Universitas Upsaliensis

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    <title>Universitas Upsaliensis</title>
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      <comment>&quot;Academia Ubsaliensis&quot; nomen addidi</comment>
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{{Capsa scholae Vicidata}}
'''Academia Ubsaliensis'''&lt;ref&gt;ex [[:Fasciculus:Uppsala universitet logo.jpg|logotypo Academiae Ubsaliensis]]&lt;/ref&gt; sive '''Universitas Upsaliensis'''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Universitatis Upsaliensis&quot; (cas. gen.): vide [https://archive.org/stream/memorialbookofse00prin#page/300/mode/2up hanc epistulam.]&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Suecice]] ''Uppsala universitet'') est [[universitas publica]] [[Upsalia (Suecia)|Upsalia]]e in urbe sita, omnis [[Suecia]]e veterrima, anno [[1477]] condita. Olim ibi [[theologia]] tantum docebatur, sed hodie omnes [[scientia (ratio)|scientiae]] docentur. [[Universitas]] circa 40 000 scholasticorum habet. Eius sententia in [[insigne|signo]] &quot;Gratiae Veritas Naturae&quot; legitur.

Veteriora et sollemnia universitatis nomina sunt '''''Academia Regia''''' et '''''Universitas Regia Ubsaliensis'''''

Inter alumnos numerantur [[Ericus Acharius]], [[Ioannes Erhard Areschoug]], [[Ioannes Campanius]], [[Andreas Celsius]], [[Carolus Alexander Clerck]], [[Ioannes Petrus Falck]], [[Dag Hammarskjöld]], [[Ericus Axel Karlfeldt]], [[Carolus Linnaeus]], [[Magnus Gustavus Mittag-Leffler]], [[Ioannes Andreas Murray]], [[Daniel Solander]], [[Georgius Stiernhielmus]], [[Theodorus Svedberg]], [[Gunnel Vallquist]], [[Per Wästberg]], [[Marcus Wallenberg]].

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
[[Fasciculus:Entrance hall of Uppsala University main building.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Atrium [[aedificium|aedificii]] principalis.]]
{{CommuniaCat|Uppsala University|Universitatem Upsaliensem}}
* [http://www.uu.se/ Situs interretialis universitatis proprius.]

{{uni-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Universitas Upsaliensis|!]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Serapis</title>
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        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
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      <text bytes="3555" sha1="82vy6vb05o8slxzqh5xn44fh7mc6f2v" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Serapis Pio-Clementino Inv689 n2.jpg|thumb|Serapis sculptore [[Bryaxis|Bryaxidi]] attributus (saec. III a.C.n. ineunte: [[Musea Vaticana]])]]
'''Serapis''' fuit [[Aegyptus|Aegypti]] Graecoromanae deus novus, cuius adoratio a [[Ptolemaeus I (rex Aegypti)|Ptolemaeo I]] introducta est. Templum praecipuum huic deo dicatum fuit [[Serapeum (Alexandria)|Serapeum]] in urbe [[Alexandria antiqua|Alexandria]] a Ptolemaeo successoribusque aedificatum et ornatum.

[[Fasciculus:BegramSerapis.jpg|thumb|left|Serapis iuxta [[Begram]] [[Afgania]]e repertus ([[Museum Guimet]])]]
[[Fasciculus:Serapis.JPG|thumb|Serapis in lychno pictus ([[opus Samium]], saec. II, [[Museum Britannicum]])]]
== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Serapis|Serapem}}

== Bibliographia ==
* E. R. Bevan, ''The House of Ptolemy'' (Londinii, 1927) [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Africa/Egypt/_Texts/BEVHOP/2*.html#Sarapis_cult pp. 41-48]
* Laurent Bricault, ''Recueil des inscriptions concernant les cultes isiaques''. Paris, Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, 2005, 3 voll. ISBN 2877541568
* Laurent Bricault, ''Atlas de la diffusion des cultes isiaques''. Paris, Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, 2001
* Laurent Bricault, ed., ''Sylloge nummorum religionis Isiacae et Sarapiacae''. Paris, Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, 2008
* Thorsten Fleck, &quot;Isis, Sarapis, Mithras und die Ausbreitung des Christentums im 3. Jahrhundert&quot; in Klaus-Peter Johne, ed., ''Deleto paene imperio Romano. Transformationsprozesse des Römischen Reiches im 3. Jahrhundert und ihre Rezeption in der Neuzeit'' (Steiner, Stuttgart 2006, ISBN 978-3-515-08941-8) pp. 289–314.
* Wilhelm Hornbostel, ''Sarapis. Studien zur Überlieferungsgeschichte, der Erscheinungsformen und Wandlungen der Gestalt eines Gottes''. Brill, Leiden 1973, ISBN 90-04-03654-7.
* Kathrin Kleibl, ''Iseion. Raumgestaltung und Kultpraxis in den Heiligtümern gräco-ägyptischer Götter im Mittelmeerraum''. Wernersche Verlagsgesellschaft, Worms am Rhein 2009.
* M. Malaise, ''Pour une terminologie et une analyse des cultes isiaques''. Bruxelles, Académie royale de Belgique, Classe des lettres, 2005
* Reinhold Merkelbach, ''Isis regina - Zeus Sarapis. Die griechisch-ägyptische Religion nach den Quellen dargestellt''. Saur, München, Leipzig 2001, ISBN 3-598-77427-3.
* Ernst Schmidt, ''Die Einführung des Sarapis in Alexandria''. Lippert, 1909.
* Kurt Sethe, ''Sarapis und die sogenannten katochoi des Sarapis. Zwei Probleme der griechisch-ägyptischen Religionsgeschichte''. Weidmann, Berlin 1913.
* Sarolta A. Takács, ''Isis and Sarapis in the Roman world''. Brill, Leiden, 1995, ISBN 9-004-10121-7.
* Maria Totti, ''Ausgewählte Texte der Isis- und Sarapis-Religion''. Olms, Hildesiae, 1985, ISBN 3-487-07678-0.
* V. Tran Tam Tinh, ''Sérapis debout: corpus des monuments de Sérapis et étude iconographique''. Leiden, Brill, 1983.
* Ladislav Vidman, ''Isis und Sarapis bei den Griechen und Römern. Epigraphische Studien zur Verbreitung und zu den Trägern des ägyptischen Kultes''. De Gruyter, Berlin 1970.
* Ladislav Vidman, ''Sylloge inscriptionum religionis Isiacae et Sarapiacae''. Berolini, 1969
* Otto Weinreich, ''Neue Urkunden zur Sarapis-Religion''. Mohr, Tübingen 1919.
* Robert A. Wild, ''Water in the cultic worship of Isis and Sarapis''. Brill, Leiden 1981, ISBN 9-004-06331-5.
* L. Vidman, ''Sylloge inscriptionum religionis Isiacae et Sarapiacae'' (SIRIS), Berlin, 1969.

{{Reli-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Dei Aegyptii]]
[[Categoria:Dei Romani]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lettonia</title>
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{{Capsa civitatis Vicidata}}
'''Lettonia'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.ru/books?id=qDVNAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA31&amp;dq=lettonia+sunt&amp;hl=la&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjf6aTUxbfuAhWFuIsKHZj8B4wQ6AEwBHoECAQQAg#v=onepage&amp;q=lettonia%20sunt&amp;f=false ''Lites ac Res gestae inter Polonos Ordinemque Cruciferorum'', vol. 3, Posnaniae 1856, p. 51]; [https://books.google.ru/books?id=lAtUAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=lettonia+sunt&amp;dq=lettonia+sunt&amp;hl=la&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjf6aTUxbfuAhWFuIsKHZj8B4wQ6AEwAnoECAIQAg ''Epitome iuris canonici...: Libri I et II Codicis iuris canonici''. Ed. 7. 1949, p. 80]; [https://books.google.ru/books?id=WSkaUyHCq8UC&amp;pg=PA22&amp;dq=lettonia+sunt&amp;hl=la&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjf6aTUxbfuAhWFuIsKHZj8B4wQ6AEwAXoECAEQAg#v=onepage&amp;q=lettonia%20sunt&amp;f=false Andreae Riddermark ''Exercitium academicum de Europa'', Lonini{{dubsig}} Gothorm 1703, p. 22]; [https://books.google.ru/books?id=AbgHAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=lettonia+sunt&amp;dq=lettonia+sunt&amp;hl=la&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjf6aTUxbfuAhWFuIsKHZj8B4wQ6AEwAHoECAAQAg ''Nuntii Latini'', 3, 1995. p. 114]; etc.&lt;/ref&gt; vel '''Lettia'''&lt;ref&gt;[[Iohannes Iacobus Hofmannus|Hofmanni]] ''[[Lexicon Universale]]'', [http://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenaref/hofmann/hof2/s0794b.html vol. ΙΙ, p. 794v]; ''[[Orbis Latinus]]'', [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=383 vol. II p. 381]. Etiam ''Leththia, Letthigallia'' etc, (''Orbis Latinus'').&lt;/ref&gt; vel '''Latvia'''{{FD ref}} ([[Lettonice]] ''Latvija'') est terra in litore orientali [[mare Balticum|maris Baltici]] sita, una ex tribus [[civitates Balticae|civitatibus Balticis]], quae inter [[Scandinavia]]m, [[Russia]]m et [[Europa Media|Europam Mediam]] iacent.

== Historia ==
{{vide-etiam|Historia Lettoniae}}
[[Riga]], [[caput (urbs)|caput]] Lettoniae, anno [[1201]] a Germanis ad ostium Duinae Occidentalis conditum, castra strategica fuit in victoria [[Fratres militiae Christi Livoniae|Fratrum militiae Christi Livoniae]] a [[papa]] [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Romano]] confirmatorum. Fuerit prima maior [[Balticum mare|Baltici]] meridiani [[urbs]], post [[1282]] una e principalibus [[Hansa|Foederis Hanseatici]] sedibus [[commercium|commercialibus]].

Post, inter saltem quattuor potestatibus maioribus partita fuit: [[Civitas Ordinis Theutonici|Civitate Ordinis Teutonici]], [[Res Publica Polonica–Lithuanica|Re Publica Polonica–Lithuanica]], [[Suecia]], [[Imperium Russicum|Imperio Russico]]. Ultimum, usque ad [[primum bellum mundanum]] Lettonia ad [[Imperium Russicum]] pertinuit. Inter hoc bellum ab exercitu [[Germania|Germanico]] occupata est. Die [[18 Novembris]] [[1918]] [[Riga]]e Res publica Lettonia libera proclamata est. Anno [[1940]] [[Unio Sovietica]], anno [[1941]] [[Imperium Germanicum (1933-1945)|Imperium Germanicum]] et anno [[1944]]/[[1945|45]] iterum Russici civitatem occupaverunt. Anno [[1990]]/[[1991|91]] Lettonia iterum libera facta est.

== Geographia ==
In litore [[mare Balticum|maris Baltici]] et sinus eius [[sinus Rigensis|Rigensis]] Lettonia sita est. [[Paeninsula Kurzemensis]]&lt;ref&gt;{{ZK|Курземская возв.}} Vel ''Curonica''.&lt;/ref&gt;, quae mare a sinu Rigensi separat, extremitatem septentrionalem [[Rubes promunturium|Rubem promunturium]] habet. A septentrionee versus [[Estonia]] Lettoniae adiacet, ab oriente [[Russia]] ([[regio Pscoviensis]]), ab oriente et meridie [[Ruthenia Alba]] ([[regio Vitebscensis]]), a meridie [[Lituania]].

Flumen Lettoniae maximum [[Duna]] (quae et [[Duina Occidentalis]]) est. Alia flumina [[Adia]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Ioannes Georgius Theodorus Graesse|J. G. Th. Graesse]], ''[[Orbis Latinus]]'', [[Brunsvicum|Brunopoli]] 1972, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=21 vol. I, p. 19].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Lettonice]] ''Aģe''), [[Coiwa]] vel [[Goiwa]] (''Gauja''), [[Missa (flumen)|Missa]] (''Mūsa''), [[Raupa]]&lt;ref&gt; Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=240 vol. III, p. 238].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Brasla''), [[Saletsa (flumen)|Saletsa]] (''Salaca''), [[Wela]] vel [[Winda]] (''Venta'') sunt.

[[Fasciculus:Historical regions of Latvia.svg|thumb|Lettoniae regiones historicae]]

==Regiones historicae==
Quinque Lettoniae regiones historicae sunt:
* [[Curlandia]] (nunc Lettonice ''Kurzeme'')
* [[Semigallia]] (''Zemgale'')
* [[Selonia]] (''Sēlija'')
(haec tres in ripa Dunae laeva sitae, ab occidente ad orientem enumeratae)
* [[Livonia]] (''Vidzeme''; sed diversis modis Livonia definitur)
* [[Lettigallia]] (''Latgale'')
(haec duae in ripa Dunae dextra)

Sed tres stellae aureae in insigni Lettoniae Curlandiam (cum Semigallia et Selonia), Vidzeme et Lettigalliam significant.

==Urbes et castella==

[[Riga]] est Lettoniae caput. Aliae urbes sunt:
{{div col|2}}
*[[Alvanga]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=77 vol. I, p. 76].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Lettonice]] ''Alsunga'')
*[[Ascradis]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=160 vol. I, p. 158].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Aizkraukle'')
*[[Cruceburgum]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=593 vol. I, p. 595].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Krustpils'')
*[[Duneburgum]] (''Daugavpils'')
*[[Ervalia]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=33 vol. II, p. 31].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Ārlava'')
*[[Goldinga]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=173 vol. II, p. 171].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Kuldiga'')
*[[Holma]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=251 vol. II, p. 249].&lt;/ref&gt; vel [[Kirchholmia]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Monumenta_Livoniae_antiquae_Sammlung_von/Vj5RAAAAcAAJ?hl=ru&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Kirchholmia&amp;pg=RA1-PA120&amp;printsec=frontcover ''Monumenta Livoniae antiquae...'', vol. II, 1839, p. 120].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Salaspils'')
* [[Liba]] (''Liepaja'')
* [[Mariana Domus]] (''Viļaka'')
*[[Mitavia]] (''Jelgava'')
* [[Piltynum]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Ioannes Georgius Theodorus Graesse|J. G. Th. Graesse]], ''[[Orbis Latinus]]'', [[Brunsvicum|Brunopoli]] 1972, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=310 vol. III, p. 308].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Piltene'')
* [[Saletsa]] (''Salacgrīva'')
* [[Sarnitus]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=333 vol. III, p. 331].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Sārnate'')
* [[Seelburgum]] vel [[Selonum castrum]] (''Sēlpils'')
* [[Sygewaldense castellum]] (''Sigulda'')
* [[Vindovia]] (''Ventspils'')
* [[Wasa]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=665 vol. III, p. 663].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Vendzavas'')
* [[Woldemaria]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=681 vol. III, p. 679].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Valmiera'')
* [[Ykescola]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=686 vol. III, p. 684].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Ikšķile'')
{{div col end}}
Castella multa [[Aevum Medium|mediaevalia]] in Lettonia aedificata sunt, quorum [[Angermunda]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=103 vol. I, p. 101].&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Cauponis castrum]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=473 vol. I, p. 471].&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Dabrelis castrum]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=624 vol. I, p. 622].&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Kochenhusium]] vel ''Ruthenicum castrum''&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=332 vol. II, p. 330]. [[Lettonice]] ''Koknese''.&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Normus]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=39 vol. III, p. 37]. [[Lettonice]] ''Nurmuiža''.&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Ropa]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=280 vol. III, p. 278]. [[Lettonice]] ''Lielstraupe''.&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Thoreda]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=485 vol. III, p. 483]. [[Lettonice]] ''Turaida''.&lt;/ref&gt; nota sunt.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Plakans, Andrejs (1995). ''The Latvians: A Short History''. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press. ISBN 978-0-8179-9302-3

{{NexInt}}
* [[Historia Germaniae]]
* [[Historia Russiae]]
* [[Historia Scandinaviae]]
* [[Historia Sueciae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{Communia|Latvija|Lettoniam}}
{{Grc|Λεττονία}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

{{Europa}}
{{Unio Europaea}}
{{Capsae collectae|Lettonia|politica|{{Praesides Lettoniae}}{{Primi ministri Lettoniae}}{{Ministri rerum externarum Lettonici}}{{Ministri Lettonici Kariņš}}}}

[[Categoria:Balticum]]
[[Categoria:Civitates sociae Unionis Europaeae]]
[[Categoria:Condita 1918]]
[[Categoria:Condita 1991]]
[[Categoria:Lettonia|!]]
{{Myrias|Geographia}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>3984712</id>
      <parentid>3984699</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-30T21:29:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Urbes et castella */</comment>
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      <text bytes="17763" sha1="7qvx8lz9h9wunaapz62six68qmxwas4" xml:space="preserve">{{L1}}
{{Capsa civitatis Vicidata}}
'''Lettonia'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.ru/books?id=qDVNAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA31&amp;dq=lettonia+sunt&amp;hl=la&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjf6aTUxbfuAhWFuIsKHZj8B4wQ6AEwBHoECAQQAg#v=onepage&amp;q=lettonia%20sunt&amp;f=false ''Lites ac Res gestae inter Polonos Ordinemque Cruciferorum'', vol. 3, Posnaniae 1856, p. 51]; [https://books.google.ru/books?id=lAtUAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=lettonia+sunt&amp;dq=lettonia+sunt&amp;hl=la&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjf6aTUxbfuAhWFuIsKHZj8B4wQ6AEwAnoECAIQAg ''Epitome iuris canonici...: Libri I et II Codicis iuris canonici''. Ed. 7. 1949, p. 80]; [https://books.google.ru/books?id=WSkaUyHCq8UC&amp;pg=PA22&amp;dq=lettonia+sunt&amp;hl=la&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjf6aTUxbfuAhWFuIsKHZj8B4wQ6AEwAXoECAEQAg#v=onepage&amp;q=lettonia%20sunt&amp;f=false Andreae Riddermark ''Exercitium academicum de Europa'', Lonini{{dubsig}} Gothorm 1703, p. 22]; [https://books.google.ru/books?id=AbgHAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=lettonia+sunt&amp;dq=lettonia+sunt&amp;hl=la&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjf6aTUxbfuAhWFuIsKHZj8B4wQ6AEwAHoECAAQAg ''Nuntii Latini'', 3, 1995. p. 114]; etc.&lt;/ref&gt; vel '''Lettia'''&lt;ref&gt;[[Iohannes Iacobus Hofmannus|Hofmanni]] ''[[Lexicon Universale]]'', [http://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenaref/hofmann/hof2/s0794b.html vol. ΙΙ, p. 794v]; ''[[Orbis Latinus]]'', [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=383 vol. II p. 381]. Etiam ''Leththia, Letthigallia'' etc, (''Orbis Latinus'').&lt;/ref&gt; vel '''Latvia'''{{FD ref}} ([[Lettonice]] ''Latvija'') est terra in litore orientali [[mare Balticum|maris Baltici]] sita, una ex tribus [[civitates Balticae|civitatibus Balticis]], quae inter [[Scandinavia]]m, [[Russia]]m et [[Europa Media|Europam Mediam]] iacent.

== Historia ==
{{vide-etiam|Historia Lettoniae}}
[[Riga]], [[caput (urbs)|caput]] Lettoniae, anno [[1201]] a Germanis ad ostium Duinae Occidentalis conditum, castra strategica fuit in victoria [[Fratres militiae Christi Livoniae|Fratrum militiae Christi Livoniae]] a [[papa]] [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Romano]] confirmatorum. Fuerit prima maior [[Balticum mare|Baltici]] meridiani [[urbs]], post [[1282]] una e principalibus [[Hansa|Foederis Hanseatici]] sedibus [[commercium|commercialibus]].

Post, inter saltem quattuor potestatibus maioribus partita fuit: [[Civitas Ordinis Theutonici|Civitate Ordinis Teutonici]], [[Res Publica Polonica–Lithuanica|Re Publica Polonica–Lithuanica]], [[Suecia]], [[Imperium Russicum|Imperio Russico]]. Ultimum, usque ad [[primum bellum mundanum]] Lettonia ad [[Imperium Russicum]] pertinuit. Inter hoc bellum ab exercitu [[Germania|Germanico]] occupata est. Die [[18 Novembris]] [[1918]] [[Riga]]e Res publica Lettonia libera proclamata est. Anno [[1940]] [[Unio Sovietica]], anno [[1941]] [[Imperium Germanicum (1933-1945)|Imperium Germanicum]] et anno [[1944]]/[[1945|45]] iterum Russici civitatem occupaverunt. Anno [[1990]]/[[1991|91]] Lettonia iterum libera facta est.

== Geographia ==
In litore [[mare Balticum|maris Baltici]] et sinus eius [[sinus Rigensis|Rigensis]] Lettonia sita est. [[Paeninsula Kurzemensis]]&lt;ref&gt;{{ZK|Курземская возв.}} Vel ''Curonica''.&lt;/ref&gt;, quae mare a sinu Rigensi separat, extremitatem septentrionalem [[Rubes promunturium|Rubem promunturium]] habet. A septentrionee versus [[Estonia]] Lettoniae adiacet, ab oriente [[Russia]] ([[regio Pscoviensis]]), ab oriente et meridie [[Ruthenia Alba]] ([[regio Vitebscensis]]), a meridie [[Lituania]].

Flumen Lettoniae maximum [[Duna]] (quae et [[Duina Occidentalis]]) est. Alia flumina [[Adia]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Ioannes Georgius Theodorus Graesse|J. G. Th. Graesse]], ''[[Orbis Latinus]]'', [[Brunsvicum|Brunopoli]] 1972, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=21 vol. I, p. 19].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Lettonice]] ''Aģe''), [[Coiwa]] vel [[Goiwa]] (''Gauja''), [[Missa (flumen)|Missa]] (''Mūsa''), [[Raupa]]&lt;ref&gt; Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=240 vol. III, p. 238].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Brasla''), [[Saletsa (flumen)|Saletsa]] (''Salaca''), [[Wela]] vel [[Winda]] (''Venta'') sunt.

[[Fasciculus:Historical regions of Latvia.svg|thumb|Lettoniae regiones historicae]]

==Regiones historicae==
Quinque Lettoniae regiones historicae sunt:
* [[Curlandia]] (nunc Lettonice ''Kurzeme'')
* [[Semigallia]] (''Zemgale'')
* [[Selonia]] (''Sēlija'')
(haec tres in ripa Dunae laeva sitae, ab occidente ad orientem enumeratae)
* [[Livonia]] (''Vidzeme''; sed diversis modis Livonia definitur)
* [[Lettigallia]] (''Latgale'')
(haec duae in ripa Dunae dextra)

Sed tres stellae aureae in insigni Lettoniae Curlandiam (cum Semigallia et Selonia), Vidzeme et Lettigalliam significant.

==Urbes et castella==

[[Riga]] est Lettoniae caput. Aliae urbes sunt:
{{div col|2}}
*[[Alvanga]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=77 vol. I, p. 76].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Lettonice]] ''Alsunga'')
*[[Ascradis]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=160 vol. I, p. 158].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Aizkraukle'')
*[[Cruceburgum]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=593 vol. I, p. 595].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Krustpils'')
*[[Duneburgum]] (''Daugavpils'')
*[[Ervalia]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=33 vol. II, p. 31].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Ārlava'')
*[[Goldinga]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=173 vol. II, p. 171].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Kuldiga'')
*[[Holma]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=251 vol. II, p. 249].&lt;/ref&gt; vel [[Kirchholmia]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Monumenta_Livoniae_antiquae_Sammlung_von/Vj5RAAAAcAAJ?hl=ru&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Kirchholmia&amp;pg=RA1-PA120&amp;printsec=frontcover ''Monumenta Livoniae antiquae...'', vol. II, 1839, p. 120].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Salaspils'')
* [[Liba]] (''Liepaja'')
* [[Mariana Domus]] (''Viļaka'')
*[[Mitavia]] (''Jelgava'')
* [[Piltynum]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Ioannes Georgius Theodorus Graesse|J. G. Th. Graesse]], ''[[Orbis Latinus]]'', [[Brunsvicum|Brunopoli]] 1972, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=310 vol. III, p. 308].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Piltene'')
* [[Saletsa]] (''Salacgrīva'')
* [[Sarnitus]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=333 vol. III, p. 331].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Sārnate'')
* [[Seelburgum]] vel [[Selonum castrum]] (''Sēlpils'')
* [[Sygewaldense castellum]] (''Sigulda'')
* [[Vindovia]] (''Ventspils'')
* [[Wasa]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=665 vol. III, p. 663].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Vendzavas'')
* [[Woldemaria]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=681 vol. III, p. 679].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Valmiera'')
* [[Ykescola]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=686 vol. III, p. 684].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Ikšķile'')
{{div col end}}
Castella multa [[Aevum Medium|mediaevalia]] in Lettonia aedificata sunt, quorum [[Angermunda]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=103 vol. I, p. 101].&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Cauponis castrum]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=473 vol. I, p. 471].&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Dabrelis castrum]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=624 vol. I, p. 622].&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Kochenhusium]] vel ''Ruthenicum castrum''&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=332 vol. II, p. 330]. [[Lettonice]] ''Koknese''.&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Normus]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=39 vol. III, p. 37]. [[Lettonice]] ''Nurmuiža''.&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Ropa]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=280 vol. III, p. 278]. [[Lettonice]] ''Lielstraupe''.&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Thoreda]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=485 vol. III, p. 483]. [[Lettonice]] ''Turaida''.&lt;/ref&gt; nota sunt.


==Divisio administrativa==

Ab anno 2021 Lettonia in 7 urbes sui iuris et 35 territoria ([[Lettonice]] ''novads'') divisa est.
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=100% align=left border=1 cellpadding=6 cellspacing=0 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 0 1em; background: #ffffff; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; text-align:left; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef; border-bottom:2px solid gray;&quot;
! Vexillum
! Insigne
! Nomen
! Caput
! Area (chm²)
! Incolae (2021)
! [[Spissitudo incolarum|Spissitudo]],&lt;br&gt;hominum/chm²
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Riga.svg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Greater Coat of Arms of Riga - for display.svg|45px]]
| urbs [[Riga]]
|
| 304
| 614 518
| 2428,6
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Jurmala.svg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Coat of Arms of Jūrmala.svg|45px]]
| urbs  [[Acta (Lettonia)|Acta]]
|
| 101,4
| 50 248
| 493,3
|-
|[[Imago:Flag of Daugavpils.svg|100x100px]]
|[[Imago:Coat of arms of Daugavpils.png|54x54px]]
|urbs  [[Duneburgum]]
|
|72,48
|80 627
|1272,3
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Liepāja.svg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Coat of Arms of Liepāja.svg|45px]]
| urbs  [[Liba]]
|
| 68
| 67 964
| 1324,1
|-
|[[Imago:Flag of Rēzekne.svg|100x100px]]
|[[Imago:Coat of Arms of Rēzekne.svg|54x54px]]
|urbs  ''[[Rēzekne]]''
|
|17,48
|26 839
|1567,7
|-
|[[Imago:Jelgava flag.svg|100x100px]]
|[[Imago:Jelgava COA small.svg|54x54px]]
|urbs  [[Mitavia]]
|
|60,1
|55 336
|959,7
|-
|[[Imago:Flag of Ventspils.svg|100x100px]]
|[[Imago:LVA Ventspils COA.svg|53x53px]]
|urbs  [[Vindovia]]
|
|55,4
|33 372
|653,3
|-
| [[Imago:Ādažu novada karogs.svg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Ādažu novads COA 2022.svg|45px]]
| [[Territorium Ādažense]]
| ''[[Ādaži]]''
| 242,9
| 21 134
| 87
|-
| [[Imago:Aizkraukle novads karogs.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Aizkraukles novads COA.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Ascradisense]]
| [[Ascradis]]
| 2274,3
| 29 367
| 12,9
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Balvu novads.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Balvu novads COA.svg|45px]]
| [[Territorium Balvense]]
| [[Balvi]]
| 2386,3
| 19 015
| 8
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Bauskas novads.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Bauskas novads COA.svg|52x52px]]
| [[Territorium Bauskanum]]
| ''[[Bauska]] ''
| 2174,9
| 41 755
| 19,2
|-
| [[Imago:Siguldas novads Flag.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Siguldas novads COA.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Castelli Sygewaldensis]]
| [[Sygewaldense castellum|Castellum Sygewaldense]]
| 1030,1
| 30 625
| 29,2
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Saldus novads.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Saldus novads COA.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Castri Dominae Nostrae]]
| [[Castrum Dominae Nostrae (Lettonia)|Castrum Dominae Nostrae]]
| 2179,5
| 27 110
| 14,6
|-
| [[Imago:Cēsu novada karogs.svg|100x100px]]
| [[Imago:Cēsu novada ģerbonis.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Cēsisense]]
| ''[[Cēsis]]''
| 2668,2
| 41 161
| 15,4
|-
| [[Imago:Krāslavas novads Flag.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Krāslavas novads COA.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Craslaviense]]
| [[Craslavia]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Catalogus_domorum_societatis_Jesu_in_Pol/s1lDoEOKlokC?hl=ru&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=craslavia&amp;pg=PA15&amp;printsec=frontcover  ''Catalogus domorum societatis Jesu in Polonia…'', 1899, p. 15].&lt;/ref&gt;
| 2288,9
| 21 459
| 12,1
|-
|[[Imago:Dienvidkurzemes novada karogs.svg|100px]]
|[[Imago:Dienvidkurzemes novada ģerbonis.svg|54x54px]]
|[[Territorium Curoniae Australis]]
|''[[Grobiņa]]''
|3629,55
|38 351
|10,6
|-
| [[Imago:LVA Gulbenes novads flag.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Gulbenes novads COA.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Cycnopolitanum]]
| [[Cycnopolis]]
| 1872,2
| 19 619
| 44,9
|-
| [[Imago:LVA Dobeles novads flag.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Dobeles novads COA.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Dobelense]]
| ''[[Dobele]] ''
| 1629,4
| 28 517
| 17,5
|-
|[[Imago:Flag of Augšdaugava Municipality.svg|100x100px]]
|[[Imago:Augšdaugavas novada ģerbonis.svg|53x53px]]
|[[Territorium Dunae Superioris]]
|[[Duneburgum]]
|2523,3
|33 222
|13,2
|-
| [[Imago:No flag.svg|100x100px]]
| [[Imago:Kuldīgas novads COA.svg|52x52px]]
| [[Territorium Goldingense]]
| [[Goldinga]]
| 2502,2
| 27 736
| 12,6
|-
| [[Imago:Jēkabpils novada karogs.svg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Jēkabpils novada ģerbonis.svg|54x54px]]
| [[Territorium Iacobοpolitanum]]
| [[Iacobopolis (Lettonia)|Iacobοpolis]]
| 2996.1
| 40 576
| 15,6
|-
| [[Imago:Ķekavas novada karogs.svg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Ķekavas novada ģerbonis.svg|45px]]
| [[Territorium Ķekavense]]
| ''[[Ķekava]] ''
| 454,5
| 30 077
| 60,3
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Līvānu novads.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Līvānu novads COA.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Līvānense]]
| ''[[Līvāni]]''
| 624,6
| 11 652
| 18,66
|-
| [[Imago:Limbazu novads karogs.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Limbažu novada ģerbonis.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Lemsaliense]]
| [[Lemsalia]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lemsalia prope Rigam&quot;, — Hermanni Becker [https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Livonia_certis_propositionibus_comprehen/821jAAAAcAAJ?hl=ru&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=lemsalia&amp;pg=PP1&amp;printsec=frontcover ''Livonia certis propositionibus comprehensa'', 1700, titulus].&lt;/ref&gt;
| 2440,8
| 28 546
| 12,8
|-
| [[Imago:Saulkrastu novada karogs.svg|100x100px]]
| [[Imago:Saulkrastu novada ģerbonis.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Litorum Apricorum]]
| [[Litora Aprica]]
| 277,8
| 9 230
| 29,5
|-
| [[Imago:Ludzas-novads-Flag.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Ludzas novads COA.svg|57x57px]]
| [[Territorium Ludzanum]]
| ''[[Ludza]]''
| 2411,4
| 21 777
| 11,1
|-
|[[Imago:No flag.svg|100x100px]]
|[[Imago:Madonas novada ģerbonis.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Madonense]]
| [[Madona]]
| 3354,8
| 28 692
| 11,1
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Alūksnes novads.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Alūksne novads COA.svg|45px]]
| [[Territorium Marienburgense]]
| [[Marienburgum (Lettonia)|Marienburgum]]
| 1697,6
| 13 861
| 49,8
|-
|[[Imago:Jelgavas novada karogs.svg|100x100px]]
|[[Imago:Jelgavas novads COA.svg|55x55px]]
| [[Territorium Mitavianum]]
| [[Mitavia]]
| 1604,1
| 31 969
| 23,4
|-
| [[Imago:Ogres novads Flag.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Ogres novads COA.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Ogrense]]
| ''[[Ogre]] ''
| 1839,4
| 57 617
| 31,3
|-
| [[Imago:Olaines novads Flag.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Olaines novads COA.svg|45px]]
| [[Territorium Olainense]]
| ''[[Olaine]]''
| 298,5
| 19 705
| 11,2
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Preiļu novads.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Preiļu novads COA.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Preiļense]]
| ''[[Preiļi]]''
| 1419,4
| 16 759
| 14,4
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Rēzeknes novads.svg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Coat of Arms of Rēzeknes novads.svg|45px]]
| [[Territorium Rēzeknense]]
| ''[[Rēzekne]]''
| 2809
| 29 643
| 12,3
|-
| [[Imago:Mārupes novada karogs.svg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Mārupes novada ģerbonis.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Rivi Mariae]]
| [[Rivus Mariae]]
| 103,84
| 21 577
| 210
|-
| [[Imago:Ropažu novada karogs.svg|100x100px]]
| [[Imago:Ropažu novada ģerbonis.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Ropažense]]
| ''[[Ulbroka]]''
| 536,1
| 31 736
| 59,2
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Salaspils Municipality.jpg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Salaspils novads COA.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Saletsanum]]
| [[Saletsa]]
| 100
| 22 868
| 228,6
|-
| [[Imago:Smiltenes novada karogs.svg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Smiltenes novada ģerbonis.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Smiltenense]]
| ''[[Smiltene]]''
| 1801,3
| 18 155
| 11,4
|-
| [[Imago:Talsu novada karogs.svg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Talsu novada ģerbonis.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Talsense]]
| ''[[Talsi]]''
| 2744
| 35 699
| 15
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Tukuma novads.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Tukuma novads COA.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Tukumense]]
| ''[[Tukums]]''
| 2450
| 44 411
| 20,2
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Valkas novads.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Valkas novads COA.svg|45px]]
| [[Territorium Valkanum]]
| ''[[Valka]] ''
| 908,8
| 7 596
| 20,3
|-
| [[Imago:Ventspils novada karogs.svg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Ventspils novads COA.svg|54x54px]]
| [[Territorium Vindovianum]]
| [[Vindovia]]
| 2458,6
| 10 777
| 93,3
|-
| [[Imago:Valmieras novada karogs.svg|100px]]
|[[Imago:Valmieras novada ģerbonis.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Woldemarianum]]
| [[Woldemaria]]
| 2946
| 51 370
| 19,6
|}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Plakans, Andrejs (1995). ''The Latvians: A Short History''. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press. ISBN 978-0-8179-9302-3

{{NexInt}}
* [[Historia Germaniae]]
* [[Historia Russiae]]
* [[Historia Scandinaviae]]
* [[Historia Sueciae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{Communia|Latvija|Lettoniam}}
{{Grc|Λεττονία}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

{{Europa}}
{{Unio Europaea}}
{{Capsae collectae|Lettonia|politica|{{Praesides Lettoniae}}{{Primi ministri Lettoniae}}{{Ministri rerum externarum Lettonici}}{{Ministri Lettonici Kariņš}}}}

[[Categoria:Balticum]]
[[Categoria:Civitates sociae Unionis Europaeae]]
[[Categoria:Condita 1918]]
[[Categoria:Condita 1991]]
[[Categoria:Lettonia|!]]
{{Myrias|Geographia}}</text>
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{{Capsa civitatis Vicidata}}
'''Lettonia'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.ru/books?id=qDVNAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA31&amp;dq=lettonia+sunt&amp;hl=la&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjf6aTUxbfuAhWFuIsKHZj8B4wQ6AEwBHoECAQQAg#v=onepage&amp;q=lettonia%20sunt&amp;f=false ''Lites ac Res gestae inter Polonos Ordinemque Cruciferorum'', vol. 3, Posnaniae 1856, p. 51]; [https://books.google.ru/books?id=lAtUAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=lettonia+sunt&amp;dq=lettonia+sunt&amp;hl=la&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjf6aTUxbfuAhWFuIsKHZj8B4wQ6AEwAnoECAIQAg ''Epitome iuris canonici...: Libri I et II Codicis iuris canonici''. Ed. 7. 1949, p. 80]; [https://books.google.ru/books?id=WSkaUyHCq8UC&amp;pg=PA22&amp;dq=lettonia+sunt&amp;hl=la&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjf6aTUxbfuAhWFuIsKHZj8B4wQ6AEwAXoECAEQAg#v=onepage&amp;q=lettonia%20sunt&amp;f=false Andreae Riddermark ''Exercitium academicum de Europa'', Lonini{{dubsig}} Gothorm 1703, p. 22]; [https://books.google.ru/books?id=AbgHAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=lettonia+sunt&amp;dq=lettonia+sunt&amp;hl=la&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjf6aTUxbfuAhWFuIsKHZj8B4wQ6AEwAHoECAAQAg ''Nuntii Latini'', 3, 1995. p. 114]; etc.&lt;/ref&gt; vel '''Lettia'''&lt;ref&gt;[[Iohannes Iacobus Hofmannus|Hofmanni]] ''[[Lexicon Universale]]'', [http://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenaref/hofmann/hof2/s0794b.html vol. ΙΙ, p. 794v]; ''[[Orbis Latinus]]'', [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=383 vol. II p. 381]. Etiam ''Leththia, Letthigallia'' etc, (''Orbis Latinus'').&lt;/ref&gt; vel '''Latvia'''{{FD ref}} ([[Lettonice]] ''Latvija'') est terra in litore orientali [[mare Balticum|maris Baltici]] sita, una ex tribus [[civitates Balticae|civitatibus Balticis]], quae inter [[Scandinavia]]m, [[Russia]]m et [[Europa Media|Europam Mediam]] iacent.

== Historia ==
{{vide-etiam|Historia Lettoniae}}
[[Riga]], [[caput (urbs)|caput]] Lettoniae, anno [[1201]] a Germanis ad ostium Duinae Occidentalis conditum, castra strategica fuit in victoria [[Fratres militiae Christi Livoniae|Fratrum militiae Christi Livoniae]] a [[papa]] [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Romano]] confirmatorum. Fuerit prima maior [[Balticum mare|Baltici]] meridiani [[urbs]], post [[1282]] una e principalibus [[Hansa|Foederis Hanseatici]] sedibus [[commercium|commercialibus]].

Post, inter saltem quattuor potestatibus maioribus partita fuit: [[Civitas Ordinis Theutonici|Civitate Ordinis Teutonici]], [[Res Publica Polonica–Lithuanica|Re Publica Polonica–Lithuanica]], [[Suecia]], [[Imperium Russicum|Imperio Russico]]. Ultimum, usque ad [[primum bellum mundanum]] Lettonia ad [[Imperium Russicum]] pertinuit. Inter hoc bellum ab exercitu [[Germania|Germanico]] occupata est. Die [[18 Novembris]] [[1918]] [[Riga]]e Res publica Lettonia libera proclamata est. Anno [[1940]] [[Unio Sovietica]], anno [[1941]] [[Imperium Germanicum (1933-1945)|Imperium Germanicum]] et anno [[1944]]/[[1945|45]] iterum Russici civitatem occupaverunt. Anno [[1990]]/[[1991|91]] Lettonia iterum libera facta est.

== Geographia ==
In litore [[mare Balticum|maris Baltici]] et sinus eius [[sinus Rigensis|Rigensis]] Lettonia sita est. [[Paeninsula Kurzemensis]]&lt;ref&gt;{{ZK|Курземская возв.}} Vel ''Curonica''.&lt;/ref&gt;, quae mare a sinu Rigensi separat, extremitatem septentrionalem [[Rubes promunturium|Rubem promunturium]] habet. A septentrionee versus [[Estonia]] Lettoniae adiacet, ab oriente [[Russia]] ([[regio Pscoviensis]]), ab oriente et meridie [[Ruthenia Alba]] ([[regio Vitebscensis]]), a meridie [[Lituania]].

Flumen Lettoniae maximum [[Duna]] (quae et [[Duina Occidentalis]]) est. Alia flumina [[Adia]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Ioannes Georgius Theodorus Graesse|J. G. Th. Graesse]], ''[[Orbis Latinus]]'', [[Brunsvicum|Brunopoli]] 1972, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=21 vol. I, p. 19].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Lettonice]] ''Aģe''), [[Coiwa]] vel [[Goiwa]] (''Gauja''), [[Missa (flumen)|Missa]] (''Mūsa''), [[Raupa]]&lt;ref&gt; Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=240 vol. III, p. 238].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Brasla''), [[Saletsa (flumen)|Saletsa]] (''Salaca''), [[Wela]] vel [[Winda]] (''Venta'') sunt.

[[Fasciculus:Historical regions of Latvia.svg|thumb|Lettoniae regiones historicae]]

==Regiones historicae==
Quinque Lettoniae regiones historicae sunt:
* [[Curlandia]] (nunc Lettonice ''Kurzeme'')
* [[Semigallia]] (''Zemgale'')
* [[Selonia]] (''Sēlija'')
(haec tres in ripa Dunae laeva sitae, ab occidente ad orientem enumeratae)
* [[Livonia]] (''Vidzeme''; sed diversis modis Livonia definitur)
* [[Lettigallia]] (''Latgale'')
(haec duae in ripa Dunae dextra)

Sed tres stellae aureae in insigni Lettoniae Curlandiam (cum Semigallia et Selonia), Vidzeme et Lettigalliam significant.

==Urbes et castella==

[[Riga]] est Lettoniae caput. Aliae urbes sunt:
{{div col|2}}
*[[Alvanga]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=77 vol. I, p. 76].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Lettonice]] ''Alsunga'')
*[[Ascradis]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=160 vol. I, p. 158].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Aizkraukle'')
*[[Cruceburgum]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=593 vol. I, p. 595].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Krustpils'')
*[[Duneburgum]] (''Daugavpils'')
*[[Ervalia]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=33 vol. II, p. 31].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Ārlava'')
*[[Goldinga]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=173 vol. II, p. 171].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Kuldiga'')
*[[Holma]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=251 vol. II, p. 249].&lt;/ref&gt; vel [[Kirchholmia]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Monumenta_Livoniae_antiquae_Sammlung_von/Vj5RAAAAcAAJ?hl=ru&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Kirchholmia&amp;pg=RA1-PA120&amp;printsec=frontcover ''Monumenta Livoniae antiquae...'', vol. II, 1839, p. 120].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Salaspils'')
* [[Liba]] (''Liepaja'')
* [[Mariana Domus]] (''Viļaka'')
*[[Mitavia]] (''Jelgava'')
* [[Piltynum]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Ioannes Georgius Theodorus Graesse|J. G. Th. Graesse]], ''[[Orbis Latinus]]'', [[Brunsvicum|Brunopoli]] 1972, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=310 vol. III, p. 308].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Piltene'')
* [[Saletsa]] (''Salacgrīva'')
* [[Sarnitus]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=333 vol. III, p. 331].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Sārnate'')
* [[Seelburgum]] vel [[Selonum castrum]] (''Sēlpils'')
* [[Sygewaldense castellum]] (''Sigulda'')
* [[Vindovia]] (''Ventspils'')
* [[Wasa]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=665 vol. III, p. 663].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Vendzavas'')
* [[Woldemaria]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=681 vol. III, p. 679].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Valmiera'')
* [[Ykescola]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=686 vol. III, p. 684].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Ikšķile'')
{{div col end}}
Castella multa [[Aevum Medium|mediaevalia]] in Lettonia aedificata sunt, quorum [[Angermunda]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=103 vol. I, p. 101].&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Cauponis castrum]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=473 vol. I, p. 471].&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Dabrelis castrum]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=624 vol. I, p. 622].&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Kochenhusium]] vel ''Ruthenicum castrum''&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=332 vol. II, p. 330]. [[Lettonice]] ''Koknese''.&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Normus]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=39 vol. III, p. 37]. [[Lettonice]] ''Nurmuiža''.&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Ropa]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=280 vol. III, p. 278]. [[Lettonice]] ''Lielstraupe''.&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Thoreda]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=485 vol. III, p. 483]. [[Lettonice]] ''Turaida''.&lt;/ref&gt; nota sunt.


==Divisio administrativa==

Ab anno 2021 Lettonia in 7 urbes sui iuris et 35 territoria ([[Lettonice]] ''novads'') divisa est.
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=100% align=left border=1 cellpadding=6 cellspacing=0 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 0 1em; background: #ffffff; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; text-align:left; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef; border-bottom:2px solid gray;&quot;
! Vexillum
! Insigne
! Nomen
! Caput
! Area (chm²)
! Incolae (2021)
! [[Spissitudo incolarum|Spissitudo]],&lt;br&gt;hominum/chm²
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Riga.svg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Greater Coat of Arms of Riga - for display.svg|45px]]
| urbs [[Riga]]
|
| 304
| 614 518
| 2428,6
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Jurmala.svg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Coat of Arms of Jūrmala.svg|45px]]
| urbs  [[Acta (Lettonia)|Acta]]
|
| 101,4
| 50 248
| 493,3
|-
|[[Imago:Flag of Daugavpils.svg|100x100px]]
|[[Imago:Coat of arms of Daugavpils.png|54x54px]]
|urbs  [[Duneburgum]]
|
|72,48
|80 627
|1272,3
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Liepāja.svg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Coat of Arms of Liepāja.svg|45px]]
| urbs  [[Liba]]
|
| 68
| 67 964
| 1324,1
|-
|[[Imago:Flag of Rēzekne.svg|100x100px]]
|[[Imago:Coat of Arms of Rēzekne.svg|54x54px]]
|urbs  ''[[Rēzekne]]''
|
|17,48
|26 839
|1567,7
|-
|[[Imago:Jelgava flag.svg|100x100px]]
|[[Imago:Jelgava COA small.svg|54x54px]]
|urbs  [[Mitavia]]
|
|60,1
|55 336
|959,7
|-
|[[Imago:Flag of Ventspils.svg|100x100px]]
|[[Imago:LVA Ventspils COA.svg|53x53px]]
|urbs  [[Vindovia]]
|
|55,4
|33 372
|653,3
|-
| [[Imago:Ādažu novada karogs.svg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Ādažu novads COA 2022.svg|45px]]
| [[Territorium Ādažense]]
| ''[[Ādaži]]''
| 242,9
| 21 134
| 87
|-
| [[Imago:Aizkraukle novads karogs.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Aizkraukles novads COA.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Ascradisense]]
| [[Ascradis]]
| 2274,3
| 29 367
| 12,9
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Balvu novads.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Balvu novads COA.svg|45px]]
| [[Territorium Balvense]]
| [[Balvi]]
| 2386,3
| 19 015
| 8
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Bauskas novads.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Bauskas novads COA.svg|52x52px]]
| [[Territorium Bauskanum]]
| ''[[Bauska]] ''
| 2174,9
| 41 755
| 19,2
|-
| [[Imago:Siguldas novads Flag.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Siguldas novads COA.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Castelli Sygewaldensis]]
| [[Sygewaldense castellum|Castellum Sygewaldense]]
| 1030,1
| 30 625
| 29,2
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Saldus novads.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Saldus novads COA.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Castri Dominae Nostrae]]
| [[Castrum Dominae Nostrae (Lettonia)|Castrum Dominae Nostrae]]
| 2179,5
| 27 110
| 14,6
|-
| [[Imago:Cēsu novada karogs.svg|100x100px]]
| [[Imago:Cēsu novada ģerbonis.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Cēsisense]]
| ''[[Cēsis]]''
| 2668,2
| 41 161
| 15,4
|-
| [[Imago:Krāslavas novads Flag.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Krāslavas novads COA.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Craslaviense]]
| [[Craslavia]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Catalogus_domorum_societatis_Jesu_in_Pol/s1lDoEOKlokC?hl=ru&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=craslavia&amp;pg=PA15&amp;printsec=frontcover  ''Catalogus domorum societatis Jesu in Polonia…'', 1899, p. 15].&lt;/ref&gt;
| 2288,9
| 21 459
| 12,1
|-
|[[Imago:Dienvidkurzemes novada karogs.svg|100px]]
|[[Imago:Dienvidkurzemes novada ģerbonis.svg|54x54px]]
|[[Territorium Curoniae Australis]]
|''[[Grobiņa]]''
|3629,55
|38 351
|10,6
|-
| [[Imago:LVA Gulbenes novads flag.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Gulbenes novads COA.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Cycnopolitanum]]
| [[Cycnopolis]]
| 1872,2
| 19 619
| 44,9
|-
| [[Imago:LVA Dobeles novads flag.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Dobeles novads COA.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Dobelense]]
| ''[[Dobele]] ''
| 1629,4
| 28 517
| 17,5
|-
|[[Imago:Flag of Augšdaugava Municipality.svg|100x100px]]
|[[Imago:Augšdaugavas novada ģerbonis.svg|53x53px]]
|[[Territorium Dunae Superioris]]
|[[Duneburgum]]
|2523,3
|33 222
|13,2
|-
| [[Imago:No flag.svg|100x100px]]
| [[Imago:Kuldīgas novads COA.svg|52x52px]]
| [[Territorium Goldingense]]
| [[Goldinga]]
| 2502,2
| 27 736
| 12,6
|-
| [[Imago:Jēkabpils novada karogs.svg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Jēkabpils novada ģerbonis.svg|54x54px]]
| [[Territorium Iacobοpolitanum]]
| [[Iacobopolis (Lettonia)|Iacobοpolis]]
| 2996.1
| 40 576
| 15,6
|-
| [[Imago:Ķekavas novada karogs.svg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Ķekavas novada ģerbonis.svg|45px]]
| [[Territorium Ķekavense]]
| ''[[Ķekava]] ''
| 454,5
| 30 077
| 60,3
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Līvānu novads.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Līvānu novads COA.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Līvānense]]
| ''[[Līvāni]]''
| 624,6
| 11 652
| 18,66
|-
| [[Imago:Limbazu novads karogs.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Limbažu novada ģerbonis.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Lemsaliense]]
| [[Lemsalia]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lemsalia prope Rigam&quot;, — Hermanni Becker [https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Livonia_certis_propositionibus_comprehen/821jAAAAcAAJ?hl=ru&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=lemsalia&amp;pg=PP1&amp;printsec=frontcover ''Livonia certis propositionibus comprehensa'', 1700, titulus].&lt;/ref&gt;
| 2440,8
| 28 546
| 12,8
|-
| [[Imago:Saulkrastu novada karogs.svg|100x100px]]
| [[Imago:Saulkrastu novada ģerbonis.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Litorum Apricorum]]
| [[Litora Aprica]]
| 277,8
| 9 230
| 29,5
|-
| [[Imago:Ludzas-novads-Flag.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Ludzas novads COA.svg|57x57px]]
| [[Territorium Ludzanum]]
| ''[[Ludza]]''
| 2411,4
| 21 777
| 11,1
|-
|[[Imago:No flag.svg|100x100px]]
|[[Imago:Madonas novada ģerbonis.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Madonense]]
| [[Madona]]
| 3354,8
| 28 692
| 11,1
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Alūksnes novads.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Alūksne novads COA.svg|45px]]
| [[Territorium Marienburgense]]
| [[Marienburgum (Lettonia)|Marienburgum]]
| 1697,6
| 13 861
| 49,8
|-
|[[Imago:Jelgavas novada karogs.svg|100x100px]]
|[[Imago:Jelgavas novads COA.svg|55x55px]]
| [[Territorium Mitavianum]]
| [[Mitavia]]
| 1604,1
| 31 969
| 23,4
|-
| [[Imago:Ogres novads Flag.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Ogres novads COA.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Ogrense]]
| ''[[Ogre]] ''
| 1839,4
| 57 617
| 31,3
|-
| [[Imago:Olaines novads Flag.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Olaines novads COA.svg|45px]]
| [[Territorium Olainense]]
| ''[[Olaine]]''
| 298,5
| 19 705
| 11,2
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Preiļu novads.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Preiļu novads COA.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Preiļense]]
| ''[[Preiļi]]''
| 1419,4
| 16 759
| 14,4
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Rēzeknes novads.svg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Coat of Arms of Rēzeknes novads.svg|45px]]
| [[Territorium Rēzeknense]]
| ''[[Rēzekne]]''
| 2809
| 29 643
| 12,3
|-
| [[Imago:Mārupes novada karogs.svg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Mārupes novada ģerbonis.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Rivi Mariae]]
| [[Rivus Mariae]]
| 103,84
| 21 577
| 210
|-
| [[Imago:Ropažu novada karogs.svg|100x100px]]
| [[Imago:Ropažu novada ģerbonis.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Ropažense]]
| ''[[Ulbroka]]''
| 536,1
| 31 736
| 59,2
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Salaspils Municipality.jpg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Salaspils novads COA.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Saletsanum]]
| [[Saletsa]]
| 100
| 22 868
| 228,6
|-
| [[Imago:Smiltenes novada karogs.svg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Smiltenes novada ģerbonis.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Smiltenense]]
| ''[[Smiltene]]''
| 1801,3
| 18 155
| 11,4
|-
| [[Imago:Talsu novada karogs.svg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Talsu novada ģerbonis.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Talsense]]
| ''[[Talsi]]''
| 2744
| 35 699
| 15
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Tukuma novads.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Tukuma novads COA.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Tukumense]]
| ''[[Tukums]]''
| 2450
| 44 411
| 20,2
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Valkas novads.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Valkas novads COA.svg|45px]]
| [[Territorium Valkanum]]
| ''[[Valka]] ''
| 908,8
| 7 596
| 20,3
|-
| [[Imago:Ventspils novada karogs.svg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Ventspils novads COA.svg|54x54px]]
| [[Territorium Vindovianum]]
| [[Vindovia]]
| 2458,6
| 10 777
| 93,3
|-
| [[Imago:Valmieras novada karogs.svg|100px]]
|[[Imago:Valmieras novada ģerbonis.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Woldemarianum]]
| [[Woldemaria]]
| 2946
| 51 370
| 19,6
|}
{{-}}
== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Plakans, Andrejs (1995). ''The Latvians: A Short History''. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press. ISBN 978-0-8179-9302-3

{{NexInt}}
* [[Historia Germaniae]]
* [[Historia Russiae]]
* [[Historia Scandinaviae]]
* [[Historia Sueciae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{Communia|Latvija|Lettoniam}}
{{Grc|Λεττονία}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

{{Europa}}
{{Unio Europaea}}
{{Capsae collectae|Lettonia|politica|{{Praesides Lettoniae}}{{Primi ministri Lettoniae}}{{Ministri rerum externarum Lettonici}}{{Ministri Lettonici Kariņš}}}}

[[Categoria:Balticum]]
[[Categoria:Civitates sociae Unionis Europaeae]]
[[Categoria:Condita 1918]]
[[Categoria:Condita 1991]]
[[Categoria:Lettonia|!]]
{{Myrias|Geographia}}</text>
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{{Capsa civitatis Vicidata}}
'''Lettonia'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.ru/books?id=qDVNAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA31&amp;dq=lettonia+sunt&amp;hl=la&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjf6aTUxbfuAhWFuIsKHZj8B4wQ6AEwBHoECAQQAg#v=onepage&amp;q=lettonia%20sunt&amp;f=false ''Lites ac Res gestae inter Polonos Ordinemque Cruciferorum'', vol. 3, Posnaniae 1856, p. 51]; [https://books.google.ru/books?id=lAtUAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=lettonia+sunt&amp;dq=lettonia+sunt&amp;hl=la&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjf6aTUxbfuAhWFuIsKHZj8B4wQ6AEwAnoECAIQAg ''Epitome iuris canonici...: Libri I et II Codicis iuris canonici''. Ed. 7. 1949, p. 80]; [https://books.google.ru/books?id=WSkaUyHCq8UC&amp;pg=PA22&amp;dq=lettonia+sunt&amp;hl=la&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjf6aTUxbfuAhWFuIsKHZj8B4wQ6AEwAXoECAEQAg#v=onepage&amp;q=lettonia%20sunt&amp;f=false Andreae Riddermark ''Exercitium academicum de Europa'', Lonini{{dubsig}} Gothorm 1703, p. 22]; [https://books.google.ru/books?id=AbgHAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=lettonia+sunt&amp;dq=lettonia+sunt&amp;hl=la&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjf6aTUxbfuAhWFuIsKHZj8B4wQ6AEwAHoECAAQAg ''Nuntii Latini'', 3, 1995. p. 114]; etc.&lt;/ref&gt; vel '''Lettia'''&lt;ref&gt;[[Iohannes Iacobus Hofmannus|Hofmanni]] ''[[Lexicon Universale]]'', [http://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenaref/hofmann/hof2/s0794b.html vol. ΙΙ, p. 794v]; ''[[Orbis Latinus]]'', [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=383 vol. II p. 381]. Etiam ''Leththia, Letthigallia'' etc, (''Orbis Latinus'').&lt;/ref&gt; vel '''Latvia'''{{FD ref}} ([[Lettonice]] ''Latvija'') est terra in litore orientali [[mare Balticum|maris Baltici]] sita, una ex tribus [[civitates Balticae|civitatibus Balticis]], quae inter [[Scandinavia]]m, [[Russia]]m et [[Europa Media|Europam Mediam]] iacent.

== Historia ==
{{vide-etiam|Historia Lettoniae}}
[[Riga]], [[caput (urbs)|caput]] Lettoniae, anno [[1201]] a Germanis ad ostium Duinae Occidentalis conditum, castra strategica fuit in victoria [[Fratres militiae Christi Livoniae|Fratrum militiae Christi Livoniae]] a [[papa]] [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Romano]] confirmatorum. Fuerit prima maior [[Balticum mare|Baltici]] meridiani [[urbs]], post [[1282]] una e principalibus [[Hansa|Foederis Hanseatici]] sedibus [[commercium|commercialibus]].

Post, inter saltem quattuor potestatibus maioribus partita fuit: [[Civitas Ordinis Theutonici|Civitate Ordinis Teutonici]], [[Res Publica Polonica–Lithuanica|Re Publica Polonica–Lithuanica]], [[Suecia]], [[Imperium Russicum|Imperio Russico]]. Ultimum, usque ad [[primum bellum mundanum]] Lettonia ad [[Imperium Russicum]] pertinuit. Inter hoc bellum ab exercitu [[Germania|Germanico]] occupata est. Die [[18 Novembris]] [[1918]] [[Riga]]e Res publica Lettonia libera proclamata est. Anno [[1940]] [[Unio Sovietica]], anno [[1941]] [[Imperium Germanicum (1933-1945)|Imperium Germanicum]] et anno [[1944]]/[[1945|45]] iterum Russici civitatem occupaverunt. Anno [[1990]]/[[1991|91]] Lettonia iterum libera facta est.

== Geographia ==
In litore [[mare Balticum|maris Baltici]] et sinus eius [[sinus Rigensis|Rigensis]] Lettonia sita est. [[Paeninsula Kurzemensis]]&lt;ref&gt;{{ZK|Курземская возв.}} Vel ''Curonica''.&lt;/ref&gt;, quae mare a sinu Rigensi separat, extremitatem septentrionalem [[Rubes promunturium|Rubem promunturium]] habet. A septentrionee versus [[Estonia]] Lettoniae adiacet, ab oriente [[Russia]] ([[regio Pscoviensis]]), ab oriente et meridie [[Ruthenia Alba]] ([[regio Vitebscensis]]), a meridie [[Lituania]].

Flumen Lettoniae maximum [[Duna]] (quae et [[Duina Occidentalis]]) est. Alia flumina [[Adia]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Ioannes Georgius Theodorus Graesse|J. G. Th. Graesse]], ''[[Orbis Latinus]]'', [[Brunsvicum|Brunopoli]] 1972, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=21 vol. I, p. 19].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Lettonice]] ''Aģe''), [[Coiwa]] vel [[Goiwa]] (''Gauja''), [[Missa (flumen)|Missa]] (''Mūsa''), [[Raupa]]&lt;ref&gt; Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=240 vol. III, p. 238].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Brasla''), [[Saletsa (flumen)|Saletsa]] (''Salaca''), [[Wela]] vel [[Winda]] (''Venta'') sunt.

[[Fasciculus:Historical regions of Latvia.svg|thumb|Lettoniae regiones historicae]]

==Regiones historicae==
Quinque Lettoniae regiones historicae sunt:
* [[Curlandia]] (nunc Lettonice ''Kurzeme'')
* [[Semigallia]] (''Zemgale'')
* [[Selonia]] (''Sēlija'')
(haec tres in ripa Dunae laeva sitae, ab occidente ad orientem enumeratae)
* [[Livonia]] (''Vidzeme''; sed diversis modis Livonia definitur)
* [[Lettigallia]] (''Latgale'')
(haec duae in ripa Dunae dextra)

Sed tres stellae aureae in insigni Lettoniae Curlandiam (cum Semigallia et Selonia), Vidzeme et Lettigalliam significant.

==Urbes et castella==

[[Riga]] est Lettoniae caput. Aliae urbes sunt:
{{div col|2}}
*[[Alvanga]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=77 vol. I, p. 76].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Lettonice]] ''Alsunga'')
*[[Ascradis]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=160 vol. I, p. 158].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Aizkraukle'')
*[[Cruceburgum]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=593 vol. I, p. 595].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Krustpils'')
*[[Duneburgum]] (''Daugavpils'')
*[[Ervalia]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=33 vol. II, p. 31].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Ārlava'')
*[[Goldinga]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=173 vol. II, p. 171].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Kuldiga'')
*[[Holma]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=251 vol. II, p. 249].&lt;/ref&gt; vel [[Kirchholmia]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Monumenta_Livoniae_antiquae_Sammlung_von/Vj5RAAAAcAAJ?hl=ru&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Kirchholmia&amp;pg=RA1-PA120&amp;printsec=frontcover ''Monumenta Livoniae antiquae...'', vol. II, 1839, p. 120].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Salaspils'')
* [[Liba]] (''Liepaja'')
* [[Mariana Domus]] (''Viļaka'')
*[[Mitavia]] (''Jelgava'')
* [[Piltynum]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Ioannes Georgius Theodorus Graesse|J. G. Th. Graesse]], ''[[Orbis Latinus]]'', [[Brunsvicum|Brunopoli]] 1972, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=310 vol. III, p. 308].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Piltene'')
* [[Saletsa]] (''Salacgrīva'')
* [[Sarnitus]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=333 vol. III, p. 331].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Sārnate'')
* [[Seelburgum]] vel [[Selonum castrum]] (''Sēlpils'')
* [[Sygewaldense castellum]] (''Sigulda'')
* [[Vindovia]] (''Ventspils'')
* [[Wasa]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=665 vol. III, p. 663].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Vendzavas'')
* [[Woldemaria]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=681 vol. III, p. 679].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Valmiera'')
* [[Ykescola]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=686 vol. III, p. 684].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Ikšķile'')
{{div col end}}
Castella multa [[Aevum Medium|mediaevalia]] in Lettonia aedificata sunt, quorum [[Angermunda]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=103 vol. I, p. 101].&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Cauponis castrum]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=473 vol. I, p. 471].&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Dabrelis castrum]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=624 vol. I, p. 622].&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Kochenhusium]] vel ''Ruthenicum castrum''&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=332 vol. II, p. 330]. [[Lettonice]] ''Koknese''.&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Normus]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=39 vol. III, p. 37]. [[Lettonice]] ''Nurmuiža''.&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Ropa]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=280 vol. III, p. 278]. [[Lettonice]] ''Lielstraupe''.&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Thoreda]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=485 vol. III, p. 483]. [[Lettonice]] ''Turaida''.&lt;/ref&gt; nota sunt.


==Divisio administrativa==

Ab anno 2021 Lettonia in 7 urbes sui iuris et 35 territoria ([[Lettonice]] ''novads'') divisa est.
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=100% align=left border=1 cellpadding=6 cellspacing=0 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 0 1em; background: #ffffff; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; text-align:left; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef; border-bottom:2px solid gray;&quot;
! Vexillum
! Insigne
! Nomen
! Caput
! Area (chm²)
! Incolae (2021)
! [[Spissitudo incolarum|Spissitudo]],&lt;br&gt;hominum/chm²
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Riga.svg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Greater Coat of Arms of Riga - for display.svg|45px]]
| urbs [[Riga]]
|
| 304
| 614 518
| 2428,6
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Jurmala.svg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Coat of Arms of Jūrmala.svg|45px]]
| urbs  [[Acta (Lettonia)|Acta]]
|
| 101,4
| 50 248
| 493,3
|-
|[[Imago:Flag of Daugavpils.svg|100x100px]]
|[[Imago:Coat of arms of Daugavpils.png|54x54px]]
|urbs  [[Duneburgum]]
|
|72,48
|80 627
|1272,3
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Liepāja.svg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Coat of Arms of Liepāja.svg|45px]]
| urbs  [[Liba]]
|
| 68
| 67 964
| 1324,1
|-
|[[Imago:Flag of Rēzekne.svg|100x100px]]
|[[Imago:Coat of Arms of Rēzekne.svg|54x54px]]
|urbs  ''[[Rēzekne]]''
|
|17,48
|26 839
|1567,7
|-
|[[Imago:Jelgava flag.svg|100x100px]]
|[[Imago:Jelgava COA small.svg|54x54px]]
|urbs  [[Mitavia]]
|
|60,1
|55 336
|959,7
|-
|[[Imago:Flag of Ventspils.svg|100x100px]]
|[[Imago:LVA Ventspils COA.svg|53x53px]]
|urbs  [[Vindovia]]
|
|55,4
|33 372
|653,3
|-
| [[Imago:Ādažu novada karogs.svg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Ādažu novads COA 2022.svg|45px]]
| [[Territorium Ādažense]]
| ''[[Ādaži]]''
| 242,9
| 21 134
| 87
|-
| [[Imago:Aizkraukle novads karogs.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Aizkraukles novads COA.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Ascradiense]]
| [[Ascradis]]
| 2274,3
| 29 367
| 12,9
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Balvu novads.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Balvu novads COA.svg|45px]]
| [[Territorium Balvense]]
| [[Balvi]]
| 2386,3
| 19 015
| 8
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Bauskas novads.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Bauskas novads COA.svg|52x52px]]
| [[Territorium Bauskanum]]
| ''[[Bauska]] ''
| 2174,9
| 41 755
| 19,2
|-
| [[Imago:Siguldas novads Flag.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Siguldas novads COA.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Castelli Sygewaldensis]]
| [[Sygewaldense castellum|Castellum Sygewaldense]]
| 1030,1
| 30 625
| 29,2
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Saldus novads.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Saldus novads COA.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Castri Dominae Nostrae]]
| [[Castrum Dominae Nostrae (Lettonia)|Castrum Dominae Nostrae]]
| 2179,5
| 27 110
| 14,6
|-
| [[Imago:Cēsu novada karogs.svg|100x100px]]
| [[Imago:Cēsu novada ģerbonis.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Cēsisense]]
| ''[[Cēsis]]''
| 2668,2
| 41 161
| 15,4
|-
| [[Imago:Krāslavas novads Flag.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Krāslavas novads COA.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Craslaviense]]
| [[Craslavia]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Catalogus_domorum_societatis_Jesu_in_Pol/s1lDoEOKlokC?hl=ru&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=craslavia&amp;pg=PA15&amp;printsec=frontcover  ''Catalogus domorum societatis Jesu in Polonia…'', 1899, p. 15].&lt;/ref&gt;
| 2288,9
| 21 459
| 12,1
|-
|[[Imago:Dienvidkurzemes novada karogs.svg|100px]]
|[[Imago:Dienvidkurzemes novada ģerbonis.svg|54x54px]]
|[[Territorium Curoniae Australis]]
|''[[Grobiņa]]''
|3629,55
|38 351
|10,6
|-
| [[Imago:LVA Gulbenes novads flag.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Gulbenes novads COA.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Cycnopolitanum]]
| [[Cycnopolis]]
| 1872,2
| 19 619
| 44,9
|-
| [[Imago:LVA Dobeles novads flag.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Dobeles novads COA.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Dobelense]]
| ''[[Dobele]] ''
| 1629,4
| 28 517
| 17,5
|-
|[[Imago:Flag of Augšdaugava Municipality.svg|100x100px]]
|[[Imago:Augšdaugavas novada ģerbonis.svg|53x53px]]
|[[Territorium Dunae Superioris]]
|[[Duneburgum]]
|2523,3
|33 222
|13,2
|-
| [[Imago:No flag.svg|100x100px]]
| [[Imago:Kuldīgas novads COA.svg|52x52px]]
| [[Territorium Goldingense]]
| [[Goldinga]]
| 2502,2
| 27 736
| 12,6
|-
| [[Imago:Jēkabpils novada karogs.svg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Jēkabpils novada ģerbonis.svg|54x54px]]
| [[Territorium Iacobοpolitanum]]
| [[Iacobopolis (Lettonia)|Iacobοpolis]]
| 2996.1
| 40 576
| 15,6
|-
| [[Imago:Ķekavas novada karogs.svg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Ķekavas novada ģerbonis.svg|45px]]
| [[Territorium Ķekavense]]
| ''[[Ķekava]] ''
| 454,5
| 30 077
| 60,3
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Līvānu novads.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Līvānu novads COA.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Līvānense]]
| ''[[Līvāni]]''
| 624,6
| 11 652
| 18,66
|-
| [[Imago:Limbazu novads karogs.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Limbažu novada ģerbonis.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Lemsaliense]]
| [[Lemsalia]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lemsalia prope Rigam&quot;, — Hermanni Becker [https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Livonia_certis_propositionibus_comprehen/821jAAAAcAAJ?hl=ru&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=lemsalia&amp;pg=PP1&amp;printsec=frontcover ''Livonia certis propositionibus comprehensa'', 1700, titulus].&lt;/ref&gt;
| 2440,8
| 28 546
| 12,8
|-
| [[Imago:Saulkrastu novada karogs.svg|100x100px]]
| [[Imago:Saulkrastu novada ģerbonis.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Litorum Apricorum]]
| [[Litora Aprica]]
| 277,8
| 9 230
| 29,5
|-
| [[Imago:Ludzas-novads-Flag.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Ludzas novads COA.svg|57x57px]]
| [[Territorium Ludzanum]]
| ''[[Ludza]]''
| 2411,4
| 21 777
| 11,1
|-
|[[Imago:No flag.svg|100x100px]]
|[[Imago:Madonas novada ģerbonis.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Madonense]]
| [[Madona]]
| 3354,8
| 28 692
| 11,1
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Alūksnes novads.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Alūksne novads COA.svg|45px]]
| [[Territorium Marienburgense]]
| [[Marienburgum (Lettonia)|Marienburgum]]
| 1697,6
| 13 861
| 49,8
|-
|[[Imago:Jelgavas novada karogs.svg|100x100px]]
|[[Imago:Jelgavas novads COA.svg|55x55px]]
| [[Territorium Mitavianum]]
| [[Mitavia]]
| 1604,1
| 31 969
| 23,4
|-
| [[Imago:Ogres novads Flag.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Ogres novads COA.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Ogrense]]
| ''[[Ogre]] ''
| 1839,4
| 57 617
| 31,3
|-
| [[Imago:Olaines novads Flag.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Olaines novads COA.svg|45px]]
| [[Territorium Olainense]]
| ''[[Olaine]]''
| 298,5
| 19 705
| 11,2
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Preiļu novads.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Preiļu novads COA.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Preiļense]]
| ''[[Preiļi]]''
| 1419,4
| 16 759
| 14,4
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Rēzeknes novads.svg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Coat of Arms of Rēzeknes novads.svg|45px]]
| [[Territorium Rēzeknense]]
| ''[[Rēzekne]]''
| 2809
| 29 643
| 12,3
|-
| [[Imago:Mārupes novada karogs.svg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Mārupes novada ģerbonis.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Rivi Mariae]]
| [[Rivus Mariae]]
| 103,84
| 21 577
| 210
|-
| [[Imago:Ropažu novada karogs.svg|100x100px]]
| [[Imago:Ropažu novada ģerbonis.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Ropažense]]
| ''[[Ulbroka]]''
| 536,1
| 31 736
| 59,2
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Salaspils Municipality.jpg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Salaspils novads COA.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Saletsanum]]
| [[Saletsa]]
| 100
| 22 868
| 228,6
|-
| [[Imago:Smiltenes novada karogs.svg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Smiltenes novada ģerbonis.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Smiltenense]]
| ''[[Smiltene]]''
| 1801,3
| 18 155
| 11,4
|-
| [[Imago:Talsu novada karogs.svg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Talsu novada ģerbonis.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Talsense]]
| ''[[Talsi]]''
| 2744
| 35 699
| 15
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Tukuma novads.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Tukuma novads COA.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Tukumense]]
| ''[[Tukums]]''
| 2450
| 44 411
| 20,2
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Valkas novads.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Valkas novads COA.svg|45px]]
| [[Territorium Valkanum]]
| ''[[Valka]] ''
| 908,8
| 7 596
| 20,3
|-
| [[Imago:Ventspils novada karogs.svg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Ventspils novads COA.svg|54x54px]]
| [[Territorium Vindovianum]]
| [[Vindovia]]
| 2458,6
| 10 777
| 93,3
|-
| [[Imago:Valmieras novada karogs.svg|100px]]
|[[Imago:Valmieras novada ģerbonis.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Woldemarianum]]
| [[Woldemaria]]
| 2946
| 51 370
| 19,6
|}
{{-}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Plakans, Andrejs (1995). ''The Latvians: A Short History''. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press. ISBN 978-0-8179-9302-3

{{NexInt}}
* [[Historia Germaniae]]
* [[Historia Russiae]]
* [[Historia Scandinaviae]]
* [[Historia Sueciae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{Communia|Latvija|Lettoniam}}
{{Grc|Λεττονία}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

{{Europa}}
{{Unio Europaea}}
{{Capsae collectae|Lettonia|politica|{{Praesides Lettoniae}}{{Primi ministri Lettoniae}}{{Ministri rerum externarum Lettonici}}{{Ministri Lettonici Kariņš}}}}

[[Categoria:Balticum]]
[[Categoria:Civitates sociae Unionis Europaeae]]
[[Categoria:Condita 1918]]
[[Categoria:Condita 1991]]
[[Categoria:Lettonia|!]]
{{Myrias|Geographia}}</text>
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{{Capsa civitatis Vicidata}}
'''Lettonia'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.ru/books?id=qDVNAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA31&amp;dq=lettonia+sunt&amp;hl=la&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjf6aTUxbfuAhWFuIsKHZj8B4wQ6AEwBHoECAQQAg#v=onepage&amp;q=lettonia%20sunt&amp;f=false ''Lites ac Res gestae inter Polonos Ordinemque Cruciferorum'', vol. 3, Posnaniae 1856, p. 51]; [https://books.google.ru/books?id=lAtUAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=lettonia+sunt&amp;dq=lettonia+sunt&amp;hl=la&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjf6aTUxbfuAhWFuIsKHZj8B4wQ6AEwAnoECAIQAg ''Epitome iuris canonici...: Libri I et II Codicis iuris canonici''. Ed. 7. 1949, p. 80]; [https://books.google.ru/books?id=WSkaUyHCq8UC&amp;pg=PA22&amp;dq=lettonia+sunt&amp;hl=la&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjf6aTUxbfuAhWFuIsKHZj8B4wQ6AEwAXoECAEQAg#v=onepage&amp;q=lettonia%20sunt&amp;f=false Andreae Riddermark ''Exercitium academicum de Europa'', Lonini{{dubsig}} Gothorm 1703, p. 22]; [https://books.google.ru/books?id=AbgHAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=lettonia+sunt&amp;dq=lettonia+sunt&amp;hl=la&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjf6aTUxbfuAhWFuIsKHZj8B4wQ6AEwAHoECAAQAg ''Nuntii Latini'', 3, 1995. p. 114]; etc.&lt;/ref&gt; vel '''Lettia'''&lt;ref&gt;[[Iohannes Iacobus Hofmannus|Hofmanni]] ''[[Lexicon Universale]]'', [http://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenaref/hofmann/hof2/s0794b.html vol. ΙΙ, p. 794v]; ''[[Orbis Latinus]]'', [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=383 vol. II p. 381]. Etiam ''Leththia, Letthigallia'' etc, (''Orbis Latinus'').&lt;/ref&gt; vel '''Latvia'''{{FD ref}} ([[Lettonice]] ''Latvija'') est terra in litore orientali [[mare Balticum|maris Baltici]] sita, una ex tribus [[civitates Balticae|civitatibus Balticis]], quae inter [[Scandinavia]]m, [[Russia]]m et [[Europa Media|Europam Mediam]] iacent.

== Historia ==
{{vide-etiam|Historia Lettoniae}}
[[Riga]], [[caput (urbs)|caput]] Lettoniae, anno [[1201]] a Germanis ad ostium Duinae Occidentalis conditum, castra strategica fuit in victoria [[Fratres militiae Christi Livoniae|Fratrum militiae Christi Livoniae]] a [[papa]] [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Romano]] confirmatorum. Fuerit prima maior [[Balticum mare|Baltici]] meridiani [[urbs]], post [[1282]] una e principalibus [[Hansa|Foederis Hanseatici]] sedibus [[commercium|commercialibus]].

Post, inter saltem quattuor potestatibus maioribus partita fuit: [[Civitas Ordinis Theutonici|Civitate Ordinis Teutonici]], [[Res Publica Polonica–Lithuanica|Re Publica Polonica–Lithuanica]], [[Suecia]], [[Imperium Russicum|Imperio Russico]]. Ultimum, usque ad [[primum bellum mundanum]] Lettonia ad [[Imperium Russicum]] pertinuit. Inter hoc bellum ab exercitu [[Germania|Germanico]] occupata est. Die [[18 Novembris]] [[1918]] [[Riga]]e Res publica Lettonia libera proclamata est. Anno [[1940]] [[Unio Sovietica]], anno [[1941]] [[Imperium Germanicum (1933-1945)|Imperium Germanicum]] et anno [[1944]]/[[1945|45]] iterum Russici civitatem occupaverunt. Anno [[1990]]/[[1991|91]] Lettonia iterum libera facta est.

== Geographia ==
In litore [[mare Balticum|maris Baltici]] et sinus eius [[sinus Rigensis|Rigensis]] Lettonia sita est. [[Paeninsula Kurzemensis]]&lt;ref&gt;{{ZK|Курземская возв.}} Vel ''Curonica''.&lt;/ref&gt;, quae mare a sinu Rigensi separat, extremitatem septentrionalem [[Rubes promunturium|Rubem promunturium]] habet. A septentrionee versus [[Estonia]] Lettoniae adiacet, ab oriente [[Russia]] ([[regio Pscoviensis]]), ab oriente et meridie [[Ruthenia Alba]] ([[regio Vitebscensis]]), a meridie [[Lituania]].

Flumen Lettoniae maximum [[Duna]] (quae et [[Duina Occidentalis]]) est. Alia flumina [[Adia]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Ioannes Georgius Theodorus Graesse|J. G. Th. Graesse]], ''[[Orbis Latinus]]'', [[Brunsvicum|Brunopoli]] 1972, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=21 vol. I, p. 19].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Lettonice]] ''Aģe''), [[Coiwa]] vel [[Goiwa]] (''Gauja''), [[Missa (flumen)|Missa]] (''Mūsa''), [[Raupa]]&lt;ref&gt; Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=240 vol. III, p. 238].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Brasla''), [[Saletsa (flumen)|Saletsa]] (''Salaca''), [[Wela]] vel [[Winda]] (''Venta'') sunt.

[[Fasciculus:Historical regions of Latvia.svg|thumb|Lettoniae regiones historicae]]

==Regiones historicae==
Quinque Lettoniae regiones historicae sunt:
* [[Curlandia]] (nunc Lettonice ''Kurzeme'')
* [[Semigallia]] (''Zemgale'')
* [[Selonia]] (''Sēlija'')
(haec tres in ripa Dunae laeva sitae, ab occidente ad orientem enumeratae)
* [[Livonia]] (''Vidzeme''; sed diversis modis Livonia definitur)
* [[Lettigallia]] (''Latgale'')
(haec duae in ripa Dunae dextra)

Sed tres stellae aureae in insigni Lettoniae Curlandiam (cum Semigallia et Selonia), Vidzeme et Lettigalliam significant.

==Urbes et castella==

[[Riga]] est Lettoniae caput. Aliae urbes sunt:
{{div col|2}}
*[[Alvanga]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=77 vol. I, p. 76].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Lettonice]] ''Alsunga'')
*[[Ascradis]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=160 vol. I, p. 158].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Aizkraukle'')
*[[Cruceburgum]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=593 vol. I, p. 595].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Krustpils'')
*[[Duneburgum]] (''Daugavpils'')
*[[Ervalia]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=33 vol. II, p. 31].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Ārlava'')
*[[Goldinga]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=173 vol. II, p. 171].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Kuldiga'')
*[[Holma]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=251 vol. II, p. 249].&lt;/ref&gt; vel [[Kirchholmia]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Monumenta_Livoniae_antiquae_Sammlung_von/Vj5RAAAAcAAJ?hl=ru&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Kirchholmia&amp;pg=RA1-PA120&amp;printsec=frontcover ''Monumenta Livoniae antiquae...'', vol. II, 1839, p. 120].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Salaspils'')
* [[Liba]] (''Liepaja'')
* [[Mariana Domus]] (''Viļaka'')
*[[Mitavia]] (''Jelgava'')
* [[Piltynum]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Ioannes Georgius Theodorus Graesse|J. G. Th. Graesse]], ''[[Orbis Latinus]]'', [[Brunsvicum|Brunopoli]] 1972, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=310 vol. III, p. 308].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Piltene'')
* [[Saletsa]] (''Salacgrīva'')
* [[Sarnitus]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=333 vol. III, p. 331].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Sārnate'')
* [[Seelburgum]] vel [[Selonum castrum]] (''Sēlpils'')
* [[Sygewaldense castellum]] (''Sigulda'')
* [[Vindovia]] (''Ventspils'')
* [[Wasa]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=665 vol. III, p. 663].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Vendzavas'')
* [[Woldemaria]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=681 vol. III, p. 679].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Valmiera'')
* [[Ykescola]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=686 vol. III, p. 684].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Ikšķile'')
{{div col end}}
Castella multa [[Aevum Medium|mediaevalia]] in Lettonia aedificata sunt, quorum [[Angermunda]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=103 vol. I, p. 101].&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Cauponis castrum]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=473 vol. I, p. 471].&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Dabrelis castrum]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=624 vol. I, p. 622].&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Kochenhusium]] vel ''Ruthenicum castrum''&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=332 vol. II, p. 330]. [[Lettonice]] ''Koknese''.&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Normus]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=39 vol. III, p. 37]. [[Lettonice]] ''Nurmuiža''.&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Ropa]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=280 vol. III, p. 278]. [[Lettonice]] ''Lielstraupe''.&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Thoreda]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=485 vol. III, p. 483]. [[Lettonice]] ''Turaida''.&lt;/ref&gt; nota sunt.


==Divisio administrativa==

Ab anno 2021 Lettonia in 7 urbes sui iuris et 35 territoria ([[Lettonice]] ''novads'') divisa est.
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=80% align=left border=1 cellpadding=6 cellspacing=0 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 0 1em; background: #ffffff; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; text-align:left; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef; border-bottom:2px solid gray;&quot;
! Vexillum
! Insigne
! Nomen
! Caput
! Area (chm²)
! Incolae (2021)
! [[Spissitudo incolarum|Spissitudo]],&lt;br&gt;hominum/chm²
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Riga.svg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Greater Coat of Arms of Riga - for display.svg|45px]]
| urbs [[Riga]]
|
| 304
| 614 518
| 2428,6
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Jurmala.svg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Coat of Arms of Jūrmala.svg|45px]]
| urbs  [[Acta (Lettonia)|Acta]]
|
| 101,4
| 50 248
| 493,3
|-
|[[Imago:Flag of Daugavpils.svg|100x100px]]
|[[Imago:Coat of arms of Daugavpils.png|54x54px]]
|urbs  [[Duneburgum]]
|
|72,48
|80 627
|1272,3
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Liepāja.svg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Coat of Arms of Liepāja.svg|45px]]
| urbs  [[Liba]]
|
| 68
| 67 964
| 1324,1
|-
|[[Imago:Flag of Rēzekne.svg|100x100px]]
|[[Imago:Coat of Arms of Rēzekne.svg|54x54px]]
|urbs  ''[[Rēzekne]]''
|
|17,48
|26 839
|1567,7
|-
|[[Imago:Jelgava flag.svg|100x100px]]
|[[Imago:Jelgava COA small.svg|54x54px]]
|urbs  [[Mitavia]]
|
|60,1
|55 336
|959,7
|-
|[[Imago:Flag of Ventspils.svg|100x100px]]
|[[Imago:LVA Ventspils COA.svg|53x53px]]
|urbs  [[Vindovia]]
|
|55,4
|33 372
|653,3
|-
| [[Imago:Ādažu novada karogs.svg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Ādažu novads COA 2022.svg|45px]]
| [[Territorium Ādažense]]
| ''[[Ādaži]]''
| 242,9
| 21 134
| 87
|-
| [[Imago:Aizkraukle novads karogs.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Aizkraukles novads COA.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Ascradiense]]
| [[Ascradis]]
| 2274,3
| 29 367
| 12,9
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Balvu novads.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Balvu novads COA.svg|45px]]
| [[Territorium Balvense]]
| [[Balvi]]
| 2386,3
| 19 015
| 8
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Bauskas novads.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Bauskas novads COA.svg|52x52px]]
| [[Territorium Bauskanum]]
| ''[[Bauska]] ''
| 2174,9
| 41 755
| 19,2
|-
| [[Imago:Siguldas novads Flag.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Siguldas novads COA.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Castelli Sygewaldensis]]
| [[Sygewaldense castellum|Castellum Sygewaldense]]
| 1030,1
| 30 625
| 29,2
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Saldus novads.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Saldus novads COA.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Castri Dominae Nostrae]]
| [[Castrum Dominae Nostrae (Lettonia)|Castrum Dominae Nostrae]]
| 2179,5
| 27 110
| 14,6
|-
| [[Imago:Cēsu novada karogs.svg|100x100px]]
| [[Imago:Cēsu novada ģerbonis.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Cēsisense]]
| ''[[Cēsis]]''
| 2668,2
| 41 161
| 15,4
|-
| [[Imago:Krāslavas novads Flag.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Krāslavas novads COA.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Craslaviense]]
| [[Craslavia]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Catalogus_domorum_societatis_Jesu_in_Pol/s1lDoEOKlokC?hl=ru&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=craslavia&amp;pg=PA15&amp;printsec=frontcover  ''Catalogus domorum societatis Jesu in Polonia…'', 1899, p. 15].&lt;/ref&gt;
| 2288,9
| 21 459
| 12,1
|-
|[[Imago:Dienvidkurzemes novada karogs.svg|100px]]
|[[Imago:Dienvidkurzemes novada ģerbonis.svg|54x54px]]
|[[Territorium Curoniae Australis]]
|''[[Grobiņa]]''
|3629,55
|38 351
|10,6
|-
| [[Imago:LVA Gulbenes novads flag.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Gulbenes novads COA.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Cycnopolitanum]]
| [[Cycnopolis]]
| 1872,2
| 19 619
| 44,9
|-
| [[Imago:LVA Dobeles novads flag.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Dobeles novads COA.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Dobelense]]
| ''[[Dobele]] ''
| 1629,4
| 28 517
| 17,5
|-
|[[Imago:Flag of Augšdaugava Municipality.svg|100x100px]]
|[[Imago:Augšdaugavas novada ģerbonis.svg|53x53px]]
|[[Territorium Dunae Superioris]]
|[[Duneburgum]]
|2523,3
|33 222
|13,2
|-
| [[Imago:No flag.svg|100x100px]]
| [[Imago:Kuldīgas novads COA.svg|52x52px]]
| [[Territorium Goldingense]]
| [[Goldinga]]
| 2502,2
| 27 736
| 12,6
|-
| [[Imago:Jēkabpils novada karogs.svg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Jēkabpils novada ģerbonis.svg|54x54px]]
| [[Territorium Iacobοpolitanum]]
| [[Iacobopolis (Lettonia)|Iacobοpolis]]
| 2996.1
| 40 576
| 15,6
|-
| [[Imago:Ķekavas novada karogs.svg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Ķekavas novada ģerbonis.svg|45px]]
| [[Territorium Ķekavense]]
| ''[[Ķekava]] ''
| 454,5
| 30 077
| 60,3
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Līvānu novads.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Līvānu novads COA.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Līvānense]]
| ''[[Līvāni]]''
| 624,6
| 11 652
| 18,66
|-
| [[Imago:Limbazu novads karogs.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Limbažu novada ģerbonis.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Lemsaliense]]
| [[Lemsalia]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lemsalia prope Rigam&quot;, — Hermanni Becker [https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Livonia_certis_propositionibus_comprehen/821jAAAAcAAJ?hl=ru&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=lemsalia&amp;pg=PP1&amp;printsec=frontcover ''Livonia certis propositionibus comprehensa'', 1700, titulus].&lt;/ref&gt;
| 2440,8
| 28 546
| 12,8
|-
| [[Imago:Saulkrastu novada karogs.svg|100x100px]]
| [[Imago:Saulkrastu novada ģerbonis.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Litorum Apricorum]]
| [[Litora Aprica]]
| 277,8
| 9 230
| 29,5
|-
| [[Imago:Ludzas-novads-Flag.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Ludzas novads COA.svg|57x57px]]
| [[Territorium Ludzanum]]
| ''[[Ludza]]''
| 2411,4
| 21 777
| 11,1
|-
|[[Imago:No flag.svg|100x100px]]
|[[Imago:Madonas novada ģerbonis.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Madonense]]
| [[Madona]]
| 3354,8
| 28 692
| 11,1
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Alūksnes novads.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Alūksne novads COA.svg|45px]]
| [[Territorium Marienburgense]]
| [[Marienburgum (Lettonia)|Marienburgum]]
| 1697,6
| 13 861
| 49,8
|-
|[[Imago:Jelgavas novada karogs.svg|100x100px]]
|[[Imago:Jelgavas novads COA.svg|55x55px]]
| [[Territorium Mitavianum]]
| [[Mitavia]]
| 1604,1
| 31 969
| 23,4
|-
| [[Imago:Ogres novads Flag.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Ogres novads COA.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Ogrense]]
| ''[[Ogre]] ''
| 1839,4
| 57 617
| 31,3
|-
| [[Imago:Olaines novads Flag.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Olaines novads COA.svg|45px]]
| [[Territorium Olainense]]
| ''[[Olaine]]''
| 298,5
| 19 705
| 11,2
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Preiļu novads.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Preiļu novads COA.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Preiļense]]
| ''[[Preiļi]]''
| 1419,4
| 16 759
| 14,4
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Rēzeknes novads.svg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Coat of Arms of Rēzeknes novads.svg|45px]]
| [[Territorium Rēzeknense]]
| ''[[Rēzekne]]''
| 2809
| 29 643
| 12,3
|-
| [[Imago:Mārupes novada karogs.svg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Mārupes novada ģerbonis.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Rivi Mariae]]
| [[Rivus Mariae]]
| 103,84
| 21 577
| 210
|-
| [[Imago:Ropažu novada karogs.svg|100x100px]]
| [[Imago:Ropažu novada ģerbonis.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Ropažense]]
| ''[[Ulbroka]]''
| 536,1
| 31 736
| 59,2
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Salaspils Municipality.jpg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Salaspils novads COA.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Saletsanum]]
| [[Saletsa]]
| 100
| 22 868
| 228,6
|-
| [[Imago:Smiltenes novada karogs.svg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Smiltenes novada ģerbonis.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Smiltenense]]
| ''[[Smiltene]]''
| 1801,3
| 18 155
| 11,4
|-
| [[Imago:Talsu novada karogs.svg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Talsu novada ģerbonis.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Talsense]]
| ''[[Talsi]]''
| 2744
| 35 699
| 15
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Tukuma novads.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Tukuma novads COA.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Tukumense]]
| ''[[Tukums]]''
| 2450
| 44 411
| 20,2
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Valkas novads.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Valkas novads COA.svg|45px]]
| [[Territorium Valkanum]]
| ''[[Valka]] ''
| 908,8
| 7 596
| 20,3
|-
| [[Imago:Ventspils novada karogs.svg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Ventspils novads COA.svg|54x54px]]
| [[Territorium Vindovianum]]
| [[Vindovia]]
| 2458,6
| 10 777
| 93,3
|-
| [[Imago:Valmieras novada karogs.svg|100px]]
|[[Imago:Valmieras novada ģerbonis.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Woldemarianum]]
| [[Woldemaria]]
| 2946
| 51 370
| 19,6
|}
{{-}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Plakans, Andrejs (1995). ''The Latvians: A Short History''. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press. ISBN 978-0-8179-9302-3

{{NexInt}}
* [[Historia Germaniae]]
* [[Historia Russiae]]
* [[Historia Scandinaviae]]
* [[Historia Sueciae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{Communia|Latvija|Lettoniam}}
{{Grc|Λεττονία}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

{{Europa}}
{{Unio Europaea}}
{{Capsae collectae|Lettonia|politica|{{Praesides Lettoniae}}{{Primi ministri Lettoniae}}{{Ministri rerum externarum Lettonici}}{{Ministri Lettonici Kariņš}}}}

[[Categoria:Balticum]]
[[Categoria:Civitates sociae Unionis Europaeae]]
[[Categoria:Condita 1918]]
[[Categoria:Condita 1991]]
[[Categoria:Lettonia|!]]
{{Myrias|Geographia}}</text>
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      <text bytes="17771" sha1="so4putzleqogoe5dpcofrsluetvfajd" xml:space="preserve">{{L1}}
{{Capsa civitatis Vicidata}}
'''Lettonia'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.ru/books?id=qDVNAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA31&amp;dq=lettonia+sunt&amp;hl=la&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjf6aTUxbfuAhWFuIsKHZj8B4wQ6AEwBHoECAQQAg#v=onepage&amp;q=lettonia%20sunt&amp;f=false ''Lites ac Res gestae inter Polonos Ordinemque Cruciferorum'', vol. 3, Posnaniae 1856, p. 51]; [https://books.google.ru/books?id=lAtUAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=lettonia+sunt&amp;dq=lettonia+sunt&amp;hl=la&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjf6aTUxbfuAhWFuIsKHZj8B4wQ6AEwAnoECAIQAg ''Epitome iuris canonici...: Libri I et II Codicis iuris canonici''. Ed. 7. 1949, p. 80]; [https://books.google.ru/books?id=WSkaUyHCq8UC&amp;pg=PA22&amp;dq=lettonia+sunt&amp;hl=la&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjf6aTUxbfuAhWFuIsKHZj8B4wQ6AEwAXoECAEQAg#v=onepage&amp;q=lettonia%20sunt&amp;f=false Andreae Riddermark ''Exercitium academicum de Europa'', Lonini{{dubsig}} Gothorm 1703, p. 22]; [https://books.google.ru/books?id=AbgHAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=lettonia+sunt&amp;dq=lettonia+sunt&amp;hl=la&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjf6aTUxbfuAhWFuIsKHZj8B4wQ6AEwAHoECAAQAg ''Nuntii Latini'', 3, 1995. p. 114]; etc.&lt;/ref&gt; vel '''Lettia'''&lt;ref&gt;[[Iohannes Iacobus Hofmannus|Hofmanni]] ''[[Lexicon Universale]]'', [http://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenaref/hofmann/hof2/s0794b.html vol. ΙΙ, p. 794v]; ''[[Orbis Latinus]]'', [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=383 vol. II p. 381]. Etiam ''Leththia, Letthigallia'' etc, (''Orbis Latinus'').&lt;/ref&gt; vel '''Latvia'''{{FD ref}} ([[Lettonice]] ''Latvija'') est terra in litore orientali [[mare Balticum|maris Baltici]] sita, una ex tribus [[civitates Balticae|civitatibus Balticis]], quae inter [[Scandinavia]]m, [[Russia]]m et [[Europa Media|Europam Mediam]] iacent.

== Historia ==
{{vide-etiam|Historia Lettoniae}}
[[Riga]], [[caput (urbs)|caput]] Lettoniae, anno [[1201]] a Germanis ad ostium Duinae Occidentalis conditum, castra strategica fuit in victoria [[Fratres militiae Christi Livoniae|Fratrum militiae Christi Livoniae]] a [[papa]] [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Romano]] confirmatorum. Fuerit prima maior [[Balticum mare|Baltici]] meridiani [[urbs]], post [[1282]] una e principalibus [[Hansa|Foederis Hanseatici]] sedibus [[commercium|commercialibus]].

Post, inter saltem quattuor potestatibus maioribus partita fuit: [[Civitas Ordinis Theutonici|Civitate Ordinis Teutonici]], [[Res Publica Polonica–Lithuanica|Re Publica Polonica–Lithuanica]], [[Suecia]], [[Imperium Russicum|Imperio Russico]]. Ultimum, usque ad [[primum bellum mundanum]] Lettonia ad [[Imperium Russicum]] pertinuit. Inter hoc bellum ab exercitu [[Germania|Germanico]] occupata est. Die [[18 Novembris]] [[1918]] [[Riga]]e Res publica Lettonia libera proclamata est. Anno [[1940]] [[Unio Sovietica]], anno [[1941]] [[Imperium Germanicum (1933-1945)|Imperium Germanicum]] et anno [[1944]]/[[1945|45]] iterum Russici civitatem occupaverunt. Anno [[1990]]/[[1991|91]] Lettonia iterum libera facta est.

== Geographia ==
In litore [[mare Balticum|maris Baltici]] et sinus eius [[sinus Rigensis|Rigensis]] Lettonia sita est. [[Paeninsula Kurzemensis]]&lt;ref&gt;{{ZK|Курземская возв.}} Vel ''Curonica''.&lt;/ref&gt;, quae mare a sinu Rigensi separat, extremitatem septentrionalem [[Rubes promunturium|Rubem promunturium]] habet. A septentrionee versus [[Estonia]] Lettoniae adiacet, ab oriente [[Russia]] ([[regio Pscoviensis]]), ab oriente et meridie [[Ruthenia Alba]] ([[regio Vitebscensis]]), a meridie [[Lituania]].

Flumen Lettoniae maximum [[Duna]] (quae et [[Duina Occidentalis]]) est. Alia flumina [[Adia]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Ioannes Georgius Theodorus Graesse|J. G. Th. Graesse]], ''[[Orbis Latinus]]'', [[Brunsvicum|Brunopoli]] 1972, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=21 vol. I, p. 19].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Lettonice]] ''Aģe''), [[Coiwa]] vel [[Goiwa]] (''Gauja''), [[Missa (flumen)|Missa]] (''Mūsa''), [[Raupa]]&lt;ref&gt; Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=240 vol. III, p. 238].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Brasla''), [[Saletsa (flumen)|Saletsa]] (''Salaca''), [[Wela]] vel [[Winda]] (''Venta'') sunt.

[[Fasciculus:Historical regions of Latvia.svg|thumb|Lettoniae regiones historicae]]

==Regiones historicae==
Quinque Lettoniae regiones historicae sunt:
* [[Curlandia]] (nunc Lettonice ''Kurzeme'')
* [[Semigallia]] (''Zemgale'')
* [[Selonia]] (''Sēlija'')
(haec tres in ripa Dunae laeva sitae, ab occidente ad orientem enumeratae)
* [[Livonia]] (''Vidzeme''; sed diversis modis Livonia definitur)
* [[Lettigallia]] (''Latgale'')
(haec duae in ripa Dunae dextra)

Sed tres stellae aureae in insigni Lettoniae Curlandiam (cum Semigallia et Selonia), Vidzeme et Lettigalliam significant.

==Urbes et castella==

[[Riga]] est Lettoniae caput. Aliae urbes sunt:
{{div col|2}}
*[[Alvanga]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=77 vol. I, p. 76].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Lettonice]] ''Alsunga'')
*[[Ascradis]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=160 vol. I, p. 158].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Aizkraukle'')
*[[Cruceburgum]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=593 vol. I, p. 595].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Krustpils'')
*[[Duneburgum]] (''Daugavpils'')
*[[Ervalia]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=33 vol. II, p. 31].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Ārlava'')
*[[Goldinga]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=173 vol. II, p. 171].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Kuldiga'')
*[[Holma]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=251 vol. II, p. 249].&lt;/ref&gt; vel [[Kirchholmia]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Monumenta_Livoniae_antiquae_Sammlung_von/Vj5RAAAAcAAJ?hl=ru&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Kirchholmia&amp;pg=RA1-PA120&amp;printsec=frontcover ''Monumenta Livoniae antiquae...'', vol. II, 1839, p. 120].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Salaspils'')
* [[Liba]] (''Liepaja'')
* [[Mariana Domus]] (''Viļaka'')
*[[Mitavia]] (''Jelgava'')
* [[Piltynum]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Ioannes Georgius Theodorus Graesse|J. G. Th. Graesse]], ''[[Orbis Latinus]]'', [[Brunsvicum|Brunopoli]] 1972, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=310 vol. III, p. 308].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Piltene'')
* [[Saletsa]] (''Salacgrīva'')
* [[Sarnitus]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=333 vol. III, p. 331].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Sārnate'')
* [[Seelburgum]] vel [[Selonum castrum]] (''Sēlpils'')
* [[Sygewaldense castellum]] (''Sigulda'')
* [[Vindovia]] (''Ventspils'')
* [[Wasa]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=665 vol. III, p. 663].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Vendzavas'')
* [[Woldemaria]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=681 vol. III, p. 679].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Valmiera'')
* [[Ykescola]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=686 vol. III, p. 684].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Ikšķile'')
{{div col end}}
Castella multa [[Aevum Medium|mediaevalia]] in Lettonia aedificata sunt, quorum [[Angermunda]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=103 vol. I, p. 101].&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Cauponis castrum]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=473 vol. I, p. 471].&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Dabrelis castrum]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=624 vol. I, p. 622].&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Kochenhusium]] vel ''Ruthenicum castrum''&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=332 vol. II, p. 330]. [[Lettonice]] ''Koknese''.&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Normus]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=39 vol. III, p. 37]. [[Lettonice]] ''Nurmuiža''.&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Ropa]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=280 vol. III, p. 278]. [[Lettonice]] ''Lielstraupe''.&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Thoreda]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=485 vol. III, p. 483]. [[Lettonice]] ''Turaida''.&lt;/ref&gt; nota sunt.


==Divisio administrativa==

Ab anno 2021 Lettonia in 7 urbes sui iuris et 35 territoria ([[Lettonice]] ''novads'') divisa est.
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=80% align=left border=1 cellpadding=6 cellspacing=0 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 0 1em; background: #ffffff; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; text-align:left; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef; border-bottom:2px solid gray;&quot;
! Vexillum
! Insigne
! Nomen
! Caput
! Area (chm²)
! Incolae (2021)
! [[Spissitudo incolarum|Spissitudo]],&lt;br&gt;hominum/chm²
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Riga.svg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Greater Coat of Arms of Riga - for display.svg|45px]]
| urbs [[Riga]]
|
| 304
| 614 518
| 2428,6
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Jurmala.svg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Coat of Arms of Jūrmala.svg|45px]]
| urbs  [[Acta (Lettonia)|Acta]]
|
| 101,4
| 50 248
| 493,3
|-
|[[Imago:Flag of Daugavpils.svg|100x100px]]
|[[Imago:Coat of arms of Daugavpils.png|54x54px]]
|urbs  [[Duneburgum]]
|
|72,48
|80 627
|1272,3
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Liepāja.svg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Coat of Arms of Liepāja.svg|45px]]
| urbs  [[Liba]]
|
| 68
| 67 964
| 1324,1
|-
|[[Imago:Flag of Rēzekne.svg|100x100px]]
|[[Imago:Coat of Arms of Rēzekne.svg|54x54px]]
|urbs  ''[[Rēzekne]]''
|
|17,48
|26 839
|1567,7
|-
|[[Imago:Jelgava flag.svg|100x100px]]
|[[Imago:Jelgava COA small.svg|54x54px]]
|urbs  [[Mitavia]]
|
|60,1
|55 336
|959,7
|-
|[[Imago:Flag of Ventspils.svg|100x100px]]
|[[Imago:LVA Ventspils COA.svg|53x53px]]
|urbs  [[Vindovia]]
|
|55,4
|33 372
|653,3
|-
| [[Imago:Ādažu novada karogs.svg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Ādažu novads COA 2022.svg|45px]]
| [[Territorium Ādažense]]
| ''[[Ādaži]]''
| 242,9
| 21 134
| 87
|-
| [[Imago:Aizkraukle novads karogs.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Aizkraukles novads COA.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Ascradiense]]
| [[Ascradis]]
| 2274,3
| 29 367
| 12,9
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Balvu novads.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Balvu novads COA.svg|45px]]
| [[Territorium Balvense]]
| [[Balvi]]
| 2386,3
| 19 015
| 8
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Bauskas novads.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Bauskas novads COA.svg|52x52px]]
| [[Territorium Bauskanum]]
| ''[[Bauska]] ''
| 2174,9
| 41 755
| 19,2
|-
| [[Imago:Siguldas novads Flag.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Siguldas novads COA.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Castelli Sygewaldensis]]
| [[Sygewaldense castellum|Castellum Sygewaldense]]
| 1030,1
| 30 625
| 29,2
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Saldus novads.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Saldus novads COA.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Castri Dominae Nostrae]]
| [[Castrum Dominae Nostrae (Lettonia)|Castrum Dominae Nostrae]]
| 2179,5
| 27 110
| 14,6
|-
| [[Imago:Cēsu novada karogs.svg|100x100px]]
| [[Imago:Cēsu novada ģerbonis.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Cēsisense]]
| ''[[Cēsis]]''
| 2668,2
| 41 161
| 15,4
|-
| [[Imago:Krāslavas novads Flag.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Krāslavas novads COA.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Craslaviense]]
| [[Craslavia]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Catalogus_domorum_societatis_Jesu_in_Pol/s1lDoEOKlokC?hl=ru&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=craslavia&amp;pg=PA15&amp;printsec=frontcover  ''Catalogus domorum societatis Jesu in Polonia…'', 1899, p. 15].&lt;/ref&gt;
| 2288,9
| 21 459
| 12,1
|-
|[[Imago:Dienvidkurzemes novada karogs.svg|100px]]
|[[Imago:Dienvidkurzemes novada ģerbonis.svg|54x54px]]
|[[Territorium Curoniae Australis]]
|''[[Grobiņa]]''
|3629,55
|38 351
|10,6
|-
| [[Imago:LVA Gulbenes novads flag.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Gulbenes novads COA.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Cycnopolitanum]]
| [[Cycnopolis]]
| 1872,2
| 19 619
| 44,9
|-
| [[Imago:LVA Dobeles novads flag.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Dobeles novads COA.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Dobelense]]
| ''[[Dobele]] ''
| 1629,4
| 28 517
| 17,5
|-
|[[Imago:Flag of Augšdaugava Municipality.svg|100x100px]]
|[[Imago:Augšdaugavas novada ģerbonis.svg|53x53px]]
|[[Territorium Dunae Superioris]]
|[[Duneburgum]]
|2523,3
|33 222
|13,2
|-
| [[Imago:No flag.svg|100x100px]]
| [[Imago:Kuldīgas novads COA.svg|52x52px]]
| [[Territorium Goldingense]]
| [[Goldinga]]
| 2502,2
| 27 736
| 12,6
|-
| [[Imago:Jēkabpils novada karogs.svg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Jēkabpils novada ģerbonis.svg|54x54px]]
| [[Territorium Iacobοpolitanum]]
| [[Iacobopolis (Lettonia)|Iacobοpolis]]
| 2996.1
| 40 576
| 15,6
|-
| [[Imago:Ķekavas novada karogs.svg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Ķekavas novada ģerbonis.svg|45px]]
| [[Territorium Ķekavense]]
| ''[[Ķekava]] ''
| 454,5
| 30 077
| 60,3
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Līvānu novads.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Līvānu novads COA.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Līvānense]]
| ''[[Līvāni]]''
| 624,6
| 11 652
| 18,66
|-
| [[Imago:Limbazu novads karogs.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Limbažu novada ģerbonis.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Lemsaliense]]
| [[Lemsalia]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lemsalia prope Rigam&quot;, — Hermanni Becker [https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Livonia_certis_propositionibus_comprehen/821jAAAAcAAJ?hl=ru&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=lemsalia&amp;pg=PP1&amp;printsec=frontcover ''Livonia certis propositionibus comprehensa'', 1700, titulus].&lt;/ref&gt;
| 2440,8
| 28 546
| 12,8
|-
| [[Imago:Saulkrastu novada karogs.svg|100x100px]]
| [[Imago:Saulkrastu novada ģerbonis.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Litorum Apricorum]]
| [[Litora Aprica]]
| 277,8
| 9 230
| 29,5
|-
| [[Imago:Ludzas-novads-Flag.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Ludzas novads COA.svg|57x57px]]
| [[Territorium Ludzanum]]
| ''[[Ludza]]''
| 2411,4
| 21 777
| 11,1
|-
|[[Imago:No flag.svg|100x100px]]
|[[Imago:Madonas novada ģerbonis.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Madonense]]
| ''[[Madona]]''
| 3354,8
| 28 692
| 11,1
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Alūksnes novads.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Alūksne novads COA.svg|45px]]
| [[Territorium Marienburgense]]
| [[Marienburgum (Lettonia)|Marienburgum]]
| 1697,6
| 13 861
| 49,8
|-
|[[Imago:Jelgavas novada karogs.svg|100x100px]]
|[[Imago:Jelgavas novads COA.svg|55x55px]]
| [[Territorium Mitavianum]]
| [[Mitavia]]
| 1604,1
| 31 969
| 23,4
|-
| [[Imago:Ogres novads Flag.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Ogres novads COA.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Ogrense]]
| ''[[Ogre]] ''
| 1839,4
| 57 617
| 31,3
|-
| [[Imago:Olaines novads Flag.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Olaines novads COA.svg|45px]]
| [[Territorium Olainense]]
| ''[[Olaine]]''
| 298,5
| 19 705
| 11,2
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Preiļu novads.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Preiļu novads COA.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Preiļense]]
| ''[[Preiļi]]''
| 1419,4
| 16 759
| 14,4
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Rēzeknes novads.svg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Coat of Arms of Rēzeknes novads.svg|45px]]
| [[Territorium Rēzeknense]]
| ''[[Rēzekne]]''
| 2809
| 29 643
| 12,3
|-
| [[Imago:Mārupes novada karogs.svg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Mārupes novada ģerbonis.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Rivi Mariae]]
| [[Rivus Mariae]]
| 103,84
| 21 577
| 210
|-
| [[Imago:Ropažu novada karogs.svg|100x100px]]
| [[Imago:Ropažu novada ģerbonis.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Ropažense]]
| ''[[Ulbroka]]''
| 536,1
| 31 736
| 59,2
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Salaspils Municipality.jpg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Salaspils novads COA.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Saletsanum]]
| [[Saletsa]]
| 100
| 22 868
| 228,6
|-
| [[Imago:Smiltenes novada karogs.svg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Smiltenes novada ģerbonis.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Smiltenense]]
| ''[[Smiltene]]''
| 1801,3
| 18 155
| 11,4
|-
| [[Imago:Talsu novada karogs.svg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Talsu novada ģerbonis.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Talsense]]
| ''[[Talsi]]''
| 2744
| 35 699
| 15
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Tukuma novads.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Tukuma novads COA.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Tukumense]]
| ''[[Tukums]]''
| 2450
| 44 411
| 20,2
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Valkas novads.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Valkas novads COA.svg|45px]]
| [[Territorium Valkanum]]
| ''[[Valka]] ''
| 908,8
| 7 596
| 20,3
|-
| [[Imago:Ventspils novada karogs.svg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Ventspils novads COA.svg|54x54px]]
| [[Territorium Vindovianum]]
| [[Vindovia]]
| 2458,6
| 10 777
| 93,3
|-
| [[Imago:Valmieras novada karogs.svg|100px]]
|[[Imago:Valmieras novada ģerbonis.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Woldemarianum]]
| [[Woldemaria]]
| 2946
| 51 370
| 19,6
|}
{{-}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Plakans, Andrejs (1995). ''The Latvians: A Short History''. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press. ISBN 978-0-8179-9302-3

{{NexInt}}
* [[Historia Germaniae]]
* [[Historia Russiae]]
* [[Historia Scandinaviae]]
* [[Historia Sueciae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{Communia|Latvija|Lettoniam}}
{{Grc|Λεττονία}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

{{Europa}}
{{Unio Europaea}}
{{Capsae collectae|Lettonia|politica|{{Praesides Lettoniae}}{{Primi ministri Lettoniae}}{{Ministri rerum externarum Lettonici}}{{Ministri Lettonici Kariņš}}}}

[[Categoria:Balticum]]
[[Categoria:Civitates sociae Unionis Europaeae]]
[[Categoria:Condita 1918]]
[[Categoria:Condita 1991]]
[[Categoria:Lettonia|!]]
{{Myrias|Geographia}}</text>
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{{Capsa civitatis Vicidata}}
'''Lettonia'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.ru/books?id=qDVNAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA31&amp;dq=lettonia+sunt&amp;hl=la&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjf6aTUxbfuAhWFuIsKHZj8B4wQ6AEwBHoECAQQAg#v=onepage&amp;q=lettonia%20sunt&amp;f=false ''Lites ac Res gestae inter Polonos Ordinemque Cruciferorum'', vol. 3, Posnaniae 1856, p. 51]; [https://books.google.ru/books?id=lAtUAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=lettonia+sunt&amp;dq=lettonia+sunt&amp;hl=la&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjf6aTUxbfuAhWFuIsKHZj8B4wQ6AEwAnoECAIQAg ''Epitome iuris canonici...: Libri I et II Codicis iuris canonici''. Ed. 7. 1949, p. 80]; [https://books.google.ru/books?id=WSkaUyHCq8UC&amp;pg=PA22&amp;dq=lettonia+sunt&amp;hl=la&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjf6aTUxbfuAhWFuIsKHZj8B4wQ6AEwAXoECAEQAg#v=onepage&amp;q=lettonia%20sunt&amp;f=false Andreae Riddermark ''Exercitium academicum de Europa'', Lonini{{dubsig}} Gothorm 1703, p. 22]; [https://books.google.ru/books?id=AbgHAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=lettonia+sunt&amp;dq=lettonia+sunt&amp;hl=la&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjf6aTUxbfuAhWFuIsKHZj8B4wQ6AEwAHoECAAQAg ''Nuntii Latini'', 3, 1995. p. 114]; etc.&lt;/ref&gt; vel '''Lettia'''&lt;ref&gt;[[Iohannes Iacobus Hofmannus|Hofmanni]] ''[[Lexicon Universale]]'', [http://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenaref/hofmann/hof2/s0794b.html vol. ΙΙ, p. 794v]; ''[[Orbis Latinus]]'', [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=383 vol. II p. 381]. Etiam ''Leththia, Letthigallia'' etc, (''Orbis Latinus'').&lt;/ref&gt; vel '''Latvia'''{{FD ref}} ([[Lettonice]] ''Latvija'') est terra in litore orientali [[mare Balticum|maris Baltici]] sita, una ex tribus [[civitates Balticae|civitatibus Balticis]], quae inter [[Scandinavia]]m, [[Russia]]m et [[Europa Media|Europam Mediam]] iacent.

== Historia ==
{{vide-etiam|Historia Lettoniae}}
[[Riga]], [[caput (urbs)|caput]] Lettoniae, anno [[1201]] a Germanis ad ostium Duinae Occidentalis conditum, castra strategica fuit in victoria [[Fratres militiae Christi Livoniae|Fratrum militiae Christi Livoniae]] a [[papa]] [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Romano]] confirmatorum. Fuerit prima maior [[Balticum mare|Baltici]] meridiani [[urbs]], post [[1282]] una e principalibus [[Hansa|Foederis Hanseatici]] sedibus [[commercium|commercialibus]].

Post, inter saltem quattuor potestatibus maioribus partita fuit: [[Civitas Ordinis Theutonici|Civitate Ordinis Teutonici]], [[Res Publica Polonica–Lithuanica|Re Publica Polonica–Lithuanica]], [[Suecia]], [[Imperium Russicum|Imperio Russico]]. Ultimum, usque ad [[primum bellum mundanum]] Lettonia ad [[Imperium Russicum]] pertinuit. Inter hoc bellum ab exercitu [[Germania|Germanico]] occupata est. Die [[18 Novembris]] [[1918]] [[Riga]]e Res publica Lettonia libera proclamata est. Anno [[1940]] [[Unio Sovietica]], anno [[1941]] [[Imperium Germanicum (1933-1945)|Imperium Germanicum]] et anno [[1944]]/[[1945|45]] iterum Russici civitatem occupaverunt. Anno [[1990]]/[[1991|91]] Lettonia iterum libera facta est.

== Geographia ==
In litore [[mare Balticum|maris Baltici]] et sinus eius [[sinus Rigensis|Rigensis]] Lettonia sita est. [[Paeninsula Kurzemensis]]&lt;ref&gt;{{ZK|Курземская возв.}} Vel ''Curonica''.&lt;/ref&gt;, quae mare a sinu Rigensi separat, extremitatem septentrionalem [[Rubes promunturium|Rubem promunturium]] habet. A septentrionee versus [[Estonia]] Lettoniae adiacet, ab oriente [[Russia]] ([[regio Pscoviensis]]), ab oriente et meridie [[Ruthenia Alba]] ([[regio Vitebscensis]]), a meridie [[Lituania]].

Flumen Lettoniae maximum [[Duna]] (quae et [[Duina Occidentalis]]) est. Alia flumina [[Adia]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Ioannes Georgius Theodorus Graesse|J. G. Th. Graesse]], ''[[Orbis Latinus]]'', [[Brunsvicum|Brunopoli]] 1972, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=21 vol. I, p. 19].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Lettonice]] ''Aģe''), [[Coiwa]] vel [[Goiwa]] (''Gauja''), [[Missa (flumen)|Missa]] (''Mūsa''), [[Raupa]]&lt;ref&gt; Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=240 vol. III, p. 238].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Brasla''), [[Saletsa (flumen)|Saletsa]] (''Salaca''), [[Wela]] vel [[Winda]] (''Venta'') sunt.

[[Fasciculus:Historical regions of Latvia.svg|thumb|Lettoniae regiones historicae]]

==Regiones historicae==
Quinque Lettoniae regiones historicae sunt:
* [[Curlandia]] (nunc Lettonice ''Kurzeme'')
* [[Semigallia]] (''Zemgale'')
* [[Selonia]] (''Sēlija'')
(haec tres in ripa Dunae laeva sitae, ab occidente ad orientem enumeratae)
* [[Livonia]] (''Vidzeme''; sed diversis modis Livonia definitur)
* [[Lettigallia]] (''Latgale'')
(haec duae in ripa Dunae dextra)

Sed tres stellae aureae in insigni Lettoniae Curlandiam (cum Semigallia et Selonia), Vidzeme et Lettigalliam significant.

==Urbes et castella==

[[Riga]] est Lettoniae caput. Aliae urbes sunt:
{{div col|2}}
*[[Alvanga]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=77 vol. I, p. 76].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Lettonice]] ''Alsunga'')
*[[Ascradis]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=160 vol. I, p. 158].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Aizkraukle'')
*[[Cruceburgum]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=593 vol. I, p. 595].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Krustpils'')
*[[Duneburgum]] (''Daugavpils'')
*[[Ervalia]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=33 vol. II, p. 31].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Ārlava'')
*[[Goldinga]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=173 vol. II, p. 171].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Kuldiga'')
*[[Holma]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=251 vol. II, p. 249].&lt;/ref&gt; vel [[Kirchholmia]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Monumenta_Livoniae_antiquae_Sammlung_von/Vj5RAAAAcAAJ?hl=ru&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Kirchholmia&amp;pg=RA1-PA120&amp;printsec=frontcover ''Monumenta Livoniae antiquae...'', vol. II, 1839, p. 120].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Salaspils'')
* [[Liba]] (''Liepaja'')
* [[Mariana Domus]] (''Viļaka'')
*[[Mitavia]] (''Jelgava'')
* [[Piltynum]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Ioannes Georgius Theodorus Graesse|J. G. Th. Graesse]], ''[[Orbis Latinus]]'', [[Brunsvicum|Brunopoli]] 1972, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=310 vol. III, p. 308].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Piltene'')
* [[Saletsa]] (''Salacgrīva'')
* [[Sarnitus]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=333 vol. III, p. 331].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Sārnate'')
* [[Seelburgum]] vel [[Selonum castrum]] (''Sēlpils'')
* [[Sygewaldense castellum]] (''Sigulda'')
* [[Vindovia]] (''Ventspils'')
* [[Wasa]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=665 vol. III, p. 663].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Vendzavas'')
* [[Woldemaria]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=681 vol. III, p. 679].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Valmiera'')
* [[Ykescola]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=686 vol. III, p. 684].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Ikšķile'')
{{div col end}}
Castella multa [[Aevum Medium|mediaevalia]] in Lettonia aedificata sunt, quorum [[Angermunda]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=103 vol. I, p. 101].&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Cauponis castrum]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=473 vol. I, p. 471].&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Dabrelis castrum]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=624 vol. I, p. 622].&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Kochenhusium]] vel ''Ruthenicum castrum''&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=332 vol. II, p. 330]. [[Lettonice]] ''Koknese''.&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Normus]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=39 vol. III, p. 37]. [[Lettonice]] ''Nurmuiža''.&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Ropa]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=280 vol. III, p. 278]. [[Lettonice]] ''Lielstraupe''.&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Thoreda]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=485 vol. III, p. 483]. [[Lettonice]] ''Turaida''.&lt;/ref&gt; nota sunt.

==Divisio administrativa==

Ab anno 2021 Lettonia in 7 urbes sui iuris et 35 territoria ([[Lettonice]] ''novads'') divisa est.
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=80% align=left border=1 cellpadding=6 cellspacing=0 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 0 1em; background: #ffffff; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; text-align:left; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef; border-bottom:2px solid gray;&quot;
! Vexillum
! Insigne
! Nomen
! Caput
! Area (chm²)
! Incolae (2021)
! [[Spissitudo incolarum|Spissitudo]],&lt;br&gt;hominum/chm²
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Riga.svg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Greater Coat of Arms of Riga - for display.svg|45px]]
| urbs [[Riga]]
|
| 304
| 614 518
| 2428,6
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Jurmala.svg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Coat of Arms of Jūrmala.svg|45px]]
| urbs  [[Acta (Lettonia)|Acta]]
|
| 101,4
| 50 248
| 493,3
|-
|[[Imago:Flag of Daugavpils.svg|100x100px]]
|[[Imago:Coat of arms of Daugavpils.png|54x54px]]
|urbs  [[Duneburgum]]
|
|72,48
|80 627
|1272,3
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Liepāja.svg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Coat of Arms of Liepāja.svg|45px]]
| urbs  [[Liba]]
|
| 68
| 67 964
| 1324,1
|-
|[[Imago:Flag of Rēzekne.svg|100x100px]]
|[[Imago:Coat of Arms of Rēzekne.svg|54x54px]]
|urbs  ''[[Rēzekne]]''
|
|17,48
|26 839
|1567,7
|-
|[[Imago:Jelgava flag.svg|100x100px]]
|[[Imago:Jelgava COA small.svg|54x54px]]
|urbs  [[Mitavia]]
|
|60,1
|55 336
|959,7
|-
|[[Imago:Flag of Ventspils.svg|100x100px]]
|[[Imago:LVA Ventspils COA.svg|53x53px]]
|urbs  [[Vindovia]]
|
|55,4
|33 372
|653,3
|-
| [[Imago:Ādažu novada karogs.svg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Ādažu novads COA 2022.svg|45px]]
| [[Territorium Ādažense]]
| ''[[Ādaži]]''
| 242,9
| 21 134
| 87
|-
| [[Imago:Aizkraukle novads karogs.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Aizkraukles novads COA.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Ascradiense]]
| [[Ascradis]]
| 2274,3
| 29 367
| 12,9
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Balvu novads.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Balvu novads COA.svg|45px]]
| [[Territorium Balvense]]
| [[Balvi]]
| 2386,3
| 19 015
| 8
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Bauskas novads.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Bauskas novads COA.svg|52x52px]]
| [[Territorium Bauskanum]]
| ''[[Bauska]] ''
| 2174,9
| 41 755
| 19,2
|-
| [[Imago:Siguldas novads Flag.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Siguldas novads COA.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Castelli Sygewaldensis]]
| [[Sygewaldense castellum|Castellum Sygewaldense]]
| 1030,1
| 30 625
| 29,2
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Saldus novads.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Saldus novads COA.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Castri Dominae Nostrae]]
| [[Castrum Dominae Nostrae (Lettonia)|Castrum Dominae Nostrae]]
| 2179,5
| 27 110
| 14,6
|-
| [[Imago:Cēsu novada karogs.svg|100x100px]]
| [[Imago:Cēsu novada ģerbonis.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Cēsisense]]
| ''[[Cēsis]]''
| 2668,2
| 41 161
| 15,4
|-
| [[Imago:Krāslavas novads Flag.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Krāslavas novads COA.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Craslaviense]]
| [[Craslavia]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Catalogus_domorum_societatis_Jesu_in_Pol/s1lDoEOKlokC?hl=ru&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=craslavia&amp;pg=PA15&amp;printsec=frontcover  ''Catalogus domorum societatis Jesu in Polonia…'', 1899, p. 15].&lt;/ref&gt;
| 2288,9
| 21 459
| 12,1
|-
|[[Imago:Dienvidkurzemes novada karogs.svg|100px]]
|[[Imago:Dienvidkurzemes novada ģerbonis.svg|54x54px]]
|[[Territorium Curoniae Australis]]
|''[[Grobiņa]]''
|3629,55
|38 351
|10,6
|-
| [[Imago:LVA Gulbenes novads flag.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Gulbenes novads COA.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Cycnopolitanum]]
| [[Cycnopolis]]
| 1872,2
| 19 619
| 44,9
|-
| [[Imago:LVA Dobeles novads flag.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Dobeles novads COA.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Dobelense]]
| ''[[Dobele]] ''
| 1629,4
| 28 517
| 17,5
|-
|[[Imago:Flag of Augšdaugava Municipality.svg|100x100px]]
|[[Imago:Augšdaugavas novada ģerbonis.svg|53x53px]]
|[[Territorium Dunae Superioris]]
|[[Duneburgum]]
|2523,3
|33 222
|13,2
|-
| [[Imago:No flag.svg|100x100px]]
| [[Imago:Kuldīgas novads COA.svg|52x52px]]
| [[Territorium Goldingense]]
| [[Goldinga]]
| 2502,2
| 27 736
| 12,6
|-
| [[Imago:Jēkabpils novada karogs.svg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Jēkabpils novada ģerbonis.svg|54x54px]]
| [[Territorium Iacobοpolitanum]]
| [[Iacobopolis (Lettonia)|Iacobοpolis]]
| 2996.1
| 40 576
| 15,6
|-
| [[Imago:Ķekavas novada karogs.svg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Ķekavas novada ģerbonis.svg|45px]]
| [[Territorium Ķekavense]]
| ''[[Ķekava]] ''
| 454,5
| 30 077
| 60,3
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Līvānu novads.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Līvānu novads COA.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Līvānense]]
| ''[[Līvāni]]''
| 624,6
| 11 652
| 18,66
|-
| [[Imago:Limbazu novads karogs.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Limbažu novada ģerbonis.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Lemsaliense]]
| [[Lemsalia]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lemsalia prope Rigam&quot;, — Hermanni Becker [https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Livonia_certis_propositionibus_comprehen/821jAAAAcAAJ?hl=ru&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=lemsalia&amp;pg=PP1&amp;printsec=frontcover ''Livonia certis propositionibus comprehensa'', 1700, titulus].&lt;/ref&gt;
| 2440,8
| 28 546
| 12,8
|-
| [[Imago:Saulkrastu novada karogs.svg|100x100px]]
| [[Imago:Saulkrastu novada ģerbonis.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Litorum Apricorum]]
| [[Litora Aprica]]
| 277,8
| 9 230
| 29,5
|-
| [[Imago:Ludzas-novads-Flag.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Ludzas novads COA.svg|57x57px]]
| [[Territorium Ludzanum]]
| ''[[Ludza]]''
| 2411,4
| 21 777
| 11,1
|-
|[[Imago:No flag.svg|100x100px]]
|[[Imago:Madonas novada ģerbonis.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Madonense]]
| ''[[Madona]]''
| 3354,8
| 28 692
| 11,1
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Alūksnes novads.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Alūksne novads COA.svg|45px]]
| [[Territorium Marienburgense]]
| [[Marienburgum (Lettonia)|Marienburgum]]
| 1697,6
| 13 861
| 49,8
|-
|[[Imago:Jelgavas novada karogs.svg|100x100px]]
|[[Imago:Jelgavas novads COA.svg|55x55px]]
| [[Territorium Mitavianum]]
| [[Mitavia]]
| 1604,1
| 31 969
| 23,4
|-
| [[Imago:Ogres novads Flag.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Ogres novads COA.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Ogrense]]
| ''[[Ogre]] ''
| 1839,4
| 57 617
| 31,3
|-
| [[Imago:Olaines novads Flag.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Olaines novads COA.svg|45px]]
| [[Territorium Olainense]]
| ''[[Olaine]]''
| 298,5
| 19 705
| 11,2
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Preiļu novads.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Preiļu novads COA.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Preiļense]]
| ''[[Preiļi]]''
| 1419,4
| 16 759
| 14,4
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Rēzeknes novads.svg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Coat of Arms of Rēzeknes novads.svg|45px]]
| [[Territorium Rēzeknense]]
| ''[[Rēzekne]]''
| 2809
| 29 643
| 12,3
|-
| [[Imago:Mārupes novada karogs.svg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Mārupes novada ģerbonis.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Rivi Mariae]]
| [[Rivus Mariae]]
| 103,84
| 21 577
| 210
|-
| [[Imago:Ropažu novada karogs.svg|100x100px]]
| [[Imago:Ropažu novada ģerbonis.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Ropažense]]
| ''[[Ulbroka]]''
| 536,1
| 31 736
| 59,2
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Salaspils Municipality.jpg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Salaspils novads COA.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Saletsanum]]
| [[Saletsa]]
| 100
| 22 868
| 228,6
|-
| [[Imago:Smiltenes novada karogs.svg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Smiltenes novada ģerbonis.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Smiltenense]]
| ''[[Smiltene]]''
| 1801,3
| 18 155
| 11,4
|-
| [[Imago:Talsu novada karogs.svg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Talsu novada ģerbonis.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Talsense]]
| ''[[Talsi]]''
| 2744
| 35 699
| 15
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Tukuma novads.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Tukuma novads COA.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Tukumense]]
| ''[[Tukums]]''
| 2450
| 44 411
| 20,2
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Valkas novads.png|100px]]
| [[Imago:Valkas novads COA.svg|45px]]
| [[Territorium Valkanum]]
| ''[[Valka]] ''
| 908,8
| 7 596
| 20,3
|-
| [[Imago:Ventspils novada karogs.svg|100px]]
| [[Imago:Ventspils novads COA.svg|54x54px]]
| [[Territorium Vindovianum]]
| [[Vindovia]]
| 2458,6
| 10 777
| 93,3
|-
| [[Imago:Valmieras novada karogs.svg|100px]]
|[[Imago:Valmieras novada ģerbonis.svg|53x53px]]
| [[Territorium Woldemarianum]]
| [[Woldemaria]]
| 2946
| 51 370
| 19,6
|}
{{-}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Plakans, Andrejs (1995). ''The Latvians: A Short History''. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press. ISBN 978-0-8179-9302-3

{{NexInt}}
* [[Historia Germaniae]]
* [[Historia Russiae]]
* [[Historia Scandinaviae]]
* [[Historia Sueciae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{Communia|Latvija|Lettoniam}}
{{Grc|Λεττονία}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

{{Europa}}
{{Unio Europaea}}
{{Capsae collectae|Lettonia|politica|{{Praesides Lettoniae}}{{Primi ministri Lettoniae}}{{Ministri rerum externarum Lettonici}}{{Ministri Lettonici Kariņš}}}}

[[Categoria:Balticum]]
[[Categoria:Civitates sociae Unionis Europaeae]]
[[Categoria:Condita 1918]]
[[Categoria:Condita 1991]]
[[Categoria:Lettonia|!]]
{{Myrias|Geographia}}</text>
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{{Capsa civitatis Vicidata}}
'''Lettonia'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.ru/books?id=qDVNAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA31&amp;dq=lettonia+sunt&amp;hl=la&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjf6aTUxbfuAhWFuIsKHZj8B4wQ6AEwBHoECAQQAg#v=onepage&amp;q=lettonia%20sunt&amp;f=false ''Lites ac Res gestae inter Polonos Ordinemque Cruciferorum'', vol. 3, Posnaniae 1856, p. 51]; [https://books.google.ru/books?id=lAtUAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=lettonia+sunt&amp;dq=lettonia+sunt&amp;hl=la&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjf6aTUxbfuAhWFuIsKHZj8B4wQ6AEwAnoECAIQAg ''Epitome iuris canonici...: Libri I et II Codicis iuris canonici''. Ed. 7. 1949, p. 80]; [https://books.google.ru/books?id=WSkaUyHCq8UC&amp;pg=PA22&amp;dq=lettonia+sunt&amp;hl=la&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjf6aTUxbfuAhWFuIsKHZj8B4wQ6AEwAXoECAEQAg#v=onepage&amp;q=lettonia%20sunt&amp;f=false Andreae Riddermark ''Exercitium academicum de Europa'', Lonini{{dubsig}} Gothorm 1703, p. 22]; [https://books.google.ru/books?id=AbgHAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=lettonia+sunt&amp;dq=lettonia+sunt&amp;hl=la&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjf6aTUxbfuAhWFuIsKHZj8B4wQ6AEwAHoECAAQAg ''Nuntii Latini'', 3, 1995. p. 114]; etc.&lt;/ref&gt; vel '''Lettia'''&lt;ref&gt;[[Iohannes Iacobus Hofmannus|Hofmanni]] ''[[Lexicon Universale]]'', [http://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenaref/hofmann/hof2/s0794b.html vol. ΙΙ, p. 794v]; ''[[Orbis Latinus]]'', [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=383 vol. II p. 381]. Etiam ''Leththia, Letthigallia'' etc, (''Orbis Latinus'').&lt;/ref&gt; vel '''Latvia'''{{FD ref}} ([[Lettonice]] ''Latvija'') est terra in litore orientali [[mare Balticum|maris Baltici]] sita, una ex tribus [[civitates Balticae|civitatibus Balticis]], quae inter [[Scandinavia]]m, [[Russia]]m et [[Europa Media|Europam Mediam]] iacent.

== Historia ==
{{vide-etiam|Historia Lettoniae}}
[[Riga]], [[caput (urbs)|caput]] Lettoniae, anno [[1201]] a Germanis ad ostium Duinae Occidentalis conditum, castra strategica fuit in victoria [[Fratres militiae Christi Livoniae|Fratrum militiae Christi Livoniae]] a [[papa]] [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Romano]] confirmatorum. Fuerit prima maior [[Balticum mare|Baltici]] meridiani [[urbs]], post [[1282]] una e principalibus [[Hansa|Foederis Hanseatici]] sedibus [[commercium|commercialibus]].

Post, inter saltem quattuor potestatibus maioribus partita fuit: [[Civitas Ordinis Theutonici|Civitate Ordinis Teutonici]], [[Res Publica Polonica–Lithuanica|Re Publica Polonica–Lithuanica]], [[Suecia]], [[Imperium Russicum|Imperio Russico]]. Ultimum, usque ad [[primum bellum mundanum]] Lettonia ad [[Imperium Russicum]] pertinuit. Inter hoc bellum ab exercitu [[Germania|Germanico]] occupata est. Die [[18 Novembris]] [[1918]] [[Riga]]e Res publica Lettonia libera proclamata est. Anno [[1940]] [[Unio Sovietica]], anno [[1941]] [[Imperium Germanicum (1933-1945)|Imperium Germanicum]] et anno [[1944]]/[[1945|45]] iterum Russici civitatem occupaverunt. Anno [[1990]]/[[1991|91]] Lettonia iterum libera facta est.

== Geographia ==
In litore [[mare Balticum|maris Baltici]] et sinus eius [[sinus Rigensis|Rigensis]] Lettonia sita est. [[Paeninsula Kurzemensis]]&lt;ref&gt;{{ZK|Курземская возв.}} Vel ''Curonica''.&lt;/ref&gt;, quae mare a sinu Rigensi separat, extremitatem septentrionalem [[Rubes promunturium|Rubem promunturium]] habet. A septentrionee versus [[Estonia]] Lettoniae adiacet, ab oriente [[Russia]] ([[regio Pscoviensis]]), ab oriente et meridie [[Ruthenia Alba]] ([[regio Vitebscensis]]), a meridie [[Lituania]].

Flumen Lettoniae maximum [[Duna]] (quae et [[Duina Occidentalis]]) est. Alia flumina [[Adia]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Ioannes Georgius Theodorus Graesse|J. G. Th. Graesse]], ''[[Orbis Latinus]]'', [[Brunsvicum|Brunopoli]] 1972, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=21 vol. I, p. 19].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Lettonice]] ''Aģe''), [[Coiwa]] vel [[Goiwa]] (''Gauja''), [[Missa (flumen)|Missa]] (''Mūsa''), [[Raupa]]&lt;ref&gt; Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=240 vol. III, p. 238].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Brasla''), [[Saletsa (flumen)|Saletsa]] (''Salaca''), [[Wela]] vel [[Winda]] (''Venta'') sunt.

[[Fasciculus:Historical regions of Latvia.svg|thumb|Lettoniae regiones historicae]]

==Regiones historicae==
Quinque Lettoniae regiones historicae sunt:
* [[Curlandia]] (nunc Lettonice ''Kurzeme'')
* [[Semigallia]] (''Zemgale'')
* [[Selonia]] (''Sēlija'')
(haec tres in ripa Dunae laeva sitae, ab occidente ad orientem enumeratae)
* [[Livonia]] (''Vidzeme''; sed diversis modis Livonia definitur)
* [[Lettigallia]] (''Latgale'')
(haec duae in ripa Dunae dextra)

Sed tres stellae aureae in insigni Lettoniae Curlandiam (cum Semigallia et Selonia), Vidzeme et Lettigalliam significant.

==Urbes et castella==

[[Riga]] est Lettoniae caput. Aliae urbes sunt:
{{div col|2}}
*[[Alvanga]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=77 vol. I, p. 76].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Lettonice]] ''Alsunga'')
*[[Ascradis]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=160 vol. I, p. 158].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Aizkraukle'')
*[[Cruceburgum]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=593 vol. I, p. 595].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Krustpils'')
*[[Duneburgum]] (''Daugavpils'')
*[[Ervalia]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=33 vol. II, p. 31].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Ārlava'')
*[[Goldinga]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=173 vol. II, p. 171].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Kuldiga'')
*[[Holma]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=251 vol. II, p. 249].&lt;/ref&gt; vel [[Kirchholmia]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Monumenta_Livoniae_antiquae_Sammlung_von/Vj5RAAAAcAAJ?hl=ru&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Kirchholmia&amp;pg=RA1-PA120&amp;printsec=frontcover ''Monumenta Livoniae antiquae...'', vol. II, 1839, p. 120].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Salaspils'')
* [[Liba]] (''Liepaja'')
* [[Mariana Domus]] (''Viļaka'')
*[[Mitavia]] (''Jelgava'')
* [[Piltynum]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Ioannes Georgius Theodorus Graesse|J. G. Th. Graesse]], ''[[Orbis Latinus]]'', [[Brunsvicum|Brunopoli]] 1972, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=310 vol. III, p. 308].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Piltene'')
* [[Saletsa]] (''Salacgrīva'')
* [[Sarnitus]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=333 vol. III, p. 331].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Sārnate'')
* [[Seelburgum]] vel [[Selonum castrum]] (''Sēlpils'')
* [[Sygewaldense castellum]] (''Sigulda'')
* [[Vindovia]] (''Ventspils'')
* [[Wasa]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=665 vol. III, p. 663].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Vendzavas'')
* [[Woldemaria]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=681 vol. III, p. 679].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Valmiera'')
* [[Ykescola]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=686 vol. III, p. 684].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Ikšķile'')
{{div col end}}
Castella multa [[Aevum Medium|mediaevalia]] in Lettonia aedificata sunt, quorum [[Angermunda]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=103 vol. I, p. 101].&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Cauponis castrum]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=473 vol. I, p. 471].&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Dabrelis castrum]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=624 vol. I, p. 622].&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Kochenhusium]] vel ''Ruthenicum castrum''&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=332 vol. II, p. 330]. [[Lettonice]] ''Koknese''.&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Normus]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=39 vol. III, p. 37]. [[Lettonice]] ''Nurmuiža''.&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Ropa]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=280 vol. III, p. 278]. [[Lettonice]] ''Lielstraupe''.&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Thoreda]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=485 vol. III, p. 483]. [[Lettonice]] ''Turaida''.&lt;/ref&gt; nota sunt.

'''Textus litteris pinguibus scriptus'''==Divisio administrativa==

Ab anno 2021 Lettonia in 7 urbes sui iuris et 35 territoria ([[Lettonice]] ''novads'') divisa est.
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=80% align=left border=1 cellpadding=6 cellspacing=0 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 0 1em; background: #ffffff; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; text-align:left; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef; border-bottom:2px solid gray;&quot;
! Vexillum
! Insigne
! Nomen
! Caput
! Area (chm²)
! Incolae (2021)
! [[Spissitudo incolarum|Spissitudo]],&lt;br&gt;hominum/chm²
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Riga.svg|66px]]
| [[Imago:Greater Coat of Arms of Riga - for display.svg|30px]]
| urbs [[Riga]]
|
| 304
| 614 518
| 2428,6
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Jurmala.svg|66px]]
| [[Imago:Coat of Arms of Jūrmala.svg|30px]]
| urbs  [[Acta (Lettonia)|Acta]]
|
| 101,4
| 50 248
| 493,3
|-
|[[Imago:Flag of Daugavpils.svg|66px]]
|[[Imago:Coat of arms of Daugavpils.png|30px]]
|urbs  [[Duneburgum]]
|
|72,48
|80 627
|1272,3
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Liepāja.svg|66px]]
| [[Imago:Coat of Arms of Liepāja.svg|30px]]
| urbs  [[Liba]]
|
| 68
| 67 964
| 1324,1
|-
|[[Imago:Flag of Rēzekne.svg|66px]]
|[[Imago:Coat of Arms of Rēzekne.svg|30px]]
|urbs  ''[[Rēzekne]]''
|
|17,48
|26 839
|1567,7
|-
|[[Imago:Jelgava flag.svg|66px]]
|[[Imago:Jelgava COA small.svg|30px]]
|urbs  [[Mitavia]]
|
|60,1
|55 336
|959,7
|-
|[[Imago:Flag of Ventspils.svg|66px]]
|[[Imago:LVA Ventspils COA.svg|30px]]
|urbs  [[Vindovia]]
|
|55,4
|33 372
|653,3
|-
| [[Imago:Ādažu novada karogs.svg|66px]]
| [[Imago:Ādažu novads COA 2022.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Ādažense]]
| ''[[Ādaži]]''
| 242,9
| 21 134
| 87
|-
| [[Imago:Aizkraukle novads karogs.png|66px]]
| [[Imago:Aizkraukles novads COA.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Ascradiense]]
| [[Ascradis]]
| 2274,3
| 29 367
| 12,9
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Balvu novads.png|66px]]
| [[Imago:Balvu novads COA.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Balvense]]
| [[Balvi]]
| 2386,3
| 19 015
| 8
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Bauskas novads.png|66px]]
| [[Imago:Bauskas novads COA.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Bauskanum]]
| ''[[Bauska]] ''
| 2174,9
| 41 755
| 19,2
|-
| [[Imago:Siguldas novads Flag.png|66px]]
| [[Imago:Siguldas novads COA.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Castelli Sygewaldensis]]
| [[Sygewaldense castellum|Castellum Sygewaldense]]
| 1030,1
| 30 625
| 29,2
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Saldus novads.png|66px]]
| [[Imago:Saldus novads COA.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Castri Dominae Nostrae]]
| [[Castrum Dominae Nostrae (Lettonia)|Castrum Dominae Nostrae]]
| 2179,5
| 27 110
| 14,6
|-
| [[Imago:Cēsu novada karogs.svg|66px]]
| [[Imago:Cēsu novada ģerbonis.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Cēsisense]]
| ''[[Cēsis]]''
| 2668,2
| 41 161
| 15,4
|-
| [[Imago:Krāslavas novads Flag.png|66px]]
| [[Imago:Krāslavas novads COA.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Craslaviense]]
| [[Craslavia]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Catalogus_domorum_societatis_Jesu_in_Pol/s1lDoEOKlokC?hl=ru&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=craslavia&amp;pg=PA15&amp;printsec=frontcover  ''Catalogus domorum societatis Jesu in Polonia…'', 1899, p. 15].&lt;/ref&gt;
| 2288,9
| 21 459
| 12,1
|-
|[[Imago:Dienvidkurzemes novada karogs.svg|66px]]
|[[Imago:Dienvidkurzemes novada ģerbonis.svg|30px]]
|[[Territorium Curoniae Australis]]
|''[[Grobiņa]]''
|3629,55
|38 351
|10,6
|-
| [[Imago:LVA Gulbenes novads flag.png|66px]]
| [[Imago:Gulbenes novads COA.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Cycnopolitanum]]
| [[Cycnopolis]]
| 1872,2
| 19 619
| 44,9
|-
| [[Imago:LVA Dobeles novads flag.png|66px]]
| [[Imago:Dobeles novads COA.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Dobelense]]
| ''[[Dobele]] ''
| 1629,4
| 28 517
| 17,5
|-
|[[Imago:Flag of Augšdaugava Municipality.svg|66px]]
|[[Imago:Augšdaugavas novada ģerbonis.svg|30px]]
|[[Territorium Dunae Superioris]]
|[[Duneburgum]]
|2523,3
|33 222
|13,2
|-
| [[Imago:No flag.svg|66px]]
| [[Imago:Kuldīgas novads COA.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Goldingense]]
| [[Goldinga]]
| 2502,2
| 27 736
| 12,6
|-
| [[Imago:Jēkabpils novada karogs.svg|66px]]
| [[Imago:Jēkabpils novada ģerbonis.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Iacobοpolitanum]]
| [[Iacobopolis (Lettonia)|Iacobοpolis]]
| 2996.1
| 40 576
| 15,6
|-
| [[Imago:Ķekavas novada karogs.svg|66px]]
| [[Imago:Ķekavas novada ģerbonis.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Ķekavense]]
| ''[[Ķekava]] ''
| 454,5
| 30 077
| 60,3
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Līvānu novads.png|66px]]
| [[Imago:Līvānu novads COA.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Līvānense]]
| ''[[Līvāni]]''
| 624,6
| 11 652
| 18,66
|-
| [[Imago:Limbazu novads karogs.png|66px]]
| [[Imago:Limbažu novada ģerbonis.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Lemsaliense]]
| [[Lemsalia]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lemsalia prope Rigam&quot;, — Hermanni Becker [https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Livonia_certis_propositionibus_comprehen/821jAAAAcAAJ?hl=ru&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=lemsalia&amp;pg=PP1&amp;printsec=frontcover ''Livonia certis propositionibus comprehensa'', 1700, titulus].&lt;/ref&gt;
| 2440,8
| 28 546
| 12,8
|-
| [[Imago:Saulkrastu novada karogs.svg|66px]]
| [[Imago:Saulkrastu novada ģerbonis.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Litorum Apricorum]]
| [[Litora Aprica]]
| 277,8
| 9 230
| 29,5
|-
| [[Imago:Ludzas-novads-Flag.png|66px]]
| [[Imago:Ludzas novads COA.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Ludzanum]]
| ''[[Ludza]]''
| 2411,4
| 21 777
| 11,1
|-
|[[Imago:No flag.svg|66px]]
|[[Imago:Madonas novada ģerbonis.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Madonense]]
| ''[[Madona]]''
| 3354,8
| 28 692
| 11,1
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Alūksnes novads.png|66px]]
| [[Imago:Alūksne novads COA.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Marienburgense]]
| [[Marienburgum (Lettonia)|Marienburgum]]
| 1697,6
| 13 861
| 49,8
|-
|[[Imago:Jelgavas novada karogs.svg|66px]]
|[[Imago:Jelgavas novads COA.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Mitavianum]]
| [[Mitavia]]
| 1604,1
| 31 969
| 23,4
|-
| [[Imago:Ogres novads Flag.png|66px]]
| [[Imago:Ogres novads COA.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Ogrense]]
| ''[[Ogre]] ''
| 1839,4
| 57 617
| 31,3
|-
| [[Imago:Olaines novads Flag.png|66px]]
| [[Imago:Olaines novads COA.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Olainense]]
| ''[[Olaine]]''
| 298,5
| 19 705
| 11,2
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Preiļu novads.png|66px]]
| [[Imago:Preiļu novads COA.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Preiļense]]
| ''[[Preiļi]]''
| 1419,4
| 16 759
| 14,4
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Rēzeknes novads.svg|66px]]
| [[Imago:Coat of Arms of Rēzeknes novads.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Rēzeknense]]
| ''[[Rēzekne]]''
| 2809
| 29 643
| 12,3
|-
| [[Imago:Mārupes novada karogs.svg|66px]]
| [[Imago:Mārupes novada ģerbonis.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Rivi Mariae]]
| [[Rivus Mariae]]
| 103,84
| 21 577
| 210
|-
| [[Imago:Ropažu novada karogs.svg|66px]]
| [[Imago:Ropažu novada ģerbonis.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Ropažense]]
| ''[[Ulbroka]]''
| 536,1
| 31 736
| 59,2
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Salaspils Municipality.jpg|66px]]
| [[Imago:Salaspils novads COA.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Saletsanum]]
| [[Saletsa]]
| 100
| 22 868
| 228,6
|-
| [[Imago:Smiltenes novada karogs.svg|66px]]
| [[Imago:Smiltenes novada ģerbonis.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Smiltenense]]
| ''[[Smiltene]]''
| 1801,3
| 18 155
| 11,4
|-
| [[Imago:Talsu novada karogs.svg|66px]]
| [[Imago:Talsu novada ģerbonis.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Talsense]]
| ''[[Talsi]]''
| 2744
| 35 699
| 15
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Tukuma novads.png|66px]]
| [[Imago:Tukuma novads COA.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Tukumense]]
| ''[[Tukums]]''
| 2450
| 44 411
| 20,2
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Valkas novads.png|66px]]
| [[Imago:Valkas novads COA.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Valkanum]]
| ''[[Valka]] ''
| 908,8
| 7 596
| 20,3
|-
| [[Imago:Ventspils novada karogs.svg|66px]]
| [[Imago:Ventspils novads COA.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Vindovianum]]
| [[Vindovia]]
| 2458,6
| 10 777
| 93,3
|-
| [[Imago:Valmieras novada karogs.svg|66px]]
|[[Imago:Valmieras novada ģerbonis.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Woldemarianum]]
| [[Woldemaria]]
| 2946
| 51 370
| 19,6
|}
{{-}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Plakans, Andrejs (1995). ''The Latvians: A Short History''. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press. ISBN 978-0-8179-9302-3

{{NexInt}}
* [[Historia Germaniae]]
* [[Historia Russiae]]
* [[Historia Scandinaviae]]
* [[Historia Sueciae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{Communia|Latvija|Lettoniam}}
{{Grc|Λεττονία}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

{{Europa}}
{{Unio Europaea}}
{{Capsae collectae|Lettonia|politica|{{Praesides Lettoniae}}{{Primi ministri Lettoniae}}{{Ministri rerum externarum Lettonici}}{{Ministri Lettonici Kariņš}}}}

[[Categoria:Balticum]]
[[Categoria:Civitates sociae Unionis Europaeae]]
[[Categoria:Condita 1918]]
[[Categoria:Condita 1991]]
[[Categoria:Lettonia|!]]
{{Myrias|Geographia}}</text>
      <sha1>3nhw9q3htiynv6a49kbat4khynh8bz9</sha1>
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{{Capsa civitatis Vicidata}}
'''Lettonia'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.ru/books?id=qDVNAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA31&amp;dq=lettonia+sunt&amp;hl=la&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjf6aTUxbfuAhWFuIsKHZj8B4wQ6AEwBHoECAQQAg#v=onepage&amp;q=lettonia%20sunt&amp;f=false ''Lites ac Res gestae inter Polonos Ordinemque Cruciferorum'', vol. 3, Posnaniae 1856, p. 51]; [https://books.google.ru/books?id=lAtUAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=lettonia+sunt&amp;dq=lettonia+sunt&amp;hl=la&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjf6aTUxbfuAhWFuIsKHZj8B4wQ6AEwAnoECAIQAg ''Epitome iuris canonici...: Libri I et II Codicis iuris canonici''. Ed. 7. 1949, p. 80]; [https://books.google.ru/books?id=WSkaUyHCq8UC&amp;pg=PA22&amp;dq=lettonia+sunt&amp;hl=la&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjf6aTUxbfuAhWFuIsKHZj8B4wQ6AEwAXoECAEQAg#v=onepage&amp;q=lettonia%20sunt&amp;f=false Andreae Riddermark ''Exercitium academicum de Europa'', Lonini{{dubsig}} Gothorm 1703, p. 22]; [https://books.google.ru/books?id=AbgHAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=lettonia+sunt&amp;dq=lettonia+sunt&amp;hl=la&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjf6aTUxbfuAhWFuIsKHZj8B4wQ6AEwAHoECAAQAg ''Nuntii Latini'', 3, 1995. p. 114]; etc.&lt;/ref&gt; vel '''Lettia'''&lt;ref&gt;[[Iohannes Iacobus Hofmannus|Hofmanni]] ''[[Lexicon Universale]]'', [http://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenaref/hofmann/hof2/s0794b.html vol. ΙΙ, p. 794v]; ''[[Orbis Latinus]]'', [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=383 vol. II p. 381]. Etiam ''Leththia, Letthigallia'' etc, (''Orbis Latinus'').&lt;/ref&gt; vel '''Latvia'''{{FD ref}} ([[Lettonice]] ''Latvija'') est terra in litore orientali [[mare Balticum|maris Baltici]] sita, una ex tribus [[civitates Balticae|civitatibus Balticis]], quae inter [[Scandinavia]]m, [[Russia]]m et [[Europa Media|Europam Mediam]] iacent.

== Historia ==
{{vide-etiam|Historia Lettoniae}}
[[Riga]], [[caput (urbs)|caput]] Lettoniae, anno [[1201]] a Germanis ad ostium Duinae Occidentalis conditum, castra strategica fuit in victoria [[Fratres militiae Christi Livoniae|Fratrum militiae Christi Livoniae]] a [[papa]] [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Romano]] confirmatorum. Fuerit prima maior [[Balticum mare|Baltici]] meridiani [[urbs]], post [[1282]] una e principalibus [[Hansa|Foederis Hanseatici]] sedibus [[commercium|commercialibus]].

Post, inter saltem quattuor potestatibus maioribus partita fuit: [[Civitas Ordinis Theutonici|Civitate Ordinis Teutonici]], [[Res Publica Polonica–Lithuanica|Re Publica Polonica–Lithuanica]], [[Suecia]], [[Imperium Russicum|Imperio Russico]]. Ultimum, usque ad [[primum bellum mundanum]] Lettonia ad [[Imperium Russicum]] pertinuit. Inter hoc bellum ab exercitu [[Germania|Germanico]] occupata est. Die [[18 Novembris]] [[1918]] [[Riga]]e Res publica Lettonia libera proclamata est. Anno [[1940]] [[Unio Sovietica]], anno [[1941]] [[Imperium Germanicum (1933-1945)|Imperium Germanicum]] et anno [[1944]]/[[1945|45]] iterum Russici civitatem occupaverunt. Anno [[1990]]/[[1991|91]] Lettonia iterum libera facta est.

== Geographia ==
In litore [[mare Balticum|maris Baltici]] et sinus eius [[sinus Rigensis|Rigensis]] Lettonia sita est. [[Paeninsula Kurzemensis]]&lt;ref&gt;{{ZK|Курземская возв.}} Vel ''Curonica''.&lt;/ref&gt;, quae mare a sinu Rigensi separat, extremitatem septentrionalem [[Rubes promunturium|Rubem promunturium]] habet. A septentrionee versus [[Estonia]] Lettoniae adiacet, ab oriente [[Russia]] ([[regio Pscoviensis]]), ab oriente et meridie [[Ruthenia Alba]] ([[regio Vitebscensis]]), a meridie [[Lituania]].

Flumen Lettoniae maximum [[Duna]] (quae et [[Duina Occidentalis]]) est. Alia flumina [[Adia]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Ioannes Georgius Theodorus Graesse|J. G. Th. Graesse]], ''[[Orbis Latinus]]'', [[Brunsvicum|Brunopoli]] 1972, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=21 vol. I, p. 19].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Lettonice]] ''Aģe''), [[Coiwa]] vel [[Goiwa]] (''Gauja''), [[Missa (flumen)|Missa]] (''Mūsa''), [[Raupa]]&lt;ref&gt; Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=240 vol. III, p. 238].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Brasla''), [[Saletsa (flumen)|Saletsa]] (''Salaca''), [[Wela]] vel [[Winda]] (''Venta'') sunt.

[[Fasciculus:Historical regions of Latvia.svg|thumb|Lettoniae regiones historicae]]

==Regiones historicae==
Quinque Lettoniae regiones historicae sunt:
* [[Curlandia]] (nunc Lettonice ''Kurzeme'')
* [[Semigallia]] (''Zemgale'')
* [[Selonia]] (''Sēlija'')
(haec tres in ripa Dunae laeva sitae, ab occidente ad orientem enumeratae)
* [[Livonia]] (''Vidzeme''; sed diversis modis Livonia definitur)
* [[Lettigallia]] (''Latgale'')
(haec duae in ripa Dunae dextra)

Sed tres stellae aureae in insigni Lettoniae Curlandiam (cum Semigallia et Selonia), Vidzeme et Lettigalliam significant.

==Urbes et castella==

[[Riga]] est Lettoniae caput. Aliae urbes sunt:
{{div col|2}}
*[[Alvanga]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=77 vol. I, p. 76].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Lettonice]] ''Alsunga'')
*[[Ascradis]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=160 vol. I, p. 158].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Aizkraukle'')
*[[Cruceburgum]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=593 vol. I, p. 595].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Krustpils'')
*[[Duneburgum]] (''Daugavpils'')
*[[Ervalia]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=33 vol. II, p. 31].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Ārlava'')
*[[Goldinga]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=173 vol. II, p. 171].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Kuldiga'')
*[[Holma]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=251 vol. II, p. 249].&lt;/ref&gt; vel [[Kirchholmia]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Monumenta_Livoniae_antiquae_Sammlung_von/Vj5RAAAAcAAJ?hl=ru&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Kirchholmia&amp;pg=RA1-PA120&amp;printsec=frontcover ''Monumenta Livoniae antiquae...'', vol. II, 1839, p. 120].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Salaspils'')
* [[Liba]] (''Liepaja'')
* [[Mariana Domus]] (''Viļaka'')
*[[Mitavia]] (''Jelgava'')
* [[Piltynum]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Ioannes Georgius Theodorus Graesse|J. G. Th. Graesse]], ''[[Orbis Latinus]]'', [[Brunsvicum|Brunopoli]] 1972, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=310 vol. III, p. 308].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Piltene'')
* [[Saletsa]] (''Salacgrīva'')
* [[Sarnitus]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=333 vol. III, p. 331].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Sārnate'')
* [[Seelburgum]] vel [[Selonum castrum]] (''Sēlpils'')
* [[Sygewaldense castellum]] (''Sigulda'')
* [[Vindovia]] (''Ventspils'')
* [[Wasa]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=665 vol. III, p. 663].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Vendzavas'')
* [[Woldemaria]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=681 vol. III, p. 679].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Valmiera'')
* [[Ykescola]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=686 vol. III, p. 684].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Ikšķile'')
{{div col end}}
Castella multa [[Aevum Medium|mediaevalia]] in Lettonia aedificata sunt, quorum [[Angermunda]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=103 vol. I, p. 101].&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Cauponis castrum]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=473 vol. I, p. 471].&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Dabrelis castrum]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=624 vol. I, p. 622].&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Kochenhusium]] vel ''Ruthenicum castrum''&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=332 vol. II, p. 330]. [[Lettonice]] ''Koknese''.&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Normus]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=39 vol. III, p. 37]. [[Lettonice]] ''Nurmuiža''.&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Ropa]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=280 vol. III, p. 278]. [[Lettonice]] ''Lielstraupe''.&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Thoreda]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=485 vol. III, p. 483]. [[Lettonice]] ''Turaida''.&lt;/ref&gt; nota sunt.

