Vicipaedia lawiki https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicipaedia:Pagina_prima MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.18 first-letter Media Specialis Disputatio Usor Disputatio Usoris Vicipaedia Disputatio Vicipaediae Fasciculus Disputatio Fasciculi MediaWiki Disputatio MediaWiki Formula Disputatio Formulae Auxilium Disputatio Auxilii Categoria Disputatio Categoriae Porta Disputatio Portae Adumbratio Disputatio Adumbrationis TimedText TimedText talk Modulus Disputatio Moduli Event Event talk Maria (mater Iesu) 0 3617 3986791 3929097 2026-09-09T06:02:52Z Miguel Covarrubias MX 211110 Mīryām / Maryām (מִרְיָם) 3986791 wikitext text/x-wiki {{latinitas}} {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Raffael 026.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Raphael Sanctius Urbinas|Raphael Sanctius]]: ''Madonna cum libero.'']] [[Fasciculus:MadonnaDellaGuardia.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Sanctuarium]] Nostrae Dominae Custodis [[Derthona]]e ([[Italia]]), ecclesia de [[Sanctus Aloysius Orione|Sancto Aloysio Orione]] facta anno [[1931]].]] [[Fasciculus:Vladimirskaya.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Icon]] [[Volodimiria|Vladimiriensis]] Matris Dei.]] [[Fasciculus:Dormition de la Vierge.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Dormitio Mariae|Dormitio]]: lamina [[ebur]]nea, [[saeculum|saeculo]] [[saeculum 10|decimo]] exeunte vel [[saeculum 11|undecimo]] ineunte ([[Museum Cluniaci]]<!--Musée de Cluny-->).]] '''Maria''' ([[Lingua Aramaica|Aramaice]] et [[Lingua Hebraica|Hebraice]] מִרְיָם, ''Mīryām / Maryām''; [[Lingua Graeca|Graece]] Μαριάμ et Μαρία; [[Lingua Arabica|Arabice]] مريم, ''Maryam'') a [[Christianismus|Christianis]] '''Sancta Maria''', '''Maria Virgo''', '''Deipara''', '''Mater Dei''', '''Dei Genetrix,''' vel '''Madonna''' vocata, in [[traditio]]ne Christiana fuit [[mulier]] [[Iudaei|Iudaea]], e [[Nazareth]] in [[Galileia]] orta, [[Ioachimus (sanctus)|Ioachimi]] et [[Anna (sancta)|Annae]] filia, quae [[Iesus|Iesum]] partu edidit. Ab omnibus [[ecclesia|ecclesiis]] Christianis, quamvis variis modis, colitur, sed etiam [[Musulmanus|Musulmani]] eam '''Virginem Mariam''' sive '''Syeda Mariam''' ('Domina nostra Maria') appellant. Forma compendiara in [[liturgia]] [[Ecclesia Catholica|Catholica]] est ''BM(S)V'', cuius [[significatio (linguistica)|significatio]] plena est Beata Maria (Semper) Virgo.<ref>E.g., apud Johann Eberhard Scheifler, ''Vita Deiparae Concionatoria, Seu Conciones Doctrinales, Asceticae, & Veritates Practicae Marianae, centum quadraginta quatuor: De Conceptione, Nativitate, Nomine Annuntiatione, doloribus, Visitatione ac Purificatione, Excellentiâ, totâq[ue] Vita Deiparae, ac singulis Festivitatibus, nec non de Assumptione, Miraculis . . . de SS. Rosario, & . . . Cognatis S. Mariae Virginis'' (Brechenmacher, 1696), p. 1022.</ref> [[Fasciculus:Inmaculada-parcial.jpg|alt=Imago Maria Immaculata pulcherrima dans colorem candidum in sua puritate|thumb|Imago Maria Immaculata pulcherrima dans colorem candidum in sua puritate - Conceptio immaculata per Giovanni Battista Salvi]] == Nomen Mariae == [[Vocabulum]] ''Maria'' est forma [[lingua Graeca|Graeca]] ''Miriam,'' nominis [[lingua Hebraica|Hebraici]], quod in Latinum versum 'amaritudo' vel 'maeror' valet.<ref>[http://www.bibelkommentare.de/index.php?page=dict&article_id=114 Bibellexikon: commentatio Mirjam]; comm. lecta die 8 Martii 2015.</ref> Sunt plures feminae huius nominis in [[Vetus Testamentum|Vetere Testamento]], quarum notissima est ''Miriam'' (in Vulgata ''Maria''), [[propheta|prophetissa]] et [[soror]] [[Moyses]] et [[Aaron]]. Sunt etiam plures ''Mariae'' quae [[Iesus|Iesum]] secutae sunt (Marcus 15:40), inter eas: *[[Maria Magdalena]] *Maria, mater [[Sanctus Iacobus Minor|Iacobi minoris]] In textu [[lingua Graeca|Graeco]] [[Novum Testamentum|Novi Testamenti]] mater [[Iesus|Iesu]] ''Mariám'' appellatur; forma ''Maria'' in versionibus Latinis in usum venit. In [[Religio Islamica|religione Islamica]], Maria ut ''Maryam'' ([[Arabice]] ‏مريم‎) nota est.<ref>Martin Bauschke, ''Der Sohn Marias: Jesus im Koran'' (Darmstadiae: 2013), 22.</ref> ''Theotocos''<ref>Vide lexica [http://logeion.uchicago.edu/index.html#theotocos Lewis et Short et Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources].</ref> (θεοτόκος, 'Dei genetrix') est appellatio Mariae in [[Christianitas Orientalis|ecclesiis orientalibus]] usitata. == Fontes == Nomen Mariae ([[Hebraice]] ''Miriam'') in tribus ex quattuor [[evangelium|evangeliis]] et in [[Actus Apostolorum|Actibus Apostolorum]] nominatur; ipsa Maria etiam in [[Evangelium secundum Ioannem|evangelio secundum Ioannem]] apparet, sed sine nomine. Praeterea apocryphum [[Protevangelium Iacobi]] sive ''Liber Iacobi de nativitate Mariae'' multa et varia de Maria narrat. Quae sit fides historica harum relationum varie et contrarie disputatur. == Cultus sive Veneratio == Mariae cultus in multis [[Ecclesia|ecclesiis]], praecipue autem in [[Ecclesia Catholica]] disseminatus est. *Ecclesia catholica variis orationibus a Maria intercessionem quaerit, inter quas [[Rosarium|Rosarium Virginis Mariae]] locum praecipuum tenens *Ecclesiae Orthodoxae *Ecclesiae Reformationis *Religio Islamica: Maria unica est femina, cuius nomen in [[Alcoranus|Alcorano]] invenitur. Nomen eius in sex [[Sura (religio Islamica)|suris]] in fere 40 versibus dicitur.<ref>Martin Bauschke: Der Sohn Marias. Jesus im Koran. Darmstadiae 2013. p. 22 s.</ref> [[Meryemana]] ("domus Mariae") in [[Turcia]] est locus [[peregrinatio (religio)|peregrinationis]] Islamicus, qui etiam a peregrinis Christianis aditur. == Dogmata == *[[Assumptio Beatae Mariae Virginis]] *[[Immaculata Conceptio]] *Maria Theotokos (Dei Genetrix) *Perpetua virginitas Mariae == Maria in [[Religio Islamica|Religione Islamica]] == Maria etiam in [[Alcoranum|Alcorano]] nominatur. == Festa Mariae == Multae sunt dies quibus Maria, Christi mater, celebratur. === Ecclesia Catholica === * [[1 Ianuarii]] Sollemnitas sanctae Dei Genetricis Mariae * [[11 Februarii]] Commemoratio B. Mariae Virginis de Lourdes * [[13 Maii]] Commemoratio B. Mariae Virginis de Fatima * [[31 Maii]]: [[Festum Visitationis Beatae Virginis Mariae|Festum in Visitatione B. Mariae Virginis]] (Calendarium regionale pro terris Linguae theodiscae: [[2 Iulii]]) * [[16 Iulii]] Commemoratio B. Mariae Virginis de Monte Carmelo * [[15 Augusti]]: Sollemnitas in [[Assumptio Beatae Mariae Virginis|Assumptione B. Mariae Virginis]] (sive [[Dormitio Mariae]]) * [[22 Augusti]] Memoria B. Mariae Virginis Reginae * [[8 Septembris]]: Festum in [[Nativitas Beatae Mariae Virginis|Nativitate B. Mariae Virginis]] * [[12 Septembris]] Commemoratio Ss.mi Nominis Mariae * [[15 Septembris]]: Memoria B. Mariae Virginis Perdolentis (olim Festum Septem Dolorum B.V.M.) * [[7 Octobris]] [[Memoria B. Mariae Virginis a Rosario]] * [[21 Novembris]] Memoria in [[Praesentatio Dei Genetricis|Praesentatione B. Mariae Virginis]] * [[8 Decembris]]: Sollemnitas in Conceptione Immaculata B. Mariae Virginis * Immaculati Memoria Cordis B. Mariae Virginis (Sabbato post dominicam secundam post Pentecosten) Mensis Maius Mariae mensis habetur, mensis Octobris rosarii mensis. Sunt duo festa Domini, quae saepe (etiam) inter festa Mariana numerantur: * [[2 Februarii]] [[Festum in Praesentatione Domini]] - olim ''In Purificatione B.M.V.'', in [[Ecclesiae Orientales|Ecclesiis Orientalibus]] ''Hypapante'', in [[Canariae Insulae|Canariis Insulis]] ''[[Virgo de Candelaria|Candelaria]]'', i.e. ''Festum Candelarum''. * [[25 Martii]] Sollemnitas in [[Annuntiatio Domini|Annuntiatione Domini]], olim ''In annuntiatione B.M.V.'' === Ecclesiae Orthodoxae === * [[25 Martii]] Euangelismos (i. e. [[Annuntiatio Domini|Annuntiatio evangeliii]] ad beatam Genetricem) * [[2 Februarii]] [[Hypapante]] (Praesentatio domini in templo) * [[15 Augusti]] ([[Dormitio Sanctae Dei Genetricis|Dormitio sanctae Genetricis]]) * [[8 Septembris]] [[Nativitas Beatae Mariae Virginis|Dies natalis sanctae Genetricis]] * [[1 Octobris]]: Pokrov sive velum Sanctae Genetricis, i. e. festum [[Patrocinium Dei Genetricis|patrocinii sanctae Dei Genetricis]] * [[21 Novembris]] [[Praesentatio Dei Genetricis|Introductio sanctae Genetricis in templum]] * Nonnullae [[Icon|imagines]] Dei Genetricis suum habent diem memorialem. == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == *Beinert Wolfgang, et al. [[1984]]. ''Maria: eine ökumenische Herausforderung.'' Ratisbonae: Verlag Friedrich Pustet. *Brown, Raymond, E. et al., eds. [[1978]]. ''Mary in the New Testament.'' Fortress/Paulist Press. ISBN 0-8006-1345-7. *Pelikan, Jaroslav. [[1998]]. ''Mary Through the Centuries. Her Place in the History of Culture.'' Portu Novo: Yale University Press. *Schalom, Ben-Chorin. [[2006]]. '' Mutter Mirjam: Maria in jüdischer Sicht.'' Gütersloh: Gütersloher Verlagshaus ISBN 3-579-05344-2. *Scheifler, Johann Eberhard. [[1696]]. ''Vita Deiparae Concionatoria, Seu Conciones Doctrinales, Asceticae, & Veritates Practicae Marianae, centum quadraginta quatuor: De Conceptione, Nativitate, Nomine Annuntiatione, doloribus, Visitatione ac Purificatione, Excellentiâ, totâq[ue] Vita Deiparae, ac singulis Festivitatibus, nec non de Assumptione, Miraculis . . . de SS. Rosario, & . . . Cognatis S. Mariae Virginis''. Brechenmacher. *Tumanov, Vladimir. [[2011]]. [http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11061-011-9253-5 Mary versus Eve: Paternal Uncertainty and the Christian View of Women.] ''Neophilologus: International Journal of Modern and Mediaeval Language and Literature'' 95(4): 507-521. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130619000525/http://vladarticles.yolasite.com/resources/Mary%20Versus%20Eve.pdf PDF.] {{NexInt}} {{div col|2}} * [[Ἁγνὴ Παρθένε]] * [[Apparitio Mariae]] * [[Ave Maria]] * [[Imago aurea beatae Mariae Virginis]] * [[Mulier amicta sole]] * [[Nostra domina Guadalupensis]] * [[Numisma Mirabile]] * [[Regina Caeli]] * [[Regina Ophir cum auro]] * [[Salve Regina]] {{div col end}} == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Virgin Mary|Mariam}} {{Fontes biographici}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 1 a.C.n.|saeculo 1|Maria (Mater Iesu)}} [[Categoria:Maria (mater Iesu)|!]] [[Categoria:Mulieres]] [[Categoria:Personae Novi Testamenti]] [[Categoria:Sancti]] [[Categoria:Sectatores Iesu]] {{Myrias|Homines}} okwgz4kydr0khmfioelmdl6849sbydy Mensura Hebraea 0 5792 3986750 3736534 2026-09-08T21:25:53Z LilyKitty 18316 de cubito longuitudinis 3986750 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mensurae Hebraeae antiquae''' sunt, quae in [[Biblia|Sanctis Bibliis]] inveniuntur: === Longitudo === *גמד palma *אמה [[cubitus (mensura)|cubitum]] === Capacitas === ==== Liquida ==== *לג [[sextarius|sextarium]] *קב cabus, 1 cabus = 4 [[sextarius|sextarii]] *עמר gŏmŏr, 1 gomor = 7 sextarii *סאה satum, 1 satum = 6 cabi *איפה [[oephi]] (modius), 1 oephi = 3 sata *לתך dimidius chorus, = 5 oephi *חמר/כר [[corus|chŏrus]], 1 chorus = 10 oephi ==== Solida ==== *לג [[sextarius|sextarium]] *הין hin, 1 hin = 12 sextarii *בת batus (choenix), 1 batus = 6 hin = 1 oephi === Pondus & Moneta === *גרה [[obolus]] *שקל [[siclus]] (didrachma, stathmos), 1 siclus = 20 oboli *מנה [[mina]], 1 [[mina(pondus)|mina]] = 60 sicli *ככר־כסף [[talentum]] argenti, = 3000 sicli *ככר־זהב talentum auri, = 6000 sicli ==Nexus externi== * [[:s:ru:ЕЭБЕ/Меры_и_вес|De mensuris Hebraeis]] in ''Encyclopaedia Hebraica Brockhaus et Efron'' {{ling|Russice}} [[Categoria:Mensura]] [[Categoria:Biblia]] mb2oa8tz2vvfk79bmpvj60rcobr2051 Blumenau 0 6986 3986629 3844302 2026-09-08T15:25:35Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3986629 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Flag of Blumenau.svg|thumb|[[Vexillum]] urbanum.]] '''Blumenau''' est [[urbs]] maximi momenti in [[Sancta Catharina (provincia)|Sancta Catharina]], [[provincia]] [[meridies|australis]] [[Brasilia]]e [[regio]]nis. [[Octobralia]] quotannis efficiunt. Urbes maiores propinquae sunt [[Florianopolis]], quae circa 150 chiliometra ad meridiem [[oriens|orientemque]] versus, et [[Ioannesvilla]], quae circa 90 [[chiliometrum|chiliometra]] ad [[septentrio]]nes versus distat. Praeterea, urbs est sedes [[dioecesis Florumpratensis]]<ref>Ioannes Paulus Episcopus, [http://w2.