XVIII Kal. Decembres dedicata est ut indicant [[Fasti Amiterni]].
[[Fasciculus:GlanumAE1954,103.png|thumb|Stela votiva [[Glanum|Glani]] reperta.]]

== De templo et nummis ==
Postea anno [[93]] imperator [[Domitianus]] e Germania [[Triumphus|triumphans]] rediens templum Fortunae Reduci aedificavit in clivo [[Capitolinus mons|Capitolino]] prope portam triumphalem&lt;ref&gt;[[Martialis]] VIII.65.&lt;/ref&gt;. Illius deae cultus usque ad quartum saeculum continuatus est et saepe in nummis celebratus est, in quibus nummis tamquam figura muliebris plerumque sedens  atque [[Gubernaculum|gubernaculumque]] et [[Cornu copiae|cornucopiam]] tenens exprimitur (e.g. apud [[Vespasianus|Vespasianum]]&lt;ref&gt;Nummi Vespasiani Fortunam Reducem stantem ostendunt.&lt;/ref&gt; et [[Traianus|Traianum]] et [[Lucius Verus|Lucium Verum]])&lt;ref&gt;Ut in hoc [https://fr.numista.com/280951 [[Antoninianus|antoniniano]] Gordiani III] apud Numista.&lt;/ref&gt;.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*{{AE|1954|103}} {{AE|1985|694}} {{CIL|8|6944}} 
*[[Dio Cassius]] 54.10.
*[[Res gestae Divi Augusti|Res Gestae Divi Augusti]] I.11.
*[[Fasti Amiterni]]
*[[Sextus Propertius|Propertius]] IV.3.71

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Francesca de Caprariis, &quot;[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/44367657 FORTUNA REDUX]&quot;, ''Archeologia Classica'', 2005: 131-153
*Melanie Grunow Sobocinski, &quot;[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/25750539 Porta Triumphalis and Fortuna Redux: reconsideruing the evidence]&quot;, ''Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome'', 2009: 135-164

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fortuna_Redux Fortunam Reducem] pertinent

[[Categoria:Deae Romanae]]
[[Categoria:Religio Romana]]</text>
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'''Fortuna Redux''' est dea Romana antiqua quae [[Imperator Romanus|imperatorem]] ex expeditionibus salvum Romam reducebat, ita munus speciale [[Fortuna (dea)|deae Fortunae]] absolvens. 
== De ara et Augustalibus ==
Ab anno [[19 a.C.n.]] quotannis in eius honorem [[Augustalia]] a [[pontifex|pontificibus]] et [[Vestalis|Vestalibus]] a.d. IV [[Idus]] Octobres ([[12 Octobris]]), qui dies Augusto reditus fuit, celebrabantur. Haec fuerunt ipsius verba:
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Aram Fortunae Reducis ante aedes Honoris et Virtutis ad portam Capenam pro reditu meo senatus consacravit, in qua pontifices et virgines Vestales anniversarium sacrificium facere iussit eo die quo, consulibus Q. Lucretio et M. Vinicio, in urbem ex Syria redieram, et diem Augustalia ex cognomine nostro appellavit''&lt;ref&gt;''Res Gestae Divi Augusti'' 11. Graece in [[Monumentum Ancyrae|Monumento Ancyrano]]: ''Βωμὸν Τύχης Σωτηρίου ὑπὲρ τῆς ἐμῆς ἐπανόδου 8 πρὸς τῆι Καπῆνηι πύληι ἡ σύνκλητος ἀφιέρωσεν· 9 πρὸς ὧι τοὺς ἱερεῖς καὶ τὰς ἱερείας ἐνιαύσιον θυ10σίαν ποιεῖν ἐκέλευσεν ἐν ἐκείνηι τῆι ἡμέραι, 11 ἐν ἧι ὑπάτοις Κοίντωι Λουκρητίωι καὶ Μάρκωι 12 Οὐινουκίωι ἐκ Συρίας εἰς Ῥώμην ἐπανεληλύ13θειν, τήν τε ἡμέραν ἐκ τῆς ἡμετέρας ἐπωνυ14μίας προσηγόρευσεν Αὐγουστάλια''. &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;. 
Nam illo anno postquam icto cum [[Parthi|Parthis]] foedere e Syria rediit [[Augustus (imperator)|Augustus]] ex omnibus honoribus sibi a [[Senatus Romanus|senatu]] delatis aram tantum Fortunae Reduci erigendam simulata modestia recepit&lt;ref&gt;Dio Cassius 54.10.&lt;/ref&gt;. Quam aram in [[Denarius|denario]] [[Gens Rustia|Quinti Rusti]] videmus&lt;ref&gt;[https://en.numista.com/247802 Photographema] apud Numista. Cf [https://lesdioscures.com/2319au-aureus-auguste/ aureus  Augusti] ibidem.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ipsa ara die XVIII Kal. Decembres dedicata est ut indicant [[Fasti Amiterni]].
[[Fasciculus:GlanumAE1954,103.png|thumb|Stela votiva [[Glanum|Glani]] reperta.]]

== De templo et nummis ==
Postea anno [[93]] imperator [[Domitianus]] e Germania [[Triumphus|triumphans]] rediens templum Fortunae Reduci aedificavit in clivo [[Capitolinus mons|Capitolino]] prope portam triumphalem&lt;ref&gt;[[Martialis]] VIII.65.&lt;/ref&gt;. Illius deae cultus usque ad quartum saeculum continuatus est et saepe in nummis celebratus est, in quibus nummis tamquam figura muliebris plerumque sedens  atque [[Gubernaculum|gubernaculumque]] et [[Cornu copiae|cornucopiam]] tenens exprimitur (e.g. apud [[Vespasianus|Vespasianum]]&lt;ref&gt;Nummi Vespasiani Fortunam Reducem stantem ostendunt.&lt;/ref&gt; et [[Traianus|Traianum]] et [[Lucius Verus|Lucium Verum]])&lt;ref&gt;Ut in hoc [https://fr.numista.com/280951 [[Antoninianus|antoniniano]] Gordiani III] apud Numista.&lt;/ref&gt;.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*{{AE|1954|103}} {{AE|1985|694}} {{CIL|8|6944}} 
*[[Dio Cassius]] 54.10.
*[[Res gestae Divi Augusti|Res Gestae Divi Augusti]] I.11.
*[[Fasti Amiterni]]
*[[Sextus Propertius|Propertius]] IV.3.71

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Francesca de Caprariis, &quot;[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/44367657 FORTUNA REDUX]&quot;, ''Archeologia Classica'', 2005: 131-153
*Melanie Grunow Sobocinski, &quot;[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/25750539 Porta Triumphalis and Fortuna Redux: reconsideruing the evidence]&quot;, ''Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome'', 2009: 135-164

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fortuna_Redux Fortunam Reducem] pertinent

[[Categoria:Deae Romanae]]
[[Categoria:Religio Romana]]</text>
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'''Fortuna Redux''' est dea Romana antiqua quae [[Imperator Romanus|imperatorem]] ex expeditionibus salvum Romam reducebat, ita munus speciale [[Fortuna (dea)|deae Fortunae]] absolvens. 
== De ara et Augustalibus ==
Ab anno [[19 a.C.n.]] quotannis in eius honorem [[Augustalia]] a [[pontifex|pontificibus]] et [[Vestalis|Vestalibus]] a.d. IV [[Idus]] Octobres ([[12 Octobris]]), qui dies Augusto reditus fuit, celebrabantur. Haec fuerunt ipsius verba:
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Aram Fortunae Reducis ante aedes Honoris et Virtutis ad portam Capenam pro reditu meo senatus consacravit, in qua pontifices et virgines Vestales anniversarium sacrificium facere iussit eo die quo, consulibus Q. Lucretio et M. Vinicio, in urbem ex Syria redieram, et diem Augustalia ex cognomine nostro appellavit''&lt;ref&gt;''Res Gestae Divi Augusti'' 11. Graece in [[Monumentum Ancyrae|Monumento Ancyrano]]: ''Βωμὸν Τύχης Σωτηρίου ὑπὲρ τῆς ἐμῆς ἐπανόδου πρὸς τῆι Καπῆνηι πύληι ἡ σύνκλητος ἀφιέρωσεν· πρὸς ὧι τοὺς ἱερεῖς καὶ τὰς ἱερείας ἐνιαύσιον θυσίαν ποιεῖν ἐκέλευσεν ἐν ἐκείνηι τῆι ἡμέραι, ἐν ἧι ὑπάτοις Κοίντωι Λουκρητίωι καὶ Μάρκωι Οὐινουκίωι ἐκ Συρίας εἰς Ῥώμην ἐπανεληλύθειν, τήν τε ἡμέραν ἐκ τῆς ἡμετέρας ἐπωνυμίας προσηγόρευσεν Αὐγουστάλια''. &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;. 
Nam illo anno postquam icto cum [[Parthi|Parthis]] foedere e Syria rediit [[Augustus (imperator)|Augustus]] ex omnibus honoribus sibi a [[Senatus Romanus|senatu]] delatis aram tantum Fortunae Reduci erigendam simulata modestia recepit&lt;ref&gt;Dio Cassius 54.10.&lt;/ref&gt;. Quam aram in [[Denarius|denario]] [[Gens Rustia|Quinti Rusti]] videmus&lt;ref&gt;[https://en.numista.com/247802 Photographema] apud Numista. Cf [https://lesdioscures.com/2319au-aureus-auguste/ aureus  Augusti] ibidem.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ipsa ara die XVIII Kal. Decembres dedicata est ut indicant [[Fasti Amiterni]].
[[Fasciculus:GlanumAE1954,103.png|thumb|Stela votiva [[Glanum|Glani]] reperta.]]

== De templo et nummis ==
Postea anno [[93]] imperator [[Domitianus]] e Germania [[Triumphus|triumphans]] rediens templum Fortunae Reduci aedificavit in clivo [[Capitolinus mons|Capitolino]] prope portam triumphalem&lt;ref&gt;[[Martialis]] VIII.65.&lt;/ref&gt;. Illius deae cultus usque ad quartum saeculum continuatus est et saepe in nummis celebratus est, in quibus nummis tamquam figura muliebris plerumque sedens  atque [[Gubernaculum|gubernaculumque]] et [[Cornu copiae|cornucopiam]] tenens exprimitur (e.g. apud [[Vespasianus|Vespasianum]]&lt;ref&gt;Nummi Vespasiani Fortunam Reducem stantem ostendunt.&lt;/ref&gt; et [[Traianus|Traianum]] et [[Lucius Verus|Lucium Verum]])&lt;ref&gt;Ut in hoc [https://fr.numista.com/280951 [[Antoninianus|antoniniano]] Gordiani III] apud Numista.&lt;/ref&gt;.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*{{AE|1954|103}} {{AE|1985|694}} {{CIL|8|6944}} 
*[[Dio Cassius]] 54.10.
*[[Res gestae Divi Augusti|Res Gestae Divi Augusti]] I.11.
*[[Fasti Amiterni]]
*[[Sextus Propertius|Propertius]] IV.3.71

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Francesca de Caprariis, &quot;[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/44367657 FORTUNA REDUX]&quot;, ''Archeologia Classica'', 2005: 131-153
*Melanie Grunow Sobocinski, &quot;[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/25750539 Porta Triumphalis and Fortuna Redux: reconsideruing the evidence]&quot;, ''Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome'', 2009: 135-164

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fortuna_Redux Fortunam Reducem] pertinent

[[Categoria:Deae Romanae]]
[[Categoria:Religio Romana]]</text>
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'''Fortuna Redux''' est dea Romana antiqua quae [[Imperator Romanus|imperatorem]] ex expeditionibus salvum Romam reducebat, ita munus speciale [[Fortuna (dea)|deae Fortunae]] absolvens. 
== De ara et Augustalibus ==
Ab anno [[19 a.C.n.]] quotannis in eius honorem [[Augustalia]] a [[pontifex|pontificibus]] et [[Vestalis|Vestalibus]] a.d. IV [[Idus]] Octobres ([[12 Octobris]]), qui dies Augusto reditus fuit, celebrabantur. Haec fuerunt ipsius verba:
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Aram Fortunae Reducis ante aedes Honoris et Virtutis ad portam Capenam pro reditu meo senatus consacravit, in qua pontifices et virgines Vestales anniversarium sacrificium facere iussit eo die quo, consulibus Q. Lucretio et M. Vinicio, in urbem ex Syria redieram, et diem Augustalia ex cognomine nostro appellavit''&lt;ref&gt;''Res Gestae Divi Augusti'' 11. Graece in [[Monumentum Ancyrae|Monumento Ancyrano]]: ''Βωμὸν Τύχης Σωτηρίου ὑπὲρ τῆς ἐμῆς ἐπανόδου πρὸς τῆι Καπῆνηι πύληι ἡ σύνκλητος ἀφιέρωσεν· πρὸς ὧι τοὺς ἱερεῖς καὶ τὰς ἱερείας ἐνιαύσιον θυσίαν ποιεῖν ἐκέλευσεν ἐν ἐκείνηι τῆι ἡμέραι, ἐν ἧι ὑπάτοις Κοίντωι Λουκρητίωι καὶ Μάρκωι Οὐινουκίωι ἐκ Συρίας εἰς Ῥώμην ἐπανεληλύθειν, τήν τε ἡμέραν ἐκ τῆς ἡμετέρας ἐπωνυμίας προσηγόρευσεν Αὐγουστάλια''. &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;. 
Nam illo anno postquam icto cum [[Parthi|Parthis]] foedere e Syria rediit [[Augustus (imperator)|Augustus]] ex omnibus honoribus sibi a [[Senatus Romanus|senatu]] delatis aram tantum Fortunae Reduci erigendam simulata modestia recepit&lt;ref&gt;Dio Cassius 54.10.&lt;/ref&gt;. Quam aram in [[Denarius|denario]] [[Gens Rustia|Quinti Rusti]] videmus&lt;ref&gt;[https://en.numista.com/247802 Photographema] apud Numista. Cf [https://lesdioscures.com/2319au-aureus-auguste/ aureus  Augusti] ibidem.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ipsa ara die XVIII Kal. Decembres dedicata est ut indicant [[Fasti Amiterni]].
[[Fasciculus:GlanumAE1954,103.png|thumb|Stela votiva a veterano legionis XXI Rapacis erecta et [[Glanum|Glani]] reperta.]]