==Divisio administrativa==

Ab anno 2021 Lettonia in 7 urbes sui iuris et 35 territoria ([[Lettonice]] ''novads'') divisa est.
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=80% align=left border=1 cellpadding=6 cellspacing=0 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 0 1em; background: #ffffff; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; text-align:left; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef; border-bottom:2px solid gray;&quot;
! Vexillum
! Insigne
! Nomen
! Caput
! Area (chm²)
! Incolae (2021)
! [[Spissitudo incolarum|Spissitudo]],&lt;br&gt;hominum/chm²
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Riga.svg|66px]]
| [[Imago:Greater Coat of Arms of Riga - for display.svg|30px]]
| urbs [[Riga]]
|
| 304
| 614 518
| 2428,6
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Jurmala.svg|66px]]
| [[Imago:Coat of Arms of Jūrmala.svg|30px]]
| urbs  [[Acta (Lettonia)|Acta]]
|
| 101,4
| 50 248
| 493,3
|-
|[[Imago:Flag of Daugavpils.svg|66px]]
|[[Imago:Coat of arms of Daugavpils.png|30px]]
|urbs  [[Duneburgum]]
|
|72,48
|80 627
|1272,3
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Liepāja.svg|66px]]
| [[Imago:Coat of Arms of Liepāja.svg|30px]]
| urbs  [[Liba]]
|
| 68
| 67 964
| 1324,1
|-
|[[Imago:Flag of Rēzekne.svg|66px]]
|[[Imago:Coat of Arms of Rēzekne.svg|30px]]
|urbs  ''[[Rēzekne]]''
|
|17,48
|26 839
|1567,7
|-
|[[Imago:Jelgava flag.svg|66px]]
|[[Imago:Jelgava COA small.svg|30px]]
|urbs  [[Mitavia]]
|
|60,1
|55 336
|959,7
|-
|[[Imago:Flag of Ventspils.svg|66px]]
|[[Imago:LVA Ventspils COA.svg|30px]]
|urbs  [[Vindovia]]
|
|55,4
|33 372
|653,3
|-
| [[Imago:Ādažu novada karogs.svg|66px]]
| [[Imago:Ādažu novads COA 2022.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Ādažense]]
| ''[[Ādaži]]''
| 242,9
| 21 134
| 87
|-
| [[Imago:Aizkraukle novads karogs.png|66px]]
| [[Imago:Aizkraukles novads COA.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Ascradiense]]
| [[Ascradis]]
| 2274,3
| 29 367
| 12,9
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Balvu novads.png|66px]]
| [[Imago:Balvu novads COA.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Balvense]]
| [[Balvi]]
| 2386,3
| 19 015
| 8
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Bauskas novads.png|66px]]
| [[Imago:Bauskas novads COA.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Bauskanum]]
| ''[[Bauska]] ''
| 2174,9
| 41 755
| 19,2
|-
| [[Imago:Siguldas novads Flag.png|66px]]
| [[Imago:Siguldas novads COA.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Castelli Sygewaldensis]]
| [[Sygewaldense castellum|Castellum Sygewaldense]]
| 1030,1
| 30 625
| 29,2
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Saldus novads.png|66px]]
| [[Imago:Saldus novads COA.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Castri Dominae Nostrae]]
| [[Castrum Dominae Nostrae (Lettonia)|Castrum Dominae Nostrae]]
| 2179,5
| 27 110
| 14,6
|-
| [[Imago:Cēsu novada karogs.svg|66px]]
| [[Imago:Cēsu novada ģerbonis.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Cēsisense]]
| ''[[Cēsis]]''
| 2668,2
| 41 161
| 15,4
|-
| [[Imago:Krāslavas novads Flag.png|66px]]
| [[Imago:Krāslavas novads COA.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Craslaviense]]
| [[Craslavia]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Catalogus_domorum_societatis_Jesu_in_Pol/s1lDoEOKlokC?hl=ru&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=craslavia&amp;pg=PA15&amp;printsec=frontcover  ''Catalogus domorum societatis Jesu in Polonia…'', 1899, p. 15].&lt;/ref&gt;
| 2288,9
| 21 459
| 12,1
|-
|[[Imago:Dienvidkurzemes novada karogs.svg|66px]]
|[[Imago:Dienvidkurzemes novada ģerbonis.svg|30px]]
|[[Territorium Curoniae Australis]]
|''[[Grobiņa]]''
|3629,55
|38 351
|10,6
|-
| [[Imago:LVA Gulbenes novads flag.png|66px]]
| [[Imago:Gulbenes novads COA.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Cycnopolitanum]]
| [[Cycnopolis]]
| 1872,2
| 19 619
| 44,9
|-
| [[Imago:LVA Dobeles novads flag.png|66px]]
| [[Imago:Dobeles novads COA.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Dobelense]]
| ''[[Dobele]] ''
| 1629,4
| 28 517
| 17,5
|-
|[[Imago:Flag of Augšdaugava Municipality.svg|66px]]
|[[Imago:Augšdaugavas novada ģerbonis.svg|30px]]
|[[Territorium Dunae Superioris]]
|[[Duneburgum]]
|2523,3
|33 222
|13,2
|-
| [[Imago:No flag.svg|66px]]
| [[Imago:Kuldīgas novads COA.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Goldingense]]
| [[Goldinga]]
| 2502,2
| 27 736
| 12,6
|-
| [[Imago:Jēkabpils novada karogs.svg|66px]]
| [[Imago:Jēkabpils novada ģerbonis.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Iacobοpolitanum]]
| [[Iacobopolis (Lettonia)|Iacobοpolis]]
| 2996.1
| 40 576
| 15,6
|-
| [[Imago:Ķekavas novada karogs.svg|66px]]
| [[Imago:Ķekavas novada ģerbonis.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Ķekavense]]
| ''[[Ķekava]] ''
| 454,5
| 30 077
| 60,3
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Līvānu novads.png|66px]]
| [[Imago:Līvānu novads COA.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Līvānense]]
| ''[[Līvāni]]''
| 624,6
| 11 652
| 18,66
|-
| [[Imago:Limbazu novads karogs.png|66px]]
| [[Imago:Limbažu novada ģerbonis.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Lemsaliense]]
| [[Lemsalia]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lemsalia prope Rigam&quot;, — Hermanni Becker [https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Livonia_certis_propositionibus_comprehen/821jAAAAcAAJ?hl=ru&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=lemsalia&amp;pg=PP1&amp;printsec=frontcover ''Livonia certis propositionibus comprehensa'', 1700, titulus].&lt;/ref&gt;
| 2440,8
| 28 546
| 12,8
|-
| [[Imago:Saulkrastu novada karogs.svg|66px]]
| [[Imago:Saulkrastu novada ģerbonis.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Litorum Apricorum]]
| [[Litora Aprica]]
| 277,8
| 9 230
| 29,5
|-
| [[Imago:Ludzas-novads-Flag.png|66px]]
| [[Imago:Ludzas novads COA.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Ludzanum]]
| ''[[Ludza]]''
| 2411,4
| 21 777
| 11,1
|-
|[[Imago:No flag.svg|66px]]
|[[Imago:Madonas novada ģerbonis.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Madonense]]
| ''[[Madona]]''
| 3354,8
| 28 692
| 11,1
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Alūksnes novads.png|66px]]
| [[Imago:Alūksne novads COA.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Marienburgense]]
| [[Marienburgum (Lettonia)|Marienburgum]]
| 1697,6
| 13 861
| 49,8
|-
|[[Imago:Jelgavas novada karogs.svg|66px]]
|[[Imago:Jelgavas novads COA.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Mitavianum]]
| [[Mitavia]]
| 1604,1
| 31 969
| 23,4
|-
| [[Imago:Ogres novads Flag.png|66px]]
| [[Imago:Ogres novads COA.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Ogrense]]
| ''[[Ogre]] ''
| 1839,4
| 57 617
| 31,3
|-
| [[Imago:Olaines novads Flag.png|66px]]
| [[Imago:Olaines novads COA.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Olainense]]
| ''[[Olaine]]''
| 298,5
| 19 705
| 11,2
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Preiļu novads.png|66px]]
| [[Imago:Preiļu novads COA.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Preiļense]]
| ''[[Preiļi]]''
| 1419,4
| 16 759
| 14,4
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Rēzeknes novads.svg|66px]]
| [[Imago:Coat of Arms of Rēzeknes novads.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Rēzeknense]]
| ''[[Rēzekne]]''
| 2809
| 29 643
| 12,3
|-
| [[Imago:Mārupes novada karogs.svg|66px]]
| [[Imago:Mārupes novada ģerbonis.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Rivi Mariae]]
| [[Rivus Mariae]]
| 103,84
| 21 577
| 210
|-
| [[Imago:Ropažu novada karogs.svg|66px]]
| [[Imago:Ropažu novada ģerbonis.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Ropažense]]
| ''[[Ulbroka]]''
| 536,1
| 31 736
| 59,2
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Salaspils Municipality.jpg|66px]]
| [[Imago:Salaspils novads COA.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Saletsanum]]
| [[Saletsa]]
| 100
| 22 868
| 228,6
|-
| [[Imago:Smiltenes novada karogs.svg|66px]]
| [[Imago:Smiltenes novada ģerbonis.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Smiltenense]]
| ''[[Smiltene]]''
| 1801,3
| 18 155
| 11,4
|-
| [[Imago:Talsu novada karogs.svg|66px]]
| [[Imago:Talsu novada ģerbonis.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Talsense]]
| ''[[Talsi]]''
| 2744
| 35 699
| 15
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Tukuma novads.png|66px]]
| [[Imago:Tukuma novads COA.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Tukumense]]
| ''[[Tukums]]''
| 2450
| 44 411
| 20,2
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Valkas novads.png|66px]]
| [[Imago:Valkas novads COA.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Valkanum]]
| ''[[Valka]] ''
| 908,8
| 7 596
| 20,3
|-
| [[Imago:Ventspils novada karogs.svg|66px]]
| [[Imago:Ventspils novads COA.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Vindovianum]]
| [[Vindovia]]
| 2458,6
| 10 777
| 93,3
|-
| [[Imago:Valmieras novada karogs.svg|66px]]
|[[Imago:Valmieras novada ģerbonis.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Woldemarianum]]
| [[Woldemaria]]
| 2946
| 51 370
| 19,6
|}
{{-}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Plakans, Andrejs (1995). ''The Latvians: A Short History''. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press. ISBN 978-0-8179-9302-3

{{NexInt}}
* [[Historia Germaniae]]
* [[Historia Russiae]]
* [[Historia Scandinaviae]]
* [[Historia Sueciae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{Communia|Latvija|Lettoniam}}
{{Grc|Λεττονία}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

{{Europa}}
{{Unio Europaea}}
{{Capsae collectae|Lettonia|politica|{{Praesides Lettoniae}}{{Primi ministri Lettoniae}}{{Ministri rerum externarum Lettonici}}{{Ministri Lettonici Kariņš}}}}

[[Categoria:Balticum]]
[[Categoria:Civitates sociae Unionis Europaeae]]
[[Categoria:Condita 1918]]
[[Categoria:Condita 1991]]
[[Categoria:Lettonia|!]]
{{Myrias|Geographia}}</text>
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      <text bytes="17578" sha1="npldslc2omyn33c3pdunaezvqah764b" xml:space="preserve">{{L1}}
{{Capsa civitatis Vicidata}}
'''Lettonia'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.ru/books?id=qDVNAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA31&amp;dq=lettonia+sunt&amp;hl=la&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjf6aTUxbfuAhWFuIsKHZj8B4wQ6AEwBHoECAQQAg#v=onepage&amp;q=lettonia%20sunt&amp;f=false ''Lites ac Res gestae inter Polonos Ordinemque Cruciferorum'', vol. 3, Posnaniae 1856, p. 51]; [https://books.google.ru/books?id=lAtUAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=lettonia+sunt&amp;dq=lettonia+sunt&amp;hl=la&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjf6aTUxbfuAhWFuIsKHZj8B4wQ6AEwAnoECAIQAg ''Epitome iuris canonici...: Libri I et II Codicis iuris canonici''. Ed. 7. 1949, p. 80]; [https://books.google.ru/books?id=WSkaUyHCq8UC&amp;pg=PA22&amp;dq=lettonia+sunt&amp;hl=la&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjf6aTUxbfuAhWFuIsKHZj8B4wQ6AEwAXoECAEQAg#v=onepage&amp;q=lettonia%20sunt&amp;f=false Andreae Riddermark ''Exercitium academicum de Europa'', Lonini{{dubsig}} Gothorm 1703, p. 22]; [https://books.google.ru/books?id=AbgHAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=lettonia+sunt&amp;dq=lettonia+sunt&amp;hl=la&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjf6aTUxbfuAhWFuIsKHZj8B4wQ6AEwAHoECAAQAg ''Nuntii Latini'', 3, 1995. p. 114]; etc.&lt;/ref&gt; vel '''Lettia'''&lt;ref&gt;[[Iohannes Iacobus Hofmannus|Hofmanni]] ''[[Lexicon Universale]]'', [http://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenaref/hofmann/hof2/s0794b.html vol. ΙΙ, p. 794v]; ''[[Orbis Latinus]]'', [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=383 vol. II p. 381]. Etiam ''Leththia, Letthigallia'' etc, (''Orbis Latinus'').&lt;/ref&gt; vel '''Latvia'''{{FD ref}} ([[Lettonice]] ''Latvija'') est terra in litore orientali [[mare Balticum|maris Baltici]] sita, una ex tribus [[civitates Balticae|civitatibus Balticis]], quae inter [[Scandinavia]]m, [[Russia]]m et [[Europa Media|Europam Mediam]] iacent.

== Historia ==
{{vide-etiam|Historia Lettoniae}}
[[Riga]], [[caput (urbs)|caput]] Lettoniae, anno [[1201]] a Germanis ad ostium Duinae Occidentalis conditum, castra strategica fuit in victoria [[Fratres militiae Christi Livoniae|Fratrum militiae Christi Livoniae]] a [[papa]] [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Romano]] confirmatorum. Fuerit prima maior [[Balticum mare|Baltici]] meridiani [[urbs]], post [[1282]] una e principalibus [[Hansa|Foederis Hanseatici]] sedibus [[commercium|commercialibus]].

Post, inter saltem quattuor potestatibus maioribus partita fuit: [[Civitas Ordinis Theutonici|Civitate Ordinis Teutonici]], [[Res Publica Polonica–Lithuanica|Re Publica Polonica–Lithuanica]], [[Suecia]], [[Imperium Russicum|Imperio Russico]]. Ultimum, usque ad [[primum bellum mundanum]] Lettonia ad [[Imperium Russicum]] pertinuit. Inter hoc bellum ab exercitu [[Germania|Germanico]] occupata est. Die [[18 Novembris]] [[1918]] [[Riga]]e Res publica Lettonia libera proclamata est. Anno [[1940]] [[Unio Sovietica]], anno [[1941]] [[Imperium Germanicum (1933-1945)|Imperium Germanicum]] et anno [[1944]]/[[1945|45]] iterum Russici civitatem occupaverunt. Anno [[1990]]/[[1991|91]] Lettonia iterum libera facta est.

== Geographia ==
In litore [[mare Balticum|maris Baltici]] et sinus eius [[sinus Rigensis|Rigensis]] Lettonia sita est. [[Paeninsula Kurzemensis]]&lt;ref&gt;{{ZK|Курземская возв.}} Vel ''Curonica''.&lt;/ref&gt;, quae mare a sinu Rigensi separat, extremitatem septentrionalem [[Rubes promunturium|Rubem promunturium]] habet. A septentrionee versus [[Estonia]] Lettoniae adiacet, ab oriente [[Russia]] ([[regio Pscoviensis]]), ab oriente et meridie [[Ruthenia Alba]] ([[regio Vitebscensis]]), a meridie [[Lituania]].

Flumen Lettoniae maximum [[Duna]] (quae et [[Duina Occidentalis]]) est. Alia flumina [[Adia]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Ioannes Georgius Theodorus Graesse|J. G. Th. Graesse]], ''[[Orbis Latinus]]'', [[Brunsvicum|Brunopoli]] 1972, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=21 vol. I, p. 19].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Lettonice]] ''Aģe''), [[Coiwa]] vel [[Goiwa]] (''Gauja''), [[Missa (flumen)|Missa]] (''Mūsa''), [[Raupa]]&lt;ref&gt; Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=240 vol. III, p. 238].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Brasla''), [[Saletsa (flumen)|Saletsa]] (''Salaca''), [[Wela]] vel [[Winda]] (''Venta'') sunt.

[[Fasciculus:Historical regions of Latvia.svg|thumb|Lettoniae regiones historicae]]

==Regiones historicae==
Quinque Lettoniae regiones historicae sunt:
* [[Curlandia]] (nunc Lettonice ''Kurzeme'')
* [[Semigallia]] (''Zemgale'')
* [[Selonia]] (''Sēlija'')
(haec tres in ripa Dunae laeva sitae, ab occidente ad orientem enumeratae)
* [[Livonia]] (''Vidzeme''; sed diversis modis Livonia definitur)
* [[Lettigallia]] (''Latgale'')
(haec duae in ripa Dunae dextra)

Sed tres stellae aureae in insigni Lettoniae Curlandiam (cum Semigallia et Selonia), Vidzeme et Lettigalliam significant.

==Urbes et castella==

[[Riga]] est Lettoniae caput. Aliae urbes sunt:
{{div col|2}}
*[[Alvanga]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=77 vol. I, p. 76].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Lettonice]] ''Alsunga'')
*[[Ascradis]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=160 vol. I, p. 158].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Aizkraukle'')
*[[Cruceburgum]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=593 vol. I, p. 595].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Krustpils'')
*[[Duneburgum]] (''Daugavpils'')
*[[Ervalia]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=33 vol. II, p. 31].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Ārlava'')
*[[Goldinga]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=173 vol. II, p. 171].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Kuldiga'')
*[[Holma]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=251 vol. II, p. 249].&lt;/ref&gt; vel [[Kirchholmia]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Monumenta_Livoniae_antiquae_Sammlung_von/Vj5RAAAAcAAJ?hl=ru&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Kirchholmia&amp;pg=RA1-PA120&amp;printsec=frontcover ''Monumenta Livoniae antiquae...'', vol. II, 1839, p. 120].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Salaspils'')
* [[Liba]] (''Liepaja'')
* [[Mariana Domus]] (''Viļaka'')
*[[Mitavia]] (''Jelgava'')
* [[Piltynum]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Ioannes Georgius Theodorus Graesse|J. G. Th. Graesse]], ''[[Orbis Latinus]]'', [[Brunsvicum|Brunopoli]] 1972, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=310 vol. III, p. 308].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Piltene'')
* [[Saletsa]] (''Salacgrīva'')
* [[Sarnitus]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=333 vol. III, p. 331].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Sārnate'')
* [[Seelburgum]] vel [[Selonum castrum]] (''Sēlpils'')
* [[Sygewaldense castellum]] (''Sigulda'')
* [[Vindovia]] (''Ventspils'')
* [[Wasa]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=665 vol. III, p. 663].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Vendzavas'')
* [[Woldemaria]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=681 vol. III, p. 679].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Valmiera'')
* [[Ykescola]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=686 vol. III, p. 684].&lt;/ref&gt; (''Ikšķile'')
{{div col end}}
Castella multa [[Aevum Medium|mediaevalia]] in Lettonia aedificata sunt, quorum [[Angermunda]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=103 vol. I, p. 101].&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Cauponis castrum]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=473 vol. I, p. 471].&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Dabrelis castrum]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050912/images/index.html?id=00050912&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=624 vol. I, p. 622].&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Kochenhusium]] vel ''Ruthenicum castrum''&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=332 vol. II, p. 330]. [[Lettonice]] ''Koknese''.&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Normus]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=39 vol. III, p. 37]. [[Lettonice]] ''Nurmuiža''.&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Ropa]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=280 vol. III, p. 278]. [[Lettonice]] ''Lielstraupe''.&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Thoreda]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=485 vol. III, p. 483]. [[Lettonice]] ''Turaida''.&lt;/ref&gt; nota sunt.

==Divisio administrativa==

Ab anno 2021 Lettonia in 7 urbes sui iuris et 35 territoria ([[Lettonice]] ''novads'') divisa est.
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=80% align=left border=1 cellpadding=6 cellspacing=0 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 0 1em; background: #ffffff; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; text-align:left; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef; border-bottom:2px solid gray;&quot;
! Vexillum
! Insigne
! Nomen
! Caput
! Area (chm²)
! Incolae (2021)
! [[Spissitudo incolarum|Spissitudo]],&lt;br&gt;hominum/chm²
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Riga.svg|66px]]
| [[Imago:Greater Coat of Arms of Riga - for display.svg|30px]]
| urbs [[Riga]]
|
| 304
| 614 518
| 2428,6
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Jurmala.svg|66px]]
| [[Imago:Coat of Arms of Jūrmala.svg|30px]]
| urbs  [[Acta (Lettonia)|Acta]]
|
| 101,4
| 50 248
| 493,3
|-
|[[Imago:Flag of Daugavpils.svg|66px]]
|[[Imago:Coat of arms of Daugavpils.png|30px]]
|urbs  [[Duneburgum]]
|
|72,48
|80 627
|1272,3
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Liepāja.svg|66px]]
| [[Imago:Coat of Arms of Liepāja.svg|30px]]
| urbs  [[Liba]]
|
| 68
| 67 964
| 1324,1
|-
|[[Imago:Flag of Rēzekne.svg|66px]]
|[[Imago:Coat of Arms of Rēzekne.svg|30px]]
|urbs  ''[[Rēzekne]]''
|
|17,48
|26 839
|1567,7
|-
|[[Imago:Jelgava flag.svg|66px]]
|[[Imago:Jelgava COA small.svg|30px]]
|urbs  [[Mitavia]]
|
|60,1
|55 336
|959,7
|-
|[[Imago:Flag of Ventspils.svg|66px]]
|[[Imago:LVA Ventspils COA.svg|30px]]
|urbs  [[Vindovia]]
|
|55,4
|33 372
|653,3
|-
| [[Imago:Ādažu novada karogs.svg|66px]]
| [[Imago:Ādažu novads COA 2022.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Ādažense]]
| ''[[Ādaži]]''
| 242,9
| 21 134
| 87
|-
| [[Imago:Aizkraukle novads karogs.png|66px]]
| [[Imago:Aizkraukles novads COA.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Ascradiense]]
| [[Ascradis]]
| 2274,3
| 29 367
| 12,9
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Balvu novads.png|66px]]
| [[Imago:Balvu novads COA.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Balvense]]
| [[Balvi]]
| 2386,3
| 19 015
| 8
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Bauskas novads.png|66px]]
| [[Imago:Bauskas novads COA.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Bauskanum]]
| ''[[Bauska]] ''
| 2174,9
| 41 755
| 19,2
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Saldus novads.png|66px]]
| [[Imago:Saldus novads COA.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Castri Dominae Nostrae]]
| [[Castrum Dominae Nostrae (Lettonia)|Castrum Dominae Nostrae]]
| 2179,5
| 27 110
| 14,6
|-
| [[Imago:Cēsu novada karogs.svg|66px]]
| [[Imago:Cēsu novada ģerbonis.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Cēsisense]]
| ''[[Cēsis]]''
| 2668,2
| 41 161
| 15,4
|-
| [[Imago:Krāslavas novads Flag.png|66px]]
| [[Imago:Krāslavas novads COA.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Craslaviense]]
| [[Craslavia]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Catalogus_domorum_societatis_Jesu_in_Pol/s1lDoEOKlokC?hl=ru&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=craslavia&amp;pg=PA15&amp;printsec=frontcover  ''Catalogus domorum societatis Jesu in Polonia…'', 1899, p. 15].&lt;/ref&gt;
| 2288,9
| 21 459
| 12,1
|-
|[[Imago:Dienvidkurzemes novada karogs.svg|66px]]
|[[Imago:Dienvidkurzemes novada ģerbonis.svg|30px]]
|[[Territorium Curoniae Australis]]
|''[[Grobiņa]]''
|3629,55
|38 351
|10,6
|-
| [[Imago:LVA Gulbenes novads flag.png|66px]]
| [[Imago:Gulbenes novads COA.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Cycnopolitanum]]
| [[Cycnopolis]]
| 1872,2
| 19 619
| 44,9
|-
| [[Imago:LVA Dobeles novads flag.png|66px]]
| [[Imago:Dobeles novads COA.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Dobelense]]
| ''[[Dobele]] ''
| 1629,4
| 28 517
| 17,5
|-
|[[Imago:Flag of Augšdaugava Municipality.svg|66px]]
|[[Imago:Augšdaugavas novada ģerbonis.svg|30px]]
|[[Territorium Dunae Superioris]]
|[[Duneburgum]]
|2523,3
|33 222
|13,2
|-
| [[Imago:No flag.svg|66px]]
| [[Imago:Kuldīgas novads COA.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Goldingense]]
| [[Goldinga]]
| 2502,2
| 27 736
| 12,6
|-
| [[Imago:Jēkabpils novada karogs.svg|66px]]
| [[Imago:Jēkabpils novada ģerbonis.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Iacobοpolitanum]]
| [[Iacobopolis (Lettonia)|Iacobοpolis]]
| 2996.1
| 40 576
| 15,6
|-
| [[Imago:Ķekavas novada karogs.svg|66px]]
| [[Imago:Ķekavas novada ģerbonis.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Ķekavense]]
| ''[[Ķekava]] ''
| 454,5
| 30 077
| 60,3
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Līvānu novads.png|66px]]
| [[Imago:Līvānu novads COA.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Līvānense]]
| ''[[Līvāni]]''
| 624,6
| 11 652
| 18,66
|-
| [[Imago:Limbazu novads karogs.png|66px]]
| [[Imago:Limbažu novada ģerbonis.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Lemsaliense]]
| [[Lemsalia]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lemsalia prope Rigam&quot;, — Hermanni Becker [https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Livonia_certis_propositionibus_comprehen/821jAAAAcAAJ?hl=ru&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=lemsalia&amp;pg=PP1&amp;printsec=frontcover ''Livonia certis propositionibus comprehensa'', 1700, titulus].&lt;/ref&gt;
| 2440,8
| 28 546
| 12,8
|-
| [[Imago:Saulkrastu novada karogs.svg|66px]]
| [[Imago:Saulkrastu novada ģerbonis.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Litorum Apricorum]]
| [[Litora Aprica]]
| 277,8
| 9 230
| 29,5
|-
| [[Imago:Ludzas-novads-Flag.png|66px]]
| [[Imago:Ludzas novads COA.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Ludzanum]]
| ''[[Ludza]]''
| 2411,4
| 21 777
| 11,1
|-
|[[Imago:No flag.svg|66px]]
|[[Imago:Madonas novada ģerbonis.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Madonense]]
| ''[[Madona]]''
| 3354,8
| 28 692
| 11,1
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Alūksnes novads.png|66px]]
| [[Imago:Alūksne novads COA.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Marienburgense]]
| [[Marienburgum (Lettonia)|Marienburgum]]
| 1697,6
| 13 861
| 49,8
|-
|[[Imago:Jelgavas novada karogs.svg|66px]]
|[[Imago:Jelgavas novads COA.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Mitavianum]]
| [[Mitavia]]
| 1604,1
| 31 969
| 23,4
|-
| [[Imago:Ogres novads Flag.png|66px]]
| [[Imago:Ogres novads COA.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Ogrense]]
| ''[[Ogre]] ''
| 1839,4
| 57 617
| 31,3
|-
| [[Imago:Olaines novads Flag.png|66px]]
| [[Imago:Olaines novads COA.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Olainense]]
| ''[[Olaine]]''
| 298,5
| 19 705
| 11,2
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Preiļu novads.png|66px]]
| [[Imago:Preiļu novads COA.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Preiļense]]
| ''[[Preiļi]]''
| 1419,4
| 16 759
| 14,4
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Rēzeknes novads.svg|66px]]
| [[Imago:Coat of Arms of Rēzeknes novads.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Rēzeknense]]
| ''[[Rēzekne]]''
| 2809
| 29 643
| 12,3
|-
| [[Imago:Mārupes novada karogs.svg|66px]]
| [[Imago:Mārupes novada ģerbonis.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Rivi Mariae]]
| [[Rivus Mariae]]
| 103,84
| 21 577
| 210
|-
| [[Imago:Ropažu novada karogs.svg|66px]]
| [[Imago:Ropažu novada ģerbonis.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Ropažense]]
| ''[[Ulbroka]]''
| 536,1
| 31 736
| 59,2
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Salaspils Municipality.jpg|66px]]
| [[Imago:Salaspils novads COA.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Saletsanum]]
| [[Saletsa]]
| 100
| 22 868
| 228,6
|-
| [[Imago:Smiltenes novada karogs.svg|66px]]
| [[Imago:Smiltenes novada ģerbonis.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Smiltenense]]
| ''[[Smiltene]]''
| 1801,3
| 18 155
| 11,4
|-
| [[Imago:Siguldas novads Flag.png|66px]]
| [[Imago:Siguldas novads COA.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Sygewaldense]]
| [[Sygewaldense castellum|Castellum Sygewaldense]]
| 1030,1
| 30 625
| 29,2
|-
| [[Imago:Talsu novada karogs.svg|66px]]
| [[Imago:Talsu novada ģerbonis.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Talsense]]
| ''[[Talsi]]''
| 2744
| 35 699
| 15
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Tukuma novads.png|66px]]
| [[Imago:Tukuma novads COA.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Tukumense]]
| ''[[Tukums]]''
| 2450
| 44 411
| 20,2
|-
| [[Imago:Flag of Valkas novads.png|66px]]
| [[Imago:Valkas novads COA.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Valkanum]]
| ''[[Valka]] ''
| 908,8
| 7 596
| 20,3
|-
| [[Imago:Ventspils novada karogs.svg|66px]]
| [[Imago:Ventspils novads COA.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Vindovianum]]
| [[Vindovia]]
| 2458,6
| 10 777
| 93,3
|-
| [[Imago:Valmieras novada karogs.svg|66px]]
|[[Imago:Valmieras novada ģerbonis.svg|30px]]
| [[Territorium Woldemarianum]]
| [[Woldemaria]]
| 2946
| 51 370
| 19,6
|}
{{-}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Plakans, Andrejs (1995). ''The Latvians: A Short History''. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press. ISBN 978-0-8179-9302-3

{{NexInt}}
* [[Historia Germaniae]]
* [[Historia Russiae]]
* [[Historia Scandinaviae]]
* [[Historia Sueciae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{Communia|Latvija|Lettoniam}}
{{Grc|Λεττονία}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

{{Europa}}
{{Unio Europaea}}
{{Capsae collectae|Lettonia|politica|{{Praesides Lettoniae}}{{Primi ministri Lettoniae}}{{Ministri rerum externarum Lettonici}}{{Ministri Lettonici Kariņš}}}}

[[Categoria:Balticum]]
[[Categoria:Civitates sociae Unionis Europaeae]]
[[Categoria:Condita 1918]]
[[Categoria:Condita 1991]]
[[Categoria:Lettonia|!]]
{{Myrias|Geographia}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Servius Sulpicius Galba</title>
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      <text bytes="6484" sha1="iotgr06pa2mbon2id7lurl4jzznqi7k" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Stockholm - Antikengalerie 4 - Büste Kaiser Galba.jpg|thumb|Sculptura Galbae (palatium regium Holmiense)]]
[[Fasciculus:Galba.jpg|thumb|[[Denarius]] Galbae]]
'''Servius Sulpicius Galba''' ([[24 Decembris]] [[3 a.C.n.]] - [[15 Ianuarii]] [[69]]) fuit [[Imperatores Romani|imperator Romanus]] ab [[68]] usque ad mortem, primus imperator [[Annus Quattuor Imperatorum|anni quattuor imperatorum]].

== Familia ==
Prope [[Tarracina]] natus est. Familia sua erat praedives et nobilis, at Galba primorum sex imperatorum non cognatus erat. Pater eius [[Gaius Sulpicius Galba (consul 5 a.C.n.)|Gaius Sulpicius Galba]] anno [[5 a.C.n.]] consul suffectus erat, frater maior [[Gaius Sulpicius Galba]] anno [[22]] consul ordinarius creatus anno [[36]] morte voluntaria obiit. Adulescente suo magnum ingenium ab ambo [[Octavianus Augustus|Augusto]] [[Tiberius|Tiberioque]] habere visus est.

== Cursus honorum ==
[[Praetor]] in [[20]] et [[consul]] ordinarius in [[33]] erat. Potestate militari, vituperatione, et aequabilitate suis bonam famam legatus Augusti pro praetore [[Aquitania (provincia Romana)|Aquitaniae]] annis [[31]]-[[32]], [[Germania Superior|Germaniae Superioris]] annis [[39]] ad usque [[41]] vel [[42]], tum [[proconsul]] [[Africa (provincia Romana)|Africae]] annis [[44]]-[[46]] adquisivit. Anno 46 et ornamenta triumphalia accepit. Post mortem [[Caligula]]e amici sui eum admonuerunt pro imperio liceri sed detrectavit et novo imperatori [[Claudius|Claudio]] fideliter servivit. Primum dimidium partem principatus [[Nero (imperator)|Neronis]] in vita privata vixit, dum [[60]] cum Nero ei provinciam [[Hispania Citerior|Hispaniae Terraconensis]] contulerit.

Inter administrationem suam deses languidusque erat, sed evitare conatus erat Neronem, qui suspiciosus amicorum et familiae suos factus erat. 

== Imperator ==
[[File:Bronze Galba MBA Lyon.JPG|thumb|Galbae [[Sestertius|sestertius]], qui  [[Lugdunum|Lugduni]] inventus est]] 
Anno [[68]], [[Gaius Iulius Vindex]] seditionem contra Neronem in Gallia egit, et [[praefectus praetorianus]] [[Nymphidius Sabinus]] favorem suum pro Galba edixit. Galba legatum [[Senatus]] et post caedem Neronis imperatorem se pronuntiavit. Deinde [[Roma]]m progressus est, ubi Kalendis Ianuariis anni [[69]] consulatum ordinarium II cum [[Titus Vinius|Tito Vinio]] iniit. 

Primo ab senatu salvere iussus est, at cum populo aut militibus numquam popularis erat. Etiam praetorianos solvere recusavit. Amici sui, re vere, se regnaverunt.

Mox legiones in Germania postulaverunt Senatum elegere novum imperatorem. Galba intellegens periculum sui, [[Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi Licinianus|Pisonem]] heredem suum adoptavit. Haec delectio offendit [[Otho]]nem, vetus [[Lusitania]]e gubernator, qui ab initio Galbam adiuverat. Otho se iunxit cum praetorianis, qui eum quam imperatorem pronuntiaverunt. Galba rebelles committere progressus est, sed cum copiis [[Lacus Curtius|Lacum Curtium]] necatus est die [[15 Ianuarii]].

Per [[Cornelius Tacitus|Tacitum]], &quot;omnium consensu capax imperii nisi imperasset.&quot;

== De habitu et indole ==
&quot;Statura fuit iusta,&quot; ait [[Suetonius]], &quot;capite praecalvo, oculis caeruleis, adunco naso, manibus pedibusque [[articularis morbus|articulari morbo]] distortissimis, ut neque calceum perpeti neque libellos evolvere aut tenere omnino valeret. Excreverat etiam in dexteriore latere eius caro praependebatque adeo ut aegre fascia substringeretur ... [[Libido|Libidinis]] in mares pronior et eos non nisi praeduros exoletosque.&quot;&lt;ref name=life&gt;Suetonius, ''[[De vita Caesarum]]'' &quot;Galba&quot; 21.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Galba hospes et conviva ==
... Suetonius autem refert Galbam &quot;cibi plurimi&quot; fuisse, &quot;quem tempore hiberno etiam ante lucem capere consuerat. Inter [[cena]]m ... congestas super manus reliquias circumferri iuberet spargique ad pedes stantibus.&quot;&lt;ref name=life&gt;Suetonius, ''[[De vita Caesarum]]'' &quot;Galba&quot; 21.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fontes de vita et principatu Galbae ==
* [[Aurelius Victor]], ''[[De Caesaribus (Victor)|De Caesaribus]]'' 6
* [[Cassius Dio Cocceianus|Dio]], ''[[Historia Romana (Dio)|Historia Romana]]'' liber 64 
* ''[[Epitome de Caesaribus]]'' 6
* [[Eutropius (rerum gestarum scriptor)|Eutropius]], ''[[Breviarium (Eutropius)|Breviarium]]'' 7.16
* [[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Galbae]]''
* [[Suetonius]], ''[[De vita Caesarum]]'' liber 7 &quot;Galba&quot;
* [[Tacitus]], ''[[Historiae (Tacitus)|Historiae]]''

{{NexInt}}
*''[[Appias nero galba]]'' (papilio)
*''[[Galba (papilio)|Galba]]'' (papilio)
*''[[Hyperia galba]]''

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* &quot;Galba and Otho&quot; in Rhiannon Ash, ''Ordering anarchy: armies and leaders in Tacitus' Histories'' (Londinii: Duckworth, 1999. ISBN 0715628003) pp. 73-94
* L. Braun, &quot;Galba und Otho bei Plutarch und Sueton&quot; in ''Hermes'' vol. 120 (1992) pp. 90-102
* S. Frangoulidis, &quot;Tacitus, Plutarch and Suetonius on the death of Galba&quot; in ''Favonius'' vol. 3 (1991) pp. 1-10
* H. Jucker, &quot;Der Ring des Kaisers Galba&quot; in ''Chiron'' vol. 5 (1975) pp. 349-364
* C. L. Murison, ''Galba, Otho and Vitellius: careers and controversies''. Hildesiae, 1993
* J. Sancery, ''Galba ou l'armée face au pouvoir''. Lutetiae, 1983
* P. Schunk, &quot;Studien zur Darstellung des Endes von Galba, Otho und Vitellius in den Historien des Tacitus&quot; in ''Symbolae Osloenses'' vol. 39 (1964) pp. 38-82

{{Imperatores Romani}}

{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores= [[Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 32)|Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus]] et [[Lucius Arruntius Camillus Scribonianus]]|
annus= 33&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (consul 33)|Lucio Cornelio Sulla Felici]]|
successores= [[Paullus Fabius Persicus]] et [[Lucius Vitellius (consul 34)|Lucius Vitellius]]}}

{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores= [[Tiberius Catius Asconius Silius Italicus]] et [[Publius Galerius Trachalus]]  et [[Lucius Arruntius Camillus Scribonianus]]|
annus= 69&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Titus Vinius|Tito Vinio]] (Rufino ?)|
successores= [[Vespasianus|Imp. Caesar Vespasianus Augustus]] II et [[Titus (imperator)|Titus Caesar Vespasianus]]}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sulpicius Galba, Servius}}
[[Categoria:Nati 3 a.C.n.]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 69]]
[[Categoria:Consules]]
[[Categoria:Gens Sulpicia|Galba, Servius]]
[[Categoria:Imperatores Romani|Galba, Servius Sulpicius]]
[[Categoria:Legati Germaniae Superioris]]
[[Categoria:Legati Aquitaniae]]
[[Categoria:Legati Hispaniae Citerioris]]
[[Categoria:Necati]]
[[Categoria:Proconsules Africae]]</text>
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    <title>Marcus Salvius Otho</title>
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| nomen               = Otho
| titulus              = [[Imperator Romanus]]
| image              = 
| caption            = Bustus Othonis
| image_size            = 
| principatus              = [[15 Ianuarii|15 Ian.]] [[69]]—[[16 Aprilis]] [[69]]
| coronatio         = 
| investitura        =
| nomen_plenum          = Marcus Salvius Otho Caesar Augustus
| nomen_natale          = 
| sermo_proprius1       = 
| sermo_proprius1_nomen1 = 
| sermo_proprius2       = 
| sermo_proprius2_nomen1 = 
| baptisma            =
| partus         = [[28 Aprilis]] [[32]]
| locus_natalis        = [[Ferentium]]
| obitus         = [[16 Aprilis]] [[69]] (37 annos)
| locus_mortis        = [[Brixellum]]
| dies_sepulturae        = 
| locus_sepulturae       = 
| predecessor        = [[Aulus Vitellius|Vitellius]]
| typus_successoris           = 
| heres               = 
| successor          = [[Servius Sulpicius Galba|Galba]]
| regina              = 
| consors            = 
| uxor             = [[Poppaea Sabina]] 
| domus        = 
| hymnus_regalis       = 
| sententia_regalis        =
| pater             = [[Lucius Salvius Otho]]
| mater             = Albia Terentia
| prognati           = 
| religio           =
| signatura          =
}}

'''Marcus Salvius Otho''' ([[25 Aprilis]] [[32]] - [[16 Aprilis]] [[69]]) fuit [[Imperatores Romani|imperator Romanus]] ab [[15 Ianuarii]] usque ad mortem, nempe [[Annus quattuor imperatorum|anno quattuor imperatorum]].

== Familia ==
[[Fasciculus:0 L'Empereur Othon - MR 377 - Louvre.JPG|thumb|[[Status]] Ottonis in [[Museum Lupariense|Museo Lupariensi]] [[Lutetia]]e.]]
Familia Othonis erat [[Etrusci|Etrusca]], ex urbe [[Ferentinum|Ferentino]] in [[Etruria]] orta. [[Lucius Salvius Otho (consul 33)|Lucius Salvius Otho]] pater fuit, qui anno [[33]] consul suffectus creatus est; mater [[Alba Terentia]]. Fratrem seniorem habuit, [[Lucius Salvius Otho Titianus|Lucium Salvium Othonem Titianum]].

Otho, amicus imperatoris [[Nero (imperator)|Nero]]nis, in [[matrimonium]] duxit [[Poppaea Sabina|Poppaeam Sabinam]] (quae olim [[Rufrius Crispinus|Rufrii Crispini]] uxor fuerat), aut amore coactus&lt;ref name=&quot;Tac&quot;&gt;[[Tacitus]], ''[[Annales (Tacitus)|Annales]]'' 13.45.&lt;/ref&gt; aut suadente principe qui hanc feminam amavit sed eo tempore uxorem [[Octavia (Claudii filia)|Octavia]]m habuit.&lt;ref name=&quot;Suet&quot;&gt;[[Suetonius]], ''[[De vita Caesarum]]'' &quot;Otho&quot; 3.&lt;/ref&gt; Ambo enim Poppaeam frequentabant, secundum [[Cassius Dio Cocceianus|Dionem Cassium]];&lt;ref&gt;[[Xiphilinus]], ''Epitome historiarum Dionis Cassii'' 152-154 R.St.&lt;/ref&gt; Otho Poppaeam adamavit&lt;ref name=&quot;Suet&quot;&gt;[[Suetonius]], ''[[De vita Caesarum]]'' &quot;Otho&quot; 3.&lt;/ref&gt; sed Poppaea Neronem seduxit.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tac&quot;&gt;[[Tacitus]], ''[[Annales (Tacitus)|Annales]]'' 13.45.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cursus honorum ==
Anno [[57]] quaestor erat et eodem anno ''frater Arvalis''. Nero anno [[58]] vel [[59]], fortasse de Poppaea irato, Othonem legatum Augusti pro praetore [[Lusitania (provincia Romana)|Lusitaniae]] creavit.

Otho in Lusitania decem annos remansit et provinciam cum peritia administravit. Ambitiosus autem anno [[68]] cum [[Galba]], gubernatore [[Hispania Tarraconensis|Hispaniae Tarraconensis]], seditionem contra Neronem egit, Otho Romam Galbae consecutus est. 

== Imperator ==
[[Fasciculus:Otone scontornato png.png|thumb|left|Herma Othonis.]]
Otho Galbam succedere speraverat, sed anno 69 Galba [[Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi Licinianus|Piso]]nem elegit. Otho cum [[praetorianus|praetorianis]] se iunxit, et Galbam Pisonemque necaverunt. Deinde imperator a [[Senatus|Senatu]] factus est. [[26 Ianuarii]] anno [[69]] ad [[28 Februarii]] cum fratre Lucio consul suffectus erat. Otho, monumentis Neronem honorans populum devinxit. Etiam aedificationem [[Domus Aurea|Domus Aureae]] perfecit, quae a Nerone instituta erat.

== Bellum civile et mors ==
Tamen exercitus in Germania se [[Vitellius|Vitellii]] partibus favere pronuntiaverat. Legiones [[Dalmatia]]e, [[Pannonia]]e, et [[Moesia]]e ac praetoriani cum Othone se iunxerunt. Otho etiam naves habuit. Otho Vitellium ad [[Padus|Padum]] invenit et [[Placentia]]m feliciter defendit.
Vitellius castram Othonis [[Bedriacum]] oppugnare constituit. Otho superatus est, sed postea copiae Othonis Vitelliaeque ut amicos servare se iusserunt. Otho contionem habuit et mane cultro se fodit. Sepulcrum [[Brixellum|Brixelli]] exstructum est, cum inscriptione ''Diis Manibus Marci Othonis.''

== Otho hospes et conviva ==
De novo consuetudine vestigii pedis [[unguentum|unguentis]] tinguendi sic scribit [[Plinius maior|Plinius]]: &quot;Vidimus etiam vestigia pedum tingui, quod monstrasse M. Othonem [[Nero (imperator)|Neroni principi]] ferebant&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Pnh}} 13.22&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fontes de vita et principatu Othonis ==
* [[Aurelius Victor]], ''[[De Caesaribus (Victor)|De Caesaribus]]'' 7
* [[Cassius Dio Cocceianus|Dio]], ''[[Historia Romana (Dio)|Historia Romana]]'' liber 64 
* ''[[Epitome de Caesaribus]]'' 7
* [[Eutropius (rerum gestarum scriptor)|Eutropius]], ''[[Breviarium (Eutropius)|Breviarium]]'' 7.17
* [[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Galbae]]'' et ''[[Vita Othonis]]''
* [[Suetonius]], ''[[De vita Caesarum]]'' liber 7 &quot;Otho&quot;
* [[Tacitus]], ''[[Historiae (Tacitus)|Historiae]]''

{{NexInt}}
* [[Quinquatria a Nerone celebrata (59)]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* &quot;Galba and Otho&quot; in Rhiannon Ash, ''Ordering anarchy: armies and leaders in Tacitus' Histories'' (Londinii: Duckworth, 1999. ISBN 0715628003) pp. 73-94
* L. Braun, &quot;Galba und Otho bei Plutarch und Sueton&quot; in ''Hermes'' vol. 120 (1992) pp. 90-102.
* H. Drexler, &quot;Zur Geschichte Kaiser Othos bei Tacitus und Plutarch&quot; in ''Klio'' vol. 37 (1959) pp. 153-178
* C. L. Murison, ''Galba, Otho and Vitellius: careers and controversies''. Hildesiae, 1993
* P. Schunk, &quot;Studien zur Darstellung des Endes von Galba, Otho und Vitellius in den Historien des Tacitus&quot; in ''Symbolae Osloenses'' vol. 39 (1964) pp. 38-82

{{Imperatores Romani}}

{{Lifetime|32|69|Salvius Otho, Marcus}}
[[Categoria:Imperatores Romani]]
[[Categoria:Consules]]
[[Categoria:Senatores]]
[[Categoria:Legati Lusitaniae]]
[[Categoria:Homines qui sibi mortem consciverunt|Salvius]]
[[Categoria:Gens Salvia]]</text>
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    <title>Rembrandus</title>
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[[Fasciculus:Rembrandt van Rijn - Self-Portrait - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Rembrandus a se pctus, anno [[1659]]. Vasingtoniae: [[Pinacotheca Artis Nationalis]].]]
'''Rembrandus Hermanni Leidensis,''' sive '''Rembrantus Hermensis Leydensis,''' sive etiam '''Rembrantus Hermanni filius Leidensis''' ([[Lingua Batava|Batave]] ''Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn''; natus [[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]] [[15 Iulii]] [[1606]]; mortuus [[Amstelodamum|Amstelodami]] [[4 Octobris]] [[1669]]) fuit [[pictor]] [[Nederlandia|Batavicus]] magni momenti. Vixit laboravitque {{Creanda|en|Dutch Golden Age painting|Saeculo Aureo}}, quod tempus fuit summum [[humanitas|humanitatis]], eruditionis, [[mercatura]]e, potentiae Bataviae. Rembrandus dicitur maximus [[Magister Batavus]] [[saeculum 17|saeculi septimi decimi]], qui fere 300 [[pictura]]s, 300 [[chalcographia]]s, 2000 [[adumbratio]]nes fecit. Quamquam pictores aliarum civitatum modo [[Barocus|Baroco]] usi sunt, Rembrandus, sicut alii magistri Batavi, modum pingendi quasi [[natura]]lem maluit.
[[Fasciculus:Firmas de Rembrandt.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Subscriptiones Rembrandi]]

Fuit solus pictor Batavus hac aetate qui praenomen in pictoribus subscripsit, ut fecerunt [[Raphael Sanctius Urbinas|Raphael]] et [[Leonardus Vincius|Leonardus]]; postea [[Vincentius van Gogh]] idem facit.

==Opera clara==
[[Fasciculus:Rembrandt - São Jerônimo em Oração, 1632.JPEG|thumb|upright=0.8|Chalcographia: Sanctus [[Hieronymus]] [[prex|precatur]], anno [[1632]].]]
* [[1627]] ''Fuga ad Aegyptum'' ([[Turonum]])
* [[1632]] ''[[Anatomiae lectio doctoris Nicolai Tulp]]'' ([[Haga]])
* 1632 ''[[Raptus Europae (Rembrandus)|Raptus Europae]]'' ([[Museum Getty]])
* [[1633]] ''[[Tempestas in Mari Galilaeae]]'' (olim [[Museum Isabella Stewart Gardner]], [[Bostonia]]e, anno [[1990]] furtivum)
* [[1635]] ''Epulum [[Balthasar]]'' ([[Londinium]])
* [[1636]] ''Caecum reddere [[Samson]]'' ([[Francofurtum ad Moenum]])
* [[1636]] ''[[Danaë]]'' ([[Petropolis]])
* [[1642]] ''Societas centurionis Frans Banning Cocq'' sive ''[[Vigiliae nocturnae]]'' (Amstelodamum)
* [[1643]]± ''[[Christus]] aegrotos sanat'' (Londinium)
* [[1653]] ''Holocaustum Isaac'' (Petropolis)
* [[1654]] ''Bethsabee'' ([[Lutetia]])
* [[1660]] ''Artaxerxes Amanque ad convivium Esther'' ([[Moscua]])
* [[1661]] ''[[Coniuratio Iulii Civilis (Rembrandus)|Coniuratio Claudii Civilis]]'' ([[Holmia]])
* [[1662]] ''Magistrati exemplorum'' (Amstelodamum)
* [[1664]] ''Sponsa Iudaica'' (Amstelodamum)
* [[1669]] ''Reditio filii amissi'' (Petropolis)

==Vita==
[[Fasciculus:Rembrandt - The Anatomy Lecture of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp - WGA19139.jpg|thumb|left|''[[Anatomiae lectio doctoris Nicolai Tulp]].'']]
Rembrandus natus est [[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]] [[15 Iulii]] [[1606]], [[filius]] Harminii Gerritzoon van Rijn, qui [[mola (instrumentum)|molam]] [[frumentum|frumenti]] egit, et Neeltgen Willemsdochter van Zuytbrouck, cuius [[pater]] fuit [[pistor]]. Octavus fuit inter novem liberos. Discipulus fuit in [[Academia Lugduno-Batava|Universitate Leidenensi]], tunc pictori [[Iacobus van Swanenburgh|Iacobo van Swanenburgh]], deinde pictori [[Petrus Lastman|Petro Lastman]] addictus est. Anno fere [[1624]] Lugduni Batavorum officinam propriam instituit, una cum amico [[Ioannes Lievens|Ioanne Lievens]]; anno [[1627]] primos discipulos accepit.

[[Fasciculus:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 087.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Saskia van Uylenberg, [[uxor]] a marito picta, anno 1641.]]
[[Fasciculus:Amsterdam - Rembrandthuis - studio.JPG|thumb|Officina Rembrandi in aedibus Amstelodami]]
Anno [[1631]] ad [[Amstelodamum]] migravit. Anno [[1634]] Saskiam van Uylenberg in [[matrimonium]] duxit. Aedes ubi post annum [[1639]] vixerunt nunc est [[museum]], ''{{Creanda|nl|Het Rembrandthuis}}'' (Aedes Rembrandi). [[Quattuor]] liberi eis nati sunt, quorum quartus tantum, filius Titus nomine, adolevit. Saskia anno [[1642]] mortua est, verisimiliter [[phthisis|tuberculosi]] adflicta. Rembrandus nullam aliam feminam in matrimonium duxit, sed Cornelia [[filia]] illi et Hendrickje Stoffels amicae cuidam anno [[1654]] nata est.

Mortuus est [[Amstelodamum|Amstelodami]] die [[4 Octobris]] [[1669]], et eius [[corpus]] in [[Westerkerk]]&lt;ref&gt;Hoc est ''Ecclesia Occidentale.''&lt;/ref&gt; sepultum est.

==Discipuli==
Plures pictores fuerunt discipuli Rembrandi, inter quos:
* [[Gulielmus de Poorter]] (1608–post 1648)
* [[Ferdinandus Bol]] (1616–1680)
* [[Gerardus Dou]] (1613–1675)
* [[Gulielmus Drost]] (1630–1680)
* [[Govaert Flinck]] (1615–1660)
* [[Carel Fabritius]] (1622–1654)
* [[Samuel van Hoogstraten]] (1627–1678)
* [[Nicolas Maes]] (1643–1693)
* [[Gerbrand van den Eeckhout]] (1621–1674)
* [[Arent de Gelder]] (1645–1727)

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliographia==
[[Fasciculus:Selfportrait_(Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn)_-_Nationalmuseum_-_22374.tif|thumb|upright=0.8|Rembrandus iuvenis, a se pictus, anno [[1630]]. [[Holmia]]e: [[Museum Nationale]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Self-portrait_at_34_by_Rembrandt_(rectangular_detail).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Rembrandus a se pictus, anno [[1640]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 134.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Rembrandus a se pictus anno [[1669]].]]
* Ackley, Clifford, et alii. [[2004]]. ''Rembrandt's Journey: Painter, Draftsman, Etcher.'' Bostoniae: Museum of Fine Arts. ISBN 0-87846-677-0
* Albers, Eckbert. [[2008]] ''Erkenntnismomente und Erkenntnisprozesse bei Rembrandt.'' Hildesiae: Georg Olms Verlag. ISBN 978-3-487-13831-2
* Alpers, Svetlana. [[1989]] ''De firma Rembrandt.'' Amstelodami: Uitg. Bert Bakker.
* Amore, Anthony M., et Tony Mashburg. [[2011]]. ''Stealing Rembrandts: The Untold Stories of Notorious Art Heists.'' Novi Eboraci: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9780230108530 
* Blanc, Jan. [[2008]]. ''Dans l'atelier de Rembrandt. Le maître et ses élèves.'' Lutetiae: Editions de la Martinière.
* Bodenbach, Hans Joachim [[2003]]. ''Rembrandt: Selbstporträts von fremder Hand.'' Dresden: Verlag der Kunst.
* Brion, Marcel. [[1969]]. ''Rembrandt.'' Lutetiae: Albin Michel.
* Brown, Christopher, et alii. [[1991]]. ''Rembrandt: de Meester en zijn werkplaats.'' catalogus expositionis. Amstelodami: Rijksmuseum.
* Brückner, Christel. [[1997]]. ''Rembrandts Braunschweiger Familienbild, Seine thematische Figuren und Farbkomposition und die Kunst Italiens.'' Hildesiae.
* Chapman, H. Perry [[1990]]. ''Rembrandt's self-portraits.'' Princetoniae: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-04061-3.
* Clark, Kenneth. [[1978]]. ''An Introduction to Rembrandt.'' Londini: John Murray/Readers Union.
* Driessen, Christoph. [[2011]]. ''Rembrandt und die Frauen.'' Regensburg.
* Ducos, Blaise, George S. Keyes, Lloyd DeWitt, edd. [[2011]]. ''Rembrandt et la figure du Christ,'' catalogus expositionis (Lutetiae, museum Lupariense, 18 aprilis—18 iulii 2011; Philadelphiae, museum artis, 30 iulii—30 octobris 2011; Detroiti, Instituto artium, 20 novembris 2011—12 februarii 2012) Mediolani: Officina Libraria, et Lutetiae: éditions du musée du Louvre.
* Dudok van Heel, S.A.C. [[2006]]. ''De jonge Rembrandt onder tijdgenoten, Godsdienst en schilderkunst in Leiden en Amsterdam.'' Nijmegen: Nijmegen University Press/Veenman Publishers.
* Fuchs, R. [[2006]]. ''Rembrandt spreekt: een verslag.'' Amstelodami: Uitg. de Bezige Bij. ISBN 90-234-1930-8.
* Halewood, William H. [[1982]]. ''Six Subjects of Reformation Art: A Preface to Rembrandt.'' Toronti: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0802023851.
* Keyes, George S., Tom Raisseur, Dennis P. Weller. [[2011]]. ''Rembrandt in America: Collecting and Connoisseurship.'' Catalogus expositionis. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art. ISBN 9780847836857
* Kitson, Michael. [[2007]]. ''Rembrandt.'' Novi Eboraci: Phaidon. ISBN 978-0-7148-2743-8.
* Manescalchi, Roberto [[2004]]. ''Rembrandt: la madre ritrovata.'' M.C.M.(La storia delle cose).
* Milner, Max. [[2006]]. ''Rembrandt à Emmaüs.'' Lutetiae: J. Corti.
* Schwartz, Gary. [[1991]]. ''Rembrandt: his life, his paintings,'' versio Anglica. Novi Eboraci: Penguin. ISBN 0140157662. 
* Slive, Seymour. [[2009]]. ''Rembrandt Drawings.'' Angelopoli: J. Paul Getty Museum. ISBN 9780892369768.
* Sluijter, Eric Jan. [[2006]]. ''Rembrandt and the Female Nude.'' Amstelodami: Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 9789053568378.
* Streiff, Bruno. [[2004]]. ''Le Peintre et le philosophe ou Rembrandt et Spinoza à Amsterdam.'' Éditions Complicités.
* Tümpel, Christian. [[2004]]. ''Rembrandt. Études iconographiques. Signification et interprétation du contenu des images.'' Saint Pierre de Salerne.
* Tümpel, Christian. [[2006]]. ''Rembrandt. Pictures and Metaphors.'' Londinii.
* van de Wetering, Ernst. [[2009]]. ''Rembrandt: The Painter At Work.'' Berkeleiae: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520258846.
* Verhaeren, Emile. [[1904]]. ''Rembrandt, biographie critique.'' Lutetiae: H. Laurens.
* Wolkers, J. [[1999]]. ''De spiegel van Rembrandt'' Zwolle: Uitg. Waanders.
* Zuffi, Stefano. [[2011]]. ''Rembrandt.'' Monaci et Londini: Prestel. ISBN 9783791346205

==Nexus Externi==
{{CommuniaCat|Rembrandt|Rembrandum}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120715220825/http://www.rembrandt-amsterdam.nl/ Rembrandus Amstelodami,] rembrandt-amsterdam.nl
* [http://www.rembrandthuis.nl/ Aedes Rembrandi,] www.rembrandthuis.nl
* [http://expositions.bnf.fr/rembrandt/ Rembrandus, lux umbrae,] expositions.bnf.fr (Bibliotheca Nationalis Franciae)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120624055743/http://www.arteantica.eu/opera-omnia/van_rijn_harmenszoon_rembrandt_rembrandt-00014866.html Opera,] www.arteantica.eu (apud situm ''Arte Antíca'')

[[Categoria:Nati 1606]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1669]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Academiae Lugduno-Batavae]]
[[Categoria:Artifices maritimi]]
[[Categoria:Pictores Nederlandiae]]
[[Categoria:Rembrandus|!]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Lugduni Batavorum]]
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  <page>
    <title>31 Augusti</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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        <username>Bis-Taurinus</username>
        <id>70496</id>
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      <comment>Solitas emendationes feci.</comment>
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      <text bytes="7805" sha1="hro8thzzryv10mpyqxdz26lzhw8qgfb" xml:space="preserve">{{Calendarium-Augusti}}

'''31 Augusti''' [[dies]] 243ª anni est (244ª [[Annus bisextilis|annis bisextilibus]]) in [[Calendarium Gregorianum|calendario Gregoriano]]. 122 dies manent.

Secundum [[calendarium Romanum]] est '''pridie [[Kalendae|Kalendas]] Septembris''', quod ''prid. Kal. Sept.'' [[abbreviatio|abbreviatur]].

[[Fasciculus:Jack-the-Ripper-The-Nemesis-of-Neglect-Punch-London-Charivari-cartoon-poem-1888-09-29.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.39|[[Jack the Ripper]]]]
== Eventa ==
=== Saeculo 19 ===
* [[1888]] - [[Jack the Ripper]] primum mulierem necat.

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1928]] - Melodrama ''[[Die Dreigroschenoper]]'' primum   [[Berolinum|Berolini]] in ''[[Theater am Schiffbauerdamm]]'' agitur.
* [[1942]] - In [[Luxemburgum|Luxemburgo]] [[Operistitium|operistitium generale]] contra occupationem [[Germania|Germanicam]] civitatis fit.
* [[1957]] - [[Malaysia]] suam [[independentia]]m declarat.
* [[1962]] - [[Trinitas et Tabacum]] suam independentiam declarant.
* [[1969]] - In [[Brasilia]] [[Arturus da Costa e Silva]] praeses seditione deponitur. Successores eius sodales collegii militaris, [[Aurelius de Lira Tavares]], [[Augustus Hamann Rademaker Grünewald]] atque [[Marcius Melo]] fiunt. 
* [[1990]] - Foedus de Germania unificanda inter [[Res publica Democratica Germanica|Rem Publicam Democraticam Germanicam]] et [[Res publica Foederalis Germanica (1949-1990)|Rem Publicam Foederalem Germaniae]] convenitur.
* [[1991]] - [[Chirgisia]] suam indepedentiam declarat.

=== Saeculo 21 ===
* [[2016]] - [[Dilma Rousseff]], praeses [[Brasilia]]e ex [[impedimentum|officio dimittitur]].

== Natales ==
=== Saeculo 1 ===
* [[12]] - [[Caligula]], [[imperator Romanus]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[41]])

=== Saeculo 2 ===
* [[161]] - [[Commodus]], imperator Romanus (necatus anno [[192]])

=== Saeculo 18 ===
* [[1749]] - [[Alexander Radiščev]], [[scriptor]], [[poeta]] et [[philosophus]] [[Russia|Russicus]] (mortuus [[1802]])
* [[1760]] - [[Petrus Iosephus Triest]], presbyter natione [[Belgica]], qui vitam suam dedicavit ad surdo-mutos educandos (mortuus anno [[1836]])
* [[1786]] - [[Eugenius Chevreul]], chemicus Francicus (mortuus anno [[1889]])

=== Saeculo 19 ===
* [[1834]] - [[Hamilcar Ponchielli]], compositor [[Italia|Italicus]] (mortuus anno [[1886]])
* [[1843]] - [[Georgius de Hertling]], cancellarius Germaniae (mortuus anno [[1919]])
* [[1853]] - [[Alexius Brusilov]], ductor exercitus Russicus (mortuus [[1926]])
* [[1870]] - [[Maria Montessori]], paedagoga Italica (mortua anno [[1952]])
* [[1871]] - [[Iacobus Eduardus Ferguson]], gubernator [[Texia]]e (mortuus anno [[1944]])
* [[1879]]
** [[Alma Mahler-Werfel]], compositrix [[Austria]]ca (mortua anno [[1964]])
** [[Yoshihito|Taisionius]], imperator [[Iaponia]]e (mortuus anno 1926)
* [[1880]] - [[Gulielmina (regina Nederlandiae)|Gulielmina]], regina [[Nederlandia]]e (mortua anno [[1962]])
* [[1891]] - [[Martinus Sennett Conner]], politicarum rerum peritus [[CFA|Americanus]] (mortuus anno [[1950]])

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1903]] - [[Vladimirus Jankélévitch]], philosophus et mosicologus [[Francia|Francicus]] (mortuus anno [[1985]]) 
* [[1907]]
** [[Raimundus Magsaysay]], praeses [[Philippinae|Philippinarum]] (mortuus anno [[1957]])
** [[Altierus Spinelli]], scriptor et vir publicus Italicus (mortuus anno [[1986]])
* [[1908]] - [[Franciscus Fejtő]], rerum gestarum scriptor, etiam diurnarius Francicus origine [[Hungaria|Hungarica]] (mortuus anno [[2008]])
* [[1912]] - [[Ichiji Otani]], [[pedilusor]] Iaponicus (mortuus anno [[2007]])
* [[1924]] - [[Buddy Hackett]], [[histrio]] Americanus (mortuus anno [[2003]])
* [[1929]] - [[Osamu Yamaji]], pedilusor Iaponicus (mortuus anno [[2021]])
* [[1943]] - [[Theodoricus Romanus Camillus Jordan]], archiepiscopus [[Archidioecesis Remensis|Remensis]]
* [[1949]]
** [[Ricardus Gere]], histrio Americanus 
** [[Hugo David Politzer]], pysicus Americanus, [[Praemium Nobelianum physicae|praemio Nobeliano physicae]] affectus
** [[Radu Stroe]], machinator navium atque vir publicus [[Romania|Dacoromanicus]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[2025]])
* [[1956]] - [[Tsai Ing-wen]], praeses [[Res publica Sinarum|Rei publicae Sinarum]]
* [[1960]] - [[Hasan Nasrallah]], Secretarius Generalis factionis [[Hizbullah]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[2024]])
* 1962 - [[Nicolaus Brouwet]], [[episcopus]] Francicus [[dioecesis]] [[Dioecesis Tarbiensis et Lourdensis|Tarbiensis et Lourdensis]]
* [[1970]] - [[Gregorius Mulholland]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Britanniarum regnum|Britannicus]] factionis [[Factio Liberalis Democratica (Britanniarum Regnum)|Liberalis Democraticae]]
* [[1974]] - [[Teruyoshi Ito]], pedilusor Iaponicus
* [[1982]] - [[Iosephus Reina]], pedilusor [[Hispania|Hispanicus]]
* [[1985]] - [[Mahometus Salmani filius]], heres regni [[Arabia Saudita]]e

== Mortes ==
=== Saeculo 11 ===
* [[1056]] - [[Theodora (imperatrix 1042-1056)|Theodora]], Imperatrix Byzantina, ultima dynastiae Macedonicae (nata anno 984)

=== Saeculo 15 ===
* [[1422]] - [[Henricus V (rex Angliae)|Henricus V]], rex [[Anglia]]e (natus [[1387]])

=== Saeculo 17 ===
* [[1621]] - [[Gulielmus du Vair]], [[iuris consultus]], legatus et scriptor Francicus (natus anno [[1556]]) 
* [[1654]] - [[Olaus Wormius]] [[archaeologus]] [[Dania|Danicus]] (natus anno [[1588]])
* [[1667]] - [[Iohannes Rist]], poeta et [[evangelium|evangelii]] praeco [[Martinus Lutherus|Lutheranus]] Germanicus (natus anno [[1607]])
* [[1688]] - [[Ioannes Bunyan]], baptista et scriptor Anglicus (natus anno [[1628]])

=== Saeculo 18 ===
* [[1724]] - [[Ludovicus I (rex Hispaniae)|Ludovicus I]], rex Hispaniae (natus anno [[1707]])
* [[1795]] - [[Franciscus Andreas Danican Philidor]], compositor et lusor scaccorum Francicus (natus anno [[1726]])

=== Saeculo 19 ===
* [[1864]] - [[Ferdinandus Lassalle]], scriptor et vir publicus socialisticus Germanicus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1825]])
* [[1867]] - [[Carolus Baudelaire]], poeta Francicus (natus anno [[1821]])
* 1891 - [[Ioannes Classen]], [[paedagogus]] et [[philologus]] Germanicus (natus anno [[1805]])

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1910]] - [[Petrus Aubry (musicologus)|Petrus Aubry]], [[musicologus]] Francicus (natus est anno [[1874]])
* [[1920]] - [[Gulielmus Wundt]], [[Psychologia|psychologus]] Germanicus (natus anno [[1865]])
* [[1941]] - [[Marina Cvetaeva]], poetria Russica (nata [[1892]])
* [[1948]] - [[Andreas Ždanov]], rerum politicarum peritus [[URSS|Sovieticus]] (natus anno [[1896]])
* [[1963]] - [[Georgius Braque]], pictor, graphicus et sculptor Francicus (natus anno [[1882]]
* [[1967]] - [[Elias Ehrenburg]], scriptor, poeta et diurnarius Russicus (natus anno 1891)
* [[1986]]
**[[Georgius Alessandri Rodríguez]], praeses [[Chilia]]e (natus anno [[1896]]) 
**[[Urho Kekkonen]], praeses [[Finnia]]e (natus anno [[1900]]) 
* [[1997]] - [[Diana Francisca Spencer|Diana]] principissa Cambriae [[Lutetia]]e casu autocinetici necatur (nata anno [[1961]])

=== Saeculo 21 ===
* [[2002]] - [[Georgius Porter]], chemicus Britannicus (natus anno 1920)
* [[2005]] - [[Iosephus Rotblat]], physicus et pacifista Polono-Britannicus, [[Praemium Nobelianum pacis|praemio Nobeliano pacis]] affectus (natus anno 1908)
* [[2010]] - [[Laurentius Fignon]], birotarius Francicus (natus anno [[1960]])
* [[2012]] - [[Carolus Maria Martini]], cardinalis Italicus (natus anno [[1927]])
* [[2013]] - [[David Frost]], diurnarius televisionis Britannicus (natus anno [[1939]])
* [[2018]] - [[Ludovicus Lucas Cavalli-Sforza]], geneticae peritus Italicus (natus anno [[1922]])
* [[2020]] - [[Pranab Mukherjee]], praeses [[India]]e (natus anno [[1935]])

== Festa et Feria ==
* Dies nationalis (Malaysia, Trinitas et Tabacum)
* Dies libertatis (Chirgisia)
* Dies solidaritatis nationalis (Polonia)
* Festum [[Raymundus Nonnatus|Sancti Raymundi Nonnati]] (calendarium Romanae ecclesiae antiquum)

{{menses}}

[[Categoria:Dies]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Immanuel Kantius</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
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      <text bytes="17924" sha1="fn8lgvhlpbuvn5igj82bqu2y4i1fmlt" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Kant's Prolegomena - Frontispiece.png|thumb|Immanuel Kantius]]
'''Immanuel Kantius'''&lt;ref&gt;Forma nominis adiectivi est ''Kantianus.''&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Lingua Theodisca|Theodisce]] ''Immanuel Kant'') fuit [[philosophus]] [[Germania|Germanicus]], [[Regiomontium|Regiomontii]] in [[Borussia]] natus die [[22 Aprilis]] [[1724]] et ibidem mortuus [[12 Februarii]] [[1804]]. Kantius ut vulgo fertur numquam Regiomontio ex [[urbs|urbe]] natali exivit. Hodie Regiomontium est [[Russia]]e pars, praesenti nomine [[Calininopolis]]; Kantii vero temporibus [[magniudo|magnitudine]] fuit secunda Borussiae urbs.
[[Fasciculus:Immanuel Kant portrait c1790.jpg|thumb|Pictura circa 1790]]
Kantius fuit ultimus hodiernae [[Europa]]e philosophus potens in sequentia classica [[epistemologia]]e per [[Aevum Illuminationis]], quod initium in operibus philosophorum [[Ioannes Lockius|Ioannis Lockius]], [[Georgius Berkeley|Georgii Berkeley]], et [[David Humius]] habuit.&lt;ref&gt;[[Crane Brinton]], &quot;Enlightenment,&quot; ''Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' (Macmillan, 1967), 2: 519.&lt;/ref&gt;

Kantius in [[liber|libro]] qui inscribitur ''Kritik der reinen Vernunft'' ([[Critica rationis purae]]&lt;ref name=FGB1/&gt;) nostram [[cognitio]]nem finitam esse asseveravit. Sunt logica [[iudicium (philosophia)|iudicia]] quae &quot;analytica iudicia [[a priori]]&quot; vel &quot;[[dialectica]] transcendentalis&quot; ac vel &quot;[[antinomia]]&quot; appellantur. Sunt etiam &quot;synthetica iudicia a posteriori,&quot; id est iudicia de experimentis; sunt autem alia iudicia, quae &quot;synthetica iudicia a priori&quot; appellantur: iudicia [[arithmetica]]e, [[astronomia]]e [[Nicolaus Copernicus|Copernicus]], [[geometria]]e, [[physica]]e apud [[leges motus Newtoni]], denique [[metaphysica]]e ac [[dignitas|dignitatis]] [[personalitas|personalitatis]]. Quomodo potest [[homo]] synthetica iudicia a priori dicare?&lt;!--?--&gt;

== Sententiae celeberrimae ==
* &quot;[[Illuminatio]] est via, qua homines exeunt e procuratura, quam ipsi sibi imposuerunt. Procuratura est ratione sua uti non posse nisi praeceptore quodam gubernante.&quot;
* Imperativus ille categoricus sive fundamentum ethicae Kantianae: &quot;Age ita, ut maxima voluntatis tuae propositio esse possit principium legislaturae generali.&quot; (''[[Critica rationis practicae]]'')
* &quot;[[Pax]] perpetua&quot; est pax mundi, idea sublima per abrogationem [[miles|militis]] perpetui ab [[ius naturale|iure naturali]] et [[ius gentium|iure gentium]] in suo scripto (''[[Ad pacem perpetuam]]'')

== Opera principalia ==
* 1770 : ''[[De mundi sensibilis atque intelligibilis forma et principiis]]''
* 1781 : ''[[Critica rationis purae]]''
* 1785 : ''[[Fundamentum metaphysicae moralitatis]]''
* 1788 : ''[[Critica rationis practicae]]''
* 1790 : ''[[Critica facultatis iudicandi]]''
* 1795 : ''[[Ad pacem perpetuam]]''

== Opus ==
* Immanuelis Kantii Opera ad philosophiam criticam Latine vertit [[Fredericus Gottlob Born]] (Lipsiae: E. B. Schwickert, 1796–1798).&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110606124828/http://www.manchester.edu/kant/Bio/BioUni.htm Index of Professors at German-Speaking Universities] {{ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=FGB1&gt;[http://books.google.de/books?id=jDENAAAAYAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=immanuelis+kantii+opera&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=W4hbN8hwBH&amp;sig=PveO83ISw60eozTBLExzfzymojk&amp;hl=de&amp;ei=a1dZTdqgAoOSOp_MnMgF&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=1&amp;ved=0CBoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Immanuelis Kantii Opera ad philosophiam criticam Latine vertit Fredericus Gottlob Born, volumen primum]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.de/books?id=CZo9AAAAYAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=Fridericus+Gottlob+Born&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=akejdI3Zff&amp;sig=ZnEeOJ2pWAy2IvEr4p1yA2IRhig&amp;hl=de&amp;ei=1733TIz0GMKo8QP_2_T4Cg&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=1&amp;ved=0CBgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Immanuelis Kantii Opera ad philosophiam criticam Latine vertit Fredericus Gottlob Born, volumen secundum].&lt;/ref&gt;

{{NexInt}}
{{div col|2}}
* [[A priori]]
* [[Antinomia]]
* [[Cosmopolitanismus]]
* [[Cultura]]
* [[Humanitarium belli ius]]
* [[Inobservabile]]
* [[Ius naturale]]
* [[Moralitas]]
* [[Personalitas]]
* [[Philosophia Germanica]]
* ''[[Rechtsstaat]]''
* [[7083 Kant]]
{{div col end}}

== Bibliographia ==
=== Introductiones generales ad eius cogitata ===
* Broad C. D. [[1978]]. ''Kant: An Introduction''. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-21755-5, ISBN 0-521-29265-4.
* Gardner, Sebastian. [[1999]]. ''Kant and the Critique of Pure Reason''. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-11909-X.
* Martin, Gottfried. [[1955]]. ''Kant's Metaphysics and Theory of Science''. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-8371-7154-8.
* Perez, D. O. [[2008]]. ''Kant e o problema da significação.'' Curitiba: Editora Champagnat.
* [[Stephanus Palmquist|Palmquist, Stephen]]. [[1993]]. [http://www.hkbu.edu.hk/~ppp/ksp1 Kant's System of Perspectives]: An architectonic interpretation of the Critical philosophy. University Press of America. ISBN 0-8191-8927-8.
* [[T. K. Seung|Seung, T. K.]] [[2007]]. ''Kant: Guide for the Perplexed''. Londinii: Continuum. ISBN 0-8264-8580-4.
* Uleman, Jennifer. [[2010]]. ''An Introduction to Kant's Moral Philosophy''. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-13644-0.

=== Opera de vita contextuque historico ===
* Beck, Lewis White. [[1969]]. ''Early German Philosophy: Kant and his Predecessors.'' Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: Harvard University Press. ''Survey of Kant's intellectual background''
* Beiser, Frederick C. [[1987]]. ''The Fate of Reason: German Philosophy from Kant to Fichte.'' Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: Harvard University Press.
* Beiser, Frederick C. [[2002]]. ''German Idealism: The Struggle against Subjectivism, 1781–1801.'' Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: Harvard University Press.
* [[Ernestus Cassirer|Cassirer, Ernst]]. [[1981]]. ''Kant's Life and Thought.'' Translation of ''Kants Leben und Lehre''. Conv. Jame S. Haden, intr. Stephan Körner. Portu Novo, Connecticutae: Yale University Press.
* [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain|Chamberlain, Houston Stewart.]] [[1914]]. ''Immanuel Kant: a study and a comparison with [[Goethe]], [[Leonardo da Vinci]], Bruno, [[Plato]] and [[Descartes]].''&lt;!--Authorized translation from the German by [[Lord Redesdale]], with his 'Introduction'.--&gt; Londinii: The Bodley Head.
* Gulyga, Arsenij. [[1987]]. ''Immanuel Kant: His Life and Thought''. Conv. Marijan Despaltović. Bostoniae: Birkhäuser.
* Kuehn, Manfred. [[2001]]. ''Kant: A Biography.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-49704-3.
* Lehner, Ulrich L. [[2007]]. [http://www.brill.nl/default.aspx?partid=73&amp;pid=26413 ''Kants Vorsehungskonzept auf dem Hintergrund der deutschen Schulphilosophie und -theologie.''] Leiden.
* Pinkard, Terry. [[2002]]. ''German philosophy, 1760-1860: The Legacy of Idealism.'' Cantabrigiae.
* Sassen, Brigitte, ed. [[2000]]. ''Kant's Early Critics: The Empiricist Critique of the Theoretical Philosophy.''
* Vorländer, Karl. [[1992]]. ''Immanuel Kant: Der Mann und das Werk.'' Ed. tertia, aucta. Lipsiae: Meiner. Liber iterum pressus. Wiesbaden: Fourier.

=== Conlectiones commentarium ===
* Guyer, Paul, ed. [[1992]]. ''The Cambridge Companion to Kant.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press ISBN 0-521-36587-2, ISBN 0-521-36768-9.
* Förster, Eckart, ed. [[1989]]. &quot;Kant's Transcendental Deductions: The Three 'Critiques' and the 'Opus Postumum.'&quot; Stanfordiae: Stanford University Press.
* Cohen, Ted, et Paul Guyer eds. [[1982]]. ''Essays in Kant's Aesthetics. Sicagi: University of Chicago Press.
* Firestone, Chris L., et [[Stephanus Palmquist|Stephen Palmquist]], eds. [[2006]]. ''Kant and the New Philosophy of Religion''. Bloomingtoniae: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-21800-4.
* Mohanty, J. N., et Robert W. Shahan, eds. [[1982]]. ''Essays on Kant's Critique of Pure Reason.'' Normanniae: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-1782-6.
* Phillips, Dewi et al. [[2000]]. ''Kant and Kierkegaard on Religion.'' Londinii et Novi Eboraci: Palgrave Macmillian. ISBN 0-312-23234-9.
* ''Proceedings of the International Kant Congresses.'' Nonnulli Congressus.&lt;!-- (numbered) edited by various publishers.--&gt;
* [[Ioannes Rawls]]. [[1980]]. ''Kantian Constructivism in Moral Theory.''
* Sala, Giovanni B. [[2004]]. La Cristologia nella &quot;Religione nei limiti della semplice ragione&quot; di Kant. ''Rivista di Filosofia Neo-Scolastica'' 96 (2-3): 235-305.

=== Philosophia theoretica ===
* Allison, Henry. [[1983]], [[2004]]. ''Kant’s Transcendental Idealism.'' Portu Novo: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-03629-9, ISBN 0-300-03002-9.
* Ameriks, Karl. [[1992]]. ''Kant's Theory of Mind: An Analysis of the Paralogisms of Pure Reason.'' Oxoniae: Clarendon Press.
* Banham, Gary. [[2006]]. ''Kant's Transcendental Imagination.'' Londinii et Novi Eboraci: Palgrave Macmillan.
* Farias, Vanderlei de Oliveira. [[2006]]. Kants Realismus und der Aussenweltskeptizismus. OLMS. Hildesiae, Turici, Novi Eboraci.
* [[Gilles Deleuze|Deleuze, Gilles]]. [[1984]]. ''Kant's Critical Philosophy,'' conv. Hugh Tomlinson et Barbara Habberjam. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0-8166-1341-9, ISBN 0-8166-1436-9
* Gram, Moltke S. [[1984]]. ''The Transcendental Turn: The Foundation of Kant's Idealism.'' Gainesville: University Presses of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-0787-9.
* Greenberg, Robert. [[2001]]. ''Kant's Theory of A Priori Knowledge.'' Penn State Press. ISBN 0-271-02083-0.
* Guyer, Paul. [[1987]].''Kant and the Claims of Knowledge.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press.&lt;!--Modern defense of the view that Kant's theoretical philosophy is a &quot;patchwork&quot; of ill-fitting arguments--&gt;
* [[Martinus Heidegger|Heidegger, Martin]]. [[1997]]. ''Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics.'' Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-21067-4.
* Henrich, Dieter. [[1994]]. ''The Unity of Reason: Essays on Kant’s Philosophy.'' Edited and with an introduction by Richard L. Velkley; translated by Jeffrey Edwards [et al.]. Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-92905-5.
* Kemp Smith, Norman. [[1930]]. ''A Commentary to Kant's ‘Critique of Pure Reason''. Londinii: Macmillan.
* Kitcher, Patricia. [[1990]]. ''Kant's Transcendental Psychology.'' Novi Eboraci: Oxford University Press.
* Longuenesse, Béatrice. [[1998]]. ''Kant and the Capacity to Judge.'' Princetoniae: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-04348-5.
* Melnick, Arthur. [[1973]]. ''Kant's Analogies of Experience.'' Sicagi: University of Chicago Press.
* Sgarbi, Marco. [[2010]]. La Kritik der reinen Vernunft nel contesto della tradizione logica aristotelica. Hildesiae: Olms.
* Paton, H. J. [[1986]]. ''Kant’s Metaphysic of Experience: A Commentary on the First Half of the Kritik der reinen Vernunft''. 2 voll. Londinii: Macmillan.
* [[Robertus B. Pippin|Pippin, Robert B.]]. [[1982]]. ''Kant's Theory of Form: An Essay on the Critique of Pure Reason.'' Portu Novo: Yale University Press.
* Sala, Giovanni. [[2005]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161002225015/http://bautz.de/neuerscheinungen-2005/3883092363.html Kant, Lonergan und der christliche Glaube] (Nordhausen: Bautz), ed. Ulrich L. Lehner et Ronald K. Tacelli
* [[Arthurus Schopenhauer|Schopenhauer, Arthur]]. [[1859]]. ''Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung. Erster Band. Anhang. Kritik der Kantischen Philosophie''. Lipsiae: F. A. Brockhaus. (Anglice: Arthur [[Schopenhauer]], Novi Eboraci: Dover Press, Volume I, Appendix, &quot;Criticism of the Kantian Philosophy,&quot; ISBN 0-486-21761-2.)
* [[T. K. Seung|Seung, T. K.]] [[1969]]. ''Kant's Transcendental Logic''. Portu Novo: Yale University Press.
* [[P. F. Strawson|Strawson, P.F]]. [[1989]]. ''The Bounds of Sense: an essay on Kant's Critique of Pure Reason.'' Routledge.
* [[Robertus Paulus Wolff|Wolff, Robert Paul]]. [[1963]]. ''Kant's theory of mental activity: A commentary on the transcendental analytic of the Critique of Pure Reason.'' Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: Harvard University Press.
* Yovel, Yirmiyahu. [[1989]]. ''[http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0031-8108(198304)92%3A2%3C288%3AKATPOH%3E2.0.CO%3B2-9 Kant and the Philosophy of History].'' Princetoniae: Princeton University Press.

=== Philosophia pragmatica ===
* Allison, Henry. [[1990]]. ''Kant's theory of freedom'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press.
* Banham, Gary. [[2003]]. ''Kant's Practical Philosophy: From Critique to Doctrine'' Londinii: Palgrave Macmillan.
* Michalson, Gordon E. ''Fallen Freedom: Kant on Radical Evil and Moral Regeneration.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
* Michalson, Gordon E. [[1999]]. ''Kant and the Problem of God.'' Blackwell Publishers.
* [[Herbertus Iacobus Paton|Paton, H. J.]] [[1971]]. ''The Categorical Imperative; a study in Kant's moral philosophy.'' University of Pennsylvania Press.
* [[Ioannes Rawls|Rawls, John]]. [[2000]]. ''Lectures on the History of Moral Philosophy.'' Cantabrigiae Massachusettae.
* [[T. K. Seung|Seung, T. K.]] [[1994]]. ''Kant's Platonic Revolution in Moral and Political Philosophy''. Baltimorae: Johns Hopkins Press.
* [[Robertus Paulus Wolff|Wolff, Robert Paul]]. [[1974]]. ''The Autonomy of Reason: A Commentary on Kant's Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals.'' Novi Eboraci: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-131792-6.
* Wood, Allen. [[1999]]. ''Kant's Ethical Thought'' Novi Eboraci: Cambridge University Press.

=== Aesthetica ===
* Allison, Henry. [[2001]]. ''Kant's Theory of Taste: A Reading of the Critique of Aesthetic Judgment''. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press.
* Banham, Gary. [[2000]]. ''Kant and the Ends of Aesthetics''. Londinii et Novi Eboraci: Macmillan Press.
* Crawford, Donald. [[1974]]. ''Kant's Aesthetic Theory.'' Visconsinia.
* Guyer, Paul. [[1979]]. ''Kant and the Claims of Taste''. Cantabrigiae Massachusettae et Londinii.
* Hammermeister, Kai. [[2002]]. ''The German Aesthetic Tradition''. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press.
* ''Immanuel Kant.'' [[1998]]. In ''Encyclopedia of Aesthetics,'' ed. Michael Kelly. Novi Eboraci, Oxoniae: Oxford University Press.
* Makkreel, Rudolf. [[1990]]. ''Imagination and Interpretation in Kant''. Sicagi.
* McCloskey, Mary. [[1987]]. ''Kant's Aesthetic''. State University of New York.
* Schaper, Eva. [[1979]]. ''Studies in Kant's Aesthetics''. Edimburgi.
* Zammito, John H. [[1992]]. ''The Genesis of Kant's ''Critique of Judgment.'' Sicagi et Londinii: Chicago University Press.
* Zupancic, Alenka. [[2000]]. ''Ethics of the Real: Kant and Lacan''. Verso.

=== Philosophia religionis ===
* [[Stephanus Palmquist|Palmquist, Stephen]]. [[2000]]. [http://www.hkbu.edu.hk/~ppp/ksp2 Kant's Critical Religion]: Volume Two of ''Kant's System of Perspectives''. Ashgate. ISBN 0-7546-1333-X.
* Perez, D. O. [[2007]]. Religión, Política y Medicina en Kant: El Conflicto de las Proposiciones. Cinta de Moebio. ''Revista de Epistemologia de Ciencias Sociales'' 28: 91-103. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171020014938/http://www.facso.uchile.cl/publicaciones/moebio/28/perez.pdf Uchile.cl.]

=== Alia opera ===
* Braver, Lee. [[2007]]. ''A Thing of This World: a History of Continental Anti-Realism''. Northwestern University Press. ISBN 978-0-8101-2380-9.
* Caygill, Howard. [[1995]]. ''A Kant Dictionary''. Oxoniae et Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: Blackwell Reference. ISBN 0-631-17534-2, ISBN 0-631-17535-0.
* [[Iacobus Derrida|Derrida, Jacques]]. [[1980]]. ''Mochlos; or, The Conflict of the Faculties''. Novi Eboraci: Columbia University.
* Mosser, Kurt. [[2008]]. ''Necessity and Possibility; The Logical Strategy of Kant's Critique of Pure Reason''. Catholic University of America Press. ISBN 978-0-8132-1532-7.
* Perez, D. O. [[2007]]. Os significados dos conceitos de hospitalidade em Kant e a problemática do estrangeiro. ''Revista Philosophica'' (Tsilia) 31: 43-53. Etiam in ''Konvergencias,'' 2007, 15. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100122144445/http://www.philosophica.ucv.cl/n31.htm UCV.cl], [https://web.archive.org/web/20110723072644/http://www.konvergencias.net/danieloperez132.pdf Konvergencias.net.]
* Perez, D. O. [[2009]]. 'A loucura como questão semântica: uma interpretação kantiana. ''Trans/Form/Ação'' (Sancti Pauli) 32 (1): 95-117. [http://www.scielo.br/pdf/trans/v32n1/07.pdf Scielo.br]

=== Philosophia hodierna a Kantio mota ===
* Herman, Barbara. [[1993]]. ''The Practice of Moral Judgement''. Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: Harvard University Press.
* Korsgaard, Christine. [[1996]]. ''Creating the Kingdom of Ends.'' Cantabrigiae et Novi Eboraci: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-49644-6, ISBN 0-521-49962-3. Non commentarium, sed defensio iudicii Kantiani ad ethicam.
* [[Ioannes McDowell|McDowell, John]]. [[1994]]. ''Mind and World.'' Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-57609-8.
* [[Derek Parfit|Parfit, Derek]]. ''Climbing the Mountain.''&lt;!--?--&gt;
* [[Stephanus Pinker|Pinker, Steven]]. [[2007]]. ''The Stuff of Thought.'' Viking Press. ISBN 978-0-670-06327-7.&lt;!--Chapter 4 - Cleaving the Air - discusses Kant's anticipation of modern cognitive science--&gt;
* Wood, Allen. [[1999]]. ''Kant's Ethical Thought.'' Cantabrigiae et Novi Eboraci: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-64836-X.
* [[Ioannes Sala|Sala, Giovanni]]. [[2004]]. La Cristologia nella Religione nei limiti della semplice ragione di Kant. ''Rivista de Filosofia Neo-Scolastica'' 96 (2-3): 235-305.
[[Fasciculus:Kant Kaliningrad.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Signum]] Immanuelis Kantii [[Regiomontium|Regiomontii]] in urbe [[Russia|Russica]] positum.]]
== Nexus externus ==
{{fontes biographici}}
{{Communia|Immanuel Kant|Immanuelem Kantium}}

== Notae ==

&lt;references/&gt;

{{Lifetime|1724|1804|Kantius, Immanuel}}
{{1000 paginae}}
{{Myrias|Homines}}

[[Categoria:Aevum illuminationis]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Regiomontanae]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Theodisci]]
[[Categoria:Lutherani]]
[[Categoria:Ontologi]]
[[Categoria:Philosophi Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Philosophi sexualitatis]]
[[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Regiomontanae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Borussiae]]
[[Categoria:Kantius|!]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gloria Patri</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <comment>Minora</comment>
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      <text bytes="3167" sha1="i2pxt2tub5uhdpikj1h0sktxkddy1no" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Stiftskirche_Schlägl_-_Engelsfenster_1a.jpg|thumb|Gloria Patri et Filio et Spiritui sancto in scheda ab [[angelus|angelo]] tenta, [[ecclesia]] [[Abbatia Plagensis|Abbatiae Plagensis]] ([[Austria Superior]])]]
[[Fasciculus:LiberUsualisEuouae.jpg|thumb|350px|Cantus &quot;Gloria Patri&quot; ad introitum missae [[Liber Usualis|Libro Usuali]], tribus versionibus &quot;saeculorum Amen&quot; (notatis per abbreviationem [[Euouae]]) praeditus.]]
'''Gloria Patri''' est [[doxologia]] [[trinitas|trinitaria]], [[prex|oratio]] brevis ad [[Deus|Deum]], in variis [[liturgia|liturgiis]] [[religio Christiana|Christianis]] usitata. Etiam '''doxologia minor''' appellatur, ut a doxologia maiore, [[Gloria in excelsis]], discernatur. 

== Verba doxologiae ==
:Gloria [[Deus Pater|Patri]], et [[Iesus Christus|Filio]], et [[Spiritus Sanctus|Spiritui Sancto]],
:Sicut erat in principio, et nunc, et semper, et in saecula saeculorum. [[Amen]].

Et [[Graece]]:
:Δόξα Πατρὶ καὶ Υἱῷ καὶ Ἁγίῳ Πνεύματι,
:καὶ νῦν καὶ ἀεὶ καὶ εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων. Ἀμήν.

== Historia ==
Gloria Patri similis est doxologiis, quae quinque libros [[liber Psalmorum|Psalmorum]] concludunt (cofer Ps 41,14, Ps 72,18s, Ps 89,53, Ps 106,48, Ps 150,6).

Iam [[saeculum 2|saeculo secundo]] Christiani preces cum doxologia concludere solebant, a [[saeculum 3|saeculo tertio]] doxologia aperte ad [[trinitas|trinitatem]] refert. Formula e [[Syria]] oriunda initio διὰ Χριστοῦ ἐν ἁγίῳ πνεύματι (per [[Christus|Christum]] in [[Spiritus Sanctus|Spiritu Sancto]]) sive διὰ Χριστοῦ καὶ ἁγίου πνεύματος (per Christum et Spiritum Sanctum) est.&lt;ref&gt;Hans-Christoph Schmidt-Lauber, ''Formeln, liturgische III. Liturgiegeschichtlich und praktisch-theologisch'', in: Gerhard Müller et. al. (ed.), [[Theologische Realenzyklopädie]], vol. 11,  Berolini: De Gruyter 1983, ISBN 978-3-11-019098-4.&lt;/ref&gt; Quod [[Arianismus|Ariani]] [[Praepositio (grammatica Latina)|praepositionem]] διά sensu [[Subordinatianismus|Subordinatianismi]] solum patrem [[Deus|Deum]] esse interpretati sunt, formula mutata est.&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem.&lt;/ref&gt; Imprimis [[Basilius Magnus]] illud διά cum μετά (cum) mutavit, et ἐν cum σύν (una cum), ita omnes personas trinitarias aequo fastigio collocans. Praeterea etiam formulam 'Gloria Patri et Filio et Spiritui Sancto' recepit, quae a iussione [[baptisma]]tis in  [[Evangelium secundum Matthaeum|evangelio secundundum Matthaeum]] tradita (Mt 28,19) repetitur. In ecclesia occidentali mox ad psalmos [[responsorium|responsoriaque]] finienda adhibita, [[traditio]] [[liturgia]]e firma facta est (confer [[Regula Benedicti]] 9).&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Si plus legere vis ==
* Markus Eham: ''Gloria patri'', in: Walter Kasper (ed.): [[Lexikon für Theologie und Kirche]], ed. 3. vol 4. Friburgi: Herder 1995, col. 752s.
* Josef Andreas Jungmann, ''Missarum Sollemnia. Eine genetische Erklärung der römischen Messe'', vol 1, ed. 5. Friburgi: Herder 1962, 423s.

{{Hymni et preces Christiani}}

[[Categoria:Preces Christianae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lingua Hebraica</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
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      <text bytes="12357" sha1="huy3omndutje440qu8p7jc95edkuayt" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Aleppo Codex (Deut).jpg|thumb|Pagina e codice &quot;Aleppo&quot; dicta, quae est veterrimus liber manu scriptum [[Biblia]]m Hebraicam continens. Liber anno fere [[920]], erudito Aaron ben Asher dirigente, scriptus est. Haec pagina e libro Deuteronomio provenit.]]
'''Lingua Hebraica'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Mithridates}} f. 47r; {{Kircher}} pp. 193–201.&lt;/ref&gt; vel tantum '''Hebraea,'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Kircher}} p. 193&lt;/ref&gt; sive '''lingua Iudaica'''&lt;ref&gt;[[Gesnerus]] (ib.)&lt;!--ubi?--&gt; f. 63r.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Hebraice]] עברית ; [[IPA]] /ʔivˈʁit/ et /ʕivˈɾit/), est [[linguae Semiticae Occidentalis|lingua Semitica Occidentalis]] [[linguae Afroasiaticae|familiae linguarum Afroasiaticarum]]. Per [[historia]]m consideratur [[linguae Iudaicae|lingua]] [[Hebraei|Hebraeorum]] vel [[Israelitae|Israelitarum]] et suorum maiorum. Aliae [[lingua]]e Iudaicae inter [[Diaspora Iudaica|Iudaeos in diaspora habitantes]] ortae sunt. Praeterea greges non Iudaici lingua Hebraica utebantur, inter quos [[Samaritani]], grex [[ethnos|ethnice]] cognatus. Hebraica ut quotidiana [[sermo]]nis lingua ante annum [[200]] [[Anno Domini|p.C.n.]] esse desierat,&lt;!--?had ceased to be--&gt; et usque [[aevum medium]] solum ut{{dubsig}} lingua [[liturgia]]e Iudaicae et [[litterae rabbinicae|litterarum rabbinicarum]] superavit. Tum [[saeculum 19|saeculo undevicensimo]] ut{{dubsig}} lingua [[sermo]]nis&lt;!--speech--&gt; et [[litterae|litterarum]] redintegrata est, et secundum [[Ethnologia|Ethnologue]] nunc est lingua [[homo|hominum]] 5.3 millionum per omnem [[tellus|orbem terrarum]] [[habitatio|habitantium]], praecipue in [[Israel (civitas)|Israel]],&lt;ref name= ethno&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.org.uk/show_language.asp?code=heb |title=Hebrew language report |author= |date= |work= |publisher=Ethnologue |accessdate=[[19 Novembris]] [[2012]]}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ubi [[lingua publica]] est.&lt;!--Textus ex en adhuc OK, 20 Maii 2013--&gt;

Tempore [[Evangelium|Evangelii]] in [[Biblia Sacra|Bibliis Sacris]] praedicationis, dum [[lingua Aramaica]] locum occupavit quae iam lingua Hebraica in usu quotidiano Hebraeorum habuerat, lingua Hebraica sollemniori usu reservata est. In [[Novum Testamentum|Novo Testamento]] legimus de Hebraica lingua adhibita (una cum [[lingua Graeca|Graeca]] et [[lingua Latina|Latina]]) in titulo ''Crucis Dominicae'' ([[Evangelium secundum Lucam|Luc]]. 23.38). In [[Actus Apostolorum|Actibus Apostolorum]], [[Sanctus Paulus|Paulus Apostolus]] [[Lingua Graeca Antiqua|lingua Graeca]] utitur, sed numquam lingua Hebraica, nisi in capitulo 22.

==Post Templum eversum==
[[Templum Hierosolymitanum|Templo Hierosolymitano]] everso, lingua Hebraica fit lingua sacra liturgicaque, tantum pro rebus sacris adhibita, et Graeca Veteris Testamenti versio a Iudaeis reiecta est.

In primaeva [[Christianitas|Christianitate]], [[Biblia]] in Graeca (dicta [[Septuaginta]] vel LXX) versione saepius lecta erant. [[Patres Ecclesiae]] eruditi, sicut [[Origenes]] et sanctus [[Hieronymus]], Hebraicam linguam bene noverunt, et ea usi sunt ad interpretandam Sacram Scripturam et ad emendandum eius textum. Ab &quot;Hebraica veritate&quot; sanctus Hieronymus interpretatus est Latine Scripturas—arbitrum illo tempore controversum—scribens versionem quae [[Vulgata]] dicitur. Alii patres, sicut [[Augustinus]], aliquando [[rabbinus|rabbinos]] Iudaeos consuluerunt ut aliqua dubia in sensu ad verbum melius comprehenderent, sed Christiani fere omnes Hebraicam linguam non noverunt.

[[Ioannes Reuchlin]] fuit primus non Iudaeus qui linguam Hebraicam docuit, et [[Benedictus de Spinoza]] [[Compendium grammatices linguae Hebraeae]] scripsit ad studium rationale [[Vetus Testamentum|Veteris Testamenti]] e [[grammatica]] et [[philologia]] intellegendum.

== Hodiernis temporibus ==
[[Fasciculus:Eliezer Ben-Yehuda at his desk in Jerusalem - c1912.jpg|thumb|[[Eliezer Ben-Yehuda]] anno fere [[1912]] [[Hierosolyma]] cum litteris laborat.]]
{{Main|Lingua Hebraica Hodierna}}
[[Saeculum 16|Saeculo sexto decimo]], [[Humanismus|humanistae]] pauci linguae Hebraicae studuerunt, quae notio saepe adhibita fuit a [[Protestantes|Protestantibus]] reformatoribus in exegesi aut disputationibus de Sacra Scriptura.

Temporibus hodiernis, ea lingua redintegrata est, etiam Hebraica vocata, quae [[alphabetum|alphabetam]] edhibet Hebraicam publicam [[vocabularium]]que ex textibus [[Biblia Sacra|biblicis]] [[Talmud]]que, et cum [[grammatica]] valde elaborata. Auctor et initiator neo-Hebraicae linguae fuit [[Eliezer Ben-Yehuda]] ([[1858]]-[[1922]]).

Nonnulli Iudaei &quot;sancta&quot; lingua pro rebus profanis uti nolunt. Haec lingua neo-Hebraica est [[lingua publica]] (cum [[Lingua Arabica|Arabica]]) in [[civitas|civitate]] [[Israel (civitas)|Israel]] hodierna adhibita, ubi paene omnes 8 500 000 incolarum eam intelligunt. In aliis [[tellus|mundi]] [[regio]]nibus, circa 5 000 000 alii neo-Hebraica lingua utuntur.

== Abecedarium Hebraicum ==
{{main|Abecedarium Hebraicum}}
[[Abecedarium]] Hebraicum ex abecedario [[Phoenices|Phoenicico]] deductum est, in quo omnis litterula [[consonans]] et nulla [[vocalis]] est (quae qualitas est de omnibus [[linguae Semiticae|linguis Semiticis]]), et est abecedarium quoque pro [[lingua Aramaica]] et hodierna lingua, quae est [[Lingua Iudaeogermanica|lingua Iiddica]].

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! 
! litterula
! fons (quo deductum est)
! sonus
|-
! א 
! aleph,
![[bos|bove]]
! ∅
|-
! ב
! beth,
![[domus|domu]]
! [[betacismus|b]]
|-
! ג
! gimel,
![[camelus|camelo]]
! g
|-
! ד
! [[daleth]],
![[ianua]]
! d
|-
! ה
! he,
!cavo aeris
! h
|-
! ו
! [[vau]],
![[clavus|clavo]]
! v
|-
! ז 
! zain,
![[arma|armis]]
! z
|-
! ח
! heth,
![[saeptus|saepto]]
! h
|-
! ט
! teth,
![[serpens|serpente]]
! t
|-
! י
! iod,
![[manus|manu]]
! i
|-
! כ
! caph,
!manu cava
! c
|-
! ל
! lamed,
!stimulo
! l
|-
! מ
! mem,
![[aqua|aquis]]
! m
|-
! נ
! nun,
![[piscis|pisce]]
! n
|-
! ס
! samech,
![[palus|palude]]
! s
|-
! ע
! ain,
![[oculus|oculo]]
! h
|-
! פ
! pe,
![[os (oris)|ore]]
! p
|-
! צ
! sadi,
![[uncus|unco]]
! ts
|-
! ק
! coph,
![[occipes|occipite]]
! c
|-
! ר 
! res,
![[caput|capite]]
! r
|-
! ש
! sin,
![[dens|dente]]
! s
|-
! ת
! thau,
![[crux|cruce]]
! th
|}

== Bibliographia ==

=== De re grammatica ===
* Durand, Olivier. [[2001]]. ''La Lingua Ebraica. Profilo storico-strutturale.'' Paideia, Brescia.
* Gesenius, Wilhelm, Emil Kautzsch, Gotthelf Bergsträsser. [[1983]]. ''Hebräische Grammatik.'' Hildesiae: Georg Olms Verlag (ex editionis 28ae, Lipsiae, 1909), ISBN 3-487-00325-2.
* Greppi, Genya Nahmani. [[1997]]. ''Grammatica Ebraica.'' Mediolani: A. Vallardi.
* Körner, Jutta. [[1996]]. ''Hebräische Studiengrammatik.'' Langenscheidt.
* Krause, Martin, Michael Pitsch, Martin Rösel, edd. [[2008]] ''Biblisch-hebräische Unterrichtsgrammatik.'' Editio altera, 2010. Berolini et Novi Eboraci: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-019028-1.
* Junger, Judith. [[1987]]. ''Predicate Formation in the Verbal System of Modern Hebrew.'' Dordrecht: Foris. ISBN 90-6765-368-3.
* Lieberman, Orna. [[2001]]. Hébreu d'aujourd'hui: grammaire, vocabulaire.'' Biblieurope.
* Matheus, Frank. [[2011]] ''Ein jegliches hat seine Zeit. Tempus und Aspekt im Biblisch-Hebräischen Verbalsystem'', KUSATU.B 1.
* Meyer, Rudolf. [[1992]]. ''Hebräische Grammatik.'' Berolini.
* Mittler, Doron. [[2000]]. ''Grammatica Ebraica.'' Bononiae: Zanichelli. ISBN 978-88-08-09733-0.
* Ravid, Dorit Diskin. [[2012]]. ''The Psycholinguistics of Hebrew Spelling.'' Berolini et Novi Eboraci: Springer. ISBN 978-1-4419-0587-1.
* Reichert, Eliyahou. [[2008]]. ''L'Hébreu israélien. Précis de grammaire.'' Bruxellis: Didier Devillez, Institut d'études du judaïsme.
* Stähli, Hans Peter. [[1985]] ''Hebräische Kurzgrammatik.'' Göttingen.
*[[fridericus Stolz|Stolz, Fritz]]: ''Hebräisch in 53 Tagen. Ein Lernprogramm'', Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht, editio sexta, Gottingae 1995, ISBN 978-3-525-52161-8
* Stuart, Douglas K. [[1976]]. ''Studies in Early Hebrew Meter.'' Missoulae. ISBN 0-89130-100-3.

=== Lexica ===
* Fohrer, Georg. [[1997]]. ''Hebräisches und aramäisches Wörterbuch zum Alten Testament.'' Berolini et Novi Eboraci. ISBN 3-11-001804-7.
* Gesenius, Guilielmus. 1835. ''Thesaurus philologicus criticus linguae Hebraeae et Chaldaeae Veteris Testamenti''. 2a ed. 3 voll. Lipsiae: Vogelius. [https://archive.org/details/thesaurusphilolo01geseuoft/page/n5/mode/2up vol. 1] [https://archive.org/details/thesaurusphilolo02geseuoft/page/n5/mode/2up 2] [https://archive.org/details/thesaurusphilolo03geseuoft/page/n5/mode/2up 3] apud ''Internet Archive''
** —— 1833. ''Lexicon manuale Hebraicum et Chaldaicum in Veteris Testamenti libros.'' Lipsiae: Vogelius. [https://archive.org/details/lexiconmanualeh00gesegoog/page/n12/mode/2up Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' 
** —— ; Tregelles, Samuel Prideaux, interpr. 1857. ''Hebrew and Chaldee lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures.'' Londinii: Bagster. [https://archive.org/details/hebrewchaldeelex00geseuoft/page/822/mode/2up Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' 
* Köhler, Ludwig, Walter Baumgartner. [[1996]]. ''Hebräisches und aramäisches Lexikon zum Alten Testament,'' editio tertia. Leiden.
* [[Ghil'ad Zuckermann|Zuckermann, Ghil'ad]]. [[2003]]. ''Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew''. Palgrave Macmillan. 2003. ISBN 978-1403917232.

=== Libri elementarii ===
* Jenni, Ernst. [[1981]]. ''Lehrbuch der hebräischen Sprache des alten Testamentes.'' Basel. ISBN 3-7190-0706-5.
* Matheus, Frank. [[1997]]. ''Einführung in das Biblische Hebräisch (I Studiengrammatik, II Studienbuch für das Gruppen- und Selbststudium).'' Münster.
*[[Paulus Auvray]]: ''Bibelhebräisch zum Selbststudium,'' editio altera, Schöningh, Paderbronnae 1999, ISBN 3-8252-8113-2 (convertit [[Petrus Knauer]])
* Neef, Heinz-Dieter. [[2003]]. ''Arbeitsbuch Hebräisch. Materialien, Beispiele und Übungen zum Biblisch-Hebräisch.'' Tubingae.
* Lambdin, Thomas O. [[2006]]. ''Lehrbuch Bibel-Hebräisch,'' editio quinta. Brunnen, Gießen.
* Tichit, Agnès. [[2007]]. ''Hébreu biblique: Grammaire de base et introduction aux fêtes juives: Textes expliqués: Exercices et corrigés.'' Collection Langues et cultures anciennes 3. Editio altera. Safran. ISBN 978-2-87457-008-7.
* Tichit, Agnès. [[2004]]. ''Le Verbe en hébreu biblique. Conjugaisons, exercices et corrigés.'' Collection Langues et cultures anciennes 2. Safran. ISBN 978-2-9600469-6-0.

=== Historia linguae ===
* haUniversita haPetucha. ''Peraqim beToledot haLashon ha'Ivrit.'' 1–11. Tel Aviv.
* Bar Asher, Moshé [[1998]]. [http://www.erudit.org/revue/meta/1998/v43/n1/001967ar.html Fonctions et activités de l’Académie de la langue hébraïque dans l’orientation et le développement de la langue hébraïque], Meta, tom. 43, no. 1.
* Gesenius, Wilhelm. [[1973]]. ''Geschichte der hebräischen Sprache und Schrift.'' Olms.
* Hadas-Lebel, Mireille. [[1995]]. ''Histoire de la langue hébraïque, Des origines à l’époque de la Mishna'', Collection de la Revue des études juives, Éditions E. Peeters.
* Hadas-Lebel, Mirelle [[1992]]. ''L’Hébreu: 3000 ans d’histoire'', Albin Michel, collection Présences du judaïsme. ISBN 978-2-226-05865-2.
* Hoffman, Joel M. [[2004]]. ''In the Beginning: A Short History of the Hebrew Language.'' Novi Eboraci et Londonii.
* Kutscher, Eduard Yechezkel. [[1982]]. ''A History of the Hebrew Language.'' Hierosolymis.
* Rabin, Chaim. [[1988]]. ''Die Entwicklung der hebräischen Sprache.'' Wiesbaden.
* Sáenz-Badillos, Angel. [[1996]]. ''A History of the Hebrew Language.'' Cantabrigiae.
* Sanders, Seth L. [[2009]]. ''The Invention of Hebrew.'' Urbana. ISBN 978-0-252-03284-4.

== Notae ==
{{InterWiki|code=he}}
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=31MTAAAAQAAJ Grammatica hebraica nova, eaque facile methodo digesta] (scripsit [[Abraham Ruschat]] anno 1711), books.google.com {{Ling|Latine}}
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=tFETAAAAQAAJ Grammatica hebraica: cum notis Masorethicis ac dictis quibusdam veteris testamenti classicis] (scripsit [[Thaddäus Anton Dereser]] anno 1813), books.google.com {{Ling|Latine}}
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=z1MTAAAAQAAJ Grammatica hebraica brevi et nova methodo concinnata] (volumen alterum, scriptus anno 1705), books.google.com {{Ling|Latine}}

[[Categoria:Lingua Hebraica|!]]
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{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Caii Sollii Apollinaris Sidonii Opera.tif|thumb|upright=0.8|Opera anno [[1598]] prolata.]]
'''Sidonius Apollinaris''', plenius '''Gaius Sollius Modestus Sidonius Apollinaris''', fuit [[poeta]] Galloromanus [[saeculum 5|saeculi quinti]] et [[praefectus urbi Romae]] anno [[468]]. Ultimis annis etiam [[episcopus]] [[Claromontium|Claromontii]] erat.

Sidonius Apollinaris [[Lugdunum|Lugduni]] nobili loco natus, cum filiam [[Avitus Augustus|Aviti]] in [[matrimonium]] duxisset illius, qui in [[Gallia]] postea [[imperator]] proclamatus est, honorum certa spe commotus [[Roma]]mque cum socero profectus [[15 Ianuarii]] [[456]]. Imperatorem [[carmen|carmine]] laudavit. Illo quidem summa rerum deiecto ad [[Maiorianus|Maiorianum]] successorem accessit, cuius adventum Lugduni versu concelebravit. Occiso itidem [[imperator]]e, Sidonius ad praedia sua recessit, ubi Gallia ad meridiem vergit, donec consumptis aliquot annis in otio et [[versus|versibus]] faciendis ab [[Anthemius (imperator)|Anthemio]] Augusto, qui animos nobilium Galliae sibi conciliare vellet, Romam revocatus denuo [[panegyricus|panegyrico]] recitato praefectus urbi factus et patricia dignitate ornatus est. Quid quod carmina Sidonii eorum qui [[Iesus|Christum]] pro deo colunt fidem non redolent? Tamen anno septuagesimo circiter et quadringentesimo pontifex summus sacerdotum [[Christus|Christi]] in civitate [[Arvernia|Arvernorum]] creatus est.

Sidonium Apollinarem constat inter maximos auctores numerandum non esse qui Latine scripserunt. Neque tamen epistulae contemnendae sunt, ut quibus testis locupletior vitae atque morum cum omnium ordinum tum nobilium non extet, qui saeculo quinto sextoque in Gallia fuerunt. In panegyricis autem faciendis a [[Claudianus|Claudiano]], poeta illustrissimo profectus est.

[[Sanctus]] ab Ecclesia Catholica Romana putatur, et dies feriae [[21 Augusti]] est. 

== Bibliographia ==
; Editiones operum
* c. 1474 : editio Ultraiectina [https://archive.org/details/ned-kbn-all-00001815-001 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* 1598 : Ioannes Savaro, ed., ''Caii Sollii Apollinaris Sidonii Arvernorum episcopi opera''. Parisiis: officina Plantiniana [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_AOtAs-t24-cC Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* 1614 : Iacobus Sirmondus, ed., ''C. Sollii Apollinaris Sidonii Arvernorum episcopi opera''. Parisiis: ex officina Nivelliana [https://www.e-rara.ch/zuz/content/titleinfo/8563263 Textus] apud ''e-Rara''
* 1652 : Iacobus Sirmondus, ed., ''C. Sol. Apollin. Sidonii Aruernorum episcopi opera''. 2a ed. Parisiis [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_gPFHrzJJ4rUC Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* 1913-1915 : O. M. Dalton, interpr., ''The letters of Sidonius''. Oxonii: Clarendon Press. 2 voll. [https://archive.org/details/lettersofsidoniu01sido vol. 1] [https://archive.org/details/lettersofsidoniu02sido vol. 2]
* 1960-1970: [[Collection des Universités de France]]: André Loyen, ''Sidoine Apollinaire. Tome I. Poèmes''. Les Belles Lettres, 1960 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1961_num_30_1_3408_t1_0255_0000_2 Recensio critica]
** ''Sidoine Apollinaire, t. II et III : Lettres (livres I-V et VI-IX)'', Les Belles Lettres, 1970 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1972_num_74_1_3927_t1_0352_0000_2 Recensio critica]
=== Plura legere si cupis ===
*Renaud Alexandre, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/vita_0042-7306_2009_num_180_1_1284 La voix du poète dans les Panégyriques de Sidoine Apollinaire]&quot;, ''Vita Latina'', 2009: 53-63
*Jean Champomier. ''Esquisse pour un portrait de Sidoine Apollinaire'', Lutetiae, René Debresse, 1938
*Silvia Condorelli,  ''Il poeta doctus nel V secolo d.C. Aspetti della poetica di Sidonio Apollinare'', Neapoli, Loffredo, 2008 [https://www.academia.edu/4952848/Silvia_Condorelli_Il_poeta_doctus_nel_V_secolo_D_C_Aspetti_della_poetica_di_Sidonio_Apollinare_Naples_2008 Recensio critica]
*Lucie Desbrosses, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/ista_0000-0000_2015_act_1332_1_3680 L’Ancien monde chez Sidoine Apollinaire : prégnance et signification du modèle païen]&quot; in ''Une Antiquité tardive noire ou heureuse ? Actes du colloque international de Besançon (12 et 13 novembre 2014)'', 2015: 209-226
** ''[http://indexation.univ-fcomte.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/7582d5bb-133f-4223-bc33-b2b8634a1559 Sidoine Apollinaire et la Gaule chrétienne au Ve siècle]'', Vesontione, 2018 (Dissertatio academica)
*Anita Di Stefano et Marco Onorato (curatores), ''Lo specchio del modello. Orizzonti intertestuali e Fortleben di Sidonio Apollinare'', Neapoli, Paolo Loffredo Editore, 2020 [https://www.academia.edu/50982100/Anita_Di_Stefano_Marco_Onorato_eds_Lo_specchio_del_modello_Orizzonti_intertestuali_e_Fortleben_di_Sidonio_Apollinare_Napoli_Paolo_Loffredo_Editore_2020_Studi_latini_n_s_94_486_p_38_50_ISBN_978_88_32193_33_6 Recensio critica]
*Veronika Egetenmeyr, ''Die Konstruktion der ‚Anderen‘. Barbarenbilder in den Briefen des Sidonius Apollinaris'', Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz, 2022 [https://www.plekos.uni-muenchen.de/2024/r-egetenmeyr.pdf Recensio critica]
* Sara Fascione, ''[https://scd-resnum.univ-lyon3.fr/out/theses/2018_out_fascione_s.pdf Gli 'altri' al potere. Romani e barbari nella Gallia di Sidonio Apollinaire]'', Lugduni, 2018 (Dissertatio Academica)
*Eugenius Geisler,	''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=E8_jPHfrn-cC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ViewAPI&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false De Apollinaris Sidonii studiis]'', Vratislaviae, 1885    '''LATINE'''
*Filomena Giannoti, ''Scrinia Arverna. Studi su Sidonio Apollinare'', Pisae, Edizioni ETS, 2021 (Studi e testi di storia antica 29.) [https://www.academia.edu/96581959/Filomena_Giannotti_Scrinia_Arverna_Studi_su_Sidonio_Apollinare_Studi_e_testi_di_storia_antica_29_Pisa_Edizioni_ETS_2021 Recensio critica]
*Joseph Grzywaczewski, Daniel K. Knox. &quot;[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/10.7829/j.ctt1zqrn0m.18 Glory, Decay and Hope: goddess Roma in Sidonius Apollinaris' Panegyrics]&quot; in ''Pagans and Christians in the Late Roman Empire: New Evidence, New Approaches (4th–8th centuries)'', 2017: 203-216
*Jean-Yves Guillaumin, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/dha_2108-1433_2013_sup_8_1_3628 Rappel de l’histoire et invitation à l’action dans les Panégyriques de Sidoine Apollinaire]&quot;, ''Dialogues d'histoire ancienne'', 2013: 93-107
* Marie- France Guipponi-Gineste, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/vita_0042-7306_2010_num_182_1_1697 Sidoine et la topique de l’éloge de personne dans les Poèmes VI et VII]&quot;, ''Vita Latina'', 2010: 41-60
*	Fridolfus V. Gustafsson, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=xGXd4_wQUbAC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ViewAPI&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false De Apollinari Sidonio emendando'', [[Helsingforsia|Helsingforsiae]], 1882  '''LATINE'''
*Jill Harries, ''Sidonius Apollinaris and the Fall of Rome AD 407-485'', Oxford University Press, 1995 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/270508 Recensio critica]
*Gavin Kelly et Joop van Waarden, ''Edinburgh Companion to Sidonius Apollinaris'', Edinburgh University Press, 2020 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=W6QxEAAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*Frank-Michael Kaufmann,	''Studien zu Sidonius Apollinaris'', Francofurti, 1995  [https://www.jstor.org/stable/30222733 Recensio critica]
*A. Loyen, ''Recherches Historiques sur les Panégyriques de Sidoine Apollinaire'', Lutetiae, E. Champion, 1942
**''Sidoine Apollinaire et l'Esprit Précieux en Gaule aux Derniers Jours de l'Empire'', Lutetiae, Les Belles Lettres, 1943
*Karl-Ake Mossberg, ''Studia Sidoniana critica et semasiologica : commentatio academica'', Upsaliae, 1934  '''LATINE'''
*Maximilianus Mueller,	''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=9NosfMrLBSsC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ViewAPI&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false De Apollinaris Sidonii Latinitate : observationes ad etymologiam syntaxin vocabulorum apparatum spectantes]'', Halis Saxonum, 1888 '''LATINE'''
* Marco Onorato, ''Il castone e la gemma: sulla tecnica poetica di Sidonio Apollinare'', Neapoli, Paolo Loffredo, 2016 [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2017/2017.10.50 Recensio critica]
*Oliver Overwien, &quot;[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/40379082 Kampf um Gallien: Die Briefe des Sidonius Apollinaris zwischen Literatur und Politik]&quot;, ''Hermes'', 2009: 93-117
*Jean-Marie Pailler, &quot;[https://journals.openedition.org/pallas/19320 Sidoine et les Barbares]&quot;, ''Pallas'', 2020: 249-266
*Françoise Prévot, &quot;[https://books.openedition.org/septentrion/48644 La construction de son image par Sidoine Apollinaire à travers la publication de sa correspondance]&quot; in [https://books.openedition.org/septentrion/48569 La vie des autres],  Presses universitaires du Septentrion, 2013: 231-248
*H. Rutherford, ''Sidonius Apollinaris , l'homme politique, l'écrivain, l'évêque, étude d'une figure gallo-romaine du Ve siècle'', Clermont-Ferrand, 1938 [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bd6t5773083t/f5.item.texteImage Gallica]
*H. S. Sivan, &quot;[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/4476668 Sidonius Apollinaris, Theodoric II, and Gothic-Roman Politics from Avitus to Anthemius]&quot;, ''Hermes'', 1989: 85-94 
*Ann-Kathrin Stähle, ''Quid poema frangat? Zur Poetik des Bruchs in  den Carmina des Sidonius Apollinaris'', Stuttgart, Franz Steiner Verlag, 2025 [https://www.plekos.uni-muenchen.de/2026/r-staehle.pdf Recensio critica]
* C. E. Stevens, ''Sidonius Apollinaris and his age'' , Clarendon Press, 1933 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1935_num_37_1_2819_t1_0118_0000_2 Recensio critica]
*Annick Stoehr-Monjou, &quot;[https://journals.openedition.org/viatica/2059 Enjeux mémoriels d’un récit de voyage de Lyon à Rome : Sidoine Apollinaire (Lettre 1, 5)]&quot;, ''Viatica'', 2021: 2059

== Nexus externi ==
{{vicifons|Scriptor:Sidonius Apollinaris|Sidonius Apollinaris}}
{{CommuniaCat|Sidonius Apollinaris|Sidonium}}
* [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers#sidonius_apollinaris Translatio Anglica omnium epistularum], O.M. Dalton (1915)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20201021065510/http://www.sidoniusapollinaris.nl/ Sidonius Apollinaris], pagina omnis auctori dedicata, inter alia continens textum Latinum epistularum omnium et uberem bibliographiam], Joop A. van Waarden (2003-....)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070826163557/http://home.casema.nl/marcelkuyper/sidonius_bestanden/sid_carmen_vii.html Praefatio ]panegyrici dicti Avito Augusto
{{Fontes biographici}}
*[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Christian_Biography_and_Literature_to_the_End_of_the_Sixth_Century/Sidonius_Apollinaris,_St Dictionary of Christian Biography] apud Wikisource

{{Lifetime|saeculo 5|saeculo 5|Sidonius Apollinaris}}
[[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Epistolographi]]
[[Categoria:Poetae Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Politici Romani antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Sancti]]
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{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Caii Sollii Apollinaris Sidonii Opera.tif|thumb|upright=0.8|Opera anno [[1598]] prolata.]]
'''Sidonius Apollinaris''', plenius '''Gaius Sollius Modestus Sidonius Apollinaris''', fuit [[poeta]] Galloromanus [[saeculum 5|saeculi quinti]] et [[praefectus urbi Romae]] anno [[468]]. Ultimis annis etiam [[episcopus]] [[Claromontium|Claromontii]] erat.

Sidonius Apollinaris [[Lugdunum|Lugduni]] nobili loco natus, cum filiam [[Avitus Augustus|Aviti]] in [[matrimonium]] duxisset illius, qui in [[Gallia]] postea [[imperator]] proclamatus est, honorum certa spe commotus [[Roma]]mque cum socero profectus [[15 Ianuarii]] [[456]]. Imperatorem [[carmen|carmine]] laudavit. Illo quidem summa rerum deiecto ad [[Maiorianus|Maiorianum]] successorem accessit, cuius adventum Lugduni versu concelebravit. Occiso itidem [[imperator]]e, Sidonius ad praedia sua recessit, ubi Gallia ad meridiem vergit, donec consumptis aliquot annis in otio et [[versus|versibus]] faciendis ab [[Anthemius (imperator)|Anthemio]] Augusto, qui animos nobilium Galliae sibi conciliare vellet, Romam revocatus denuo [[panegyricus|panegyrico]] recitato praefectus urbi factus et patricia dignitate ornatus est. Quid quod carmina Sidonii eorum qui [[Iesus|Christum]] pro deo colunt fidem non redolent? Tamen anno septuagesimo circiter et quadringentesimo pontifex summus sacerdotum [[Christus|Christi]] in civitate [[Arvernia|Arvernorum]] creatus est.

Sidonium Apollinarem constat inter maximos auctores numerandum non esse qui Latine scripserunt. Neque tamen epistulae contemnendae sunt, ut quibus testis locupletior vitae atque morum cum omnium ordinum tum nobilium non extet, qui saeculo quinto sextoque in Gallia fuerunt. In panegyricis autem faciendis a [[Claudianus|Claudiano]], poeta illustrissimo profectus est.

[[Sanctus]] ab Ecclesia Catholica Romana putatur, et dies feriae [[21 Augusti]] est. 

== Bibliographia ==
; Editiones operum
* c. 1474 : editio Ultraiectina [https://archive.org/details/ned-kbn-all-00001815-001 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* 1598 : Ioannes Savaro, ed., ''Caii Sollii Apollinaris Sidonii Arvernorum episcopi opera''. Parisiis: officina Plantiniana [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_AOtAs-t24-cC Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* 1614 : Iacobus Sirmondus, ed., ''C. Sollii Apollinaris Sidonii Arvernorum episcopi opera''. Parisiis: ex officina Nivelliana [https://www.e-rara.ch/zuz/content/titleinfo/8563263 Textus] apud ''e-Rara''
* 1652 : Iacobus Sirmondus, ed., ''C. Sol. Apollin. Sidonii Aruernorum episcopi opera''. 2a ed. Parisiis [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_gPFHrzJJ4rUC Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* 1913-1915 : O. M. Dalton, interpr., ''The letters of Sidonius''. Oxonii: Clarendon Press. 2 voll. [https://archive.org/details/lettersofsidoniu01sido vol. 1] [https://archive.org/details/lettersofsidoniu02sido vol. 2]
* 1960-1970: [[Collection des Universités de France]]: André Loyen, ''Sidoine Apollinaire. Tome I. Poèmes''. Les Belles Lettres, 1960 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1961_num_30_1_3408_t1_0255_0000_2 Recensio critica]
** ''Sidoine Apollinaire, t. II et III : Lettres (livres I-V et VI-IX)'', Les Belles Lettres, 1970 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1972_num_74_1_3927_t1_0352_0000_2 Recensio critica]
=== Plura legere si cupis ===
*Renaud Alexandre, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/vita_0042-7306_2009_num_180_1_1284 La voix du poète dans les Panégyriques de Sidoine Apollinaire]&quot;, ''Vita Latina'', 2009: 53-63
*Jean Champomier. ''Esquisse pour un portrait de Sidoine Apollinaire'', Lutetiae, René Debresse, 1938
*Silvia Condorelli,  ''Il poeta doctus nel V secolo d.C. Aspetti della poetica di Sidonio Apollinare'', Neapoli, Loffredo, 2008 [https://www.academia.edu/4952848/Silvia_Condorelli_Il_poeta_doctus_nel_V_secolo_D_C_Aspetti_della_poetica_di_Sidonio_Apollinare_Naples_2008 Recensio critica]
*Lucie Desbrosses, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/ista_0000-0000_2015_act_1332_1_3680 L’Ancien monde chez Sidoine Apollinaire : prégnance et signification du modèle païen]&quot; in ''Une Antiquité tardive noire ou heureuse ? Actes du colloque international de Besançon (12 et 13 novembre 2014)'', 2015: 209-226
** ''[http://indexation.univ-fcomte.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/7582d5bb-133f-4223-bc33-b2b8634a1559 Sidoine Apollinaire et la Gaule chrétienne au Ve siècle]'', Vesontione, 2018 (Dissertatio academica)
*Anita Di Stefano et Marco Onorato (curatores), ''Lo specchio del modello. Orizzonti intertestuali e Fortleben di Sidonio Apollinare'', Neapoli, Paolo Loffredo Editore, 2020 [https://www.academia.edu/50982100/Anita_Di_Stefano_Marco_Onorato_eds_Lo_specchio_del_modello_Orizzonti_intertestuali_e_Fortleben_di_Sidonio_Apollinare_Napoli_Paolo_Loffredo_Editore_2020_Studi_latini_n_s_94_486_p_38_50_ISBN_978_88_32193_33_6 Recensio critica]
*Veronika Egetenmeyr, ''Die Konstruktion der ‚Anderen‘. Barbarenbilder in den Briefen des Sidonius Apollinaris'', Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz, 2022 [https://www.plekos.uni-muenchen.de/2024/r-egetenmeyr.pdf Recensio critica]
* Sara Fascione, ''[https://scd-resnum.univ-lyon3.fr/out/theses/2018_out_fascione_s.pdf Gli 'altri' al potere. Romani e barbari nella Gallia di Sidonio Apollinaire]'', Lugduni, 2018 (Dissertatio Academica)
*Eugenius Geisler,	''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=E8_jPHfrn-cC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ViewAPI&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false De Apollinaris Sidonii studiis]'', Vratislaviae, 1885    '''LATINE'''
*Filomena Giannoti, ''Scrinia Arverna. Studi su Sidonio Apollinare'', Pisae, Edizioni ETS, 2021 (Studi e testi di storia antica 29.) [https://www.academia.edu/96581959/Filomena_Giannotti_Scrinia_Arverna_Studi_su_Sidonio_Apollinare_Studi_e_testi_di_storia_antica_29_Pisa_Edizioni_ETS_2021 Recensio critica]
*Joseph Grzywaczewski, Daniel K. Knox. &quot;[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/10.7829/j.ctt1zqrn0m.18 Glory, Decay and Hope: goddess Roma in Sidonius Apollinaris' Panegyrics]&quot; in ''Pagans and Christians in the Late Roman Empire: New Evidence, New Approaches (4th–8th centuries)'', 2017: 203-216
*Jean-Yves Guillaumin, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/dha_2108-1433_2013_sup_8_1_3628 Rappel de l’histoire et invitation à l’action dans les Panégyriques de Sidoine Apollinaire]&quot;, ''Dialogues d'histoire ancienne'', 2013: 93-107
* Marie- France Guipponi-Gineste, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/vita_0042-7306_2010_num_182_1_1697 Sidoine et la topique de l’éloge de personne dans les Poèmes VI et VII]&quot;, ''Vita Latina'', 2010: 41-60
*	Fridolfus V. Gustafsson, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=xGXd4_wQUbAC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ViewAPI&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false De Apollinari Sidonio emendando'', [[Helsingforsia|Helsingforsiae]], 1882  '''LATINE'''
*Jill Harries, ''Sidonius Apollinaris and the Fall of Rome AD 407-485'', Oxford University Press, 1995 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/270508 Recensio critica]
*Gavin Kelly et Joop van Waarden, ''Edinburgh Companion to Sidonius Apollinaris'', Edinburgh University Press, 2020 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=W6QxEAAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*Frank-Michael Kaufmann,	''Studien zu Sidonius Apollinaris'', Francofurti, 1995  [https://www.jstor.org/stable/30222733 Recensio critica]
*A. Loyen, ''Recherches Historiques sur les Panégyriques de Sidoine Apollinaire'', Lutetiae, E. Champion, 1942
**''Sidoine Apollinaire et l'Esprit Précieux en Gaule aux Derniers Jours de l'Empire'', Lutetiae, Les Belles Lettres, 1943
*Karl-Ake Mossberg, ''Studia Sidoniana critica et semasiologica : commentatio academica'', Upsaliae, 1934  '''LATINE'''
*Maximilianus Mueller,	''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=9NosfMrLBSsC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ViewAPI&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false De Apollinaris Sidonii Latinitate : observationes ad etymologiam syntaxin vocabulorum apparatum spectantes]'', Halis Saxonum, 1888 '''LATINE'''
* Marco Onorato, ''Il castone e la gemma: sulla tecnica poetica di Sidonio Apollinare'', Neapoli, Paolo Loffredo, 2016 [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2017/2017.10.50 Recensio critica]
*Oliver Overwien, &quot;[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/40379082 Kampf um Gallien: Die Briefe des Sidonius Apollinaris zwischen Literatur und Politik]&quot;, ''Hermes'', 2009: 93-117
*Jean-Marie Pailler, &quot;[https://journals.openedition.org/pallas/19320 Sidoine et les Barbares]&quot;, ''Pallas'', 2020: 249-266
*	''Présence de Sidoine Apollinaire'', [actes du colloque international, Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, 19-20 octobre 2010], Claromontii, 2014
*Françoise Prévot, &quot;[https://books.openedition.org/septentrion/48644 La construction de son image par Sidoine Apollinaire à travers la publication de sa correspondance]&quot; in [https://books.openedition.org/septentrion/48569 La vie des autres],  Presses universitaires du Septentrion, 2013: 231-248
*H. Rutherford, ''Sidonius Apollinaris , l'homme politique, l'écrivain, l'évêque, étude d'une figure gallo-romaine du Ve siècle'', Clermont-Ferrand, 1938 [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bd6t5773083t/f5.item.texteImage Gallica]
*H. S. Sivan, &quot;[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/4476668 Sidonius Apollinaris, Theodoric II, and Gothic-Roman Politics from Avitus to Anthemius]&quot;, ''Hermes'', 1989: 85-94 
*Ann-Kathrin Stähle, ''Quid poema frangat? Zur Poetik des Bruchs in  den Carmina des Sidonius Apollinaris'', Stuttgart, Franz Steiner Verlag, 2025 [https://www.plekos.uni-muenchen.de/2026/r-staehle.pdf Recensio critica]
* C. E. Stevens, ''Sidonius Apollinaris and his age'' , Clarendon Press, 1933 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1935_num_37_1_2819_t1_0118_0000_2 Recensio critica]
*Annick Stoehr-Monjou, &quot;[https://journals.openedition.org/viatica/2059 Enjeux mémoriels d’un récit de voyage de Lyon à Rome : Sidoine Apollinaire (Lettre 1, 5)]&quot;, ''Viatica'', 2021: 2059

== Nexus externi ==
{{vicifons|Scriptor:Sidonius Apollinaris|Sidonius Apollinaris}}
{{CommuniaCat|Sidonius Apollinaris|Sidonium}}
* [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers#sidonius_apollinaris Translatio Anglica omnium epistularum], O.M. Dalton (1915)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20201021065510/http://www.sidoniusapollinaris.nl/ Sidonius Apollinaris], pagina omnis auctori dedicata, inter alia continens textum Latinum epistularum omnium et uberem bibliographiam], Joop A. van Waarden (2003-....)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070826163557/http://home.casema.nl/marcelkuyper/sidonius_bestanden/sid_carmen_vii.html Praefatio ]panegyrici dicti Avito Augusto
{{Fontes biographici}}
*[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Christian_Biography_and_Literature_to_the_End_of_the_Sixth_Century/Sidonius_Apollinaris,_St Dictionary of Christian Biography] apud Wikisource

{{Lifetime|saeculo 5|saeculo 5|Sidonius Apollinaris}}
[[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Epistolographi]]
[[Categoria:Poetae Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Politici Romani antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Sancti]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Galliae]]</text>
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      <text bytes="11223" sha1="h3x87deai8a9pm3jxr9sowzu20trtpk" xml:space="preserve">{{videdis|Sidonius (discretiva)}}
{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Caii Sollii Apollinaris Sidonii Opera.tif|thumb|upright=0.8|Opera anno [[1598]] prolata.]]
'''Sidonius Apollinaris''', plenius '''Gaius Sollius Modestus Sidonius Apollinaris''', fuit [[poeta]] Galloromanus [[saeculum 5|saeculi quinti]] et [[praefectus urbi Romae]] anno [[468]]. Ultimis annis etiam [[episcopus]] [[Claromontium|Claromontii]] erat.

Sidonius Apollinaris [[Lugdunum|Lugduni]] nobili loco natus, cum filiam [[Avitus Augustus|Aviti]] in [[matrimonium]] duxisset illius, qui in [[Gallia]] postea [[imperator]] proclamatus est, honorum certa spe commotus [[Roma]]mque cum socero profectus [[15 Ianuarii]] [[456]]. Imperatorem [[carmen|carmine]] laudavit. Illo quidem summa rerum deiecto ad [[Maiorianus|Maiorianum]] successorem accessit, cuius adventum Lugduni versu concelebravit. Occiso itidem [[imperator]]e, Sidonius ad praedia sua recessit, ubi Gallia ad meridiem vergit, donec consumptis aliquot annis in otio et [[versus|versibus]] faciendis ab [[Anthemius (imperator)|Anthemio]] Augusto, qui animos nobilium Galliae sibi conciliare vellet, Romam revocatus denuo [[panegyricus|panegyrico]] recitato praefectus urbi factus et patricia dignitate ornatus est. Quid quod carmina Sidonii eorum qui [[Iesus|Christum]] pro deo colunt fidem non redolent? Tamen anno septuagesimo circiter et quadringentesimo pontifex summus sacerdotum [[Christus|Christi]] in civitate [[Arvernia|Arvernorum]] creatus est.

Sidonium Apollinarem constat inter maximos auctores numerandum non esse qui Latine scripserunt. Neque tamen epistulae contemnendae sunt, ut quibus testis locupletior vitae atque morum cum omnium ordinum tum nobilium non extet, qui saeculo quinto sextoque in Gallia fuerunt. In panegyricis autem faciendis a [[Claudianus|Claudiano]], poeta illustrissimo profectus est.

[[Sanctus]] ab Ecclesia Catholica Romana putatur, et dies feriae [[21 Augusti]] est. 

== Bibliographia ==
; Editiones operum
* c. 1474 : editio Ultraiectina [https://archive.org/details/ned-kbn-all-00001815-001 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* 1598 : Ioannes Savaro, ed., ''Caii Sollii Apollinaris Sidonii Arvernorum episcopi opera''. Parisiis: officina Plantiniana [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_AOtAs-t24-cC Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* 1614 : Iacobus Sirmondus, ed., ''C. Sollii Apollinaris Sidonii Arvernorum episcopi opera''. Parisiis: ex officina Nivelliana [https://www.e-rara.ch/zuz/content/titleinfo/8563263 Textus] apud ''e-Rara''
* 1652 : Iacobus Sirmondus, ed., ''C. Sol. Apollin. Sidonii Aruernorum episcopi opera''. 2a ed. Parisiis [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_gPFHrzJJ4rUC Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* 1913-1915 : O. M. Dalton, interpr., ''The letters of Sidonius''. Oxonii: Clarendon Press. 2 voll. [https://archive.org/details/lettersofsidoniu01sido vol. 1] [https://archive.org/details/lettersofsidoniu02sido vol. 2]
* 1960-1970: [[Collection des Universités de France]]: André Loyen, ''Sidoine Apollinaire. Tome I. Poèmes''. Les Belles Lettres, 1960 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1961_num_30_1_3408_t1_0255_0000_2 Recensio critica]
** ''Sidoine Apollinaire, t. II et III : Lettres (livres I-V et VI-IX)'', Les Belles Lettres, 1970 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1972_num_74_1_3927_t1_0352_0000_2 Recensio critica]
=== Plura legere si cupis ===
*Renaud Alexandre, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/vita_0042-7306_2009_num_180_1_1284 La voix du poète dans les Panégyriques de Sidoine Apollinaire]&quot;, ''Vita Latina'', 2009: 53-63
*Jean Champomier. ''Esquisse pour un portrait de Sidoine Apollinaire'', Lutetiae, René Debresse, 1938
*Silvia Condorelli,  ''Il poeta doctus nel V secolo d.C. Aspetti della poetica di Sidonio Apollinare'', Neapoli, Loffredo, 2008 [https://www.academia.edu/4952848/Silvia_Condorelli_Il_poeta_doctus_nel_V_secolo_D_C_Aspetti_della_poetica_di_Sidonio_Apollinare_Naples_2008 Recensio critica]
*Lucie Desbrosses, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/ista_0000-0000_2015_act_1332_1_3680 L’Ancien monde chez Sidoine Apollinaire : prégnance et signification du modèle païen]&quot; in ''Une Antiquité tardive noire ou heureuse ? Actes du colloque international de Besançon (12 et 13 novembre 2014)'', 2015: 209-226
** ''[http://indexation.univ-fcomte.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/7582d5bb-133f-4223-bc33-b2b8634a1559 Sidoine Apollinaire et la Gaule chrétienne au Ve siècle]'', Vesontione, 2018 (Dissertatio academica)
*Anita Di Stefano et Marco Onorato (curatores), ''Lo specchio del modello. Orizzonti intertestuali e Fortleben di Sidonio Apollinare'', Neapoli, Paolo Loffredo Editore, 2020 [https://www.academia.edu/50982100/Anita_Di_Stefano_Marco_Onorato_eds_Lo_specchio_del_modello_Orizzonti_intertestuali_e_Fortleben_di_Sidonio_Apollinare_Napoli_Paolo_Loffredo_Editore_2020_Studi_latini_n_s_94_486_p_38_50_ISBN_978_88_32193_33_6 Recensio critica]
*Veronika Egetenmeyr, ''Die Konstruktion der ‚Anderen‘. Barbarenbilder in den Briefen des Sidonius Apollinaris'', Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz, 2022 [https://www.plekos.uni-muenchen.de/2024/r-egetenmeyr.pdf Recensio critica]
* Sara Fascione, ''[https://scd-resnum.univ-lyon3.fr/out/theses/2018_out_fascione_s.pdf Gli 'altri' al potere. Romani e barbari nella Gallia di Sidonio Apollinaire]'', Lugduni, 2018 (Dissertatio Academica)
*Eugenius Geisler,	''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=E8_jPHfrn-cC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ViewAPI&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false De Apollinaris Sidonii studiis]'', Vratislaviae, 1885    '''LATINE'''
*Filomena Giannoti, ''Scrinia Arverna. Studi su Sidonio Apollinare'', Pisae, Edizioni ETS, 2021 (Studi e testi di storia antica 29.) [https://www.academia.edu/96581959/Filomena_Giannotti_Scrinia_Arverna_Studi_su_Sidonio_Apollinare_Studi_e_testi_di_storia_antica_29_Pisa_Edizioni_ETS_2021 Recensio critica]
*Joseph Grzywaczewski, Daniel K. Knox. &quot;[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/10.7829/j.ctt1zqrn0m.18 Glory, Decay and Hope: goddess Roma in Sidonius Apollinaris' Panegyrics]&quot; in ''Pagans and Christians in the Late Roman Empire: New Evidence, New Approaches (4th–8th centuries)'', 2017: 203-216
*Jean-Yves Guillaumin, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/dha_2108-1433_2013_sup_8_1_3628 Rappel de l’histoire et invitation à l’action dans les Panégyriques de Sidoine Apollinaire]&quot;, ''Dialogues d'histoire ancienne'', 2013: 93-107
* Marie- France Guipponi-Gineste, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/vita_0042-7306_2010_num_182_1_1697 Sidoine et la topique de l’éloge de personne dans les Poèmes VI et VII]&quot;, ''Vita Latina'', 2010: 41-60
*	Fridolfus V. Gustafsson, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=xGXd4_wQUbAC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ViewAPI&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false De Apollinari Sidonio emendando'', [[Helsingforsia|Helsingforsiae]], 1882  '''LATINE'''
*Jill Harries, ''Sidonius Apollinaris and the Fall of Rome AD 407-485'', Oxford University Press, 1995 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/270508 Recensio critica]
*Gavin Kelly et Joop van Waarden, ''Edinburgh Companion to Sidonius Apollinaris'', Edinburgh University Press, 2020 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=W6QxEAAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*Frank-Michael Kaufmann,	''Studien zu Sidonius Apollinaris'', Francofurti, 1995  [https://www.jstor.org/stable/30222733 Recensio critica]
*A. Loyen, ''Recherches Historiques sur les Panégyriques de Sidoine Apollinaire'', Lutetiae, E. Champion, 1942
**''Sidoine Apollinaire et l'Esprit Précieux en Gaule aux Derniers Jours de l'Empire'', Lutetiae, Les Belles Lettres, 1943
*Karl-Ake Mossberg, ''Studia Sidoniana critica et semasiologica : commentatio academica'', Upsaliae, 1934  '''LATINE'''
*Maximilianus Mueller,	''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=9NosfMrLBSsC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ViewAPI&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false De Apollinaris Sidonii Latinitate : observationes ad etymologiam syntaxin vocabulorum apparatum spectantes]'', Halis Saxonum, 1888 '''LATINE'''
* Marco Onorato, ''Il castone e la gemma: sulla tecnica poetica di Sidonio Apollinare'', Neapoli, Paolo Loffredo, 2016 [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2017/2017.10.50 Recensio critica]
*Oliver Overwien, &quot;[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/40379082 Kampf um Gallien: Die Briefe des Sidonius Apollinaris zwischen Literatur und Politik]&quot;, ''Hermes'', 2009: 93-117
*Jean-Marie Pailler, &quot;[https://journals.openedition.org/pallas/19320 Sidoine et les Barbares]&quot;, ''Pallas'', 2020: 249-266
*	''Présence de Sidoine Apollinaire'', [actes du colloque international, Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, 19-20 octobre 2010], Claromontii, 2014 ISBN 	
978-2-900479-19-3
*Françoise Prévot, &quot;[https://books.openedition.org/septentrion/48644 La construction de son image par Sidoine Apollinaire à travers la publication de sa correspondance]&quot; in [https://books.openedition.org/septentrion/48569 La vie des autres],  Presses universitaires du Septentrion, 2013: 231-248
*H. Rutherford, ''Sidonius Apollinaris , l'homme politique, l'écrivain, l'évêque, étude d'une figure gallo-romaine du Ve siècle'', Clermont-Ferrand, 1938 [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bd6t5773083t/f5.item.texteImage Gallica]
*H. S. Sivan, &quot;[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/4476668 Sidonius Apollinaris, Theodoric II, and Gothic-Roman Politics from Avitus to Anthemius]&quot;, ''Hermes'', 1989: 85-94 
*Ann-Kathrin Stähle, ''Quid poema frangat? Zur Poetik des Bruchs in  den Carmina des Sidonius Apollinaris'', Stuttgart, Franz Steiner Verlag, 2025 [https://www.plekos.uni-muenchen.de/2026/r-staehle.pdf Recensio critica]
* C. E. Stevens, ''Sidonius Apollinaris and his age'' , Clarendon Press, 1933 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1935_num_37_1_2819_t1_0118_0000_2 Recensio critica]
*Annick Stoehr-Monjou, &quot;[https://journals.openedition.org/viatica/2059 Enjeux mémoriels d’un récit de voyage de Lyon à Rome : Sidoine Apollinaire (Lettre 1, 5)]&quot;, ''Viatica'', 2021: 2059

== Nexus externi ==
{{vicifons|Scriptor:Sidonius Apollinaris|Sidonius Apollinaris}}
{{CommuniaCat|Sidonius Apollinaris|Sidonium}}
* [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers#sidonius_apollinaris Translatio Anglica omnium epistularum], O.M. Dalton (1915)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20201021065510/http://www.sidoniusapollinaris.nl/ Sidonius Apollinaris], pagina omnis auctori dedicata, inter alia continens textum Latinum epistularum omnium et uberem bibliographiam], Joop A. van Waarden (2003-....)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070826163557/http://home.casema.nl/marcelkuyper/sidonius_bestanden/sid_carmen_vii.html Praefatio ]panegyrici dicti Avito Augusto
{{Fontes biographici}}
*[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Christian_Biography_and_Literature_to_the_End_of_the_Sixth_Century/Sidonius_Apollinaris,_St Dictionary of Christian Biography] apud Wikisource

{{Lifetime|saeculo 5|saeculo 5|Sidonius Apollinaris}}
[[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Epistolographi]]
[[Categoria:Poetae Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Politici Romani antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Sancti]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Galliae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gerardus Alesius</title>
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      <text bytes="1393" sha1="lw7dtzff5q3k5zmm9cuf182klypwv1c" xml:space="preserve">'''Gerardus Alesius''' ([[Theodisce]]: ''Gerd Allesch''; natus [[Claudiforum|Claudifori]] [[Carinthia]]e anno [[1967]]), est [[poëta]] Latinus [[Austria]]cus, qui habitat [[Vindobona]]e. In [[Alma Mater Rudolphina Vindobonensis|Universitate Vindobonensi]] munere linguae Latinae lectoris fungitur. 

Elegantissimas carminum farragines in lucem edidit, in quibus laetas tristesve vitae vicissitudines animo vere poëtico expressit.

==Scripta==
* 2000: &quot;Epigrammatum libellus&quot;, Vindobonae, Editio Praesens, 2000
* 2005: ''Odae XLV'', Vindobonae, Editio Praesens, 2005.
Vide etiam:
* Carmina, in: Radke, A. E. (ed.), Alaudae. Ephemeridis nova series. Fasciculus primus. Hildesiae - Zürich - New York 2005, 107-119
* Versiculi ephemeri Cracovienses, in: Krężel, T. (ed.), Materies Seminarii L.V.P.A.e Cracoviensis anno MMVII habiti, Cracoviae 2008, 136-138

==Nexus externi==
* [http://www.suberic.net/~marc/alesiusdelecta.html Poësis Latina a Gerardo Alesio scripta]
* [http://online.univie.ac.at/pers?pkey=35852&amp;lang=en Pagina apud Universitatem Vindobonensem]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{scriptor-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alesius, Gerardus}}
{{Nexus absunt}}
[[Categoria:Nati 1967]]
[[Categoria:Homines vivi]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Latini hodierni]]
[[Categoria:Poetae Austriae]]
[[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Vindobonensis]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>30 Augusti</title>
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      <comment>/* Eventa */ Athalaricus</comment>
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      <text bytes="8026" sha1="og50l1417rna4jvnyqh41e9pr5sc9a7" xml:space="preserve">{{Calendarium-Augusti}}
'''30 Augusti''' in [[calendarium Gregorianum|calendario Gregoriano]] est 242ª anni dies, 243ª [[Annus bisextilis|annis bisextilibus]]. 123 dies manent.

Secundum [[calendarium Romanum]] 30 Augusti est ''ante diem tertium Kalendas Septembres,'' quae ''a.d. III Kal. Sept.'' imminui potest.

== Eventa ==
=== Saeculo 6 ===
* [[526]] - Post mortem avi [[Theodoricus (rex Ostrogothorum)|Theodorici Magni]] [[Athalaricus (rex Ostrogothorum)|Athalaricus]] rex [[Ostrogothi|Ostrogothorum]] fit.

=== Saeculo 12 ===
* [[1125]] - [[Lotharius III (imperator)|Lotharius III]] rex Romanorum eligitur.

=== Saeculo 16 ===
* [[1535]] - [[Paulus III]] papa [[Bulla apostolica|bullam]] ''[[Eius qui immobilis]]'' promulgat, qua [[Henricus VIII (rex Angliae)|Henricum VIII]], regem [[Anglia]]e et eius futores damnat.

=== Saeculo 18 ===
* [[1757]] - [[Borussia]]e exercitus a [[Russia|Russicis]] in [[Bellum septennale|Bello septennali]] apud vicum ''[[Pugna apud Großjägersdorf|Großjägersdorf]]'' vincitur.

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1940]] - [[Germania]] urgente [[Romania]] [[Transsilvania]]m septentrionalem [[Hungaria]]e tradere cogitur.
* [[1995]] - Bellum in [[Bosnia et Herzegovina]]; [[Consociatio ex pacto Atlantico Septentrionali]] illum fortem [[Res militaris|militariae]] usa est.{{dubsig}}

== Natales ==
=== Saeculo 14 ===
* [[1334]] – [[Petrus Castellae|Petrus, Rex Castellae]] (m. [[1369]])
* [[1377]] – [[Shah Rukh (domus Timurida)|Shah Rukh]], rector [[Persia]]e et [[Transoxonia]]e (m. [[1447]])

=== Saeculo 15 ===
* [[1401]] - [[Georgius Sphrantzes]], [[historicus]] [[Imperium Byzantinum|Byzantinus]] (mortuus anno [[1479]])

=== Saeculo 16 ===
* [[1538]] - [[Caesar Baronius]], religiosus [[Italia|Italicus]], [[cardinalis]], historicus (m. [[1607]])

=== Saeculo 18 ===
* [[1705]] – [[David Hartley (philosophus)|David Hartley]], [[philosophus]] [[Anglia|Anglicus]] (m. 1757)	
* [[1720]] – [[Samuel Whitbread]], coquus Anglicus (m. 1796)	
* [[1748]] - [[Iacobus Ludovicus David]], [[pictor]] [[Francia|Francicus]] (m. [[1825]])	
* [[1768]] – [[Iosephus Dennie]], [[scriptor]] [[CFA|Americanus]] (m. 1812)	
* [[1797]] – [[Maria Shelley]], scriptrix Anglica (m. 1851)	
* [[1798]] - [[Virginia Déjazet]], [[actrix]] [[Francia|Francica]] (m. [[1875]])	
	
=== Saeculo 19 ===
* [[1808]] – [[Ludovika Bavariensis|Ludovica]] principissa Bavariae (m. [[1892]])	
* [[1811]] - [[Theophilus Gautier]], scriptor Francicus (m. [[1872]])	
* [[1813]] – [[Mathilda Bavariae (1813–1862)|Mathilda, Principissa Bavariae]] (m. [[1862]])	
* [[1818]] – [[Alexander Hamilton Rice]], tricensimus gubernator [[Massachusetta]]e (m. [[1895]])	
* [[1820]] - [[Hardin Richardus Runnels]], gubernator [[Texia]]e; mortuus est anno [[1873]])	
* [[1821]] – [[Anita Garibaldi]], rerum novarum cupida et uxor [[Iosephus Garibaldi|Iosephi Garibaldi]] (m. [[1849]])	
* [[1850]] - [[Marcellus del Pilar]], scriptor, legatus et scriptor [[Philippinae|Philippinarum]] (mortuus est anno [[1896]])	
* [[1852]] - [[Iacobus Henricus van 't Hoff]], chemicus [[Nederlandia|Nederlandicus]] (mortuus anno [[1911]])	
* [[1860]] - [[Isaacus Levitan]], [[pictor]] Russicus (m. [[1900]])	
* [[1870]] - [[Laurus Kornilov]], [[miles|dux militaris]] Russicus (m. [[1918]])	
* [[1871]] - [[Ernestus Rutherford]], [[physicus]] [[Britanniarum regnum|Britannicus]] (m. [[1937]])	
* [[1883]] - [[Theodorus van Doesburg]], [[pictor]] [[Nederlandia|Nederlandicus]] (m. [[1931]])	
* [[1884]] - [[Theodorus Svedberg]], chemicus [[Suecia|Suecicus]] (mortuus anno [[1971]])	
* [[1891]] - [[Helena Holzman]], scriptrix et [[pictura|pictrix]] [[Germania|Germanica]] (mortua anno [[1968]])	
* [[1893]] - [[Huey Pierce Long]], politicorum peritus Americanus (mortuus anno [[1935]])
* [[1900]] - [[Zeno Saltini]], [[presbyter]], [[paedagogus]] Italicus et conditor comunitatis [[Nomadelfia]]e (mortuus anno [[1981]])

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1903]] - [[Petrus Pavan]], cardinalis Italicus (mortuus anno [[1994]])
* [[1912]] - [[Eduardus Mills Purcell]], physicus Americanus (mortuus anno [[1997]])
* [[1913]] - [[Ricardus Stone]], oeconomiae peritus [[Britanniarum regnum|Britannicus]] (mortuus est anno [[1991]])
* [[1915]] - [[Principissa Liliana|Liliana]] principissa [[Suecia]]e (mortua anno [[2013]])
* [[1917]] - [[Dionysius Healey]], rerum politicarum peritus Britannicus factionis [[Factio Laboris (Britanniarum Regnum)|Laboris]] (mortuus anno [[2015]])
* [[1919]] - [[Wolfgangus Wagner]], Germanicus theatri moderator (m. [[2010]])
* [[1929]] - [[Franciscus Cheng]], scriptor et [[calligraphia]]e peritus [[Sinae|Sino]]-Francicus
* [[1940]] - [[Rubén Hinojosa]], rerum politicarum peritus Americanus factionis [[Factio Democratica (Civitates Foederatae)|Democraticae]]
* [[1951]] - [[Gediminas Kirkilas]], vir publicus [[Lituania]]e (mortuus anno [[2024]])
* [[1954]]
** [[Alexander Lukashenko]], praeses [[Ruthenia Alba|Rutheniae Albae]]
** [[Norbertus Brackmann]], rerum politicarum peritus Germanicus factionis [[CDU]]
* [[1955]] - [[Helge Schneider]], comoedus atque musicus iazzensis, artifex scaenicus, scriptor, ac dispositor spectaculi cinematographici Germanicus
* [[1956]] - [[Ismaël Lô]], [[musicus]] [[Senegalia|Senegalicus]]
* [[1958]] - [[Anna Politkovskaja]], diurnaria Russica (necata anno [[2006]])
* [[1960]] - [[Philippus Jourdan]], [[episcopus]] [[catholicus]] Francicus et [[Estonia]]e [[Apostolica Administratio|administrator apostolicus]]
* [[1972]] - [[Cameron Diaz]], actrix Americana
* [[1974]] - [[Camilla Läckberg]], scriptrix Suecica 
* [[1978]] - [[Cliftonus Lee]], [[Basipila|basipilista]] Americanus
* [[1982]] - [[Andreas Roddick]], tenilusor Americanus
* [[1983]] - [[Simon Pepe]], pedilusor Italicus

== Mortes ==
=== Saeculo 6 ===
* [[526]] - Theodoricus Magnus (natus circa annum [[454]])

=== Saeculo 12 ===
* [[1181]] - [[Alexander III]], papa ab anno [[1159]] (natus Rolandus Bandinelli circiter anno [[1105]])

=== Saeculo 15 ===
* [[1483]] - [[Ludovicus XI]], rex Francorum (natus anno [[1423]])

=== Saeculo 18 ===
* [[1767]] - [[Alexander Buturlin]], dux militaris Russicus (n. [[1694]])

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1908]] - [[Ioannes Fattori]], pictor Italicus (natus anno [[1825]])
* [[1928]] - [[Gulielmus Wien]], physicus Germanicus (natus anno [[1864]])
* [[1935]] - [[Henricus Barbusse]], scriptor Franciicus (n. [[1873]])
* [[1957]] - [[Otto Suhr]], praefectus [[Berolinum|Berolini]] (natus anno [[1894]])
* [[1991]] - [[Ioannes Tinguely]], pictor et sculptor [[Helvetia|Helveticus]] (natus anno [[1925]])
* [[1995]] - [[Agepê]], cantor et musicographus [[Brasilia]]nus (n. [[1942]]).