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/la/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_20000419_venerabiles-fratres.html Constitutio Apostolica Florumpratensis] (2000).</ref> [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae]]. Fines cum Pomerania Australis (Pomerode), Palmareum Indaialis (Indaial), Caspar, Iaraquara Meridionalis (Jaraguá do Sul), Mimusops vel Massarandyba (Massaranduba: 'arbor lubrica'), Agathadamas vel Stellantes Gemmae (Botuverá), Campomanesia (Guabiruba: 'cortex amarus'), et Ludovicus Alves urbibus habet. Hodie aream 531 [[chiliometrum quadratum|km&sup2;]] patet et numerus incolarum anno [[2004]] circa 250 milia erat. Ex [[Urbs Paulistana|Urbe Paulistana]], qui [[Lusitane]] São Paulo dicitur, 680 chiliometra et 50 chiliometra ex [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Oceano Atlantico]] distat. [[Altitudo]] media est 14 metrorum super [[aequor maris]]. == Historia == [[Fasciculus:Blumenau2.JPG|thumb|Media urbs.]] Urbs condita est die [[2 Septembris]] anno [[1850]] ab Hermano Brunone Ottone Blumenau, [[Germania|Germanico]] [[medicus|medico]] [[philosophia|philosophoque]] qui iuxta septendecim Germanicos alios in [[navis vaporaria|navi vaporaria]] per Itaiahy Magnum (''Itajaí-Açu'') [[fluvius|fluvium]] advenirunt. Tunc Hermanus Blumenau locum in partes divisit et [[immigratio|immigrantes]] domos modo Germanico (Lusitanice ''estilo enxaimel'') aedificare coeperunt. Multae domi quae secundum Germanica [[architectura]]e praecepta aedificatae sunt hodie praeclarissimi putantur, inter quas [[praefectura]] urbana. Numerus incolarum sic in annis variat: * [[1860]]: 947 * [[1880]]: circa 15 000 * [[1990]]: circa 230 000 * [[2004]]: circa 250 000 Anno [[1934]], Blumenau aream 10 610 km&sup2; habuit, hodie autem solum 531 km&sup2; restant, quoniam 31 urbes nova ex Blumenauo{{dubsig}} facta sunt. Anno [[1983]], magna [[inundatio]] fluvialis, quando [[aqua]]e super 15 metros ascenderunt, multas habitantium domos destruxit. Ergo, urbis praefectus annuum festum, Octobralia dictum, ad [[pecunia]]m obtinendam et urbem restituendam instituit, sed usque ad hodie hoc festum annua fit, et laetitiae magnae est causa. == Oeconomia == Notum est germanicos immigrantes in arte textrini praecellentes fuisse, et hodie cognitio eorum optime servata est. In Blumenau urbe et in propinqua regione multae sunt textrina, ex quibus ''Karsten, Artex, Teka'' et ''Buddemeyer'' clarrissimae ditissimaeque sunt. Germani etiam [[crystallus|crystallorum]] artifices erant et multi hodie in arte hac incumbunt, Blumenau ergo praeclara inter Brasiliae urbes est crystallorum confectorum causa. Multitudo Blumenau incolarum nuper in artes [[computator]]is operam dant, et [[pecunia]]m multam obtinent. Praetera, [[periegesis]] est [[oeconomia]]e pecuniae fons magnus quia multae sunt servatae silvae atque Germanica [[architectura]] aedificationium in medio urbis pulcherrima est. Qua de causa, Blumenaus inter 25 optimas Brasiliae urbes est. Magnum Germanicum [[festum]], Octobralia vocatum, [[October|Octobri]] mense celebratur. Etiam [[Monacum|Monaci]] in urbe Germaniae Octobralia celebrantur. [[Brasilia|Brasilienses]] illud festum imitantur qui multos viros mulieresque semel in anno ad bibendum [[cervisia]]m sive ''chopp'' alliciat, ideo res oeconomicas valde agitat. Quae cum ita sint, Blumenau incolae sive Blumenauenses bene vivunt. Pauca sunt fures quia urbs tutissima est. Omnes fere cives bene legere et scribere sciunt atque multos annos in [[schola]] studiis imbuerunt. Multi [[lingua Theodisca]] etiamnunc loquuntur, sed non plura in scholis est docta. == Cultus et res visu dignae == Quamquam non tam magna urbs est, multae quae ad culturam pertinent visu dignae sunt. === Museum === * '''Museum Oecologicum Fritz Müller''', situm in loco quod Fritz Müller domus erat. Hic praeclarus Blumenai civis Germaniae natus est et ad [[Scientia (ratio)|scientiae]] res se incumbuit et adiutor [[Carolus Darwin|Caroli Darwin]] fuit. In Blumenaum ad Brasiliae [[fauna]]m [[flora]]mque studendum venit, et toto animo Blumenai silvarum studiis vitam suam dedicavit. * '''Museum Colonialis Familiae''', monstrat quomodo germanicos immigrantes [[saeculum 17|saeculi XVII]] vivebant. Musei domus anno [[1864]] confecta est. * '''Museum Cervisiae''', quod explicat quomodo [[cervisia]]m efficere. * '''Museum Aquae''', quod prima statio ad fluvii [[aqua]]m purificandam fuit. * '''Museum Crystalli''', explicat quomodo [[crystallus|crystallos]] efficere. * '''Mausoleum''', quod Doctoris Hermani Brunonis Ottonis Blumenau cineres continet. === Aedificationes === * '''Urbis Praefectura''', exemplum germanicae [[architectura]]e et sedes administrationis. * '''Moellmann Castelum''', praeclarissima germanica aedificationis in medio urbis (in dexterum fig. I videtur). * '''Mola Venti''', quae lusitane dicitur ''moinho de vento'', clara [[Nederlandia|batava]] aedificationis. === Theatrum === * '''Theatrum Carolus Gomes''', pro praeclaro musico Brasiliensis. === Monumentum === * '''Monumentum ad immigrantes''', quod germanicos immigrantes commemorat. == Clima == Quamquam Blumenau est in meridiana regione Brasiliae, clima saepe calida humidaque. Nunquam fere in anno est tempus cum caelo sicco. [[Temperatura]] menstrua media est circa 20 gradus [[Anders Celsius|Celsianos]]. Maxima mensurata temperatura fuit mense [[Ianuarius|Ianuario]] anno [[1988]], quando [[thermometrum]] 42 gradus Celsianos indicavit, minima autem circa –1 gradus Celsianus mense [[Augustus|Augusto]] anno [[1992]]. == Blumenauenses praeclari == * [[Theodorus Balden]] * [[Vera Fischer]], actrix * [[Anna Moser]], athleta == Notae == <references/> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Blumenau}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120615110917/http://www.blumenau.sc.gov.br/ Pagina urbis praefecturae] {{Ling|Lusitane}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051025050243/http://www.ufsc.br/Blumenau/estat.html Blumenaui statisticae] {{Ling|Lusitane}} * [http://www.blumenau.com.br/ Pagina ad turismum indagationes continens] {{Ling|Lusitane}} * [http://www.furb.br/ FURB - Universidade Regional de Blumenau, urbis universitas] {{Ling|Lusitane}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120903133415/http://www.oktoberfestblumenau.com.br/ Oktoberfest] {{Ling|Lusitane}} [[Categoria:Condita 1850]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati civitatis Catharinianae]] q8otdcc9biejhc6qo9lcc5jxnn6apw8 Buddhismus 0 8930 3986648 3964296 2026-09-08T16:43:24Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3986648 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Buddha Bodhgaya.JPG|thumb|[[Imago]] [[Gautama Buddha|Gautamae Buddhae]] in [[Bodhgaya]] [[India]]e. Bodhgaya secundum [[memoria]]s antiquas habetur locus ubi ipse vigilabat.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100901113827/http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhistworld/bodgaya.htm De Bodhgaya] (Buddhanet.net).</ref>]] '''Buddhismus'''<ref name=NSLO>Ebbe Vilborg, ''Norstedts svensk-latinska ordbok'', editio secunda, 2009.</ref> (a verbo ''buddha'' 'expergefactus; sapiens'), sive '''Buddhae religio,'''<ref name=NSLO/> est corpus praeceptorum saepe [[religio]] habitum,<ref>''Chambers Dictionary'', 2006; ''Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary'', 2003; ''New Penguin Handbook of Living Religions'', 1998; ''Dewey Decimal System of Book Classification''; [https://web.archive.org/web/20100129202506/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html].</ref> vel tantum [[vita|modus vivendi]], qui circa [[saeculum 6 a.C.n.|saeculum sextum a.C.n.]] in [[India]] ortus est. Hoc [[cogitatio]]nis [[fides|fideique]] systema potius et practicum quam [[philosophia|philosophicum]] a quodam sapiente solitario sive [[monachus|monacho]] dicto idcirco [[Gautama Buddha|Sakyamuni]], cuius [[nomen proprium|nomen quotidianum]] ''Siddharta Gautama'' fuisse videtur. Ex regali stirpe [[Gotamida]]rum progenitus, [[sapientia]]m quaerens, ad [[Brahman (tribus)|Brahmanes]] se contulit ut ab eis edoceretur; sed eorum [[dogma]]te haud contentus, eos mox reliquit et in [[solitudo|solitudinem]], ubi [[vita]]m austeram ducebat, sese recepit; unde non multo post ad novam doctrinam suam divulgandam prodiit.<ref>Vide, exempli gratia, ''[[Termini et notiones Buddhisticae]].''</ref> Alius schola docet Buddhismum esse doctrinam qua adsectatores ad sensum [[realitas|realitatem]] ducerentur.<ref>Exemplorum gratia: [[Thich Nhat Hanh]], ''Old Path White Clouds'' ; Dorothy Figen, [https://web.archive.org/web/20080106023144/http://www.buddhistinformation.com/is_buddhism_a_religion1.htm ''Is Buddhism a Religion?'']; Narada Thera, [https://web.archive.org/web/20080217164236/http://www.buddhanet.net/nutshell03.htm ''Buddhism in a Nutshell.'']</ref> Multi eruditi Buddhismum habentur pluralitatem, non rem unicam.<ref>Gethin 1998:2; Robinson et al., ''Buddhist Religions,'' ed. 5a (Belmont Californiae: Wadsworth, 2004).</ref> Buddhism etiam appellatur [[Dharma (Buddhismus)|Buddha Dharma vel Dhamma]], quod [[Sanscritice]] et [[Pali]], in [[lingua|linguis]] [[liber sacer|textuum]] antiquorum, 'doctrina vigilantis' significat. Buddhismus, ut ultima felicitas ab [[homo|homine]] adquiratur, [[Quattuor Veritates Nobiles|quattuor veritates]], uti aiunt, sublimes statuit: *Sublimem dolentis veritatem: "Existentiam dolorum in hoc mundo et miseriarum maxime in metempsychosi sese manifestantium, a quibus homo liberari debet" *Sublimem originis dolentis veritatem: "Causam horum dolorum, quae ad concupiscientiam et errorem reducuntur" *Sublimem exstinctionis dolentis veritatem: "Annihilationem dolorum sive [[Nirvana]]m" *Sublimem viae quae ad exstinctionem dolentis ducit veritatem: "Media conducentia ad illam annihilationem sive Nirvanam dolorum" [[Fasciculus:Flag of Buddhism.svg|thumb|125px|[[Vexillum]] Buddhisticum internationale, anno [[1885]] promulgatum, ex anno [[1950]] internationale Buddhismi signum est.]] Iam media, ope quorum [[Nirvana]] obtineri potest, octo enumerantur: *Comprehensio recta: "Via recta fidei et veritatis" *[[Iudicium]] rectum: "quod dubia omnia de medio tollit'' *[[Lingua]] recta, sive veracitas loquelae *[[Actio]] recta: "Participatio communis in eo quod fini bono inservit *[[Vita]] recta *Conatus rectus: "Exercitium intellectus in actionibus a lege praescriptis" *Cultus rectus: "Memoria actionum praeteritarum" *[[Meditatio]] recta: "quae ad Nirvanam conducit"<!--Fons?