== De templo et nummis ==
Postea anno [[93]] imperator [[Domitianus]] e Germania [[Triumphus|triumphans]] rediens templum Fortunae Reduci aedificavit in clivo [[Capitolinus mons|Capitolino]] prope portam triumphalem&lt;ref&gt;[[Martialis]] VIII.65.&lt;/ref&gt;. Illius deae cultus usque ad quartum saeculum continuatus est et saepe in nummis celebratus est, in quibus nummis tamquam figura muliebris plerumque sedens  atque [[Gubernaculum|gubernaculumque]] et [[Cornu copiae|cornucopiam]] tenens exprimitur (e.g. apud [[Vespasianus|Vespasianum]]&lt;ref&gt;Nummi Vespasiani Fortunam Reducem stantem ostendunt.&lt;/ref&gt; et [[Traianus|Traianum]] et [[Lucius Verus|Lucium Verum]])&lt;ref&gt;Ut in hoc [https://fr.numista.com/280951 [[Antoninianus|antoniniano]] Gordiani III] apud Numista.&lt;/ref&gt;.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*{{AE|1954|103}} {{AE|1985|694}} {{CIL|8|6944}} 
*[[Dio Cassius]] 54.10.
*[[Res gestae Divi Augusti|Res Gestae Divi Augusti]] I.11.
*[[Fasti Amiterni]]
*[[Sextus Propertius|Propertius]] IV.3.71

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Francesca de Caprariis, &quot;[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/44367657 FORTUNA REDUX]&quot;, ''Archeologia Classica'', 2005: 131-153
*Melanie Grunow Sobocinski, &quot;[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/25750539 Porta Triumphalis and Fortuna Redux: reconsideruing the evidence]&quot;, ''Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome'', 2009: 135-164

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fortuna_Redux Fortunam Reducem] pertinent

[[Categoria:Deae Romanae]]
[[Categoria:Religio Romana]]</text>
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'''Fortuna Redux''' est dea Romana antiqua quae [[Imperator Romanus|imperatorem]] ex expeditionibus salvum Romam reducebat, ita munus speciale [[Fortuna (dea)|deae Fortunae]] absolvens. 
== De ara et Augustalibus ==
Ab anno [[19 a.C.n.]] quotannis in eius honorem [[Augustalia]] a [[pontifex|pontificibus]] et [[Vestalis|Vestalibus]] a.d. IV [[Idus]] Octobres ([[12 Octobris]]), qui dies Augusto reditus fuit, celebrabantur. Haec fuerunt ipsius verba:
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Aram Fortunae Reducis ante aedes Honoris et Virtutis ad portam Capenam pro reditu meo senatus consacravit, in qua pontifices et virgines Vestales anniversarium sacrificium facere iussit eo die quo, consulibus Q. Lucretio et M. Vinicio, in urbem ex Syria redieram, et diem Augustalia ex cognomine nostro appellavit''&lt;ref&gt;''Res Gestae Divi Augusti'' 11. Graece in [[Monumentum Ancyrae|Monumento Ancyrano]]: ''Βωμὸν Τύχης Σωτηρίου ὑπὲρ τῆς ἐμῆς ἐπανόδου πρὸς τῆι Καπῆνηι πύληι ἡ σύνκλητος ἀφιέρωσεν· πρὸς ὧι τοὺς ἱερεῖς καὶ τὰς ἱερείας ἐνιαύσιον θυσίαν ποιεῖν ἐκέλευσεν ἐν ἐκείνηι τῆι ἡμέραι, ἐν ἧι ὑπάτοις Κοίντωι Λουκρητίωι καὶ Μάρκωι Οὐινουκίωι ἐκ Συρίας εἰς Ῥώμην ἐπανεληλύθειν, τήν τε ἡμέραν ἐκ τῆς ἡμετέρας ἐπωνυμίας προσηγόρευσεν Αὐγουστάλια''. &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;. 
Nam illo anno postquam icto cum [[Parthi|Parthis]] foedere e Syria rediit [[Augustus (imperator)|Augustus]] ex omnibus honoribus sibi a [[Senatus Romanus|senatu]] delatis aram tantum Fortunae Reduci erigendam simulata modestia recepit&lt;ref&gt;Dio Cassius 54.10.&lt;/ref&gt;. Quam aram in [[Denarius|denario]] [[Gens Rustia|Quinti Rusti]] videmus&lt;ref&gt;[https://en.numista.com/247802 Photographema] apud Numista. Cf [https://lesdioscures.com/2319au-aureus-auguste/ aureus  Augusti] ibidem.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ipsa ara die XVIII Kal. Decembres dedicata est ut indicant [[Fasti Amiterni]].
[[Fasciculus:GlanumAE1954,103.png|thumb|Stela votiva a veterano legionis XXI Rapacis erecta et [[Glanum|Glani]] reperta.]]

== De templo et nummis ==
Postea anno [[93]] imperator [[Domitianus]] e Germania [[Triumphus|triumphans]] rediens templum Fortunae Reduci aedificavit in clivo [[Capitolinus mons|Capitolino]] prope portam triumphalem&lt;ref&gt;[[Martialis]] VIII.65.&lt;/ref&gt;. Illius deae cultus usque ad quartum saeculum continuatus est et saepe in nummis celebratus est, in quibus nummis tamquam figura muliebris plerumque sedens  atque [[Gubernaculum|gubernaculumque]] et [[Cornu copiae|cornucopiam]] tenens exprimitur (e.g. apud [[Vespasianus|Vespasianum]]&lt;ref&gt;Nummi Vespasiani Fortunam Reducem stantem ostendunt.&lt;/ref&gt; et [[Traianus|Traianum]] et [[Lucius Verus|Lucium Verum]])&lt;ref&gt;Ut in hoc [https://fr.numista.com/280951 [[Antoninianus|antoniniano]] Gordiani III] apud Numista.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Quamquam ille cultus publice celebrabatur et ad imperatores initio pertinebat milites quoque privatim pro suo reditu vota susceperunt et Fortunae Reduci solverunt, quod inscriptiones testantur.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*{{AE|1954|103}} {{AE|1985|694}} {{CIL|8|6944}} 
*[[Dio Cassius]] 54.10.
*[[Res gestae Divi Augusti|Res Gestae Divi Augusti]] I.11.
*[[Fasti Amiterni]]
*[[Sextus Propertius|Propertius]] IV.3.71

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Francesca de Caprariis, &quot;[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/44367657 FORTUNA REDUX]&quot;, ''Archeologia Classica'', 2005: 131-153
*Melanie Grunow Sobocinski, &quot;[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/25750539 Porta Triumphalis and Fortuna Redux: reconsideruing the evidence]&quot;, ''Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome'', 2009: 135-164

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fortuna_Redux Fortunam Reducem] pertinent

[[Categoria:Deae Romanae]]
[[Categoria:Religio Romana]]</text>
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        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Nexus externi */</comment>
      <origin>3983616</origin>
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      <text bytes="4371" sha1="34tl35f67ibg78epozms2gdux87586y" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:RIC I 322.jpg|thumb|Denarius a Quinto Rustio paulo post 19 a.C.n. signatus. In altera parte ara litteris FOR RE inscripta conspicua est, hoc est Foruna Redux.]]
'''Fortuna Redux''' est dea Romana antiqua quae [[Imperator Romanus|imperatorem]] ex expeditionibus salvum Romam reducebat, ita munus speciale [[Fortuna (dea)|deae Fortunae]] absolvens. 
== De ara et Augustalibus ==
Ab anno [[19 a.C.n.]] quotannis in eius honorem [[Augustalia]] a [[pontifex|pontificibus]] et [[Vestalis|Vestalibus]] a.d. IV [[Idus]] Octobres ([[12 Octobris]]), qui dies Augusto reditus fuit, celebrabantur. Haec fuerunt ipsius verba:
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Aram Fortunae Reducis ante aedes Honoris et Virtutis ad portam Capenam pro reditu meo senatus consacravit, in qua pontifices et virgines Vestales anniversarium sacrificium facere iussit eo die quo, consulibus Q. Lucretio et M. Vinicio, in urbem ex Syria redieram, et diem Augustalia ex cognomine nostro appellavit''&lt;ref&gt;''Res Gestae Divi Augusti'' 11. Graece in [[Monumentum Ancyrae|Monumento Ancyrano]]: ''Βωμὸν Τύχης Σωτηρίου ὑπὲρ τῆς ἐμῆς ἐπανόδου πρὸς τῆι Καπῆνηι πύληι ἡ σύνκλητος ἀφιέρωσεν· πρὸς ὧι τοὺς ἱερεῖς καὶ τὰς ἱερείας ἐνιαύσιον θυσίαν ποιεῖν ἐκέλευσεν ἐν ἐκείνηι τῆι ἡμέραι, ἐν ἧι ὑπάτοις Κοίντωι Λουκρητίωι καὶ Μάρκωι Οὐινουκίωι ἐκ Συρίας εἰς Ῥώμην ἐπανεληλύθειν, τήν τε ἡμέραν ἐκ τῆς ἡμετέρας ἐπωνυμίας προσηγόρευσεν Αὐγουστάλια''. &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;. 
Nam illo anno postquam icto cum [[Parthi|Parthis]] foedere e Syria rediit [[Augustus (imperator)|Augustus]] ex omnibus honoribus sibi a [[Senatus Romanus|senatu]] delatis aram tantum Fortunae Reduci erigendam simulata modestia recepit&lt;ref&gt;Dio Cassius 54.10.&lt;/ref&gt;. Quam aram in [[Denarius|denario]] [[Gens Rustia|Quinti Rusti]] videmus&lt;ref&gt;[https://en.numista.com/247802 Photographema] apud Numista. Cf [https://lesdioscures.com/2319au-aureus-auguste/ aureus  Augusti] ibidem.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ipsa ara die XVIII Kal. Decembres dedicata est ut indicant [[Fasti Amiterni]].
[[Fasciculus:GlanumAE1954,103.png|thumb|Stela votiva a veterano legionis XXI Rapacis erecta et [[Glanum|Glani]] reperta.]]

== De templo et nummis ==
Postea anno [[93]] imperator [[Domitianus]] e Germania [[Triumphus|triumphans]] rediens templum Fortunae Reduci aedificavit in clivo [[Capitolinus mons|Capitolino]] prope portam triumphalem&lt;ref&gt;[[Martialis]] VIII.65.&lt;/ref&gt;. Illius deae cultus usque ad quartum saeculum continuatus est et saepe in nummis celebratus est, in quibus nummis tamquam figura muliebris plerumque sedens  atque [[Gubernaculum|gubernaculumque]] et [[Cornu copiae|cornucopiam]] tenens exprimitur (e.g. apud [[Vespasianus|Vespasianum]]&lt;ref&gt;Nummi Vespasiani Fortunam Reducem stantem ostendunt.&lt;/ref&gt; et [[Traianus|Traianum]] et [[Lucius Verus|Lucium Verum]])&lt;ref&gt;Ut in hoc [https://fr.numista.com/280951 [[Antoninianus|antoniniano]] Gordiani III] apud Numista.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Quamquam ille cultus publice celebrabatur et ad imperatores initio pertinebat milites quoque privatim pro suo reditu vota susceperunt et Fortunae Reduci solverunt, quod inscriptiones testantur.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*{{AE|1954|103}} {{AE|1985|694}} {{CIL|8|6944}} 
*[[Dio Cassius]] 54.10.
*[[Res gestae Divi Augusti|Res Gestae Divi Augusti]] I.11.
*[[Fasti Amiterni]]
*[[Sextus Propertius|Propertius]] IV.3.71

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Francesca de Caprariis, &quot;[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/44367657 FORTUNA REDUX]&quot;, ''Archeologia Classica'', 2005: 131-153
*Melanie Grunow Sobocinski, &quot;[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/25750539 Porta Triumphalis and Fortuna Redux: reconsideruing the evidence]&quot;, ''Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome'', 2009: 135-164