=== Saeculo 21 ===
* 2006 - [[Nagib Mahfuz]], scriptor [[Aegyptus|Aegypti]] (natus anno [[1911]])
* [[2009]] - [[Horst Stowasser]], scriptor et [[anarchista]] Germanicus (natus anno [[1951]])
* 2010 - [[Alanus Corneau]], moderator cinematographicus Francicus (natus anno [[1943]])
* 2013 - [[Iacobus Heaney]], scriptor et poeta [[Hibernia|Hibernicus]] (natus anno [[1939]])
* 2015
**[[Oliverus Sacks]], neurologus et scriptor Anglo-Americanus (natus est anno [[1933]])
**[[Wes Craven]], moderator cinematographicus Americanus (natus anno 1939)
**[[Marvin Mandel]], rerum politicarum peritus Americanus (natus anno [[1920]])
* [[2017]] - [[Margarita Boulton]], scriptrix Anglica (nata anno [[1924]])
* [[2018]] - [[Iosephus Kobzon]], cantor [[URSS|Sovieticus]] et Russicus (natus anno [[1937]])
* [[2022]] - [[Michael Gorbačëv]], politicusSoveticus et Russicus, praeses Unionis Sovieticae (natus anno [[1931]])

== Festa et Feriae ==
* [[Feriae]] Christianae:
** [[Alexander Constantinopolis]]
** [[Fantinus]]
** [[Felix et Adauctus]]
** [[Sanctus Pammachius|Pammachius]]
* [[Internationalis Exstinctorum Dies]]&lt;!--&quot;International Day of the Disappeared&quot;--&gt; ([[Mos internationalis]]&lt;!--&quot;International observance&quot;--&gt;)
* [[Index feriarum publicarum in Peruvia|Dies Sanctae Rosae Limensis]]&lt;!--&quot;St. Rose of Lima Day&quot;--&gt; ([[Peruvia]])
* [[Dies Victoriae (Turcia)]]

{{menses}}

[[Categoria:Dies]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tokelau</title>
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      <text bytes="6482" sha1="humvjs0tyee2d8uiypua718rufdke5h" xml:space="preserve">{{L}}
[[Fasciculus:LocationTokelau.png|thumb|Situs Tokelau insularum]]
[[Fasciculus:Fakaofo Atoll.jpg|thumb|[[Fakaofo]]]]
'''Tokelau''' est [[territorium]] quod in tribus [[atollum|atollis]] in [[Oceanus Pacificus|Oceano Pacifico]] Australi consistit, a [[Nova Zelandia]] gubernatum. Numerus civium est minus quam 1500 hominum, qui tres vicos in [[insula|insulis]] habitant, et [[Lingua Tokelauana|Tokelauana]] [[Lingua Anglica|Anglicaque]] utuntur. 

Quamquam ''[[fono (Tokelau)|fono]]'' rem publicam insularum administrat, [[Consociatio Nationum]] Tokelau designavit unum e [[Territoria Quae Non Se Gubernant|Territoriis Quod Non Se Gubernant]].&lt;ref&gt;http://www.tokelau.org.nz/| Situs publicus Concilii Praesentis Administrationis Tokelauensis.&lt;/ref&gt; Praesens rei publicae caput ([[Lingua Tokelauana|Tokelauane]]: ''Ulu o Tokelau'') est [[Pius Tuia]] (natus [[1931]]); administrator, [[David Bruce Payton]] (natus circa [[1952]]).

[[Carmen publicum]] est &quot;God Save the Queen,&quot; nam [[Elizabeth II (regina Britanniarum)|Elizabeth II, regina Nova Zelandiae]], est [[caput civitatis]].

== Etymologia et nominis evolutio ==
Secundum vocabulum ''tokelau'' ([[Polynesiane]], 'ventus septentrionalis'), a maioribus posteris traditum, Atolla Tokelauensia [[Samoa]]m in australi aspicunt. Obsoletum insularum nomina, quae olim ad coloniam pertinuerunt, sunt ''Union Islands'' (Insulae Iunctionis) et ''Union Group'' (Circulus Iunctionis). Nomen publicum ''Tokelau Islands'' (Insulae Tokelauenses) anno [[1946]] ascitum est, quod simpliciter ''Tokelau'' die [[9 Decembris]] [[1976]] commutatum est.

== Geographia ==
[[Fasciculus:Tokelau Islands.png|thumb|upright=1|left|Tabula Insularum Tokelauensium. Swains Insula videtur in australi.]]
Tokelau amplectitur [[Atafu]], [[Nukunonu]], et [[Fakaofo]]nem, tropicalia curalii atolla in Oceano Pacifico Australi inter 171° et 173°&amp;nbsp;W longitudine et 8° et 10°&amp;nbsp;S latitudine, fere medio inter [[Hawaii|Havaios]] et [[Aotearoa]]m. &lt;!-- Iacent about {{convert|500|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} north of [[Samoa]]. The islands are [[Atafu]], at one time known as the Duke of York Group, [[Nukunonu]], also the Duke of Clarence Group, and [[Fakaofo]], once Bowditch Island. Between them they comprise a land area of 10.8&amp;nbsp;km². There are no ports or harbours. Tokelau lies in the Pacific [[typhoon]] belt. A fourth island that is culturally, historically, and geographically, but not politically, part of the Tokelau chain is [[Swains Island]] (Olohega), under [[United States]] control since about 1900 and administered as part of [[American Samoa]] since 1925. The island was claimed by the United States pursuant to the [[Guano Islands Act]] as were the other three islands of Tokelau, which claims were ceded to Tokelau by treaty in 1979. In the draft constitution of Tokelau subject to the Tokelauan self-determination referendum in 2006, Olohega is claimed as part of Tokelau, a claim surrendered in the same 1979 treaty which established a boundary between American Samoa and Tokelau.--&gt;

==Historia==
Indicia [[archaeologia|archaeologica]] monstrant homines atolla Tokelauensia—[[Atafu]], [[Nukunonu]], [[Fakaofo]]—abhinc annorum 1000 fere habitare coepere, ut videtur a [[Samoa]], [[Insulae Cook|Insulis Cook]], et [[Tuvalu]] [[navigatio|navigantis]]. [[Historia]] oralis [[traditio]]nes loci et [[genealogia]]s ex aliquot [[saeculum|saecula]] memorat.&lt;ref name=&quot;mfat&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mfat.govt.nz/Countries/Pacific/Tokelau.php|publisher=[[New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade]]|title=Tokelau|accessdate=2007-09-29}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!-- Inhabitants followed [[Polynesian mythology]] with the local god [[Tui Tokelau]]; and developed forms of music (see [[Music of Tokelau]]) and art. The three atolls functioned largely independently while maintaining social and linguistic cohesion. Tokelauan society was governed by chiefly [[clan]]s, and there were occasional inter-atoll skirmishes and [[war]]s as well as inter-[[marriage]]. Fakaofo, the &quot;chiefly island,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fakaofo.tk/page001.html|title=Fakaofo|accessdate=2007-09-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; held some dominance over Atafu and Nukunonu. Life on the atolls was subsistence-based, with reliance on [[fish]] and [[coconut]].&lt;ref name=&quot;mfat&quot;/&gt;

[[Fasciculus:Fakaofo Atoll.jpg|thumb|left|Atollum Fakaofo, australissima Tokelauensium Insularum]]
[[Fasccculus:Tokelau barge.JPG|thumb|right|A barge leaves the landing ramp in Nukuono to collect cargo and passengers from the MV Tokelau]]--&gt;

== Fontes ==
* Huntsman, Judith, et Antony Hooper. [[1996]]. ''Tokelau: A Historical Ethnography.'' Auckland: Auckland University Press. ISBN 1-86940-153-0. 
* Huntsman, Judith, cum Kelihiano Kalolo. [[2007]]. ''The Future of Tokelau: Decolonising Agendas.'' Auckland: Auckland University Press. ISBN 978-1-86940-398-0.
* McQuarrie, Peter. [[2008]]. ''Tokelau.''
* Thomas, Allan, Ineleo Tuia, et Judith Huntsman, eds. [[1990]]. ''Songs and Stories of Tokelau: An Introduction to the Cultural Heritage.'' Wellington: Victoria University Press. ISBN 0-86473-201-5.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-MacToke.html Ethnologia Insularum Tokelauensium]
* [http://www.everyculture.com/To-Z/Tokelau.html Historia, cultura, oeconomiaque Tokelauenses]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120209180502/http://www.tokelau.org.nz/ Tokelau Council of Ongoing Government], executivus gubernationis ramus
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100605160040/http://www.mfat.govt.nz/Foreign-Relations/Pacific/Tokelau/index.php Administrator Tokelauensis], situs publicus NZ Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160527062836/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tl.html CIA World Factbook entry for Tokelau]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071024132228/http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Oceania/Tokelau/ Open Directory Project— ''Tokelau'' ODP Tokelau category]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071221175635/http://archives.pireport.org/archive/2004/june/06-02-fea.htm 'Tokelau wonders, &quot;What have we done wrong?&quot;']
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090427113229/http://www.fakaofo.tk/ Situs publicus Atolli Fakaofonis]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080915210635/http://www.nukunonu.tk/ Situs publicus Atolli Nukunonus]

[[Categoria:Coloniae Regni Britanniarum]]
[[Categoria:Nova Zelandia]]
[[Categoria:Polynesia]]
[[Categoria:Territoria obnoxia Oceaniae]]
[[Categoria:Tokelau|!]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Vedi</title>
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      <text bytes="5835" sha1="b4i1s1hy9oyzinewgyvzryoa8ia21hg" xml:space="preserve">{{De Hinduismo}}
[[File:Student learning Veda.jpg|thumb|Studiosus Vedorum versus cantans, anno 2011]]
'''Vedi'''&lt;ref&gt;''Vedi, -orum'' m. passim legitur in ''Glossario Sanscrito'' a [[Franciscus Bopp|Francisco Bopp]] confecto; sed cf. Albrechti Weber ''Yajurvedae specimen cum commentario'' (1845)&lt;/ref&gt; (scriptura [[devanagari]] वेद, veda 'scientia; cognitio vera') sunt [[ecloga]]e quattuor carminum [[lingua Sanscrita]] antiquissima scriptorum. Hi sunt tituli carminum:
*[[Rigveda]]
*[[Yajurveda]]
*[[Samaveda]]
*[[Atharvaveda]]
Tria prima horum carminum graviora putantur. Liber unusquisque quattuor habet genera scriptorum: hymnos, ritus, meditationes, mysticam philosophiam. Vedi non sunt a singulo auctore scripti, sed per saecula multa collecti sunt a multis vatibus. Offerunt igitur Vedi prospectum historiae et culturae Indicarum aetatis antiquissimae.

==Discrimina==
Vedos, litterarum Hindicarum pars antiquissima, et argumentis et lingua valde a litteris posterioribus Sanscriticis differre constat. Vedis gradus tres sunt: ''Mantra'' (effata sancta), ''Brâhmana'' (theologica) et ''Sûtra'' (ad litteras ''filum, taenia'') qui communes sunt omnibus quattuor Vedis (Rik, Sâman, Jadschus, Atharvan) modum in aequalem. ''Mantra'' sive ''Samhitâ'' (»collectio«), pars maxime vetusta, in hymnis et aphorismis consistit ad caeremonias antiquas sanctas attinentibus. In ''Brâhmana'' iunguntur immolationis cantus precesque cum caeremoniis ipsis, quarum sensus explicetur. Ea occasione res narratiunculis atque legendis ornantur. Philosophica autem pullulant (cogitationes de ''Brahma'', de ente generali) in nonnullis partibus in ''Brâhmana'', quibus titulus specialis ''[[Upanishad]]um''. 

Denique ''Sûtra'' mysteria sacra et res ibidem pertinentes systematice describunt, saepissime modo breviore atque hermetico. Differentia in eis fit inter ''Kalpa-Sûtra'' sive ''Çrauta-Sûtra'' de victimis magnis, et ''Smârta-Sûtra'' de vita domestica burgensique. Quae ultima dividuntur in ''Grihja-Sûtra'' (regulae domesticae) de caeremoniis in nativitate, nuptiis, obsequiis observandis et ''Dharma-Sûtra'' de iurisprudentia. Quae complent adhuc alia scripta explicatoria de bono pronuntiatu, de [[Metrum (poësis)|versus mensura]], de grammatica etymologiaque et de [[astronomia]]. Hic mentionis digna est glossarum collectio ''Nighantava'' cum commentario vetusto (niruktam) ''Jâska''; maioris momenti est quoque opus ''Prâtiçâkhja'' docens de sacrarum scripturarum recitatione correcta.

''Samhitâ'' in ''[[Rigveda]]'' cantus traditionales apud [[Indus|Indum]] et in [[Pengabum|Pengabo]] olim creatos, quorum hymni antiquissimi antiquitem saeculi II a.Chr.n. olent, tradunt. ''Rigveda'' enim separantur in circulos decem ''(mandala)'' quibus plus quam mille hymnorum (sûkta) in plus quam decies milibus versuum (rik); circuli singuli variis a cantatoriis familiis exarati erant, cum circulus I/VIII/IX/X cantilenas cantorum (rishi) habeant gentium variarum. Circulus omnis ordinem secundum deos servat: i.e. in honorem Agni, postea Indra etc. Liber autem IX res profert in honorem Soma tantummodo. Apud ''Rigveda'' historica sociologicaque tractantur et auctores linguam archaicam utuntur. Momentum autem pro mythologia comparata Indoeuropaea satis mediocre esse dicitur.

Attinent ad ''Rigveda'' haec: ''Aitareja-Brâhmana'', ''Kauschîtaki-Brâhmana'', ''Âçvalâjana-Sûtra'' (Sûtren), ''Çânkhâjana-Sûtra'' et ''Prâtiçâkhja-Sûtra'' (Çaunaka). ''Samhitâ'' (Sâmaveda) autem florilegiuin poesi prosaquem simplex est pro immolatione Soma. Ad litteras ''melodiam'' significat. ''Jadshurveda'' formulas in victimis omnibus adhibendas continet, quorum recensiones plures habemus (e.g. ''Maitrâjanî-Samhitâ'', ''Kâthaka'', ''Taittirîja-Samhitâ'', ''Vâdshasaneji-Samhitâ''. Maximi autem momenti est commentarius ''Çatapatha-Brâhmana'' ubi relationes ad poesim recentiorem revelantur.

Anthologia ''Atharvaveda'' libris in viginti (Kânda) hymnos 760 continet, quorum quinta pars carpta est e ''Riksamhitâ'' cum magicis, devotionibus, exsecrationibus, larvarum implorationibus, necnon sententiis vitae quotidianae aptis.

Corpuss Vedorum omnium gigans ante saeculum VI terminatum diu ore solummodo traditum erat aberrationibus minimis impedientibus. Et nostris diebus sunt sapientes, qui versus permultos ex memoria recitare queunt velut bibliotheca viva. Recitationis correctae  praescripta suntvalde scrupulosa et sententiarum verba semper unitatem canoram fingere fas est.  

{{NexInt}}
*[[Upanishad]]
*[[Vedanta]]

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
*''The Rig Veda: an anthology'' tr. Wendy Doniger O'Flaherty. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1981.
* Jan Gonda: ''Die Religionen Indiens.'' Band 1: ''Veda und älterer Hinduismus'' (= ''Die Religionen der Menschheit.'' Bd. 11). Editio altera. Kohlhammer, Stuttgardiae 1978, ISBN 3-17-002972-X.
* Hermann Oldenberg: ''[http://www.archive.org/details/diereligiondesv00oldegoog Die Religion des Veda].'' Editio altera. Cotta, Stuttgardiae 1917.
* Moritz Winternitz: ''[http://www.archive.org/details/geschichtederind03wintuoft Geschichte der Indischen Literatur].'' Amelang, Lipsiae 1905–1922.
* Paul Gäbler: [https://web.archive.org/web/20230310160550/http://www.gaebler.info/2014/06/veda/ Veda. Veda (heiliges Wissen)] in: Evangelisches Kirchenlexikon, Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht, Göttingen 1959, Band P–Z, 1617–1618. 
==Nexus externi==  
* [https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/tradition-of-vedic-chanting-00062 Paginae UNESCO Vedos patrimonii mundani esse proclamantes]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20211018063111/http://thombar.de/ ''Rig-Veda''] in conversione Theodisca 
* [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/index.htm Vedi varii] in Anglicum conversi

[[Categoria:Vedi|!]]

{{Myrias|Philosophia}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gemma (lapis)</title>
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      <text bytes="3926" sha1="4qnj5h2srfnazboss3gukimid3jq2lk" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Gem.pebbles.800pix.jpg|thumb|Lapides politi.]]
'''Gemmae''' sunt [[lapis|lapides]] pretiosi aut [[minerale|mineralia]] aut res [[petrificatio|petrificatae]] quae aptae sunt ad ornamenta sumptuosa fabricanda. Gemmae magni aestimantur propter [[pulchritudo|pulchritudinem]] ac raritatem et perfectionem; species ergo magnopere [[pretium]] dictat gemmarum. Gemmae olim erant divisae in genera duo: lapidum pretiosorum et semipretiosorum. Pretiosi erant lapides maximae raritatis, quibus significationem [[religio]]sam tribuebant et in ornamentis [[ecclesia]]sticis collocabant.

Nunc nonnullae gemmae fabricantur in [[laboratorium|laboratorio]], quae discerni ab [[natura]]libus non possunt; sunt autem adulterinae gemmae quae e [[vitrum pictum|vitro picto]] fiant.

{{Citatio|Post [[marmor|marmorum]] genera gemmae sequuntur, quae multum auro decorem tribuunt venustate colorum. Primordia earum a rupe Caucasi. Fabulae ferunt [[Prometheus|Prometheum]] primum fragmentum saxi eius inclusisse ferro, ac digito circumdedisse iisque coepisse anulum atque gemmas. Genera gemmarum innumerabilia esse traduntur, e quibus nos ea tantum quae principalia sunt, sive notissima, annotabimus. Gemmae vocatae, quod instar gumi transluceant. Pretiosi lapides ideo dicti sunt, quia chare valent, sive ut a vilibus discerni possint, seu quod rari sint. Omne enim quod rarum est, magnum et pretiosum vocatur. |[[Isidorus Hispalensis]] |[[Etymologiarum Libri Viginti|Etymologiae]]}}

==Exempla gemmarum==
{{div col|5}}
*[[Achates]]
*[[Adamas]]
*[[Aegyptilla]]
*[[Alabandina]]
*[[Alectria]]
*[[Alexandrites]]
*[[Amethystus]]
*[[Anthracites]]
*[[Apsyctos]]
*[[Aquamarina]]
*[[Asterites]]
*[[Astrios]]
*[[Baroptis]]
*[[Belioculus]]
*[[Beryllus]]
*[[Calcedonius]]
*[[Callaica]]
*[[Carbunculus]]
*[[Chalazias]]
*[[Chalchosmaragdus]]
*[[Chelidonia]]
*[[Choaspites]]
*[[Chryselectrus]]
*[[Chrysoberyllus]]
*[[Chrysolampis]]
*[[Chrysolithos]]
*[[Chrysopis]]
*[[Chrysoprasius]]
*[[Chrysoprasus]]
*[[Ceraunium]]
*[[Citrinus]]
*[[Corallium]]
*[[Cornalina]]
*[[Corundum]]
*[[Crystallus]]
*[[Cyanea]]
*[[Cynaedia]]
*[[Dionysias]]
*[[Dracontites]]
*[[Droselytus]]
*[[Ebur]]
*[[Epimelas]]
*[[Exhebenus]]
*[[Galactites]]
*[[Haematites]]
*[[Heliotropium]]
*[[Hexecontalithus]]
*[[Hormesion]]
*[[Hyacinthus (lapis)|Hyacinthus]]
*[[Iaspis]]
*[[Iris]]
*[[Lapis lazuli]]
*[[Lychnites]]
*[[Lyncurius]]
*[[Malachites]]
*[[Magatama]]
*[[Margarita]]
*[[Medea (lapis)|Medea]]
*[[Melichlorus]]
*[[Mesomelas]]
*[[Myrrhites]]
*[[Mitrydax]]
*[[Murrina]]
*[[Nephrites]]
*[[Obsidius]]
*[[Onyx]]
*[[Opalus]]
*[[Orca (lapis)|Orca]]
*[[Paederos]]
*[[Panchrus]]
*[[Phlogites]]
*[[Prasius]]
*[[Pyrites]]
*[[Rhodites]]
*[[Sagda]]
*[[Sandasirus]]
*[[Sapphirus]]
*[[Sardonyx]]
*[[Sardius]]
*[[Sardus]]
*[[Selenites]]
*[[Smaragdus (lapis)|Smaragdus]]
*[[Solis]]
*[[Succinum]]
*[[Syrtites]]
*[[Topazium]]
*[[Trichrus]]
*[[Turcosa]]
*[[Veientana]]
*[[Veneris crinis]]
{{div col end}}

== Bibliographia ==
* Bernhard Bruder, ''Geschönte Steine''. Saraviponti: Neue Erde, 2005, ISBN 3-89060-079-4
* Gerhard Eis, &quot;Andreas Jeßner über die Edelsteine (1595)&quot; in ''Sudhoffs Archiv'' vol. 34 (1941) pp. 68–76
* Gerda Friess, ''Edelsteine im Mittelalter. Wandel und Kontinuität in ihrer Bedeutung durch zwölf Jahrhunderte (in Aberglauben, Medizin, Theologie und Goldschmiedekunst)''. Hildesiae, 1980
* Urban T. Holmes, &quot;Mediaeval gem stones&quot; in ''Speculum'' vol. 9 (1934) pp. 195–204
* Hans Lüschen, ''Die Namen der Steine''. 2a ed. Thun, 1979
* Florian Neukirchen, ''Edelsteine: Brillante Zeugen für die Erforschung der Erde''. Heidelbergae: Springer Spektrum, 2012. ISBN 978-3-8274-2921-6
* Adalberto Pazzini, ''Le pietre preziose nella storia della medicina e nella legenda''. Romae, 1939.
* Walter Schumann, ''Edelsteine und Schmucksteine''. 6a ed. Monaci: BLV Verlag, 1989. ISBN 3-405-12488-3

{{NexInt}}
*[[Anulus]]
*[[Corona]]
*[[Lapidarium]]

[[Categoria:Mineralia]]</text>
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    <title>Hildesia</title>
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      <text bytes="7186" sha1="t9gnmsi1l2c9kf0i4vhoil8foojfumz" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Hildesheim Hinterer.Brühl.Timberframe.House.01.JPG|thumb|Vicus vetus.]]
'''Hildesia'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;  ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hildesheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hilmessen'' seu ''Hilmssen'') est [[urbs]] in [[Saxonia Inferior]]e meridionali et caput [[circulus terrae|circuli terrae]] [[Circulus Hildesiensis|eiusdem nominis]]. In urbe sedes [[episcopus|episcopi]] [[Ecclesia Catholica|Catholici]] Romani, qui [[dioecesis Hildesiensis|dioecesi Hildesiensi]] praeest, et [[universitas]] studiorum est.

== Res gestae ==

=== Fundatio civitatis ===
[[Fasciculus:Hildesheim Rosenstock.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Rosa millennaria ad ecclesiam cathedralem]]
Priusquam [[Francogallia|Francogalli]] [[Saxonia]]m expugnaverunt, vicus erat, ubi via [[Hellweg]] vado flumen Innerstam transgrediebatur et urbs Hildesia aetatis nostrae sita est. In nomine ''Hildesheim'' aut verbum Theodiscum antiquum ''hiltia'' pugnam significans aut patroni cuiusdam, cuius villa in illo vico erat, nomen ''Hild(w)in'', Latine ''pugnae amicus'', inest.

In Annalibus Hildesheimensibus civitas Hildesia ad Bennapolim, nomen antiquum alterum eius, anno sexto [[Tiberius|Tiberii]]{{dubsig}} imperatoris ([[577]]) fundata esse scripta est.&lt;ref&gt;''Annales Hildesheimenses in usum scholarum ex monumentis Germaniae historicis recusi.'' Contulit cum Codice Parisiensi Georgius Waitz. Hannoverae, impensis bibliopolii Hahniani 1878, in pagina 8.&lt;/ref&gt; Nonnulli hanc sententiam, cum postea addita sit, dubiam esse arbitrantur.

=== Fundatio episcopatus ===
[[Ludovicus Pius]], [[imperator Romanus]] et Francorum rex, ''[[episcopatus|episcopatum]]'' Ostfaliam a [[Carolus Magnus|Carolo Magno]] patre suo anno [[800]] fundatum ex Aula Caesaris nunc [[Aulica]] appellata anno [[815]] iussu papae ad Hildesiam locum a paganis Saxonibus Vikingisque securiorem movit, Guntharum primum episcopum designans. Ubi rosa in nive florens sanctuarium [[Maria]]e Matris Dei circumclusisset et retinuisset, capellam aedificatam et Mariae consecratam esse legenda antiqua prodidit. Illa rosa nunc millenniaria nominata ad ecclesiam cathedralem Hildesheimensem etiamnum viget.
[[Fasciculus:Hildesheim Bernwardsmauer.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Murus Bernwardi ad aulam cathedralis]]

Primam ecclesiam cathedralem anno [[872]] construendam episcopus Altfridus curavit. Episcopus Bernwardus Sanctus cathedralem muro cingendam iubens arcem fecit. Aliam ecclesiam die [[29 Septembris]] [[1015]] [[Archangelus|Archangelo]] Michaeli consecravit. Anno 2015 Hildesia fundationis episcopatus iubilaeum milesimum ducentisimum celebrat.
[[Fasciculus:St Michaels Church Hildesheim.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Ecclesia Michaelis Archangeli]]

=== [[Medium Aevum|Medio aevo]] ===
Iuxta arcem cathedralis ''oppidum vetus'' (theodisce Altstadt) efflorescebat. Post centum annos apud eum duo vici novi exorti sunt: ''oppidum aggeris'' (Dammstadt) anno [[1196]] fundatum et ''oppidum novum'' anno [[1221]] primo commemoratum. Horribile scriptu, vicini Hildesheimenses anno [[1332]], in nocte Natalis Christi, incolas oppidi aggeris in ecclesia missam sanctam celebrantes trucidaverunt. Etiam oppidum novum et oppidum vetus diu discordabant.

Tametsi epicopus Conradus II anno [[1235]] ad principem [[Imperium Romanum Sacrum|Imperii Romani Sacri]] Nationis Germanicae promotus fuit, post annum [[1300]] auctoritas episcopi in urbe descrescebat. Inde ab anno [[1337]] Hildesia erat civitas [[Hansa]]e usque ad finem ligae.

=== [[Novum Aevum|Novo Aevo]] ===
Cum in ''bello dioecesis Hildesheimensis'' (theodisce ''Hildesheimer Stiftsfehde'', [[1519]]–[[1523]]) [[Brunsvicum|Brunsvicenses]] et alii epicopatui Hildesheimensi calamitatem intulissent, recessu [[Quedlinburgum|Quedlinburgensi]] magnae partes eius amissae sunt.

Anno [[1553]], foederatio ambarum partium Hildesiae constituta est; mox murus separans dirutus est. Demum anno [[1803]] utraeque partes coniunctae sunt.

Anno [[1542]], doctor Pomeranus [[Iohannes Bugenhagen]] [[reformatio]]nem in urbem introduxit. Tamen pricipatus et catholica dioecesis continebatur. Ecclesia cathedralis et monasteria catholica remanebant et ecclesia Michaelis Archangeli utraque confessio utebatur.

Principatus Hildesiae per conclusionem principalem delegationis imperialis extraordinariae  anno [[1803]] [[saecularisatio|saecularisatus est]] et anno [[1807]] pars regni Westphalici, anno [[1813]] [[Hannovera]]e regni, quod [[Borussia]] post bellum Germanicum anno [[1866]] annexuit, mediatisatus est. Pricipatus ad [[Pagus#Germania|pagum]] regiminis, qui anno [[1978]] sublatus est, et ad [[Circulus Hildesiensis|circulum terrae Hildiensem]], qui erat pars eius et adhuc durat, conversus est.

Anno 2011 recensus populi demonstravit numerum incolarum Hildesiae sub centum milia lapsum esse; sic status &quot;urbis magnae&quot; amissa est.

=== Destructio ===
Compluribus minoribus incursionibus aeriis gestis, vix duos menses a fine [[Bellum Orbis Terrarum II|Belli Orbis Terrarum secundi]], die [[22 Martis]] anno [[1945]], multi [[Pyrobolus|pyroboli]] bombaeque ex [[aeroplanum|aeroplanis]] Anglicis emissi sunt, ut Hildesia exureretur. Imprimis domus veteres tignis constructae inflammatae sunt. Mille homines igne necati sunt ac urbs dimidia deleta est. Quia fama antiqua urbem Hildesiam tam diu constituram quam rosam millenniariam vigeturam et florituram esse praedixerat, multi erant, qui, cum rosa millenniaria cremata esse videretur, timerent, ne urbs ipsa interiisset; sed ambae resurrexerunt.

Septuaginta annos post destructionem urbs eius recordata est requiem belli a [[Beniaminus Britten|Beniamino Baronis Britten de Aldeburgh]] compositam in ecclesia sancti Andreae edens.

== Monumenta ==
=== Domus societatis laniorum ===
[[Fasciculus:Knochenhaueramtshaus 1900.jpg|thumb|Domus societatis laniorum in foro Hildesiae anno 1900]]
[[Fasciculus:Hildesheim-Markt-Knochenhaueramtshaus.Detail.07.JPG|thumb|Scena belli ad frontem domus societatis laniorum]]
Domus societatis laniorum anno 1529 ad forum Hildesiae tignis constructa est. Septem cenacula et altitudinem 26 metrorum habet. Frons tabulis pictis ornata est. Anno 1945 in Bello Orbis Terrarum II cremata, post quadraginta annos reconstructa est similis, nonnullis tabulis exceptis, quae scenas belli destructionisque monstrant.

=== Basilica Sancti Godehardi ===
[[Fasciculus:Hildesheim St Godehard Basilika.jpg|thumb|Basilica Sancti Godehardi]]

Basilica [[Sanctus Gothardus|Sancti Godehardi]] Hildesiae episcopi post eius sanctificationem in saeculo duodecimo erecta et anno 1963 [[Basilica minor]] facta est. Contra alias centri Hildesiae ecclesias in [[Bellum Orbis Terrarum II|Bello Orbis Terrarum II]] vix destructa est.

== Incolae noti ==
* [[Godehardus Hildesheimensis]] (960 - 1038), episcopus Hildesiensis
* [[Ericus Pommer]] (1889 - 1966), [[factor pellicularum]]
* [[Huldericus Reimers]] (*1952), machinator electronicus

== Notae et fontes ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Alia coepta Vici ==
{{communia|Hildesheim|Hildesiam}}

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Hildesia| ]]
[[Categoria:Urbes hanseaticae]]
[[Categoria:Saxonia Inferior]]
[[categoria:Sedes episcopales Germaniae]]</text>
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    <title>Avaricum Biturigum</title>
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'''Avaricum Biturigum'''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Avaricum&quot;: Smith (1854). &quot;Avaricum Biturigum&quot;: {{Murray}}&lt;/ref&gt; sive simplicius '''Avaricum'''&lt;ref&gt;[[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesar]], ''[[De bello Gallico|De Bello Gallico]]'' VII.13, 15-16, 18 etc. &quot;Avaricum, Biturigae&quot;: Pertsch, Erich: ''Langenscheidts Großes Schulwörterbuch Lateinisch-Deutsch'', Berolini et Monaci 1983, ISBN 3-468-07202-3, p. 1326&lt;/ref&gt; et a saeculo quarto '''Biturigae'''&lt;ref&gt;[[Ammianus Marcellinus|Ammianus]] XV.11.11. [[Sidonius Apollinaris]], ''Epistulae'' VII.5.1.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Francogallice]] ''Bourges'') est urbs [[Francia|Francica]] et praefecturae [[Carus (praefectura Franciae)|Cari]] caput in regione [[Centrum (regio Franciae)|Media]]. Aevo Romano urbs capitalis fuit civitatis [[Bituriges Cubi|Biturigum Cuborum]] provinciaeque post-[[Diocletianus|Diocletianae]] [[Aquitanica prima|Aquitanicae primae]].

== Geographia ==
Ad Avaricum, ubi enumerantur ubique aquae, quinque sunt flumina praecipua, rivulorum duo, alter vulgo ''Voiselle'' qui paludem Avarae et ''Voiselle'' notam interfluit, alter [[Avara Minor]] vulgo ''Aurette'' qui olim arte sulcata est forsitan regnante [[Carolus Magnus|Carolo Magno]] et hodie subterraneus urbis per sinum est, fluvii tres ex quo [[Utrio]] vel Avaro vulgo ''auron'' qui aquis Avarae Minoris augentur, [[Molo]] vulgo ''Moulon'' et [[Avara (tributarius Cari)|Avara]] (Maior) vulgo ''Yèvre'' qui eminet inter omnes.

== Ecclesia Catholica Romana ==
[[Fasciculus:Bourges Cathedral, Perspective View (3486762252).jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Ecclesia cathedralis Bituricensis anno circiter 1865 lucis ope picta ([[Bibliotheca Universitatis Cornellianae]])]]
Avaricum Biturigum est sedes [[archiepiscopus|archiepiscopalis]] [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae]], et praesens archiepiscopus est [[Sylvanus Bataille]].

== Incolae notabiles ==
* [[Iacobus Coeur]]
* [[Ludovicus XI]]
* [[Andreas Alciatus]]
* [[Ioannes Christophorus Rufin]]
* [[Ludovicus Bourdaloue]]
* [[Agenor Bardoux]]
* [[Berthe Morisot]]
* [[Vladimir Jankélévitch]]
* [[Louis Lacombe]]
* [[Sancta Ioanna Franciae]] sancta ecclesiae Catholicae ([[1412]]-[[1431]])


== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* &quot;[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0064%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DA%3Aentry+group%3D22%3Aentry%3Davaricum-geo Avaricum]&quot; in {{Smith-geo}}

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Cari]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Bourges|Avaricum Biturigum}}
* [http://www.ville-bourges.fr/ Avarici Biturigi pagina interretialis]
* {{INSEE commune|18033|de=Avarico Biturigo}}

{{urbs-stipula}}

{{Capita praefecturarum Franciae}}
{{Capita civitatum Galliae Romanae}}

[[Categoria:Avaricum Biturigum|!]]
[[Categoria:Capita civitatum Imperii Romani]]
[[Categoria:Urbes Galliae Romanae]]
[[Categoria:Castra collina Galliae]]
[[Categoria:Bituriges]]
[[Categoria:Sedes archiepiscopales Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Cari]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Cari]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Star Wars</title>
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      <text bytes="18702" sha1="pcdr3pfnkwzu427ujhdnr2ie102orsj" xml:space="preserve">{{Latinitas|-4}}
[[Fasciculus:Star_Wars_Logo.svg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Logotypus]] ''Bellorum Stellarium''.]]
[[Fasciculus:George Lucas cropped 2009.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|[[Georgius Lucas]], creator seriei pellicularum, hic [[annus|anno]] [[2009]] visus.]]
{{Ores|lingua=en|Star Wars}} ([[Anglice]]; scilicet ‘bella stellaria’) est [[universum]] commenticium [[fictio scientifica|fictionis scientificae]] genere in [[pellicula|pelliculis]], [[liber|libris]], [[liber nubeculatus|libris nubeculatis]], [[series televisifica|seriebus televisificis]], [[ludus electronicus|ludis electronicis]] ac [[ludicrum|ludicris]] narratum. Origo et frux praeclara talis universi est series pellicularum eodem nomine (adhuc novem) a [[Georgius Lucas|Georgius Lucas]], semet [[dispositor cinematographicus|scaenas disponente]], excogitata, cuius pellicula prima, {{Op|[[Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope]]}} – quondam {{Op|Star Wars}} tantum appellata (‘bella stellaria’) – anno [[1977]] edita est.

== Argumentum ==

=== Ambitus ===
''Bella Stellaria'' in galaxia longinquissima in [[futurum|futuro]] [[technologia]]e progressivae agit. Plurimae [[species (taxinomia)|species]] ficticiae in ''Bella Stellaria'' sunt, sed [[homo (Star Wars)|homo]] prima acta visaque est. Pluria genera [[robotum|robotorum]] (qui &quot;''Droides''&quot; in omnia pellicullarum appellatur) quorum homines, aliae species, urbes, et cetera, adiuvant, etiam sunt. Astrovectus ad [[planeta]]s aliarum [[systema solare|systematum stellarium]] possibiliter{{dubsig}} sunt, et plurimi mundi ficticii sunt. Fere totus [[galaxias]] systema politicum communis habet; [[Res Publica Galactica (Star Wars)|Res Publica Galactica]], ad [[Imperium Galacticum (Star Wars)|Imperium Galacticum]] tet mutata.

=== Fabulae res ===
==== Episodium I: Mina Phantasma  ====
{{vide-etiam|Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace}} In [[Naboo (Star Wars)|Naboone]] [[planeta]] Theede urbe magna, [[Padmé Amidala|Amidala Regina]] cogitur ut subscribat pacto iniusto [[Trade Federation (Star Wars)|Foederationis Mercatorum]] lata. Foederis in astronave duo [[Jedi|Iedi]] nominibus Quigonus Jinn et Obi-Wan Kenobi, discipulus eius, oppugnantur legati Summi [[Cancellarius|Cancellarii]] [[Res Publica Galactica (Star Wars)|Rei Publicae Galacticae]]. Effugiunt ad Naboonis planetae superficiem, ubi forte Gunganum indigenum nomine Jar-Jar Binks servant, quo suppetente ad aliam partem Naboonis contendunt, ut Amidalam Reginam ancillasque eius vindicent. Regina aulaque regia conservata temptant petere Coruscantem, Rei Publicae Galacticae caput, sed clade accepta per inopiam appellunt astronavem [[Tatooine|Tatooinem]], planetam [[Deserta|deserticum]]. Ibi Quigonus et reginae famula, cui nomen Padme est, tendunt ad oppida partes ad navem reficiendam conferendas. Quadam in taberna inveniunt puerum Anakin Skywalker (qui in Latine fortasse potest: Coelipetens). Quod pecunia Rei Publicae nihil valet in Tatooine, Anakin Quigono auctore interest certamini capsarum, quo [[Numen (Bella Stellaria)|Numine]]&lt;ref&gt;Mika Elovaara (2013). ''[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=B5-7aMoY9BMC&amp;pg=PA66&amp;lpg=PA66&amp;dq=numen+the+force+star+wars&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=g0n2fx4G_R&amp;sig=uJGsVmBCZ4GD9hhc0bwVY38blHs&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwj5zu6965DUAhXMlZAKHeN1BsEQ6AEIMzAB#v=onepage&amp;q=numen%20the%20force%20star%20w Fan Phenomena: Star Wars]''. Intellect Books, p. 66.&lt;/ref&gt; iuvante victor est. Cartamine victo partibusque emptis Anakin invitus matrem relinquit Quigonum ad Coruscantem sequens. Non prius avolare possunt quam subito Quigonus invasore incognito oppugnatur, paene est nulla fuga. Coruscante Quigono Obi-Wanque comitatus puer coram [[Consilio Jedi (Star Wars)|Consilio Iedi]] inquiritur, Delectusne antiqua prophecia sit an non. Toto consilio invito tamen Quigonus pueri docendi consilium init. In curia Amidala Regina, senatus ingenti inertia exterrita, iubet senatores novum melioremque cancellarium eligere. Regina de populi salute certans venit domum duobus Iedi adiuvantibus. Ibi Anakin invitus in astronavicula volat ad delendum maximum astronavem Foederationis. Pars hominum viam vertit ad [[Viceroy Nute Gunray (Star Wars)|Proconsul Gunray]] [[Trade Federation (Star Wars)|Foederationis Mercatorum]], pactum evertendi gratia. Sed subito figura cornigera minaxque Iedi oviam it certatum [[Gladius lucidus|lucigladio]] duplici. Anakin astroavem maximam diruere consequitur, Amidala ministrique [[Gunray (Star Wars)|Gunray Proconsulem]] deprendunt. Iedi longissimo certamene lucigladiis contendunt cum aggressore minaci. Iste Quigonum occidit, sed ipse cecidit divulsus medio corpore. Obi-Wan a Magistrem Yodam Magister Iedi factus est et Anakin facit discipulus eius. Summus Cancellarius novus electus est: Palpatine, prior Senator pro Naboone. Apud ludos funebres, Magistres Yoda et Mace Windu persuasum est illum Quigoni percussorem [[Sith]] fuisse.

==== Episodium II: De Clonis Impetu ====
{{vide-etiam|Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones}}

==== Episodium III: Ultio Sithorum ====
{{vide-etiam|Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith}}

==== Episodium IV: Spes Nova ====
{{vide-etiam|Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope}}
[[Fasciculus:Mark Hamill (1978).jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|[[Marcus Hamill]] qui prima persona [[Luke Skywalker|Lucas Skywalker]] in tribus [[pellicula|pelliculis]] primis agit, hic [[annus|anno]] [[1978]] visus.]]
Ab [[Imperium Galacticum|Imperio Galactico]] capta [[Principissa Leia]] in basim pugnatae, qui [[Stella Mortis (Star Wars)|Stella Mortis]] nominatur, portatur. Ante captatum [[Principissa Leia|Leia]] efficaciter temptat [[Robotum|droides]] [[R2-D2]] et [[C-3PO]] cum orato auxilio mittere. [[Robotum|Robota]] in [[planeta]] ''[[Tatooine]]'' advenit et [[Obi-Wan Kenobi]] unum Equestrem Iediorum nuntium reportant. Is cum [[agricola (munus)|agricola]] [[Luke Skywalker|Lucas Skywalker]], cuius [[pater]] etiam [[Jedi|Iedi]] erat, ad salvandum Principissam Leiam proficiscitur. Iis in [[astronavis|astronavi]] quaerentibus [[Han Solo]], magistrem astronavis et transportatorem [[merx|mercibus]] nefastis, et [[Chewbacca]], illius gubernatorem unum ''[[Wookiee]]'', conveniunt. Cum [[Falcone Millenia]] ad Stellam Mortis volant et Principissam Leiam liberant. Deinde Obi-Wan, qui incepit docere Lucas Equestrem Iedi essendum, [[Darth Vader]] eius discipulum pristinum obviat. Obi-Wan a Vader interfecto alii ab Stellam Mortis effugiunt et in castram Rebellionis veniunt. Catra a basi proeliuo impugnatur in sidera. In proeliuo mundo ingenti succedit Lucas cum pugnatoribus Rebellionis delere.

==== Episodium V: De Imperio Repellente ====
{{vide-etiam|Star Wars Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back}}
Nonnullis annis proelio gesto, castra Rebellionis in planeta ''[[Hoth]]'' a Imperio Galactico invenitur et impugnatur. Pugnatores pro libertatem proelium perdunt et effugere debent. Lucas Skywalker venit in ''[[Dagobam]]'', planetam quandam remotam, ad discendum ab [[Yoda]], veto magistro Iedi. Postquam in Falconem Millennia effugerunt, Principissa Leia et Han Solo cum Chewbacca in planeta ''[[Bespine]]'' a Darth Vader captantur. Lucas istud per vim sentit et disciplinam interrumpit. Properans ad adiuvandum amicos suos contra Darth Vader duellat. Cum eo Lucas cognoscit illum patrem suum esse. Vader devincit filium suum et dextram manum eorum amputat. Leia cum Lucam evadit a ''Bespine'' sed Vader Han Solo gelaritur et eum praedatori [[Boba Fett]] dat.

==== Episodium VI: Iedi reduces ====
{{vide-etiam|Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi}}
In [[planeta]] [[Tatooine]], sunt [[Principissa Leia]] et [[Luke Skywalker|Lucas Skywalker]] noviter [[Jedi]] factus et [[Han Solo]] captivus a [[Jabba the Hutt|Iabba, Ille Hutt]] aere alieno liberandusque ex vinculo ''[[Hutt|Hutti]]s''. Interim Imperium Galacticum novam [[Stella Mortis (Star Wars)|Stellam Mortem]] construit castrae. Rebelliones castram imperfectam oppugnante, Lucas sua sponte licet capi se ab Imperio ut Darth Vader patrem suis obviam eat. [[Palpatine|Imperator]], qui item in novam Stellam Mortis est, cum Darth Vader conatur Lucas in [[Numen (Bella Stellaria)|Tenebrarum parte Numinis]] sequitum inducere. Ob ea rem duellum inter Lucam et eum patrem evenit. Nunc Lucas Vader devincit et dextram manum eius amputat. Denegato a Lucas in Tenebrae partem Numinis convertere, Imperator eum necare vult cum [[Numen (Bella Stellaria)|Numinis]] [[fulmen]]. Autem Vader suum valium salvate et Imperatorem caedit. It factus Vader laesus est et propterea paulum post moritur placato cum filium suum. Postea deleta Stellae Mortis a proelibus Rebellionis succedit et [[Imperium Galacticum (Star Wars)|Imperium Galacticum]] superatum est.

==== Episodium VII: [[Numen (Bella Stellaria)|Numinis]] Resurrectione ====
{{vide-etiam|Star Wars Episode VII: The Force Awakens}}
Annis triginta post De Reditu ''Jedi'' Fabula committit. [[Primus Ordus]] cineribus [[Imperii Galactici]] emergit quem [[Principissa Leia]] [[Refragatio]]ne que pugnant. ''[[Luke Skywalker|Jedi]]'' [[Luke Skywalker|Magistrum Lucam]] circumspectant. Intra inquasitionem novis viris vident: [[Rey]], frumentatora quae potest calere vim; et [[Finn]], ''[[Stormtrooper (Star Wars)|Stormtrooper]]'' (qui in Latine fortasse potest, ''Legionarius'') qui Primum Ordinem descivit; et [[Poe Dameron]], optime perite astronavis in Refragatione. Han Solo eos iuvat in labori tollere [[Castram Astracidae]] Primus Ordinis, qua Nova Rei Publicae Refragationemque pugnat. Antagonistae sunt [[Kyle Ren]], malevolum bellarum cum historia obscura; [[Imperator|Imperatorem]] [[Hux (Star Wars)|Huxem]], principem Castrae Astracidae et exercituum Ordinis; et Summum [[Dux|Ducem]] [[Snoke (Star Wars)|Snoke]], principem Primus Ordinis. 

Ceterum pellicula ''[[Star Wars Episode VII]]'' est futurum in consilio anno [[2015]].

Numerus cuiusque episodii eventorum ordinem seriei significat. Georgius Lucas primo voluit seriem facere novem pellicularum, quae e ternis trilogiis consisterent: Episodia IV–VI, prima edita, de rebus post [[Bellum Yavinense Primum]] gestis usque ad annum 4 pBY&lt;ref&gt;Temporum ratio mundi hac serie pellicularum expositi Bello Yavinensi quasi cardine rerum utitur. Itaque tempora rerum ante hoc bellum gestarum siglo ''aBY'' ('ante Bellum Yavinense'), tempora post bellum siglo ''pBY'' notantur.&lt;/ref&gt; tractat, cum episodia I–III de rebus ante Bellum Yavinense gestis ab anno 32 aBY narrent. A prima origine, Lucae propositum erat ultimum trientem{{dubsig}} huius seriei adhuc producere, at tempore labente eo demum adductus est, ut vires sibi defici aestimaret.

Quoniam autem noluit alium hominem sinere pelliculas suas facere, ipse dixit solas sex pelliculas a se factum iri. 

Societas Walt Disney in [[Octobris]], [[2012]] societatem Lucasfilm $4,04 miliardo acquisivit et annuntiavit ipsam tres novas pelliculas producturas esse, prima parata vulgatura in 2015.

==== Episodium VIII: Novissimi ''Iedi'' ====
{{vide-etiam|Star Wars Episode VIII: The Last Jedi}}

==== Episodium 	IX: De Ascensione Skywalkeris ====
{{vide-etiam|Star Wars Episode IX: }}

== Ludi consolae ==
{{Vide-etiam|Index ludorum consolae Star Wars}}
Plurimi ludi consolae de universo ficto ''Star Wars'' a [[decennium 199|decennio 199]] facti sunt.

== Technologia ==
''Star Wars'' agit in futuro technologiae progressiviae et sequentium videmus.

=== Arma ===
[[Fasciculus:Lightsaber blue.png|thumb|upright=0.5|left|[[Ensis luminaris]] caeruleus.]]
[[Fasciculus:StormTrooper Blaster.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|''[[Blaster (Star Wars)|Blaster]]'']]
==== Ensis luminaris ====
{{Vide-etiam|Ensis luminaris}}
Arma visia{{dubsig}} in universo ficto [[ensis luminaris]] est. Non tote claro dictum est armis quae materiae consistunt, sed [[lamina]] aut [[plasma]]tis aut [[instrumentum lasericum|materiae lasericae]] consistunt, et lamina varie [[color]]antur. Arma amborum ''[[Jedi|Iedi]]'' (Latine fortasse &quot;Zedaea&quot; vel &quot;Iedaea&quot;) et ''Sith'' (Latine fortasse &quot;Sithia&quot;) adhibentur, amborm genera duo bellatorium sunt ubi ''Iedi'' [[protagonista]]e sunt et ''Sith'' [[antagonista]]e.

=== Vehicula ===
[[Fasciculus:Hover taxi.png|thumb|upright=0.6|Aero-Taxiraeda]]
==== Navis spatialis ====
Vehiculis videntur sunt [[navis spatialis|astronaves]], [[navicula spatialis|astronaviculae]], et [[vehiculum pendens|aeroplaniga]], sicut vehicula pendentia [[res militaris|militaria]] et taxiraedae pendentes.

== Species in ''Star Wars'' ==
:''Res principalis: [[Index specierum ex Star Wars]]''
[[Fasciculus:Kaminoan female.png|thumb|upright=0.8|''[[Kaminoan]]'' [[femina|femininum]]. Imago capta est in mundo virtuali ''[[Second Life]]'' (&quot;Vita Secunda&quot;).]]
Sunt plurimae [[species|formae vitales]] fictae in ''Star Wars'', ambo pristinae et intelligentes, sed [[homo (Star Wars)|homo]] primum actus et visus est. Gravissimae dicere sequentium sunt:
{{div col|2}}
* Duros
* [[Ewok|Ewoki]]
* [[Homo (Star Wars)|Homines]] 
* [[Hutt|Huttes]]
* [[Kaminoan|Kaminoani]]
* Rodiani
* [[Togruta|Togrutae]]
* [[Twi'lek|Twi'leki]]
* [[Wookiee|Wookiees]]
* Zabraki
{{div col end}}

== Loci ==
* [[Caupona ad Mos Eisley]]
* [[Senatus Galacticus]]

== Planetae ==
:''Res principalis: [[Index planetarum ex Star Wars]]''
[[Fasciculus:Trantor-Coruscant.jpg|thumb|180px|''[[Coruscant]]''.]]
In ''Star Wars'' plurimi planetae ficticii sunt. Gravissimi dicere possunt esse:
{{div col|2}}
* ''[[Coruscant]]''
* ''[[Dantooine]]''
* Iaccu
* ''[[Kamino|Kaminus]]''
* ''[[Kashyyyk]]''
* ''[[Mandalore|Mandalorea]]''
* ''[[Naboo]]''
* ''[[Nar Shadaa]]''
* ''[[Tatooine]]''
{{div col end}}

== Personae notabiles ==
{{Vide-etiam|Index personarum ex Star Wars}}
[[Fasciculus:Anthony Daniels03 cropped.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Antonius Daniels]] qui [[C-3PO]] agit.]]
[[Fasciculus:Amidala's Throne Room costume.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Synthesis fabulosa qualiter [[Padmé Amidala|Regina Amidala]].]]
{{div col|3}}
* [[Ahsoka Tano]]
* [[C-3PO]]
* [[Charal]]
* [[Chewbacca]]
* [[Darth Maul]]
* [[Darth Vader|Darth Vader/Anakin Skywalker]]
* [[Finn]]
* [[General Grievous|Imperator Grievous]]
* [[Han Solo]]
* [[Jabba the Hutt|Iabba Ille Hutt]]
* [[Jar Jar Binks]]
* [[Kit Fisto]]
* [[Kylo Ren]]
* [[Lando Calrissian]]
* [[Luke Skywalker|Lucas Skywalker]]
* [[Mace Windu]]
* [[Obi-Wan Kenobi]]
* [[Padmé Amidala]]
* [[Palpatine|Palpatine/Darth Sidious]]
* [[Poe Dameron]]
* [[Principissa Leia]]
* [[Qui-Gon Jinn]]
* [[R2-D2]]
* [[Rey]]
* [[Yoda|Yoda Magister]]
{{div col end}}

== ''Jediismus'' ==
{{Vide-etiam|Jediismus}}
[[Religio]] ''[[Jediismus]]'' vel ''Iediismus'' vocatum realitate est, quod de philosophicis et ideis spiritualibus ''Iedi'' est, sed fundator et structura ut religiones maiores non habet.

== Citationes notabiles ==
:&quot;Ante longissimum tempus, in longinquissima galaxia...&quot; (conspicua introductoria linea in omnia pelliculiae)
:&quot;[[The Force (Star Wars)|Numen]] tecum&quot;, &quot;[[The Force (Star Wars)|Numen]] vobiscum&quot; (multi)
:&quot;''[[Darth Vader|Ego]]'' [[pater]] [[Luke Skywalker|tuum]] sum&quot; (sub finem pelliculae &quot;Imperium Contra Offendit&quot;, ubi Darth Vader Lucam Skywalker, quis sit, dixit).
:&quot;Exspectate. Exspectate.&quot; (Tenn Graneet, magister telorum paenitens [[Stella Mortis|Stellae Mortis]], consistit pro tempore Proelio Primo Yavinis)
:&quot;Vis fustes [[mors|mortis]] emere?&quot; &quot;Non vis mihi fustes mortis vendere.&quot; &quot;Nolo tibi fustes mortis vendere.&quot; &quot;Vis ire domum et in [[mens|mente]] agitare vitam tuam.&quot; &quot;Volo ire domum et in [[mens|mente]] agitare vitam meam&quot; (Elan Sel'sabagno et Obivanus Kenobi)
:&quot;Pedica est!&quot; (Ackbar, Praefectus Classis Rebellionis)
:&quot;Bene! Dupla superbia, duplus casus&quot; ([[Dooku (Star Wars)|Comes Dooku]], contra Anakin certans)
:&quot;Sith semper duo sunt, magister et discipulus.&quot; &quot;Sed quem occidimus? Magister aut discipulus?&quot; (Magistri Yoda et Windu, in Qui-Gon Jinn ludo funebre)
:&quot;Percipio ut malum praesensionem&quot; vel &quot; Percipio pessimum praesensionem&quot; (in quaque pellicula)

== Citationes librorum ==
:&quot;Sacrificium ageteris deis, et deinde cor tuum discindam cum manibus meis propriis.&quot;
:&quot;Si manus tuas proprias habes, probabiliter non tam amplus es quam nobis dicis.&quot;
:&quot;Verbis illis dictis, meruisti multum dolorem.&quot;
:&quot;Praesumo Iuuzhanis Vongi non promoventur propter sollertias colloquii.&quot;
::—Tsavong Lah et Iaena Solo, ''Iter Obscurum''

== Cinematographia ==
=== Pellicula ===
* [[1977]]: ''[[Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope]]'' (de nova spes)
* [[1980]]: ''[[Star Wars Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back]]'' (de imperio repellente)
* [[1983]]: ''[[Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi]]'' (de ''Iedi'' reditu)
* [[1999]]: ''[[Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace]]'' (de occulta minis)
* [[2002]]: ''[[Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones]]'' (de clonorum impetu)
* [[2005]]: ''[[Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith]]'' (de ''Sith'' vindicta)
* [[2008]]: ''[[Star Wars: The Clone Wars (pellicula)|Star Wars: The Clone Wars]]'' (de clonorum bella)
* [[2015]]: ''[[Star Wars Episode VII|Star Wars Episode VII: The Force Awakens]]'' (de vis resurrectione)
* [[2016]]: ''[[Rogue One: A Star Wars Story]]''
* [[2017]]: ''[[Star Wars Episode VIII: The Last Jedi]]''
* [[2018]]: ''[[Solo: A Star Wars Story]]''
* [[2019]]: ''[[Star Wars Episode IX|Star Wars Episode IX: The Rise of Skywalker]]''
* [[2026]]: ''[[The Mandalorian and Grogu]]''

=== Series televisifica ===
* [[2003]]–[[2005]]: ''[[Star Wars: Clone Wars (series televisiva 2003)|Star Wars: Clone Wars]]'' (bella clonum)
* [[2008]]–[[2014]]: ''[[Star Wars: The Clone Wars (series televisiva 2008)|Star Wars: The Clone Wars]]'' (bella clonum)
* [[2014]]–[[2018]]: ''[[Star Wars Rebels]]'' (rebelli bellorum stellarium)
* [[2021]]–[[2022]] ''[[The Book of Boba Fett]]''
* 2022: ''[[Obi-Wan Kenobi (series televisiva)|Obi-Wan Kenobi]]''
* 2022–[[2025]]: ''[[Andor (series televisiva)|Andor]]''
* [[2023]]–praesens: ''[[Ahsoka]]''
* [[2024]]: ''[[The Acolyte]]''
* 2024–2025: ''[[Skeleton Crew]]''

{{NexInt}}
* ''[[Jediismus]]''
* ''[[LucasArts]]''
* ''[[Lucasfilm]]''

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Star Wars|''Star Wars''}}
{{CommuniaCat|Star Wars weapons|arma ''Star Wars''}}
{{CommuniaCat|Star Wars vehicles|vehicula ''Star Wars''}}
* [http://starwars.com/ ''StarWars.com''] {{ling|Anglice}}, situs officialis
* [http://starwarsblog.starwars.com/ ''Star Wars Blog''] {{ling|Anglice}}, commentarii interretiales publici
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=47u6IJ2GVdM Oratio salutatoria Universitatis Harvardianae anni 2007 de Bellis Stellarum] apud ''[[YouTube]]''
* [https://www.paideiainstitute.org/de_bello_sidereo De Bello Sidereo], carmen hexametricum ab Alexe Hellmer Latine scriptum 

[[Categoria:Incepta 1977]]
[[Categoria:Star Wars|!]]
[[Categoria:Pelliculae cum roboto]]
{{Myrias|Ars}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Appianus Alexandrinus</title>
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        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
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      <text bytes="19938" sha1="6xs6zmvpicsd093osv22q76r1b92kdh" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Appianus Alexandrinus''' ([[Graece]] {{Polytonic|Ἀππιανὸς Ἀλεξανδρεύς}}) fuit [[rerum gestarum scriptor|scriptor]] qui [[lingua Graeca antiqua|Graece]] Romanorum bella per gentes digesta [[narratio|narravit]]. Natus circa annum [[95]], mortuus circa annum [[165]], vixit igitur tempore [[Traianus|Traiani]], [[Hadrianus|Hadriani]], et [[Antoninus Pius|Antonini Pii]] [[imperator]]um.

== Vita ==
Nulli fontes de vita Appiani nisi ipsius opera et epistula quaedam rhetoris [[Marcus Cornelius Fronto|Frontonis]] nobis supersunt. Autobiographiam scripsisse e Praefatione quidem comperimus&lt;ref&gt;''Praefatio'' 15.&lt;/ref&gt; sed nihil ad nos pervenit. Divite familia [[Alexandria|Alexandrina]] natus iuri et arti oratoriae studuit, patronus apud iudicia ut fieret. [[Hadrianus (imperator)|Hadriano]] imperante Romam venit ubi causas coram ipso principe agebat et fortasse praeclaro sacerdotio quoque fungebatur&lt;ref&gt;Goukowsky (1998), qui inscriptionem nuper repertam ita interpretatus est.&lt;/ref&gt;. Regnante [[Antoninus Pius|Antonino Pio]] civis Romanus [[Eques Romanus|equestris ordinis]] erat quoniam ''procurationem Augusti'' quandam per amicum Frontonem a principe impetravit. Vixit usque ad tempus [[Marcus Aurelius|Marci Aurelii]].

== Opera ==
[[Fasciculus:Radolt.JPG|thumb|300px|[[Petrus Candidus Decembrius|Petri Candidi]] praefatio ad interpretationem Latinam librorum historicorum. Appiani. Editio [[incunabula]], Venetiis, 1477.]]
Praeter [[autobiographia]]m noti sunt libri historici ''Ῥωμαϊκά'' inscripti (Latine ''[[Historia Romana (Appianus)|Historia Romana]]'' sive ''Res Romanae'' ), e quibus alii integri servati, alii omnino deperditi, aliorum fragmenta tantum supersunt e collectaneis excerptorum [[Constantinus VII Porphyrogenitus|Constantinianis]] plerumque sumpta&lt;ref&gt;Quae ''de legationibus'' et ''de Virtutibus et Vitiis'' et ''de Sententiis'' inscripta sunt. Alia fragmenta in [[Suda]] vel apud [[Photius I (patriarcha Constantinopolitanus)|Photium]] vel apud grammaticos inventa sunt.&lt;/ref&gt;. Appianus bellorum Romanorum historiam hominibus Graece loquentibus tradere sibi proposuerat ; quod ut efficeret, dimisso ordine chronologico in [[Annales|Annalibus]] observato, materiam suam per gentes vel potius per geographicas regiones digessit&lt;ref&gt;''Praef''. XII-XIII.&lt;/ref&gt; : exempli gratia in libro Hispanico et [[Secundum bellum Punicum|secundi belli Punici]] proelia adversus [[Carthago|Carthaginienses]] et [[Bella celtiberica|bella Celtiberica]] exponit. Ab illo consilio tamen nonnumquam aberrat ut in libro Mithridatico vel in quinque libris de civilibus bellis ubi omnia proelia quae ad illa bella pertinent, ubicumque gesta sint, colligit.
Haec est dispositio operis secundum [[Photius I (patriarcha Constantinopolitanus)|Photium]] qui viginti quattuor libros in totum numerabat :
* Praefatio propositum operis declarans.
* liber regius (pauca fragmenta)
* liber Italicus (pauca fragmenta)
* liber Samniticus (fragmenta)
* liber Gallicus (pauca fragmenta)
* liber de Sicilia aliisque insulis (pauca fragmenta)
* liber Ibericus (integer)
* liber Hannibalicus (integer) proelia secundi belli Punici in Italia commissa narrat.
* liber Libycus (integer) cui appendix de rebus Numidicis (fragmenta) subiuncta est.
* liber Macedonicus (fragmenta) cui appendix de rebus Illyricis (integra) subiuncta est.
* liber Graecus et [[Ionia|Ionicus]] (deperditus)
* liber Syriacus (integer)
* liber Mithridaticus (integer)
* quinque libri Bellorum civilium in quibus Appianus bella Romanorum inter sese a [[Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus|Tiberio Graccho]] ad mortem [[Sextus Pompeius|Sexti Pompei]] narrat (integri).
Praeterea quattuor libri Aegyptiaci fuerunt (Alexandrinus erat Appianus) qui velut finem bellis civilibus imponerent, dum [[Aegyptus (provincia Romana)|Aegyptus]] provincia Romana fit, victis [[Cleopatra VII (regina Aegypti)|Cleopatra]] [[Marcus Antonius|Marcoque Antonio]] et tres libri ''de centum annis''&lt;ref&gt;Sc. ab Augusto mortuo. Quos libros non perfectos reliquisse videtur.&lt;/ref&gt; (Graece ''Έκατονταετία'') quorum maxima pars ad [[Traianus|Traiani]] bella pertinebat. De quibus libris nihil superest. Appianus in opere suo librum quendam Parthicum (hodie deperditum) quoque memorat qui fortasse libro Syriaco subiunctus erat.

== De fide historica ==
Appianus ipse in ''Historiis'' suis sani et aequi iudicii fuisse videtur. Sine favore vel odio res gestas narrare studet nec testimonia iniqua -exempli gratia [[Philippicae (Cicero)|Philippicas Ciceronis]]- ab historico accipienda putat. Fontes rebus gestis coaevos eligit atque nonnumquam ad inscriptiones et scrinia Palatina recurrit (exempli gratia [[Proscriptio|proscriptionis]] edictum anni 43 a.C.n. Graece conversum quarto libro ''Bellorum civilium'' suorum inseruit&lt;ref&gt;''Bell. civ.'' IV,11.&lt;/ref&gt;). Experientia sua quoque uti scit, quippe qui res [[Imperatores Romani|imperatorum Romanorum]] procurare solebat, et instituta suae aetatis nonnumquam memorat, cum praeteritis ut conferat. Res magni momenti a parvis discernere solet atque causas magnarum mutationum rerum plerumque optime percipit.

At res plura ante saecula gestas refert, quas apud priores scriptores quaerere cogitur. Quocirca compilator fuisse vulgo dicitur qui plus minusve valet prout e meliore aut peiore fonte exhaurit. Sane errores et confusiones in Historiis Appiani non raro deprehenduntur. Chronologiae&lt;ref&gt;''Praef''. XIII (voluntaria erat illa incuria).&lt;/ref&gt; et geographiae nimis negligens erat ac in proeliis narrandis, sicut multi historici antiqui, non tam ad militarem veritatem tendit quam ad dramaticum patheticumque rerum gestarum arte ortatoria augendum. Quod si [[Proelium Cannense|Cannensis pugnae]] relationem in ''libro Hannibalico'' cum [[Polybius|Polybio]] aut [[Titus Livius|Tito Livio]] compares, pessimum militarem historicum fuisse Appianum iudicares. Praeterea dum quae coniuncta sunt separatim per regiones refert, ut in [[Secundum bellum Punicum|Secundo Bello Punico]], causas rerum difficiliores intellectu lectori facit. Quin etiam alii historici, -exempli gratia [[Dio Cassius]]-, cum comparare licet, nonnumquam easdem res atque Appianus sed non eodem modo referunt. Quibus de causis cum Appianus de aliqua re fons unicus extitit, ut in bellis Hispanicis et civilibus saepe accidit, testimonium eius, quamvis pretiosum, non sine suspicione critica accipiendum est.

Nihilominus, quae optima pars operis eius est, de [[Tertium bellum Punicum|tertio bello Punico]]&lt;ref&gt;Paene fons unicus de eo bello, certe longe praecipuus est. Fortasse Polybium auctorem secutus est.&lt;/ref&gt; et de bellis civilibus&lt;ref&gt;Variis fontibus usus est, inter quos [[Gaius Asinius Pollio (consul 40 a.C.n.)|Asinius Pollio]] atque ipsius Augusti ''de vita sua'' dubii non sunt.&lt;/ref&gt; optimam ex omnibus auctoribus antiquis narrationem nobis reliquit, non tantum pretiosi testimonii causa sed etiam ob litteraria merita.

== De editionibus ==
=== Versiones Latinae ===
* Circa 1450 iussu papae [[Nicolaus V|Nicolai quinti]] [[Petrus Candidus Decembrius]] primus Appianum in linguam Latinam convertit. Quae versio anno 1472 typographice [[Venetiae|Venetiis]] apud [[Wendelinus de Spira|Wendelinum de Spira]] in lucem prodiit et saepe postea reedita est. Quin etiam et ipsa Italiane et Francogallice versa est.
* Sedecimo saeculo partes ''Historiae'' Appiani Latine converterunt [[Sigismundus Gelenius]] (1544)&lt;ref&gt;''Appiani Alexandrini romanorum historiarum de bellis punicis liber, de bellis syriacis liber de bellis parthicis liber, de bellis mithridaticis liber, de bellis civilibus libri V, de bellis gallicis... epitome, omnia per Sigismundum Gelenium latine reddita. De bellis hispanicis liber, Caelio Secundo Curione translatore...''. Basileae : per H. Frobenium, 1554 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=DyEtWzPLz3AC&amp;pg=PA474&amp;dq=Appiani+Alexandrini+romanorum+historiarum+de+bellis+punicis+liber,+de+bellis+syriacis+liber+de+bellis+parthicis+liber,&amp;hl=fr&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwif6-GB5fPPAhWCMhoKHfqwAk0Q6AEIJjAB#v=onepage&amp;q=Appiani%20Alexandrini%20romanorum%20historiarum%20de%20bellis%20punicis%20liber%2C%20de%20bellis%20syriacis%20liber%20de%20bellis%20parthicis%20liber%2C&amp;f=false Hic legere potes] &lt;/ref&gt;, [[Coelius Secundus Curio|Caelius Secundus Curio]] (1544)&lt;ref&gt;''Ibid.''&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Franciscus Beraldus]] (1560)&lt;ref&gt;''Ibericum'' et ''Annibalicum'' ipso Henrico Stephano rogante Graece in lucem prius edita converterat : ''Appiani Alexandrini Hispanica et Annibalica, latinè nunc primùm edita, ex Francisci Beraldi interpretatione''... Henricus Stephanus, 1560.&lt;/ref&gt;. [[Henricus Stephanus (mortuus 1598)|Henricus Stephanus]] harum interpretationum merita inter se comparat in praefatione magnae editionis suae (1592).

=== Primae editiones Graecae ===
* [[Editio princeps]] maximae partis textus Graeci anno 1551 demum Lutetiae [[Carolus Stephanus|Caroli Stephani]] cura (adiuvante sine dubio fratre [[Robertus Stephanus|Roberto]] et [[Henricus Stephanus (mortuus 1598)|fratris filio Henrico]]) typis regiis impressa in lucem prodiit&lt;ref&gt;''Appiani Alexandrini romanarum historiarum celtica, libyca vel carthaginensis, illyrica, syriaca, parthica, mithridatica, civilis, quinque libris distincta...'' [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k521431 Hic legere potes apud Gallica]&lt;/ref&gt;.
* Anno 1557 cum aliis fragmentis auctorum Graecorum numquam antea editorum [[Henricus Stephanus (mortuus 1598)|Henricus Stephanus]] [[Genava]]e ''Annibalicum'' et ''Ibericum'' separatim Graece publicavit&lt;ref&gt; ''Ἐκ των Κτησιου, Αγαθαρχιδου, Μεμνονος ιστορικων έκλογαι. Αππιανου Ιβηρικη και Αννιβαικη. Ex Ctesia, Agatharchide, Memnone excerptæ historiæ. Appiani Iberica. Item, De gestis Annibalis. Omnia nunc primùm edita. Cum Henrici Stephani castigationibus''.&lt;/ref&gt;, qui libri editioni priori deerant.
* Anno 1582 [[Fulvius Ursinus]]&lt;ref&gt;Manuscriptum ei ab amico [[Antonius Augustinus|Antonio Augustino]] missum erat, qui librum apud bibliophilum Ioannem Paez de Castro in Hispania invenerat et per scribam Graecum suum, Andream Darmarium, apographum fieri curaverat.&lt;/ref&gt; ''Excerpta de legationibus'' Romae publicavit, quae ''Romaïcon'' fragmenta adhuc ignota eruditis praebuerunt.
* Anno 1592 Genavae Henricus Stephanus magnam editionem Graecolatinam curavit, adposita textui Graeco interpretatione Latina ab ipso e Gelenio et Beraldo concocta. Quae editio ante Schweighaeuserum non superata est&lt;ref&gt;''Appiani Alexandrini Romanorum historiarum quae supersunt. Novo studio conquisivit,... latinam versionem emendavit, adnotationibus variorum suisque illustravit... Johannes Schweighaeuser...'' &lt;/ref&gt;.
* Anno 1634 [[Henricus Valesius]] colllectaneum ''de Virtutibus et Vitiis''&lt;ref&gt;Nonnumquam ''Excerpta Valesiana'' dicuntur.&lt;/ref&gt; in codice 'Peiresciano' repertum primus Graece et Latine in lucem edidit, ita nova fragmenta Appiani ''Romaïcon'' divulgans&lt;ref&gt; ''Polybii, Diodori Siculi, Nicolai Damasceni, Dionysii Halicar., Appiani Alexand., Dionis et Ioannis Antiocheni excerpta ex collectaneis Constantini Augusti Porphyrogenetae'' Henricus Valesius nunc primum Graecè edidit, Latinè vertit, notisque illustrauit. Parisiis: sumptibus Mathurini Du Puis, viâ Iacobaeâ, sub signo coronæ, [[1634|M.DC.XXXIV]]&lt;/ref&gt;.
* Anno 1785 [[Iohannes Schweighaeuser]], doctor [[Argentoratum|Argentoratensis]], maximam editionem Graecolatinam quae hodieque apud eruditos in honore est, quattuor voluminibus [[Lipsia]]e curavit&lt;ref&gt;''Appiani Alexandrini Romanarum historiarum quae supersunt novo studio conquisivit,... latinam versionem emendavit, adnotationibus variorum suisque illustravit... Johannes Schweighaeuser... '' [https://books.google.be/books?vid=GENT900000059485&amp;hl=fr Hic legere potes]&lt;/ref&gt;. Plures manuscriptos comparavit et versionem Latinam Gelenii emendavit. De methodo ipse duas dissertatiunculas anno 1781 Argentorati ediditː ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=oJxAAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PP5&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false De impressis ac manuscriptis Appiani codicibus]'' et [https://archive.org/details/4627544/page/n3/mode/2up Exercitationes in Appiani Historias].
* Anno 1827 [[cardinalis]] [[Angelus Mai]], qui in [[Palimpsestus|codice rescripto]] [[Bibliotheca Vaticanae|Bibliothecae Vaticanae]] collectaneum excerptorum Byzantinum ''de Sententiis'' inscriptum agnoverat, quae tum legi potuerunt publicavit, ita pauca fragmenta nova Appiani divulgans&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.fr/books?id=wPhPAAAAYAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ViewAPI&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Reeditio 1830]&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Editiones hodie in usu ===
* Optima et recentissima Appiani editio in ''[[Collection des Universités de France|Collectione des Universités de France]]'' ab anno 1997 duodecim voluminibus per varios auctores publicatur. Desunt adhuc (2016) tomus primus (fragmenta quinque primorum librorum) et tomus nonus (liber secundus de bellis civilibus). Praeter apparatum criticum et versionem Francogallicam, locupletissimam adnotationem et introductionem unicuique libro praebet&lt;ref&gt;Recensiones criticae : [http://www.persee.fr/doc/reg_0035-2039_1999_num_112_1_4363_t1_0322_0000_2 Liber Hannibalicus] [http://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2010_num_79_1_3786_t21_0414_0000_2?q=appien%20compte%20rendu Bella civilia I] [http://www.persee.fr/doc/reg_0035-2039_2001_num_114_2_4475_t2_0742_0000_2 Bellum Mithridaticum] [http://www.persee.fr/doc/reg_0035-2039_2009_num_122_2_7967_t13_0671_0000_2 Liber Syriacus] [http://www.persee.fr/doc/reg_0035-2039_2001_num_114_2_4475_t2_0744_0000_1 Liber Libycus]&lt;/ref&gt;.
* Aemilius Gabba editionem suam libri quinti ''Bellorum civilium'' pretiosissimo commentario (Italiane) ornavit : ''Appiani Bellorum civilium... introduzione, testo critico e commento con traduzione e indici,'' a cura di Emilio Gabba. 5, Liber quintus. - Florentiae : la Nuova Italia, 1970
* Editiones [[Bibliotheca scriptorum Graecorum et Romanorum Teubneriana|Bibliothecae Teunerianae]] Lipsiae datae ad apparatum criticum et textum emendandum multum contulerunt : ultima editio Appiani in duos tomos divisa est (tomus I 1962&lt;ref&gt; ''Appiani historia romana... Ediderunt P. Viereck et A. G. Roos... E. Gabba. 1, Proemium. Iberica. Annibaica. Libyca. Illyrica. Syriaca. Mithridatica. Fragmenta'' &lt;/ref&gt; ; tomus II 1905&lt;ref&gt; ''Appiani historia romana. T. II ex recensione Ludovici Mendelssohnii. Editio altera correctior''&lt;/ref&gt;).

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://remacle.org/bloodwolf/historiens/appien/index.htm Opera] {{Ling|Graece|Francogallice}}
* {{Google Books|LIlbAAAAQAAJ|Opera}} {{Ling|Graece|Latine}}
* [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k588155 Bellum civile] {{Ling|Latine}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170426095144/http://bcs.fltr.ucl.ac.be/ENCYC-1/appien.htm Excerpta cum introductione (Francice)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080105092652/http://www.livius.org/ap-ark/appian/appian.html De Appiano Alexandrino apud ''Livius.org''] {{Ling|Anglice}}
* {{Cite book
| publisher = World Digital Library
| title = Appiani Alexandrini Historia Publio Candido interprete Ac praeterea Anonymi Compendium historiae ab excessu Constantini usque ad Ioannem XXIII
| language = Latine
| accessdate = 2014-02-28
| url = http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11613/
}}

== Plura legere si cupis ==
* ''Appian’s Roman History: Empire and Civil War''. Swansea: The Classical Press of Wales, 2015 SBN: 978-1-910589-00-7. [http://research.ncl.ac.uk/histos/documents/2016RD10GoukowskyonWelch.pdf Recensio critica]
* &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20070907210213/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0256.html Appianus Alexandrinus]&quot; in {{Smith-bio}} vol. 1 p. 218
* Nicolaus Barbu (1933), ''Les sources et l'originalité d'Appien dans le deuxième livre des guerres civiles'', Parisiis. [http://www.persee.fr/doc/reg_0035-2039_1935_num_48_228_4966_t1_0615_0000_2 Recensio critica] 
* K. Broderson (1993), &quot;Appian und sein Werk&quot;, in: ''Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt'' (1993) : 339-363
* GS Bucher (2000), &quot;The Origins, Program, and Composition of Appian’s Roman History&quot;, in ''Transactions of the American Philological Association'' 130 : 411–458 [https://web.archive.org/web/20100716124707/http://puffin1.creighton.edu/clc/Faculty_page/Bucher/Vita/130.1bucher.pdf Hic legere potes] 
*[[Hieronymus Carcopino]], &quot;La valeur historique d'Appien&quot; in ''Autour des Gracques. Etudes critiques'', Les Belles Lettres, 1967ː 3-45 
* Clara Carsana (2013), 'Discours vrais ou inventés ? Le cas d’ Appien' in ''Dialogues d'histoire ancienne'' 39(2) : 103-123 [http://www.persee.fr/doc/dha_0755-7256_2013_num_39_2_3857 Hic legere potes]
** (cur. 2007), ''Commento storico al libro II delle Guerre civili di Appiano, parte I'', Pisae, ETS. ISBN 978-88-467-1878-5
* Stephanus Famerie (1998), ''Le latin et le grec d'Appien : contribution á l'étude du lexique d'un historien grec de Rome'', Genavae, Droz. [http://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2000_num_69_1_2445_t1_0386_0000_3 Recensio critica] [http://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1999_num_101_3_4783_t1_0561_0000_2 Alia recensio critica]
** 1993 : ''Concordantia in Appianum'', Hildesiae. [http://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1995_num_64_1_1237_t1_0304_0000_2 Recensio critica]
* Aemilius Gabba (1956), ''Appiano e la storia delle guerre civili'', Florentiae, La Nuova Italia. [http://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1957_num_26_2_3329_t1_0465_0000_2 Recensio critica Francogallice] [http://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_1958_num_36_2_2219_t1_0489_0000_2 Alia recensio critica]
* Bernardus Goldmann (1988), ''Einheitlichkeit und Eigenständigkeit der Historia Romana des Appian'', Hildesiae. [http://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1991_num_60_1_2329_t1_0375_0000_1 Recensio critica Francogallice] [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-roman-studies/article/goldmannbernhard-einheitlichkeit-und-eigenstandigkeit-der-historia-romana-des-appian-beitrage-zur-altertumswissenschaft-vi-hildesheim-etc-olms-weidmann-1988-pp-147-isbn-3-487-09007-4/87D7A72093A78680D59CD3641788D777 Recensio critica Anglice]
* Paulus Goukowsky (1998), 'Appien d'Alexandrie, prêtre de Rome sous Hadrien' in ''Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres'' 142(3) : 835-856 [http://www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_1998_num_142_3_15911 Hic legere potes]
** 2001 : 'Un &quot;compilateur&quot; témoin de son temps : Appien d'Alexandrie et la révolte juive de 117 ap. J.-C.', ''Cahiers de la Villa Kérylos'' 11(1) : 167-203 [http://www.persee.fr/doc/keryl_1275-6229_2001_act_11_1_1040 Hic legere potes]
* Alanus Gowing (1992), ''The triumviral narratives of Appian and Cassius Dio'', The University of Michigan press. ISBN 0-472-10294-X 
* I. Hahn et G. Nemeth (1993), &quot;Appian und Rom&quot;, in: ''Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt'' (1993) 364-402.
** 1982 : 'Appian und seine Quellen', in: G. Wirth (ed.), ''Romanitas-Christianitas'', 1982 : 251-76 
* Gottofredus Katt (1886), ''De Appiani elocutione'', [[Baden-Baden]] [https://archive.org/details/deappianielocut00kratgoog Hic legere potes]
* Georgius Kramer (1889), ''Theologumena Appiani, dissertatio inauguralis... quam... die XV. m. quintilis 1889... defendet Georgius Kramer,...'' Vratislaviae : typis G. Hoyeri. 
* Philippus Torrens, &quot;Appien et la géographie&quot; in ''Histoire et géographie chez les auteurs grecs : du IIe s. av. J.-C. au VIe s. après J.-C.'' (curantibus Michèle Coltelloni-Trannoy et Sébastien Morlet). Parisiis, de Boccard, 2018 ː 121-134 
* Ioannes Vanderleest (1988), ''Appian and the Writing of the Roman History'', Universitas Torontina.

[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 1]]
[[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 2]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Graeci antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Autobiographi]]
[[Categoria:Historici Romani antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Aegypti Graecoromani]]</text>
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    <title>Anscharius Schindler</title>
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{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} 
{{res|Anscharius Schindler}} (vulgo ''Oskar'') fuit homo negotiorum [[Germania|Germanicus]] qui [[secundum bellum mundanum|secundo bello mundano]] vitas servavit multorum [[Iudaeus|Iudaeorum]] qui in officina eius operabantur, simulans eos magni momenti esse ad [[bellum]] vincendum. De eius vita, [[Thomas Keneally]], [[scriptor]] [[Australia]]nus, librum ''Schindler's List'' inscriptum scripsit, ad quem anno [[1993]] [[pellicula]] [[Schindler's List|eiusdem nominis]] directa est.

== Biographia ==
[[Fasciculus:Oskar shindler factory krakow.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|''Deutsche Emailwaren-Fabrik'' (vel ''D.E.F.''), fabrica Schindlerana [[Cracovia]]e sita.]]
[[Fasciculus:Schindlergrave 20070324.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Sepulcrum]] Anscharii Schindler [[Hierosolyma|Hierosolymis]] situm.]]
Anscharius Schindler familia Germanica lingua loquenti natus est die 28 Aprilis [[1908]] [[Svitavia]]e&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.invaluable.com/auction-lot/a-violin-labelled-franciscus-forberger-fecit-lots-1-c-ku5q13g4l2 Franciscus Forberger Fecit Lotschnaviae Prope Svitaviam]&lt;/ref&gt; in [[Moravia]] (tunc in [[Imperium Austro-Hungaricum|Austria-Hungaria]], nunc in [[Cechia]]).

In [[Cracovia]]m pervenit ubi fabricam ollarum appellatam ''D.E.F.'' ([[Theodisce]] ''Deutsche Emailwaren-Fabrik'') emit et multos (de aliis 1100, de aliis 1200) Iudaeos laboratores assumpsit. In principio, Anscharius egit lucri causa, sed, cum [[miles|milites]] [[Nationalis Socialistica Laboratorum Factio Germanica|Factionis Nationalis Socialisticae]] Iudaeos vexare et trucidare coeperunt, ipse suos operarios defendit.

Anno [[1942]] milites [[Hitler]]iani adorti sunt contra &quot;ghetto,&quot; sive partes urbis, in quibus Iudaei maxime erant concidendo atque in [[castra carceralia|carceralibus castris]] deportando. Schindler cum [[Amon Göth]], duce castrorum carceralium Cracoviae-Plaszow, convenit ut 900 laboratores Iudaeos transferret in fabrica sua castris adiacente, quo in loco facti sunt tuti a militum vexationibus.

Quia [[exercitus]] [[Russia]]e per territorium Germanicum promovebat, multa castrorum carceralium sunt diruta et captivi occisi. Schindler fecit ut circiter 1100 Iudaei ferrentur in fabrica castrorum Gross-Rosen appellatorum, in Brunnlitz (hodie Brnenec). Quo modo vitas servavit usque ad belli finem amplius mille Iudaeorum, sed effugere debuit propter suam assensionem, quam semper is aborruit, [[Factio Nazista|Factioni Nationali Socialisticae]].

Post bellum in [[Argentina]]m pervenit, ubi nonnulla negotia quae male evenerunt coepit. In Germania anno 1958 rediit, et anno 1961, cum se [[Israel]]em contulisset, optime acceptus est [[Hierosolyma|Hierosolymis]] a 200 superstitibus. Die 18 Iulii 1967, ab Israele Schindler factus est &quot;'[[iustus inter gentes|Vir iustus inter civitates]].&quot;

Obiit [[Hildesia]]e,{{dubsig}} in Germania die 9 Octobris [[1974]]. Eius [[corpus]] in coemeterio [[Ecclesia Catholica|Catholico]] Hierosolymis sepultum est.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Antisemitismus]]
* [[Chiune Sugihara]]
* [[Holocaustum]]
* [[Soa]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{Communia|Oskar Schindler|Anscharium Schindler}}
{{Fontes biographici}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071023192813/http://www.oskarschindler.com/ Pagina Anschario Schindler dicata]
* [https://www.yadvashem.org/righteous/stories/schindler.html Anscharius et Aemilia Schindler inter Iustorum inter Civitates] 

{{Lifetime|1908|1974|Schindler, Anscharius}}

[[Categoria:Incolae Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Iusti inter gentes]]
[[Categoria:Magistri officinarum]]
[[Categoria:Secundum bellum mundanum]]</text>
      <sha1>hzrc6uaox44djo6bjhou093ufyzd0jd</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Pelagonius</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>44612</id>
    <revision>
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        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
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      <text bytes="2464" sha1="1oaej12uuycagf7dox827k3gc2kah18" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Pelagonius Saloninus''' ([[Graece]] Πελαγόνιος) fuit auctor Latinus qui de re veterinaria atque praecipue de [[morbus|morbis]] [[equus|equorum]] scripsit. [[saeculum 4|Saeculo quarto]] floruisse censetur. Opus suum sub forma epistularum composuit, variis amicis rubricatarum, de quibus nihil in aliis fontibus refertur. Opera Latina [[Columella]]e et [[Cornelius Celsus|Celsi]], opera Graeca [[Apsyrtus|Apsyrti]] et [[Eumelus|Eumeli]] saepius citavit.

== Opera ==
* Maximus Ihm (editor): ''Pelagonii Ars veterinariae''. [[Lipsia]]e anno [[1892]].
* Klaus-Dietrich Fischer (editor): ''Pelagonii Ars veterinaria''. Teubner, [[Lipsia]]e anno [[1980]] 

== Bibliographia ==
* J. N. Adams: ''Pelagonius and Latin veterinary terminology in the Roman Empire''. Brill, [[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]] anno 1995 (Studies in Ancient Medicine, 11), ISBN 90-04-10227-2 ([http://www.classics.ukzn.ac.za/reviews/99-01mis.html recensio]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}).
* Pierre-Paul Corsetti: ''Un nouveau témoin de l’Ars veterinaria de Pelagonius''. In: ''Revue d’histoire des texte'' 19, 1989, p. 31–56.
* Klaus-Dietrich Fischer: ''[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11740152_The_first_Latin_treatise_on_horse_medicine_and_its_author_Pelagonius_Saloninus The first Latin treatise on horse medicine and its author Pelagonius Saloninus]''. In: ''Medizinhistorisches Journal'' 16 (3), 1981, p. 215–226.
* Klaus-Dietrich Fischer, Dietmar Najock: ''In Pelagonii artem veterinariam concordantiae''. Olms-Weidmann, Hildesiae anno 1983 (Alpha–Omega, Reihe A: Lexika, Indizes, Konkordanzen zur klassischen Philologie, 48), ISBN 3-487-07409-5.
* Anne McCabe, ''A Byzantine encyclopaedia of horse medicine: the sources, compilation, and transmission of the &quot;Hippiatrica&quot;''. Oxonii: Oxford University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-19-927755-1
* &quot;[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DP%3Aentry+group%3D12%3Aentry%3Dpelagonius-bio-1 Pelagonius]&quot; in {{Smith-bio}}
* Karl Wilberg: ''Die Pferdeheilkunst des Pelagonius''. Dissertation [[Berolinum|Berolini]] anno 1943.

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes geographici}}

[[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Eruditi Romani antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Veterinarii]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Imperii Romani]]
[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 4]]
[[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 4 aut 5]]</text>
      <sha1>1oaej12uuycagf7dox827k3gc2kah18</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Telephus (Euripides)</title>
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        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Editiones */</comment>
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      <text bytes="3802" sha1="sd3cqz8wmsoalwm1o3rzwmkai9jio83" xml:space="preserve">{{Videdis|Telephus (discretiva)}}{{Titulus italicus}}
[[Fasciculus:Krater with scene from Aristophanes' Thesmophoriazusae, Apulia, c. 370 BC, H 5692 - Martin von Wagner Museum - Würzburg, Germany - DSC05863.jpg|thumb|Scaena e ''Thesmophoriazusis'' in [[Crater (vas antiquum)|cratere]] [[Apulia|Apulico]] depicta. Mnesilochus falsum infantem transfixurus et femina vas adportans ut vinum recipiat. Parodia Telephi Orestem infantem obsidem rapientis.]]
'''''Telephus''''' (Graece Τήλεφος) est [[fabula satyrica]] quam [[Euripides]] anno [[438 a.C.n.]] docuit, hodie magna ex parte deperdita.  Ad eandam tetralogiam spectabat atque ''[[Alcestis (Euripides)|Alcestis]]'' et ''[[Cressae (Euripides)|Cressis]]''. In ''[[Acharnenses|Acharnensibus]]''&lt;ref&gt;Versus 325-355 et 415-472.&lt;/ref&gt; atque iterum in ''[[Thesmophoriazusae|Thesmophoriis]]''&lt;ref&gt;Versus 689-764.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[411 a.C.n.]]) [[Aristophanes]] hoc drama [[Parodia|parodice]] memoravit atque nonnullos versus fabulae suae inseruisse dicitur. Idem argumentum et ab [[Aeschylus|Aeschylo]] et a [[Sophocles|Sophocle]] tractatum est, quos poetae Latini [[Quintus Ennius|Ennius]] et [[Lucius Accius|Accius]] imitati sunt. Nuper [[Papyrus (materies)|papyri]] nova fragmenta tradiderunt&lt;ref&gt;Colin Austin, ''Nova Fragmenta Euripidea in Papyris Reperta'', 1968 (2a editio 2018). [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1969_num_38_2_1569_t2_0543_0000_2 Recensio critica]. &lt;/ref&gt;.
== De fabula ==
[[Telephus]] fuit [[filius]] [[Hercules|Herculis]] et Augae, [[Tegea|Tegeensis]] regis filiae.  Quondam cum [[Mysia|Mysiorum]] rex factus esset, Achaeos fines suos invadentes reppulit et hasta [[Achilles|Achillis]] vulneratus est. Cum nisi per eandem hastam vulnus sanari non posse comperisset,  Achaeos [[Bellum Troianum|Troianum bellum]] parantes adiit et [[Orestes|Orestem]] infantem, [[Agamemnon|Agamemnonis]] filium, ex incunabulis obsidem rapuit ut telum quo sanaretur sibi daretur.

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Fontes ==
*[[Aristophanes]], ''[[Acharnenses]]'' 430-472. Versus 440-1, 446 et 472 secundum scholiastam e dramate Euripidis sumpti sunt. Item ''[[Pax (Aristophanes)|Pax]]'' 528.
*[[Aristoteles]], ''[[Ars Rhetorica (Aristoteles)|Ars Rhetorica]]'' III.2.10-1 (1405a)
*[[Hyginus mythographus|Hyginus]], ''Fabulae'' 100̟-101

== Bibliographia ==
=== Editiones ===
*	Claudia Preiser, ''Euripides : Telephos. Einleitung, Text, Kommentar'', Hildesiae, 2000 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2001_num_70_1_2472_t1_0235_0000_1 Recensio critica]
* ''Euripides: Selected Fragmentary Plays, 1. Telephus, Cretans, Stheneboea, Bellerophon, Cresphontes, Erechtheus, Phaethon, Wise Melanippe, Captive Melanippe'' edd. C. Collard, M. J. Cropp, K. H. Lee. Warminster: Aris &amp; Phillips 1995
* ''[[Tragicorum Graecorum fragmenta]]''. 2a ed., vol. 5: ''Euripides'' ed. E. C. Kopff. Goettingae 2004

=== Plura legere si cupis ===
* Malcolm Davies, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20190733 Euripides ''Telephus'' fr. 149 (Austin) and the folk-tale origins of the the Teuthranian expedition]&quot; in ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'' vol. 133 (2000) pp. 7-10
*Harold W. Miller, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/266984 Euripides' Telephus and the Thesmophoriazusae of Aristophanes]&quot;, ''Classical Philology'', 1948ː 174-183 
* Rossella Saetta-Cottone, &quot;[https://journals.openedition.org/methodos/223?file=1 La parodie du Télèphe entre les Acharniens et les Thesmphories]&quot;, ''Methodos'', 2004.

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://archive.org/details/tragicorumgraeco00naucuoft/page/578/mode/2up Fragmenta Telephi nono decimo saeculo nota] 
{{Lit-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Scripta 438 a.C.n.]]
[[Categoria:Fabulae satyricae]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Graecae antiquae]]
[[Categoria:Graeciae scripta]]
[[Categoria:Libri deperditi]]
[[Categoria:Euripides]]</text>
      <sha1>sd3cqz8wmsoalwm1o3rzwmkai9jio83</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Ioannes Paulus Lomazzo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
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{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
''' Ioannes Paulus Lomazzo''' (natus die [[26 Aprilis]] [[1538]] [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]]; ibidem mortuus est die [[27 Ianuarii]] [[1592]]) fuit [[pictor]] scholae [[modus fucatus (ars)|Modi fucati]]  et [[ars|artis]] historiae studiosus. 

== Litterarum opera selecta ==

* „Trattato dell'arte della Pittura“ in 7 vol., Mediolani, 1584 
* „Rime“, 1587 (7 vol.)
* „Idea del tempio della pittura“ , 1590 (7 vol.).

== Lege etiam ==
* Marilena Z. Cassimatis, „Zur Kunsttheorie des Malers Giovanni-Paolo Lomazzo (1538 – 1600)“ Frankfurt: 1985, ISBN 3-8204-7404-8.
* Cornelia Manegold, „Wahrnehmung – Bild – Gedächtnis“. Studien zur Rezeption der aristotelischen Gedächtnistheorie in den kultur-theoretischen Schriften des Giovanni Paolo Lomazzo. [[Hildesia]]e: 2004, ISBN 3-487-12675-3.

== Nexus externi ==

{{Communia|Giovanni Paolo Lomazzo|Ioannem Paulum Lomazzo}}

* [http://www.artnet.com/library/05/0516/T051601.asp Biographia Ioannis Pauli Lomazzo] {{Ling|Anglice}}

{{bio-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lomazzo, Ioannes Paulus}}
[[Categoria:Pictores]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Italiae]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1538]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1592]]</text>
      <sha1>i1ium100g1xx15mgn7l6xtvtvyq1fy3</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Ioannes Franciscus Buddeus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>52325</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3984791</id>
      <parentid>3944164</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
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      <origin>3984791</origin>
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      <text bytes="1867" sha1="7qxsm5wc7666bvtmsfjtkbqijpigi6q" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Johann-Franz-Buddeus.jpg|thumb|Ioannes Franciscus Buddeus.]]
'''Ioannes Franciscus Buddeus''' etiam ''Budde'' (natus [[Anclamum|Anclami]] in oppido [[Megapolis et Pomerania Citerior|Megapolis et Pomeraniae Citerioris]] die [[25 Iunii]] [[1667]]; mortuus [[Gotha]]e die [[19 Novembris]] [[1729]]) fuit [[ethnologus]] et [[theologus]] [[Reformatio|Lutheranus]] [[Germania|Germanicus]].

== Opera (excerpta) ==
* ''Elementa philosophiae practicae'', 1697
* ''Elementa philosophiae instrumentalis u. theoreticae'', 2 vol., 1703
* ''Institutiones theologiae moralis'', 1711
* ''Historia ecclesiastica Veteris Testamenti ab orbe condito usque ad Christum natum'', 2 Tom., 1715 et 1718
* ''Theses theologicae de atheismo et superstitione'', 1716
* ''Institutiones theologicae dogmaticae'', 1723
* ''Historische und theologische Einleitung in die vornehmsten Religionsstreitigkeiten'', 1724 et 1728
* ''Isagoge historico-theologica ad theologiam universum singulasque eius partes'', 3 tom., 1727
* ''Historisch- und politische Untersuchung von der Alchemie, und was davon zu halten sey?''. Felßecker, Nürnberg 1727 (Faksimile: Olms, Hildesiae 1976)
* ''Ecclesia apostolica sive de statu ecclesiae christianae sub apostolibus'', 1729
* ''Gesammelte Schriften'' Nova Impressio Hildesiae, Georg Olms, 1999-2006 (10 vol.)

== Nexus externi ==
*[http://gso.gbv.de/DB=1.28/REL?PPN=004082818&amp;RELTYPE=TT&amp;COOKIE=U999,K999,D1.28,E3067c902-8,I0,B9994++++++,SY,A%5C9008+1,,0,H12-23,,30-31,,73-77,,80,,88-90,NGAST,R83.76.151.112,FN Index operum]
*{{BBKL|b/buddeus_j_f|auctor=Friedrich Wilhelm Bautz|commentatio=BUDDEUS (Budde), Johann Franz|tomus=1|columnae=796-797}}

{{Lifetime|1667|1729|Buddeus, Ioannes Franciscus}}
[[Categoria:Auctores Latini recentiores]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Theodisci]]
[[Categoria:Eruditi Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Ethnologi]]
[[Categoria:Theologi]]</text>
      <sha1>7qxsm5wc7666bvtmsfjtkbqijpigi6q</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Adolphus Bertram</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>55670</id>
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-31T10:37:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
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      <text bytes="1959" sha1="cidsumkytdaarv9wdol1od1ghy57s8c" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
{{Cardinalis Ecclesiae Catholicae
|nomen = Adolphus Bertram
|titulus = S. Agnetis extra moenia
|munus = [[Hildesia]] ([[Dioecesis Hildesiensis]]) et postea [[Vratislavia]]e [[archiepiscopus]]
|imago = Bundesarchiv Bild 146-2005-0065, Kardinal Dr. Adolf Bertram.jpg
|descriptio = Adolphus Bertram
|latitudo imaginis = 200px
|natus = [[14 Martii]] [[1859]]
|ordinatus = [[31 Iulii]] [[1881]]
|episcopus =  [[26 Aprilis]] [[1906]]
|consacratus = [[15 Augusti]] [[1906]]
|promulgatus = [[5 Decembris]] [[1919]] in pectore [[4 Decembris]] [[1916]]
|a papa = [[Benedictus XV|Benedicto XV]]
|mortuus = [[6 Iulii]] [[1945]]
|vexillum = Coat of arms of Adolf Bertram.svg
|va =
|ch =
|cr =
}}
'''Adolphus Bertram''' (natus die [[14 Martii]] [[1859]] in [[Hildesia]] – mortuus die [[6 Iulii]] [[1945]] in oppido Johannesberg apud Jauernig) fuit [[episcopus]] anteae [[Hildesia]]e ([[Dioecesis Hildesiensis]]) et postea [[Vratislavia]]e [[archiepiscopus]] ac [[cardinalis]]  [[Germania|Germanicus]].

== Opera ==

* Adolf Bertram: ''Hirtenbriefe und Hirtenworte.'' Coloniae Agrippinae (Böhlau) 2000, ISBN 3-412-01399-4

== Lege etiam ==

* Konrad Algermissen: ''Aus dem Leben und Wirken des Kardinals Bertram, Bischofs von Hildesheim 1906 bis 1914, Erzbischofs von Breslau 1914 bis 1945''. [[Hildesia]]e: Lax, 1948

== Nexus externi ==

{{PND|118510134|nomen=Adolphi Bertram aut de Adolpho Bertram}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070314212228/http://www.visitator-breslau.de/index.php?aktuell=lexikon_b Brevis biographia apud paginam visitatori apostolici Vratislaviae]
*{{BBKL|b/bertram_a|auctor=Friedrich Wilhelm Bautz|commentatio=BERTRAM, Adolf|tomus=1|columnae=557-558}}
* {{CathHierBishop|bertram|Adolphi Bertram Curriculum vitae}}

{{bio-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bertram, Adolfus}}
[[Categoria:Episcopi Ecclesiae Catholicae]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Cardinales]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1859]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1945]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nicolaus Bares</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>55693</id>
    <revision>
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      <text bytes="667" sha1="igsfcvw9yx4ve4sbem8og1xbhwzqbri" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
''' Nicolaus Bares''' (natus die [[14 Ianuarii]] [[1871]] [[Idenhemium|Idenhemii]] apud [[Bedense Castrum]] – mortuus est [[Berolinum|Berolini]] die [[1 Martii]] [[1935]]) fuit [[episcopus]] [[Hildesia]]e ([[Dioecesis Hildesiensis]]) et [[Berolinum|Berolini]] [[archiepiscopus]] ([[Archidioecesis Berolinensis]]).

== Nexus externus ==
{{PND|116056517|nomen=Nicolai Bares aut de Nicolao Bares}}
* {{CathHierBishop|bares|De Nicolao Bares}}

{{bio-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bares, Nikolaus}}

[[Categoria:Incolae Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Episcopi Ecclesiae Catholicae]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1871]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1935]]
[[Categoria:Theologi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Maurus Servius Honoratus</title>
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'''Maurus Servius Honoratus''' (floruit ca. 384) fuit grammaticus doctissimus qui in [[Publius Vergilius Maro|Vergilii]] carmina commentarios edidit. Servius idem persona est dialogi ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnaliorum]]'' [[Ambrosius Theodosius Macrobius|Macrobii]].

== Editiones ==
*Georg Fabricius: ''P. Vergilii Maronis Opera, quae quidem extant, omnia'', Basileae 1551 (editio princeps commentarii brevioris)
*Pierre Daniel: ''Pvb. Virgilii Maronis Bvcolicorvm eclogæ x. Georgicorvm, libri IIII. Æneidos, libri XII, et in ea, Mavri Servii Honorati grammatici commentarii, ex antiqviss, exemplaribvs longè meliores et avctiores'', Parisiis 1600 (editio princeps commentarii prolixioris)
*Georg Christian Thilo / Hermann Hagen: ''Servii Grammatici qui feruntur In Vergilii carmina commentarii''. Teubner, Lipiae 1881-1902, 3 vol. in 4 tom. (iterum pressis datum: Olms, [[Hildesia]]e 1961 et 1986; [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0053 Ad Aenidem], [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2007.01.0091%3Apoem%3Dpr%3Acommline%3D1 Ad eclogas], [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2007.01.0092 Ad Georgica]). 
*Georg Christian Thilo: ''Servii Grammatici qui feruntur in Vergilii Bucolica et Georgica commentarii''. Teubner, Lipsiae 1887
*''Servianorum in Vergili Carmina Commentariorum Editio Harvardiana''. Oxoniae 1965 ss.

[[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Philologi Romani antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Italiae antiquae]]
[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 4]]
[[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 5]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Barmca</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>68458</id>
    <redirect title="Bardenbike" />
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    <title>Disputatio:Barmca</title>
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  <page>
    <title>Telephus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="1469" sha1="shvg8rmw0fikzobhhydp6hnqbkkoz2u" xml:space="preserve">{{Videdis|Telephus (discretiva)}}
[[Fasciculus:Herakles and Telephos Louvre MR219.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Hercules cum Telepho infante]]
'''Telephus''' ([[Graece]] {{Polytonic|Τήλεφος}} &quot;late fulgens&quot;) in [[mythologia Graeca]] fuit [[filius]] [[Hercules|Herculis]] et Augae, [[Tegea|Tegeensis]] regis filiae.  Nonnullas urbes  [[Graecia antiqua|Graecas]] condidit. Eius fabula argumentum [[Telephus (Euripides)|Euripidei dramatis]] fuit&lt;ref&gt;Claudia Preiser, ''Euripides : Telephos. Einleitung, Text, Kommentar'', [[Hildesia]]e, 2000 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2001_num_70_1_2472_t1_0235_0000_1 Recensio critica]&lt;/ref&gt;, cuius prologus tantum exstat. Tragoedias de eadem re hodie deperditas scripserunt [[Aeschylus]], [[Sophocles]], [[Ennius]], [[Accius]]. Nam Telephus rex [[Mysia|Mysiorum]] factus cum Achaeos fines suos invadentes repelleret hasta [[Achilles| Achillis]] vulneratus est. Cum nisi per eandem hastam vulnus sanari non posse comperisset, Achaeos [[Bellum Troianum|Troianum bellum]] parantes adiit et [[Orestes|Orestem]] infantem, [[Agamemnon|Agamemnonis]] filium, obsidem ex incunabulis rapuit ut telum quo sanaretur sibi daretur. Sanatus cum Achaeis Troiam oppugnare noluit quia Laodicen, [[Priamus|Priami]] filiam, uxorem duxerat.
==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;
== Fontes ==
*[[Hyginus mythographus|Hyginus]], ''Fabulae'' 100-101
{{NexInt}}
* [[Cura]]
{{NexInt}}
*''[[Cosmosoma telephus]]''

{{Myth-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Mythologia Graeca]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Factio politica</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>70118</id>
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      <comment>Correctio latinitatis.</comment>
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      <text bytes="2801" sha1="9t9ln59x102fe9b9dd16410yrkwkrqw" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:ElezioneBrunate.jpg|thumb|right|Tabella electionis pro [[Parlamentum Europaeum|Parlamento Europaeo]] in [[Italia]] anno [[2004]] indices factionum politicarum ostendit.]]

'''Factio politica''' vel sola '''factio'''&lt;ref&gt;[[Ebbe Vilborg]], ''Norstedts svensk-latinska ordbok'', editio secunda, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; est [[societas civilis]] quae pondus politicum intra [[gubernatio]]nem vel [[administratio digesta|administrationem digestam]]nem adfectat, plerumque in [[certamen electorale|certaminibus electoralibus]] certando. Factiones, nonnunquam consociationes inter res diversas, [[ideologia]]m adfirmatam saepe sustinent, vel sententiam a [[propositum factionis|proposito]] ad fines disertos scripto fultam.

Dux factionis saepe &quot;praeses&quot;, interdum &quot;secretarius generalis&quot;, interdum aliis titulis nuncupatur.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Aequilibrium Duvergerianum]]
* [[Civilitas]]
* [[Color politicalis]]
* [[Index factionum politicarum]]
* [[Index signa factionum politicarum]]
* [[Systema monocommaticum]]
* [[Systema polycommaticum]]
* [[Particratia]] (regimen politicale ab una vel pluribus factionibus regnatum)
* [[Politicus nullius factionis]]&lt;!--
* [[Party class]] =? --&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Abizadeh, Arash. [[2005]]. &quot;Normative Foundations of National Baha'i Elections.&quot; ''World Order'' 37(1):7–49. [http://www.profs-polisci.mcgill.ca/abizadeh/Bahai-elections.htm &quot;Democratic Elections without Campaigns?] 
* Duverger, Maurice. [[1954]]. ''Political Parties.'' [[Londinium|Londinii]]: Methuen.
* Gunther, Richard, et Larry Diamond. [[2003]]. &quot;Species of Political Parties: A New Typology.&quot; ''Party Politics'' 9(2):167–199.
* Neumann, Sigmund, ed. [[1956]]. ''Modern Political Parties.''. University of Chicago Press.
* Redding, Robert. [[2004]]. ''Hired Hatred.'' RCI.
* Smith, Steven S. [[2007]]. ''Party Influence in Congress.'' [[Cantabrigia]]e: Cambridge University Press.
* Sutherland, Keith. [[2004]]. ''The Party's Over.'' Imprint Academic. ISBN 0-907845-51-7.
* Ware, Alan. [[1987]]. ''Citizens, Parties and the State: A Reappraisal.'' Princeton University Press.

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Political parties|factiones politicas}}
* [http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/platforms.php U.S. Party Platforms from 1840-2004 at The American Presidency Project: UC Santa Barbara]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090215235558/http://www.politicalresources.net/ Political resources on the net]
* [http://www.liberalsvsconservatives.com Liberals vs Conservatives]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090422222829/http://www.theotalks.net/2008/03/do-political-parties-do-more-harm-than-good/ Do political parties do more harm than good?]

{{stipula}}

[[Categoria:Factiones politicae]]

{{1000 paginae}}

{{Myrias|Societas}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gargilius Martialis (scriptor de re rustica)</title>
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{{Videhom|Gargilius Martialis (scriptor ficticius)}}
'''Gargilius Martialis''' fuit, si recte fontes coniunguntur, [[magistratus]], [[miles]], et [[scriptor]] de re rustica qui [[Mauretania Caesariensis|Mauretaniam Caesariensem]] incoluit et [[Auzia]]e in urbe anno [[260]] mortuus est.&lt;ref&gt;''[[Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum]]'' 8.9047.&lt;/ref&gt; Ex opere eius ''[[De hortis (Gargilius Martialis)|De hortis]]'' nonnulla fragmenta de [[malum|malis]], [[Persicum|persicis]], [[Cydonia oblonga|cotoneis]], [[Amygdalus|amygdalis]] servantur in libris [[manuscriptum|manu scriptis]] libri anonymi ''[[Medicina Plinii]]'' saeculo 4 confecti. Insuper libros ''[[Curae boum|de curis boum]]'' et ''[[Medicinae ex holeribus et pomis|de medicinis ex holeribus et pomis]]'' conscripsit. Duas res [[Palladius Rutilius Taurus Aemilianus|Palladius]] in ''[[Opus agriculturae|Opere agriculturae]]'' Gargilio Martiali adscribit quas e libris amissis dempsit.&lt;ref&gt;Palladius, ''Opus agriculturae'' 4.9.8-9 de [[Cucumer|cucumeris]]; 5.3.4 de [[Ocimum|ocimo]].&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Opera ==
* ''[[Curae boum]]''
* ''[[De hortis (Gargilius Martialis)|De hortis]]''
* ''[[Medicinae ex holeribus et pomis]]''

{{NexInt}}
* [[Libri de re rustica antiqui]]
* [[Libri de medicamentis antiqui]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Brigitte Maire, ''Concordantiae Gargilianae''. Hildesiae : Olms-Weidmann, 2002.
* John M. Riddle, &quot;Gargilius Martialis as a medical writer&quot; in ''Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences'' vol. 39 (1984) pp. 408-429

{{Lifetime|saeculo 2 aut 3|260|Gargilius Martialis}}
[[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Africae antiquae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores de medicamentis]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores de re rustica]]</text>
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    <title>Albinus Ludovicus Millin de Grandmaison</title>
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'''Albinus Ludovicus Eleutherophilus Millin de Grandmaison''' (natus [[Lutetia]]e die [[19 Iulii]] [[1759]]; ibidem mortuus die [[14 Aprilis]] [[1818]]), numismatista, botanicus et editor periodici ''[[Magasin encyclopédique]]'', fuit conservatorius [[Nummotheca (Francia)|Nummotheca]]e ab anno [[1795]] [[1818]] usque, et praeses Conservatorii [[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|Bibliothecae Nationalis]] [[Francia|Francicae]] ab anno [[1799]] usque ad [[1800]]. Fuit etiam socius [[Academia Inscriptionum et Litterarum Humaniorum|Academiae Inscriptionum et Litterarum Humaniorum]] et sodalis [[Societas Antiquariorum Francica|Societatis Antiquariorum Francicae]].

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090920071931/http://www.bnf.fr/pages/connaitr/pdf/administrateurs.pdf De administris Bibliothecae Nationalis] {{Ling|Francogallice}}
* [http://cths.fr/an/prosopo.php?id=1087 Vita] apud CTHS

== Bibliographia ==
* Geneviève Espagne, Bénédicte Savoy , edd., ''Aubin-Louis Millin et l'Allemagne: Le Magasin encyclopédique; Les lettres à Karl August Böttiger''. [[Hildesia]]e: Olms, 2005, ISBN 3-487-12871-3 (''Europaea Memoria. Studien und Texte zur Geschichte der europäischen Ideen'', 41)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Millin de Grandmaison, Albinus Ludovicus}}
[[Categoria:Nati 1759]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1818]]
[[Categoria:Bibliothecarii Bibliothecae Regiae et Nationalis Francicae]]
[[Categoria:Numismatistae]]
[[Categoria:Editores]]
[[Categoria:Botanistae Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Socii Academiae Inscriptionum et Litterarum Humaniorum]]
[[Categoria:Sodales Societatis Antiquariorum Francicae]]</text>
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    <title>Franciscus Silvela le Vielleuze</title>
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      <text bytes="765" sha1="1uhv2srwothon09d3gx0s6mhkpu9tdy" xml:space="preserve">'''Franciscus Silvela le Vielleuze''' ([[Matritum |Matriti]] natus die [[15 Decembris]] [[1843]]; ibidem mortuus die [[29 Maii]] [[1905]]) fuit [[causidicus]], [[res gestae|rerum gestarum]] et de [[iurisprudentia |iure]] scriptor, [[res politicae|rerum politicarum]] peritus, et [[Hispania]]e [[primus minister]].

== Nexus externus ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080123114622/http://www.la-moncloa.es/Presidente/RelacionPresidentes/RelacionHistorica/1875-1917.htm Biographia] in pagina Ministrorum Praesidibus Hispanicis dicata {{Ling|Hispanice}}

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Primi Ministri Hispanici (1873-1930)}}

{{Lifetime|1843|1905|Silvela le Vielleuze, Franciscus}}
[[Categoria:Causidici]]
[[Categoria:Historici Hispaniae]]
[[Categoria:Primi ministri Hispaniae]]</text>
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    <title>Principia Yogyakartae</title>
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      <text bytes="67842" sha1="7bc0m0ff5amu4v1t5jndi27w4nlgyoi" xml:space="preserve">'''Principia Yogyakartana,''' plene '''Principia Yogyakartana de Applicatione Iuris Internationalis Humani quoad Inclinationem Sexualem Identitatemque Generis''' ([[lingua anglica|Anglice]]: ''Yogyakarta Principles on the Application of International Human Rights Law in Relation to Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity'') sunt summa principia quae statum civilem hominum [[homophylophilia|homophylophilorum]], [[transsexualitas|transsexualium]], et [[intersexualitas|intersexualium]] confirmant atque defendunt.

Haec principia a [[Internationalis Iurisperitorum Commissio|Commissione Internationali Iurisperitorum]], [[Officina internationalis pro iuribus humanis|Officio Internationali pro Iuribus Humanis]] atque legatis prioribus Commissionis Iurium Humanorum Consociationis Nationum diebus 6-9 Novembris [[2006]] in [[Gadia Mada Universitas|Universitate Gadia Mada]] [[Yogyakarta]]e post disputationem unanimiter constituta sunt secundum scriptum [[Michael O'Flaherty|Michaelis O'Flaherty]] ad tutelam [[iura humana|iurium humanorum]] personarum quarum [[propensio sexualis|inclinatio sexualis]] ad idem [[sexus|genus]] vel ad utrumque [[sexus|genus]] spectat, necnon [[iura humana|iurium humanorum]] personarum quarum [[identitas generis]] non cum [[sexus|genere]] anatomico congruit, contra omnes [[discriminatio|discriminationes]] vexationesque, incluso [[homicidium honorabile|homicidio honoris causa]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/48abd5660.html Normae administrativae UNHCR de iure asyli ob inclinationem sexualem et identitatem generis]&lt;/ref&gt;

Haec principia sunt flagitata a [[Ludovica Arbour]], ante [[Curator supremus Consociationis Nationum pro Iuribus Humanis|Curatorix suprema Consociationis Nationum pro Iuribus Humanis]], secundum [[Universa Iurum Humanorum Declaratio|Universam Iurum Humanorum Declarationem]] etiam pro eius perfectione, id est non in spiritu &quot;fraternitatis&quot; (in eius primo capite), sed philanthropiae. Inter 29 signatores horum principium est [[Maria Robinson]], ante [[praeses]] [[Hibernia (res publica)|Hiberniae]], [[Manfred Nowak]], [[Martinus Scheinin]], [[Mauro Cabral]] et [[Wan Yanhai]].

[[Geneva]]e die [[26 Martii]] [[2007]] haec principia a [[Consociationis Nationum Iurum Humanorum Consilium|Consilio Iurium Humanorum Consociationis Nationum]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20111004104856/http://www.yogyakartaprinciples.org/yogyakarta-article-human-rights-law-review.pdf De inclinatione sexuali, identitate generis et iure internationali humano]&lt;/ref&gt; in ius universale tamquam officia omnium [[civitas|civitatum]] recepta sunt. Eadem principia etiam in [[lingua officialis|linguas principales]] [[Consociatio Nationum|Consociationis Nationum]] versa sunt: [[lingua Arabica|Arabicam]], [[lingua Francogallica|Francogallicam]], [[lingua Hispanica|Hispanicam]], [[lingua Russica|Russicam]], et [[lingua Sinica|Sinicam]]. In documento &quot;De Iuribus Humanis et Identitate Generis&quot; a [[Curator de Iuribus Humanis Consilii Europae|Curatore Iurium Humanorum Consilii Europae]] die 29 Iulii 2009 sancito,&lt;ref&gt;[http://wcd.coe.int/ViewDoc.jsp?id=1476365 De Iuribus Humanis et Identitate Generis (Human Rights and Gender Identity)]&lt;/ref&gt; [[Consilium Europae]] haec Principia magnopere probavit, quod etiam [[Conventus Parlamenti Consilii Europae]] decreto die 23 Martii 2010 confirmavit.&lt;ref&gt;[http://assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=/Documents/WorkingDocs/Doc10/EDOC12185.htm De discriminatione ob inclinationem sexualem atque identitatem generis]&lt;/ref&gt;

Haec principia praeterea in [[lingua Graeca|linguam Graecam]] translata sunt,&lt;ref&gt;[http://arxesyogyakarta.wordpress.com/ Translatio Graeca Principiorum Yogyakartanorum]&lt;/ref&gt; necnon in alias linguas quae inter [[lingua publica|linguas principales]] Consociationis Nationum non numerantur: [[lingua Batava|Batavam]], [[lingua Vasconica|Vasconicam]], [[lingua Catalana|Catalanam]], [[lingua Theodisca|Theodiscam]], [[lingua Philippinica|Philippinicam]], [[lingua Hungarica|Hungaricam]], [[lingua Indonesia|Indonesianam]], [[lingua Lithuanica|Lithuanicam]], [[lingua Nepalensis|Nepalensem]], [[lingua Persica moderna|Persicam modernam]], [[lingua Lusitana|Lusitanam]], [[lingua Slovaca|Slovacam]], [[lingua Singhalensis|Singhalensem]], [[lingua Tamulica|Tamulicam]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20111030084950/http://www.ypinaction.org/content/activists_guide Manuale Militantium] in [[Yogyakartae Principia in Actione]].&lt;/ref&gt;

Die [[10 Novembris]] [[2017]], textus supplementarius Principiorum cui titulus &quot;Principia Yogyakartana plus 10&quot; promulgatus est, in quo ius tutelae civilis, agnitionis legitimae et ius [[diversitas culturae|diversitatis culturalis]] includuntur.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190521113529/http://yogyakartaprinciples.org/principles-en/yp10/ Principia Yogyakartana plus 10]&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Geneva]]e die [[26 Martii]] [[2007]] haec principia a [[Consociationis Nationum Iurum Humanorum Consilium|Consilio Iurium Humanorum Consociationis Nationum]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20111004104856/http://www.yogyakartaprinciples.org/yogyakarta-article-human-rights-law-review.pdf De inclinatione sexuali, identitate generis et iure internationali humano]&lt;/ref&gt; in ius universale tamquam officia omnium [[civitas|civitatum]] recepta sunt. Eadem principia etiam in [[lingua officialis|linguas principales]] [[Consociatio Nationum|Consociationis Nationum]] versa sunt: [[lingua Arabica|Arabicam]], [[lingua Francogallica|Francogallicam]], [[lingua Hispanica|Hispanicam]], [[lingua Russica|Russicam]], et [[lingua Sinica|Sinicam]]. In documento &quot;De Iuribus Humanis et Identitate Generis&quot; a [[Curator de Iuribus Humanis Consilii Europae|Curatore Iurium Humanorum Consilii Europae]] die 29 Iulii 2009 sancito,&lt;ref&gt;[http://wcd.coe.int/ViewDoc.jsp?id=1476365 De Iuribus Humanis et Identitate Generis (Human Rights and Gender Identity)]&lt;/ref&gt; [[Consilium Europae]] haec Principia magnopere probavit, quod etiam [[Conventus Parlamenti Consilii Europae]] decreto die 23 Martii 2010 confirmavit.&lt;ref&gt;[http://assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=/Documents/WorkingDocs/Doc10/EDOC12185.htm De discriminatione ob inclinationem sexualem atque identitatem generis]&lt;/ref&gt;

Haec principia praeterea in [[lingua Graeca|linguam Graecam]] translata sunt,&lt;ref&gt;[http://arxesyogyakarta.wordpress.com/ Translatio Graeca Principiorum Yogyakartanorum]&lt;/ref&gt; necnon in alias linguas quae inter [[lingua publica|linguas principales]] Consociationis Nationum non numerantur: [[lingua Batava|Batavam]], [[lingua Vasconica|Vasconicam]], [[lingua Catalana|Catalanam]], [[lingua Theodisca|Theodiscam]], [[lingua Philippinica|Philippinicam]], [[lingua Hungarica|Hungaricam]], [[lingua Indonesia|Indonesianam]], [[lingua Lithuanica|Lithuanicam]], [[lingua Nepalensis|Nepalensem]], [[lingua Persica moderna|Persicam modernam]], [[lingua Lusitana|Lusitanam]], [[lingua Slovaca|Slovacam]], [[lingua Singhalensis|Singhalensem]], [[lingua Tamulica|Tamulicam]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20111030084950/http://www.ypinaction.org/content/activists_guide Manuale Militantium] in [[Yogyakartae Principia in Actione]].&lt;/ref&gt;

Die [[10 Novembris]] [[2017]], textus supplementarius Principiorum cui titulus &quot;Principia Yogyakartana plus 10&quot; promulgatus est, in quo ius tutelae civilis, agnitionis legitimae et ius [[diversitas culturae|diversitatis culturalis]] includuntur.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190521113529/http://yogyakartaprinciples.org/principles-en/yp10/ Principia Yogyakartana plus 10]&lt;/ref&gt;

Die [[17 Iunii]] [[2011]] [[Consociationis Nationum Iurum Humanorum Consilium]] &quot;Resolutionem&quot; contra violationes iurium humanorum ob inclinationem sexualem atque identitatem generis decrevit ad exsecutionem [[Declaratio et propositum Vindobonae|Declarationis et Propositi Vindobonensis]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110708152132/http://ilga.org/ilga/static/uploads/files/2011/6/17/RESOLUTION%20L9rev1.pdf Resolutio Consilii Iurium Humanorum, Sessio septima decima].&lt;/ref&gt; Quam resolutionem Sessio undevicesima eiusdem Consilii confirmavit.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/19session/A.HRC.19.41_en.pdf De legibus, usu et actionibus discriminantibus contra personas ob inclinationem sexualem et identitatem generis, A/HRC/19/41] (Anglice) [http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/19session/A.HRC.19.41_French.pdf Lois et pratiques discriminatoires et actes de violence dont sont victimes des personnes en raison de leur orientation sexuelle et de leur identité de genre, A/HRC/19/41] (Francogallice).&lt;/ref&gt;
== Epitome Principiorum ==
=== Praefatio ===
'''In Conventu Internationali Peritorum de Inclinatione Sexuali atque Identitate Generis:'''

Nos, Periti Iuris Internationalis Humani, denuo '''adfirmamus''' omnes homines dignitate iuribusque liberos et aequos nasci, atque omnes facultate utendi [[iura humana|iuribus humanis]] sine ullo discrimine sive [[sexus|generis]], sive [[civitas|civitatis]], sive [[color|coloris]], sive [[gens|gentis]], sive [[lingua|linguae]], sive [[religio|religionis]], sive [[politica|sententiae politicae]] aliusve opinionis, sive originis [[natio|nationalis]] vel socialis, sive [[divitiae|condicionis oeconomicae]], sive nativitatis seu alius status praeditos esse.

Atque vehementer '''dolemus''' quod [[violentia]], [[reiectio socialis|vexatio]], [[exclusio socialis|exclusio]], [[stigma|ignominia]], seu [[praeiudicium|praeiudicia]] ob inclinationem sexualem atque [[identitas generis|identitatem generis]] cum discriminatione propter [[sexus|genus]], [[gens|stirpem]], [[senectus|aetatem]], [[religio|religionem]], [[inhabilitas|debilitatem]], vel condicionem [[salus|valetudinis]] seu [[divitiae|oeconomicam]] graviora fiunt, quo fit ut personarum [[integritas|integritas]] et dignitas violetur, tales iniurias subeant, [[perceptio|sensus]] [[aestimatio sui|propriae dignitatis]] seu participatio in [[societas humana|societate]] minuatur, et plerumque cogantur aut [[mens|animum]] suum negare vel opprimere aut vitam metu vel odio plenam degere.

'''Agnoscimus''' quoque in [[historia]] hominum qui inclinatione sexuali in idem genus vel in utrumque genus feruntur, necnon hominum [[transsexualitas|transsexualium]] seu [[intersexualitas|intersexualium]], [[iura humana|iura humana]] saepissime violata esse.

'''Intellegimus''' [[propensio sexualis|inclinationem sexualem]] esse facultatem cuiusque hominis qua affectione emotiva, amatoria vel sexuali erga personas alterius vel eiusdem [[sexus|generis]] vel utriusque [[sexus|generis]] movetur eisque necessitudine intima vel sexuali coniungitur.

'''Comprehendimus''' atque [[identitas generis|identitatem generis]] esse intimam et personalem experientiam generis prout quisque eam penitus sentit, quae potest sed non necessario debet cum [[sexus|genere]] in nativitate assignato congruere, una cum sensu corporis sui (qui sua sponte modificari potest aspectu externo vel functionibus corporis per medicinam, chirurgicam aliosve modos) aliisque expressionibus generis, velut vestitu, sermone et gestu.

'''Agnoscimus''' [[Internationalis iurum humanorum lex|Ius Internationale Humanum]] affirmare omnia iura humana plene exercenda esse, ac praesertim [[impubes|impuberum]], utpote in [[adolescentia]] versantium, optima commoda primum consideranda esse. Ad omnia [[iura humana]] plene exercenda - sive [[iura civilia et politica]], sive [[iura oeconomica, socialia et culturalia]] - [[Internationalis iurum humanorum lex|Ius Internationale Humanum]] absolutam interdictionem omnis [[discriminatio|discriminationis]] postulat.

'''Animadvertimus''' observantiam inclinationis sexualis atque identitatis generis necessariam esse ad veram aequalitatem inter virum et feminam assequendam; [[civitas|civitates]] enim debent [[stereotypia|opiniones pervulgatas]] de utroque genere et praescriptas partes [[vir|virorum]] vel [[femina|feminarum]] abolere. Societas quoque internationalis iam agnovit ius singulorum res ad [[sexualitas|sexualitatem]] pertinentes libere et sine violentia, discriminatione aut vexatione constituendi.

'''Secundum conventum Yogyakartae in [[Indonesia]] diebus 6-9 Novembris 2006 habitum, haec Principia adoptamus'''

=== Principium Primum: Ius ad Usum Universalem Iurium Humanorum ===
Omne genus humanum [[dignitas|dignitate]] et [[iura humana|iuribus]] nascitur [[libertas|liberum]] et [[aequalitas ante legem|aequum]], cum [[ratio|rationis]] [[conscientia|conscientiaeque]] particeps sit. Omnes homines, quacumque inclinatione sexuali atque quacumque [[identitas generis|identitate generis]] sint, ius habent [[iura humana|iuribus humanis]] plene utendi.

[[Civitas|Civitates]] debent:
(a) in [[constitutio|constitutione]] [[natio|nationali]] aliisve legibus fundamentalibus inscribere principia quibus [[iura humana|iura humana]] universa, inter se conexa et individua esse declarantur, quo plenus usus iurium humanorum efficiatur;

(b) omnes [[lex|leges]], praesertim [[ius criminale|ius criminale]], ita accommodare ut cum usu universali iurium humanorum congruant;

(c) programmata [[educatio|educationis]] et conscientiae augendae instituere quibus plenus usus [[iura humana|iurium humanorum]] omnium hominum, quacumque inclinatione sexuali atque identitate generis sint, promoveatur et extollatur;

(d) [[politica|rationem publicam]] et consilia ita instituere ut varias partes identitatis humanae agnoscant et complexu suo contineant, intellegentes [[propensio sexualis|inclinationem sexualem]] atque [[identitas generis|identitatem generis]] esse partes fundamentales personalitatis humanae quae inter se conexae sunt nec dividi possunt.

=== Principium Secundum: Ius Aequalitatis et Non-Discriminationis ===
Omnes homines ius habent [[iura humana|iuribus humanis]] utendi sine [[discriminatio|discriminatione]] ob inclinationem sexualem atque [[identitas generis|identitatem generis]]. [[Lex|Leges]] omnem discriminationem ob inclinationem sexualem atque identitatem generis severe prohibere debent, praesertim cum discriminatio propter genus, [[gens|stirpem]], aetatem, [[religio|religionem]], [[inhabilitas|debilitatem]], vel statum [[salus|valetudinis]] aut [[pecunia|pecuniarum]] cumuletur.

[[Civitas|Civitates]] debent:

(a) curare ut omnes homines capacitate legali in [[ius civile|rebus civilibus]] sine discriminatione ob inclinationem sexualem vel identitatem generis uti possint, et ut facultatem hanc capacitatem exercendi habeant, incluso iure [[pactum|pacta]] faciendi, administrandi, [[proprietas (ius)|bona]] possidendi, acquirendi, administrandi ac disponendi;

(b) omnes rationes legales et administrativas instituere quibus plene agnoscatur et lege comprobetur quaeque sui definita [[identitas generis]];

(c) efficere ut rationes legales et administrativae permittant ut sua definita [[identitas generis]] in omnibus documentis publicis quae genus indicant inscribatur, incluso [[natalis|documento natali]] et [[syngraphus|syngraphis]] identitatis;

(d) curare ut hae rationes efficaces, aequae, non-discriminantes sint et dignitatem ac [[vita priva|vitam privatam]] personarum revereantur;

(e) providere ut mutationes in [[tessera identitatis|tesseris identitatis]] admittantur in omnibus casibus ubi identificatio vel agnitio personae secundum [[sexus|genus]] [[lex|lege]] vel [[politica|norma publica]] requiritur;

(f) specifica programmata socialis auxilii instituere quibus omnibus personis in transitu generis vel [[genus reassignans chirurgia|chirurgia generis mutandi]] sustentatio praebeatur;

(g) curare ut omnes personae ius habeant eligendi quando, cui et quomodo informationes de sua inclinatione sexuali vel identitate generis communicent, et ab omni coactione revelandi tales informationes protegi debeant;

(h) providere ut procedura mutationis generis in documentis publicis simplex, clara et accessibilis sit, ac dignitatem et privatam vitam personarum tueatur;

(i) asserere ut omnes personae, quarum documenta identitatis genere indicato praedita sunt, plenam participationem legalem et socialem secundum agnitum genus habere possint.

=== Principium Quartum: Ius ad Vitam ===
Nemo [[vita]] privari debet ob inclinationem sexualem atque identitatem generis. [[Poena capitalis|Poena capitis]] numquam imponenda est ob consensualem activitatem sexualem inter personas eiusdem aetatis, sive eiusdem sive diversi generis.

[[Civitas|Civitates]] debent:

(a) omnem poenam capitalem ob activitates sexuales inter consentientes abolere;

(b) remissionem poenae mortis concedere omnibus qui ob tales activitates ad mortem damnati sunt;

(c) omnes aggressiones contra vitam personarum ob inclinationem sexualem vel identitatem generis prohibere, et omnes tales aggressiones efficaciter investigare atque punire.

=== Principium Quintum: Ius ad Securitatem Personalem ===
Omnes homines, quacumque inclinatione sexuali atque identitate generis sint, ius habent ad [[habeas corpus|securitatem personalem]] et ad tutelam [[civitas|civitatis]] contra violentiam vel laesionem corporalem, sive a publicis officiis sive a singulis hominibus vel coetibus illatam.

[[Civitas|Civitates]] debent:
(a) omnes rationes legales, administrativas aliasque necessarias instituere ad praeveniendam et protegendam contra omnes formas [[violentia psychologica|violentiae]] et vexationis propter inclinationem sexualem et identitatem generis;

(b) omnes necessarias provisiones legales facere ut violentia, minae, incitatio ad violentiam et vexationem ob inclinationem sexualem vel identitatem generis cuiusvis personae vel coetus personarum in omnibus vitae partibus, etiam intra familiam, poena criminali afficiantur;

(c) omnes necessarios gradus administrativos aliasque provisiones facere ne violentia, minae, incitatio ad violentiam et vexatio excusentur vel iustificentur inclinatione sexuali vel identitate generis victimae;

(d) curare ut omnes casus violentiae huiusmodi diligenter investignentur, et ubi probationes idoneae inveniantur, responsabiles in iudicium vocentur, condemnentur et debite puniantur, victimis autem remedia apta et compensatio praebeantur;

(e) campagnas conscientiae augendae instituere quae violentiam ob inclinationem sexualem et identitatem generis impugnent, una cum praeiudiciis socialibus quae talem violentiam fovent.

=== Principium Sextum: Ius ad Vitam Privatam ===
Omnes homines, nemine se illicite vel ex iniusto arbitrio immiscente, ius habent ad [[vita privata|privatam vitam]], idque complectitur ius ad privatam vitam [[familia|familiae]], [[domus|domicilii]], et communicationum, necnon ad protectionem contra illegitimos impetus in honorem et famam. Ius ad vitam privatam normaliter includit facultatem eligendi an et quomodo informationes de sua inclinatione sexuali vel identitate generis revelare velint, necnon decisiones et optiones circa proprium corpus et consensuales relationes sexuales vel alias cum aliis.

[[Civitas|Civitates]] debent:
(a) omnes necessarias rationes legales, administrativas aliasque adhibere ut ius cuiusque hominis, sine discriminatione ob inclinationem sexualem vel identitatem generis, ad privatam vitam et privatas optiones in relationibus consensualibus et aliis rebus vitae privatae plene exerceri possit;

(b) abolere omnes leges quae consensualem activitatem sexualem inter personas eiusdem aetatis criminalem reddunt, et curare ut aequalis aetas consensus applicetur sive ad relationes eiusdem sive diversi generis;

(c) providere ut leges de publica decentia non discriminent ob inclinationem sexualem vel identitatem generis;

(d) neminem privato arbitrio subici propter informationes de inclinatione sexuali vel identitate generis.

=== Principium VII. Ius ad Libertatem ex Custodia Arbitraria ===
Nemo propter inclinationem sexualem atque identitatem generis capietur, sua [[libertas|libertate]] privabitur aut arripietur; nam id arbitrarium est. Omnes qui capiuntur, qualiscumque inclinationis sexualis seu qualiscumque identitatis generis sint, aequalitatis causa, ius habent ad causam captivitatis ac naturam poenae contra se cognoscendam, et prompte ad iurisdictionem et processum [[iudicium|iudicii]] ferendi qui legitimitatem captivitatis decernat, sive culpatus sive innocens sit.

=== Principium VIII. Ius ad Iudicium Aequum ===
Omnes homines ius ad aequam ac publicam auditionem in iusto, consequente et independente [[iudicium|iudicio]] habent quod statum a lege, in destinatione suorum [[ius|iurium]] et suarum [[obligatio|obligationum]] in processu et de quali culpatione contra eos easve, sine praeiudicio seu discriminatione inclinationis sexualis seu suae identitatis generis causa.

Civitas debet, (a) omnes modos legis administrativosque exercere ad prohibendum et abrogandum tractationem praeiudicatam inclinationis sexualis seu identitatis generis causa in omni gradu iudicii, et ad sponsionem ut nemo sua credibilitate, advocatione seu formatione destinationis impugnetur pro sua inclinatione sexuali seu sua identitate generis. (b) omnes necessarios ac rationales gradus exercere ad protectionem hominum de processu criminali seu civili [[praeiudicium|praeiudicii]] causa de inclinatione sexuali seu identitate generis. (c) programmata [[educatio|educationis]] et cultus [[conscientia|conscientiae]] [[iudex|iudicibus]], sociis iudicii, accusatoribus, et [[causidicus|causidicis]] de norma [[Internationalis iurum humanorum lex|Internationalis iurum humanorum legis]] ac de principio aequalitatis et non discriminationis, etiam de inclinatione sexuali et identitate generis, praebere.

=== Principium IX. Ius ad Tractationem cum Humanitate in Carcere ===
Qui in [[carcer|custodiam datur]] humane tractari necesse est, et eius humana [[persona]] aestimatur. Quaeque inclinatio sexualis atque quaeque [[identitas generis]] sunt integrae ad suam [[dignitas|dignitatem]].

[[Civitas]] respondet, (a) ut si sua identitas generis sexui anatomico non congruit, tractetur secundum identitatem generis, numquam secundum sexum anatomicum, et ut in [[carcer|carcere]] persona ex [[violentia]] corporali, [[violentia psychologica|psychologica]], et [[abusus sexualis|sexuali]] ac vexatione pro sua inclinatione sexuali seu sua identitate generis protegatur. (b) ut carcer inspectionem [[SCDI]] (SIDA) et illius curationem det si necesse est, atque remedia [[salus|salutis]] [[sexualitas|sexualis]] et [[procreatio|procreationis]], etiam [[hormon|hormonoterapiam]] et [[genus reassignans chirurgia|genus reassignantem chirurgiam]], si postulatur. (c) ad possibilissimum, ut omnes in carcere participent de decisione loci custodiae qui aptus est ad suam inclinationem sexualem seu identitatem generis. (d) modos protectionis exercere pro omnibus in carcere qui [[vulnerabilitas socialis|vulnerabiles]] sunt ad violentiam seu maleficientiam pro sua regione sexuali, sua identitate generis seu sua expressione generis, atque secundum rationem practicam, quales modi protectionis non maiorem restrictionem involvant quam populatio generalis in custodia experitur. (e) ut visitatio coniugis si permettitur, detur omnibus hominibus in [[carcer|carcere]], qualiscumque sexus coniugis. (f) monitorem independentem ad carcerem a civitate, simul a consociatione non-[[rectio|rectionali]], etiam consociatione quae occupatur in inclinationis sexualis atque identitatis generis negotiis, instituere. (g) ut [[Civitas]] omnibus officialibus carcerorum programmata professionis et cultum [[conscientia|conscientiae]] det, ut normam [[Internationalis iurum humanorum lex|Internationalis iurum humanorum legis]] ac principium aequale interdictionisque discriminationis etiam pro inclinatione sexuali atque identitate generis respectent.

=== Principium X. Ius ad Libertatem ex Tortura ===
Omnes homines ius [[tortura|torturam]] seu atrocem, inhumanam, seu humiliantem tractationem seu poenam non subeundi habent, etiam pro inclinatione sexuali atque identitate generis.

[[Civitas]] debet:
(a) omnes modos legis administrativosque exercere ad praesidendum et protegendum ex tortura et atroci, inhumana, seu humiliante tractatione seu poena pro inclinatione sexuali seu identitate generis, etiam sua incitatione;

(b) omnes gradus rationales exercere ad cognoscendas victimas torturae, atrocis, inhumanae seu humiliantis tractationis seu poenae pro regione sexuali seu identitate generis, atque aptam remedium illis dare, etiam reparationem et iustam, curam [[medicina|medicam]] et [[psychologia|psychologicam]];

(c) programmata educationis et cultum [[conscientia|conscientiae]] [[vigil|vigilibus]] curatoribus carceris et omnibus officialibus in publicis et privatis qui qualem actionem perpetrare seu praesidere possunt, dare.

=== Principium XI. Ius ad Protectionem ex Omni Forma Usurpationis ac Mercatu Hominum ===
Omnes homines ius protectionis ex commercio [[mercatus hominum|mercatu hominum]], et omnibus formis [[usurpatio|usurpationis]], non de compilatione sexuali limitatum, actualis seu praeceptae inclinationis sexualis seu identitatis generis causa habent. Exsecutio ad praesidendum [[mercatus hominum|commercium humanum]] facta, quae [[vulnerabilitas socialis|vulnerabilitatem]] etiam ad varias formas inaequalitatis ac discriminationis pro inclinatione sexuali seu [[identitas generis|identitate generis]] aggravat, accusari fas est. Qualis exsecutio consequens ad [[iura humana]] hominis qui in commercio tradi potest esse fas est.

[[Civitas]] debet:
(a) omnes modos legis administrativosque exercere ad praesidendum et protegendum ex commercio, [[mercatus hominum|mercatu hominum]], et omnibus formis usurpationis, non de compilatione sexuali limitatum, actualis seu praeceptae inclinationis sexualis seu identitatis generis causa;

(b) ut omnis qualis legislatio seu exsecutio suam actionem ([[meretrix|prostituendi]]) nec criminetur, nec stigmatizet, seu in qualicumque modo, nec infortunium illarum qui vulnerabiliores ad qualem actionem aggravare, respondere;

(c) exsecutionem et programmata legis, educationis et societatis statuere quae accusant factum; ut exclusio socialis, discriminatio, denegatio ab [[familia]], [[societas humana|societate]] [[cultura|culturae]], indigentia bonorum, [[status sine domo|status sine domo]] et habitus discriminans socialis quod infirmat [[aestimatio sui|aestimationem sui]], atque abscessus protectionis ex [[discriminatio|discriminatione]] in occasione ad domum mutandam, occupationem, et beneficia socialia, sunt causae quae [[vulnerabilitas socialis|vulnerabilitatem]] ad commercium, [[mercatus hominum|emptionem humanam]], et omnes formas usurpationis efficiunt.

=== Principium XII. Ius ad Laborem ===
Omnes homines [[ius laborandi|ius decentem fructuosamque laborem]] sub [[labor decens|rectis accommodisque condicionibus]] ferendi habent, sine discriminatione pro inclinatione sexuali atque identitate generis cum protectione ex [[inopia operarum]].

[[Civitas]] debet:
(a) omnes modos legis administrativosque exercere, ut ad omnem [[occasio laboris|occasionem laboris]], progressum status in professione publica privataque et remunerationem, omnes [[discriminatio|discriminationes]] pro inclinatione sexuali atque identitate generis abrogentur et prohibeantur;

(b) omnem discriminationem pro inclinatione sexuali et identitate generis abrogare ad sponsionem aequi occupatus et [[occasio laboris|occasionis laboris]] in omnibus partibus officii publici, omnibus gradibus officii [[rectio|rectionis]], etiam in [[vigil|vigilantia]] ac [[miles|militia]], atque apta programmata [[educatio|educationis]] et cultus [[conscientia|conscientiae]] ad pugnandum cum habitu discriminante.

=== Principium XIII. Ius ad Securitatem Socialem ===
Omnes homines ius [[securitas socialis|securitatis socialis]] et protectionem [[societas humana|societatis]] ferendi habent, sine [[discriminatio|discriminatione]] pro inclinatione sexuali atque [[identitas generis|identitate generis]]. [[Salus]] sexualis ac [[procreatio|procreationis]] est aspectus fundamentalis huius iuris.

[[Civitas]] debet:
(a) omnes modos legis administrativosque exercere, sine discriminatione pro inclinatione sexuali atque [[identitas generis|identitate generis]], ut omnes aequam occasionem ad securitatem socialem ac modos protectionis socialis habeant; id est, beneficium occupatus, beneficium ad occasionem [[inopia operarum|inopiae occupatus]], [[otium]] [[mater|maternum]] et [[parens|parentale]], et securitatem [[salus|salutis]], seu curationem, seu indemnitatem [[morbus|morbi]], etiam de [[permutatio sexus (chirurgia)|recorporatione identitatis generis causa]];

(b) ut puer seu quodlibet membrum suae familiae qualemque formam tractationis discriminantis non subiciatur in systemate securitatis socialis seu ad beneficia socialia;

(c) omnes modos legis administrativosque exercere ad sponsionem occasionis ad politica programmata [[allevatio paupertatis|ut concidat paupertatem]], sine discriminatione pro regione sexuali seu identitate generis.

=== Principium XIV. Ius ad Adaequatum Gradum Vitae ===
Omnes homines [[ius ad adaequatum gradum vitae]], etiam benigna [[ius alimenti|alimenta]], [[ius veste utendi|vestimenta]], puram [[aqua|aquam]] et [[sanitatis cura|sanitatis curam]] ferendi, ad perpetuam meliorationem condicionis [[vita|vitae]] habent, sine discriminatione pro inclinatione sexuali atque identitate generis.

=== Principium XV. Ius ad Adaequatam Domum ===
Omnes homines ius aptam et tutam [[ius domicilii|domum]] etiam perfugium ferendi habent, etiam protectionem de proscriptione, sine [[discriminatio|discriminatione]] pro inclinatione sexuali atque identitate generis.

[[Civitas]] debet:
(a) omnes modos legis administrativosque exercere ad sponsionem tutae occasionis ad dulcem, habilem, cultu decentem [[domus|domum]], etiam perfugium et altum conductum, sine discriminatione pro inclinatione sexuali, identitate generis seu statu marito familiaeve;

(b) omnes modos legis administrativosque exercere ad interdictionem exsulationis quae non consequens est ad [[obligatio|obligationem]] [[internationalis iurum humanorum lex|Pactionum internationalium de iuribus humanis]];

(c) iura aequa ad terram, [[res immobiles]] et [[hereditas|hereditatem]] respondere, sine discriminatione inclinationis sexualis seu identitatis generis causa;

(d) programmata socialia, etiam programmata auxilii exercere ad accusationem factorum de regione sexuali atque identitate generis quae [[vulnerabilitas socialis|vulnerabilitatem]] ad [[status sine domo|statum sine domo]] aggravant, speciatim [[puer|puerorum]] et adulescentium, etiam exclusionem socialem, [[violentia domestica|violentiam domesticam]] seu ceteram formam violentiae, discriminationem, dependentiam [[pecunia|pecuniae]], et denegationem a familia seu societate cultus, atque ad promotionem auxilii ac securitatis inter convictus.

=== Principium VIII. Ius ad Iudicium Aequum ===
Omnes homines ius ad aequam ac publicam auditionem in iusto, consequente et independente [[iudicium|iudicio]] habent quod statum a lege, in destinatione suorum [[ius|iurium]] et suarum [[obligatio|obligationum]] in processu et de quali culpatione contra eos easve, sine praeiudicio seu discriminatione inclinationis sexualis seu suae identitatis generis causa.

Civitas debet, (a) omnes modos legis administrativosque exercere ad prohibendum et abrogandum tractationem praeiudicatam inclinationis sexualis seu identitatis generis causa in omni gradu iudicii, et ad sponsionem ut nemo sua credibilitate, advocatione seu formatione destinationis impugnetur pro sua inclinatione sexuali seu sua identitate generis. (b) omnes necessarios ac rationales gradus exercere ad protectionem hominum de processu criminali seu civili [[praeiudicium|praeiudicii]] causa de inclinatione sexuali seu identitate generis. (c) programmata [[educatio|educationis]] et cultus [[conscientia|conscientiae]] [[iudex|iudicibus]], sociis iudicii, accusatoribus, et [[causidicus|causidicis]] de norma [[Internationalis iurum humanorum lex|Internationalis iurum humanorum legis]] ac de principio aequalitatis et non discriminationis, etiam de inclinatione sexuali et identitate generis, praebere.

=== Principium VIII. Ius ad Iudicium Parum ===
Omnes homines ius ad aequam ac publicam auditionem in iusto, consequente et independente [[iudicium|iudicio]] habent statum a lege, in destinatione suorum [[ius|iurum]] et suae [[obligatio]]nis in processu et de quali culpatione contra eos easve, sine praeiudicio seu discriminatione propensionis sexualis seu sua identitas generis causa.

Civitas debet, (a) omnes modos legis administrativosque exercere ad prohibendum et adrogandum tractationem praeiudicatum propensionis sexualis seu identitate generis causa in omni gradu iudicii, et ad sponsionem ut nemo sua credibilitate, advacatione seu formatione destinationis non impugnatur pro sua propensione sexuali seu sua identitate generis. (b) omnes necessarios ac rationales gradus exercere ad protectionem hominum de procesu criminali seu civili [[praeiudicium|praeiudicii]] causa de propensione sexuali seu identitate generis. (c) programmata [[educatio]]nis et cultus [[conscientia]]e [[iudex|iudici]], socii iudicii, accusatori, et [[causidicus|causidici]] de norma [[Internationalis iurum humanorum lex|Internationalis iurum humanorum legis]] ac de principio aequalitatis et non discriminationis, etiam de propensione sexuali et identitate generis.

=== Principium IX. Ius ad Tractationem cum Humanitate in Carcere ===
Qui in [[carcer|custodiam datur]] humane tractari necesse est, et eius humana [[persona]] aestimatur. Quaeque inclinatio sexualis atque quaeque [[identitas generis]] sunt integrae ad suam [[dignitas|dignitatem]].

[[Civitas]] respondet, (a) ut si sua identitas generis sexui anatomico non congruit, tractetur secundum identitatem generis, numquam secundum sexum anatomicum, et ut in [[carcer|carcere]] persona ex [[violentia]] corporali, [[violentia psychologica|psychologica]], et [[abusus sexualis|sexuali]] ac vexatione pro sua inclinatione sexuali seu sua identitate generis protegatur. (b) ut carcer inspectionem [[SCDI]] (SIDA) et illius curationem det si necesse est, atque remedia [[salus|salutis]] [[sexualitas|sexualis]] et [[procreatio|procreationis]], etiam [[hormon|hormonoterapiam]] et [[genus reassignans chirurgia|genus reassignantem chirurgiam]], si postulatur. (c) ad possibilissimum, ut omnes in carcere participent de decisione loci custodiae qui aptus est ad suam inclinationem sexualem seu identitatem generis. (d) modos protectionis exercere pro omnibus in carcere qui [[vulnerabilitas socialis|vulnerabiles]] sunt ad violentiam seu maleficientiam pro sua regione sexuali, sua identitate generis seu sua expressione generis, atque secundum rationem practicam, quales modi protectionis non maiorem restrictionem involvant quam populatio generalis in custodia experitur. (e) ut visitatio coniugis si permettitur, detur omnibus hominibus in [[carcer|carcere]], qualiscumque sexus coniugis. (f) monitorem independentem ad carcerem a civitate, simul a consociatione non-[[rectio|rectionali]], etiam consociatione quae occupatur in inclinationis sexualis atque identitatis generis negotiis, instituere. (g) ut [[Civitas]] omnibus officialibus carcerorum programmata professionis et cultum [[conscientia|conscientiae]] det, ut normam [[Internationalis iurum humanorum lex|Internationalis iurum humanorum legis]] ac principium aequale interdictionisque discriminationis etiam pro inclinatione sexuali atque identitate generis respectent.

=== Principium X. Ius ad Libertatem ex Tortura ===
Omnes honines ius [[tortura]]m seu atrocem, inhumanam, seu humiliantem tractationem seu poenam non subieci habent, etiam pro propensione sexuali atque identitate generis.

Civitas debet, (a) omnes modos legis administrativosque exercere ad praesidendum et protegendum ex tortura et atroce, inhumana, seu humilitante tractatione seu poena pro propensione sexuali seu identitate generis, etiam sua incitatione. (b) omnes gradus rationales exercere ad cognoscendum victimam tortur, atrocis, iuhumanae seu humiliantis tractationis seu poenae pro regione sexuali seu identitate generis, atque aptam remedium illos illasve dat, etiam reparationem et iuste, curam [[medicina]]e et [[psychologia]]e. (c) programmata educationis et cultus [[conscientia]]e [[vigil]]i curatori carceris et omnibus officialibus in publicis et privis qui qualem actionem perpetrare seu praesidere possunt, dare.

=== Principium XI. Ius ad Protectionem ex Omni Forma Usurpationis ac Mercatu Hominum ===
Omnes homines ius protectionem ex commercio [[mercatus hominum|mercatu homimum]], et omnibus formis [[usurpatio]]nis, non de compilatione sexuali limitatur, actualis seu praeceptae propensione sexualis seu identitate generis causa. Exsecutio ad praesidendum [[mercatus hominum|commercium humanum]] facta, qui [[vulnerabilitas socialis|vulnerabilitatem]] etiam ad varias formas in aequalitatis ac discriminationis pro propensione sexuali seu [[identitas generis|identitate generis]] aggravant, accusare fas est. Qualis exsecutio consequens ad [[iura humana]] hominis qui in commercio traderi potest esse fas est.

Civitas debet, (a) omnes modos legis administrativosque exercere ad praesidemdum et protegendum ex commercio, [[mercatus hominum|mercatu hominum]], et omnibus formis usurpationis, non de compilatione sexuali limitatur, actualis seu praeceptae propensionis sexualis seu identitatis generis causa. (b) ut omnis qualis legislatio seu exsecutio suam actionem ([[meretrix|prostituendum]]) nec criminatur, nec stigma, seu in qualique modo, nec infortunium illarum qui vulnerabilies ad qualem actionem aggravare, respondere. (c) exsecutionem et programmata legis, educationis et societatis stare quae accusat factum; ut exclutio socialis, discriminatio, denegatio ab [[familia]], [[societas humana|societate]] [[cultura]]e, indigentia bonorum, [[status sine domo]] et habitus discriminans socialis quod infirmat [[aestimatio sui|aestimationem sui]], atque abscessus protectionis ex [[discriminatio]]ne in occasione ad domum mutari, occupatum, et beneficia socialia, sunt causa qui [[vulnerabilitas socialis|vulnerabilitatem]] est ad commercium, [[mercatus hominum|emptionem humanam]], et omnes formam usurpationis.

=== Principium XII. Ius ad Laborem ===
Omnes homines [[ius laborandi|ius decentem fructuosamque laborem]] sub [[labor decens|rectam accommodamque condicionem]] ferre habent, sine discriminatione pro propensione sexuali atque identitate generis cum protectione ex [[inopia operarum]].

[[Civitas]] debet, (a) omnes modos legis administrativaque exercere, ut ad omnem [[occasio laboris|occasionem laboris]], progressum statu in professione pubilca privataque et remunerationem, omnes [[discriminatio]]nes pro propensione sexuali atque identitate generis abrogantur et prohibentur. (b) omnes discriminationem pro propensione sexuali et identitate generis abrogare ad sponsionem aequi occupatus et [[occasio laboris|occationem laboris]] in omnibus partibus officii publici, omnibus gradus officii [[rectio]]nis, etiam in [[vigil]]antita ac [[miles|militia]], atque apta programmata [[educatio]]nis et cultus [[conscientia]]e ad pugnandum cum habitu discriminante.

=== Principium XIII. Ius ad Securitatem Socialis ===
Omnes homines ius [[securitas socialis|securitatis sociale]] et protectionem [[societas humana|societatis]] ferre habent, sine [[discriminatio]]ne pro propensione sexuali atque [[identitas generis|identitate generis]].

[[Civitas]] debet, (a) omnes modos legis administativosque exercere, sine discriminatione pro propensione sexuali atque [[identitas generis|identitate generis]], ut omnes aequam occasionem ad securitatem socialem ac modos protectionis socialis; id est, beneficium occupatus, beneficium ad occationem{{dubsig}} [[inopia operarum|inopiae occupatus]], [[otium]] [[mater]]num et [[parens|parentalem]],{{dubsig}} et secritatem [[salus|salutis]], seu curationem, seu indemnitatem [[morbus|morbi]], etiam de [[permutatio sexus (chirurgia)|recorporatione identitatis generis causa]]. (b) ut puer seu qualidque membeum suae familiae qualemque formam tractationis discriminantis subicitur in systema securitatis socialis seu ad beneficia socialia. (c) omnes modos legis administrativosque exercere ad sponsionem occationis ad politica programmata [[allevatio paupertatis|ut concidit paupertatem]], sine discriminatione pro regione sexuali seu identitate generis.

=== Principium XIV. Ius ad Adaequatum Gradum Vitae ===
Omnes homines [[ius ad adaequatum gradum vitae]], etiam beniga [[ius alimenti|alimenta]], [[ius veste utendi|vestimenta]], puram [[aqua]]m et [[sanitatis cura]]m ferendum, ad perpetuam meliorationem condicionis [[vita]]e habent, sine discriminatione pro propensione sexuali atque identitate generis.

=== Principium XV. Ius ad Adaequatum Domum ===
Omnes homines ius aptam et tutam [[ius domicilii|domum]] etiam perfugium ferre habent, etiam protectionem de proscriptione, sine [[discriminatio]]ne pro propensione sexuali atque identitate generis.

Civitas debet, (a) omnes modos administrativosque exercet ad sponsioem tutae occationis ad dulcem, habilem, cultu decentem [[domus|domum]], etiam perfugiam et altum conductum, sine discriminatione pro propensione sexuali, identitate generis seu statu marito familiaeve. (b) omnes modos administrativosque exercere ad interdictionem exsulationis quae non consequens est ad [[obligatio]]nem [[internationalis iurum humanorum lex|Pactionium internationalium de iuribus humanis]]. (c) iura aequa ad terra, [[res immobiles]] et [[hereditas|hereditatem]] respondere, sine discriminatione propensionis sexualis seu identitatis generis causa. (d) programmata socialia, etiam programmata auxilii exercere ad accusationem factorum de regione sexuali atque identitate generis quae [[vulnerabilitas socialis|vulnerabilitatem]] ad [[status sine domo|statum sine domo]], speciatim [[puer]]i et adulescenti, etiam exclutionem socialem, [[violentia domestica|violentiam domesticam]] seu ceteram formam violentiae, discriminationem, dependentiam [[pecunia]]e, et denegationem a familia seu societate cultus, atque ad promotionem auxilii ac securitatis inter convictus.

=== Principium XVI. Ius ad Educationem ===
Omnes homines [[ius educationis]] ferendi habent, non solum sine [[discriminatio|discriminatione]] pro inclinatione sexuali atque identitate generis, sed etiam sua inclinatione sexuali seu sua identitate generis considerata.

[[Civitas]] debet:
(a) omnes modos legis administrativosque exercere, ut omnes aequam occasionem [[educatio|educationis]] ferendi possint, ac tractationem discipulorum, magistrorum et curatorum respondere;

(b) ut finis educationis sit suam personalitatem, ingenium, et suam possibilitatem [[mens|mentis]] [[corpus (physicum)|corporisque]] ad maximas educere esse et requisita discipulorum de varia inclinatione sexuali et identitate generis implere respondere;

(c) ut finis educationis sit explicationem omnium [[iura humana|iurium humanorum]] revereri, etiam cum respectu suae inclinationis sexualis atque identitatis generis, suos [[parens|parentes]], membra [[familia|familiae]], identitatem cultus, [[lingua|linguam]], et aestimationem revereri in spiritu comprehensionis, [[pax|pacis]], [[tolerantia|tolerantiae]], et aequalitatis;

(d) ut methodus, curricula, et modus [[educatio|educationis]], inter alia, respectum inclinationis sexualis et identitatis generis exalent, etiam requisita propria discipulorum, [[parens|parentum]], et suorum membrorum [[familia|familiae]] respondere;

(e) ut [[lex]] et [[vigil|vigiles]] discipulos etiam magistros et curatores [[schola|scholae]] protectione bene muniant ex [[schola|scholae]] malefacto vexationeque, etiam ex omni [[exclusio socialis|exclusione sociali]] pro sua inclinatione sexuali seu sua identitate generis propulsanda.

=== Principium XVII. Ius ad Possibilimam Sanitatem ===
Omnes homines ius ad impetrabilem, possibilimam, et optimam [[salus|sanitatem]] [[mens|mentis]] et [[corpus (physicum)|corporis]] habent, sine [[discriminatio|discriminatione]] pro inclinatione sexuali atque [[identitas generis|identitate generis]]. [[Salus]] sexualis ac [[procreatio|procreationis]] est aspectus fundamentalis huius iuris.

[[Civitas]] debet:
(a) omnes modos legis administrativosque exercere ad sponsionem utendi ius ad impetrabilem et optimam [[salus|sanitatem]], sine discriminatione pro inclinatione sexuali seu identitate generis;

(b) omnes modos legis administrativosque exercere ad sponsionem ut omnes homines occasionem ad instituta remediationis, materiam et meritum habeant, etiam de sexuali ac procreationis sanitate, et ad suum proprium libellum medicum, sine discriminatione inclinationis sexualis seu identitatis generis causa;

(c) ut instituta remediationis, materies et merita statum sanitatis meliorent, et voluntatem respiciant omnium hominum sine discriminatione, etiam cum consideratione inclinationis sexualis atque identitatis generis, ac ut sui libelli medici in secreto tractentur;

(d) programmata promovere et implere ad accusationem discriminationis, praeiudicii et ceterorum factorum socialium quae sanitatem hominis pro sua inclinatione sexuali seu identitate generis deminuunt.

=== Principium XVIII. Protectio ex Maleficiis Medicinae ===
Omnes homines ius habent ne curationi experimentisve [[medicina|medicinae]] vel [[psychiatria|psychiatriae]] per vim subiciantur inclinationis sexualis atque identitatis generis causa. Contra omnes categorias [[psychiatria|psychiatriae]], neque inclinatio sexualis ad idem genus seu duo genera, neque identitas generis quae sexui anatomico non congruit, per se morbus est, ideoque nec curanda nec supprimenda est.

[[Civitas]] debet:
(a) omnes modos legis administrativosque exercere, ut omnes a maleficiis [[medicina|medicinae]], etiam ex pervagatis cognitionibus culturalibus seu ceteris causis, protegantur;

(b) praesertim corpus [[impubes|impuberis]] a curatione [[medicina|medicinae]] sine consensu informato protegere, quod ad adultam aetatem pertinet, secundum principium optimi beneficii impuberis;

(c) machinationes instituere ad protectionem impuberum ne [[impubes|impuberes]] maleficiis medicinae subiciantur;

(d) protectionem hominum variae inclinationis sexualis atque identitatis generis ex tractatione seu investigatione [[medicina|medicinae]] contra [[ethica|ethicam]] seu voluntatem praestare, etiam de [[vaccina|vaccinis]], tractatione seu [[antibioticum|antibioticis]] pro [[SCDI]] (SIDA) seu ceteris [[infectio|infectionibus]];

(e) omnes provisiones seu programmata recognoscere et modificare quae talia maleficia facere vel promovere possunt.