--> Ex diversis [[historia|historicorum]] sententiis, quid sit Nirvana, illa esse rectior videtur, quae eam annihilationem sive statum, in quo quaevis vita exhauriatir, esse dicit; nam quidquid de novitae huius doctrinae sit, quae tantum partem moralem systematis Buddhismi tangere videtur, principia sua ex philosophia [[Religio Pantheia|Pantheismi]] materialis et Atomismi Brahminorum sequuntur; iam enim [[Capila]] de comuni quadam vi [[natura]]e, silens de [[Deus|Deo]], loquitur, [[Canada]] quoque compositionem [[corpus|corporum]] sine causa prima explicat. Cum vero vis communis sive natura, ubique diffusa et tamen omnino indeterminata, similis nihilo sit, supremum principium omnium entium et finem esse nihilum absolutum, annihilationem essendi, existendi, cogitandi, sive Nirvanam, mortem completam sequitur; adeo ut omnes actiones morales a Sakyamuni praescriptae via sint ad nihilum, finem omnium philosophi aspirationum. Per totam enim [[India]]m, tempore regni [[Augustus (imperator)|Augusti]] et [[Tiberius (imperator)|Tiberii]] apud [[Sina (regio)|Sinas]], [[saeculum 7|saeculo septimo]] apud [[Thibetum|Thibetanos]], saeculis [[saeculum 13|tredecimo]] et [[saeculum 14|quarto decimo]] adhuc vividius ubique sub nova forma diffusa est. ==Signa Buddhismi== [[Fasciculus:Kinkaku-ji.jpg|thumb|[[Kinkaku-ji]], tentorium [[aurum|aureum]], [[templum]] Buddhisticum in [[Iaponia]] situm.]] [[Octo]] felicia [[Mahayana]]e Vajrayanaeque signa sunt: {{div col|2}} *Umbrella *Piscis aureus *Vas divitiarum *[[Lotus]] *[[Concha]] *Nodus sine termino *Vexillum victoriae *Rota [[Dharma]]e {{div col end}} ==Disciplinae Buddhisticae== Sunt tres [[disciplina]]e fundamentales: *''Hinayana'' ("Vehiculum parvum"), cuius ex traditione his diebus sola ''[[Theravada]]'' ("Disciplina seniorum") exstat. *''[[Mahayana]]'' ("Vehiculum magnum"). *''[[Vajrayana]]'' (in [[cultura Occidentalis|Occidente]] saepe "[[Buddhismus Tibetanus]]" aut "Lamaismus" dicta). {{NexInt}} [[Fasciculus:IMG 0361 Kathmandu Bodnath.jpg|thumb|[[Stupa]] [[Bodhnath]] [[Kathmandu]] in urbe [[Nepalia]]e.]] {{div col|2}} *[[Asvaghosa]] *[[Buddhismus et doctrina orientalis]] *[[Buddhism et Christianitas]] *[[Buddhismus et Hinduismus]] *[[Buddhismus et Iainismus]] *[[Buddhismus et psychologia]] *[[Buddhismus et scientia]] *[[Buddhismus et Thelema]]<ref>[[IAO131]]. [http://www.geocities.com/hdbq111/JoTS/JoTS1-1.pdf "Thelema & Buddhism"] in ''Journal of Thelemic Studies'' 1(1) 2007:18–32.</ref> *[[Buddhismus Tibetanus]] *[[Deus in Buddhismo]] *[[Doctrina Buddhistica]] *[[Ethice Buddhistica]] *[[Index rerum Buddhisticarum]] *[[Index Buddhistarum]] *[[Philosophia Buddhistica]] *[[Prostratio (Buddhismus)]] *[[Shinbutsu shūgō]] *[[Shitao]]<!-- *[[Termini et notiones Buddhisticae]]--> *[[Upanishad]] *[[Zen]]<!--*[[Basic Points Unifying the Theravada and the Mahayana]] *[[Buddhist Ceremonies]]--> {{div col end}} ==Notae== <references /> ==Bibliographia== [[Fasciculus:Mahayanabuddha.jpg|thumb|Buddhismus Sericus [[mores]] [[Mahayana|Mahayanos]] sequitur, cuius [[schola]]e populo gratissimae hodie sunt [[Terra Pura]] et [[Zen]]. Simulacrum Buddhae sedentis circa [[650]] anno ex [[Domus Tang|Domu Tang]] [[Hebei|Hebei Provinciae]] [[Sinae (regio)|Sinarum]].]] [[Fasciculus:MahayanaMap.gif|thumb|[[Tabula]] vias propagationis Buddhismi [[Mahayana|Mahayano]] a primo usque ad decimum saeculum ostendit.]] [[Fasciculus:Central Asian Buddhist Monks.jpeg|thumb|upright|Buddhistici [[monachus]] [[oculus|oculis]] [[caeruleus|caeruleis]] [[Media Asia|Mediae Asiae]] (laeva) et monacus Sericus apud [[Bezeklik]], [[Tarim Basin]]{{dubsig}} orientalis, Sinarum, saeculis [[saeculum 9|nono]] et [[saeculum 10|decimo]].]] *Armstrong, Karen. [[2001]]. ''Buddha.'' Penguin Books. ISBN 0143034367. *Bechert, Heinz, et Richard Gombrich, eds. [[1984]]. ''The World of Buddhism.'' Londinii: Thames and Hudson. *Berzin, Alexander. [[2001]]. [http://www.berzinarchives.com/islam/history_afghanistan_buddhism.html ''Historical Sketch of Buddhism and Islam in Afghanistan.''] *Buswell, Robert E., ed. [[2003]]. ''Encyclopedia of Buddhism.'' MacMillan Reference Books. ISBN 9780028657189. *Coogan, Michael D., ed. [[2003]]. ''The Illustrated Guide to World Religions.'' Oxford University Press. ISBN 1844831256. *Cousins, L. S. [[1996]]. [http://indology.info/papers/cousins/ "The Dating of the Historical Buddha: A Review Article."] ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society,'' series 3, 6(1):57–63. *Davidson, Ronald M. [[2003]]. ''Indian Esoteric Buddhism: A Social History of the Tantric Movement.'' Novi Eboraci: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231126190. *de Give, Bernard. [[2006]]. ''Les rapports de l'Inde et de l'Occident des origines au règne d'Asoka.'' Les Indes savants. ISBN 2846540365. *Donath, Dorothy C. [[1971]]. ''Buddhism for the West: Theravāda, Mahāyāna and Vajrayāna: a comprehensive review of Buddhist history, philosophy, and teachings from the time of the Buddha to the present day.'' Julian Press. ISBN 0070175330. *Embree, Ainslie T., Stephen N. Hay, William Theodore de Bary, A. L. Bashram, R. N. Dandekar, Peter Hardy, J. B. Harrison, V. Raghavan, Royal Weiler, et Andrew Yarrow, eds. ([[1958]]) [[1988]]. ''Sources of Indian Tradition: From the Beginning to 1800.'' Vol. 1. Ed. 2a. Novi Eboraci: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231066511. *Gethin, Rupert. [[1998]]. ''Foundations of Buddhism.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0192892231. *Gombrich, Richard F. [[1988]]. ''Theravāda Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo.'' Londinii: Routledge. ISBN 0415075858. *Harvey, Peter. [[1990]]. ''An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices.'' Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521313333. *Gunaratana, Bhante Henepola. [[2002]]. ''Mindfulness in Plain English.'' Wisdom Publications. ISBN 0861713214. *Gyatso, Geshe Kelsang. [[2001]]. ''Introduction to Buddhism: An Explanation of the Buddhist Way of Life.'' Ed. 2a. Tharpa Publications. ISBN 9780978906771. *Juergensmeyer, Mark. [[2006]]. ''The Oxford Handbook of Global Religions.'' Oxford Handbooks in Religion and Theology. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195137989. *Keown, Damien, et Charles S. Prebish, eds. [[2004]]. ''Encyclopedia of Buddhism.'' Londinii: Routledge. ISBN 9780415314145. *Kohn, Michael H., ed. [[1991]]. ''The Shambhala Dictionary of Buddhism and Zen.'' Shambhala. ISBN 0877735204. *Lamotte, Étienne. [[1976]]. ''Teaching of Vimalakirti.'' Convertit ex Francica Sara Boin. Londinii: Pali Text Society, 93. ISBN 0710085400. *Lowenstein, Tom. [[1996]]. ''The Vision of the Buddha.'' Duncan Baird Publishers. ISBN 1903296919. *Morgan, Kenneth W., ed. [[1956]]. ''The Path of the Buddha: Buddhism Interpreted by Buddhists.'' Novi Eboraci: Ronald Press. *Nattier, Jan. [[2003]]. ''A Few Good Men: The Bodhisattva Path according to The Inquiry of Ugra (Ugrapariprccha).'' Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 0824826078. *Rahula, Walpola. [[1974]]. ''What the Buddha Taught.'' Grove Press. ISBN 9559219197. ISBN 0802130313. *Ranjini. ''Jewels of the Doctrine.'' Sri Satguru Publications. ISBN 0791404900. *Robinson, Richard H., et Willard L. Johnson. ([[1970]]) [[1982]]. ''The Buddhist Religion: A Historical Introduction.'' Ed.3a. Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing. ISBN 053401027X. *Shinjo, Ito. [[2009]]. ''Shinjo:Reflections.'' Somerset Hall Press. ISBN 1935244000. *Sinha, H. P. [[1993]]. ''Bhāratīya Darshan kī rūprekhā.'' (Proprietates Philosophiae Indicae.) Motilal Banarasidas Publ. ISBN 8120821440. *Skilton, Andrew. [[1997]]. <!--[http://books.google.com/?id=GEKd4iqH3C0C&dq=history+of+buddhism--> ''A Concise History of Buddhism.'' Windhorse Publications. ISBN 0904766926. *Smith, Huston, et Phillip Novak. [[2003]]. ''Buddhism: A Concise Introduction.'' HarperSanFrancisco. ISBN 9780060730673. *Thanissaro Bhikkhu. [[2001]]. ''Refuge: An Introduction to the Buddha, Dhamma, & Sangha.'' Ed. 3a. *Thich Nhat Hanh. [[1974]]. ''The Heart of the Buddha's Teaching.'' Broadway Books. ISBN 0767903692. *Vimalakirti. [[1976]]. ''Holy Teaching of Vimalakirti: Mahayana Scripture.'' Convertit Robert A. F. Thurman. Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 0271006013. *White, Kenneth. [[2005]]. ''The Role of Bodhicitta in Buddhist Enlightenment Including a Translation into English of Bodhicitta-sastra, Benkemmitsu-nikyoron, and Sammaya-kaijo.'' The Edwin Mellen Press. ISBN 0773459855. *Williams, Paul. [[1989]]. ''Mahayana Buddhism: the doctrinal foundations.'' Londinii: Routledge. ISBN 0415025370. *Williams, Paul, ed. [[2005]]. ''Buddhism: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies.'' 8 volumina. Londinii et Novi Eboraci: Routledge. *Williams, Paul, cum Anthony Tribe. [[2000]]. ''Buddhist Thought.'' Londinii: Routledge. ISBN 0415207010. *Yamamoto, Kosho, interpres, a Tony Page editus et retractatus. [[1999]]–[[2000]]. ''The Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra.'' Nirvana Publications. *Yin Shun. [[1998]]. ''The Way to Buddhahood: Instructions from a Modern Chinese Master.'' Convertit Yeung H. Wing. Wisdom Publications. ISBN 0861711335. ==Nexus externi== {{CommuniaCat|Buddhism|Buddhismum}} *[http://www.accesstoinsight.org Aditus ad "Insight"] *[http://www.buddhanet.net BuddhaNet] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080725095453/http://www.dmoz.org/Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Buddhism Buddhism] (Open Directory Project) *[https://web.archive.org/web/20201023052934/http://www.aboutbuddhism.org/ De Buddhismo] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20131115045602/http://www.webspawner.com/users/bodhisattva/index.html Orsae scholae Tathagatagarbhae Mahayanae] *[http://www.vwsp.eu/relig/budh/nut_gr1.htm Praecipuus Buddhismus Theravadus graphice pictus]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *[http://www.what-Buddha-taught.net Quod Buddha docuit.] *[http://www.sacred-texts.com/bud/index.htm Texta Buddhismi] (Anglice conversa) [[Categoria:Religio Buddhistica|!]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Philosophia}} qaiet6rh2uhnqx5ls5riumkjnod2c4j Bardenbike 0 10347 3986614 3984568 2026-09-08T13:27:32Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3986614 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L}} [[Fasciculus:Barmke Dorfstein.JPG|thumb|Stela vici Bardenbikis.]] '''Bardenbike'''<ref name="Barmke">Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B72-A/NOB%20II%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Osterode.pdf?sequence=7&utm ''NOB II Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Osterode'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) ''villam, que dicitur Bardenbike'' (...)".</ref> (Theodisce ''Barmke'') vel '''Helmstadium'''<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref>'''-Bardenbike'''<ref name="Barmke"/> est vicus [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] prope [[Helmstadium]] ac [[Brunsvicum]] situs, quo imprimis agricolae fabrique vivunt. Collis vici appellatur Stuhius mons, regionis altior mons est {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Elm (mons)|Elm|de|qid=Q896176}}; deinde vico Bardenbiki est propinqua [[via]] strata autocinetorum primi ordinis, quae A2 nominatur. Ea via valde favet mercatui incolarum, itaque vere probatur. Anno [[1150]] primo in actis descripta est, anno [[1974]] pars Helmstadii facta est. ==Notae== <references /> {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Helmstadium]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 12]] 8hpt3yd8k3umendbkijftfloqi0pxxt Burundia 0 10478 3986655 3883552 2026-09-08T16:58:23Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3986655 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa civitatis Vicidata}} '''Burundia'''<ref>"Burundia" {{Google Books|-ft0MIKWqPwC|de nomine Latino vide pp. 425-427}}.