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fortuna_Redux Fortunam Reducem] pertinent
*[https://edcs.hist.uzh.ch/search?searchtext1=reduci&amp;searchtext2=fortunae Tituli Fortunae Reduci dedicati] apud EDCS.
[[Categoria:Deae Romanae]]
[[Categoria:Religio Romana]]</text>
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        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
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      <comment>/* De templo et nummis */</comment>
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      <text bytes="4381" sha1="lxe2j93f8fu9my9nph7zmfs4dif85x9" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:RIC I 322.jpg|thumb|Denarius a Quinto Rustio paulo post 19 a.C.n. signatus. In altera parte ara litteris FOR RE inscripta conspicua est, hoc est Foruna Redux.]]
'''Fortuna Redux''' est dea Romana antiqua quae [[Imperator Romanus|imperatorem]] ex expeditionibus salvum Romam reducebat, ita munus speciale [[Fortuna (dea)|deae Fortunae]] absolvens. 
== De ara et Augustalibus ==
Ab anno [[19 a.C.n.]] quotannis in eius honorem [[Augustalia]] a [[pontifex|pontificibus]] et [[Vestalis|Vestalibus]] a.d. IV [[Idus]] Octobres ([[12 Octobris]]), qui dies Augusto reditus fuit, celebrabantur. Haec fuerunt ipsius verba:
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Aram Fortunae Reducis ante aedes Honoris et Virtutis ad portam Capenam pro reditu meo senatus consacravit, in qua pontifices et virgines Vestales anniversarium sacrificium facere iussit eo die quo, consulibus Q. Lucretio et M. Vinicio, in urbem ex Syria redieram, et diem Augustalia ex cognomine nostro appellavit''&lt;ref&gt;''Res Gestae Divi Augusti'' 11. Graece in [[Monumentum Ancyrae|Monumento Ancyrano]]: ''Βωμὸν Τύχης Σωτηρίου ὑπὲρ τῆς ἐμῆς ἐπανόδου πρὸς τῆι Καπῆνηι πύληι ἡ σύνκλητος ἀφιέρωσεν· πρὸς ὧι τοὺς ἱερεῖς καὶ τὰς ἱερείας ἐνιαύσιον θυσίαν ποιεῖν ἐκέλευσεν ἐν ἐκείνηι τῆι ἡμέραι, ἐν ἧι ὑπάτοις Κοίντωι Λουκρητίωι καὶ Μάρκωι Οὐινουκίωι ἐκ Συρίας εἰς Ῥώμην ἐπανεληλύθειν, τήν τε ἡμέραν ἐκ τῆς ἡμετέρας ἐπωνυμίας προσηγόρευσεν Αὐγουστάλια''. &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;. 
Nam illo anno postquam icto cum [[Parthi|Parthis]] foedere e Syria rediit [[Augustus (imperator)|Augustus]] ex omnibus honoribus sibi a [[Senatus Romanus|senatu]] delatis aram tantum Fortunae Reduci erigendam simulata modestia recepit&lt;ref&gt;Dio Cassius 54.10.&lt;/ref&gt;. Quam aram in [[Denarius|denario]] [[Gens Rustia|Quinti Rusti]] videmus&lt;ref&gt;[https://en.numista.com/247802 Photographema] apud Numista. Cf [https://lesdioscures.com/2319au-aureus-auguste/ aureus  Augusti] ibidem.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ipsa ara die XVIII Kal. Decembres dedicata est ut indicant [[Fasti Amiterni]].
[[Fasciculus:GlanumAE1954,103.png|thumb|Stela votiva a veterano legionis XXI Rapacis erecta et [[Glanum|Glani]] reperta.]]

== De templo et nummis ==
Postea anno [[93]] imperator [[Domitianus]] e Germania [[Triumphus|triumphans]] rediens templum Fortunae Reduci aedificavit in clivo [[Capitolinus mons|Capitolino]] prope portam triumphalem&lt;ref&gt;[[Martialis]] VIII.65.&lt;/ref&gt;. Illius deae cultus usque ad quartum saeculum continuatus est et saepe in nummis celebratus est, in quibus nummis tamquam figura muliebris plerumque sedens  atque [[Gubernaculum|gubernaculumque]] et [[Cornu copiae|cornucopiam]] tenens exprimitur (e.g. apud [[Vespasianus|Vespasianum]]&lt;ref&gt;Nummi Vespasiani Fortunam Reducem stantem ostendunt.&lt;/ref&gt; et [[Traianus|Traianum]] et [[Lucius Verus|Lucium Verum]])&lt;ref&gt;Ut in hoc [https://fr.numista.com/280951 [[Antoninianus|antoniniano]] Gordiani III] apud Numista.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Quamquam ille cultus publice celebrabatur et ad imperatores initio pertinebat milites quoque privatim pro suo reditu [[Votum|vota]] susceperunt et Fortunae Reduci solverunt, quod inscriptiones testantur.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*{{AE|1954|103}} {{AE|1985|694}} {{CIL|8|6944}} 
*[[Dio Cassius]] 54.10.
*[[Res gestae Divi Augusti|Res Gestae Divi Augusti]] I.11.
*[[Fasti Amiterni]]
*[[Sextus Propertius|Propertius]] IV.3.71

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Francesca de Caprariis, &quot;[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/44367657 FORTUNA REDUX]&quot;, ''Archeologia Classica'', 2005: 131-153
*Melanie Grunow Sobocinski, &quot;[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/25750539 Porta Triumphalis and Fortuna Redux: reconsideruing the evidence]&quot;, ''Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome'', 2009: 135-164

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fortuna_Redux Fortunam Reducem] pertinent
*[https://edcs.hist.uzh.ch/search?searchtext1=reduci&amp;searchtext2=fortunae Tituli Fortunae Reduci dedicati] apud EDCS.
[[Categoria:Deae Romanae]]
[[Categoria:Religio Romana]]</text>
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        <id>2059</id>
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      <comment>/* Fontes */</comment>
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      <text bytes="4515" sha1="lntvi38jrky77tp92zplia0xo6c2p09" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:RIC I 322.jpg|thumb|Denarius a Quinto Rustio paulo post 19 a.C.n. signatus. In altera parte ara litteris FOR RE inscripta conspicua est, hoc est Foruna Redux.]]
'''Fortuna Redux''' est dea Romana antiqua quae [[Imperator Romanus|imperatorem]] ex expeditionibus salvum Romam reducebat, ita munus speciale [[Fortuna (dea)|deae Fortunae]] absolvens. 
== De ara et Augustalibus ==
Ab anno [[19 a.C.n.]] quotannis in eius honorem [[Augustalia]] a [[pontifex|pontificibus]] et [[Vestalis|Vestalibus]] a.d. IV [[Idus]] Octobres ([[12 Octobris]]), qui dies Augusto reditus fuit, celebrabantur. Haec fuerunt ipsius verba:
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Aram Fortunae Reducis ante aedes Honoris et Virtutis ad portam Capenam pro reditu meo senatus consacravit, in qua pontifices et virgines Vestales anniversarium sacrificium facere iussit eo die quo, consulibus Q. Lucretio et M. Vinicio, in urbem ex Syria redieram, et diem Augustalia ex cognomine nostro appellavit''&lt;ref&gt;''Res Gestae Divi Augusti'' 11. Graece in [[Monumentum Ancyrae|Monumento Ancyrano]]: ''Βωμὸν Τύχης Σωτηρίου ὑπὲρ τῆς ἐμῆς ἐπανόδου πρὸς τῆι Καπῆνηι πύληι ἡ σύνκλητος ἀφιέρωσεν· πρὸς ὧι τοὺς ἱερεῖς καὶ τὰς ἱερείας ἐνιαύσιον θυσίαν ποιεῖν ἐκέλευσεν ἐν ἐκείνηι τῆι ἡμέραι, ἐν ἧι ὑπάτοις Κοίντωι Λουκρητίωι καὶ Μάρκωι Οὐινουκίωι ἐκ Συρίας εἰς Ῥώμην ἐπανεληλύθειν, τήν τε ἡμέραν ἐκ τῆς ἡμετέρας ἐπωνυμίας προσηγόρευσεν Αὐγουστάλια''. &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;. 
Nam illo anno postquam icto cum [[Parthi|Parthis]] foedere e Syria rediit [[Augustus (imperator)|Augustus]] ex omnibus honoribus sibi a [[Senatus Romanus|senatu]] delatis aram tantum Fortunae Reduci erigendam simulata modestia recepit&lt;ref&gt;Dio Cassius 54.10.&lt;/ref&gt;. Quam aram in [[Denarius|denario]] [[Gens Rustia|Quinti Rusti]] videmus&lt;ref&gt;[https://en.numista.com/247802 Photographema] apud Numista. Cf [https://lesdioscures.com/2319au-aureus-auguste/ aureus  Augusti] ibidem.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ipsa ara die XVIII Kal. Decembres dedicata est ut indicant [[Fasti Amiterni]].
[[Fasciculus:GlanumAE1954,103.png|thumb|Stela votiva a veterano legionis XXI Rapacis erecta et [[Glanum|Glani]] reperta.]]

== De templo et nummis ==
Postea anno [[93]] imperator [[Domitianus]] e Germania [[Triumphus|triumphans]] rediens templum Fortunae Reduci aedificavit in clivo [[Capitolinus mons|Capitolino]] prope portam triumphalem&lt;ref&gt;[[Martialis]] VIII.65.&lt;/ref&gt;. Illius deae cultus usque ad quartum saeculum continuatus est et saepe in nummis celebratus est, in quibus nummis tamquam figura muliebris plerumque sedens  atque [[Gubernaculum|gubernaculumque]] et [[Cornu copiae|cornucopiam]] tenens exprimitur (e.g. apud [[Vespasianus|Vespasianum]]&lt;ref&gt;Nummi Vespasiani Fortunam Reducem stantem ostendunt.&lt;/ref&gt; et [[Traianus|Traianum]] et [[Lucius Verus|Lucium Verum]])&lt;ref&gt;Ut in hoc [https://fr.numista.com/280951 [[Antoninianus|antoniniano]] Gordiani III] apud Numista.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Quamquam ille cultus publice celebrabatur et ad imperatores initio pertinebat milites quoque privatim pro suo reditu [[Votum|vota]] susceperunt et Fortunae Reduci solverunt, quod inscriptiones testantur.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
[[Fasciculus:Antoninianus - Avrelianus, FORTVNA REDVX.png|thumb|Fortuna redux in antoniniano [[Aurelianus |Aureliani imperatoris]].]]
*{{AE|1954|103}} {{AE|1985|694}} {{CIL|8|6944}} 
*[[Dio Cassius]] 54.10.
*[[Res gestae Divi Augusti|Res Gestae Divi Augusti]] I.11.
*[[Fasti Amiterni]]
*[[Sextus Propertius|Propertius]] IV.3.71

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Francesca de Caprariis, &quot;[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/44367657 FORTUNA REDUX]&quot;, ''Archeologia Classica'', 2005: 131-153
*Melanie Grunow Sobocinski, &quot;[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/25750539 Porta Triumphalis and Fortuna Redux: reconsideruing the evidence]&quot;, ''Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome'', 2009: 135-164

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fortuna_Redux Fortunam Reducem] pertinent
*[https://edcs.hist.uzh.ch/search?searchtext1=reduci&amp;searchtext2=fortunae Tituli Fortunae Reduci dedicati] apud EDCS.
[[Categoria:Deae Romanae]]
[[Categoria:Religio Romana]]</text>
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    <revision>
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      <text bytes="4512" sha1="0tfdnxyk95ky43ldvns7yg7j878q2wd" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:RIC I 322.jpg|thumb|Denarius a Quinto Rustio paulo post 19 a.C.n. signatus. In altera parte ara litteris FOR RE inscripta conspicua est, hoc est Foruna Redux.]]
'''Fortuna Redux''' est dea Romana antiqua quae [[Imperator Romanus|imperatorem]] ex expeditionibus salvum Romam reducebat, ita munus speciale [[Fortuna (dea)|deae Fortunae]] absolvens. 
== De ara et Augustalibus ==
Ab anno [[19 a.C.n.]] quotannis in eius honorem [[Augustalia]] a [[pontifex|pontificibus]] et [[Vestalis|Vestalibus]] a.d. IV [[Idus]] Octobres ([[12 Octobris]]), qui dies Augusto reditus fuit, celebrabantur. Haec fuerunt ipsius verba:
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Aram Fortunae Reducis ante aedes Honoris et Virtutis ad portam Capenam pro reditu meo senatus consacravit, in qua pontifices et virgines Vestales anniversarium sacrificium facere iussit eo die quo, consulibus Q. Lucretio et M. Vinicio, in urbem ex Syria redieram, et diem Augustalia ex cognomine nostro appellavit''&lt;ref&gt;''Res Gestae Divi Augusti'' 11. Graece in [[Monumentum Ancyrae|Monumento Ancyrano]]: ''Βωμὸν Τύχης Σωτηρίου ὑπὲρ τῆς ἐμῆς ἐπανόδου πρὸς τῆι Καπῆνηι πύληι ἡ σύνκλητος ἀφιέρωσεν· πρὸς ὧι τοὺς ἱερεῖς καὶ τὰς ἱερείας ἐνιαύσιον θυσίαν ποιεῖν ἐκέλευσεν ἐν ἐκείνηι τῆι ἡμέραι, ἐν ἧι ὑπάτοις Κοίντωι Λουκρητίωι καὶ Μάρκωι Οὐινουκίωι ἐκ Συρίας εἰς Ῥώμην ἐπανεληλύθειν, τήν τε ἡμέραν ἐκ τῆς ἡμετέρας ἐπωνυμίας προσηγόρευσεν Αὐγουστάλια''. &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;. 
Nam illo anno postquam icto cum [[Parthi|Parthis]] foedere e Syria rediit [[Augustus (imperator)|Augustus]] ex omnibus honoribus sibi a [[Senatus Romanus|senatu]] delatis aram tantum Fortunae Reduci erigendam simulata modestia recepit&lt;ref&gt;Dio Cassius 54.10.&lt;/ref&gt;. Quam aram in [[Denarius|denario]] [[Gens Rustia|Quinti Rusti]] videmus&lt;ref&gt;[https://en.numista.com/247802 Photographema] apud Numista. Cf [https://lesdioscures.com/2319au-aureus-auguste/ aureus  Augusti] ibidem.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ipsa ara die XVIII Kal. Decembres dedicata est ut indicant [[Fasti Amiterni]].
[[Fasciculus:GlanumAE1954,103.png|thumb|Stela votiva a veterano legionis XXI Rapacis erecta et [[Glanum|Glani]] reperta.]]