=== Principium XIX. Ius ad Libertatem Opinionis et Expressionis ===
Omnes homines [[libertas loquendi|libertatem opinionis expressionisque]] habent sine [[discriminatio|discriminatione]] pro inclinatione sexuali atque identitate generis, quod includit ius ad expressionem suae personae per sermonem, [[vestimentum|vestitum]], et electionem [[nomen|nominis]] et cetera, atque ius liberae receptionis [[informatio|informationum]] et cognitionum omnium generum, etiam de iuribus humanis, de inclinatione sexuali, et de identitate generis per omnia media et ultra fines [[natio|nationum]].

[[Civitas]] debet:
(a) omnes modos legis administrativosque exercere ut plenum usum libertatis opinionis et expressionis confirmet, respectis iuribus ac libertatibus aliorum, sine discriminatione pro inclinatione sexuali seu identitate generis;

(b) curare ut receptio et disseminatio [[nuntius|nuntiorum]] et opinionum de inclinatione sexuali et identitate generis, et advocatio pro iuribus legalibus, publicatio materiae, pronuntiatio in congressibus seu participatio conferentiarum, et disseminatio et accessus ad informationes de [[praeservativum|praeservativis]] libere fiant;

(c) providere ut exercitium libertatis opinionis et expressionis generis [[iura|iura]] et [[libertas|libertates]] personarum variae inclinationis sexualis atque identitatis generis non violet.

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=== Principium XX. Ius ad Libertatem Pacati Concilii et Associationis ===
Omnes homines ius [[libertas conventus|pacati concilii]] et [[libertas associationis|associationis]] habent, etiam ad pacatas [[manifestatio|manifestationes]] faciendas, sine [[discriminatio|discriminatione]] ob inclinationem sexualem atque identitatem generis. Personae, sine discriminatione, possunt associationes inclinationis sexualis atque identitatis generis causa formare et agnosci, et associationes quae informationes de his rebus distribuant, [[communicatio (informatica)|communicationem]] inter eas provehat, seu iura hominum cum varia inclinatione sexuali atque identitate generis tueantur.

[[Civitas]] debet:
(a) omnes rationes legis administrativosque exercere ut harum associationum agnitio efficiatur;

(b) curare ut in his conciliis et associationibus, omnes a violentia et vexatione protegantur;

(c) auxilium praebere consortiis quae diversitatem inclinationum sexualium et identitatum generis promovent vel defendunt.

=== Principium XXI. Ius ad Libertatem Cogitationis, Conscientiae et Religionis ===
Omnes homines [[libertas sentiendi|libertatem cogitationis, conscientiae]], et [[libertas religionis|religionis]] habent, etiam quoad inclinationem sexualem et identitatem generis. Has libertates non licet a Civitate uti ad leges, [[politica|normas]], vel consuetudines condendas quae protectionem legalem ob inclinationem sexualem atque identitatem generis negent seu discriminent.

[[Civitas]] debet:
(a) omnes rationes legis administrativosque exercere ut confirmet ius personae, quacumque inclinatione sexuali seu quacumque identitate generis, ad opiniones religiosas et non-religiosas tenendas et exercendas, sive sola sive cum aliis, sine interpellatione, coercitione vel pressione;

(b) curare ut expressio, usus et promotio variarum opinionum, cogitationum et fidei de inclinatione sexuali atque identitate generis contra [[iura humana]] non fiat.

=== Principium XXII. Ius Libertatis Movendae ===
Omnes homines ius libere movendi et commorandi intra fines cuiusque civitatis habent. Nemo, quacumque inclinatione sexuali seu identitate generis sit, prohiberi potest quominus e sua patria discedat vel in eam redeat.

[[Civitas]] debet:
(a) omnes rationes legis administrativosque exercere ut confirmet ius cuiusque personae libere movendi et commorandi intra fines civitatis, sine discriminatione ob inclinationem sexualem vel identitatem generis;

(b) curare ut documenta identitatis et cetera documenta itineris necessaria expediantur sine discriminatione ob inclinationem sexualem vel identitatem generis;

(c) auxilium praebere personis quae ob inclinationem sexualem vel identitatem generis e sua communitate vel familia expulsae sunt, ut ad liberum motum et commorationem aditum habeant.

=== Principium XXIII. Ius Asyli Petendi ===
Omnes homines ius habent [[ius ad asylum|asylum]] in alia civitate petendi et eo fruendi ob persecutionem, etiam propter inclinationem sexualem atque identitatem generis. [[Civitas]] curare debet ne quis refugiens remittatur ad quemvis locum ubi vitae vel libertati eius periculum immineat ob inclinationem sexualem vel identitatem generis, neve [[tortura]]e vel tractationibus crudelibus, inhumanis vel dignitatem minuentibus subiciatur.

[[Civitas]] debet:
(a) leges recognoscere et emendare ut metus persecutionis ob inclinationem sexualem vel identitatem generis agnoscatur tamquam iusta causa ad statum profugi vel exsulis impetrandum;

(b) providere ne ulla ratio vel consuetudo refugientes discriminet ob inclinationem sexualem vel identitatem generis;

(c) curare ne quis remittatur vel deportetur in civitatem ubi ob inclinationem sexualem vel identitatem generis [[tortura]]e, persecutioni aliisve tractationibus crudelibus, inhumanis vel dignitatem minuentibus obnoxius fiat.

=== Principium XXIV. Ius Familiae Constituendae ===
Omnes homines ius [[familia|familiam]] constituendi habent. Familiae diversis formis exsistunt. Nulla familia nec quisquam ex familia [[discriminatio|discriminationem]] pati debet ob inclinationem sexualem vel identitatem generis alicuius membri.

[[Civitas]] debet:
(a) omnes rationes legis administrativosque exercere ut ius familiae constituendae per adoptionem vel [[procreatio|procreationem assistitam]], sine discriminatione ob inclinationem sexualem vel identitatem generis, agnoscatur;

(b) providere ut [[ius civile|iura civilia]] diversas formas familiarum praeter propaginem naturalem vel [[coniugium]] agnoscant, utque omnia membra familiae beneficiis socialibus publicisque de familia, labore, vel [[migratio|migratione]] frui possint;

(c) omnes rationes legis administrativosque exercere ut in omni actione vel decisione de [[puer|puero]], commoda pueri optima praecipue considerentur;

(d) curare ut in omni actione vel decisione, [[puer|pueris]] facultas detur sententiam suam exprimendi, quae pro gradu maturitatis aestimetur;

(e) omnes rationes legis administrativosque exercere ut, ubi [[matrimonium aequum|matrimonia inter personas eiusdem sexus]] agnoscuntur, omnia [[iura]], [[obligatio|obligationes]], privilegia et beneficia quae matrimoniis inter personas diversi sexus tribuuntur, aeque matrimoniis inter personas eiusdem sexus tribuantur;

(f) providere ut omnes [[obligatio|obligationes]], [[iura]], privilegia et beneficia quae consociationibus non-nuptialibus inter personas diversi sexus tribuuntur, aeque consociationibus inter personas eiusdem sexus tribuantur;

(g) curare ut matrimonia et consociationes non-nuptiales solo consensu libero et pleno personarum constituantur.

=== Principium XXV. Ius Vitae Publicae Participandae ===
Omnis civis ius habet vitae publicae participandae, incluso iure [[suffragium|suffragii]], et ius habet ad munera publica accedendi, inclusa ministeria in exercitu et inter vigiles publicos, sine discriminatione ob inclinationem sexualem atque identitatem generis.

[[Civitas]] debet:
(a) leges recognoscere et emendare ut plenus usus iuris vitae publicae participandae confirmetur in omnibus gradibus administrationis publicae, inclusa ministeria publica, sine discriminatione et cum pleno respectu erga inclinationem sexualem et identitatem generis cuiusque;

(b) omnes rationes legis administrativosque exercere ad tollendas omnes [[stereotypia|opiniones praeiudicatas]] de inclinatione sexuali atque identitate generis quae plenam participationem vitae publicae impediunt;

(c) providere ut quisque ius habeat rationibus publicis quae sua commoda tangunt participandi, sine discriminatione et cum pleno respectu erga suam inclinationem sexualem et identitatem generis.

=== Principium XXVI. Ius Vitae Culturalis Participandae ===
Omnes homines ius habent vitae culturali participandi, quacumque inclinatione sexuali vel identitate generis sint. Per hanc participationem culturae, ius habent diversitatem inclinationis sexualis atque identitatis generis exprimendi.

Civitas debet:
(a) omnes rationes legis administrativosque exercere ut confirmet omnibus facultatem vitae culturali participandi, cum pleno respectu erga inclinationem sexualem et identitatem generis cuiusque;

(b) colloquium mutuumque respectum inter diversos culturae participes in civitate fovere, etiam inter eos qui diversas sententias de inclinatione sexuali et identitate generis tenent, modo semper observentur [[iura humana]] his Principiis exposita.

=== Principium XXVII. Ius Iurium Humanorum Promovendorum ===
Omnes homines ius habent, sive singuli sive cum aliis coniuncti, promovendi tuendique [[iura humana]] tam in patria quam inter nationes, sine discriminatione ob inclinationem sexualem atque identitatem generis. Hoc complectitur actiones ad promovenda et tuenda iura hominum diversae inclinationis sexualis atque identitatis generis, necnon ius novas interpretationes iurium humanorum proponendi, disputandi, et earum acceptionem defendendi.

[[Civitas]] debet:
(a) omnes rationes legis administrativosque exercere ut condiciones aptae constituantur promotoribus iurium humanorum, praesertim in rebus inclinationis sexualis atque identitatis generis;

(b) omnes rationes legis administrativosque exercere ut defendantur contra actiones violentas vel minaces qui [[iurum humanorum defensor|iura humana]] pro inclinatione sexuali atque identitate generis defendunt;

(c) curare ut defensores iurium humanorum, quacumque inclinatione sexuali atque identitate generis sint, sine discriminatione participare possint dialogis cum organizationibus et coetibus tam patriis quam internationalibus;

(d) protectionem praebere [[iurum humanorum defensor|defensoribus iurium humanorum]] qui pro inclinatione sexuali atque identitate generis laborant, contra omnem violentiam, minas, vindictam, discriminationem de facto vel de iure, pressuram vel quamlibet aliam actionem arbitrariam tam a publica potestate quam a privatis perpetratam;

(e) agnitionem et sustentationem praecipue tribuere operibus quae [[iura humana]] personarum diversae inclinationis sexualis atque identitatis generis promovent et tuentur in ambitu tam patrio quam internationali;

(f) curare ut organizationes et ceteri defensores iurium humanorum qui pro inclinatione sexuali atque identitate generis laborant libere uti possint fontibus auxilii internationalis et cum aliis defensoribus iurium humanorum communicare.

=== Principium XXVIII. Ius ad Efficacem Reparationem ===
Omnes homines quorum [[iura humana]] violata sunt ius habent remedia efficacia et apta impetrandi, inclusa reparatio, sine discriminatione ob inclinationem sexualem atque identitatem generis.

[[Civitas]] debet:
(a) processus iuridicos necessarios instituere, inclusa emendatione legum et rationum publicarum, ut qui [[iura humana|iuribus humanis]] violati sunt satisfactionem, [[compensatio|compensationem]], restitutionem, rehabilitationem aliasve reparationes idoneas accipere possint;

(b) providere ut reparationes tempestive praestentur;

(c) instituta et regulas efficaces ad reparationes praebendas constituere, atque omnes administratores de violationibus iurium humanorum ob inclinationem sexualem et identitatem generis et de remediis aptis instituere;

(d) curare ut omnes ad omnem informationem necessariam de processu reparationis petendae aditum habeant;

(e) auxilium pecuniarium et cetera adiumenta praebere eis qui reparationes postulare velint sed impensis ferendis non sint, atque omnia impedimenta talis processus removere.

=== Principium XXIX. Ratio Reddenda ===
Omnis qui [[iura humana]] violat, sive magistratus publicus sive privatus sit, pro gravitate delicti rationem reddere debet. Nulla violatio iurium humanorum impunita manere potest.

[[Civitas]] debet:
(a) processus criminales, civiles et administrativos idoneos et efficaces instituere ad investigandas violationes iurium humanorum quae ad inclinationem sexualem atque identitatem generis pertinent, inclusa instituta monitoria apta;

(b) curare ut omnia delicta contra personas ob actualem vel putativam inclinationem sexualem vel identitatem generis commissa, inclusa ea quae his Principiis adversantur, prompte et diligenter investigentur, et ubi probationes idoneae reperiantur, responsabiles in iudicium vocentur, iudicentur et debite puniantur;

(c) instituta monitoria independentia et efficacia constituere quae leges et rationes publicas formandas exercendasque supervideant, ad discriminationem ob inclinationem sexualem atque identitatem generis avertendam;

(d) omnia impedimenta tollere quae responsabilium pro violationibus iurium humanorum ob inclinationem sexualem atque identitatem generis punitionem impediunt.

* (e) Corpora Consociationis Nationum quae de Iuribus Humanis tractant haec Principia firmiter in exsecutionem suorum officiorum integrent, praesertim in [[iurisprudentia|iurisprudentiam]] suam et in examinationem relationum a civitatibus missarum, atque ubi opus sit, Interpretationem Generalem vel alium textum interpretativum de applicatione iuris humani ad personas diversae inclinationis sexualis atque identitatis generis adoptent;

* (f) [[Consociatio Mundialis Sanitatis]] et [[CN]][[SCDI]] Institutum suas rationes agendi accommodent ut apta beneficia [[salus|sanitatis]] praebeant personis pro sua inclinatione sexuali seu identitate generis, plene observatis earum [[iura humana|iuribus humanis]] et dignitate;

* (g) [[Curator supremus Consociationis Nationum pro Exsulibus]] haec Principia in opera sua integret ad tuendas personas quae ob inclinationem sexualem vel identitatem generis persecutionem patiuntur vel timent, atque neminem ab auxilio humanitario vel aliis beneficiis propter inclinationem sexualem vel identitatem generis excludi sinat;

* (h) Organizationes regionales et subregionales pro iuribus humanis haec Principia agnoscant et promoveant in suo opere iuridico, monitorio et programmatico.

=== Additamenta ===
Omnis socius societatis humanae et communitas internationalis officium habet ad confirmanda iura humana. Itaque postulamus:

* (a) [[Curator supremus Consociationis Nationum pro Iuribus Humanis]] haec Principia approbet, eorum exsecutionem in orbe terrarum promoveat, eaque in officia sua, praesertim in campo actuali, integret;

* (b) [[Consociationis Nationum Iurum Humanorum Consilium]] haec Principia approbet et violationibus iurium humanorum ob inclinationem sexualem vel identitatem generis studium praecipuum praebeat, simul civitates ad haec Principia approbanda adhortans;

* (c) Periti Speciales Consociationis Nationum pro Iuribus Humanis violationibus iurium humanorum ob inclinationem sexualem vel identitatem generis diligenter attendant, atque haec Principia in exsecutione suorum officiorum integrent;

* (d) [[Consociationis Nationum Oeconomicum Socialiumque Consilium]] agnoscat et admittat consociationes non gubernativas quae [[iura humana]] personarum diversae inclinationis sexualis atque identitatis generis promovent et tuentur, secundum suam Resolutionem 1996/31;

* (e) Consociationis Nationum Iurum Humarorum Transactionis Corpora haec Principia cum vigore integrat ad implementum suorum muniorum, etiam suum ius [[iurisprudentia]]e et examinationem reportationis de Civitate, atque si opus est, Commentationem Generalem adoptat seu alterem textum interpretatum de applicatione iurum humanorum legis ad personam variae propensionis sexualis atque variae identitate generis.
* (f) [[Consociatio Mundialis Sanitatis]] et [[CN]][[SCDI]] Institutum administrationes modificant de provisione aptorum beneficium [[salus|salutis]] hominum de sua propensione sexuali seu identitate generis, cum plano respectu pro suis [[iura humana|iuribus humanis]] ac dignitas.
* (g) [[Curator supremus Consociationis Nationum pro Exsulibus]] haec Principia in conatu integrat ad protectionem hominum qui persecutionem pro propensione sexuali seu identitate generis subiecti sunt, seu eius metum habent, ac respondet ut nemo ex propensione sexuali seu identitate generis in occasione ad auxilium humaum seu cetera merita, seu ad destinationem statu exsularis.
* (i) [[Iudicium]] regionale de [[iura humana|iuribus humana]] cum vigore hae Principia quae de [[internationalis iurum humanorum lex|pactionibus de iuribus humanis]] ad suam interpretationem integrat ad suam [[iurisprudentia]]m devolutionis de regione sexuali atque identitate generis.
* (k) Consociationes [[humanitarianismus|humanitariae]] hac Principia referent ad suas actiones vel auxilia humanitaria, ac [[discriminatio]]nes alienant contra homines propensionis sexualis seu identitatis generis causa de occasione auxilii.
* (l) [[Institutiones nationales iurum humanorum]] respectus horum Principiorum ab actore [[rectio]]nis vel non-rectionis promovet, protectionem iurum humanum hominum cum varis propensionibus sexualibus seu identitatibus generis ad suam operam integtat.
* (m) Professionales [[organizatio]]nes etiam [[medicina]]e, [[iurisprudentia]]e crimilis seu civilis, et [[educatio]]nis suam praxem et administrationem recognitare necesse sunt, ad impletionem horum Principiorum.
* (n) [[Negotium|Negotii]] consociationes partem gravem quam habent ad receptum respectu horum Principiorum in occupatione, et ad promotionem horum principiorum in gradu nationali et internationali cognoscere et agere necesse sunt.
* (0) Omnibus et mediis vulgis sine [[stereotypia|cognitione pervagata]] scire necesse est, ut non relation est inter propensionem sexualis et identitatem generis, atque officium habent ad amplificationem omnium iurum humanorum et [[tolerantia]]m et horum recognitionem ad [[societas humana|societatem]].
* (p) [[Rectio]] ad [[organizatio re publica vacans|consociationem re publica vacantem]] pro protectione iurum humanorum hominum cum varia propensione sexualis atque identitate generis auxilium [[pecunia]]e dare debet.

{{NexInt}}
{{div col|2}}
* [[Cartesius]] ([[Cogito ergo sum]])
* [[Declaratio Montis Regii]]
* [[Democratia]]
* [[Propensio sexualis]]
* [[Identitas generis]]
* [[Ieremias Bentham]] - defensor [[homophylophilia]]e
* [[Immanuel Kantius]] ([[Dignitas]] [[personalitas|personae]] ut finis)
* [[Internationalis iurum humanorum lex]]
* [[Iura humana]]
* [[LGBT]]
* [[Homophobia]] - [[Transphobia]]
* [[Discriminatio]]
* [[Scelus odio commissum]]
* [[Homicidium honorabile]]
* [[Benedictus de Spinoza]] (Finis Reipublicae est libertas){{dubsig}}
* [[Universa Iurum Humanorum Declaratio]]
* [[Yogyakartae Principia in Actione]]
{{div col end}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110726013303/http://www.yogyakartaprinciples.org/ Principia Yogyakartensia]
* [http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=search&amp;docid=48244e602&amp;skip=0query=yogyakarta%20principles Principia Yogyakartenses] (Publicus [[Curator supremus Consociationis Nationum pro Exsulibus|UNHCR]] situs)
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=D1KmFdFCULEC&amp;pg=PA254&amp;dq=Yogyakarta+Principles&amp;ei=uDVCSoq2JaTYMLKvqMEO&amp;client=mozilla, Ju Andrzejewski, Marta Baltodano, Linda Symcox, Social Justice, Peace, and Environmental Education: Transformative Standards, Routledge (2009)]
* O’Flaherty, Michael, et John Fisher. [[2008]]. Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and International Human Rights Law: Contextualising the Yogyakarta Principles. ''Human Rights Law Review'' 8(2):207-248; doi:10.1093/hrlr/ngn009.
* Farrior, S. [[2009]]. Human Rights Advocacy on Gender Issues: Challenges and Opportunities. ''Journal of Human Rights Practice'' 1 March, 1(1):83-100.
* Dittrich, B. O. [[2008]]. Yogyakarta Principles: applying existing human rights norms to sexual orientation and gender identity. ''HIV AIDS Policy Law Review'' Dec, 13(2-3):92-93.
* [http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4a0969d42.html Handbook on prisoners with special needs] [[Officium Consociationis Nationum de Opio et Crimine|UN Office on Drugs and Crime]], p.110
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091222054553/http://www.c-fam.org/docLib/20080610_Yogyakarta_Principles.pdf Piero A. Tozzi J.D., &quot;Six Problems with the Yogyakarta Principles&quot; (Catholic Family and Human Rights Institute: International Organizations Research Group Briefing Paper, 2007).]

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110726013303/http://www.yogyakartaprinciples.org/ Yogyakartae Principia ]
* [http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=search&amp;docid=48244e602&amp;skip=O&amp;query=yogyakarta%20principles Yogyakartae Principia (Editio publica Consociationis Nationum) ]
* [http://wcd.coe.int/ViewDoc.jsp?id=1476365 Iura Humana et Identitas Generis (Human Rights and Gender Identity) ]
* [http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/48abd5660.html UNHCR Guidance Note on Refugee Claims Relating to Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity ]

{{Formula:LGBT}}

[[Categoria:Homosexualitas]]
[[Categoria:Iura humana]]
[[Categoria:Ius]]
[[Categoria:Ius internationale]]
[[Categoria:LGBT]]
[[Categoria:Philosophia]]
[[Categoria:Yogyakarta]]
[[Categoria:2006]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Henricus Krone</title>
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        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
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      <text bytes="3452" sha1="g0w6eyolspxds56r3j8mnrvz1zwyf08" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F018397-0021, Bonn, Krone empfängt Politiker aus Kolumbien.jpg|thumb|Henricus Krone anno 1964]]
'''Henricus''' (''Heinrich'') '''Krone''' (natus [[1 Decembris]] [[1895]] urbe [[Vicus Vetus Hassicus|Vico Vetere Hassico]], mortuus [[15 Augusti]] [[1989]] [[Bonna]]e) vir publicus [[Germania]]e et sodalis [[Christiana Democratica Unio Germaniae|Christianae Democraticae Unionis Germaniae]] fuit.

== Iuventus et munus ==
Pater opifex fuit, qui mox post Henricum natum mortuus est. Tamen [[Hildesia]]e gymnasium frequentabat atque [[1914]] testimonium maturitatis adeptus est. Eodem anno studium theologiae catholicae Monasterii coepit, sed anno [[1917]] miles conscriptus est. [[primum bellum mundanum|Bello]] finito, anno [[1920]] [[Kielia]]e, [[Goettinga]]e [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]] linguis recentioribus, Latinae oeconomiaeque studebat. Referendarius et deinde ad annum [[1923]] Kieliae magister adiutor fuit. Eodem anno doctor philologiae promotus est.

== Familia ==
Henricus Krone maritus fuit atque quattuor liberos habuit.

== Cursus honorum ==
Krone anno [[1923]] sodalis factionis [[Centrum|Centri]] factus et anno [[1925]] legatus [[Dieta Imperii Germanici|Dietae Imperii Germanici]] electus est. Praesertim contra [[Nazismus|nazistas]] contendit. Itquae anno [[1933]] dimissus est et ab anno [[1934]] ad [[1935]] pro societate [[Caritas (societas)|Caritate]] laboravit. Posthac mercenarius diurnus vitae sumptum aquirere coactus est. Ab anno [[1939]] iterum miles factus est. Post [[Coniuratio 20 Iulii 1944|coniurationem 20 Iulii 1944]] aliquamdiu in carcerem missus est. Post [[secundum bellum mundanum]] Krone cum aliis [[Berolinum|Berolini]] factionem CDU condidit. Anno [[1949]] legatus [[Dieta Foederalis Germaniae|Dietae Foederalis Germaniae]] electus est et ab anno [[1955]] praeses legatorum CDU fuit. Iis annis consiliarius magna auctoritate apud cancellarium foederalem [[Conradus Adenauer|Conradum Adenauer]] [[14 Decembris]] [[1961]] [[Administer Foederalis Officiorum Praecipuorum]] in consilio ministrorum Adenauer nominatus est et hoc officio et [[Ludovicus Erhard|Ludovico Erhard]] successore tenuit. [[13 Iulii]] [[1964]] [[Administer Foederalis Rerum Consilii Foederativi]] nominatus est et ad diem [[30 Novembris]] [[1966]] mansit, cum consilium ministrorum Erhard finitum est. Ad annum [[1969]] legatus Diaetae Foederalis fuit.

== Opera ==
* Diaria 1945 - 1961, [[Dusseldorpium|Dusseldorpii]] 1996
* Diaria 1961 - 1966, Dusseldorpii 2003

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090815125642/http://www.kas.de/wf/de/71.7267/ Curriculum vitae in pagina Instituti ''Conradus Adenauer'' (lingua Theodisca)]

{{Administri Foederales Officiorum Praecipuorum (Germania)}}
{{Consilium Ministrorum Adenauer IV}}
{{Consilium Ministrorum Adenauer V}}
{{Consilium Ministrorum Erhard I}}
{{Consilium Ministrorum Erhard II}}
{{Praesides fractionis CDU/CSU Dietae Foederalis Germaniae}}

{{Lifetime|1895|1989|Krone, Hinricus}}

[[Categoria:Participes primi belli mundani]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Monasteriensis]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Chiloniensis]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Goettingensis]]
[[Categoria:Legati Dietae Imperii Germaniae (Res publica Vimariana)]]
[[Categoria:Legati Diaetae foederalis Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Administri Foederales Officiorum Praecipuorum]]
[[Categoria:Praesides Fractionis CDU/CSU Dietae Foederalis Germaniae]]</text>
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    <title>Lacus Peipus</title>
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      <text bytes="3456" sha1="s8jbsr9jrohotwrqgbqe6a7qf1af3om" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Lake Peipus, LandSat-8, 2016-10-20.jpg|thumb|Despectus in Lacum Peipum ex aere.]]
'''Lacus Peipus'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.ru/books?id=EdhAAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA255&amp;lpg=PA255&amp;dq=%22Lacus+Peipus%22&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=bfIAFDdhHW&amp;sig=C_8A4pLSGBuzoVVnGg4Uec7alTU&amp;hl=ru&amp;ei=rG-SS5vsO6aknQOtxKSXCw&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=5&amp;ved=0CBgQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22Lacus%20Peipus%22&amp;f=false M. Zeiller, ''Regnorum Sueciae, Gothiae . . . descriptio nova'', p. 255].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Estonice]] ''Peipsi-Pihkva järv''; [[Russice]] Чудско-Псковское озеро, [[translitteratio|tr.]] ''Čudsko-Pskovskoe ozero'') est [[lacus]] in [[Europa orientalis|Europa Orientali]] situs, interque [[Estonia]]m (ab occidente septentrioneque) et [[Russia]]m (ab oriente) divisus. [[Area (geometria)|Area]] huius lacus 3555 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, [[longitudo]] circa 143 km, [[latitudo]] mediocris circa 50 km, profunditas mediocris 7 m, profunditas maxima 15 m, [[volumen (mensura)|volumen]] [[aqua]]e circa 25 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; est.

==Situs et partes==

[[Vironia orientalis]] [[comitatus Estoniae]] in litore lacus boreali sita est, comitatus [[Iagiwa (comitatus)|Iagiwa]], [[Tarbatum (comitatus)|Tarbatum]] et [[Polua (comitatus)|Polua]] in occidentali, regiones [[regio Leninopolitana|Leninopolitana]] et [[regio Pscoviensis|Pscoviensis]] Russiae in orientali, australi et austroccidentali.

In Russia et Estonia non unus lacus, sed tres fretis coniuncti habentur; lacus Peipus ipse ([[Estonice]] ''Peipsi järv'', [[Russice]] ''Чудское озеро, lacus Tiudensis''&lt;ref&gt;De ''Tiud' '', ''чудь'', cf. [[:s:Nestoris_Chronica#Caput_1.|''Nestorica chronica'', cap. 1]] &lt;/ref&gt;) est pars maior borealis; pars minor australis est ''lacus Pscoviensis'' vel ''Plescoviensis''&lt;ref&gt;Cf. {{subst:pcc|Ioannes Henricus Zedler|Ioannes Henricus Zedler|de|qid=Ioannes Henricus Zedler}}, [https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Grosses_vollständiges_UNIVERSAL_LEXICON/d3JkAAAAcAAJ?hl=ru&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=lacus+plescoviensis&amp;pg=PA805&amp;printsec=frontcover ''Grosses vollständiges Universallexicon...'', vol. XXVIII, 1741, col. 806].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Estonice]] ''Pihkva järv'', [[Russice]] ''Псковское озеро''). Inter eos pars minima, ''lacus Calidus'' ([[Estonice]] ''Lämmijärv,'', [[Russice]] ''Теплое озеро'') sita est.

==Flumina et urbes==

Circa triginta flumina rivique in lacum Peipum fluunt, quorum maxima est [[Velica]], sed solum [[Narva (flumen)|Narva]] fluvius (in [[sinus Finnicus|sinum Finnicum]] effundens) ex lacu effluit.

[[Gdovia]] urbs Russiae 2 chm et [[Pscovia]], ad Velicam sita, 10 chm a lacu distant. In [[Estonia]] [[Callaste]] et [[Mustut]] urbes ad lacum Peipum stant.

==Historia==

Die [[5 Aprilis]] secundum [[Calendarium Iulianum]] ([[12 Aprilis]] secundum [[Calendarium Gregorianum|Gregorianum]]) anno [[1242]] in [[glacies|glacie]] lacus Peipi factum est [[proelium]] [[Proelium glaciale|glaciale nominatum]] inter copias [[Russia|Rutheni]]cas [[Novogardia Magna|Novogardienses]] ab [[Alexander Nevensis|Alexandro Nevensi]] ductas et [[exercitus|exercitum]] [[Ordo Teutonicus|Ordinis Teutonici]].

== Nota ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externus ==
{{fontes geographici}}
{{CommuniaCat|Lake Peipus|lacum Peipum}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Peipus lacus}}
[[Categoria:Lacus Estoniae]]
[[Categoria:Lacus Russiae Europaeae]]
[[Categoria:Regio Pscoviensis]]
[[Categoria:Regio Leninopolitana]]
[[Categoria:Systema Narvae fluminis]]

{{Myrias|Geographia}}</text>
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      <text bytes="3460" sha1="swhq1miuxktoluy0l8oxj8ovhol1o8c" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Lake Peipus, LandSat-8, 2016-10-20.jpg|thumb|Despectus in Lacum Peipum ex aere.]]
'''Lacus Peipus'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.ru/books?id=EdhAAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA255&amp;lpg=PA255&amp;dq=%22Lacus+Peipus%22&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=bfIAFDdhHW&amp;sig=C_8A4pLSGBuzoVVnGg4Uec7alTU&amp;hl=ru&amp;ei=rG-SS5vsO6aknQOtxKSXCw&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=5&amp;ved=0CBgQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22Lacus%20Peipus%22&amp;f=false M. Zeiller, ''Regnorum Sueciae, Gothiae . . . descriptio nova'', p. 255].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Estonice]] ''Peipsi-Pihkva järv''; [[Russice]] Чудско-Псковское озеро, [[translitteratio|tr.]] ''Čudsko-Pskovskoe ozero'') est [[lacus]] in [[Europa orientalis|Europa Orientali]] situs, interque [[Estonia]]m (ab occidente septentrioneque) et [[Russia]]m (ab oriente) divisus. [[Area (geometria)|Area]] huius lacus 3555 chm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, [[longitudo]] circa 143 chm, [[latitudo]] mediocris circa 50 chm, profunditas mediocris 7 m, profunditas maxima 15 m, [[volumen (mensura)|volumen]] [[aqua]]e circa 25 chm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; est.

==Situs et partes==

[[Vironia orientalis]] [[comitatus Estoniae]] in litore lacus boreali sita est, comitatus [[Iagiwa (comitatus)|Iagiwa]], [[Tarbatum (comitatus)|Tarbatum]] et [[Polua (comitatus)|Polua]] in occidentali, regiones [[regio Leninopolitana|Leninopolitana]] et [[regio Pscoviensis|Pscoviensis]] Russiae in orientali, australi et austroccidentali.

In Russia et Estonia non unus lacus, sed tres fretis coniuncti habentur; lacus Peipus ipse ([[Estonice]] ''Peipsi järv'', [[Russice]] ''Чудское озеро, lacus Tiudensis''&lt;ref&gt;De ''Tiud' '', ''чудь'', cf. [[:s:Nestoris_Chronica#Caput_1.|''Nestorica chronica'', cap. 1]] &lt;/ref&gt;) est pars maior borealis; pars minor australis est ''lacus Pscoviensis'' vel ''Plescoviensis''&lt;ref&gt;Cf. {{subst:pcc|Ioannes Henricus Zedler|Ioannes Henricus Zedler|de|qid=Ioannes Henricus Zedler}}, [https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Grosses_vollständiges_UNIVERSAL_LEXICON/d3JkAAAAcAAJ?hl=ru&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=lacus+plescoviensis&amp;pg=PA805&amp;printsec=frontcover ''Grosses vollständiges Universallexicon...'', vol. XXVIII, 1741, col. 806].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Estonice]] ''Pihkva järv'', [[Russice]] ''Псковское озеро''). Inter eos pars minima, ''lacus Calidus'' ([[Estonice]] ''Lämmijärv,'', [[Russice]] ''Теплое озеро'') sita est.

==Flumina et urbes==

Circa triginta flumina rivique in lacum Peipum fluunt, quorum maxima est [[Velica]], sed solum [[Narva (flumen)|Narva]] fluvius (in [[sinus Finnicus|sinum Finnicum]] effundens) ex lacu effluit.

[[Gdovia]] urbs Russiae 2 chm et [[Pscovia]], ad Velicam sita, 10 chm a lacu distant. In [[Estonia]] [[Callaste]] et [[Mustut]] urbes ad lacum Peipum stant.

==Historia==

Die [[5 Aprilis]] secundum [[Calendarium Iulianum]] ([[12 Aprilis]] secundum [[Calendarium Gregorianum|Gregorianum]]) anno [[1242]] in [[glacies|glacie]] lacus Peipi factum est [[proelium]] [[Proelium glaciale|glaciale nominatum]] inter copias [[Russia|Rutheni]]cas [[Novogardia Magna|Novogardienses]] ab [[Alexander Nevensis|Alexandro Nevensi]] ductas et [[exercitus|exercitum]] [[Ordo Teutonicus|Ordinis Teutonici]].

== Nota ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externus ==
{{fontes geographici}}
{{CommuniaCat|Lake Peipus|lacum Peipum}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Peipus lacus}}
[[Categoria:Lacus Estoniae]]
[[Categoria:Lacus Russiae Europaeae]]
[[Categoria:Regio Pscoviensis]]
[[Categoria:Regio Leninopolitana]]
[[Categoria:Systema Narvae fluminis]]

{{Myrias|Geographia}}</text>
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      <text bytes="3425" sha1="ho3yqa3k24zdewwkwem2mvx4ko6p2no" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Lake Peipus, LandSat-8, 2016-10-20.jpg|thumb|Despectus in Lacum Peipum ex aere.]]
'''Lacus Peipus'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.ru/books?id=EdhAAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA255&amp;lpg=PA255&amp;dq=%22Lacus+Peipus%22&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=bfIAFDdhHW&amp;sig=C_8A4pLSGBuzoVVnGg4Uec7alTU&amp;hl=ru&amp;ei=rG-SS5vsO6aknQOtxKSXCw&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=5&amp;ved=0CBgQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22Lacus%20Peipus%22&amp;f=false M. Zeiller, ''Regnorum Sueciae, Gothiae . . . descriptio nova'', p. 255].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Estonice]] ''Peipsi-Pihkva järv''; [[Russice]] Чудско-Псковское озеро, [[translitteratio|tr.]] ''Čudsko-Pskovskoe ozero'') est [[lacus]] in [[Europa orientalis|Europa Orientali]] situs, interque [[Estonia]]m (ab occidente septentrioneque) et [[Russia]]m (ab oriente) divisus. [[Area (geometria)|Area]] huius lacus 3555 chm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, [[longitudo]] circa 143 chm, [[latitudo]] mediocris circa 50 chm, profunditas mediocris 7 m, profunditas maxima 15 m, [[volumen (mensura)|volumen]] [[aqua]]e circa 25 chm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; est.

==Situs et partes==

[[Vironia orientalis]] [[comitatus Estoniae]] in litore lacus boreali sita est, comitatus [[Iagiwa (comitatus)|Iagiwa]], [[Tarbatum (comitatus)|Tarbatum]] et [[Polua (comitatus)|Polua]] in occidentali, regiones [[regio Leninopolitana|Leninopolitana]] et [[regio Pscoviensis|Pscoviensis]] Russiae in orientali, australi et austroccidentali.

In Russia et Estonia non unus lacus, sed tres fretis coniuncti habentur; lacus Peipus ipse ([[Estonice]] ''Peipsi järv'', [[Russice]] ''Чудское озеро, lacus Tiudensis''&lt;ref&gt;De ''Tiud' '', ''чудь'', cf. [[:s:Nestoris_Chronica#Caput_1.|''Nestorica chronica'', cap. 1]] &lt;/ref&gt;) est pars maior borealis; pars minor australis est ''lacus Pscoviensis'' vel ''Plescoviensis''&lt;ref&gt;Cf. {{subst:pcc|Ioannes Henricus Zedler|Ioannes Henricus Zedler|de|qid=Ioannes Henricus Zedler}}, [https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Grosses_vollständiges_UNIVERSAL_LEXICON/d3JkAAAAcAAJ?hl=ru&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=lacus+plescoviensis&amp;pg=PA805&amp;printsec=frontcover ''Grosses vollständiges Universallexicon...'', vol. XXVIII, 1741, col. 806].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Estonice]] ''Pihkva järv'', [[Russice]] ''Псковское озеро''). Inter eos pars minima, ''lacus Calidus'' ([[Estonice]] ''Lämmijärv,'', [[Russice]] ''Теплое озеро'') sita est.

==Flumina et urbes==

Circa triginta flumina rivique in lacum Peipum fluunt, quorum maxima est [[Velica]], sed solum [[Narva (flumen)|Narva]] fluvius (in [[sinus Finnicus|sinum Finnicum]] effundens) ex lacu effluit.

[[Gdovia]] urbs Russiae 2 chm et [[Pscovia]], ad Velicam sita, 10 chm a lacu distant. In [[Estonia]] [[Callaste]] et [[Mustut]] urbes ad lacum Peipum stant.

==Historia==

Die [[5 Aprilis]] secundum [[Calendarium Iulianum]] ([[12 Aprilis]] secundum [[Calendarium Gregorianum|Gregorianum]]) anno [[1242]] in [[glacies|glacie]] lacus Peipi factum est [[proelium]] [[Proelium glaciale|glaciale nominatum]] inter copias [[Russia|Rutheni]]cas [[Novogardia Magna|Novogardienses]] ab [[Alexander Nevensis|Alexandro Nevensi]] ductas et [[exercitus|exercitum]] [[Ordo Teutonicus|Ordinis Teutonici]].

== Nota ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externus ==
{{fontes geographici}}
{{CommuniaCat|Lake Peipus|lacum Peipum}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Peipus lacus}}
[[Categoria:Lacus Estoniae]]
[[Categoria:Lacus Russiae Europaeae]]
[[Categoria:Regio Pscoviensis]]
[[Categoria:Systema Narvae fluminis]]

{{Myrias|Geographia}}</text>
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    <revision>
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        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
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      <text bytes="3361" sha1="mylivkksauj9c6guhewby4uwuj8s3ja" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Lake Peipus, LandSat-8, 2016-10-20.jpg|thumb|Despectus in Lacum Peipum ex aere.]]
'''Lacus Peipus'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.ru/books?id=EdhAAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA255&amp;lpg=PA255&amp;dq=%22Lacus+Peipus%22&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=bfIAFDdhHW&amp;sig=C_8A4pLSGBuzoVVnGg4Uec7alTU&amp;hl=ru&amp;ei=rG-SS5vsO6aknQOtxKSXCw&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=5&amp;ved=0CBgQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22Lacus%20Peipus%22&amp;f=false M. Zeiller, ''Regnorum Sueciae, Gothiae . . . descriptio nova'', p. 255].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Estonice]] ''Peipsi-Pihkva järv''; [[Russice]] Чудско-Псковское озеро, [[translitteratio|tr.]] ''Čudsko-Pskovskoe ozero'') est [[lacus]] in [[Europa orientalis|Europa Orientali]] situs, interque [[Estonia]]m (ab occidente septentrioneque) et [[Russia]]m (ab oriente) divisus. [[Area (geometria)|Area]] huius lacus 3555 chm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, [[longitudo]] circa 143 chm, [[latitudo]] mediocris circa 50 chm, profunditas mediocris 7 m, profunditas maxima 15 m, [[volumen (mensura)|volumen]] [[aqua]]e circa 25 chm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; est.

==Situs et partes==

[[Vironia orientalis]] [[comitatus Estoniae]] in litore lacus boreali sita est, comitatus [[Iagiwa (comitatus)|Iagiwa]], [[Tarbatum (comitatus)|Tarbatum]] et [[Polua (comitatus)|Polua]] in occidentali, [[regio Pscoviensis]] Russiae in orientali, australi et austroccidentali.

In Russia et Estonia non unus lacus, sed tres fretis coniuncti habentur; lacus Peipus ipse ([[Estonice]] ''Peipsi järv'', [[Russice]] ''Чудское озеро, lacus Tiudensis''&lt;ref&gt;De ''Tiud' '', ''чудь'', cf. [[:s:Nestoris_Chronica#Caput_1.|''Nestorica chronica'', cap. 1]] &lt;/ref&gt;) est pars maior borealis; pars minor australis est ''lacus Pscoviensis'' vel ''Plescoviensis''&lt;ref&gt;Cf. {{subst:pcc|Ioannes Henricus Zedler|Ioannes Henricus Zedler|de|qid=Ioannes Henricus Zedler}}, [https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Grosses_vollständiges_UNIVERSAL_LEXICON/d3JkAAAAcAAJ?hl=ru&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=lacus+plescoviensis&amp;pg=PA805&amp;printsec=frontcover ''Grosses vollständiges Universallexicon...'', vol. XXVIII, 1741, col. 806].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Estonice]] ''Pihkva järv'', [[Russice]] ''Псковское озеро''). Inter eos pars minima, ''lacus Calidus'' ([[Estonice]] ''Lämmijärv,'', [[Russice]] ''Теплое озеро'') sita est.

==Flumina et urbes==

Circa triginta flumina rivique in lacum Peipum fluunt, quorum maxima est [[Velica]], sed solum [[Narva (flumen)|Narva]] fluvius (in [[sinus Finnicus|sinum Finnicum]] effundens) ex lacu effluit.

[[Gdovia]] urbs Russiae 2 chm et [[Pscovia]], ad Velicam sita, 10 chm a lacu distant. In [[Estonia]] [[Callaste]] et [[Mustut]] urbes ad lacum Peipum stant.

==Historia==

Die [[5 Aprilis]] secundum [[Calendarium Iulianum]] ([[12 Aprilis]] secundum [[Calendarium Gregorianum|Gregorianum]]) anno [[1242]] in [[glacies|glacie]] lacus Peipi factum est [[proelium]] [[Proelium glaciale|glaciale nominatum]] inter copias [[Russia|Rutheni]]cas [[Novogardia Magna|Novogardienses]] ab [[Alexander Nevensis|Alexandro Nevensi]] ductas et [[exercitus|exercitum]] [[Ordo Teutonicus|Ordinis Teutonici]].

== Nota ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externus ==
{{fontes geographici}}
{{CommuniaCat|Lake Peipus|lacum Peipum}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Peipus lacus}}
[[Categoria:Lacus Estoniae]]
[[Categoria:Lacus Russiae Europaeae]]
[[Categoria:Regio Pscoviensis]]
[[Categoria:Systema Narvae fluminis]]

{{Myrias|Geographia}}</text>
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      <text bytes="3380" sha1="hhsyxrklgs7i7a72h2i7ffv7sly5vkz" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Lake Peipus, LandSat-8, 2016-10-20.jpg|thumb|Despectus in Lacum Peipum ex aere.]]
'''Lacus Peipus'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.ru/books?id=EdhAAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA255&amp;lpg=PA255&amp;dq=%22Lacus+Peipus%22&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=bfIAFDdhHW&amp;sig=C_8A4pLSGBuzoVVnGg4Uec7alTU&amp;hl=ru&amp;ei=rG-SS5vsO6aknQOtxKSXCw&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=5&amp;ved=0CBgQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22Lacus%20Peipus%22&amp;f=false M. Zeiller, ''Regnorum Sueciae, Gothiae . . . descriptio nova'', p. 255].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Estonice]] ''Peipsi-Pihkva järv''; [[Russice]] Чудско-Псковское озеро, [[translitteratio|tr.]] ''Čudsko-Pskovskoe ozero'') est [[lacus]] in [[Europa orientalis|Europa Orientali]] situs, interque [[Estonia]]m (ab occidente septentrioneque) et [[Russia]]m (ab oriente) divisus. [[Area (geometria)|Area]] huius lacus 3555 chm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, [[longitudo]] circa 143 chm, [[latitudo]] mediocris circa 50 chm, profunditas mediocris 7 m, profunditas maxima 15 m, [[volumen (mensura)|volumen]] [[aqua]]e circa 25 chm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; est.

==Situs et partes==

[[Vironia orientalis]] [[comitatus Estoniae]] in litore lacus boreali sita est, comitatus [[Iagiwa (comitatus)|Iagiwa]], [[Tarbatum (comitatus)|Tarbatum]] et [[Polua (comitatus)|Polua]] in occidentali, [[regio Pscoviensis]] Russiae in orientali, australi et austroccidentali.

In Russia et Estonia non unus lacus, sed tres fretis coniuncti habentur; lacus Peipus ipse ([[Estonice]] ''Peipsi järv'', [[Russice]] ''Чудское озеро, lacus Tiudensis''&lt;ref&gt;De ''Tiud' '', ''чудь'', cf. [[:s:Nestoris_Chronica#Caput_1.|''Nestorica chronica'', cap. 1]] &lt;/ref&gt;) est pars maior borealis; pars minor australis est ''lacus Pscoviensis'' vel ''Plescoviensis''&lt;ref&gt;Cf. {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Henricus Zedler|Ioannes Henricus Zedler|de|qid=Q65866}}, [https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Grosses_vollständiges_UNIVERSAL_LEXICON/d3JkAAAAcAAJ?hl=ru&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=lacus+plescoviensis&amp;pg=PA805&amp;printsec=frontcover ''Grosses vollständiges Universallexicon...'', vol. XXVIII, 1741, col. 806].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Estonice]] ''Pihkva järv'', [[Russice]] ''Псковское озеро''). Inter eos pars minima, ''lacus Calidus'' ([[Estonice]] ''Lämmijärv,'', [[Russice]] ''Теплое озеро'') sita est.

==Flumina et urbes==

Circa triginta flumina rivique in lacum Peipum fluunt, quorum maxima est [[Velica]], sed solum [[Narva (flumen)|Narva]] fluvius (in [[sinus Finnicus|sinum Finnicum]] effundens) ex lacu effluit.

[[Gdovia]] urbs Russiae 2 chm et [[Pscovia]], ad Velicam sita, 10 chm a lacu distant. In [[Estonia]] [[Callaste]] et [[Mustut]] urbes ad lacum Peipum stant.

==Historia==

Die [[5 Aprilis]] secundum [[Calendarium Iulianum]] ([[12 Aprilis]] secundum [[Calendarium Gregorianum|Gregorianum]]) anno [[1242]] in [[glacies|glacie]] lacus Peipi factum est [[proelium]] [[Proelium glaciale|glaciale nominatum]] inter copias [[Russia|Rutheni]]cas [[Novogardia Magna|Novogardienses]] ab [[Alexander Nevensis|Alexandro Nevensi]] ductas et [[exercitus|exercitum]] [[Ordo Teutonicus|Ordinis Teutonici]].

== Nota ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externus ==
{{fontes geographici}}
{{CommuniaCat|Lake Peipus|lacum Peipum}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Peipus lacus}}
[[Categoria:Lacus Estoniae]]
[[Categoria:Lacus Russiae Europaeae]]
[[Categoria:Regio Pscoviensis]]
[[Categoria:Systema Narvae fluminis]]

{{Myrias|Geographia}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Uxentum</title>
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      <text bytes="2775" sha1="mlx9ki1e0ikh6dkt1c6lgtqghoxoep7" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Piazza di Ugento.jpg|thumb|Locus Uxenti.]]
'''Uxentum'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Sacco}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CathHier&quot;&gt;Cf. {{CathHierDiocese|ugen|Dioecesis Uxentina-Sanctae Mariae Leucadensis}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;A. Chiusole, [https://books.google.it/books?id=UvsEaRJt0ZAC&amp;dq=Il+mondo+antico,+moderno,+e+novissimo,+tomo+1&amp;hl=it&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s ''Il mondo antico, moderno, e novissimo, ovvero Breve trattato''] (Venetiarum: G. B. Recurti, 1749).&lt;/ref&gt; {{victio|Uxentum|i|n}} (alia nomina: ''Uzentum''&lt;ref&gt;[http://emeroteca.provincia.brindisi.it/Archivio%20Storico%20Pugliese/1989/Articoli/IlNomeDiOria.pdf Maria Teresa Laporta, ''Il nome di Oria'', p. 65.]&lt;/ref&gt;, ''Uzintum''&lt;ref name=&quot;Nomi d'Italia&quot;&gt;Nomi d'Italia - AAVV, De Agostini&lt;/ref&gt;, ''Augentum''&lt;ref name=&quot;Nomi d'Italia&quot; /&gt;) ([[Italiane]] ''Ugento''; [[Sallentine]]: ''Ucentu''; [[Sallentum|Messapice]]: ''Ozan'') est [[urbes Italiae|urbs]] et [[commune Italiae|commune]] [[Italia|Italicum]], circiter 12&amp;thinsp;3350 incolarum, in [[Provincia Lupiensis|Provincia Lupiensi]] [[regio Italiae|regionis]] [[Apulia]]e,  et in [[Sallentum|Sallento]] historica ac geographica regione situm. Urbani ''Uxentini''&lt;ref name=&quot;CathHier&quot; /&gt; appellantur.

Sententia urbana est ''Ozan.''.

== Clari cives ==
=== Hic vixerunt ===
* [[Antonius Minturnus]]

=== Oriundi ===
* [[Aldus Moro]]

== Aedificia egregia ==
* Ecclesia cathedralis Assumptionis B.M.V.

== Ecclesia Catholica Romana ==
Uxentum, cum [[Fanum Sanctae Mariae Leucadensis|Fano Sanctae Mariae Leucadensis]], [[sedes episcopalis]] [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae]] est. Nomen sedis [[Dioecesis Uxentina-Sanctae Mariae Leucadensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CathHier&quot; /&gt; est.

== Fractiones, vici et loci in municipio ==
=== Fractiones ===
* [[Geminianum (Uxentum)|Geminianum]] ([[Italiane]] ''Gemini'')
* [[Turris Sancti Ioannis]] ([[Italiane]] ''Torre San Giovanni'')

== Municipia finitima ==
* [[Alista]]
* [[Aquara Capitis]]
* [[Casaranum]]
* [[Melessanum]]
* [[Praesitium]]
* [[Racleum]]
* [[Rufanum]]
* [[Salven]]
* [[Taurisanum]]

{{NexInt}}
* [[Lupiae]] seu [[Lyciae]]
* [[Sallentum]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Ugento|Uxentum}}
* [http://www.comune.ugento.le.it/ Situs interretialis urbis proprius.] {{Ling|Lingua Italiana{{!}}Italiane}}

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Corona di città.svg|[[Urbs Italiae]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190821032948/http://presidenza.governo.it/onorificenze_araldica/araldica/emblemi/2006/citta/Ugento.html presidenza.governo.it/onorificenze_araldica].&lt;/ref&gt;
Fasciculus:Ugento.gif|Collocatio finium urbanorum.
Fasciculus:Cattedrale_di_Ugento.jpg|[[Ecclesia cathedralis]] Assumptionis Beatae Mariae Virginis.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Uxentum| ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Fridericus Gulielmus Schneidewin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>102676</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
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      <text bytes="1260" sha1="90mrk2a8p2o1dbpxw7hb9myempbs4bl" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus: Friedrich Wilhelm Schneidewin.jpg|thumb|200 px|Fridericus Gulielmus Schneidewin]]
'''Fridericus Gulielmus Schneidewin''' (natus ''[[Helmstadium|Helmstadii]]'' die [[6 Iunii]] [[1810]] ; [[Gottinga]]e die [[11 Ianuarii]] [[1856]] mortuus) fuit sermonum antiquorum [[philologus]] [[Germania|Germanicus]]. Filius eius [[Maximus Schneidewin]] philologus sed etiam philosophus fuit.

== Opera selecta ==

* Delectus poesis Graecorum (Gottingae 1838-39, 3 partes) 
* Corpus paroemiographorum Graecorum (Gottingae 1839, una cum [[Ernestus de Leutsch| Ernesto de Leutsch]]; iterum impressum, [[Hildesia]]e 1958)

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Friedrich Wilhelm Schneidewin|Fridericum Gulielmum Schneidewin}}
*{{PND|116839503}}
* ''Corpus Paroemiographorum Graecorum'', [http://books.google.de/books?id=OUMOAAAAYAAJ B. I (1839)], [http://books.google.de/books?id=oT4OAAAAYAAJ B. II (1851)] - {{Ling|Graece}} et {{Ling|Latine}} versio interretialis in ''[[Google Books]]'')

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Lifetime|1810|1856|Schneidewin, Fridericus Gulielmus}}
[[Categoria:Auctores Theodisci]]
[[Categoria:Philologi Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Goettingensis]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Graeco-Latini]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Graeco-Theodisci]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Iacobus Bernays</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>102733</id>
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      <text bytes="2099" sha1="7s95d8x8ptuisa58iafah88g15ldcpz" xml:space="preserve">{{capsa hominis Vicidata}}
''' Iacobus Bernays ''' ([[Hamburgum|Hamburgi]] familia [[Iudaei|Iudaica]] natus die [[11 Septembris]] [[1824]]; [[Bonna]]e die [[26 Maii]] [[1881]] mortuus), [[Fridericus Amadeus Welcker|Friderici Amadei Welcker]] et [[Fridericus Gulielmus Ritschl|Friderici Gulielmi Ritschl]] discipulus, fuit [[Res classicae|sermonum antiquorum]] [[philologus]] [[Germania|Germanicus]]. Alma mater sua [[Universitas Fridericia Guilelmia Rhenana]] fuit. [[Michael Bernays]] [[frater]] philologus sermonis [[Lingua Germanica|Germanici]] fuit.

== Opera selecta ==
* ''Die Lebensbeschreibung des [[Iosephus Iustus Scaliger|J.J. Scaliger]]'' (1855)
* ''Über das [[Pseudo-Phokylides|Phokylideische]] Gedicht'' (1856)
* ''Die Chronik des [[Sulpicius Severus]]'' (1861)
* ''Die Dialoge des [[Aristoteles]] im Verhältniss zu seinen übrigen Werken'' (1863)
* ''[[Theophrastus|Theophrastos]]' Schrift über Frömmigkeit'' (1866)
* ''Die [[Heraclitus|Heraklitischen]] Briefe'' (1869)
* ''[[Lucianus Samosatensis|Lucian]] und die [[Cynici|Cyniker]]'' (1879)
* ''Zwei Abhandlungen über die Aristotelische Theorie des Dramas'' (1880).
* ''Phokion und seine neueren Beurtheiler'' (1881)
* ''Gesammelte Abhandlungen''. editum a [[Arminius Usener|Arminio Usener]]. 2 tomi. Berolini 1885.
* Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2009.01.37
* ''Geschichte der Klassischen Philologie''. Vorlesungsnachschrift von Robert Münzel. Hildesiae/Urbe Novo Eboraco: Olms 2008 ([[Spudasmata]], tomus. 120), ISBN 978-3-487-13697-4, Rezension von Jochen Lückoff, Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2009.01.37 [http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2009/2009-01-37.html ''Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2009.01.37'' apud bmcr.brynmawr.edu]

== Nexus externi ==
* {{PND|118656317}}
* {{BBKL|b/bernays_j|auctor=Klaus-Gunther Wesseling|commentatio=BERNAYS, Jacob|tomus=16|columnae=101-122}}

{{Lifetime|1824|1881|Bernays, Iacobus}}
[[Categoria:Auctores Theodisci]]
[[Categoria:Philologi Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Graeco-Latini]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Graeco-Theodisci]]
[[Categoria:Iudaei]]
[[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Bonnensis]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Posonium (regio)</title>
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      <text bytes="542" sha1="kxbe5tsfznpnii3tcma8e0fjbuoa4s4" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Bratislava kraj.png|thumb|200 px|right|Ubi regio Posonium in Slovacia est]]
'''Posonium'''{{FD ref}} ([[Slovacice]] ''Bratislavský kraj'') est una ex octo [[Slovacia]]e regionibus. Huic regioni, cuius caput est [[urbs]] [[Posonium|eiusdem nominis]], 622&amp;nbsp;706 incolae sunt.

== Nexus externi ==
{{communiaCat|Bratislava Region|Posonium (regionem)}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110208160653/http://www.region-bsk.sk/ Regionis pagina interretialis]

{{geo-stipula}}
{{Regiones Slovaciae}}

[[Categoria:Regiones Slovaciae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Philo Alexandrinus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
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      <text bytes="4823" sha1="ajojie12w3i2ihbsjakn1vjfdlhmmsw" xml:space="preserve">{{Videhom|Philo Cleonis filius}}
'''Philo Alexandrinus''', qui et '''Iudaeus''' saepe appellatur ([[Graece]] ''Φίλων ὁ Ἀλεξανδρεύς''), natus saeculo VIII ab urbe condita, sive [[saeculum 1 a.C.n.|saeculo 1 a.C.n]] exeunte, mortuus post annum [[40]] [[p.C.n.]], fuit [[auctor]] [[lingua Graeca antiqua|Graecus]] de [[religio Iudaica|rebus Iudaicis]] [[theologia|theologicis]]que ac de [[philosophia]] [[Platonismus|Platonica]]. Legatus meruit pro Iudaeis [[Alexandria|Alexandrinis]] ad imperatorem [[Caligula]]m.

== De Familia et studiis ==
Nobilissima gente [[Iudaei|Iudaica]] [[Alexandria|Alexandriam]] incolente ortus erat, ut cui frater fuit [[Alexander alabarches|Iulius Alexander]], civis Romanus et alabarchus (qui titulus dabatur ei qui conventui Iudaeorum Alexandrino praeerat), cuius alter filius reginam [[Berenice (filia Herodis Agrippae)|Berenicem]] uxorem duxit, mox morte praematura raptus&lt;ref&gt;''[[Antiquitates Iudaicae]]'' XIX.5.1&lt;/ref&gt;. Alter filius [[Tiberius Iulius Alexander]] iudaismum renuntiavit et [[Eques Romanus|equestrem]] cursum honorum percucurrit ː inter alia [[Iudaea (provincia Romana)|procurator Iudaeae]] et  [[Praefectus Aegypti|praefectus Aegypti]] designatus est. Cum autem [[Titus (imperator)|Tito]] [[Hierosolyma]] oppugnanti adfuisset, Romae quoque postea magnis honoribus ornatus est. Haec pauca de cognatis Philonis per rerum gestarum scriptorem [[Flavius Iosephus|Flavium Iosephum]]&lt;ref&gt;''[[Antiquitates Iudaicae]]'' XVIII.8.1 ː ''Φίλων ὁ προεστὼς τῶν Ἰουδαίων τῆς πρεσβείας, ἀνὴρ τὰ πάντα ἔνδοξος Ἀλεξάνδρου τε τοῦ ἀλαβάρχου ἀδελφὸς ὢν καὶ φιλοσοφίας οὐκ ἄπειρος''.&lt;/ref&gt; accepimus ː nam Philo praeter legationem ad Gaium nihil de se narrabat. Verisimile videtur eum in [[Synagoga|synagogis]] et in scholis Iudaicis Alexandrinis docuisse ac per totam vitam studiis Biblicis et philosophicis vacasse.

== Opera selecta ==
Pleraque Philonis opera nobis servata sunt quia prima Ecclesia Christiana eius Biblicam exegeticam philosophia Graeca fretam admirabatur imitabaturque. Nonnulla tamen versione [[Armenia|Armeniaca]] aut Latina tantum tradita sunt. Contra in litteris Iudaicis et [[Rabbinus|rabbinicis]] parvi momenti fuerunt. Hucusque ordo chronologicus operum restitui non potuit.
* ''[[In Flaccum]]''
*  ''[[Legatio ad Gaium]]'' 
* ''De Opificio mundi'' 
* ''Legum allegoriae'' 
* ''De Cherubim'' 
* ''De sacrificiis Abelis et Caini'' 
* ''De posteritate Caini'' 
* ''De gigantibus''
* ''De confusione linguarum''
* ''De migratione Abrahami''
* ''De Abrahamo''
* ''De Iosepho''
* ''De vita Mosis''
* ''De congressu quaerendae eruditionis gratia''
* ''Quod deterius potiori insidiari soleat''
* ''Quod Deus immutabilis sit''
* ''De agricultura''
* ''De Plantatione''
* ''De Ebrietate''
* ''De sobrietate''
* ''Quis divinarum rerum heres''
* ''De fuga et inventione''
* ''De decalogo''
* ''De specialibus legibus''
* ''De praemiis et poenis''
* ''De mutatione nominum''
* ''De somniis''
* ''Quod omnis probus liber sit''
* ''De vita contemplativa''
* ''De aeternitate mundi''
* ''De providentia''

== Editiones ==
* Inter 1961 et 1994 societas editoria Parisiensis ''Editions du Cerf'' opera Philonis in 36 tomos digesta publicavit, cum Francica versione&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180110161332/http://www.sourceschretiennes.mom.fr/collection/collection-oeuvres-philon-alexandrie Pagina interetialis]&lt;/ref&gt;.
* Inter 1949 et 1962 opera omnia in decem volumina digesta in collectaneo [[Loeb Classical Library|Loeb classical library]] ː ''Philo with an English translation''

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
* Aemilius Bréhier,  ''Les idées philosophiques et religieuses de Philon d'Alexandrie'', Parisiis, Vrin, 1925.
* ''The Cambridge companion to Philo'', Cambridge university press, 2009    
* Jean Daniélou, ''Philon d'Alexandrie'', Parisiis, Fayard, 1958
* Erwin R. Goodenough, ''An introduction to Philo Judaeus'', secunda editio, Oxonii, 1962. 
** ''The Politics of Philo judaeus : Practice and theory : with a general bibliography of Philo'', Hildesiae: Georg Olms, 1967 
* Mireille Hadas-Lebel, ''Philon d'Alexandrie : un penseur en diaspora'', Parisiis, Fayard, 2003. [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2005_num_74_1_2584_t2_0401_0000_2 Recensio critica] 
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190902210005/https://www.sbl-site.org/publications/books_StudiaPhilonica.aspx Studia Philonica], publicatio periodica huic auctori tota dedicata.

[[Categoria:Iudaei]]
[[Categoria:Legati]]
[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 1 a.C.n.]]
[[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 1]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Graeci antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Ontologi]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Aegypti Graecoromani]]
[[Categoria:Theologi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Eduardus Wölfflin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>113026</id>
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        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Lege etiam */</comment>
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      <text bytes="932" sha1="c5g2yn4m7vpcims5czsobez87dck32u" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Eduard Wölfflin - Imagines philologorum.jpg|thumb|Eduardus Wölfflin. Imago a  [[Alfredus Gudeman|Alfredi Gudeman]], ''Imagines Philologorum'' (1911)]]
'''Eduardus (de) Wölfflin''' ([[Basilia (urbs)|Basiliae]] die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[1831]]; ibidem mortuus die [[8 Novembris]] [[1908]]) fuit sermonum antiquorum [[philologus]] [[Helvetia|Helveticus]], qui clarus est inter alia ut ''[[Thesaurus Linguae Latinae| Thesauri Linguae Latinae]]'' conditor.
== Lege etiam ==
* Gustav Meyer (Hrsg.): ''Eduard Wölfflin: Ausgewählte Schriften'', Berolini 1933. Nachdruck Hildesiae 1977, ISBN 3-487-06137-6

== Nexus externus==
*   {{PND|117453471}}
{{bio-stipula}}

{{Lifetime|1831|1908|Wolfflin, Eduardus}}
[[Categoria:Auctores Theodisci]]
[[Categoria:Philologi Helvetiae]]
[[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Monacensis]]
[[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Turicensis]]
[[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Erlangensis]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Brennus Bishop</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>113546</id>
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      <text bytes="1190" sha1="ey1moicn9uwjopj1zbp6xxqybflma8a" xml:space="preserve">'''Brennus R. Bishop''', sive '''Brennus Episcopus Legranus''', sive '''Brennus Legranus''', est magister et scriptor latinus natione Britannus.

Scribit praecipue in commentariis [[Genovefa Immè|Genovefae Immè]] quibus titulus [[M.A.S.]]

== Carmen in honorem Brenni R. Bishop ==
In honorem Brenni Bishop Legrani, poeta [[Alaenus Divutius]] edidit hoc carmen&lt;ref&gt;In ''Alaudis'', ephemeridis nova serie; fasciculo primo, domus editoria Olms, in urbibus Novo Eboraco, Turico, Hildesia, anno 2005, a pagina 133 ad p.139.&lt;/ref&gt;:

::::AD BRENNUM EPISCOPUM LEGRANUM, AFFABILEM AMICUM BRITANNUM.
:Brenne, inter druidas genuit quos Anglica tellus,
:corpore tu certe superas longissimus omnes,
:sed longe superas omnes quoque mente faceta
:atque animo comi, docto eloquioque latino.

== Eius scripta ==
* 2003: &quot;Litterae hodiernis iuvenibus adaptantur&quot;, in ''[[Melissa]]'', n° 113, anno 2003, pp. 14-15.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{scriptor-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bishop, Brenus}}

{{Nexus desiderati}}

[[Categoria:Auctores Latini hodierni]]
[[Categoria:Magistri]]
[[Categoria:Philologi Britanniae]]
[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 20]]
[[Categoria:Homines vivi]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Melissae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ostrovia (Russia)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>114324</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-30T17:48:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
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{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
{{videdis|Ostrovia (discretiva)}}
'''Ostrovia'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.ru/books?id=_nMrAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=RA1-PA149&amp;dq=Ostrovia&amp;hl=ru&amp;ei=-U45Taz3OcPpOb7CiI4L&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=6&amp;ved=0CD8Q6AEwBQ#v=snippet&amp;q=Ostroviae&amp;f=false ''Acta in conventu legatorum Stephani, regis Poloniae, et Ioannis Basilii, magni Moscoviae ducis'']; [[Reinoldus Heidensteinius]], [http://books.google.ru/books?id=_nMrAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=RA1-PA149&amp;dq=Ostrovia&amp;hl=ru&amp;ei=-U45Taz3OcPpOb7CiI4L&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=6&amp;ved=0CD8Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&amp;q=Ostrovia&amp;f=false ''De bello Moscovitico''] (in: [http://books.google.ru/books?id=_nMrAAAAYAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=Historiae+Ruthenicae+scriptores+exteri+saeculi+XVI&amp;hl=ru&amp;ei=D1Y5TdrSDcGVOsO67fIK&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=1&amp;ved=0CCYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false ''Historiae Ruthenicae scriptores exteri saeculi XVI''])&lt;/ref&gt;, seu '''Ostrovium'''&lt;ref&gt;[[Daniel Printz]], [http://books.google.ru/books?id=DkcPAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA696&amp;dq=Iseburgum&amp;hl=ru&amp;ei=qFY5TbrKD5HqOeqjwO4K&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=1&amp;ved=0CCYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q=Iseburgum&amp;f=false ''Moscoviae ortus, et progressus'' (in: Scriptores rerum Livonicarum), p. 696]&lt;/ref&gt;, vulgo '''''Ostrov''''' ([[Russice]] Остров&lt;ref&gt;I.e. '[[Insula]]', sed homonyma esse videntur.&lt;/ref&gt;), urbs est in [[Russia]], ad [[Velica]]m fluvium, sedes administrativa districtus Ostroviensis [[regio Pscoviensis|regionis Pscoviensis]]. Circa 21 milia incolarum habet.

Ostroviae, cuius annus primae commemorationis in chronica est [[1341]], olim erat arx valens, in insula Velicae fluvii locata, nunc tamen omnino destructa.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Fasciculus:Ostrov-banner.jpg|thumb|500px|right|Ostroviae de Velica despectus]]
==Nexus externi==
{{fontes geographici}}
{{communiaCat|Ostrov|Ostroviam}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20200922115321/http://ostrov.reg60.ru/ Situs interretialis districtus Ostroviensis]

[[Categoria:Urbes regionis Pscoviensis]]
[[Categoria:Condita 1341]]</text>
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{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
{{videdis|Ostrovia (discretiva)}}
'''Ostrovia'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.ru/books?id=_nMrAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=RA1-PA149&amp;dq=Ostrovia&amp;hl=ru&amp;ei=-U45Taz3OcPpOb7CiI4L&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=6&amp;ved=0CD8Q6AEwBQ#v=snippet&amp;q=Ostroviae&amp;f=false ''Acta in conventu legatorum Stephani, regis Poloniae, et Ioannis Basilii, magni Moscoviae ducis'']; [[Reinoldus Heidensteinius]], [http://books.google.ru/books?id=_nMrAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=RA1-PA149&amp;dq=Ostrovia&amp;hl=ru&amp;ei=-U45Taz3OcPpOb7CiI4L&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=6&amp;ved=0CD8Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&amp;q=Ostrovia&amp;f=false ''De bello Moscovitico''] (in: [http://books.google.ru/books?id=_nMrAAAAYAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=Historiae+Ruthenicae+scriptores+exteri+saeculi+XVI&amp;hl=ru&amp;ei=D1Y5TdrSDcGVOsO67fIK&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=1&amp;ved=0CCYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false ''Historiae Ruthenicae scriptores exteri saeculi XVI''])&lt;/ref&gt;, seu '''Ostrovium'''&lt;ref&gt;[[Daniel Printz]], [http://books.google.ru/books?id=DkcPAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA696&amp;dq=Iseburgum&amp;hl=ru&amp;ei=qFY5TbrKD5HqOeqjwO4K&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=1&amp;ved=0CCYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q=Iseburgum&amp;f=false ''Moscoviae ortus, et progressus'' (in: Scriptores rerum Livonicarum), p. 696]&lt;/ref&gt;, vulgo '''''Ostrov''''' ([[Russice]] ''Остров'', ι.e. '[[Insula]]'&lt;ref&gt;De arce vetere, in insula Velicae sita.&lt;/ref&gt;), urbs est in [[Russia]], ad [[Velica]]m fluvium, sedes administrativa districtus Ostroviensis [[regio Pscoviensis|regionis Pscoviensis]]. Circa 21 milia incolarum habet.

Ostroviae, cuius annus primae commemorationis in chronica est [[1341]], olim erat arx valens, in insula Velicae fluvii locata, nunc tamen omnino destructa.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Fasciculus:Ostrov-banner.jpg|thumb|500px|right|Ostroviae de Velica despectus]]
==Nexus externi==
{{fontes geographici}}
{{communiaCat|Ostrov|Ostroviam}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20200922115321/http://ostrov.reg60.ru/ Situs interretialis districtus Ostroviensis]

[[Categoria:Urbes regionis Pscoviensis]]
[[Categoria:Condita 1341]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tribunal criminale internationale</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>114931</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3984666</id>
      <parentid>3984149</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-30T16:49:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JimKillock</username>
        <id>109532</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Textus correctus a Claude Opus 4.8: 'humanitarianismum'&gt;'humanitatem', 'Statum'&gt;'Statutum', 'alius'&gt;'aliud', 'Tribumalis'&gt;'Tribunalis', 'Controversariae'&gt;'Controversiae', 'solemnter'&gt;'sollemniter', 'nequidem evenci'&gt;'numquam evinci posse' correxi. Numerum verbi ('dedit'&gt;'imposuissent') et casus (accusativum, genitivum) emendavi. Sententias ad Latinitatem classicam redegi, constructione 'cum', oratione obliqua et ablativo absoluto usus. Vocabula neolatina et nexus omnes servavi.</comment>
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      <text bytes="2647" sha1="5193ijzdvj91xrbnecarpribda7zquy" xml:space="preserve">{{Latinitas|-4}}
[[Fasciculus:International Criminal Court Headquarters, Netherlands.jpg|thumb|Sedes Tribunalis criminalis internationalis Hagae.]]
[[Fasciculus:ICC member states.svg|thumb|upright=0.8|Status ratificationis [[Foedus Romae de Tribunali criminali internationali|Foederis Romae de Tribunali criminali internationali]]]]
'''Tribunal criminale internationale''' est [[iudicium]] internationale secundum &quot;[[Foedus Romae de Tribunali criminali internationali|Statutum Romanum ad Tribunal criminale internationale]]&quot;{{dubsig}} die [[17 Iulii]] [[1998]] institutum. A [[Nationes Unitae|Nationibus Unitis]] [[Haga]]e die [[1 Iulii]] [[2002]] ad crimina contra [[humanitarianismus|humanitatem]] persequenda constitutum est. Eius [[lingua publica|linguae publicae]] sunt [[lingua Anglica|Anglica]] et [[lingua Francogallica|Francogallica]]. Ab anno 2024 praeses tribunalis est [[Tomoko Akane]].
[[Nationes Unitae]] etiam [[Iudicium inter Civitates]] habent, sed alterius naturae est, quia tribunal criminale internationale de criminibus personarum, non Civitatum, iudicat.
Potestas tribunalis criminalis internationalis ad [[crimina contra humanitatem|scelera contra humanitatem commissa]] pertinet:
* [[humanitarium belli ius|Violationes iuris humanitarii belli]]
* [[Actus sexuales]] per vim
* [[Belli scelus]]
* [[Disparatio coacticia]]
* [[Generis occidio]]
* [[Incursio magna]]
* [[Mercatus hominum]]
* [[Servitus sexualis]]
* [[Sterilizatio coacticia]]
* [[Stuprum]] systematicum
* [[Tortura]] in omnibus formis
==Controversiae et responsum==
Cum [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] die [[18 Augusti]] anno [[2026]] sanctiones in [[Tomoko Akane]] et Abdoulaye Seye (civem [[Senegalia]]e) imposuissent, Tribunal criminale internationale eas graviter reiecit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/icc-strongly-rejects-new-us-sanctions-designations The ICC strongly rejects new US sanctions designations]&lt;/ref&gt; Praeterea Tomoko Akane oratione habita [[iustitia]]m Tribunalis criminalis numquam evinci posse affirmavit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20260826_19/ ICC chief vows court will 'never defeated']&lt;/ref&gt;
== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;
{{NexInt}}
* [[Crimina contra humanitatem]]
* [[Conventio de Prohibitione Cohercitioneque Criminum Genocidii]]
* [[Conventio contra Torturam, alteram Atrocem, Inhumanam seu Humiliantem Tractationem seu Poenam]]
* [[Declaratio et Propositum ad agendum Vindobonae]]
* [[Humanitarium belli ius]]
== Nexus externi ==
* [http://www.icc-cpi.int/ Tribunal criminale internationale]
{{Myrias|Societas}}
[[Categoria:Constituta 2002]]
[[Categoria:Ius]]
[[Categoria:Tribunal criminale internationale| ]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Regio Leninopolitana</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>115992</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3984780</id>
      <parentid>3936485</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-31T09:37:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Hydrographia */</comment>
      <origin>3984780</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5735" sha1="j8rjjunfpnvbcak2h7dq7zq81wm7re0" xml:space="preserve">{{L}}{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}
'''Regio Leninopolitana'''&lt;ref&gt;A.D. Potemkin, [https://www.binran.ru/en/publications/novosti-sistematiki-nizshyh-rastenij/1931/12988/ ''Ad floram hepaticarum regionis Leninopolitanae''], in: Novitates Systematicae Plantarum non Vascularium, vol. 30, 1995; T.E. Vachruscheva, [https://www.binran.ru/en/publications/novosti-sistematiki-nizshyh-rastenij/1912/12196/ ''De specie Ascochyta Lib. nova in regione Leninopolitana inventa''], ibid., 11, 1974; etc.&lt;/ref&gt; seu '''Leningradensis'''&lt;ref&gt;'Russia, ''regio Leningradensis'', in valle fl. Lava'[http://web.natur.cuni.cz/cvsm/CM61103.pdf]; 'URSS, ''regio Leningradensis'', isthmus Karelicus'[https://web.archive.org/web/20150916015236/http://ttk.pte.hu/biologia/phd/dolg/MolnarK_DI.pdf]&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Russice]] Ленинградская область, [[translitteratio|tr.]] ''Leningradskaja oblast' '') est [[divisio administrativa Russiae|subiectum]] [[Foederatio Russica|Foederationis Russicae]], in eius [[Districtus Foederalis Septentrio-Occidentalis|Districtum (Circulum) Foederalem Septentrio-Occidentalem]] inclusum. 

Caput regionis est [[Gatschina]] (ab anno [[2023]]). Certa [[institutum|instituta]] administrationis regionis etiam [[Petropolis|Petropoli]] sunt, e cuius appellatione prisca (annis [[1924]]–[[1991]]) '[[Leninopolis]]' (vulgo ''[[Leningrad]]'') regio, anno [[1927]] creata, nomen suum habuit. Urbs illa tamen ipse ab anno [[1931]] pars regionis Leninopolitanae non est.

==Situs==

Haec regio, in [[planities Europaea Orientalis|planitie Europaea Orientali]] sita, contermina est cum quinque aliis subiectis Foederationis Russicae (re publica [[Carelia (res publica)|Carelia]] in septentrione, regionibus [[regio Vologdensis|Vologdensi]] in oriente, [[regio Novogardiensis|Novogardiensi]] in meridie-oriente, [[regio Pscoviensis|Pscoviensi]] in meridie et urbe dignitatis foederalis [[Petropolis|Petropoli]], quam circumsaepit) atque civitatibus duabus [[Unio Europaea|Unionis Europaeae]] ([[Estonia]] in occidente et [[Finnia]] in septentrio-occidente). Aream 83 908 chm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; et circa 1 779 milia incolarum (anno [[2016]]) habet. 

==Hydrographia==

In litoribus [[sinus Finnicus|sinus Finnici]] regio sita est; [[Isthmus Carelicus]] sinum a  [[Lacus Ladoga|lacu Ladoga]] separat, cuis pars maxima, ut et [[Lacus Onega|lacus Onegae]], in regione patet. [[Neva]] flumen regionis maximum e Ladoga in sinum Finnicum fluit; [[Tosna]] est accola Nevae maximus, [[Ochta]] alter. [[Svir]] flumen aquam Onegae in Ladogam fert et [[Volchova]] aquam lacus [[Ilmenus|Ilmeni]]. [[Vuoksi]] est flumen Isthmi Carelici maximum, in Ladogam influens. [[Luga (flumen)|Luga]] est flumen partis regionis occidentalis magnum, ad sinum Finnicum fluens; [[Narva (flumen)|Narva]], [[Peipus|lacus Peipi]] aquam ferens, regionis cum [[Estonia]] confinium facit, et ipsa ad sinum Finnicum fluens. [[Pliussa]] Narvae accola maximus est. [[Rossona]] Lugam et Narvam coniungit.

Multa opera hydrotechnica in regione constructa sunt. [[Canalis Ladogensis]] et [[canalis Ladogensis novus]] secundum ripam Ladogae extentae Volchovam cum Neva coniungunt, [[canalis Siasensis]] Volchovam cum [[Sias']] fluvio et [[canalis Svirensis]] Sias' cum [[Svir]]e; [[canalis Onegensis]] [[Wytegra (flumen)|Vytegram]] cum [[Svir]]e. Reliquiae [[Systema aquarium Tichvinense|systematis aquarii Tichvinensis]], quod [[Volga]]m cum Neva coniungebat, et [[Aquae ductus Taitzenses|aquae ductus Taitzenses]], qui aquam ad [[Villa Augusti|Villam Augusti]] adducebat, in regione manent.

[[Insula]]e sinus Finnici, quae Russicae sunt, partes regionis Leninopolitanae habentur, exempli gratia [[Kotlin]], [[Hogelandia]], [[Insula Robusta]], [[Piscator Occidentalis]]. Ad litus Isthmi Carelici permultae dissipatae sunt, quod genus insularum ''[[skär]]'' nominatur.

==Loci habitati regionis==

Multae urbes, qua prope ad Petropolim ut villae et sedes imperatorum aedificabantur, nunc secundum divisionem administrativam in urbem Petropolim inclusae sunt. Hae sunt in litore sinus Finnici australi [[Strelna]] et [[Peterhofium|Petri Aula]] et [[Oranienbaumium]] (nunc ''Lomonosov'') et ad meridiem a Petropoli [[Villa Augusti]] et [[Paulopolis (Russia)|Paulopolis]]. [[Gatschina]], sedes [[Paulus I (imperator Russiae)|Pauli I]], nunc caput administrativum regionis totius est. [[Crasnoselium]], [[Pargelovium]] et [[Duderhofium]] sunt ceteri vici veteres nunc in Petropolim inclusae. [[Cronstadium]] in insula sinus Finnici prope aditum ad Petropolim situm nunc etiam pars eius habetur.

Multae urbes regionis parvae antiquiores, quam Petropolis, sunt, ut [[Vetus Ladoga]], fortasse una vetusstissimarum urbium Russiae, et [[Tichvina]] urbs [[ducatus Novogardiensis|Novogradiensium]] in parte austrorentali regione, [[Coporium]] arx in litore sinus Finnici, [[Ioannopolis]] arx ad ripam [[Narva (flumen)|Narvae fluminis]] sita et [[Narva]]e urbi Estonicae vicina, et [[Iama]] inter arx Novogradiensium inter Coporium et Ioannopolim sita. [[Corela]] arx est vetustissima in Isthmi Carelici ad litυs Ladogae; ad litus isthmi Balticum [[Viburgum (Russia)|Viburgum]] et [[Tralesonda]]  siti sunt. [[Schlusselburgum]] est arx antiqua in initio Nevae e Ladoga effuentis, et [[Nova Ladoga]] in ostio [[Volchova]]e in eam influentis. [[Luga (urbs)|Luga]] urbs in parte regionis austroccidentali primo vicus Novogardiensis fuit.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Nexus interni==
* [[Gubernium Petropolitanum]]
* [[Ingria]]
* [[Sarka]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Leningrad Oblast|regionem Leninopolitanam}}
{{fontes geographici}}
* [http://www.lenobl.ru/ Situs interretialis administrationis regionis Leninopolitanae] {{ling|Russice}}

[[Categoria:Regio Leninopolitana|!]]</text>
      <sha1>j8rjjunfpnvbcak2h7dq7zq81wm7re0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Congruentia (theoria numerorum)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>123723</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3984795</id>
      <parentid>3538244</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-31T10:49:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3984795</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1077" sha1="9zqrexhneoi6p05re66579it9sjqgp5" xml:space="preserve">{{L}}
[[Fasciculus:Clock_group.svg|thumb|[[Horologium]] tempus monstrat secundum modulum 12.]]
'''Congruentia''' est coniunctio inter binos [[numerus integer|numeros integros]], per quam modulus quidam dividit differentiam inter numeros datos. Hoc est, si modulus m dividit (a – b), dicimus a, b ''congruos'' secundum modulum m. Exempli gratia, 3 et 8 congrui sunt secundum modulum 5, sed non congruunt secundum modulum 7. Congruentia est pars [[arithmetica modularis|arithmeticae modularis]], quae etiam pars est [[theoria numerorum|theoriae numerorum]]. [[Carolus Fridericus Gauss]] multa de congruentiis in [[liber|libro]] ''[[Disquisitiones Arithmeticae]]'' scribit.&lt;ref&gt;Haec definitio est in prima pagina huius libri.&lt;/ref&gt;  Congruentia est [[relatio aequivalentiae]].

==Notae==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

==Liber laudatus==
[[Gauss]]. [[1801]].  ''Disquisitiones Arithmeticae.'' Lipsiae: Fleischer. Retractatus [[Hildesia]]e: Olms-Wiedmann, 2006, cum introductione a Norbert Schappacher scripta.

[[Categoria:Algebra]]
[[Categoria:Mathematica]]</text>
      <sha1>9zqrexhneoi6p05re66579it9sjqgp5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Index communium praefecturae Vosegi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>123776</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3984653</id>
      <parentid>3983600</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-30T16:19:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>nomen latinum</comment>
      <origin>3984653</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="22017" sha1="985pjfqyc7zsnf07ej8djs9bo6g1yag" xml:space="preserve">Hic est index [[commune|communium]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] praefecturae [[Francia|Francicae]], cui subsunt communia 515 numero.

[[Fasciculus:Vosges-Position.png|thumb|Situs praefecturae]]
[[Fasciculus: Senones vu du Petit Paris.jpg|thumb|Despectus in ''[[ Senones ]]'']]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! [[INSEE|Numerus INSEE]]
! [[Numerus cursualis]]
! [[Commune]]
|-
| 88001
| 88270
| [[Les Ableuvenettes]]
|- 
| 88002
| 88500
| [[Ahéville]]
|- 
| 88003
| 88140
| [[Aingeville]]
|- 
| 88004
| 88320
| [[Ainvelle (Vosegus)|Ainvelle]]
|- 
| 88005
| 88110
| [[Allarmont]]
|- 
| 88006
| 88500
| [[Ambacuria]]
|- 
| 88007
| 88410
| [[Ameuvelle]]
|- 
| 88008
| 88700
| [[Anglemont]]
|- 
| 88009
| 88650
| [[Anould]]
|- 
| 88010
| 88170
| [[Aouze]]
|- 
| 88011
| 88380
| [[Arches (Vosegus)|Arches]]
|- 
| 88012
| 88380
| [[Archettes]]
|- 
| 88013
| 88170
| [[Aroffe]]
|- 
| 88014
| 88430
| [[Arrentès-de-Corcieux]]
|- 
| 88015
| 88300
| [[Attignéville]]
|- 
| 88016
| 88260
| [[Attigny (Vosegus)|Attigny]]
|- 
| 88017
| 88300
| [[Aulnois]]
|- 
| 88018
| 88640
| [[Aumontzey]]
|- 
| 88019
| 88300
| [[Autigny-la-Tour]]
|- 
| 88020
| 88300
| [[Autreville (Vosegus)|Autreville]]
|- 
| 88021
| 88700
| [[Autrey (Vosegus)|Autrey]]
|- 
| 88022
| 88140
| [[Auzainvilliers]]
|- 
| 88023
| 88500
| [[Avillers (Vosegus)|Avillers]]
|- 
| 88024
| 88130
| [[Avrainville (Vosegus)|Avrainville]]
|- 
| 88025
| 88630
| [[Avranville]]
|- 
| 88026
| 88600
| [[Aydoilles]]
|- 
| 88027
| 88330
| [[Badménil-aux-Bois]]
|- 
| 88028
| 88460
| [[La Baffe]]
|- 
| 88029
| 88240
| [[Bains-les-Bains]]
|- 
| 88030
| 88270
| [[Bainville-aux-Saules]]
|- 
| 88031
| 88170
| [[Balléville]]
|- 
| 88032
| 88520
| [[Aquilina (Sanctus Deodatus)|Aquilina]]
|- 
| 88033
| 88210
| [[Ban-de-Sapt]]
|- 
| 88106
| 88230
| [[Ban-sur-Meurthe-Clefcy]]
|- 
| 88035
| 88640
| [[Barbey-Seroux]]
|- 
| 88036
| 88300
| [[Barville (Vosegus)|Barville]]
|- 
| 88037
| 88120
| [[Basse-sur-le-Rupt]]
|- 
| 88038
| 88130
| [[Battexey]]
|- 
| 88039
| 88500
| [[Baudricourt]]
|- 
| 88040
| 88150
| [[Bayecourt]]
|- 
| 88041
| 88270
| [[Bazegney]]
|- 
| 88042
| 88700
| [[Bazien]]
|- 
| 88043
| 88500
| [[Bazoilles-et-Ménil]]
|- 
| 88044
| 88300
| [[Bazoilles-sur-Meuse]]
|- 
| 88045
| 88300
| [[Beaufremont]]
|- 
| 88046
| 88600
| [[Beauménil]]
|- 
| 88047
| 88270
| [[Begnécourt]]
|- 
| 88048
| 88370
| [[Bellefontaine (Vosegus)|Bellefontaine]]
|- 
| 88049
| 88260
| [[Belmont-lès-Darney]]
|- 
| 88050
| 88600
| [[Belmont-sur-Buttant]]
|- 
| 88051
| 88800
| [[Belmont-sur-Vair]]
|- 
| 88052
| 88260
| [[Belrupt]]
|- 
| 88053
| 88210
| [[Belval (Vosegus)|Belval]]
|- 
| 88054
| 88520
| [[Bertrimoutier]]
|- 
| 88055
| 88450
| [[Bettegney-Saint-Brice]]
|- 
| 88056
| 88500
| [[Bettoncourt]]
|- 
| 88057
| 88490
| [[Le Beulay]]
|- 
| 88058
| 88170
| [[Biécourt]]
|- 
| 88059
| 88430
| [[Biffontaine]]
|- 
| 88060
| 88500
| [[Blémerey (Vosegus)|Blémerey]]
|- 
| 88061
| 88410
| [[Bleurville]]
|- 
| 88062
| 88320
| [[Blevaincourt]]
|- 
| 88063
| 88270
| [[Bocquegney]]
|- 
| 88064
| 88600
| [[Bois-de-Champ]]
|- 
| 88065
| 88260
| [[Bonvillet]]
|- 
| 88066
| 88500
| [[Boulaincourt]]
|- 
| 88068
| 88470
| [[La Bourgonce]]
|- 
| 88069
| 88270
| [[Bouxières-aux-Bois]]
|- 
| 88070
| 88130
| [[Bouxurulles]]
|- 
| 88071
| 88270
| [[Bouzemont]]
|- 
| 88073
| 88130
| [[Brantigny]]
|- 
| 88074
| 88350
| [[Brechainville]]
|- 
| 88075
| 88250
| [[La Bresse]]
|- 
| 88076
| 88600
| [[Brouvelieures]]
|- 
| 88077
| 88700
| [[Brû]]
|- 
| 88078
| 88600
| [[Bruyères]]
|- 
| 88079
| 88140
| [[Boloniacivilla]]
|- 
| 88080
| 88700
| [[Bult]]
|- 
| 88081
| 88540
| [[Bussang]]
|- 
| 88082
| 88110
| [[Celles-sur-Plaine]]
|- 
| 88083
| 88300
| [[Certilleux]]
|- 
| 88084
| 88130
| [[Chamagne]]
|- 
| 88085
| 88640
| [[Champdray]]
|- 
| 88086
| 88600
| [[Ducis Campus|Champ-le-Duc]]
|- 
| 88087
| 88000
| [[Chantraine (commune)|Chantraine]]
|- 
| 88088
| 88240
| [[La Chapelle-aux-Bois]]
|- 
| 88089
| 88600
| [[La Chapelle-devant-Bruyères]]
|- 
| 88090
| 88130
| [[Carpinia]]
|- 
| 88091
| 88460
| [[Charmois-devant-Bruyères]]
|- 
| 88092
| 88270
| [[Charmois-l'Orgueilleux]]
|- 
| 88093
| 88210
| [[Châtas]]
|- 
| 88094
| 88330
| [[Châtel-sur-Moselle]]
|- 
| 88095
| 88170
| [[Châtenois (Vosegus)|Châtenois]]
|- 
| 88096
| 88410
| [[Châtillon-sur-Saône]]
|- 
| 88097
| 88500
| [[Chauffecourt]]
|- 
| 88098
| 88390
| [[Chaumousey]]
|- 
| 88099
| 88150
| [[Chavelot]]
|- 
| 88100
| 88500
| [[Chef-Haut]]
|- 
| 88101
| 88460
| [[Cheniménil]]
|- 
| 88102
| 88630
| [[Chermisey]]
|- 
| 88103
| 88270
| [[Circourt]]
|- 
| 88104
| 88300
| [[Circourt-sur-Mouzon]]
|- 
| 88105
| 88410
| [[Claudon]]
|- 
| 88107
| 88630
| [[Clérey-la-Côte]]
|- 
| 88108
| 88240
| [[Le Clerjus]]
|- 
| 88109
| 88120
| [[Cleurie]]
|- 
| 88110
| 88700
| [[Clézentaine]]
|- 
| 88111
| 88100
| [[Coinches]]
|- 
| 88113
| 88490
| [[Combrimont]]
|- 
| 88114
| 88140
| [[Gundrecivilla]]
|- 
| 88115
| 88430
| [[Corcieux]]
|- 
| 88116
| 88310
| [[Cornimont]]
|- 
| 88117
| 88170
| [[Courcelles-sous-Châtenois]]
|- 
| 88118
| 88630
| [[Cussiacum (Vosegus)|Cussiacum]]
|- 
| 88119
| 88140
| [[Crainvilliers]]
|- 
| 88120
| 88520
| [[La Croix-aux-Mines]]
|- 
| 88121
| 88330
| [[Damas-aux-Bois]]
|- 
| 88122
| 88270
| [[Damas-et-Bettegney]]
|- 
| 88123
| 88320
| [[Damblain]]
|- 
| 88124
| 88260
| [[Darney]]
|- 
| 88125
| 88170
| [[Darney-aux-Chênes]]
|- 
| 88126
| 88390
| [[Darnieulles]]
|- 
| 88127
| 88700
| [[Deinvillers]]
|- 
| 88128
| 88210
| [[Denipaire]]
|- 
| 88129
| 88270
| [[Derbamont]]
|- 
| 88130
| 88600
| [[Destord]]
|- 
| 88131
| 88600
| [[Deycimont]]
|- 
| 88132
| 88000
| [[Deyvillers]]
|- 
| 88133
| 88000
| [[Dignonville]]
|- 
| 88134
| 88000
| [[Dinozé]]
|- 
| 88135
| 88460
| [[Docelles]]
|- 
| 88136
| 88000
| [[Dogneville]]
|- 
| 88137
| 88170
| [[Dolaincourt]]
|- 
| 88138
| 88260
| [[Dombasle-devant-Darney]]
|- 
| 88139
| 88500
| [[Dombasle-en-Xaintois]]
|- 
| 88140
| 88140
| [[Dombrot-le-Sec]]
|- 
| 88141
| 88170
| [[Dombrot-sur-Vair]]
|- 
| 88144
| 88500
| [[Domèvre-sous-Montfort]]
|- 
| 88142
| 88390
| [[Domèvre-sur-Avière]]
|- 
| 88143
| 88330
| [[Domèvre-sur-Durbion]]
|- 
| 88145
| 88600
| [[Domfaing]]
|- 
| 88146
| 88800
| [[Domjulien]]
|- 
| 88147
| 88390
| [[Dommartin-aux-Bois]]
|- 
| 88148
| 88200
| [[Domnus Martinus (Romaricus Mons)]]
|- 
| 88149
| 88260
| [[Dommartin-lès-Vallois]]
|- 
| 88150
| 88170
| [[Dommartin-sur-Vraine]]
|- 
| 88151
| 88270
| [[Donoparium]]
|- 
| 88152
| 88600
| [[Dompierre (Vosegus)|Dompierre]]
|- 
| 88153
| 88700
| [[Domptail]]
|- 
| 88154
| 88630
| [[Domnum Remigium]]
|- 
| 88155
| 88500
| [[Domvallier]]
|- 
| 88156
| 88700
| [[Doncières]]
|- 
| 88157
| 88220
| [[Dounoux]]
|- 
| 88158
| 88510
| [[Éloyes]]
|- 
| 88159
| 88650
| [[Entre-deux-Eaux]]
|- 
| 88160
| 88000
| [[Spinalium]]
|- 
| 88161
| 88260
| [[Escles]]
|- 
| 88162
| 88260
| [[Esley]]
|- 
| 88163
| 88130
| [[Essegney]]
|- 
| 88164
| 88500
| [[Estrennes]]
|- 
| 88165
| 88480
| [[Étival-Clairefontaine]]
|- 
| 88166
| 88450
| [[Évaux-et-Ménil]]
|- 
| 88167
| 88460
| [[Faucompierre]]
|- 
| 88168
| 88700
| [[Fauconcourt]]
|- 
| 88169
| 88600
| [[Fays (Vosegus)|Fays]]
|- 
| 88170
| 88360
| [[Ferdrupt]]
|- 
| 88171
| 88410
| [[Fignévelle]]
|- 
| 88172
| 88600
| [[Fiménil]]
|- 
| 88173
| 88130
| [[Florémont]]
|- 
| 88174
| 88390
| [[Fomerey]]
|- 
| 88175
| 88600
| [[Fontenay (Vosegus)|Fontenay]]
|- 
| 88176
| 88240
| [[Fontiniacum]]
|- 
| 88177
| 88530
| [[La Forge (Vosegus)|La Forge]]
|- 
| 88178
| 88390
| [[Les Forges (Vosegus)|Les Forges]]
|- 
| 88179
| 88320
| [[Fouchécourt (Vosegus)|Fouchécourt]]
|- 
| 88180
| 88320
| [[Frain]]
|- 
| 88181
| 88230
| [[Fraize]]
|- 
| 88182
| 88490
| [[Frapelle]]
|- 
| 88183
| 88630
| [[Frebécourt]]
|- 
| 88184
| 88600
| [[Fremifontaine]]
|- 
| 88185
| 88500
| [[Frenelle-la-Grande]]
|- 
| 88186
| 88500
| [[Frenelle-la-Petite]]
|- 
| 88187
| 88270
| [[Frénois (Vosegus)|Frénois]]
|- 
| 88188
| 88160
| [[Fresse-sur-Moselle]]
|- 
| 88189
| 88350
| [[Fréville (Vosegus)|Fréville]]
|- 
| 88190
| 88440
| [[Frizon]]
|- 
| 88192
| 88270
| [[Gelvécourt-et-Adompt]]
|- 
| 88193
| 88520
| [[Gemaingoutte]]
|- 
| 88194
| 88170
| [[Gemmelaincourt]]
|- 
| 88195
| 88140
| [[Gendreville]]
|- 
| 88196
| 88400
| [[Gérardmer]]
|- 
| 88197
| 88120
| [[Gerbamont]]
|- 
| 88198
| 88430
| [[Gerbépal]]
|- 
| 88199
| 88320
| [[Gignéville]]
|- 
| 88200
| 88390
| [[Gigney]]
|- 
| 88201
| 88390
| [[Girancourt]]
|- 
| 88202
| 88500
| [[Gircourt-lès-Viéville]]
|- 
| 88203
| 88600
| [[Girecourt-sur-Durbion]]
|- 
| 88205
| 88340
| [[Girmont-Val-d'Ajol]]
|- 
| 88206
| 88170
| [[Gironcourt-sur-Vraine]]
|- 
| 88208
| 88410
| [[Godoncourt]]
|- 
| 88209
| 88190
| [[Golbey]]
|- 
| 88210
| 88270
| [[Gorhey]]
|- 
| 88212
| 88350
| [[Grand (Vosegus)|Grand]]
|- 
| 88213
| 88490
| [[Magna Fossa]]
|- 
| 88215
| 88210
| [[Grandrupt]]
|- 
| 88214
| 88240
| [[Grandrupt-de-Bains]]
|- 
| 88216
| 88600
| [[Grandvillers]]
|- 
| 88218
| 88640
| [[Granges-sur-Vologne]]
|- 
| 88219
| 88630
| [[Greux]]
|- 
| 88220
| 88410
| [[Grignoncourt]]
|- 
| 88221
| 88240
| [[Gruey-lès-Surance]]
|- 
| 88222
| 88600
| [[Gugnécourt]]
|- 
| 88223
| 88450
| [[Gugney-aux-Aulx]]
|- 
| 88224
| 88330
| [[Hadigny-les-Verrières]]
|- 
| 88225
| 88220
| [[Hadol]]
|- 
| 88226
| 88270
| [[Hagécourt]]
|- 
| 88227
| 88300
| [[Hagnéville-et-Roncourt]]
|- 
| 88228
| 88330
| [[Haillainville]]
|- 
| 88229
| 88300
| [[Harchéchamp]]
|- 
| 88230
| 88700
| [[Hardancourt]]
|- 
| 88231
| 88800
| [[Haréville]]
|- 
| 88232
| 88300
| [[Harmonville]]
|- 
| 88233
| 88270
| [[Harol]]
|- 
| 88234
| 88240
| [[Harsault]]
|- 
| 88235
| 88240
| [[Hautmougey]]
|- 
| 88236
| 88240
| [[La Haye (Vosegus)|La Haye]]
|- 
| 88237
| 88270
| [[Hennecourt]]
|- 
| 88238
| 88260
| [[Hennezel]]
|- 
| 88239
| 88130
| [[Hergugney]]
|- 
| 88240
| 88600
| [[Herpelmont]]
|- 
| 88241
| 88170
| [[Houécourt]]
|- 
| 88242
| 88300
| [[Houéville]]
|- 
| 88243
| 88700
| [[Housseras]]
|- 
| 88244
| 88430
| [[La Houssière]]
|- 
| 88245
| 88210
| [[Hurbache]]
|- 
| 88246
| 88500
| [[Hymont]]
|- 
| 88247
| 88150
| [[Igniacum (Vosegus)|Igniacum]]
|- 
| 88248
| 88320
| [[Isches]]
|- 
| 88249
| 88300
| [[Gedanis villa]]
|- 
| 88250
| 88550
| [[Jarménil]]
|- 
| 88251
| 88700
| [[Ioannis Manile]]
|- 
| 88252
| 88260
| [[Jésonville]]
|- 
| 88253
| 88000
| [[Jeuxey]]
|- 
| 88254
| 88500
| [[Jorxey]]
|- 
| 88255
| 88630
| [[Jubani villa]]
|- 
| 88256
| 88640
| [[Jussarupt]]
|- 
| 88257
| 88500
| [[Jevancuria]]
|- 
| 88258
| 88320
| [[Marchia (Vosegus)|Marchia]]
|- 
| 88259
| 88300
| [[Landini villa]]
|- 
| 88260
| 88130
| [[Langley (Vosegus)|Langley]]
|- 
| 88261
| 88600
| [[Laval-sur-Vologne]]
|- 
| 88262
| 88600
| [[Aquilina (Spinalium)|Aquilina]]
|- 
| 88263
| 88640
| [[Laveline-du-Houx]]
|- 
| 88264
| 88270
| [[Légéville-et-Bonfays]]
|- 
| 88265
| 88300
| [[Lemmecuria]]
|- 
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! [[INSEE|Numerus INSEE]]
! [[Numerus cursualis]]
! [[Commune]]
|-
| 88266
| 88600
| [[Lépanges-sur-Vologne]]
|- 
| 88267
| 88260
| [[Larino]]
|- 
| 88268
| 88490
| [[Lesseux]]
|- 
| 88269
| 88400
| [[Liézey]]
|- 
| 88270
| 88350
| [[Liffodium]]
|- 
| 88271
| 88800
| [[Legisvilla]]
|- 
| 88272
| 88410
| [[Lyroncuria]]
|- 
| 88273
| 88000
| [[Longus Campus (Vosegus)|Longus Campus]]
|- 
| 88274
| 88170
| [[Longus Campus subtus Castinetum]]
|- 
| 88275
| 88490
| [[Lubine]]
|- 
| 88276
| 88490
| [[Lussia]]
|- 
| 88277
| 88110
| [[Luviniacus]]
|- 
| 88278
| 88170
| [[Macuncurtis]]
|- 
| 88279
| 88270
| [[Madecuria]]
|- 
| 88280
| 88450
| [[Maldisinum]]
|- 
| 88281
| 88270
| [[Madonne-et-Lamerey]]
|- 
| 88283
| 88140
| [[Malini curia]]
|- 
| 88284
| 88650
| [[Mandray]]
|- 
| 88285
| 88800
| [[Manderae]]
|- 
| 88286
| 88130
| [[Mareinvilla]]
|- 
| 88287
| 88320
| [[Mariacum (Vosegus)|Mariacum]]
|- 
| 88288
| 88270
| [[Monroniscurtis]]
|- 
| 88289
| 88320
| [[Martiniacum (Vosegus)|Martiniacum]]
|- 
| 88290
| 88300
| [[Martigny-les-Gerbonvaux]]
|- 
| 88291
| 88410
| [[Martinvelle]]
|- 
| 88292
| 88500
| [[Mataincuria]]
|- 
| 88293
| 88630
| [[Maxey-sur-Meuse]]
|- 
| 88294
| 88150
| [[Mazeley]]
|- 
| 88295
| 88500
| [[Maceriolae]]
|- 
| 88296
| 88140
| [[Madonis villa]]
|- 
| 88297
| 88600
| [[Méménil]]
|- 
| 88298
| 88700
| [[Menardi Mons]]
|- 
| 88302
| 88160
| [[Le Ménil]]
|- 
| 88300
| 88210
| [[Ménil-de-Senones]]
|- 
| 88299
| 88500
| [[Mansile in Sanctesio]]
|- 
| 88301
| 88700
| [[Ménil-sur-Belvitte]]
|- 
| 88303
| 88630
| [[Mudrevallis]]
|- 
| 88304
| 88500
| [[Mirecurtium]]
|- 
| 88305
| 88630
| [[Moncel-sur-Vair]]
|- 
| 88306
| 88210
| [[Le Mont]]
|- 
| 88309
| 88800
| [[Monthureux-le-Sec]]
|- 
| 88310
| 88410
| [[Monthureux-sur-Saône]]
|- 
| 88307
| 88320
| [[Mont-lès-Lamarche]]
|- 
| 88308
| 88300
| [[Montes ante Novum Castrum]]
|- 
| 88311
| 88240
| [[Montmotier]]
|- 
| 88312
| 88170
| [[Morelli Domus]]
|- 
| 88313
| 88330
| [[Murini villa]]
|- 
| 88314
| 88320
| [[Morizécourt]]
|- 
| 88315
| 88600
| [[Mors Agni]]
|- 
| 88316
| 88140
| [[Maurivilla]]
|- 
| 88317
| 88210
| [[Moussey (Vosegus)|Moussey]]
|- 
| 88318
| 88700
| [[Medius Mons (Vosegus)|Medius Mons]]
|- 
| 88319
| 88420
| [[Medianum Monasterium]]
|- 
| 88320
| 88100
| [[Nayemont-les-Fosses]]
|- 
| 88321
| 88300
| [[Neocastrum (Francia)|Neocastrum]]
|- 
| 88322
| 88600
| [[La Neuveville-devant-Lépanges]]
|- 
| 88324
| 88170
| [[La Neuveville-sous-Châtenois]]
|- 
| 88325
| 88800
| [[La Neuveville-sous-Montfort]]
|- 
| 88326
| 88100
| [[Neuvillers-sur-Fave]]
|- 
| 88327
| 88440
| [[Nomexy]]
|- 
| 88328
| 88470
| [[Nompardivilla]]
|- 
| 88330
| 88260
| [[Novilla (Vosegus)|Novilla]]
|- 
| 88331
| 88600
| [[Nontiavilla]]
|- 
| 88332
| 88800
| [[Noretum]]
|- 
| 88333
| 88700
| [[Nossoncourt]]
|- 
| 88334
| 88500
| [[Ollevilla]]
|- 
| 88335
| 88500
| [[Offroicourt]]
|- 
| 88336
| 88170
| [[Audoleni villa]]
|- 
| 88338
| 88700
| [[Ortonis curia]]
|- 
| 88340
| 88700
| [[Padua (Vosegus)|Padua]]
|- 
| 88341
| 88100
| [[Pair-et-Grandrupt]]
|- 
| 88342
| 88330
| [[Pallegney]]
|- 
| 88343
| 88800
| [[Paretum (Vosegus)|Paretum]]
|- 
| 88344
| 88350
| [[Pargniacum subtus Mirevallem]]
|- 
| 88345
| 88490
| [[La Petite-Fosse]]
|- 
| 88346
| 88210
| [[La Petite-Raon]]
|- 
| 88347
| 88270
| [[Petraficta (Vosegus)|Petraficta]]
|- 
| 88348
| 88600
| [[Petreus Pons]]
|- 
| 88349
| 88230
| [[Plenifesium]]
|- 
| 88350
| 88170
| [[Pluvesia]]
|- 
| 88351
| 88370
| [[Plumberae]]
|- 
| 88352
| 88300
| [[Pomperra (Vosegus)|Pomperra]]
|- 
| 88353
| 88260
| [[Pons iuxta Undinovilla]]
|- 
| 88354
| 88500
| [[Pont-sur-Madon]]
|- 
| 88355
| 88330
| [[Portus Caelorum]]
|- 
| 88356
| 88600
| [[Les Poulières]]
|- 
| 88357
| 88500
| [[Portus Suavis]]
|- 
| 88358
| 88550
| [[Pouxeux]]
|- 
| 88359
| 88600
| [[Prey (Vosegus)|Prey]]
|- 
| 88360
| 88260
| [[Provenchères-lès-Darney]]
|- 
| 88361
| 88490
| [[Provenchères-et-Colroy]]
|- 
| 88362
| 88210
| [[Le Puid]]
|- 
| 88363
| 88630
| [[Purneretum]]
|- 
| 88364
| 88500
| [[Puzieux (Vosegus)|Puzieux]]
|- 
| 88365
| 88270
| [[Racécourt]]
|- 
| 88366
| 88170
| [[Radalli villa]]
|- 
| 88367
| 88700
| [[Rambervilleriae]]
|- 
| 88368
| 88500
| [[Rancuria]]
|- 
| 88369
| 88160
| [[Romarici campus]]
|- 
| 88370
| 88270
| [[Radonis curtis]]
|- 
| 88371
| 88220
| [[Rapo ad Silvas]]
|- 
| 88372
| 88110
| [[Rapo ad Stationem]]
|- 
| 88373
| 88110
| [[Raon-sur-Plaine]]
|- 
| 88374
| 88130
| [[Rapey]]
|- 
| 88375
| 88520
| [[Raves (Vosegus)|Raves]]
|- 
| 88376
| 88300
| [[Ribovilla]]
|- 
| 88377
| 88410
| [[Rainharii villa]]
|- 
| 88378
| 88450
| [[Regney]]
|- 
| 88379
| 88330
| [[Ranconis curtis]]
|- 
| 88380
| 88640
| [[Rehaupal]]
|- 
| 88381
| 88260
| [[Relangia]]
|- 
| 88382
| 88500
| [[Rimacuria]]
|- 
| 88383
| 88200
| [[Romarici Mons]]
|- 
| 88386
| 88100
| [[Remomeix]]
|- 
| 88385
| 88800
| [[Romulficuria]]
|- 
| 88387
| 88170
| [[Ramaldi villa]]
|- 
| 88388
| 88390
| [[Renauvoid]]
|- 
| 88389
| 88500
| [[Reparium]]
|- 
| 88390
| 88320
| [[Roberticuria]]
|- 
| 88391
| 88120
| [[Rochesson]]
|- 
| 88394
| 88320
| [[Romania ad Silvas]]
|- 
| 88395
| 88700
| [[Rotmundum]]
|- 
| 88398
| 88600
| [[Les Rouges-Eaux]]
|- 
| 88399
| 88460
| [[Le Roulier]]
|- 
| 88400
| 88500
| [[Ruvera in Sanctesio]]
|- 
| 88401
| 88170
| [[Roverium (Vosegus)|Roverium]]
|- 
| 88402
| 88700
| [[Rovilla ad Quercus]]
|- 
| 88403
| 88500
| [[Roserota]]
|- 
| 88404
| 88320
| [[Roseriae supra Mosunam]]
|- 
| 88406
| 88130
| [[Rugney]]
|- 
| 88407
| 88630
| [[Ruppes]]
|- 
| 88408
| 88360
| [[Rupt-sur-Moselle]]
|- 
| 88409
| 88120
| [[Saint-Amé]]
|- 
| 88411
| 88260
| [[Sanctus Basolimons]]
|- 
| 88412
| 88700
| [[Sanctus Benedictus (Vosegus)|Sanctus Benedictus]]
|- 
| 88413
| 88100
| [[Sanctus Deodatus (urbs)|Sanctus Deodatus]]
|- 
| 88410
| 88700
| [[Sancta Barbara (Vosegus)|Sancta Barbara]]
|- 
| 88418
| 88700
| [[Sancta Helena (Vosegus)|Sancta Helena]]
|- 
| 88424
| 88100
| [[Sancta Margareta (Vosegus)|Sancta Margareta]]
|- 
| 88415
| 88200
| [[Sanctus Stephanus ultra Mosellam]]
|- 
| 88416
| 88700
| [[Sanctus Genesius (Vosegus)|Sanctus Genesius]]
|- 
| 88417
| 88700
| [[Sanctus Gorgonius (Vosegus)|Sanctus Gorgonius]]
|- 
| 88419
| 88210
| [[Saint-Jean-d'Ormont]]
|- 
| 88421
| 88410
| [[Sanctus Iulianus (Vosegus)|Sanctus Iulianus]]
|- 
| 88423
| 88650
| [[Sanctus Leonardus (Vosegus)|Sanctus Leonardus]]
|- 
| 88425
| 88700
| [[Sanctus Mauricius (Vosegus)|Sanctus Mauricius]]
|- 
| 88426
| 88560
| [[Saint-Maurice-sur-Moselle]]
|- 
| 88427
| 88170
| [[Sanctus Memmius (Vosegus)|Sanctus Memmius]]
|- 
| 88428
| 88470
| [[Saint-Michel-sur-Meurthe]]
|- 
| 88429
| 88200
| [[Sanctus Nabor (Vosegus)|Sanctus Nabor]]
|- 
| 88430
| 88140
| [[Sanctus Audoenus (Vosegus)|Sanctus Audoenus]]
|- 
| 88431
| 88170
| [[Sanctus Paulus (Vosegus)|Sanctus Paulus]]
|- 
| 88432
| 88700
| [[Sanctus Petrimons]]
|- 
| 88433
| 88500
| [[Sanctus Pancratius (Vosegus)|Sanctus Pancratius]]
|- 
| 88434
| 88800
| [[Sancti Remigii Mons (Vosegus)|Sancti Remigii Mons]]
|- 
| 88435
| 88480
| [[Sanctus Remigius (Vosegus)|Sanctus Remigius]]
|- 
| 88436
| 88210
| [[Sanctus Stephanus (Vosegus)|Sanctus Stephanus]]
|- 
| 88437
| 88270
| [[Sanctus Valerius (Vosegus)|Sanctus Valerius]]
|- 
| 88438
| 88470
| [[La Salle (Vosegus)|La Salle]]
|- 
| 88439
| 88390
| [[Sanchey]]
|- 
| 88440
| 88170
| [[Sandaucuria]]
|- 
| 88441
| 88260
| [[Sans-Vallois]]
|- 
| 88442
| 88120
| [[Sapois (Vosegus)|Sapois]]
|- 
| 88443
| 88300
| [[Sartes]]
|- 
| 88444
| 88210
| [[Le Saulcy]]
|- 
| 88445
| 88580
| [[Salicetum (Vosegus)|Salicetum]]
|- 
| 88446
| 88140
| [[Salsurae (Vosegus)|Salsurae]]
|- 
| 88447
| 88290
| [[Salsuriae]]
|- 
| 88448
| 88140
| [[Seivilla]]
|- 
| 88449
| 88130
| [[Saviniacum (Vosegus)|Saviniacum]]
|- 
| 88450
| 88320
| [[Senagda]]
|- 
| 88451
| 88210
| [[Senonia (Vosegus)|Senonia]]
|- 
| 88452
| 88260
| [[Senonges]]
|- 
| 88453
| 88630
| [[Seromons]]
|- 
| 88454
| 88600
| [[Sarcus (Vosegus)|Sarcus]]
|- 
| 88455
| 88320
| [[Sirecuria]]
|- 
| 88456
| 88320
| [[Serocourt]]
|- 
| 88457
| 88630
| [[Seona (Vosegus)|Seona]]
|- 
| 88458
| 88130
| [[Solicuria]]
|- 
| 88459
| 88170
| [[Soncuria]]
|- 
| 88460
| 88630
| [[Solicia]]
|- 
| 88461
| 88140
| [[Serewavilla]]
|- 
| 88462
| 88120
| [[Le Syndicat]]
|- 
| 88463
| 88100
| [[Tinctorivus]]
|- 
| 88464
| 88460
| [[Tendon (Vosegus)|Tendon]]
|- 
| 88465
| 88150
| [[Tado]]
|- 
| 88466
| 88800
| [[Tillia]]
|- 
| 88467
| 88290
| [[Thiéfosse]]
|- 
| 88468
| 88160
| [[Le Thillot]]
|- 
| 88469
| 88500
| [[Tirocuria]]
|- 
| 88470
| 88530
| [[Le Tholy]]
|- 
| 88471
| 88410
| [[Les Thons]]
|- 
| 88472
| 88260
| [[Thuillières]]
|- 
| 88473
| 88320
| [[Tignécourt]]
|- 
| 88474
| 88300
| [[Tellum (Vosegus)|Tellum]]
|- 
| 88475
| 88320
| [[Toteleni curtis]]
|- 
| 88476
| 88500
| [[Totoni villa]]
|- 
| 88477
| 88350
| [[Trampodium]]
|- 
| 88478
| 88300
| [[Tranculfi villa]]
|- 
| 88479
| 88240
| [[Trémonzey]]
|- 
| 88480
| 88130
| [[Ubexy]]
|- 
| 88481
| 88220
| [[Uriménil]]
|- 
| 88482
| 88140
| [[Eurivilla]]
|- 
| 88483
| 88390
| [[Ursiniacum]]
|- 
| 88484
| 88220
| [[Usminga]]
|- 
| 88485
| 88140
| [[La Vacheresse-et-la-Rouillie]]
|- 
| 88486
| 88120
| [[Vainiacum]]
|- 
| 88487
| 88340
| [[Le Val-d'Ajol]]
|- 
| 88488
| 88270
| [[Valefridicurtis]]
|- 
| 88489
| 88270
| [[Vallis Regia (Vosegus)|Vallis Regia]]
|- 
| 88490
| 88800
| [[Vallis Regia Sicca]]
|- 
| 88491
| 88260
| [[Tres Valesii]]
|- 
| 88492
| 88230
| [[Le Valtin]]
|- 
| 88493
| 88450
| [[Varmonzey]]
|- 
| 88494
| 88500
| [[Vaubexy]]
|- 
| 88495
| 88000
| [[Waldinivilla]]
|- 
| 88496
| 88140
| [[Valdonis curtis (Vosegus)|Valdonis curtis]]
|- 
| 88497
| 88330
| [[Wauxoncuria]]
|- 
| 88498
| 88200
| [[Vecoux]]
|- 
| 88499
| 88270
| [[Velotte-et-Tatignécourt]]
|- 
| 88500
| 88310
| [[Ventron]]
|- 
| 88501
| 88210
| [[Le Vermont]]
|- 
| 88502
| 88600
| [[Vervezelle]]
|- 
| 88503
| 88110
| [[Vexaincourt]]
|- 
| 88504
| 88170
| [[Vicherey]]
|- 
| 88505
| 88430
| [[Vienville]]
|- 
| 88506
| 88210
| [[Vieux-Moulin (Vosegus)|Vieux-Moulin]]
|- 
| 88507
| 88500
| [[Villers (Vosegus)|Villers]]
|- 
| 88508
| 88270
| [[Ville-sur-Illon]]
|- 
| 88509
| 88150
| [[Villoncourt]]
|- 
| 88510
| 88320
| [[Villotte]]
|- 
| 88511
| 88350
| [[Villouxel]]
|- 
| 88512
| 88600
| [[Viménil]]
|- 
| 88513
| 88450
| [[Vincey]]
|- 
| 88514
| 88170
| [[Viocourt]]
|- 
| 88515
| 88260
| [[Vioménil]]
|- 
| 88516
| 88800
| [[Vittel]]
|- 
| 88517
| 88260
| [[Vivarium (Vosegus)|Vivarium]]
|- 
| 88518
| 88500
| [[Viverium]]
|- 
| 88519
| 88470
| [[La Voivre (Vosegus)|La Voivre]]
|- 
| 88520
| 88240
| [[Les Voivres]]
|- 
| 88521
| 88700
| [[Vomécourt]]
|- 
| 88522
| 88500
| [[Vomécourt-sur-Madon]]
|- 
| 88523
| 88170
| [[Vouxey]]
|- 
| 88524
| 88140
| [[Vrécourt]]
|- 
| 88525
| 88500
| [[Vroville]]
|- 
| 88526
| 88520
| [[Wisembach]]
|- 
| 88527
| 88700
| [[Xaffévillers]]
|- 
| 88528
| 88460
| [[Xamontarupt]]
|- 
| 88529
| 88130
| [[Xaronval]]
|- 
| 88530
| 88220
| [[Scatiniacum]]
|- 
| 88531
| 88400
| [[Xonrupt-Longemer]]
|- 
| 88532
| 88330
| [[Zincourt]]
|}
{{Indices communium praefecturarum Franciae}}
[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi|!]]</text>
      <sha1>985pjfqyc7zsnf07ej8djs9bo6g1yag</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ein new Kochbuch</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>123930</id>
    <revision>
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        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
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[[Fasciculus:Ein new Kochbuch, Marxen Rumpolt, 1581, Einleitung.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Titulus ''Ein new Kochbuch'']]
'''''Ein new Kochbuch''''' est liber de re coquinaria anno [[1581]] [[Francofurtum ad Moenum|Francofurti ad Moenum]] a [[Marx Rumpolt]] divulgatus, coquo principali apud aulam [[Daniel Brendel de Homburg|Danielis Brendel de Homburg]] episcopi et electoris [[Moguntiacum|Moguntiacensis]]. Hoc opus ad coquos tironibus destinatum praecepta coquinaria fere 2&amp;nbsp;000 continet. Pars ultima operis de vinis et cellariis disserit. [[Jost Ammann]] imagines 150 ad hunc librum illustrandum delineavit.

== Editiones ==
* 1581 : ''Ein new Kochbuch, das ist, Ein grundtliche Beschreibung wie man recht vnd wol, nicht allein von vierfüssigen, heymischen vnd wilden Thieren ... allerley Speiß als gesotten, gebraten, gebacken ... kochen und zubereiten solle ...'' Franckfort am Mayn: bey Johann Feyerabendt. [http://dbs.hab.de/katalog/regsearch.php?opac=wdb&amp;m1=all&amp;trunc1=?&amp;offset=0&amp;lang=&amp;range=30&amp;st1=url+diglib.hab.de%5C/drucke%5C/2-3-oec-2f%5C/start.htm? Textus interretialis]
* 2002 : Reimpressum. Hildesiae: Olms. ISBN 3-487-08112-1

{{NexInt}}
* [[Libri de re culinaria aevo litterarum renatarum scripti]]

== Nexus externi ==
* &quot;''[https://web.archive.org/web/20111231041318/http://groups.yahoo.com/group/cooking_rumpolt/ Cooking Rumpolt]''&quot;: versio nova, adhuc imperfecta, cum disputationibus {{Ling|Anglice}}
* [http://www.uni-giessen.de/gloning/kobu.htm Textus adhuc imperfectus] apud Thomas Gloning

== Bibliographia ==
* Ursula Heinzelmann, &quot;Marx Rumpolt&quot; in {{Arndt}} pp. 326-329

[[Categoria:Libri de re coquinaria]]
[[Categoria:Libri de vino]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Theodiscae]]
[[Categoria:Germaniae scripta]]
[[Categoria:Scripta 1581]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Disputatio:I have a dream</title>
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      <comment>rectificatio redirectionis duplicis → [[Disputatio:Mihi est somnium]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="41" sha1="macxk558zglb0r4icrb01zo30hd8uuj" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Disputatio:Mihi est somnium]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cafeum nocturnum (van Gogh)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>136143</id>
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        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
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      <comment>/* Bibliographia */</comment>
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[[Fasciculus:Vincent Willem van Gogh 076.jpg|thumb|&quot;Cafeum nocturnum&quot; ([[Pinacotheca Universitatis Yalensis]]).]]
'''''Cafeum nocturnum''''' (titulo [[Francogallice|Francogallico]] ''Le [[coffearia|café]] de nuit'') est [[pictura olearia]] a [[Vincentius van Gogh|Vincentio van Gogh]] anno [[1888]] picta, hodie in [[Pinacotheca Universitatis Yalensis]] servata in urbe [[New Haven]] [[Connecticuta]]e. Tabernam ''[[Cafeum Stationis (Arelate)|Café de la Gare]]'' figurat iuxta ''[[Platea Lamartine (Arelate)|Place Lamartine]]'' stantem in urbe [[Arelate]]. Tabernarii fuerunt [[Iosephus Michel Ginoux]] uxorque [[Maria Ginoux|Maria]], qui ambo saepius a van Gogh necnon [[Paulus Gauguin|Paulo Gauguin]] depicti sunt. Exstat et versio [[hydrochroma|pigmentis aquosis confecta]] [[color]]ibusque simplicioribus quam hodie privatus quidam possidet.

Paulus Gauguin idem cafeum eodem anno pinxit, titulo ''[[Cafeum nocturnum Arelatense (Gauguin)|Café de nuit, Arles]]'', adsedente ipsa Maria Ginoux. 

[[Fasciculus:Night Cafe in Arles, The.jpg|thumb|&quot;Cafeum nocturnum&quot; (collectio privata)]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://www.yale.edu/artgallery Situs pinacothecae]
* &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20111001012231/http://blogs.princeton.edu/wri152-3/f05/manli/gallery_3_the_night_cafe_gauguins_vs_van_goghs.html The Night Cafe: Gauguin's vs Van Gogh's]&quot;

== Bibliographia ==
* Meyer Schapiro, ''Van Gogh'' (Novi Eboraci: Abrams, 1994) pp. 70-71
* Roland Dorn, ''Décoration: Vincent Van Gogh's Werkreihe für das Gelbe Haus in Arles'' ([[Hildesia]]e: Olms, 1990) pp. 370-375 ISBN 3-487-09098-8

[[Categoria:Arelate]]
[[Categoria:Coffeariae]]
[[Categoria:Confecta 1888]]
[[Categoria:Convivia figurata]]
[[Categoria:Picturae Vincentii van Gogh]]
[[Categoria:Pinacotheca Universitatis Yalensis]]
[[Categoria:Tabulae pictae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cafeum nocturnum Arelatense (Gauguin)</title>
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      <text bytes="1556" sha1="7dembm1jaj34jorelij2qgww8i66z67" xml:space="preserve">{{titulus italicus}}{{L}}
[[Fasciculus:Paul Gauguin 072.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|&quot;Cafeum nocturnum Arelatense&quot; a [[Paulus Gauguin|Paulo Gauguin]] anno 1888 pictum ([[Museum Puskin]] [[Moscua]]e).]]
'''''Cafeum nocturnum Arelatense''''' (titulo [[Francogallice|Francogallico]] ''[[Coffearia|Café]] de nuit, Arles'') est [[pictura olearia]] a [[Paulus Gauguin|Paulo Gauguin]] anno [[1888]] facta, hodie in [[Museum Puskin|Museo Puskiniano]] [[Moscua]]e servata. Tabernam ''[[Cafeum Stationis (Arelate)|Café de la Gare]]'' figurat iuxta ''[[Platea Lamartine (Arelate)|Place Lamartine]]'' stantem in urbe [[Arelate]]. Tabernarii fuerunt [[Iosephus Michel Ginoux]] [[uxor]]que [[Maria Ginoux|Maria]], qui ambo saepius a Gauguin necnon [[Vincentius van Gogh|Vincentio van Gogh]] depicti sunt; Maria Ginoux a fronte huic imagini adsedet.

[[Vincentius van Gogh]] idem cafeum eodem anno pinxit, titulo ''[[Cafeum nocturnum (van Gogh)|Le café de nuit]]''. 

== Nexus externi ==
* &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20111001012231/http://blogs.princeton.edu/wri152-3/f05/manli/gallery_3_the_night_cafe_gauguins_vs_van_goghs.html The Night Cafe: Gauguin's vs Van Gogh's]&quot;

== Bibliographia ==
{{CommuniaCat|Café de Nuit, Arles}}
* Roland Dorn, ''Décoration: Vincent Van Gogh's Werkreihe für das Gelbe Haus in Arles'' ([[Hildesia]]e: Olms, 1990) pp. 370-375 ISBN 3-487-09098-8

[[Categoria:Arelate]]
[[Categoria:Coffeariae]]
[[Categoria:Confecta 1888]]
[[Categoria:Convivia figurata]]
[[Categoria:Paulus Gauguin]]
[[Categoria:Museum Puskin]]
[[Categoria:Tabulae pictae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gattheum</title>
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      <minor />
      <comment>([[c:GR|GR]])  [[File:Gatteo 008.jpg]] → [[File:Gatteo (FC) - chiesa di San Lorenzo Martire.jpg]] [[c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] · More precise</comment>
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      <text bytes="2111" sha1="dgvyhcne8hsiqobw1wy8w5g7ztqdl4x" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Gatteo (FC) - chiesa di San Lorenzo Martire.jpg|thumb|Gattheum]]
'''Gatea'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;, '''Gattheum'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatteo Vicipedia Italiana]&lt;/ref&gt; {{victio|Gattheum|i|n}} seu '''Castrum Gatthei'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatteo Vicipedia Italiana]&lt;/ref&gt; (alia nomina: ''Fundus Catei''&lt;ref&gt;[http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatteo Vicipedia Italiana]&lt;/ref&gt;, ''Tumba Ghatei''&lt;ref&gt;[http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatteo Vicipedia Italiana]&lt;/ref&gt;) ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Gatteo|Gatteo]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], circiter 8&amp;nbsp;900 incolarum, in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Aemilia-Romania]] ac in [[Provincia Foroliviensis-Caesenas|Provincia Foroliviensi-Caesenati]] situm. Incolae ''Gateanenses'' appellantur.

== Insigne ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Fractiones, vici et loci in municipio ==
Fiumicino, Gatteo a Mare, Sant'Angelo.

== Municipia finitima ==
* [[Castrum Boschi]], deinde [[Gambettola]], ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Gambettola|Gambettola]]''),
* [[Lonzanum]] ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Longiano|Longiano]]''),
* [[Sabinianum]] ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Savignano sul Rubicone|Savignano sul Rubicone]]''),
* [[Caesenaticum]] olim [[Ad Novas Tabernas Cossuttianas]] ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Cesenatico|Cesenatico]]'').

{{NexInt}}
* [[Aemilia-Romania]] (''regio''),
* [[Romandiola]] (''terra''),
* [[Provincia Foroliviensis-Caesenas]].
* [[Forum Livii]] et [[Caesena]] (''urbes''),
* [[Municipium Italiae]].

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://www.comune.gatteo.fo.it/ Situs publicus] {{Ling|Lingua Italiana{{!}}Italiane}}
{{CommuniaCat|Gatteo|Gateam}}

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Imago:Map of comune of Gatteo (province of Forlì-Cesena, region Emilia-Romagna, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium Municipii Gatthei in Provincia Foroliviensi-Caesenati.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Municipia in provincia Fori Livii et Caesenae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sermones (Horatius)</title>
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[[File:Horatii Flacci Sermonum.tif|thumb|''Saturae'', 1577]]
'''''Sermones'''''&lt;ref&gt;Sic in editionibus [http://www.oxfordscholarlyeditions.com/view/10.1093/actrade/9780198146186.book.1/actrade-9780198146186-book-1 Garrod] (1901), [https://www.degruyter.com/viewbooktoc/product/62694 Shackleton Bailey] (2001), ac [https://www.degruyter.com/viewbooktoc/product/37757 Klingner] (1959).&lt;/ref&gt; seu '''''Saturae''''' [[Quintus Horatius Flaccus|Q. Horatii Flacci]], versibus hexametris inter annos circiter 40 et 35 a.C.n. compositi, in duos libros collecti sunt, [[Gaius Cilnius Maecenas|C. Maecenati]] dicati et ante annum 33 editi.

[[Eupolis atque Cratinus|Satura quarta libri primi]] de comoedia et satura tam Graecis quam Latinis disserit. [[Egressum magna me accepit Aricia Roma|Satura quinta]] iter a [[Roma]] usque [[Brundisium]] narrat quod Horatius ad Maecenatem adiuvandum anno circiter [[38 a.C.n.]] perfecerit. [[Olim truncus eram ficulnus|Satura octava]] enuntiari fingitur a simulacro ligneo dei [[Priapus|Priapi]], quod Maecenas in [[horti Maecenatiani|hortis suis]] [[Esquilinus|Esquilinis]] nuper erexerit. In [[Unde et quo Catius|satura quarta libri secundi]] &quot;Catius&quot;, Horati amicus, regulas repetit gastronomicas quas e contione nuper didicerit. [[Hoc quoque Tiresia|Satura quinta]] de hereditatum quaestu iocatur. [[Cena Nasidieni|Satura octava eiusdem libri]] &quot;cenam Nasidieni&quot; cuiusdam narrat.

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
; Editiones et versiones
* Sidney Alexander, ''The complete Odes and Satires of Horace.'' Princetoniae: Princeton University Press, 1999. ISBN 0691004285 {{Ling|Anglice}}
* A.M. Juster, ''The Satires of Horace.'' Philadelphiae: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008. ISBN 9780812240900 {{Ling|Anglice}}
* Niall Rudd, ''Horace, Satires and Epistles; Persius, Satires.'' Londinii: Penguin, 1979. ISBN 0140442790 {{Ling|Anglice}}
; Philologica et critica
* Ian DuQuesnay, &quot;Horace and Maecenas. The Propaganda Value of Sermones I&quot; in A. Woodman, D. West, edd., ''Poetry and Politics in the Age of Augustus'' (Cantabrigiae, 1984)
* Kirk Freudenburg, ''The Walking Muse : Horace on the Theory of Satire.'' Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1993. ISBN 0691031665
* Ortwin Knorr, ''Verborgene Kunst : Argumentationsstruktur und Buchaufbau in den Satiren des Horaz.'' Hildesiae: Olms-Weidmann, 2004. ISBN 3487125390 [http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2005/2005-09-12.html Recensio] 
* Niall Rudd, ''The Satires of Horace.'' Berkeley : University of California Press, 1966 (2a ed., 1982). ISBN 0520047184.
* Catherine Schlegel, ''Satire and the Threat of Speech : Horace's Satires, Book 1.'' Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2005. ISBN 0299209504.
* C. A. van Rooy, &quot;Arrangement and Structure of Satires in Horace, Sermones Book 1&quot; in ''Acta Classica'' vol. 11-15 (1968/1972)
* James E. G. Zetzel, &quot;Horace's Liber Sermonum. The Structure of Ambiguity&quot; in ''Arethusa'' vol. 13 (1980) pp. 59-77

{{NexInt}}
* [[Ab ovo usque ad mala]]
* [[Satura]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [[s:Sermones (Horatius)|Textus apud Vicifontem]]
* [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/hor.html Opera Horatii] apud ''[[The Latin Library]]''

[[Categoria:Italiae scripta]]
[[Categoria:Scripta saeculo 1 a.C.n.]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae aevi Augustani]]
[[Categoria:Quintus Horatius Flaccus]]
[[Categoria:Carminum collectanea]]
[[Categoria:Saturae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Circulus Hamelensis et Pyrmontiensis</title>
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    <id>159876</id>
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      <text bytes="3245" sha1="jkzfcw8x3r4ioy5unwk8bf7oi40p54f" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}

'''Circulus Hamelensis et Pyrmontiensis'''&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Hamelensis et Pyrmontiensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Hameln-Pyrmont'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latina gentilicia &quot;Hamelensis-e&quot; et &quot;Pyrmontiensis-e&quot; ad [[Hamala|Hamela]]m seu Hamalam et ad [[Pyrmontium]] referuntur. Quibus de toponymis, vide {{Graesse}} et -auctore Egli, J. J. (1893)- ''Nomina geographica: Sprach- und sacherklärung von 42,000 geographischen namen aller erdteile'', respective.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Hameln-Pyrmont''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Hameln-Pyrmont''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Hameln-Purmunt''), pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], die [[1 Aprilis]] [[1922]] conditus est. Caput circuli [[Hamala]] urbs est, quae autem annis [[1923]] - [[1973]] ad circulum non pertinuit.

== Communia circuli ==
[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in HM.svg|300px|right|Communia in Circulo Hamelensi et Pyrmontiensi.]]
Circulus Hamelensis et Pyrmontiensis 8 communia habet. Quae sunt:

* [[Artlissa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mader 1664&quot;&gt;Mader, J. J. (1664). ''Antiquitates Brunsvicenses: De antiquis parochiis Saxonum et finibus dioecesis Mindensis (Caput de parochia Artlissa)''. Helmestadii: Typis Henningi Mulleri.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Aerzen'': quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Ärzen'') oppidum
* [[Hamala]] (Hameln)
* [[Munimeri]] (Theodisce ''Bad Münder'')
* [[Petrimons]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Perizonius 1758&quot;&gt;Perizonius, J. (1758). ''Compendium historiarum antiquissimarum, civilium et ecclesiasticarum, usque ad seculum decimum octavum: Cum appendice de ducatu Westphaliae et comitatu Petrimontano''. Ex officina Wetsteniana.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Pyrmont''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Puurmont'') commune sui iuris et [[urbs]
* [[Pons Cobbanus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Leuckfeld 1714&quot;&gt;Leuckfeld, J. G. (1714). ''Antiquitates Blankenburgenses, oder Historische Beschreibung derer vormals berühmten Grafen von Blankenburg, nebst dazugehörigen diplomatibus und Chartis''. Gottfried Freytag.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Coppenbrügge'') oppidum
* [[Salzhemmendorf]]
* [[Vallis Ambrae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ambra&quot;&gt;Latino de toponymo &quot;Ambra&quot; (Theodisce ''Emmer''), vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Vallis&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Tal?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum vocabulum ''T(h)al'' aut Theodiscum suffixum ''-t(h)al'' Latino vocabulo &quot;vallis-is&quot;] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Emmerthal''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emmerdaal'')
* [[Vicus Vetus Hassicus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Vicus Vetus Hassicus&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.fallingrain.com/world/GM/06/Hessisch_Oldendorf.html?utm ''www.fallingrain''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Other (Latin) names: Vicus Vetus Hassicus,Vicus Vetus Hassicus,Hessisch-Oldendorf,Hessisch-Oldendorf''' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Hessisch Oldendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eolendörpe'') urbs


==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]]

{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris|Hamala-Petrimons]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1922]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Vicus Vetus Hassicus</title>
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[[Fasciculus:WesertalHO.jpg|thumb|left|Aspectus Vici Veteris Hassici.]]
'''Vicus Vetus Hassicus'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Vicus Vetus Hassicus&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.fallingrain.com/world/GM/06/Hessisch_Oldendorf.html?utm ''www.fallingrain''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Other (Latin) names: Vicus Vetus Hassicus,Vicus Vetus Hassicus,Hessisch-Oldendorf,Hessisch-Oldendorf''' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Hessisch Oldendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eolendörpe'') est urbs [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Hamelensis et Petrimontensis|Circulo Hamelensi et Petrimontensi]]. Ad Vicum Veterem Hassicum etiam pertinent vici (Theodisce ''Ortschaften''):

* [[Hemeringa/Lachemum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-emum-i&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Hemeringen/Lachem'') cum viculis (Theodisce ''Ortsteilen'') [[Hemeringa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Hemeringen'') quo etiam locum [[Warendalia]]m&lt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Warendalia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-thal'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-thalia-ae&quot; seu &quot;-dalia-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) -thal : -''thalia'', -''dalia'' (...)&quot;. Hoc casu latinizans suffixum antiquae formae huius toponymi Theodiscam ''Warendal'' applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide [https://www.arcinsys.niedersachsen.de/arcinsys/list.action?nodeid=g214552&amp;page=1&amp;utm ''Arcinsys''].&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Wahrendahl'') habet, ac [[Lachemum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-emum-i&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-em'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-emum-i&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-em''' : -''ēmum'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref (Theodisce ''Lachem'')
* [[Hohenstenium (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Hohenstenium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stein&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-stein'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stenium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Leostenium]], [[Ravenstenium]], [[Richenstenium]], [[Alienstenium]], [[Gastenium]], [[Crybenstenium]], [[Dachstenium]], [[Eberstenium]], [[Falcostenium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Hohenstein'') cum viculis [[Barksa (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Barksa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Barksen''), [[Kruckeberga (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Kruckeberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Krückeberg''), [[Langenfelda (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Langenfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-felda&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-feld(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-felda-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Falufelda]], [[Frauenfelda]], [[Heresfelda]], [[Hirutfelda]], [[Ilfelda]], [[Mansfelda]], [[Salfelda]], [[Sualafelda]], [[Alfelda]], [[Alsfelda]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Langenfeld''), [[Wickbolsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Wickbolsen'') ac [[Zersa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Zersen'');
* [[Suntdal (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Suntdal]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Suntdal&quot;&gt;Vide [https://documentacatholicaomnia.eu/03d/0741-0829%2C_Anonymus%2C_Annales_Regni_Francorum%2C_LT.pdf?utm ''Annales Regni Francorum''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) in monte, qui dicitur Suntdal (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Süntel'') cum viculis [[Bensa (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Bensa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Bensen''), [[Haddessa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Haddessen''), [[Hofinga (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Hofinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Höfingen'') ac [[Potza]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Pötzen''); 
* [[Vallis Rohdae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Vallis Rohdae&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Tal?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum suffixum ''-tal'' Latino vocabulo &quot;vallis-is&quot;] et Latinum toponymum &quot;Rohda&quot; Theodiscum toponymicum praefixum ''Rohden-'' vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Rohdental'') cum viculis [[Rohda (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Rohda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Rohden''), [[Segelhorstium|Segelhorstio]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-horstium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-horst'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-horstium-i&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-horst''' : -''horstium'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Segelhorst'') ac [[Welseda (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Welseda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Welsede'');
* [[Vallis Solis (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Vallis Solis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Vallis Solis&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Tal?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum suffixum ''-tal'' Latino vocabulo &quot;vallis-is&quot;] et [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/sol?wb=gross&amp;nr=4 Theodiscum praefixum ''Sonnen-'' genetivo Latini vocabuli &quot;sol-solis&quot;] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Sonnental'') cum viculis [[Fridericoburgum (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Fridericoburgo]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Fridericoburgum&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Friedrichsburg'' Latino &quot;Fridericoburgum-i&quot; plerumque verti solet. Qua de interpretatione, vide complura &quot;Fridericoburga&quot; apud [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_d5Q5s3XFqBMC/bub_gb_d5Q5s3XFqBMC_djvu.txt ''Il mondo antico, moderno, e novissimo...''].&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Friedrichsburg''), [[Friderici Indago (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Friderici Indago]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Fridericus&quot;&gt;&quot;Fridericus&quot; est forma Latina Theodisci nominis ''Friedrich'' (Duden, s. v. &quot;Fridericus&quot;); &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;indago&quot;&gt;Theodiscum suffixum ''-hagen'' Latino vocabulo &quot;indago-inis&quot; plerumque verti solet. Qua de interpretatione, cf. complura Theodisca toponyma cum suffixo ''-hagen'' apud [Index Communium Megapolis et Pomeraniae Citerioris articulum Vicipaedia Latina de &quot;indice Communium Megapolis et Pomeraniae Citerioris&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Friedrichshagen''), [[Fuhla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Fuhlen''), [[Heslinga (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Hesslinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Heßlingen'') ac [[Rumbecca (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Rumbecca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ecca&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Rumbeck''); 
* [[Vicus Vetus Hassicus-Urbs Nuclearis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Vicus Vetus Hassicus&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kernstadt&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Kern?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum praefixum ''Kern'' Latino adiectivo &quot;nuclearis-e&quot;] et [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Stadt?wb=gross&amp;nr=2 Theodiscum suffixum ''-stadt'' Latino nomine ''urbs urbis''] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Hessisch Oldendorf – Kernstadt'');
* [[Visbecca (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Visbecca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Visbecca&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/fischbeck/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Uisbeccae'', im ehemaligen Gau ''Tilithi'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Fischbeck'') cum viculis [[Visbecca (Visbecca)|Visbecca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Visbecca&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Fischbeck'') quod locum [[Collegium Visbeccense]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CV&quot;&gt;Latinum gentilicium &quot;Visbeccensis-e&quot; ad Visbeccam refertur et Theodiscum toponymum ''Fischbeck'' vertitur; Quo de toponymo Latino, vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/fischbeck/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Uisbeccae'', im ehemaligen Gau ''Tilithi'' (...)&quot;. Theodiscum autem vocabulum ''Stift'' Latino vocabulo &quot;collgium-ii&quot; verti potest; qua de interpretatione, vide [https://www.fwb-online.de/lemma/stift.s.0mfn?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Vocabularium Teutonicum-Latinum''] [[Norimberga|Norimbergense]] anni [[1482]], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Stiffte als ein thum. oder closter. collegiu͂'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Stift Fischbeck'') etiam habet ac [[Weibecca (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Weibecca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ecca&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ec(k)'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-ecca-ae&quot; seu &quot;-eca-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-ec, -eck''' : -''ecca'', -''ēca'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Weibeck''); et
* [[Widen Maius (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Widen Maius]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Widen&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.mundart-kommission.lwl.org/media/filer_public/ef/48/ef48ff64-c0e3-4be5-906f-7d8f27fdba18/ndw_39__scheuermann_der_often.pdf?utm ''www.mundart-kommission.lwl.org''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) verpftinden ''decimam nostram in widen'' [Großenwieden (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Großenwieden'') cum viculis [[Widen Maius (Widen Maius)|Wideni Maiore]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Widen&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Großenwieden'') ac [[Widen Minus|Wideni Minore]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Widen&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Kleinenwieden'');

== Cives clari ==

=== Nati ===
* [[Henricus Krone]] (1895 - 1989), vir publicus factionis primo [[Centrum|Centri]], deinde [[CDU]]

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]</text>
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[[Fasciculus:WesertalHO.jpg|thumb|left|Aspectus Vici Veteris Hassici.]]
'''Vicus Vetus Hassicus'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Vicus Vetus Hassicus&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.fallingrain.com/world/GM/06/Hessisch_Oldendorf.html?utm ''www.fallingrain''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Other (Latin) names: Vicus Vetus Hassicus,Vicus Vetus Hassicus,Hessisch-Oldendorf,Hessisch-Oldendorf''' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Hessisch Oldendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eolendörpe'') est urbs [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Hamelensis et Petrimontensis|Circulo Hamelensi et Petrimontensi]]. Ad Vicum Veterem Hassicum etiam pertinent vici (Theodisce ''Ortschaften''):

* [[Hemeringa/Lachemum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-emum-i&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Hemeringen/Lachem'') cum viculis (Theodisce ''Ortsteilen'') [[Hemeringa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Hemeringen'') quo etiam locum [[Warendalia]]m&lt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Warendalia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-thal'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-thalia-ae&quot; seu &quot;-dalia-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) -thal : -''thalia'', -''dalia'' (...)&quot;. Hoc casu latinizans suffixum antiquae formae huius toponymi Theodiscam ''Warendal'' applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide [https://www.arcinsys.niedersachsen.de/arcinsys/list.action?nodeid=g214552&amp;page=1&amp;utm ''Arcinsys''].&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Wahrendahl'') habet, ac [[Lachemum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-emum-i&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-em'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-emum-i&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-em''' : -''ēmum'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Lachem'')
* [[Hohenstenium (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Hohenstenium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stein&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-stein'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stenium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Leostenium]], [[Ravenstenium]], [[Richenstenium]], [[Alienstenium]], [[Gastenium]], [[Crybenstenium]], [[Dachstenium]], [[Eberstenium]], [[Falcostenium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Hohenstein'') cum viculis [[Barksa (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Barksa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Barksen''), [[Kruckeberga (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Kruckeberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Krückeberg''), [[Langenfelda (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Langenfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-felda&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-feld(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-felda-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Falufelda]], [[Frauenfelda]], [[Heresfelda]], [[Hirutfelda]], [[Ilfelda]], [[Mansfelda]], [[Salfelda]], [[Sualafelda]], [[Alfelda]], [[Alsfelda]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Langenfeld''), [[Wickbolsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Wickbolsen'') ac [[Zersa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Zersen'');
* [[Suntdal (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Suntdal]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Suntdal&quot;&gt;Vide [https://documentacatholicaomnia.eu/03d/0741-0829%2C_Anonymus%2C_Annales_Regni_Francorum%2C_LT.pdf?utm ''Annales Regni Francorum''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) in monte, qui dicitur Suntdal (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Süntel'') cum viculis [[Bensa (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Bensa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Bensen''), [[Haddessa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Haddessen''), [[Hofinga (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Hofinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Höfingen'') ac [[Potza]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Pötzen''); 
* [[Vallis Rohdae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Vallis Rohdae&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Tal?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum suffixum ''-tal'' Latino vocabulo &quot;vallis-is&quot;] et Latinum toponymum &quot;Rohda&quot; Theodiscum toponymicum praefixum ''Rohden-'' vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Rohdental'') cum viculis [[Rohda (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Rohda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Rohden''), [[Segelhorstium|Segelhorstio]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-horstium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-horst'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-horstium-i&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-horst''' : -''horstium'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Segelhorst'') ac [[Welseda (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Welseda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Welsede'');
* [[Vallis Solis (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Vallis Solis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Vallis Solis&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Tal?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum suffixum ''-tal'' Latino vocabulo &quot;vallis-is&quot;] et [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/sol?wb=gross&amp;nr=4 Theodiscum praefixum ''Sonnen-'' genetivo Latini vocabuli &quot;sol-solis&quot;] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Sonnental'') cum viculis [[Fridericoburgum (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Fridericoburgo]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Fridericoburgum&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Friedrichsburg'' Latino &quot;Fridericoburgum-i&quot; plerumque verti solet. Qua de interpretatione, vide complura &quot;Fridericoburga&quot; apud [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_d5Q5s3XFqBMC/bub_gb_d5Q5s3XFqBMC_djvu.txt ''Il mondo antico, moderno, e novissimo...''].&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Friedrichsburg''), [[Friderici Indago (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Friderici Indago]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Fridericus&quot;&gt;&quot;Fridericus&quot; est forma Latina Theodisci nominis ''Friedrich'' (Duden, s. v. &quot;Fridericus&quot;); &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;indago&quot;&gt;Theodiscum suffixum ''-hagen'' Latino vocabulo &quot;indago-inis&quot; plerumque verti solet. Qua de interpretatione, cf. complura Theodisca toponyma cum suffixo ''-hagen'' apud [Index Communium Megapolis et Pomeraniae Citerioris articulum Vicipaedia Latina de &quot;indice Communium Megapolis et Pomeraniae Citerioris&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Friedrichshagen''), [[Fuhla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Fuhlen''), [[Heslinga (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Hesslinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Heßlingen'') ac [[Rumbecca (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Rumbecca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ecca&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Rumbeck''); 
* [[Vicus Vetus Hassicus-Urbs Nuclearis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Vicus Vetus Hassicus&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kernstadt&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Kern?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum praefixum ''Kern'' Latino adiectivo &quot;nuclearis-e&quot;] et [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Stadt?wb=gross&amp;nr=2 Theodiscum suffixum ''-stadt'' Latino nomine ''urbs urbis''] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Hessisch Oldendorf – Kernstadt'');
* [[Visbecca (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Visbecca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Visbecca&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/fischbeck/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Uisbeccae'', im ehemaligen Gau ''Tilithi'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Fischbeck'') cum viculis [[Visbecca (Visbecca)|Visbecca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Visbecca&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Fischbeck'') quod locum [[Collegium Visbeccense]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CV&quot;&gt;Latinum gentilicium &quot;Visbeccensis-e&quot; ad Visbeccam refertur et Theodiscum toponymum ''Fischbeck'' vertitur; Quo de toponymo Latino, vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/fischbeck/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Uisbeccae'', im ehemaligen Gau ''Tilithi'' (...)&quot;. Theodiscum autem vocabulum ''Stift'' Latino vocabulo &quot;collgium-ii&quot; verti potest; qua de interpretatione, vide [https://www.fwb-online.de/lemma/stift.s.0mfn?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Vocabularium Teutonicum-Latinum''] [[Norimberga|Norimbergense]] anni [[1482]], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Stiffte als ein thum. oder closter. collegiu͂'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Stift Fischbeck'') etiam habet ac [[Weibecca (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Weibecca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ecca&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ec(k)'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-ecca-ae&quot; seu &quot;-eca-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-ec, -eck''' : -''ecca'', -''ēca'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Weibeck''); et
* [[Widen Maius (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Widen Maius]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Widen&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.mundart-kommission.lwl.org/media/filer_public/ef/48/ef48ff64-c0e3-4be5-906f-7d8f27fdba18/ndw_39__scheuermann_der_often.pdf?utm ''www.mundart-kommission.lwl.org''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) verpftinden ''decimam nostram in widen'' [Großenwieden (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Großenwieden'') cum viculis [[Widen Maius (Widen Maius)|Wideni Maiore]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Widen&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Großenwieden'') ac [[Widen Minus|Wideni Minore]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Widen&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Kleinenwieden'');

== Cives clari ==

=== Nati ===
* [[Henricus Krone]] (1895 - 1989), vir publicus factionis primo [[Centrum|Centri]], deinde [[CDU]]

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]</text>
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      <text bytes="10816" sha1="riqvyi8pvwdlaums38re3mi8not4u8r" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:WesertalHO.jpg|thumb|left|Aspectus Vici Veteris Hassici.]]
'''Vicus Vetus Hassicus'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Vicus Vetus Hassicus&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.fallingrain.com/world/GM/06/Hessisch_Oldendorf.html?utm ''www.fallingrain''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Other (Latin) names: Vicus Vetus Hassicus,Vicus Vetus Hassicus,Hessisch-Oldendorf,Hessisch-Oldendorf''' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Hessisch Oldendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eolendörpe'') est urbs [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Hamelensis et Petrimontensis|Circulo Hamelensi et Petrimontensi]]. Ad Vicum Veterem Hassicum etiam pertinent vici (Theodisce ''Ortschaften''):

* [[Hemeringa/Lachemum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-emum-i&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Hemeringen/Lachem'') cum viculis (Theodisce ''Ortsteilen'') [[Hemeringa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Hemeringen'') quo etiam locum [[Warendalia]]m&lt;ref name=&quot;Warendalia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-thal'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-thalia-ae&quot; seu &quot;-dalia-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) -thal : -''thalia'', -''dalia'' (...)&quot;. Hoc casu latinizans suffixum antiquae formae huius toponymi Theodiscam ''Warendal'' applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide [https://www.arcinsys.niedersachsen.de/arcinsys/list.action?nodeid=g214552&amp;page=1&amp;utm ''Arcinsys''].&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Wahrendahl'') habet, ac [[Lachemum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-emum-i&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-em'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-emum-i&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-em''' : -''ēmum'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Lachem'')
* [[Hohenstenium (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Hohenstenium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stein&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-stein'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stenium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Leostenium]], [[Ravenstenium]], [[Richenstenium]], [[Alienstenium]], [[Gastenium]], [[Crybenstenium]], [[Dachstenium]], [[Eberstenium]], [[Falcostenium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Hohenstein'') cum viculis [[Barksa (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Barksa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Barksen''), [[Kruckeberga (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Kruckeberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Krückeberg''), [[Langenfelda (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Langenfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-felda&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-feld(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-felda-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Falufelda]], [[Frauenfelda]], [[Heresfelda]], [[Hirutfelda]], [[Ilfelda]], [[Mansfelda]], [[Salfelda]], [[Sualafelda]], [[Alfelda]], [[Alsfelda]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Langenfeld''), [[Wickbolsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Wickbolsen'') ac [[Zersa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Zersen'');
* [[Suntdal (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Suntdal]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Suntdal&quot;&gt;Vide [https://documentacatholicaomnia.eu/03d/0741-0829%2C_Anonymus%2C_Annales_Regni_Francorum%2C_LT.pdf?utm ''Annales Regni Francorum''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) in monte, qui dicitur Suntdal (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Süntel'') cum viculis [[Bensa (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Bensa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Bensen''), [[Haddessa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Haddessen''), [[Hofinga (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Hofinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Höfingen'') ac [[Potza]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Pötzen''); 
* [[Vallis Rohdae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Vallis Rohdae&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Tal?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum suffixum ''-tal'' Latino vocabulo &quot;vallis-is&quot;] et Latinum toponymum &quot;Rohda&quot; Theodiscum toponymicum praefixum ''Rohden-'' vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Rohdental'') cum viculis [[Rohda (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Rohda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Rohden''), [[Segelhorstium|Segelhorstio]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-horstium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-horst'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-horstium-i&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-horst''' : -''horstium'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Segelhorst'') ac [[Welseda (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Welseda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Welsede'');
* [[Vallis Solis (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Vallis Solis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Vallis Solis&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Tal?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum suffixum ''-tal'' Latino vocabulo &quot;vallis-is&quot;] et [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/sol?wb=gross&amp;nr=4 Theodiscum praefixum ''Sonnen-'' genetivo Latini vocabuli &quot;sol-solis&quot;] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Sonnental'') cum viculis [[Fridericoburgum (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Fridericoburgo]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Fridericoburgum&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Friedrichsburg'' Latino &quot;Fridericoburgum-i&quot; plerumque verti solet. Qua de interpretatione, vide complura &quot;Fridericoburga&quot; apud [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_d5Q5s3XFqBMC/bub_gb_d5Q5s3XFqBMC_djvu.txt ''Il mondo antico, moderno, e novissimo...''].&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Friedrichsburg''), [[Friderici Indago (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Friderici Indago]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Fridericus&quot;&gt;&quot;Fridericus&quot; est forma Latina Theodisci nominis ''Friedrich'' (Duden, s. v. &quot;Fridericus&quot;); &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;indago&quot;&gt;Theodiscum suffixum ''-hagen'' Latino vocabulo &quot;indago-inis&quot; plerumque verti solet. Qua de interpretatione, cf. complura Theodisca toponyma cum suffixo ''-hagen'' apud [Index Communium Megapolis et Pomeraniae Citerioris articulum Vicipaedia Latina de &quot;indice Communium Megapolis et Pomeraniae Citerioris&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Friedrichshagen''), [[Fuhla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Fuhlen''), [[Heslinga (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Hesslinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Heßlingen'') ac [[Rumbecca (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Rumbecca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ecca&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Rumbeck''); 
* [[Vicus Vetus Hassicus-Urbs Nuclearis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Vicus Vetus Hassicus&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kernstadt&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Kern?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum praefixum ''Kern'' Latino adiectivo &quot;nuclearis-e&quot;] et [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Stadt?wb=gross&amp;nr=2 Theodiscum suffixum ''-stadt'' Latino nomine ''urbs urbis''] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Hessisch Oldendorf – Kernstadt'');
* [[Visbecca (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Visbecca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Visbecca&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/fischbeck/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Uisbeccae'', im ehemaligen Gau ''Tilithi'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Fischbeck'') cum viculis [[Visbecca (Visbecca)|Visbecca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Visbecca&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Fischbeck'') quod locum [[Collegium Visbeccense]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CV&quot;&gt;Latinum gentilicium &quot;Visbeccensis-e&quot; ad Visbeccam refertur et Theodiscum toponymum ''Fischbeck'' vertitur; Quo de toponymo Latino, vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/fischbeck/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Uisbeccae'', im ehemaligen Gau ''Tilithi'' (...)&quot;. Theodiscum autem vocabulum ''Stift'' Latino vocabulo &quot;collgium-ii&quot; verti potest; qua de interpretatione, vide [https://www.fwb-online.de/lemma/stift.s.0mfn?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Vocabularium Teutonicum-Latinum''] [[Norimberga|Norimbergense]] anni [[1482]], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Stiffte als ein thum. oder closter. collegiu͂'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Stift Fischbeck'') etiam habet ac [[Weibecca (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Weibecca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ecca&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ec(k)'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-ecca-ae&quot; seu &quot;-eca-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-ec, -eck''' : -''ecca'', -''ēca'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Weibeck''); et
* [[Widen Maius (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Widen Maius]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Widen&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.mundart-kommission.lwl.org/media/filer_public/ef/48/ef48ff64-c0e3-4be5-906f-7d8f27fdba18/ndw_39__scheuermann_der_often.pdf?utm ''www.mundart-kommission.lwl.org''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) verpftinden ''decimam nostram in widen'' [Großenwieden (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Großenwieden'') cum viculis [[Widen Maius (Widen Maius)|Wideni Maiore]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Widen&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Großenwieden'') ac [[Widen Minus|Wideni Minore]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Widen&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Kleinenwieden'');

== Cives clari ==

=== Nati ===
* [[Henricus Krone]] (1895 - 1989), vir publicus factionis primo [[Centrum|Centri]], deinde [[CDU]]