</ref> est [[civitas sui iuris]] in [[Media Africa]], in [[oropedium|oropedio]] in [[Magni Lacus Africani|Lacuum Magnorum]] [[regio]]ne sita, iuxta [[Lacus Tanganica|Lacum Tanganicam]]. A [[septentrio]]ne [[Ruanda]]e, [[occidens|occidente]] [[Respublica Democratica Congensis|Reipublicae Democraticae Congensi]], et [[oriens|oriente]] [[Tanzania]]e finitima est. [[Caput (urbs)|Caput]] est [[urbs]] [[Buiumbura]]. Quamquam [[civitas]] [[civitas sine litore|litore marino caret]], multum finis meridio-orientalis ad [[Lacus Tanganyika|Lacum Tanganyikam]] adiacet. == Historia == [[Fasciculus:By-map-fr.png|thumb|Tabula Burundiae.]] Burundia fuit ab anno [[1889]] usque ad finem [[Bellum Orbis Terrarum I|Belli Orbis Terrarum I]] anno [[1918]] [[colonia]] [[Imperium Germanicum|Imperii Germanici]], accurate cum [[Tanzania]] ac [[Ruanda]] pars [[Africa Orientalis Germanica|Africae Orientalis Germanicae]] ([[Germanice]] ''Deutsch-Ostafrika''). Postea [[Belgia|Belgica]] colonia fuit. Anno [[1962]], libertatem assecuta est, et ibi [[Tutsi]]ca [[monarchia]] cum [[rex|rege]] [[Muambutsa IV]] redintegrata est. Ibi [[respublica]] anno [[1966]] proclamata est. Burundia e [[decennium 197|decennio 197]] fuit scaena diversarum [[Subitanea rerum conversio|subitanearum conversionum]] et caedium productarum ab aemulatione inter [[duo]] praecipuas reipublicae [[ethnos]], [[Hutu]]vicos et [[Tutsi]]cos, praesertim inter annos [[1993]] et [[1999]], ubi violentia ethnica inter [[Hutu]]vicam et [[Tutsi]]cam factiones centena milium profugorum et 250&thinsp;000 interfectorum effecit. Quamquam aliqui profugi ex vicinis rebus publicis rediverunt, interethnicae contentiones alios fugere coegerunt. Copiae Burundiae, ad firmandos fines, [[Respublica Democratica Congensis|Reipublicae Democraticae Congensis]] conflictui intervenere. == Civilitas == [[Fasciculus:Pierre Nkurunziza - World Economic Forum on Africa 2008.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|[[Petrus Nkurunziza]], praeses Burundiae.]] Burundia [[factio politica|multifactionalis]] [[respublica]] cum [[praeses|praesidialis]] regimine est, ubi [[praeses]] [[dux civitatis|ducis civitatis]] et [[dux gubernationis|ducis gubernationis]] muneribus fungitur. [[Potestas exsecutiva]] in gubernationis [[manus|manibus]] est, dum duae camerae [[Parlamentum|Parlamenti]] ([[Senatus]] et [[Conventus Nationalis]]) [[potestas legisfera|potestatem legisferam]] cum gubernatione participant. === Reconciliatio nationalis === Die [[14 Martii]] anni [[2006]], Burundiensis Iustitiae ministra, [[Clotildis Niragira]], ultimi 1864 captivorum politicorum nuncupantorum, praesertim [[Hutu]]vicorum de [[Tutsi]]cis caedibus accusatorum, ultimi circuli liberationem nuntiavit, "Commissionem cum identificandorum politicorum captivorum munere suam laborem perficere." Haec novae liberationes comprehensorum post Ianuarium liberatorum numerum ad 3299 in nationalis reconciliationis actus ambitu augent. === Novus codex poenalis === Die [[22 Novembris]] anni [[2008]], Parlamentum Burundiense novum codicem poenalem sanxit, qui tum [[Poena capitalis|poenae capitalis]] abrogationem tum [[ius internationale|iuris internationalis]] dispositionem contra [[genocidium]], delicta contra [[humanitas|humanitatem]] et bellicum praevidet. Hic novus codex poenalis mutationem de [[homophyllophilia|homosexualium]] [[ius|iuribus]] signavit, quia [[Homophylophilia]]e poenas subire praevidet, quae usque ad illud tempus tolerata erat. == Provinciae, communia et colles == [[Fasciculus:Burundi Provinces (before 2015).png|thumb|Tabula provinciarum.]] Burundia divisa est in [[septendecim]] [[provincia]]s<!--Francice provinces-->, quae vicissim in 117 [[commune|communia]], quae vicissim in 2638 [[collis (Burundia)|colles]] ([[Francice]] ''collines''). Provinciales gubernationes super hos fines efformantur. Anno [[2000]], provincia [[Buiumbura]]m comprehendens bipertita est in [[Buiumbura Ruralis|Buiumburam Ruralem]] et [[Buiumburae Buleuterium]]. Provinciae sunt inferiores: {| class="wikitable" ! [[Provincia]] [[Latine]] ! [[Provincia]] [[Francice]] ! [[Caput (urbs)|Caput]] [[Latine]] ! [[Caput (urbs)|Caput]] [[Francice]] |- | [[Provincia Bubantina|Bubantia]] | ''Bubanza'' | [[Bubantia]]<ref>{{CathHierDiocese|buba}}</ref> | ''Bubanza'' |- | [[Buiumburae Buleuterium]] | ''Bujumbura Mairie'' | [[Buiumbura]] | ''Bujumbura'' |- | [[Buiumbura Ruralis]] | ''Bujumbura Rural'' | | |- | [[Provincia Bururiensis]] <ref>{{CathHierDiocese|buru}}</ref> | ''Bururi'' | [[Bururi]] | ''Bururi'' |- | [[Provincia Cancuzonensis]] | ''Cankuzo'' | [[Cancuzo]] | ''Cankuzo'' |- | [[Provincia Cibitocensis]] | ''Cibitoke'' | [[Cibitoce]] | ''Cibitoke'' |- | [[Provincia Kitegaensis]] <ref>{{CathHierDiocese|gite}}</ref> | ''Gitega'' | [[Kitega]] <ref>{{CathHierDiocese|gite}}</ref> | ''Gitega'' |- | [[Provincia Caruziensis]] | ''Karuzi'' | [[Caruzi]] | ''Karuzi'' |- | [[Provincia Cayantina]] | ''Kayanza'' | [[Cayantia]] | ''Kayanza'' |- | [[Provincia Cirundonensis]] | ''Kirundo'' | [[Cirundo]] | ''Kirundo'' |- | [[Provincia Macambaensis]] | ''Makamba'' | [[Macamba]] | ''Makamba'' |- | [[Provincia Muramuyaensis]] | ''Muramvya'' | [[Muramuya]] | ''Muramvya'' |- | [[Provincia Muyingana]] <ref>{{CathHierDiocese|muyi}}</ref> | ''Muyinga'' | [[Muyinga]] <ref>{{CathHierDiocese|muyi}}</ref> | ''Muyinga'' |- | [[Provincia Muaronensis]] | ''Mwaro'' | [[Muaro]] | ''Mwaro'' |- | [[Provincia Ngoziensis]] <ref>{{CathHierDiocese|ngoz}}</ref> | ''Ngozi'' | [[Ngozi]] | ''Ngozi'' |- | [[Provincia Rutana]] <ref>{{CathHierDiocese|ruta}}</ref> | ''Rutana'' | [[Rutana]] | ''Rutana'' |- | [[Provincia Ruyigiensis]] <ref>{{CathHierDiocese|ruyi}}</ref> | ''Ruyigi'' | [[Ruyigi]] <ref>{{CathHierDiocese|ruyi}}</ref> | ''Ruyigi'' |} == Geographia == Super [[oropedium]] [[Africa|Africo]] in [[cor]]de sita, Burundia temperato [[clima aequatorialis|climate aequatoriali]] propter [[altitudo|altitudinem]] (1700 metrorum mediae in media civitate, inferiorem in peripheria) fruitur. [[Mons Heha]], [[Buiumbura]]e austroriente situs, est 2670 metra altus. Terrae lacinia iuxta flumen [[Ruzizi|Ruzizorum]], [[Lacus Tanganica]]e septentrione, una zona est ubi altitudo 1000 metrorum non superat. Haec regio [[Valles Magni Chasmatis|Vallis Chasmatis]]<!--Francice Vallée du grand rift--> partem format. == Oeconomia == Burundica [[oeconomia]] [[agricultura]]m circumit, quae praecipuus campus est et plerosque incolas occupat, sed Burundia etiam maxima [[Niccolum|niccoli]] reservata in orbe terrarum habet. Praesertim et bellorum et instabilitatis et consectariorum incolarum (profugorum) motuum causā, aegre Burundia suis opibus usi potest. Ad conandum crescere, [[Communitas Oeconomica Africa|Communitati Oeconomicae Africae]], et antea [[Communitas Africae Orientalis|Communitati Africae Orientalis]] haesa est, quae consociationes liberi [[commercium|commercii]] zonam hac in regione creare quaerentes sunt ut mutua rerum commutatio stimuletur. == Demographia == [[Fasciculus:Karuzi Burundi goats.jpg|thumb|left|[[Mulier]]es Burundienses [[capra]]s alunt.]] [[Fasciculus:Burundi-Demography.png|thumb|Demographica Burundiae evolutio.]] Ex anno [[2008]], Burundia proiecta est ut propinquum numerum incolarum 8&thinsp;691&thinsp;005 haberet. Haec approximatio diserte [[SIDA|sidae]] effectuum rationem habet, quae significativum effectum super civitatis demographiam habet. Circiter 500&thinsp;000 hominum propter hoc morbum loco motum est. Multi Burundienses in alias terras propter [[bellum civile]] migraverunt. Anno [[2006]], [[CFA|Civitates Foederatae]] circa 10&thinsp;000 Burundiensium profugorum accepit. Plerique Burundienses regiones rusticas, et 6 centesimae incolarum regiones urbanas incolunt. [[Spissitudo incolarum]] circiter 315 incolarum pro [[chiliometrum quadratum|chiliometro quadrato]] secunda maxima spissitudo in [[Africa Subsahariana]] est. Fere 85 centesimae [[numerus incolarum|incolarum]] [[Hutu]]vicae, 15 centesimae [[Tutsi]]cae, et minus quam 1 centesima [[Tua]]icae originis est. === Linguae === [[Lingua publica|Linguae publicae]] sunt [[Lingua Kirundica|Kirundica]] et [[Francogallice|Francogallica]], sed tota in Burundia [[tres]] linguae sunt: * [[Lingua Francica|Francica]], quam 2200 incolarum pro patrio sermone in Burundia habent; * [[Lingua Kirundica|Kirundica]] 4&thinsp;600&thinsp;000 in Burundia locutores<!--neologismus OK?--> habet. Etiam [[Ruanda]], [[Tanzania]], et [[Uganda]] Kirundice utuntur. Tres [[dialectos]] habet: Hutuvicam, Tutsicam, quae persimiles inter se sunt, et Tuaicam, e tribus dissimillimam, sed omnes inter se et cum [[lingua Kinyarwandica|Kinyarwandica]], in [[Ruanda]] publica et pro eadem lingua habita, facile intellegi possunt; * [[Lingua Suahili|Suahilica]], cum 6356 hominum pro patrio sermone habentium. [[Buiumbura|Caput]] Suahilice quoque utitur, et prima [[lingua]] qua [[Buyenzi]] utuntur. Multi [[Musulmanus|Musulmani]] Suahilice plurimis Burundicis in urbibus utuntur. === Religio === Fontes [[Christianismus|Christianos]] 70 centesimas esse aestimant, cum [[Ecclesia Catholica|Catholicis Romanis]] maximum circulum cum 65 centesimis repraesentantibus. [[Protestantes]] et [[Communio Anglicana|Anglicani]] fideles relictum 5 centesimas comprehendunt. Circa 23 centesimae incolarum religionibus vernaculis a maioribus posteris traditis haerentur; [[traditiones|translaticiorum]] [[indigena|autochthonicorum]] circulorum aliqui [[SIDA|sidae]] et aliorum [[morbus|morborum]] medellas promovent. [[Musulmanus|Musulmani]] 10 centesimae esse aestimantur, quorum plerique regiones urbanas incolunt. [[Secta Sunnitica|Sunnitae]] plerosque Musulmanos, dum [[Secta Siitica|Siitae]] reliquos Musulmanos constituunt. === Valetudo === Minor [[curatio medica|curationis medicae]] gradus in Burundia quam in plerisque civitatibus est. Exspectatio [[vita]]e in natu 48,5 annorum (anno [[2005]]) est. Magna incolarum proportio hyponutrita est. Tres [[medicus|medici]] pro 100&thinsp;000 hominum [[decennium 201|decennio 201]] ineunte erant. [[VIDH]] et [[sida]]e praevalentia circiter 4,2% anno [[2007]] erat. == Cultura == [[Fasciculus:Gitega drums.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Kitega]]ensia [[tympanum|tympana]].]] [[Cultura]] Burundica in [[mos|moribus]] a maioribus posteris proditis et in pondere civitatum vicinarum fundatur, quamquam prominentia culturae a [[turba civilis|turba civili]] obstructa est. Quia [[agricultura]] est praecipua in Burundia [[industria]], [[cibus]] Burundicus usitatus in [[Ipomoea batatas|batata]],<!--vel patata?--> [[maizum|maizo]], [[pisum|piso]] consistit. Ob suam caritatem, [[caro]] solum paucis vicibus pro mense manducatur. Cum nonnulli Burundienses familiarissimi congrediuntur, [[impecum]] ([[Francice]]: ''impeke''), [[cervisia]]m, e magno vasculo bibunt. Singuli amici aut familiares singulos siphones unitatem significnates accipiunt. Opificum [[ars|artes]] ponderis artis forma in Burundia et dona [[pulchritudo|pulchra]] plurimis periegetis sunt. Cistarum contextus popularis ars inter Burundienses opificibus est. Aliae opificum artes, inter quas [[persona]]e, [[scutum|scuta]], [[sculptura|statuae]], et [[figlina]], in Burundia conficiuntur. [[Tympanum|Tympanorum]] pulsatio ponderis culturae Burundicae patrimonii pars est. Per totum orbem terrarum praeclari [[Tympanistae Regii Burundiae]], actum per circiter [[quadraginta]] annos posuerunt, ob suam translaticiam tympanorum pulsationem cum [[amasaco]]nibus, [[ibisiciso]]nibus, et [[iciranya|iciranyis]]<!