== De templo et nummis ==
Postea anno [[93]] imperator [[Domitianus]] e Germania [[Triumphus|triumphans]] rediens templum Fortunae Reduci aedificavit in clivo [[Capitolinus mons|Capitolino]] prope portam triumphalem&lt;ref&gt;[[Martialis]] VIII.65.&lt;/ref&gt;. Illius deae cultus usque ad quartum saeculum continuatus est et saepe in nummis celebratus est, in quibus nummis tamquam figura muliebris plerumque sedens  atque [[Gubernaculum|gubernaculum]] et [[Cornu copiae|cornucopiam]] tenens exprimitur (e.g. apud [[Vespasianus|Vespasianum]]&lt;ref&gt;Nummi Vespasiani Fortunam Reducem stantem ostendunt.&lt;/ref&gt; et [[Traianus|Traianum]] et [[Lucius Verus|Lucium Verum]])&lt;ref&gt;Ut in hoc [https://fr.numista.com/280951 [[Antoninianus|antoniniano]] Gordiani III] apud Numista.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Quamquam ille cultus publice celebrabatur et ad imperatores initio pertinebat milites quoque privatim pro suo reditu [[Votum|vota]] susceperunt et Fortunae Reduci solverunt, quod inscriptiones testantur.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
[[Fasciculus:Antoninianus - Avrelianus, FORTVNA REDVX.png|thumb|Fortuna redux in antoniniano [[Aurelianus |Aureliani imperatoris]].]]
*{{AE|1954|103}} {{AE|1985|694}} {{CIL|8|6944}} 
*[[Dio Cassius]] 54.10.
*[[Res gestae Divi Augusti|Res Gestae Divi Augusti]] I.11.
*[[Fasti Amiterni]]
*[[Sextus Propertius|Propertius]] IV.3.71

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Francesca de Caprariis, &quot;[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/44367657 FORTUNA REDUX]&quot;, ''Archeologia Classica'', 2005: 131-153
*Melanie Grunow Sobocinski, &quot;[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/25750539 Porta Triumphalis and Fortuna Redux: reconsideruing the evidence]&quot;, ''Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome'', 2009: 135-164

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fortuna_Redux Fortunam Reducem] pertinent
*[https://edcs.hist.uzh.ch/search?searchtext1=reduci&amp;searchtext2=fortunae Tituli Fortunae Reduci dedicati] apud EDCS.
[[Categoria:Deae Romanae]]
[[Categoria:Religio Romana]]</text>
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        <id>2059</id>
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      <text bytes="4511" sha1="dbs0e6tmutqqqp1opo7pzkr935xtq00" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:RIC I 322.jpg|thumb|Denarius a Quinto Rustio paulo post 19 a.C.n. signatus. In altera parte ara litteris FOR RE inscripta conspicua est, hoc est Foruna Redux.]]
'''Fortuna Redux''' est dea Romana antiqua quae [[Imperator Romanus|imperatorem]] ex expeditionibus salvum Romam reducebat, ita munus speciale [[Fortuna (dea)|deae Fortunae]] absolvens. 
== De ara et Augustalibus ==
Ab anno [[19 a.C.n.]] quotannis in eius honorem [[Augustalia]] a [[pontifex|pontificibus]] et [[Vestalis|Vestalibus]] a.d. IV [[Idus]] Octobres ([[12 Octobris]]), qui dies Augusto reditus fuit, celebrabantur. Haec fuerunt ipsius verba:
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Aram Fortunae Reducis ante aedes Honoris et Virtutis ad portam Capenam pro reditu meo senatus consacravit, in qua pontifices et virgines Vestales anniversarium sacrificium facere iussit eo die quo, consulibus Q. Lucretio et M. Vinicio, in urbem ex Syria redieram, et diem Augustalia ex cognomine nostro appellavit''&lt;ref&gt;''Res Gestae Divi Augusti'' 11. Graece in [[Monumentum Ancyrae|Monumento Ancyrano]]: ''Βωμὸν Τύχης Σωτηρίου ὑπὲρ τῆς ἐμῆς ἐπανόδου πρὸς τῆι Καπῆνηι πύληι ἡ σύνκλητος ἀφιέρωσεν· πρὸς ὧι τοὺς ἱερεῖς καὶ τὰς ἱερείας ἐνιαύσιον θυσίαν ποιεῖν ἐκέλευσεν ἐν ἐκείνηι τῆι ἡμέραι, ἐν ἧι ὑπάτοις Κοίντωι Λουκρητίωι καὶ Μάρκωι Οὐινουκίωι ἐκ Συρίας εἰς Ῥώμην ἐπανεληλύθειν, τήν τε ἡμέραν ἐκ τῆς ἡμετέρας ἐπωνυμίας προσηγόρευσεν Αὐγουστάλια''. &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;. 
Nam illo anno postquam icto cum [[Parthi|Parthis]] foedere e Syria rediit [[Augustus (imperator)|Augustus]] ex omnibus honoribus sibi a [[Senatus Romanus|senatu]] delatis aram tantum Fortunae Reduci erigendam simulata modestia recepit&lt;ref&gt;Dio Cassius 54.10.&lt;/ref&gt;. Quam aram in [[Denarius|denario]] [[Gens Rustia|Quinti Rusti]] videmus&lt;ref&gt;[https://en.numista.com/247802 Photographema] apud Numista. Cf [https://lesdioscures.com/2319au-aureus-auguste/ aureus  Augusti] ibidem.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ipsa ara die XVIII Kal. Decembres dedicata est ut indicant [[Fasti Amiterni]].
[[Fasciculus:GlanumAE1954,103.png|thumb|Stela votiva a veterano legionis XXI Rapacis erecta et [[Glanum|Glani]] reperta.]]

== De templo et nummis ==
Postea anno [[93]] imperator [[Domitianus]] e Germania [[Triumphus|triumphans]] rediens templum Fortunae Reduci aedificavit in clivo [[Capitolinus mons|Capitolino]] prope portam triumphalem&lt;ref&gt;[[Martialis]] VIII.65.&lt;/ref&gt;. Illius deae cultus usque ad quartum saeculum continuatus est et saepe in nummis celebratus est, in quibus nummis tamquam figura muliebris plerumque sedens  atque [[Gubernaculum|gubernaculum]] et [[Cornu copiae|cornucopiam]] tenens exprimitur (e.g. apud [[Vespasianus|Vespasianum]]&lt;ref&gt;Nummi Vespasiani Fortunam Reducem stantem ostendunt.&lt;/ref&gt; et [[Traianus|Traianum]] et [[Lucius Verus|Lucium Verum]])&lt;ref&gt;Ut in hoc [https://fr.numista.com/280951 [[Antoninianus|antoniniano]] Gordiani III] apud Numista.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Quamquam ille cultus publice celebrabatur et ad imperatores initio pertinebat milites quoque privatim pro suo reditu [[Votum|vota]] susceperunt et Fortunae Reduci solverunt, quod inscriptiones testantur.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
[[Fasciculus:Antoninianus - Avrelianus, FORTVNA REDVX.png|thumb|Fortuna redux in antoniniano [[Aurelianus |Aureliani imperatoris]].]]
*{{AE|1954|103}} {{AE|1985|694}} {{CIL|8|6944}} 
*[[Dio Cassius]] 54.10.
*[[Res gestae Divi Augusti|Res Gestae Divi Augusti]] I.11.
*[[Fasti Amiterni]]
*[[Sextus Propertius|Propertius]] IV.3.71

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Francesca de Caprariis, &quot;[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/44367657 FORTUNA REDUX]&quot;, ''Archeologia Classica'', 2005: 131-153
*Melanie Grunow Sobocinski, &quot;[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/25750539 Porta Triumphalis and Fortuna Redux: reconsidering the evidence]&quot;, ''Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome'', 2009: 135-164

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fortuna_Redux Fortunam Reducem] pertinent
*[https://edcs.hist.uzh.ch/search?searchtext1=reduci&amp;searchtext2=fortunae Tituli Fortunae Reduci dedicati] apud EDCS.
[[Categoria:Deae Romanae]]
[[Categoria:Religio Romana]]</text>
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    <title>Jussarupt</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>creatio a francica documentatione</comment>
      <origin>3983594</origin>
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[[Fasciculus:Jussarupt, Église Saint-Léger et Sainte-Gertrude.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Jussarupt: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[sanctus|Sanctis]] [[Sanctus Leodegarius|Leodegario]] [[Gertrudis de Helfta|Gertrudique]] dicata.]]
{{res|Jussarupt}} est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 256 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] in regione [[Magnus Oriens|Magno Oriente]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Vosegi]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Jussarupt|Jussarupt}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vosegi]]</text>
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      <comment>attributio</comment>
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    <title>Jubani villa</title>
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        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
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      <comment>creatio a francica documentatione</comment>
      <origin>3983598</origin>
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[[Fasciculus:Eglise de Jubainville.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Jubani villa: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] Sancto Euchario dicata.]]
{{res|Jubani villa}} seu '''Gilbenvilla'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Graesse}}, t. 2, p. 309.&lt;/ref&gt; (Francogallice ''Jubainville'') est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 88 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] in regione [[Magnus Oriens|Magno Oriente]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Vosegi]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Jubainville|Jubani villam}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vosegi]]</text>
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        <username>Pippobuono</username>
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      <comment>attributio</comment>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
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      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Gusborn]] ad [[Gusbornium]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam</comment>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Hage]] ad [[Haga (Saxonia Inferior)]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam</comment>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Hage (commune generale)]] ad [[Haga (commune generale)]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam</comment>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Hagermarsch]] ad [[Palus Hagensis]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam</comment>
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    <title>Index Communium Rhenaniae Septentrionalis et Vestfaliae</title>
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        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Index Communium Rhenaniae Septentrionalis et Vestfaliae]] ad [[Index communium Rhenaniae Septentrionalis et Vestfaliae]]: Orthographia emendata</comment>
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        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
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      </contributor>
      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Disputatio:Index Communium Rhenaniae Septentrionalis et Vestfaliae]] ad [[Disputatio:Index communium Rhenaniae Septentrionalis et Vestfaliae]]: Orthographia emendata</comment>
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{{De hac redirectione}}</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Halbemond]] ad [[Halbemontium]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam</comment>
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        <username>Fotoliptofono</username>
        <id>182313</id>
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      <comment>Redirigens ad [[California]]</comment>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-25T19:45:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Neuenhaus]] ad [[Neuenhusa]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam</comment>
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        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirigens ad [[Neuenhusa]]</comment>
      <origin>3983698</origin>
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        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Neuenhaus (commune generale)]] ad [[Neuenhusa (commune generale)]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam</comment>
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    <title>Halle (comitatus Binethensis)</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>3983711</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Halle (comitatus Binethensis)]] ad [[Halla (Comitatus Binethensis)]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam</comment>
      <origin>3983711</origin>
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    <title>Halle (Holtisminni)</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Halle (Holtisminni)]] ad [[Halla (Holtisminni)]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam</comment>
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  <page>
    <title>Jorxey</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>328001</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3983799</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T07:52:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>creatio a francica documentatione</comment>
      <origin>3983799</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="788" sha1="o3q6eyn32cpmrkgy0ot2rcs852tush6" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Jorxey, Église Saint-Èvre 1.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Jorxey: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[sanctus Aper|Sancto Apro]] dicata.]]
{{res|Jorxey}} est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 81 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] in regione [[Magnus Oriens|Magno Oriente]].