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]</text>
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[[Fasciculus:WesertalHO.jpg|thumb|left|Aspectus Vici Veteris Hassici.]]
'''Vicus Vetus Hassicus'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Vicus Vetus Hassicus&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.fallingrain.com/world/GM/06/Hessisch_Oldendorf.html?utm ''www.fallingrain''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Other (Latin) names: Vicus Vetus Hassicus,Vicus Vetus Hassicus,Hessisch-Oldendorf,Hessisch-Oldendorf''' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Hessisch Oldendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eolendörpe'') est urbs [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Hamelensis et Petrimontensis|Circulo Hamelensi et Petrimontensi]]. Ad Vicum Veterem Hassicum etiam pertinent vici (Theodisce ''Ortschaften''):

* [[Hemeringa/Lachemum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-emum-i&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Hemeringen/Lachem'') cum viculis (Theodisce ''Ortsteilen'') [[Hemeringa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Hemeringen'') quae etiam locum [[Warendalia]]m&lt;ref name=&quot;Warendalia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-thal'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-thalia-ae&quot; seu &quot;-dalia-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) -thal : -''thalia'', -''dalia'' (...)&quot;. Hoc casu latinizans suffixum antiquae formae huius toponymi Theodiscam ''Warendal'' applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide [https://www.arcinsys.niedersachsen.de/arcinsys/list.action?nodeid=g214552&amp;page=1&amp;utm ''Arcinsys''].&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Wahrendahl'') habet, ac [[Lachemum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-emum-i&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-em'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-emum-i&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-em''' : -''ēmum'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Lachem'')
* [[Hohenstenium (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Hohenstenium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stein&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-stein'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stenium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Leostenium]], [[Ravenstenium]], [[Richenstenium]], [[Alienstenium]], [[Gastenium]], [[Crybenstenium]], [[Dachstenium]], [[Eberstenium]], [[Falcostenium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Hohenstein'') cum viculis [[Barksa (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Barksa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Barksen''), [[Kruckeberga (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Kruckeberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Krückeberg''), [[Langenfelda (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Langenfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-felda&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-feld(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-felda-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Falufelda]], [[Frauenfelda]], [[Heresfelda]], [[Hirutfelda]], [[Ilfelda]], [[Mansfelda]], [[Salfelda]], [[Sualafelda]], [[Alfelda]], [[Alsfelda]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Langenfeld''), [[Wickbolsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Wickbolsen'') ac [[Zersa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Zersen'');
* [[Suntdal (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Suntdal]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Suntdal&quot;&gt;Vide [https://documentacatholicaomnia.eu/03d/0741-0829%2C_Anonymus%2C_Annales_Regni_Francorum%2C_LT.pdf?utm ''Annales Regni Francorum''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) in monte, qui dicitur Suntdal (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Süntel'') cum viculis [[Bensa (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Bensa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Bensen''), [[Haddessa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Haddessen''), [[Hofinga (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Hofinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Höfingen'') ac [[Potza]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Pötzen''); 
* [[Vallis Rohdae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Vallis Rohdae&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Tal?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum suffixum ''-tal'' Latino vocabulo &quot;vallis-is&quot;] et Latinum toponymum &quot;Rohda&quot; Theodiscum toponymicum praefixum ''Rohden-'' vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Rohdental'') cum viculis [[Rohda (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Rohda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Rohden''), [[Segelhorstium|Segelhorstio]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-horstium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-horst'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-horstium-i&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-horst''' : -''horstium'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Segelhorst'') ac [[Welseda (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Welseda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Welsede'');
* [[Vallis Solis (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Vallis Solis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Vallis Solis&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Tal?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum suffixum ''-tal'' Latino vocabulo &quot;vallis-is&quot;] et [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/sol?wb=gross&amp;nr=4 Theodiscum praefixum ''Sonnen-'' genetivo Latini vocabuli &quot;sol-solis&quot;] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Sonnental'') cum viculis [[Fridericoburgum (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Fridericoburgo]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Fridericoburgum&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Friedrichsburg'' Latino &quot;Fridericoburgum-i&quot; plerumque verti solet. Qua de interpretatione, vide complura &quot;Fridericoburga&quot; apud [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_d5Q5s3XFqBMC/bub_gb_d5Q5s3XFqBMC_djvu.txt ''Il mondo antico, moderno, e novissimo...''].&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Friedrichsburg''), [[Friderici Indago (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Friderici Indago]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Fridericus&quot;&gt;&quot;Fridericus&quot; est forma Latina Theodisci nominis ''Friedrich'' (Duden, s. v. &quot;Fridericus&quot;); &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;indago&quot;&gt;Theodiscum suffixum ''-hagen'' Latino vocabulo &quot;indago-inis&quot; plerumque verti solet. Qua de interpretatione, cf. complura Theodisca toponyma cum suffixo ''-hagen'' apud [Index Communium Megapolis et Pomeraniae Citerioris articulum Vicipaedia Latina de &quot;indice Communium Megapolis et Pomeraniae Citerioris&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Friedrichshagen''), [[Fuhla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Fuhlen''), [[Heslinga (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Hesslinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Heßlingen'') ac [[Rumbecca (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Rumbecca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ecca&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Rumbeck''); 
* [[Vicus Vetus Hassicus-Urbs Nuclearis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Vicus Vetus Hassicus&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kernstadt&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Kern?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum praefixum ''Kern'' Latino adiectivo &quot;nuclearis-e&quot;] et [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Stadt?wb=gross&amp;nr=2 Theodiscum suffixum ''-stadt'' Latino nomine ''urbs urbis''] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Hessisch Oldendorf – Kernstadt'');
* [[Visbecca (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Visbecca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Visbecca&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/fischbeck/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Uisbeccae'', im ehemaligen Gau ''Tilithi'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Fischbeck'') cum viculis [[Visbecca (Visbecca)|Visbecca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Visbecca&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Fischbeck'') quod locum [[Collegium Visbeccense]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CV&quot;&gt;Latinum gentilicium &quot;Visbeccensis-e&quot; ad Visbeccam refertur et Theodiscum toponymum ''Fischbeck'' vertitur; Quo de toponymo Latino, vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/fischbeck/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Uisbeccae'', im ehemaligen Gau ''Tilithi'' (...)&quot;. Theodiscum autem vocabulum ''Stift'' Latino vocabulo &quot;collgium-ii&quot; verti potest; qua de interpretatione, vide [https://www.fwb-online.de/lemma/stift.s.0mfn?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Vocabularium Teutonicum-Latinum''] [[Norimberga|Norimbergense]] anni [[1482]], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Stiffte als ein thum. oder closter. collegiu͂'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Stift Fischbeck'') etiam habet ac [[Weibecca (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Weibecca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ecca&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ec(k)'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-ecca-ae&quot; seu &quot;-eca-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-ec, -eck''' : -''ecca'', -''ēca'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Weibeck''); et
* [[Widen Maius (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Widen Maius]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Widen&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.mundart-kommission.lwl.org/media/filer_public/ef/48/ef48ff64-c0e3-4be5-906f-7d8f27fdba18/ndw_39__scheuermann_der_often.pdf?utm ''www.mundart-kommission.lwl.org''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) verpftinden ''decimam nostram in widen'' [Großenwieden (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Großenwieden'') cum viculis [[Widen Maius (Widen Maius)|Wideni Maiore]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Widen&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Großenwieden'') ac [[Widen Minus|Wideni Minore]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Widen&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Kleinenwieden'');

== Cives clari ==

=== Nati ===
* [[Henricus Krone]] (1895 - 1989), vir publicus factionis primo [[Centrum|Centri]], deinde [[CDU]]

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]</text>
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[[Fasciculus:WesertalHO.jpg|thumb|left|Aspectus Vici Veteris Hassici.]]
'''Vicus Vetus Hassicus'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Vicus Vetus Hassicus&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.fallingrain.com/world/GM/06/Hessisch_Oldendorf.html?utm ''www.fallingrain''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Other (Latin) names: Vicus Vetus Hassicus,Vicus Vetus Hassicus,Hessisch-Oldendorf,Hessisch-Oldendorf''' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Hessisch Oldendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eolendörpe'') est urbs [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Hamelensis et Petrimontensis|Circulo Hamelensi et Petrimontensi]]. Ad Vicum Veterem Hassicum etiam pertinent vici (Theodisce ''Ortschaften''):

* [[Hemeringa/Lachemum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-emum-i&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Hemeringen/Lachem'') cum viculis (Theodisce ''Ortsteilen'') [[Hemeringa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Hemeringen'') quae etiam locum [[Warendalia]]m&lt;ref name=&quot;Warendalia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-thal'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-thalia-ae&quot; seu &quot;-dalia-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) -thal : -''thalia'', -''dalia'' (...)&quot;. Hoc casu latinizans suffixum antiquae formae huius toponymi Theodiscam ''Warendal'' applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide [https://www.arcinsys.niedersachsen.de/arcinsys/list.action?nodeid=g214552&amp;page=1&amp;utm ''Arcinsys''].&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Wahrendahl'') habet, ac [[Lachemum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-emum-i&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-em'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-emum-i&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-em''' : -''ēmum'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Lachem'')
* [[Hohenstenium (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Hohenstenium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stein&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-stein'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stenium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Leostenium]], [[Ravenstenium]], [[Richenstenium]], [[Alienstenium]], [[Gastenium]], [[Crybenstenium]], [[Dachstenium]], [[Eberstenium]], [[Falcostenium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Hohenstein'') cum viculis [[Barksa (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Barksa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Barksen''), [[Kruckeberga (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Kruckeberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Krückeberg''), [[Langenfelda (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Langenfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-felda&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-feld(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-felda-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Falufelda]], [[Frauenfelda]], [[Heresfelda]], [[Hirutfelda]], [[Ilfelda]], [[Mansfelda]], [[Salfelda]], [[Sualafelda]], [[Alfelda]], [[Alsfelda]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Langenfeld''), [[Wickbolsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Wickbolsen'') ac [[Zersa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Zersen'');
* [[Suntdal (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Suntdal]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Suntdal&quot;&gt;Vide [https://documentacatholicaomnia.eu/03d/0741-0829%2C_Anonymus%2C_Annales_Regni_Francorum%2C_LT.pdf?utm ''Annales Regni Francorum''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) in monte, qui dicitur Suntdal (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Süntel'') cum viculis [[Bensa (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Bensa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Bensen''), [[Haddessa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Haddessen''), [[Hofinga (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Hofinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Höfingen'') ac [[Potza]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Pötzen''); 
* [[Vallis Rohdae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Vallis Rohdae&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Tal?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum suffixum ''-tal'' Latino vocabulo &quot;vallis-is&quot;] et Latinum toponymum &quot;Rohda&quot; Theodiscum toponymicum praefixum ''Rohden-'' vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Rohdental'') cum viculis [[Rohda (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Rohda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Rohden''), [[Segelhorstium|Segelhorstio]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-horstium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-horst'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-horstium-i&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-horst''' : -''horstium'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Segelhorst'') ac [[Welseda (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Welseda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Welsede'');
* [[Vallis Solis (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Vallis Solis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Vallis Solis&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Tal?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum suffixum ''-tal'' Latino vocabulo &quot;vallis-is&quot;] et [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/sol?wb=gross&amp;nr=4 Theodiscum praefixum ''Sonnen-'' genetivo Latini vocabuli &quot;sol-solis&quot;] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Sonnental'') cum viculis [[Fridericoburgum (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Fridericoburgo]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Fridericoburgum&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Friedrichsburg'' Latino &quot;Fridericoburgum-i&quot; plerumque verti solet. Qua de interpretatione, vide complura &quot;Fridericoburga&quot; apud [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_d5Q5s3XFqBMC/bub_gb_d5Q5s3XFqBMC_djvu.txt ''Il mondo antico, moderno, e novissimo...''].&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Friedrichsburg''), [[Friderici Indago (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Friderici Indagine]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Fridericus&quot;&gt;&quot;Fridericus&quot; est forma Latina Theodisci nominis ''Friedrich'' (Duden, s. v. &quot;Fridericus&quot;); &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;indago&quot;&gt;Theodiscum suffixum ''-hagen'' Latino vocabulo &quot;indago-inis&quot; plerumque verti solet. Qua de interpretatione, cf. complura Theodisca toponyma cum suffixo ''-hagen'' apud [Index Communium Megapolis et Pomeraniae Citerioris articulum Vicipaedia Latina de &quot;indice Communium Megapolis et Pomeraniae Citerioris&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Friedrichshagen''), [[Fuhla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Fuhlen''), [[Heslinga (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Hesslinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Heßlingen'') ac [[Rumbecca (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Rumbecca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ecca&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Rumbeck''); 
* [[Vicus Vetus Hassicus-Urbs Nuclearis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Vicus Vetus Hassicus&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kernstadt&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Kern?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum praefixum ''Kern'' Latino adiectivo &quot;nuclearis-e&quot;] et [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Stadt?wb=gross&amp;nr=2 Theodiscum suffixum ''-stadt'' Latino nomine ''urbs urbis''] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Hessisch Oldendorf – Kernstadt'');
* [[Visbecca (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Visbecca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Visbecca&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/fischbeck/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Uisbeccae'', im ehemaligen Gau ''Tilithi'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Fischbeck'') cum viculis [[Visbecca (Visbecca)|Visbecca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Visbecca&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Fischbeck'') quod locum [[Collegium Visbeccense]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CV&quot;&gt;Latinum gentilicium &quot;Visbeccensis-e&quot; ad Visbeccam refertur et Theodiscum toponymum ''Fischbeck'' vertitur; Quo de toponymo Latino, vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/fischbeck/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Uisbeccae'', im ehemaligen Gau ''Tilithi'' (...)&quot;. Theodiscum autem vocabulum ''Stift'' Latino vocabulo &quot;collgium-ii&quot; verti potest; qua de interpretatione, vide [https://www.fwb-online.de/lemma/stift.s.0mfn?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Vocabularium Teutonicum-Latinum''] [[Norimberga|Norimbergense]] anni [[1482]], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Stiffte als ein thum. oder closter. collegiu͂'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Stift Fischbeck'') etiam habet ac [[Weibecca (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Weibecca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ecca&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ec(k)'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-ecca-ae&quot; seu &quot;-eca-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-ec, -eck''' : -''ecca'', -''ēca'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Weibeck''); et
* [[Widen Maius (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Widen Maius]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Widen&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.mundart-kommission.lwl.org/media/filer_public/ef/48/ef48ff64-c0e3-4be5-906f-7d8f27fdba18/ndw_39__scheuermann_der_often.pdf?utm ''www.mundart-kommission.lwl.org''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) verpftinden ''decimam nostram in widen'' [Großenwieden (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Großenwieden'') cum viculis [[Widen Maius (Widen Maius)|Wideni Maiore]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Widen&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Großenwieden'') ac [[Widen Minus|Wideni Minore]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Widen&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Kleinenwieden'');

== Cives clari ==

=== Nati ===
* [[Henricus Krone]] (1895 - 1989), vir publicus factionis primo [[Centrum|Centri]], deinde [[CDU]]

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]</text>
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      <text bytes="10821" sha1="cvslcykjtnratc1ane9hrpyhgmy8zbs" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:WesertalHO.jpg|thumb|left|Aspectus Vici Veteris Hassici.]]
'''Vicus Vetus Hassicus'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Vicus Vetus Hassicus&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.fallingrain.com/world/GM/06/Hessisch_Oldendorf.html?utm ''www.fallingrain''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Other (Latin) names: Vicus Vetus Hassicus,Vicus Vetus Hassicus,Hessisch-Oldendorf,Hessisch-Oldendorf''' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Hessisch Oldendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eolendörpe'') est urbs [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Hamelensis et Petrimontensis|Circulo Hamelensi et Petrimontensi]]. Ad Vicum Veterem Hassicum etiam pertinent vici (Theodisce ''Ortschaften''):

* [[Hemeringa/Lachemum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-emum-i&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Hemeringen/Lachem'') cum viculis (Theodisce ''Ortsteilen'') [[Hemeringa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Hemeringen'') quae etiam locum [[Warendalia]]m&lt;ref name=&quot;Warendalia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-thal'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-thalia-ae&quot; seu &quot;-dalia-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) -thal : -''thalia'', -''dalia'' (...)&quot;. Hoc casu latinizans suffixum antiquae formae huius toponymi Theodiscam ''Warendal'' applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide [https://www.arcinsys.niedersachsen.de/arcinsys/list.action?nodeid=g214552&amp;page=1&amp;utm ''Arcinsys''].&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Wahrendahl'') habet, ac [[Lachemum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-emum-i&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-em'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-emum-i&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-em''' : -''ēmum'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Lachem'')
* [[Hohenstenium (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Hohenstenium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stein&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-stein'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stenium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Leostenium]], [[Ravenstenium]], [[Richenstenium]], [[Alienstenium]], [[Gastenium]], [[Crybenstenium]], [[Dachstenium]], [[Eberstenium]], [[Falcostenium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Hohenstein'') cum viculis [[Barksa (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Barksa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Barksen''), [[Kruckeberga (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Kruckeberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Krückeberg''), [[Langenfelda (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Langenfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-felda&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-feld(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-felda-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Falufelda]], [[Frauenfelda]], [[Heresfelda]], [[Hirutfelda]], [[Ilfelda]], [[Mansfelda]], [[Salfelda]], [[Sualafelda]], [[Alfelda]], [[Alsfelda]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Langenfeld''), [[Wickbolsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Wickbolsen'') ac [[Zersa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Zersen'');
* [[Suntdal (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Suntdal]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Suntdal&quot;&gt;Vide [https://documentacatholicaomnia.eu/03d/0741-0829%2C_Anonymus%2C_Annales_Regni_Francorum%2C_LT.pdf?utm ''Annales Regni Francorum''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) in monte, qui dicitur Suntdal (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Süntel'') cum viculis [[Bensa (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Bensa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Bensen''), [[Haddessa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Haddessen''), [[Hofinga (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Hofinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Höfingen'') ac [[Potza]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Pötzen''); 
* [[Vallis Rohdae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Vallis Rohdae&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Tal?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum suffixum ''-tal'' Latino vocabulo &quot;vallis-is&quot;] et Latinum toponymum &quot;Rohda&quot; Theodiscum toponymicum praefixum ''Rohden-'' vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Rohdental'') cum viculis [[Rohda (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Rohda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Rohden''), [[Segelhorstium|Segelhorstio]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-horstium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-horst'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-horstium-i&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-horst''' : -''horstium'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Segelhorst'') ac [[Welseda (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Welseda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Welsede'');
* [[Vallis Solis (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Vallis Solis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Vallis Solis&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Tal?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum suffixum ''-tal'' Latino vocabulo &quot;vallis-is&quot;] et [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/sol?wb=gross&amp;nr=4 Theodiscum praefixum ''Sonnen-'' genetivo Latini vocabuli &quot;sol-solis&quot;] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Sonnental'') cum viculis [[Fridericoburgum (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Fridericoburgo]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Fridericoburgum&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Friedrichsburg'' Latino &quot;Fridericoburgum-i&quot; plerumque verti solet. Qua de interpretatione, vide complura &quot;Fridericoburga&quot; apud [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_d5Q5s3XFqBMC/bub_gb_d5Q5s3XFqBMC_djvu.txt ''Il mondo antico, moderno, e novissimo...''].&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Friedrichsburg''), [[Friderici Indago (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Friderici Indagine]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Fridericus&quot;&gt;&quot;Fridericus&quot; est forma Latina Theodisci nominis ''Friedrich'' (Duden, s. v. &quot;Fridericus&quot;); &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;indago&quot;&gt;Theodiscum suffixum ''-hagen'' Latino vocabulo &quot;indago-inis&quot; plerumque verti solet. Qua de interpretatione, cf. complura Theodisca toponyma cum suffixo ''-hagen'' apud [[Index Communium Megapolis et Pomeraniae Citerioris|articulum Vicipaedia Latina de &quot;indice Communium Megapolis et Pomeraniae Citerioris&quot;]]&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Friedrichshagen''), [[Fuhla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Fuhlen''), [[Heslinga (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Hesslinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Heßlingen'') ac [[Rumbecca (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Rumbecca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ecca&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Rumbeck''); 
* [[Vicus Vetus Hassicus-Urbs Nuclearis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Vicus Vetus Hassicus&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kernstadt&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Kern?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum praefixum ''Kern'' Latino adiectivo &quot;nuclearis-e&quot;] et [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Stadt?wb=gross&amp;nr=2 Theodiscum suffixum ''-stadt'' Latino nomine ''urbs urbis''] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Hessisch Oldendorf – Kernstadt'');
* [[Visbecca (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Visbecca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Visbecca&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/fischbeck/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Uisbeccae'', im ehemaligen Gau ''Tilithi'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Fischbeck'') cum viculis [[Visbecca (Visbecca)|Visbecca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Visbecca&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Fischbeck'') quod locum [[Collegium Visbeccense]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CV&quot;&gt;Latinum gentilicium &quot;Visbeccensis-e&quot; ad Visbeccam refertur et Theodiscum toponymum ''Fischbeck'' vertitur; Quo de toponymo Latino, vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/fischbeck/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Uisbeccae'', im ehemaligen Gau ''Tilithi'' (...)&quot;. Theodiscum autem vocabulum ''Stift'' Latino vocabulo &quot;collgium-ii&quot; verti potest; qua de interpretatione, vide [https://www.fwb-online.de/lemma/stift.s.0mfn?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Vocabularium Teutonicum-Latinum''] [[Norimberga|Norimbergense]] anni [[1482]], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Stiffte als ein thum. oder closter. collegiu͂'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Stift Fischbeck'') etiam habet ac [[Weibecca (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Weibecca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ecca&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ec(k)'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-ecca-ae&quot; seu &quot;-eca-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-ec, -eck''' : -''ecca'', -''ēca'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Weibeck''); et
* [[Widen Maius (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Widen Maius]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Widen&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.mundart-kommission.lwl.org/media/filer_public/ef/48/ef48ff64-c0e3-4be5-906f-7d8f27fdba18/ndw_39__scheuermann_der_often.pdf?utm ''www.mundart-kommission.lwl.org''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) verpftinden ''decimam nostram in widen'' [Großenwieden (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Großenwieden'') cum viculis [[Widen Maius (Widen Maius)|Wideni Maiore]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Widen&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Großenwieden'') ac [[Widen Minus|Wideni Minore]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Widen&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Kleinenwieden'');

== Cives clari ==

=== Nati ===
* [[Henricus Krone]] (1895 - 1989), vir publicus factionis primo [[Centrum|Centri]], deinde [[CDU]]

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]</text>
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      <text bytes="10822" sha1="bmt76fdszeww327pa39gguysozrynt9" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:WesertalHO.jpg|thumb|left|Aspectus Vici Veteris Hassici.]]
'''Vicus Vetus Hassicus'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Vicus Vetus Hassicus&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.fallingrain.com/world/GM/06/Hessisch_Oldendorf.html?utm ''www.fallingrain''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Other (Latin) names: Vicus Vetus Hassicus,Vicus Vetus Hassicus,Hessisch-Oldendorf,Hessisch-Oldendorf''' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Hessisch Oldendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eolendörpe'') est urbs [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Hamelensis et Petrimontensis|Circulo Hamelensi et Petrimontensi]]. Ad Vicum Veterem Hassicum etiam pertinent vici (Theodisce ''Ortschaften''):

* [[Hemeringa/Lachemum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-emum-i&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Hemeringen/Lachem'') cum viculis (Theodisce ''Ortsteilen'') [[Hemeringa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Hemeringen'') quae etiam locum [[Warendalia]]m&lt;ref name=&quot;Warendalia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-thal'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-thalia-ae&quot; seu &quot;-dalia-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) -thal : -''thalia'', -''dalia'' (...)&quot;. Hoc casu latinizans suffixum antiquae formae huius toponymi Theodiscam ''Warendal'' applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide [https://www.arcinsys.niedersachsen.de/arcinsys/list.action?nodeid=g214552&amp;page=1&amp;utm ''Arcinsys''].&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Wahrendahl'') habet, ac [[Lachemum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-emum-i&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-em'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-emum-i&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-em''' : -''ēmum'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Lachem'')
* [[Hohenstenium (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Hohenstenium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stein&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-stein'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stenium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Leostenium]], [[Ravenstenium]], [[Richenstenium]], [[Alienstenium]], [[Gastenium]], [[Crybenstenium]], [[Dachstenium]], [[Eberstenium]], [[Falcostenium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Hohenstein'') cum viculis [[Barksa (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Barksa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Barksen''), [[Kruckeberga (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Kruckeberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Krückeberg''), [[Langenfelda (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Langenfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-felda&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-feld(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-felda-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Falufelda]], [[Frauenfelda]], [[Heresfelda]], [[Hirutfelda]], [[Ilfelda]], [[Mansfelda]], [[Salfelda]], [[Sualafelda]], [[Alfelda]], [[Alsfelda]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Langenfeld''), [[Wickbolsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Wickbolsen'') ac [[Zersa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Zersen'');
* [[Suntdal (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Suntdal]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Suntdal&quot;&gt;Vide [https://documentacatholicaomnia.eu/03d/0741-0829%2C_Anonymus%2C_Annales_Regni_Francorum%2C_LT.pdf?utm ''Annales Regni Francorum''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) in monte, qui dicitur Suntdal (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Süntel'') cum viculis [[Bensa (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Bensa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Bensen''), [[Haddessa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Haddessen''), [[Hofinga (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Hofinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Höfingen'') ac [[Potza]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Pötzen''); 
* [[Vallis Rohdae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Vallis Rohdae&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Tal?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum suffixum ''-tal'' Latino vocabulo &quot;vallis-is&quot;] et Latinum toponymum &quot;Rohda&quot; Theodiscum toponymicum praefixum ''Rohden-'' vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Rohdental'') cum viculis [[Rohda (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Rohda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Rohden''), [[Segelhorstium|Segelhorstio]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-horstium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-horst'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-horstium-i&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-horst''' : -''horstium'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Segelhorst'') ac [[Welseda (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Welseda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Welsede'');
* [[Vallis Solis (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Vallis Solis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Vallis Solis&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Tal?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum suffixum ''-tal'' Latino vocabulo &quot;vallis-is&quot;] et [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/sol?wb=gross&amp;nr=4 Theodiscum praefixum ''Sonnen-'' genetivo Latini vocabuli &quot;sol-solis&quot;] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Sonnental'') cum viculis [[Fridericoburgum (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Fridericoburgo]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Fridericoburgum&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Friedrichsburg'' Latino &quot;Fridericoburgum-i&quot; plerumque verti solet. Qua de interpretatione, vide complura &quot;Fridericoburga&quot; apud [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_d5Q5s3XFqBMC/bub_gb_d5Q5s3XFqBMC_djvu.txt ''Il mondo antico, moderno, e novissimo...''].&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Friedrichsburg''), [[Friderici Indago (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Friderici Indagine]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Fridericus&quot;&gt;&quot;Fridericus&quot; est forma Latina Theodisci nominis ''Friedrich'' (Duden, s. v. &quot;Fridericus&quot;); &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;indago&quot;&gt;Theodiscum suffixum ''-hagen'' Latino vocabulo &quot;indago-inis&quot; plerumque verti solet. Qua de interpretatione, cf. complura Theodisca toponyma cum suffixo ''-hagen'' apud [[Index Communium Megapolis et Pomeraniae Citerioris|articulum Vicipaedia Latina de &quot;indice Communium Megapolis et Pomeraniae Citerioris&quot;]]&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Friedrichshagen''), [[Fuhla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Fuhlen''), [[Heslinga (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Hesslinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Heßlingen'') ac [[Rumbecca (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Rumbecca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ecca&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Rumbeck''); 
* [[Vicus Vetus Hassicus-Urbs Nuclearis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Vicus Vetus Hassicus&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kernstadt&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Kern?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum praefixum ''Kern'' Latino adiectivo &quot;nuclearis-e&quot;] et [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Stadt?wb=gross&amp;nr=2 Theodiscum suffixum ''-stadt'' Latino nomine ''urbs urbis''] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Hessisch Oldendorf – Kernstadt'');
* [[Visbecca (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Visbecca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Visbecca&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/fischbeck/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Uisbeccae'', im ehemaligen Gau ''Tilithi'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Fischbeck'') cum viculis [[Visbecca (Visbecca)|Visbecca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Visbecca&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Fischbeck'') quod locum [[Collegium Visbeccense]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CV&quot;&gt;Latinum gentilicium &quot;Visbeccensis-e&quot; ad Visbeccam refertur et Theodiscum toponymum ''Fischbeck'' vertitur; Quo de toponymo Latino, vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/fischbeck/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Uisbeccae'', im ehemaligen Gau ''Tilithi'' (...)&quot;. Theodiscum autem vocabulum ''Stift'' Latino vocabulo &quot;collegium-ii&quot; verti potest; qua de interpretatione, vide [https://www.fwb-online.de/lemma/stift.s.0mfn?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Vocabularium Teutonicum-Latinum''] [[Norimberga|Norimbergense]] anni [[1482]], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Stiffte als ein thum. oder closter. collegiu͂'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Stift Fischbeck'') etiam habet ac [[Weibecca (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Weibecca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ecca&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ec(k)'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-ecca-ae&quot; seu &quot;-eca-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-ec, -eck''' : -''ecca'', -''ēca'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Weibeck''); et
* [[Widen Maius (Vicus Vetus Hassicus)|Widen Maius]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Widen&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.mundart-kommission.lwl.org/media/filer_public/ef/48/ef48ff64-c0e3-4be5-906f-7d8f27fdba18/ndw_39__scheuermann_der_often.pdf?utm ''www.mundart-kommission.lwl.org''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) verpftinden ''decimam nostram in widen'' [Großenwieden (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Großenwieden'') cum viculis [[Widen Maius (Widen Maius)|Wideni Maiore]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Widen&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Großenwieden'') ac [[Widen Minus|Wideni Minore]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Widen&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Kleinenwieden'');

== Cives clari ==

=== Nati ===
* [[Henricus Krone]] (1895 - 1989), vir publicus factionis primo [[Centrum|Centri]], deinde [[CDU]]

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Henricus Solinus</title>
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      <text bytes="1983" sha1="sf42h4y8ojp3hyaz9pwl71n524abgwj" xml:space="preserve">'''Henricus Solinus''', sive vulgo '''Heikki Solin''' (natus anno [[1938]]) est [[philologus]] classicus [[Finnia|Finnicus]]. Specialiter de [[epigraphia]] et [[onomastica]] antiquis indagat. Rector Instituti Finnici Romae ab anno 1976 ad 1979 et [[professor]] [[philologia classica|philologiae classicae]] ab anno [[1985]] ad [[2003]] fuit. Socius [[Academia Latinitati Fovendae|Academiae Latinitati Fovendae]] est.

== Eius scripta ==
* ''Zur Datierung ältester lateinischer Inschriften'', Göttingen 1969.
* ''Graffiti del Palatino'' I-II, raccolti ed editi sotto la direzione di Veikko Väänänen, Helsinki 1966–1970 (toinen tekijä: [[Paavo Castrén]]).
* ''Beiträge zur Kenntnis der griechischen Personennamen in Rom'', Helsinki 1971.
* ''Epigraphische Untersuchungen in Rom und Umgebung'', Helsinki 1975.
* ''Zu altchristlichen Inschriften'', Göttingen 1977.
* ''Graffiti dei mitrei di Roma'', Leiden 1979.
* ''Zu lukanischen Inschriften'', Helsinki 1981.
* ''Die griechischen Personennamen in Rom: Ein Namenbuch'', Berlin – New York 1982.
* ''Repertorium nominum gentilium et cognominum Latinorum'', Hildesiae 1988 (toinen tekijä: [[Olli Salomies]])
* ''Namenpaare: Eine Studie zur römischen Namengebung'', Helsinki 1990.
* ''Namensgebung und Politik: Zu Namenswechsel und besonderen Vornamen römischer Senatoren'', Wien 1995.
* ''Studi storico-epigrafici sul Lazio antico'', Roma 1996 (muut tekijät: [[Mika Kajava]], Kalle Korhonen, Hannu Laaksonen ja [[Olli Salomies]]).
* ''Die stadtrömischen Sklavennamen: Ein Namenbuch'', Stuttgart 1996.
* ''Analecta epigraphica, 1970–1997'', Roma 1998.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://www.helsinki.fi/hum/kla/solin/ Situs interretialis de Heikki Solin]

{{Lifetime|1938||Solin, Heikki}}
[[Categoria:Auctores Italiani]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Theodisci]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Finniae]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Italiae]]
[[Categoria:Socii Academiae Latinitati Fovendae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Italiae]]</text>
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'''Circulus Hildesiensis'''&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Hildesiensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Hildesheim'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Hildesiensis-e&quot; ad [[Hildesia]]m refertur. Hac de urbe, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Hildesheim''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Hildesheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Hilmessen''), pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], die [[1 Augusti]] [[1977]] e circulis duobus et urbe Hildesia conditus est, quae etiam caput circuli est.

== Communia circuli ==
[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in HI.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo Hildesiensis]]
Circulus Hildesiensis haec communia habet:

* [[Alfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Alfeld''; [[Saxonice]] ''Allefelle''), urbs (19.919)
* [[Algermissenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoogeweg&quot;&gt;Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1903). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Quellen und Darstellungen zur Geschichte Niedersachsens (Monimenta historica et privilegia de Algermisseno)'' (Vol. III). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Algermissen'') (7892)
* [[Aulica]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elze''), urbs (8868)
* [[Bokenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&amp;cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&amp;lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bockenem''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bokeln''), urbs (10.464)
* [[Diekholza]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Diekholzen'') (6656)
* [[Freda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Freden'') (4477)
* [[Giesa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Giesen'') (9786)
* [[Harsum]] ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Harsum'') (11.663)
* [[Hildesia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hildesheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hilmessen'' seu ''Hilmssen''), [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]] (102.584)
* [[Holle]] (7255)
* [[Lamspringe]] (5377)
* [[Nordstemmen]] (12.410)
* [[Salzdetfordium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Marcard 1805&quot;&gt;Marcard, H. M. (1805). ''De salubritate aquarum nendorpensium et de earum usu in morbis chronicis''. [[Goettinga]]e: Dieterich; et: Macard, H. M. (1805). ''De usu salutari fontium salinorum in territorio Hildesiensi sitorum''. [[Goettinga]]e: Dieterich.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Salzdetfurth''), urbs (13.525)
* [[Sarstedt]], oppidum (18.482)
* [[Schellerten]] (8138)
* [[Sibbesse]] (5301)
* [[Söhlde]] (7855)

* [[Terra Montuosa Leinae (commune generale)|Terra Montuosa Leinae]]&lt;ref&gt;Nomen Theodiscum ''Leinebergland'' ex duobus elementis componitur, ''Leine-'' et ''-bergland''. Primum elementum ad fluvium ''Leine'' Theodisce nuncupatum refertur, cui Leibnitius in opere suo ''De origine Francorum disquisitio'' nomen Latinum &quot;Leina&quot; tribuit: “Ita pagus Leingau a Leina nostra dictus, postea soli parti superioris Leinae circa Gottingam mansit”. Ex hac forma &quot;Leina, -ae&quot; f. genitivus Leinae recte deducitur. Alterum elementum, ''-bergland'', regionem montuosam seu terram montuosam significat. Quare nomen ''Leinebergland'' Latine &quot;Terra Montuosa Leinae&quot; reddi potest.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Leinebergland'') (13.737, commune generale)
** [[Duthungun]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Udolph 2004&quot;&gt;Udolph, J. (2004). ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen: Akten eines internationalen Symposiums in Uppsala''. [[Gottinga]]e: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Duingen''; [[Saxonice|Ostfalice]] ''Daujen'') oppidum (5207)
** [[Eima (Circulus Hildesiensis)|Eima]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eime'') oppidum (2696)
** [[Grona (Leina)|Grona]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gronau''), urbs (5117)

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]]

{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris|Hildesiensis]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1977]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Circulus Holtisminnensis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>166033</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3984705</id>
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        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
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      <text bytes="12166" sha1="ry8xg1w9pnec5eu4zf749figpx3vckx" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}

'''Circulus Holtisminnensis'''&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Holtisminnensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Holzminden'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Holtisminni]]&quot; -ad quod gentilicium &quot;Holtisminnensis-e&quot; refertur-, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Holzminden''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Holzminden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Holtsminne''), nunc pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], die [[12 Octobris]] [[1832]] a [[Gulielmus (Dux Brunsvici)|Gulielmo]] duce [[Ducatus Brunsvici|Brunsvici]] conditus est. Caput circuli urbs [[Holtisminni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;  est.

== Historia ==
Circulus primo ad Ducatum, deinde ad [[Res Publica Brunsvicum|Rem Publicam Brunsvicum]] pertinebat. A die [[1 Novembris]] [[1941]] circulus Holtisminnensis pars provinciae Hannoverae [[Borussia]]e erat. Anno [[1945]] ad terram Hannoveram, ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet. Hodie disputatur, an circulus cum finitimo [[Circulus terrae Northemiensis|Circulo Northemiensi]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Northemiensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Northeim'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Northemiensis-e&quot; ad urbem [[Northemium]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenahist/wassenberg1/Wassenberg_florus.html ''FLORUS GERMANICUS''] , ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Et VVolferbytum, Northemium, Steinbruggam, Nienburgum (...) Primo vere Tillius tribunos suos Northemium misit (...) Caesaeriani Northemium expugnant (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; coniungendus sit.

== Communia circuli ==
[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in HOL.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo Holtisminnensi.]]
Circulus Holtisminnensis 32 communia habet, quae maxima parte ad &quot;communia generalia&quot; (Theodisce &quot;Samtgemeinden&quot;) coniuncta sunt. Haec sunt:

* [[Disaldishusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husaDelligsen&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Disaldishusen'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: Reuter, A. (Ed.) (1950). ''1100 Jahre Delligsen: Geschichte der Hilsmulde und des Ortes Delligsen''. Verlag der Gemeinde Delligsen. &lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Delligsen'') oppidum (8142 incolae)
* [[Holtisminni]] urbs, caput circuli (19.939)

* [[Bevernense Castrum (commune generale)|Bevernense Castrum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bevern''), commune generale (6056)
** [[Bevernense Castrum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bevern'') (3946)
** [[Goldbiki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Golmbach'') (979)
** [[Holenberg]] (440)
** [[Negenborn]] (691)

* [[Bodonis Insula-Collis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&amp;cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&amp;lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Erhard 1851&quot;&gt;Erhard, H. A. (Ed.) (1851). ''Regesta Historiae Westfaliae: Accedit Codex Diplomaticus/Regesten der Geschichte Westfalens''. Regensberg.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenwerder-Polle''), commune generale (15.375)
** [[Bodonis Insula]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenwerder'') urbs (5546)
** [[Bredenforda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoogeweg 1898&quot;&gt;Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1898). ''Westfälisches Urkundenbuch: Band 6. Die Urkunden des Bisthums Minden vom J. 1201-1300''. [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Regensberg'schen Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brevörde'') (718)
** [[Halla (Holtisminni)|Halla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Halle'') (1590)
** [[Heinsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heinsen'') (861)
** [[Heli (Saxonia Inferior)|Heli]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Heli&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B73-8/NOB%20III%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Wolfenb%C3%BCttel%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Salzgitter.pdf ''NOB III Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter.''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''in villa Heli'' (...) ''Heloon'' (...) ''collatio ecclesie Helen'' (...) ''Thidericus de Helenen'' (...) ''plebanos ecclesiarum de Helen'' (...) ''in campo sive marke ville Helen'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hehlen'') (1912)
** [[Heya]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heyen'') (482)
** [[Kirchbrak]] (1089)
** [[Ottenstein]] (1189)
** [[Pegestorf]] (428)
** [[Collis (Saxonia Inferior)|Collis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Erhard 1851&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Polle'') oppidum (1102)
** [[Vahlbruch]] (458)

* [[Boffeshusium (commune generale)|Boffeshusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Ohainski VI 2007&quot;&gt;Casemir, K., &amp; Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen del Landkreises Holzminden''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VI)''. Editio ab Academia Scientiarum Gottingensi. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Boffzen''), commune generale (7042)
** [[Boffeshusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Ohainski VI 2007&quot;&gt;Casemir, K., &amp; Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen del Landkreises Holzminden''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VI)''. Editio ab Academia Scientiarum Gottingensi. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Boffzen'') (2701)
** [[Derenthalia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-thalia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-thal'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-thalia-ae&quot; seu &quot;-dalia-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) -thal : -''thalia'', -''dalia'' (...)&quot;. Animadvertendum est suffixum ''-thal'' veterem orthographiam hodierni suffixi ''-tal'' esse; ergo Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-tal'' quoque latinizari potest addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-thalia-ae&quot; seu &quot;-dalia-ae&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Derental'') (671)
** [[Fürstenberg]] (1167)
** [[Lauenförde]] (2503)

* [[Eschershusa-Aldendorpevilla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&amp;cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&amp;lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Eschershausen-Stadtoldendorf''), commune generale (15.375)
** [[Aldendorpevilla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Stadtoldendorf'') urbs (5457)
** [[Aroldishusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;&gt;Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Bremensis et Verdensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Parochiarum ditionis Corbeiensis et Hildesiensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Arholzen'') (391)
** [[Dedenhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husaDeensen&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Dedehusen'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: Casemir, K., &amp; Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Holzminden (Veröffentlichungen del Institut für Historische Landesforschung der Universität Göttingen, Vol. 51)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Deensen'') (1511)
** [[Dielmissa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Dielmissen'') (812)
** [[Eima (Circulus Holtisminnensis)|Eima]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Eimen'') (996)
** [[Eschershusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eschershausen''), urbs (3415)
** [[Heina (Saxonia Inferior)|Heina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Heina&quot;&gt;Vide [https://hgv-hhm.de/ortsnamen-13-19-jahrhundert.html?utm ''Heimat- und Geschichtsverein für Heinade-Hellental-Merxhausen E.V.''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''villa Heina'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heinade'') (920)
** [[Holzen]] (629)
** [[Lenne]] (673)
** [[Lüerdissen]] (448)
** [[Wangelnstedt]] (617)

Praeterea sunt loca quaedam, quae ad nullum commune pertinent. Quae omnia hominibus deserta sunt:

* Boffeshusium&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Ohainski VI 2007&quot;&gt;Casemir, K., &amp; Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen del Landkreises Holzminden''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VI)''. Editio ab Academia Scientiarum Gottingensi. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Boffzen'') (23,40 km²)
* Eima&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Eimen'') (12,91 km²)
* Eschershusa&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eschershausen'') (4,92 km²)
* Grünenplan (22,71 km²)
* [[Holtisminni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Holzminden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Holtsminne'') (15,01 km²)
* Merxhausen (22,50 km²)
* Wenzen (15,84 km²)

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]]

{{geo-stipula}}

{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}

[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris|Holtisminni]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1832]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Bodonis Insula-Collis</title>
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        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
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      <text bytes="3969" sha1="k83si46m4audb2ax5b9brablgtalcv6" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
'''Bodonis Insula-Collis'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&amp;cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&amp;lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Erhard 1851&quot;&gt;Erhard, H. A. (Ed.) (1851). ''Regesta Historiae Westfaliae: Accedit Codex Diplomaticus/Regesten der Geschichte Westfalens''. Regensberg.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenwerder-Polle'') commune generale [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Holtisminnensis|circulo Holtisminnensi]] est.
[[Fasciculus:Rathaus von Bodenwerder, Geburtshaus vom Baron von Münchhausen 2.JPG|thumb|left|Sedes administrationis communis generalis et olim castellum [[Baro de Münchhausen|Baronis de Münchhausen]].]]

== Historia ==
Die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[2010]] commune generale Bodonis Insula-Collis constitutum est, cum [[Bodonis Insula]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenwerder'') urbs atque vici undecim coniuncti sint, qui iam antea in communibus generalibus Bodonis Insula ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenwerder'') et Collis ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Polle'') collaboraverant&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.muenchhausenland.de/index.php?side=content&amp;ID=67&amp;MID=2 Pagina interretialis de condito communi generali Bodonis Insula-Colli]&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Communia ad Bodonis Insulam-Collem pertinentes ==
** [[Bodonis Insula]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenwerder'') urbs (5546 incolae, sedes administrationis)
** [[Bredenforda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoogeweg 1898&quot;&gt;Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1898). ''Westfälisches Urkundenbuch: Band 6. Die Urkunden des Bisthums Minden vom J. 1201-1300''. [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Regensberg'schen Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brevörde'') (718)
** [[Collis (Saxonia Inferior)|Collis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Ohainski VI 2007&quot;&gt;Casemir, K., &amp; Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen del Landkreises Holzminden''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VI)''. Editio ab Academia Scientiarum Gottingensi. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Polle'') oppidum (1102)
** [[Halla (Holtisminni)|Halla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Halle'') (1590)
** [[Heinsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heinsen'') (861)
** [[Heli (Saxonia Inferior)|Heli]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Heli&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B73-8/NOB%20III%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Wolfenb%C3%BCttel%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Salzgitter.pdf ''NOB III Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter.''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''in villa Heli'' (...) ''Heloon'' (...) ''collatio ecclesie Helen'' (...) ''Thidericus de Helenen'' (...) ''plebanos ecclesiarum de Helen'' (...) ''in campo sive marke ville Helen'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hehlen'') (1912)
** [[Heya]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heyen'') (482)
** [[Kirchbrak]] (1089)
** [[Ottenstein]] (1189)
** [[Pegestorf]] (428)
** [[Vahlbruch]] (458)

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia generalia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 2010]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Visensis</title>
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      <text bytes="8370" sha1="n3q2b73zhuogtmkyz9kutb0n6z5h37o" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}
'''Visensis'''&lt;ref&gt;{{CathHierDiocese|vise|Dioecesis Visensis}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Lusitane]] ''Distrito de Viseu'') est pagus [[Portugallia]]e cuius maxima pars ad traditionalem provinciam [[Ripa Superior|Ripam Superiorem]] pertinet, sed cum [[commune|conciliis]] pertinentibus ad provincias [[Durius Litoralis|Durium Litoralem]] et [[Transmontana et Durius Superior|Transmontanam et Durium Superiorem]]. Septemtrione [[districtus|districtibus]] [[Portus Cale (districtus)|Portui Cali]], [[Villa Regia (districtus)|Villae Regiae]] ac [[Brigantia (districtus)|Brigantiae]], oriente [[Custodia (districtus)|districtui Custodiae]], meridie [[Aeminium (districtus)|districtui Aeminio]], et occidente [[Aviarum (districtus)|districtui Aviaro]] finitimus est. 5007 [[chiliometrum quadratum|km²]] latus est, et eius [[numerus incolarum]] erat 391&amp;thinsp;215 anno [[2009]]. Districtus [[caput (urbs)|sedes]] est [[Verurium|homonyma urbs]].

Verurium est unicus [[Lusitania|Lusitanicus]] districtus cum [[Inclavatura et exclavatura|inclavatura]], propter inclavaturam [[Parochia (Lusitania)|paroeciae]] [[Guillarium|Guillarii]] ([[Lusice]] ''Guilheiro''), [[commune|concilii]] [[Transcursus|Transcursi]] (Lusice ''Trancoso'') in [[Custodia (districtus)|districtu Custodia]], inter Veruriensia [[Sernancelle]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.es/books?id=HJ3goAtoTm8C&amp;pg=PA167&amp;lpg=PA167&amp;dq=Sernancelle&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=uPXSrv0eQT&amp;sig=SCe_XRW8if0x9bAKX5Q180B-Htk&amp;hl=es&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=0GN4UMDoCpSAhQeOjoDIBQ&amp;ved=0CDQQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Societas et cultura in Lusitania Romana]&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Lusice]]; ''Sernancelhe'') et [[Penna de Dono|Pennae de Dono]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.es/books?id=84Oe0VrpQmAC&amp;pg=PA567&amp;lpg=PA567&amp;dq=%22penna+de+dono%22&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=foeOK9_FIK&amp;sig=4R9wFJa6EyQenjoeNvGqLdTObTQ&amp;hl=es&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=5mV4UISHFoOKhQfi_IGoDg&amp;ved=0CDQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22penna%20de%20dono%22&amp;f=false Cancellaria Regis Alphonsi III]&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Lusice]]; ''Penedono'') concilia.

Pagus Visensis in [[municipium|municipia]] 24 dividitur, quae sunt:

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! [[Insigne]]
! [[Municipium]] [[Latine]]
! [[Municipium]] [[Lusice]]
|-
| [[Fasciculus:NLS.png|50px|center|Insigne Asnellarum]]
| [[Asnellae]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20091219203633/http://clientes.netvisao.pt/armcarv/informacoes/nelas.htm De Loco Asnellis usque ad Formationem Concilii]&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Nelas''
|-
| [[Fasciculus:CRS.png|50px|center|Insigne Caricalis Salis]]
| [[Caricale Salis]]
| ''Carregal do Sal''
|-
| [[Fasciculus:CDR.png|50px|center|Insigne Castri Dairis]]
| [[Castrum Daire]]
| ''Castro Daire''
|-
| [[Fasciculus:CNF.png|50px|center|Insigne Cinfilanis]]
| [[Cinfilanis]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cm-cinfaes.pt/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=16&amp;Itemid=16 Historia Cinfilanis]&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Cinfães''
|-
| [[Fasciculus:LMG.png|50px|center|Insigne Lameci]]
| [[Lamecum]]&lt;ref&gt;secundum [[:en:List of Latin place names in Iberia|Vicipaediam Anglicam]]&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Lamego''
|-
| [[Fasciculus:MGL1.png|50px|center|Insigne Mangualdis]]
| [[Mangualde]]
| ''Mangualde''
|-
| [[Fasciculus:MBR.png|50px|center|Insigne Monumenti Ripae]]
| [[Monumentum Ripae]]
| ''Moimenta da Beira''
|-
| [[Fasciculus:MRT.png|50px|center|Insigne Mortalaginis]]
| [[Mortalago]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120219070752/http://www.cm-mortagua.pt/modules.php?name=Sections&amp;sop=viewarticle&amp;artid=6 Historia Mortalaginis]&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Mortágua''
|-
| [[Fasciculus:PND.png|50px|center|Insigne Pennae de Dono]]
| [[Penna de Dono]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.es/books?id=84Oe0VrpQmAC&amp;pg=PA567&amp;lpg=PA567&amp;dq=%22penna+de+dono%22&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=foeOK9_FIK&amp;sig=4R9wFJa6EyQenjoeNvGqLdTObTQ&amp;hl=es&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=5mV4UISHFoOKhQfi_IGoDg&amp;ved=0CDQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22penna%20de%20dono%22&amp;f=false Cancellaria Regis Alphonsi III]&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Penedono''
|-
| [[Fasciculus:PCT1.png|50px|center|Insigne Pinnae Albae Castelli]]
| [[Pinna Alba Castelli]]
| ''Penalva do Castelo''
|-
| [[Fasciculus:Santa Comba Dão, Portugal (crest).png|50px|center|Insigne Sanctae Columbae Daonensis]]
| [[Sancta Columba Daonensis]]
| ''Santa Comba Dão''
|-
| [[Fasciculus:SJP.png|50px|center|Insigne Sancti Ioannis Piscariae]]
| [[Sanctus Ioannes Piscariae]]
| ''São João da Pesqueira''
|-
| [[Fasciculus:Brasão de município de São Pedro do Sul.png|50px|center|Insigne Sancti Petri Meridiei]]
| [[Sanctus Petrus Meridiei (Lusitania)|Sanctus Petrus Meridiei]]
| ''São Pedro do Sul''
|-
| [[Fasciculus:SAT.png|50px|center|Insigne Satam]]
| [[Satam]]&lt;ref&gt;secundum [[:pt:Sátão|Vicipaediam Lusicam]]&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Sátão''
|-
| [[Fasciculus:Brasão de Sernancelhe.png|50px|center|Insigne Sernancellis]]
| [[Sernancelle]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.es/books?id=HJ3goAtoTm8C&amp;pg=PA167&amp;lpg=PA167&amp;dq=Sernancelle&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=uPXSrv0eQT&amp;sig=SCe_XRW8if0x9bAKX5Q180B-Htk&amp;hl=es&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=0GN4UMDoCpSAhQeOjoDIBQ&amp;ved=0CDQQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Societas et cultura in Lusitania Romana]&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Sernancelhe''
|-
| [[Fasciculus:TBC.png|50px|center|Insigne Tabulatii]]
| [[Tabulatium]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.infopedia.pt/toponimia/Tabua%C3%A7o Dictionarium Toponymiae]&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Tabuaço''
|-
| [[Fasciculus:TRC.png|50px|center|Insigne Taraucae]]
| [[Tarauca]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.infopedia.pt/toponimia/Tarouca Dictionarium Toponymiae]&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Tarouca''
|-
| [[Fasciculus:TND1.png|50px|center|Insigne Tondellae]]
| [[Tondella]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.infopedia.pt/toponimia/Tondela Dictionarium Toponymiae]&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Tondela''
|-
| [[Fasciculus:OFR.png|50px|center|Insigne Ulvariae Fratrum]]
| [[Ulvaria Fratrum]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cm-ofrades.com/?modulo=conteudos_freguesias&amp;link=freguesia_oliveira_de_frades Historia Ulvariae Fratrum]&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Oliveira de Frades''
|-
| [[Fasciculus:VZL.png|50px|center|Insigne Vaucellae]]
| [[Vaucella]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.infopedia.pt/toponimia/Vouzela Dictionarium Toponymiae]&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Vouzela''
|-
| [[Fasciculus:Brasão de Cidade Viseu.png|50px|center|Insigne Verurii]]
| [[Verurium]]
| ''Viseu''
|-
| [[Fasciculus:AMM.png|50px|center|Insigne Villae Ermamari]]
| [[Villa Ermamari]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.verportugal.net/Viseu/Armamar/Historia/ Historia Villae Ermamari]&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Armamar''
|-
| [[Fasciculus:VNP.png|50px|center|Insigne Villae Ermamari]]
| [[Villa Nova Paivae]]
| ''Vila Nova de Paiva''
|-
| [[Fasciculus:RSD.png|50px|center|Insigne Villae Rausendi]]
| [[Villa Rausendi]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054653/http://www.cm-resende.pt/40 Historia Villae Rausendi]&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Resende''
|}

Ad [[Statistica|statisticos]] scopos ([[NUTS]]), districtus inter [[Centrum (regio Lusa)|Regionem Centrum]] ([[Lusice]] ''Região Centro'') et [[Septemtrio (regio Lusa)|Regionem Septemtrionem]] (Lusice ''Região Norte'') dividitur. Pleraque Regionis Centri [[Concilium|concilia]] ad [[subregio]]nem [[Dao-Duo Fratres|Daonem-Duos Fratres]] (Lusice ''Dão-Lafões''), ubi etiam concilium ad [[Custodia (districtus)|Districtum Custodiam]] pertinens aggregatum est, pertinent, dum etiam habet, ex anno [[2008]], concilium integratum in subregione [[Monda Inferior]]e (Lusice ''Baixo Mondego''). Ceterum, Regionis Septemtrionis concilia inter subregiones [[Tamaca (subregio)|Tamacam]] (Lusice ''Tâmega'') et [[Durius (subregio)|Durium]] dividuntur. Summatim:
{{div col|2}}
* [[Septemtrio (regio Lusa)|Regio Septemtrio]]
** [[Durius (subregio)|Durius]]
*** [[Lamecum]]
*** [[Monumentum Ripae]] (Ripa Superior / Centrum)
*** [[Penna de Dono]] (Ripa Superior / Centrum)
*** [[Sanctus Ioannes Piscariae]]
*** [[Sernancelle]] (Ripa Superior / Centrum)
*** [[Tabulatium]]
*** [[Tarauca]] (Ripa Superior / Centrum)
*** [[Villa Ermamari]]
** [[Tamaca (subregio)|Tamaca]]
*** [[Cinfilanis]]
*** [[Villa Rausendi]]
* [[Centrum (regio Lusa)|Regio Centrum]]
** [[Dao-Duo Fratres]]
*** [[Asnellae]]
*** [[Caricale Salis]]
*** [[Castrum Daire]]
*** [[Mangualde]]
*** [[Pinna Alba Castelli]]
*** [[Sancta Columba Daonensis]]
*** [[Sanctus Petrus Meridiei (Lusitania)|Sanctus Petrus Meridiei]]
*** [[Satam]]
*** [[Tondella]]
*** [[Ulvaria Fratrum]]
*** [[Vaucella]]
*** [[Verurium]]
*** [[Villa Nova Paivae]]
**[[Monda Inferior]]
***[[Mortalago]]
{{div col end}}

==Nexus externi==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20091117224659/http://www.gov-civil-viseu.pt/ Gubernatio Civilis Districtus Verurii]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170711020656/http://www.cidadeviseu.com/ Urbs Verurium]

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Pagi Portugalliae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Heya</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>167116</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3984701</id>
      <parentid>3984436</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-30T19:24:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Heyen]] ad [[Heya]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam</comment>
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      <text bytes="876" sha1="bxcm2w1cit20oixjf3z9r78b5j96zo8" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

'''Heyen''' commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Holtisminnensis|circulo Holtisminnensi]] est. Commune ad flumen [[Visurgis|Visurgim]] situm est.

== Historia ==
[[Fasciculus:Heyen im Landkreis Holzminden.jpg|thumb|left|Heyen]]
Heyen saeculo anno [[1004]] nomine ''Hegen'' primo in actis [[Henricus II (imperator)|Henrici II]] imperatoris descripta est. Ab anno [[1973]] ad commune generale [[Bodonis Insula|Bodonis Insulam]] pertinuit, a die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[2010]] pars communis generalis [[Bodonis Insula-Collis|Bodonis Insulae-Collis]] est&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.gemeinde-heyen.de/presse.php?text=2004-03-01-KurzberichtChronik.htm Chronicon communis in pagina gemeinde-heyen.de (lingua Theodisca)]&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita saeculo 10]]</text>
      <sha1>bxcm2w1cit20oixjf3z9r78b5j96zo8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3984703</id>
      <parentid>3984701</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-30T19:27:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
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      <text bytes="1365" sha1="pqlkfw7rlakbn2yzur1sdkb7iuwve7z" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

'''Heya'''&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heyen'') commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Holtisminnensis|circulo Holtisminnensi]] est. Commune ad flumen [[Visurgis|Visurgim]] situm est.

== Historia ==
[[Fasciculus:Heyen im Landkreis Holzminden.jpg|thumb|left|Heya.]]
Heya saeculo anno [[1004]] nomine ''Hegen'' primo in actis [[Henricus II (imperator)|Henrici II]] imperatoris descripta est. Ab anno [[1973]] ad commune generale [[Bodonis Insula|Bodonis Insulam]] pertinuit, a die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[2010]] pars communis generalis [[Bodonis Insula-Collis|Bodonis Insulae-Collis]] est&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.gemeinde-heyen.de/presse.php?text=2004-03-01-KurzberichtChronik.htm Chronicon communis in pagina gemeinde-heyen.de (Theodisce)]&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita saeculo 10]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Hertzberga ad Harthicos Montes</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>173411</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3984610</id>
      <parentid>3984605</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-30T12:49:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
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      <text bytes="4665" sha1="gysqclycxzbj86m9132evnzmg7yxdb1" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:HerzbergMarktplatz.jpg|thumb|left|Forum Hertzbergae.]]
'''Hertzberga ad Harthicos Montes'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Herzberg am Harz'') est [[urbs]] [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Osteroda ad Harthicos montes|Circulo Osteroda ad Harthicos Montes]]. Ad Hertzbergam etiam vici [[Hertzberga (vicus)|Hertzberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Herzberg''); [[Lodenowe]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kirchengemeindelexikon&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/lonau/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Schriftlich ist Lonau erstmals 1260 als Wald- bzw. Flussname belegt: ''silvam nostram Lodenowe et Stenowe, nominibus fluminum sic vocatam'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Lonau'') cum [[Vallis Ecclesiae (Lodenowe)|Valli Ecclesiae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;VE&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/ecclesia?wb=gross&amp;nr=8 Latinum substantivum casu genetivo &quot;ecclesiae&quot; Theodiscum praefixum ''Kirch-''] et [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/vallis?wb=gross&amp;nr=9 Latinum substantivum &quot;vallis-is&quot; Theodiscum suffixum ''-tal''] vertit.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Kirchtal''), [[Vallis Mariae (Lodenowe)|Valli Mariae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;VM&quot;&gt;[https://www.frag-caesar.de/lateinwoerterbuch/Maria-uebersetzung-2.html Latinum anthroponymum casu genetivo &quot;Mariae&quot; Theodiscum praefixum ''Marien-''] et [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/vallis?wb=gross&amp;nr=9 Latinum substantivum &quot;vallis-is&quot; Theodiscum suffixum ''-tal''] vertit.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Mariental'') ac [[Vicus Inferior (Lodenowe)|Vico Inferiore]]&lt;ref name=&quot;VI&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/inferior?wb=gross&amp;nr=2 Latinum adiectivum &quot;inferior-ius&quot; Theodiscum praefixum ''Unter-''] et [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Dorf?wb=gross&amp;nr=5 Latinum substantivum &quot;vicus-i&quot; Theodiscum suffixum ''-dorf''] vertit.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Unterdorf''); [[Palidi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Pöhlde'') cum [[Saltus Rumae|Saltu Rumae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;SR&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Sprung?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Latinum substantivum &quot;saltus-us&quot; Theodiscum suffixum ''-sprung''] et [https://www.frag-caesar.de/lateinwoerterbuch/Maria-uebersetzung-2.html Latinum hydronymum casu genetivo &quot;[[Ruma (Layna)|Rumae]]&quot; Theodiscum hydronymicum praefixum ''-Rhuma''] vertit. Quo de Latino hydronymo, vide [https://www.cloeser.org/gewaesser/Gewaesser_Harz_0.8.pdf cloeser.org], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) die Ausgangsform ist aufgrund des erst ab dem 12. Jahrhundert in Form von „Ruma“ urkundlich überlieferten Namens nicht bestimmbar (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Rhumasprung''); [[Schartvelde]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schartvelde&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B72-A/NOB%20II%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Osterode.pdf?sequence=7&amp;utm ''NOB II Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Osterode''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''castrum Schartvelde'' (Chronica ducum de Brunswick S. 581) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Scharzfeld''); et [[Sevena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sevena&quot;&gt;Hic vicus suo e fluvio nomen cepit. Latino de huius fluvii nomine, vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B72-A/NOB%20II%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Osterode.pdf?sequence=7&amp;utm ''NOB II Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Osterode''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''inter [...] duas aquas, [...] Oderam et Sevenam'' (...) ''ad aquam, que Sevena nuncupatur'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Sieber'') pertinent. Ad [[Sevena]]m (Theodisce ''Sieber'') autem pulcherrima [[Ecclesia Sancti Benedicti (Sevena)|Ecclesia Sancti Benedicti]] cum organo euphono invenitur.

== Historia ==
[[Fasciculus:Herzberg 1753.jpg|thumb|left|Hertzberga anno 1753.]]
Anno [[1154]] Hertzberga castellum, possessio [[Guelfi|Guelforum]], primo in actis descripta est. Primum urbis Herzbergae nuntium anno [[1337]] habemus. Pars fuit Principatus Grubenhagensis, ab anno [[1596]] Principatus [[Guelpherbytum|Guelpherbyti]]. Annis ab [[1807]] ad [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]] transiit, quod autem anno [[1866]] pars [[Borussia]]e factum est. Ab anno [[1946]] pars Saxoniae Inferioris est.

== Instituta ==
Hertzbergae invenitur [[Interculturale Centrum ICH]], quod [[lingua Esperantica|rebus Esperanticis]] sese dedicat. Incola notus fuit esperantista et ferriviarius [[Ioachimus Gießner]].

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{Commonscat|Herzberg am Harz|Hertzbergam ad Harthicos Montes}}
* [http://www.herzberg.de Pagina urbis Hertzbergae (Theodisce)]

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita saeculo 12]]</text>
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[[Fasciculus:HerzbergMarktplatz.jpg|thumb|left|Forum Hertzbergae.]]
'''Hertzberga ad Harthicos Montes'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Herzberg am Harz'') est [[urbs]] [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Osteroda ad Harthicos montes|Circulo Osteroda ad Harthicos Montes]]. Ad Hertzbergam etiam vici [[Hertzberga (vicus)|Hertzberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Herzberg''); [[Lodenowe]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kirchengemeindelexikon&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/lonau/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Schriftlich ist Lonau erstmals 1260 als Wald- bzw. Flussname belegt: ''silvam nostram Lodenowe et Stenowe, nominibus fluminum sic vocatam'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Lonau'') cum [[Vallis Ecclesiae (Lodenowe)|Valli Ecclesiae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;VE&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/ecclesia?wb=gross&amp;nr=8 Latinum substantivum casu genetivo &quot;ecclesiae&quot; Theodiscum praefixum ''Kirch-''] et [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/vallis?wb=gross&amp;nr=9 Latinum substantivum &quot;vallis-is&quot; Theodiscum suffixum ''-tal''] vertit.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Kirchtal''), [[Vallis Mariae (Lodenowe)|Valli Mariae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;VM&quot;&gt;[https://www.frag-caesar.de/lateinwoerterbuch/Maria-uebersetzung-2.html Latinum anthroponymum casu genetivo &quot;Mariae&quot; Theodiscum praefixum ''Marien-''] et [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/vallis?wb=gross&amp;nr=9 Latinum substantivum &quot;vallis-is&quot; Theodiscum suffixum ''-tal''] vertit.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Mariental'') ac [[Vicus Inferior (Lodenowe)|Vico Inferiore]]&lt;ref name=&quot;VI&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/inferior?wb=gross&amp;nr=2 Latinum adiectivum &quot;inferior-ius&quot; Theodiscum praefixum ''Unter-''] et [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Dorf?wb=gross&amp;nr=5 Latinum substantivum &quot;vicus-i&quot; Theodiscum suffixum ''-dorf''] vertit.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Unterdorf''); [[Palidi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Pöhlde'') cum [[Saltus Rumae|Saltu Rumae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;SR&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Sprung?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Latinum substantivum &quot;saltus-us&quot; Theodiscum suffixum ''-sprung''] et [https://www.frag-caesar.de/lateinwoerterbuch/Maria-uebersetzung-2.html Latinum hydronymum casu genetivo &quot;[[Ruma (Layna)|Rumae]]&quot; Theodiscum hydronymicum praefixum ''Rhuma-''] vertit. Quo de Latino hydronymo, vide [https://www.cloeser.org/gewaesser/Gewaesser_Harz_0.8.pdf cloeser.org], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) die Ausgangsform ist aufgrund des erst ab dem 12. Jahrhundert in Form von „Ruma“ urkundlich überlieferten Namens nicht bestimmbar (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Rhumasprung''); [[Schartvelde]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schartvelde&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B72-A/NOB%20II%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Osterode.pdf?sequence=7&amp;utm ''NOB II Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Osterode''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''castrum Schartvelde'' (Chronica ducum de Brunswick S. 581) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Scharzfeld''); et [[Sevena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sevena&quot;&gt;Hic vicus suo e fluvio nomen cepit. Latino de huius fluvii nomine, vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B72-A/NOB%20II%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Osterode.pdf?sequence=7&amp;utm ''NOB II Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Osterode''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''inter [...] duas aquas, [...] Oderam et Sevenam'' (...) ''ad aquam, que Sevena nuncupatur'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Sieber'') pertinent. Ad [[Sevena]]m (Theodisce ''Sieber'') autem pulcherrima [[Ecclesia Sancti Benedicti (Sevena)|Ecclesia Sancti Benedicti]] cum organo euphono invenitur.

== Historia ==
[[Fasciculus:Herzberg 1753.jpg|thumb|left|Hertzberga anno 1753.]]
Anno [[1154]] Hertzberga castellum, possessio [[Guelfi|Guelforum]], primo in actis descripta est. Primum urbis Herzbergae nuntium anno [[1337]] habemus. Pars fuit Principatus Grubenhagensis, ab anno [[1596]] Principatus [[Guelpherbytum|Guelpherbyti]]. Annis ab [[1807]] ad [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]] transiit, quod autem anno [[1866]] pars [[Borussia]]e factum est. Ab anno [[1946]] pars Saxoniae Inferioris est.

== Instituta ==
Hertzbergae invenitur [[Interculturale Centrum ICH]], quod [[lingua Esperantica|rebus Esperanticis]] sese dedicat. Incola notus fuit esperantista et ferriviarius [[Ioachimus Gießner]].

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{Commonscat|Herzberg am Harz|Hertzbergam ad Harthicos Montes}}
* [http://www.herzberg.de Pagina urbis Hertzbergae (Theodisce)]

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita saeculo 12]]</text>
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    <title>Yi Su-gwang</title>
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      <text bytes="1575" sha1="k4emlxkpwpowd6mjv33ung1ezfnbxrc" xml:space="preserve">{{Latinitas|-3}}
{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}

{{res|Yi Su-gwang}} (이수광) (natus anno [[1563]], mortuus [[1628]]), etiam nomine {{res|Lee Sugwang}} notus, fuit vir publicus [[Corea]]nus et legatus in aetate [[Joseon]]. Etiam fuit academicus qui primam Coreanam [[encyclopedia]]m scripsit. In Ming China, acquisivit aliquot libros de Catholicismo scriptos ab [[Italia]]no [[sacerdos|sacerdote]], [[Matteo Ricci]], qui habitabat in China hoc tempore. Ipse eos reportavit Coream, qua erant primus literatura occidentales illata fuerant in Corea. Studiosus erat in occidentibus orbibus. Cum investigationibus itineribus tribus sinensis, 20 libros creavit encyclopediae titulo ''{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Variae commentationes Jibong||en|qid=Q4942342}}'' (''Jibong yuseol'').

== Bibliographia ==
* {{ec|id=Dott (2020)|c=Brian R. Dott, ''The Chile Pepper in China: a cultural biography'' (Novi Eboraci: Columbia University Press, 2020) p. 24}}
* William F. Pore, “The Inquiring Literatus: Yi Sugwang’s ‘Brush-Talks’ with Phung Khac Khoan in Beijing in 1598” in ''Transactions of the Korea Branch of the RAS'' vol. 83 (2008) pp. 1-26 [http://anthony.sogang.ac.kr/transactions/tablesofContents.html Textus]

== Nexus externi ==
* “[https://web.archive.org/web/20220812060513/https://terms.naver.com/entry.naver?docId=1134937&amp;cid=40942&amp;categoryId=33383 이수광]” apud ''Naver.com''

{{Lifetime|1563|1628|Yi Su-gwang}}

[[Categoria:Scriptores Coreae]]
[[Categoria:Milites Coreae]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Coreani]]
[[Categoria:Encyclopaedici]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Dynastia</title>
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      <text bytes="1610" sha1="qia1c97qwx6h3bj3pxyz4vplhi3lcws" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Mask of Tutankhamun 2003-12-07.jpg|thumb|[[Tutenchamun]] fuit [[pharao]] [[Aegyptus antiqua|Aegypti antiqui]] a duodevicesima dynastia, quae permanebat e circa [[Annus|anno]] 1550 a.C.n. ad circa 1292 a.C.n.]]

'''Dynastia'''&lt;ref&gt;''Dynastīa'', vocabulum serioris Latinitatis. Vide ''[[Thesaurus Linguae Latinae|Thesaurum linguae Latinae]]'', p. 2331, s.v. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200114192745/http://publikationen.badw.de/de/-/thesaurus/000924308.2331.jpg &quot;dynastia&quot;]. Forma adiectiva ''dynasticus'' reperitur apud Albert Sleumer, ''Kirchenlateinisches Wörterbuch'', (Hildesiae: Olms, 2011).&lt;/ref&gt; (a [[Lingua Graeca|Graeco]] {{lang|grc|δυναστεία}}, 'magistratus, imperium') sive '''domus regnatrix''',&lt;ref&gt;[[Tacitus|Tac.]] ''[[Historiae (Tacitus)|Hist.]]'' 1.4.&lt;/ref&gt; vel simpliciter '''domus'''&lt;ref&gt;Cf. titulum libri O. de Strada, ''Genealogia domus Habsburgensis'' (Francofurti, 1615) {{Google Books|lcULAAAAYAAJ|vide citationem p. 151}}&lt;/ref&gt; est successio principum eiusdem stirpis sive [[familia regalis|familiae]]. [[Historicus|Rerum scriptores]] historiam quarundam civitatum sicut [[Sinae (regio)|Sinae]], [[Aegyptus antiqua]] vel [[Imperium Persarum]] in varias dynastias, quae sibi regentes successerunt, dividunt.

Historia [[Europa]]e magna ex parte dynastiis formata est, inter quas [[Carolingorum stirps]], [[Domus Habsburgensis]], [[Stuart]], [[Hohenzollern]] vel [[Romanov]]. Usque ad saeculum vicesimum ad regentis officia late probata pertinebat, ut propriam domum potentia, divitiis, territoriis augeret. 

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Genealogia]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Amicia de Ioviniaco</title>
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      <text bytes="2384" sha1="c0g6nu6ruq1qm3dnn2ht7nmejqaypgy" xml:space="preserve">'''Amicia de Monteforti''', deinde '''de Ioviniaco''' (nata circa annum 1205; mortua die [[20 Februarii]] [[1253]]) fuit filia natu altera (liberorum natu quarta) comitis [[Simon V de Monteforti|Simonis de Monteforti]] uxorisque eius [[Alicia de Montemorenciaco|Aliciae de Montemorenciaco]]. Etiam infans in matrimonium [[Raimundus VII (dux Tolosanus)|Raimundo]] filio comitis [[Tolosa]]ni promissa est. Mox aliis filiis inimicorum patris desponsata est ad foedera concludenda, videlicet [[Iacobus I (rex Aragoniae)|Iacobo]] filio regis [[Petrus II (rex Aragoniae)|Petri II]] regis Aragoniae (antequam hic in [[pugna Muretana]] mortuus est) et deinde [[Guillelmus II de Pictavia (comes Valentinensis)|Guillelmo]], filio [[Ademarus II de Pictavia (comes Valentinensis)|Ademari de Pictavia]] comitis Valentinensis. Sed [[Galcherus de Ioviniaco|Galchero de Ioviniaco]], olim Cruce signato, annis fere 1223/1225 nupsit, cui filiam et filium peperit:
* Petronilla, quae [[Petrus de Cortiniaco (dominus de Conchis)|Petro de Cortiniaco]] nupsit, [[Petrus (imperator Latinus)|imperatori Latino]] eiusdem nominis nepoti, filio [[Robertus de Cortiniaco|Roberti de Cortiniaco]]
* Galcherus
Amicia de Monteforti cum filio suo condidit virginum Dominicanarum [[Abbatia iuxta Montem Argii|abbatiam iuxta Montem Argii]]: constitutionem die [[8 Aprilis]] [[1245]] confirmavit papa [[Innocentius IV]]. Ipsa fuit abbatissa huius monasterii; ibi mortua et in sacella sepulta est.

== Fontes ==
* [[Petrus Vallis Cernaii]], ''[[Historia Albigensis]]'' 139, 211, 599

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Raymond Creytens, &quot;Les constitutions primitives des soeurs dominicaines de Montargis (1250)&quot; in ''Archivum Fratrum Praedicatorum'' vol. 17 (1947)
* Micheline de Fontettè, ''Les religieuses à l'âge classique du droit canon'' (Lutetiae: Vrin, 1967) p. 120 {{Google Books|0Ota6ak_4ZwC|Paginae selectae}}
* Edeltraud Klueting, ''Fromme Frauen – unbequeme Frauen? Weibliches Religiosentum im Mittelalter''. Hildeshemiae: Olms, Hildesiae 2006. ISBN 3-487-13073-4

== Nexus externi ==
* {{Medlands|http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/NORMAN%20NOBILITY.htm#AmicieMontfortdied1253|Amicie de Montfort}}

[[Categoria:Nobiles Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 13]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1253]]
[[Categoria:Abbates]]
[[Categoria:Dominicani]]
[[Categoria:Mulieres]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gitta Connemann</title>
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[[Fasciculus:Gitta Connemann 2009.jpg|thumb|left|Gitta Connemann anno 2009]]
'''Gitta Connemann''' (nata die [[10 Maii]] [[1964]] in oppido [[Leri]]) rerum politicarum perita [[Germania|Germanica]] factionis [[CDU]] est.

== Iuventus et munus ==
Postquam scholam anno [[1983]] finivit, primo tirocinium venditoris calceorum fecit et ab anno [[1984]] [[Osnabruga]]e et [[Moguntiacum|Moguntiaci]] iurisprudentiae studebat. Anno [[1990]] primam probationem accepit, tum referendaria fuit atque anno [[1993]] secundam probationem adepta et causidica admissa est. Tum ad annum [[1995]] causidica fuit et deinde pro societate conductorum operae intra Visurgem et Amisiam operam dedit. Ab anno [[2001]] ad usque [[2012]] iterum causidica fuit.

== Cursus honorum ==
Connemann ab anno [[1996]] sodalis Factionis Christianae Democraticae est et annis 1996 - 1999 sodalis consilii communis generalis [[Hasla (commune generale)|Haslae]] erat. Ab anno 2001 consiliaria [[Circulus Lerensis|Circuli Lerensis]] est. Anno [[2002]] primo legata ad [[Dieta Foederalis Germaniae|Dietam Foederalem Germaniae]] electa est et ad hunc diem manet. In parlamento praecipue pro moribus patriae [[Frisia orientalis|Frisiae Orientalis]] operam dat.

== Nexus externi ==
{{Commonscat|Gitta Connemann|Gittam Connemann}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140115032339/http://www.bundestag.de/bundestag/abgeordnete18/biografien/C/connemann_gitta.html Biographia in pagina Dietae Foederalis Germaniae]
* [http://www.gitta-connemann.de/ Pagina personalis]

{{Lifetime|1964||Connemann, Gitta}}

[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Osnabrugensis]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Moguntinae]]
[[Categoria:Causidici]]
[[Categoria:Legati Diaetae foederalis Germaniae]]</text>
      <sha1>j7i3niem6ghsmwmb9874z87opns2ii3</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Alienora Castellae</title>
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      <text bytes="1131" sha1="1whn9eoiyo3qq6x46gscm7zbvk6m2po" xml:space="preserve">'''Alienora Castellae'''  (1241 – [[28 Novembris]] [[1290]]) fuit regina [[Anglia|Angliae]], uxor regis [[Eduardus I (rex Angliae)|Eduardi I]] materque regis [[Eduardus II (rex Angliae)|Eduardi II]].

==Bibliographia==
*Parsons, John Carmi. Eleanor of Castile: Queen and Society in Thirteenth Century England, 1995.
*Parsons, John Carmi, &quot;The Year of Eleanor of Castile's Birth and Her Children by Edward I,&quot; Mediaeval Studies 46 (1984): 245–265, esp. 246 n. 3.
*Parsons, John Carmi, &quot;'Que nos lactauit in infancia': The Impact of Childhood Care-givers on Plantagenet Family Relationships in the Thirteenth and Early Fourteenth Centuries,&quot; in Women, Marriage, and Family in Medieval Christendom: Essays in Memory of Michael M. Sheehan, C.S.B, ed. Constance M. Rousseau and Joel T. Rosenthal (Kalamazoo, 1998), pp. 289–324.
*Dilba, Carsten. Memoria Reginae: Das Memorialprogramm für Eleonore von Kastilien, [[Hildesia]]e 200i9

{{bio-stipula}}
[[Categoria:Reginae Angliae]]
[[Categoria:Mulieres]]
[[Categoria:Eduardus I (rex Angliae)]]
[[Categoria:Eduardus II (rex Angliae)]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1241]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1290]]</text>
      <sha1>1whn9eoiyo3qq6x46gscm7zbvk6m2po</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Iohannes Stuckius</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="1150" sha1="kbb29mptzxrp7wivij07a7t8i0w11m6" xml:space="preserve">'''Iohannes Stuckius''' (natus '''Johannes Stuck''' aut '''Johann Stucke''' in [[Langenhagen]] die [[24 Iulii]] [[1587]]; mortuus die [[7 Ianuarii]] [[1653]]) fuit [[iuris consultus]] et politicus [[Germania| Germanicus]].

== Opera ==

* ''De defensione necessaria s. moderamine inculpatae tutelae''. 1623.
* ''De vindicta et defensione''. 1629.
* ''Dispvtatio ivridica de ivrisprvdentiae natvra''. 1622.
* ''De beneficiis juris cum communibus tum singulorum''. 1635.
* ''De natura et essentia possessionis in genere et specie''. 1628.
* ''Dispvtatio inavgvralis materiam frequentißimam ac nobilißimam ejus qvod''. 1621.
* ''Dispvtatio ivridica de fideivssoribvs.'' 1617.
* ''De ivre protimiseos''. 1635.

== Lege etiam==

* Horst Südkamp: ''Johann Stucke - ein europäischer Gelehrter und Politiker. Eine biographische Skizze (Historische Texte und Studien; Bd. 23).'' Olms. Hildesiae Olms 2007, ISBN 978-3-487-13410-9.

== Nexus externus==

*{{PND|100868134}}

{{bio-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stucke, Iohannes}}
[[Categoria:Politici Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Iudices]]
[[Categoria:Iuris consulti]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1587]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1653]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gubernium Petropolitanum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="2989" sha1="j63w12wf3svybspxg4abun4hk20ial9" xml:space="preserve">{{L}}
{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}
'''Gubernium Petropolitanum'''&lt;ref&gt;[[Franciscus Iosephus Ruprecht]],  [http://books.google.ru/books?id=EwImAQAAMAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=%22Gubernii+Petropolitani%22&amp;hl=ru&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=YI-1UpmLKYeI4ASA3YDQBw&amp;ved=0CDYQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&amp;q=%22Gubernii%20Petropolitani%22&amp;f=false ''Flora Ingrica sive historia plantarum gubernii Petropolitani'', vol. I (Petropoli, 1860)]; [http://books.google.ru/books?id=u0cQAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22Gubernium+Petropolitanum%22&amp;dq=%22Gubernium+Petropolitanum%22&amp;hl=ru&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=5ou1UrTzFaWK4wTUp4Fw&amp;ved=0CDQQ6AEwAQ ''Acta horti Petropolitani'', vol. VIII (Petropoli, 1883), pp. 34-36]&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Russice]] Санкт-Петербургская губерния, [[translitteratio|tr.]] ''Sankt-Peterburgskaja gubernija'', et ab anno [[1914]] Петроградская губерния, [[translitteratio|tr.]] ''Petrogradskaja gubernija''), anno [[1924]] in '''Leninopolitanum''' ([[Russice]] Ленинградская губерния, [[translitteratio|tr.]] ''Leningradskaja gubernija'') renominatum, erat [[gubernium|pars administrativa]] [[Russia]]e ([[Imperium Russicum|Imperii Russici]] et [[RSFSR|Russicae Sovieticae Foederativae Socialisticae Rei Publicae]]), anno [[1710]] transformatione gubernii Ingrici vel Ingermanlandiensis (primi gubernii Russici, [[Schlusselburgum]] metropolim habentis) creata, quae ad annum [[1927]] exsistebat. Caput gubernii [[Petropolis]] (nomine [[Leninopolis]] ab anno [[1924]]) erat.

Gubernium Petropolitanum in septentrio-occidente [[Russia Europaea|Russiae Europaeae]] locabatur, terras ad litora [[Sinus Finnicus|Sinus Finnici]] lacuumque [[Lacus Ladoga|Ladogae]] et [[Lacus Peipus|Peipus]] occupans. Gubernia adiacentia, post reformationes nonnullas divisionis administrativae [[Imperium Russicum|Imperii Russici]], saeculo [[saeculum 18|duodevicesimo]] perfectas, fuere [[Gubernium Novogardiense|Novogardiense]] et [[Gubernium Pscoviense|Pscoviense]] ad meridiem, [[Gubernium Olonecense|Olonecense]] ad orientem, [[Gubernium Estlandicum|Estlandicum]] ad occidentem atque [[Gubernium Viburgense|Viburgense]] ad septentrionem. 

Area gubernii Petropolitani fuit 482 500 chm² anno 1710, 53 363 chm² anno [[1847]], 44 613 chm² anno [[1905]], 66 160 chm² anno [[1926]]. 

[[Gdovia]], [[Iama]], [[Luga (urbs)|Luga]], [[Nova Ladoga]], [[Peterhofium|Petri Aula]] (vel [[Oranienbaumium]]), [[Schlusselburgum]], [[Villa Augusti]] capita [[ujezd|circulorum]] gubernii Petropolitani fuerunt.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Nexus interni==
* [[Ingria]]
* [[Regio Leninopolitana]]

== Nexus externi ==
*[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b53041130d/f1.item.zoom Mappa gubernii Petropolitani continens Ingriam nec non guberniorum Novogorodensis et Wiburgensis partem], auctore [[Iacobus Fridericus Schmidt|I.F. Schmidio]] (Petropoli 1770)
{{CommuniaCat|Saint Petersburg Governorate}}
{{fontes geographici}}

[[Categoria:Historia Petropolis]]
[[Categoria:Gubernia Imperii Russici|Petropolitanum]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Quillan</title>
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      <text bytes="795" sha1="gqsv9ykmvkbwmbnkffpuzr4ra7smknt" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus: Quillanplace.jpg|thumb|200 px|Quillan: [[forum]] [[Res Publica|Rei Publicae]] dicatum]]
[[Fasciculus: Map commune FR insee code 11304.png|thumb|left|250px|Quillan: communis tabula]]
''' Quillan''' ([[Occitanice]] ''Quilhan'') est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 3'301 incolarum (anno [[2010]]) praefecturae [[Atax (praefectura Franciae)|Atacis]] in regione australi [[Occitania et Ruscino]]ne.

{{NexInt}}

* [[Index communium praefecturae Atacis|Indicem communium praefecturae Atacis]]
== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Quillan|Quillan}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20230109184839/https://www.quillan.fr/ Quillan pagina interretialis]
* {{INSEE commune|11304|de=Quillan}}
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Ataxis]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Ataxis]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Portus Narentae</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>215934</id>
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      <text bytes="1983" sha1="ky02f9ljb3sjyb3dnvicvxynilovjl8" xml:space="preserve">{{Videdis|Narenta (discretiva)}}
{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Metkovic-Hrvatska.png|300px|thumb|Prospectus in urbem]]
'''Portus Narentae'''&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[http://www.metkovic.hr/povijest/default.asp?izb=povijest.asp Situs periculosus? ]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; sive Metchovich (alia nomina: ''Portus Narentinus'', ''Portus Narentanus'') ([[Croatice]]: ''[[:hr:Metković|Metković]]''; [[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Porto Narenta|Porto Narenta]]'') est [[Urbes Croatiae|Urbs]] [[Croatia]]e, in [[Regiones Croatiae|regione]] [[Ragusina-Narentina (regio Croatiae)|Ragusina-Narentina]] ac in [[Dalmatia]] terra historica sita. Incolunt urbem 16&amp;thinsp;900 (ab anno [[2011]]). Urbani ''Narentini'' appellantur. 

== Geographia ==
* [[Narenta]] vel [[Naro]] flumen
* [[Sinus Narentinus]] vel [[Sinus Narentanus]]

== Indicia fundamentalia ==
* [[Coordinata geographica]]: 43°03′N 17°39′E
* [[Altitudo]]: 5,00 [[Super libram maris|s.l.m.]]
* [[Area (geometria)|Area finis municipalis]]: 51,00 [[chiliometrum quadratum|km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;]]
* [[Numerus incolarum]]: 16&amp;thinsp;929 ''&lt;small&gt;([[2011]])&lt;/small&gt;''
* [[Spissitudo incolarum]] municipii: 331,94 incol/per [[km²]]
* [[Numerus cursualis]]: 20350
* [[Praefixum telephonicum]]: +385 - 020
* [[Nota autocineti]]: DU

== Historia ==
* [[Narona]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Ragusina-Narentina (regio Croatiae)|Ragusina-Narentina]] (''regio''),
* [[Dalmatia]] (''terra''),
* [[Ragusium]] (''urbs''),
* [[Urbes Croatiae]].

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Metković|Portum Narentae}}
{{Fontes geographici}}
* [http://www.metkovic.hr/ Pagina officialis] {{Ling|Croatice}}

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Imago:Metkovic Municipality.png|Collocatio finium municipii in regione Ragusina-Narentina.
Fasciculus:Coat of arms Metkovic.svg|Portūs Narentae Insigne.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Urbes Croatiae]]
[[Categoria:Urbes et Municipia Dalmatiae]]
[[Categoria:Urbes Ragusinae-Narentinae Regionis]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Index urbium, oppidorum et communium Saxoniae Inferioris</title>
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'''Index urbium, oppidorum et communium in [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxonia Inferiore]]''' omnia [[commune|communia]] (Theodisce ''Gemeinden''), consociationes communium (Theodisce ''Gemeindeverbände'') atque loca nulli communium adscripta (Theodisce ''gemeindefreien Gebiete''), quae hodie in [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terra]] [[Germania|Germanica]] [[Saxonia Inferior]]e exstant, complectitur.

Postremae mutationes finium territorialium in Saxonia Inferiore [[1 Novembris|Kalendis Novembribus]] anni [[2021]] effectae sunt. Ex eo tempore [[Saxonia Inferior]] 939 communia et 25 loca nulli communi adscripta (quorum duo habitantur) habet. Quibus e communibus 159 titulo [[urbs|urbis]] (Theodisce ''Stadt'') et 49 titulo [[oppidum|oppidi]] (Theodisce ''Flecken'') utuntur.

Praeterea nonnullae proprietates exstant secundum communium administrationem: Nam 939 communia in 289 communia unitaria et 650 communia membra dividuntur; quae vero in universum 114 consociationes communium constituunt, ut munera communiter administrent. Hae consociationes communium ipsa communia non sunt, sed foedera cooperationis, quae aut ex regione aut ex communitate in qua sedes administrationis sita est nomen accipiunt. Quapropter in Saxonia Inferiore idem nomen tam communi quam consociationi communium tribui potest. Agitur tamen de duobus corporibus iuridicis distinctis, quae proprias repraesentationes atque propria munera habent.

Praeterea, propter magnitudinem suam, nonnullae communium et consociationes communium peculiarem rationem cum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulo terrae]] (Theodisce ''Landkreis'') habent:

* Decem urbes statum iuridicum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli urbani]] (Theodisce ''kreisfreien Stadt'') obtinent, nulli circulo terrae subiiciuntur atque omnia sua munera exercent.
* Septem urbes statum iuridicum urbis magnae sui iuris (Theodisce ''Große selbständige Stadt'') obtinent atque multa, sed non omnia, munera circuli terrae cui adscribuntur exercent.
* 61 communium et tria communia generalia (Theodisce ''Samtgemeinden'') statum iuridicum communis sui iuris (Theodisce ''Selbständige Gemeinde'') obtinent atque quaedam munera districtus cui adscribuntur exercent.
* 861 ceterae communium nullam peculiarem rationem cum circulo terrae cui adscribuntur habent.

=== A ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Abensium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Apensen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Obbens'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Acheimum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Grote III 1877&quot;&gt;Grote, H. (1877). ''Münzstudien: Geschichte der älteren Münzen und Urkunden des Bisthums Verden'' (Vol. VIII). Hannoverae: Hahn’sche Hofbuchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Achim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Achem'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Achestedium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1759&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Axstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ax'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Adelebsenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Funck 1736&quot;&gt;Funck, J. N. (1736). ''Disputatio Academica de Voluntaria Morte Judaeorum et Gentilium sub Praesidio S. R. I. Libero Baroni de Adelebsen Dedicata''. Rintelii: Typis Johannis Friderici Enax.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Adelebsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Adenebutla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pischke 1998&quot;&gt;Pischke, G. (Ed.) (1998). ''Das Lehnsregister der Edelherren von Meinersen: Edition und historische Untersuchung der mittelalterlichen Besitzurkunden'' (Documentum anni MCCXX). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Adenbüttel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Adenhusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1703&quot;&gt;Schlegel, J. C. (1703). ''Chronica Parochiarum ditionis Mindensis et Hildesiensis: De ecclesiis parochialibus et ditione antiqua oppidi Adenhusii''. Mindae: Typis Johannis Meyeri; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1703). ''Chronica Parochiarum ditionis Mindensis et Hildesiensis:...''. Mindae: Typis Johannis Meyeri.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ahnsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Adenthorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Höhbaum 1876&quot;&gt;Höhbaum, K. (Ed.) (1876). ''Hansisches Urkundenbuch: Monumenta Germaniae Historica e codicibus diplomaticis Bremensibus et Luneburgensibus'' (Vol. I). Halis Saxonum: Typis Orphanotrophei.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Adendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Adendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Affinghusia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rathlef 1766&quot;&gt;Rathlef, E. L. (1766). ''Geschichte der Grafschaften Hoya und Diepholz: Monimenta diplomatica et antiquitates ditionis Affinghusiae'' (Vol. I). Bremae: Försterischen Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Affinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Affinghusen'' seu ''Affjehusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aldendorpevilla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Stadtoldendorf'')
* [[Alrebekesa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Oven 1872&quot;&gt;Oven, A. von (Ed.) (1872). ''Urkundenbuch des Herzogthums Lüneburg: Diplomata, chartae et registra historica saeculi XII (Documentum anni MCXCVII de venditione praedii Alrebekesae)'' (Vol. I). Hannoverae: Carl Rümpler.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ahnsbeck'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ahusium (Saxonia Inferior)|Ahusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;&gt;Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Bremensis et Verdensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Parochiarum ditionis Corbeiensis et Hildesiensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ahausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ahusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Alfeld''; [[Saxonice]] ''Allefelle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alfhusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Alfhausen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Algermissenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoogeweg III 1903&quot;&gt;Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1903). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Quellen und Darstellungen zur Geschichte Niedersachsens (Monimenta historica et privilegia de Algermisseno)'' (Vol. III). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Algermissen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alisni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elsfleth'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Almstedium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoogeweg II 1901&quot;&gt;Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1901). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Quellen und Darstellungen zur Geschichte Niedersachsens (Monimenta historica et registra de Almstedio)'' (Vol. II). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Almstedt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alorstedium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1758&quot;&gt;Pratje, J. H. (1758). ''Historische Nachrichten von dem ehemaligen berühmten Closter Harsefeld: Monumenta ac documenta saeculi XII ubi de decimis Alorstedii agitur''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ahlerstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ohlers'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alvstedium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1759&quot;&gt;Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Alfstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Alfs'' seu ''Alfst'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Amelinghusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Baring 1746&quot;&gt;Baring, E. (1746). ''Succincta Hannoverae et ditionum vicinarum Notitia Historica''. Hanoverae: Typis Nicolae Försteri.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Amelinghausen''; [[lingua Saxonica|Boreosaxonice]] ''Amekhusen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Amelkusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Anchemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ankum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Andervenia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Andervenne'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Andorlangia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1759&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Anderlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Annerlingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Antiqua Medingha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Homeyer X 2006&quot;&gt;Homeyer, J. (Ed.) (2006). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Medingen: Lüneburger Urkundenbuch (Monimenta historica saeculi XIV de parochia Medinghae) (Vol. X)''. Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Altenmedingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ohmein'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Apenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Baring 1746&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Apen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aap'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Apleremum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1703&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Apelern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Appelium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Appel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aquae Lauterbergenses in Montibus Harthicis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mirus 1826&quot;&gt;Mirus, A. (1826). ''De salubritate aquarum lauterbergensium in montibus harthicis sitarum''. Typis Regiis.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Lauterberg im Harz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aquae Nendorpenses]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Marcard 1805&quot;&gt;Marcard, H. M. (1805). ''De salubritate aquarum nendorpensium et de earum usu in morbis chronicis''. [[Goettinga]]e: Dieterich; et: Macard, H. M. (1805). ''De usu salutari fontium salinorum in territorio Hildesiensi sitorum''. [[Goettinga]]e: Dieterich.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Nenndorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aquae Zwischenahnenses]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Statisitakamt Nord 2025&quot;&gt;Statistikamt Nord (Editio Latina). ''Catalogus Urbium et Communium Germaniae''. Hamburgi, 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Zwischenahn''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Twiskenoan'' seu ''Boad Twiskenoan''; [[Saxonice]] ''Twüschenahn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aroldishusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Arholzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Artlenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Baring 1746&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Artlenburg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Artlissa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mader 1664&quot;&gt;Mader, J. J. (1664). ''Antiquitates Brunsvicenses: De antiquis parochiis Saxonum et finibus dioecesis Mindensis (Caput de parochia Artlissa)''. Helmestadii: Typis Henningi Mulleri.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Aerzen'': quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Ärzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Arx Agathae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kochen 1724&quot;&gt;Kochen, J. H. (1724). ''Introductio in Historiam Ducatus Bremensis y Verdensis: Accesserunt diplomata varia et descriptio Arcis Agathae et ditionis Stadiensis''. Stadae: Typis Caspari Holmii.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Agathenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gothenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Arx Draconis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egger 1977&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Drakenburg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ascalingium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ahlden'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Asanthorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Vogell 1856&quot;&gt;Vogell, A. (Ed.) (1856). ''Urkundenbuch des Bisthums Verden und des Collegiatstifts Bardewick: Chartae, diplomata et monumenta historica saeculi XIII...''. Hannoverae: Hahn’sche Hofbuchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Harburgensis|Circulo Harburgensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Harburg&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Harburgensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Harburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Harburgum]]&quot; -ad quod gentilicium &quot;Harburgensis-e&quot; refertur-.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Asendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Asendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Asenthorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1855&quot;&gt;Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1855). ''Hoyer Urkundenbuch'' (Vol. I). Hannoverae: Jänecke Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus terrae Diepholtia|Circulo terrae Diepholtia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Diepholz&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Diepholtia&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Diepholz'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Diepholtia]]&quot;, vide {{Hofmannus}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Asendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Asendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Assena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Philippi &amp; Bar 1892&quot;&gt;Philippi, F., &amp; Bär, M. (Eds.) (1892). ''Osnabrücker Urkundenbuch: Die Urkunden der Jahre 772-1200'' (Vol. 1). Verein für Geschichte und Landeskunde von Osnabrück.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Essen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Assini]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Essen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Astanholteremarki-Scirnbeki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Osterholz-Scharmbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Oosterholt-Scharmbeek'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Asylum (Saxonia Inferior)|Asylum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Asylum&quot;&gt;Theodiscum nomen ''Freistatt'', quod ''Freistätte, Zufluchtsort, Asyl'' significat, Latine &quot;asylum&quot; reddi potest. Nam in ''Deutsches Wörterbuch'' de Weigand et Hirt vox Theodisca ''Asyl'' explicatur ut «Freistatt» et ipsa vox Theodisca ''Asyl'' e Latino &quot;asylum&quot; orta esse dicitur. Praeterea lexicon Germanico-Latinum, quod in traditione lexicographica Georgii continetur, directe tradit: ''Freistatt, -stätte'', &quot;asylum'&quot;. Itaque &quot;Asylum&quot; non est forma ficticia neque mera translatio nostra, sed aequivalentia lexicographice comprobata.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Freistatt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Freestatt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aszi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hermann&quot;&gt;Hermann Abels: ''Die Ortsnamen des Emslandes in ihrer sprachlichen und kulturgeschichtlichen Bedeutung''. S. 27f.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Esche'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aulica]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elze'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Auricum (Saxonia Inferior)|Auricum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Emmius 1616&quot;&gt;Emmius, U. (1616). ''Rerum Frisicarum Historia''. [[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]: Elzevier.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Aurich''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Aurk''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Auerk'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== B ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Badberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Badbergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Badbern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Baddekenstedium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Menzel &amp; Ohainski X 2018&quot;&gt;Casemir, K., Menzel, F., &amp; Ohainski, U. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil X)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Baddeckenstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Barkenstäe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Balga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Udolph 1994&quot;&gt;Udolph, J. (1994). ''Namenkundliche Studien zum Germanenproblem'' (Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde, Ergänzungsbände 9). Walter de Gruyter.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Balje'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Balga Cortis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Balge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Baltrumum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wiarda III 1792&quot;&gt;Wiarda, T. D. (1792). ''Ostfriesische Geschichte: Von den ältesten Zeiten bis zum Jahre 1648'' (Vol. 3). August Friedrich Winter.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Baltrum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bamwida]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bohmte''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baumte'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bardenuvicum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bardowick''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bewick'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bardorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sudendorf 1859&quot;&gt;Sudendorf, H. (Ed.) (1859). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Herzöge von Braunschweig und Lüneburg und ihrer Lande'' (Vol. 1). Carl Rümpler Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bahrdorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kolb 1712&quot;&gt;Kolb, G. (1712). ''Compendium totius orbis: partim geographicum, partim historicum, partim genealogicum''. Typis Universitatis Carolo-Francisceae&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Barenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baarnborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bargstedum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mushard 1764&quot;&gt;Mushard, M. (1764). ''Palaeogentilismus Bremensis: Monumenta ac veterum tumuli in ducatibus Bremensi et Verdensi''. Typis Andreae Vandenhoeck.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bargstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bargst'' seu ''Bars'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barnstedum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bünting &amp; Letzner 1702&quot;&gt;Bünting, H., &amp; Letzner, J. (1702). ''Braunschweig-Lüneburgische Chronica, Oder Historische Beschreibung der Durchlauchtigsten Herzogen zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg''. Gedruckt bey Caspar Johann Jakobi.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barnstedt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barnstorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Böhmer 2007&quot;&gt;Böhmer, J. F. (2007). ''Regesta Imperii III: Salisches Haus 1024–1125. Die Regesten des Kaiserreiches unter Heinrich IV'' (T. Struve, Ed.). Böhlau Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Barnstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baarnstrup'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barsela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;&gt;Köbler, G. (2016). ''Orte in der deutschen Ortsgeschichte''. Wikiling-Zier. [[Universitas Leopoldino-Franciscea]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barßel''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bäärsel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bassel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barsingehusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Harenberg 1753&quot;&gt;Harenberg, J. C. (1753). ''Historia ecclesiae Gandershemensis diplomatica''. Typis et Impensis Joannis Christophori Meisneri.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barsinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baschehusen'' seu ''Basche'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barum (Luneburgum)|Barum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mindermann I II 2004&quot;&gt;Mindermann, A. (Ed.) (2004). ''Verdener Urkundenbuch, 1. Abteilung, Band 2: 1300–1380''. Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Luneburgensis|Circulo Luneburgensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landreis Lüneburg&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Luneburgensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landreis Lüneburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Luneburgensis-e&quot; ad [[Luneburgum]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Boorn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barum (Circulus Ulsenensis)|Barum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;AdWzG 2010&quot;&gt;Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen (2010). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter'' (K. Casemir, F. Menzel, &amp; U. Ohainski, Eds.). Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Ulsenensis|Circulo Ulsenensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Uelzen&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Ulsenensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Uelzen'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Ulsenensis-e&quot; ad [[Ulsena]]m refertur. Quo de gentilicio, vide lemma &quot;res-publica Ulsenensis&quot; apud {{Google Books|w_tWAAAAcAAJ|vide paginam dedicationis operis}}&quot;; et de topnymo, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bourm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barunvilla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;SdaedhdlM 1862&quot;&gt;Société d'archéologie et d'histoire de la Moselle (1862). ''Mémoires de la Société d'archéologie et d'histoire de la Moselle: Année 1860–1861''. Rousseau-Pallez.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barverum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Böhmer 1844&quot;&gt;Böhmer, J. F. (1844). ''Regesta Chronologico-Diplomatica Regum et Imperatorum Romanorum: Inde a Conrado I. Usque ad Henricum VII''. Typis et Sumtibus J. C. Hermann.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Barver'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barwedelum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Barwedel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Basdalum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Basdahl''; [[Saxonice]] ''Basdaal'' seu ''Basdohl'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bawinkelum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Moser 1738&quot;&gt;Moser, J. J. (1738). ''Bibliotheca Iuris Publici S. R. I. Germanici: Specially regarding the territories of Westphalia and Lower Saxony''. Typis Ioannis Georgii Cottae.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bawinkel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bowinkel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bebenhusa (Saxonia Inferior)|Bebenhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ahlfeldt 2010&quot;&gt;Ahlfeldt, J. (Ed.) (2010). ''Regnum Francorum Online: Traditio Fuldenses''. Francia-Ahlfeldt Project.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bevensen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bämsen'' seu ''Bemsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beckdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;AdWzG 2010&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Beckdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Beekdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beckedorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Beckedorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Biäkedörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beckelnum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Böhmer 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Beckeln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bedenbostelum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NL 1924&quot;&gt;Niedersächsisches Landesarchiv (1924). ''Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte''. Veröffentlichungen de Historischen Kommission für Niedersachsen und Bremen.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Beedenbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bedenbossel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beierstedum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Beierstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Barste’e'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Belmum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Moser 1738&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Belm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Belumum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mushard 1764&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Belum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Belen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bema (Saxonia Inferior)|Bema]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sudendorf 1859&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Böhme''; [[Saxonice]] ''Böhm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bendestorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bührmann 2005&quot;&gt;Bührmann, M. (2005). ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen des norddeutschen Raumes''. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bendestorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bendsdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Berga (Circulus Cellensis)|Berga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bruzen de La Martinière 1737&quot;&gt;Bruzen de La Martinière, A. A. (1737). ''Thesaurus geographicus criticus: in quo omnium orbis terrarum regionum, civitatum, oppidorum, nominibus antiquis, medii aevi et modernis''. Ex Officina Wetsteniana.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Cellensis|Circulo Cellensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Celle&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Cellensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Celle'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Cella (Germania)|Cella]]&quot; -ad quod gentilicium &quot;Cellensis-e&quot; refertur-, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bargen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Berga (Circulus Osnabrugae)|Berga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Osnabrugae|Circulo Osnabrugae]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Osnabrugae&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Osnabrück'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum ''LandKreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Osnabruga|Osnabruga-ae]]&quot;, vide Pertsch, Erich: ''Langenscheidts Großes Schulwörterbuch Lateinisch-Deutsch'', Berolini et Monaci 1983, ISBN 3-468-07202-3, p. 1325.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Berge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Berga ad Dumnam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bruzen de La Martinière 1737&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bergen an der Dumme''; [[Polabice]] ''Djörska'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bergenborstelium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1855&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bahrenborstel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bornbössel'' seu ''Boornbössel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bergfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bünting &amp; Letzner 1702&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bergfeld''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Bargfeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bersenbrugum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sandhoff 1785&quot;&gt;Sandhoff, J. E. (1785). ''Antistitum Osnabrugensis ecclesiae, qui per decem saecula episcopale munus in ea gesserunt, chronotaxis''. Typis Joannis Georgii Kislingii.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bersenbrück''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bessenbrügge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bersinium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kaemling 1987&quot;&gt;Kaemling, ''Atlas zur Geschichte Niedersachsens'' (1987).&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Berßen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groten Bässen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Berumburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Emmius 1616&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Berumbur'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bestena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Jellinghaus 1923&quot;&gt;Jellinghaus, H. (1923). ''Die westfälischen Ortsnamen nach ihren Bestandteilen''' (III ed.). Ferdinand Schöningh.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Beesten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Betzendorfum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bünting &amp; Letzner 1702&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Betzendorfum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bätzendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bevernense Castrum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bevern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beverstedum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Beverstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Beverst'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bienenbuttelum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bienenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bienbüddel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bilshusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wolf 1819&quot;&gt;Wolf, J. (1819). ''Politische Geschichte des Eichsfeldes mit Urkunden erläutert''. Johann Georg Rosenbusch.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bilshausen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Binethemum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;&gt;Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: I. Historicos Germanicos, II. Historiam Helmstadensem, III. Dissertationes de utriusque Saxoniae''. Typis Georgii Wolffgangi Hammii; et: Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: Dissertationen und historische Chroniken des Herzogtums Braunschweig-Lüneburg''. Typis Georgii Wolffii.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bentheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Binnenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Binnen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bippenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bippen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bippen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Birsina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bassum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bassen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bissendorpum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bissendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bissendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Blenderum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Brosius 1993&quot;&gt;Brosius, D. (1993). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Loccum'' (Vol. 1). Wallstein Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Blender''; [[Saxonice]] ''Blenner'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bliederstorpum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Trüper 2017&quot;&gt;Trüper, H. G. (2017). ''Urkundenbuch der Herren von Zesterfleth: 1232–1657''. Wallstein Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bliedersdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bliersdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bobentunum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Ohainski &amp; Udolph&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bovenden''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Bovten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bocensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bückeburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bückeborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bocholta (Circulus Heidensis)|Bocholta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1859&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Heidensis|Circulo Heidensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Heidekreis&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Heidensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Heidekreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum suffixum ''-kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Heidensis-e&quot; Theodiscum lexema ''Heide-'' vertit.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bookholt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bocholta (Circulus Theorosburgensis)|Bocholta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilmans &amp; Hoogeweg VI 1898&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Theorosburgensis|Circulo Theorosburgensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Schaumburg&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Theorosburgensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Schaumburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino gentilicio &quot;Theorosburgensis-e&quot;, quod ad [[Theorosburgum]] refertur, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baukholt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bocholtum in Ericeto]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mindermann 2001&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz in der Nordheide''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bookholt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bochorna (Circulus Frisicus)|Bochorna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ehmck &amp; Bippen 1873&quot;&gt;Ehmck, D. R., &amp; von Bippen, W. (Ed.) (1873). ''Bremisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1. Urkunden bis zum Jahre 1300''. C. Schünemann.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Frisicus|Circulo Frisico]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Friesland&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Frisicus&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Friesland'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Frisicus-a-um&quot; ad [[Frisia (discretiva)|Frisiam]] refertur. Quod de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bockhorn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bochorna (Circulus Vetha)|Bochorna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Vetha|Circulo Vetha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Vechta&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Vetha&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Vechta'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bakum'')&lt;/small&gt; 
* [[Bochorstia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Erhard 1851&quot;&gt;Erhard, H. A. (Ed.) (1851). ''Regesta Historiae Westfaliae: Accedit Codex Diplomaticus/Regesten der Geschichte Westfalens''. Regensberg.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bockhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baukhast'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bodendicum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Brosius 1985&quot;&gt;Brosius, D. (1985). ''Aus der Geschichte der Burg Bodenteich''. Ecomed Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bodenteich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bonndiek'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bodenfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sudendorf 1859&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenfelde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bodensa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Ohainski &amp; Udolph&quot;&gt;Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2003). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Göttingen''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodensee'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bodonis Insula]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenwerder'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Boffeshusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Ohainski VI 2007&quot;&gt;Casemir, K., &amp; Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen del Landkreises Holzminden''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VI)''. Editio ab Academia Scientiarum Gottingensi. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Boffzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Boitersena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mindermann 2001&quot;&gt;Mindermann, A. (Ed.) (2001). ''Urkundenbuch der Bischöfe und des Domkapitels von Verden: Band 1''. Von den Anfängen bis 1300. [[Stadae|Stadis]]: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bötersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Boitzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Boitzia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sudendorf 1859&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Boitze''; [[Saxonice]] ''Böhtz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bokenstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sudendorf 1859&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bokensdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bokensdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bokenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bockenem''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bokeln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Borchwega]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rüther 1905&quot;&gt;Rüther, H. (Ed.) (1905). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Neuenwalde''. Halle’sche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Burweg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Borkna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Borkum''; [[lingua Frisica|Frisice]] ''Boarkum''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Börkum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Borna Castra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Berne'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Borsla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Niemeyer 2012&quot;&gt;Niemeyer, M. (Ed.) (2012). ''Deutsches Ortsnamenbuch''. De Gruyter&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bösel''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Böäsel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bäsel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Borstla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1842&quot;&gt;Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1842). ''Diepholzer Urkundenbuch: Authentische Urkunden zur Geschichte der Grafschaft Diepholz''. [[Hannovera]]e: Hahn'schen Hofbuchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Borstel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bössel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Botela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mindermann 2001&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bothel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bootel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brachia (Germania)|Brachia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Brake''; [[Saxonice]] ''Braak'' seu ''Broak'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Braclina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rübel 1881&quot;&gt;Rübel, K. (Ed.) (1881). ''Dortmunder Urkundenbuch: Band 1. Urkunden bis zum Jahre 1340''. [[Isarlohia]]e: J. Baedeker.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Brackel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Braackel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bramascus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bramsche'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Breddenberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilmans &amp; Hoogeweg VI 1898&quot;&gt;Wilmans, R., &amp; Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.). (1898). ''Westfälisches Urkundenbuch: Band 6. Die Urkunden des Bisthums Minden und angrenzender Gebiete''. [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Regensberg'schen Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Breddenberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bredenforda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoogeweg 1898&quot;&gt;Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1898). ''Westfälisches Urkundenbuch: Band 6. Die Urkunden des Bisthums Minden vom J. 1201-1300''. [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Regensberg'schen Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brevörde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bredthorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ehmck &amp; Bippen 1873&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Breddorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Breddörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brestum (Saxonia Inferior)|Brestum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1759&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brest'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brincama]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Friedländer 1878&quot;&gt;Friedländer, E. (Ed.) (1878). ''Ostfriesisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1. (Jahre 787–1470)''. [[Emda]]e: Haynel.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brinkum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Britlinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Udolph 2004&quot;&gt;Udolph, J. (2004). ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen: Akten eines internationalen Symposiums in Uppsala''. [[Gottinga]]e: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Brietlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brietl'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brochema]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilmans &amp; Hoogeweg VI 1898&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Brockum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Broubm'' seu ''Brookm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brocleda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Janicke 1896&quot;&gt;Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1896). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 1''. [[Lipsia]]e: S. Hirzel.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bröckel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bräukel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Broclina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mindermann 2001&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Brockel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brookel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Broma]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Ohainski 2014&quot;&gt;Casemir, K., &amp; Ohainski, U. (Ed.). (2014). ''Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch: Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Gifhorn''. [[Bilivelda]]e: Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Brome''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brom'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brochusium-Vilsena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1855&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilmans &amp; Hoogeweg VI 1898&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bruchhausen-Vilsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brooksen-Vilsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brunsvicum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Braunschweig''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brunswiek''; [[lingua Saxonica|Brunsvicice]] dialectaliter ''Bronswiek'' seu ''Brönswiek'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bukina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilmans &amp; Hoogeweg VI 1898&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bücken''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bücken'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bulcova]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ehmck &amp; Bippen 1873&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bülkau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bulsteda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ehmck &amp; Bippen 1873&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bülstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Büls'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brunla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bode 1893&quot;&gt;Bode, G. (Ed.) (1893). ''Urkundenbuch der Stadt Goslar und der in und bei Goslar belegenen geistlichen Stiftungen: Band 1 (922 bis 1250)''.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Braunlage'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bunda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Deiter&quot;&gt;Deiter, H. (1881). Oldeborchs, Pastoris zu Bunda in Reiderland, kleine ostfriesische Chronicke, betreffend die Jahre 1558 bis 1605. ''Jahrbuch de Gesellschaft für bildende Kunst und vaterländische Altertümer zu Emden''.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bunde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bunn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Burchardivillare]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Janicke 1892&quot;&gt;Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1892). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 1. Bis zum Jahre 1221''. S. Hirzel.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Guelpherbytensis|Circulo Guelpherbytensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Wolfenbüttel&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Guelpherbytensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Wolfenbüttel'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Guelpherbytensis-e&quot; ad [[Guelpherbytum]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide [https://vd18.gbv.de/viewer/fullscreen/006049869/1/ ''vd18.gbv.de''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Pro eo ac debuisti, urbs aerumnosa, infelix ac misera Guelpherbytum (...)&quot;; et quo de gentilicio, vide  [https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/MBRY52X6EUWPQOQRFBKHVLYBSUG4M6LS ''Carmina Votiva Honori Clarißimi atq[ue] Experientißimi Viri Dn. Samuelis Stockhausen''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Practici Guelpherbytensis (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Burgdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borgdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Burgdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Hannovera (regio)|Regione Hannovera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Burgdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borgdörp'' seu ''Bortörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Burgium (Saxonia Inferior)|Burgium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Remling VII 2026&quot;&gt;Remling, L. (2026). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Emsland''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Börger''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borger'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Buria (Saxonia Inferior)|Buria]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Ohainski &amp; Udolph&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bühren'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bursina (Saxonia Inferior)|Bursina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir 2003&quot;&gt;Casemir, K. (2003). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil III)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Börßum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Butiadinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ehmck &amp; Bippen II 1876&quot;&gt;Ehmck, D. R., &amp; Bippen, W. von. (Ed.) (1876). ''Bremisches Urkundenbuch: Band 2. 1301–1350''. D. Ed. Müller.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Butjadingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Buxtehuda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lappenberg 1842&quot;&gt;Lappenberg, J. M. (Ed.) (1842). ''Hamburgisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1''. Perthes-Besser &amp; Mauke.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Buxtehude''; [[Saxonice]] ''Buxthu'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Byspinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1859&quot;&gt;Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1859). ''Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, Fünfte Abtheilung: Archiv des Klosters St. Michaelis zu Lüneburg''. Capaun-Karlowa’sche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bispingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bissen'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== C ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Campus Rufus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Stüve 1789&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Rothenfelde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Capella (Saxonia Inferior)|Capella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Philippi II 1894&quot;&gt;Philippi, F. (Ed.) (1894). ''Osnabrücker Urkundenbuch: Band 2. Die Urkunden der Jahre 1201–1250''. H. Th. Wenner.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cappeln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Castrovallium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Burgwedel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borwee'' seu ''Boorwee'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Cella (Germania)|Cella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Celle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Clenza]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Janicke II 1896&quot;&gt;Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1896). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 2. Von 1221 bis 1260''. S. Hirzel.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Clenze''; [[Polabice]] ''Kloncka'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Cloppenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Cloppenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cloppenborg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Kloppenbuurich'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Collis (Saxonia Inferior)|Collis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Erhard 1851&quot;&gt;Erhard, H. A. (Ed.) (1851). ''Regesta Historiae Westfaliae: Accedit Codex Diplomaticus/Regesten der Geschichte Westfalens''. Regensberg.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Polle'')
* [[Cramma]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir 2003&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cramme'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Cuxhavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Cuxhaven''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cuxhoben'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== D ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Dalemia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dahlem'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dalenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rzihacek &amp; Spreitzer XI 2024&quot;&gt;Rzihacek, A., &amp; Spreitzer, F. (Ed.) (2024). ''Die Urkunden Otto IV (Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Diplomata Regum et Imperatorum Germaniae, Tomus XI). Hahnsche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dahlenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dahlenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dalum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Janicke II 1896&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dahlum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Tahln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Damma (Saxonia Inferior)|Damma]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Philippi II 1894&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Damme'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Damnatzium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Garzmann LXXVI 2004&quot;&gt;Garzmann, M. R. W. (Ed.) (2004). ''Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte: Neue Folge der Zeitschrift des Historischen Vereins für Niedersachsen (Band 76)''. Hahnsche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Damnatz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Danneberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Dannenberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dannenbarg''; [[Polabice]] ''Wajdars'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Danthorpum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Menzel % Udolph VII 2011&quot;&gt;Casemir, K., Menzel, F., &amp; Udolph, J. (2011). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII''). Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Danndorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dassela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dassel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dedenhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husaDeensen&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Dedehusen'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: Casemir, K., &amp; Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Holzminden (Veröffentlichungen del Institut für Historische Landesforschung der Universität Göttingen, Vol. 51)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Deensen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Deinsta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Deinste''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deinst'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Deinstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Deinstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deins'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Delmenhorstium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Delmenhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Demost'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dengdia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Denkte'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Derenthalia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-thalia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-thal'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-thalia-ae&quot; seu &quot;-dalia-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-thal''' : -''thalia'', -''dalia'' (...)&quot;. Animadvertendum est suffixum ''-thal'' veterem orthographiam hodierni suffixi ''-tal'' esse; ergo Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-tal'' quoque latinizari potest addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-thalia-ae&quot; seu &quot;-dalia-ae&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Derental'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dersum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egger 1977&quot;&gt;Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dersum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Derßm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dettum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egger 1977&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dettum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Detten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dicla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mooyer 1855&quot;&gt;Mooyer, E. F. (Ed.) (1855). ''Urkundenbuch des vormaligen Stiftes Minden''. J. C. C. Bruns.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dickel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Diddersa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Didderse'' et [[Saxonice]] ''Deesse'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Diekholza]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Diekholzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dielmissa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dielmissen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Diepenavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-avia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-avia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Diepenau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Diepholtia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmannus&quot;&gt;{{Hofmannus}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Diepholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deefholt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dinklaga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dinklage''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dinklaoge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Disaldishusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husaDelligsen&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Disaldishusen'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: Reuter, A. (Ed.) (1950). ''1100 Jahre Delligsen: Geschichte der Hilsmulde und des Ortes Delligsen''. Verlag der Gemeinde Delligsen. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Delligsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Disna (Saxonia Inferior)|Disna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dissen am Teutoburger Wald'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dohra (Terra Emesensis)|Dohra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Terrae Emesensis|Terra Emesensi]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Terrae Altenburgensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Emsland'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum &quot;terra-ae&quot; Theodiscum lexema ''-land'' vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Emesensis-e&quot; ad flumen [[Amisia|Emesam]] refertur. De hoc hydronymo, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dohren '')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dohra (Circulus Harburgensis)|Dohra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Harburgensis|Circulo Harburgensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Harburg&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dohren''; [[Saxonice]] ''Duhrn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dolnere]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Dolnere&quot;&gt;Vide [https://adw-goe.de/fileadmin/forschungsprojekte/ortsnamen_rhein_elbe/dokumente/Publikationen_Udolph_PDF/2001-2005/315._Udolph_Anmerkungen_zum_Ortsnamen_Dollern.pdf ''Anmerkugen zum Ortsnamen Dollern''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 1105 (Fälschung Mitte 12. Jh.) ''Dolnere'' (...) 1209 ''Johannes de dolnere'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dollern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Doristacus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&amp;cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&amp;lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dorstadt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dornum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egger 1977&quot;&gt;Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Dornum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dornm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dorverda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dörverden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dörbern'' seu ''Dörb'' seu ''Dörveern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dotlinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dötlingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Draga (Albis)|Draga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Drage''; [[Saxonice]] ''Draag'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Drentweda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Drentwede'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Drestadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Drestedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dreest'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Drochtersa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Drochtersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Drochters'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dudanebutli]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lappenberg 1841&quot;&gt;Lappenberg, J. M. (Ed.) (1841). ''Hamburgisches Urkundenbuch (Band 1)''. Perthes-Besser &amp; Mauke.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Düdenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Düünbeudel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Duderstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Duderstadt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dustadt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dunsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dünsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dunum  (Saxonia Inferior)|Dunum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Houtrouw 1889&quot;&gt;Houtrouw, O. G. (1889). ''Ostfriesland: Eine geschichtlich-ortskundige Wanderung gegen Ende der Fürstenzeit (Band 1)''. Dunkmann.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dunum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Duthungun]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Udolph 2004&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Duingen''; [[Saxonice|Ostfalice]] ''Daujen'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== E ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Ebbestorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Jaitner 1985&quot;&gt;Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ebstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ebstörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ebersdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Ebersdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ebersdorfium&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Ebersdorf'' in Latinam &quot;Ebersdorfium&quot; verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ebersdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eversdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Echemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-hemium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-hemium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Echem''; [[Saxonice]] ''Echen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Edemissa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Edemissen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emisse'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Egestorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Egestorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Äästörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Edewechte]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Berger 2012&quot;&gt;Berger, D. (2012). ''Edewecht''. In ''Deutsches Ortsnamenbuch''. Walter de Gruyter.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Edewecht''; [[Saxonice]] ''Erwech''; historice ''Adewacht'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eggermuhla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Eggermühlen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ehra-Lessia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ehra-Lessien'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eicklinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Eicklingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eikeln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eildissum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Stumpf-Brentano II 1865&quot;&gt;Stumpf-Brentano, K. F. (Ed.) (1865). ''Die Reichskanzler vornehmlich des X., XI. und XII. Jahrhunderts: Acta Imperii Selecta'' (Vol. 2). [[Aeni Pons (Austria)|Aeni Ponte]]: Wagner'schen Universitäts-Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Eilsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ahlsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eima (Circulus Hildesiensis)|Eima]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;/small&gt;(in [[Circulus Hildesiensis|Circulo Hildesiensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Circulus Hildesiensis&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Hildesiensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Hildesheim'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Hildesiensis-e&quot; ad [[Hildesia]]m refertur. Hac de urbe, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eime'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eima (Circulus Holtisminnensis)|Eima]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Holtisminnensis|Circulo Holtisminnensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Circulus Holtisminnensis&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Holtisminnensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Holzminden'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Holtisminni]]&quot; -ad quod gentilicium &quot;Holtisminnensis-e&quot; refertur-, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Eimen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eimka]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Eimke''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aimk'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ekelum]]&lt;ref&gt;Vide: Von Hodenberg, W. (Ed.) (1855). ''Walsroder Urkundenbuch (Urkunde Nr. 19)''. Hahnsche Hofbuchhandlung. Quo opere &quot;proprietatem bonorum in Ekelo, que ab ecclesia Walsrodensi in feodum tenuit, pro quinquaginta marcis seriosius comparavit.&quot; dicitur.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eickeloh'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Elba (Saxonia Inferior)|Elba]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elbe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Elbingeroda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-roda&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elbingerode'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eldinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eldingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Elsdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Elsdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Elsdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Elsdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Embeca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Embeca&quot;&gt;&quot;non ignobiles Saxoniae civitates, Embeca et Gottinga&quot; {{Google Books|I7pXAAAAcAAJ|p. 734}}. Interdum &quot;Embica&quot;, &quot;Embecka&quot; etc. reperis&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Einbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aimbeck'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Embsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Embsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Emden''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Oamde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emmelkampus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Emmelkampus&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.altreformiert.de/beuker/geschichte/grafschaft-bentheim/ERK-GRAFSCH_Classis_1625-1705_Prot_-_Plasger_2021_gjb.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Protokolle der Classis der reformierten Prediger der Grafschaft Bentheim 1625–1705''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Domino Bernhardus Tinneken Pastorum Emmelkampum (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Emlichheim''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Batavice]] ''Emmelkamp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emmendorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Emmendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emphstece]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Emphstece&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.emstek.de/die-gemeinde/ortsteile/emstek?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''www.emstek.de'']; ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Urkunde aus dem Jahre 947 als „Emphstece&quot; (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Emstek''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emstäk'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emsbura]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Emsbüren''; [[Saxonice]] ''Büren'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emtinghusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Emtinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emhusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Engda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Engden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Engn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Engelschofa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-hofa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hof(f)(e)(n)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-hofa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hattenhofa (Bavaria)|Hattenhofa Bavarica]], [[Pfaffenhofa ad fluvium Glon]], [[Pfaffenhofa ad Rotam]], [[Poohofa]], [[Gundershofa]], [[Hattenhofa (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Hattenhofa Badeniae-Virtembergiae]], [[Pfaffenhofa (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Pfaffenhofa]], [[Matichofa]], [[Philshofa]] apud [[Google|Gugulam]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Engelschoff''; [[Saxonice]] ''Engelschopp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Erenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Minden II 1902&quot;&gt;Minden, G. von (Ed.) (1902). ''Urkundenbuch der Bischöfe von Verden und Minden (Band 2)''. Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ehrenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ehrenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Erkeroda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-roda&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-rode'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-roda-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Baceroda]], [[Gerningeroda]], [[Osteroda]], [[Werningroda]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Erkerode''; [[Saxonice]] ''Erkero'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ermelstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1759&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Armstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Armsdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ericetum Magnum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ericetum&quot;&gt;[https://woerterbuchnetz.de/?sigle=MeckWB&amp;lemid=H01756 Theodiscum toponymicum suffixum ''-heide'' Latino nomine &quot;Ericetum-i&quot; vertitur.]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Magnus&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/magnus?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum praefixum ''Groß-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;magnus-a-um&quot; vertitur.]&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Großheide''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grootheid'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Escheda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Eschede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Esche'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eschershusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eschershausen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Esena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Esens'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Essel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Essel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Äsel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Esterwega]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Esterwegen''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Äästerweede'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Estorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(ad [[Visurgis|Visurgem]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Estorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Esdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Estorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Stadae|Circulo Stadae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Stade&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Stadae&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Stade'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Stadae]]&quot;, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Estorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Esdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Evergoteshemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-hemiumEver&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-hemium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Euergoteshem'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: H. Bresslau et. al.: ''Die Urkunden Heinrichs II. und Arduins''. In: Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Die Urkunden der deutschen Könige und Kaiser, Band 3. [[Hannovera]]e 1900–1903.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ebergötzen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Ewerchötzschen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Everinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ingaEvern&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum mediaevali formae huius toponymi ''Everinge'' testatae applicatur. Quo de mediaevali toponymo, vide: Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (1998). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises und der Stadt Hannover (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil I)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Deutsch Evern''; [[Saxonice]] ''Düütsch Äwern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eversmeer]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eversmeer'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Evessum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NOB 2004&quot;&gt;Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (2004). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter''' (NOB III). [[Gottinga]]e: Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Evessen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eydelstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Eydelstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eidelstee'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eyendorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Eyendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eyndörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eystharpa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-tharpa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-trup'' seu ''-drup'' seu ''-trop'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-tharpa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Butilingtharpa]], [[Graftharpa]], [[Gumorodingtharpa]], [[Haringtharpa]], [[Heppingtharpa]], [[Holttharpa]], [[Hurstharpa]], [[Kathingtharpa]], [[Kiedeningtharpa]], [[Marastharpa]], [[Markiligtharpa]], [[Meinbrahtingtharpa]], [[Peingtharpa]], [[Radistharpa]], [[Sutharpa]], [[Tettingtharpa]], [[Vilomaringtharpa]], [[Winikingtharpa]], [[Varetharpa]], [[Vrilingtharpa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eystrup'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== F ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Fallingbostela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bad Fallingbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Fambossel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fardium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Verden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Veern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Farva]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Farven''; [[Saxonice]] ''Farm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fassberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Faßberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Filsum]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Filsum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Firrel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Firrel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Florimontium (circulus Widmundensis)|Florimontium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Blomberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bloombarg'' seu ''Blombarg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Flotide]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Flotide&quot;&gt;De nominibus &quot;Flotide&quot; {{caa|780|802}}, &quot;Flathi&quot; {{caa|1013}}, &quot;Flatide&quot; {{caa|1142}}, &quot;Flothethe&quot; {{caa|1187}}, &quot;Vlothe&quot; {{caa|1189}} et &quot;Flotethe&quot; {{caa|1194}}, vide: Udolph, Jürgen. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160729194352/https://www.ndr.de/ndr1niedersachsen/programm/Ortsnamen-Uebersicht-fuer-Buchstaben-F,ortsnamenforscher111.html ''Ortsnamenforscher'']. ''NDR 1 Niedersachsen''.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Flöthe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Frankenfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-felda&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-feld(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-felda-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Falufelda]], [[Frauenfelda]], [[Heresfelda]], [[Hirutfelda]], [[Ilfelda]], [[Mansfelda]], [[Salfelda]], [[Sualafelda]], [[Alfelda]], [[Alsfelda]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Frankenfeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Freda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Freden'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fredenbiki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-biki&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-beck'' seu ''-beek'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-biki-orum&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Aesebiki]], [[Asbiki]], [[Beverbiki]], [[Gledabiki]], [[Goltbiki]], [[Sannanabiki]], [[Trobiki]], [[Walbeka|Walbiki]], [[Winesbiki]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Fredenbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Freenbeek'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Frera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Freren'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fresenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Fresenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Fräsenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Friburgum (Albis)|Friburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Friburgum&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Freiburg'' Latino toponymo &quot;Friburgum&quot; verti solet. Cf. [[Friburgum Brisgoviae]] aut [[Friburgum Nuithonum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Freiburg/Elbe''; [[Saxonice]] ''Fryborg'' seu ''Freiborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Frideburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Frideburgum&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.heimatbund-finnentrop.de/index_htm_files/Staats-%20u.%20Reisegeogr.%205.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Beschreibung derer merkwürdigsten Oerter''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Frideburg, Friedeburg, lat. Frideburgum'''. Liegt im Fürstenthum Ostfriesland, an den Grenzen der Grafschaft Oldenburg (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Friedeburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Freborg'' seu ''Freebörg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Friedlandia (Saxonia Inferior)|Friedland]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Friedland&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Friedland' in Latinam &quot;Friedlandia&quot; verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Friedland'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Frisoyta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Frisoyta&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363707446_Der_Status_animarum_im_Hochstift_Munster_und_die_Alphabetisierung_im_landlichen_Raum_eines_geistlichen_Furstentums_im_17_und_18_Jahrhundert ''Der Status animarum im Hochstift Münster und die Alphabetisierung im ländlichen Raum eines geistlichen Fürstentums im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Specificatio catholic[orum] et acatholicorum in Frisoyta (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Friesoythe''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ait''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aithe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Furstenavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Furstenavia&quot;&gt;Theodiscum nomen proprium ''Fürstenau'' in Latinam &quot;Furstenavia&quot; verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Hofmannus}}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) FURSTENAVIA Familia Germ. ''Furstenau'', ramus est Familiae Erpacensis (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Fürstenau''; [[Saxonice]] ''Fösnau'' seu ''Försnau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Furstenberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Fürstenberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}} 

=== G ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Ganderkesea]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ganderkesee''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gannerseer'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gandershemium]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.fi/books?id=6kwBAAAAQAAJ&amp;pg=PA27&amp;lpg=PA27&amp;dq=Gandershemium&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=_NMr2DmhUK&amp;sig=CXPUuuKZ8W03AC7uB3YlYYNscJ4&amp;hl=fi&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=7z7WUrfrO8iC4gTGxoGYCw&amp;ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&amp;q=Gandershemium&amp;f=false R. p. Hertenberger: ''Historia pragmatica universalis, sacra et profana''], p.27;
[http://books.google.fi/books?id=yScyAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA58&amp;lpg=PA58&amp;dq=Gandershemium&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=ZoGX4tZRRD&amp;sig=8fUZc6grFgYD0jN-twVcDyzarYI&amp;hl=fi&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=7z7WUrfrO8iC4gTGxoGYCw&amp;ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q=Gandershemium&amp;f=false ''Acta Sanctorum, Junii'' (1698-1717), cit. in ''A Companion to Hrotsvit of Gandersheim (fl. 960)''], p. 58 n.103.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Gandersheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ganderssen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gandesberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gandesbergen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Garbsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Garbsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Garlstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Garlstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Garlstörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Garrel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Garrel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Garstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Garstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gastää'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gartovia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ovia&quot;&gt;[[Linguae Germanicae|Germanica]] ac [[linguae Slavicae|Slavica]] toponyma cum suffixo ''-ov'' seu ''-öv'' seu ''ow'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-ovia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Asovia]], [[Brewnovia]], [[Czernichovia]], [[Glasgovia]], [[Golnovia]], [[Grabovia]], [[Kharkovia]], [[Laszovia]], [[Ostrovia]], [[Pscovia]], [[Racovia]], [[Sucovia]], [[Tarnovia]], [[Wengrovia]], [[Witkowa]], [[Wittovia]], [[Crovia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gartow'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Geesta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Geeste''; [[Saxonice]] ''Choeiste'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Geestlandia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-landia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-land'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-landia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amelandia]], [[Bevelandia Australis]], [[Bevelandia Septentrionalis]], [[Bolandia]], [[Iutlandia]], [[Curlandia]], [[Estlandia]], [[Finlandia]], [[Flevolandia]], [[Friedlandia]], [[Islandia]], [[Gothlandia]], [[Hollandia]], [[Ingermanlandia]], [[Isalandia]] [[Lalandia]], [[Langelandia]], [[Oehtlandia]] [[Olandia]], [[Sallandia]], [[Samlandia]] [[Zelandia]], [[Selandia]] [[Fotlandia]], [[Wermelandia]] [[Withlandia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Geestland'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gehrda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Gehrde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Georgsdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Georgsdorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gerdavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-avia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-avia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gerdau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gerdinum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gerdinium&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/gehrden/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Urkundlich ist der spätere Flecken möglicherweis erstmals als ''Gerdinum'' im Verzeichnis der Schenkungen (''Traditionen'') an das Kloster Corvey erwähnt, das um 826/76 angelegt wurde (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Gehrden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gieren'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gersta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gersten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Geteloha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-loha&quot;&gt;Germanica praesentia aut antiqua toponyma cum suffixis ''-loh(e)'' et ''-lo'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-loha-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ascloha]], [[Buohloha]], [[Eiloha]], [[Hadaloha]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Getelo''; [[Saxonice]] ''Getel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gevensleba]] &lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gevensleben'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gevera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Jever'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gieboldehusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Gieboldehausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Chiwelehusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Giesa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Giesen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gifhorna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cellarius 1703&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Gifhorn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gilta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gilten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Glandorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Glandorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gleicha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gleichen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gnarrenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Gnarrenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gnarrenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Godenstorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Gödenstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gö’nstörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Goldbiki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Golmbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Goldenstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Goldenstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gollnste'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Golencampus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;campus-i&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-kamp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-campus-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Gölenkamp''; [[Saxonice]] ''Göllenkamp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gorenthin]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gorenthin&quot;&gt;Vide [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Zeitschrift_des_Historischen_Vereins_f%C3%BCr_Niedersachsen_%28IA_zeitschriftdeshi1857hist%29.pdf?utm ''Zeitschrift des Historischen Vereins für Niedersachsen''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) villam Gorenthin '' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Göhrde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Göhr''; [[Polabice]] ''Djöra'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gorleba]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gorleben'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Goslaria]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Goslar''; [[Saxonice]] ''Goslär'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gottinga]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.com/books?id=kkM-AAAAcAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=gottingensis&amp;lr=&amp;cd=14#v=onepage&amp;q=&amp;f=false Libri Googles].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Göttingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Chöttingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grafhorstium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-horstium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-horst'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-horstium-i&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-horst''' : -''horstium'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Grafhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grafhorst'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grasberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Grasberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grasbarg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grasleba]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Grasleben''; [[Saxonice]] ''Graslewe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grethemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-hemium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-hemium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Grethem''; [[Saxonice]] ''Graitn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grona (Leina)|Grona]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gronau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grundensis Civitas Metallica]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Grund'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grunendicum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dicum&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-diek'' aut ''-deich'' aut ''-dijk'' aut ''-dyk'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dicum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Isendicum]] apud {{Graesse}}; aut [[Mardicum]] apud ''Dictionnaire universel françois et latin, vulgairement appelé Dictionnaire de Trévoux''.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Grünendeich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Greundiek'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Guderhandviertel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Guderhandviertel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gauderhandviddel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Guelpherbytum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wolfenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wulfenbüttel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gusbornium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-bornium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-born'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-bornium-ii&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Calenbornium (prope Aram)|Calenbornium prope Aram]] et [[Calenbornium (prope Caesariacum)|Calenbornium prope Caesariacum]] (Theodisce ''Kalenborn''); [[Calenbornium-Scheurenum]] (Theodisce ''Kalenborn-Scheuern''); [[Hasbornium (Eiflia)|Hasbornium]] (Theodisce ''Hasborn''); [[Leidenbornium]] (Theodisce ''Leidenborn''); [[Lichtenbornium]] (Theodisce ''Lichtenborn''). Quae omnia toponyma ex articulo Vicipaediae Latinae de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Rhenaniae_et_Palatinatus indice urbium et communium Rhenaniae et Palatinatus] desumpta sunt, ubi apte referuntur.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gusborn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gyhum]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Gyhum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Jeem'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== H ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Hademstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hademstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hamstorp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haeslinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Heeslingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Heeßel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haga (Saxonia Inferior)|Haga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Haga&quot;&gt;Vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3191/Hage.pdf?utm ''Historische Ortsdatenbank für Ostfriesland''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Erscheinung trat der Ort als „curatus Hagensis“ im Jahr 1400. Spätere Bezeichnungen waren „
Haga“ (um 1409)  (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hage''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Haag'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haga ad Teutoburgiensem Saltum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Teutoburger Wald&quot;&gt;Cfr. [[Cornelius Tacitus|Taciti]], ''[[Annales (Tacitus)|Annales]]'', {{Vf|Ab excessu divi Augusti (Annales)/Liber I|LX|I, 60}}: &quot;... haud procul '''Teutoburgiensi saltu''' in quo reliquiae Vari legionumque insepultae dicebantur&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hagen am Teutoburger Wald'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haga Bremensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Latinum gentilicium &quot;Bremensis-e&quot; Theodiscum syntagma ''im Bremischen'' vertit.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hagen im Bremischen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hagen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haga Schauenburgi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]]  ''Stadthagen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hagenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hagenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hagenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Halbemontium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-montium&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-mond'' aut ''-mont'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-montium-i&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-mond, mont''' : -''montium, mons'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Halbemond'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Halla (Holtisminni)|Halla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in Montibus [[Visurgis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Halle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Halla (Comitatus Binethensis)|Halla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Halla prope Neuenhusam&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Halle'' plerumque toponymo &quot;Halla-ae&quot; latinizatur. Qua de latinizatione, vide complures Hallae apud [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(prope [[Neuenhusa]]m&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Halle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Halvesbostel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Halvesbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hassbossel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hamala]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hameln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hamberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hambergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hambargen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hambuhra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hambühren''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hambüren'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hamelhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hämelhausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hämelhusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hamersa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hamersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Homersen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hamma (Saxonia Inferior)|Hamma]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ah&quot;&gt;Germanica aut Semitica aut Indoiranica toponyma cum terminatione ''-ah'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Exempli gratiā: [[Calvela]], [[Maliana]], Parra, [[Widenla]], [[Zellia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hammah''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hammoh'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Handeloha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-loha&quot;&gt;Germanica praesentia aut antiqua toponyma cum suffixis ''-loh(e)'' et ''-lo'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-loha-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ascloha]], [[Buohloha]], [[Eiloha]], [[Hadaloha]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Handeloh'' seu olim ''Handorf bei Tostedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Handörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Handorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Handorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Handörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hantharpa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-tharpa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-trup'' seu ''-drup'' seu ''-trop'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-tharpa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Butilingtharpa]], [[Graftharpa]], [[Gumorodingtharpa]], [[Haringtharpa]], [[Heppingtharpa]], [[Holttharpa]], [[Hurstharpa]], [[Kathingtharpa]], [[Kiedeningtharpa]], [[Marastharpa]], [[Markiligtharpa]], [[Meinbrahtingtharpa]], [[Peingtharpa]], [[Radistharpa]], [[Sutharpa]], [[Tettingtharpa]], [[Vilomaringtharpa]], [[Winikingtharpa]], [[Varetharpa]], [[Vrilingtharpa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Handrup'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hannovera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[caput (urbs)|caput]] [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terrae foederalis]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hannover''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hannober'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hanstadium (Circulus Harburgensis)|Hanstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Harburgensis|Circulo Harburgensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Harburg&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hanstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hanstää'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hanstadium (Circulus Ulsenensis)|Hanstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Ulsenensis|Circulo Ulsenensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Uelzen&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hanstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hanster'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hardegsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hardegsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harmstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Harmstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Harmsdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Haren'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harpstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Harpstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Harpstäe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harsfeldum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Harsefeld''; [[Saxonice]] ''Harsfeld'' seu ''Hasfeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harsum]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Harsum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hartsburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Harzburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Harzeborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hasberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hasbergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hasbergen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hasburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Haßbergen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hasela (Saxonia Inferior)|Hasela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hasela&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/hassel/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Dort ist die ''villa Hasela'' erwähnt, also das Dorf Hassel (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hassel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hasla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hasla&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/hesel/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Der früheste schriftliche Beleg für den Ort findet sich als ''Hasla'' in einem Urbar der Abtei Werden, das sich auf das 10. Jh. datieren lässt (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hesel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hassendorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hassendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hassendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hasta (Saxonia Inferior)|Hasta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Haste'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hatta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hatten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hattorpium ad Harthicos Montes]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hattorf am Harz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hauslinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Häuslingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hüßel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haverla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Haverla&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B73-8/NOB%20III%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Wolfenb%C3%BCttel%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Salzgitter.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) um 941 (Fä. Mitte 12. Jh., kop. 17. Jh.) ''Haverlae'' (...) 1319 ''Haverla'' (UB H Hild. IV 464 S. 247) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Haverlah''; [[Saxonice]] ''Haberlah'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hechthusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hechthausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Heckthusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hedebere]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hedebere&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B73-8/NOB%20III%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Wolfenb%C3%BCttel%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Salzgitter.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''NOB III Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Antiquum Hedebere seu Minus, Novum Hedebere seu Maius'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hedeper''; [[Saxonice]] ''Heper'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heeda (Terra Emesensis)|Heeda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Heede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Häie'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heemsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heemsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heessa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heeßen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heidenavia (Saxonia Inferior)|Heidenavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-avia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-avia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heidenau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heina (Saxonia Inferior)|Heina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Heina&quot;&gt;Vide [https://hgv-hhm.de/ortsnamen-13-19-jahrhundert.html?utm ''Heimat- und Geschichtsverein für Heinade-Hellental-Merxhausen E.V.''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''villa Heina'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heinade'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heinbockel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heinbockel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heiningensis Locus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Heiningen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Heinig'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heinsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heinsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heli (Saxonia Inferior)|Heli]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Heli&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B73-8/NOB%20III%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Wolfenb%C3%BCttel%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Salzgitter.pdf ''NOB III Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''in villa Heli'' (...) ''Heloon'' (...) ''collatio ecclesie Helen'' (...) ''Thidericus de Helenen'' (...) ''plebanos ecclesiarum de Helen'' (...) ''in campo sive marke ville Helen'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hehlen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hellwega]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hellwege''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hellweeg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Helmstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Helmstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Helmstidde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Helpsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Helpsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Helvesiecca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-siek&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ec(k)'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-ecca-ae&quot; seu &quot;-eca-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-ec, -eck''' : -''ecca'', -''ēca'' (...)&quot;. Hoc in casu, applicatur terminatio latinizans formae antiquae suffixi ''-siek'' -quae ''-sieck'', ut accidit in toponymis velut ''Bannensieck'', cuius hodierna forma ''Bannensiek'' est. Qua de ultima antiqua forma, vide [https://www.arcinsys.niedersachsen.de/arcinsys/showArchivalDescriptionDetails?archivalDescriptionId=2955251 ''Arcinsys''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Helvesiek''; [[Saxonice]] ''Helsch'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hemminga (Saxonia Inferior)|Hemminga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hemmingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hemmoor]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hemmoor'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hemsbunda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hemsbünde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Heemsbünnen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hemslinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hemslingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hemsloha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-loha&quot;&gt;Germanica praesentia aut antiqua toponyma cum suffixis ''-loh(e)'' et ''-lo'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-loha-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ascloha]], [[Buohloha]], [[Eiloha]], [[Hadaloha]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hemsloh''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hemzel'' seu ''Hemsel'' seu ''Hemßel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hepstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hepstedt''; [Saxonice]] ''Hepst'' seu ''Heps'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Herrum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Herrum&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B73-8/NOB%20III%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Wolfenb%C3%BCttel%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Salzgitter.pdf ''NOB III Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter.''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Majori villa Herre'' (...) ''Maiori Here'' (...) ''Minori Herro'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heere'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hertzberga ad Harthicos Montes]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Herzberg am Harz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Herzlaka]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Herzlake''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hässelke'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hespa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hespe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heuerssa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Heuerßen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hoarßen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heya]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heyen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hildesia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hildesheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hilmessen'' seu ''Hilmssen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hilgermissen]]
* [[Hilkenbrook]]
* [[Hillerse]]
* [[Hilter am Teutoburger Wald]]
* [[Himbergen]]
* [[Himmelpforten]]
* [[Hinte]]
* [[Hipstedt]]
* [[Hittbergen]]
* [[Hitzacker]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hodenhagen]]
* [[Höhbeck]]
* [[Hohenhameln]]
* [[Hohne]]
* [[Hohnhorst]]
* [[Hohnstorf (Albis)]]
* [[Holdorf (Niedersachsen)|Holdorf]]
* [[Holenberg]]
* [[Holle]]
* [[Hollenstedt]]
* [[Hollern-Twielenfleth]]
* [[Hollnseth]]
* [[Holste]]
* [[Holtgast]]
* [[Holtisminni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Holzminden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Holtsminne'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Holtland]]
* [[Holzen (prope Eschershusam)|Holzen]]
* [[Honengesbuthele]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Honengesbuthele&quot;&gt;Vide [https://blog.slub-dresden.de/fileadmin/groups/slubsite/Blog/2015-KristinCasimir-VortragDresden.pdf?utm ''Ortsnamen zwischen Rhein und Elbe - Onomastik im europäischen Raum''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Honengesbvthele'' statt ''Honekesbutle'' (Casemir, -büttel S. 147) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hankensbüttel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hoogstede]]
* [[Hörden ad Harthicos montes]]
* [[Horneburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Horstedt (Niedersachsen)|Horstedt]]
* [[Hoya]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hoyerhagen]]
* [[Hoyershausen]]
* [[Hude (Oldenburg)]]
* [[Hüde]]
* [[Hülsede]]
* [[Husum (bei Nienburg)|Husum]]
* [[Hutta Georgii et Mariae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;hutta-ae&quot;&gt;Toponyma cum suffixis ''-hütte'' aut ''-hutta'' plerumque latinizari solent Latino vocabulo &quot;Hutta-ae&quot;, quamquam huius vocabuli variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hutta vitriaria Bohemica]] apud [https://schwaben.hu/ortschaften/bohmischhutten?utm Schwaben.hu. (s. d.). ''Böhmischhütten / Csehbánya – Ortsgeschichte'']; [[Hutta Germanica]] apud [https://huta.ewk.hu/nemetbanya-1757-1781/?utm ''Németbánya. (s. s.). Németbánya története'']; [[Hutta Vitriaria]] apud https://slavistika.sk/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/2015_1.pdf?utm [Majtán, M. (1998). ''Názvy obcí Slovenskej republiky: Vývin v rokoch 1773–1997''. Bratislaviae: Veda]; Hutta apud [https://real.mtak.hu/140291/1/K%C3%A1rp%C3%A1talja%20helys%C3%A9gnevei.pdf?utm ''Kárpátalja helységnevei.'']; [[Hutta Polonica]] apud Štefánik, M. (2022). ''Italia ed Europa centro-orientale tra Medioevo ed età moderna: Economia, società, cultura''. Heidelberg University Publishing; [[Hutta (Eiflia)|Hutta Eifliae]] apud Beyer, H. (1860). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der, jetzt die Preussischen Regierungsbezirke Coblenz und Trier bildenden mittelrheinischen Territorien'' (Vol. 1). J. Hölscher, et Beyer, H. (1860). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der mittelrheinischen Territorien: Erster Band. Von den ältesten Zeiten bis zum Jahre 1169''. [[Confluentes (Germania)|Confluentibus]]: J. Hölscher.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Georgius&quot;&gt;[https://la.wiktionary.org/wiki/Georgius?utm Theodiscum praefixum ''Georg-'' Latino anthroponymo casu genetivo &quot;Georfii&quot; vertitur].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Maria&quot;&gt;[https://la.wiktionary.org/wiki/Maria?utm Theodiscum interfixum ''-marien-'' Latino anthroponymo casu genetivo &quot;Mariae&quot; vertitur].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Georgsmarienhütte'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hüven]]
{{div col end}}

=== I ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Iburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Von Schaten 1714&quot;&gt;Von Schaten, N. (1714). ''Monumenta Osnabrugensia ex historia romana, francica, saxonicaque eruta''. Typis Jodoci Henrici Meyer.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Iburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Ibig'' seu ''Ibig'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ihlienworth]]
* [[Ihlow (Frisia Orientalis)|Ihlow]]
* [[Ilsede]]
* [[Ingeleben]]
* [[Isenbüttel]]
* [[Isernhagen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Isterberg]]
* [[Itterbeck]]
{{div col end}}

=== J ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Jade (Saxonia Inferior)|Jade]]
* [[Jameln]]
* [[Jelmstorf]]
* [[Jembke]]
* [[Jemgum]]
* [[Jerxheim]]
* [[Jesteburg]]
* [[Jork]]
* [[Jühnde]]
* [[Juist]]
{{div col end}}

=== K ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Kakenstorf]]
* [[Kalbe (Niedersachsen)|Kalbe]]
* [[Kalefeld]]
* [[Karwitz]]
* [[Katlenburg-Lindau]]
* [[Kettenkamp]]
* [[Kirchbrak]]
* [[Kirchdorf (bei Sulingen)|Kirchdorf]]
* [[Kirchgellersen]]
* [[Kirchlinteln]]
* [[Kirchseelte]]
* [[Kirchtimke]]
* [[Kirchwalsede]]
* [[Kissenbrück]]
* [[Klein Berßen]]
* [[Klein Meckelsen]]
* [[Kluse (Emsland)|Kluse]]
* [[Kneitlingen]]
* [[Kneta Maior]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Großenkneten''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grotekneten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Köhlen]]
* [[Königsmoor]]
* [[Kranenburg (Oste)|Kranenburg]]
* [[Krebeck]]
* [[Krummendeich]]
* [[Krummhörn]]
* [[Kührstedt]]
* [[Küsten]]
* [[Kutenholz]]
{{div col end}}

=== L ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Laar]]
* [[Laatzen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lachendorf]]
* [[Laerium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Stüve 1789&quot;&gt;Stüve, J. E. (1789). ''Beschreibung des Fürstenthums Osnabrück mit einigen Urkunden''. Kißling.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Laer'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lage (Saxonia Inferior)|Lage]]
* [[Lähden]]
* [[Lahn (Hümmling)|Lahn]]
* ''[[Lamspringe]]''
* [[Lamstedt]]
* [[Landesbergen]]
* [[Landolfshausen]]
* [[Landwehr (Gemeinde)|Landwehr]]
* [[Langelsheim]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Langen (bei Bremerhaven)|Langen]]''' &lt;small&gt;(b.Bremerhaven)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langen (Emsland)|Langen]] &lt;small&gt;(Emsland)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langendorf (Elbe)|Langendorf]]
* [[Langenhagen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langeoog]]
* [[Langlingen]]
* [[Langwedel (Weser)|Langwedel]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lastrup]]
* [[Lathen]]
* [[Lauenau]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lauenbrück]]
* [[Lauenförde]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lauenhagen]]
* [[Leese]]
* [[Leezdorf]]
* [[Lehe (Emsland)|Lehe]]
* [[Lehre (Niedersachsen)|Lehre]]
* [[Lehrte]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leiferde]]
* [[Lembruch]]
* [[Lemförde]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lemgow]]
* [[Lemwerdera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rüthning 1926&quot;&gt;Rüthning, G. (Ed.) (1926). ''Oldenburger Urkundenbuch''. Gerhard Stalling.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lemwerder'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lengede]]
* [[Lengenbostel]]
* [[Lengerich (Emsland)|Lengerich]]
* [[Lenne (Niedersachsen)|Lenne]]
* [[Leopolis (Saxonia Inferior)|Leopolis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ebel 1960&quot;&gt;Ebel, W. (1960). ''Lübisches Recht: Erster Band''. Hansischer Geschichtsverein.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bleckede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bleikd'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leri]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Leer''; [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Läär''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lier'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Liebenau (Niedersachsen)|Liebenau]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Liebenburg]]
* [[Lilienthal]]
* [[Lindern (Oldenburg)]]
* [[Lindhorst]]
* [[Lindwedel]]
* [[Lingen (Ems)]] &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Linsburg]]
* [[Lintig]]
* [[Locus Occidentalis (Saxonia Inferior)|Locus Occidentalis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cellarius 1703&quot;&gt;Cellarius, C. (1703). ''Geographia Antiqua iuxta et Nova''. Ienae: Bielckius.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Westerstede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Westerstäe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lohne (Oldenburg)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Löningen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lorup]]
* [[Loxstedt]]
* [[Lübberstedt]]
* [[Lübbow]]
* [[Luchovia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Luchovia&quot;&gt;Vide [https://ia801403.us.archive.org/28/items/antiquitatessele00keys/antiquitatessele00keys.pdf ''Antiquitates selectae septentrionales et Celticae''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) De Venedicis aut Germanicis prope Luchoviam effossis Epistola ''Georgii Frid, Mithofii'' data Luchovia d. 17. Maji 1691 (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lüchow''; [[Polabice]] ''Ljauchüw'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Luckau (Saxonia Inferior)|Luckau]]
* [[Lüder (Lüneburger Heide)|Lüder]]
* [[Lüdersburg]]
* [[Lüdersfeld]]
* [[Lüerdissen]]
* [[Luhden]]
* [[Luneburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lüneburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lümborg'' seu ''Lünborg''; [[Lingua Saxonica antiqua|Palaeosaxonice]] ''Hliuni'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lunne]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lunne&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/haseluenne/?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''civibus opidi nostri in Lunne'' (...)&quot;. Latinum autem gentilicium &quot;Haselunnensis-e&quot; est. Quo de gentilicio, vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Haselünne''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Lünne'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lunni (commune generali Spella)|Lunni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lunni&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/Fontes/AltdeutschesNamenbuch-Bd2OrtsnamenLbisZ-3A-1913.pdf?utm ''Altdeutsches Namenbuch'']; ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Lunni.''' 9. 1) Altlünne bei Plantlünne (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lünne'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lütetsburg]]
* ''[[Lutter am Barenberge]]''
* [[Luttera Regalis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Königslutter am Elm'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== M ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Maasen]]
* [[Magna Palus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Magna Palus&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/magnus?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum toponymicum praefixum ''Große-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;magnus-a-um&quot;] et [[https://www.koeblergerhard.de/germanistischewoerterbuecher/altsaechsischeswoerterbuch/asF.pdf Theodiscum suffixum ''-fehn'' Latino nomine &quot;palus paludis&quot; (f.)] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Großefehn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grootfehn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Maius Vrelstede]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Maius Vrelstede&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B76-2/NOB%20VII%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Helmstedt%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Wolfsburg.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der stadt WoLfsburg'']{{Nexus deficit|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 1318 ''in Maiori Vrelstede'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Frellstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Frillstidde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Marienhafe]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Marienhagen]]
* [[Mariental (Niedersachsen)|Mariental]]
* [[Marklohe]]
* [[Marl (Dümmer)|Marl]]
* [[Marschacht]]
* [[Martfeld]]
* [[Marxen]]
* [[Mechtersen]]
* [[Meckelsa Maior]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Meckelsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Meckels'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Meerbeck]]
* [[Meine]]
* [[Meinersen]]
* [[Melbeck]]
* [[Melle]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mellinghausen]]
* [[Menslage]]
* [[Meppea]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Meppen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Möppen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Merzen]]
* [[Messenkamp]]
* [[Messingen]]
* [[Midlum (Land Wursten)|Midlum]]
* [[Misselwarden]]
* [[Mittelnkirchen]]
* [[Mittelstenahe]]
* [[Moisburg]]
* [[Molbergen]]
* [[Mons Catonis (Saxonia Inferior)|Mons Catonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Cadenberge''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cuddeldutt'' seu ''Kumbarg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Moormerland]]
* [[Moorweg]]
* [[Moringen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Müden (Alara)]]
* [[Mulsum (Land Wursten)|Mulsum]]
* [[Mundia Hannoverana]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mundia Hannoverana&quot;&gt;Vide [https://spatial.demo.geocode.earth/explore/place/wof/101810167?utm ''Geocode Earth''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) LAT preferred '''Mundia Hannoverana''' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hann. Münden'' seu ''Hannoversch Münden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hannöversch Münnen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Munimeri]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Dronke 1844&quot;&gt;Dronke, E. F. J. (Ed.) (1844). ''Traditiones et Antiquitates Fuldenses: Chartae et registra historica saeculi IX''. Fuldense: Typis Müllerianis.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Münder am Deister''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Münner'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Munster (Örtze)|Munster]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== N ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Nahrendorf]]
* [[Natendorf]]
* [[Neetze]]
* [[Negenborn]]
* [[Nenndorf (circulus Widmundensis)|Nenndorf]]
* [[Neubörger]]
* [[Neu Darchau]]
* [[Neuenhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenhaus''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neenhuus'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (Altes Land)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Altes Land)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (bei Bassum)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(b.Bassum)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (Land Hadeln)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Land Hadeln)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (Landkreis Osnabrück)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Osnabrück)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (Lüneburger Heide)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Lüneb.Heide)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen-Vörden]]
* [[Neuharlingersiel]]
* [[Neuhaus (Oste)]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuhof (Landkreis Hildesheim)|Neuhof]]
* [[Neukamperfehn]]
* [[Neulehe]]
* [[Neuschoo]]
* [[Neustadt am Rübenberge]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neu Wulmstorf]]
* [[Niederlangen]]
* [[Niedernwöhren]]
* [[Niemetal]]
* [[Nienhagen (Landkreis Celle)|Nienhagen]]
* [[Nienstädt]]
* [[Norden]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nordenham]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Norderney]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nordholz]]
* [[Nordleda]]
* [[Nordsehl]]
* [[Nordstemmen]]
* [[Nörten-Hardenberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Northemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nothemium&quot;&gt;Vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenahist/wassenberg1/Wassenberg_florus.html ''FLORUS GERMANICUS''] , ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Et VVolferbytum, Northemium, Steinbruggam, Nienburgum (...) Primo vere Tillius tribunos suos Northemium misit (...) Caesaeriani Northemium expugnant (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Northeim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nuurten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Northorna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;&gt;Egli, J. J. (1893). ''Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume''. [[Lipsia]]e: Friedrich Brandstetter.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nordhorn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nothoorn'' seu ''Notthoarn'' seu ''Netthoarn'' seu ''Noordhoorn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nortmoor]]
* [[Nortrup]]
* [[Nottensdorf]]
* [[Nova Urbs (Saxonia Inferior)|Nova Urbs]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nienburg/Weser''; [[Saxonice]] ''Näinborg'' seu ''Nienborg'' seu ''Neenborg'' seu ''Negenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Novale Frigidum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Colnrade''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kollenroad'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== O ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Oberlangen]]
* [[Oberndorf (Oste)|Oberndorf]]
* [[Obernfeld]]
* [[Obernholz]]
* [[Obernkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ochtersum]]
* [[Odisheim]]
* [[Oederquart]]
* [[Oerel]]
* [[Oesinga Maior]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Oesingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Oesingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oetzen]]
* [[Ohne]]
* [[Ohrum]]
* [[Oldenburgum]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oldendorf (Landkreis Stade)|Oldendorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Stade)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oldendorf (Luhe)]]
* [[Osloß]]
* [[Osnabruga]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Osnabrück''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ossenbrääch''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Lingua Saxonica|Westfalice]] ''Ossenbrügge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Osteel]]
* [[Osten (Oste)|Osten]]
* [[Osterbruch]]
* [[Ostercappeln]]
* [[Ostereistedt]]
* [[Osterode am Harz]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Osterwald]]
* [[Ostrhauderfehn]]
* [[Ottenstein (Niedersachsen)|Ottenstein]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Otter]]
* [[Otterndorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ottersberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ovelgönne]]
* [[Ovenhagium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1703&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Auhagen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oyten]]	
{{div col end}}

=== P ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Padingbüttel]]
* [[Palus Hagensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Palus Hagensis&quot;&gt;[https://www.latin-is-simple.com/de/vocabulary/noun/13172/#google_vignette Theodiscum toponymicum suffixum ''-marsch'' Latino vocabulo &quot;palus paludis&quot; vertitur] et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Hagensis-e&quot;, quod ad [[Haga (Saxonia Inferior)|Hagam]] refertur, Theodiscum gentilicium praefixum ''Hager-'' vertitur. Quo de gentilicio et toponymo, vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3191/Hage.pdf?utm ''Historische Ortsdatenbank für Ostfriesland''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Erscheinung trat der Ort als „curatus Hagensis“ im Jahr 1400. Spätere Bezeichnungen waren „Haga“ (um 1409)  (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hagermarsch'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Papenburg]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Parsau]]
* [[Pattensen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pegestorf]]
* [[Pennigsehl]]
* [[Petrimons]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Perizonius 1758&quot;&gt;Perizonius, J. (1758). ''Compendium historiarum antiquissimarum, civilium et ecclesiasticarum, usque ad seculum decimum octavum: Cum appendice de ducatu Westphaliae et comitatu Petrimontano''. Ex officina Wetsteniana.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Pyrmont''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Puurmont'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pohle]]
* [[Pollhagen]]
* [[Pons Cobbanus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Leuckfeld 1714&quot;&gt;Leuckfeld, J. G. (1714). ''Antiquitates Blankenburgenses, oder Historische Beschreibung derer vormals berühmten Grafen von Blankenburg, nebst dazugehörigen diplomatibus und Chartis''. Gottfried Freytag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Coppenbrügge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Poynum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Peine''; [[Saxonice]] ''Paane''; [[Lingua Theodisca alta recens|Protoneoaltotheodisce]] ''Peina'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Praefectura Neohusana]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Grupen II 1742&quot;&gt;Grupen, C. U. (1742). ''Disceptationes Forenses cum Observationibus Juris: De originibus et iurisdictione praefecturarum ditionis Brunsvicensis (Caput de Praefectura Neohusana)'' (Vol. II). Hannoverae: Förster.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Amt Neuhaus'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pratum Vitulorum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Calberlah'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Prezelle]]
* [[Prinzhöfte]]
{{div col end}}

=== Q ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Quakenbrück]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Quendorf]]
* [[Querenhorst]]
* [[Quernheim]]
{{div col end}}

=== R ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Räbke]]
* [[Radbruch]]
* [[Raddestorf]]
* [[Rastdorf]]
* [[Rastede]]
* [[Rätzlingen (Niedersachsen)|Rätzlingen]]
* [[Rechtsupweg]]
* [[Reeßum]]
* [[Regesbostel]]
* [[Rehburg-Loccum]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rehden]]
* [[Rehlingen]]
* [[Reinstorf]]
* [[Remlingen (Niedersachsen)|Remlingen]]
* [[Renkenberge]]
* [[Rennau]]
* [[Reppenstedt]]
* [[Rethem (Aller)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rhade]]
* [[Rhauderfehn]]
* [[Rhede (Ems)]]
* [[Rhumspringe]]
* [[Ribbesbüttel]]
* [[Riede (Landkreis Verden)|Riede]]
* [[Rieste]]
* [[Ringe]]
* [[Ringstedt]]
* [[Rinteln]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ritterhude]]
* [[Rodenberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rodewald]]
* [[Rohrsen]]
* [[Roklum]]
* [[Rollshausen]]
* [[Römstedt]]
* [[Ronnenberg]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rosche]]
* [[Rosdorf]]
* [[Rosengarten (Landkreis Harburg)|Rosengarten]]
* [[Rotenburgum ad Wemmam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rotenburgum ad Wemmam&quot;&gt;De Latino toponymico syntagmate &quot;[[Rotenburgum ad Wemmam]]&quot; -ad quod Latinum gentilicium &quot;Rotenburgensis-e&quot; refertur-, vide homonymas urbes apud {{Graesse}} et {{Hofmannus}}. De hydronymo &quot;[[Wemma]]&quot;, etiam vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Rotenburg''; quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Rotenburg an der Wümme''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rodenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rötgesbüttel]]
* [[Rüdershausen]]
* [[Rühen]]
* [[Rullstorf]]
{{div col end}}

=== S ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Sachsenhagen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sagterlandia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;BOV 2013&quot;&gt;Bischöfliches Offizialat Vechta (2013). ''Findbuch des Offizialatsarchivs Vechta: Altes Archiv (Abteilung A: Saterlandia, Kirchliche Unterlagen, Akte A 8: „Informatio de Sagterlandia“ aus dem Jahre 1710)''. Vechtae, in Germania: Bischöfliches Offizialat.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Saterland''; quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Sagterland''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Seelterlound'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Salis Cancellum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cellarius 1703&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Salzgitter''; [[Saxonice]] ''Soltgitter'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Salzbergen]]
* [[Salzdetfordium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Marcard 1805&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Salzdetfurth'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Salzhausen]]
* [[Salzhemmendorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Samern]]
* [[Sandbostel]]
* [[Sande (Frisia)|Sande]]
* [[Sarstedt]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sassenburg]]
* [[Sathsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Sachsa'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sauensiek]]
* [[Schapen]]
* [[Scharnebeck]]
* [[Scheden]]
* [[Scheeßel]]
* [[Schellerten]]
* [[Schiffdorf]]
* [[Schladen-Werla]]
* [[Schnackenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schnega]]
* [[Schneverdingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Scholen]]
* [[Schönewörde]]
* [[Schöningen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schöppenstedt]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schortens]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schüttorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schwaförden]]
* [[Schwanewede]]
* [[Schwarme]]	
* [[Schwarmstedt]]
* [[Schweindorf]]
* [[Schweringen]]
* [[Schwerinsdorf]]
* [[Schwienau]]
* [[Schwülper]]
* [[Seeburg (Niedersachsen)|Seeburg]]
* [[Seedorf (bei Zeven)|Seedorf]]
* [[Seelze]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seesen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seevetal]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seggebruch]]
* [[Sehlde]]
* [[Sehlem (Niedersachsen)|Sehlem]]
* [[Sehnde]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Selsingen]]
* [[Semmenstedt]]
* [[Seulingen]]
* [[Sibbesse]]
* [[Sickte]]
* [[Siedenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sittensen]]
* [[Soderstorf]]
* [[Sögel]]	
* [[Söhlde]]
* [[Söllingen (Niedersachsen)|Söllingen]]
* [[Soltau]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Soltendieck]]
* [[Sottrum]]
* [[Spahnharrenstätte]]
* [[Spella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Spella&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.emsland.com/la/tour/emsland-route-395-km?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''www.esland.com''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) A Spella ad Rhenum: circiter XVI km (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Spelle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Spiekeroog]]
* [[Sprakensehl]]
* [[Springe]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stadae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Stade''; [[Saxonice]] ''Stood'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stadlandia]]&lt;ref&gt;Ioannes Iustus Wynkelman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=WvgaAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA617&amp;lpg=PA617&amp;dq=statlandia+saxonia&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=Ysl9JI4L06&amp;sig=2y6x3I38sU3-RcrP0HtnSkUxssI&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0CCwQ6AEwA2oVChMIwqiv-NWMxgIVQgmSCh2CZwDj#v=onepage&amp;q=statlandia%20saxonia&amp;f=false ''Notitia historico-politica veteris Saxo-Westphaliae finitimarumque regionum,''] 1667:277.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Stadland'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Staffhorst]]
* [[Staufenberg]]
* [[Stavern]]
* [[Stedesdorf]]
* [[Steimbke]]
* [[Steinau (Niedersachsen)|Steinau]]
* [[Steinfeld (Oldenburg)]]
* [[Steinhorst (Niedersachsen)|Steinhorst]]
* [[Steinkirchen (Altes Land)|Steinkirchen]]
* [[Stelle]]
* [[Stemmen (Landkreis Rotenburg)|Stemmen]]
* [[Stemshorn]]
* [[Steyerberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stinstedt]]
* [[Stöckse]]
* [[Stoetze]]
* [[Stolzenau]]
* [[Stuhr]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Südbrookmerland]]
* [[Suderburg]]
* [[Südergellersen]]
* [[Südheide]]
* [[Sudwalde]]
* [[Suhlendorf]]
* [[Sulingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Süpplingen]]
* [[Süpplingenburg]]
* [[Süstedt]]
* [[Sustrum]]
* [[Surwold]]
* [[Suthfeld]]
* [[Syke]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== T ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Tappenbeck]]
* [[Tarmstedt]]
* [[Tespe]]
* [[Teuderium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&amp;cq=M%C3%BCnchen&amp;lang=de''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Detern''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Tjootern''; [[Saxonice|Orientalifrisicosaxonice]] ''Däitern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Thransfellensis Ecclesia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dransfeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Thedinghausen]]
* [[Theodolfestorpum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Asseburg 1855&quot;&gt;Asseburg, J. von der. (1855). ''Urkundenbuch des Geschlechts von der Asseburg (Vol. 1)''. Hahnschen Hofbuchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dedelstorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Thomasburg]]
* [[Thorpum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Thorpum&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/ZIER-HP/ZIER-HP-06-2016/AAAKoeblerGerhardDorfinderdeutschenOrtsgeschichte20160831-7111.htm ''www.koeblergerhard.de''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Dörpen''', 9. Jh., bei Aschendorf nördlich Meppens, F2-1090 THURP (Dorf) Dorfa (7), Thorpum (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dörpen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Thuine]]
* [[Tiddische]]
* [[Tiste]]
* [[Toppenstedt]]
* [[Tostedt]]
* [[Tosterglope]]
* [[Trebel]]
* [[Triburi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Philippi &amp; Bar 1892&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Drebber'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Tülau]]
* [[Twieflingen]]
* [[Twilpstede Maius]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Twilpstede Maius&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B76-2/NOB%20VII%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Helmstedt%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Wolfsburg.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg'']{{Nexus deficit|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 1311 ''Twilpstede Maiori'' (...) 1311 ''Twilpstede Maiori et Minori'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Twülpstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Twülpstidde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Twist (Emsland)|Twist]]
* [[Twistringen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== U ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Uchte]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Uehrde]]
* [[Uelsen]]
* [[Uetze]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ulsena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]]  et [[Saxonice]] ''Uelzen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Ülz’n'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ummern]]
* [[Undeloh]]
* [[Upgant-Schott]]
* [[Uplengen]]
* [[Uslar]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Utarp]]
{{div col end}}

=== V ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Vahlberg]]
* [[Vahlbruch]]
* [[Vahlde]]
* [[Vallis Ambrae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ambra&quot;&gt;Latino de toponymo &quot;Ambra&quot; (Theodisce ''Emmer''), vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Vallis&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Tal?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum vocabulum ''T(h)al'' aut Theodiscum suffixum ''-t(h)al'' Latino vocabulo &quot;vallis-is&quot;] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Emmerthal''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emmerdaal'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vallis Augae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;SLH 1988&quot;&gt;Societas Latina Hannoverana (1988). ''Fasciculi geographici et historici: De parvis provinciis ditionis Hannoveranae et Schaumburgensis''. Hannoverae: Typis Exscripsit Libraria Scripturarum.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Auetal'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vallis Claustra-Cella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Conring 1730&quot;&gt;Conring, H. (1730). ''De Antiquitatibus Academicis Dissertationes Septem''. Officina Smeinkiana.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Clausthal-Zellerfeld''; [[Supraharthice]] ''Clasthol-Zallerfall'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Varel]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Varrel]]
* [[Vastorf]]
* [[Vechelde]]
* [[Velpke]]
* [[Veltheim (Ohe)]]
* [[Vetha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Vechta''; [[Saxonice]] ''Vechte'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vicus Adelaidis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ALF 2016&quot;&gt;Academia Latinitati Fovendae (2016). ''Commentarii Academiae Latinitati Fovendae: De novis parochiis et communibus Saxoniae Inferioris textus'' (Vol. XXIV). Romae: Herder.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Adelheidsdorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vicus Vetus Hassicus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Vicus Vetus Hassicus&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.fallingrain.com/world/GM/06/Hessisch_Oldendorf.html?utm ''www.fallingrain''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Other (Latin) names: Vicus Vetus Hassicus,Vicus Vetus Hassicus,Hessisch-Oldendorf,Hessisch-Oldendorf''' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hessisch Oldendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eolendörpe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vierden]]
* [[Vierhöfen]]
* [[Vildhusia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmannus&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Wildeshausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wilshusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villa Cremilonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cremlingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vintlum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Vintlum&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/schneverdingen-peter-und-paul/?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Schneverdingen, Peter und Paul''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''capella in honorem sancti Anthonii in villa Vintlo parrochie Snewerdinge'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Fintel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Visbek]]
* [[Visselhövede]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vögelsen]]
* [[Vollersode]]
* [[Voltlage]]
* [[Vorda Bremensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bremervörde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bremervöör'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vordorf]]
* [[Vorwerk (Niedersachsen)|Vorwerk]]
* [[Vrees]]
{{div col end}}

=== W ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Waake]]
* [[Waddeweitz]]
* [[Wagenfeld]]
* [[Wagenhoff]]
* [[Wahrenholz]]
* [[Walchum]]
* [[Walkenried]]
* [[Wallenhorst]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wallmoden]]
* [[Walsrode]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wangelnstedt]]
* [[Wangerland]]
* [[Wangerooge]]
* [[Wanna]]
* [[Warberg]]
* [[Wardenburg]]
* [[Warmsen]]
* [[Warpe]]
* [[Wasbüttel]]
* [[Wathlingen]]
* [[Wedemark]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Weener]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Weenzen]]
* [[Wehrbleck]]
* [[Welle]]
* [[Wendeburg]]
* [[Wendisch Evern]]
* [[Wennigsen]]
* [[Wenzendorf]]
* [[Werdum]]
* [[Werlte]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Werpeloh]]
* [[Wesendorf]]
* [[Weste (Niedersachsen)|Weste]]
* [[Westergellersen]]
* [[Westerholt]]
* [[Westertimke]]
* [[Westerwalsede]]
* [[Westfeld (Niedersachsen)|Westfeld]]
* [[Westoverledingen]]
* [[Wetschen]]
* [[Wettrup]]
* [[Weyhausen]]
* [[Weyhe]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wieda]]
* [[Wiedensahl]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wiefelstede]]
* [[Wielen]]
* [[Wienhausen]]
* [[Wiesmoor]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wietmarschen]]
* [[Wietze]]
* [[Wietzen]]
* [[Wietzendorf]]
* [[Wilhelmshaven]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wilstedt]]
* [[Wilsum]]
* [[Wingst]]
* [[Winkelsett]]
* [[Winnigstedt]]
* [[Winsen (Aller)]] 
* [[Winsenia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Büttner&quot;&gt;Büttner, D. S. (1710). ''Rudera Diluvii Testes, i.e. Zeichnung und Abbildung derer Columnarum Sceletonum''. Gottfried Zimmermann.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(ad [[Luya]]m&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Winsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Winzenburg]]
* [[Wippingen]]
* [[Wirdum]]
* [[Wischhafen]]
* [[Wistedt]]
* [[Witmundia]]&lt;ref&gt;E.g., [[Ioannes Luyts|Ioannis Luyts]] ''Introductio ad Geographiam novam et veterem'', Ultraiecti 1692, [https://books.google.fr/books?id=_o0YP3-9VTMC&amp;pg=PA281&amp;dq=Witmundia&amp;hl=ru&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjShLT7vdDrAhVJw4sKHZLLCokQ6AEwAnoECAMQAg#v=onepage&amp;q=Witmundia&amp;f=false p. 281].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wittmund'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wittingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wittmar]]
* [[Wittorf]]
* [[Wohnste]]
* [[Wolfsburgum]]&lt;ref&gt;Vide nomini arcis: Samuel Pufendorfus, ''Commentariorum de rebus Suecicis libri XXVI'' {{Google Books|lV1PAAAAcAAJ|pag. 457 et 475}}, ''Nova Acta Eruditorum'' {{Google Books|eGFlITDJFSMC|pag. 487}}, Lipsiae, anno 1756, ac ''Itininerarium Thomae Carve, Tipperariensis'' ([https://archive.org/details/itinerariumthom00kerngoog/page/n182 pag. 108]).&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Wolfsburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wulfsborg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wolfsbuurich'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wollbrandshausen]]
* [[Wollershausen]]
* [[Wölpinghausen]]
* [[Wolsdorf]]
* [[Woltersdorf (Wendland)|Woltersdorf]]
* [[Woltershausen]]
* [[Worde]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Worde&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/grossenwoerden/?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Hinricus rector ecclesie in Worde'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Großenwörden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grootweurn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Worpswede]]
* [[Wremen]]
* [[Wrestedt]]
* [[Wriedel]]
* [[Wulfsen]]
* [[Wulften ad Harthicos montes]]
* [[Wunstorf]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wurster Nordseeküste]]
* [[Wustrow (Saxonia Inferior)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== Y ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Yppenerdhe]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Yppenerdhe&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.gross-ippener.de/gemeinde/geschichte.html?utm ''Groß Ippene''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Parrochia Yppenerdhe (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Ippener''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Ippner'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== Z ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Zernien]]
* [[Zetel]]
* [[Zeven]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Zorge]]
{{div col end}}

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris|!]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>3984825</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-31T11:16:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
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      <text bytes="163195" sha1="eyfd5m48w2bmad83r8wnjvdw0mcwn5g" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in Lower Saxony.svg|thumb|500px|Urbes et communia Saxoniae Inferioris.]]
'''Index urbium, oppidorum et communium in [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxonia Inferiore]]''' omnia [[commune|communia]] (Theodisce ''Gemeinden''), consociationes communium (Theodisce ''Gemeindeverbände'') atque loca nulli communium adscripta (Theodisce ''gemeindefreien Gebiete''), quae hodie in [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terra]] [[Germania|Germanica]] [[Saxonia Inferior]]e exstant, complectitur.