--Francice: amashako, ibishikiso, ikiranya--> tympanis insignes sunt. [[Saltatio]] crebro tympanicum actum comitur, qui saepe in celebrationibus et familiaribus conviviis videtur. [[Abatimbo]], cuius actus in caerimoniis et ritibus ponitur, et rapidarum pulsationum [[abanyagasimbo]] duae clarae Burundicae saltationes sunt. Inter [[instrumentum musicum|instrumenta musica]] [[tibia (instrumentum musicum)|tibia]], [[cithara]], [[icembe]], [[indonongo]], [[umuduri]], [[inanga]], et [[inyagara]] notanda sunt. [[Fasciculus:Le Match.jpg|thumb|left|Homines [[pediludium|pediludio]] in Burundia ludunt.]] Burundienses [[lingua Kirundica|Kirundice]], [[Francice]], et [[Suahilice]] totam per civitatem utuntur. Burundiae index alphabetizationis parvus est propter defectus assiduitatis in [[schola]]. Solum [[decem]] centesimae Burundiensium [[puer]]orum [[educatio]]nem secundariam recipiunt. [[Fama]]<!--oral tradition--> gravis est et [[historia]]m lectionesque [[vita]]les per [[fabula]]rum narrationem, [[Poësis|poësin]], et [[cantus|cantum]] transmittit. [[Imigami]], [[indirimbo]], [[amazina]], et [[iuyivugo]] [[litterae|litterariorum]] generum in Burundia exsistentium modi sunt. [[Canistriludium]] et [[ludus gymnicus campestris]] famosi [[ars athletica|artes athleticae]] in Burundia sunt. [[Pediludium]] populare oblectamentum per rempublicam est, velut [[mancala]]e ludi sunt. In Burundia [[Christianitas|Christiana]] sollemnia celebrantur, inter quae [[Christi Natalis]] longissima est. Dies Libertatis Burundiae quotannis [[1 Iulii|Kalendis Iuliis]] celebratur. Anno [[2005]], gubernatio Burundica [[Eidulfitrum]] ([[Arabice]] عيد الفطر), [[Religio Islamica|Islamicum]] sollemne, publicas ferias enuntiavit. Burundica gubernatio mutationes in [[lex|lege]] [[homophylophilia]]m sceleratam facientes nuperrime pertulit. Homines a consensualibus homosexualibus necessitudinibus noxii inventi inter duo aut tres annos carceris et inter 50 000 et 100 000 [[francus Burundicus|francorum Burundicorum]] multae periculum subeunt. [[Amnestia Internationalis]] actionem damnavit, eam Burundicarum obligationum transgressionem sub legibus internationalibus regionalibusque de [[Iura humana|iuribus humanis]] et contra Burundicam [[constitutio]]nem nuncupans, quae vitae privatae iure spondet. === Educatio === Burundia [[Universitas Burundiae|universitatem civitatis]] habet. Complura [[museum|musea]] urbibus sunt, inter quae [[Museum Geologicum Burundiae]] [[Buiumbura]]e et [[Museum Nationale Burundiae]] et [[Museum Burundicum Vitae]], ambo ultima [[Kitega]]e sita. [[Alphabetismus]] circiter in dimidio incolarum numero inter [[vir]]os et circiter in quarta parte numeri incolarum inter [[mulier]]es est. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == *Abdallah, Ahmedou Ould. ''Burundi on the Brink, 1993–95: A UN Special Envoy Reflects on Preventive Diplomacy.'' *Allen, J. A., et al. [[2004]]. ''Africa South of the Sahara 2004: South of the Sahara.'' Novi Eboraci: Taylor and Francis Group. ISBN 1857431839. *Bentley, Kristina, et Roger Southall. ''An African Peace Process: Mandela, South Africa, and Burundi.'' *Chrétien, Jean-Pierre. ''The Great Lakes of Africa: Two Thousand Years of History.'' *Daley, Patricia. ''Gender and Genocide in Burundi: The Search for Spaces of Peace in the Great Lakes Region.'' *Eggers, Ellen K. [[2006]]. ''Historical Dictionary of Burundi.'' Ed. 3a. Lanhamiae Terrae Mariae: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0810853027. *Gates, Henry Lewis. et Anthony Appiah. [[1999]]. ''Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience.'' Novi Eboraci: Basic Civitas Books. ISBN 0465000711. *Ewusi, Kale, et Ebenezer Akwanga. ''Burundi's Negative Peace: The Shadow of a Broken Continent in the Era of Nepad.'' *Jennings, Christian. ''Across the Red River: Rwanda, Burundi and the Heart of Darkness.'' *Kidder, Tracy. ''Strength in What Remains.'' *Krueger, Robert. et Kathleen Tobin Krueger. [[2007]]. ''From Bloodshed to Hope in Burundi: Our Embassy Years during Genocide.'' Austiniae Texiae: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0292714866. *Lemarchand, Rene. [[1996]]. ''Burundi: Ethnic Conflict and Genocide. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521566230. *Melady, Thomas Patrick. ''Burundi: The Tragic Years.'' *Nivonzima, David, et Len Fendell. ''Unlocking Horns: Forgiveness and Reconciliation in Burundi.'' *Uvin, Peter. ''Life After Violence: A People's Story of Burundi.'' *Watt, Nigel. '' Burundi: The Biography of a Small African Country.'' *Weinstein, Warren. [[2006]]. ''Historical Dictionary of Burundi.'' Metuchen Novae Caesareae: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0810809621. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Burundi|Burundiam}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090523153822/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/burundi.htm Burundia] apud bibliothecas Universitatis Coloratensis {{Ling|Anglice}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110726213928/http://www.kazoza-burundi.org/ Burundica Nationalis Consultationum situs] {{Ling|Francogallice}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110813050117/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-b/burundi.html Dux Civitatis et Consilii Socii]s {{Ling|Anglice}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081106204744/http://www.burundi-gov.bi/ Ritus gubernationis Burundicae situs] {{Ling|Francogallice}} {{Africa}} {{Capsae collectae|Burundia|politica|{{Praesides Burundiae}}{{Primi ministri Burundiae}} {{Ministri rerum externarum Burundienses}}}} {{Myrias|Geographia}} [[Categoria:Burundia|!]] [[Categoria:Civitates sui iuris]] [[Categoria:Condita 1962]] msw5rr7axtdsujfu35hgn23ducj9nnx Python (lingua programmationis) 0 15246 3986661 3909211 2026-09-08T19:11:57Z נתנאל שטרן 175178 3986661 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|-2}} '''Python''' est hodiernum [[lingua programmationis|idioma programmationis]] quod anno MMXVI in tertio loco manet inter linguas ad programmandum maxime adhibitas <ref>http://spectrum.ieee.org/computing/software/the-2016-top-programming-languages</ref>, post C et Java. [[Syntaxis]] consilio pondus dat brevitati et facilitati lectu, ut programmata in lineis scribantur paucioribus quam linguae aliae sicut [[C (lingua programmandi)|C]] vel [[Java (lingua programmandi)|Java]]. Lingua nomen accepit e titulo ''[[Monty Python]]'s Flying Circus''. Programmatores huius linguae periti ''pythonistae'' appellantur, et peculiaris modus quo ei programmata scribunt ''pythonicus'' nominatur. Haec lingua [[Paradigma programmandi|multa paradigmata]] permittit, sicut imperativum et [[programmatura ad res directa|programmationem obiecto spectantem]]. Consilio in se multa instrumenta offert programmatoribus, sicut dicta (tabulae quaestionum), catalogi, functiones lambdae, generatores, et classes. Lingua facile extendi potest multis librariis programmationis, cum nexibus ad librarias aliarum linguarum, sicut Fortran, Java, et C. == Salve, munde! == Infra programma minimum ostenditur, quod "Salve, munde!" ad monitorium mittit. <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> print("Salve, munde!") </syntaxhighlight> ==Historia== Python circum annum [[MCMLXXX]] primum concepta est, sed ab [[Guido van Rossum]] anno [[MCMLXXXIX]] demum creata est. Van Rossum, cum esset auctor princeps Pythonis, postea ''Benevolens Dictator Perpetuo'' ([[Anglice]]: ''Benevolent Dictator for Life'') appellatus est. Python 2.0 die XVI mensis Octobris anno MM divulgata est; Python 3.0 autem mense Decembri anno MMVIII. == Nomen == Nomen ''Python'' derivatum est a titulo pelliculae ''Monty Python's Flying Circus''. Qua causa in programmatis nomina alia e hac pelliculae scaena saepe inveniuntur. == Syntaxis == Python indentationibus, non ceruliis, utitur ut clausulas varias distinguat. Exempli gratia: <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> def fib(n): if n < 2: return n else: return fib(n - 1) + fib(n - 2) </syntaxhighlight> === Declarationes === Absque modo linguae C, non necesse est genus variabilis scribere. <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> num = 1 num2 = num * 3 + 456 nomen = "Python" conditio = False series = [1, 5, 12, 123] series_immutabilis = (123, 345, 'salve!') </syntaxhighlight> === Sententiae === * <syntaxhighlight lang="python" inline>print</syntaxhighlight> est sententia quae textum ad monitorium mittit. <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> print "Salve!" </syntaxhighlight> * <syntaxhighlight lang="python" inline>if</syntaxhighlight> (Latine ''si'') <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> if num > 5: print "num est maior quam quinque!" elif num < 5: print "num est minor quam quinque!" else: print "num aequat quinque!" </syntaxhighlight> * <syntaxhighlight lang="python" inline>for</syntaxhighlight> aliquoties iteratur. <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> for i in range(10): print i </syntaxhighlight> * <syntaxhighlight lang="python" inline>while</syntaxhighlight> (Latine ''dum'') iteratur dum conditio vera est. <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> num = 2 while num < 10: num += 1 print num </syntaxhighlight> * <syntaxhighlight lang="python" inline>try</syntaxhighlight> (Latine ''conor'') conatur partem ''try'' exsequi. Si error accidit, partem ''except'' exsequitur. Denique, partem ''finally'' semper exsequitur, si adest. <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> try: num = 10 / 0 # malum! except ZeroDivisionError: print "illud facere non potes!" finally: print "conficio!" </syntaxhighlight> * <syntaxhighlight lang="python" inline>class</syntaxhighlight> rem novam definit. <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> class Canis: def __init__(self, nomen): self.nomen = nomen def latra(self): print "Woof!" def dic_nomen(self): # si canes loqui possint print "mihi nomen est", self.nomen </syntaxhighlight> * <syntaxhighlight lang="python" inline>def</syntaxhighlight> (Latine ''definio'') functionem definit. <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> def add(num1, num2): return num1 + num2 </syntaxhighlight> * <syntaxhighlight lang="python" inline>with</syntaxhighlight> (Latine ''cum'') <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> with open("data.txt") as fin: data = fin.read() # process data </syntaxhighlight> * <syntaxhighlight lang="python" inline>pass</syntaxhighlight> est sententia quae nihil facit. <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> def nihil_facio(): pass </syntaxhighlight> * <syntaxhighlight lang="python" inline>assert</syntaxhighlight> (Latine ''affirmo'') <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> num = 9 / 3 assert num == 3 # rectum assert num == 4 # hic AssertionError provenit </syntaxhighlight> * <syntaxhighlight lang="python" inline>yield</syntaxhighlight> (Latine ''cedo'') <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> def crea_generatorem(): mealist = range(4) for i in mealist: yield i * i gen = crea_generatorem() for i in gen: print i # eventus: # 0 # 1 # 4 # 9 </syntaxhighlight> * <syntaxhighlight lang="python" inline>exec</syntaxhighlight> (Latine ''fungor'') seriem characterum codicis Pythonis exsequitur. <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> code = "print 'salve, munde!'" exec code # "salve, munde!" ad monitorium mittit </syntaxhighlight> * <syntaxhighlight lang="python" inline>eval</syntaxhighlight> expressionem aestimat. <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> num = eval(3 * 5) print num # 15 </syntaxhighlight> === Operatores === Python nonnullos operatores habet: * Operatores arithmetici simplices: <syntaxhighlight lang="python" inline>+</syntaxhighlight> (additio), <syntaxhighlight lang="python" inline>-</syntaxhighlight> (subtractio), <syntaxhighlight lang="python" inline>*</syntaxhighlight> (multiplicatio), <syntaxhighlight lang="python" inline>/</syntaxhighlight> (Python 2: divisio integra; Python 3: divisio decimalis), et <syntaxhighlight lang="python" inline>**</syntaxhighlight> (potentiatio) * Operatores compositi: <syntaxhighlight lang="python" inline>+=</syntaxhighlight>, <syntaxhighlight lang="python" inline>-=</syntaxhighlight>, <syntaxhighlight lang="python" inline>*=</syntaxhighlight>, <syntaxhighlight lang="python" inline>/=</syntaxhighlight>, <syntaxhighlight lang="python" inline">**=</syntaxhighlight> * Operatores comparativus: <syntaxhighlight lang="python" inline><</syntaxhighlight>, <syntaxhighlight lang="python" inline>></syntaxhighlight>, <syntaxhighlight lang="python" inline><=</syntaxhighlight>, <syntaxhighlight lang="python" inline>>=</syntaxhighlight>, <syntaxhighlight lang="python" inline">==</syntaxhighlight> (aequalitas valoris, non loci memoriae sicut in lingua C), et <syntaxhighlight lang="python" inline">!=</syntaxhighlight> * Operatores booliani: <syntaxhighlight lang="python" inline">and</syntaxhighlight>, <syntaxhighlight lang="python" inline">or</syntaxhighlight>, <syntaxhighlight lang="python" inline">not</syntaxhighlight> * Operatores bitwise: <syntaxhighlight lang="python" inline">&</syntaxhighlight> (et), <syntaxhighlight lang="python" inline">|</syntaxhighlight> (vel), <syntaxhighlight lang="python" inline">^</syntaxhighlight> (aut exclusivum) * Operator loci memoriae: <syntaxhighlight lang="python" inline">is</syntaxhighlight> * Operator ternarius: <code>''pars-vera''</code> <syntaxhighlight lang="python" inline">if</syntaxhighlight> <code>''conditio''</code> <syntaxhighlight lang="python" inline">else</syntaxhighlight> <code>''pars-falsa''</code> === Genera === {| class="wikitable" |- ! Genus ! Descriptio ! Exemplum |- | <code>str</code> | series immutabilis characterum | <code>'Vicipaedia'</code><br /><code>"Vicipaedia"</code><br /><code>"""Spanning<br />multiple<br />lines"""</code> |- | <code>byte</code> | series immutabilis bytorum | <code>b'Some ASCII'</code><br /><code>b"Some ASCII"</code> |- | <code>list</code> | series mutabilis quae genera varia continere potest | <code>[4.0, 'string', True]</code> |- | <code>tuple</code> | series immutabilis quae genera varia continere potest | <code>(4.0, 'string', True)</code> |- | <code>set</code>, <code>frozenset</code> | inordinata collectio, nulla duplicata continens | <code>{4.0, 'string', True}</code><br /><code>frozenset([4.0, 'string', True])</code> |- | <code>dict</code> | collectio mutabilis clavis et valoris | <code>{'key1': 1.0, 3: False}</code> |- | <code>int</code> | numerus immutabilis (integer) infinitae magnitudinis | <code>42</code> |- | <code>float</code> | numerus immutabilis (decimalis) | <code>3.141592654</code> |- | <code>complex</code> | numerus immutabilis (complexus) cum partibus realibus et imaginariis | <code>3+2.7j</code> |- | <code>bool</code> | valor immutabilis veritatis (verus aut falsus) | <code>True</code><br /><code>False</code> |} == Implementationes == * CPython * Unladen Swallow * Jython (Java) * IronPython ([[.NET]]) * Stackless Python * ChinesePython === Compilatores === * Psyco (ad codicem machinae) * Pyjamas (ad JavaScript) * Shed Skin (ad C++) * Pyrex (ad C) * Cython (ad C) {{NexInt}} * [[Perl]] * [[PHP]] == Nexus externi == {{communia|Python (programming language)}} * http://www.python.org/ [[Categoria:Linguae programmationis]] {{Myrias|Technologia}} gb965e8i9dwomkzhkmwx5t9u862gnli Maria Magdalena 0 15656 3986787 3655650 2026-09-09T05:05:50Z Miguel Covarrubias MX 211110 מִרְיָם הַמַּגְדָּלִית (Miryām ha-Magdalīt) 3986787 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Data Sancti |2=a |nomen=Maria Magdalena |imago=TINTORETTO - Magdalena penitente (Musei Capitolini, Roma, 1598-1602) - copia.jpg |px=200 |explanatio=Reconstructio Mariae Magdalenae |titulus= |natus=N/A [[Magdala]]e [[Iudaea]]e |mortuus=N/A fortasse in [[Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte-Baume]] [[Francia]]e sive [[Ephesus|Ephesi]] [[Anatolia]]e |beatificatio= |canonizatio= |dies festae=[[22 Iulii]] |attributa= |patronus=}} '''Maria Magdalena''',<ref>{{Hofmannus}}, [http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/hofmann/hof3/s0011b.html vol. 3, p. 11].</ref> seu '''Magdalene'''<ref>[https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=G3094&t=VUL Undecies] in [[Vulgata]] Bibliorum versione reperitur.</ref> ([[Graece]] {{polytonic|Μαρία ἡ Μαγδαληνή}}; [[Hebraice]] מִרְיָם הַמַּגְדָּלִית [''Miryām ha-Magdalīt'']‎‎; a [[Magdala]] oppido iuxta [[mare Galilaeae]]<ref>Nomen oppidum ab Aramaico מגדלא 'turri' deductum est. Vide ''Oxford English Dictionary'', s.v. "Magdalene".</ref>) est persona Biblica. == Biographia == [[Fasciculus:Ivanov, Alexander - The Appearance of Christ to Mary Magdalene - 1834-1836.jpg|thumb|''Noli me tangere'', tabula ab [[Alexander Ivanov|Alexandro Ivanov]] picta.]] A [[Iesus Christus|Iesu]] septem [[daemon]]es ex illa expulsi sunt. Eum cum aliis mulieribus comitata est, eum [[Hierosolyma]]m secuta e longinquo [[Crucifixio]]nem vidit, sepulturae affuit, matutino insequentis [[sabbatum]] diei tempore sepulcrum repperit vacuum, ei Iesus post [[resurrectio]]nem primae apparuit et dixit illud "noli me tangere", ab eodem iussa est apostolis resurrectionem nuntiare. In quattuor [[Evangelium|Evangeliis]] duodeciens dicitur, plus quam plerique apostoli. Multi [[Patres Ecclesiae|scriptores veteris christianitatis]] velut Hippolytus, [[Ambrosius|Ambrosius Mediolanensis]], [[Aurelius Augustinus]] eam memorant. Saeculis posteris ''apostola'' et ''apostola apostolorum'' dicta est. Sed etiam confuse de ea narratum est eademque aliis mulieribus Maria nominatis et peccatrice evangelii anonyma permutata est. Ab [[Ecclesia Catholica]], [[Ecclesia Orthodoxa|Orthodoxa]] et quibusdam sectis [[protestantes|protestantibus]] veneratur. Dies festus [[22 Iulii]] est. Artifices eam fingunt [[unguis|unguentarium]] manu tenentem. {{NexInt}} * [[Asylum Magdalenum]] * [[Inundatio Sanctae Mariae Magdalenae]] *''[[Noli me tangere]]'' * ''[[Sainte-Baume]]'' * [[Sancta Sara]] == Notae == <div class="references-small"><references/></div> == Bibliographia == * Acocella, Joan. "The Saintly Sinner: The Two-Thousand-Year Obsession with Mary Magdalene". ''[[The New Yorker]]'', February 13 & 20, 2006, p.&nbsp;140–49. Prompted by controversy surrounding Dan Brown's ''The Da Vinci Code''. * Brock, Ann Graham. ''Mary Magdalene, The First Apostle: The Struggle for Authority''. Cambridge, Massachusetts: [[Harvard University Press]], 2003. ISBN 0-674-00966-5. Discusses issues of apostolic authority in the gospels and the ''Gospel of Peter'' the competition between Peter and Mary, especially in chapter 7, "The Replacement of Mary Magdalene: A Strategy for Eliminating the Competition". * Burstein, Dan, and Arne J. De Keijzer. ''Secrets of Mary Magdalene''. New York: CDS Books, 2006. ISBN 1-59315-205-1. * De Boer Esther A., ''Mary Magdalene, beyond the Myth ''(SCM Press London, 1997). * Jansen, Katherine Ludwig. ''The Making of the Magdalen: Preaching and Popular Devotion in the Later Middle Ages''. Princeton, N.J.: [[Princeton University Press]], 2000. ISBN 0-691-05850-4. * Shoemaker, Stephen J. "Rethinking the ‘Gnostic Mary’: Mary of Nazareth and Mary of Magdala in Early Christian Tradition". in ''Journal of Early Christian Studies'', 9 (2001) pp 555–595. * Thiering, Barbara. ''Jesus the Man: Decoding the Real Story of Jesus and Mary Magdalene''. New York: Simon & Schulster (Atria Books), 2006. ISBN 1-4165-4138-1. * Wellborn, Amy. ''De-coding Mary Magdalene: Truth, Legend, and Lies''. Huntington, Indiana: Our Sunday Visitor, 2006. ISBN 1-59276-209-3. A straightforward accounting of what is well-known of Mary Magdalene. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Mary Magdalene|Mariam Magdalenam}} {{sanctus-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Magdalena, Maria}} [[Categoria:Sancti]] [[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 1]] [[Categoria:Nati saeculo 1 a.C.n.]] [[Categoria:Mulieres]] [[Categoria:Incolae Syropalaestinae Graecoromanae]] [[Categoria:Maria Magdalena|!]] [[Categoria:Sectatores Iesu]] a9iejx7ila0cb1aob9niinjlkxekyah David (rex) 0 24708 3986751 3985814 2026-09-08T21:49:17Z LilyKitty 18316 de sculptura 'David' Michaelangeli 3986751 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Egbert-Psalter,_fol._20v.jpg|thumb|[[Minuta tabula]] regem Davidem [[cithara]]m psallentem repraesentat. [[Liber Psalmorum Egberti]] (saeculo 10).]] '''David'''<ref>Dāvīd, m. indecl. et Dāvīd, -vīdis. – Adi. Dāvīdicus, -a, -um (Karl Ernst Georges: Ausführliches lateinisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch. Hannoverae 1913, ed. 8, vol. 1, col. 1886).</ref> ([[Lingua Hebraica|Hebraice]] דוד Dawēḏ (Dawîḏ),<ref>Etiam [[Graece]] Δαυίδ; [[Lingua Aethiopica|Aethiopice]] ዳዊት ''Dawit''; [[Lingua Armenia antiqua|Armenice]] Դաւիթ ''Dawit''; [[lingua Slavonica Ecclesiastica]] Давíдъ ''Davidŭ.''</ref> fortasse 'amatus'<ref name="BotterweckRinggren1977"> Botterweck et Ringgren 1977: 158.</ref>) fuit secundus (post [[Saul]]) [[rex]] [[regnum Israel|Israel]], ut in [[Liber I Samuelis|primo]] [[Liber II Samuelis|secundoque libris Samuelis]] in [[Thanach]] dicitur. Davidi, qui pater [[Salomon (rex)|Salomonis]] et [[Absalom]] et circa annum [[1000 a.C.n.]] regnavisse putatur, etiam multi [[Liber Psalmorum|Psalmi]] ascribuntur. == David in libris Samuelis == [[Fasciculus:Michelangelos_David.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|''[[David (Michael Angelus)|David]]'' [[iuvenis]]. [[Sculptura]] [[Michaelangelus|Michaelangeli]] (1501–1504).]] === Adulescentia Davidis === Minimus e filiis [[Isai]] in [[Bethleem]] natus iam [[puer]] a [[propheta]] [[Samuel (propheta)|Samuel]]e rex unctus est. Secundum I Sam 16,14–23 a Saul rege [[musicus]] ad [[aula]]m arcessitus est, "quod spiritus Dei malus [regem] exagitabat"; cum autem David [[cithara]]m psallebat, "refocillabatur Saul et levius habebat: recedebat enim ab eo spiritus malus." Liber I Samuelis 17 Davidem alio modo aulicum factum esse [[narratio|narrat]]: David, qui gregem patris Isai in Bethleem pavit, a patre ad [[exercitus|exercitum]] Saul, ubi tres fratres maiores serviebant, missus est, ut fratribus ac tribuno militum [[panis|panem]] et [[caseus|caseum]] apportaret. Propter insectationes [[Goliath]] bellatoris [[Philistaei|Philistaeorum]] maxime iratus, postquam renuit arma, funda eum interfecit (I Sam 17,5-51): :Praevaluit David adversum Philisthaeum in funda et in lapide; percussumque Philisthaeum interfecit. Cumque gladium non haberet in manu, David cucurrit et stetit super Philisthaeum; et tulit gladium eius et eduxit eum de vagina sua et interfecit eum praeciditque caput eius. Videntes autem Philisthim quod mortuus esset fortissimus eorum fugerunt. Saul, cuius filius puer fortis esset, percontatus eum ad aulam venire iussit. David plebi valde acceptus et in proeliis victor mox regi invidiae esse coepit. Michol, regis filia [[uxor]]que Davidis, et [[Ionathan]], regis filius, quocum David [[amor]]e mutuo coniunctus erat, eum de insidiis regis praemonuerunt, ut fugere potuisset. Tum praedonum dux vitam egit, saepius e manibus [[milites|militum]] Saul, qui eum insectabantur, evasit, reverentia muneris regii commotus bis vitae regis pepercit. === David rex === [[Fasciculus:David and Goliath by Caravaggio.