== Civis notabilis ==
* [[Ioannes Lescoffier]] (1875-1947), magister litterarum Gallicarum, necnon interpres linguae Danicae et Norvegicae, hic natus est.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Vosegi]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Jorxey|Jorxey}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vosegi]]</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Disputatio:Jorxey</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>328002</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3983800</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T07:53:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>attributio</comment>
      <origin>3983800</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="34" sha1="1wp2lc6iqtofr4opyftalic2g2m8pvd" xml:space="preserve">{{attributio|fr|Jorxey|237092733}}</text>
      <sha1>1wp2lc6iqtofr4opyftalic2g2m8pvd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jeuxey</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>328003</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3983801</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T07:57:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>creatio e francica documentatione</comment>
      <origin>3983801</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="620" sha1="98axvjck2oi9d5gjvxj2x1iwuso5vn2" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Jeuxey 88.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Jeuxey: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[sanctus Guarinus|Sancto Guarino]] dicata.]]
{{res|Jeuxey}} est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 663 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] in regione [[Magnus Oriens|Magno Oriente]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Vosegi]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Jeuxey|Jeuxey}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vosegi]]</text>
      <sha1>98axvjck2oi9d5gjvxj2x1iwuso5vn2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Disputatio:Jeuxey</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>328004</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3983802</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T07:59:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>attributio</comment>
      <origin>3983802</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="34" sha1="bsqe9gew2p4hpq7i4muo71tindos6z7" xml:space="preserve">{{attributio|fr|Jeuxey|237373099}}</text>
      <sha1>bsqe9gew2p4hpq7i4muo71tindos6z7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>15.ai</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>328005</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3983803</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T07:59:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-46426-70</username>
        <id>213935</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Paginam instituit, scribens '[[Fasciculus:15chill.png|thumb|Persona equina auctoris 15 (''{{subst:pcc|ponysona|en=ponysona}}'')]] '''15.ai''' fuit [[situs interretialis]] gratuitus atque ad quaestum non destinatus,&lt;ref name=&quot;Phillips2022&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Phillips |first=Tom |title=Troy Baker-backed NFT firm admits using voice lines taken from another service without permission |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/troy-baker-backed-nft-firm-admits-using-voice-lines-taken-from-another-service-wit...'</comment>
      <origin>3983803</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3020" sha1="pnidvdvgi8cyg99drrwvllnekofp036" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:15chill.png|thumb|Persona equina auctoris 15 (''{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|ponysona||en|qid=Q133881312}}'')]]
'''15.ai''' fuit [[situs interretialis]] gratuitus atque ad quaestum non destinatus,&lt;ref name=&quot;Phillips2022&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Phillips |first=Tom |title=Troy Baker-backed NFT firm admits using voice lines taken from another service without permission |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/troy-baker-backed-nft-firm-admits-using-voice-lines-taken-from-another-service-without-permission |work=Eurogamer |date=2022-01-17 |access-date=2026-08-26 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; quo [[intellegentia artificialis]] ad voces personarum ficticiarum imitandas adhibebatur.&lt;ref name=&quot;KYLAT2021&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=KYLAT |title=這個AI語音可以模仿《傳送門》GLaDOS講出任何對白！連《Undertale》都可以學|url=https://game.udn.com/game/story/10453/5189551 |work=United Daily News |date=2021-01-20 |access-date=2026-08-26 |language=zh-TW}}&lt;/ref&gt; A programmatore uno,&lt;ref name=&quot;Zwiezen2021&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Zwiezen |first=Zack |title=Website Lets You Make GLaDOS Say Whatever You Want |url=https://kotaku.com/this-website-lets-you-make-glados-say-whatever-you-want-1846062835 |work=Kotaku |date=2021-01-17 |access-date=2026-08-26 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; qui pseudonymo '''15''' utebatur, creatus, anno [[2020]] publicatus est.&lt;ref name=&quot;15dev&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=15 |title=15 |url=https://15.dev/ |work=15.dev |access-date=2026-08-26 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Usoribus licebat textum scribere et personam ex [[ludus electronicus|ludis electronicis]], pelliculis vel operibus televisificis eligere; situs deinde verba voce illius personae variisque animi affectibus proferebat.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ruppert2021&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Ruppert |first=Liana |title=Make Portal's GLaDOS And Other Beloved Characters Say The Weirdest Things With This App |url=https://gameinformer.com/gamer-culture/2021/01/18/make-portals-glados-and-other-beloved-characters-say-the-weirdest-things |work=Game Informer |date=2021-01-18 |access-date=2026-08-26 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Technologia eius e quindecim tantum secundis soni voces imitari poterat.&lt;ref name=&quot;Phillips2022&quot; /&gt; Inter fautores celeriter divulgatus est.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clayton2021&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Clayton |first=Natalie |title=Make the cast of TF2 recite old memes with this AI text-to-speech tool |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/make-the-cast-of-tf2-recite-old-memes-with-this-ai-text-to-speech-tool/ |work=PC Gamer |date=2021-01-19 |access-date=2026-08-26 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Morton2021&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Morton |first=Lauren |title=Put words in game characters' mouths with this fascinating text to speech tool |url=https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/put-words-in-game-characters-mouths-with-this-fascinating-text-to-speech-tool |work=Rock Paper Shotgun |date=2021-01-18 |access-date=2026-08-26 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Intellegentia artificialis]]
[[Categoria:Situs interretiales]]
[[Categoria:Programmata computatralia]]</text>
      <sha1>pnidvdvgi8cyg99drrwvllnekofp036</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3983804</id>
      <parentid>3983803</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T08:16:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Minora</comment>
      <origin>3983804</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3116" sha1="j266x8w504qwlwlzhlicp0nuc257nji" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:15chill.png|thumb|Persona equina auctoris 15 (''{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|ponysona||en|qid=Q133881312}}'')]]

{{res|15.ai}} fuit [[situs interretialis]] gratuitus atque ad lucrum non destinatus,&lt;ref name=&quot;Phillips2022&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen = Phillips
	| nomen = Tom
	| titulus = Troy Baker-backed NFT firm admits using voice lines taken from another service without permission
	| contextus = Eurogamer
	| tempus = 2022-01-17
	| lingua = en
	| url = https://www.eurogamer.net/troy-baker-backed-nft-firm-admits-using-voice-lines-taken-from-another-service-without-permission
	| tempus inspectionis = 2026-08-26
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; quo [[intellegentia artificialis]] ad voces personarum ficticiarum imitandas adhibebatur.&lt;ref name=&quot;KYLAT2021&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| auctor = KYLAT
	| titulus = 這個AI語音可以模仿《傳送門》GLaDOS講出任何對白！連《Undertale》都可以學
	| contextus = United Daily News
	| tempus = 2021-01-20
	| lingua = zh-TW
	| url = https://game.udn.com/game/story/10453/5189551
	| tempus inspectionis = 2026-08-26
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; A programmatore uno,&lt;ref name=&quot;Zwiezen2021&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Zwiezen |first=Zack |title=Website Lets You Make GLaDOS Say Whatever You Want |url=https://kotaku.com/this-website-lets-you-make-glados-say-whatever-you-want-1846062835 |work=Kotaku |date=2021-01-17 |access-date=2026-08-26 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; qui pseudonymo '''15''' utebatur, creatus, anno [[2020]] publicatus est.&lt;ref name=&quot;15dev&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=15 |title=15 |url=https://15.dev/ |work=15.dev |access-date=2026-08-26 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Usoribus licebat textum scribere et personam ex [[ludus electronicus|ludis electronicis]], pelliculis vel operibus televisificis eligere; situs deinde verba voce illius personae variisque animi affectibus proferebat.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ruppert2021&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Ruppert |first=Liana |title=Make Portal's GLaDOS And Other Beloved Characters Say The Weirdest Things With This App |url=https://gameinformer.com/gamer-culture/2021/01/18/make-portals-glados-and-other-beloved-characters-say-the-weirdest-things |work=Game Informer |date=2021-01-18 |access-date=2026-08-26 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Technologia eius e quindecim tantum secundis soni voces imitari poterat.&lt;ref name=&quot;Phillips2022&quot; /&gt; Inter fautores celeriter divulgatus est.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clayton2021&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Clayton |first=Natalie |title=Make the cast of TF2 recite old memes with this AI text-to-speech tool |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/make-the-cast-of-tf2-recite-old-memes-with-this-ai-text-to-speech-tool/ |work=PC Gamer |date=2021-01-19 |access-date=2026-08-26 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Morton2021&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Morton |first=Lauren |title=Put words in game characters' mouths with this fascinating text to speech tool |url=https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/put-words-in-game-characters-mouths-with-this-fascinating-text-to-speech-tool |work=Rock Paper Shotgun |date=2021-01-18 |access-date=2026-08-26 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Intellegentia artificialis]]
[[Categoria:Situs interretiales]]
[[Categoria:Programmata computatralia]]</text>
      <sha1>j266x8w504qwlwlzhlicp0nuc257nji</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3983807</id>
      <parentid>3983804</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T08:22:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3983807</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3407" sha1="22r3br4iuk311xzjiobsj6bdhnckzzw" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:15chill.png|thumb|Persona equina auctoris 15 (''{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|ponysona||en|qid=Q133881312}}'')]]

{{res|15.ai}} fuit [[situs interretialis]] gratuitus atque ad lucrum non destinatus,&lt;ref name=&quot;Phillips2022&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris = Phillips
	| nomen auctoris = Thomas
	| titulus = Troy Baker-backed NFT firm admits using voice lines taken from another service without permission
	| contextus = Eurogamer
	| tempus = 2022-01-17
	| lingua = en
	| url = https://www.eurogamer.net/troy-baker-backed-nft-firm-admits-using-voice-lines-taken-from-another-service-without-permission
	| tempus inspectionis = 2026-08-26
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; quo [[intellegentia artificialis]] ad voces personarum ficticiarum imitandas adhibebatur.&lt;ref name=&quot;KYLAT2021&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| omnes auctores aliique = KYLAT
	| titulus = 這個AI語音可以模仿《傳送門》GLaDOS講出任何對白！連《Undertale》都可以學
	| contextus = United Daily News
	| tempus = 2021-01-20
	| lingua = zh-TW
	| url = https://game.udn.com/game/story/10453/5189551
	| tempus inspectionis = 2026-08-26
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; A programmatore uno,&lt;ref name=&quot;Zwiezen2021&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris = Zwiezen
	| nomen auctoris = Zacharias
	| titulus = Website Lets You Make GLaDOS Say Whatever You Want
	| contextus = Kotaku
	| tempus = 2021-01-17
	| lingua = en
	| url = https://kotaku.com/this-website-lets-you-make-glados-say-whatever-you-want-1846062835
	| tempus inspectionis = 2026-08-26
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; qui pseudonymo '''15''' utebatur, creatus, anno [[2020]] publicatus est.&lt;ref name=&quot;15dev&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| auctor = 15
	| titulus = 15
	| contextus = 15.dev
	| lingua = en
	| url = https://15.dev/
	| tempus inspectionis = 2026-08-26
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Usoribus licebat textum scribere et personam ex [[ludus electronicus|ludis electronicis]], pelliculis vel operibus televisificis eligere; situs deinde verba voce illius personae variisque animi affectibus proferebat.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ruppert2021&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen = Ruppert
	| nomen = Liana
	| titulus = Make Portal's GLaDOS And Other Beloved Characters Say The Weirdest Things With This App
	| contextus = Game Informer
	| tempus = 2021-01-18
	| lingua = en
	| url = https://gameinformer.com/gamer-culture/2021/01/18/make-portals-glados-and-other-beloved-characters-say-the-weirdest-things
	| tempus inspectionis = 2026-08-26
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Technologia eius e quindecim tantum secundis soni voces imitari poterat.&lt;ref name=&quot;Phillips2022&quot; /&gt; Inter fautores celeriter divulgatus est.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clayton2021&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen = Clayton
	| nomen = Natalie
	| titulus = Make the cast of TF2 recite old memes with this AI text-to-speech tool
	| contextus = PC Gamer
	| tempus = 2021-01-19
	| lingua = en
	| url = https://www.pcgamer.com/make-the-cast-of-tf2-recite-old-memes-with-this-ai-text-to-speech-tool/
	| tempus inspectionis = 2026-08-26
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Morton2021&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen = Morton
	| nomen = Lauren
	| titulus = Put words in game characters' mouths with this fascinating text to speech tool
	| contextus = Rock Paper Shotgun
	| tempus = 2021-01-18
	| lingua = en
	| url = https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/put-words-in-game-characters-mouths-with-this-fascinating-text-to-speech-tool
	| tempus inspectionis = 2026-08-26
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Intellegentia artificialis]]
[[Categoria:Situs interretiales]]
[[Categoria:Programmata computatralia]]</text>
      <sha1>22r3br4iuk311xzjiobsj6bdhnckzzw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3983808</id>
      <parentid>3983807</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T08:23:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3983808</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3467" sha1="kqtq2iluyuicv763uhzfe7r7n383v0c" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:15chill.png|thumb|Persona equina auctoris 15 (''{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|ponysona||en|qid=Q133881312}}'')]]