Postremae mutationes finium territorialium in Saxonia Inferiore [[1 Novembris|Kalendis Novembribus]] anni [[2021]] effectae sunt. Ex eo tempore [[Saxonia Inferior]] 939 communia et 25 loca nulli communi adscripta (quorum duo habitantur) habet. Quibus e communibus 159 titulo [[urbs|urbis]] (Theodisce ''Stadt'') et 49 titulo [[oppidum|oppidi]] (Theodisce ''Flecken'') utuntur.

Praeterea nonnullae proprietates exstant secundum communium administrationem: Nam 939 communia in 289 communia unitaria et 650 communia membra dividuntur; quae vero in universum 114 consociationes communium constituunt, ut munera communiter administrent. Hae consociationes communium ipsa communia non sunt, sed foedera cooperationis, quae aut ex regione aut ex communitate in qua sedes administrationis sita est nomen accipiunt. Quapropter in Saxonia Inferiore idem nomen tam communi quam consociationi communium tribui potest. Agitur tamen de duobus corporibus iuridicis distinctis, quae proprias repraesentationes atque propria munera habent.

Praeterea, propter magnitudinem suam, nonnullae communium et consociationes communium peculiarem rationem cum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulo terrae]] (Theodisce ''Landkreis'') habent:

* Decem urbes statum iuridicum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli urbani]] (Theodisce ''kreisfreien Stadt'') obtinent, nulli circulo terrae subiiciuntur atque omnia sua munera exercent.
* Septem urbes statum iuridicum urbis magnae sui iuris (Theodisce ''Große selbständige Stadt'') obtinent atque multa, sed non omnia, munera circuli terrae cui adscribuntur exercent.
* 61 communium et tria communia generalia (Theodisce ''Samtgemeinden'') statum iuridicum communis sui iuris (Theodisce ''Selbständige Gemeinde'') obtinent atque quaedam munera districtus cui adscribuntur exercent.
* 861 ceterae communium nullam peculiarem rationem cum circulo terrae cui adscribuntur habent.

=== A ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Abensium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Apensen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Obbens'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Acheimum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Grote III 1877&quot;&gt;Grote, H. (1877). ''Münzstudien: Geschichte der älteren Münzen und Urkunden des Bisthums Verden'' (Vol. VIII). Hannoverae: Hahn’sche Hofbuchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Achim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Achem'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Achestedium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1759&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Axstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ax'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Adelebsenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Funck 1736&quot;&gt;Funck, J. N. (1736). ''Disputatio Academica de Voluntaria Morte Judaeorum et Gentilium sub Praesidio S. R. I. Libero Baroni de Adelebsen Dedicata''. Rintelii: Typis Johannis Friderici Enax.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Adelebsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Adenebutla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pischke 1998&quot;&gt;Pischke, G. (Ed.) (1998). ''Das Lehnsregister der Edelherren von Meinersen: Edition und historische Untersuchung der mittelalterlichen Besitzurkunden'' (Documentum anni MCCXX). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Adenbüttel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Adenhusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1703&quot;&gt;Schlegel, J. C. (1703). ''Chronica Parochiarum ditionis Mindensis et Hildesiensis: De ecclesiis parochialibus et ditione antiqua oppidi Adenhusii''. Mindae: Typis Johannis Meyeri; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1703). ''Chronica Parochiarum ditionis Mindensis et Hildesiensis:...''. Mindae: Typis Johannis Meyeri.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ahnsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Adenthorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Höhbaum 1876&quot;&gt;Höhbaum, K. (Ed.) (1876). ''Hansisches Urkundenbuch: Monumenta Germaniae Historica e codicibus diplomaticis Bremensibus et Luneburgensibus'' (Vol. I). Halis Saxonum: Typis Orphanotrophei.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Adendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Adendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Affinghusia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rathlef 1766&quot;&gt;Rathlef, E. L. (1766). ''Geschichte der Grafschaften Hoya und Diepholz: Monimenta diplomatica et antiquitates ditionis Affinghusiae'' (Vol. I). Bremae: Försterischen Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Affinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Affinghusen'' seu ''Affjehusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aldendorpevilla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Stadtoldendorf'')
* [[Alrebekesa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Oven 1872&quot;&gt;Oven, A. von (Ed.) (1872). ''Urkundenbuch des Herzogthums Lüneburg: Diplomata, chartae et registra historica saeculi XII (Documentum anni MCXCVII de venditione praedii Alrebekesae)'' (Vol. I). Hannoverae: Carl Rümpler.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ahnsbeck'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ahusium (Saxonia Inferior)|Ahusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;&gt;Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Bremensis et Verdensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Parochiarum ditionis Corbeiensis et Hildesiensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ahausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ahusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Alfeld''; [[Saxonice]] ''Allefelle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alfhusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Alfhausen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Algermissenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoogeweg III 1903&quot;&gt;Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1903). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Quellen und Darstellungen zur Geschichte Niedersachsens (Monimenta historica et privilegia de Algermisseno)'' (Vol. III). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Algermissen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alisni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elsfleth'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Almstedium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoogeweg II 1901&quot;&gt;Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1901). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Quellen und Darstellungen zur Geschichte Niedersachsens (Monimenta historica et registra de Almstedio)'' (Vol. II). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Almstedt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alorstedium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1758&quot;&gt;Pratje, J. H. (1758). ''Historische Nachrichten von dem ehemaligen berühmten Closter Harsefeld: Monumenta ac documenta saeculi XII ubi de decimis Alorstedii agitur''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ahlerstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ohlers'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alvstedium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1759&quot;&gt;Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Alfstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Alfs'' seu ''Alfst'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Amelinghusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Baring 1746&quot;&gt;Baring, E. (1746). ''Succincta Hannoverae et ditionum vicinarum Notitia Historica''. Hanoverae: Typis Nicolae Försteri.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Amelinghausen''; [[lingua Saxonica|Boreosaxonice]] ''Amekhusen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Amelkusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Anchemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ankum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Andervenia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Andervenne'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Andorlangia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1759&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Anderlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Annerlingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Antiqua Medingha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Homeyer X 2006&quot;&gt;Homeyer, J. (Ed.) (2006). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Medingen: Lüneburger Urkundenbuch (Monimenta historica saeculi XIV de parochia Medinghae) (Vol. X)''. Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Altenmedingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ohmein'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Apenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Baring 1746&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Apen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aap'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Apleremum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1703&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Apelern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Appelium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Appel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aquae Lauterbergenses in Montibus Harthicis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mirus 1826&quot;&gt;Mirus, A. (1826). ''De salubritate aquarum lauterbergensium in montibus harthicis sitarum''. Typis Regiis.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Lauterberg im Harz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aquae Nendorpenses]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Marcard 1805&quot;&gt;Marcard, H. M. (1805). ''De salubritate aquarum nendorpensium et de earum usu in morbis chronicis''. [[Goettinga]]e: Dieterich; et: Macard, H. M. (1805). ''De usu salutari fontium salinorum in territorio Hildesiensi sitorum''. [[Goettinga]]e: Dieterich.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Nenndorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aquae Zwischenahnenses]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Statisitakamt Nord 2025&quot;&gt;Statistikamt Nord (Editio Latina). ''Catalogus Urbium et Communium Germaniae''. Hamburgi, 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Zwischenahn''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Twiskenoan'' seu ''Boad Twiskenoan''; [[Saxonice]] ''Twüschenahn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aroldishusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Arholzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Artlenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Baring 1746&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Artlenburg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Artlissa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mader 1664&quot;&gt;Mader, J. J. (1664). ''Antiquitates Brunsvicenses: De antiquis parochiis Saxonum et finibus dioecesis Mindensis (Caput de parochia Artlissa)''. Helmestadii: Typis Henningi Mulleri.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Aerzen'': quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Ärzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Arx Agathae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kochen 1724&quot;&gt;Kochen, J. H. (1724). ''Introductio in Historiam Ducatus Bremensis y Verdensis: Accesserunt diplomata varia et descriptio Arcis Agathae et ditionis Stadiensis''. Stadae: Typis Caspari Holmii.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Agathenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gothenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Arx Draconis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egger 1977&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Drakenburg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ascalingium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ahlden'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Asanthorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Vogell 1856&quot;&gt;Vogell, A. (Ed.) (1856). ''Urkundenbuch des Bisthums Verden und des Collegiatstifts Bardewick: Chartae, diplomata et monumenta historica saeculi XIII...''. Hannoverae: Hahn’sche Hofbuchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Harburgensis|Circulo Harburgensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Harburg&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Harburgensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Harburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Harburgum]]&quot; -ad quod gentilicium &quot;Harburgensis-e&quot; refertur-.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Asendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Asendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Asenthorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1855&quot;&gt;Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1855). ''Hoyer Urkundenbuch'' (Vol. I). Hannoverae: Jänecke Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus terrae Diepholtia|Circulo terrae Diepholtia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Diepholz&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Diepholtia&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Diepholz'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Diepholtia]]&quot;, vide {{Hofmannus}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Asendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Asendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Assena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Philippi &amp; Bar 1892&quot;&gt;Philippi, F., &amp; Bär, M. (Eds.) (1892). ''Osnabrücker Urkundenbuch: Die Urkunden der Jahre 772-1200'' (Vol. 1). Verein für Geschichte und Landeskunde von Osnabrück.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Essen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Assini]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Essen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Astanholteremarki-Scirnbeki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Osterholz-Scharmbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Oosterholt-Scharmbeek'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Asylum (Saxonia Inferior)|Asylum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Asylum&quot;&gt;Theodiscum nomen ''Freistatt'', quod ''Freistätte, Zufluchtsort, Asyl'' significat, Latine &quot;asylum&quot; reddi potest. Nam in ''Deutsches Wörterbuch'' de Weigand et Hirt vox Theodisca ''Asyl'' explicatur ut «Freistatt» et ipsa vox Theodisca ''Asyl'' e Latino &quot;asylum&quot; orta esse dicitur. Praeterea lexicon Germanico-Latinum, quod in traditione lexicographica Georgii continetur, directe tradit: ''Freistatt, -stätte'', &quot;asylum'&quot;. Itaque &quot;Asylum&quot; non est forma ficticia neque mera translatio nostra, sed aequivalentia lexicographice comprobata.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Freistatt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Freestatt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aszi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hermann&quot;&gt;Hermann Abels: ''Die Ortsnamen des Emslandes in ihrer sprachlichen und kulturgeschichtlichen Bedeutung''. S. 27f.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Esche'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aulica]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elze'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Auricum (Saxonia Inferior)|Auricum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Emmius 1616&quot;&gt;Emmius, U. (1616). ''Rerum Frisicarum Historia''. [[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]: Elzevier.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Aurich''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Aurk''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Auerk'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== B ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Badberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Badbergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Badbern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Baddekenstedium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Menzel &amp; Ohainski X 2018&quot;&gt;Casemir, K., Menzel, F., &amp; Ohainski, U. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil X)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Baddeckenstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Barkenstäe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Balga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Udolph 1994&quot;&gt;Udolph, J. (1994). ''Namenkundliche Studien zum Germanenproblem'' (Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde, Ergänzungsbände 9). Walter de Gruyter.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Balje'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Balga Cortis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Balge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Baltrumum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wiarda III 1792&quot;&gt;Wiarda, T. D. (1792). ''Ostfriesische Geschichte: Von den ältesten Zeiten bis zum Jahre 1648'' (Vol. 3). August Friedrich Winter.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Baltrum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bamwida]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bohmte''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baumte'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bardenuvicum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bardowick''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bewick'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bardorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sudendorf 1859&quot;&gt;Sudendorf, H. (Ed.) (1859). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Herzöge von Braunschweig und Lüneburg und ihrer Lande'' (Vol. 1). Carl Rümpler Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bahrdorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kolb 1712&quot;&gt;Kolb, G. (1712). ''Compendium totius orbis: partim geographicum, partim historicum, partim genealogicum''. Typis Universitatis Carolo-Francisceae&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Barenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baarnborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bargstedum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mushard 1764&quot;&gt;Mushard, M. (1764). ''Palaeogentilismus Bremensis: Monumenta ac veterum tumuli in ducatibus Bremensi et Verdensi''. Typis Andreae Vandenhoeck.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bargstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bargst'' seu ''Bars'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barnstedum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bünting &amp; Letzner 1702&quot;&gt;Bünting, H., &amp; Letzner, J. (1702). ''Braunschweig-Lüneburgische Chronica, Oder Historische Beschreibung der Durchlauchtigsten Herzogen zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg''. Gedruckt bey Caspar Johann Jakobi.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barnstedt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barnstorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Böhmer 2007&quot;&gt;Böhmer, J. F. (2007). ''Regesta Imperii III: Salisches Haus 1024–1125. Die Regesten des Kaiserreiches unter Heinrich IV'' (T. Struve, Ed.). Böhlau Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Barnstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baarnstrup'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barsela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;&gt;Köbler, G. (2016). ''Orte in der deutschen Ortsgeschichte''. Wikiling-Zier. [[Universitas Leopoldino-Franciscea]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barßel''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bäärsel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bassel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barsingehusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Harenberg 1753&quot;&gt;Harenberg, J. C. (1753). ''Historia ecclesiae Gandershemensis diplomatica''. Typis et Impensis Joannis Christophori Meisneri.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barsinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baschehusen'' seu ''Basche'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barum (Luneburgum)|Barum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mindermann I II 2004&quot;&gt;Mindermann, A. (Ed.) (2004). ''Verdener Urkundenbuch, 1. Abteilung, Band 2: 1300–1380''. Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Luneburgensis|Circulo Luneburgensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landreis Lüneburg&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Luneburgensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landreis Lüneburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Luneburgensis-e&quot; ad [[Luneburgum]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Boorn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barum (Circulus Ulsenensis)|Barum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;AdWzG 2010&quot;&gt;Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen (2010). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter'' (K. Casemir, F. Menzel, &amp; U. Ohainski, Eds.). Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Ulsenensis|Circulo Ulsenensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Uelzen&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Ulsenensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Uelzen'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Ulsenensis-e&quot; ad [[Ulsena]]m refertur. Quo de gentilicio, vide lemma &quot;res-publica Ulsenensis&quot; apud {{Google Books|w_tWAAAAcAAJ|vide paginam dedicationis operis}}&quot;; et de topnymo, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bourm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barunvilla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;SdaedhdlM 1862&quot;&gt;Société d'archéologie et d'histoire de la Moselle (1862). ''Mémoires de la Société d'archéologie et d'histoire de la Moselle: Année 1860–1861''. Rousseau-Pallez.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barverum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Böhmer 1844&quot;&gt;Böhmer, J. F. (1844). ''Regesta Chronologico-Diplomatica Regum et Imperatorum Romanorum: Inde a Conrado I. Usque ad Henricum VII''. Typis et Sumtibus J. C. Hermann.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Barver'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barwedelum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Barwedel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Basdalum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Basdahl''; [[Saxonice]] ''Basdaal'' seu ''Basdohl'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bawinkelum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Moser 1738&quot;&gt;Moser, J. J. (1738). ''Bibliotheca Iuris Publici S. R. I. Germanici: Specially regarding the territories of Westphalia and Lower Saxony''. Typis Ioannis Georgii Cottae.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bawinkel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bowinkel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bebenhusa (Saxonia Inferior)|Bebenhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ahlfeldt 2010&quot;&gt;Ahlfeldt, J. (Ed.) (2010). ''Regnum Francorum Online: Traditio Fuldenses''. Francia-Ahlfeldt Project.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bevensen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bämsen'' seu ''Bemsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beckdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;AdWzG 2010&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Beckdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Beekdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beckedorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Beckedorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Biäkedörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beckelnum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Böhmer 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Beckeln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bedenbostelum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NL 1924&quot;&gt;Niedersächsisches Landesarchiv (1924). ''Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte''. Veröffentlichungen de Historischen Kommission für Niedersachsen und Bremen.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Beedenbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bedenbossel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beierstedum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Beierstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Barste’e'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Belmum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Moser 1738&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Belm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Belumum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mushard 1764&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Belum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Belen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bema (Saxonia Inferior)|Bema]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sudendorf 1859&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Böhme''; [[Saxonice]] ''Böhm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bendestorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bührmann 2005&quot;&gt;Bührmann, M. (2005). ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen des norddeutschen Raumes''. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bendestorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bendsdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Berga (Circulus Cellensis)|Berga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bruzen de La Martinière 1737&quot;&gt;Bruzen de La Martinière, A. A. (1737). ''Thesaurus geographicus criticus: in quo omnium orbis terrarum regionum, civitatum, oppidorum, nominibus antiquis, medii aevi et modernis''. Ex Officina Wetsteniana.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Cellensis|Circulo Cellensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Celle&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Cellensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Celle'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Cella (Germania)|Cella]]&quot; -ad quod gentilicium &quot;Cellensis-e&quot; refertur-, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bargen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Berga (Circulus Osnabrugae)|Berga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Osnabrugae|Circulo Osnabrugae]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Osnabrugae&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Osnabrück'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum ''LandKreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Osnabruga|Osnabruga-ae]]&quot;, vide Pertsch, Erich: ''Langenscheidts Großes Schulwörterbuch Lateinisch-Deutsch'', Berolini et Monaci 1983, ISBN 3-468-07202-3, p. 1325.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Berge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Berga ad Dumnam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bruzen de La Martinière 1737&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bergen an der Dumme''; [[Polabice]] ''Djörska'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bergenborstelium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1855&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bahrenborstel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bornbössel'' seu ''Boornbössel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bergfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bünting &amp; Letzner 1702&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bergfeld''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Bargfeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bersenbrugum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sandhoff 1785&quot;&gt;Sandhoff, J. E. (1785). ''Antistitum Osnabrugensis ecclesiae, qui per decem saecula episcopale munus in ea gesserunt, chronotaxis''. Typis Joannis Georgii Kislingii.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bersenbrück''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bessenbrügge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bersinium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kaemling 1987&quot;&gt;Kaemling, ''Atlas zur Geschichte Niedersachsens'' (1987).&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Berßen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groten Bässen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Berumburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Emmius 1616&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Berumbur'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bestena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Jellinghaus 1923&quot;&gt;Jellinghaus, H. (1923). ''Die westfälischen Ortsnamen nach ihren Bestandteilen''' (III ed.). Ferdinand Schöningh.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Beesten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Betzendorfum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bünting &amp; Letzner 1702&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Betzendorfum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bätzendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bevernense Castrum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bevern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beverstedum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Beverstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Beverst'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bienenbuttelum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bienenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bienbüddel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bilshusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wolf 1819&quot;&gt;Wolf, J. (1819). ''Politische Geschichte des Eichsfeldes mit Urkunden erläutert''. Johann Georg Rosenbusch.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bilshausen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Binethemum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;&gt;Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: I. Historicos Germanicos, II. Historiam Helmstadensem, III. Dissertationes de utriusque Saxoniae''. Typis Georgii Wolffgangi Hammii; et: Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: Dissertationen und historische Chroniken des Herzogtums Braunschweig-Lüneburg''. Typis Georgii Wolffii.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bentheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Binnenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Binnen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bippenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bippen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bippen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Birsina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bassum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bassen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bissendorpum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bissendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bissendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Blenderum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Brosius 1993&quot;&gt;Brosius, D. (1993). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Loccum'' (Vol. 1). Wallstein Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Blender''; [[Saxonice]] ''Blenner'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bliederstorpum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Trüper 2017&quot;&gt;Trüper, H. G. (2017). ''Urkundenbuch der Herren von Zesterfleth: 1232–1657''. Wallstein Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bliedersdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bliersdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bobentunum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Ohainski &amp; Udolph&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bovenden''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Bovten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bocensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bückeburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bückeborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bocholta (Circulus Heidensis)|Bocholta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1859&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Heidensis|Circulo Heidensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Heidekreis&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Heidensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Heidekreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum suffixum ''-kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Heidensis-e&quot; Theodiscum lexema ''Heide-'' vertit.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bookholt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bocholta (Circulus Theorosburgensis)|Bocholta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilmans &amp; Hoogeweg VI 1898&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Theorosburgensis|Circulo Theorosburgensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Schaumburg&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Theorosburgensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Schaumburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino gentilicio &quot;Theorosburgensis-e&quot;, quod ad [[Theorosburgum]] refertur, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baukholt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bocholtum in Ericeto]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mindermann 2001&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz in der Nordheide''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bookholt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bochorna (Circulus Frisicus)|Bochorna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ehmck &amp; Bippen 1873&quot;&gt;Ehmck, D. R., &amp; von Bippen, W. (Ed.) (1873). ''Bremisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1. Urkunden bis zum Jahre 1300''. C. Schünemann.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Frisicus|Circulo Frisico]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Friesland&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Frisicus&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Friesland'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Frisicus-a-um&quot; ad [[Frisia (discretiva)|Frisiam]] refertur. Quod de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bockhorn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bochorna (Circulus Vetha)|Bochorna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Vetha|Circulo Vetha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Vechta&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Vetha&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Vechta'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bakum'')&lt;/small&gt; 
* [[Bochorstia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Erhard 1851&quot;&gt;Erhard, H. A. (Ed.) (1851). ''Regesta Historiae Westfaliae: Accedit Codex Diplomaticus/Regesten der Geschichte Westfalens''. Regensberg.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bockhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baukhast'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bodendicum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Brosius 1985&quot;&gt;Brosius, D. (1985). ''Aus der Geschichte der Burg Bodenteich''. Ecomed Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bodenteich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bonndiek'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bodenfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sudendorf 1859&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenfelde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bodensa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Ohainski &amp; Udolph&quot;&gt;Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2003). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Göttingen''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodensee'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bodonis Insula]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenwerder'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Boffeshusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Ohainski VI 2007&quot;&gt;Casemir, K., &amp; Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen del Landkreises Holzminden''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VI)''. Editio ab Academia Scientiarum Gottingensi. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Boffzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Boitersena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mindermann 2001&quot;&gt;Mindermann, A. (Ed.) (2001). ''Urkundenbuch der Bischöfe und des Domkapitels von Verden: Band 1''. Von den Anfängen bis 1300. [[Stadae|Stadis]]: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bötersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Boitzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Boitzia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sudendorf 1859&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Boitze''; [[Saxonice]] ''Böhtz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bokenstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sudendorf 1859&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bokensdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bokensdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bokenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bockenem''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bokeln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Borchwega]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rüther 1905&quot;&gt;Rüther, H. (Ed.) (1905). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Neuenwalde''. Halle’sche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Burweg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Borkna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Borkum''; [[lingua Frisica|Frisice]] ''Boarkum''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Börkum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Borna Castra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Berne'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Borsla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Niemeyer 2012&quot;&gt;Niemeyer, M. (Ed.) (2012). ''Deutsches Ortsnamenbuch''. De Gruyter&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bösel''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Böäsel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bäsel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Borstla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1842&quot;&gt;Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1842). ''Diepholzer Urkundenbuch: Authentische Urkunden zur Geschichte der Grafschaft Diepholz''. [[Hannovera]]e: Hahn'schen Hofbuchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Borstel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bössel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Botela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mindermann 2001&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bothel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bootel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brachia (Germania)|Brachia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Brake''; [[Saxonice]] ''Braak'' seu ''Broak'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Braclina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rübel 1881&quot;&gt;Rübel, K. (Ed.) (1881). ''Dortmunder Urkundenbuch: Band 1. Urkunden bis zum Jahre 1340''. [[Isarlohia]]e: J. Baedeker.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Brackel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Braackel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bramascus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bramsche'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Breddenberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilmans &amp; Hoogeweg VI 1898&quot;&gt;Wilmans, R., &amp; Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.). (1898). ''Westfälisches Urkundenbuch: Band 6. Die Urkunden des Bisthums Minden und angrenzender Gebiete''. [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Regensberg'schen Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Breddenberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bredenforda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoogeweg 1898&quot;&gt;Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1898). ''Westfälisches Urkundenbuch: Band 6. Die Urkunden des Bisthums Minden vom J. 1201-1300''. [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Regensberg'schen Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brevörde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bredthorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ehmck &amp; Bippen 1873&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Breddorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Breddörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brestum (Saxonia Inferior)|Brestum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1759&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brest'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brincama]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Friedländer 1878&quot;&gt;Friedländer, E. (Ed.) (1878). ''Ostfriesisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1. (Jahre 787–1470)''. [[Emda]]e: Haynel.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brinkum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Britlinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Udolph 2004&quot;&gt;Udolph, J. (2004). ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen: Akten eines internationalen Symposiums in Uppsala''. [[Gottinga]]e: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Brietlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brietl'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brochema]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilmans &amp; Hoogeweg VI 1898&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Brockum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Broubm'' seu ''Brookm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brocleda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Janicke 1896&quot;&gt;Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1896). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 1''. [[Lipsia]]e: S. Hirzel.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bröckel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bräukel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Broclina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mindermann 2001&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Brockel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brookel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Broma]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Ohainski 2014&quot;&gt;Casemir, K., &amp; Ohainski, U. (Ed.). (2014). ''Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch: Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Gifhorn''. [[Bilivelda]]e: Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Brome''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brom'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brochusium-Vilsena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1855&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilmans &amp; Hoogeweg VI 1898&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bruchhausen-Vilsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brooksen-Vilsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brunsvicum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Braunschweig''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brunswiek''; [[lingua Saxonica|Brunsvicice]] dialectaliter ''Bronswiek'' seu ''Brönswiek'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bukina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilmans &amp; Hoogeweg VI 1898&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bücken''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bücken'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bulcova]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ehmck &amp; Bippen 1873&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bülkau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bulsteda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ehmck &amp; Bippen 1873&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bülstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Büls'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brunla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bode 1893&quot;&gt;Bode, G. (Ed.) (1893). ''Urkundenbuch der Stadt Goslar und der in und bei Goslar belegenen geistlichen Stiftungen: Band 1 (922 bis 1250)''.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Braunlage'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bunda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Deiter&quot;&gt;Deiter, H. (1881). Oldeborchs, Pastoris zu Bunda in Reiderland, kleine ostfriesische Chronicke, betreffend die Jahre 1558 bis 1605. ''Jahrbuch de Gesellschaft für bildende Kunst und vaterländische Altertümer zu Emden''.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bunde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bunn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Burchardivillare]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Janicke 1892&quot;&gt;Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1892). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 1. Bis zum Jahre 1221''. S. Hirzel.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Guelpherbytensis|Circulo Guelpherbytensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Wolfenbüttel&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Guelpherbytensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Wolfenbüttel'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Guelpherbytensis-e&quot; ad [[Guelpherbytum]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide [https://vd18.gbv.de/viewer/fullscreen/006049869/1/ ''vd18.gbv.de''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Pro eo ac debuisti, urbs aerumnosa, infelix ac misera Guelpherbytum (...)&quot;; et quo de gentilicio, vide  [https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/MBRY52X6EUWPQOQRFBKHVLYBSUG4M6LS ''Carmina Votiva Honori Clarißimi atq[ue] Experientißimi Viri Dn. Samuelis Stockhausen''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Practici Guelpherbytensis (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Burgdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borgdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Burgdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Hannovera (regio)|Regione Hannovera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Burgdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borgdörp'' seu ''Bortörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Burgium (Saxonia Inferior)|Burgium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Remling VII 2026&quot;&gt;Remling, L. (2026). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Emsland''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Börger''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borger'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Buria (Saxonia Inferior)|Buria]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Ohainski &amp; Udolph&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bühren'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bursina (Saxonia Inferior)|Bursina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir 2003&quot;&gt;Casemir, K. (2003). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil III)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Börßum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Butiadinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ehmck &amp; Bippen II 1876&quot;&gt;Ehmck, D. R., &amp; Bippen, W. von. (Ed.) (1876). ''Bremisches Urkundenbuch: Band 2. 1301–1350''. D. Ed. Müller.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Butjadingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Buxtehuda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lappenberg 1842&quot;&gt;Lappenberg, J. M. (Ed.) (1842). ''Hamburgisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1''. Perthes-Besser &amp; Mauke.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Buxtehude''; [[Saxonice]] ''Buxthu'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Byspinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1859&quot;&gt;Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1859). ''Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, Fünfte Abtheilung: Archiv des Klosters St. Michaelis zu Lüneburg''. Capaun-Karlowa’sche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bispingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bissen'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== C ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Campus Rufus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Stüve 1789&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Rothenfelde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Capella (Saxonia Inferior)|Capella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Philippi II 1894&quot;&gt;Philippi, F. (Ed.) (1894). ''Osnabrücker Urkundenbuch: Band 2. Die Urkunden der Jahre 1201–1250''. H. Th. Wenner.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cappeln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Castrovallium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Burgwedel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borwee'' seu ''Boorwee'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Cella (Germania)|Cella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Celle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Clenza]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Janicke II 1896&quot;&gt;Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1896). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 2. Von 1221 bis 1260''. S. Hirzel.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Clenze''; [[Polabice]] ''Kloncka'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Cloppenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Cloppenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cloppenborg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Kloppenbuurich'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Collis (Saxonia Inferior)|Collis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Erhard 1851&quot;&gt;Erhard, H. A. (Ed.) (1851). ''Regesta Historiae Westfaliae: Accedit Codex Diplomaticus/Regesten der Geschichte Westfalens''. Regensberg.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Polle'')
* [[Cramma]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir 2003&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cramme'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Cuxhavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Cuxhaven''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cuxhoben'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== D ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Dalemia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dahlem'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dalenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rzihacek &amp; Spreitzer XI 2024&quot;&gt;Rzihacek, A., &amp; Spreitzer, F. (Ed.) (2024). ''Die Urkunden Otto IV (Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Diplomata Regum et Imperatorum Germaniae, Tomus XI). Hahnsche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dahlenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dahlenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dalum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Janicke II 1896&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dahlum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Tahln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Damma (Saxonia Inferior)|Damma]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Philippi II 1894&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Damme'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Damnatzium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Garzmann LXXVI 2004&quot;&gt;Garzmann, M. R. W. (Ed.) (2004). ''Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte: Neue Folge der Zeitschrift des Historischen Vereins für Niedersachsen (Band 76)''. Hahnsche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Damnatz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Danneberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Dannenberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dannenbarg''; [[Polabice]] ''Wajdars'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Danthorpum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Menzel % Udolph VII 2011&quot;&gt;Casemir, K., Menzel, F., &amp; Udolph, J. (2011). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII''). Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Danndorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dassela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dassel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dedenhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husaDeensen&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Dedehusen'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: Casemir, K., &amp; Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Holzminden (Veröffentlichungen del Institut für Historische Landesforschung der Universität Göttingen, Vol. 51)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Deensen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Deinsta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Deinste''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deinst'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Deinstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Deinstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deins'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Delmenhorstium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Delmenhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Demost'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dengdia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Denkte'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Derenthalia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-thalia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-thal'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-thalia-ae&quot; seu &quot;-dalia-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-thal''' : -''thalia'', -''dalia'' (...)&quot;. Animadvertendum est suffixum ''-thal'' veterem orthographiam hodierni suffixi ''-tal'' esse; ergo Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-tal'' quoque latinizari potest addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-thalia-ae&quot; seu &quot;-dalia-ae&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Derental'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dersum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egger 1977&quot;&gt;Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dersum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Derßm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dettum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egger 1977&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dettum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Detten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dicla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mooyer 1855&quot;&gt;Mooyer, E. F. (Ed.) (1855). ''Urkundenbuch des vormaligen Stiftes Minden''. J. C. C. Bruns.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dickel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Diddersa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Didderse'' et [[Saxonice]] ''Deesse'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Diekholza]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Diekholzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dielmissa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dielmissen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Diepenavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-avia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-avia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Diepenau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Diepholtia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmannus&quot;&gt;{{Hofmannus}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Diepholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deefholt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dinklaga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dinklage''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dinklaoge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Disaldishusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husaDelligsen&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Disaldishusen'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: Reuter, A. (Ed.) (1950). ''1100 Jahre Delligsen: Geschichte der Hilsmulde und des Ortes Delligsen''. Verlag der Gemeinde Delligsen. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Delligsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Disna (Saxonia Inferior)|Disna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dissen am Teutoburger Wald'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dohra (Terra Emesensis)|Dohra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Terrae Emesensis|Terra Emesensi]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Terrae Altenburgensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Emsland'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum &quot;terra-ae&quot; Theodiscum lexema ''-land'' vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Emesensis-e&quot; ad flumen [[Amisia|Emesam]] refertur. De hoc hydronymo, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dohren '')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dohra (Circulus Harburgensis)|Dohra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Harburgensis|Circulo Harburgensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Harburg&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dohren''; [[Saxonice]] ''Duhrn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dolnere]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Dolnere&quot;&gt;Vide [https://adw-goe.de/fileadmin/forschungsprojekte/ortsnamen_rhein_elbe/dokumente/Publikationen_Udolph_PDF/2001-2005/315._Udolph_Anmerkungen_zum_Ortsnamen_Dollern.pdf ''Anmerkugen zum Ortsnamen Dollern''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 1105 (Fälschung Mitte 12. Jh.) ''Dolnere'' (...) 1209 ''Johannes de dolnere'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dollern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Doristacus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&amp;cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&amp;lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dorstadt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dornum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egger 1977&quot;&gt;Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Dornum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dornm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dorverda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dörverden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dörbern'' seu ''Dörb'' seu ''Dörveern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dotlinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dötlingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Draga (Albis)|Draga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Drage''; [[Saxonice]] ''Draag'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Drentweda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Drentwede'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Drestadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Drestedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dreest'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Drochtersa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Drochtersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Drochters'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dudanebutli]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lappenberg 1841&quot;&gt;Lappenberg, J. M. (Ed.) (1841). ''Hamburgisches Urkundenbuch (Band 1)''. Perthes-Besser &amp; Mauke.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Düdenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Düünbeudel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Duderstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Duderstadt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dustadt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dunsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dünsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dunum  (Saxonia Inferior)|Dunum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Houtrouw 1889&quot;&gt;Houtrouw, O. G. (1889). ''Ostfriesland: Eine geschichtlich-ortskundige Wanderung gegen Ende der Fürstenzeit (Band 1)''. Dunkmann.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dunum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Duthungun]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Udolph 2004&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Duingen''; [[Saxonice|Ostfalice]] ''Daujen'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== E ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Ebbestorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Jaitner 1985&quot;&gt;Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ebstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ebstörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ebersdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Ebersdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ebersdorfium&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Ebersdorf'' in Latinam &quot;Ebersdorfium&quot; verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ebersdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eversdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Echemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-hemium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-hemium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Echem''; [[Saxonice]] ''Echen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Edemissa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Edemissen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emisse'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Egestorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Egestorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Äästörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Edewechte]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Berger 2012&quot;&gt;Berger, D. (2012). ''Edewecht''. In ''Deutsches Ortsnamenbuch''. Walter de Gruyter.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Edewecht''; [[Saxonice]] ''Erwech''; historice ''Adewacht'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eggermuhla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Eggermühlen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ehra-Lessia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ehra-Lessien'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eicklinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Eicklingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eikeln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eildissum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Stumpf-Brentano II 1865&quot;&gt;Stumpf-Brentano, K. F. (Ed.) (1865). ''Die Reichskanzler vornehmlich des X., XI. und XII. Jahrhunderts: Acta Imperii Selecta'' (Vol. 2). [[Aeni Pons (Austria)|Aeni Ponte]]: Wagner'schen Universitäts-Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Eilsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ahlsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eima (Circulus Hildesiensis)|Eima]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;/small&gt;(in [[Circulus Hildesiensis|Circulo Hildesiensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Circulus Hildesiensis&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Hildesiensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Hildesheim'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Hildesiensis-e&quot; ad [[Hildesia]]m refertur. Hac de urbe, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eime'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eima (Circulus Holtisminnensis)|Eima]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Holtisminnensis|Circulo Holtisminnensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Circulus Holtisminnensis&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Holtisminnensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Holzminden'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Holtisminni]]&quot; -ad quod gentilicium &quot;Holtisminnensis-e&quot; refertur-, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Eimen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eimka]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Eimke''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aimk'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ekelum]]&lt;ref&gt;Vide: Von Hodenberg, W. (Ed.) (1855). ''Walsroder Urkundenbuch (Urkunde Nr. 19)''. Hahnsche Hofbuchhandlung. Quo opere &quot;proprietatem bonorum in Ekelo, que ab ecclesia Walsrodensi in feodum tenuit, pro quinquaginta marcis seriosius comparavit.&quot; dicitur.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eickeloh'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Elba (Saxonia Inferior)|Elba]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elbe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Elbingeroda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-roda&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elbingerode'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eldinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eldingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Elsdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Elsdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Elsdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Elsdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Embeca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Embeca&quot;&gt;&quot;non ignobiles Saxoniae civitates, Embeca et Gottinga&quot; {{Google Books|I7pXAAAAcAAJ|p. 734}}. Interdum &quot;Embica&quot;, &quot;Embecka&quot; etc. reperis&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Einbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aimbeck'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Embsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Embsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Emden''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Oamde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emmelkampus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Emmelkampus&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.altreformiert.de/beuker/geschichte/grafschaft-bentheim/ERK-GRAFSCH_Classis_1625-1705_Prot_-_Plasger_2021_gjb.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Protokolle der Classis der reformierten Prediger der Grafschaft Bentheim 1625–1705''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Domino Bernhardus Tinneken Pastorum Emmelkampum (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Emlichheim''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Batavice]] ''Emmelkamp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emmendorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Emmendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emphstece]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Emphstece&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.emstek.de/die-gemeinde/ortsteile/emstek?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''www.emstek.de'']; ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Urkunde aus dem Jahre 947 als „Emphstece&quot; (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Emstek''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emstäk'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emsbura]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Emsbüren''; [[Saxonice]] ''Büren'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emtinghusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Emtinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emhusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Engda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Engden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Engn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Engelschofa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-hofa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hof(f)(e)(n)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-hofa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hattenhofa (Bavaria)|Hattenhofa Bavarica]], [[Pfaffenhofa ad fluvium Glon]], [[Pfaffenhofa ad Rotam]], [[Poohofa]], [[Gundershofa]], [[Hattenhofa (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Hattenhofa Badeniae-Virtembergiae]], [[Pfaffenhofa (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Pfaffenhofa]], [[Matichofa]], [[Philshofa]] apud [[Google|Gugulam]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Engelschoff''; [[Saxonice]] ''Engelschopp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Erenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Minden II 1902&quot;&gt;Minden, G. von (Ed.) (1902). ''Urkundenbuch der Bischöfe von Verden und Minden (Band 2)''. Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ehrenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ehrenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Erkeroda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-roda&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-rode'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-roda-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Baceroda]], [[Gerningeroda]], [[Osteroda]], [[Werningroda]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Erkerode''; [[Saxonice]] ''Erkero'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ermelstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1759&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Armstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Armsdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ericetum Magnum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ericetum&quot;&gt;[https://woerterbuchnetz.de/?sigle=MeckWB&amp;lemid=H01756 Theodiscum toponymicum suffixum ''-heide'' Latino nomine &quot;Ericetum-i&quot; vertitur.]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Magnus&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/magnus?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum praefixum ''Groß-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;magnus-a-um&quot; vertitur.]&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Großheide''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grootheid'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Escheda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Eschede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Esche'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eschershusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eschershausen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Esena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Esens'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Essel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Essel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Äsel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Esterwega]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Esterwegen''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Äästerweede'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Estorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(ad [[Visurgis|Visurgem]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Estorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Esdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Estorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Stadae|Circulo Stadae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Stade&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Stadae&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Stade'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Stadae]]&quot;, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Estorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Esdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Evergoteshemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-hemiumEver&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-hemium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Euergoteshem'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: H. Bresslau et. al.: ''Die Urkunden Heinrichs II. und Arduins''. In: Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Die Urkunden der deutschen Könige und Kaiser, Band 3. [[Hannovera]]e 1900–1903.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ebergötzen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Ewerchötzschen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Everinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ingaEvern&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum mediaevali formae huius toponymi ''Everinge'' testatae applicatur. Quo de mediaevali toponymo, vide: Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (1998). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises und der Stadt Hannover (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil I)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Deutsch Evern''; [[Saxonice]] ''Düütsch Äwern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eversmeer]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eversmeer'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Evessum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NOB 2004&quot;&gt;Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (2004). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter''' (NOB III). [[Gottinga]]e: Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Evessen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eydelstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Eydelstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eidelstee'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eyendorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Eyendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eyndörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eystharpa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-tharpa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-trup'' seu ''-drup'' seu ''-trop'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-tharpa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Butilingtharpa]], [[Graftharpa]], [[Gumorodingtharpa]], [[Haringtharpa]], [[Heppingtharpa]], [[Holttharpa]], [[Hurstharpa]], [[Kathingtharpa]], [[Kiedeningtharpa]], [[Marastharpa]], [[Markiligtharpa]], [[Meinbrahtingtharpa]], [[Peingtharpa]], [[Radistharpa]], [[Sutharpa]], [[Tettingtharpa]], [[Vilomaringtharpa]], [[Winikingtharpa]], [[Varetharpa]], [[Vrilingtharpa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eystrup'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== F ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Fallingbostela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bad Fallingbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Fambossel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fardium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Verden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Veern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Farva]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Farven''; [[Saxonice]] ''Farm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fassberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Faßberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Filsum]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Filsum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Firrel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Firrel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Florimontium (circulus Widmundensis)|Florimontium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Blomberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bloombarg'' seu ''Blombarg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Flotide]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Flotide&quot;&gt;De nominibus &quot;Flotide&quot; {{caa|780|802}}, &quot;Flathi&quot; {{caa|1013}}, &quot;Flatide&quot; {{caa|1142}}, &quot;Flothethe&quot; {{caa|1187}}, &quot;Vlothe&quot; {{caa|1189}} et &quot;Flotethe&quot; {{caa|1194}}, vide: Udolph, Jürgen. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160729194352/https://www.ndr.de/ndr1niedersachsen/programm/Ortsnamen-Uebersicht-fuer-Buchstaben-F,ortsnamenforscher111.html ''Ortsnamenforscher'']. ''NDR 1 Niedersachsen''.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Flöthe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Frankenfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-felda&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-feld(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-felda-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Falufelda]], [[Frauenfelda]], [[Heresfelda]], [[Hirutfelda]], [[Ilfelda]], [[Mansfelda]], [[Salfelda]], [[Sualafelda]], [[Alfelda]], [[Alsfelda]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Frankenfeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Freda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Freden'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fredenbiki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-biki&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-beck'' seu ''-beek'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-biki-orum&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Aesebiki]], [[Asbiki]], [[Beverbiki]], [[Gledabiki]], [[Goltbiki]], [[Sannanabiki]], [[Trobiki]], [[Walbeka|Walbiki]], [[Winesbiki]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Fredenbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Freenbeek'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Frera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Freren'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fresenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Fresenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Fräsenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Friburgum (Albis)|Friburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Friburgum&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Freiburg'' Latino toponymo &quot;Friburgum&quot; verti solet. Cf. [[Friburgum Brisgoviae]] aut [[Friburgum Nuithonum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Freiburg/Elbe''; [[Saxonice]] ''Fryborg'' seu ''Freiborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Frideburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Frideburgum&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.heimatbund-finnentrop.de/index_htm_files/Staats-%20u.%20Reisegeogr.%205.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Beschreibung derer merkwürdigsten Oerter''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Frideburg, Friedeburg, lat. Frideburgum'''. Liegt im Fürstenthum Ostfriesland, an den Grenzen der Grafschaft Oldenburg (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Friedeburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Freborg'' seu ''Freebörg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Friedlandia (Saxonia Inferior)|Friedland]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Friedland&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Friedland' in Latinam &quot;Friedlandia&quot; verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Friedland'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Frisoyta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Frisoyta&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363707446_Der_Status_animarum_im_Hochstift_Munster_und_die_Alphabetisierung_im_landlichen_Raum_eines_geistlichen_Furstentums_im_17_und_18_Jahrhundert ''Der Status animarum im Hochstift Münster und die Alphabetisierung im ländlichen Raum eines geistlichen Fürstentums im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Specificatio catholic[orum] et acatholicorum in Frisoyta (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Friesoythe''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ait''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aithe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Furstenavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Furstenavia&quot;&gt;Theodiscum nomen proprium ''Fürstenau'' in Latinam &quot;Furstenavia&quot; verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Hofmannus}}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) FURSTENAVIA Familia Germ. ''Furstenau'', ramus est Familiae Erpacensis (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Fürstenau''; [[Saxonice]] ''Fösnau'' seu ''Försnau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Furstenberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Fürstenberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}} 

=== G ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Ganderkesea]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ganderkesee''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gannerseer'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gandershemium]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.fi/books?id=6kwBAAAAQAAJ&amp;pg=PA27&amp;lpg=PA27&amp;dq=Gandershemium&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=_NMr2DmhUK&amp;sig=CXPUuuKZ8W03AC7uB3YlYYNscJ4&amp;hl=fi&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=7z7WUrfrO8iC4gTGxoGYCw&amp;ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&amp;q=Gandershemium&amp;f=false R. p. Hertenberger: ''Historia pragmatica universalis, sacra et profana''], p.27;
[http://books.google.fi/books?id=yScyAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA58&amp;lpg=PA58&amp;dq=Gandershemium&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=ZoGX4tZRRD&amp;sig=8fUZc6grFgYD0jN-twVcDyzarYI&amp;hl=fi&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=7z7WUrfrO8iC4gTGxoGYCw&amp;ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q=Gandershemium&amp;f=false ''Acta Sanctorum, Junii'' (1698-1717), cit. in ''A Companion to Hrotsvit of Gandersheim (fl. 960)''], p. 58 n.103.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Gandersheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ganderssen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gandesberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gandesbergen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Garbsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Garbsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Garlstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Garlstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Garlstörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Garrel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Garrel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Garstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Garstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gastää'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gartovia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ovia&quot;&gt;[[Linguae Germanicae|Germanica]] ac [[linguae Slavicae|Slavica]] toponyma cum suffixo ''-ov'' seu ''-öv'' seu ''ow'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-ovia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Asovia]], [[Brewnovia]], [[Czernichovia]], [[Glasgovia]], [[Golnovia]], [[Grabovia]], [[Kharkovia]], [[Laszovia]], [[Ostrovia]], [[Pscovia]], [[Racovia]], [[Sucovia]], [[Tarnovia]], [[Wengrovia]], [[Witkowa]], [[Wittovia]], [[Crovia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gartow'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Geesta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Geeste''; [[Saxonice]] ''Choeiste'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Geestlandia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-landia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-land'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-landia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amelandia]], [[Bevelandia Australis]], [[Bevelandia Septentrionalis]], [[Bolandia]], [[Iutlandia]], [[Curlandia]], [[Estlandia]], [[Finlandia]], [[Flevolandia]], [[Friedlandia]], [[Islandia]], [[Gothlandia]], [[Hollandia]], [[Ingermanlandia]], [[Isalandia]] [[Lalandia]], [[Langelandia]], [[Oehtlandia]] [[Olandia]], [[Sallandia]], [[Samlandia]] [[Zelandia]], [[Selandia]] [[Fotlandia]], [[Wermelandia]] [[Withlandia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Geestland'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gehrda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Gehrde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Georgsdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Georgsdorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gerdavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-avia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-avia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gerdau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gerdinum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gerdinium&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/gehrden/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Urkundlich ist der spätere Flecken möglicherweis erstmals als ''Gerdinum'' im Verzeichnis der Schenkungen (''Traditionen'') an das Kloster Corvey erwähnt, das um 826/76 angelegt wurde (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Gehrden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gieren'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gersta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gersten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Geteloha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-loha&quot;&gt;Germanica praesentia aut antiqua toponyma cum suffixis ''-loh(e)'' et ''-lo'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-loha-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ascloha]], [[Buohloha]], [[Eiloha]], [[Hadaloha]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Getelo''; [[Saxonice]] ''Getel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gevensleba]] &lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gevensleben'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gevera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Jever'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gieboldehusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Gieboldehausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Chiwelehusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Giesa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Giesen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gifhorna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cellarius 1703&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Gifhorn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gilta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gilten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Glandorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Glandorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gleicha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gleichen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gnarrenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Gnarrenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gnarrenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Godenstorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Gödenstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gö’nstörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Goldbiki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Golmbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Goldenstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Goldenstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gollnste'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Golencampus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;campus-i&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-kamp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-campus-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Gölenkamp''; [[Saxonice]] ''Göllenkamp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gorenthin]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gorenthin&quot;&gt;Vide [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Zeitschrift_des_Historischen_Vereins_f%C3%BCr_Niedersachsen_%28IA_zeitschriftdeshi1857hist%29.pdf?utm ''Zeitschrift des Historischen Vereins für Niedersachsen''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) villam Gorenthin '' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Göhrde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Göhr''; [[Polabice]] ''Djöra'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gorleba]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gorleben'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Goslaria]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Goslar''; [[Saxonice]] ''Goslär'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gottinga]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.com/books?id=kkM-AAAAcAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=gottingensis&amp;lr=&amp;cd=14#v=onepage&amp;q=&amp;f=false Libri Googles].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Göttingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Chöttingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grafhorstium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-horstium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-horst'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-horstium-i&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-horst''' : -''horstium'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Grafhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grafhorst'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grasberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Grasberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grasbarg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grasleba]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Grasleben''; [[Saxonice]] ''Graslewe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grethemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-hemium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-hemium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Grethem''; [[Saxonice]] ''Graitn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grona (Leina)|Grona]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gronau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grundensis Civitas Metallica]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Grund'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grunendicum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dicum&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-diek'' aut ''-deich'' aut ''-dijk'' aut ''-dyk'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dicum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Isendicum]] apud {{Graesse}}; aut [[Mardicum]] apud ''Dictionnaire universel françois et latin, vulgairement appelé Dictionnaire de Trévoux''.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Grünendeich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Greundiek'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Guderhandviertel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Guderhandviertel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gauderhandviddel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Guelpherbytum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wolfenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wulfenbüttel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gusbornium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-bornium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-born'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-bornium-ii&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Calenbornium (prope Aram)|Calenbornium prope Aram]] et [[Calenbornium (prope Caesariacum)|Calenbornium prope Caesariacum]] (Theodisce ''Kalenborn''); [[Calenbornium-Scheurenum]] (Theodisce ''Kalenborn-Scheuern''); [[Hasbornium (Eiflia)|Hasbornium]] (Theodisce ''Hasborn''); [[Leidenbornium]] (Theodisce ''Leidenborn''); [[Lichtenbornium]] (Theodisce ''Lichtenborn''). Quae omnia toponyma ex articulo Vicipaediae Latinae de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Rhenaniae_et_Palatinatus indice urbium et communium Rhenaniae et Palatinatus] desumpta sunt, ubi apte referuntur.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gusborn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gyhum]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Gyhum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Jeem'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== H ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Hademstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hademstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hamstorp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haeslinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Heeslingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Heeßel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haga (Saxonia Inferior)|Haga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Haga&quot;&gt;Vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3191/Hage.pdf?utm ''Historische Ortsdatenbank für Ostfriesland''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Erscheinung trat der Ort als „curatus Hagensis“ im Jahr 1400. Spätere Bezeichnungen waren „
Haga“ (um 1409)  (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hage''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Haag'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haga ad Teutoburgiensem Saltum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Teutoburger Wald&quot;&gt;Cfr. [[Cornelius Tacitus|Taciti]], ''[[Annales (Tacitus)|Annales]]'', {{Vf|Ab excessu divi Augusti (Annales)/Liber I|LX|I, 60}}: &quot;... haud procul '''Teutoburgiensi saltu''' in quo reliquiae Vari legionumque insepultae dicebantur&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hagen am Teutoburger Wald'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haga Bremensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Latinum gentilicium &quot;Bremensis-e&quot; Theodiscum syntagma ''im Bremischen'' vertit.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hagen im Bremischen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hagen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haga Schauenburgi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]]  ''Stadthagen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hagenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hagenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hagenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Halbemontium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-montium&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-mond'' aut ''-mont'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-montium-i&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-mond, mont''' : -''montium, mons'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Halbemond'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Halla (Holtisminni)|Halla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in Montibus [[Visurgis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Halle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Halla (Comitatus Binethensis)|Halla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Halla prope Neuenhusam&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Halle'' plerumque toponymo &quot;Halla-ae&quot; latinizatur. Qua de latinizatione, vide complures Hallae apud [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(prope [[Neuenhusa]]m&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Halle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Halvesbostel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Halvesbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hassbossel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hamala]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hameln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hamberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hambergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hambargen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hambuhra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hambühren''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hambüren'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hamelhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hämelhausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hämelhusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hamersa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hamersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Homersen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hamma (Saxonia Inferior)|Hamma]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ah&quot;&gt;Germanica aut Semitica aut Indoiranica toponyma cum terminatione ''-ah'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Exempli gratiā: [[Calvela]], [[Maliana]], Parra, [[Widenla]], [[Zellia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hammah''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hammoh'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Handeloha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-loha&quot;&gt;Germanica praesentia aut antiqua toponyma cum suffixis ''-loh(e)'' et ''-lo'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-loha-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ascloha]], [[Buohloha]], [[Eiloha]], [[Hadaloha]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Handeloh'' seu olim ''Handorf bei Tostedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Handörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Handorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Handorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Handörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hantharpa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-tharpa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-trup'' seu ''-drup'' seu ''-trop'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-tharpa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Butilingtharpa]], [[Graftharpa]], [[Gumorodingtharpa]], [[Haringtharpa]], [[Heppingtharpa]], [[Holttharpa]], [[Hurstharpa]], [[Kathingtharpa]], [[Kiedeningtharpa]], [[Marastharpa]], [[Markiligtharpa]], [[Meinbrahtingtharpa]], [[Peingtharpa]], [[Radistharpa]], [[Sutharpa]], [[Tettingtharpa]], [[Vilomaringtharpa]], [[Winikingtharpa]], [[Varetharpa]], [[Vrilingtharpa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Handrup'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hannovera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[caput (urbs)|caput]] [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terrae foederalis]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hannover''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hannober'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hanstadium (Circulus Harburgensis)|Hanstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Harburgensis|Circulo Harburgensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Harburg&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hanstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hanstää'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hanstadium (Circulus Ulsenensis)|Hanstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Ulsenensis|Circulo Ulsenensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Uelzen&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hanstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hanster'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hardegsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hardegsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harmstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Harmstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Harmsdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Haren'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harpstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Harpstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Harpstäe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harsfeldum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Harsefeld''; [[Saxonice]] ''Harsfeld'' seu ''Hasfeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harsum]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Harsum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hartsburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Harzburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Harzeborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hasberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hasbergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hasbergen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hasburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Haßbergen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hasela (Saxonia Inferior)|Hasela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hasela&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/hassel/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Dort ist die ''villa Hasela'' erwähnt, also das Dorf Hassel (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hassel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hasla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hasla&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/hesel/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Der früheste schriftliche Beleg für den Ort findet sich als ''Hasla'' in einem Urbar der Abtei Werden, das sich auf das 10. Jh. datieren lässt (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hesel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hassendorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hassendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hassendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hasta (Saxonia Inferior)|Hasta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Haste'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hatta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hatten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hattorpium ad Harthicos Montes]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hattorf am Harz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hauslinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Häuslingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hüßel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haverla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Haverla&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B73-8/NOB%20III%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Wolfenb%C3%BCttel%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Salzgitter.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) um 941 (Fä. Mitte 12. Jh., kop. 17. Jh.) ''Haverlae'' (...) 1319 ''Haverla'' (UB H Hild. IV 464 S. 247) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Haverlah''; [[Saxonice]] ''Haberlah'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hechthusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hechthausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Heckthusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hedebere]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hedebere&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B73-8/NOB%20III%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Wolfenb%C3%BCttel%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Salzgitter.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''NOB III Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Antiquum Hedebere seu Minus, Novum Hedebere seu Maius'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hedeper''; [[Saxonice]] ''Heper'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heeda (Terra Emesensis)|Heeda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Heede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Häie'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heemsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heemsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heessa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heeßen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heidenavia (Saxonia Inferior)|Heidenavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-avia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-avia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heidenau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heina (Saxonia Inferior)|Heina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Heina&quot;&gt;Vide [https://hgv-hhm.de/ortsnamen-13-19-jahrhundert.html?utm ''Heimat- und Geschichtsverein für Heinade-Hellental-Merxhausen E.V.''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''villa Heina'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heinade'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heinbockel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heinbockel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heiningensis Locus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Heiningen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Heinig'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heinsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heinsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heli (Saxonia Inferior)|Heli]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Heli&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B73-8/NOB%20III%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Wolfenb%C3%BCttel%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Salzgitter.pdf ''NOB III Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''in villa Heli'' (...) ''Heloon'' (...) ''collatio ecclesie Helen'' (...) ''Thidericus de Helenen'' (...) ''plebanos ecclesiarum de Helen'' (...) ''in campo sive marke ville Helen'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hehlen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hellwega]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hellwege''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hellweeg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Helmstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Helmstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Helmstidde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Helpsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Helpsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Helvesiecca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-siek&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ec(k)'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-ecca-ae&quot; seu &quot;-eca-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-ec, -eck''' : -''ecca'', -''ēca'' (...)&quot;. Hoc in casu, applicatur terminatio latinizans formae antiquae suffixi ''-siek'' -quae ''-sieck'', ut accidit in toponymis velut ''Bannensieck'', cuius hodierna forma ''Bannensiek'' est. Qua de ultima antiqua forma, vide [https://www.arcinsys.niedersachsen.de/arcinsys/showArchivalDescriptionDetails?archivalDescriptionId=2955251 ''Arcinsys''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Helvesiek''; [[Saxonice]] ''Helsch'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hemminga (Saxonia Inferior)|Hemminga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hemmingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hemmoor]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hemmoor'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hemsbunda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hemsbünde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Heemsbünnen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hemslinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hemslingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hemsloha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-loha&quot;&gt;Germanica praesentia aut antiqua toponyma cum suffixis ''-loh(e)'' et ''-lo'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-loha-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ascloha]], [[Buohloha]], [[Eiloha]], [[Hadaloha]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hemsloh''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hemzel'' seu ''Hemsel'' seu ''Hemßel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hepstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hepstedt''; [Saxonice]] ''Hepst'' seu ''Heps'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Herrum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Herrum&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B73-8/NOB%20III%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Wolfenb%C3%BCttel%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Salzgitter.pdf ''NOB III Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter.''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Majori villa Herre'' (...) ''Maiori Here'' (...) ''Minori Herro'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heere'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hertzberga ad Harthicos Montes]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Herzberg am Harz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Herzlaka]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Herzlake''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hässelke'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hespa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hespe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heuerssa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Heuerßen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hoarßen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heya]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heyen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hildesia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hildesheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hilmessen'' seu ''Hilmssen'')&lt;/small&gt; [[Hilgermissen]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hilkenbrook]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hillerse]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hilter am Teutoburger Wald]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Himbergen]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Himmelpforten]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hinte]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hipstedt]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hittbergen]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hitzacker]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hodenhagen]]
* [[Höhbeck]]
* [[Hohenhameln]]
* [[Hohne]]
* [[Hohnhorst]]
* [[Hohnstorf (Albis)]]
* [[Holdorf (Niedersachsen)|Holdorf]]
* [[Holenberg]]
* [[Holle]]
* [[Hollenstedt]]
* [[Hollern-Twielenfleth]]
* [[Hollnseth]]
* [[Holste]]
* [[Holtgast]]
* [[Holtisminni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Holzminden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Holtsminne'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Holtland]]
* [[Holzen (prope Eschershusam)|Holzen]]
* [[Honengesbuthele]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Honengesbuthele&quot;&gt;Vide [https://blog.slub-dresden.de/fileadmin/groups/slubsite/Blog/2015-KristinCasimir-VortragDresden.pdf?utm ''Ortsnamen zwischen Rhein und Elbe - Onomastik im europäischen Raum''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Honengesbvthele'' statt ''Honekesbutle'' (Casemir, -büttel S. 147) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hankensbüttel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hoogstede]]
* [[Hörden ad Harthicos montes]]
* [[Horneburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Horstedt (Niedersachsen)|Horstedt]]
* [[Hoya]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hoyerhagen]]
* [[Hoyershausen]]
* [[Hude (Oldenburg)]]
* [[Hüde]]
* [[Hülsede]]
* [[Husum (bei Nienburg)|Husum]]
* [[Hutta Georgii et Mariae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;hutta-ae&quot;&gt;Toponyma cum suffixis ''-hütte'' aut ''-hutta'' plerumque latinizari solent Latino vocabulo &quot;Hutta-ae&quot;, quamquam huius vocabuli variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hutta vitriaria Bohemica]] apud [https://schwaben.hu/ortschaften/bohmischhutten?utm Schwaben.hu. (s. d.). ''Böhmischhütten / Csehbánya – Ortsgeschichte'']; [[Hutta Germanica]] apud [https://huta.ewk.hu/nemetbanya-1757-1781/?utm ''Németbánya. (s. s.). Németbánya története'']; [[Hutta Vitriaria]] apud https://slavistika.sk/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/2015_1.pdf?utm [Majtán, M. (1998). ''Názvy obcí Slovenskej republiky: Vývin v rokoch 1773–1997''. Bratislaviae: Veda]; Hutta apud [https://real.mtak.hu/140291/1/K%C3%A1rp%C3%A1talja%20helys%C3%A9gnevei.pdf?utm ''Kárpátalja helységnevei.'']; [[Hutta Polonica]] apud Štefánik, M. (2022). ''Italia ed Europa centro-orientale tra Medioevo ed età moderna: Economia, società, cultura''. Heidelberg University Publishing; [[Hutta (Eiflia)|Hutta Eifliae]] apud Beyer, H. (1860). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der, jetzt die Preussischen Regierungsbezirke Coblenz und Trier bildenden mittelrheinischen Territorien'' (Vol. 1). J. Hölscher, et Beyer, H. (1860). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der mittelrheinischen Territorien: Erster Band. Von den ältesten Zeiten bis zum Jahre 1169''. [[Confluentes (Germania)|Confluentibus]]: J. Hölscher.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Georgius&quot;&gt;[https://la.wiktionary.org/wiki/Georgius?utm Theodiscum praefixum ''Georg-'' Latino anthroponymo casu genetivo &quot;Georfii&quot; vertitur].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Maria&quot;&gt;[https://la.wiktionary.org/wiki/Maria?utm Theodiscum interfixum ''-marien-'' Latino anthroponymo casu genetivo &quot;Mariae&quot; vertitur].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Georgsmarienhütte'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hüven]]
{{div col end}}

=== I ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Iburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Von Schaten 1714&quot;&gt;Von Schaten, N. (1714). ''Monumenta Osnabrugensia ex historia romana, francica, saxonicaque eruta''. Typis Jodoci Henrici Meyer.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Iburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Ibig'' seu ''Ibig'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ihlienworth]]
* [[Ihlow (Frisia Orientalis)|Ihlow]]
* [[Ilsede]]
* [[Ingeleben]]
* [[Isenbüttel]]
* [[Isernhagen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Isterberg]]
* [[Itterbeck]]
{{div col end}}

=== J ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Jade (Saxonia Inferior)|Jade]]
* [[Jameln]]
* [[Jelmstorf]]
* [[Jembke]]
* [[Jemgum]]
* [[Jerxheim]]
* [[Jesteburg]]
* [[Jork]]
* [[Jühnde]]
* [[Juist]]
{{div col end}}

=== K ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Kakenstorf]]
* [[Kalbe (Niedersachsen)|Kalbe]]
* [[Kalefeld]]
* [[Karwitz]]
* [[Katlenburg-Lindau]]
* [[Kettenkamp]]
* [[Kirchbrak]]
* [[Kirchdorf (bei Sulingen)|Kirchdorf]]
* [[Kirchgellersen]]
* [[Kirchlinteln]]
* [[Kirchseelte]]
* [[Kirchtimke]]
* [[Kirchwalsede]]
* [[Kissenbrück]]
* [[Klein Berßen]]
* [[Klein Meckelsen]]
* [[Kluse (Emsland)|Kluse]]
* [[Kneitlingen]]
* [[Kneta Maior]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Großenkneten''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grotekneten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Köhlen]]
* [[Königsmoor]]
* [[Kranenburg (Oste)|Kranenburg]]
* [[Krebeck]]
* [[Krummendeich]]
* [[Krummhörn]]
* [[Kührstedt]]
* [[Küsten]]
* [[Kutenholz]]
{{div col end}}

=== L ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Laar]]
* [[Laatzen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lachendorf]]
* [[Laerium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Stüve 1789&quot;&gt;Stüve, J. E. (1789). ''Beschreibung des Fürstenthums Osnabrück mit einigen Urkunden''. Kißling.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Laer'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lage (Saxonia Inferior)|Lage]]
* [[Lähden]]
* [[Lahn (Hümmling)|Lahn]]
* ''[[Lamspringe]]''
* [[Lamstedt]]
* [[Landesbergen]]
* [[Landolfshausen]]
* [[Landwehr (Gemeinde)|Landwehr]]
* [[Langelsheim]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Langen (bei Bremerhaven)|Langen]]''' &lt;small&gt;(b.Bremerhaven)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langen (Emsland)|Langen]] &lt;small&gt;(Emsland)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langendorf (Elbe)|Langendorf]]
* [[Langenhagen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langeoog]]
* [[Langlingen]]
* [[Langwedel (Weser)|Langwedel]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lastrup]]
* [[Lathen]]
* [[Lauenau]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lauenbrück]]
* [[Lauenförde]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lauenhagen]]
* [[Leese]]
* [[Leezdorf]]
* [[Lehe (Emsland)|Lehe]]
* [[Lehre (Niedersachsen)|Lehre]]
* [[Lehrte]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leiferde]]
* [[Lembruch]]
* [[Lemförde]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lemgow]]
* [[Lemwerdera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rüthning 1926&quot;&gt;Rüthning, G. (Ed.) (1926). ''Oldenburger Urkundenbuch''. Gerhard Stalling.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lemwerder'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lengede]]
* [[Lengenbostel]]
* [[Lengerich (Emsland)|Lengerich]]
* [[Lenne (Niedersachsen)|Lenne]]
* [[Leopolis (Saxonia Inferior)|Leopolis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ebel 1960&quot;&gt;Ebel, W. (1960). ''Lübisches Recht: Erster Band''. Hansischer Geschichtsverein.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bleckede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bleikd'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leri]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Leer''; [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Läär''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lier'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Liebenau (Niedersachsen)|Liebenau]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Liebenburg]]
* [[Lilienthal]]
* [[Lindern (Oldenburg)]]
* [[Lindhorst]]
* [[Lindwedel]]
* [[Lingen (Ems)]] &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Linsburg]]
* [[Lintig]]
* [[Locus Occidentalis (Saxonia Inferior)|Locus Occidentalis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cellarius 1703&quot;&gt;Cellarius, C. (1703). ''Geographia Antiqua iuxta et Nova''. Ienae: Bielckius.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Westerstede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Westerstäe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lohne (Oldenburg)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Löningen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lorup]]
* [[Loxstedt]]
* [[Lübberstedt]]
* [[Lübbow]]
* [[Luchovia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Luchovia&quot;&gt;Vide [https://ia801403.us.archive.org/28/items/antiquitatessele00keys/antiquitatessele00keys.pdf ''Antiquitates selectae septentrionales et Celticae''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) De Venedicis aut Germanicis prope Luchoviam effossis Epistola ''Georgii Frid, Mithofii'' data Luchovia d. 17. Maji 1691 (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lüchow''; [[Polabice]] ''Ljauchüw'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Luckau (Saxonia Inferior)|Luckau]]
* [[Lüder (Lüneburger Heide)|Lüder]]
* [[Lüdersburg]]
* [[Lüdersfeld]]
* [[Lüerdissen]]
* [[Luhden]]
* [[Luneburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lüneburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lümborg'' seu ''Lünborg''; [[Lingua Saxonica antiqua|Palaeosaxonice]] ''Hliuni'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lunne]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lunne&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/haseluenne/?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''civibus opidi nostri in Lunne'' (...)&quot;. Latinum autem gentilicium &quot;Haselunnensis-e&quot; est. Quo de gentilicio, vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Haselünne''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Lünne'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lunni (commune generali Spella)|Lunni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lunni&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/Fontes/AltdeutschesNamenbuch-Bd2OrtsnamenLbisZ-3A-1913.pdf?utm ''Altdeutsches Namenbuch'']; ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Lunni.''' 9. 1) Altlünne bei Plantlünne (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lünne'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lütetsburg]]
* ''[[Lutter am Barenberge]]''
* [[Luttera Regalis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Königslutter am Elm'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== M ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Maasen]]
* [[Magna Palus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Magna Palus&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/magnus?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum toponymicum praefixum ''Große-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;magnus-a-um&quot;] et [[https://www.koeblergerhard.de/germanistischewoerterbuecher/altsaechsischeswoerterbuch/asF.pdf Theodiscum suffixum ''-fehn'' Latino nomine &quot;palus paludis&quot; (f.)] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Großefehn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grootfehn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Maius Vrelstede]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Maius Vrelstede&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B76-2/NOB%20VII%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Helmstedt%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Wolfsburg.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der stadt WoLfsburg'']{{Nexus deficit|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 1318 ''in Maiori Vrelstede'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Frellstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Frillstidde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Marienhafe]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Marienhagen]]
* [[Mariental (Niedersachsen)|Mariental]]
* [[Marklohe]]
* [[Marl (Dümmer)|Marl]]
* [[Marschacht]]
* [[Martfeld]]
* [[Marxen]]
* [[Mechtersen]]
* [[Meckelsa Maior]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Meckelsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Meckels'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Meerbeck]]
* [[Meine]]
* [[Meinersen]]
* [[Melbeck]]
* [[Melle]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mellinghausen]]
* [[Menslage]]
* [[Meppea]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Meppen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Möppen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Merzen]]
* [[Messenkamp]]
* [[Messingen]]
* [[Midlum (Land Wursten)|Midlum]]
* [[Misselwarden]]
* [[Mittelnkirchen]]
* [[Mittelstenahe]]
* [[Moisburg]]
* [[Molbergen]]
* [[Mons Catonis (Saxonia Inferior)|Mons Catonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Cadenberge''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cuddeldutt'' seu ''Kumbarg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Moormerland]]
* [[Moorweg]]
* [[Moringen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Müden (Alara)]]
* [[Mulsum (Land Wursten)|Mulsum]]
* [[Mundia Hannoverana]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mundia Hannoverana&quot;&gt;Vide [https://spatial.demo.geocode.earth/explore/place/wof/101810167?utm ''Geocode Earth''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) LAT preferred '''Mundia Hannoverana''' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hann. Münden'' seu ''Hannoversch Münden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hannöversch Münnen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Munimeri]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Dronke 1844&quot;&gt;Dronke, E. F. J. (Ed.) (1844). ''Traditiones et Antiquitates Fuldenses: Chartae et registra historica saeculi IX''. Fuldense: Typis Müllerianis.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Münder am Deister''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Münner'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Munster (Örtze)|Munster]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== N ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Nahrendorf]]
* [[Natendorf]]
* [[Neetze]]
* [[Negenborn]]
* [[Nenndorf (circulus Widmundensis)|Nenndorf]]
* [[Neubörger]]
* [[Neu Darchau]]
* [[Neuenhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenhaus''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neenhuus'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (Altes Land)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Altes Land)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (bei Bassum)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(b.Bassum)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (Land Hadeln)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Land Hadeln)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (Landkreis Osnabrück)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Osnabrück)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (Lüneburger Heide)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Lüneb.Heide)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen-Vörden]]
* [[Neuharlingersiel]]
* [[Neuhaus (Oste)]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuhof (Landkreis Hildesheim)|Neuhof]]
* [[Neukamperfehn]]
* [[Neulehe]]
* [[Neuschoo]]
* [[Neustadt am Rübenberge]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neu Wulmstorf]]
* [[Niederlangen]]
* [[Niedernwöhren]]
* [[Niemetal]]
* [[Nienhagen (Landkreis Celle)|Nienhagen]]
* [[Nienstädt]]
* [[Norden]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nordenham]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Norderney]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nordholz]]
* [[Nordleda]]
* [[Nordsehl]]
* [[Nordstemmen]]
* [[Nörten-Hardenberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Northemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nothemium&quot;&gt;Vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenahist/wassenberg1/Wassenberg_florus.html ''FLORUS GERMANICUS''] , ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Et VVolferbytum, Northemium, Steinbruggam, Nienburgum (...) Primo vere Tillius tribunos suos Northemium misit (...) Caesaeriani Northemium expugnant (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Northeim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nuurten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Northorna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;&gt;Egli, J. J. (1893). ''Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume''. [[Lipsia]]e: Friedrich Brandstetter.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nordhorn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nothoorn'' seu ''Notthoarn'' seu ''Netthoarn'' seu ''Noordhoorn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nortmoor]]
* [[Nortrup]]
* [[Nottensdorf]]
* [[Nova Urbs (Saxonia Inferior)|Nova Urbs]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nienburg/Weser''; [[Saxonice]] ''Näinborg'' seu ''Nienborg'' seu ''Neenborg'' seu ''Negenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Novale Frigidum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Colnrade''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kollenroad'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== O ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Oberlangen]]
* [[Oberndorf (Oste)|Oberndorf]]
* [[Obernfeld]]
* [[Obernholz]]
* [[Obernkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ochtersum]]
* [[Odisheim]]
* [[Oederquart]]
* [[Oerel]]
* [[Oesinga Maior]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Oesingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Oesingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oetzen]]
* [[Ohne]]
* [[Ohrum]]
* [[Oldenburgum]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oldendorf (Landkreis Stade)|Oldendorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Stade)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oldendorf (Luhe)]]
* [[Osloß]]
* [[Osnabruga]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Osnabrück''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ossenbrääch''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Lingua Saxonica|Westfalice]] ''Ossenbrügge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Osteel]]
* [[Osten (Oste)|Osten]]
* [[Osterbruch]]
* [[Ostercappeln]]
* [[Ostereistedt]]
* [[Osterode am Harz]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Osterwald]]
* [[Ostrhauderfehn]]
* [[Ottenstein (Niedersachsen)|Ottenstein]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Otter]]
* [[Otterndorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ottersberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ovelgönne]]
* [[Ovenhagium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1703&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Auhagen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oyten]]	
{{div col end}}

=== P ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Padingbüttel]]
* [[Palus Hagensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Palus Hagensis&quot;&gt;[https://www.latin-is-simple.com/de/vocabulary/noun/13172/#google_vignette Theodiscum toponymicum suffixum ''-marsch'' Latino vocabulo &quot;palus paludis&quot; vertitur] et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Hagensis-e&quot;, quod ad [[Haga (Saxonia Inferior)|Hagam]] refertur, Theodiscum gentilicium praefixum ''Hager-'' vertitur. Quo de gentilicio et toponymo, vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3191/Hage.pdf?utm ''Historische Ortsdatenbank für Ostfriesland''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Erscheinung trat der Ort als „curatus Hagensis“ im Jahr 1400. Spätere Bezeichnungen waren „Haga“ (um 1409)  (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hagermarsch'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Papenburg]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Parsau]]
* [[Pattensen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pegestorf]]
* [[Pennigsehl]]
* [[Petrimons]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Perizonius 1758&quot;&gt;Perizonius, J. (1758). ''Compendium historiarum antiquissimarum, civilium et ecclesiasticarum, usque ad seculum decimum octavum: Cum appendice de ducatu Westphaliae et comitatu Petrimontano''. Ex officina Wetsteniana.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Pyrmont''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Puurmont'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pohle]]
* [[Pollhagen]]
* [[Pons Cobbanus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Leuckfeld 1714&quot;&gt;Leuckfeld, J. G. (1714). ''Antiquitates Blankenburgenses, oder Historische Beschreibung derer vormals berühmten Grafen von Blankenburg, nebst dazugehörigen diplomatibus und Chartis''. Gottfried Freytag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Coppenbrügge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Poynum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Peine''; [[Saxonice]] ''Paane''; [[Lingua Theodisca alta recens|Protoneoaltotheodisce]] ''Peina'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Praefectura Neohusana]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Grupen II 1742&quot;&gt;Grupen, C. U. (1742). ''Disceptationes Forenses cum Observationibus Juris: De originibus et iurisdictione praefecturarum ditionis Brunsvicensis (Caput de Praefectura Neohusana)'' (Vol. II). Hannoverae: Förster.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Amt Neuhaus'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pratum Vitulorum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Calberlah'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Prezelle]]
* [[Prinzhöfte]]
{{div col end}}

=== Q ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Quakenbrück]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Quendorf]]
* [[Querenhorst]]
* [[Quernheim]]
{{div col end}}

=== R ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Räbke]]
* [[Radbruch]]
* [[Raddestorf]]
* [[Rastdorf]]
* [[Rastede]]
* [[Rätzlingen (Niedersachsen)|Rätzlingen]]
* [[Rechtsupweg]]
* [[Reeßum]]
* [[Regesbostel]]
* [[Rehburg-Loccum]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rehden]]
* [[Rehlingen]]
* [[Reinstorf]]
* [[Remlingen (Niedersachsen)|Remlingen]]
* [[Renkenberge]]
* [[Rennau]]
* [[Reppenstedt]]
* [[Rethem (Aller)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rhade]]
* [[Rhauderfehn]]
* [[Rhede (Ems)]]
* [[Rhumspringe]]
* [[Ribbesbüttel]]
* [[Riede (Landkreis Verden)|Riede]]
* [[Rieste]]
* [[Ringe]]
* [[Ringstedt]]
* [[Rinteln]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ritterhude]]
* [[Rodenberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rodewald]]
* [[Rohrsen]]
* [[Roklum]]
* [[Rollshausen]]
* [[Römstedt]]
* [[Ronnenberg]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rosche]]
* [[Rosdorf]]
* [[Rosengarten (Landkreis Harburg)|Rosengarten]]
* [[Rotenburgum ad Wemmam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rotenburgum ad Wemmam&quot;&gt;De Latino toponymico syntagmate &quot;[[Rotenburgum ad Wemmam]]&quot; -ad quod Latinum gentilicium &quot;Rotenburgensis-e&quot; refertur-, vide homonymas urbes apud {{Graesse}} et {{Hofmannus}}. De hydronymo &quot;[[Wemma]]&quot;, etiam vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Rotenburg''; quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Rotenburg an der Wümme''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rodenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rötgesbüttel]]
* [[Rüdershausen]]
* [[Rühen]]
* [[Rullstorf]]
{{div col end}}

=== S ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Sachsenhagen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sagterlandia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;BOV 2013&quot;&gt;Bischöfliches Offizialat Vechta (2013). ''Findbuch des Offizialatsarchivs Vechta: Altes Archiv (Abteilung A: Saterlandia, Kirchliche Unterlagen, Akte A 8: „Informatio de Sagterlandia“ aus dem Jahre 1710)''. Vechtae, in Germania: Bischöfliches Offizialat.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Saterland''; quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Sagterland''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Seelterlound'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Salis Cancellum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cellarius 1703&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Salzgitter''; [[Saxonice]] ''Soltgitter'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Salzbergen]]
* [[Salzdetfordium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Marcard 1805&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Salzdetfurth'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Salzhausen]]
* [[Salzhemmendorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Samern]]
* [[Sandbostel]]
* [[Sande (Frisia)|Sande]]
* [[Sarstedt]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sassenburg]]
* [[Sathsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Sachsa'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sauensiek]]
* [[Schapen]]
* [[Scharnebeck]]
* [[Scheden]]
* [[Scheeßel]]
* [[Schellerten]]
* [[Schiffdorf]]
* [[Schladen-Werla]]
* [[Schnackenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schnega]]
* [[Schneverdingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Scholen]]
* [[Schönewörde]]
* [[Schöningen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schöppenstedt]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schortens]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schüttorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schwaförden]]
* [[Schwanewede]]
* [[Schwarme]]	
* [[Schwarmstedt]]
* [[Schweindorf]]
* [[Schweringen]]
* [[Schwerinsdorf]]
* [[Schwienau]]
* [[Schwülper]]
* [[Seeburg (Niedersachsen)|Seeburg]]
* [[Seedorf (bei Zeven)|Seedorf]]
* [[Seelze]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seesen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seevetal]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seggebruch]]
* [[Sehlde]]
* [[Sehlem (Niedersachsen)|Sehlem]]
* [[Sehnde]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Selsingen]]
* [[Semmenstedt]]
* [[Seulingen]]
* [[Sibbesse]]
* [[Sickte]]
* [[Siedenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sittensen]]
* [[Soderstorf]]
* [[Sögel]]	
* [[Söhlde]]
* [[Söllingen (Niedersachsen)|Söllingen]]
* [[Soltau]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Soltendieck]]
* [[Sottrum]]
* [[Spahnharrenstätte]]
* [[Spella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Spella&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.emsland.com/la/tour/emsland-route-395-km?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''www.esland.com''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) A Spella ad Rhenum: circiter XVI km (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Spelle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Spiekeroog]]
* [[Sprakensehl]]
* [[Springe]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stadae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Stade''; [[Saxonice]] ''Stood'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stadlandia]]&lt;ref&gt;Ioannes Iustus Wynkelman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=WvgaAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA617&amp;lpg=PA617&amp;dq=statlandia+saxonia&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=Ysl9JI4L06&amp;sig=2y6x3I38sU3-RcrP0HtnSkUxssI&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0CCwQ6AEwA2oVChMIwqiv-NWMxgIVQgmSCh2CZwDj#v=onepage&amp;q=statlandia%20saxonia&amp;f=false ''Notitia historico-politica veteris Saxo-Westphaliae finitimarumque regionum,''] 1667:277.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Stadland'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Staffhorst]]
* [[Staufenberg]]
* [[Stavern]]
* [[Stedesdorf]]
* [[Steimbke]]
* [[Steinau (Niedersachsen)|Steinau]]
* [[Steinfeld (Oldenburg)]]
* [[Steinhorst (Niedersachsen)|Steinhorst]]
* [[Steinkirchen (Altes Land)|Steinkirchen]]
* [[Stelle]]
* [[Stemmen (Landkreis Rotenburg)|Stemmen]]
* [[Stemshorn]]
* [[Steyerberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stinstedt]]
* [[Stöckse]]
* [[Stoetze]]
* [[Stolzenau]]
* [[Stuhr]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Südbrookmerland]]
* [[Suderburg]]
* [[Südergellersen]]
* [[Südheide]]
* [[Sudwalde]]
* [[Suhlendorf]]
* [[Sulingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Süpplingen]]
* [[Süpplingenburg]]
* [[Süstedt]]
* [[Sustrum]]
* [[Surwold]]
* [[Suthfeld]]
* [[Syke]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== T ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Tappenbeck]]
* [[Tarmstedt]]
* [[Tespe]]
* [[Teuderium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&amp;cq=M%C3%BCnchen&amp;lang=de''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Detern''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Tjootern''; [[Saxonice|Orientalifrisicosaxonice]] ''Däitern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Thransfellensis Ecclesia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dransfeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Thedinghausen]]
* [[Theodolfestorpum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Asseburg 1855&quot;&gt;Asseburg, J. von der. (1855). ''Urkundenbuch des Geschlechts von der Asseburg (Vol. 1)''. Hahnschen Hofbuchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dedelstorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Thomasburg]]
* [[Thorpum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Thorpum&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/ZIER-HP/ZIER-HP-06-2016/AAAKoeblerGerhardDorfinderdeutschenOrtsgeschichte20160831-7111.htm ''www.koeblergerhard.de''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Dörpen''', 9. Jh., bei Aschendorf nördlich Meppens, F2-1090 THURP (Dorf) Dorfa (7), Thorpum (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dörpen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Thuine]]
* [[Tiddische]]
* [[Tiste]]
* [[Toppenstedt]]
* [[Tostedt]]
* [[Tosterglope]]
* [[Trebel]]
* [[Triburi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Philippi &amp; Bar 1892&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Drebber'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Tülau]]
* [[Twieflingen]]
* [[Twilpstede Maius]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Twilpstede Maius&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B76-2/NOB%20VII%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Helmstedt%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Wolfsburg.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg'']{{Nexus deficit|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 1311 ''Twilpstede Maiori'' (...) 1311 ''Twilpstede Maiori et Minori'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Twülpstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Twülpstidde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Twist (Emsland)|Twist]]
* [[Twistringen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== U ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Uchte]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Uehrde]]
* [[Uelsen]]
* [[Uetze]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ulsena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]]  et [[Saxonice]] ''Uelzen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Ülz’n'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ummern]]
* [[Undeloh]]
* [[Upgant-Schott]]
* [[Uplengen]]
* [[Uslar]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Utarp]]
{{div col end}}

=== V ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Vahlberg]]
* [[Vahlbruch]]
* [[Vahlde]]
* [[Vallis Ambrae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ambra&quot;&gt;Latino de toponymo &quot;Ambra&quot; (Theodisce ''Emmer''), vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Vallis&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Tal?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum vocabulum ''T(h)al'' aut Theodiscum suffixum ''-t(h)al'' Latino vocabulo &quot;vallis-is&quot;] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Emmerthal''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emmerdaal'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vallis Augae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;SLH 1988&quot;&gt;Societas Latina Hannoverana (1988). ''Fasciculi geographici et historici: De parvis provinciis ditionis Hannoveranae et Schaumburgensis''. Hannoverae: Typis Exscripsit Libraria Scripturarum.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Auetal'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vallis Claustra-Cella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Conring 1730&quot;&gt;Conring, H. (1730). ''De Antiquitatibus Academicis Dissertationes Septem''. Officina Smeinkiana.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Clausthal-Zellerfeld''; [[Supraharthice]] ''Clasthol-Zallerfall'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Varel]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Varrel]]
* [[Vastorf]]
* [[Vechelde]]
* [[Velpke]]
* [[Veltheim (Ohe)]]
* [[Vetha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Vechta''; [[Saxonice]] ''Vechte'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vicus Adelaidis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ALF 2016&quot;&gt;Academia Latinitati Fovendae (2016). ''Commentarii Academiae Latinitati Fovendae: De novis parochiis et communibus Saxoniae Inferioris textus'' (Vol. XXIV). Romae: Herder.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Adelheidsdorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vicus Vetus Hassicus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Vicus Vetus Hassicus&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.fallingrain.com/world/GM/06/Hessisch_Oldendorf.html?utm ''www.fallingrain''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Other (Latin) names: Vicus Vetus Hassicus,Vicus Vetus Hassicus,Hessisch-Oldendorf,Hessisch-Oldendorf''' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hessisch Oldendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eolendörpe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vierden]]
* [[Vierhöfen]]
* [[Vildhusia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmannus&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Wildeshausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wilshusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villa Cremilonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cremlingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vintlum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Vintlum&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/schneverdingen-peter-und-paul/?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Schneverdingen, Peter und Paul''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''capella in honorem sancti Anthonii in villa Vintlo parrochie Snewerdinge'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Fintel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Visbek]]
* [[Visselhövede]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vögelsen]]
* [[Vollersode]]
* [[Voltlage]]
* [[Vorda Bremensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bremervörde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bremervöör'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vordorf]]
* [[Vorwerk (Niedersachsen)|Vorwerk]]
* [[Vrees]]
{{div col end}}

=== W ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Waake]]
* [[Waddeweitz]]
* [[Wagenfeld]]
* [[Wagenhoff]]
* [[Wahrenholz]]
* [[Walchum]]
* [[Walkenried]]
* [[Wallenhorst]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wallmoden]]
* [[Walsrode]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wangelnstedt]]
* [[Wangerland]]
* [[Wangerooge]]
* [[Wanna]]
* [[Warberg]]
* [[Wardenburg]]
* [[Warmsen]]
* [[Warpe]]
* [[Wasbüttel]]
* [[Wathlingen]]
* [[Wedemark]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Weener]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Weenzen]]
* [[Wehrbleck]]
* [[Welle]]
* [[Wendeburg]]
* [[Wendisch Evern]]
* [[Wennigsen]]
* [[Wenzendorf]]
* [[Werdum]]
* [[Werlte]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Werpeloh]]
* [[Wesendorf]]
* [[Weste (Niedersachsen)|Weste]]
* [[Westergellersen]]
* [[Westerholt]]
* [[Westertimke]]
* [[Westerwalsede]]
* [[Westfeld (Niedersachsen)|Westfeld]]
* [[Westoverledingen]]
* [[Wetschen]]
* [[Wettrup]]
* [[Weyhausen]]
* [[Weyhe]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wieda]]
* [[Wiedensahl]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wiefelstede]]
* [[Wielen]]
* [[Wienhausen]]
* [[Wiesmoor]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wietmarschen]]
* [[Wietze]]
* [[Wietzen]]
* [[Wietzendorf]]
* [[Wilhelmshaven]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wilstedt]]
* [[Wilsum]]
* [[Wingst]]
* [[Winkelsett]]
* [[Winnigstedt]]
* [[Winsen (Aller)]] 
* [[Winsenia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Büttner&quot;&gt;Büttner, D. S. (1710). ''Rudera Diluvii Testes, i.e. Zeichnung und Abbildung derer Columnarum Sceletonum''. Gottfried Zimmermann.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(ad [[Luya]]m&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Winsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Winzenburg]]
* [[Wippingen]]
* [[Wirdum]]
* [[Wischhafen]]
* [[Wistedt]]
* [[Witmundia]]&lt;ref&gt;E.g., [[Ioannes Luyts|Ioannis Luyts]] ''Introductio ad Geographiam novam et veterem'', Ultraiecti 1692, [https://books.google.fr/books?id=_o0YP3-9VTMC&amp;pg=PA281&amp;dq=Witmundia&amp;hl=ru&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjShLT7vdDrAhVJw4sKHZLLCokQ6AEwAnoECAMQAg#v=onepage&amp;q=Witmundia&amp;f=false p. 281].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wittmund'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wittingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wittmar]]
* [[Wittorf]]
* [[Wohnste]]
* [[Wolfsburgum]]&lt;ref&gt;Vide nomini arcis: Samuel Pufendorfus, ''Commentariorum de rebus Suecicis libri XXVI'' {{Google Books|lV1PAAAAcAAJ|pag. 457 et 475}}, ''Nova Acta Eruditorum'' {{Google Books|eGFlITDJFSMC|pag. 487}}, Lipsiae, anno 1756, ac ''Itininerarium Thomae Carve, Tipperariensis'' ([https://archive.org/details/itinerariumthom00kerngoog/page/n182 pag. 108]).&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Wolfsburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wulfsborg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wolfsbuurich'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wollbrandshausen]]
* [[Wollershausen]]
* [[Wölpinghausen]]
* [[Wolsdorf]]
* [[Woltersdorf (Wendland)|Woltersdorf]]
* [[Woltershausen]]
* [[Worde]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Worde&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/grossenwoerden/?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Hinricus rector ecclesie in Worde'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Großenwörden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grootweurn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Worpswede]]
* [[Wremen]]
* [[Wrestedt]]
* [[Wriedel]]
* [[Wulfsen]]
* [[Wulften ad Harthicos montes]]
* [[Wunstorf]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wurster Nordseeküste]]
* [[Wustrow (Saxonia Inferior)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== Y ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Yppenerdhe]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Yppenerdhe&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.gross-ippener.de/gemeinde/geschichte.html?utm ''Groß Ippene''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Parrochia Yppenerdhe (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Ippener''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Ippner'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== Z ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Zernien]]
* [[Zetel]]
* [[Zeven]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Zorge]]
{{div col end}}

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris|!]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Vicipaedia:Pagina prima/Praefatio</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>224224</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3984725</id>
      <parentid>3926192</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-30T23:19:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Formulam {{[[Formula:Tempus|Tempus]]}} in locum iussuum mediavicialium {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTMONTHNAMEGEN}}, et {{CURRENTYEAR}} ita substitui ut pagina utinam saepius renovetur</comment>
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      <text bytes="894" sha1="6he9apbh2ed06ctugmz94ubsmjoe31o" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;width:100%; margin-bottom:1em;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;float:left;&quot;&gt;Vicipaedia est libera [[encyclopaedia]], ad quam augendam [[Vicipaedia:Salve|omnes invitantur]].&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;float:right; text-align:right; margin-bottom:10px&quot;&gt;{{#switch: {{CURRENTDOW}} | 0 = [[dies solis|Solis]] | 1 = [[dies lunae|Lunae]] | 2 = [[dies Martis|Martis]] | 3 = [[dies Mercurii|Mercurii]] | 4 = [[dies Iovis|Iovis]] | 5 = [[dies Veneris|Veneris]] | 6 = [[dies Saturni|Saturni]] }} die {{Tempus|forma=[[j xg|j \m\e\n\s\i\s xg]] [[Y]]}}.&lt;br /&gt;[[Vicipaedia:Census|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] [[Special:AllPages|paginarum]] Latine scriptarum.&lt;sup&gt;{{Icon de pagina renovanda|12px|Vicipaedia:Pagina prima}}&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;nomobile&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:0.5em; clear:left&quot;&gt;{{Vicipaedia:Pagina prima/Encyclopaedia}}&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;clear:both;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Categoria:Pagina prima]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tactus</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>3984647</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-30T16:15:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
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      <text bytes="1458" sha1="p5j2enigofo257dbk8vvk45ydzl63oc" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:(Toulouse) Le toucher (La Dame à la licorne) - Musée de Cluny Paris.jpg|thumb|Exemplar e serie tapetum dominae cum unicorne. [[Lutetia]]e, in museo nationali aevi medii.]]
[[Fasciculus:Blausen 0805 Skin MerkelCell.png|thumb|Exemplum receptorum tactus. Disci tactiles ''Merkel'' in cute absconditi.]]
'''Tactus''' est [[sensus (biologia)|sensus]], accuratius facultas somatosensoria, quem [[systema sensorium]] [[cutis]] invisibile parit. Tactus [[manus]] [[scriptura Braille|scripturam Braille]] et [[quadrum tactile]] communicare potest.

In [[corpus humanum|corporis humani]] cute ad singulas qualitates contactuum percipiendas varia receptoria respondent. 

== Receptoria tactionis ==
[[Fasciculus:Gray936.png|thumb|Corpusculum tactus Meissnerianum.]]
* [[Corpusculum Pacinianum]] (corpusculum lamellosum)
* [[Corpusculum bulboideum]] (sec. [[Gulielmus Krause|Gulielmum Krause]])
* [[Cellula Merkeliana]]
* [[Corpusculum sensorium fusiforme]] Ruffiniense
* [[Corpusculum Meissnerianum]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Cauna N., Ross L. L. |title=The fine structure of Meissner's touch corpuscles of human fingers |journal=The journal of biophysical and biochemical cytology |year=[[1960]] |volume=8 |issue= |pages=467–82 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13691669}}&lt;/ref&gt; (corpusculum tactus)

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Pressio]]
* [[Somatopsyche]]

{{Biologia-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Neurologia]]
[[Categoria:Sensus]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>3984651</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-30T16:19:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Notae */</comment>
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      <text bytes="1585" sha1="m4vuwq4gojp97ur8fzd3xdegdkpv55l" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:(Toulouse) Le toucher (La Dame à la licorne) - Musée de Cluny Paris.jpg|thumb|Exemplar e serie tapetum dominae cum unicorne. [[Lutetia]]e, in museo nationali aevi medii.]]
[[Fasciculus:Blausen 0805 Skin MerkelCell.png|thumb|Exemplum receptorum tactus. Disci tactiles ''Merkel'' in cute absconditi.]]
'''Tactus''' est [[sensus (biologia)|sensus]], accuratius facultas somatosensoria, quem [[systema sensorium]] [[cutis]] invisibile parit. Tactus [[manus]] [[scriptura Braille|scripturam Braille]] et [[quadrum tactile]] communicare potest.

In [[corpus humanum|corporis humani]] cute ad singulas qualitates contactuum percipiendas varia receptoria respondent. 

== Receptoria tactionis ==
[[Fasciculus:Gray936.png|thumb|Corpusculum tactus Meissnerianum.]]
* [[Corpusculum Pacinianum]] (corpusculum lamellosum)
* [[Corpusculum bulboideum]] (sec. [[Gulielmus Krause|Gulielmum Krause]])
* [[Cellula Merkeliana]]
* [[Corpusculum sensorium fusiforme]] Ruffiniense
* [[Corpusculum Meissnerianum]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Cauna N., Ross L. L. |title=The fine structure of Meissner's touch corpuscles of human fingers |journal=The journal of biophysical and biochemical cytology |year=[[1960]] |volume=8 |issue= |pages=467–82 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13691669}}&lt;/ref&gt; (corpusculum tactus)

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Victoria E. Abrairal, David D. Ginty. &quot;The Sensory Neurons of Touch&quot;, ''Neuron'', 2013: 618-639


{{NexInt}}
* [[Pressio]]
* [[Somatopsyche]]

{{Biologia-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Neurologia]]
[[Categoria:Sensus]]</text>
      <sha1>m4vuwq4gojp97ur8fzd3xdegdkpv55l</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>3984654</id>
      <parentid>3984651</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-30T16:21:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
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      <text bytes="1596" sha1="q9q3elv637vqqqoz9yiie0y0xmqfc09" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:(Toulouse) Le toucher (La Dame à la licorne) - Musée de Cluny Paris.jpg|thumb|Exemplar e serie tapetum dominae cum [[Unicornis|unicorne]]. [[Lutetia]]e, in Museo nationali aevi medii.]]
[[Fasciculus:Blausen 0805 Skin MerkelCell.png|thumb|Exemplum receptorii tactus. Disci tactiles ''Merkel'' in cute absconditi.]]
'''Tactus''' est [[sensus (biologia)|sensus]], accuratius facultas somatosensoria, quem [[systema sensorium]] [[cutis]] invisibile parit. Tactus [[manus]] [[scriptura Braille|scripturam Braille]] et [[quadrum tactile]] communicare potest.

In [[corpus humanum|corporis humani]] cute ad singulas qualitates contactuum percipiendas varia receptoria respondent. 

== Receptoria tactus ==
[[Fasciculus:Gray936.png|thumb|Corpusculum tactus Meissnerianum.]]
* [[Corpusculum Pacinianum]] (corpusculum lamellosum)
* [[Corpusculum bulboideum]] (sec. [[Gulielmus Krause|Gulielmum Krause]])
* [[Cellula Merkeliana]]
* [[Corpusculum sensorium fusiforme]] Ruffiniense
* [[Corpusculum Meissnerianum]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Cauna N., Ross L. L. |title=The fine structure of Meissner's touch corpuscles of human fingers |journal=The journal of biophysical and biochemical cytology |year=[[1960]] |volume=8 |issue= |pages=467–82 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13691669}}&lt;/ref&gt; (corpusculum tactus)

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Victoria E. Abrairal, David D. Ginty. &quot;The Sensory Neurons of Touch&quot;, ''Neuron'', 2013: 618-639


{{NexInt}}
* [[Pressio]]
* [[Somatopsyche]]

{{Biologia-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Neurologia]]
[[Categoria:Sensus]]</text>
      <sha1>q9q3elv637vqqqoz9yiie0y0xmqfc09</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>3984655</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
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      <comment>/* Plura legere si cupis */</comment>
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      <text bytes="1666" sha1="fpdoxj7drpdalzc1kf2h84xyez3a3z1" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:(Toulouse) Le toucher (La Dame à la licorne) - Musée de Cluny Paris.jpg|thumb|Exemplar e serie tapetum dominae cum [[Unicornis|unicorne]]. [[Lutetia]]e, in Museo nationali aevi medii.]]
[[Fasciculus:Blausen 0805 Skin MerkelCell.png|thumb|Exemplum receptorii tactus. Disci tactiles ''Merkel'' in cute absconditi.]]
'''Tactus''' est [[sensus (biologia)|sensus]], accuratius facultas somatosensoria, quem [[systema sensorium]] [[cutis]] invisibile parit. Tactus [[manus]] [[scriptura Braille|scripturam Braille]] et [[quadrum tactile]] communicare potest.

In [[corpus humanum|corporis humani]] cute ad singulas qualitates contactuum percipiendas varia receptoria respondent. 

== Receptoria tactus ==
[[Fasciculus:Gray936.png|thumb|Corpusculum tactus Meissnerianum.]]
* [[Corpusculum Pacinianum]] (corpusculum lamellosum)
* [[Corpusculum bulboideum]] (sec. [[Gulielmus Krause|Gulielmum Krause]])
* [[Cellula Merkeliana]]
* [[Corpusculum sensorium fusiforme]] Ruffiniense
* [[Corpusculum Meissnerianum]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Cauna N., Ross L. L. |title=The fine structure of Meissner's touch corpuscles of human fingers |journal=The journal of biophysical and biochemical cytology |year=[[1960]] |volume=8 |issue= |pages=467–82 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13691669}}&lt;/ref&gt; (corpusculum tactus)

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Victoria E. Abrairal, David D. Ginty. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627313007101 The Sensory Neurons of Touch]&quot;, ''Neuron'', 2013: 618-639


{{NexInt}}
* [[Pressio]]
* [[Somatopsyche]]

{{Biologia-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Neurologia]]
[[Categoria:Sensus]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Universitas Gibutensis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="462" sha1="tn7cr9j0noswa2virqm2z2dhq4iihso" xml:space="preserve">{{Pagina non annexa}}
{{Capsa scholae Vicidata}}
''' Universitas Gibutensis ''' ([[Francice]]; ''''' Université de Djibouti''''',[[Arabice]]; ''''' جامعة جيبوتي '''''), originaliter ''Pôle universitaire de Djibouti'', est universitas publica [[Gibutum|Gibuti]].
== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170905132216/http://www.univ.edu.dj/ Situs publicus]
{{uni-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Constituta 2006]]
[[Categoria:Universitates Gibuti]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Frideburgum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
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      <text bytes="7569" sha1="kwl6yk2blq2k0l4pfp2wz3i1dhqxq16" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Rathaus Friedeburg.JPG|thumb|left|Curia Frideburgensis.]]
[[Fasciculus:Bürgerhaus und Heimatkundliches Museum Friedeburg.jpg|thumb|left|Museum patriae et domus civium Frideburgi.]]
'''Frideburgum'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Frideburgum&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.heimatbund-finnentrop.de/index_htm_files/Staats-%20u.%20Reisegeogr.%205.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Beschreibung derer merkwürdigsten Oerter''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Frideburg, Friedeburg, lat. Frideburgum'''. Liegt im Fürstenthum Ostfriesland, an den Grenzen der Grafschaft Oldenburg (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Friedeburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Freborg'' seu ''Freebörg'') est commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Widmundensis|Circuli Widmundensis]]. Ad Frideburgum et [[vicus|vici]] [[Abickhavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-havia-ae&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hav(e)(n)'' et ''-haf(e)(n)'', &quot;portum&quot; significantibus, plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-havia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Bruvenhavia]], [[Cuxhavia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Abickhafe''), [[Dosa (Frideburgum)|Dosa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Dose''), [[Etzel]] (Theodisce ''Etzel''), [[Frideburgum (vicus)|Frideburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Frideburgum&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Friedburg''), [[Hesel (Frideburgum)|Hesel]] (Theodisce ''Hesel''), [[Hoheescha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Hoheesche''), [[Horsta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;  (Theodisce ''Horsten''), [[Markese]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Markese&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/marx/ ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Schriftlich ist der Ort erstmals als ''Markese'' im ''Chronicon Rastedense'' genannt (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Marx''), [[Repesholte]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Repesholte&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.offizialat-vechta.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Download/DasOffi/Archiv/Urkundenbuch_Suedoldenburg.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Reepsholt, Gemeinde Friedeburg, Landkreis Wittmund''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Nicolaus Prepositus de Repesholte (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Reepsholt''), [[Tractus Graminosus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;TG&quot;&gt;''Bentstreek'' nomen Germanicum compositum est. Pars prior, [https://archive.org/stream/lexiconfrisicum01halbgoog/lexiconfrisicum01halbgoog_djvu.txt ''Bent-'', ad ''Bentgras''] pertinet, id est ad &quot;gramen quoddam rude&quot;, et propterea Latine reddi potest vocabulo &quot;gramen&quot;. Pars posterior, [https://www.ensie.nl/meaning/streek-streke ''-streek'' optime redditur vocabulo &quot;tractus&quot;]. Itaque ''Bentstreek'' Latine reddi potest &quot;Tractus Graminosus&quot;, id est &quot;tractus gramine abundans&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Bentstreek''), [[Wiesede]] (Theodisce ''Wiesede'') atque [[Wiesedermeer]] (Theodisce ''Wiesedermeer'') et [[villagium|villagia]] [[America (Frideburgum)|America]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Amerika&quot;&gt;''Amerika'' Latine &quot;America&quot; redditur, sicut in usu geographico Neo-Latino. Itaque colonia Frideburgensis, cui nomen Theodiscum ''Amerika'' est, Latine &quot;America&quot; dici potest. &quot;America, -ae&quot;, f. primae declinationis est. Hoc villagium nomem a [[America|continenti]] cepit.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Amerika''), [[Barge (Frideburgum)|Barge]] (Theodisce ''Barge''), [[Heselerfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-felda&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-feld(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-felda-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Falufelda]], [[Frauenfelda]], [[Heresfelda]], [[Hirutfelda]], [[Ilfelda]], [[Mansfelda]], [[Salfelda]], [[Sualafelda]], [[Alfelda]], [[Alsfelda]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Heselerfeld''), [[Horsta Minor]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Klein-Horsten''), [[Paganitas (Frideburgum)|Paganitas]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Paganitas&quot;&gt;''Heidendom'', id est ''Heidentum'', Latine &quot;paganitas&quot; reddi potest; cf. Duden, s. v. ''Heidentum''. Latinum &quot;paganitas, -atis&quot; ''Heidentum'' significat; cf. Georges, ''Ausführliches lateinisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch'', s. v. &quot;paganitas&quot;, ubi explicite &quot;paganitas&quot; = ''das Heidentum'' legitur.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Heidendom''), [[Priemelsfehn]] (Theodisce ''Priemelsfehn''), [[Silva Alta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Silva Alta&quot;&gt;Theodiscum ''Holz'' Latine &quot;silva redditur&quot;; Theodiscum ''hoch'' autem Latine &quot;altus&quot;. Itaque ''Hohejohls'', si sensu suo composito interpretetur, &quot;Silva Alta&quot; dici potest. Cf. Frisch, ''Teutsch-Lateinisches Wörter-Buch'', s. vv. ''Holz'' et ''hoch''; necnon ''Lateinisch-deutsches und deutsch-lateinisches Schul-Wörterbuch'', s. v. &quot;altus&quot;, ubi &quot;altus&quot; Theodisco ''hoch'' respondet.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Hohejohls''),  [[Tractus Palustris]]&lt;ref name=&quot;TP&quot;&gt;Theodiscum ''Moor'' Latine &quot;palus, paludis&quot; redditur; cf. Köbler, ''Altsächsisches Wörterbuch'', s. v. ''mōr'', ubi ''mōr'' → &quot;palus&quot; testatur. ''Strich'' autem, sensu ''Landstrich, Gegend'', Latine &quot;tractus redditur&quot;; cf. ''Dictionarium bilingue Latino-Germanicum &amp; Germanico-Latinum'', s. v. &quot;tractus&quot;, ubi ''Strich lands / geländ / landschaft'' → &quot;tractus&quot; legitur.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Moorstrich''), [[Russia (Fridebrugum)|Russia]]&lt;ref&gt;''Rußland'' Latine &quot;Russia&quot; redditur. Vox &quot;Russia, -ae&quot;, f. est nomen geographicum Latinum pro Theodisco ''Russland;'' eadem forma in lexicis geographicis Germanico-Latinis traditur. Itaque colonia Friedeburgensis, cui nomen ''Rußland'' est, Latine &quot;Russia&quot; dici potest.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Rußland'') atque [[Upschört]] (Theodisce ''Upschört''), (Theodisce ''Priemelsfehn'') pertinent.

== Historia ==
Castellum Frideburgense anno [[1359]] primo in actis descriptum est, de oppido diu inter comites [[Ducatus Oldenburgensis|Oldenburgenses]] et duces [[Frisia orientalis|Frisiae Orientalis]] pugna erat. Annis [[1744]] ad [[1806]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit, tum ad [[Nederlandia]]m et annis [[1810]] ad [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] pertinuit.Ab anno [[1815]] Frideburgum [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regno Hannoverano]] traditum est, quod post annum [[1866]] iterum pars Borussiae fuit. Ab anno [[1885]] Frideburgum pars novi Circuli Widmundensis factum est, qui circulus autem annis [[1977]] ad usque [[1980]] dissolutus erat. Ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet. Tum multi perfugae e regionibus a [[Polonia]] et [[Russia]] occupatis hanc in regionem venerunt.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Friedeburg (Ostfriesland)|Frideburgum}}
* [http://www.friedeburg.de/ www.friedeburg.de]

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita saeculo 14]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>3984635</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-30T15:03:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
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      <text bytes="7539" sha1="dt99mamfghq8ltbmq9ksptc1llikn4w" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Rathaus Friedeburg.JPG|thumb|left|Curia Frideburgensis.]]
[[Fasciculus:Bürgerhaus und Heimatkundliches Museum Friedeburg.jpg|thumb|left|Museum patriae et domus civium Frideburgi.]]
'''Frideburgum'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Frideburgum&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.heimatbund-finnentrop.de/index_htm_files/Staats-%20u.%20Reisegeogr.%205.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Beschreibung derer merkwürdigsten Oerter''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Frideburg, Friedeburg, lat. Frideburgum'''. Liegt im Fürstenthum Ostfriesland, an den Grenzen der Grafschaft Oldenburg (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Friedeburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Freborg'' seu ''Freebörg'') est commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Widmundensis|Circuli Widmundensis]]. Ad Frideburgum et [[vicus|vici]] [[Abickhavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-havia-ae&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hav(e)(n)'' et ''-haf(e)(n)'', &quot;portum&quot; significantibus, plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-havia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Bruvenhavia]], [[Cuxhavia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Abickhafe''), [[Dosa (Frideburgum)|Dosa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Dose''), [[Etzel]] (Theodisce ''Etzel''), [[Frideburgum (vicus)|Frideburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Frideburgum&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Friedburg''), [[Hesel (Frideburgum)|Hesel]] (Theodisce ''Hesel''), [[Hoheescha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Hoheesche''), [[Horsta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;  (Theodisce ''Horsten''), [[Markese]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Markese&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/marx/ ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Schriftlich ist der Ort erstmals als ''Markese'' im ''Chronicon Rastedense'' genannt (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Marx''), [[Repesholte]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Repesholte&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.offizialat-vechta.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Download/DasOffi/Archiv/Urkundenbuch_Suedoldenburg.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Reepsholt, Gemeinde Friedeburg, Landkreis Wittmund''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Nicolaus Prepositus de Repesholte (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Reepsholt''), [[Tractus Graminosus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;TG&quot;&gt;''Bentstreek'' nomen Germanicum compositum est. Pars prior, [https://archive.org/stream/lexiconfrisicum01halbgoog/lexiconfrisicum01halbgoog_djvu.txt ''Bent-'', ad ''Bentgras''] pertinet, id est ad &quot;gramen quoddam rude&quot;, et propterea Latine reddi potest vocabulo &quot;gramen&quot;. Pars posterior, [https://www.ensie.nl/meaning/streek-streke ''-streek'' optime redditur vocabulo &quot;tractus&quot;]. Itaque ''Bentstreek'' Latine reddi potest &quot;Tractus Graminosus&quot;, id est &quot;tractus gramine abundans&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Bentstreek''), [[Wiesede]] (Theodisce ''Wiesede'') atque [[Wiesedermeer]] (Theodisce ''Wiesedermeer'') et [[villagium|villagia]] [[America (Frideburgum)|America]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Amerika&quot;&gt;''Amerika'' Latine &quot;America&quot; redditur, sicut in usu geographico Neo-Latino. Itaque colonia Frideburgensis, cui nomen Theodiscum ''Amerika'' est, Latine &quot;America&quot; dici potest. &quot;America, -ae&quot;, f. primae declinationis est. Hoc villagium nomem a [[America|continenti]] cepit.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Amerika''), [[Barge (Frideburgum)|Barge]] (Theodisce ''Barge''), [[Heselerfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-felda&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-feld(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-felda-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Falufelda]], [[Frauenfelda]], [[Heresfelda]], [[Hirutfelda]], [[Ilfelda]], [[Mansfelda]], [[Salfelda]], [[Sualafelda]], [[Alfelda]], [[Alsfelda]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Heselerfeld''), [[Horsta Minor]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Klein-Horsten''), [[Paganitas (Frideburgum)|Paganitas]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Paganitas&quot;&gt;''Heidendom'', id est ''Heidentum'', Latine &quot;paganitas&quot; reddi potest; cf. Duden, s. v. ''Heidentum''. Latinum &quot;paganitas, -atis&quot; ''Heidentum'' significat; cf. Georges, ''Ausführliches lateinisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch'', s. v. &quot;paganitas&quot;, ubi explicite &quot;paganitas&quot; = ''das Heidentum'' legitur.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Heidendom''), [[Priemelsfehn]] (Theodisce ''Priemelsfehn''), [[Silva Alta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Silva Alta&quot;&gt;Theodiscum ''Holz'' Latine &quot;silva redditur&quot;; Theodiscum ''hoch'' autem Latine &quot;altus&quot;. Itaque ''Hohejohls'', si sensu suo composito interpretetur, &quot;Silva Alta&quot; dici potest. Cf. Frisch, ''Teutsch-Lateinisches Wörter-Buch'', s. vv. ''Holz'' et ''hoch''; necnon ''Lateinisch-deutsches und deutsch-lateinisches Schul-Wörterbuch'', s. v. &quot;altus&quot;, ubi &quot;altus&quot; Theodisco ''hoch'' respondet.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Hohejohls''),  [[Tractus Palustris]]&lt;ref name=&quot;TP&quot;&gt;Theodiscum ''Moor'' Latine &quot;palus, paludis&quot; redditur; cf. Köbler, ''Altsächsisches Wörterbuch'', s. v. ''mōr'', ubi ''mōr'' → &quot;palus&quot; testatur. ''Strich'' autem, sensu ''Landstrich, Gegend'', Latine &quot;tractus redditur&quot;; cf. ''Dictionarium bilingue Latino-Germanicum &amp; Germanico-Latinum'', s. v. &quot;tractus&quot;, ubi ''Strich lands / geländ / landschaft'' → &quot;tractus&quot; legitur.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Moorstrich''), [[Russia (Fridebrugum)|Russia]]&lt;ref&gt;''Rußland'' Latine &quot;Russia&quot; redditur. Vox &quot;Russia, -ae&quot;, f. est nomen geographicum Latinum pro Theodisco ''Russland;'' eadem forma in lexicis geographicis Germanico-Latinis traditur. Itaque colonia Friedeburgensis, cui nomen ''Rußland'' est, Latine &quot;Russia&quot; dici potest.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Rußland'') atque [[Upschört]] (Theodisce ''Upschört'') pertinent.

== Historia ==
Castellum Frideburgense anno [[1359]] primo in actis descriptum est, de oppido diu inter comites [[Ducatus Oldenburgensis|Oldenburgenses]] et duces [[Frisia orientalis|Frisiae Orientalis]] pugna erat. Annis [[1744]] ad [[1806]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit, tum ad [[Nederlandia]]m et annis [[1810]] ad [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] pertinuit.Ab anno [[1815]] Frideburgum [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regno Hannoverano]] traditum est, quod post annum [[1866]] iterum pars Borussiae fuit. Ab anno [[1885]] Frideburgum pars novi Circuli Widmundensis factum est, qui circulus autem annis [[1977]] ad usque [[1980]] dissolutus erat. Ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet. Tum multi perfugae e regionibus a [[Polonia]] et [[Russia]] occupatis hanc in regionem venerunt.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Friedeburg (Ostfriesland)|Frideburgum}}
* [http://www.friedeburg.de/ www.friedeburg.de]

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita saeculo 14]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Circulus Lerensis</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
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[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in LER.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo Lerensi]]
'''Circulus Lerensis'''&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Lerensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Leer'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Lerensis-e&quot; ad [[Leri|Leros]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Leer''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Lier''), nunc pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1885]] conditus est et ad annum [[1945]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit et deinde ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem. Caput circuli urbs [[Leri]] est.

== Historia ==
Ager circuli ab anno [[1815]] ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Anno [[1885]] circulus conditus et anno [[1932]] circulo dissoluto Weener auctus est. Ab anno [[1946]] Circulus Lerensis pars Saxoniae Inferioris est.

== Communia circuli ==
Haec sunt communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communia generalia coniuncti sunt:

* [[Borkna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Borkum''; [[lingua Frisica|Frisice]] ''Boarkum''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Börkum'') urbs (5175 incolae)
* [[Bunda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Deiter&quot;&gt;Deiter, H. (1881). Oldeborchs, Pastoris zu Bunda in Reiderland, kleine ostfriesische Chronicke, betreffend die Jahre 1558 bis 1605. ''Jahrbuch de Gesellschaft für bildende Kunst und vaterländische Altertümer zu Emden''.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bunde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bunn'') (7566)
* [[Jemgum]] (3597)
* [[Leri]] (33.891, caput circuli)
* [[Moormerland]] (sedes administrationis Warsingsfehn, 22.667)
* [[Ostrhauderfehn]] (10.750)
* [[Rhauderfehn]] (sedes: Westrhauderfehn, 17.162)
* [[Uplengen]] (sedes: Remels, 11.503)
* [[Weener]], oppidum (15.430)
* [[Westoverledingen]] (sedes: Ihrhove, 20.036)

* [[Hasla (commune generale)|Hasla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hasla&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/hesel/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Der früheste schriftliche Beleg für den Ort findet sich als ''Hasla'' in einem Urbar der Abtei Werden, das sich auf das 10. Jh. datieren lässt (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hesel'') commune generale (10.595)
** [[Brincama]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Friedländer 1878&quot;&gt;Friedländer, E. (Ed.) (1878). ''Ostfriesisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1. (Jahre 787–1470)''. [[Emda]]e: Haynel.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brinkum'') (700)
** [[Firrel]] ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Firrel'') (816)
** [[Hasla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hasla&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/hesel/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Der früheste schriftliche Beleg für den Ort findet sich als ''Hasla'' in einem Urbar der Abtei Werden, das sich auf das 10. Jh. datieren lässt (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hesel'') (sedes administrationis, 4520)
** [[Holtland]] (2260)
** [[Neukamperfehn]] (1594)
** [[Schwerinsdorf]] (705)

* [[Iummium (commune generale)|Iummium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egger 1977&quot;&gt;Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Jümme'') commune generale (6420)
** [[Filsum]] ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Filsum'') sedes administraionis (2094)
** [[Nortmoor]] (1653)
** [[Teuderium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&amp;cq=M%C3%BCnchen&amp;lang=de''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Detern''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Tjootern''; [[Saxonice|Orientalifrisicosaxonice]] ''Däitern'') oppidum (2673)

* Ager ad commune non pertinens:
** [[Lütje Hörn]] insula inhabitata

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Landkreis Leer|circulum Lerensem}}
[http://www.landkreis-leer.de Pagina officialis]

{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}

{{geo-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lerensis circulus}}
[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1885]]
[[Categoria:Frisia orientalis]]</text>
      <sha1>fgp2p2tyhuopufvz80k5401gw2qubk1</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Setanis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>246437</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3984720</id>
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        <id>139091</id>
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      <text bytes="1732" sha1="1utmse4nadwehzmeinjub2hcucw02e8" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus: Station_de_la_GC_de_Stains_Pierrefitte.jpg|thumb|upright=1|left|Antiqua [[statio ferriviaria]] ''Grande Ceinture.'']]
[[Fasciculus: Map commune FR insee code 93072.png|upright=0.8|left|thumb| Communis tabula.]]
'''Setanis''', sive '''Setenis'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://patrimoine.seinesaintdenis.fr/village-de-Stains&lt;/ref&gt; (saeculo XIII), sive '''Sextaniis''' (anno 1420), sive '''Stannis''' (saeculo XV)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; ([[Francogallice]] ''Stains'') est [[urbs]] et [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 39&amp;thinsp;277 incolarum&lt;ref&gt;Secundum [https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6676182?geo=COM-93072 censum anno 2020 factum.]&lt;/ref&gt; [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Sequana et Sanctus Dionysius|Sequanae et Sancti Dionysii]] in regione [[Insula Franciae (regio Franciae)|Insula Franciae]]. 

Origo nominis urbis verisimiliter cohaeret cum praesentia [[stagnum|stagnorum]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.stains.fr/vivre-stains/connaitre-stains/histoire-de-la-ville/ Situs interretialis Setani proprius.]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Sequanae et Sancti Dionysii|Indicem communium praefecturae Sequanae et Sancti Dionysii]]

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|Stains|Setanem}}
*{{INSEE commune|93072|de=Stains}}
*[http://cassini.ehess.fr/cassini/fr/html/fiche.php?select_resultat=36812 De hoc commune apud cassini.ehess.fr]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170425002957/http://www.ville-stains.fr/site/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=248&amp;Itemid=374 Huius communis pagina interretialis]

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Sequanae et Sancti Dionysii]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Sequanae et Sancti Dionysii]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Hasla (commune generale)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>254455</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3984624</id>
      <parentid>3981694</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-30T14:46:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Hesel (commune generale)]] ad [[Hasla (commune generale)]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam</comment>
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      <text bytes="976" sha1="cfw17aecq4wm64rgm0syrzmxxvwp4gb" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

'''Hesel''' est commune generale [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Lerensis|Circulo Lerensi]].

== Historia ==
Die [[17 Ianuarii]] [[1972]] Hesel commune generale constitutum est. E communibus [[Brincama]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Friedländer 1878&quot;&gt;Friedländer, E. (Ed.) (1878). ''Ostfriesisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1. (Jahre 787–1470)''. [[Emda]]e: Haynel.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brinkum'') (700 incolae), [[Firrel]]e ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Firrel'') (816), [[Hesel]] (4520), [[Holtland]] (2260), [[Neukamperfehn]] (1594) atque [[Schwerinsdorf]] (705) constat. In Hesel sedes administrationis est.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{Commonscat|Hesel}}
* [http://www.hesel.de Pagina communis generalis Hesel (lingua Theodisca)]

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia generalia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1972]]</text>
      <sha1>cfw17aecq4wm64rgm0syrzmxxvwp4gb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3984626</id>
      <parentid>3984624</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-30T14:49:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3984626</origin>
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      <text bytes="1714" sha1="33d87qnwx16pyo77r6ztrlh0egkcyh3" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

'''Hasla'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Hasla&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/hesel/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Der früheste schriftliche Beleg für den Ort findet sich als ''Hasla'' in einem Urbar der Abtei Werden, das sich auf das 10. Jh. datieren lässt (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hesel'') est commune generale [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Lerensis|Circulo Lerensi]].

== Historia ==
Die [[17 Ianuarii]] [[1972]] Hasla commune generale constitutum est. E communibus [[Brincama]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Friedländer 1878&quot;&gt;Friedländer, E. (Ed.) (1878). ''Ostfriesisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1. (Jahre 787–1470)''. [[Emda]]e: Haynel.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brinkum'') (700 incolae), [[Firrel]]e ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Firrel'') (816), [[Hasla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hasla&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/hesel/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Der früheste schriftliche Beleg für den Ort findet sich als ''Hasla'' in einem Urbar der Abtei Werden, das sich auf das 10. Jh. datieren lässt (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hesel'') (4520), [[Holtland]] (2260), [[Neukamperfehn]] (1594) atque [[Schwerinsdorf]] (705) constat. In Hesel sedes administrationis est.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{Commonscat|Hesel|Haslam}}
* [http://www.hesel.de Pagina communis generalis Halae (Theodisce)]

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia generalia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1972]]</text>
      <sha1>33d87qnwx16pyo77r6ztrlh0egkcyh3</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Brincama</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>254628</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3984631</id>
      <parentid>3981700</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-30T14:56:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
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      <origin>3984631</origin>
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      <text bytes="2312" sha1="32uve7l2yppcl9vw3li10tyoav9w6x3" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Alte Schule Brinkum DGH.jpg|thumb|left|Antiqua schola.]]
'''Brincama'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Friedländer 1878&quot;&gt;Friedländer, E. (Ed.) (1878). ''Ostfriesisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1. (Jahre 787–1470)''. [[Emda]]e: Haynel.&lt;/ref&gt; seu '''Brinkama'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Friedländer 1878&quot;/&gt; seu '''Brincamum'''&lt;ref name=&quot;M&quot;&gt;Möhlmann, G. (Ed.) (1975). ''Ostfriesisches Urkundenbuch: Band 3. Ergänzende Regesten und Urkunden''. [[Auriacum (Saxonia Inferior)|Auriaci]]: Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft.&lt;/ref&gt; seu '''Brinkamum'''&lt;ref name=&quot;M&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brinkum'') est commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Lerensis|Circuli Lerensis]] est. Ad commune Brincamam etiam vicus [[Merhusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;M&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Meerhausen'') pertinent. Ab anno [[1973]] Brincama cum aliis communibus ad commune generale [[Hasla (commune generale)|Haslam]] pertinet.

== Historia ==
Anno [[1388]] Brincama nomine ''Brincham'' primo in actis descripta est. Olim regio pars [[Frisia orientalis|Frisiae Orientalis]] fuit. Annis [[1744]] - [[1806]] Brincama ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Brincama ab anno 1806 deinde ad [[Nederlandia]]m, annis [[1810]] ad [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1815]] Brincama [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regno Hannoverano]] tradita est, quae anno [[1866]] a Borussia occupata est. Ab anno [[1885]] Brincama ad circulum Lerensem pertinet et ab anno [[1946]] vici regionis ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinent. Post [[Bellum mundanum secundum|Bellum Mundanum Secundum]] multi homines ex oriente Germaniae fugati in hac regione novam patriam invenerunt. Anno [[1973]] Brincama cum communibus [[Firrel]]e, [[Hasla]], [[Holtland]], [[Neukamperfehn]] atque [[Schwerinsdorf]] ad commune generale Haslam se coniunxit&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/fileadmin/user_upload/BIBLIOTHEK/HOO/HOO_Brinkum de Brincama communis historia apud ostfriesischelandschaft.de]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Brinkum|Brincamam}}
* [http://www.hesel.de/ Pagina officialis communis generalis Haslae]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Frisia orientalis]]</text>
      <sha1>32uve7l2yppcl9vw3li10tyoav9w6x3</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Firrel</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>254667</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3984628</id>
      <parentid>3981693</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-30T14:52:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
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      <text bytes="1901" sha1="dgpp0qwem0wjvjq1wl2irz3jke6bxus" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:ChurchFirrelBapt.JPG|thumb|left|Ecclesia [[Baptistae|Baptistarum]] Firrelensis.]]
'''Firrel''' ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Firrel'') est commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Lerensis|Circuli Lerensis]] est. Ab anno [[1972]] Firrel cum aliis communibus ad commune generale [[Hasla (commune generale)|Haslam]] pertinet.

== Historia ==
Anno [[1762]] Firrel colonia in palude condita est. Hoc tempore ([[1744]] - [[1806]]) haec regio ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Firrel ab anno 1806 deinde ad [[Nederlandia]]m, annis [[1810]] ad [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1815]] Firrel [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regno Hannoverano]] traditum est, quod anno [[1866]] a Borussia occupatum est. Anno [[1865]] hic communitas [[Baptistae|Baptistarum]] condita est. Ab anno [[1885]] Firrel ad circulum Lerensem pertinet et ab anno [[1946]] Saxoniam Inferiorem. Post [[Bellum mundanum secundum|Bellum Mundanum Secundum]] multi homines ex oriente Germaniae fugati in hac regione novam patriam invenerunt. Anno [[1973]] Firrel cum communibus [[Brincama]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Friedländer 1878&quot;&gt;Friedländer, E. (Ed.) (1878). ''Ostfriesisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1. (Jahre 787–1470)''. [[Emda]]e: Haynel.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brinkum''), [[Hasla]], [[Holtland]], [[Neukamperfehn]] atque [[Schwerinsdorf]] ad commune generale Haslam se coniunxit&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/fileadmin/user_upload/BIBLIOTHEK/HOO/HOO_Firrel.pdf de Firrel communis historia apud ostfriesischelandschaft.de]&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat}}
* [http://www.hesel.de/ Pagina officialis communis generalis Haslae]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Frisia orientalis]]
[[Categoria:Condita 1762]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Hasla</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>254720</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3984614</id>
      <parentid>3981696</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-30T13:15:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Hesel]] ad [[Hasla]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam</comment>
      <origin>3981696</origin>
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      <text bytes="1996" sha1="d1ntymroc5f73kimpaaec03taku0k76" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Alte Posthalterei.jpg|thumb|left|Vetus statio postalis in Hesel sita]]
[[Fasciculus:ChurchHesel.JPG|thumb|left|Ecclesia Sancti Luidgeri in Hesel]]
'''Hesel''' est commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Lerensis|Circuli Lerensis]]. Ab anno [[1972]] Hesel cum aliis communibus ad commune generale [[Hesel (commune generale)|eiusdem nominis]] se coniunxit. Caput et sedes administrationis aliorum communium est. Ad Hesel commune etiam vici Beningafehn, Kleinhesel, Kiefeld, Hasselt, Stikelkamp, Heseler Hörn atque Neuemoor pertinent.

== Historia ==
Circa annum [[900]] Hesel primum in actis Monasterii Werden descriptum est. Deinde pars [[Frisia Orientalis|Frisiae Orientalis]] fuit. Tum ([[1744]] - [[1806]]) haec regio ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Anno [[1761]] regio a copiis [[FRancia|Francicis]] petebatur. Hesel ab anno 1806 deinde ad [[Nederlandia]]m, annis [[1810]] ad [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1815]] Hesel [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regno Hannoverano]] traditum est, quod anno [[1866]] a Borussia occupatum est. Ab anno [[1885]] Hesel ad circulum Lerensem pertinet et ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem. Post [[Bellum mundanum secundum|Bellum Mundanum Secundum]] multi homines ex oriente Germaniae fugientes in hac regione novam patriam invenerunt. Quarta pars hominum tum fugitivi fuerunt. Anno [[1972]] Hesel cum communibus [[Brincama]], [[Firrel]]e, [[Holtland]], [[Neukamperfehn]] atque [[Schwerinsdorf]] ad commune generale Hesel se coniunxit&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/fileadmin/user_upload/BIBLIOTHEK/Ortschronisten/_HOO_Hesel_bei_Leer_Wessels_A_P_.pdf de Hesel communis historia apud ostfriesischelandschaft.de]&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat}}
* [http://www.hesel.de/ Pagina officialis communis generalis Hesel]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Frisia orientalis]]
[[Categoria:Condita saeculo 9]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3984621</id>
      <parentid>3984614</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-30T14:43:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
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      <text bytes="5605" sha1="5ivq71wbq5rjj4l6q0c5rc99ojvkmi3" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Alte Posthalterei.jpg|thumb|left|Vetus statio postalis Haslae sita.]]
[[Fasciculus:ChurchHesel.JPG|thumb|left|Ecclesia Sancti Luidgeri Haslae.]]
'''Hasla'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Hasla&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/hesel/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Der früheste schriftliche Beleg für den Ort findet sich als ''Hasla'' in einem Urbar der Abtei Werden, das sich auf das 10. Jh. datieren lässt (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hesel'') est commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Lerensis|Circuli Lerensis]]. Ab anno [[1972]] Hasla cum aliis communibus ad commune generale [[Hasla (commune generale)|eiusdem nominis]] se coniunxit. Caput et sedes administrationis aliorum communium est. Ad Haslam commune etiam vici [[Beningae Palus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;&quot;&gt;&quot;Beningae Palus&quot; interpretari potest: Theodiscum suffixum -''fehn'' paludem vel locum paludosum significat; dictionaria Theodisco-Latina 'Moor, Morast, Sumpf'' Latine &quot;palus-udis&quot; reddunt. Cf. Duden, s.v. ''Fehn''; dict.cc, s.v. ''Morast, Sumpf''. ''Beningae'' recte adhiberi potest ut genetivus singularis nominis proprii ''Beninga-ae'', quod ad primam declinationem refertur. Nam nomina propria in -a terminantia regulariter genetivum singularem in -ae habent. Cf. Bennett, New Latin Grammar, § 25; Beinecke Rare Book Cataloging Manual, «Nominative Forms of Latin Names». Praeterea ''Beninga'' ipsum nomen gentilicium [[lingua Frisica|Frisicum]] documentis historicis comprobatur; familia Beninga atque postea Lantzius-Beninga fontibus historicis testantur.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Beningafehn''), [[Cornu Haslense]]&lt;ref name=&quot;&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Heseler Hörn'' interpretari potest &quot;Cornu Haslense&quot;. Theodiscum vocabulum ''Hörn'' seu ''Horn'' Latine &quot;cornū-ūs&quot; redditur; praeterea cornū etiam «Landspitze, Landzunge» significat. Cf. [https://de.langenscheidt.com/deutsch-latein/horn?utm Langenscheidt, Deutsch–Lateinisches Wörterbuch, s. v. Horn, et dict.cc, Deutsch–Latein, s. v. ''Horn'']. Latinum autem gentilicium &quot;Haslensis-e&quot;, quae ad Haslam refertur, Theodiscum ''Heseler'' vertitur. De toponymo &quot;Hasla&quot;, vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/hesel/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Der früheste schriftliche Beleg für den Ort findet sich als ''Hasla'' in einem Urbar der Abtei Werden, das sich auf das 10. Jh. datieren lässt (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Heseler Hörn'), [[Hasla Minor]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hasla&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Kleinhesel''),  [[Harsalae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Hasselt''), [[Kiefelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-felda&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-feld(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-felda-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Falufelda]], [[Frauenfelda]], [[Heresfelda]], [[Hirutfelda]], [[Ilfelda]], [[Mansfelda]], [[Salfelda]], [[Sualafelda]], [[Alfelda]], [[Alsfelda]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Kiefeld''), [[Nova Palus (Hasla)|Nova Palus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nova Palus&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/novus?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum praefixum ''Neue-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;novus-a-um&quot;] et [[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Moor?wb=gross&amp;nr=2 Theodiscum suffixum ''-moor'' Latino nomine &quot;palus paludis&quot; (f.)] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Neuemoor'') atque [[Stikelcampus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;campus-i&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-kamp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-campus-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Stikelkamp'') pertinent.

== Historia ==
Circa annum [[900]] Hasla primum in actis Monasterii Werdensis descripta est. Deinde pars [[Frisia Orientalis|Frisiae Orientalis]] fuit. Tum ([[1744]] - [[1806]]) haec regio ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Anno [[1761]] regio a copiis [[FRancia|Francicis]] petebatur. Hasla ab anno 1806 deinde ad [[Nederlandia]]m, annis [[1810]] ad [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1815]] Hasla [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regno Hannoverano]] tradita est, quod anno [[1866]] a Borussia occupatum est. Ab anno [[1885]] Hasla ad circulum Lerensem pertinet et ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem. Post [[Bellum mundanum secundum|Bellum Mundanum Secundum]] multi homines ex oriente Germaniae fugientes in hac regione novam patriam invenerunt. Quarta pars hominum tum fugitivi fuerunt. Anno [[1972]] Hasla cum communibus [[Brincama]], [[Firrel]]e, [[Holtland]], [[Neukamperfehn]] atque [[Schwerinsdorf]] ad commune generale Haslam se coniunxit&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/fileadmin/user_upload/BIBLIOTHEK/Ortschronisten/_HOO_Hesel_bei_Leer_Wessels_A_P_.pdf de Haslae communis historia apud ostfriesischelandschaft.de]&lt;/ref&gt;.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Hesel|Haslam}}
* [http://www.hesel.de/ Pagina officialis communis generalis Haslae]

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Frisia orientalis]]
[[Categoria:Condita saeculo 9]]</text>
      <sha1>5ivq71wbq5rjj4l6q0c5rc99ojvkmi3</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>3984622</id>
      <parentid>3984621</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-30T14:44:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
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      <text bytes="5606" sha1="flnuu90dpllvgccz3mm0c42gzxse6sc" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Alte Posthalterei.jpg|thumb|left|Vetus statio postalis Haslae sita.]]
[[Fasciculus:ChurchHesel.JPG|thumb|left|Ecclesia Sancti Luidgeri Haslae.]]
'''Hasla'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Hasla&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/hesel/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Der früheste schriftliche Beleg für den Ort findet sich als ''Hasla'' in einem Urbar der Abtei Werden, das sich auf das 10. Jh. datieren lässt (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hesel'') est commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Lerensis|Circuli Lerensis]]. Ab anno [[1972]] Hasla cum aliis communibus ad commune generale [[Hasla (commune generale)|eiusdem nominis]] se coniunxit. Caput et sedes administrationis aliorum communium est. Ad Haslam commune etiam vici [[Beningae Palus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;&quot;&gt;&quot;Beningae Palus&quot; interpretari potest: Theodiscum suffixum -''fehn'' paludem vel locum paludosum significat; dictionaria Theodisco-Latina 'Moor, Morast, Sumpf'' Latine &quot;palus-udis&quot; reddunt. Cf. Duden, s.v. ''Fehn''; dict.cc, s.v. ''Morast, Sumpf''. ''Beningae'' recte adhiberi potest ut genetivus singularis nominis proprii ''Beninga-ae'', quod ad primam declinationem refertur. Nam nomina propria in -a terminantia regulariter genetivum singularem in -ae habent. Cf. Bennett, New Latin Grammar, § 25; Beinecke Rare Book Cataloging Manual, «Nominative Forms of Latin Names». Praeterea ''Beninga'' ipsum nomen gentilicium [[lingua Frisica|Frisicum]] documentis historicis comprobatur; familia Beninga atque postea Lantzius-Beninga fontibus historicis testantur.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Beningafehn''), [[Cornu Haslense]]&lt;ref name=&quot;&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Heseler Hörn'' interpretari potest &quot;Cornu Haslense&quot;. Theodiscum vocabulum ''Hörn'' seu ''Horn'' Latine &quot;cornū-ūs&quot; redditur; praeterea cornū etiam «Landspitze, Landzunge» significat. Cf. [https://de.langenscheidt.com/deutsch-latein/horn?utm Langenscheidt, Deutsch–Lateinisches Wörterbuch, s. v. Horn, et dict.cc, Deutsch–Latein, s. v. ''Horn'']. Latinum autem gentilicium &quot;Haslensis-e&quot;, quae ad Haslam refertur, Theodiscum ''Heseler'' vertitur. De toponymo &quot;Hasla&quot;, vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/hesel/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Der früheste schriftliche Beleg für den Ort findet sich als ''Hasla'' in einem Urbar der Abtei Werden, das sich auf das 10. Jh. datieren lässt (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Heseler Hörn''), [[Hasla Minor]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hasla&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Kleinhesel''),  [[Harsalae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Hasselt''), [[Kiefelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-felda&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-feld(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-felda-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Falufelda]], [[Frauenfelda]], [[Heresfelda]], [[Hirutfelda]], [[Ilfelda]], [[Mansfelda]], [[Salfelda]], [[Sualafelda]], [[Alfelda]], [[Alsfelda]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Kiefeld''), [[Nova Palus (Hasla)|Nova Palus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nova Palus&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/novus?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum praefixum ''Neue-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;novus-a-um&quot;] et [[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Moor?wb=gross&amp;nr=2 Theodiscum suffixum ''-moor'' Latino nomine &quot;palus paludis&quot; (f.)] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Neuemoor'') atque [[Stikelcampus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;campus-i&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-kamp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-campus-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Stikelkamp'') pertinent.

== Historia ==
Circa annum [[900]] Hasla primum in actis Monasterii Werdensis descripta est. Deinde pars [[Frisia Orientalis|Frisiae Orientalis]] fuit. Tum ([[1744]] - [[1806]]) haec regio ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Anno [[1761]] regio a copiis [[FRancia|Francicis]] petebatur. Hasla ab anno 1806 deinde ad [[Nederlandia]]m, annis [[1810]] ad [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1815]] Hasla [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regno Hannoverano]] tradita est, quod anno [[1866]] a Borussia occupatum est. Ab anno [[1885]] Hasla ad circulum Lerensem pertinet et ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem. Post [[Bellum mundanum secundum|Bellum Mundanum Secundum]] multi homines ex oriente Germaniae fugientes in hac regione novam patriam invenerunt. Quarta pars hominum tum fugitivi fuerunt. Anno [[1972]] Hasla cum communibus [[Brincama]], [[Firrel]]e, [[Holtland]], [[Neukamperfehn]] atque [[Schwerinsdorf]] ad commune generale Haslam se coniunxit&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/fileadmin/user_upload/BIBLIOTHEK/Ortschronisten/_HOO_Hesel_bei_Leer_Wessels_A_P_.pdf de Haslae communis historia apud ostfriesischelandschaft.de]&lt;/ref&gt;.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Hesel|Haslam}}
* [http://www.hesel.de/ Pagina officialis communis generalis Haslae]

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Frisia orientalis]]
[[Categoria:Condita saeculo 9]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Holtland</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>254721</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3984629</id>
      <parentid>3981698</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-30T14:53:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
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      <origin>3984629</origin>
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      <text bytes="1506" sha1="gzr5uy37jrplcjztwqm49u88e4bmuad" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:MühleHoltland.jpg|thumb|left|Molina Nederlandica in vico Holtland]]
'''Holtland''' est commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Lerensis|Circuli Lerensis]] est. Ab anno [[1972]] Holtland cum aliis communibus ad commune generale [[Hasla (commune generale)|Haslam]] pertinet. Pars communis Holtland etiam vici Nücke et Siebestock sunt.

== Historia ==
Annis ([[1744]] - [[1806]]) haec regio ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Holtland ab anno 1806 deinde ad [[Nederlandia]]m, annis [[1810]] ad [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1815]] Holtland [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regno Hannoverano]] traditum est, quod anno [[1866]] a Borussia occupatum est. Ab anno [[1885]] Holtland ad circulum Lerensem pertinet et ab anno [[1946]] Saxoniam Inferiorem. Post [[Bellum mundanum secundum|Bellum Mundanum Secundum]] multi homines ex oriente Germaniae fugati in hac regione novam patriam invenerunt. Anno [[1972]] Holtland cum communibus [[Brincama]], [[Hasla]], [[Firrel]]e, [[Neukamperfehn]] atque [[Schwerinsdorf]] ad commune generale Haslam se coniunxit&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/fileadmin/user_upload/BIBLIOTHEK/HOO/HOO_Holtland.pdf de Holtland communis historia apud ostfriesischelandschaft.de]&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat}}
* [http://www.hesel.de/ Pagina officialis communis generalis Haslae]

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Frisia orientalis]]</text>
      <sha1>gzr5uy37jrplcjztwqm49u88e4bmuad</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Neukamperfehn</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>254722</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3984630</id>
      <parentid>3981699</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-30T14:55:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3984630</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1907" sha1="kpl6ekv3ilk1fuz0a8atzyxy2ipdjzd" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:NeuefehnkanalSchleuse.jpg|thumb|left|Canalis Neuefehn]]
'''Neukamperfehn''' est commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Lerensis|Circuli Lerensis]] est. Anno [[1973]] Neukamperfehn e communibus Stiekelkamperfehn et Neuefehn (tum ad [[Aurich (circulus)|Aurich]] circulum pertinente) constituta est. Cum aliis communibus ad commune generale [[Hasla (commune generale)|Haslam]] anno [[1972]] conditum pertinet.