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|[[Michel Angelus Merisi ex Caravaggio|Caravaggio]]: ''David et Goliath'' ([[1599]]).]] Postquam Saul et Ionathan contra Philistaeos pugnantes occiderunt, "senes Israel" David in [[Hebron]] "in regem unxerunt" (II Sam 5,3). In regem [[Iudas (tribus)|tribus Iudae]] propheta Samuel eum iam multis annis ante unxerat (1 Sam 16,1 EU). David [[Hierosolyma]] expugnavit, quae urbs, quamvis in confinio duorum regnorum sita, ad neutrum eorum pertinuit. Inde praedium regium facta collis [[Sion]] media in urbe situs "civitas David" appellata est (I Sam 5,7). Etiam [[arca foederis|arcam foederis]], ut Hierosolyma locus [[religio]]nis medius fieret, in urbem ferri iussit (I Sam 6). Pluribus bellis feliciter gestis regnum (secundum Biblia) a [[Mare Mediterraneum|mari Mediterraeno]] in occidente usque ad [[Moab (civitas)|Moab]] in oriente et a [[Heliopolis (Libanus)|Heliopoli]] in septentrionibus usque ad [[Rubrum mare]] in meridie patebat. Regiones autem Philistaeorum inter [[Gaza]]m et [[Telavivum|Ioppam]] sitas occupare non potuit. [[Fasciculus:Massys_David_and_Bathshba.jpg|thumb|[[Ioannes Massys]]: ''David cum Bethsabee.'' [[Oleum]] in carbaso, [[1562]].]] Aliquando uxoris nomine [[Bathsabee]] amore captus est, dum coniunx eius, Uria [[Hetthaei|Hetthaeus]], bello contra [[Ammonitae|Ammonitas]] interest. David certior factus Bathsabee gravidam esse primo Uriam arcessere iussit; quod autem miles tempore belli domum intrare cumque uxore concumbere noluit, David litteris ducem Ioab praecepit, ut Uriam inter hostes missum morti proderet. Postea David Bathsabee, quae erat sua [[mulier]] octava, in [[matrimonium]] duxit (II Sam. 11). Filius quidem mortuus est (quod [[Nathan (propheta)|Nathan propheta]] poena Dei interpretatus est, II Sam. 12), tamen benedictio Dei super David remansit: filius Bathsabee secundus erat [[Salomon (rex)|Salomon]], qui Davidi successerit et [[templum Hierosolymitanum]] aedificaverit. Libri Samuelis non solum regem optimum demonstrant, sed etiam virum amore iraque commotum ac dubitationibus vexatum, qui pro vitiis suis graves poenas solvit. Quod in [[narratio]]nibus regiis illius temporis singulare est. == Domus Davidica == Narratio Davidica quandam [[theologia]]m secum fert, cuius nucleus in II Sam. 7,1-29 (et loco parallelo [[Liber I Paralipomenon|I Par.]] 7,1-17) invenitur: Benedictio Dei super domum Davidicam permanebit in aeternum! Ibi David, qui habitat "in domo cedrina", deliberat, num Deo, cuius "arca posita sit in medio pellium", "domum" (id est templum) aedificaret. Nathan propheta iussu Dei respondet id non Davidis esse; Deum ipsum Davidi domum aeternum (id est domum regiam sine fine) aedificaturum (II Sam 7,12-16): :Cumque completi fuerint dies tui, et dormieris cum patribus tuis, suscitabo semen tuum post te, quod egredietur de visceribus tuis; et firmabo regnum eius. Ipse aedificabit domum nomini meo, et stabiliam thronum regni eius usque in sempiternum. Ego ero ei in patrem, et ipse erit mihi in filium; qui si inique aliquid gesserit, arguam eum in virga virorum et in plagis filiorum hominum. [[Misericordia]]m autem meam non auferam ab eo, sicut abstuli a Saul, quem amovi a facie tua; et stabilis erit domus tua et regnum tuum usque [[aeternitas|in aeternum]] ante faciem meam, et [[solium|thronus]] tuus erit firmus iugiter. In II Sam. 23:5, haec promissio "pactum aeternum," in [[Liber Psalmorum|Psalmis]] 89:40 et 11:9 "testamentum," in [[liber|libris]] [[Liber Isaiae|Isaiae]] 55:3 et [[Liber Ieremiae|Ieremiae]] 33:21 "pactum sempiternum" appellatur. In [[Liber I Regum|libri Regum]] 2:4 et iterum in I Reg. 8:25, conditio promissionis sive pacti ponitur: "Non auferetur de te vir coram me, qui sedeat super thronum Israel, ita tamen, si custodierint filii tui viam suam, ut ambulent coram me, sicut tu ambulasti in conspectu meo." Quod promissio conditione limitata est, significare possit hunc locum scriptum esse, postquam Hierosolyma a [[Nabuchodonosor II|Nabuchodonosore II]] expugnata et domus Davidica a solio amota est. Tamen una cum aliis locis (ut puta Is 7,14) [[spes|spem]] regis futuri nutrivit, qui [[Messias]] populum suum in libertatem vindicaret. Haec exspectatio etiam in [[Novum Testamentum|Novo Testamento]] (vide [[Evangelium secundum Lucam|Lc]] 1,32) invenitur. == David in Novo Testamento == Scriptores Novi Testamenti aliter ac de aliis regibus Veteris Testamenti de Davide saepe mentionem faciunt, praesertim cum [[Messias]] e domo David venturus exspectatus sit. Inde [[Iesus]] compluries nomine "[[Dei filius|filius David]]" appellatus est. In narrationibus evangeliorum [[evangelium secundum Matthaeum|secundum Matthaeum]] et [[Evangelium secundum Lucam|Lucam]] de Iesu puero, quae duas [[genealogia Iesu|genealogias Iesu]] inter se diversas praebent, coniunctio [[genealogia|genealogica]] inter Iesum et David per [[Iosephus (sanctus)|Iosephum]], maritum [[Maria (mater Iesu)|Mariae]] patremque Iesu, constituitur. Praeterea Iesus in "civitate David" Bethleem natus esse traditur. In evangelio secundum Matthaeum, Iesus imprimis in locis quibus de [[miraculum|miraculis]] eius narratur, filius David appellatur simulque [[Messias]], qui populo suo salutem fert, designatur. Etiam [[Paulus Tarsensis|Paulus]] Iesum e domo David oriundum esse ponit ([[Epistula II ad Timotheum|2 Tim.]] 2:8 et [[Epistula ad Romanos|Rm]] 1:3 et sequene). In [[Evangelium secundum Ioannem|evangelio secundum Ioannem]] quidam infitiantur Iesum Messiam esse, quod ex [[Galilaea]] esset ([[Evangelium secundum Ioannem|Io]] 7:40–43), sive auctor evangelii ignorantiam hominum demonstrare vult,<ref>Martin Hengel et Anna Maria Schwemer (2007), ''Jesus und das Judentum'' (Tubingae), 293.</ref> sive ipse nihil de origine Davidica scit.<ref>Konrad Huber (1999), "Die Könige Israels: Saul, David und Salomo," ''Alttestamentliche Gestalten im Neuen Testament,'' ed. Markus Öhler (Darmstadiae: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft), 161 et sequentibus.</ref> == David in religione Christiana == [[Persona]] Davidis imprimis [[medium aevum|medio aevo]] maximi momenti erat, quod Iesus "filius David" appellatus est. [[religio Christiana|Christianis]] [[pietas]], sed etiam [[poenitentia]] Davidis, postquam cum Bathsabee peccavit, ante [[oculus|oculos]] positae sunt; etiam [[fortitudo]] regis magna admiratione fuit. David exemplum [[psalmus|psalmistae]] ac [[poeta]]e habebatur, quare et [[patronus]] societatis [[cantor]]um nomine "[[Meistersinger]]" erat. In [[hymnus|hymno]] [[Dies irae]] una cum [[Sibylla]] [[ultimum iudicium]] annuntiat. Cum David [[eques (medium aevum)|eques]] et [[rex]] praestans duceretur, [[Carolus Magnus]] ab aulicis "novus David" appellari gaudebat. Unctio Davidis a Samuele propheta facta medio aevo exemplum unctionis regae erat.<ref>David Flusser (2007), "David, In Christianity," ''Encyclopaedia Judaica,'' ed. 2. vol. 5, p. 454.</ref> Praeterea ab [[artifex|artificibus]] [[pictura|picturis]], simulacris, operibus musicis saepissime repraesentatus est. == David in Alcorano == [[Fasciculus:Mahomet,_David_et_Salomon-Mîr_Haydar,_Mirâdj_nâmeh-1436.jpg|thumb|[[Mahometus]] (dextra in equo-homine [[Buraq]] sedens) in caelo Davidi et Salomoni obviam venit (ex [[Miradschname]]).]] David in [[Alcoranus|Alcorano]] nomine Dāvūd ([[Arabice]] داود, etiam داوود) invenitur. In [[sura]] 2,249-251 victoria Davidis de Goliath (Arabice Ǧālūt, جالوت) memoratur. In sura 21,78 David rex iudexque praecipuus, in sura 38,21–25 peccator paenitens introducitur. In sura 5,82 David et Iesus Iudaeos, qui iussa Dei neglegunt, devovunt.<ref>Chaim Zeev Hirschberg (2007), "David, In Islam," ''Encyclopaedia Judaica,'' ed. 2. vol. 5, p. 454–55.</ref> In sura 34,10–12 (etiam 21, 80) David est faber armorum, cui [[ferrum]] miro modo mollitur, ut [[lorica hamata|loricas hamatas]] conficere possit. Praeterea cantor proponitur, qui non solum homines, sed etiam bestias [[natura]]mque commovere possit.<ref>''The Encyclopaedia of Islam,'' ed. nova, vol. 2, p. 182.</ref> == David in scientia biblica == [[Narratio]]nes biblicae regnum Davidis et imprimis Salomonis tempus optimum describunt, quo hi reges per fines latos imperium tenuissent. Tamen in litteris aliorum populorum mentionem non habent; praeterea reperta [[archaeologia|archaeologica]] paene omnino desunt. Inde fides historica disputatur.<ref>Israel Finkelstein et Neil Asher Silberman (2001), ''The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origins of its Sacred Texts'' (Novi Eboraci, ISBN 0-684-86912-8); Israel Finkelstein et Neil Asher Silberman (2006), ''David and Solomon: In Search of the Bible's Sacred Kings and the Roots of the Western Tradition'' (Novi Eboraci, ISBN 0-7432-4362-5).</ref> Ut videtur, David et Salomon magis reguli inter reges [[Aegyptus antiqua|Aegyptiorum]] ac [[Imperium Neoassyrium|Assyriorum]] erant. Itaque [[scientia Biblica|scientia biblica]] his diebus conicit librum Samuelis tempore regis [[Iosias (rex)|Iosiae]] (640–609 a.C.n.) pluribus narrationibus antiquioribus coniunctis conscriptum esse, qui toto [[Regnum Israel (Samaria)|regno septentrionali]], a quo [[Assyria|Assyrii]] recesserant, potiri studebat. Secundum hanc [[interpretatio]]nem, narrationes de Davide Salomoneque plus minusve ficticiae causam regni septentrionalis occupandi praebuissent. Sunt autem praeter eam multae et variae interpretationes.<ref>Alexander A. Fischer, [https://www.bibelwissenschaft.de/wibilex/das-bibellexikon/lexikon/sachwort/anzeigen/details/david-at/ch/28c4bf5ae4368e1a46a78c363dfa01c9/#h9 "David,"] in ''Das wissenschaftliche Bibellexikon im Internet,'' ed Michaela Bauks, Klaus Koenen, et Stefan Alkier (WiBiLex) (Stutgardiae 2006), passim.</ref> == Reperta archaeologica == [[Fasciculus:Tel_dan_inscription.png|thumb|Antiquissima domus Davidicae mentio extra Biblia in linea nona. Inscriptio Tel-Dan, circa annum 840 a.C.n.]] [[Inscriptio]] anno [[1993]] in Tel Dan reperta attestat circa annum [[840 a.C.n.]] reges Iudae re vera ex "domo David" fuisse. Etiam [[Stela Mesae]] (saec. 9) inscriptione [[Lingua Moabitica|Moabitica]] ornata forsitan, ut quidam scientifici putant, nomen ''David'' continet.<ref>Steven L. McKenzie (2002), ''König David: Eine Biographie'' (Berolini et Novi Eboraci: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-088116-5), 13–26.</ref> == Dictum == *"Tu venis ad me cum gladio, et hasta, et clypeo: ego autem venio ad te in nomine Domini exercituum, Dei agminum Israël quibus exprobrasti hodie, et dabit te Dominus in manu mea, et percutiam te, et auferam caput tuum a te: et dabo cadavera castrorum Philisthiim hodie volatilibus cæli, et bestiis terræ, ut sciat omnis terra quia est Deus in Israël."