{{res|15.ai}} fuit [[situs interretialis]] gratuitus atque ad lucrum non destinatus,&lt;ref name=&quot;Phillips2022&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris = Phillips
	| nomen auctoris = Thomas
	| titulus = Troy Baker-backed NFT firm admits using voice lines taken from another service without permission
	| contextus = Eurogamer
	| tempus = 2022-01-17
	| lingua = en
	| url = https://www.eurogamer.net/troy-baker-backed-nft-firm-admits-using-voice-lines-taken-from-another-service-without-permission
	| tempus inspectionis = 2026-08-26
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; quo [[intellegentia artificialis]] ad voces personarum ficticiarum imitandas adhibebatur.&lt;ref name=&quot;KYLAT2021&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| omnes auctores aliique = KYLAT
	| titulus = 這個AI語音可以模仿《傳送門》GLaDOS講出任何對白！連《Undertale》都可以學
	| contextus = United Daily News
	| tempus = 2021-01-20
	| lingua = zh-TW
	| url = https://game.udn.com/game/story/10453/5189551
	| tempus inspectionis = 2026-08-26
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; A programmatore uno,&lt;ref name=&quot;Zwiezen2021&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris = Zwiezen
	| nomen auctoris = Zacharias
	| titulus = Website Lets You Make GLaDOS Say Whatever You Want
	| contextus = Kotaku
	| tempus = 2021-01-17
	| lingua = en
	| url = https://kotaku.com/this-website-lets-you-make-glados-say-whatever-you-want-1846062835
	| tempus inspectionis = 2026-08-26
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; qui pseudonymo '''15''' utebatur, creatus, anno [[2020]] publicatus est.&lt;ref name=&quot;15dev&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| auctor = 15
	| titulus = 15
	| contextus = 15.dev
	| lingua = en
	| url = https://15.dev/
	| tempus inspectionis = 2026-08-26
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Usoribus licebat textum scribere et personam ex [[ludus electronicus|ludis electronicis]], pelliculis vel operibus televisificis eligere; situs deinde verba voce illius personae variisque animi affectibus proferebat.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ruppert2021&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen auctricis = Ruppert
	| nomen auctricis = Liana
	| titulus = Make Portal's GLaDOS And Other Beloved Characters Say The Weirdest Things With This App
	| contextus = Game Informer
	| tempus = 2021-01-18
	| lingua = en
	| url = https://gameinformer.com/gamer-culture/2021/01/18/make-portals-glados-and-other-beloved-characters-say-the-weirdest-things
	| tempus inspectionis = 2026-08-26
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Technologia eius e quindecim tantum secundis soni voces imitari poterat.&lt;ref name=&quot;Phillips2022&quot; /&gt; Inter fautores celeriter divulgatus est.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clayton2021&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen auctricis = Clayton
	| nomen auctricis = Natalie
	| titulus = Make the cast of TF2 recite old memes with this AI text-to-speech tool
	| contextus = PC Gamer
	| tempus = 2021-01-19
	| lingua = en
	| url = https://www.pcgamer.com/make-the-cast-of-tf2-recite-old-memes-with-this-ai-text-to-speech-tool/
	| tempus inspectionis = 2026-08-26
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Morton2021&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen auctricis = Morton
	| nomen auctricis = Lauren
	| titulus = Put words in game characters' mouths with this fascinating text to speech tool
	| contextus = Rock Paper Shotgun
	| tempus = 2021-01-18
	| lingua = en
	| url = https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/put-words-in-game-characters-mouths-with-this-fascinating-text-to-speech-tool
	| tempus inspectionis = 2026-08-26
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Intellegentia artificialis]]
[[Categoria:Situs interretiales]]
[[Categoria:Programmata computatralia]]</text>
      <sha1>kqtq2iluyuicv763uhzfe7r7n383v0c</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3983809</id>
      <parentid>3983808</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T08:24:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>3983809</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3463" sha1="ifrii74ffelquymt0yux1cdehfvmmon" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:15chill.png|thumb|Persona equina auctoris 15 (''{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|ponysona||en|qid=Q133881312}}'')]]

{{res|15.ai}} fuit [[situs interretialis]] gratuitus atque ad lucrum non destinatus,&lt;ref name=&quot;Phillips2022&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris = Phillips
	| nomen auctoris = Thomas
	| titulus = Troy Baker-backed NFT firm admits using voice lines taken from another service without permission
	| contextus = Eurogamer
	| tempus = 2022-01-17
	| lingua = en
	| url = https://www.eurogamer.net/troy-baker-backed-nft-firm-admits-using-voice-lines-taken-from-another-service-without-permission
	| tempus inspectionis = 2026-08-26
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; quo [[intellegentia artificialis]] ad voces personarum ficticiarum imitandas adhibebatur.&lt;ref name=&quot;KYLAT2021&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| omnes auctores aliique = KYLAT
	| titulus = 這個AI語音可以模仿《傳送門》GLaDOS講出任何對白！連《Undertale》都可以學
	| contextus = United Daily News
	| tempus = 2021-01-20
	| lingua = zh-TW
	| url = https://game.udn.com/game/story/10453/5189551
	| tempus inspectionis = 2026-08-26
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; A programmatore uno,&lt;ref name=&quot;Zwiezen2021&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris = Zwiezen
	| nomen auctoris = Zacharias
	| titulus = Website Lets You Make GLaDOS Say Whatever You Want
	| contextus = Kotaku
	| tempus = 2021-01-17
	| lingua = en
	| url = https://kotaku.com/this-website-lets-you-make-glados-say-whatever-you-want-1846062835
	| tempus inspectionis = 2026-08-26
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; qui pseudonymo '''15''' utebatur, creatus, anno [[2020]] editus est.&lt;ref name=&quot;15dev&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| auctor = 15
	| titulus = 15
	| contextus = 15.dev
	| lingua = en
	| url = https://15.dev/
	| tempus inspectionis = 2026-08-26
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Usoribus licebat textum scribere et personam ex [[ludus electronicus|ludis electronicis]], pelliculis vel operibus televisificis eligere; situs deinde verba voce illius personae variisque animi affectibus proferebat.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ruppert2021&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen auctricis = Ruppert
	| nomen auctricis = Liana
	| titulus = Make Portal's GLaDOS And Other Beloved Characters Say The Weirdest Things With This App
	| contextus = Game Informer
	| tempus = 2021-01-18
	| lingua = en
	| url = https://gameinformer.com/gamer-culture/2021/01/18/make-portals-glados-and-other-beloved-characters-say-the-weirdest-things
	| tempus inspectionis = 2026-08-26
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Technologia eius e quindecim tantum secundis soni voces imitari poterat.&lt;ref name=&quot;Phillips2022&quot; /&gt; Inter fautores celeriter divulgatus est.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clayton2021&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen auctricis = Clayton
	| nomen auctricis = Natalie
	| titulus = Make the cast of TF2 recite old memes with this AI text-to-speech tool
	| contextus = PC Gamer
	| tempus = 2021-01-19
	| lingua = en
	| url = https://www.pcgamer.com/make-the-cast-of-tf2-recite-old-memes-with-this-ai-text-to-speech-tool/
	| tempus inspectionis = 2026-08-26
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Morton2021&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen auctricis = Morton
	| nomen auctricis = Lauren
	| titulus = Put words in game characters' mouths with this fascinating text to speech tool
	| contextus = Rock Paper Shotgun
	| tempus = 2021-01-18
	| lingua = en
	| url = https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/put-words-in-game-characters-mouths-with-this-fascinating-text-to-speech-tool
	| tempus inspectionis = 2026-08-26
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Intellegentia artificialis]]
[[Categoria:Situs interretiales]]
[[Categoria:Programmata computatralia]]</text>
      <sha1>ifrii74ffelquymt0yux1cdehfvmmon</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3983814</id>
      <parentid>3983809</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T08:56:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-46426-70</username>
        <id>213935</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3983814</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3543" sha1="pdgyakkktza9uudk0plh99ejr5x07em" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:15chill.png|thumb|Persona equina auctoris [[15 (ingeniarius corporum programmatum)|15]] (''{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|ponysona||en|qid=Q133881312}}'')]]

{{res|15.ai}} fuit [[situs interretialis]] gratuitus atque ad lucrum non destinatus,&lt;ref name=&quot;Phillips2022&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris = Phillips
	| nomen auctoris = Thomas
	| titulus = Troy Baker-backed NFT firm admits using voice lines taken from another service without permission
	| contextus = Eurogamer
	| tempus = 2022-01-17
	| lingua = en
	| url = https://www.eurogamer.net/troy-baker-backed-nft-firm-admits-using-voice-lines-taken-from-another-service-without-permission
	| tempus inspectionis = 2026-08-26
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; quo [[intellegentia artificialis]] ad voces personarum ficticiarum imitandas adhibebatur.&lt;ref name=&quot;KYLAT2021&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| omnes auctores aliique = KYLAT
	| titulus = 這個AI語音可以模仿《傳送門》GLaDOS講出任何對白！連《Undertale》都可以學
	| contextus = United Daily News
	| tempus = 2021-01-20
	| lingua = zh-TW
	| url = https://game.udn.com/game/story/10453/5189551
	| tempus inspectionis = 2026-08-26
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; A programmatore uno,&lt;ref name=&quot;Zwiezen2021&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris = Zwiezen
	| nomen auctoris = Zacharias
	| titulus = Website Lets You Make GLaDOS Say Whatever You Want
	| contextus = Kotaku
	| tempus = 2021-01-17
	| lingua = en
	| url = https://kotaku.com/this-website-lets-you-make-glados-say-whatever-you-want-1846062835
	| tempus inspectionis = 2026-08-26
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; qui pseudonymo [[15 (ingeniarius corporum programmatum)|15]] utebatur, creatus, anno [[2020]] editus est.&lt;ref name=&quot;15dev&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| auctor = 15
	| titulus = 15
	| contextus = 15.dev
	| lingua = en
	| url = https://15.dev/
	| tempus inspectionis = 2026-08-26
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Usoribus licebat textum scribere et personam ex [[ludus electronicus|ludis electronicis]], pelliculis vel operibus televisificis eligere; situs deinde verba voce illius personae variisque animi affectibus proferebat.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ruppert2021&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen auctricis = Ruppert
	| nomen auctricis = Liana
	| titulus = Make Portal's GLaDOS And Other Beloved Characters Say The Weirdest Things With This App
	| contextus = Game Informer
	| tempus = 2021-01-18
	| lingua = en
	| url = https://gameinformer.com/gamer-culture/2021/01/18/make-portals-glados-and-other-beloved-characters-say-the-weirdest-things
	| tempus inspectionis = 2026-08-26
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Technologia eius e quindecim tantum secundis soni voces imitari poterat.&lt;ref name=&quot;Phillips2022&quot; /&gt; Inter fautores celeriter divulgatus est.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clayton2021&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen auctricis = Clayton
	| nomen auctricis = Natalie
	| titulus = Make the cast of TF2 recite old memes with this AI text-to-speech tool
	| contextus = PC Gamer
	| tempus = 2021-01-19
	| lingua = en
	| url = https://www.pcgamer.com/make-the-cast-of-tf2-recite-old-memes-with-this-ai-text-to-speech-tool/
	| tempus inspectionis = 2026-08-26
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Morton2021&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen auctricis = Morton
	| nomen auctricis = Lauren
	| titulus = Put words in game characters' mouths with this fascinating text to speech tool
	| contextus = Rock Paper Shotgun
	| tempus = 2021-01-18
	| lingua = en
	| url = https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/put-words-in-game-characters-mouths-with-this-fascinating-text-to-speech-tool
	| tempus inspectionis = 2026-08-26
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Intellegentia artificialis]]
[[Categoria:Situs interretiales]]
[[Categoria:Programmata computatralia]]</text>
      <sha1>pdgyakkktza9uudk0plh99ejr5x07em</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3983816</id>
      <parentid>3983814</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T09:20:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-46426-70</username>
        <id>213935</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3983816</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4162" sha1="t3ru89lws7sh95bdnakw3crzq2v8922" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;floatright&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse:separate; border: 1px solid darkgray; border-spacing:4px; font-size:90%; max-width: 300px;&quot;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#555555; color:#FFFFFF; height:50px; font-size:180%&quot; | 15.ai
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; padding:30px;&quot; | [[Fasciculus:15chill.png|250px|center]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;small&gt;Persona equina auctoris [[15 (ingeniarius corporum programmatum)|15]]&lt;/small&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#555555; color:#FFFFFF;&quot; | Informationes
|-
| '''Natura''' || [[Intellegentia artificialis]]
|-
| '''Creator''' || [[15 (ingeniarius corporum programmatum)|15]]
|-
| '''Conditio''' || [[2 Martii]] [[2020]]
|-
| '''Status''' || Non iam operatur
|-
| '''[[Situs interretialis]]''' || [https://15.ai 15.ai]
|}