== Historia ==
Stiekelkamperfehn circa annum [[1660]] conditum est&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/fileadmin/user_upload/BIBLIOTHEK/HOO/HOO_Stiekelkamperfehn.pdf OstfriesischeLandschaft.de de Stiekelkamperfehn]&lt;/ref&gt;, Neuefehn eadem fere tempore&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/fileadmin/user_upload/BIBLIOTHEK/HOO/HOO_Neuefehn.pdf OstfriesischeLandschaft.de de vico Neuefehn]&lt;/ref&gt;. Annis ([[1744]] - [[1806]]) haec regio ad [[Borussia]]m, ab anno 1806 deinde ad [[Nederlandia]]m, annis [[1810]] ad [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1815]] regio communis [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regno Hannoverano]] traditum est, quod anno [[1866]] a Borussia occupatum est. Ab anno [[1885]] Stiekelkamperfehn ad circulum Lerensem, Neuefehn ad circulum Aurich pertinuit et ab anno ambo [[1946]] Saxoniam Inferiorem. Post [[Bellum mundanum secundum|Bellum Mundanum Secundum]] multi homines ex oriente Germaniae fugati in hac regione novam patriam invenerunt. Anno [[1973]] communia coniuncta sunt ad novum commune Neukamperfehn et cum communibus [[Brincama]], [[Hasla]], [[Firrel]]e, [[Holtland]] atque [[Schwerinsdorf]] ad commune generale Haslam constituerunt.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat}}
* [http://www.hesel.de/ Pagina officialis communis generalis Haslae]

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Frisia orientalis]]
[[Categoria:Condita 1973]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Schwerinsdorf</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>254723</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3984627</id>
      <parentid>3981697</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-30T14:50:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
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      <text bytes="1686" sha1="s7ha2mj5boj8hoe5k6n5gnzanvj90o7" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:DorfschuleSchwerinsdorf.jpg|thumb|left|Schola antiqua Schwerinsdorf]]
'''Schwerinsdorf''' est commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Lerensis|Circuli Lerensis]] est. Cum aliis communibus ad commune generale [[Hasla (commune generale)|Haslam]] anno [[1972]] conditum pertinet.

== Historia ==
Annis ([[1744]] - [[1806]]) haec regio ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Anno [[1802]] nova colonia paludis hic condita est et &quot;Schwerinsdorf&quot; (Latine &quot;Suerini vicus&quot;) a Friderico Augusto Leopoldo Carolo de Schwerin, tum praeses pagi Frisiae Orientalis, nominata est. Ab anno 1806 Schwerinsdorf deinde ad [[Nederlandia]]m, annis [[1810]] ad [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1815]] regio communis [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regno Hannoverano]] traditum est, quod anno [[1866]] a Borussia occupatum est. Ab anno [[1885]] Schwerinsdorf ad circulum Lerensem pertinet et ab anno ambo [[1946]] Saxoniam Inferiorem. Post [[Bellum mundanum secundum|Bellum Mundanum Secundum]] multi homines ex oriente Germaniae fugati in hac regione novam patriam invenerunt. Anno [[1972]] Schwerinsdorf cum communibus [[Brincama]], [[Hasla]], [[Firrel]]e, [[Holtland]] atque [[Neukamperfehn]] ad commune generale Haslam se coniunxerunt&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/fileadmin/user_upload/BIBLIOTHEK/HOO/HOO_Schwerinsdorf.pdf OstfriesischeLandschaft.de de vico Schwerinsdorf]&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat}}
* [http://www.hesel.de/ Pagina officialis communis generalis Haslae]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Frisia orientalis]]
[[Categoria:Condita 1802]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Circulus Terrae Emesensis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>255046</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3984612</id>
      <parentid>3984560</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-30T13:06:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
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      <text bytes="15000" sha1="cyhfxjrvduaqbnz4eb4csdht8m8bfcl" xml:space="preserve">{{L1}}
{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Hoeltingmuehle_Meppen.jpg|thumb|left|In oppido [[Meppea]] flumina [[Amisia]] et [[Hasa]] confluunt.]]
[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in EL.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo Terrae Emesensis.]]

'''Circulus Terrae Emesensis'''&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Terrae Altenburgensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Emsland'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum &quot;terra-ae&quot; Theodiscum lexema ''-land'' vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Emesensis-e&quot; ad flumen [[Amisia|Emesam]] refertur. De hoc hydronymo, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Emsland''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Oamselound''), pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1977]] conditus est ex antiquis circulis ''Aschendorfensi-Humlingensi'', ''Meppea'' atque partibus circuli Lingae. Caput circuli urbs [[Meppea]] est.

== Historia ==
Terra Emesensis a medioaevo ad annum [[1802]] ad [[Dioecesis Monasteriensis|Principatum episcopalem Monasterii]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1806]] Terra Emesensis ad [[Magnus Ducatus Montensis|Magnum Ducatum Montensem]] pertinuit, ab anno [[1810]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]]. [[Napoleo I (imperator Franciae)|Napoleone]] imperatore victo Terra Emesensis ab anno [[1814]] ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Anno [[1885]] circuli Aschendorfensis, Humlingensis, Meppea et Linga conditi sunt. Anno [[1932]] circuli Aschendorfensis et Humlingensis coniuncti sunt. Tempore dictaturae [[NSDAP|Nazistarum]] in Terra Emesensi multa castra carceralia condita sunt. Post [[Secundum Bellum Mundanum]] [[Nederlandia]] agrum circuli reparationis causa postulavit neque tamen multum adipisci potuit&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-44435312.html Der Spiegel die 1 Ianuarii 1949]&lt;/ref&gt;. Pars Terrae Emesensis etiam a captivis liberatis Polonicis ad annum [[1948]] &quot;Area occupationis Polonica&quot; administrata est&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.deutschlandradiokultur.de/1945-als-das-emsland-polnisch-war.1001.de.html?dram:article_id=155820 deutschlandradiokultur.de die 24 Iunii 2005]&lt;/ref&gt;. Ab anno [[1946]] Circulus Binethensis pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Numerus incolarum tum multis hominibus auctus est, qui e Germania Orientali fugati erant. Anno [[1977]] circulus Terrae Emesensis conditus est ex antiquis circulis Aschendorfensi-Humlingensi, Meppea atque partibus circuli Lingae.

== Communia circuli ==
Haec sunt 60 communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communia generalia coniuncti sunt:

* [[Emsbura]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Emsbüren''; [[Saxonice]] ''Büren'') (9903 incolae)
* [[Geesta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Geeste''; [[Saxonice]] ''Choeiste'') (11.260)
* [[Harna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Haren''), urbs (23.255)
* [[Linga (Amisia)|Linga]], oppidum (52.503)
* [[Lunne]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lunne&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/haseluenne/?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''civibus opidi nostri in Lunne'' (...)&quot;. Latinum autem gentilicium &quot;Haselunnensis-e&quot; est. Quo de gentilicio, vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Haselünne''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Lünne''), urbs (12.504)
* [[Meppea]] oppidum et caput circuli (34.549)
* [[Papenburg]], oppidum (35.981)
* [[Rhede (Amisia)|Rhede]] (4175)
* [[Salzbergen]] (7535)
* [[Twist]] (9499)

* [[Thorpum (commune generale)|Thorpum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Thorpum&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/ZIER-HP/ZIER-HP-06-2016/AAAKoeblerGerhardDorfinderdeutschenOrtsgeschichte20160831-7111.htm ''www.koeblergerhard.de''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Dörpen''', 9. Jh., bei Aschendorf nördlich Meppens, F2-1090 THURP (Dorf) Dorfa (7), Thorpum (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dörpen'') commune generale (16.140)
** [[Dersum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egger 1977&quot;&gt;Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Dersum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Derßm'') (1466)
** [[Heeda (Terra Emesensis)|Heeda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Heede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Häie'') (2419)
** [[Kluse]] (1587)
** [[Lehe]] (999)
** [[Neubörger]] (1544)
** [[Neulehe]] (762)
** [[Thorpum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Thorpum&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dörpen''), sedes administrationis (4983)
** [[Walchum]] (1457)
** [[Wippingen]] (923)

* [[Frera (commune generale)|Frera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Freren'') commune generale (10.304)

** [[Andervenia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;&gt;Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Bremensis et Verdensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et pagis ditionis Rotenburgensis (Caput de parochia Ahusii)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et parochiis ditionis Osnabrugensis (Caput de antiqua parochia Alfhusii)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et parochiis ditionis Osnabrugensis et Comitatus Lingensis (Caput de parochia Anderveniae)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Andervenne'') (879)
** [[Bestena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Jellinghaus 1923&quot;&gt;Jellinghaus, H. (1923). ''Die westfälischen Ortsnamen nach ihren Bestandteilen''' (III ed.). Ferdinand Schöningh.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Beesten'') (1597)
** [[Frera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Freren''), urbs et sedes administrationis (5000)
** Messingen (1058)
** Thuine (1770)

* [[Herzlaka (commune generale)|Herzlaka]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Herzlake''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hässelke'') commune generale (10.050)

** [[Dohra (Terra Emesensis)|Dohra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dohren '') (1097)
** [[Herzlaka]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Herzlake''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hässelke''), urbs et sedes administrationis (4248)
** [[Lähden]] (4705)

* [[Lathen (commune generale)|Lathen]] commune generale (11.237)

** [[Fresenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Fresenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Fräsenborg'') (909)
** [[Lathen]], sedes administrationis (6159)
** [[Niederlangen]] (1208)
** [[Oberlangen]] (951)
** [[Renkenberge]] (715)
** [[Sustrum]] (1295)

* [[Lengerich (commune generale)|Lengerich]] commune generale (9093)

** [[Bawinkelum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Moser 1738&quot;&gt;Moser, J. J. (1738). ''Bibliotheca Iuris Publici S. R. I. Germanici: Specially regarding the territories of Westphalia and Lower Saxony''. Typis Ioannis Georgii Cottae.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bawinkel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bowinkel'') (2359)
** [[Gersta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gersten'') (1209)
** [[Hantharpa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-tharpa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-trup'' seu ''-drup'' seu ''-trop'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-tharpa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Butilingtharpa]], [[Graftharpa]], [[Gumorodingtharpa]], [[Haringtharpa]], [[Heppingtharpa]], [[Holttharpa]], [[Hurstharpa]], [[Kathingtharpa]], [[Kiedeningtharpa]], [[Marastharpa]], [[Markiligtharpa]], [[Meinbrahtingtharpa]], [[Peingtharpa]], [[Radistharpa]], [[Sutharpa]], [[Tettingtharpa]], [[Vilomaringtharpa]], [[Winikingtharpa]], [[Varetharpa]], [[Vrilingtharpa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Handrup'') (841)
** [[Langen]] (1451)
** [[Lengerich]], sedes administrationis (2658)
** [[Wettrup]] (575)

* [[Nordhummlinga (commune generale)|Nordhummlinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Nordhümmling'') commune generale (12.005)

** [[Bochorstia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Erhard 1851&quot;&gt;Erhard, H. A. (Ed.) (1851). ''Regesta Historiae Westfaliae: Accedit Codex Diplomaticus/Regesten der Geschichte Westfalens''. Regensberg.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bockhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baukhast'')(987)
** [[Breddenberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilmans &amp; Hoogeweg VI 1898&quot;&gt;Wilmans, R., &amp; Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.). (1898). ''Westfälisches Urkundenbuch: Band 6. Die Urkunden des Bisthums Minden und angrenzender Gebiete''. [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Regensberg'schen Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Breddenberg'') (788)
** [[Esterwega]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Esterwegen''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Äästerweede''), sedes administrationis (5179)
** [[Hilkenbrook]] (806)
** [[Surwold]] (4245)

* [[Sögel (commune generale)|Sögel]] commune generale (15.997)

** [[Bersinium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kaemling 1987&quot;&gt;Kaemling, ''Atlas zur Geschichte Niedersachsens'' (1987).&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Berßen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groten Bässen'') (656)
** [[Burgium (Saxonia Inferior)|Burgium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Remling VII 2026&quot;&gt;Remling, L. (2026). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Emsland''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Börger''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borger'') (2747)
** [[Hüven]] (519)
** [[Klein Berßen]] (1127)
** [[Sögel]], sedes administrationis (7335)
** [[Spahnharrenstätte]] (1511)
** [[Stavern]] (1066)
** [[Werpeloh]] (1036)

* [[Spella (commune generale)|Spella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Spella&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.emsland.com/la/tour/emsland-route-395-km?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''www.esland.com''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) A Spella ad Rhenum: circiter XVI km (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Spelle'') commune generale (13.018)

** [[Lunni (commune generali Spella)|Lunni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lunni&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/Fontes/AltdeutschesNamenbuch-Bd2OrtsnamenLbisZ-3A-1913.pdf?utm ''Altdeutsches Namenbuch'']; ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Lunni.''' 9. 1) Altlünne bei Plantlünne (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lünne'') (1877)
** [[Schapen]] (2327)
** [[Spella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Spella&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.emsland.com/la/tour/emsland-route-395-km?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''www.esland.com''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) A Spella ad Rhenum: circiter XVI km (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Spelle''), sedes administrationis (8814)

** [[Werlte]] commune generale (16.749)

** [[Lahn]] (897)
** [[Lorup]] (3184)
** [[Rastdorf]] (1015)
** [[Vrees]] (1695)
** [[Werlte]], sedes administrationis (9958), sed etiam oppidum in anno domini 2017 est.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Landkreis Emsland|circulum Terrae Emesensis}}
* [http://www.emsland.de Pagina officialis circuli]

{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}

{{geo-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Binethensis comitatus circulus}}
[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1977]]</text>
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{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Hoeltingmuehle_Meppen.jpg|thumb|left|In oppido [[Meppea]] flumina [[Amisia]] et [[Hasa]] confluunt.]]
[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in EL.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo Terrae Emesensis.]]

'''Circulus Terrae Emesensis'''&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Terrae Altenburgensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Emsland'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum &quot;terra-ae&quot; Theodiscum lexema ''-land'' vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Emesensis-e&quot; ad flumen [[Amisia|Emesam]] refertur. De hoc hydronymo, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Emsland''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Oamselound''), pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1977]] conditus est ex antiquis circulis ''Aschendorfensi-Humlingensi'', ''Meppea'' atque partibus circuli Lingae. Caput circuli urbs [[Meppea]] est.

== Historia ==
Terra Emesensis a medioaevo ad annum [[1802]] ad [[Dioecesis Monasteriensis|Principatum episcopalem Monasterii]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1806]] Terra Emesensis ad [[Magnus Ducatus Montensis|Magnum Ducatum Montensem]] pertinuit, ab anno [[1810]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]]. [[Napoleo I (imperator Franciae)|Napoleone]] imperatore victo Terra Emesensis ab anno [[1814]] ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Anno [[1885]] circuli Aschendorfensis, Humlingensis, Meppea et Linga conditi sunt. Anno [[1932]] circuli Aschendorfensis et Humlingensis coniuncti sunt. Tempore dictaturae [[NSDAP|Nazistarum]] in Terra Emesensi multa castra carceralia condita sunt. Post [[Secundum Bellum Mundanum]] [[Nederlandia]] agrum circuli reparationis causa postulavit neque tamen multum adipisci potuit&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-44435312.html Der Spiegel die 1 Ianuarii 1949]&lt;/ref&gt;. Pars Terrae Emesensis etiam a captivis liberatis Polonicis ad annum [[1948]] &quot;Area occupationis Polonica&quot; administrata est&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.deutschlandradiokultur.de/1945-als-das-emsland-polnisch-war.1001.de.html?dram:article_id=155820 deutschlandradiokultur.de die 24 Iunii 2005]&lt;/ref&gt;. Ab anno [[1946]] Circulus Binethensis pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Numerus incolarum tum multis hominibus auctus est, qui e Germania Orientali fugati erant. Anno [[1977]] circulus Terrae Emesensis conditus est ex antiquis circulis Aschendorfensi-Humlingensi, Meppea atque partibus circuli Lingae.

== Communia circuli ==
Haec sunt 60 communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communia generalia coniuncti sunt:

* [[Emsbura]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Emsbüren''; [[Saxonice]] ''Büren'') (9903 incolae)
* [[Geesta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Geeste''; [[Saxonice]] ''Choeiste'') (11.260)
* [[Harna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Haren''), urbs (23.255)
* [[Linga (Amisia)|Linga]], oppidum (52.503)
* [[Lunne]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lunne&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/haseluenne/?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''civibus opidi nostri in Lunne'' (...)&quot;. Latinum autem gentilicium &quot;Haselunnensis-e&quot; est. Quo de gentilicio, vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Haselünne''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Lünne''), urbs (12.504)
* [[Meppea]] oppidum et caput circuli (34.549)
* [[Papenburg]], oppidum (35.981)
* [[Rhede (Amisia)|Rhede]] (4175)
* [[Salzbergen]] (7535)
* [[Twist]] (9499)

* [[Thorpum (commune generale)|Thorpum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Thorpum&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/ZIER-HP/ZIER-HP-06-2016/AAAKoeblerGerhardDorfinderdeutschenOrtsgeschichte20160831-7111.htm ''www.koeblergerhard.de''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Dörpen''', 9. Jh., bei Aschendorf nördlich Meppens, F2-1090 THURP (Dorf) Dorfa (7), Thorpum (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dörpen'') commune generale (16.140)
** [[Dersum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egger 1977&quot;&gt;Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Dersum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Derßm'') (1466)
** [[Heeda (Terra Emesensis)|Heeda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Heede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Häie'') (2419)
** [[Kluse]] (1587)
** [[Lehe]] (999)
** [[Neubörger]] (1544)
** [[Neulehe]] (762)
** [[Thorpum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Thorpum&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dörpen''), sedes administrationis (4983)
** [[Walchum]] (1457)
** [[Wippingen]] (923)

* [[Frera (commune generale)|Frera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Freren'') commune generale (10.304)

** [[Andervenia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;&gt;Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Bremensis et Verdensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et pagis ditionis Rotenburgensis (Caput de parochia Ahusii)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et parochiis ditionis Osnabrugensis (Caput de antiqua parochia Alfhusii)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et parochiis ditionis Osnabrugensis et Comitatus Lingensis (Caput de parochia Anderveniae)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Andervenne'') (879)
** [[Bestena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Jellinghaus 1923&quot;&gt;Jellinghaus, H. (1923). ''Die westfälischen Ortsnamen nach ihren Bestandteilen''' (III ed.). Ferdinand Schöningh.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Beesten'') (1597)
** [[Frera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Freren''), urbs et sedes administrationis (5000)
** Messingen (1058)
** Thuine (1770)

* [[Herzlaka (commune generale)|Herzlaka]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Herzlake''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hässelke'') commune generale (10.050)

** [[Dohra (Terra Emesensis)|Dohra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dohren '') (1097)
** [[Herzlaka]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Herzlake''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hässelke''), sedes administrationis (4248)
** [[Lähden]] (4705)

* [[Lathen (commune generale)|Lathen]] commune generale (11.237)

** [[Fresenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Fresenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Fräsenborg'') (909)
** [[Lathen]], sedes administrationis (6159)
** [[Niederlangen]] (1208)
** [[Oberlangen]] (951)
** [[Renkenberge]] (715)
** [[Sustrum]] (1295)

* [[Lengerich (commune generale)|Lengerich]] commune generale (9093)

** [[Bawinkelum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Moser 1738&quot;&gt;Moser, J. J. (1738). ''Bibliotheca Iuris Publici S. R. I. Germanici: Specially regarding the territories of Westphalia and Lower Saxony''. Typis Ioannis Georgii Cottae.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bawinkel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bowinkel'') (2359)
** [[Gersta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gersten'') (1209)
** [[Hantharpa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-tharpa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-trup'' seu ''-drup'' seu ''-trop'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-tharpa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Butilingtharpa]], [[Graftharpa]], [[Gumorodingtharpa]], [[Haringtharpa]], [[Heppingtharpa]], [[Holttharpa]], [[Hurstharpa]], [[Kathingtharpa]], [[Kiedeningtharpa]], [[Marastharpa]], [[Markiligtharpa]], [[Meinbrahtingtharpa]], [[Peingtharpa]], [[Radistharpa]], [[Sutharpa]], [[Tettingtharpa]], [[Vilomaringtharpa]], [[Winikingtharpa]], [[Varetharpa]], [[Vrilingtharpa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Handrup'') (841)
** [[Langen]] (1451)
** [[Lengerich]], sedes administrationis (2658)
** [[Wettrup]] (575)

* [[Nordhummlinga (commune generale)|Nordhummlinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Nordhümmling'') commune generale (12.005)

** [[Bochorstia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Erhard 1851&quot;&gt;Erhard, H. A. (Ed.) (1851). ''Regesta Historiae Westfaliae: Accedit Codex Diplomaticus/Regesten der Geschichte Westfalens''. Regensberg.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bockhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baukhast'')(987)
** [[Breddenberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilmans &amp; Hoogeweg VI 1898&quot;&gt;Wilmans, R., &amp; Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.). (1898). ''Westfälisches Urkundenbuch: Band 6. Die Urkunden des Bisthums Minden und angrenzender Gebiete''. [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Regensberg'schen Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Breddenberg'') (788)
** [[Esterwega]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Esterwegen''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Äästerweede''), sedes administrationis (5179)
** [[Hilkenbrook]] (806)
** [[Surwold]] (4245)

* [[Sögel (commune generale)|Sögel]] commune generale (15.997)

** [[Bersinium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kaemling 1987&quot;&gt;Kaemling, ''Atlas zur Geschichte Niedersachsens'' (1987).&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Berßen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groten Bässen'') (656)
** [[Burgium (Saxonia Inferior)|Burgium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Remling VII 2026&quot;&gt;Remling, L. (2026). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Emsland''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Börger''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borger'') (2747)
** [[Hüven]] (519)
** [[Klein Berßen]] (1127)
** [[Sögel]], sedes administrationis (7335)
** [[Spahnharrenstätte]] (1511)
** [[Stavern]] (1066)
** [[Werpeloh]] (1036)

* [[Spella (commune generale)|Spella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Spella&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.emsland.com/la/tour/emsland-route-395-km?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''www.esland.com''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) A Spella ad Rhenum: circiter XVI km (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Spelle'') commune generale (13.018)

** [[Lunni (commune generali Spella)|Lunni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lunni&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/Fontes/AltdeutschesNamenbuch-Bd2OrtsnamenLbisZ-3A-1913.pdf?utm ''Altdeutsches Namenbuch'']; ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Lunni.''' 9. 1) Altlünne bei Plantlünne (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lünne'') (1877)
** [[Schapen]] (2327)
** [[Spella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Spella&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.emsland.com/la/tour/emsland-route-395-km?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''www.esland.com''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) A Spella ad Rhenum: circiter XVI km (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Spelle''), sedes administrationis (8814)

** [[Werlte]] commune generale (16.749)

** [[Lahn]] (897)
** [[Lorup]] (3184)
** [[Rastdorf]] (1015)
** [[Vrees]] (1695)
** [[Werlte]], sedes administrationis (9958), sed etiam oppidum in anno domini 2017 est.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Landkreis Emsland|circulum Terrae Emesensis}}
* [http://www.emsland.de Pagina officialis circuli]

{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}

{{geo-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Binethensis comitatus circulus}}
[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1977]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Futurismus</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Æolus</username>
        <id>115019</id>
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      <text bytes="3198" sha1="em65ezv2b3ril9tpk6h3x9ptqir5mco" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Umberto Boccioni, 1913, Dynamism of a Cyclist (Dinamismo di un ciclista), oil on canvas, 70 x 95 cm, Gianni Mattioli Collection, on long-term loan to the Peggy Guggenheim Collection, Venice.jpg|thumb|[[Dynamismus birotarius]], tabula anno [[1913]] ab [[Humbertus Boccioni|Humberto Boccioni]] picta]]
'''Futurismus'''{{Convertimus}} ([[Italiane]] ''futurismo'', [[Russice]] ''футуризм'') fuit motus artium, litterarum, ac societatis, in [[Italia]] ineunte [[saeculum 20|saeculo vicensimo]] ortus a [[Philippus Thomas Marinetti|Philippo Thomas Marinetti]], cuius sectatores [[celeritas|celeritatem]], [[technologia]]m, [[iuventus|iuventutem]], ac [[violentia|vires]] diligebant, et [[autocinetum|autocinetis]], [[aëroplanum|aëroplanis]], [[urbs|urbibus]]que industrialibus favebant. Futuristae Italianu famosi [[Iacobus Balla]], [[Humbertus Boccioni]], [[Ludovicus Russolo]], [[Carolus Dalmazzo Carrà|Carolus Carrà]], [[Ioannes Severini|Ioannes (''Gino'') Severini]] fuerunt.

[[Fasciculus:Natalia Goncharova, 1913, The Cyclist, oil on canvas, 78 x 105 cm, The Russian Museum, St.Petersburg.jpg|thumb|[[Natalia Gončarova]], ''Birotarius''. 1913]]
Praeter Italiam motus etiam in [[Russia]] pervulgatus est. In Russia pictores fratres Burliuk, [[Natalia Gončarova]], [[Helga Rozanova]], [[Caritas Popova]], [[Spes Udaltsova]] aliique in hic genere laborabant; futurismus Russicus in poesi maius valuit nominibus [[Alexius Kručënych|Alexii Kručënych]], [[Velimirus Chlebnikov|Velimiri Chlebnikov]], [[Vladimirus Majakovskij|Vladimiri Majakovskij]] famosus. Hic circulus, praesertim [[Moscua|Moscuensis]] (sed non solum) primo se ''budetliane'' nuncupaverat (neologismus cum sensu 'incolae [terrae, quae solum] erit (''budet'')', postea se vocabulo extraneo futurismi nominavit; hi poetae pictoribus tum [[cubismus|cubismo]] faventibus stricte coniuncti fuerunt, et nonnunquam hic ramus futurismi Russici ''cubofuturismus'' nominatur,

[[Petropolis|Petropoli]] ab anno 1911 alter circulus futuristatum ortus est, qui se ''ego-futurismum'' appellabar; eorum poeta famosissimus [[Inguarus Severjanin]] fuit, sed et [[Georgius Ivanov (poeta)|Georgius Ivanov]], [[Basiliscus Gnedov]], [[Ioannes Ignat'ev]] aliique participes eius fuerunt. Erant et alii greges futuristarum, exempli gratia, ''[[Centrifuga (grex)|Centrifuga]]'' Moscuensis [[Sergius Bobrov|Sergii Bobrov]], ubi [[Boris Pasternak]] et [[Nicolaus Aseev]] opera sua prima ediderunt.

[[Fasciculus:Landscape. Futurist Composition (Rozanova, 1913).jpg|thumb|left|[[Helga Rozanova]], ''Topia. Compositio futuristica'', 1913]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
*[[Avant-garde]]
*[[Cubismus]]
*[[Expressionismus]]
*[[Zaum]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://www.theartstory.org/movement-futurism.htm De futurismo] apud ''The Art Story'' {{ling|Anglice}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160616092344/http://www.francescomorante.it/pag_3/310.htm &quot;Futurismo&quot;], Francesco Morante, ''Storia dell'Arte'' {{ling|Italiane}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120130200736/http://slova.org.ru/n/futurizm/ Футуризм], Слова — Серебряный век {{ling|Russice}}

[[Categoria:Futurismus| ]]

{{Myrias|Ars}}</text>
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        <username>Æolus</username>
        <id>115019</id>
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      <text bytes="3198" sha1="838uz8o1wc76cy7pfk003pwx6wykvr1" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Umberto Boccioni, 1913, Dynamism of a Cyclist (Dinamismo di un ciclista), oil on canvas, 70 x 95 cm, Gianni Mattioli Collection, on long-term loan to the Peggy Guggenheim Collection, Venice.jpg|thumb|[[Dynamismus birotarius]], tabula anno [[1913]] ab [[Humbertus Boccioni|Humberto Boccioni]] picta]]
'''Futurismus'''{{Convertimus}} ([[Italiane]] ''futurismo'', [[Russice]] ''футуризм'') fuit motus artium, litterarum, ac societatis, in [[Italia]] ineunte [[saeculum 20|saeculo vicensimo]] ortus a [[Philippus Thomas Marinetti|Philippo Thomas Marinetti]], cuius sectatores [[celeritas|celeritatem]], [[technologia]]m, [[iuventus|iuventutem]], ac [[violentia|vires]] diligebant, et [[autocinetum|autocinetis]], [[aëroplanum|aëroplanis]], [[urbs|urbibus]]que industrialibus favebant. Futuristae Italiani famosi [[Iacobus Balla]], [[Humbertus Boccioni]], [[Ludovicus Russolo]], [[Carolus Dalmazzo Carrà|Carolus Carrà]], [[Ioannes Severini|Ioannes (''Gino'') Severini]] fuerunt.

[[Fasciculus:Natalia Goncharova, 1913, The Cyclist, oil on canvas, 78 x 105 cm, The Russian Museum, St.Petersburg.jpg|thumb|[[Natalia Gončarova]], ''Birotarius''. 1913]]
Praeter Italiam motus etiam in [[Russia]] pervulgatus est. In Russia pictores fratres Burliuk, [[Natalia Gončarova]], [[Helga Rozanova]], [[Caritas Popova]], [[Spes Udaltsova]] aliique in hic genere laborabant; futurismus Russicus in poesi maius valuit nominibus [[Alexius Kručënych|Alexii Kručënych]], [[Velimirus Chlebnikov|Velimiri Chlebnikov]], [[Vladimirus Majakovskij|Vladimiri Majakovskij]] famosus. Hic circulus, praesertim [[Moscua|Moscuensis]] (sed non solum) primo se ''budetliane'' nuncupaverat (neologismus cum sensu 'incolae [terrae, quae solum] erit (''budet'')', postea se vocabulo extraneo futurismi nominavit; hi poetae pictoribus tum [[cubismus|cubismo]] faventibus stricte coniuncti fuerunt, et nonnunquam hic ramus futurismi Russici ''cubofuturismus'' nominatur,

[[Petropolis|Petropoli]] ab anno 1911 alter circulus futuristatum ortus est, qui se ''ego-futurismum'' appellabar; eorum poeta famosissimus [[Inguarus Severjanin]] fuit, sed et [[Georgius Ivanov (poeta)|Georgius Ivanov]], [[Basiliscus Gnedov]], [[Ioannes Ignat'ev]] aliique participes eius fuerunt. Erant et alii greges futuristarum, exempli gratia, ''[[Centrifuga (grex)|Centrifuga]]'' Moscuensis [[Sergius Bobrov|Sergii Bobrov]], ubi [[Boris Pasternak]] et [[Nicolaus Aseev]] opera sua prima ediderunt.

[[Fasciculus:Landscape. Futurist Composition (Rozanova, 1913).jpg|thumb|left|[[Helga Rozanova]], ''Topia. Compositio futuristica'', 1913]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
*[[Avant-garde]]
*[[Cubismus]]
*[[Expressionismus]]
*[[Zaum]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://www.theartstory.org/movement-futurism.htm De futurismo] apud ''The Art Story'' {{ling|Anglice}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160616092344/http://www.francescomorante.it/pag_3/310.htm &quot;Futurismo&quot;], Francesco Morante, ''Storia dell'Arte'' {{ling|Italiane}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120130200736/http://slova.org.ru/n/futurizm/ Футуризм], Слова — Серебряный век {{ling|Russice}}

[[Categoria:Futurismus| ]]

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    <title>Ecclesia cathedralis Sanctorum Petri et Pauli (Ulanbatoria)</title>
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|+ Ecclesia cathedralis Sanctorum Petri et Pauli
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral (Ulaanbaatar).jpg|280px|center|Ecclesia cathedralis Sanctorum Petri et Pauli]]
|-
! [[Cathedralis]]
| [[Ulanbatoria]]
|-
! [[Praefectura Apostolica]]
| [[Praefectura Apostolica Ulaanbaatarensis|Ulanbatoriae]]
|-
! [[Oppidum]]
| [[Ulanbatoria]]
|-
! [[Terra]]
| [[Mongolia]]
|-
! [[Civitas]]
| [[Mongolia]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Anno 2003
|}

'''Ecclesia cathedralis Sanctorum Petri et Pauli''' est [[ecclesia cathedralis]] [[Ulanbatoria]]e sita, anno [[2003]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160829044739/http://www.ucanews.com/story-archive/?post_name=/2003/09/01/first-cathedral-takes-on-character-of-the-people&amp;post_id=23027 La prima cattedrale assume il ''carattere del popolo''].&lt;/ref&gt; ab [[architectura|architecto]] Predak Stupar confecta.

Hoc [[templum]], sedes [[Praefectura Apostolica Ulaanbaatarensis|praefecturae apostolicae Ulanbatoriensis]], a cardinale [[Crescentius Sepe|Crescentio Sepe]] consecrata est. Eius forma est [[yurt]]ae, typicae casae [[Mongoli|Mongolicae]], similis.&lt;ref&gt;[http://erwin.bernhardt.net.nz/asia/mongoliaulanbatorcatholiccathedral.html La storia del cattolicesimo in Mongolia].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160829050940/http://www.ucanews.com/story-archive/?post_name=/2005/01/07/taize-brother-uses-local-symbols-to-beautify-ulaanbaatar-cathedral&amp;post_id=25209 Un fratello di Taize utilizza simboli locali per abbellire la cattedrale di Ulaanbaatar].&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/churches/data/cathMN.htm Cathedralis Ulabatoriae in gcatholic.org]
* [http://www.catholicchurch-mongolia.mn Ecclesia catholica in Mongolia]

[[Categoria:Ecclesiae cathedrales|P]]
[[Categoria:Ulanbatoria]]
[[Categoria:Aedificia Mongoliae]]
[[Categoria:Praefectura Apostolica Ulaanbaatarensis]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Praefectura Apostolica Ulaanbaatarensis</title>
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[[Fasciculus:Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral (Ulaanbaatar).jpg|thumb|Ecclesia cathedralis Ulaanbaatarensis, Sanctis Petro et Paulo dicata]]

{{res|Praefectura Apostolica Ulaanbaatarensis}} ([[Mongolice]] {{lang|mn|Улаанбаатар хот дахь Апостолик Захиргаа}}) est [[sedes episcopalis]] [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae]], [[Dioecesis Sedi Apostolicae immediate subiecta|immediate subiecta Sedi Apostolicae]] in [[Mongolia]] sita, cuius caput est [[urbs]] [[Ulanbatoria]].

Praefectura condita est die [[14 Martii]] [[1922]], et hodie ei 6 [[paroecia]]e sunt, quorum quattuor in [[Ulanbatoria]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20171007021739/http://eglasie.mepasie.org/asie-du-nord-est/mongolie/2012-10-29-la-creation-d2019une-sixieme-paroisse-temoigne-du-dynamisme-d2019une-eglise-nee-il-y-a-seulement-vingt-ans ''MepAsie'']&lt;/ref&gt;

Sedes praefecturae [[Ecclesia cathedralis Sanctorum Petri et Pauli (Ulanbatoria)|cathedralis Sanctorum Petri et Pauli]] est.

== Praefecti ==

* Ieronimus Van Aertselaer, [[Congregatio Immaculati Cordis Mariae|C.I.C.M.]] † ([[1922]] - [[1924]])
* Eduardus Ter Laak, [[Congregatio Immaculati Cordis Mariae|C.I.C.M.]] † ([[1924]] - [[1931]])
* ...
* [[Venceslaus Selga Padilla]], [[Congregatio Immaculati Cordis Mariae|C.I.C.M.]], ([[2002]]-[[2018]])
* [[Georgius Marengo]], [[Institutum missionum a Consolata|I.M.C.]], a [[2 Aprilis]] [[2020]]

==Referentiae==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://www.catholicchurch-mongolia.mn/ catholicchurch-mongolia.mn]
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/urga0.htm Pagina praefectura apud gcatholic.org]
* {{CathHierDiocese|ulaa|Praefectura Apostolica Ulaanbaatarensis}}

[[Categoria:Praefectura Apostolica Ulaanbaatarensis|!]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1922]]</text>
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[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in SHG.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo Theorosburgensi]]
'''Circulus Theorosburgensis'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Schaumburg&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Theorosburgensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Schaumburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino gentilicio &quot;Theorosburgensis-e&quot;, quod ad [[Theorosburgum]] refertur, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Schaumburg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Schaumburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Schaumborg''), pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1977]] conditus est.

== De rebus gestis ==
Pars agri circuli ad annum [[1946]] ad civitatem [[Schaumburgum-Lippia]]m pertinuit. Alia pars comitatus Schaumburgum ad [[Electoratus Hassiae|Electoratum Hassiae]] pertinuit. Annis [[1807]] - [[1813]] hae regiones partes [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erant. Anno [[1866]] [[Borussia]] electoratum Hassiae ad se adiunxit. Anno [[1946]] tota regio pars Saxoniae Inferioris facta est. Anno [[1977]] circuli Schaumburgum-Lippia et Comitatus Schaumburgum ad hodiernum circulum coniuncti sunt.

== Communia circuli ==
Haec sunt communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communi generalia coniuncta sunt:

* [[Bocensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}},&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bückeburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bückeborg'')&lt; urbs (19.182)
* [[Haga Schauenburgi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]]  ''Stadthagen''), caput circuli (21.814)
* [[Obernkirchen]], oppidum (9196)
* [[Rinteln]] (25.187)
* [[Vallis Augae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;SLH 1988&quot;&gt;Societas Latina Hannoverana (1988). ''Fasciculi geographici et historici: De parvis provinciis ditionis Hannoveranae et Schaumburgensis''. Hannoverae: Typis Exscripsit Libraria Scripturarum.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Auetal'')  (6315 incolae)

* [[Eildissum (commune generale)|Eildissum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Stumpf-Brentano II 1865&quot;&gt;Stumpf-Brentano, K. F. (Ed.) (1865). ''Die Reichskanzler vornehmlich des X., XI. und XII. Jahrhunderts: Acta Imperii Selecta'' (Vol. 2). [[Aeni Pons (Austria)|Aeni Ponte]]: Wagner'schen Universitäts-Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Eilsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ahlsen'') commune generale (6715)
** [[Adenhusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1703&quot;&gt;Schlegel, J. C. (1703). ''Chronica Parochiarum ditionis Mindensis et Hildesiensis: De ecclesiis parochialibus et ditione antiqua oppidi Adenhusii''. Mindae: Typis Johannis Meyeri; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1703). ''Chronica Parochiarum ditionis Mindensis et Hildesiensis:...''. Mindae: Typis Johannis Meyeri.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Ahnsen'') (1045)
** [[Bocholta (Circulus Theorosburgensis)|Bocholta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilmans &amp; Hoogeweg VI 1898&quot;&gt;Wilmans, R., &amp; Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.). (1898). ''Westfälisches Urkundenbuch: Band 6. Die Urkunden des Bisthums Minden und angrenzender Gebiete''. [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Regensberg'schen Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baukholt'') (724)
** [[Eildissum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Stumpf-Brentano II 1865&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Eilsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ahlsen''), sedes administrationis (2480)
** [[Heessa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heeßen'') (1385)
** [[Luhden]] (1081)

* [[Lindhorst (commune generale)|Lindhorst]] commune generale (7796)
** [[Beckedorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;&gt;Köbler, G. (2016). ''Orte in der deutschen Ortsgeschichte''. Wikiling-Zier. [[Universitas Leopoldino-Franciscea]].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Beckedorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Biäkedörp'') (1442)
** [[Heuerßen]] (938)
** [[Lindhorst]], sedes administrationis (4351)
** [[Lüdersfeld]] (1065)

* [[Aquae Nendorpenses (commune generale)|Aquae Nendorpenses]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Marcard 1805&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Nenndorf'') commune generale (16.960)
** [[Aquae Nendorpenses]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Marcard 1805&quot;&gt;Marcard, H. M. (1805). ''De salubritate aquarum nendorpensium et de earum usu in morbis chronicis''. [[Goettinga]]e: Dieterich.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Nenndorf''), urbs et sedes administrationis (10.649)
** [[Hasta (Saxonia Inferior)|Hasta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Haste'') (2749)
** [[Hohnhorst]] (2076)
** [[Suthfeld]] (1486)

* [[Niedernwöhren (commune generale)|Niedernwöhren]] commune generale (8115)
** [[Lauenhagen]] (1338)
** [[Meerbeck]] (1965)
** [[Niedernwöhren]], sedes administrationis (1978)
** [[Nordsehl]] (730)
** [[Pollhagen]] (1104)
** [[Wiedensahl]] (1000)

* [[Nienstädt (commune generale)|Nienstädt]] commune generale Nienstädt (10.111)
** [[Helpsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Helpsen''), sedes administrationis (1944)
** [[Hespa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hespe'') (2058)
** [[Nienstädt]] (4566)
** [[Seggebruch]] (1543)

* [[Rodenberg (commune generale)|Rodenberg]] commune generale (15.562)
** [[Apleremum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1703&quot;&gt;Schlegel, J. C. (1703). ''Chronica Parochiarum ditionis Mindensis et Hildesiensis: De ecclesiis parochialibus et ditione antiqua oppidi Adenhusii''. Mindae: Typis Johannis Meyeri; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1703). ''Chronica Parochiarum ditionis Mindensis et Hildesiensis:...''. Mindae: Typis Johannis Meyeri.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Apelern'')
** [[Hülsede]] (1049)
** [[Lauenau]] (4100)
** [[Messenkamp]] (744)
** [[Pohle]] (851)
** [[Rodenberg]], oppidum et sedes administrationis (6348)

* [[Sachsenhagen (commune generale)|Sachsenhagen]] commune generale (9253)
** [[Hagenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Hagenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hagenborg'') oppidum (4494)
** [[Ovenhagium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1703&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Auhagen'') (1274)
** [[Sachsenhagen]], opppidum et sedes administrationis (1911)
** [[Wölpinghausen]] (1574)

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Landkreis Schaumburg|Circulum Theorosburgensem}}
* [http://www.schaumburg.de/ Pagina officialis]

{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Theorosburgensis circulus}}
[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1977]]</text>
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[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in SHG.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo Theorosburgensi]]
'''Circulus Theorosburgensis'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Schaumburg&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Theorosburgensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Schaumburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino gentilicio &quot;Theorosburgensis-e&quot;, quod ad [[Theorosburgum]] refertur, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Schaumburg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Schaumburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Schaumborg''), pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1977]] conditus est.

== De rebus gestis ==
Pars agri circuli ad annum [[1946]] ad civitatem [[Schaumburgum-Lippia]]m pertinuit. Alia pars comitatus Schaumburgum ad [[Electoratus Hassiae|Electoratum Hassiae]] pertinuit. Annis [[1807]] - [[1813]] hae regiones partes [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erant. Anno [[1866]] [[Borussia]] electoratum Hassiae ad se adiunxit. Anno [[1946]] tota regio pars Saxoniae Inferioris facta est. Anno [[1977]] circuli Schaumburgum-Lippia et Comitatus Schaumburgum ad hodiernum circulum coniuncti sunt.

== Communia circuli ==
Haec sunt communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communi generalia coniuncta sunt:

* [[Bocensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}},&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bückeburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bückeborg'')&lt; urbs (19.182)
* [[Haga Schauenburgi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]]  ''Stadthagen''), caput circuli (21.814)
* [[Obernkirchen]], oppidum (9196)
* [[Rinteln]] (25.187)
* [[Vallis Augae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;SLH 1988&quot;&gt;Societas Latina Hannoverana (1988). ''Fasciculi geographici et historici: De parvis provinciis ditionis Hannoveranae et Schaumburgensis''. Hannoverae: Typis Exscripsit Libraria Scripturarum.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Auetal'')  (6315 incolae)

* [[Eildissum (commune generale)|Eildissum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Stumpf-Brentano II 1865&quot;&gt;Stumpf-Brentano, K. F. (Ed.) (1865). ''Die Reichskanzler vornehmlich des X., XI. und XII. Jahrhunderts: Acta Imperii Selecta'' (Vol. 2). [[Aeni Pons (Austria)|Aeni Ponte]]: Wagner'schen Universitäts-Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Eilsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ahlsen'') commune generale (6715)
** [[Adenhusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1703&quot;&gt;Schlegel, J. C. (1703). ''Chronica Parochiarum ditionis Mindensis et Hildesiensis: De ecclesiis parochialibus et ditione antiqua oppidi Adenhusii''. Mindae: Typis Johannis Meyeri; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1703). ''Chronica Parochiarum ditionis Mindensis et Hildesiensis:...''. Mindae: Typis Johannis Meyeri.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Ahnsen'') (1045)
** [[Bocholta (Circulus Theorosburgensis)|Bocholta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilmans &amp; Hoogeweg VI 1898&quot;&gt;Wilmans, R., &amp; Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.). (1898). ''Westfälisches Urkundenbuch: Band 6. Die Urkunden des Bisthums Minden und angrenzender Gebiete''. [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Regensberg'schen Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baukholt'') (724)
** [[Eildissum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Stumpf-Brentano II 1865&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Eilsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ahlsen''), sedes administrationis (2480)
** [[Heessa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heeßen'') (1385)
** [[Luhden]] (1081)

* [[Lindhorst (commune generale)|Lindhorst]] commune generale (7796)
** [[Beckedorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;&gt;Köbler, G. (2016). ''Orte in der deutschen Ortsgeschichte''. Wikiling-Zier. [[Universitas Leopoldino-Franciscea]].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Beckedorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Biäkedörp'') (1442)
** [[Heuerssa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Heuerßen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hoarßen'') (938)
** [[Lindhorst]], sedes administrationis (4351)
** [[Lüdersfeld]] (1065)

* [[Aquae Nendorpenses (commune generale)|Aquae Nendorpenses]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Marcard 1805&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Nenndorf'') commune generale (16.960)
** [[Aquae Nendorpenses]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Marcard 1805&quot;&gt;Marcard, H. M. (1805). ''De salubritate aquarum nendorpensium et de earum usu in morbis chronicis''. [[Goettinga]]e: Dieterich.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Nenndorf''), urbs et sedes administrationis (10.649)
** [[Hasta (Saxonia Inferior)|Hasta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Haste'') (2749)
** [[Hohnhorst]] (2076)
** [[Suthfeld]] (1486)

* [[Niedernwöhren (commune generale)|Niedernwöhren]] commune generale (8115)
** [[Lauenhagen]] (1338)
** [[Meerbeck]] (1965)
** [[Niedernwöhren]], sedes administrationis (1978)
** [[Nordsehl]] (730)
** [[Pollhagen]] (1104)
** [[Wiedensahl]] (1000)

* [[Nienstädt (commune generale)|Nienstädt]] commune generale Nienstädt (10.111)
** [[Helpsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Helpsen''), sedes administrationis (1944)
** [[Hespa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hespe'') (2058)
** [[Nienstädt]] (4566)
** [[Seggebruch]] (1543)

* [[Rodenberg (commune generale)|Rodenberg]] commune generale (15.562)
** [[Apleremum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1703&quot;&gt;Schlegel, J. C. (1703). ''Chronica Parochiarum ditionis Mindensis et Hildesiensis: De ecclesiis parochialibus et ditione antiqua oppidi Adenhusii''. Mindae: Typis Johannis Meyeri; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1703). ''Chronica Parochiarum ditionis Mindensis et Hildesiensis:...''. Mindae: Typis Johannis Meyeri.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Apelern'')
** [[Hülsede]] (1049)
** [[Lauenau]] (4100)
** [[Messenkamp]] (744)
** [[Pohle]] (851)
** [[Rodenberg]], oppidum et sedes administrationis (6348)

* [[Sachsenhagen (commune generale)|Sachsenhagen]] commune generale (9253)
** [[Hagenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Hagenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hagenborg'') oppidum (4494)
** [[Ovenhagium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1703&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Auhagen'') (1274)
** [[Sachsenhagen]], opppidum et sedes administrationis (1911)
** [[Wölpinghausen]] (1574)

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Landkreis Schaumburg|Circulum Theorosburgensem}}
* [http://www.schaumburg.de/ Pagina officialis]

{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Theorosburgensis circulus}}
[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1977]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Apollonius Pergaeus</title>
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{{videdis|Apollonius}}
'''Apollonius Pergaeus''' ([[Graece]] Ἀπολλώνιος ὁ Περγαῖος), anno 262 a.C.n. Pergae natus et anno 189 mortuus, mathematicus Graecus fuit, ''Conicorum'' illustrium auctor.

==Vita==
{{Creanda|de|Perge|Perge|Pergae}} natus et educatus [[Alexandria]]m migravit, ubi in schola [[Euclides|Euclidis]] geometriae studebat et post ipse docebat. Pergam revertit et ibi scholam Musaeo Alexandrino similem condit, sed mortuus est, ut putant, Alexandriae. Filium habuit, quem in libro suo memorat.

==''Conica''==
Euclides Apollonii magister librum nobis ignotum de sectionibus coni composuit. Octo libros ''Conica'' Apollonii habebant, quorum quattuor textus Graecus servatus est. Liber primus definitiones [[Sectio conica|sectionum conicarum]] continet, libri a secundo usque ad quartum de focibus et asymptotis et polis et aliis punctis sectionum conicarum 387 theoremata habent. Trium librorum solum versio [[lingua Arabica|Arabica]], a {{Creanda|en|Thābit ibn Qurra|Thebit}} facta, nota est. De libro octavo [[Pappus Alexandrinus]] quaedam refert. [[Edmundus Halley]] ''Conica'' cum reconstructione libri octavi anno 1710 edidit. [[Iohannes Keplerus]] ''Conicis'' usus est, ut orbitas ellipticas [[planeta|planetarum]] demonstret.

==Opera alia==

Multos alios libros a Pappo nominatos, sed perditos, Apollonius composuit, e.g.:
* Λόγου ἀποτομή in duobus libris, 180 theoremata continens, cuius versio Arabica nota est;
* Χωρίου ἀποτομή in duobus libris, 124 theoremata continens;
* Διωρισμένη τομή in duobus libris, 83 theoremata continens;
* Ἐπαφαί in duobus libris, 60 theoremata continens;
* Τόποι ἐπίπεδοι in duobus libris, 147 theoremata continens;
* Περὶ τοῦ κοχλίου, quem [[Proclus]] memorat, de lineis in superficie cylindri.

==De Apollonio==
* Coolidge J.L. ''A history of the conic sections and quadric surfaces''. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1945. (Repr.: Dover, NY, 1968)
* Decorps-Foulquier M. ''Recherches sur les Coniques d’Apollonios de Pergé et leurs commentateurs grecs''. Paris: Klincksieck, 2000.
* Neugebauer O. ''Studien zur Geschichte der antiken Algebra'', II. ''Apollonius-Studien. Quellen und Studien zur Geschichte der Mathematik, Astronomie und Physik''; B2, 1932, s. 215—254.
* Taisbak C. M. ''Discovering Apollonius’ circles''. In: ''Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Ancient Mathematics'', Delphi, 1996.
* Zeuthen H.G. ''Die Lehre vor den Kegelschnitten im Altertum''. Copenhagen, 1886. (Repr.: Hildesiae, Georg Olms, 1966)

==Nexus externi==
* [https://archive.org/details/apolloniiconicam00apol/page/n5 ''Conicorum'' versio Latina], ab [[Isaacus Barrow|Isaaco Barrow]] facta
{{fontes biographici}}

[[Categoria:Nati 262 a.C.n.]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 190 a.C.n.]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Graeci antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Mathematici Graeci antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Astronomi Graeci antiqui]]

{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Universitas Pompei Fabra</title>
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{{Capsa scholae Vicidata}}
'''Universitas Pompei Fabra''' ([[Hispanice]] ''Universidad Pompeu Fabra''; [[Catalanice]] ''Universitat Pompeu Fabra'') est [[universitas publica]] [[Hispania]]e anno [[1990]] condita. Inaugurabatur a [[Generalitas Catalauniae|Generalitate Catalauniae]], et ex [[Pompeius Fabra|Pompeio Fabra]] appellatur.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20181225030835/https://seuelectronica.upf.edu/llei-11/1990-de-18-de-juny-de-creacio-de-la-universitat-pompeu-fabra Quidam situs interretialis].&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nexus ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{Uni-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Universitas Pompei Fabra| ]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1990]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Harpers' Latin Dictionary</title>
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[[Fasciculus:A Latin Dictionary.jpg|thumb|Lexicon ]]
'''''Harpers' Latin Dictionary''''', sive '''''A (New) Latin Dictionary'',''' saepe ob nomina auctorum '''Lewis et Short''' appellatum, est [[lexicon]] [[Lingua Latina|linguae Latinae]] definitionibus Anglicis praeditum. Anno [[1879]] ab Harper and Brothers [[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]] et ab Oxford University Press [[Oxonia]]e divulgatum, saepe reimpressum est. [[Charlton Thomas Lewis]] et [[Carolus Short]] versionem Anglicam correctam et auctam lexici Latino-Theodisci [[Gulielmus Freund|Gulielmi Freund]] paraverant, qui ipse lexicis [[Immanuel Ioannes Gerardus Scheller|Immanuelis Scheller]] et [[Aegidius Forcellini|Aegidii Forcellini]] usus est.

{{NexInt}}
* ''[[Oxford Latin Dictionary]]''

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059 ''A Latin Dictionary''] apud situm [[Perseus (situs interretialis)|Perseum]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130522100313/http://perseus.uchicago.edu/Reference/lewisandshort.html ''A Latin Dictionary''] apud &quot;Perseus under PhiloLogic&quot;
* [http://logeion.uchicago.edu Logeion], quod ''A Latin Dictionary'' et alia lexica continet

[[Categoria:Lexica Latina]]
[[Categoria:Lexica Latino-Anglica]]
[[Categoria:Angliae scripta]]
[[Categoria:Scripta 1879]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Turones (populus)</title>
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      <text bytes="1846" sha1="tjas16hbm4s1pfbalgchim3gxsw7km3" xml:space="preserve">'''Turones''' fuerunt populus [[Gallia]]e antiquae stirpis [[Celtae|Celtarum]], [[lingua Gallica]] loquentes. A tempore [[bellum Gallicum|belli Gallici]] a [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesare]] annis fere 58-[[51 a.C.n.]] gesti, Turones sicut populi vicini sub [[imperium Romanum|imperio Romano]] comprehensi sunt. Civitatem Turonum in provincia [[Aquitania]] constituerunt, urbe capitali [[Turonum|Caesaroduno]]. Saeculo fere IV p.C.n. [[dioecesis Turonensis]] ecclesiae Christianae constituta est, eisdem fere limitibus quibus civitas Gallica, Caesaroduno sede episcopali.&lt;ref&gt;Christèle Hervé, &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180121125757/http://a2t.univ-tours.fr/notice.php?id=16 De la cité des Turons au diocèse de Tours]&quot; in ''Atlas archéologique de Touraine'' (2014)&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Alain Ferdiere, &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190530142603/http://a2t.univ-tours.fr/pdf/RACF_suppl53_AAT-148.pdf Les noms de personnes chez les Turons dans les sources épigraphiques]&quot; (2009) in ''Atlas archéologique de Touraine''
* M. Dondin-Peyre, &quot;L'Onomastique dans les cités de Gaule centrale (Bituriges Cubes, Éduens, Sénons, Carnutes, Turons, Parisii)&quot; in M. Dondin-Peyre, M. T. Raepsaet-Charlier, edd., ''Noms, identités culturelles et romanisation sous le Haut-Empire'' (Bruxellis, 2001) pp. 193-341
* Jean-Marie Laruaz, &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190530150604/http://a2t.univ-tours.fr/pdf/RACF_suppl53_AAT-195.pdf Les agglomérations à la fin de l'âge du Fer, 200 à 25 av. n.-è.]&quot; (2014) in ''Atlas archéologique de Touraine''
* Jacques Seigne, &quot;[http://a2t.univ-tours.fr/pdf/RACF_suppl53_AAT-152.pdf Les Voies de communication dans l'Antiquité]&quot; (2009) in ''Atlas archéologique de Touraine''

{{Civitates trium Galliarum}}

[[Categoria:Civitates Imperii Romani]]
[[Categoria:Turones|!]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Grivna</title>
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      <text bytes="2039" sha1="8iux9eaeilgo93vgw64skuch2yec47v" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Гривна_(древнерусская).jpg|thumb| Grivna rotudna (circa 200 g) ]]
[[Fasciculus:Grivna.jpg|thumb| Grivnae triangulares prope [[Coporium|Koporye]] effossae ]]
[[Fasciculus:Hryvnia.png|thumb|182x182px| Grivna rhombica [[Kiovia|Kioviensis]] ]]
[[Fasciculus:Grivny.jpg|thumb| Thesaurus grivnarum rhombicarum in Museo nationali historico Moscuensi ]]
'''Grivna'''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Grivna, ae, numi species.&quot; Antonius Bartal, ''Glossarium mediae et infimae Latinitatis regni Hungariae'', (Hildesiae, 1970), apud [http://clt.brepolis.net/dld/pages/ArticlePrinter.aspx?dict=BA&amp;id=36536 Database of Latin Dictionaries]{{Nexus deficitur|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.&lt;/ref&gt; fuit [[moneta]] et mensura [[pondus|ponderis]] in [[Russia Kioviensis|Russia Kioviensi]] et aliis civitatibus Slavicis ex [[Saeculum 11|saeculo XI]] usitata.&lt;ref name=&quot;Langer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Langer|first1=Lawrence N.|title=Historical Dictionary of Medieval Russia|date=2002|publisher=Scarecrow Press|pages=56–57|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DlWPEH3dF38C&amp;pg=PA56|chapter=Grivna}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Moneta Ucrainica quae nunc in usu est, [[grivna Ucrainica]], ex moneta antiqua nominata est. 

== De nomine ==
Nomen ''grivna'' a proto-Slavico *''grivĭna'' &quot;[[monile]]&quot; deducitur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Etimilogicheskiy slovar' slavyanskikh yazykov|date=1980|pages=129–132}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lingua antiqua Slavica orientali appellabatur {{lang|orv|гривьна}} (''grivĭna''), et nunc [[Ucrainice]] {{lang|uk|гривня}} (''hryvnja''), [[Russice]] {{lang|ru|гривна}} (''grivna''), [[Lingua Ruthenica Alba|Albauthenice]] {{lang|be|грыўня}} (''hryŭnja'') dicitur.   

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Cite book|last1=Spassky|first1=Ivan|title=The Russian Monetary System: A Historico-numismatic Survey|date=1969|publisher=Argonaut}} .
* {{Cite book|last1=Kamentseva|first1=E.|title=Russkaya metrologiya|date=1975}}.

[[Categoria:Monetae]]
[[Categoria:Numismatica]]
[[Categoria:Ruthenia]]</text>
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    <title>Universitas Erzincan</title>
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{{Capsa scholae Vicidata}}
'''Universitas Erzincan'''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20220306091440/https://ogrenciisleri.ebyu.edu.tr/Dosyalar/SayisalBilgiler/Mevcutlar/2020-2021/2021AGUSTOS.pdf Studia et opuscula in honorem Universitatis Erzincan]&quot;, (2021).&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Turcice]] ''Erzincan Üniversitesi'') est [[universitas publica]] [[Turcia|Turcica]], [[Erzincan (provincia)|Erzincan]] sita.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Uni-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Constituta 2006]]
[[Categoria:Universitates Turciae]]</text>
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    <title>Amana Hatpa III</title>
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'''Amana Hatpa III''' (lingua Aegyptica antiqua, 1388–1351 a. C. n.) vel '''Amenophis III''' (Graece), tardius, '''Amenhotep III''' fuit [[pharao]] nonus [[Aegyptus antiqua|Aegypti antiquae]] [[domus 18 Aegypti antiquae|dynastiae XVIII Aegypti antiquae]]. Regnavit inter annos 1386 (seu 1388) et 1349 (seu 1351) a. C. n. Fuit pater [[Akhenaten]]i.

Regnum eius cum culmine Aegypti antiquae congruit. Plura monumenta hodie nota tempore ineunte Amanae Hatpae III regno erecta sunt.

''Amana hatpa'' &quot;divinitas [[Amon]]i satisfacta est&quot; significat.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Tutanchamunus]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://www.worldhistory.org/Amenhotep_III/ Definitio pharaonis Amanae Hatpae III] {{Ling|Anglice}}
* De definitione nominis [https://en.rodovid.org/wk/Person:153193 Amāna-Ḥātpa]
* ''britannica.com de [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Amenhotep-III Amenophe tertio] {{Ling|Anglice}}

{{Lifetime|saeculo 15 a.C.n.|saeculo 14 a.C.n.|Amana Hatpa III}}
[[Categoria:Pharaones domus duodevicensimae Aegypti]]</text>
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'''Amana Hatpa III''' (lingua Aegyptica antiqua, 1388–1351 a. C. n.) vel '''Amenophis III''' (Graece), tardius, '''Amenhotep III''' fuit [[pharao]] nonus [[Aegyptus antiqua|Aegypti antiquae]] [[domus 18 Aegypti antiquae|dynastiae XVIII Aegypti antiquae]]. Regnavit inter annos 1386 (seu 1388) et 1349 (seu 1351) a. C. n. Fuit pater [[Akhenaten]]i.

Regnum eius cum culmine Aegypti antiquae congruit. Plura monumenta hodie nota ineunte Amanae Hatpae III regno erecta sunt.

''Amana hatpa'' &quot;divinitas [[Amon]]i satisfacta est&quot; significat.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Tutanchamunus]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://www.worldhistory.org/Amenhotep_III/ Definitio pharaonis Amanae Hatpae III] {{Ling|Anglice}}
* De definitione nominis [https://en.rodovid.org/wk/Person:153193 Amāna-Ḥātpa]
* ''britannica.com de [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Amenhotep-III Amenophe tertio] {{Ling|Anglice}}

{{Lifetime|saeculo 15 a.C.n.|saeculo 14 a.C.n.|Amana Hatpa III}}
[[Categoria:Pharaones domus duodevicensimae Aegypti]]</text>
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'''Amana Hatpa III''' (lingua Aegyptica antiqua, 1388–1351 a. C. n.) vel '''Amenophis III''' (Graece), tardius, '''Amenhotep III''' fuit [[pharao]] nonus [[domus 18 Aegypti antiquae|dynastiae XVIII]] [[Aegyptus antiqua|Aegypti antiquae]]. Regnavit inter annos 1386 (seu 1388) et 1349 (seu 1351) a. C. n. Fuit pater [[Akhenaten]]i.

Regnum eius cum culmine Aegypti antiquae congruit. Plura monumenta hodie nota ineunte Amanae Hatpae III regno erecta sunt.

''Amana hatpa'' &quot;divinitas [[Amon]]i satisfacta est&quot; significat.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Tutanchamunus]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://www.worldhistory.org/Amenhotep_III/ Definitio pharaonis Amanae Hatpae III] {{Ling|Anglice}}
* De definitione nominis [https://en.rodovid.org/wk/Person:153193 Amāna-Ḥātpa]
* ''britannica.com de [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Amenhotep-III Amenophe tertio] {{Ling|Anglice}}

{{Lifetime|saeculo 15 a.C.n.|saeculo 14 a.C.n.|Amana Hatpa III}}
[[Categoria:Pharaones domus duodevicensimae Aegypti]]</text>
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      <text bytes="11181" sha1="81qcbokgc0fqma48n4jirmzka9wztqp" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Colossi of Memnon May 2015 2.JPG|thumb|upright=1.2|Colossi Memnonis anno [[2015]] visi.]]
'''Colossi Memnonis''' ([[Arabice]] تمثالا ممنون) sunt binae [[Amana Hatpa III|Amenophidis III]] [[pharao]]nis [[statua]]e [[lapis|lapideae]] [[monumentum|monumentales]] in [[litus|litore]] [[occidens|occidentali]] [[Thebae (Aegyptus)|Thebis]] sitae. Quae sunt ultima ingentis [[templum|templi]] vestigia, quod ante aditum [[Templum Mortuarium Amenophidis III|Templi Mortuarii Amenophidis III]] stant, maximi templi in [[Necropolis Thebana|Necropoli Thebana]] positi. Ex anno [[1350 a.C.n.]], aetate [[domus 18 Aegypti|domus duodevicesimae]] [[Aegptus|Aegypti]] exstant, et celebres inter [[Graeci|Graecos]] [[Romani|Romanosque]] [[antiquitas|antiquos]], [[peregrinatio|peregrinatores]] recentiores, et [[Aegyptologia|Aegyptologos]] erant.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Luxor, Egypt|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/dna/place-lancashire/plain/A2082845|work=BBC News|access-date=[[2012]]-06-06|archive-date=2013-04-19|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130419153726/http://news.bbc.co.uk/dna/place-lancashire/plain/A2082845|url-status=dead}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/786066 |title=Places: 786066 (Memnon Colossi) |author=Wilfong, T.|author2= S. Sidebotham|author3= J. Keenan|author4= DARMC|author5= R. Talbert|author6= S. Gillies|author7= T. Elliott|author8= J. Becker |accessdate=22 Martii 2013|publisher=Pleiades}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Colossus [[septentrio]]nalis, quem Memnonem nuncupantes prisci [[auctor]]es commemoraverunt, ruptus [[terrae motus|terrae motu]] anno [[27 a.C.n.|27 a.C.n]] partim collapsus est.

== De templo Amenophidis III ==
Duae statuae colosseae in vestibulo templi decies centenum{{dubsig}} milium{{dubsig}} annorum Amenophidis III stabant, quo in illo tempore nullum [[fanum]] in occidentali ripa Thebarum maior erat. [[Magnitudo]] templi ex [[altitudo|altitudine]] statuarum ambarum excogitari potest, quod a claro [[architectus|architecto]] [[pharao]]nis effectum est.

Usque ad annum [[2002]], terrae arabiles cultae adeo superficiem templi operiebant, ut colossi tantum apparerent. Interim factae sunt excavationes, quo melius [[architectura]] et forma illius [[sanctuarium|sanctuarii]] [[Ammon|Ammoni]] gloriaeque Amenophidis III ipsius dicati intelligantur.

== De statuis ==

=== Descriptio ===
[[Fasciculus:Memnon_082005_02.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Colossus meridionalis.]]
[[Fasciculus:Memnon_082005_03.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Colossus septentrionalis.]]
Duo colossi [[Pharao|pharaonem]] sidentem in solio maiorum effigiunt, [[manus|manibus]] in genibus positis; in utroque latere crurum eius [[mater]] Mutemuia et [[uxor]] Tiji{{dubsig}} finguntur. Utrubique in solio est Sema-Taouy, [[signum]] unionis [[Aegyptus superior|Aegypti superioris]] et [[Aegyptus inferior|Aegypti inferioris]]. [[Falco|Falconis]] [[caput]], quod signum [[Horus|Hori]] est, septentrionalem colossum distinguit.&lt;ref&gt;Rosenmeyer 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== De sonoro [[Phaenomenon|phaenomeno]] ===
[[Fasciculus:Egypt.ColossiMemnon.02.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Emblema in dextero colossi meridionalis latere.]]
[[Strabo]], [[historicus]] et [[geographus]] Graecus primo saeculo, primus [[scriptor]]um hos colossos commemorat:&lt;blockquote&gt;Illic autem sunt duo colossi [[monolithus|monolithi]], alter alteri proximus. Prior incolumis est, sed alterius partes omnes sede superiores post [[terrae motus|terrae motum]], ut aiunt, collapsae sunt. Strepitus par parvulae percussioni cottidie semel a sidenti in solio baseque emitti creditur. Ego vero, qui in ipsis locis cum [[Aelius Gallus|Aelio Gallo]] et eius comitatu amicorum militumque aderam, hunc strepitum circa horam primam audivi.— [[Interpretatio]] libera.&lt;ref&gt;Strabo, ''Geographica'', 17, 1, 46 : ''Ἐνταῦθα δὲ δυεῖν κολοσσῶν ὄντων μονολίθων ἀλλήλων πλησίον, ὁ μὲν σώζεται, τοῦ δ´ ἑτέρου τὰ ἄνω μέρη τὰ ἀπὸ τῆς καθέδρας πέπτωκε σεισμοῦ γενηθέντος, ὥς φασι. Πεπίστευται δ´ ὅτι ἅπαξ καθ´ ἡμέραν ἑκάστην ψόφος ὡς ἂν πληγῆς οὐ μεγάλης ἀποτελεῖται ἀπὸ τοῦ μένοντος ἐν τῷ θρόνῳ καὶ τῇ βάσει μέρους· κἀγὼ δὲ παρὼν ἐπὶ τῶν τόπων μετὰ Γάλλου Αἰλίου καὶ τοῦ πλήθους τῶν συνόντων αὐτῷ φίλων τε καὶ στρατιωτῶν περὶ ὥραν πρώτην ἤκουσα τοῦ ψόφου.''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Terrae motus reapse anno 27 a.C.n evenit, uno anno ante Strabonis adventum; statua rupta est septentrionalis. 

Strabo addit se de origine strepitus dubium esse. Curiositate vagante, de colosso haud pauci scriptores locuti sunt: [[Plinius Maior]],&lt;ref&gt;Plinius Maior, ''Naturalis Historia'', 36, 58, 7-10: ''Non absimilis illi narratur in Thebis delubro Serapis, ut putant, Memnonis statuae dicatus, quem cotidiano solis ortu contactum radiis crepare tradunt.''&lt;/ref&gt; [[Tacitus]],&lt;ref&gt;Tacitus, ''Annales'', 2, 61, 1-6: ''Ceterum Germanicus aliis quoque miraculis intendit animum, quorum praecipua fuere Memnonis saxea effigies, ubi radiis solis icta est, vocalem sonum reddens, disiectasque inter et vix pervias arenas instar montium eductae pyramides certamine et opibus regum, lacusque effossa humo, superfluentis Nili receptacula.''&lt;/ref&gt; et [[Pausanias]].&lt;ref&gt;Pausanias, 1, 42, 3: ''Ἐμοὶ δὲ παρέσχε μὲν καὶ τοῦτο θαυμάσαι· παρέσχε δὲ πολλῷ μάλιστα Αἰγυπτίων ὁ κολοσσός. Ἐν Θήβαις ταῖς Αἰγυπτίαις, διαβᾶσι τὸν Νεῖλον, πρὸς τὰς Σύριγγας καλουμένας, εἶδον ἔτι καθήμενον ἄγαλμα ἠχοῦν – Μέμνονα ὀνομάζουσιν οἱ πολλοί. Τοῦτον γάρ φασιν ἐξ Αἰθιοπίας ὁρμηθῆναι ἐς Αἴγυπτον, καὶ τὴν ἄχρι Σούσων. Ἀλλὰ γὰρ οὐ Μέμνονα οἱ Θηβαῖοι λέγουσι, Φαμένωφα δὲ εἶναι τῶν ἐγχωρίων, οὗ τοῦτο ἄγαλμα ἦν. Ἤκουσα δὲ ἤδη καὶ Σέσωστριν φαμένων εἶναι τοῦτο ἄγαλμα· ὃ Καμβύσης διέκοψε. καὶ νῦν ὁπόσον ἐκ κεφαλῆς ἐς μέσον σῶμά ἐστιν ἀπερριμμένον, τὸ δὲ λοιπὸν κάθηταί τε καὶ ἀνὰ πᾶσαν ἡμέραν ἀνίσχοντος ἡλίου βοᾷ, καὶ τὸν ἦχον μάλιστα εἰκάσει τις κιθάρας ἢ λύρας ῥαγείσης χορδῆς.''&lt;/ref&gt;

Hanc [[res|rem]] mirabilem esse clamorem [[Memnon (heros)|Memnon]]is, [[heros|herois]] [[bellum Troianum|belli Troiani]], qui matri [[Eos|Aurorae]] salutem diceret, Graeci Romanique putabant.

[[Philostratus Atheniensis]] in ''[[Vita Apollonii Tyanei]]'' longam descriptionem statuae facit. Censet Memnonem non [[Ilium|Troiae]], ut ceteri tradant, sed in [[Aethiopia]] mortuum esse, ubi per [[Aetates historiae|aetates]] quinque regnaverit.&lt;blockquote&gt;Statua ad orientem solem spectat; imberbem effigit iuvenem; e lapide nigra facta est; ambo pedes juncti sunt, ut usus in tempore Daedaleo erat; ambae manus rectae sunt sedemque premunt: credas virum de sella surrecturum. . . . Cum primi [[radius|radii]] [[sol]]is statuam icerunt (quod solis ortu fit), [advenae] non potuerunt quin admirarentur. Colossus enim, simul atque os eius sol petit, loquitur, et oculi eius, quales hominum in sole expositorum, nitescunt.— Interpretatio libera.&lt;ref&gt;Philostratus, ''Vita Apollonii Tyanei'', 6, 4: ''Τὸ δὲ ἄγαλμα τετράφθαι πρὸς ἀκτῖνα μήπω γενειάσκον, λίθου δὲ εἶναι μέλανος, ξυμβεβηκέναι δὲ τὼ πόδε ἄμφω κατὰ τὴν ἀγαλματοποιίαν τὴν ἐπὶ Δαιδάλου καὶ τὰς χεῖρας ἀπερείδειν ὀρθὰς ἐς τὸν θᾶκον, καθῆσθαι γὰρ ἐν ὁρμῇ τοῦ ὑπανίστασθαι. Τὸ δὲ σχῆμα τοῦτο καὶ τὸν τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν νοῦν καὶ ὁπόσα τοῦ στόματος ὡς φθεγξομένου ᾄδουσι, τὸν μὲν ἄλλον χρόνον ἧττον θαυμάσαι φασίν, οὔπω γὰρ ἐνεργὰ φαίνεσθαι, προσβαλούσης δὲ τὸ ἄγαλμα τῆς ἀκτῖνος, τουτὶ δὲ γίγνεσθαι περὶ ἡλίου ἐπιτολάς, μὴ κατασχεῖν τὸ θαῦμα, φθέγξασθαι μὲν γὰρ παραχρῆμα τῆς ἀκτῖνος ἐλθούσης αὐτῷ ἐπὶ στόμα, φαιδροὺς δὲ ἱστάναι τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς δόξαι πρὸς τὸ φῶς, οἷα τῶν ἀνθρώπων οἱ εὐήλιοι.''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== De peregrinationibus ===
Colossus cito fit locus peregrinationis [[Graeci|Graecis]] et [[Romani antiqui|Romanis]], qui frequentes venerunt auditum Memnonis [[oraculum]]. Est etiam talis attractio advenarum, quales [[pyramides]].&lt;ref name=&quot;samosate&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Lucien de Samosate (2015)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Qui visitaverant tunc [[epigraphia|inscriptionem]] relinquere consueverunt: &quot;Memnonem audivi&quot;, cum nominibus suis, die et hora adventus.&lt;ref&gt;Omnes inscriptiones Graecae et Latinae in colosso scriptae [https://epigraphy.packhum.org/book/386?location=1694 hic] inspici possunt.&lt;/ref&gt; Quidam [[carmen|carmina]] quoque [[compositio|composuerunt]], quae in colosso inscripserunt.&lt;ref&gt;Gangloff 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Ita [[Iulia Balbilla]] [[epigramma]]ta composuit, ut visitatio [[imperator]]is [[Hadrianus (imperator)|Hadriani]] anno [[130]] celebraretur.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* A. Bernand et É. Bernand, ''Les inscriptions grecques et latines du colosse de Memnon'', Lutetiae: Picard, 1960.
* Glen W. Bowersock, &quot;The Miracle of Memnon&quot;, ''Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists'', 21, 1984, p. 21-32.
* R. Drew Griffith, &quot;The Origin of Memnon&quot;, ''Classical Antiquity'', 17, 1998, p. 212-234.
* P. A. Rosenmeyer, ''The Language of Ruins: Greek and Latin Inscriptions on the Memnon Colossus'', Oxoniae: Oxford University Press, 2018.
* C. Schmidt Heidenreich, &quot;Soldats . . .  et touristes ? À propos des graffiti militaires du Colosse de Memnon&quot;, in M. Horster et M. Scholz (ed.), ''Lesen und Schreiben in den römischen Provinzen'', Moguntiaci: RGZM, 2015, p. 91-106.
* A. Gangloff, &quot;Les poètes hellénophones sur le colosse de Memnon&quot;, in ''Médiateurs culturels et politiques dans l’Empire romain. Voyages, conflits, identités'', Lutetiae: De Boccard, 2011, p. 37-57.

== Nexus externi ==
*[https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/G_1973-0107-1 Poema epigraphicum  Mamertini, praefecti Aegypto, colossos Memnonis canentes referens et hodie in Museo Britannico servatum]

[[Categoria:Aegyptus antiqua]]
[[Categoria:Statuae]]</text>
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      <text bytes="11229" sha1="tr4qx4p0fx6qmhhcxptbc59q3y2awhi" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Colossi of Memnon May 2015 2.JPG|thumb|upright=1.2|Colossi Memnonis anno [[2015]] visi.]]
'''Colossi Memnonis''' ([[Arabice]] تمثالا ممنون) sunt binae [[Amana Hatpa III|Amenophidis III]] [[pharao]]nis [[statua]]e [[lapis|lapideae]] [[monumentum|monumentales]] in [[litus|litore]] [[occidens|occidentali]] [[Thebae (Aegyptus)|Thebis]] sitae. Quae sunt ultima ingentis [[templum|templi]] vestigia, quod ante aditum [[Templum Mortuarium Amenophidis III|Templi Mortuarii Amenophidis III]] stant, maximi templi in [[Necropolis Thebana|Necropoli Thebana]] positi. Ex anno [[1350 a.C.n.]], aetate [[domus 18 Aegypti|domus duodevicesimae]] [[Aegptus|Aegypti]] exstant, et celebres inter [[Graeci|Graecos]] [[Romani|Romanosque]] [[antiquitas|antiquos]], [[peregrinatio|peregrinatores]] recentiores, et [[Aegyptologia|Aegyptologos]] erant.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Luxor, Egypt|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/dna/place-lancashire/plain/A2082845|work=BBC News|access-date=[[2012]]-06-06|archive-date=2013-04-19|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130419153726/http://news.bbc.co.uk/dna/place-lancashire/plain/A2082845|url-status=dead}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/786066 |title=Places: 786066 (Memnon Colossi) |author=Wilfong, T.|author2= S. Sidebotham|author3= J. Keenan|author4= DARMC|author5= R. Talbert|author6= S. Gillies|author7= T. Elliott|author8= J. Becker |accessdate=22 Martii 2013|publisher=Pleiades}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Colossus [[septentrio]]nalis, quem Memnonem nuncupantes prisci [[auctor]]es commemoraverunt, ruptus [[terrae motus|terrae motu]] anno [[27 a.C.n.|27 a.C.n]] partim collapsus est.

== De templo Amenophidis III ==
Duae statuae colosseae in vestibulo [https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_des_millions_d%27ann%C3%A9es templi decies centenum milium annorum] Amenophidis III stabant, quo in illo tempore nullum [[fanum]] in occidentali ripa Thebarum maior erat. [[Magnitudo]] templi ex [[altitudo|altitudine]] statuarum ambarum excogitari potest, quod a claro [[architectus|architecto]] [[pharao]]nis effectum est.

Usque ad annum [[2002]], terrae arabiles cultae adeo superficiem templi operiebant, ut colossi tantum apparerent. Interim factae sunt excavationes, quo melius [[architectura]] et forma illius [[sanctuarium|sanctuarii]] [[Ammon|Ammoni]] gloriaeque Amenophidis III ipsius dicati intelligantur.

== De statuis ==

=== Descriptio ===
[[Fasciculus:Memnon_082005_02.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Colossus meridionalis.]]
[[Fasciculus:Memnon_082005_03.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Colossus septentrionalis.]]
Duo colossi [[Pharao|pharaonem]] sidentem in solio maiorum effigiunt, [[manus|manibus]] in genibus positis; in utroque latere crurum eius [[mater]] Mutemuia et [[uxor]] Tiji{{dubsig}} finguntur. Utrubique in solio est Sema-Taouy, [[signum]] unionis [[Aegyptus superior|Aegypti superioris]] et [[Aegyptus inferior|Aegypti inferioris]]. [[Falco|Falconis]] [[caput]], quod signum [[Horus|Hori]] est, septentrionalem colossum distinguit.&lt;ref&gt;Rosenmeyer 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== De sonoro [[Phaenomenon|phaenomeno]] ===
[[Fasciculus:Egypt.ColossiMemnon.02.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Emblema in dextero colossi meridionalis latere.]]
[[Strabo]], [[historicus]] et [[geographus]] Graecus primo saeculo, primus [[scriptor]]um hos colossos commemorat:&lt;blockquote&gt;Illic autem sunt duo colossi [[monolithus|monolithi]], alter alteri proximus. Prior incolumis est, sed alterius partes omnes sede superiores post [[terrae motus|terrae motum]], ut aiunt, collapsae sunt. Strepitus par parvulae percussioni cottidie semel a sidenti in solio baseque emitti creditur. Ego vero, qui in ipsis locis cum [[Aelius Gallus|Aelio Gallo]] et eius comitatu amicorum militumque aderam, hunc strepitum circa horam primam audivi.— [[Interpretatio]] libera.&lt;ref&gt;Strabo, ''Geographica'', 17, 1, 46 : ''Ἐνταῦθα δὲ δυεῖν κολοσσῶν ὄντων μονολίθων ἀλλήλων πλησίον, ὁ μὲν σώζεται, τοῦ δ´ ἑτέρου τὰ ἄνω μέρη τὰ ἀπὸ τῆς καθέδρας πέπτωκε σεισμοῦ γενηθέντος, ὥς φασι. Πεπίστευται δ´ ὅτι ἅπαξ καθ´ ἡμέραν ἑκάστην ψόφος ὡς ἂν πληγῆς οὐ μεγάλης ἀποτελεῖται ἀπὸ τοῦ μένοντος ἐν τῷ θρόνῳ καὶ τῇ βάσει μέρους· κἀγὼ δὲ παρὼν ἐπὶ τῶν τόπων μετὰ Γάλλου Αἰλίου καὶ τοῦ πλήθους τῶν συνόντων αὐτῷ φίλων τε καὶ στρατιωτῶν περὶ ὥραν πρώτην ἤκουσα τοῦ ψόφου.''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Terrae motus reapse anno 27 a.C.n evenit, uno anno ante Strabonis adventum; statua rupta est septentrionalis. 

Strabo addit se de origine strepitus dubium esse. Curiositate vagante, de colosso haud pauci scriptores locuti sunt: [[Plinius Maior]],&lt;ref&gt;Plinius Maior, ''Naturalis Historia'', 36, 58, 7-10: ''Non absimilis illi narratur in Thebis delubro Serapis, ut putant, Memnonis statuae dicatus, quem cotidiano solis ortu contactum radiis crepare tradunt.''&lt;/ref&gt; [[Tacitus]],&lt;ref&gt;Tacitus, ''Annales'', 2, 61, 1-6: ''Ceterum Germanicus aliis quoque miraculis intendit animum, quorum praecipua fuere Memnonis saxea effigies, ubi radiis solis icta est, vocalem sonum reddens, disiectasque inter et vix pervias arenas instar montium eductae pyramides certamine et opibus regum, lacusque effossa humo, superfluentis Nili receptacula.''&lt;/ref&gt; et [[Pausanias]].&lt;ref&gt;Pausanias, 1, 42, 3: ''Ἐμοὶ δὲ παρέσχε μὲν καὶ τοῦτο θαυμάσαι· παρέσχε δὲ πολλῷ μάλιστα Αἰγυπτίων ὁ κολοσσός. Ἐν Θήβαις ταῖς Αἰγυπτίαις, διαβᾶσι τὸν Νεῖλον, πρὸς τὰς Σύριγγας καλουμένας, εἶδον ἔτι καθήμενον ἄγαλμα ἠχοῦν – Μέμνονα ὀνομάζουσιν οἱ πολλοί. Τοῦτον γάρ φασιν ἐξ Αἰθιοπίας ὁρμηθῆναι ἐς Αἴγυπτον, καὶ τὴν ἄχρι Σούσων. Ἀλλὰ γὰρ οὐ Μέμνονα οἱ Θηβαῖοι λέγουσι, Φαμένωφα δὲ εἶναι τῶν ἐγχωρίων, οὗ τοῦτο ἄγαλμα ἦν. Ἤκουσα δὲ ἤδη καὶ Σέσωστριν φαμένων εἶναι τοῦτο ἄγαλμα· ὃ Καμβύσης διέκοψε. καὶ νῦν ὁπόσον ἐκ κεφαλῆς ἐς μέσον σῶμά ἐστιν ἀπερριμμένον, τὸ δὲ λοιπὸν κάθηταί τε καὶ ἀνὰ πᾶσαν ἡμέραν ἀνίσχοντος ἡλίου βοᾷ, καὶ τὸν ἦχον μάλιστα εἰκάσει τις κιθάρας ἢ λύρας ῥαγείσης χορδῆς.''&lt;/ref&gt;

Hanc [[res|rem]] mirabilem esse clamorem [[Memnon (heros)|Memnon]]is, [[heros|herois]] [[bellum Troianum|belli Troiani]], qui matri [[Eos|Aurorae]] salutem diceret, Graeci Romanique putabant.

[[Philostratus Atheniensis]] in ''[[Vita Apollonii Tyanei]]'' longam descriptionem statuae facit. Censet Memnonem non [[Ilium|Troiae]], ut ceteri tradant, sed in [[Aethiopia]] mortuum esse, ubi per [[Aetates historiae|aetates]] quinque regnaverit.&lt;blockquote&gt;Statua ad orientem solem spectat; imberbem effigit iuvenem; e lapide nigra facta est; ambo pedes juncti sunt, ut usus in tempore Daedaleo erat; ambae manus rectae sunt sedemque premunt: credas virum de sella surrecturum. . . . Cum primi [[radius|radii]] [[sol]]is statuam icerunt (quod solis ortu fit), [advenae] non potuerunt quin admirarentur. Colossus enim, simul atque os eius sol petit, loquitur, et oculi eius, quales hominum in sole expositorum, nitescunt.— Interpretatio libera.&lt;ref&gt;Philostratus, ''Vita Apollonii Tyanei'', 6, 4: ''Τὸ δὲ ἄγαλμα τετράφθαι πρὸς ἀκτῖνα μήπω γενειάσκον, λίθου δὲ εἶναι μέλανος, ξυμβεβηκέναι δὲ τὼ πόδε ἄμφω κατὰ τὴν ἀγαλματοποιίαν τὴν ἐπὶ Δαιδάλου καὶ τὰς χεῖρας ἀπερείδειν ὀρθὰς ἐς τὸν θᾶκον, καθῆσθαι γὰρ ἐν ὁρμῇ τοῦ ὑπανίστασθαι. Τὸ δὲ σχῆμα τοῦτο καὶ τὸν τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν νοῦν καὶ ὁπόσα τοῦ στόματος ὡς φθεγξομένου ᾄδουσι, τὸν μὲν ἄλλον χρόνον ἧττον θαυμάσαι φασίν, οὔπω γὰρ ἐνεργὰ φαίνεσθαι, προσβαλούσης δὲ τὸ ἄγαλμα τῆς ἀκτῖνος, τουτὶ δὲ γίγνεσθαι περὶ ἡλίου ἐπιτολάς, μὴ κατασχεῖν τὸ θαῦμα, φθέγξασθαι μὲν γὰρ παραχρῆμα τῆς ἀκτῖνος ἐλθούσης αὐτῷ ἐπὶ στόμα, φαιδροὺς δὲ ἱστάναι τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς δόξαι πρὸς τὸ φῶς, οἷα τῶν ἀνθρώπων οἱ εὐήλιοι.''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== De peregrinationibus ===
Colossus cito fit locus peregrinationis [[Graeci|Graecis]] et [[Romani antiqui|Romanis]], qui frequentes venerunt auditum Memnonis [[oraculum]]. Est etiam talis attractio advenarum, quales [[pyramides]].&lt;ref name=&quot;samosate&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Lucien de Samosate (2015)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Qui visitaverant tunc [[epigraphia|inscriptionem]] relinquere consueverunt: &quot;Memnonem audivi&quot;, cum nominibus suis, die et hora adventus.&lt;ref&gt;Omnes inscriptiones Graecae et Latinae in colosso scriptae [https://epigraphy.packhum.org/book/386?location=1694 hic] inspici possunt.&lt;/ref&gt; Quidam [[carmen|carmina]] quoque [[compositio|composuerunt]], quae in colosso inscripserunt.&lt;ref&gt;Gangloff 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Ita [[Iulia Balbilla]] [[epigramma]]ta composuit, ut visitatio [[imperator]]is [[Hadrianus (imperator)|Hadriani]] anno [[130]] celebraretur.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* A. Bernand et É. Bernand, ''Les inscriptions grecques et latines du colosse de Memnon'', Lutetiae: Picard, 1960.
* Glen W. Bowersock, &quot;The Miracle of Memnon&quot;, ''Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists'', 21, 1984, p. 21-32.
* R. Drew Griffith, &quot;The Origin of Memnon&quot;, ''Classical Antiquity'', 17, 1998, p. 212-234.
* P. A. Rosenmeyer, ''The Language of Ruins: Greek and Latin Inscriptions on the Memnon Colossus'', Oxoniae: Oxford University Press, 2018.
* C. Schmidt Heidenreich, &quot;Soldats . . .  et touristes ? À propos des graffiti militaires du Colosse de Memnon&quot;, in M. Horster et M. Scholz (ed.), ''Lesen und Schreiben in den römischen Provinzen'', Moguntiaci: RGZM, 2015, p. 91-106.
* A. Gangloff, &quot;Les poètes hellénophones sur le colosse de Memnon&quot;, in ''Médiateurs culturels et politiques dans l’Empire romain. Voyages, conflits, identités'', Lutetiae: De Boccard, 2011, p. 37-57.

== Nexus externi ==
*[https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/G_1973-0107-1 Poema epigraphicum  Mamertini, praefecti Aegypto, colossos Memnonis canentes referens et hodie in Museo Britannico servatum]

[[Categoria:Aegyptus antiqua]]
[[Categoria:Statuae]]</text>
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      <text bytes="11229" sha1="nx4dvs2ya666qizff1kbdfshps3lm14" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Colossi of Memnon May 2015 2.JPG|thumb|upright=1.2|Colossi Memnonis anno [[2015]] visi.]]
'''Colossi Memnonis''' ([[Arabice]] تمثالا ممنون) sunt binae [[Amana Hatpa III|Amenophidis III]] [[pharao]]nis [[statua]]e [[lapis|lapideae]] [[monumentum|monumentales]] in [[litus|litore]] [[occidens|occidentali]] [[Thebae (Aegyptus)|Thebis]] sitae. Quae sunt ultima ingentis [[templum|templi]] vestigia, quod ante aditum [[Templum Mortuarium Amenophidis III|Templi Mortuarii Amenophidis III]] stant, maximi templi in [[Necropolis Thebana|Necropoli Thebana]] positi. Ex anno [[1350 a.C.n.]], aetate [[domus 18 Aegypti|domus duodevicesimae]] [[Aegptus|Aegypti]] exstant, et celebres inter [[Graeci|Graecos]] [[Romani|Romanosque]] [[antiquitas|antiquos]], [[peregrinatio|peregrinatores]] recentiores, et [[Aegyptologia|Aegyptologos]] erant.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Luxor, Egypt|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/dna/place-lancashire/plain/A2082845|work=BBC News|access-date=[[2012]]-06-06|archive-date=2013-04-19|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130419153726/http://news.bbc.co.uk/dna/place-lancashire/plain/A2082845|url-status=dead}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/786066 |title=Places: 786066 (Memnon Colossi) |author=Wilfong, T.|author2= S. Sidebotham|author3= J. Keenan|author4= DARMC|author5= R. Talbert|author6= S. Gillies|author7= T. Elliott|author8= J. Becker |accessdate=22 Martii 2013|publisher=Pleiades}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Colossus [[septentrio]]nalis, quem Memnonem nuncupantes prisci [[auctor]]es commemoraverunt, ruptus [[terrae motus|terrae motu]] anno [[27 a.C.n.|27 a.C.n]] partim collapsus est.

== De templo Amenophidis III ==
Duae statuae colosseae in vestibulo [https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_des_millions_d%27ann%C3%A9es templi decies centenum milium annorum] Amenophidis III stabant, quo in illo tempore nullum [[fanum]] in occidentali ripa Thebarum maior erat. [[Magnitudo]] templi ex [[altitudo|altitudine]] statuarum ambarum excogitari potest, quod a claro [[architectus|architecto]] [[pharao]]nis effectum est.

Usque ad annum [[2002]], terrae arabiles cultae adeo superficiem templi operiebant, ut colossi tantum apparerent. Interim factae sunt excavationes, quo melius [[architectura]] et forma illius [[sanctuarium|sanctuarii]] [[Ammon|Ammoni]] gloriaeque Amenophidis III ipsius dicati intelligantur.

== De statuis ==

=== Descriptio ===
[[Fasciculus:Memnon_082005_02.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Colossus meridionalis.]]
[[Fasciculus:Memnon_082005_03.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Colossus septentrionalis.]]
Duo colossi [[Pharao|pharaonem]] sedentem in solio maiorum effigiunt, [[manus|manibus]] in genibus positis; in utroque latere crurum eius [[mater]] Mutemuia et [[uxor]] Tiji{{dubsig}} finguntur. Utrubique in solio est Sema-Taouy, [[signum]] unionis [[Aegyptus superior|Aegypti superioris]] et [[Aegyptus inferior|Aegypti inferioris]]. [[Falco|Falconis]] [[caput]], quod signum [[Horus|Hori]] est, septentrionalem colossum distinguit.&lt;ref&gt;Rosenmeyer 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== De sonoro [[Phaenomenon|phaenomeno]] ===
[[Fasciculus:Egypt.ColossiMemnon.02.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Emblema in dextero colossi meridionalis latere.]]
[[Strabo]], [[historicus]] et [[geographus]] Graecus primo saeculo, primus [[scriptor]]um hos colossos commemorat:&lt;blockquote&gt;Illic autem sunt duo colossi [[monolithus|monolithi]], alter alteri proximus. Prior incolumis est, sed alterius partes omnes sede superiores post [[terrae motus|terrae motum]], ut aiunt, collapsae sunt. Strepitus par parvulae percussioni cottidie semel a sidenti in solio baseque emitti creditur. Ego vero, qui in ipsis locis cum [[Aelius Gallus|Aelio Gallo]] et eius comitatu amicorum militumque aderam, hunc strepitum circa horam primam audivi.— [[Interpretatio]] libera.&lt;ref&gt;Strabo, ''Geographica'', 17, 1, 46 : ''Ἐνταῦθα δὲ δυεῖν κολοσσῶν ὄντων μονολίθων ἀλλήλων πλησίον, ὁ μὲν σώζεται, τοῦ δ´ ἑτέρου τὰ ἄνω μέρη τὰ ἀπὸ τῆς καθέδρας πέπτωκε σεισμοῦ γενηθέντος, ὥς φασι. Πεπίστευται δ´ ὅτι ἅπαξ καθ´ ἡμέραν ἑκάστην ψόφος ὡς ἂν πληγῆς οὐ μεγάλης ἀποτελεῖται ἀπὸ τοῦ μένοντος ἐν τῷ θρόνῳ καὶ τῇ βάσει μέρους· κἀγὼ δὲ παρὼν ἐπὶ τῶν τόπων μετὰ Γάλλου Αἰλίου καὶ τοῦ πλήθους τῶν συνόντων αὐτῷ φίλων τε καὶ στρατιωτῶν περὶ ὥραν πρώτην ἤκουσα τοῦ ψόφου.''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Terrae motus reapse anno 27 a.C.n evenit, uno anno ante Strabonis adventum; statua rupta est septentrionalis. 

Strabo addit se de origine strepitus dubium esse. Curiositate vagante, de colosso haud pauci scriptores locuti sunt: [[Plinius Maior]],&lt;ref&gt;Plinius Maior, ''Naturalis Historia'', 36, 58, 7-10: ''Non absimilis illi narratur in Thebis delubro Serapis, ut putant, Memnonis statuae dicatus, quem cotidiano solis ortu contactum radiis crepare tradunt.''&lt;/ref&gt; [[Tacitus]],&lt;ref&gt;Tacitus, ''Annales'', 2, 61, 1-6: ''Ceterum Germanicus aliis quoque miraculis intendit animum, quorum praecipua fuere Memnonis saxea effigies, ubi radiis solis icta est, vocalem sonum reddens, disiectasque inter et vix pervias arenas instar montium eductae pyramides certamine et opibus regum, lacusque effossa humo, superfluentis Nili receptacula.''&lt;/ref&gt; et [[Pausanias]].&lt;ref&gt;Pausanias, 1, 42, 3: ''Ἐμοὶ δὲ παρέσχε μὲν καὶ τοῦτο θαυμάσαι· παρέσχε δὲ πολλῷ μάλιστα Αἰγυπτίων ὁ κολοσσός. Ἐν Θήβαις ταῖς Αἰγυπτίαις, διαβᾶσι τὸν Νεῖλον, πρὸς τὰς Σύριγγας καλουμένας, εἶδον ἔτι καθήμενον ἄγαλμα ἠχοῦν – Μέμνονα ὀνομάζουσιν οἱ πολλοί. Τοῦτον γάρ φασιν ἐξ Αἰθιοπίας ὁρμηθῆναι ἐς Αἴγυπτον, καὶ τὴν ἄχρι Σούσων. Ἀλλὰ γὰρ οὐ Μέμνονα οἱ Θηβαῖοι λέγουσι, Φαμένωφα δὲ εἶναι τῶν ἐγχωρίων, οὗ τοῦτο ἄγαλμα ἦν. Ἤκουσα δὲ ἤδη καὶ Σέσωστριν φαμένων εἶναι τοῦτο ἄγαλμα· ὃ Καμβύσης διέκοψε. καὶ νῦν ὁπόσον ἐκ κεφαλῆς ἐς μέσον σῶμά ἐστιν ἀπερριμμένον, τὸ δὲ λοιπὸν κάθηταί τε καὶ ἀνὰ πᾶσαν ἡμέραν ἀνίσχοντος ἡλίου βοᾷ, καὶ τὸν ἦχον μάλιστα εἰκάσει τις κιθάρας ἢ λύρας ῥαγείσης χορδῆς.''&lt;/ref&gt;

Hanc [[res|rem]] mirabilem esse clamorem [[Memnon (heros)|Memnon]]is, [[heros|herois]] [[bellum Troianum|belli Troiani]], qui matri [[Eos|Aurorae]] salutem diceret, Graeci Romanique putabant.

[[Philostratus Atheniensis]] in ''[[Vita Apollonii Tyanei]]'' longam descriptionem statuae facit. Censet Memnonem non [[Ilium|Troiae]], ut ceteri tradant, sed in [[Aethiopia]] mortuum esse, ubi per [[Aetates historiae|aetates]] quinque regnaverit.&lt;blockquote&gt;Statua ad orientem solem spectat; imberbem effigit iuvenem; e lapide nigra facta est; ambo pedes juncti sunt, ut usus in tempore Daedaleo erat; ambae manus rectae sunt sedemque premunt: credas virum de sella surrecturum. . . . Cum primi [[radius|radii]] [[sol]]is statuam icerunt (quod solis ortu fit), [advenae] non potuerunt quin admirarentur. Colossus enim, simul atque os eius sol petit, loquitur, et oculi eius, quales hominum in sole expositorum, nitescunt.— Interpretatio libera.&lt;ref&gt;Philostratus, ''Vita Apollonii Tyanei'', 6, 4: ''Τὸ δὲ ἄγαλμα τετράφθαι πρὸς ἀκτῖνα μήπω γενειάσκον, λίθου δὲ εἶναι μέλανος, ξυμβεβηκέναι δὲ τὼ πόδε ἄμφω κατὰ τὴν ἀγαλματοποιίαν τὴν ἐπὶ Δαιδάλου καὶ τὰς χεῖρας ἀπερείδειν ὀρθὰς ἐς τὸν θᾶκον, καθῆσθαι γὰρ ἐν ὁρμῇ τοῦ ὑπανίστασθαι. Τὸ δὲ σχῆμα τοῦτο καὶ τὸν τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν νοῦν καὶ ὁπόσα τοῦ στόματος ὡς φθεγξομένου ᾄδουσι, τὸν μὲν ἄλλον χρόνον ἧττον θαυμάσαι φασίν, οὔπω γὰρ ἐνεργὰ φαίνεσθαι, προσβαλούσης δὲ τὸ ἄγαλμα τῆς ἀκτῖνος, τουτὶ δὲ γίγνεσθαι περὶ ἡλίου ἐπιτολάς, μὴ κατασχεῖν τὸ θαῦμα, φθέγξασθαι μὲν γὰρ παραχρῆμα τῆς ἀκτῖνος ἐλθούσης αὐτῷ ἐπὶ στόμα, φαιδροὺς δὲ ἱστάναι τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς δόξαι πρὸς τὸ φῶς, οἷα τῶν ἀνθρώπων οἱ εὐήλιοι.''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== De peregrinationibus ===
Colossus cito fit locus peregrinationis [[Graeci|Graecis]] et [[Romani antiqui|Romanis]], qui frequentes venerunt auditum Memnonis [[oraculum]]. Est etiam talis attractio advenarum, quales [[pyramides]].&lt;ref name=&quot;samosate&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Lucien de Samosate (2015)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Qui visitaverant tunc [[epigraphia|inscriptionem]] relinquere consueverunt: &quot;Memnonem audivi&quot;, cum nominibus suis, die et hora adventus.&lt;ref&gt;Omnes inscriptiones Graecae et Latinae in colosso scriptae [https://epigraphy.packhum.org/book/386?location=1694 hic] inspici possunt.&lt;/ref&gt; Quidam [[carmen|carmina]] quoque [[compositio|composuerunt]], quae in colosso inscripserunt.&lt;ref&gt;Gangloff 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Ita [[Iulia Balbilla]] [[epigramma]]ta composuit, ut visitatio [[imperator]]is [[Hadrianus (imperator)|Hadriani]] anno [[130]] celebraretur.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* A. Bernand et É. Bernand, ''Les inscriptions grecques et latines du colosse de Memnon'', Lutetiae: Picard, 1960.
* Glen W. Bowersock, &quot;The Miracle of Memnon&quot;, ''Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists'', 21, 1984, p. 21-32.
* R. Drew Griffith, &quot;The Origin of Memnon&quot;, ''Classical Antiquity'', 17, 1998, p. 212-234.
* P. A. Rosenmeyer, ''The Language of Ruins: Greek and Latin Inscriptions on the Memnon Colossus'', Oxoniae: Oxford University Press, 2018.
* C. Schmidt Heidenreich, &quot;Soldats . . .  et touristes ? À propos des graffiti militaires du Colosse de Memnon&quot;, in M. Horster et M. Scholz (ed.), ''Lesen und Schreiben in den römischen Provinzen'', Moguntiaci: RGZM, 2015, p. 91-106.
* A. Gangloff, &quot;Les poètes hellénophones sur le colosse de Memnon&quot;, in ''Médiateurs culturels et politiques dans l’Empire romain. Voyages, conflits, identités'', Lutetiae: De Boccard, 2011, p. 37-57.

== Nexus externi ==
*[https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/G_1973-0107-1 Poema epigraphicum  Mamertini, praefecti Aegypto, colossos Memnonis canentes referens et hodie in Museo Britannico servatum]

[[Categoria:Aegyptus antiqua]]
[[Categoria:Statuae]]</text>
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      <text bytes="11384" sha1="nm9d0yzonl9i5r3rdkykfmc8ob3zh0y" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Colossi of Memnon May 2015 2.JPG|thumb|upright=1.2|Colossi Memnonis anno [[2015]] visi.]]
'''Colossi Memnonis''' ([[Arabice]] تمثالا ممنون) sunt binae [[Amana Hatpa III|Amenophidis III]] [[pharao]]nis [[statua]]e [[lapis|lapideae]] [[monumentum|monumentales]] in [[litus|litore]] [[occidens|occidentali]] [[Thebae (Aegyptus)|Thebis]] sitae. Quae sunt ultima ingentis [[templum|templi]] vestigia, quod ante aditum [[Templum Mortuarium Amenophidis III|Templi Mortuarii Amenophidis III]] stant, maximi templi in [[Necropolis Thebana|Necropoli Thebana]] positi. Ex anno [[1350 a.C.n.]], aetate [[domus 18 Aegypti|domus duodevicesimae]] [[Aegptus|Aegypti]] exstant, et celebres inter [[Graeci|Graecos]] [[Romani|Romanosque]] [[antiquitas|antiquos]], [[peregrinatio|peregrinatores]] recentiores, et [[Aegyptologia|Aegyptologos]] erant.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Luxor, Egypt|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/dna/place-lancashire/plain/A2082845|work=BBC News|access-date=[[2012]]-06-06|archive-date=2013-04-19|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130419153726/http://news.bbc.co.uk/dna/place-lancashire/plain/A2082845|url-status=dead}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/786066 |title=Places: 786066 (Memnon Colossi) |author=Wilfong, T.|author2= S. Sidebotham|author3= J. Keenan|author4= DARMC|author5= R. Talbert|author6= S. Gillies|author7= T. Elliott|author8= J. Becker |accessdate=22 Martii 2013|publisher=Pleiades}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Colossus [[septentrio]]nalis, quem Memnonem nuncupantes prisci [[auctor]]es commemoraverunt, ruptus [[terrae motus|terrae motu]] anno [[27 a.C.n.|27 a.C.n]] partim collapsus est.

== De templo Amenophidis III ==
Duae statuae colosseae in vestibulo [https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_des_millions_d%27ann%C3%A9es templi decies centenum milium annorum] Amenophidis III stabant, quo in illo tempore nullum [[fanum]] in occidentali ripa Thebarum maior erat. [[Magnitudo]] templi ex [[altitudo|altitudine]] statuarum ambarum excogitari potest, quod a claro [[architectus|architecto]] [[pharao]]nis effectum est.

Usque ad annum [[2002]], terrae arabiles cultae adeo superficiem templi operiebant, ut colossi tantum apparerent. Interim factae sunt excavationes, quo melius [[architectura]] et forma illius [[sanctuarium|sanctuarii]] [[Ammon|Ammoni]] gloriaeque Amenophidis III ipsius dicati intelligantur.

== De statuis ==

=== Descriptio ===
[[Fasciculus:Memnon_082005_02.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Colossus meridionalis.]]
[[Fasciculus:Memnon_082005_03.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Colossus septentrionalis.]]
Duo colossi [[Pharao|pharaonem]] sedentem in solio maiorum effigiunt, [[manus|manibus]] in genibus positis; in utroque latere crurum eius [[mater]] Mutemuia et [[uxor]] Tiji{{dubsig}} finguntur. Utrubique in solio est Sema-Taouy, [[signum]] unionis [[Aegyptus superior|Aegypti superioris]] et [[Aegyptus inferior|Aegypti inferioris]]. [[Falco|Falconis]] [[caput]], quod signum [[Horus|Hori]] est, septentrionalem colossum distinguit.&lt;ref&gt;Rosenmeyer 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== De sonoro [[Phaenomenon|phaenomeno]] ===
[[Fasciculus:Egypt.ColossiMemnon.02.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Emblema in dextero colossi meridionalis latere.]]
[[Strabo]], [[historicus]] et [[geographus]] Graecus primo saeculo, primus [[scriptor]]um hos colossos commemorat:&lt;blockquote&gt;Illic autem sunt duo colossi [[monolithus|monolithi]], alter alteri proximus. Prior incolumis est, sed alterius partes omnes sede superiores post [[terrae motus|terrae motum]], ut aiunt, collapsae sunt. Strepitus par parvulae percussioni cottidie semel a sidenti in solio baseque emitti creditur. Ego vero, qui in ipsis locis cum [[Aelius Gallus|Aelio Gallo]] et eius comitatu amicorum militumque aderam, hunc strepitum circa horam primam audivi.— [[Interpretatio]] libera.&lt;ref&gt;Strabo, ''Geographica'', 17, 1, 46 : ''Ἐνταῦθα δὲ δυεῖν κολοσσῶν ὄντων μονολίθων ἀλλήλων πλησίον, ὁ μὲν σώζεται, τοῦ δ´ ἑτέρου τὰ ἄνω μέρη τὰ ἀπὸ τῆς καθέδρας πέπτωκε σεισμοῦ γενηθέντος, ὥς φασι. Πεπίστευται δ´ ὅτι ἅπαξ καθ´ ἡμέραν ἑκάστην ψόφος ὡς ἂν πληγῆς οὐ μεγάλης ἀποτελεῖται ἀπὸ τοῦ μένοντος ἐν τῷ θρόνῳ καὶ τῇ βάσει μέρους· κἀγὼ δὲ παρὼν ἐπὶ τῶν τόπων μετὰ Γάλλου Αἰλίου καὶ τοῦ πλήθους τῶν συνόντων αὐτῷ φίλων τε καὶ στρατιωτῶν περὶ ὥραν πρώτην ἤκουσα τοῦ ψόφου.''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Terrae motus reapse anno 27 a.C.n evenit, uno anno ante Strabonis adventum; statua rupta est septentrionalis. 

Strabo addit se de origine strepitus dubium esse. Curiositate vagante, de colosso haud pauci scriptores locuti sunt: [[Plinius Maior]],&lt;ref&gt;Plinius Maior, ''Naturalis Historia'', 36, 58, 7-10: ''Non absimilis illi narratur in Thebis delubro Serapis, ut putant, Memnonis statuae dicatus, quem cotidiano solis ortu contactum radiis crepare tradunt.''&lt;/ref&gt; [[Tacitus]],&lt;ref&gt;Tacitus, ''Annales'', 2, 61, 1-6: ''Ceterum Germanicus aliis quoque miraculis intendit animum, quorum praecipua fuere Memnonis saxea effigies, ubi radiis solis icta est, vocalem sonum reddens, disiectasque inter et vix pervias arenas instar montium eductae pyramides certamine et opibus regum, lacusque effossa humo, superfluentis Nili receptacula.''&lt;/ref&gt; et [[Pausanias]].&lt;ref&gt;Pausanias, 1, 42, 3: ''Ἐμοὶ δὲ παρέσχε μὲν καὶ τοῦτο θαυμάσαι· παρέσχε δὲ πολλῷ μάλιστα Αἰγυπτίων ὁ κολοσσός. Ἐν Θήβαις ταῖς Αἰγυπτίαις, διαβᾶσι τὸν Νεῖλον, πρὸς τὰς Σύριγγας καλουμένας, εἶδον ἔτι καθήμενον ἄγαλμα ἠχοῦν – Μέμνονα ὀνομάζουσιν οἱ πολλοί. Τοῦτον γάρ φασιν ἐξ Αἰθιοπίας ὁρμηθῆναι ἐς Αἴγυπτον, καὶ τὴν ἄχρι Σούσων. Ἀλλὰ γὰρ οὐ Μέμνονα οἱ Θηβαῖοι λέγουσι, Φαμένωφα δὲ εἶναι τῶν ἐγχωρίων, οὗ τοῦτο ἄγαλμα ἦν. Ἤκουσα δὲ ἤδη καὶ Σέσωστριν φαμένων εἶναι τοῦτο ἄγαλμα· ὃ Καμβύσης διέκοψε. καὶ νῦν ὁπόσον ἐκ κεφαλῆς ἐς μέσον σῶμά ἐστιν ἀπερριμμένον, τὸ δὲ λοιπὸν κάθηταί τε καὶ ἀνὰ πᾶσαν ἡμέραν ἀνίσχοντος ἡλίου βοᾷ, καὶ τὸν ἦχον μάλιστα εἰκάσει τις κιθάρας ἢ λύρας ῥαγείσης χορδῆς.''&lt;/ref&gt;

Hanc [[res|rem]] mirabilem esse clamorem [[Memnon (heros)|Memnon]]is, [[heros|herois]] [[bellum Troianum|belli Troiani]], qui matri [[Eos|Aurorae]] salutem diceret, Graeci Romanique putabant.

[[Philostratus Atheniensis]] in ''[[Vita Apollonii Tyanei]]'' longam descriptionem statuae facit. Censet Memnonem non [[Ilium|Troiae]], ut ceteri tradant, sed in [[Aethiopia]] mortuum esse, ubi per [[Aetates historiae|aetates]] quinque regnaverit.&lt;blockquote&gt;Statua ad orientem solem spectat; imberbem effigit iuvenem; e lapide nigra facta est; ambo pedes juncti sunt, ut usus in tempore Daedaleo erat; ambae manus rectae sunt sedemque premunt: credas virum de sella surrecturum. . . . Cum primi [[radius|radii]] [[sol]]is statuam icerunt (quod solis ortu fit), [advenae] non potuerunt quin admirarentur. Colossus enim, simul atque os eius sol petit, loquitur, et oculi eius, quales hominum in sole expositorum, nitescunt.— Interpretatio libera.&lt;ref&gt;Philostratus, ''Vita Apollonii Tyanei'', 6, 4: ''Τὸ δὲ ἄγαλμα τετράφθαι πρὸς ἀκτῖνα μήπω γενειάσκον, λίθου δὲ εἶναι μέλανος, ξυμβεβηκέναι δὲ τὼ πόδε ἄμφω κατὰ τὴν ἀγαλματοποιίαν τὴν ἐπὶ Δαιδάλου καὶ τὰς χεῖρας ἀπερείδειν ὀρθὰς ἐς τὸν θᾶκον, καθῆσθαι γὰρ ἐν ὁρμῇ τοῦ ὑπανίστασθαι. Τὸ δὲ σχῆμα τοῦτο καὶ τὸν τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν νοῦν καὶ ὁπόσα τοῦ στόματος ὡς φθεγξομένου ᾄδουσι, τὸν μὲν ἄλλον χρόνον ἧττον θαυμάσαι φασίν, οὔπω γὰρ ἐνεργὰ φαίνεσθαι, προσβαλούσης δὲ τὸ ἄγαλμα τῆς ἀκτῖνος, τουτὶ δὲ γίγνεσθαι περὶ ἡλίου ἐπιτολάς, μὴ κατασχεῖν τὸ θαῦμα, φθέγξασθαι μὲν γὰρ παραχρῆμα τῆς ἀκτῖνος ἐλθούσης αὐτῷ ἐπὶ στόμα, φαιδροὺς δὲ ἱστάναι τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς δόξαι πρὸς τὸ φῶς, οἷα τῶν ἀνθρώπων οἱ εὐήλιοι.''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== De peregrinationibus ===
Colossus cito fit locus peregrinationis [[Graeci|Graecis]] et [[Romani antiqui|Romanis]], qui frequentes venerunt auditum Memnonis [[oraculum]]. Est etiam talis attractio advenarum, quales [[pyramides]].&lt;ref name=&quot;samosate&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Lucien de Samosate (2015)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Qui visitaverant tunc [[epigraphia|inscriptionem]] relinquere consueverunt: &quot;Memnonem audivi&quot;, cum nominibus suis, die et hora adventus.&lt;ref&gt;Omnes inscriptiones Graecae et Latinae in colosso scriptae [https://epigraphy.packhum.org/book/386?location=1694 hic] inspici possunt.&lt;/ref&gt; Quidam [[carmen|carmina]] quoque [[compositio|composuerunt]], quae in colosso inscripserunt.&lt;ref&gt;Gangloff 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Ita [[Iulia Balbilla]] [[epigramma]]ta composuit, ut visitatio [[imperator]]is [[Hadrianus (imperator)|Hadriani]] anno [[130]] celebraretur.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* A. Bernand et É. Bernand, ''Les inscriptions grecques et latines du colosse de Memnon'', Lutetiae: Picard, 1960.
* Glen W. Bowersock, &quot;The Miracle of Memnon&quot;, ''Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists'', 21, 1984, p. 21-32.
* R. Drew Griffith, &quot;The Origin of Memnon&quot;, ''Classical Antiquity'', 17, 1998, p. 212-234.
* P. A. Rosenmeyer, ''The Language of Ruins: Greek and Latin Inscriptions on the Memnon Colossus'', Oxoniae: Oxford University Press, 2018.
* C. Schmidt Heidenreich, &quot;Soldats . . .  et touristes ? À propos des graffiti militaires du Colosse de Memnon&quot;, in M. Horster et M. Scholz (ed.), ''Lesen und Schreiben in den römischen Provinzen'', Moguntiaci: RGZM, 2015, p. 91-106.
* A. Gangloff, &quot;Les poètes hellénophones sur le colosse de Memnon&quot;, in ''Médiateurs culturels et politiques dans l’Empire romain. Voyages, conflits, identités'', Lutetiae: De Boccard, 2011, p. 37-57.

== Nexus externi ==
*[https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/G_1973-0107-1 Poema epigraphicum  Mamertini, praefecti Aegypto, colossos Memnonis canentes referens et hodie in Museo Britannico servatum]
* [https://memnon-amenhotep-iii.uni-mainz.de/current-research/ The Colossi of Memnon and Amenhotep III Temple Conservation Project /DAI spring season 2025]
[[Categoria:Aegyptus antiqua]]
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      <text bytes="11479" sha1="sku67qk6cu70wj550vb0enwv4d0wl48" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Colossi of Memnon May 2015 2.JPG|thumb|upright=1.2|Colossi Memnonis anno [[2015]] visi.]]
'''Colossi Memnonis''' ([[Arabice]] تمثالا ممنون) sunt binae [[Amana Hatpa III|Amenophidis III]] [[pharao]]nis [[statua]]e [[lapis|lapideae]] [[monumentum|monumentales]] in [[litus|litore]] [[occidens|occidentali]] [[Thebae (Aegyptus)|Thebis]] sitae. Quae sunt ultima ingentis [[templum|templi]] vestigia, quod ante aditum [[Templum Mortuarium Amenophidis III|Templi Mortuarii Amenophidis III]] stant, maximi templi in [[Necropolis Thebana|Necropoli Thebana]] positi. Ex anno [[1350 a.C.n.]], aetate [[domus 18 Aegypti|domus duodevicesimae]] [[Aegptus|Aegypti]] exstant, et celebres inter [[Graeci|Graecos]] [[Romani|Romanosque]] [[antiquitas|antiquos]], [[peregrinatio|peregrinatores]] recentiores, et [[Aegyptologia|Aegyptologos]] erant.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Luxor, Egypt|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/dna/place-lancashire/plain/A2082845|work=BBC News|access-date=[[2012]]-06-06|archive-date=2013-04-19|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130419153726/http://news.bbc.co.uk/dna/place-lancashire/plain/A2082845|url-status=dead}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/786066 |title=Places: 786066 (Memnon Colossi) |author=Wilfong, T.|author2= S. Sidebotham|author3= J. Keenan|author4= DARMC|author5= R. Talbert|author6= S. Gillies|author7= T. Elliott|author8= J. Becker |accessdate=22 Martii 2013|publisher=Pleiades}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Colossus [[septentrio]]nalis, quem Memnonem nuncupantes prisci [[auctor]]es commemoraverunt, ruptus [[terrae motus|terrae motu]] anno [[27 a.C.n.|27 a.C.n]] partim collapsus est.

== De templo Amenophidis III ==
Duae statuae colosseae in vestibulo [https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_des_millions_d%27ann%C3%A9es templi decies centenum milium annorum] Amenophidis III stabant, quo in illo tempore nullum [[fanum]] in occidentali ripa Thebarum maior erat. [[Magnitudo]] templi ex [[altitudo|altitudine]] statuarum ambarum excogitari potest, quod a claro [[architectus|architecto]] [[pharao]]nis effectum est.

Usque ad annum [[2002]], terrae arabiles cultae adeo superficiem templi operiebant, ut colossi tantum apparerent. Interim factae sunt excavationes, quo melius [[architectura]] et forma illius [[sanctuarium|sanctuarii]] [[Ammon|Ammoni]] gloriaeque Amenophidis III ipsius dicati intelligantur.

== De statuis ==

=== Descriptio ===
[[Fasciculus:Memnon_082005_02.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Colossus meridionalis.]]
[[Fasciculus:Memnon_082005_03.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Colossus septentrionalis.]]
Duo colossi [[Pharao|pharaonem]] sedentem in solio maiorum effigiunt, [[manus|manibus]] in genibus positis; in utroque latere crurum eius [[mater]] Mutemuia et [[uxor]] Tiji{{dubsig}} finguntur. Utrubique in solio est Sema-Taouy, [[signum]] unionis [[Aegyptus superior|Aegypti superioris]] et [[Aegyptus inferior|Aegypti inferioris]]. [[Falco|Falconis]] [[caput]], quod signum [[Horus|Hori]] est, septentrionalem colossum distinguit.&lt;ref&gt;Rosenmeyer 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== De sonoro [[Phaenomenon|phaenomeno]] ===
[[Fasciculus:Egypt.ColossiMemnon.02.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Emblema in dextero colossi meridionalis latere.]]
[[Strabo]], [[historicus]] et [[geographus]] Graecus primo saeculo, primus [[scriptor]]um hos colossos commemorat:&lt;blockquote&gt;Illic autem sunt duo colossi [[monolithus|monolithi]], alter alteri proximus. Prior incolumis est, sed alterius partes omnes sede superiores post [[terrae motus|terrae motum]], ut aiunt, collapsae sunt. Strepitus par parvulae percussioni cottidie semel a sidenti in solio baseque emitti creditur. Ego vero, qui in ipsis locis cum [[Aelius Gallus|Aelio Gallo]] et eius comitatu amicorum militumque aderam, hunc strepitum circa horam primam audivi.— [[Interpretatio]] libera.&lt;ref&gt;Strabo, ''Geographica'', 17, 1, 46 : ''Ἐνταῦθα δὲ δυεῖν κολοσσῶν ὄντων μονολίθων ἀλλήλων πλησίον, ὁ μὲν σώζεται, τοῦ δ´ ἑτέρου τὰ ἄνω μέρη τὰ ἀπὸ τῆς καθέδρας πέπτωκε σεισμοῦ γενηθέντος, ὥς φασι. Πεπίστευται δ´ ὅτι ἅπαξ καθ´ ἡμέραν ἑκάστην ψόφος ὡς ἂν πληγῆς οὐ μεγάλης ἀποτελεῖται ἀπὸ τοῦ μένοντος ἐν τῷ θρόνῳ καὶ τῇ βάσει μέρους· κἀγὼ δὲ παρὼν ἐπὶ τῶν τόπων μετὰ Γάλλου Αἰλίου καὶ τοῦ πλήθους τῶν συνόντων αὐτῷ φίλων τε καὶ στρατιωτῶν περὶ ὥραν πρώτην ἤκουσα τοῦ ψόφου.''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Terrae motus reapse anno 27 a.C.n evenit, uno anno ante Strabonis adventum; statua rupta est septentrionalis. 

Strabo addit se de origine strepitus dubium esse. Curiositate vagante, de colosso haud pauci scriptores locuti sunt: [[Plinius Maior]],&lt;ref&gt;Plinius Maior, ''Naturalis Historia'', 36, 58, 7-10: ''Non absimilis illi narratur in Thebis delubro Serapis, ut putant, Memnonis statuae dicatus, quem cotidiano solis ortu contactum radiis crepare tradunt.''&lt;/ref&gt; [[Tacitus]],&lt;ref&gt;Tacitus, ''Annales'', 2, 61, 1-6: ''Ceterum Germanicus aliis quoque miraculis intendit animum, quorum praecipua fuere Memnonis saxea effigies, ubi radiis solis icta est, vocalem sonum reddens, disiectasque inter et vix pervias arenas instar montium eductae pyramides certamine et opibus regum, lacusque effossa humo, superfluentis Nili receptacula.''&lt;/ref&gt; et [[Pausanias]].&lt;ref&gt;Pausanias, 1, 42, 3: ''Ἐμοὶ δὲ παρέσχε μὲν καὶ τοῦτο θαυμάσαι· παρέσχε δὲ πολλῷ μάλιστα Αἰγυπτίων ὁ κολοσσός. Ἐν Θήβαις ταῖς Αἰγυπτίαις, διαβᾶσι τὸν Νεῖλον, πρὸς τὰς Σύριγγας καλουμένας, εἶδον ἔτι καθήμενον ἄγαλμα ἠχοῦν – Μέμνονα ὀνομάζουσιν οἱ πολλοί. Τοῦτον γάρ φασιν ἐξ Αἰθιοπίας ὁρμηθῆναι ἐς Αἴγυπτον, καὶ τὴν ἄχρι Σούσων. Ἀλλὰ γὰρ οὐ Μέμνονα οἱ Θηβαῖοι λέγουσι, Φαμένωφα δὲ εἶναι τῶν ἐγχωρίων, οὗ τοῦτο ἄγαλμα ἦν. Ἤκουσα δὲ ἤδη καὶ Σέσωστριν φαμένων εἶναι τοῦτο ἄγαλμα· ὃ Καμβύσης διέκοψε. καὶ νῦν ὁπόσον ἐκ κεφαλῆς ἐς μέσον σῶμά ἐστιν ἀπερριμμένον, τὸ δὲ λοιπὸν κάθηταί τε καὶ ἀνὰ πᾶσαν ἡμέραν ἀνίσχοντος ἡλίου βοᾷ, καὶ τὸν ἦχον μάλιστα εἰκάσει τις κιθάρας ἢ λύρας ῥαγείσης χορδῆς.''&lt;/ref&gt;

Hanc [[res|rem]] mirabilem esse clamorem [[Memnon (heros)|Memnon]]is, [[heros|herois]] [[bellum Troianum|belli Troiani]], qui matri [[Eos|Aurorae]] salutem diceret, Graeci Romanique putabant.

[[Philostratus Atheniensis]] in ''[[Vita Apollonii Tyanei]]'' longam descriptionem statuae facit. Censet Memnonem non [[Ilium|Troiae]], ut ceteri tradant, sed in [[Aethiopia]] mortuum esse, ubi per [[Aetates historiae|aetates]] quinque regnaverit.&lt;blockquote&gt;Statua ad orientem solem spectat; imberbem effigit iuvenem; e lapide nigra facta est; ambo pedes juncti sunt, ut usus in tempore Daedaleo erat; ambae manus rectae sunt sedemque premunt: credas virum de sella surrecturum. . . . Cum primi [[radius|radii]] [[sol]]is statuam icerunt (quod solis ortu fit), [advenae] non potuerunt quin admirarentur. Colossus enim, simul atque os eius sol petit, loquitur, et oculi eius, quales hominum in sole expositorum, nitescunt.— Interpretatio libera.&lt;ref&gt;Philostratus, ''Vita Apollonii Tyanei'', 6, 4: ''Τὸ δὲ ἄγαλμα τετράφθαι πρὸς ἀκτῖνα μήπω γενειάσκον, λίθου δὲ εἶναι μέλανος, ξυμβεβηκέναι δὲ τὼ πόδε ἄμφω κατὰ τὴν ἀγαλματοποιίαν τὴν ἐπὶ Δαιδάλου καὶ τὰς χεῖρας ἀπερείδειν ὀρθὰς ἐς τὸν θᾶκον, καθῆσθαι γὰρ ἐν ὁρμῇ τοῦ ὑπανίστασθαι. Τὸ δὲ σχῆμα τοῦτο καὶ τὸν τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν νοῦν καὶ ὁπόσα τοῦ στόματος ὡς φθεγξομένου ᾄδουσι, τὸν μὲν ἄλλον χρόνον ἧττον θαυμάσαι φασίν, οὔπω γὰρ ἐνεργὰ φαίνεσθαι, προσβαλούσης δὲ τὸ ἄγαλμα τῆς ἀκτῖνος, τουτὶ δὲ γίγνεσθαι περὶ ἡλίου ἐπιτολάς, μὴ κατασχεῖν τὸ θαῦμα, φθέγξασθαι μὲν γὰρ παραχρῆμα τῆς ἀκτῖνος ἐλθούσης αὐτῷ ἐπὶ στόμα, φαιδροὺς δὲ ἱστάναι τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς δόξαι πρὸς τὸ φῶς, οἷα τῶν ἀνθρώπων οἱ εὐήλιοι.''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== De peregrinationibus ===
Colossus cito fit locus peregrinationis [[Graeci|Graecis]] et [[Romani antiqui|Romanis]], qui frequentes venerunt auditum Memnonis [[oraculum]]. Est etiam talis attractio advenarum, quales [[pyramides]].&lt;ref name=&quot;samosate&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Lucien de Samosate (2015)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Qui visitaverant tunc [[epigraphia|inscriptionem]] relinquere consueverunt: &quot;Memnonem audivi&quot;, cum nominibus suis, die et hora adventus.&lt;ref&gt;Omnes inscriptiones Graecae et Latinae in colosso scriptae [https://epigraphy.packhum.org/book/386?location=1694 hic] inspici possunt.&lt;/ref&gt; Quidam [[carmen|carmina]] quoque [[compositio|composuerunt]], quae in colosso inscripserunt.&lt;ref&gt;Gangloff 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Ita [[Iulia Balbilla]] [[epigramma]]ta composuit, ut visitatio [[imperator]]is [[Hadrianus (imperator)|Hadriani]] anno [[130]] celebraretur.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* A. Bernand et É. Bernand, ''Les inscriptions grecques et latines du colosse de Memnon'', Lutetiae: Picard, 1960. [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1960_num_29_2_3490_t1_0516_0000_1 Recensio critica]
* Glen W. Bowersock, &quot;The Miracle of Memnon&quot;, ''Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists'', 21, 1984, p. 21-32.
* R. Drew Griffith, &quot;The Origin of Memnon&quot;, ''Classical Antiquity'', 17, 1998, p. 212-234.
* P. A. Rosenmeyer, ''The Language of Ruins: Greek and Latin Inscriptions on the Memnon Colossus'', Oxoniae: Oxford University Press, 2018.
* C. Schmidt Heidenreich, &quot;Soldats . . .  et touristes ? À propos des graffiti militaires du Colosse de Memnon&quot;, in M. Horster et M. Scholz (ed.), ''Lesen und Schreiben in den römischen Provinzen'', Moguntiaci: RGZM, 2015, p. 91-106.
* A. Gangloff, &quot;Les poètes hellénophones sur le colosse de Memnon&quot;, in ''Médiateurs culturels et politiques dans l’Empire romain. Voyages, conflits, identités'', Lutetiae: De Boccard, 2011, p. 37-57.

== Nexus externi ==
*[https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/G_1973-0107-1 Poema epigraphicum  Mamertini, praefecti Aegypto, colossos Memnonis canentes referens et hodie in Museo Britannico servatum]
* [https://memnon-amenhotep-iii.uni-mainz.de/current-research/ The Colossi of Memnon and Amenhotep III Temple Conservation Project /DAI spring season 2025]
[[Categoria:Aegyptus antiqua]]
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      <text bytes="11519" sha1="tipjvh6bzbsrzptjpr0pdnx1s2nix6d" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Colossi of Memnon May 2015 2.JPG|thumb|upright=1.2|Colossi Memnonis anno [[2015]] visi.]]
'''Colossi Memnonis''' ([[Arabice]] تمثالا ممنون) sunt binae [[Amana Hatpa III|Amenophidis III]] [[pharao]]nis [[statua]]e [[lapis|lapideae]] [[monumentum|monumentales]] in [[litus|litore]] [[occidens|occidentali]] [[Thebae (Aegyptus)|Thebis]] sitae. Quae sunt ultima ingentis [[templum|templi]] vestigia, quod ante aditum [[Templum Mortuarium Amenophidis III|Templi Mortuarii Amenophidis III]] stant, maximi templi in [[Necropolis Thebana|Necropoli Thebana]] positi. Ex anno [[1350 a.C.n.]], aetate [[domus 18 Aegypti|domus duodevicesimae]] [[Aegptus|Aegypti]] exstant, et celebres inter [[Graeci|Graecos]] [[Romani|Romanosque]] [[antiquitas|antiquos]], [[peregrinatio|peregrinatores]] recentiores, et [[Aegyptologia|Aegyptologos]] erant.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Luxor, Egypt|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/dna/place-lancashire/plain/A2082845|work=BBC News|access-date=[[2012]]-06-06|archive-date=2013-04-19|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130419153726/http://news.bbc.co.uk/dna/place-lancashire/plain/A2082845|url-status=dead}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/786066 |title=Places: 786066 (Memnon Colossi) |author=Wilfong, T.|author2= S. Sidebotham|author3= J. Keenan|author4= DARMC|author5= R. Talbert|author6= S. Gillies|author7= T. Elliott|author8= J. Becker |accessdate=22 Martii 2013|publisher=Pleiades}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Colossus [[septentrio]]nalis, quem Memnonem nuncupantes prisci [[auctor]]es commemoraverunt, ruptus [[terrae motus|terrae motu]] anno [[27 a.C.n.|27 a.C.n]] partim collapsus est.

== De templo Amenophidis III ==
Duae statuae colosseae in vestibulo [https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_des_millions_d%27ann%C3%A9es templi decies centenum milium annorum] Amenophidis III stabant, quo in illo tempore nullum [[fanum]] in occidentali ripa Thebarum maior erat. [[Magnitudo]] templi ex [[altitudo|altitudine]] statuarum ambarum excogitari potest, quod a claro [[architectus|architecto]] [[pharao]]nis effectum est.

Usque ad annum [[2002]], terrae arabiles cultae adeo superficiem templi operiebant, ut colossi tantum apparerent. Interim factae sunt excavationes, quo melius [[architectura]] et forma illius [[sanctuarium|sanctuarii]] [[Ammon|Ammoni]] gloriaeque Amenophidis III ipsius dicati intelligantur.

== De statuis ==

=== Descriptio ===
[[Fasciculus:Memnon_082005_02.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Colossus meridionalis.]]
[[Fasciculus:Memnon_082005_03.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Colossus septentrionalis.]]
Duo colossi [[Pharao|pharaonem]] sedentem in solio maiorum effigiunt, [[manus|manibus]] in genibus positis; in utroque latere crurum eius [[mater]] Mutemuia et [[uxor]] Tiji{{dubsig}} finguntur. Utrubique in solio est Sema-Taouy, [[signum]] unionis [[Aegyptus superior|Aegypti superioris]] et [[Aegyptus inferior|Aegypti inferioris]]. [[Falco|Falconis]] [[caput]], quod signum [[Horus|Hori]] est, septentrionalem colossum distinguit.&lt;ref&gt;Rosenmeyer 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== De sonoro [[Phaenomenon|phaenomeno]] ===
[[Fasciculus:Egypt.ColossiMemnon.02.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Emblema in dextero colossi meridionalis latere.]]
[[Strabo]], [[historicus]] et [[geographus]] Graecus primo saeculo, primus [[scriptor]]um hos colossos commemorat:&lt;blockquote&gt;Illic autem sunt duo colossi [[monolithus|monolithi]], alter alteri proximus. Prior incolumis est, sed alterius partes omnes sede superiores post [[terrae motus|terrae motum]], ut aiunt, collapsae sunt. Strepitus par parvulae percussioni cottidie semel a sidenti in solio baseque emitti creditur. Ego vero, qui in ipsis locis cum [[Aelius Gallus|Aelio Gallo]] et eius comitatu amicorum militumque aderam, hunc strepitum circa horam primam audivi.— [[Interpretatio]] libera.&lt;ref&gt;Strabo, ''Geographica'', 17, 1, 46 : ''Ἐνταῦθα δὲ δυεῖν κολοσσῶν ὄντων μονολίθων ἀλλήλων πλησίον, ὁ μὲν σώζεται, τοῦ δ´ ἑτέρου τὰ ἄνω μέρη τὰ ἀπὸ τῆς καθέδρας πέπτωκε σεισμοῦ γενηθέντος, ὥς φασι. Πεπίστευται δ´ ὅτι ἅπαξ καθ´ ἡμέραν ἑκάστην ψόφος ὡς ἂν πληγῆς οὐ μεγάλης ἀποτελεῖται ἀπὸ τοῦ μένοντος ἐν τῷ θρόνῳ καὶ τῇ βάσει μέρους· κἀγὼ δὲ παρὼν ἐπὶ τῶν τόπων μετὰ Γάλλου Αἰλίου καὶ τοῦ πλήθους τῶν συνόντων αὐτῷ φίλων τε καὶ στρατιωτῶν περὶ ὥραν πρώτην ἤκουσα τοῦ ψόφου.''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Terrae motus reapse anno 27 a.C.n evenit, uno anno ante Strabonis adventum; statua rupta est septentrionalis. 

Strabo addit se de origine strepitus dubium esse. Curiositate vagante, de colosso haud pauci scriptores locuti sunt: [[Plinius Maior]],&lt;ref&gt;Plinius Maior, ''Naturalis Historia'', 36, 58, 7-10: ''Non absimilis illi narratur in Thebis delubro Serapis, ut putant, Memnonis statuae dicatus, quem cotidiano solis ortu contactum radiis crepare tradunt.''&lt;/ref&gt; [[Tacitus]],&lt;ref&gt;Tacitus, ''Annales'', 2, 61, 1-6: ''Ceterum Germanicus aliis quoque miraculis intendit animum, quorum praecipua fuere Memnonis saxea effigies, ubi radiis solis icta est, vocalem sonum reddens, disiectasque inter et vix pervias arenas instar montium eductae pyramides certamine et opibus regum, lacusque effossa humo, superfluentis Nili receptacula.''&lt;/ref&gt; et [[Pausanias]].&lt;ref&gt;Pausanias, 1, 42, 3: ''Ἐμοὶ δὲ παρέσχε μὲν καὶ τοῦτο θαυμάσαι· παρέσχε δὲ πολλῷ μάλιστα Αἰγυπτίων ὁ κολοσσός. Ἐν Θήβαις ταῖς Αἰγυπτίαις, διαβᾶσι τὸν Νεῖλον, πρὸς τὰς Σύριγγας καλουμένας, εἶδον ἔτι καθήμενον ἄγαλμα ἠχοῦν – Μέμνονα ὀνομάζουσιν οἱ πολλοί. Τοῦτον γάρ φασιν ἐξ Αἰθιοπίας ὁρμηθῆναι ἐς Αἴγυπτον, καὶ τὴν ἄχρι Σούσων. Ἀλλὰ γὰρ οὐ Μέμνονα οἱ Θηβαῖοι λέγουσι, Φαμένωφα δὲ εἶναι τῶν ἐγχωρίων, οὗ τοῦτο ἄγαλμα ἦν. Ἤκουσα δὲ ἤδη καὶ Σέσωστριν φαμένων εἶναι τοῦτο ἄγαλμα· ὃ Καμβύσης διέκοψε. καὶ νῦν ὁπόσον ἐκ κεφαλῆς ἐς μέσον σῶμά ἐστιν ἀπερριμμένον, τὸ δὲ λοιπὸν κάθηταί τε καὶ ἀνὰ πᾶσαν ἡμέραν ἀνίσχοντος ἡλίου βοᾷ, καὶ τὸν ἦχον μάλιστα εἰκάσει τις κιθάρας ἢ λύρας ῥαγείσης χορδῆς.''&lt;/ref&gt;

Hanc [[res|rem]] mirabilem esse clamorem [[Memnon (heros)|Memnon]]is, [[heros|herois]] [[bellum Troianum|belli Troiani]], qui matri [[Eos|Aurorae]] salutem diceret, Graeci Romanique putabant.

[[Philostratus Atheniensis]] in ''[[Vita Apollonii Tyanei]]'' longam descriptionem statuae facit. Censet Memnonem non [[Ilium|Troiae]], ut ceteri tradant, sed in [[Aethiopia]] mortuum esse, ubi per [[Aetates historiae|aetates]] quinque regnaverit.&lt;blockquote&gt;Statua ad orientem solem spectat; imberbem effigit iuvenem; e lapide nigra facta est; ambo pedes juncti sunt, ut usus in tempore Daedaleo erat; ambae manus rectae sunt sedemque premunt: credas virum de sella surrecturum. . . . Cum primi [[radius|radii]] [[sol]]is statuam icerunt (quod solis ortu fit), [advenae] non potuerunt quin admirarentur. Colossus enim, simul atque os eius sol petit, loquitur, et oculi eius, quales hominum in sole expositorum, nitescunt.— Interpretatio libera.&lt;ref&gt;Philostratus, ''Vita Apollonii Tyanei'', 6, 4: ''Τὸ δὲ ἄγαλμα τετράφθαι πρὸς ἀκτῖνα μήπω γενειάσκον, λίθου δὲ εἶναι μέλανος, ξυμβεβηκέναι δὲ τὼ πόδε ἄμφω κατὰ τὴν ἀγαλματοποιίαν τὴν ἐπὶ Δαιδάλου καὶ τὰς χεῖρας ἀπερείδειν ὀρθὰς ἐς τὸν θᾶκον, καθῆσθαι γὰρ ἐν ὁρμῇ τοῦ ὑπανίστασθαι. Τὸ δὲ σχῆμα τοῦτο καὶ τὸν τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν νοῦν καὶ ὁπόσα τοῦ στόματος ὡς φθεγξομένου ᾄδουσι, τὸν μὲν ἄλλον χρόνον ἧττον θαυμάσαι φασίν, οὔπω γὰρ ἐνεργὰ φαίνεσθαι, προσβαλούσης δὲ τὸ ἄγαλμα τῆς ἀκτῖνος, τουτὶ δὲ γίγνεσθαι περὶ ἡλίου ἐπιτολάς, μὴ κατασχεῖν τὸ θαῦμα, φθέγξασθαι μὲν γὰρ παραχρῆμα τῆς ἀκτῖνος ἐλθούσης αὐτῷ ἐπὶ στόμα, φαιδροὺς δὲ ἱστάναι τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς δόξαι πρὸς τὸ φῶς, οἷα τῶν ἀνθρώπων οἱ εὐήλιοι.''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== De peregrinationibus ===
Colossus cito fit locus peregrinationis [[Graeci|Graecis]] et [[Romani antiqui|Romanis]], qui frequentes venerunt auditum Memnonis [[oraculum]]. Est etiam talis attractio advenarum, quales [[pyramides]].&lt;ref name=&quot;samosate&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Lucien de Samosate (2015)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Qui visitaverant tunc [[epigraphia|inscriptionem]] relinquere consueverunt: &quot;Memnonem audivi&quot;, cum nominibus suis, die et hora adventus.&lt;ref&gt;Omnes inscriptiones Graecae et Latinae in colosso scriptae [https://epigraphy.packhum.org/book/386?location=1694 hic] inspici possunt.&lt;/ref&gt; Quidam [[carmen|carmina]] quoque [[compositio|composuerunt]], quae in colosso inscripserunt.&lt;ref&gt;Gangloff 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Ita [[Iulia Balbilla]] [[epigramma]]ta composuit, ut visitatio [[imperator]]is [[Hadrianus (imperator)|Hadriani]] anno [[130]] celebraretur.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* A. Bernand et É. Bernand, ''Les inscriptions grecques et latines du colosse de Memnon'', Lutetiae: Picard, 1960. [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1960_num_29_2_3490_t1_0516_0000_1 Recensio critica]
* Glen W. Bowersock, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/24519343 The Miracle of Memnon]&quot;, ''Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists'', 21, 1984, p. 21-32.
* R. Drew Griffith, &quot;The Origin of Memnon&quot;, ''Classical Antiquity'', 17, 1998, p. 212-234.
* P. A. Rosenmeyer, ''The Language of Ruins: Greek and Latin Inscriptions on the Memnon Colossus'', Oxoniae: Oxford University Press, 2018.
* C. Schmidt Heidenreich, &quot;Soldats . . .  et touristes ? À propos des graffiti militaires du Colosse de Memnon&quot;, in M. Horster et M. Scholz (ed.), ''Lesen und Schreiben in den römischen Provinzen'', Moguntiaci: RGZM, 2015, p. 91-106.
* A. Gangloff, &quot;Les poètes hellénophones sur le colosse de Memnon&quot;, in ''Médiateurs culturels et politiques dans l’Empire romain. Voyages, conflits, identités'', Lutetiae: De Boccard, 2011, p. 37-57.

== Nexus externi ==
*[https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/G_1973-0107-1 Poema epigraphicum  Mamertini, praefecti Aegypto, colossos Memnonis canentes referens et hodie in Museo Britannico servatum]
* [https://memnon-amenhotep-iii.uni-mainz.de/current-research/ The Colossi of Memnon and Amenhotep III Temple Conservation Project /DAI spring season 2025]
[[Categoria:Aegyptus antiqua]]
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      <text bytes="11559" sha1="nlk832tv5awbbo5h859hsi74gi28kxh" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Colossi of Memnon May 2015 2.JPG|thumb|upright=1.2|Colossi Memnonis anno [[2015]] visi.]]
'''Colossi Memnonis''' ([[Arabice]] تمثالا ممنون) sunt binae [[Amana Hatpa III|Amenophidis III]] [[pharao]]nis [[statua]]e [[lapis|lapideae]] [[monumentum|monumentales]] in [[litus|litore]] [[occidens|occidentali]] [[Thebae (Aegyptus)|Thebis]] sitae. Quae sunt ultima ingentis [[templum|templi]] vestigia, quod ante aditum [[Templum Mortuarium Amenophidis III|Templi Mortuarii Amenophidis III]] stant, maximi templi in [[Necropolis Thebana|Necropoli Thebana]] positi. Ex anno [[1350 a.C.n.]], aetate [[domus 18 Aegypti|domus duodevicesimae]] [[Aegptus|Aegypti]] exstant, et celebres inter [[Graeci|Graecos]] [[Romani|Romanosque]] [[antiquitas|antiquos]], [[peregrinatio|peregrinatores]] recentiores, et [[Aegyptologia|Aegyptologos]] erant.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Luxor, Egypt|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/dna/place-lancashire/plain/A2082845|work=BBC News|access-date=[[2012]]-06-06|archive-date=2013-04-19|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130419153726/http://news.bbc.co.uk/dna/place-lancashire/plain/A2082845|url-status=dead}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/786066 |title=Places: 786066 (Memnon Colossi) |author=Wilfong, T.|author2= S. Sidebotham|author3= J. Keenan|author4= DARMC|author5= R. Talbert|author6= S. Gillies|author7= T. Elliott|author8= J. Becker |accessdate=22 Martii 2013|publisher=Pleiades}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Colossus [[septentrio]]nalis, quem Memnonem nuncupantes prisci [[auctor]]es commemoraverunt, ruptus [[terrae motus|terrae motu]] anno [[27 a.C.n.|27 a.C.n]] partim collapsus est.

== De templo Amenophidis III ==
Duae statuae colosseae in vestibulo [https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_des_millions_d%27ann%C3%A9es templi decies centenum milium annorum] Amenophidis III stabant, quo in illo tempore nullum [[fanum]] in occidentali ripa Thebarum maior erat. [[Magnitudo]] templi ex [[altitudo|altitudine]] statuarum ambarum excogitari potest, quod a claro [[architectus|architecto]] [[pharao]]nis effectum est.

Usque ad annum [[2002]], terrae arabiles cultae adeo superficiem templi operiebant, ut colossi tantum apparerent. Interim factae sunt excavationes, quo melius [[architectura]] et forma illius [[sanctuarium|sanctuarii]] [[Ammon|Ammoni]] gloriaeque Amenophidis III ipsius dicati intelligantur.

== De statuis ==

=== Descriptio ===
[[Fasciculus:Memnon_082005_02.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Colossus meridionalis.]]
[[Fasciculus:Memnon_082005_03.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Colossus septentrionalis.]]
Duo colossi [[Pharao|pharaonem]] sedentem in solio maiorum effigiunt, [[manus|manibus]] in genibus positis; in utroque latere crurum eius [[mater]] Mutemuia et [[uxor]] Tiji{{dubsig}} finguntur. Utrubique in solio est Sema-Taouy, [[signum]] unionis [[Aegyptus superior|Aegypti superioris]] et [[Aegyptus inferior|Aegypti inferioris]]. [[Falco|Falconis]] [[caput]], quod signum [[Horus|Hori]] est, septentrionalem colossum distinguit.&lt;ref&gt;Rosenmeyer 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== De sonoro [[Phaenomenon|phaenomeno]] ===
[[Fasciculus:Egypt.ColossiMemnon.02.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Emblema in dextero colossi meridionalis latere.]]
[[Strabo]], [[historicus]] et [[geographus]] Graecus primo saeculo, primus [[scriptor]]um hos colossos commemorat:&lt;blockquote&gt;Illic autem sunt duo colossi [[monolithus|monolithi]], alter alteri proximus. Prior incolumis est, sed alterius partes omnes sede superiores post [[terrae motus|terrae motum]], ut aiunt, collapsae sunt. Strepitus par parvulae percussioni cottidie semel a sidenti in solio baseque emitti creditur. Ego vero, qui in ipsis locis cum [[Aelius Gallus|Aelio Gallo]] et eius comitatu amicorum militumque aderam, hunc strepitum circa horam primam audivi.— [[Interpretatio]] libera.&lt;ref&gt;Strabo, ''Geographica'', 17, 1, 46 : ''Ἐνταῦθα δὲ δυεῖν κολοσσῶν ὄντων μονολίθων ἀλλήλων πλησίον, ὁ μὲν σώζεται, τοῦ δ´ ἑτέρου τὰ ἄνω μέρη τὰ ἀπὸ τῆς καθέδρας πέπτωκε σεισμοῦ γενηθέντος, ὥς φασι. Πεπίστευται δ´ ὅτι ἅπαξ καθ´ ἡμέραν ἑκάστην ψόφος ὡς ἂν πληγῆς οὐ μεγάλης ἀποτελεῖται ἀπὸ τοῦ μένοντος ἐν τῷ θρόνῳ καὶ τῇ βάσει μέρους· κἀγὼ δὲ παρὼν ἐπὶ τῶν τόπων μετὰ Γάλλου Αἰλίου καὶ τοῦ πλήθους τῶν συνόντων αὐτῷ φίλων τε καὶ στρατιωτῶν περὶ ὥραν πρώτην ἤκουσα τοῦ ψόφου.''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Terrae motus reapse anno 27 a.C.n evenit, uno anno ante Strabonis adventum; statua rupta est septentrionalis. 

Strabo addit se de origine strepitus dubium esse. Curiositate vagante, de colosso haud pauci scriptores locuti sunt: [[Plinius Maior]],&lt;ref&gt;Plinius Maior, ''Naturalis Historia'', 36, 58, 7-10: ''Non absimilis illi narratur in Thebis delubro Serapis, ut putant, Memnonis statuae dicatus, quem cotidiano solis ortu contactum radiis crepare tradunt.''&lt;/ref&gt; [[Tacitus]],&lt;ref&gt;Tacitus, ''Annales'', 2, 61, 1-6: ''Ceterum Germanicus aliis quoque miraculis intendit animum, quorum praecipua fuere Memnonis saxea effigies, ubi radiis solis icta est, vocalem sonum reddens, disiectasque inter et vix pervias arenas instar montium eductae pyramides certamine et opibus regum, lacusque effossa humo, superfluentis Nili receptacula.''&lt;/ref&gt; et [[Pausanias]].&lt;ref&gt;Pausanias, 1, 42, 3: ''Ἐμοὶ δὲ παρέσχε μὲν καὶ τοῦτο θαυμάσαι· παρέσχε δὲ πολλῷ μάλιστα Αἰγυπτίων ὁ κολοσσός. Ἐν Θήβαις ταῖς Αἰγυπτίαις, διαβᾶσι τὸν Νεῖλον, πρὸς τὰς Σύριγγας καλουμένας, εἶδον ἔτι καθήμενον ἄγαλμα ἠχοῦν – Μέμνονα ὀνομάζουσιν οἱ πολλοί. Τοῦτον γάρ φασιν ἐξ Αἰθιοπίας ὁρμηθῆναι ἐς Αἴγυπτον, καὶ τὴν ἄχρι Σούσων. Ἀλλὰ γὰρ οὐ Μέμνονα οἱ Θηβαῖοι λέγουσι, Φαμένωφα δὲ εἶναι τῶν ἐγχωρίων, οὗ τοῦτο ἄγαλμα ἦν. Ἤκουσα δὲ ἤδη καὶ Σέσωστριν φαμένων εἶναι τοῦτο ἄγαλμα· ὃ Καμβύσης διέκοψε. καὶ νῦν ὁπόσον ἐκ κεφαλῆς ἐς μέσον σῶμά ἐστιν ἀπερριμμένον, τὸ δὲ λοιπὸν κάθηταί τε καὶ ἀνὰ πᾶσαν ἡμέραν ἀνίσχοντος ἡλίου βοᾷ, καὶ τὸν ἦχον μάλιστα εἰκάσει τις κιθάρας ἢ λύρας ῥαγείσης χορδῆς.''&lt;/ref&gt;

Hanc [[res|rem]] mirabilem esse clamorem [[Memnon (heros)|Memnon]]is, [[heros|herois]] [[bellum Troianum|belli Troiani]], qui matri [[Eos|Aurorae]] salutem diceret, Graeci Romanique putabant.

[[Philostratus Atheniensis]] in ''[[Vita Apollonii Tyanei]]'' longam descriptionem statuae facit. Censet Memnonem non [[Ilium|Troiae]], ut ceteri tradant, sed in [[Aethiopia]] mortuum esse, ubi per [[Aetates historiae|aetates]] quinque regnaverit.&lt;blockquote&gt;Statua ad orientem solem spectat; imberbem effigit iuvenem; e lapide nigra facta est; ambo pedes juncti sunt, ut usus in tempore Daedaleo erat; ambae manus rectae sunt sedemque premunt: credas virum de sella surrecturum. . . . Cum primi [[radius|radii]] [[sol]]is statuam icerunt (quod solis ortu fit), [advenae] non potuerunt quin admirarentur. Colossus enim, simul atque os eius sol petit, loquitur, et oculi eius, quales hominum in sole expositorum, nitescunt.— Interpretatio libera.&lt;ref&gt;Philostratus, ''Vita Apollonii Tyanei'', 6, 4: ''Τὸ δὲ ἄγαλμα τετράφθαι πρὸς ἀκτῖνα μήπω γενειάσκον, λίθου δὲ εἶναι μέλανος, ξυμβεβηκέναι δὲ τὼ πόδε ἄμφω κατὰ τὴν ἀγαλματοποιίαν τὴν ἐπὶ Δαιδάλου καὶ τὰς χεῖρας ἀπερείδειν ὀρθὰς ἐς τὸν θᾶκον, καθῆσθαι γὰρ ἐν ὁρμῇ τοῦ ὑπανίστασθαι. Τὸ δὲ σχῆμα τοῦτο καὶ τὸν τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν νοῦν καὶ ὁπόσα τοῦ στόματος ὡς φθεγξομένου ᾄδουσι, τὸν μὲν ἄλλον χρόνον ἧττον θαυμάσαι φασίν, οὔπω γὰρ ἐνεργὰ φαίνεσθαι, προσβαλούσης δὲ τὸ ἄγαλμα τῆς ἀκτῖνος, τουτὶ δὲ γίγνεσθαι περὶ ἡλίου ἐπιτολάς, μὴ κατασχεῖν τὸ θαῦμα, φθέγξασθαι μὲν γὰρ παραχρῆμα τῆς ἀκτῖνος ἐλθούσης αὐτῷ ἐπὶ στόμα, φαιδροὺς δὲ ἱστάναι τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς δόξαι πρὸς τὸ φῶς, οἷα τῶν ἀνθρώπων οἱ εὐήλιοι.''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== De peregrinationibus ===
Colossus cito fit locus peregrinationis [[Graeci|Graecis]] et [[Romani antiqui|Romanis]], qui frequentes venerunt auditum Memnonis [[oraculum]]. Est etiam talis attractio advenarum, quales [[pyramides]].&lt;ref name=&quot;samosate&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Lucien de Samosate (2015)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Qui visitaverant tunc [[epigraphia|inscriptionem]] relinquere consueverunt: &quot;Memnonem audivi&quot;, cum nominibus suis, die et hora adventus.&lt;ref&gt;Omnes inscriptiones Graecae et Latinae in colosso scriptae [https://epigraphy.packhum.org/book/386?location=1694 hic] inspici possunt.&lt;/ref&gt; Quidam [[carmen|carmina]] quoque [[compositio|composuerunt]], quae in colosso inscripserunt.&lt;ref&gt;Gangloff 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Ita [[Iulia Balbilla]] [[epigramma]]ta composuit, ut visitatio [[imperator]]is [[Hadrianus (imperator)|Hadriani]] anno [[130]] celebraretur.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* A. Bernand et É. Bernand, ''Les inscriptions grecques et latines du colosse de Memnon'', Lutetiae: Picard, 1960. [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1960_num_29_2_3490_t1_0516_0000_1 Recensio critica]
* Glen W. Bowersock, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/24519343 The Miracle of Memnon]&quot;, ''Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists'', 21, 1984, p. 21-32.
* R. Drew Griffith, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/25011083 The Origin of Memnon]&quot;, ''Classical Antiquity'', 17, 1998, p. 212-234.
* P. A. Rosenmeyer, ''The Language of Ruins: Greek and Latin Inscriptions on the Memnon Colossus'', Oxoniae: Oxford University Press, 2018.
* C. Schmidt Heidenreich, &quot;Soldats . . .  et touristes ? À propos des graffiti militaires du Colosse de Memnon&quot;, in M. Horster et M. Scholz (ed.), ''Lesen und Schreiben in den römischen Provinzen'', Moguntiaci: RGZM, 2015, p. 91-106.
* A. Gangloff, &quot;Les poètes hellénophones sur le colosse de Memnon&quot;, in ''Médiateurs culturels et politiques dans l’Empire romain. Voyages, conflits, identités'', Lutetiae: De Boccard, 2011, p. 37-57.

== Nexus externi ==
*[https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/G_1973-0107-1 Poema epigraphicum  Mamertini, praefecti Aegypto, colossos Memnonis canentes referens et hodie in Museo Britannico servatum]
* [https://memnon-amenhotep-iii.uni-mainz.de/current-research/ The Colossi of Memnon and Amenhotep III Temple Conservation Project /DAI spring season 2025]
[[Categoria:Aegyptus antiqua]]
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      <text bytes="11722" sha1="3frtkeptixre27q1m1idyr3a655bisp" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Colossi of Memnon May 2015 2.JPG|thumb|upright=1.2|Colossi Memnonis anno [[2015]] visi.]]
'''Colossi Memnonis''' ([[Arabice]] تمثالا ممنون) sunt binae [[Amana Hatpa III|Amenophidis III]] [[pharao]]nis [[statua]]e [[lapis|lapideae]] [[monumentum|monumentales]] in [[litus|litore]] [[occidens|occidentali]] [[Thebae (Aegyptus)|Thebis]] sitae. Quae sunt ultima ingentis [[templum|templi]] vestigia, quod ante aditum [[Templum Mortuarium Amenophidis III|Templi Mortuarii Amenophidis III]] stant, maximi templi in [[Necropolis Thebana|Necropoli Thebana]] positi. Ex anno [[1350 a.C.n.]], aetate [[domus 18 Aegypti|domus duodevicesimae]] [[Aegptus|Aegypti]] exstant, et celebres inter [[Graeci|Graecos]] [[Romani|Romanosque]] [[antiquitas|antiquos]], [[peregrinatio|peregrinatores]] recentiores, et [[Aegyptologia|Aegyptologos]] erant.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Luxor, Egypt|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/dna/place-lancashire/plain/A2082845|work=BBC News|access-date=[[2012]]-06-06|archive-date=2013-04-19|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130419153726/http://news.bbc.co.uk/dna/place-lancashire/plain/A2082845|url-status=dead}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/786066 |title=Places: 786066 (Memnon Colossi) |author=Wilfong, T.|author2= S. Sidebotham|author3= J. Keenan|author4= DARMC|author5= R. Talbert|author6= S. Gillies|author7= T. Elliott|author8= J. Becker |accessdate=22 Martii 2013|publisher=Pleiades}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Colossus [[septentrio]]nalis, quem Memnonem nuncupantes prisci [[auctor]]es commemoraverunt, ruptus [[terrae motus|terrae motu]] anno [[27 a.C.n.|27 a.C.n]] partim collapsus est.

== De templo Amenophidis III ==
Duae statuae colosseae in vestibulo [https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_des_millions_d%27ann%C3%A9es templi decies centenum milium annorum] Amenophidis III stabant, quo in illo tempore nullum [[fanum]] in occidentali ripa Thebarum maior erat. [[Magnitudo]] templi ex [[altitudo|altitudine]] statuarum ambarum excogitari potest, quod a claro [[architectus|architecto]] [[pharao]]nis effectum est.

Usque ad annum [[2002]], terrae arabiles cultae adeo superficiem templi operiebant, ut colossi tantum apparerent. Interim factae sunt excavationes, quo melius [[architectura]] et forma illius [[sanctuarium|sanctuarii]] [[Ammon|Ammoni]] gloriaeque Amenophidis III ipsius dicati intelligantur.