{{res|15.ai}} fuit [[situs interretialis]] gratuitus atque ad lucrum non destinatus,&lt;ref name=&quot;Phillips2022&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris = Phillips
	| nomen auctoris = Thomas
	| titulus = Troy Baker-backed NFT firm admits using voice lines taken from another service without permission
	| contextus = Eurogamer
	| tempus = 2022-01-17
	| lingua = en
	| url = https://www.eurogamer.net/troy-baker-backed-nft-firm-admits-using-voice-lines-taken-from-another-service-without-permission
	| tempus inspectionis = 2026-08-26
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; quo [[intellegentia artificialis]] ad voces personarum ficticiarum imitandas adhibebatur.&lt;ref name=&quot;KYLAT2021&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| omnes auctores aliique = KYLAT
	| titulus = 這個AI語音可以模仿《傳送門》GLaDOS講出任何對白！連《Undertale》都可以學
	| contextus = United Daily News
	| tempus = 2021-01-20
	| lingua = zh-TW
	| url = https://game.udn.com/game/story/10453/5189551
	| tempus inspectionis = 2026-08-26
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; A programmatore uno,&lt;ref name=&quot;Zwiezen2021&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris = Zwiezen
	| nomen auctoris = Zacharias
	| titulus = Website Lets You Make GLaDOS Say Whatever You Want
	| contextus = Kotaku
	| tempus = 2021-01-17
	| lingua = en
	| url = https://kotaku.com/this-website-lets-you-make-glados-say-whatever-you-want-1846062835
	| tempus inspectionis = 2026-08-26
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; qui pseudonymo [[15 (ingeniarius corporum programmatum)|15]] utebatur, creatus, anno [[2020]] editus est.&lt;ref name=&quot;15dev&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| auctor = 15
	| titulus = 15
	| contextus = 15.dev
	| lingua = en
	| url = https://15.dev/
	| tempus inspectionis = 2026-08-26
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Usoribus licebat textum scribere et personam ex [[ludus electronicus|ludis electronicis]], pelliculis vel operibus televisificis eligere; situs deinde verba voce illius personae variisque animi affectibus proferebat.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ruppert2021&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen auctricis = Ruppert
	| nomen auctricis = Liana
	| titulus = Make Portal's GLaDOS And Other Beloved Characters Say The Weirdest Things With This App
	| contextus = Game Informer
	| tempus = 2021-01-18
	| lingua = en
	| url = https://gameinformer.com/gamer-culture/2021/01/18/make-portals-glados-and-other-beloved-characters-say-the-weirdest-things
	| tempus inspectionis = 2026-08-26
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Technologia eius e quindecim tantum secundis soni voces imitari poterat.&lt;ref name=&quot;Phillips2022&quot; /&gt; Inter fautores celeriter divulgatus est.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clayton2021&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen auctricis = Clayton
	| nomen auctricis = Natalie
	| titulus = Make the cast of TF2 recite old memes with this AI text-to-speech tool
	| contextus = PC Gamer
	| tempus = 2021-01-19
	| lingua = en
	| url = https://www.pcgamer.com/make-the-cast-of-tf2-recite-old-memes-with-this-ai-text-to-speech-tool/
	| tempus inspectionis = 2026-08-26
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Morton2021&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen auctricis = Morton
	| nomen auctricis = Lauren
	| titulus = Put words in game characters' mouths with this fascinating text to speech tool
	| contextus = Rock Paper Shotgun
	| tempus = 2021-01-18
	| lingua = en
	| url = https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/put-words-in-game-characters-mouths-with-this-fascinating-text-to-speech-tool
	| tempus inspectionis = 2026-08-26
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Intellegentia artificialis]]
[[Categoria:Situs interretiales]]
[[Categoria:Programmata computatralia]]</text>
      <sha1>t3ru89lws7sh95bdnakw3crzq2v8922</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Scandalum plagii Voiceverse NFT</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>328006</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3983810</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T08:28:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-46426-70</username>
        <id>213935</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Paginam instituit, scribens '{{Imago multiplex | total_width = 350 | direction = horizontal | image1 = 15chill.png | image2 = Troy Baker Q&amp;A (cropped).jpg | footer = Persona equina auctoris 15 (''{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|ponysona||en|qid=Q133881312}}'') ad sinistram, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Troy Baker||en|qid=Q1147551}} ad dextram. 15 patefecit societatem Voiceverse [[15.ai]] adhibuisse. }}  {{res|Scandalum plagii Voiceverse NFT}} fuit controv...'</comment>
      <origin>3983810</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3304" sha1="fi04wg4pnk99gf3ol4o32hqyg705ayr" xml:space="preserve">{{Imago multiplex
| total_width = 350
| direction = horizontal
| image1 = 15chill.png
| image2 = Troy Baker Q&amp;A (cropped).jpg
| footer = Persona equina auctoris 15 (''{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|ponysona||en|qid=Q133881312}}'') ad sinistram, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Troy Baker||en|qid=Q1147551}} ad dextram. 15 patefecit societatem Voiceverse [[15.ai]] adhibuisse.
}}

{{res|Scandalum plagii Voiceverse NFT}} fuit controversia mense Ianuario [[2022]] orta, cum patefactum esset societatem Voiceverse exempla vocum a [[15.ai]] effecta sine permissu neque auctore indicato adhibuisse.&lt;ref name=&quot;Phillips2022&quot;&gt;{{Opus
| cognomen = Phillips
| nomen = Tom
| titulus = Troy Baker-backed NFT firm admits using voice lines taken from another service without permission
| contextus = Eurogamer
| tempus = 2022-01-17
| lingua = en
| url = https://www.eurogamer.net/troy-baker-backed-nft-firm-admits-using-voice-lines-taken-from-another-service-without-permission
| tempus inspectionis = 2026-08-26
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Innes2022&quot;&gt;{{Opus
| cognomen = Innes
| nomen = Ruby
| titulus = Voiceverse Is The Latest NFT Company Caught Using Someone Else's Content
| contextus = Kotaku Australia
| tempus = 2022-01-18
| lingua = en
| url = https://kotaku.com.au/2022/01/voiceverse-caught-using-someone-elses-content/
| tempus inspectionis = 2026-08-26
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Voiceverse se voces [[intellegentia artificialis|intellegentia artificiali]] imitatas ut [[signum non fungibile|signa non fungibilia]] (NFT) vendere profitebatur.&lt;ref name=&quot;McWhertor2022&quot;&gt;{{Opus
| cognomen = McWhertor
| nomen = Michael
| titulus = The Last of Us voice actor promotes 'voice NFTs,' pulls out after criticism
| contextus = Polygon
| tempus = 2022-01-14
| lingua = en
| url = https://www.polygon.com/22883752/troy-baker-nfts-voice-last-of-us-bioshock/
| tempus inspectionis = 2026-08-26
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Die [[14 Ianuarii]] actor vocalis {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Troy Baker||en|qid=Q1147551}} se cum Voiceverse consociavisse nuntiavit, sed nuntius statim reprehensus est.&lt;ref name=&quot;McWhertor2022&quot; /&gt; Eodem die auctor 15.ai, qui pseudonymo '''15''' utebatur, demonstravit voces in praeconio Voiceverse auditas re vera per 15.ai effectas atque tono mutatas esse.&lt;ref name=&quot;Phillips2022&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Innes2022&quot; /&gt; Voiceverse id admisit atque veniam petivit.&lt;ref name=&quot;Williams2022&quot;&gt;{{Opus
| cognomen = Williams
| nomen = Demi
| titulus = Voiceverse NFT admits to taking voice lines from non-commercial service
| contextus = NME
| tempus = 2022-01-18
| lingua = en
| url = https://www.nme.com/news/voiceverse-nft-admits-to-taking-voice-lines-from-non-commercial-service-3140663
| tempus inspectionis = 2026-08-26
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Post crebras reprehensiones Baker die [[31 Ianuarii]] consortium cum Voiceverse finivit.&lt;ref name=&quot;Peters2022&quot;&gt;{{Opus
| cognomen = Peters
| nomen = Jay
| titulus = The voice of Joel from The Last of Us steps away from NFT project after outcry
| contextus = The Verge
| tempus = 2022-01-31
| lingua = en
| url = https://www.theverge.com/2022/1/31/22910633/troy-baker-voiceverse-nft-voice-actor-project-the-last-of-us
| tempus inspectionis = 2026-08-26
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Intellegentia artificialis]]
[[Categoria:Interrete]]
[[Categoria:2022]]</text>
      <sha1>fi04wg4pnk99gf3ol4o32hqyg705ayr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3983811</id>
      <parentid>3983810</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T08:31:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-46426-70</username>
        <id>213935</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3983811</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3347" sha1="h9qtpy6k2k6yrjhggudj1tb1b3ceim0" xml:space="preserve">{{Imago multiplex
| total_width = 350
| direction = horizontal
| image1 = 15chill.png
| image2 = Troy Baker Q&amp;A (cropped).jpg
| footer = Persona equina auctoris 15 (''{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|ponysona||en|qid=Q133881312}}'') ad sinistram, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Troy Baker||en|qid=Q1147551}} ad dextram. 15 patefecit societatem Voiceverse [[15.ai]] adhibuisse.
}}

{{res|Scandalum plagii Voiceverse NFT}} fuit controversia mense Ianuario [[2022]] orta, cum patefactum esset societatem Voiceverse exempla vocum a [[15.ai]] effecta sine permissu neque auctore indicato adhibuisse.&lt;ref name=&quot;Phillips2022&quot;&gt;{{Opus
| cognomen = Phillips
| nomen = Tom
| titulus = Troy Baker-backed NFT firm admits using voice lines taken from another service without permission
| contextus = Eurogamer
| tempus = 2022-01-17
| lingua = en
| url = https://www.eurogamer.net/troy-baker-backed-nft-firm-admits-using-voice-lines-taken-from-another-service-without-permission
| tempus inspectionis = 2026-08-26
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Innes2022&quot;&gt;{{Opus
| cognomen = Innes
| nomen = Ruby
| titulus = Voiceverse Is The Latest NFT Company Caught Using Someone Else's Content
| contextus = Kotaku Australia
| tempus = 2022-01-18
| lingua = en
| url = https://kotaku.com.au/2022/01/voiceverse-caught-using-someone-elses-content/
| tempus inspectionis = 2026-08-26
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Voiceverse se voces [[intellegentia artificialis|intellegentia artificiali]] imitatas ut {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|signa non fungibilia||en|qid=Q55648452}} (NFT) vendere profitebatur.&lt;ref name=&quot;McWhertor2022&quot;&gt;{{Opus
| cognomen = McWhertor
| nomen = Michael
| titulus = The Last of Us voice actor promotes 'voice NFTs,' pulls out after criticism
| contextus = Polygon
| tempus = 2022-01-14
| lingua = en
| url = https://www.polygon.com/22883752/troy-baker-nfts-voice-last-of-us-bioshock/
| tempus inspectionis = 2026-08-26
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Die [[14 Ianuarii]] actor vocalis {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Troy Baker||en|qid=Q1147551}} se cum Voiceverse consociavisse nuntiavit, sed nuntius statim reprehensus est.&lt;ref name=&quot;McWhertor2022&quot; /&gt; Eodem die auctor 15.ai, qui pseudonymo '''15''' utebatur, demonstravit voces in praeconio Voiceverse auditas re vera per 15.ai effectas atque tono mutatas esse.&lt;ref name=&quot;Phillips2022&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Innes2022&quot; /&gt; Voiceverse id admisit atque veniam petivit.&lt;ref name=&quot;Williams2022&quot;&gt;{{Opus
| cognomen = Williams
| nomen = Demi
| titulus = Voiceverse NFT admits to taking voice lines from non-commercial service
| contextus = NME
| tempus = 2022-01-18
| lingua = en
| url = https://www.nme.com/news/voiceverse-nft-admits-to-taking-voice-lines-from-non-commercial-service-3140663
| tempus inspectionis = 2026-08-26
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Post crebras reprehensiones Baker die [[31 Ianuarii]] consortium cum Voiceverse finivit.&lt;ref name=&quot;Peters2022&quot;&gt;{{Opus
| cognomen = Peters
| nomen = Jay
| titulus = The voice of Joel from The Last of Us steps away from NFT project after outcry
| contextus = The Verge
| tempus = 2022-01-31
| lingua = en
| url = https://www.theverge.com/2022/1/31/22910633/troy-baker-voiceverse-nft-voice-actor-project-the-last-of-us
| tempus inspectionis = 2026-08-26
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Intellegentia artificialis]]
[[Categoria:Interrete]]
[[Categoria:2022]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>3983815</id>
      <parentid>3983811</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T08:57:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-46426-70</username>
        <id>213935</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3983815</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="3427" sha1="qpuhj8ihsz2ijcow50dlujpw1smx033" xml:space="preserve">{{Imago multiplex
| total_width = 350
| direction = horizontal
| image1 = 15chill.png
| image2 = Troy Baker Q&amp;A (cropped).jpg
| footer = Persona equina auctoris [[15 (ingeniarius corporum programmatum)|15]] (''{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|ponysona||en|qid=Q133881312}}'') ad sinistram, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Troy Baker||en|qid=Q1147551}} ad dextram. 15 patefecit societatem Voiceverse [[15.ai]] adhibuisse.
}}

{{res|Scandalum plagii Voiceverse NFT}} fuit controversia mense Ianuario [[2022]] orta, cum patefactum esset societatem Voiceverse exempla vocum a [[15.ai]] effecta sine permissu neque auctore indicato adhibuisse.&lt;ref name=&quot;Phillips2022&quot;&gt;{{Opus
| cognomen = Phillips
| nomen = Tom
| titulus = Troy Baker-backed NFT firm admits using voice lines taken from another service without permission
| contextus = Eurogamer
| tempus = 2022-01-17
| lingua = en
| url = https://www.eurogamer.net/troy-baker-backed-nft-firm-admits-using-voice-lines-taken-from-another-service-without-permission
| tempus inspectionis = 2026-08-26
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Innes2022&quot;&gt;{{Opus
| cognomen = Innes
| nomen = Ruby
| titulus = Voiceverse Is The Latest NFT Company Caught Using Someone Else's Content
| contextus = Kotaku Australia
| tempus = 2022-01-18
| lingua = en
| url = https://kotaku.com.au/2022/01/voiceverse-caught-using-someone-elses-content/
| tempus inspectionis = 2026-08-26
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Voiceverse se voces [[intellegentia artificialis|intellegentia artificiali]] imitatas ut {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|signa non fungibilia||en|qid=Q55648452}} (NFT) vendere profitebatur.&lt;ref name=&quot;McWhertor2022&quot;&gt;{{Opus
| cognomen = McWhertor
| nomen = Michael
| titulus = The Last of Us voice actor promotes 'voice NFTs,' pulls out after criticism
| contextus = Polygon
| tempus = 2022-01-14
| lingua = en
| url = https://www.polygon.com/22883752/troy-baker-nfts-voice-last-of-us-bioshock/
| tempus inspectionis = 2026-08-26
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Die [[14 Ianuarii]] actor vocalis {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Troy Baker||en|qid=Q1147551}} se cum Voiceverse consociavisse nuntiavit, sed nuntius statim reprehensus est.&lt;ref name=&quot;McWhertor2022&quot; /&gt; Eodem die auctor 15.ai, qui pseudonymo [[15 (ingeniarius corporum programmatum)|15]] utebatur, demonstravit voces in praeconio Voiceverse auditas re vera per 15.ai effectas atque tono mutatas esse.&lt;ref name=&quot;Phillips2022&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Innes2022&quot; /&gt; Voiceverse id admisit atque veniam petivit.&lt;ref name=&quot;Williams2022&quot;&gt;{{Opus
| cognomen = Williams
| nomen = Demi
| titulus = Voiceverse NFT admits to taking voice lines from non-commercial service
| contextus = NME
| tempus = 2022-01-18
| lingua = en
| url = https://www.nme.com/news/voiceverse-nft-admits-to-taking-voice-lines-from-non-commercial-service-3140663
| tempus inspectionis = 2026-08-26
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Post crebras reprehensiones Baker die [[31 Ianuarii]] consortium cum Voiceverse finivit.&lt;ref name=&quot;Peters2022&quot;&gt;{{Opus
| cognomen = Peters
| nomen = Jay
| titulus = The voice of Joel from The Last of Us steps away from NFT project after outcry
| contextus = The Verge
| tempus = 2022-01-31
| lingua = en
| url = https://www.theverge.com/2022/1/31/22910633/troy-baker-voiceverse-nft-voice-actor-project-the-last-of-us
| tempus inspectionis = 2026-08-26
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Intellegentia artificialis]]
[[Categoria:Interrete]]
[[Categoria:2022]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>15 (ingeniarius corporum programmatum)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>328007</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3983813</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T08:55:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-46426-70</username>
        <id>213935</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Paginam instituit, scribens '[[Fasciculus:15chill.png|thumb|Persona equina auctoris 15 (''{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|ponysona||en|qid=Q133881312}}'')]]  '''15''' est [[ingeniarius corporum programmatum]] et investigator [[intellegentia artificialis|intellegentiae artificialis]] qui hoc [[pseudonymum|pseudonymo]] utitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kurosawa2021&quot;&gt;{{Opus |cognomen=Kurosawa |nomen=Yuki |titulus=ゲームキャラ音声読み上げソフト「15.ai」公開中。『Undertale...'</comment>
      <origin>3983813</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2816" sha1="kb19714wi2shprpqc6vk7d14kd58ciw" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:15chill.png|thumb|Persona equina auctoris 15 (''{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|ponysona||en|qid=Q133881312}}'')]]

'''15''' est [[ingeniarius corporum programmatum]] et investigator [[intellegentia artificialis|intellegentiae artificialis]] qui hoc [[pseudonymum|pseudonymo]] utitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kurosawa2021&quot;&gt;{{Opus
|cognomen=Kurosawa
|nomen=Yuki
|titulus=ゲームキャラ音声読み上げソフト「15.ai」公開中。『Undertale』や『Portal』のキャラに好きなセリフを言ってもらえる
|contextus=AUTOMATON
|tempus=2021-01-19
|lingua=ja
|url=https://automaton-media.com/articles/newsjp/20210119-149494/
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Abisola2025&quot;&gt;{{Opus
|cognomen=Shojobi
|nomen=Abisola
|titulus=The MIT Project That Paved Way For Modern Voice AI
|contextus=Independent Nigeria
|tempus=2025-01-03
|lingua=en
|url=https://independent.ng/the-mit-project-that-paved-way-for-modern-voice-ai/
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Apud [[Massachusettense Institutum Technologiae]] studens, technologiam ad voces artificiose imitandas evolvere coepit.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kurosawa2021&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Abisola2025&quot; /&gt;

Praecipue claruit situ [[15.ai]] a se creato, opere gratuito atque ad quaestum non destinato quo voces personarum ficticiarum imitabantur.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clayton2021&quot;&gt;{{Opus
|cognomen=Clayton
|nomen=Natalie
|titulus=Make the cast of TF2 recite old memes with this AI text-to-speech tool
|contextus=PC Gamer
|tempus=2021-01-19
|lingua=en
|url=https://www.pcgamer.com/make-the-cast-of-tf2-recite-old-memes-with-this-ai-text-to-speech-tool/
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Williams2022&quot;&gt;{{Opus
|cognomen=Williams
|nomen=Demi
|titulus=Voiceverse NFT admits to taking voice lines from non-commercial service
|contextus=NME
|tempus=2022-01-18
|lingua=en
|url=https://www.nme.com/news/voiceverse-nft-admits-to-taking-voice-lines-from-non-commercial-service-3140663
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anno [[2022]] [[Scandalum plagii Voiceverse NFT|plagium Voiceverse]] patefecit, demonstrans societatem exempla sonora a 15.ai effecta sine permissu aut auctoris mentione adhibuisse.&lt;ref name=&quot;Phillips2022&quot;&gt;{{Opus
|cognomen=Phillips
|nomen=Tom
|titulus=Troy Baker-backed NFT firm admits using voice lines taken from another service without permission
|contextus=Eurogamer
|tempus=2022-01-17
|lingua=en
|url=https://www.eurogamer.net/troy-baker-backed-nft-firm-admits-using-voice-lines-taken-from-another-service-without-permission
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Williams2022&quot; /&gt; Pseudonymum ''15'' ad assertionem eius alludit, quindecim tantum secunda soni ad vocem imitandam sufficere.&lt;ref name=&quot;Abisola2025&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kurosawa2021&quot; /&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://15.dev/ Pagina auctoris]

[[Categoria:Alumni Instituti Technologiae Massachusettensis]]
[[Categoria:Computatores]]
[[Categoria:Homines vivi]]
[[Categoria:Ingeniarii]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3983822</id>
      <parentid>3983813</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T11:36:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IacobusAmor</username>
        <id>1163</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>~</comment>
      <origin>3983822</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3007" sha1="3df7jzrzrumck8o1buq4fkm95o7dk3u" xml:space="preserve">{{Latinitas|-2}}
[[Fasciculus:15chill.png|thumb|Persona equina auctoris 15 (''{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|ponysona||en|qid=Q133881312}}.'')]]

'''15''' (natus [[saeculum 20|saeculo vicensimo]] exeunte) est [[ingeniarius corporum programmatum]] et investigator [[intellegentia artificialis|intellegentiae artificialis]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Kurosawa2021&quot;&gt;{{Opus
|cognomen=Kurosawa
|nomen=Yuki
|titulus=ゲームキャラ音声読み上げソフト「15.ai」公開中。『Undertale』や『Portal』のキャラに好きなセリフを言ってもらえる
|contextus=AUTOMATON
|tempus=2021-01-19
|lingua=ja
|url=https://automaton-media.com/articles/newsjp/20210119-149494/
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Abisola2025&quot;&gt;{{Opus
|cognomen=Shojobi
|nomen=Abisola
|titulus=The MIT Project That Paved Way For Modern Voice AI
|contextus=Independent Nigeria
|tempus=2025-01-03
|lingua=en
|url=https://independent.ng/the-mit-project-that-paved-way-for-modern-voice-ai/
}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Programmatura]]e apud [[Massachusettense Institutum Technologiae]] studens, [[technologia]]m ad [[vox|voces]] artificiose imitandas [[iuvenis]] evolvere coepit.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kurosawa2021&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Abisola2025&quot; /&gt;

Praecipue claruit{{dubsig}} situ [[15.ai]], a se creato, opere gratuito atque ad {{Creanda|en|Profit (economics)|Quaestus oeconomica)|quaestum}} non destinato, qui voces [[persona]]rum ficticiarum imitari potest.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clayton2021&quot;&gt;{{Opus
|cognomen=Clayton
|nomen=Natalie
|titulus=Make the cast of TF2 recite old memes with this AI text-to-speech tool
|contextus=PC Gamer
|tempus=2021-01-19
|lingua=en
|url=https://www.pcgamer.com/make-the-cast-of-tf2-recite-old-memes-with-this-ai-text-to-speech-tool/
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Williams2022&quot;&gt;{{Opus
|cognomen=Williams
|nomen=Demi
|titulus=Voiceverse NFT admits to taking voice lines from non-commercial service
|contextus=NME
|tempus=2022-01-18
|lingua=en
|url=https://www.nme.com/news/voiceverse-nft-admits-to-taking-voice-lines-from-non-commercial-service-3140663
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anno [[2022]], [[scandalum plagii Voiceverse NFT|plagium Voiceverse]] patefecit, societatem exempla{{dubsig}} sonora a 15.ai effecta adhibuisse monstrans, [[auctor]]e invito.&lt;ref name=&quot;Phillips2022&quot;&gt;{{Opus
|cognomen=Phillips
|nomen=Tom
|titulus=Troy Baker-backed NFT firm admits using voice lines taken from another service without permission
|contextus=Eurogamer
|tempus=2022-01-17
|lingua=en
|url=https://www.eurogamer.net/troy-baker-backed-nft-firm-admits-using-voice-lines-taken-from-another-service-without-permission
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Williams2022&quot; /&gt; [[Pseudonymum]] ''15'' ad eius assertionem{{dubsig}} significat, quindecim tantum [[secundum|secunda]] [[sonus|soni]] ad vocem imitandam sufficere.&lt;ref name=&quot;Abisola2025&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kurosawa2021&quot; /&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://15.dev/ Interretialis auctoris situs.]

{{Lifetime|saeculo 20||15}}
[[Categoria:Alumni Instituti Technologiae Massachusettensis]]
[[Categoria:Computatores]]
[[Categoria:Ingeniarii]]</text>
      <sha1>3df7jzrzrumck8o1buq4fkm95o7dk3u</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3983823</id>
      <parentid>3983822</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T11:37:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IacobusAmor</username>
        <id>1163</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>3983823</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3004" sha1="kfkincfj3nheizxfnfo5eqjjbz99un2" xml:space="preserve">{{Latinitas|-2}}
[[Fasciculus:15chill.png|thumb|Persona equina auctoris 15 (''{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|ponysona||en|qid=Q133881312}}.'')]]

'''15''' (natus [[saeculum 20|saeculo vicensimo]] exeunte) est [[ingeniarius corporum programmatum]] et investigator [[intellegentia artificialis|intellegentiae artificialis]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Kurosawa2021&quot;&gt;{{Opus
|cognomen=Kurosawa
|nomen=Yuki
|titulus=ゲームキャラ音声読み上げソフト「15.ai」公開中。『Undertale』や『Portal』のキャラに好きなセリフを言ってもらえる
|contextus=AUTOMATON
|tempus=2021-01-19
|lingua=ja
|url=https://automaton-media.com/articles/newsjp/20210119-149494/
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Abisola2025&quot;&gt;{{Opus
|cognomen=Shojobi
|nomen=Abisola
|titulus=The MIT Project That Paved Way For Modern Voice AI
|contextus=Independent Nigeria
|tempus=2025-01-03
|lingua=en
|url=https://independent.ng/the-mit-project-that-paved-way-for-modern-voice-ai/
}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Programmatura]]e apud [[Massachusettense Institutum Technologiae]] studens, [[technologia]]m ad [[vox|voces]] artificiose imitandas [[iuvenis]] evolvere coepit.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kurosawa2021&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Abisola2025&quot; /&gt;

Praecipue claruit{{dubsig}} situ [[15.ai]], a se creato, opere gratuito atque ad {{Creanda|en|Profit (economics)|Quaestus oeconomica)|quaestum}} non destinato, qui voces [[persona]]rum ficticiarum imitari potest.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clayton2021&quot;&gt;{{Opus
|cognomen=Clayton
|nomen=Natalie
|titulus=Make the cast of TF2 recite old memes with this AI text-to-speech tool
|contextus=PC Gamer
|tempus=2021-01-19
|lingua=en
|url=https://www.pcgamer.com/make-the-cast-of-tf2-recite-old-memes-with-this-ai-text-to-speech-tool/
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Williams2022&quot;&gt;{{Opus
|cognomen=Williams
|nomen=Demi
|titulus=Voiceverse NFT admits to taking voice lines from non-commercial service
|contextus=NME
|tempus=2022-01-18
|lingua=en
|url=https://www.nme.com/news/voiceverse-nft-admits-to-taking-voice-lines-from-non-commercial-service-3140663
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anno [[2022]], [[scandalum plagii Voiceverse NFT|plagium Voiceverse]] patefecit, societatem exempla{{dubsig}} sonora a 15.ai effecta adhibuisse monstrans, [[auctor]]e invito.&lt;ref name=&quot;Phillips2022&quot;&gt;{{Opus
|cognomen=Phillips
|nomen=Tom
|titulus=Troy Baker-backed NFT firm admits using voice lines taken from another service without permission
|contextus=Eurogamer
|tempus=2022-01-17
|lingua=en
|url=https://www.eurogamer.net/troy-baker-backed-nft-firm-admits-using-voice-lines-taken-from-another-service-without-permission
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Williams2022&quot; /&gt; [[Pseudonymum]] ''15'' eius assertionem{{dubsig}} significat, quindecim tantum [[secundum|secunda]] [[sonus|soni]] ad vocem imitandam sufficere.&lt;ref name=&quot;Abisola2025&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kurosawa2021&quot; /&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://15.dev/ Interretialis auctoris situs.]

{{Lifetime|saeculo 20||15}}
[[Categoria:Alumni Instituti Technologiae Massachusettensis]]
[[Categoria:Computatores]]
[[Categoria:Ingeniarii]]</text>
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