== De statuis ==

=== Descriptio ===
[[Fasciculus:Memnon_082005_02.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Colossus meridionalis.]]
[[Fasciculus:Memnon_082005_03.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Colossus septentrionalis.]]
Duo colossi [[Pharao|pharaonem]] sedentem in solio maiorum effigiunt, [[manus|manibus]] in genibus positis; in utroque latere crurum eius [[mater]] Mutemuia et [[uxor]] Tiji{{dubsig}} finguntur. Utrubique in solio est Sema-Taouy, [[signum]] unionis [[Aegyptus superior|Aegypti superioris]] et [[Aegyptus inferior|Aegypti inferioris]]. [[Falco|Falconis]] [[caput]], quod signum [[Horus|Hori]] est, septentrionalem colossum distinguit.&lt;ref&gt;Rosenmeyer 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== De sonoro [[Phaenomenon|phaenomeno]] ===
[[Fasciculus:Egypt.ColossiMemnon.02.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Emblema in dextero colossi meridionalis latere.]]
[[Strabo]], [[historicus]] et [[geographus]] Graecus primo saeculo, primus [[scriptor]]um hos colossos commemorat:&lt;blockquote&gt;Illic autem sunt duo colossi [[monolithus|monolithi]], alter alteri proximus. Prior incolumis est, sed alterius partes omnes sede superiores post [[terrae motus|terrae motum]], ut aiunt, collapsae sunt. Strepitus par parvulae percussioni cottidie semel a sidenti in solio baseque emitti creditur. Ego vero, qui in ipsis locis cum [[Aelius Gallus|Aelio Gallo]] et eius comitatu amicorum militumque aderam, hunc strepitum circa horam primam audivi.— [[Interpretatio]] libera.&lt;ref&gt;Strabo, ''Geographica'', 17, 1, 46 : ''Ἐνταῦθα δὲ δυεῖν κολοσσῶν ὄντων μονολίθων ἀλλήλων πλησίον, ὁ μὲν σώζεται, τοῦ δ´ ἑτέρου τὰ ἄνω μέρη τὰ ἀπὸ τῆς καθέδρας πέπτωκε σεισμοῦ γενηθέντος, ὥς φασι. Πεπίστευται δ´ ὅτι ἅπαξ καθ´ ἡμέραν ἑκάστην ψόφος ὡς ἂν πληγῆς οὐ μεγάλης ἀποτελεῖται ἀπὸ τοῦ μένοντος ἐν τῷ θρόνῳ καὶ τῇ βάσει μέρους· κἀγὼ δὲ παρὼν ἐπὶ τῶν τόπων μετὰ Γάλλου Αἰλίου καὶ τοῦ πλήθους τῶν συνόντων αὐτῷ φίλων τε καὶ στρατιωτῶν περὶ ὥραν πρώτην ἤκουσα τοῦ ψόφου.''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Terrae motus reapse anno 27 a.C.n evenit, uno anno ante Strabonis adventum; statua rupta est septentrionalis. 

Strabo addit se de origine strepitus dubium esse. Curiositate vagante, de colosso haud pauci scriptores locuti sunt: [[Plinius Maior]],&lt;ref&gt;Plinius Maior, ''Naturalis Historia'', 36, 58, 7-10: ''Non absimilis illi narratur in Thebis delubro Serapis, ut putant, Memnonis statuae dicatus, quem cotidiano solis ortu contactum radiis crepare tradunt.''&lt;/ref&gt; [[Tacitus]],&lt;ref&gt;Tacitus, ''Annales'', 2, 61, 1-6: ''Ceterum Germanicus aliis quoque miraculis intendit animum, quorum praecipua fuere Memnonis saxea effigies, ubi radiis solis icta est, vocalem sonum reddens, disiectasque inter et vix pervias arenas instar montium eductae pyramides certamine et opibus regum, lacusque effossa humo, superfluentis Nili receptacula.''&lt;/ref&gt; et [[Pausanias]].&lt;ref&gt;Pausanias, 1, 42, 3: ''Ἐμοὶ δὲ παρέσχε μὲν καὶ τοῦτο θαυμάσαι· παρέσχε δὲ πολλῷ μάλιστα Αἰγυπτίων ὁ κολοσσός. Ἐν Θήβαις ταῖς Αἰγυπτίαις, διαβᾶσι τὸν Νεῖλον, πρὸς τὰς Σύριγγας καλουμένας, εἶδον ἔτι καθήμενον ἄγαλμα ἠχοῦν – Μέμνονα ὀνομάζουσιν οἱ πολλοί. Τοῦτον γάρ φασιν ἐξ Αἰθιοπίας ὁρμηθῆναι ἐς Αἴγυπτον, καὶ τὴν ἄχρι Σούσων. Ἀλλὰ γὰρ οὐ Μέμνονα οἱ Θηβαῖοι λέγουσι, Φαμένωφα δὲ εἶναι τῶν ἐγχωρίων, οὗ τοῦτο ἄγαλμα ἦν. Ἤκουσα δὲ ἤδη καὶ Σέσωστριν φαμένων εἶναι τοῦτο ἄγαλμα· ὃ Καμβύσης διέκοψε. καὶ νῦν ὁπόσον ἐκ κεφαλῆς ἐς μέσον σῶμά ἐστιν ἀπερριμμένον, τὸ δὲ λοιπὸν κάθηταί τε καὶ ἀνὰ πᾶσαν ἡμέραν ἀνίσχοντος ἡλίου βοᾷ, καὶ τὸν ἦχον μάλιστα εἰκάσει τις κιθάρας ἢ λύρας ῥαγείσης χορδῆς.''&lt;/ref&gt;

Hanc [[res|rem]] mirabilem esse clamorem [[Memnon (heros)|Memnon]]is, [[heros|herois]] [[bellum Troianum|belli Troiani]], qui matri [[Eos|Aurorae]] salutem diceret, Graeci Romanique putabant.

[[Philostratus Atheniensis]] in ''[[Vita Apollonii Tyanei]]'' longam descriptionem statuae facit. Censet Memnonem non [[Ilium|Troiae]], ut ceteri tradant, sed in [[Aethiopia]] mortuum esse, ubi per [[Aetates historiae|aetates]] quinque regnaverit.&lt;blockquote&gt;Statua ad orientem solem spectat; imberbem effigit iuvenem; e lapide nigra facta est; ambo pedes juncti sunt, ut usus in tempore Daedaleo erat; ambae manus rectae sunt sedemque premunt: credas virum de sella surrecturum. . . . Cum primi [[radius|radii]] [[sol]]is statuam icerunt (quod solis ortu fit), [advenae] non potuerunt quin admirarentur. Colossus enim, simul atque os eius sol petit, loquitur, et oculi eius, quales hominum in sole expositorum, nitescunt.— Interpretatio libera.&lt;ref&gt;Philostratus, ''Vita Apollonii Tyanei'', 6, 4: ''Τὸ δὲ ἄγαλμα τετράφθαι πρὸς ἀκτῖνα μήπω γενειάσκον, λίθου δὲ εἶναι μέλανος, ξυμβεβηκέναι δὲ τὼ πόδε ἄμφω κατὰ τὴν ἀγαλματοποιίαν τὴν ἐπὶ Δαιδάλου καὶ τὰς χεῖρας ἀπερείδειν ὀρθὰς ἐς τὸν θᾶκον, καθῆσθαι γὰρ ἐν ὁρμῇ τοῦ ὑπανίστασθαι. Τὸ δὲ σχῆμα τοῦτο καὶ τὸν τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν νοῦν καὶ ὁπόσα τοῦ στόματος ὡς φθεγξομένου ᾄδουσι, τὸν μὲν ἄλλον χρόνον ἧττον θαυμάσαι φασίν, οὔπω γὰρ ἐνεργὰ φαίνεσθαι, προσβαλούσης δὲ τὸ ἄγαλμα τῆς ἀκτῖνος, τουτὶ δὲ γίγνεσθαι περὶ ἡλίου ἐπιτολάς, μὴ κατασχεῖν τὸ θαῦμα, φθέγξασθαι μὲν γὰρ παραχρῆμα τῆς ἀκτῖνος ἐλθούσης αὐτῷ ἐπὶ στόμα, φαιδροὺς δὲ ἱστάναι τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς δόξαι πρὸς τὸ φῶς, οἷα τῶν ἀνθρώπων οἱ εὐήλιοι.''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== De peregrinationibus ===
Colossus cito fit locus peregrinationis [[Graeci|Graecis]] et [[Romani antiqui|Romanis]], qui frequentes venerunt auditum Memnonis [[oraculum]]. Est etiam talis attractio advenarum, quales [[pyramides]].&lt;ref name=&quot;samosate&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Lucien de Samosate (2015)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Qui visitaverant tunc [[epigraphia|inscriptionem]] relinquere consueverunt: &quot;Memnonem audivi&quot;, cum nominibus suis, die et hora adventus.&lt;ref&gt;Omnes inscriptiones Graecae et Latinae in colosso scriptae [https://epigraphy.packhum.org/book/386?location=1694 hic] inspici possunt.&lt;/ref&gt; Quidam [[carmen|carmina]] quoque [[compositio|composuerunt]], quae in colosso inscripserunt.&lt;ref&gt;Gangloff 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Ita [[Iulia Balbilla]] [[epigramma]]ta composuit, ut visitatio [[imperator]]is [[Hadrianus (imperator)|Hadriani]] anno [[130]] celebraretur.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* A. Bernand et É. Bernand, ''Les inscriptions grecques et latines du colosse de Memnon'', Lutetiae: Picard, 1960. [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1960_num_29_2_3490_t1_0516_0000_1 Recensio critica]
* Glen W. Bowersock, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/24519343 The Miracle of Memnon]&quot;, ''Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists'', 21, 1984, p. 21-32.
* R. Drew Griffith, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/25011083 The Origin of Memnon]&quot;, ''Classical Antiquity'', 17, 1998, p. 212-234.
* P. A. Rosenmeyer, ''The Language of Ruins: Greek and Latin Inscriptions on the Memnon Colossus'', Oxoniae: Oxford University Press, 2018. [https://books.google.fr/books?id=-KVTDwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
* C. Schmidt Heidenreich, &quot;Soldats . . .  et touristes ? À propos des graffiti militaires du Colosse de Memnon&quot;, in M. Horster et M. Scholz (ed.), ''Lesen und Schreiben in den römischen Provinzen'', Moguntiaci: RGZM, 2015, p. 91-106.
* A. Gangloff, &quot;Les poètes hellénophones sur le colosse de Memnon&quot;, in ''Médiateurs culturels et politiques dans l’Empire romain. Voyages, conflits, identités'', Lutetiae: De Boccard, 2011, p. 37-57.

== Nexus externi ==
*[https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/G_1973-0107-1 Poema epigraphicum  Mamertini, praefecti Aegypto, colossos Memnonis canentes referens et hodie in Museo Britannico servatum]
* [https://memnon-amenhotep-iii.uni-mainz.de/current-research/ The Colossi of Memnon and Amenhotep III Temple Conservation Project /DAI spring season 2025]
[[Categoria:Aegyptus antiqua]]
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      <text bytes="11783" sha1="5ilqusc1cbfn1wwo6niorytx9u6vnkx" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Colossi of Memnon May 2015 2.JPG|thumb|upright=1.2|Colossi Memnonis anno [[2015]] visi.]]
'''Colossi Memnonis''' ([[Arabice]] تمثالا ممنون) sunt binae [[Amana Hatpa III|Amenophidis III]] [[pharao]]nis [[statua]]e [[lapis|lapideae]] [[monumentum|monumentales]] in [[litus|litore]] [[occidens|occidentali]] [[Thebae (Aegyptus)|Thebis]] sitae. Quae sunt ultima ingentis [[templum|templi]] vestigia, quod ante aditum [[Templum Mortuarium Amenophidis III|Templi Mortuarii Amenophidis III]] stant, maximi templi in [[Necropolis Thebana|Necropoli Thebana]] positi. Ex anno [[1350 a.C.n.]], aetate [[domus 18 Aegypti|domus duodevicesimae]] [[Aegptus|Aegypti]] exstant, et celebres inter [[Graeci|Graecos]] [[Romani|Romanosque]] [[antiquitas|antiquos]], [[peregrinatio|peregrinatores]] recentiores, et [[Aegyptologia|Aegyptologos]] erant.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Luxor, Egypt|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/dna/place-lancashire/plain/A2082845|work=BBC News|access-date=[[2012]]-06-06|archive-date=2013-04-19|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130419153726/http://news.bbc.co.uk/dna/place-lancashire/plain/A2082845|url-status=dead}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/786066 |title=Places: 786066 (Memnon Colossi) |author=Wilfong, T.|author2= S. Sidebotham|author3= J. Keenan|author4= DARMC|author5= R. Talbert|author6= S. Gillies|author7= T. Elliott|author8= J. Becker |accessdate=22 Martii 2013|publisher=Pleiades}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Colossus [[septentrio]]nalis, quem Memnonem nuncupantes prisci [[auctor]]es commemoraverunt, ruptus [[terrae motus|terrae motu]] anno [[27 a.C.n.|27 a.C.n]] partim collapsus est.

== De templo Amenophidis III ==
Duae statuae colosseae in vestibulo [https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_des_millions_d%27ann%C3%A9es templi decies centenum milium annorum] Amenophidis III stabant, quo in illo tempore nullum [[fanum]] in occidentali ripa Thebarum maior erat. [[Magnitudo]] templi ex [[altitudo|altitudine]] statuarum ambarum excogitari potest, quod a claro [[architectus|architecto]] [[pharao]]nis effectum est.

Usque ad annum [[2002]], terrae arabiles cultae adeo superficiem templi operiebant, ut colossi tantum apparerent. Interim factae sunt excavationes, quo melius [[architectura]] et forma illius [[sanctuarium|sanctuarii]] [[Ammon|Ammoni]] gloriaeque Amenophidis III ipsius dicati intelligantur.

== De statuis ==

=== Descriptio ===
[[Fasciculus:Memnon_082005_02.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Colossus meridionalis.]]
[[Fasciculus:Memnon_082005_03.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Colossus septentrionalis.]]
Duo colossi [[Pharao|pharaonem]] sedentem in solio maiorum effigiunt, [[manus|manibus]] in genibus positis; in utroque latere crurum eius [[mater]] Mutemuia et [[uxor]] Tiji{{dubsig}} finguntur. Utrubique in solio est Sema-Taouy, [[signum]] unionis [[Aegyptus superior|Aegypti superioris]] et [[Aegyptus inferior|Aegypti inferioris]]. [[Falco|Falconis]] [[caput]], quod signum [[Horus|Hori]] est, septentrionalem colossum distinguit.&lt;ref&gt;Rosenmeyer 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== De sonoro [[Phaenomenon|phaenomeno]] ===
[[Fasciculus:Egypt.ColossiMemnon.02.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Emblema in dextero colossi meridionalis latere.]]
[[Strabo]], [[historicus]] et [[geographus]] Graecus primo saeculo, primus [[scriptor]]um hos colossos commemorat:&lt;blockquote&gt;Illic autem sunt duo colossi [[monolithus|monolithi]], alter alteri proximus. Prior incolumis est, sed alterius partes omnes sede superiores post [[terrae motus|terrae motum]], ut aiunt, collapsae sunt. Strepitus par parvulae percussioni cottidie semel a sidenti in solio baseque emitti creditur. Ego vero, qui in ipsis locis cum [[Aelius Gallus|Aelio Gallo]] et eius comitatu amicorum militumque aderam, hunc strepitum circa horam primam audivi.— [[Interpretatio]] libera.&lt;ref&gt;Strabo, ''Geographica'', 17, 1, 46 : ''Ἐνταῦθα δὲ δυεῖν κολοσσῶν ὄντων μονολίθων ἀλλήλων πλησίον, ὁ μὲν σώζεται, τοῦ δ´ ἑτέρου τὰ ἄνω μέρη τὰ ἀπὸ τῆς καθέδρας πέπτωκε σεισμοῦ γενηθέντος, ὥς φασι. Πεπίστευται δ´ ὅτι ἅπαξ καθ´ ἡμέραν ἑκάστην ψόφος ὡς ἂν πληγῆς οὐ μεγάλης ἀποτελεῖται ἀπὸ τοῦ μένοντος ἐν τῷ θρόνῳ καὶ τῇ βάσει μέρους· κἀγὼ δὲ παρὼν ἐπὶ τῶν τόπων μετὰ Γάλλου Αἰλίου καὶ τοῦ πλήθους τῶν συνόντων αὐτῷ φίλων τε καὶ στρατιωτῶν περὶ ὥραν πρώτην ἤκουσα τοῦ ψόφου.''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Terrae motus reapse anno 27 a.C.n evenit, uno anno ante Strabonis adventum; statua rupta est septentrionalis. 

Strabo addit se de origine strepitus dubium esse. Curiositate vagante, de colosso haud pauci scriptores locuti sunt: [[Plinius Maior]],&lt;ref&gt;Plinius Maior, ''Naturalis Historia'', 36, 58, 7-10: ''Non absimilis illi narratur in Thebis delubro Serapis, ut putant, Memnonis statuae dicatus, quem cotidiano solis ortu contactum radiis crepare tradunt.''&lt;/ref&gt; [[Tacitus]],&lt;ref&gt;Tacitus, ''Annales'', 2, 61, 1-6: ''Ceterum Germanicus aliis quoque miraculis intendit animum, quorum praecipua fuere Memnonis saxea effigies, ubi radiis solis icta est, vocalem sonum reddens, disiectasque inter et vix pervias arenas instar montium eductae pyramides certamine et opibus regum, lacusque effossa humo, superfluentis Nili receptacula.''&lt;/ref&gt; et [[Pausanias]].&lt;ref&gt;Pausanias, 1, 42, 3: ''Ἐμοὶ δὲ παρέσχε μὲν καὶ τοῦτο θαυμάσαι· παρέσχε δὲ πολλῷ μάλιστα Αἰγυπτίων ὁ κολοσσός. Ἐν Θήβαις ταῖς Αἰγυπτίαις, διαβᾶσι τὸν Νεῖλον, πρὸς τὰς Σύριγγας καλουμένας, εἶδον ἔτι καθήμενον ἄγαλμα ἠχοῦν – Μέμνονα ὀνομάζουσιν οἱ πολλοί. Τοῦτον γάρ φασιν ἐξ Αἰθιοπίας ὁρμηθῆναι ἐς Αἴγυπτον, καὶ τὴν ἄχρι Σούσων. Ἀλλὰ γὰρ οὐ Μέμνονα οἱ Θηβαῖοι λέγουσι, Φαμένωφα δὲ εἶναι τῶν ἐγχωρίων, οὗ τοῦτο ἄγαλμα ἦν. Ἤκουσα δὲ ἤδη καὶ Σέσωστριν φαμένων εἶναι τοῦτο ἄγαλμα· ὃ Καμβύσης διέκοψε. καὶ νῦν ὁπόσον ἐκ κεφαλῆς ἐς μέσον σῶμά ἐστιν ἀπερριμμένον, τὸ δὲ λοιπὸν κάθηταί τε καὶ ἀνὰ πᾶσαν ἡμέραν ἀνίσχοντος ἡλίου βοᾷ, καὶ τὸν ἦχον μάλιστα εἰκάσει τις κιθάρας ἢ λύρας ῥαγείσης χορδῆς.''&lt;/ref&gt;

Hanc [[res|rem]] mirabilem esse clamorem [[Memnon (heros)|Memnon]]is, [[heros|herois]] [[bellum Troianum|belli Troiani]], qui matri [[Eos|Aurorae]] salutem diceret, Graeci Romanique putabant.

[[Philostratus Atheniensis]] in ''[[Vita Apollonii Tyanei]]'' longam descriptionem statuae facit. Censet Memnonem non [[Ilium|Troiae]], ut ceteri tradant, sed in [[Aethiopia]] mortuum esse, ubi per [[Aetates historiae|aetates]] quinque regnaverit.&lt;blockquote&gt;Statua ad orientem solem spectat; imberbem effigit iuvenem; e lapide nigra facta est; ambo pedes juncti sunt, ut usus in tempore Daedaleo erat; ambae manus rectae sunt sedemque premunt: credas virum de sella surrecturum. . . . Cum primi [[radius|radii]] [[sol]]is statuam icerunt (quod solis ortu fit), [advenae] non potuerunt quin admirarentur. Colossus enim, simul atque os eius sol petit, loquitur, et oculi eius, quales hominum in sole expositorum, nitescunt.— Interpretatio libera.&lt;ref&gt;Philostratus, ''Vita Apollonii Tyanei'', 6, 4: ''Τὸ δὲ ἄγαλμα τετράφθαι πρὸς ἀκτῖνα μήπω γενειάσκον, λίθου δὲ εἶναι μέλανος, ξυμβεβηκέναι δὲ τὼ πόδε ἄμφω κατὰ τὴν ἀγαλματοποιίαν τὴν ἐπὶ Δαιδάλου καὶ τὰς χεῖρας ἀπερείδειν ὀρθὰς ἐς τὸν θᾶκον, καθῆσθαι γὰρ ἐν ὁρμῇ τοῦ ὑπανίστασθαι. Τὸ δὲ σχῆμα τοῦτο καὶ τὸν τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν νοῦν καὶ ὁπόσα τοῦ στόματος ὡς φθεγξομένου ᾄδουσι, τὸν μὲν ἄλλον χρόνον ἧττον θαυμάσαι φασίν, οὔπω γὰρ ἐνεργὰ φαίνεσθαι, προσβαλούσης δὲ τὸ ἄγαλμα τῆς ἀκτῖνος, τουτὶ δὲ γίγνεσθαι περὶ ἡλίου ἐπιτολάς, μὴ κατασχεῖν τὸ θαῦμα, φθέγξασθαι μὲν γὰρ παραχρῆμα τῆς ἀκτῖνος ἐλθούσης αὐτῷ ἐπὶ στόμα, φαιδροὺς δὲ ἱστάναι τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς δόξαι πρὸς τὸ φῶς, οἷα τῶν ἀνθρώπων οἱ εὐήλιοι.''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== De peregrinationibus ===
Colossus cito fit locus peregrinationis [[Graeci|Graecis]] et [[Romani antiqui|Romanis]], qui frequentes venerunt auditum Memnonis [[oraculum]]. Est etiam talis attractio advenarum, quales [[pyramides]].&lt;ref name=&quot;samosate&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Lucien de Samosate (2015)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Qui visitaverant tunc [[epigraphia|inscriptionem]] relinquere consueverunt: &quot;Memnonem audivi&quot;, cum nominibus suis, die et hora adventus.&lt;ref&gt;Omnes inscriptiones Graecae et Latinae in colosso scriptae [https://epigraphy.packhum.org/book/386?location=1694 hic] inspici possunt.&lt;/ref&gt; Quidam [[carmen|carmina]] quoque [[compositio|composuerunt]], quae in colosso inscripserunt.&lt;ref&gt;Gangloff 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Ita [[Iulia Balbilla]] [[epigramma]]ta composuit, ut visitatio [[imperator]]is [[Hadrianus (imperator)|Hadriani]] anno [[130]] celebraretur.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* A. Bernand et É. Bernand, ''Les inscriptions grecques et latines du colosse de Memnon'', Lutetiae: Picard, 1960. [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1960_num_29_2_3490_t1_0516_0000_1 Recensio critica]
* Glen W. Bowersock, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/24519343 The Miracle of Memnon]&quot;, ''Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists'', 21, 1984, p. 21-32.
* R. Drew Griffith, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/25011083 The Origin of Memnon]&quot;, ''Classical Antiquity'', 17, 1998, p. 212-234.
* P. A. Rosenmeyer, ''The Language of Ruins: Greek and Latin Inscriptions on the Memnon Colossus'', Oxoniae: Oxford University Press, 2018. [https://books.google.fr/books?id=-KVTDwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2020/2020.02.28 Recensio critica]
* C. Schmidt Heidenreich, &quot;Soldats . . .  et touristes ? À propos des graffiti militaires du Colosse de Memnon&quot;, in M. Horster et M. Scholz (ed.), ''Lesen und Schreiben in den römischen Provinzen'', Moguntiaci: RGZM, 2015, p. 91-106.
* A. Gangloff, &quot;Les poètes hellénophones sur le colosse de Memnon&quot;, in ''Médiateurs culturels et politiques dans l’Empire romain. Voyages, conflits, identités'', Lutetiae: De Boccard, 2011, p. 37-57.

== Nexus externi ==
*[https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/G_1973-0107-1 Poema epigraphicum  Mamertini, praefecti Aegypto, colossos Memnonis canentes referens et hodie in Museo Britannico servatum]
* [https://memnon-amenhotep-iii.uni-mainz.de/current-research/ The Colossi of Memnon and Amenhotep III Temple Conservation Project /DAI spring season 2025]
[[Categoria:Aegyptus antiqua]]
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      <text bytes="11995" sha1="70kcxo0olnfkfg0s4z1njs7oi54f4v8" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Colossi of Memnon May 2015 2.JPG|thumb|upright=1.2|Colossi Memnonis anno [[2015]] visi.]]
'''Colossi Memnonis''' ([[Arabice]] تمثالا ممنون) sunt binae [[Amana Hatpa III|Amenophidis III]] [[pharao]]nis [[statua]]e [[lapis|lapideae]] [[monumentum|monumentales]] in [[litus|litore]] [[occidens|occidentali]] [[Thebae (Aegyptus)|Thebis]] sitae. Quae sunt ultima ingentis [[templum|templi]] vestigia, quod ante aditum [[Templum Mortuarium Amenophidis III|Templi Mortuarii Amenophidis III]] stant, maximi templi in [[Necropolis Thebana|Necropoli Thebana]] positi. Ex anno [[1350 a.C.n.]], aetate [[domus 18 Aegypti|domus duodevicesimae]] [[Aegptus|Aegypti]] exstant, et celebres inter [[Graeci|Graecos]] [[Romani|Romanosque]] [[antiquitas|antiquos]], [[peregrinatio|peregrinatores]] recentiores, et [[Aegyptologia|Aegyptologos]] erant.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Luxor, Egypt|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/dna/place-lancashire/plain/A2082845|work=BBC News|access-date=[[2012]]-06-06|archive-date=2013-04-19|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130419153726/http://news.bbc.co.uk/dna/place-lancashire/plain/A2082845|url-status=dead}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/786066 |title=Places: 786066 (Memnon Colossi) |author=Wilfong, T.|author2= S. Sidebotham|author3= J. Keenan|author4= DARMC|author5= R. Talbert|author6= S. Gillies|author7= T. Elliott|author8= J. Becker |accessdate=22 Martii 2013|publisher=Pleiades}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Colossus [[septentrio]]nalis, quem Memnonem nuncupantes prisci [[auctor]]es commemoraverunt, ruptus [[terrae motus|terrae motu]] anno [[27 a.C.n.|27 a.C.n]] partim collapsus est.

== De templo Amenophidis III ==
Duae statuae colosseae in vestibulo [https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_des_millions_d%27ann%C3%A9es templi decies centenum milium annorum] Amenophidis III stabant, quo in illo tempore nullum [[fanum]] in occidentali ripa Thebarum maior erat. [[Magnitudo]] templi ex [[altitudo|altitudine]] statuarum ambarum excogitari potest, quod a claro [[architectus|architecto]] [[pharao]]nis effectum est.

Usque ad annum [[2002]], terrae arabiles cultae adeo superficiem templi operiebant, ut colossi tantum apparerent. Interim factae sunt excavationes, quo melius [[architectura]] et forma illius [[sanctuarium|sanctuarii]] [[Ammon|Ammoni]] gloriaeque Amenophidis III ipsius dicati intelligantur.

== De statuis ==

=== Descriptio ===
[[Fasciculus:Memnon_082005_02.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Colossus meridionalis.]]
[[Fasciculus:Memnon_082005_03.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Colossus septentrionalis.]]
Duo colossi [[Pharao|pharaonem]] sedentem in solio maiorum effigiunt, [[manus|manibus]] in genibus positis; in utroque latere crurum eius [[mater]] Mutemuia et [[uxor]] Tiji{{dubsig}} finguntur. Utrubique in solio est Sema-Taouy, [[signum]] unionis [[Aegyptus superior|Aegypti superioris]] et [[Aegyptus inferior|Aegypti inferioris]]. [[Falco|Falconis]] [[caput]], quod signum [[Horus|Hori]] est, septentrionalem colossum distinguit.&lt;ref&gt;Rosenmeyer 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== De sonoro [[Phaenomenon|phaenomeno]] ===
[[Fasciculus:Egypt.ColossiMemnon.02.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Emblema in dextero colossi meridionalis latere.]]
[[Strabo]], [[historicus]] et [[geographus]] Graecus primo saeculo, primus [[scriptor]]um hos colossos commemorat:&lt;blockquote&gt;Illic autem sunt duo colossi [[monolithus|monolithi]], alter alteri proximus. Prior incolumis est, sed alterius partes omnes sede superiores post [[terrae motus|terrae motum]], ut aiunt, collapsae sunt. Strepitus par parvulae percussioni cottidie semel a sidenti in solio baseque emitti creditur. Ego vero, qui in ipsis locis cum [[Aelius Gallus|Aelio Gallo]] et eius comitatu amicorum militumque aderam, hunc strepitum circa horam primam audivi.— [[Interpretatio]] libera.&lt;ref&gt;Strabo, ''Geographica'', 17, 1, 46 : ''Ἐνταῦθα δὲ δυεῖν κολοσσῶν ὄντων μονολίθων ἀλλήλων πλησίον, ὁ μὲν σώζεται, τοῦ δ´ ἑτέρου τὰ ἄνω μέρη τὰ ἀπὸ τῆς καθέδρας πέπτωκε σεισμοῦ γενηθέντος, ὥς φασι. Πεπίστευται δ´ ὅτι ἅπαξ καθ´ ἡμέραν ἑκάστην ψόφος ὡς ἂν πληγῆς οὐ μεγάλης ἀποτελεῖται ἀπὸ τοῦ μένοντος ἐν τῷ θρόνῳ καὶ τῇ βάσει μέρους· κἀγὼ δὲ παρὼν ἐπὶ τῶν τόπων μετὰ Γάλλου Αἰλίου καὶ τοῦ πλήθους τῶν συνόντων αὐτῷ φίλων τε καὶ στρατιωτῶν περὶ ὥραν πρώτην ἤκουσα τοῦ ψόφου.''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Terrae motus reapse anno 27 a.C.n evenit, uno anno ante Strabonis adventum; statua rupta est septentrionalis. 

Strabo addit se de origine strepitus dubium esse. Curiositate vagante, de colosso haud pauci scriptores locuti sunt: [[Plinius Maior]],&lt;ref&gt;Plinius Maior, ''Naturalis Historia'', 36, 58, 7-10: ''Non absimilis illi narratur in Thebis delubro Serapis, ut putant, Memnonis statuae dicatus, quem cotidiano solis ortu contactum radiis crepare tradunt.''&lt;/ref&gt; [[Tacitus]],&lt;ref&gt;Tacitus, ''Annales'', 2, 61, 1-6: ''Ceterum Germanicus aliis quoque miraculis intendit animum, quorum praecipua fuere Memnonis saxea effigies, ubi radiis solis icta est, vocalem sonum reddens, disiectasque inter et vix pervias arenas instar montium eductae pyramides certamine et opibus regum, lacusque effossa humo, superfluentis Nili receptacula.''&lt;/ref&gt; et [[Pausanias]].&lt;ref&gt;Pausanias, 1, 42, 3: ''Ἐμοὶ δὲ παρέσχε μὲν καὶ τοῦτο θαυμάσαι· παρέσχε δὲ πολλῷ μάλιστα Αἰγυπτίων ὁ κολοσσός. Ἐν Θήβαις ταῖς Αἰγυπτίαις, διαβᾶσι τὸν Νεῖλον, πρὸς τὰς Σύριγγας καλουμένας, εἶδον ἔτι καθήμενον ἄγαλμα ἠχοῦν – Μέμνονα ὀνομάζουσιν οἱ πολλοί. Τοῦτον γάρ φασιν ἐξ Αἰθιοπίας ὁρμηθῆναι ἐς Αἴγυπτον, καὶ τὴν ἄχρι Σούσων. Ἀλλὰ γὰρ οὐ Μέμνονα οἱ Θηβαῖοι λέγουσι, Φαμένωφα δὲ εἶναι τῶν ἐγχωρίων, οὗ τοῦτο ἄγαλμα ἦν. Ἤκουσα δὲ ἤδη καὶ Σέσωστριν φαμένων εἶναι τοῦτο ἄγαλμα· ὃ Καμβύσης διέκοψε. καὶ νῦν ὁπόσον ἐκ κεφαλῆς ἐς μέσον σῶμά ἐστιν ἀπερριμμένον, τὸ δὲ λοιπὸν κάθηταί τε καὶ ἀνὰ πᾶσαν ἡμέραν ἀνίσχοντος ἡλίου βοᾷ, καὶ τὸν ἦχον μάλιστα εἰκάσει τις κιθάρας ἢ λύρας ῥαγείσης χορδῆς.''&lt;/ref&gt;

Hanc [[res|rem]] mirabilem esse clamorem [[Memnon (heros)|Memnon]]is, [[heros|herois]] [[bellum Troianum|belli Troiani]], qui matri [[Eos|Aurorae]] salutem diceret, Graeci Romanique putabant.

[[Philostratus Atheniensis]] in ''[[Vita Apollonii Tyanei]]'' longam descriptionem statuae facit. Censet Memnonem non [[Ilium|Troiae]], ut ceteri tradant, sed in [[Aethiopia]] mortuum esse, ubi per [[Aetates historiae|aetates]] quinque regnaverit.&lt;blockquote&gt;Statua ad orientem solem spectat; imberbem effigit iuvenem; e lapide nigra facta est; ambo pedes juncti sunt, ut usus in tempore Daedaleo erat; ambae manus rectae sunt sedemque premunt: credas virum de sella surrecturum. . . . Cum primi [[radius|radii]] [[sol]]is statuam icerunt (quod solis ortu fit), [advenae] non potuerunt quin admirarentur. Colossus enim, simul atque os eius sol petit, loquitur, et oculi eius, quales hominum in sole expositorum, nitescunt.— Interpretatio libera.&lt;ref&gt;Philostratus, ''Vita Apollonii Tyanei'', 6, 4: ''Τὸ δὲ ἄγαλμα τετράφθαι πρὸς ἀκτῖνα μήπω γενειάσκον, λίθου δὲ εἶναι μέλανος, ξυμβεβηκέναι δὲ τὼ πόδε ἄμφω κατὰ τὴν ἀγαλματοποιίαν τὴν ἐπὶ Δαιδάλου καὶ τὰς χεῖρας ἀπερείδειν ὀρθὰς ἐς τὸν θᾶκον, καθῆσθαι γὰρ ἐν ὁρμῇ τοῦ ὑπανίστασθαι. Τὸ δὲ σχῆμα τοῦτο καὶ τὸν τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν νοῦν καὶ ὁπόσα τοῦ στόματος ὡς φθεγξομένου ᾄδουσι, τὸν μὲν ἄλλον χρόνον ἧττον θαυμάσαι φασίν, οὔπω γὰρ ἐνεργὰ φαίνεσθαι, προσβαλούσης δὲ τὸ ἄγαλμα τῆς ἀκτῖνος, τουτὶ δὲ γίγνεσθαι περὶ ἡλίου ἐπιτολάς, μὴ κατασχεῖν τὸ θαῦμα, φθέγξασθαι μὲν γὰρ παραχρῆμα τῆς ἀκτῖνος ἐλθούσης αὐτῷ ἐπὶ στόμα, φαιδροὺς δὲ ἱστάναι τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς δόξαι πρὸς τὸ φῶς, οἷα τῶν ἀνθρώπων οἱ εὐήλιοι.''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== De peregrinationibus ===
Colossus cito fit locus peregrinationis [[Graeci|Graecis]] et [[Romani antiqui|Romanis]], qui frequentes venerunt auditum Memnonis [[oraculum]]. Est etiam talis attractio advenarum, quales [[pyramides]].&lt;ref name=&quot;samosate&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Lucien de Samosate (2015)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Qui visitaverant tunc [[epigraphia|inscriptionem]] relinquere consueverunt: &quot;Memnonem audivi&quot;, cum nominibus suis, die et hora adventus.&lt;ref&gt;Omnes inscriptiones Graecae et Latinae in colosso scriptae [https://epigraphy.packhum.org/book/386?location=1694 hic] inspici possunt.&lt;/ref&gt; Quidam [[carmen|carmina]] quoque [[compositio|composuerunt]], quae in colosso inscripserunt.&lt;ref&gt;Gangloff 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Ita [[Iulia Balbilla]] [[epigramma]]ta composuit, ut visitatio [[imperator]]is [[Hadrianus (imperator)|Hadriani]] anno [[130]] celebraretur.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* A. Bernand et É. Bernand, ''Les inscriptions grecques et latines du colosse de Memnon'', Lutetiae: Picard, 1960. [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1960_num_29_2_3490_t1_0516_0000_1 Recensio critica]
* Glen W. Bowersock, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/24519343 The Miracle of Memnon]&quot;, ''Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists'', 21, 1984, p. 21-32.
* R. Drew Griffith, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/25011083 The Origin of Memnon]&quot;, ''Classical Antiquity'', 17, 1998, p. 212-234.
* P. A. Rosenmeyer, ''The Language of Ruins: Greek and Latin Inscriptions on the Memnon Colossus'', Oxoniae: Oxford University Press, 2018. [https://books.google.fr/books?id=-KVTDwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2020/2020.02.28 Recensio critica]
* C. Schmidt Heidenreich, &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/20287081/_Soldats_et_touristes_A_propos_des_graffiti_militaires_du_Colosse_de_Memnon_in_Horster_M_et_M_Scholz_ed_Lesen_und_Schreiben_in_den_r%C3%B6mischen_Provinzen_Mainz_2015_p_91_106 Soldats . . .  et touristes ? À propos des graffiti militaires du Colosse de Memnon]&quot;, in M. Horster et M. Scholz (ed.), ''Lesen und Schreiben in den römischen Provinzen'', Moguntiaci: RGZM, 2015, p. 91-106.
* A. Gangloff, &quot;Les poètes hellénophones sur le colosse de Memnon&quot;, in ''Médiateurs culturels et politiques dans l’Empire romain. Voyages, conflits, identités'', Lutetiae: De Boccard, 2011, p. 37-57.

== Nexus externi ==
*[https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/G_1973-0107-1 Poema epigraphicum  Mamertini, praefecti Aegypto, colossos Memnonis canentes referens et hodie in Museo Britannico servatum]
* [https://memnon-amenhotep-iii.uni-mainz.de/current-research/ The Colossi of Memnon and Amenhotep III Temple Conservation Project /DAI spring season 2025]
[[Categoria:Aegyptus antiqua]]
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      <text bytes="12227" sha1="fxtl56c77dsnjnd4w3tsxzjogyt7121" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Colossi of Memnon May 2015 2.JPG|thumb|upright=1.2|Colossi Memnonis anno [[2015]] visi.]]
'''Colossi Memnonis''' ([[Arabice]] تمثالا ممنون) sunt binae [[Amana Hatpa III|Amenophidis III]] [[pharao]]nis [[statua]]e [[lapis|lapideae]] [[monumentum|monumentales]] in [[litus|litore]] [[occidens|occidentali]] [[Thebae (Aegyptus)|Thebis]] sitae. Quae sunt ultima ingentis [[templum|templi]] vestigia, quod ante aditum [[Templum Mortuarium Amenophidis III|Templi Mortuarii Amenophidis III]] stant, maximi templi in [[Necropolis Thebana|Necropoli Thebana]] positi. Ex anno [[1350 a.C.n.]], aetate [[domus 18 Aegypti|domus duodevicesimae]] [[Aegptus|Aegypti]] exstant, et celebres inter [[Graeci|Graecos]] [[Romani|Romanosque]] [[antiquitas|antiquos]], [[peregrinatio|peregrinatores]] recentiores, et [[Aegyptologia|Aegyptologos]] erant.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Luxor, Egypt|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/dna/place-lancashire/plain/A2082845|work=BBC News|access-date=[[2012]]-06-06|archive-date=2013-04-19|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130419153726/http://news.bbc.co.uk/dna/place-lancashire/plain/A2082845|url-status=dead}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/786066 |title=Places: 786066 (Memnon Colossi) |author=Wilfong, T.|author2= S. Sidebotham|author3= J. Keenan|author4= DARMC|author5= R. Talbert|author6= S. Gillies|author7= T. Elliott|author8= J. Becker |accessdate=22 Martii 2013|publisher=Pleiades}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Colossus [[septentrio]]nalis, quem Memnonem nuncupantes prisci [[auctor]]es commemoraverunt, ruptus [[terrae motus|terrae motu]] anno [[27 a.C.n.|27 a.C.n]] partim collapsus est.

== De templo Amenophidis III ==
Duae statuae colosseae in vestibulo [https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_des_millions_d%27ann%C3%A9es templi decies centenum milium annorum] Amenophidis III stabant, quo in illo tempore nullum [[fanum]] in occidentali ripa Thebarum maior erat. [[Magnitudo]] templi ex [[altitudo|altitudine]] statuarum ambarum excogitari potest, quod a claro [[architectus|architecto]] [[pharao]]nis effectum est.

Usque ad annum [[2002]], terrae arabiles cultae adeo superficiem templi operiebant, ut colossi tantum apparerent. Interim factae sunt excavationes, quo melius [[architectura]] et forma illius [[sanctuarium|sanctuarii]] [[Ammon|Ammoni]] gloriaeque Amenophidis III ipsius dicati intelligantur.

== De statuis ==

=== Descriptio ===
[[Fasciculus:Memnon_082005_02.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Colossus meridionalis.]]
[[Fasciculus:Memnon_082005_03.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Colossus septentrionalis.]]
Duo colossi [[Pharao|pharaonem]] sedentem in solio maiorum effigiunt, [[manus|manibus]] in genibus positis; in utroque latere crurum eius [[mater]] Mutemuia et [[uxor]] Tiji{{dubsig}} finguntur. Utrubique in solio est Sema-Taouy, [[signum]] unionis [[Aegyptus superior|Aegypti superioris]] et [[Aegyptus inferior|Aegypti inferioris]]. [[Falco|Falconis]] [[caput]], quod signum [[Horus|Hori]] est, septentrionalem colossum distinguit.&lt;ref&gt;Rosenmeyer 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== De sonoro [[Phaenomenon|phaenomeno]] ===
[[Fasciculus:Egypt.ColossiMemnon.02.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Emblema in dextero colossi meridionalis latere.]]
[[Strabo]], [[historicus]] et [[geographus]] Graecus primo saeculo, primus [[scriptor]]um hos colossos commemorat:&lt;blockquote&gt;Illic autem sunt duo colossi [[monolithus|monolithi]], alter alteri proximus. Prior incolumis est, sed alterius partes omnes sede superiores post [[terrae motus|terrae motum]], ut aiunt, collapsae sunt. Strepitus par parvulae percussioni cottidie semel a sidenti in solio baseque emitti creditur. Ego vero, qui in ipsis locis cum [[Aelius Gallus|Aelio Gallo]] et eius comitatu amicorum militumque aderam, hunc strepitum circa horam primam audivi.— [[Interpretatio]] libera.&lt;ref&gt;Strabo, ''Geographica'', 17, 1, 46 : ''Ἐνταῦθα δὲ δυεῖν κολοσσῶν ὄντων μονολίθων ἀλλήλων πλησίον, ὁ μὲν σώζεται, τοῦ δ´ ἑτέρου τὰ ἄνω μέρη τὰ ἀπὸ τῆς καθέδρας πέπτωκε σεισμοῦ γενηθέντος, ὥς φασι. Πεπίστευται δ´ ὅτι ἅπαξ καθ´ ἡμέραν ἑκάστην ψόφος ὡς ἂν πληγῆς οὐ μεγάλης ἀποτελεῖται ἀπὸ τοῦ μένοντος ἐν τῷ θρόνῳ καὶ τῇ βάσει μέρους· κἀγὼ δὲ παρὼν ἐπὶ τῶν τόπων μετὰ Γάλλου Αἰλίου καὶ τοῦ πλήθους τῶν συνόντων αὐτῷ φίλων τε καὶ στρατιωτῶν περὶ ὥραν πρώτην ἤκουσα τοῦ ψόφου.''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Terrae motus reapse anno 27 a.C.n evenit, uno anno ante Strabonis adventum; statua rupta est septentrionalis. 

Strabo addit se de origine strepitus dubium esse. Curiositate vagante, de colosso haud pauci scriptores locuti sunt: [[Plinius Maior]],&lt;ref&gt;Plinius Maior, ''Naturalis Historia'', 36, 58, 7-10: ''Non absimilis illi narratur in Thebis delubro Serapis, ut putant, Memnonis statuae dicatus, quem cotidiano solis ortu contactum radiis crepare tradunt.''&lt;/ref&gt; [[Tacitus]],&lt;ref&gt;Tacitus, ''Annales'', 2, 61, 1-6: ''Ceterum Germanicus aliis quoque miraculis intendit animum, quorum praecipua fuere Memnonis saxea effigies, ubi radiis solis icta est, vocalem sonum reddens, disiectasque inter et vix pervias arenas instar montium eductae pyramides certamine et opibus regum, lacusque effossa humo, superfluentis Nili receptacula.''&lt;/ref&gt; et [[Pausanias]].&lt;ref&gt;Pausanias, 1, 42, 3: ''Ἐμοὶ δὲ παρέσχε μὲν καὶ τοῦτο θαυμάσαι· παρέσχε δὲ πολλῷ μάλιστα Αἰγυπτίων ὁ κολοσσός. Ἐν Θήβαις ταῖς Αἰγυπτίαις, διαβᾶσι τὸν Νεῖλον, πρὸς τὰς Σύριγγας καλουμένας, εἶδον ἔτι καθήμενον ἄγαλμα ἠχοῦν – Μέμνονα ὀνομάζουσιν οἱ πολλοί. Τοῦτον γάρ φασιν ἐξ Αἰθιοπίας ὁρμηθῆναι ἐς Αἴγυπτον, καὶ τὴν ἄχρι Σούσων. Ἀλλὰ γὰρ οὐ Μέμνονα οἱ Θηβαῖοι λέγουσι, Φαμένωφα δὲ εἶναι τῶν ἐγχωρίων, οὗ τοῦτο ἄγαλμα ἦν. Ἤκουσα δὲ ἤδη καὶ Σέσωστριν φαμένων εἶναι τοῦτο ἄγαλμα· ὃ Καμβύσης διέκοψε. καὶ νῦν ὁπόσον ἐκ κεφαλῆς ἐς μέσον σῶμά ἐστιν ἀπερριμμένον, τὸ δὲ λοιπὸν κάθηταί τε καὶ ἀνὰ πᾶσαν ἡμέραν ἀνίσχοντος ἡλίου βοᾷ, καὶ τὸν ἦχον μάλιστα εἰκάσει τις κιθάρας ἢ λύρας ῥαγείσης χορδῆς.''&lt;/ref&gt;

Hanc [[res|rem]] mirabilem esse clamorem [[Memnon (heros)|Memnon]]is, [[heros|herois]] [[bellum Troianum|belli Troiani]], qui matri [[Eos|Aurorae]] salutem diceret, Graeci Romanique putabant.

[[Philostratus Atheniensis]] in ''[[Vita Apollonii Tyanei]]'' longam descriptionem statuae facit. Censet Memnonem non [[Ilium|Troiae]], ut ceteri tradant, sed in [[Aethiopia]] mortuum esse, ubi per [[Aetates historiae|aetates]] quinque regnaverit.&lt;blockquote&gt;Statua ad orientem solem spectat; imberbem effigit iuvenem; e lapide nigra facta est; ambo pedes juncti sunt, ut usus in tempore Daedaleo erat; ambae manus rectae sunt sedemque premunt: credas virum de sella surrecturum. . . . Cum primi [[radius|radii]] [[sol]]is statuam icerunt (quod solis ortu fit), [advenae] non potuerunt quin admirarentur. Colossus enim, simul atque os eius sol petit, loquitur, et oculi eius, quales hominum in sole expositorum, nitescunt.— Interpretatio libera.&lt;ref&gt;Philostratus, ''Vita Apollonii Tyanei'', 6, 4: ''Τὸ δὲ ἄγαλμα τετράφθαι πρὸς ἀκτῖνα μήπω γενειάσκον, λίθου δὲ εἶναι μέλανος, ξυμβεβηκέναι δὲ τὼ πόδε ἄμφω κατὰ τὴν ἀγαλματοποιίαν τὴν ἐπὶ Δαιδάλου καὶ τὰς χεῖρας ἀπερείδειν ὀρθὰς ἐς τὸν θᾶκον, καθῆσθαι γὰρ ἐν ὁρμῇ τοῦ ὑπανίστασθαι. Τὸ δὲ σχῆμα τοῦτο καὶ τὸν τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν νοῦν καὶ ὁπόσα τοῦ στόματος ὡς φθεγξομένου ᾄδουσι, τὸν μὲν ἄλλον χρόνον ἧττον θαυμάσαι φασίν, οὔπω γὰρ ἐνεργὰ φαίνεσθαι, προσβαλούσης δὲ τὸ ἄγαλμα τῆς ἀκτῖνος, τουτὶ δὲ γίγνεσθαι περὶ ἡλίου ἐπιτολάς, μὴ κατασχεῖν τὸ θαῦμα, φθέγξασθαι μὲν γὰρ παραχρῆμα τῆς ἀκτῖνος ἐλθούσης αὐτῷ ἐπὶ στόμα, φαιδροὺς δὲ ἱστάναι τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς δόξαι πρὸς τὸ φῶς, οἷα τῶν ἀνθρώπων οἱ εὐήλιοι.''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== De peregrinationibus ===
Colossus cito fit locus peregrinationis [[Graeci|Graecis]] et [[Romani antiqui|Romanis]], qui frequentes venerunt auditum Memnonis [[oraculum]]. Est etiam talis attractio advenarum, quales [[pyramides]].&lt;ref name=&quot;samosate&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Lucien de Samosate (2015)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Qui visitaverant tunc [[epigraphia|inscriptionem]] relinquere consueverunt: &quot;Memnonem audivi&quot;, cum nominibus suis, die et hora adventus.&lt;ref&gt;Omnes inscriptiones Graecae et Latinae in colosso scriptae [https://epigraphy.packhum.org/book/386?location=1694 hic] inspici possunt.&lt;/ref&gt; Quidam [[carmen|carmina]] quoque [[compositio|composuerunt]], quae in colosso inscripserunt.&lt;ref&gt;Gangloff 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Ita [[Iulia Balbilla]] [[epigramma]]ta composuit, ut visitatio [[imperator]]is [[Hadrianus (imperator)|Hadriani]] anno [[130]] celebraretur.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* A. Bernand et É. Bernand, ''Les inscriptions grecques et latines du colosse de Memnon'', Lutetiae: Picard, 1960. [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1960_num_29_2_3490_t1_0516_0000_1 Recensio critica]
* Glen W. Bowersock, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/24519343 The Miracle of Memnon]&quot;, ''Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists'', 21, 1984, p. 21-32.
* R. Drew Griffith, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/25011083 The Origin of Memnon]&quot;, ''Classical Antiquity'', 17, 1998, p. 212-234.
* P. A. Rosenmeyer, ''The Language of Ruins: Greek and Latin Inscriptions on the Memnon Colossus'', Oxoniae: Oxford University Press, 2018. [https://books.google.fr/books?id=-KVTDwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2020/2020.02.28 Recensio critica]
* C. Schmidt Heidenreich, &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/20287081/_Soldats_et_touristes_A_propos_des_graffiti_militaires_du_Colosse_de_Memnon_in_Horster_M_et_M_Scholz_ed_Lesen_und_Schreiben_in_den_r%C3%B6mischen_Provinzen_Mainz_2015_p_91_106 Soldats . . .  et touristes ? À propos des graffiti militaires du Colosse de Memnon]&quot;, in M. Horster et M. Scholz (ed.), ''Lesen und Schreiben in den römischen Provinzen'', Moguntiaci: RGZM, 2015, p. 91-106.
* A. Gangloff, &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/37432487/_Les_po%C3%A8tes_hell%C3%A9nophones_sur_le_Colosse_de_Memnon_dans_A_Gangloff_%C3%A9d_M%C3%A9diateurs_culturels_et_politiques_dans_lEmpire_romain_Voyages_conflits_identit%C3%A9s_Paris_2011_p_37_57 Les poètes hellénophones sur le colosse de Memnon]&quot;, in ''Médiateurs culturels et politiques dans l’Empire romain. Voyages, conflits, identités'', Lutetiae: De Boccard, 2011, p. 37-57.

== Nexus externi ==
*[https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/G_1973-0107-1 Poema epigraphicum  Mamertini, praefecti Aegypto, colossos Memnonis canentes referens et hodie in Museo Britannico servatum]
* [https://memnon-amenhotep-iii.uni-mainz.de/current-research/ The Colossi of Memnon and Amenhotep III Temple Conservation Project /DAI spring season 2025]
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	| titulus = &lt;span style=&quot;float: right; font-size: .6rem;&quot;&gt;Die {{Dies}}&lt;/span&gt;[[Vicipaedia:Pagina prima/Pagina cottidiana|Pagina cottidiana]]
	| color tituli = #fff
	| color vexilli = #d61d00
	| margo cacuminis = 0
	| corpus = {{Vicipaedia:Pagina prima/Pagina cottidiana}}
}}
&lt;/div&gt;

{{Nexuli recensorii|Vicipaedia:Index paginarum cottidianarum/Praefatio|style=float: left; border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 0 .5em; border-radius: .5em; font-weight: bold; margin-right: .5em;}}{{/Praefatio}}

&lt;h2&gt;Promovendae&lt;/h2&gt;
{{Nexuli recensorii|Vicipaedia:Index paginarum cottidianarum/Promovendae|style=float: right; border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 0 .5em; border-radius: .5em; font-weight: bold;}}

: ''Pagina [[Vicipaedia:Index paginarum cottidianarum/Promovendae]] hunc indicem servat.''

{{Vsep}}{{/Promovendae}}

== Iam promotae ==
{{#ifexist:Vicipaedia:Index paginarum cottidianarum/Anno {{CURRENTYEAR}} promotae
	|
	| {{Capsa annuntiationis|
		| color = #f5cf87
		| imago = Simple warning.svg
		| 1 = Tabularium anni labentis abest! '''{{Creetur|Vicipaedia:Index paginarum cottidianarum/Anno {{CURRENTYEAR}} promotae|Instituatur|Vicipaedia:Index paginarum cottidianarum/Exemplar anni}}'''!
	}}[[Categoria:Paginae inspiciendae]]
}}
{{Capsa quaesitoria lateralis
	| imago = Replacement filing cabinet.svg
	| praeambulum = Quaerisne aliquid in paginis iam promotis?
	| actio = Quaerere
}}

* [[Vicipaedia:Index paginarum cottidianarum/Anno 2019 promotae]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Index paginarum cottidianarum/Anno 2020 promotae]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Index paginarum cottidianarum/Anno 2021 promotae]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Index paginarum cottidianarum/Anno 2022 promotae]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Index paginarum cottidianarum/Anno 2023 promotae]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Index paginarum cottidianarum/Anno 2024 promotae]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Index paginarum cottidianarum/Anno 2025 promotae]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Index paginarum cottidianarum/Anno 2026 promotae]]

== Aliae subpaginae ==
* [[Vicipaedia:Index paginarum cottidianarum/Exemplar anni]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Index paginarum cottidianarum/Promovendae]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Index paginarum cottidianarum/Praefatio]]

{{NexInt}}
* [[Vicipaedia:Pagina prima/Pagina cottidiana]]
* {{Fn|Index paginarum quotidianarum}}
* {{Fn|Scrutator cottidianus}}

{{Vicitextus mutabilis}}

[[Categoria:Officia periodica Vicipaediae]]
[[Categoria:Paginae cottidianae| ]]
[[Categoria:Pagina prima]]</text>
      <sha1>olym9d8xrruqqfb3uppqiuro29rrvk9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Omne genus demoniorum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>324432</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3984723</id>
      <parentid>3983860</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-30T23:10:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Minora</comment>
      <origin>3984723</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3699" sha1="gpyu78usm9f9bojqe51lwkvzhapwn4m" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus ad litteram}}
{{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}}
{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum
	| titulus =
	| imago =
	| descriptio =
	| categoria =
	| numerus =
	| auctor =
	| argumenta =
	| tempus =
	| lingua =
	| contextus =
	| praecedens =
	| sequens =
}}

{{lres|Omne genus demoniorum}} est [[carmen]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scriptum, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero LIV reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-cruce-signatis-46-55&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = De cruce signatis 46–55
	| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo5.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
Omne genus demoniorum
cecorum,
claudorum
sive confusorum,
attendite iussum meorum
et vocationem verborum.

Omnis creatura phantasmatum,
que corroboratis principatum
serpentis tortuosi,
venenosi,
qui traxit per superbiam
stellarum partem tertiam,
Gordan,
Ingordin et Ingordan:
per sigillum Salomonis
et per magos Pharaonis
omnes vos coniuro
omnes exorcizo
per tres magos Caspar,
Melchior et Balthasar,
per regem David,
qui Saul sedavit,
cum iubilavit,
vosque fugavit.

Vos attestor,
vos contestor
per mandatum Domini,
ne zeletis,
quem soletis
vos vexare, homini,
ut compareatis
et post discedatis
et cum desperatis
chaos incolatis.

Attestor,
contestor
per timendum,
per tremendum
diem iudicii,
eterni supplicii,
diem miserie,
perennis tristitie,
qui ducturus est
vos in infernum,
salvaturus est
nos in eternum.

Per nomen mirabile
atque ineffabile
Dei tetragrammaton,
ut expaveatis
et perhorreatis,
vos exorcizo,
Larve,
Fauni,
Manes,
Nymphe,
Sirene,
Adryades,
Satyri,
Incubi,
Penates,
ut cito abeatis,
chaos incolatis,
ne vas corrumpatis
christianitatis.

Tu nos, Deus, conservare ab hostibus digneris!&lt;ref name=&quot;de-cruce-signatis-46-55&quot;/&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Hoc carmen, in numerum carminum moralium et [[Satura|satiricorum]] relatum, est [[Exorcismus|exorcismus]] [[Iocus|iocosus]] vel [[Parodia|parodicus]], quo [[auctor]] omnes [[spiritus|spirituum]] malignorum et phantasmatum species increpat. Textus formulas ecclesiasticas adhibet ad [[daemon]]es, [[larva]]s, atque etiam [[ens|entia]] [[mythologia|mythologica]] sicut [[satyri|satyros]] et [[nympha|nymphas]] fugandos, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|nomina sacra||en|qid=Q1974119}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|sigillum Salomonis|sigillum|en|qid=Q2594210}} [[Salomon (rex)|Salomonis]], et trīs [[magi (Biblia)|magos]] (Casparem, Melchiorem, Balthasarem) invocans ad [[Christianitas|Christianitatem]] tuendam.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-cruce-signatis-46-55&quot;/&gt;

Praecipuum carminis argumentum in mixtura elementorum [[biblia|biblicorum]] et [[paganismus|paganorum]] consistit, ubi auctor [[auctoritas|auctoritate]] verbi utitur ad [[chaos]] coercendum. Per imperativam coniurationem, spiritūs iubentur homines non vexare et ad [[Infernus|Infernum]] redire, ne “vas Christianitatis” corrumpant, precatione ad [[deus|deum]] pro conservatione ab hostibus qui videri nequeunt finiens.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-cruce-signatis-46-55&quot;/&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Lehtonen, 1995
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen = Lehtonen
		| nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel
		| nomenclatura = compendiaria
		| titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy
		| annus = 1995
		| lingua = en
		| locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]]
		| domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]]
		| isbn = 978-951-717-846-4
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
      <sha1>gpyu78usm9f9bojqe51lwkvzhapwn4m</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Amara tanta tyri</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>324433</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3984722</id>
      <parentid>3984297</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-30T23:02:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Minora</comment>
      <origin>3984722</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2285" sha1="q1llon0cincuzote6l0xphiqrrg0izb" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus ad litteram}}
{{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}}
{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum
	| titulus =
	| imago =
	| descriptio =
	| categoria =
	| numerus =
	| auctor =
	| argumenta =
	| tempus =
	| lingua =
	| contextus =
	| praecedens =
	| sequens =
}}

{{lres|Amara tanta tyri}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero LV reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-cruce-signatis-46-55&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = De cruce signatis 46–55
	| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo5.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
Amara tanta tyri pastos sycalos sycaliri
Ellivoli scarras polili posylique lyvarras.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-cruce-signatis-46-55&quot;/&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Hoc brevissimum carmen, quod primam sectionem moralem et [[Satura|satiricam]] [[codex|codicis]] claudit, verbis utitur quae sensu litterali carent vel potius ad [[Lingua ficticia|linguam fictitiam]] pertinere videntur. Quamvis verba ut “amara” et “tanta” latinitatem sapiant, reliqua pars textūs interpretationem grammaticam aspernatur, quae apud doctos nonnullas controversias de origine et significatione genuit.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-cruce-signatis-46-55&quot;/&gt;

In contextu operis, hanc strophulam interpretari possumus ludum verbalem vel [[Magia (mystica)|incantationem magicam]], aut fortasse [[parodia]]m obscuritatis poeticae. Quum carmen statim ante sectionem amatoriam inveniatur, nonnulli putant esse transitum [[Rhythmus|rhythmicum]] ubi sonus vocabulorum sensum praevalet, more [[Goliardia|goliardico]] ad absurdum tendente.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-cruce-signatis-46-55&quot;/&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Lehtonen, 1995
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen = Lehtonen
		| nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel
		| nomenclatura = compendiaria
		| titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy
		| annus = 1995
		| lingua = en
		| locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]]
		| domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]]
		| isbn = 978-951-717-846-4
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
      <sha1>q1llon0cincuzote6l0xphiqrrg0izb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ianus annum circinat</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>324434</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3984658</id>
      <parentid>3971602</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-30T16:37:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Descriptio */</comment>
      <origin>3984658</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5375" sha1="rat8w0a08acrueln383pn8f6vb3uyaz" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus ad litteram}}
{{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}}
{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum
	| titulus = 
	| imago = 
	| descriptio = 
	| categoria = 
	| numerus = 
	| auctor = 
	| argumenta = 
	| tempus = 
	| lingua = 
	| contextus = 
	| praecedens = 
	| sequens = 
}}

{{lres|Ianus annum circinat}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero LVI reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carminamatoria56-70&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Carmina amatoria 56-70
	| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cam1.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|1.}}Ianus annum circinat,
ver estatem nuntiat
calcat Phebus ungula,
dum in Taurum flectitur,
Arietis repagula.

Refl.Amor cuncta superat,
Amor dura terebrat.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|2.}}Procul sint omnia
tristia!
dulcia
gaudia
sollemnizent Veneris gymnasia!
decet iocundari,
quos militare contigit
Dioneo lari.

Refl.Amor cuncta superat,
Amor dura terebrat.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|3.}}Dum alumnus Palladis
Cytheree scolam
introissem, inter multas
bene cultas
vidi unam solam
facie
Tyndaridi
ac Veneri
secundam,
plenam elegantie
et magis pudibundam.

Refl.Amor cuncta superat,
Amor dura terebrat.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|4.}}Differentem omnibus
amo differenter.
novus ignis in me furit
et adurit
indeficienter.
nulla magis nobilis,
habilis,
pulchra vel amabilis,
nulla minus mobilis,
instabilis,
infronita reperitur
vel fide mutabilis.
eius letum vivere
est meum delectari.
diligi si merear,
hoc meum est beari.

Refl.Vincit Amor omnia,
regit Amor omnia.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|5.}}Parce, puer, puero!
fave, Venus, tenero,
ignem movens,
ignem fovens,
ne mori sit, quod vixero,
nec sit ut Daphnes Phebo,
cui me ipsum dedo!
olim tiro Palladis
nunc tuo iuri cedo.

Refl.Vincit Amor omnia,
regit Amor omnia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carminamatoria56-70&quot;/&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Hoc carmen est primum in sectione amatoria codicis et celebrat transitionem temporum, a mense [[Ianus|Iani]] usque ad veris adventum, cum sol in [[Taurus (astrologia)|signum Tauri]] ingreditur. Poeta mythologicis imaginibus utitur ([[Phoebus|Phebus]], [[Venus (dea)|Venus]], [[Pallas Athene|Pallas]]) ad describendam experientiam [[Goliardia|goliardi]] qui, olim studiis deditus, nunc militia amoris capitur. Argumentum praecipue vertitur circa invictam potentiam [[Cupido (discretiva)|Cupidinis]] et pulchritudinem cuiusdam puellae quae Veneri ipsi comparatur.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carminamatoria56-70&quot;/&gt;

Stylus rhythmicus et usus resonantiae (velut in versu &quot;Amor cuncta superat&quot;) typicus est poesis clericorum vagantium, ubi sacrum et profanum, studium et voluptas iuvenilis inter se miscentur. Carmen finitur precibus ad Venerem et puerum Cupidinem directis, ut amantis passioni faveant, reiectis studiis palladiis pro iure dioneo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carminamatoria56-70&quot;/&gt;

== Investigatio critica ==
Hoc carmen, elato stilo compositum, elementis astronomicis ac mythologicis exornatur ad amorem celebrandum. Prima stropha per elaboratam metaphoram adventum verni temporis describit: Sol enim Arietis fines perrumpit, quod argumentum auctor ex Ovidii Metamorphoseon libris haurit, ubi Phoebi equi repagula pulsant. Haec astronomica descriptio non solum temporis mutationem indicat, sed scaenam parat ad amorem canendum, qui ritu paene sollemni inducitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-p261&quot;&gt;{{qc|Rossi, 2006}}, p. 261.&lt;/ref&gt;

Argumentum praecipuum in motivo ''militiae amoris'' vertitur, quod cum goliardico more litterarum studii deserendi coniungitur. Cum aestas appropinquat, discipuli Palladis artes neglegunt ut Veneris imperio obsequantur. Hic transitus e vita contemplativa ad activam amatoriamque per poeticas imagines exprimitur, ubi tristitia depellitur et gaudium verno tempore ortum dominatur. In textu clarum resonat carmen refrain, quod celeberrimum Vergilii versum ex Bucolicis sumptum (''Omnia vincit Amor'') aemulatur, amorem ut vim invictam universi ostendens.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-p261&quot; /&gt;

Militia ipsa, quae in secunda parte Carminum Buranorum saepius occurrit, ex christiana notione ''militiae Christi'' ad profanos usus flectitur, Ovidianam sententiam sequens, qua amor species quaedam servitii militaris habetur. In extrema parte carminis, invocatio ad Venerem et Cupidinem intenditur, ubi mythologicae figurae, sicut Daphne a Phoebo amata et in laurum mutata, adhibentur ad impetum desiderii et difficultates amantium demonstrandas. Ita carmen traditionem classicam cum sensibilitate medievali mediaevali commiscet, feminam laudans et deorum auxilium ad cordis vulnera sananda implorans.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-p262&quot;&gt;{{qc|Rossi, 2006}}, p. 262.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Rossi, 2006
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen redactoris = Rossi
		| nomen redactoris = Petrus Victorius
		| titulus = Carmina Burana. Testo latino a fronte
		| annus = 2006
		| annus primae editionis = 1989
		| editio = 8
		| locus = [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]]
		| domus editoria = Tascabili Bompiani
		| isbn = 88-452-5307-4
		| lingua = it
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
      <sha1>rat8w0a08acrueln383pn8f6vb3uyaz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3984659</id>
      <parentid>3984658</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-30T16:41:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Investigatio critica */</comment>
      <origin>3984659</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5543" sha1="idvm398wchz6c4q4xp8qk13kk6s3w3z" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus ad litteram}}
{{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}}
{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum
	| titulus = 
	| imago = 
	| descriptio = 
	| categoria = 
	| numerus = 
	| auctor = 
	| argumenta = 
	| tempus = 
	| lingua = 
	| contextus = 
	| praecedens = 
	| sequens = 
}}

{{lres|Ianus annum circinat}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero LVI reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carminamatoria56-70&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Carmina amatoria 56-70
	| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cam1.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|1.}}Ianus annum circinat,
ver estatem nuntiat
calcat Phebus ungula,
dum in Taurum flectitur,
Arietis repagula.

Refl.Amor cuncta superat,
Amor dura terebrat.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|2.}}Procul sint omnia
tristia!
dulcia
gaudia
sollemnizent Veneris gymnasia!
decet iocundari,
quos militare contigit
Dioneo lari.

Refl.Amor cuncta superat,
Amor dura terebrat.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|3.}}Dum alumnus Palladis
Cytheree scolam
introissem, inter multas
bene cultas
vidi unam solam
facie
Tyndaridi
ac Veneri
secundam,
plenam elegantie
et magis pudibundam.

Refl.Amor cuncta superat,
Amor dura terebrat.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|4.}}Differentem omnibus
amo differenter.
novus ignis in me furit
et adurit
indeficienter.
nulla magis nobilis,
habilis,
pulchra vel amabilis,
nulla minus mobilis,
instabilis,
infronita reperitur
vel fide mutabilis.
eius letum vivere
est meum delectari.
diligi si merear,
hoc meum est beari.

Refl.Vincit Amor omnia,
regit Amor omnia.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|5.}}Parce, puer, puero!
fave, Venus, tenero,
ignem movens,
ignem fovens,
ne mori sit, quod vixero,
nec sit ut Daphnes Phebo,
cui me ipsum dedo!
olim tiro Palladis
nunc tuo iuri cedo.

Refl.Vincit Amor omnia,
regit Amor omnia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carminamatoria56-70&quot;/&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Hoc carmen est primum in sectione amatoria codicis et celebrat transitionem temporum, a mense [[Ianus|Iani]] usque ad veris adventum, cum sol in [[Taurus (astrologia)|signum Tauri]] ingreditur. Poeta mythologicis imaginibus utitur ([[Phoebus|Phebus]], [[Venus (dea)|Venus]], [[Pallas Athene|Pallas]]) ad describendam experientiam [[Goliardia|goliardi]] qui, olim studiis deditus, nunc militia amoris capitur. Argumentum praecipue vertitur circa invictam potentiam [[Cupido (discretiva)|Cupidinis]] et pulchritudinem cuiusdam puellae quae Veneri ipsi comparatur.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carminamatoria56-70&quot;/&gt;

Stylus rhythmicus et usus resonantiae (velut in versu &quot;Amor cuncta superat&quot;) typicus est poesis clericorum vagantium, ubi sacrum et profanum, studium et voluptas iuvenilis inter se miscentur. Carmen finitur precibus ad Venerem et puerum Cupidinem directis, ut amantis passioni faveant, reiectis studiis palladiis pro iure dioneo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carminamatoria56-70&quot;/&gt;

== Investigatio critica ==
Hoc carmen, elato stilo compositum, elementis [[Astronomia|astronomicis]] ac mythologicis exornatur ad amorem celebrandum. Prima stropha per elaboratam [[Metaphora|metaphoram]] adventum verni temporis describit: Sol enim [[Aries (constellatio)|Arietis]] fines perrumpit, quod argumentum auctor ex [[Publius Ovidius Naso|Ovidii]] ''[[Metamorphoses (Ovidius)|Metamorphoseon]]'' libris haurit, ubi Phoebi equi repagula pulsant. Haec astronomica descriptio non solum temporis mutationem indicat, sed scaenam praeparat ad amorem canendum, qui ritu paene sollemni inducitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-p261&quot;&gt;{{qc|Rossi, 2006}}, p. 261.&lt;/ref&gt;

Argumentum praecipuum in [[Thema (litterae)|themate]] ''militiae amoris'' vertitur, quod cum goliardico more litterarum studii deserendi coniungitur. Cum aestas appropinquat, discipuli Palladis artes neglegunt ut Veneris imperio obsequantur. Hic transitus e vita contemplativa ad activam amatoriamque per poeticas imagines exprimitur, ubi tristitia depellitur et gaudium verno tempore ortum dominatur. In textu clarum resonat carmen refrain, quod celeberrimum [[Vergilius|Vergilii]] versum ex ''[[Bucolica|Bucolicis]]'' sumptum (''Omnia vincit Amor'') aemulatur, amorem ut vim invictam universi ostendens.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-p261&quot; /&gt;

Militia ipsa, quae in secunda parte Carminum Buranorum saepius occurrit, ex christiana notione ''militiae Christi'' ad profanos usus flectitur, Ovidianam sententiam sequens, qua amor species quaedam servitii militaris habetur. In extrema parte carminis, invocatio ad Venerem et Cupidinem intenditur, ubi mythologicae figurae, sicut Daphne a Phoebo amata et in laurum mutata, adhibentur ad impetum desiderii et difficultates amantium demonstrandas. Ita carmen traditionem classicam cum sensibilitate medievali mediaevali commiscet, feminam laudans et deorum auxilium ad cordis vulnera sananda implorans.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-p262&quot;&gt;{{qc|Rossi, 2006}}, p. 262.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Rossi, 2006
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen redactoris = Rossi
		| nomen redactoris = Petrus Victorius
		| titulus = Carmina Burana. Testo latino a fronte
		| annus = 2006
		| annus primae editionis = 1989
		| editio = 8
		| locus = [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]]
		| domus editoria = Tascabili Bompiani
		| isbn = 88-452-5307-4
		| lingua = it
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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{{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}}
{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum
	| titulus = 
	| imago = 
	| descriptio = 
	| categoria = 
	| numerus = 
	| auctor = 
	| argumenta = 
	| tempus = 
	| lingua = 
	| contextus = 
	| praecedens = 
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{{lres|Ianus annum circinat}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero LVI reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carminamatoria56-70&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Carmina amatoria 56-70
	| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cam1.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|1.}}Ianus annum circinat,
ver estatem nuntiat
calcat Phebus ungula,
dum in Taurum flectitur,
Arietis repagula.

Refl.Amor cuncta superat,
Amor dura terebrat.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|2.}}Procul sint omnia
tristia!
dulcia
gaudia
sollemnizent Veneris gymnasia!
decet iocundari,
quos militare contigit
Dioneo lari.

Refl.Amor cuncta superat,
Amor dura terebrat.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|3.}}Dum alumnus Palladis
Cytheree scolam
introissem, inter multas
bene cultas
vidi unam solam
facie
Tyndaridi
ac Veneri
secundam,
plenam elegantie
et magis pudibundam.

Refl.Amor cuncta superat,
Amor dura terebrat.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|4.}}Differentem omnibus
amo differenter.
novus ignis in me furit
et adurit
indeficienter.
nulla magis nobilis,
habilis,
pulchra vel amabilis,
nulla minus mobilis,
instabilis,
infronita reperitur
vel fide mutabilis.
eius letum vivere
est meum delectari.
diligi si merear,
hoc meum est beari.

Refl.Vincit Amor omnia,
regit Amor omnia.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|5.}}Parce, puer, puero!
fave, Venus, tenero,
ignem movens,
ignem fovens,
ne mori sit, quod vixero,
nec sit ut Daphnes Phebo,
cui me ipsum dedo!
olim tiro Palladis
nunc tuo iuri cedo.

Refl.Vincit Amor omnia,
regit Amor omnia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carminamatoria56-70&quot;/&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Hoc carmen est primum in sectione amatoria codicis et celebrat transitionem temporum, a mense [[Ianus|Iani]] usque ad veris adventum, cum sol in [[Taurus (astrologia)|signum Tauri]] ingreditur. Poeta mythologicis imaginibus utitur ([[Phoebus|Phebus]], [[Venus (dea)|Venus]], [[Pallas Athene|Pallas]]) ad describendam experientiam [[Goliardia|goliardi]] qui, olim studiis deditus, nunc militia amoris capitur. Argumentum praecipue vertitur circa invictam potentiam [[Cupido (discretiva)|Cupidinis]] et pulchritudinem cuiusdam puellae quae Veneri ipsi comparatur.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carminamatoria56-70&quot;/&gt;

Stylus rhythmicus et usus resonantiae (velut in versu &quot;Amor cuncta superat&quot;) typicus est poesis clericorum vagantium, ubi sacrum et profanum, studium et voluptas iuvenilis inter se miscentur. Carmen finitur precibus ad Venerem et puerum Cupidinem directis, ut amantis passioni faveant, reiectis studiis palladiis pro iure dioneo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carminamatoria56-70&quot;/&gt;

== Investigatio critica ==
Hoc carmen, elato stilo compositum, elementis [[Astronomia|astronomicis]] ac mythologicis exornatur ad amorem celebrandum. Prima stropha per elaboratam [[Metaphora|metaphoram]] adventum verni temporis describit: Sol enim [[Aries (constellatio)|Arietis]] fines perrumpit, quod argumentum auctor ex [[Publius Ovidius Naso|Ovidii]] ''[[Metamorphoses (Ovidius)|Metamorphoseon]]'' libris haurit, ubi Phoebi equi repagula pulsant. Haec astronomica descriptio non solum temporis mutationem indicat, sed scaenam praeparat ad amorem canendum, qui ritu paene sollemni inducitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-p261&quot;&gt;{{qc|Rossi, 2006}}, p. 261.&lt;/ref&gt;

Argumentum praecipuum in [[Thema (litterae)|themate]] ''militiae amoris'' vertitur, quod cum goliardico more litterarum studii deserendi coniungitur. Cum aestas appropinquat, discipuli Palladis artes neglegunt ut Veneris imperio obsequantur. Hic transitus e vita contemplativa ad activam amatoriamque per poeticas imagines exprimitur, ubi tristitia depellitur et gaudium verno tempore ortum dominatur. In carmine clarum resonat [[versus intercalaris]] (Francogallice ''refrain''), quod celeberrimum [[Vergilius|Vergilii]] versum ex ''[[Bucolica|Bucolicis]]'' sumptum (''Omnia vincit Amor'') aemulatur, amorem ut vim invictam universi ostendens.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-p261&quot; /&gt;

Militia ipsa, quae in secunda parte Carminum Buranorum saepius occurrit, ex Christiana notione ''militiae Christi'' ad profanos usus flectitur, Ovidianam sententiam sequens, qua amor species quaedam servitii militaris habetur. In extrema parte carminis, invocatio ad Venerem et Cupidinem intenditur, ubi mythologicae figurae, sicut [[Daphne (mythologia)|Daphne]] a Phoebo amata et in [[laurus|laurum]] mutata, adhibentur ad impetum desiderii et difficultates amantium demonstrandas. Ita carmen traditionem classicam cum sensibilitate mediaevali commiscet, feminam laudans et deorum auxilium ad cordis vulnera sananda implorans.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-p262&quot;&gt;{{qc|Rossi, 2006}}, p. 262.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Rossi, 2006
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen redactoris = Rossi
		| nomen redactoris = Petrus Victorius
		| titulus = Carmina Burana. Testo latino a fronte
		| annus = 2006
		| annus primae editionis = 1989
		| editio = 8
		| locus = [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]]
		| domus editoria = Tascabili Bompiani
		| isbn = 88-452-5307-4
		| lingua = it
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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      <text bytes="5609" sha1="4putyxmsh7qb24iv9jtg34koh5v8j0e" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus ad litteram}}
{{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}}
{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum
	| titulus = 
	| imago = 
	| descriptio = 
	| categoria = 
	| numerus = 
	| auctor = 
	| argumenta = 
	| tempus = 
	| lingua = 
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{{lres|Ianus annum circinat}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero LVI reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carminamatoria56-70&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Carmina amatoria 56-70
	| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cam1.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|1.}}Ianus annum circinat,
ver estatem nuntiat
calcat Phebus ungula,
dum in Taurum flectitur,
Arietis repagula.

Refl.Amor cuncta superat,
Amor dura terebrat.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|2.}}Procul sint omnia
tristia!
dulcia
gaudia
sollemnizent Veneris gymnasia!
decet iocundari,
quos militare contigit
Dioneo lari.

Refl.Amor cuncta superat,
Amor dura terebrat.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|3.}}Dum alumnus Palladis
Cytheree scolam
introissem, inter multas
bene cultas
vidi unam solam
facie
Tyndaridi
ac Veneri
secundam,
plenam elegantie
et magis pudibundam.

Refl.Amor cuncta superat,
Amor dura terebrat.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|4.}}Differentem omnibus
amo differenter.
novus ignis in me furit
et adurit
indeficienter.
nulla magis nobilis,
habilis,
pulchra vel amabilis,
nulla minus mobilis,
instabilis,
infronita reperitur
vel fide mutabilis.
eius letum vivere
est meum delectari.
diligi si merear,
hoc meum est beari.

Refl.Vincit Amor omnia,
regit Amor omnia.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|5.}}Parce, puer, puero!
fave, Venus, tenero,
ignem movens,
ignem fovens,
ne mori sit, quod vixero,
nec sit ut Daphnes Phebo,
cui me ipsum dedo!
olim tiro Palladis
nunc tuo iuri cedo.

Refl.Vincit Amor omnia,
regit Amor omnia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carminamatoria56-70&quot;/&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Hoc carmen est primum in sectione amatoria codicis et celebrat transitionem temporum, a mense [[Ianus|Iani]] usque ad veris adventum, cum sol in [[Taurus (constellatio)|signum Tauri]] ingreditur. Poeta mythologicis imaginibus utitur ([[Phoebus|Phebus]], [[Venus (dea)|Venus]], [[Pallas Athene|Pallas]]) ad describendam experientiam [[Goliardia|goliardi]] qui, olim studiis deditus, nunc militia amoris capitur. Argumentum praecipue vertitur circa invictam potentiam [[Cupido (discretiva)|Cupidinis]] et pulchritudinem cuiusdam puellae quae Veneri ipsi comparatur.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carminamatoria56-70&quot;/&gt;

Stylus rhythmicus et usus resonantiae (velut in versu &quot;Amor cuncta superat&quot;) typicus est poesis clericorum vagantium, ubi sacrum et profanum, studium et voluptas iuvenilis inter se miscentur. Carmen finitur precibus ad Venerem et puerum Cupidinem directis, ut amantis passioni faveant, reiectis studiis palladiis pro iure dioneo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carminamatoria56-70&quot;/&gt;

== Investigatio critica ==
Hoc carmen, elato stilo compositum, elementis [[Astronomia|astronomicis]] ac mythologicis exornatur ad amorem celebrandum. Prima stropha per elaboratam [[Metaphora|metaphoram]] adventum verni temporis describit: Sol enim [[Aries (constellatio)|Arietis]] fines perrumpit, quod argumentum auctor ex [[Publius Ovidius Naso|Ovidii]] ''[[Metamorphoses (Ovidius)|Metamorphoseon]]'' libris haurit, ubi Phoebi equi repagula pulsant. Haec astronomica descriptio non solum temporis mutationem indicat, sed scaenam praeparat ad amorem canendum, qui ritu paene sollemni inducitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-p261&quot;&gt;{{qc|Rossi, 2006}}, p. 261.&lt;/ref&gt;

Argumentum praecipuum in [[Thema (litterae)|themate]] ''militiae amoris'' vertitur, quod cum goliardico more litterarum studii deserendi coniungitur. Cum aestas appropinquat, discipuli Palladis artes neglegunt ut Veneris imperio obsequantur. Hic transitus e vita contemplativa ad activam amatoriamque per poeticas imagines exprimitur, ubi tristitia depellitur et gaudium verno tempore ortum dominatur. In carmine clarum resonat [[versus intercalaris]] (Francogallice ''refrain''), quod celeberrimum [[Vergilius|Vergilii]] versum ex ''[[Bucolica|Bucolicis]]'' sumptum (''Omnia vincit Amor'') aemulatur, amorem ut vim invictam universi ostendens.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-p261&quot; /&gt;

Militia ipsa, quae in secunda parte Carminum Buranorum saepius occurrit, ex Christiana notione ''militiae Christi'' ad profanos usus flectitur, Ovidianam sententiam sequens, qua amor species quaedam servitii militaris habetur. In extrema parte carminis, invocatio ad Venerem et Cupidinem intenditur, ubi mythologicae figurae, sicut [[Daphne (mythologia)|Daphne]] a Phoebo amata et in [[laurus|laurum]] mutata, adhibentur ad impetum desiderii et difficultates amantium demonstrandas. Ita carmen traditionem classicam cum sensibilitate mediaevali commiscet, feminam laudans et deorum auxilium ad cordis vulnera sananda implorans.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-p262&quot;&gt;{{qc|Rossi, 2006}}, p. 262.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Rossi, 2006
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen redactoris = Rossi
		| nomen redactoris = Petrus Victorius
		| titulus = Carmina Burana. Testo latino a fronte
		| annus = 2006
		| annus primae editionis = 1989
		| editio = 8
		| locus = [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]]
		| domus editoria = Tascabili Bompiani
		| isbn = 88-452-5307-4
		| lingua = it
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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	| categoria =
	| numerus =
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{{lres|Ianus annum circinat}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero LVI reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carminamatoria56-70&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Carmina amatoria 56–70
	| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cam1.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|1.}}Ianus annum circinat,
ver estatem nuntiat
calcat Phebus ungula,
dum in Taurum flectitur,
Arietis repagula.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|(Refl.)}}Amor cuncta superat,
Amor dura terebrat.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|2.}}Procul sint omnia
tristia!
dulcia
gaudia
sollemnizent Veneris gymnasia!
decet iocundari,
quos militare contigit
Dioneo lari.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|(Refl.)}}Amor cuncta superat,
Amor dura terebrat.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|3.}}Dum alumnus Palladis
Cytheree scolam
introissem, inter multas
bene cultas
vidi unam solam
facie
Tyndaridi
ac Veneri
secundam,
plenam elegantie
et magis pudibundam.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|(Refl.)}}Amor cuncta superat,
Amor dura terebrat.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|4.}}Differentem omnibus
amo differenter.
novus ignis in me furit
et adurit
indeficienter.
nulla magis nobilis,
habilis,
pulchra vel amabilis,
nulla minus mobilis,
instabilis,
infronita reperitur
vel fide mutabilis.
eius letum vivere
est meum delectari.
diligi si merear,
hoc meum est beari.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|(Refl.)}}Vincit Amor omnia,
regit Amor omnia.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|5.}}Parce, puer, puero!
fave, Venus, tenero,
ignem movens,
ignem fovens,
ne mori sit, quod vixero,
nec sit ut Daphnes Phebo,
cui me ipsum dedo!
olim tiro Palladis
nunc tuo iuri cedo.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|(Refl.)}}Vincit Amor omnia,
regit Amor omnia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carminamatoria56-70&quot;/&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Hoc carmen est primum in sectione amatoria codicis et transitionem temporum celebrat, a mense [[Ianus|Iani]] usque ad veris adventum, cum sol in [[Taurus (constellatio)|signum Tauri]] ingreditur. Poeta mythologicis imaginibus ita utitur ([[Phoebus|Phoebo]], [[Venus (dea)|Venere]], [[Pallas Athene|Pallade]]) ut experientiam describat [[Goliardia|goliardi]] qui, olim studiis deditus, nunc militia amoris capitur. Argumentum praecipue circa invictam potentiam [[Cupido (discretiva)|Cupidinis]] et pulchritudinem cuiusdam puellae vertitur quae Veneri ipsi comparatur.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carminamatoria56-70&quot;/&gt;

Modus rhythmicus et usus resonantiae (velut in versu “Amor cuncta superat”) usitatissimus est [[poësis]] clericorum vagantium, qua sacrum et profanum, studium et voluptas iuvenilis inter se miscentur. Carmen precibus ad Venerem et puerum Cupidinem directis finitur, ut amantis passioni faveant, studiis palladiis pro iure dioneo reiectis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carminamatoria56-70&quot;/&gt;

== Investigatio critica ==
Hoc carmen, elato stilo compositum, elementis [[Astronomia|astronomicis]] ac mythologicis exornatur ad amorem celebrandum. Prima stropha per elaboratam [[Metaphora|metaphoram]] adventum verni temporis describit: Sol enim [[Aries (constellatio)|Arietis]] fines perrumpit, quod argumentum auctor ex [[Publius Ovidius Naso|Ovidii]] ''[[Metamorphoses (Ovidius)|Metamorphoseon]]'' libris haurit, ubi Phoebi equi repagula pulsant. Haec astronomica descriptio non solum temporis mutationem indicat, sed scenam praeparat ad amorem canendum, qui ritu paene sollemni inducitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-p261&quot;&gt;{{qc|Rossi, 2006}}, p. 261.&lt;/ref&gt;

Argumentum praecipuum in [[Thema (litterae)|themate]] ''militiae amoris'' vertitur, quod cum goliardico more litterarum studii deserendi coniungitur. Cum aestas appropinquat, discipuli Palladis artes neglegunt ut Veneris imperio obsequantur. Hic transitus e vita contemplativa ad activam amatoriamque per poeticas imagines exprimitur, ubi tristitia depellitur et gaudium verno tempore ortum dominatur. In carmine clarum resonat [[versus intercalaris]] (Francogallice ''refrain''), quod celeberrimum [[Vergilius|Vergilii]] versum ex ''[[Bucolica|Bucolicis]]'' sumptum (''Omnia vincit Amor'') aemulatur, amorem quasi vim invictam universi ostendens.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-p261&quot; /&gt;

Militia ipsa, quae in secunda parte Carminum Buranorum saepius occurrit, ex Christiana notione ''militiae Christi'' ad profanos usūs flectitur, Ovidianam sententiam sequens, qua amor species quaedam servitii militaris habetur. In extrema parte carminis, invocatio ad Venerem et Cupidinem intenditur, ubi mythologicae figurae, sicut [[Daphne (mythologia)|Daphne]] a Phoebo amata et in [[laurus|laurum]] mutata, adhibentur ad impetum desiderii et difficultates amantium demonstrandas. Ita carmen traditionem classicam cum sensibilitate mediaevali commiscet, feminam laudans et deorum auxilium ad cordis vulnera sananda implorans.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-p262&quot;&gt;{{qc|Rossi, 2006}}, p. 262.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Rossi, 2006
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen redactoris = Rossi
		| nomen redactoris = Petrus Victorius
		| titulus = Carmina Burana. Testo latino a fronte
		| annus = 2006
		| annus primae editionis = 1989
		| editio = 8
		| locus = [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]]
		| domus editoria = Tascabili Bompiani
		| isbn = 88-452-5307-4
		| lingua = it
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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    <title>Slavomirus Górzyński</title>
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      <text bytes="6334" sha1="0oi6i4wggzp88q05l56vtilndmikumn" xml:space="preserve">'''Slavomirus''' ([[Polonice]] ''Sławomir'') '''Górzyński''' (natus [[Belogradum|Belgradi]] die 21 Augusti 1962) est Polonus historicus, heraldicae ac genealogiae peritus, librorum editor et professor scientiarum humanarum. In disciplinis historicis auxiliaribus, praesertim heraldica, genealogia et epigraphia, necnon in historia sociali nobilitatis atque possessorum praediorum versatur. Altera pars studiorum eius historiam Polonorum atque patrimonium Polonicum in Francia spectat.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20260412124524/http://gorzynski.fr/SNG_P.htm Sławomir Górzyński, ''Życiorys naukowy'' et ''Zainteresowania badawcze'', pagina propria.]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Vita et studia ==
Ab anno 1981 ad annum 1986 historiae in Universitate Varsoviensi studuit, ubi gradum magistri consecutus est. Deinde annis 1987–1992 studia doctoralia in Instituto Historiae Academiae Scientiarum Polonae perfecit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20260412124524/http://gorzynski.fr/SNG_P.htm Sławomir Górzyński, ''Życiorys naukowy'', pagina propria.]&lt;/ref&gt;

Anno 2007 gradum doctoris historiae apud Academiam Ioannis Długosz Częstochoviensem consecutus est, dissertatione cui titulus ''Arystokracja polska w Galicji. Studium heraldyczno-genealogiczne''. Anno 2013 doctor habilitatus factus est apud Universitatem Adami Mickiewicz Posnaniensem. Die 23 Ianuarii 2023 Praeses Rei Publicae Polonae ei titulum professoris scientiarum humanarum in disciplina historiae tribuit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://eli.gov.pl/api/acts/MP/2023/241/text.pdf ''Monitor Polski'', 1 Martii 2023, poz. 241.]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Opera editoria ==
Anno 1991 una cum Krzysztof Dąbrowski officinam editoriam ''Wydawnictwo DiG'' condidit, cuius editor principalis factus est. Multas series librorum et periodica historica instituit aut edidit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.gorzynski.fr/SNG_P.htm Sławomir Górzyński, ''Życiorys naukowy'', pagina propria.]{{Nexus deficit|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ab anno 2010 annales ''Rocznik Polskiego Towarzystwa Heraldycznego'' edit; secundum ipsos annales, primus tomus ab eo editus fuit novae seriei tomus IX (XX), anno 2010.&lt;ref&gt;[https://rocznikpther.pl/ ''Rocznik Polskiego Towarzystwa Heraldycznego'', notitia de historia redactionis.]&lt;/ref&gt; Est etiam editor ''Rocznik Skierniewicki'' atque voluminum seriei ''Fasci Radzivilliani''.

== Societates eruditae ==
Górzyński est sodalis conditor Societatis Heraldicae Polonae (''Polskie Towarzystwo Heraldyczne'') atque ab anno 2010 eius praeses.&lt;ref&gt;[https://pther.org/zarzad/ Polskie Towarzystwo Heraldyczne, ''Zarząd Towarzystwa''.]&lt;/ref&gt; Ad Academiam Internationalem Genealogiae, ''Académie Internationale d’Héraldique'' et ''Heraldisch-Genealogische Gesellschaft ADLER'' quoque pertinet.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20260412124524/http://gorzynski.fr/SNG_P.htm Sławomir Górzyński, ''Działalność na rzecz upowszechniania nauki i członkostwo w stowarzyszeniach naukowych'', pagina propria.]&lt;/ref&gt;

Sodalis est etiam ''Towarzystwo Naukowe Warszawskie'' (Societatis Scientiarum Varsaviensis), in Sectione II scientiarum historicarum, socialium et philosophicarum.&lt;ref&gt;[https://tnw.waw.pl/czlonkowie/ Towarzystwo Naukowe Warszawskie, ''Członkowie'': Górzyński Sławomir (II).]&lt;/ref&gt; Haec societas anno 1907 constituta traditionem Societatis Amicorum Scientiarum Varsaviensis, a magistratibus Russicis anno 1832 suppressae, continuavit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://tnw.waw.pl/historia-tnw-w-latach-1907-2007/ Towarzystwo Naukowe Warszawskie, ''Historia TNW w latach 1907–1918''.]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Honores et praemia ==
* Anno 2012 Cruce Equitis Ordinis ''Polonia Restituta'' decoratus est.
* Anno 2016 insigne honorarium Polonicum ''Za Zasługi dla Archiwistyki'' accepit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.gorzynski.fr/SNG_P.htm Sławomir Górzyński, ''Odznaczenia'', pagina propria.]{{Nexus deficit|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Anno 2021 Praemium Professoris Jerzy Skowronek, una cum Andrzej Biernat, pro libro ''Cmentarz Champeaux w Montmorency. Groby Polskie. Cimetière Les Champeaux à Montmorency. Les Tombes Polonaises'' accepit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://ptwk.pl/nagrody-klio-i-nagrody-im-prof-jerzego-skowronka-rozdane-podczas-xxix-targow-ksiazki-historycznej/ Polskie Towarzystwo Wydawców Książek, notitia de praemiis anni 2021.]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Anno 2022 operi trium voluminum ''Orzeł Biały. Źródła do historii herbu państwa polskiego (1815–2015)'', cuius voluminis primi auctor est, secundum praemium in certamine ''Studia Źródłoznawcze'' nomine Stephani K. Kuczyński tributum est.&lt;ref&gt;[https://w.dig.pl/index.php Wydawnictwo DiG, notitia diei 14 Decembris 2022.]{{Nexus deficit|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die 16 Februarii 2023 Cruce Officialis Ordinis ''Pro Meritis Lituaniae'' decoratus est.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.lrt.lt/pl/wiadomosci/1261/1915970/odznaczenia-panstwowe-z-okazji-dnia-niepodlegosci-wsrod-nagrodzonych-polacy LRT, 16 Februarii 2023.]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Anno 2024 insigne honorarium ''Bene Merito'' Ministri Negotiorum Externorum Poloniae accepit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.gov.pl/web/france/fte-nationale-de-lindpendance-au-consulat-gnral-de-pologne--lyon2 Consulatus Generalis Poloniae Lugduni, notitia diei 13 Novembris 2024.]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Opera selecta ==
* ''Nobilitacje w Galicji w latach 1772–1918'', Varsaviae, 1997.
* ''Arystokracja polska w Galicji. Studium heraldyczno-genealogiczne'', Varsaviae, 2009.
* ''Unia lubelska 1569. Pieczęcie, herby'', Varsaviae, 2019.
* ''Orzeł Biały. Źródła do historii herbu państwa polskiego (1815–2015). Tom I: Orzeł Biały 1815–1914'', Varsaviae, 2021.
* cum Andrzej Biernat: ''Cmentarz Champeaux w Montmorency. Groby Polskie. Cimetière Les Champeaux à Montmorency. Les Tombes Polonaises'', Varsaviae, 2021.
* cum Iwona M. Dacka-Górzyńska: ''Nagrobki i inne formy upamiętnienia polskich władców i ich rodzin we Francji od XIV do XVIII wieku'', Varsaviae, 2023.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6067-4355 ORCID: 0000-0001-6067-4355]
* [https://www.gorzynski.fr/ Pagina propria]
* [https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82awomir_G%C3%B3rzy%C5%84ski Articulus Polonicus]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gorzynski, Slawomir}}
[[Categoria:Homines vivi]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1962]]
[[Categoria:Historici Poloniae]]</text>
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'''Gualterius Leonellus Paine''' (natus ''Walter Lionel Paine'' die [[2 Martii]] [[1881]]; die [[4 Iunii]] [[1915]] mortuus), '''W. L. Paine''' se appellans, fuit [[philologus]] classicus, [[Latine|nostrae linguae]] magister [[Anglia|Anglus]], et [[auctor]] [[liber scholasticus|librorum scholasticorum]]. Apud Scholam Oundelensem et Scholam Whitgiftiensem docuit, unaque cum [[C. L. Mainwaring]] libros ad nostram linguam [[methodus directa|ratione directa]] docendam composuit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Paine et Mainwaring (1912)}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Cooke (1913)}}.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Bellum Orbis Terrarum Primum|Bello Orbis Terrarum Primo]], capitaneus temporarius [[Exercitus Britannicus|Exercitus Britannici]], ad [[proelium Gallipolitanum]] missus est, et in proelio die [[4 Iunii]] [[1915]] occisus est.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Oundle School (s.a.)}}, pp. 14–15.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Imperial War Museums (2026a)}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Vita ==
Paine, sextus filius Georgii Gulielmi et Mariae Mariae Paine, die 2 Martii 1881 apud Cotswold in Upper Norwood Londinii natus est.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Oundle School (s.a.)}}, p. 14&lt;/ref&gt; E schola Mallinson apud Dulwich ad Scholam Oundelensem anno 1894 venit, ubi annis 1899 et 1900 scholae praefectus fuit. Inde ad Collegium Sidney Sussex Universitatis Cantabrigiensis abiit, ubi ''Senior Classical Scholarship'' accepit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Oundle School (s.a.)}}, p. 14&lt;/ref&gt;

Anno 1903 ad Scholam Oundelensem ut magister rediit, ibique usque ad annum 1909 mansit. Annum unum apud Lyceum Ambianense egit, deinde praefectus domus Crosby fuit, posteaque ad Scholam Whitgiftiensem Croydoniae transiit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Oundle School (s.a.)}}, p. 14&lt;/ref&gt; Anno 1911 magistri adiutoris munere Croydoniae fungebatur et in Bedford Place numero 3 habitabat.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Imperial War Museums (2026b)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lingua Latina docenda ==
Paine secretarius Associationis pro Reformatione Docendae Linguae Latinae fuit atque scholas aestivas Bangorii, Cantabrigiae, et Dunelmi ordinavit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Oundle School (s.a.)}}, p. 14&lt;/ref&gt; Mense Septembri 1913 ad conventum Cantabrigiensem circiter ducentorum magistrorum linguae Latinae discipulos Whitgiftenses, circiter duodecim, secum duxit. Hi annum unum Latine didicerant. F. R. Dale, qui demonstrationem vidit, studium, promptitudinem loquendi, et diligentiam discipulorum rettulit, atque Paine apud Whitgift rationem directam suscepisse scripsit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Dale (1933)}}, pp. 65–70&lt;/ref&gt;

''Lingua Latina: Primus annus'', Oxonii anno 1912 a Paine et Mainwaring editus, ex tribus annis experientiae linguae Latinae ratione directa docendae ortus est.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Paine et Mainwaring (1912)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Auctores imitationem principium methodi esse exposuerunt, discipulum scilicet magistrum loquentem imitari, grammaticam tamen, propter flexiones et syntaxin linguae Latinae, fundamentum cursus manere censuerunt.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Paine et Mainwaring (1912)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anno eodem Paine, Mainwaring, et E. Ryle ''Decem fabulae pueris puellisque agendae'' ediderunt, cui W. H. D. Rouse praefationem scripsit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Cooke (1913)}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Secundus annus'', a Paine et Mainwaring compositus, Oxonii anno 1917 prodiit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=HathiTrust (1917)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Militia et mors ==
Initio belli, mense Septembri 1914, Paine in Grenadier Guards se conscripsit. Primo Decembri legatus in King’s Own Royal Lancaster Regiment factus est, mense Ianuario sequenti ad gradum capitanei temporarii et adiutoris promotus est.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Oundle School (s.a.)}}, p. 14&lt;/ref&gt; Mense Maio 1915 in Gallipolim missus est, Legioni X (Service) King’s Own (Royal Lancaster Regiment) adscriptus et Legioni I Lancashire Fusiliers adiunctus.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Imperial War Museums (2026a)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Die 4 Iunii 1915, cum milites in impetu duceret, occisus est.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Oundle School (s.a.)}}, p. 14&lt;/ref&gt; In Coemeterio Twelve Tree Copse Gallipoli sepultus est.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Imperial War Museums (2026b)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Opera ==
* ''Lingua Latina: Primus annus'' (una cum C. L. Mainwaring, 1912).
* ''Decem fabulae pueris puellisque agendae'' (una cum C. L. Mainwaring et E. Ryle, 1912).
* ''Secundus annus'' (una cum C. L. Mainwaring, 1917).

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{Vicifons|Scriptor:W. L. Paine|W. L. Paine}}

== Bibliographia ==
{{Div col|2}}
* {{ec|id=Cooke (1913)|c={{Opus|auctor=Cooke, Harold P.|annus=1913|titulus=Primus Annus|opus=The Classical Review|volumen=27|fasciculus=1|doi=10.1017/S0009840X00004406|url=https://doi.org/10.1017/S0009840X00004406|accessus=29 Augusti 2026}}}}
* {{ec|id=Dale (1933)|c={{Opus|auctor=Dale, F. R.|annus=1933|titulus=Latin By the Direct Method|opus=Greece &amp; Rome|volumen=2|fasciculus=5|paginae=65–70|doi=10.1017/S0017383500001650|url=https://doi.org/10.1017/S0017383500001650|accessus=29 Augusti 2026}}}}
* {{ec|id=HathiTrust (1917)|c={{Opus|auctor=Mainwaring, Cyril Lyttelton, et Paine, Walter Lionel|annus=1917|titulus=Secundus annus|locus=Oxonii|editor=Clarendon Press|paginae=101|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006527801|accessus=29 Augusti 2026}}}}
* {{ec|id=Imperial War Museums (2026a)|c={{Opus|auctor=Imperial War Museums|annus=2026|titulus=Captain (Temporary) Walter Lionel Paine|subtitulus=Collectio Bond of Sacrifice, First World War Portraits, objectum HU 116550|url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/205386714|accessus=29 Augusti 2026}}}}
* {{ec|id=Imperial War Museums (2026b)|c={{Opus|auctor=Imperial War Museums|annus=2026|titulus=Walter Lionel Paine|opus=Lives of the First World War|url=https://livesofthefirstworldwar.iwm.org.uk/lifestory/3369229|accessus=29 Augusti 2026}}}}
* {{ec|id=Oundle School (s.a.)|c={{Opus|auctor=Oundle School|titulus=Walter Lionel Paine|opus=Oundle Heritage|paginae=14–15|url=https://oundle-heritage.daisy.websds.net/Filename.ashx?systemFileName=OUNRoH000150.pdf&amp;origFilename=OUNRoH000150.pdf|accessus=29 Augusti 2026}}}}
* {{ec|id=Paine et Mainwaring (1912)|c={{Opus|auctor=Paine, W. L., et Mainwaring, C. L.|annus=1912|titulus=Lingua Latina: Primus annus|locus=Oxonii|editor=Clarendon Press|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/56651|accessus=29 Augusti 2026}}}}
{{Div col end}}

{{Anni vitae|1881|1915|Paine, W. L.}}
[[Categoria:Magistri]]
[[Categoria:Milites]]
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      <text bytes="4656" sha1="s0qchwycewkzwvzdi8l7sob4uxii0yk" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}

'''C. L. Mainwaring''', cuius nomen plenum fuit '''Cyril Lyttelton Mainwaring''' (anno 1887 natus, die 17 Februarii 1919 mortuus), fuit linguae Latinae magister Anglus et auctor librorum scholasticorum. Apud Scholam Whitgiftiensem Croydoniae docuit atque, una cum W. L. Paine, libros ad linguam Latinam ratione directa docendam composuit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Cooke (1913)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Paine et Mainwaring (1912)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Index civilis Britannicus mortem Cyrilli L. Mainwaring, annos unius et triginta nati, Croydoniae in parte anni 1919 quae mense Martio finivit consignat. Memoriale sepulcrale diem mortis 17 Februarii et sepulturam in Coemeterio Croydoniensi tradit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=FreeBMD (2026)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Find a Grave (2026)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Vita ==

Mainwaring in Schola Whitgiftensi Croydoniae magister erat. Historia scholae eum et Paine inter scriptores librorum scholasticorum recenset, atque experimentum, ante Bellum Orbis Terrarum Primum, ad linguas antiquas ratione directa docendas ibi susceptum memorat.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Old Whitgiftian Association (2013)}}, p. 36&lt;/ref&gt; Die 15 Aprilis 1917, supplementum ''The London Gazette'' nomen C. L. Mainwaring inter eos rettulit qui ex ''Unattached List'' Territorialis Exercitus ad munus legati temporarii in ''Royal Flying Corps'' translati sunt.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=London Gazette (1917)}}, p. 3554&lt;/ref&gt;

== Libri et ratio docendi ==

''Lingua Latina: Primus annus'', Oxonii anno 1912 a Paine et Mainwaring editus, ex tribus annis experientiae linguae Latinae ratione directa docendae ortus est.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Paine et Mainwaring (1912)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Auctores rationem docendi imitationi innixam esse exposuerunt, ita ut discipulus magistrum loquentem imitetur et grammatica usum postea explicet. Propter naturam linguae Latinae, quae flexionibus et syntaxi insignis est, grammaticam tamen in ipso cursu fundamentum manere censuerunt.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Paine et Mainwaring (1912)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anno eodem Mainwaring, Paine, et E. Ryle ''Decem fabulae pueris puellisque agendae'' ediderunt, opus cui W. H. D. Rouse praefationem scripsit. Recensio in ''The Classical Review'' tum et hoc opus et ''Primus annus'' inter libros a magistris Scholae Whitgiftensis editos rettulit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Cooke (1913)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Postea ''Secundus annus'', a Mainwaring et Paine compositus, Oxonii anno 1917 prodiit. Catalogus HathiTrust id opus ad grammaticam, compositionem, et exercitationes linguae Latinae refert.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=HathiTrust (1917)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Opera ==

* ''Lingua Latina: Primus annus'' (una cum W. L. Paine, 1912).
* ''Decem fabulae pueris puellisque agendae'' (una cum W. L. Paine et E. Ryle, 1912).
* ''Secundus annus'' (una cum W. L. Paine, 1917).

== Notae ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliographia ==
{{Div col incipitur|2}}
* {{ec|id=Cooke (1913)|c={{Opus|auctor=Cooke, Harold P.|annus=1913|titulus=Primus Annus|opus=The Classical Review|volumen=27|doi=10.1017/S0009840X00004406|url=https://doi.org/10.1017/S0009840X00004406|accessus=29 Augusti 2026}}}}
* {{ec|id=Find a Grave (2026)|c={{Opus|auctor=Find a Grave|annus=2026|titulus=Lieut Cyril Lyttelton Mainwaring, Memorial no. 57955965|url=https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/57955965/cyril-lyttelton-mainwaring|accessus=29 Augusti 2026}}}}
* {{ec|id=FreeBMD (2026)|c={{Opus|auctor=Free UK Genealogy CIO|annus=2026|titulus=FreeBMD: Index mortuorum, Mainwaring, Cyril L.|url=https://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/search.pl|accessus=29 Augusti 2026}}}}
* {{ec|id=HathiTrust (1917)|c={{Opus|auctor=Mainwaring, Cyril Lyttelton, et Paine, Walter Lionel|annus=1917|titulus=Secundus annus|locus=Oxonii|editor=Clarendon Press|paginae=101|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006527801|accessus=29 Augusti 2026}}}}
* {{ec|id=London Gazette (1917)|c={{Opus|auctor=Magnus Britanniae|annus=1917|titulus=Supplement to The London Gazette, no. 30019, 14 Aprilis 1917|paginae=3554|editor=The London Gazette|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30019/supplement/3554/data.pdf|accessus=29 Augusti 2026}}}}
* {{ec|id=Old Whitgiftian Association (2013)|c={{Opus|auctor=Old Whitgiftian Association|annus=2013|titulus=Memories of Whitgift, caput 4: Getting a Grip|paginae=36|url=https://whitgiftianassociation.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/chapter-4.pdf|accessus=29 Augusti 2026}}}}
* {{ec|id=Paine et Mainwaring (1912)|c={{Opus|auctor=Paine, W. L., et Mainwaring, C. L.|annus=1912|titulus=Lingua Latina: Primus annus|locus=Oxonii|editor=Clarendon Press|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/56651|accessus=29 Augusti 2026}}}}
{{Div col finitur}}

{{Anni vitae|1887|1919|Mainwaring, C. L.}}
[[Categoria:Angli]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1887]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1919]]</text>
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    <title>Hesel</title>
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    <revision>
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        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
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      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Hesel]] ad [[Hasla]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam</comment>
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  <page>
    <title>Jésonville</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>328102</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3984616</id>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>creatio e francica documentatione</comment>
      <origin>3984616</origin>
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      <text bytes="678" sha1="bzf61oamsqlj30dlt6p4kyh9uvxg3ht" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Jésonville, Église Saint-Christophe.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Jésonville: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[sanctus Christophorus|Sancto Christophoro]] dicata.]]
{{res|Jésonville}} est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 148 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] in regione [[Magnus Oriens|Magno Oriente]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Vosegi]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Jésonville|Jésonville}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vosegi]]</text>
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    <title>Disputatio:Jésonville</title>
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    <id>328103</id>
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      <id>3984617</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-30T13:39:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>54500</id>
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      <comment>attributio</comment>
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      <text bytes="39" sha1="f9ean28uv2eb6s88an3cj43b651j5p0" xml:space="preserve">{{attributio|fr|Jésonville|238964467}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Euouae</title>
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      <comment>Pagina nova: Euouae, abbreviata notatio doxologiae in libris liturgicis</comment>
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      <text bytes="2793" sha1="mzmav09a2bc5bypawk2kkhs3tzh279z" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:LiberUsualisEuouae.jpg|thumb|Psalmodia primi modi doxologiae introitus missae [[Ritus Romanus|Romanae]]. Notatio musicalis primae differentiae supra textum integrum invenitur, reliquae vero supra abbreviatiatum ''E u o u a e'']]
'''Euouae''' est abbreviata notatio melodicae formulae psalmodiae in libris [[Liturgia|liturgicis]] Latinis.

== Descriptio et usus ==
[[Fasciculus:Liber Responsorialis 1895 p054 (cropped - In nativitate Domini, psalmodia primi nocturni).jpg|thumb|Initium primi nocturni Nativitatis Domini iuxta ritum monasticum: conspiciuntur [[Antiphona|antiphonae]] in integrum notatae, intonationes psalmorum, atque differentiae tonorum (''Liber responsorialis'', 1895)]]
Litterae ''e u o u a e'' ultimis [[Vocalis|vocalibus]] ultimorum vocabulorum [[Gloria Patri|doxologiae]] ''Gloria Patri et Filio, et Spiritui Sancto... in saecula s&lt;u&gt;ae&lt;/u&gt;c&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;l&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;r&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;m. &lt;u&gt;A&lt;/u&gt;m&lt;u&gt;e&lt;/u&gt;n'' respondent. Quae doxologia in fine omnium fere [[Psalmus|psalmorum]] [[Divinum Officium|officii]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;''[https://media.churchmusicassociation.org/pdf/antiphonale-bw.pdf Antiphonale Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae pro diurnis horis Ss. D. N. Pii X. Pontificis Maximi jussu restitutum et editum.]'' XVII+776+[221]+98*+48 pp. Romae: Typis Polyglottis Vaticanis (1912).&lt;/ref&gt; atque ad [[Introitus|introitum]] missae adhibetur.&lt;ref&gt;''[https://media.churchmusicassociation.org/pdf/graduale1961.pdf Graduale sacrosanctae Romanae Ecclesiae de tempore et de Sanctis, Ss. D. N. Pii X. Pontificis Maximi iussu restitutum &amp; editum, ad exemplar editionis typicae concinnatum, et rhythmicis signis a Solesmensibus monachis diligenter ornatum.]'' Romae–Tornaci–Neo Eboraci: Desclée et Socii (1961)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''[https://media.churchmusicassociation.org/books/graduale-romanum-1974.pdf Graduale sacrosanctae Romanae Ecclesiae de tempore et de Sanctis, primum sancti Pii X iussu restitutum &amp; editum, Pauli VI Pontificis Maximi cura nunc recognitum, ad exemplar „Ordinis Cantus Missae” dispositum, &amp; rhythmicis signis a Solesmensibus monachis diligenter ornatum.]'' Solesmis (1979)&lt;/ref&gt;

Toni psalmodiae [[Cantus Gregorianus|Gregorianae]], rationes scilicet unumquemque psalmi versiculum cantandi, ex aliquot elementis constat, inchoatione nempe, flexa, tenore, mediatione et terminatione. Terminationes seu differentiae sunt multae, et earum diversitas maior est quam aliorum psalmodiae elementorum: ideo sola differentia demonstrata, tota formula psalmodiae sine dubio indicatur.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Antiphonale monasticum: pro diurnis horis ; juxta vota rr. dd. abbatum congregationum confoederatarum ordinis Sancti Benedicti a Solesmensibus monachis restitutum.'' Tornaci: Desclée (1934)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
[[Categoria:Liturgia]]
[[Categoria:Musica ecclesiastica]]</text>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Hesel (commune generale)]] ad [[Hasla (commune generale)]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam</comment>
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  <page>
    <title>Ioannis Manile</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
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      <comment>creatio e francica documentatione</comment>
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      <text bytes="789" sha1="oopu4o7gqrsgh5932h8eyndgw4ym51o" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Jeanménil 88 église.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Ioannis Manile: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Assumptio]]ni [[Maria (mater Iesu)|Nostrae Dominae]] dicata.]]
{{res|Ioannis Manile}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Graesse}}, t. 2, p. 291.&lt;/ref&gt; (Francogallice ''Jeanménil'') est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] {{formatnum:1106}} incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] in regione [[Magnus Oriens|Magno Oriente]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Vosegi]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Jeanménil|Ioannis Manile}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vosegi]]</text>
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        <id>54500</id>
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      <comment>attributio</comment>
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      <text bytes="38" sha1="q22vobfs414tbc69o7ixjilqfg19hj9" xml:space="preserve">{{attributio|fr|Jeanménil|238963282}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Jarménil</title>
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    <id>328108</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3984641</id>
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        <id>54500</id>
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      <comment>creatio e francica documentatione</comment>
      <origin>3984641</origin>
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      <text bytes="695" sha1="8mg4z7i2zk9d1tvdkfzubbi3ixla8a3" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Jarménil, Mairie et Ecole.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Jarménil: [[vici conciliabulum]] et schola.]]
{{res|Jarménil}} est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 415 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] in regione [[Magnus Oriens|Magno Oriente]].

== Civis notabilis ==
* [[Camillus Amet]] (1870-1934), sodalis parlamenti, ibi natus est.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Vosegi]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Jarménil|Jarménil}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vosegi]]</text>
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      <comment>attributio</comment>
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  <page>
    <title>Gedanis villa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>328110</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3984643</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-30T15:49:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>creatio e francica documentatione</comment>
      <origin>3984643</origin>
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      <text bytes="995" sha1="gsm24twnbinvps9cbgzd0yvqnj1z9c1" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Jainvillotte, Église Saint-Michel.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Gedanis villa: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Michael (archangelus)|Sancto Michaeli]] dicata.]]
{{res|Gedanis villa}} seu '''Jainvilletta''' seu '''Jani villula''' seu '''Jenvilletum''' seu '''Vedani villa'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Graesse}}, t. 2, p. 136.&lt;/ref&gt; (Francogallice ''Jainvillotte'') est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 71 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] in regione [[Magnus Oriens|Magno Oriente]].

== Civis notabilis ==
* [[Ioannes Bossu]] (1911-1985), diurnarius, vir litterarum et rerum gestarum scriptor, hic sepultus est.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Vosegi]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Jainvillotte|Gedanis villam}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vosegi]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>3984644</id>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>54500</id>
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      <comment>attributio</comment>
      <origin>3984644</origin>
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  <page>
    <title>Isches</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>3984645</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-30T15:58:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>creatio e francica documentatione</comment>
      <origin>3984645</origin>
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      <text bytes="840" sha1="7dz02waz37fbqjfi7lnk59icmg4pi6p" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Isches, Église Saint-Brice.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Isches: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Sanctus Brictius|Sancto Brictio]] dicata.]]
{{res|Isches}} est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 176 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] in regione [[Magnus Oriens|Magno Oriente]].

== Cives notabiles ==
* [[Paulus Elbel]] (1875-1940), legatus parlamenti pro Vosego, ibi natus est.
* [[Ioannes Déchanet]] (1906-1992), monachus Benedictinus, iogae Christianae auctor, ibi natus est.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Vosegi]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Isches|Isches}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vosegi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Disputatio:Isches</title>
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    <id>328113</id>
    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>attributio</comment>
      <origin>3984646</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="34" sha1="8x4dvf021ag5cxlcaphr9djt9fnk0jl" xml:space="preserve">{{attributio|fr|Isches|238961083}}</text>
      <sha1>8x4dvf021ag5cxlcaphr9djt9fnk0jl</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Igniacum (Vosegus)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>328114</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3984648</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-30T16:17:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>creatio e francica documentatione</comment>
      <origin>3984648</origin>
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      <text bytes="975" sha1="diivoc8lvnhh3u8m7oldjh19os3p75d" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Igney, Eglise Saint-Nicolas.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Igniacum: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[sanctus|Sanctis]] [[Sanctus Benedictus|Benedicto]], [[Sanctus Nicolaus|Nicolaoque]], necnon [[Maria (mater Iesu)|Notrae Dominae]] dicata.]]
{{res|Igniacum}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Graesse}}, t. 2, p. 136.&lt;/ref&gt; (Francogallice ''Igney'') est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 71 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] in regione [[Magnus Oriens|Magno Oriente]].

== Civis notabilis ==
* [[Gilles Laporte]] (1945-), scriptor, scriptor scaenicus, persona radiophonica et televisifica, et orator, hic natus est.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Vosegi]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Igney|Igniacum}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vosegi]]</text>
      <sha1>diivoc8lvnhh3u8m7oldjh19os3p75d</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3984649</id>
      <parentid>3984648</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-30T16:18:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>cives</comment>
      <origin>3984649</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="991" sha1="p3tdwkonsoy2zq9z91utt7rb5kh499n" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Igney, Eglise Saint-Nicolas.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Igniacum: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[sanctus|Sanctis]] [[Sanctus Benedictus|Benedicto]], [[Sanctus Nicolaus|Nicolaoque]], necnon [[Maria (mater Iesu)|Notrae Dominae]] dicata.]]
{{res|Igniacum}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Graesse}}, t. 2, p. 136.&lt;/ref&gt; (Francogallice ''Igney'') est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] {{formatnum:1133}} incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] in regione [[Magnus Oriens|Magno Oriente]].

== Civis notabilis ==
* [[Gilles Laporte]] (1945-), scriptor, scriptor scaenicus, persona radiophonica et televisifica, et orator, hic natus est.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Vosegi]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Igney|Igniacum}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vosegi]]</text>
      <sha1>p3tdwkonsoy2zq9z91utt7rb5kh499n</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3984652</id>
      <parentid>3984649</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-30T16:19:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Nexus externi */ nexus</comment>
      <origin>3984652</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1000" sha1="0l1aq2ta3l9g90zimkwvwf0d4hpi7h8" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Igney, Eglise Saint-Nicolas.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Igniacum: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[sanctus|Sanctis]] [[Sanctus Benedictus|Benedicto]], [[Sanctus Nicolaus|Nicolaoque]], necnon [[Maria (mater Iesu)|Notrae Dominae]] dicata.]]
{{res|Igniacum}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Graesse}}, t. 2, p. 136.&lt;/ref&gt; (Francogallice ''Igney'') est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] {{formatnum:1133}} incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] in regione [[Magnus Oriens|Magno Oriente]].

== Civis notabilis ==
* [[Gilles Laporte]] (1945-), scriptor, scriptor scaenicus, persona radiophonica et televisifica, et orator, hic natus est.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Vosegi]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Igney (Vosges)|Igniacum}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vosegi]]</text>
      <sha1>0l1aq2ta3l9g90zimkwvwf0d4hpi7h8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Disputatio:Igniacum (Vosegus)</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>328115</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3984650</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-30T16:19:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>attributio</comment>
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      <text bytes="42" sha1="gtmrt0sr2hu75t3i0kd73fvdbtnrx5i" xml:space="preserve">{{attributio|fr|Igney (Vosges)|238960908}}</text>
      <sha1>gtmrt0sr2hu75t3i0kd73fvdbtnrx5i</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lacus Tiudensis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>328116</id>
    <redirect title="Lacus Peipus" />
    <revision>
      <id>3984664</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-30T16:46:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>nova</comment>
      <origin>3984664</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="26" sha1="1ufyc2w7lkciutval0zqp9yonhl1dun" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Lacus Peipus]]</text>
      <sha1>1ufyc2w7lkciutval0zqp9yonhl1dun</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lacus Pscoviensis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>328117</id>
    <redirect title="Lacus Peipus" />
    <revision>
      <id>3984665</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-30T16:49:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>nova</comment>
      <origin>3984665</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="26" sha1="1ufyc2w7lkciutval0zqp9yonhl1dun" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Lacus Peipus]]</text>
      <sha1>1ufyc2w7lkciutval0zqp9yonhl1dun</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lacus Calidus (Peipus)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>328118</id>
    <redirect title="Lacus Peipus" />
    <revision>
      <id>3984667</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-30T16:53:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>nova</comment>
      <origin>3984667</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="26" sha1="1ufyc2w7lkciutval0zqp9yonhl1dun" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Lacus Peipus]]</text>
      <sha1>1ufyc2w7lkciutval0zqp9yonhl1dun</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>S. E. Winbolt</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>328119</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3984668</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-30T17:17:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JimKillock</username>
        <id>109532</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>pagina a Manu AI scripta; et ab auctore verificanda</comment>
      <origin>3984668</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5968" sha1="goy8yv24a2yqh5xzl2ki9dl6d00ztj6" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!--- nullae abrogationes in prooemio contineri solent, vide textum principalem --&gt;
{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}

'''S. E. Winbolt''', plene '''Samuel Edward Winbolt''' (1868–1944), fuit magister Britannicus, rerum classicarum peritus, scriptor et archaeologus. Apud [[Christ's Hospital]] et in Collegio Corporis Christi Universitatis Oxoniensis educatus est, Oxonii honores classicos praeclaros consecutus, atque ab anno 1892 ad annum 1926 apud Christ's Hospital doctrinam classicam exercuit, ubi editiones scholasticas et opera historica litterariaque edidit. Post secessum in archaeologiam Romanam et Romano-Britannicam incubuit; vestigia villae Romanae apud [[Folkestone]] annis 1923–1924, subsidio municipii adiutus, investigavit et de eis anno 1925 scripsit. Commentatio posterior eius methodum, cum divulgatione publica coniunctam, descripsit, et investigatio anni 2010 duas structuras Romanas sibi succedentes confirmavit, sicut ipse rettulerat. Inter opera eius sunt ''Latin Hexameter Verse: An Aid to Composition'' (1903), ''England and Napoleon (1801–1815)'' (1912), et ''Roman Folkestone'' (1925).

== Vita et munera ==
Winbolt apud Christ's Hospital et in Collegio Corporis Christi Universitatis Oxoniensis educatus est; Oxonii honores classicos praeclaros consecutus est. Ad Christ's Hospital magister rediit, ubi editiones ad usum scholasticum scriptorum classicorum necnon opera de historia et litteris Anglicis edidit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Margary (1944)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Secundum notitiam editoris Routledge, inde ab anno 1892 usque ad annum 1926 doctrinam classicam apud eandem scholam exercuit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Routledge (2026)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Post secessum in archaeologiam Romanam et Romano-Britannicam incubuit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Margary (1944)}}&lt;/ref&gt; In historia villae Romanae Folkestone locum habuit, quamvis commentatio posterior eius methodum cum cura divulgationis publicae et peregrinatorum coniunctam descripsit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Crowther (2021)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Fasciculus:S E Winbolt.jpg|thumb|S. E. Winbolt.]]

== Archaeologia ==
Mense Augusto anni 1923 Winbolt, Folkestone feriatus, de vestigiis antiquis in ora East Cliff certior factus est. In feriis sequentibus, mense Aprili et iterum aestate anni 1924, cum operariis atque adiutoribus villam Romanam apud East Wear Bay effodit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Crowther (2021)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ipse in commentariolo ad ''Archaeologia Cantiana'' dato narravit se effossionem mense Aprili inchoavisse, mense Augusto continuavisse, et subsidio municipii Folkestone adiutum esse.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Winbolt (1925b)}}, pp. 209–210&lt;/ref&gt;

Eventus investigationum anno 1925 et libro ''Roman Folkestone'' et commentariolo ''Roman Villa, Folkestone'' exposuit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Winbolt (1925a)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Winbolt (1925b)}}, pp. 209–210&lt;/ref&gt; Relatio de effossionibus anni 2010 indicat vestigia villae primo ab eo annis 1923–1924 inventa atque investigata esse. Eadem relatio affirmat recentes investigationes duas structuras Romanas sibi succedentes confirmavisse, sicut Winbolt rettulerat.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Parfitt (2010)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Opera selecta ==
Inter opera eius numerantur:

* ''Latin Hexameter Verse: An Aid to Composition'' (Londinii: Methuen, 1903), liber de versu hexametro, metrica et rhythmica Latina.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Winbolt (1903)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''England and Napoleon (1801–1815)'' (Londinii: G. Bell, 1912), collectio fontium de historia Britanniae et [[Napoleon]]e I.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Winbolt (1912)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Roman Folkestone: A Record of Excavation of Roman Villas at East Wear Bay, with Speculations and Historical Sketches on Related Subjects'' (Londinii: Methuen &amp; Co., 1925).&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Winbolt (1925a)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliographia ==
{{Div col incipitur|2}}
* {{ec|id=Margary (1944)|c={{Opus|auctor=I. D. Margary|annus=1944|titulus=Mr. S. E. Winbolt|opus=Nature|volumen=153|pagina=518|data=29 Aprilis 1944|doi=10.1038/153518b0|url=https://doi.org/10.1038/153518b0}}}}
* {{ec|id=Routledge (2026)|c={{Opus|auctor=Routledge|annus=2026|titulus=Key to Latin Hexameter Verse: An Aid to Composition|opus=Pagina editoris|url=https://www.routledge.com/Key-to-Latin-Hexameter-Verse-An-Aid-to-Composition/Winbolt/p/book/9780367142124|accessus=30 Augusti 2026}}}}
* {{ec|id=Crowther (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Michelle Crowther|annus=2021|titulus=S.E. Winbolt (1868–1944)|opus=Kent Maps Online|editor=Canterbury Christ Church University|data=10 Iulii 2021|url=https://www.kent-maps.online/20c/20c-winbolt-biography/|accessus=30 Augusti 2026}}}}
* {{ec|id=Parfitt (2010)|c={{Opus|auctor=Keith Parfitt|annus=2010|titulus=Folkestone Roman Villa: Report on excavations 2010|opus=KAS Newsletter|numerus=88|editor=Kent Archaeological Society|data=hiems 2010/11|url=https://www.kentarchaeology.org.uk/magazine/88/11-folkestone-roman-villa|accessus=30 Augusti 2026}}}}
* {{ec|id=Winbolt (1903)|c={{Opus|auctor=S. E. Winbolt|annus=1903|titulus=Latin Hexameter Verse: An Aid to Composition|locus=Londinium|editor=Methuen|url=https://archive.org/details/latinhexameterve00winbuoft|accessus=30 Augusti 2026}}}}
* {{ec|id=Winbolt (1912)|c={{Opus|auctor=S. E. Winbolt|annus=1912|titulus=England and Napoleon (1801–1815)|locus=Londinium|editor=G. Bell|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008645271|accessus=30 Augusti 2026}}}}
* {{ec|id=Winbolt (1925a)|c={{Opus|auctor=S. E. Winbolt|annus=1925|titulus=Roman Folkestone: A Record of Excavation of Roman Villas at East Wear Bay, with Speculations and Historical Sketches on Related Subjects|locus=Londinium|editor=Methuen &amp; Co.|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000272791|accessus=30 Augusti 2026}}}}
* {{ec|id=Winbolt (1925b)|c={{Opus|auctor=S. E. Winbolt|annus=1925|titulus=Roman Villa, Folkestone|opus=Archaeologia Cantiana|volumen=37|paginae=209–210|url=https://www.kentarchaeology.org.uk/s/archaeologia-cantiana_037-13_roman_villa_folkestone.pdf|accessus=30 Augusti 2026}}}}
{{Div col finitur}}

{{Anni vitae|1868|1944|Winbolt, S. E.}}
[[Categoria:Archaeologi Britannici]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>3984669</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-30T17:20:47Z</timestamp>
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        <id>109532</id>
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      <text bytes="6039" sha1="7n13rllurzefogzv41o62u85ma6o4k0" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!--- nullae abrogationes in prooemio contineri solent, vide textum principalem --&gt;
{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}

'''S. E. Winbolt''', plene '''Samuel Edward Winbolt''' (1868–1944), fuit magister Britannicus, rerum classicarum peritus, scriptor et archaeologus. Apud [[Christ's Hospital]] et in Collegio Corporis Christi Universitatis Oxoniensis educatus est, Oxonii honores classicos praeclaros consecutus, atque ab anno 1892 ad annum 1926 apud Christ's Hospital doctrinam classicam exercuit, ubi editiones scholasticas et opera historica litterariaque edidit. Post secessum in archaeologiam Romanam et Romano-Britannicam incubuit; vestigia villae Romanae apud [[Folkestone]] annis 1923–1924, subsidio municipii adiutus, investigavit et de eis anno 1925 scripsit. Commentatio posterior eius methodum, cum divulgatione publica coniunctam, descripsit, et investigatio anni 2010 duas structuras Romanas sibi succedentes confirmavit, sicut ipse rettulerat. Inter opera eius sunt ''Latin Hexameter Verse: An Aid to Composition'' (1903), ''England and Napoleon (1801–1815)'' (1912), et ''Roman Folkestone'' (1925).

== Vita et munera ==
Winbolt apud Christ's Hospital et in Collegio Corporis Christi Universitatis Oxoniensis educatus est; Oxonii honores classicos praeclaros consecutus est. Ad Christ's Hospital magister rediit, ubi editiones ad usum scholasticum scriptorum classicorum necnon opera de historia et litteris Anglicis edidit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Margary (1944)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Secundum notitiam editoris Routledge, inde ab anno 1892 usque ad annum 1926 doctrinam classicam apud eandem scholam exercuit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Routledge (2026)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Post secessum in archaeologiam Romanam et Romano-Britannicam incubuit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Margary (1944)}}&lt;/ref&gt; In historia villae Romanae Folkestone locum habuit, quamvis commentatio posterior eius methodum cum cura divulgationis publicae et peregrinatorum coniunctam descripsit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Crowther (2021)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Fasciculus:S E Winbolt.jpg|thumb|S. E. Winbolt.]]

== Archaeologia ==
Mense Augusto anni 1923 Winbolt, Folkestone feriatus, de vestigiis antiquis in ora East Cliff certior factus est. In feriis sequentibus, mense Aprili et iterum aestate anni 1924, cum operariis atque adiutoribus villam Romanam apud East Wear Bay effodit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Crowther (2021)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ipse in commentariolo ad ''Archaeologia Cantiana'' dato narravit se effossionem mense Aprili inchoavisse, mense Augusto continuavisse, et subsidio municipii Folkestone adiutum esse.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Winbolt (1925b)}}, pp. 209–210&lt;/ref&gt;

Eventus investigationum anno 1925 et libro ''Roman Folkestone'' et commentariolo ''Roman Villa, Folkestone'' exposuit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Winbolt (1925a)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Winbolt (1925b)}}, pp. 209–210&lt;/ref&gt; Relatio de effossionibus anni 2010 indicat vestigia villae primo ab eo annis 1923–1924 inventa atque investigata esse. Eadem relatio affirmat recentes investigationes duas structuras Romanas sibi succedentes confirmavisse, sicut Winbolt rettulerat.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Parfitt (2010)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Opera selecta ==
Inter opera eius numerantur:

* ''Latin Hexameter Verse: An Aid to Composition'' (Londinii: Methuen, 1903), liber de versu hexametro, metrica et rhythmica Latina.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Winbolt (1903)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''England and Napoleon (1801–1815)'' (Londinii: G. Bell, 1912), collectio fontium de historia Britanniae et [[Napoleon]]e I.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Winbolt (1912)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Roman Folkestone: A Record of Excavation of Roman Villas at East Wear Bay, with Speculations and Historical Sketches on Related Subjects'' (Londinii: Methuen &amp; Co., 1925).&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Winbolt (1925a)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliographia ==
{{Div col incipitur|2}}
* {{ec|id=Margary (1944)|c={{Opus|auctor=I. D. Margary|annus=1944|titulus=Mr. S. E. Winbolt|opus=Nature|volumen=153|pagina=518|data=29 Aprilis 1944|doi=10.1038/153518b0|url=https://doi.org/10.1038/153518b0}}}}
* {{ec|id=Routledge (2026)|c={{Opus|auctor=Routledge|annus=2026|titulus=Key to Latin Hexameter Verse: An Aid to Composition|opus=Pagina editoris|url=https://www.routledge.com/Key-to-Latin-Hexameter-Verse-An-Aid-to-Composition/Winbolt/p/book/9780367142124|accessus=30 Augusti 2026}}}}
* {{ec|id=Crowther (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Michelle Crowther|annus=2021|titulus=S.E. Winbolt (1868–1944)|opus=Kent Maps Online|editor=Canterbury Christ Church University|data=10 Iulii 2021|url=https://www.kent-maps.online/20c/20c-winbolt-biography/|accessus=30 Augusti 2026}}}}
* {{ec|id=Parfitt (2010)|c={{Opus|auctor=Keith Parfitt|annus=2010|titulus=Folkestone Roman Villa: Report on excavations 2010|opus=KAS Newsletter|numerus=88|editor=Kent Archaeological Society|data=hiems 2010/11|url=https://www.kentarchaeology.org.uk/magazine/88/11-folkestone-roman-villa|accessus=30 Augusti 2026}}}}
* {{ec|id=Winbolt (1903)|c={{Opus|auctor=S. E. Winbolt|annus=1903|titulus=Latin Hexameter Verse: An Aid to Composition|locus=Londinium|editor=Methuen|url=https://archive.org/details/latinhexameterve00winbuoft|accessus=30 Augusti 2026}}}}
* {{ec|id=Winbolt (1912)|c={{Opus|auctor=S. E. Winbolt|annus=1912|titulus=England and Napoleon (1801–1815)|locus=Londinium|editor=G. Bell|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008645271|accessus=30 Augusti 2026}}}}
* {{ec|id=Winbolt (1925a)|c={{Opus|auctor=S. E. Winbolt|annus=1925|titulus=Roman Folkestone: A Record of Excavation of Roman Villas at East Wear Bay, with Speculations and Historical Sketches on Related Subjects|locus=Londinium|editor=Methuen &amp; Co.|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000272791|accessus=30 Augusti 2026}}}}
* {{ec|id=Winbolt (1925b)|c={{Opus|auctor=S. E. Winbolt|annus=1925|titulus=Roman Villa, Folkestone|opus=Archaeologia Cantiana|volumen=37|paginae=209–210|url=https://www.kentarchaeology.org.uk/s/archaeologia-cantiana_037-13_roman_villa_folkestone.pdf|accessus=30 Augusti 2026}}}}
{{Div col finitur}}

== Nexus externi ==
{{Vicifons|Scriptor:S. E. Winbolt|S. E. Winbolt}}

{{Anni vitae|1868|1944|Winbolt, S. E.}}
[[Categoria:Archaeologi Britannici]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>3984670</id>
      <parentid>3984669</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-30T17:21:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JimKillock</username>
        <id>109532</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Nexus externi */</comment>
      <origin>3984670</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6049" sha1="0trbm4n2q28v4zi020vt2emijpr9p4k" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!--- nullae abrogationes in prooemio contineri solent, vide textum principalem --&gt;
{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}

'''S. E. Winbolt''', plene '''Samuel Edward Winbolt''' (1868–1944), fuit magister Britannicus, rerum classicarum peritus, scriptor et archaeologus. Apud [[Christ's Hospital]] et in Collegio Corporis Christi Universitatis Oxoniensis educatus est, Oxonii honores classicos praeclaros consecutus, atque ab anno 1892 ad annum 1926 apud Christ's Hospital doctrinam classicam exercuit, ubi editiones scholasticas et opera historica litterariaque edidit. Post secessum in archaeologiam Romanam et Romano-Britannicam incubuit; vestigia villae Romanae apud [[Folkestone]] annis 1923–1924, subsidio municipii adiutus, investigavit et de eis anno 1925 scripsit. Commentatio posterior eius methodum, cum divulgatione publica coniunctam, descripsit, et investigatio anni 2010 duas structuras Romanas sibi succedentes confirmavit, sicut ipse rettulerat. Inter opera eius sunt ''Latin Hexameter Verse: An Aid to Composition'' (1903), ''England and Napoleon (1801–1815)'' (1912), et ''Roman Folkestone'' (1925).

== Vita et munera ==
Winbolt apud Christ's Hospital et in Collegio Corporis Christi Universitatis Oxoniensis educatus est; Oxonii honores classicos praeclaros consecutus est. Ad Christ's Hospital magister rediit, ubi editiones ad usum scholasticum scriptorum classicorum necnon opera de historia et litteris Anglicis edidit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Margary (1944)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Secundum notitiam editoris Routledge, inde ab anno 1892 usque ad annum 1926 doctrinam classicam apud eandem scholam exercuit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Routledge (2026)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Post secessum in archaeologiam Romanam et Romano-Britannicam incubuit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Margary (1944)}}&lt;/ref&gt; In historia villae Romanae Folkestone locum habuit, quamvis commentatio posterior eius methodum cum cura divulgationis publicae et peregrinatorum coniunctam descripsit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Crowther (2021)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Fasciculus:S E Winbolt.jpg|thumb|S. E. Winbolt.]]

== Archaeologia ==
Mense Augusto anni 1923 Winbolt, Folkestone feriatus, de vestigiis antiquis in ora East Cliff certior factus est. In feriis sequentibus, mense Aprili et iterum aestate anni 1924, cum operariis atque adiutoribus villam Romanam apud East Wear Bay effodit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Crowther (2021)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ipse in commentariolo ad ''Archaeologia Cantiana'' dato narravit se effossionem mense Aprili inchoavisse, mense Augusto continuavisse, et subsidio municipii Folkestone adiutum esse.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Winbolt (1925b)}}, pp. 209–210&lt;/ref&gt;

Eventus investigationum anno 1925 et libro ''Roman Folkestone'' et commentariolo ''Roman Villa, Folkestone'' exposuit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Winbolt (1925a)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Winbolt (1925b)}}, pp. 209–210&lt;/ref&gt; Relatio de effossionibus anni 2010 indicat vestigia villae primo ab eo annis 1923–1924 inventa atque investigata esse. Eadem relatio affirmat recentes investigationes duas structuras Romanas sibi succedentes confirmavisse, sicut Winbolt rettulerat.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Parfitt (2010)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Opera selecta ==
Inter opera eius numerantur:

* ''Latin Hexameter Verse: An Aid to Composition'' (Londinii: Methuen, 1903), liber de versu hexametro, metrica et rhythmica Latina.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Winbolt (1903)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''England and Napoleon (1801–1815)'' (Londinii: G. Bell, 1912), collectio fontium de historia Britanniae et [[Napoleon]]e I.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Winbolt (1912)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Roman Folkestone: A Record of Excavation of Roman Villas at East Wear Bay, with Speculations and Historical Sketches on Related Subjects'' (Londinii: Methuen &amp; Co., 1925).&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Winbolt (1925a)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliographia ==
{{Div col incipitur|2}}
* {{ec|id=Margary (1944)|c={{Opus|auctor=I. D. Margary|annus=1944|titulus=Mr. S. E. Winbolt|opus=Nature|volumen=153|pagina=518|data=29 Aprilis 1944|doi=10.1038/153518b0|url=https://doi.org/10.1038/153518b0}}}}
* {{ec|id=Routledge (2026)|c={{Opus|auctor=Routledge|annus=2026|titulus=Key to Latin Hexameter Verse: An Aid to Composition|opus=Pagina editoris|url=https://www.routledge.com/Key-to-Latin-Hexameter-Verse-An-Aid-to-Composition/Winbolt/p/book/9780367142124|accessus=30 Augusti 2026}}}}
* {{ec|id=Crowther (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Michelle Crowther|annus=2021|titulus=S.E. Winbolt (1868–1944)|opus=Kent Maps Online|editor=Canterbury Christ Church University|data=10 Iulii 2021|url=https://www.kent-maps.online/20c/20c-winbolt-biography/|accessus=30 Augusti 2026}}}}
* {{ec|id=Parfitt (2010)|c={{Opus|auctor=Keith Parfitt|annus=2010|titulus=Folkestone Roman Villa: Report on excavations 2010|opus=KAS Newsletter|numerus=88|editor=Kent Archaeological Society|data=hiems 2010/11|url=https://www.kentarchaeology.org.uk/magazine/88/11-folkestone-roman-villa|accessus=30 Augusti 2026}}}}
* {{ec|id=Winbolt (1903)|c={{Opus|auctor=S. E. Winbolt|annus=1903|titulus=Latin Hexameter Verse: An Aid to Composition|locus=Londinium|editor=Methuen|url=https://archive.org/details/latinhexameterve00winbuoft|accessus=30 Augusti 2026}}}}
* {{ec|id=Winbolt (1912)|c={{Opus|auctor=S. E. Winbolt|annus=1912|titulus=England and Napoleon (1801–1815)|locus=Londinium|editor=G. Bell|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008645271|accessus=30 Augusti 2026}}}}
* {{ec|id=Winbolt (1925a)|c={{Opus|auctor=S. E. Winbolt|annus=1925|titulus=Roman Folkestone: A Record of Excavation of Roman Villas at East Wear Bay, with Speculations and Historical Sketches on Related Subjects|locus=Londinium|editor=Methuen &amp; Co.|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000272791|accessus=30 Augusti 2026}}}}
* {{ec|id=Winbolt (1925b)|c={{Opus|auctor=S. E. Winbolt|annus=1925|titulus=Roman Villa, Folkestone|opus=Archaeologia Cantiana|volumen=37|paginae=209–210|url=https://www.kentarchaeology.org.uk/s/archaeologia-cantiana_037-13_roman_villa_folkestone.pdf|accessus=30 Augusti 2026}}}}
{{Div col finitur}}

== Nexus externi ==
{{Vicifons|Scriptor:Samuel Eduardus Winbolt|S. E. Winbolt}}

{{Anni vitae|1868|1944|Winbolt, S. E.}}
[[Categoria:Archaeologi Britannici]]</text>
      <sha1>0trbm4n2q28v4zi020vt2emijpr9p4k</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3984682</id>
      <parentid>3984670</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-30T18:47:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JimKillock</username>
        <id>109532</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Vita et munera */</comment>
      <origin>3984682</origin>
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      <text bytes="5996" sha1="tbovog3es166x1ab2cpibq12myg0x8b" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!--- nullae abrogationes in prooemio contineri solent, vide textum principalem --&gt;
{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}

'''S. E. Winbolt''', plene '''Samuel Edward Winbolt''' (1868–1944), fuit magister Britannicus, rerum classicarum peritus, scriptor et archaeologus. Apud [[Christ's Hospital]] et in Collegio Corporis Christi Universitatis Oxoniensis educatus est, Oxonii honores classicos praeclaros consecutus, atque ab anno 1892 ad annum 1926 apud Christ's Hospital doctrinam classicam exercuit, ubi editiones scholasticas et opera historica litterariaque edidit. Post secessum in archaeologiam Romanam et Romano-Britannicam incubuit; vestigia villae Romanae apud [[Folkestone]] annis 1923–1924, subsidio municipii adiutus, investigavit et de eis anno 1925 scripsit. Commentatio posterior eius methodum, cum divulgatione publica coniunctam, descripsit, et investigatio anni 2010 duas structuras Romanas sibi succedentes confirmavit, sicut ipse rettulerat. Inter opera eius sunt ''Latin Hexameter Verse: An Aid to Composition'' (1903), ''England and Napoleon (1801–1815)'' (1912), et ''Roman Folkestone'' (1925).

== Vita et munera ==
Winbolt apud Christ's Hospital et in Collegio Corporis Christi Universitatis Oxoniensis educatus est; Oxonii honores classicos praeclaros consecutus est. Ad Christ's Hospital magister rediit, ubi editiones ad usum scholasticum scriptorum classicorum necnon opera de historia et litteris Anglicis edidit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Margary (1944)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Secundum notitiam editoris Routledge, inde ab anno 1892 usque ad annum 1926 doctrinam classicam apud eandem scholam exercuit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Routledge (2026)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Post secessum in archaeologiam Romanam et Romano-Britannicam incubuit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Margary (1944)}}&lt;/ref&gt; In historia villae Romanae Folkestone locum habuit, quamvis commentatio posterior eius methodum cum cura divulgationis publicae et peregrinatorum coniunctam descripsit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Crowther (2021)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Archaeologia ==
Mense Augusto anni 1923 Winbolt, Folkestone feriatus, de vestigiis antiquis in ora East Cliff certior factus est. In feriis sequentibus, mense Aprili et iterum aestate anni 1924, cum operariis atque adiutoribus villam Romanam apud East Wear Bay effodit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Crowther (2021)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ipse in commentariolo ad ''Archaeologia Cantiana'' dato narravit se effossionem mense Aprili inchoavisse, mense Augusto continuavisse, et subsidio municipii Folkestone adiutum esse.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Winbolt (1925b)}}, pp. 209–210&lt;/ref&gt;

Eventus investigationum anno 1925 et libro ''Roman Folkestone'' et commentariolo ''Roman Villa, Folkestone'' exposuit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Winbolt (1925a)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Winbolt (1925b)}}, pp. 209–210&lt;/ref&gt; Relatio de effossionibus anni 2010 indicat vestigia villae primo ab eo annis 1923–1924 inventa atque investigata esse. Eadem relatio affirmat recentes investigationes duas structuras Romanas sibi succedentes confirmavisse, sicut Winbolt rettulerat.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Parfitt (2010)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Opera selecta ==
Inter opera eius numerantur:

* ''Latin Hexameter Verse: An Aid to Composition'' (Londinii: Methuen, 1903), liber de versu hexametro, metrica et rhythmica Latina.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Winbolt (1903)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''England and Napoleon (1801–1815)'' (Londinii: G. Bell, 1912), collectio fontium de historia Britanniae et [[Napoleon]]e I.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Winbolt (1912)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Roman Folkestone: A Record of Excavation of Roman Villas at East Wear Bay, with Speculations and Historical Sketches on Related Subjects'' (Londinii: Methuen &amp; Co., 1925).&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Winbolt (1925a)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliographia ==
{{Div col incipitur|2}}
* {{ec|id=Margary (1944)|c={{Opus|auctor=I. D. Margary|annus=1944|titulus=Mr. S. E. Winbolt|opus=Nature|volumen=153|pagina=518|data=29 Aprilis 1944|doi=10.1038/153518b0|url=https://doi.org/10.1038/153518b0}}}}
* {{ec|id=Routledge (2026)|c={{Opus|auctor=Routledge|annus=2026|titulus=Key to Latin Hexameter Verse: An Aid to Composition|opus=Pagina editoris|url=https://www.routledge.com/Key-to-Latin-Hexameter-Verse-An-Aid-to-Composition/Winbolt/p/book/9780367142124|accessus=30 Augusti 2026}}}}
* {{ec|id=Crowther (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Michelle Crowther|annus=2021|titulus=S.E. Winbolt (1868–1944)|opus=Kent Maps Online|editor=Canterbury Christ Church University|data=10 Iulii 2021|url=https://www.kent-maps.online/20c/20c-winbolt-biography/|accessus=30 Augusti 2026}}}}
* {{ec|id=Parfitt (2010)|c={{Opus|auctor=Keith Parfitt|annus=2010|titulus=Folkestone Roman Villa: Report on excavations 2010|opus=KAS Newsletter|numerus=88|editor=Kent Archaeological Society|data=hiems 2010/11|url=https://www.kentarchaeology.org.uk/magazine/88/11-folkestone-roman-villa|accessus=30 Augusti 2026}}}}
* {{ec|id=Winbolt (1903)|c={{Opus|auctor=S. E. Winbolt|annus=1903|titulus=Latin Hexameter Verse: An Aid to Composition|locus=Londinium|editor=Methuen|url=https://archive.org/details/latinhexameterve00winbuoft|accessus=30 Augusti 2026}}}}
* {{ec|id=Winbolt (1912)|c={{Opus|auctor=S. E. Winbolt|annus=1912|titulus=England and Napoleon (1801–1815)|locus=Londinium|editor=G. Bell|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008645271|accessus=30 Augusti 2026}}}}
* {{ec|id=Winbolt (1925a)|c={{Opus|auctor=S. E. Winbolt|annus=1925|titulus=Roman Folkestone: A Record of Excavation of Roman Villas at East Wear Bay, with Speculations and Historical Sketches on Related Subjects|locus=Londinium|editor=Methuen &amp; Co.|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000272791|accessus=30 Augusti 2026}}}}
* {{ec|id=Winbolt (1925b)|c={{Opus|auctor=S. E. Winbolt|annus=1925|titulus=Roman Villa, Folkestone|opus=Archaeologia Cantiana|volumen=37|paginae=209–210|url=https://www.kentarchaeology.org.uk/s/archaeologia-cantiana_037-13_roman_villa_folkestone.pdf|accessus=30 Augusti 2026}}}}
{{Div col finitur}}

== Nexus externi ==
{{Vicifons|Scriptor:Samuel Eduardus Winbolt|S. E. Winbolt}}

{{Anni vitae|1868|1944|Winbolt, S. E.}}
[[Categoria:Archaeologi Britannici]]</text>
      <sha1>tbovog3es166x1ab2cpibq12myg0x8b</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Eolendörpe</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>328120</id>
    <redirect title="Vicus Vetus Hassicus" />
    <revision>
      <id>3984696</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-30T19:08:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirigens ad [[Vicus Vetus Hassicus]]</comment>
      <origin>3984696</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="34" sha1="1ivv6mlphvyeb2zz5w4om3rzkzlyqw0" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Vicus Vetus Hassicus]]</text>
      <sha1>1ivv6mlphvyeb2zz5w4om3rzkzlyqw0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Heyen</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>328121</id>
    <redirect title="Heya" />
    <revision>
      <id>3984702</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-30T19:24:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Heyen]] ad [[Heya]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam</comment>
      <origin>3984702</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18" sha1="j6stcnxe30bbxpdyc60ml8gzmogr0qi" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Heya]]</text>
      <sha1>j6stcnxe30bbxpdyc60ml8gzmogr0qi</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Amyloidum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>328122</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3984737</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-31T02:37:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jondel</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Paginam instituit, scribens ''''Amyloidum''' est aggregatio proteinorum fibrosorum insolubilium quae proprietates structurales specificas communicant. Accumulatio abnormis amyloidi in organis ad amyloidosin ducere et in variis morbis neurodegenerativis partes agere potest.'</comment>
      <origin>3984737</origin>
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      <text bytes="244" sha1="1c19h0nk2oq6u8v1nu7okkk4ry1aph7" xml:space="preserve">'''Amyloidum''' est aggregatio proteinorum fibrosorum insolubilium quae proprietates structurales specificas communicant. Accumulatio abnormis amyloidi in organis ad amyloidosin ducere et in variis morbis neurodegenerativis partes agere potest.</text>
      <sha1>1c19h0nk2oq6u8v1nu7okkk4ry1aph7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3984738</id>
      <parentid>3984737</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-31T02:39:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jondel</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3984738</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="363" sha1="bpurgbz8a185s4m93sn8wztusa3r4ji" xml:space="preserve">'''Amyloidum''' est aggregatio proteinorum fibrosorum insolubilium quae proprietates structurales specificas communicant. Accumulatio abnormis amyloidi in organis ad amyloidosin ducere et in variis morbis neurodegenerativis partes agere potest.

=== Bibliographia ===
*[https://www.britannica.com/science/amyloid   Amyloide.Britannica.Y2026]
[[Category:Protinas]]</text>
      <sha1>bpurgbz8a185s4m93sn8wztusa3r4ji</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3984739</id>
      <parentid>3984738</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-31T02:45:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jondel</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3984739</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="466" sha1="4w257wb8l6gqxcphuvhvs74s437l5zx" xml:space="preserve">'''Amyloidum''' est aggregatio proteinorum fibrosorum insolubilium quae proprietates structurales specificas communicant. Accumulatio abnormis amyloidi in organis ad amyloidosin ducere et in variis morbis neurodegenerativis partes agere potest.

=== Bibliographia ===
*[https://www.britannica.com/science/amyloid   Amyloide.Britannica.Y2026]
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Morbus Alzheimerianus]]
* [[Neurodegeneratio]]

{{biologia-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Proteinae]]</text>
      <sha1>4w257wb8l6gqxcphuvhvs74s437l5zx</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>3984740</id>
      <parentid>3984739</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-31T02:51:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jondel</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <origin>3984740</origin>
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      <text bytes="701" sha1="gc9p2ai8g9nu3dbxp7c84qq73bggs9x" xml:space="preserve">Photomicrograph mostra amyloide depositos (pink) in le intestina parva. HE stain.
[[Fasciculus:Small bowel duodenum with amyloid deposition 20X.jpg|thumb|Photomicrograph mostra amyloide depositos (pink) in intestina parva. HE stain.]]
'''Amyloidum''' est aggregatio proteinorum fibrosorum insolubilium quae proprietates structurales specificas communicant. Accumulatio abnormis amyloidi in organis ad amyloidosin ducere et in variis morbis neurodegenerativis partes agere potest.

=== Bibliographia ===
*[https://www.britannica.com/science/amyloid   Amyloide.Britannica.Y2026]
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Morbus Alzheimerianus]]
* [[Neurodegeneratio]]

{{biologia-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Proteinae]]</text>
      <sha1>gc9p2ai8g9nu3dbxp7c84qq73bggs9x</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3984741</id>
      <parentid>3984740</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-31T02:53:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jondel</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <origin>3984741</origin>
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      <text bytes="619" sha1="p2pyq537y8no0bim8njnw0byioa7zp4" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Small bowel duodenum with amyloid deposition 20X.jpg|thumb|Photomicrograph mostra amyloide depositos (pink) in intestina parva. HE stain.]]
'''Amyloidum''' est aggregatio proteinorum fibrosorum insolubilium quae proprietates structurales specificas communicant. Accumulatio abnormis amyloidi in organis ad amyloidosin ducere et in variis morbis neurodegenerativis partes agere potest.

=== Bibliographia ===
*[https://www.britannica.com/science/amyloid   Amyloide.Britannica.Y2026]
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Morbus Alzheimerianus]]
* [[Neurodegeneratio]]

{{biologia-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Proteinae]]</text>
      <sha1>p2pyq537y8no0bim8njnw0byioa7zp4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3984742</id>
      <parentid>3984741</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-31T03:09:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jondel</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <origin>3984742</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="638" sha1="pco99r3pr5i0tbxwc8swx93zjpap51k" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Small bowel duodenum with amyloid deposition 20X.jpg|thumb|Photomicrograph mostra amyloide depositos (pink) in intestina parva. HE stain.]]
'''Amyloidum''' est aggregatio [[protein]]orum fibrosorum insolubilium quae proprietates structurales specificas communicant. Accumulatio abnormis amyloidi in [[organ]]is ad amyloidosin ducere et in variis [[morbus|morbi]]s neurodegenerativis partes agere potest.

=== Bibliographia ===
*[https://www.britannica.com/science/amyloid   Amyloide.Britannica.Y2026]
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Morbus Alzheimerianus]]
* [[Neurodegeneratio]]

{{biologia-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Proteinae]]</text>
      <sha1>pco99r3pr5i0tbxwc8swx93zjpap51k</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3984743</id>
      <parentid>3984742</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-31T03:10:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jondel</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="643" sha1="3a853wblexot1bk1htzse74fiudy9a4" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Small bowel duodenum with amyloid deposition 20X.jpg|thumb|Photomicrograph mostra amyloide depositos (pink) in intestina parva. HE stain.]]
'''Amyloidum''' est aggregatio [[proteina|protein]]orum fibrosorum insolubilium quae proprietates structurales specificas communicant. Accumulatio abnormis amyloidi in organis ad amyloidosin ducere et in variis [[morbus|morbi]]s neurodegenerativis partes agere potest.

=== Bibliographia ===
*[https://www.britannica.com/science/amyloid   Amyloide.Britannica.Y2026]
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Morbus Alzheimerianus]]
* [[Neurodegeneratio]]

{{biologia-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Proteinae]]</text>
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'''Amyloidum''' est aggregatio [[proteina|protein]]orum fibrosorum insolubilium quae proprietates structurales specificas communicant. Accumulatio abnormis amyloidi in organis ad amyloidosin ducere et in variis [[morbus|morbi]]s neurodegenerativis partes agere potest.

=== Bibliographia ===
*[https://www.britannica.com/science/amyloid   Amyloide.Britannica.Y2026]
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Morbus Alzheimerianus]]
* [[Neurodegeneratio]]

{{biologia-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Proteinae]]</text>
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'''Amyloidum''' est aggregatio [[proteina|protein]]orum fibrosorum insolubilium quae proprietates structurales specificas communicant. Accumulatio abnormis amyloidi in organis ad amyloidosin ducere et in variis [[morbus|morbi]]s neurodegenerativis partes agere potest.

=== Bibliographia ===
*[https://www.britannica.com/science/amyloid   Amyloide.Britannica.Y2026]
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Morbus Alzheimerianus]]
* [[Neurodegeneratio]]

{{biologia-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Proteinae]]</text>
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'''Amyloidum''' est aggregatio [[proteina|protein]]orum fibrosorum insolubilium quae proprietates structurales specificas communicant. Accumulatio abnormis amyloidi in organis ad amyloidosin ducere et in variis [[morbus|morbi]]s neurodegenerativis partes agere potest.

=== Bibliographia ===
*[https://www.britannica.com/science/amyloid   Amyloide.Britannica.Y2026]
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Morbus Alzheimerianus]]
* [[Neurodegeneratio]]

{{biologia-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Proteinae]]</text>
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'''Amyloidum''' est aggregatio [[proteina|protein]]orum fibrosorum insolubilium quae proprietates structurales specificas communicant. Accumulatio abnormis amyloidi in organis ad amyloidosin ducere et in variis [[morbus|morbi]]s neurodegenerativis partes agere potest.

=== Bibliographia ===
*[https://www.britannica.com/science/amyloid   Amyloide.Britannica.Y2026]
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Morbus Alzheimerianus]]
* [[Neurodegeneratio]]
* [[Amyloidosis#Amyloidum et amyloidi formatio|Amyloidum in articulo Amyloidosis]] 
{{biologia-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Proteinae]]</text>
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'''Amyloidum''' est aggregatio [[proteina|protein]]orum fibrosorum insolubilium quae proprietates structurales specificas communicant. Accumulatio abnormis amyloidi in organis ad [[amyloidosin]] ducere et in variis [[morbus|morbi]]s neurodegenerativis partes agere potest.

=== Bibliographia ===
*[https://www.britannica.com/science/amyloid   Amyloide.Britannica.Y2026]
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Morbus Alzheimerianus]]
* [[Neurodegeneratio]]
* [[Amyloidosis#Amyloidum et amyloidi formatio|Amyloidum in articulo Amyloidosis]] 
{{biologia-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Proteinae]]</text>
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      <comment>Redirigens ad [[Intestinum tenue]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="22" sha1="s618q092bt3u1irt4ybmy643qenlijg" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Hildesia]]</text>
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