—Dixit David ad Philisthæum Goliath. [[Liber I Samuelis]] 17:45-46. *"Doleo super te, frater mi Ionathan, suavis nimis mihi; mirabilis amor tuus mihi super amorem mulierum.—[[Liber II Samuelis]] 1:26. == Notae == <references/> == Vide etiam == * [[Abigail]] * [[Genealogia Iesu]] * [[Scutum Davidicum]] == Bibliographia == * Botterweck, G. Johannes, et Helmer Ringgren. [[1977]]. ''Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament.'' William B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8028-2327-4. [https://books.google.com/books?id=lBUH0Znxbb8C&pg=PA158 Google Books.] * Dietrich, Walter. [[2006]]. ''David: Der Herrscher mit der Harfe.'' Lipsiae: Biblische Gestalten, Evangelische Verlagsanstalt. ISBN 978-3-374-02399-8. * Finkelstein, Israel, et Neil Asher Silberman. [[2006]]. ''David and Solomon, In Search of the Bible's Sacred Kings and the Roots of the Western Tradition.'' Novi Eboraci. ISBN 0-7432-4362-5. [Theodisce: = ''David und Salomo—Archäologen entschlüsseln einen Mythos.'' Monaci 2006. ISBN 3-406-54676-5.] * McKenzie, Steven L. [[2001]]. ''König David. Eine Biographie.'' Berolini et Novi Eboraci: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-017196-9. * Nitsche, Stefan Ark. [[2002]]. ''König David: Sein Leben: seine Zeit: seine Welt.'' Guterslohae. ISBN 3-579-05191-1. * Sinclair, Laurence A., et Clemens Thoma. [[1981]]. "David." ''Theologische Realenzyklopädie,'' 8: 378–88. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|David (Biblical figure)|Davidem}} {{Fontes biographici}} * Fischer, Alexander A. [[2006]]. [https://www.bibelwissenschaft.de/wibilex/das-bibellexikon/lexikon/sachwort/anzeigen/details/david-at/ch/28c4bf5ae4368e1a46a78c363dfa01c9/#h9 "David."].In ''Das wissenschaftliche Bibellexikon im Internet'' (WiBiLex), ed. Michaela Bauks, Klaus Koenen, et Stefan Alkier. Stutgardiae [[Categoria:David|!]] [[Categoria:Nati saeculo 11 a.C.n.]] [[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 10 a.C.n.]] [[Categoria:Liber I Chronicorum]] [[Categoria:Liber I Regum]] [[Categoria:Pastores]] [[Categoria:Personae Biblicae]] [[Categoria:Personae Alcorani]] [[Categoria:Personae Divinae Comoediae (Paradisus)]] [[Categoria:Reges Israelis]] {{Myrias|Homines}} ti2ifjnnprkxox2pjtiunrdnc3r4cq7 Saxones 0 36848 3986687 3484053 2026-09-08T20:05:21Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3986687 wikitext text/x-wiki {{latinitas}} '''Saxones''' ([[Graece]] Σάξονες) fuerunt gens [[Europa]]ea, quae litora [[Germania]]e incolebant [[Claudius Ptolemaeus|Claudio Ptolemaeo]] teste. Nomen Saxonum a ''[[scramsaxus|seax]]'' verbo [[linguae Germanicae|Germanico]] nascitur. [[saeculum 5|Saeculo]] [[saeculum 5|quinto]], Saxones cum [[Angli]]s in [[Britannia Maior|Britanniam]] a [[Imperium Romanum|Romanis]] desertam proficiscere coeperunt. Tunc Saxones continuo bellum gesserunt cum Britannis ab [[Arturius Rex|Arturio rege]] ductis. Ibi regna creaverunt septem, quae [[Heptarchia Saxonica]] appellatur. [[Fasciculus:Three states called Saxony.png|thumb|Terrae Saxonicae in [[Germania]] aetatis nostrae.]] Hodie regio in [[Germania]] sita [[Saxonia]] vocata est. Nomen autem Saxonum regiones in Britannia ad Austrum vergentes cum regionibus Germanicis coniungit: confer enim, quae regiones ipsorum lingua ''Wessex'' velut Saxonia occidentalis, ''Sussex'' velut Saxonia australis, ''Essex velut'' Saxonia orientalis, ''Niedersachsen'' velut [[Saxonia Inferior]], ''Sachsen-Anhalt'' velut [[Saxonia-Anhaltinum]], ''Sachsen'' denique velut [[Saxonia]] ipsa appellantur. Qua de re apparet, quam longe olim lateque gens illa sedes suas propagaverit. == De priscis testimoniis == Inter antiquissima testimonia de Saxonibus habemus epistolam [[Sidonius Apollinaris|Sidonii Apollinaris]] ita gentem describentem: {{NexInt}} * [[Migrationes populorum et gentium]] * [[lingua Saxonica]] {{gens-stipula}} [[Categoria:Germani]] [[Categoria:Gentes Europae]] [[Categoria:Saxones|!]] {{Myrias|Historia}} 2yxou2hwlfleigfk8zcuge7mrj73m0z 3986688 3986687 2026-09-08T20:08:14Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De priscis testimoniis */ 3986688 wikitext text/x-wiki {{latinitas}} '''Saxones''' ([[Graece]] Σάξονες) fuerunt gens [[Europa]]ea, quae litora [[Germania]]e incolebant [[Claudius Ptolemaeus|Claudio Ptolemaeo]] teste. Nomen Saxonum a ''[[scramsaxus|seax]]'' verbo [[linguae Germanicae|Germanico]] nascitur. [[saeculum 5|Saeculo]] [[saeculum 5|quinto]], Saxones cum [[Angli]]s in [[Britannia Maior|Britanniam]] a [[Imperium Romanum|Romanis]] desertam proficiscere coeperunt. Tunc Saxones continuo bellum gesserunt cum Britannis ab [[Arturius Rex|Arturio rege]] ductis. Ibi regna creaverunt septem, quae [[Heptarchia Saxonica]] appellatur. [[Fasciculus:Three states called Saxony.png|thumb|Terrae Saxonicae in [[Germania]] aetatis nostrae.]] Hodie regio in [[Germania]] sita [[Saxonia]] vocata est. Nomen autem Saxonum regiones in Britannia ad Austrum vergentes cum regionibus Germanicis coniungit: confer enim, quae regiones ipsorum lingua ''Wessex'' velut Saxonia occidentalis, ''Sussex'' velut Saxonia australis, ''Essex velut'' Saxonia orientalis, ''Niedersachsen'' velut [[Saxonia Inferior]], ''Sachsen-Anhalt'' velut [[Saxonia-Anhaltinum]], ''Sachsen'' denique velut [[Saxonia]] ipsa appellantur. Qua de re apparet, quam longe olim lateque gens illa sedes suas propagaverit. == De priscis testimoniis == Inter antiquissima testimonia de Saxonibus habemus epistolam<ref>VIII.6.13sqq.</ref> [[Sidonius Apollinaris|Sidonii Apollinaris]] ita gentem describentem: :...''Saxonum pandos myoparones, quorum quot remiges videris, totidem te cernere putes archipiratas; ita simul omnes imperant, parent, docent, discunt latrocinari''... {{NexInt}} * [[Migrationes populorum et gentium]] * [[lingua Saxonica]] {{gens-stipula}} [[Categoria:Germani]] [[Categoria:Gentes Europae]] [[Categoria:Saxones|!]] {{Myrias|Historia}} dxdrv5p70hvy0tekj1v7xfdu3iiisma 3986690 3986688 2026-09-08T20:09:29Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De priscis testimoniis */ 3986690 wikitext text/x-wiki {{latinitas}} '''Saxones''' ([[Graece]] Σάξονες) fuerunt gens [[Europa]]ea, quae litora [[Germania]]e incolebant [[Claudius Ptolemaeus|Claudio Ptolemaeo]] teste. Nomen Saxonum a ''[[scramsaxus|seax]]'' verbo [[linguae Germanicae|Germanico]] nascitur. [[saeculum 5|Saeculo]] [[saeculum 5|quinto]], Saxones cum [[Angli]]s in [[Britannia Maior|Britanniam]] a [[Imperium Romanum|Romanis]] desertam proficiscere coeperunt. Tunc Saxones continuo bellum gesserunt cum Britannis ab [[Arturius Rex|Arturio rege]] ductis. Ibi regna creaverunt septem, quae [[Heptarchia Saxonica]] appellatur. [[Fasciculus:Three states called Saxony.png|thumb|Terrae Saxonicae in [[Germania]] aetatis nostrae.]] Hodie regio in [[Germania]] sita [[Saxonia]] vocata est. Nomen autem Saxonum regiones in Britannia ad Austrum vergentes cum regionibus Germanicis coniungit: confer enim, quae regiones ipsorum lingua ''Wessex'' velut Saxonia occidentalis, ''Sussex'' velut Saxonia australis, ''Essex velut'' Saxonia orientalis, ''Niedersachsen'' velut [[Saxonia Inferior]], ''Sachsen-Anhalt'' velut [[Saxonia-Anhaltinum]], ''Sachsen'' denique velut [[Saxonia]] ipsa appellantur. Qua de re apparet, quam longe olim lateque gens illa sedes suas propagaverit. == De priscis testimoniis == Inter antiquissima testimonia de Saxonibus habemus epistolam<ref>VIII.6.13sqq.</ref> [[Sidonius Apollinaris|Sidonii Apollinaris]] ita gentem describentem: </blockquote>...''Saxonum pandos myoparones, quorum quot remiges videris, totidem te cernere putes archipiratas; ita simul omnes imperant, parent, docent, discunt latrocinari''...</blockquote> {{NexInt}} * [[Migrationes populorum et gentium]] * [[lingua Saxonica]] {{gens-stipula}} [[Categoria:Germani]] [[Categoria:Gentes Europae]] [[Categoria:Saxones|!]] {{Myrias|Historia}} 5iqe8fyn9j8cz1y1eyuwvq1girvglse 3986692 3986690 2026-09-08T20:10:29Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3986692 wikitext text/x-wiki {{latinitas}} '''Saxones''' ([[Graece]] Σάξονες) fuerunt gens [[Europa]]ea, quae litora [[Germania]]e incolebant [[Claudius Ptolemaeus|Claudio Ptolemaeo]] teste. Nomen Saxonum a ''[[scramsaxus|seax]]'' verbo [[linguae Germanicae|Germanico]] nascitur. [[saeculum 5|Saeculo]] [[saeculum 5|quinto]], Saxones cum [[Angli]]s in [[Britannia Maior|Britanniam]] a [[Imperium Romanum|Romanis]] desertam proficiscere coeperunt. Tunc Saxones continuo bellum gesserunt cum Britannis ab [[Arturius Rex|Arturio rege]] ductis. Ibi regna creaverunt septem, quae [[Heptarchia Saxonica]] appellatur. [[Fasciculus:Three states called Saxony.png|thumb|Terrae Saxonicae in [[Germania]] aetatis nostrae.]] Hodie regio in [[Germania]] sita [[Saxonia]] vocata est. Nomen autem Saxonum regiones in Britannia ad Austrum vergentes cum regionibus Germanicis coniungit: confer enim, quae regiones ipsorum lingua ''Wessex'' velut Saxonia occidentalis, ''Sussex'' velut Saxonia australis, ''Essex velut'' Saxonia orientalis, ''Niedersachsen'' velut [[Saxonia Inferior]], ''Sachsen-Anhalt'' velut [[Saxonia-Anhaltinum]], ''Sachsen'' denique velut [[Saxonia]] ipsa appellantur. Qua de re apparet, quam longe olim lateque gens illa sedes suas propagaverit. == De priscis testimoniis == Inter antiquissima testimonia de Saxonibus habemus epistolam<ref>VIII.6.13sqq.</ref> [[Sidonius Apollinaris|Sidonii Apollinaris]] ita gentem describentem: </blockquote>...''Saxonum pandos myoparones, quorum quot remiges videris, totidem te cernere putes archipiratas; ita simul omnes imperant, parent, docent, discunt latrocinari''...</blockquote> == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Migrationes populorum et gentium]] * [[lingua Saxonica]] {{gens-stipula}} [[Categoria:Germani]] [[Categoria:Gentes Europae]] [[Categoria:Saxones|!]] {{Myrias|Historia}} rx4mswhet5tigf2arkamg82uc61eanq 3986698 3986692 2026-09-08T20:17:16Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De priscis testimoniis */ 3986698 wikitext text/x-wiki {{latinitas}} '''Saxones''' ([[Graece]] Σάξονες) fuerunt gens [[Europa]]ea, quae litora [[Germania]]e incolebant [[Claudius Ptolemaeus|Claudio Ptolemaeo]] teste. Nomen Saxonum a ''[[scramsaxus|seax]]'' verbo [[linguae Germanicae|Germanico]] nascitur. [[saeculum 5|Saeculo]] [[saeculum 5|quinto]], Saxones cum [[Angli]]s in [[Britannia Maior|Britanniam]] a [[Imperium Romanum|Romanis]] desertam proficiscere coeperunt. Tunc Saxones continuo bellum gesserunt cum Britannis ab [[Arturius Rex|Arturio rege]] ductis. Ibi regna creaverunt septem, quae [[Heptarchia Saxonica]] appellatur. [[Fasciculus:Three states called Saxony.png|thumb|Terrae Saxonicae in [[Germania]] aetatis nostrae.]] Hodie regio in [[Germania]] sita [[Saxonia]] vocata est. Nomen autem Saxonum regiones in Britannia ad Austrum vergentes cum regionibus Germanicis coniungit: confer enim, quae regiones ipsorum lingua ''Wessex'' velut Saxonia occidentalis, ''Sussex'' velut Saxonia australis, ''Essex velut'' Saxonia orientalis, ''Niedersachsen'' velut [[Saxonia Inferior]], ''Sachsen-Anhalt'' velut [[Saxonia-Anhaltinum]], ''Sachsen'' denique velut [[Saxonia]] ipsa appellantur. Qua de re apparet, quam longe olim lateque gens illa sedes suas propagaverit. == De priscis testimoniis == Inter antiquissima testimonia de Saxonibus habemus epistolam<ref>VIII.6.13sqq.</ref> [[Sidonius Apollinaris|Sidonii Apollinaris]] ita gentem describentem: </blockquote>...''Saxonum pandos myoparones, quorum quot remiges videris, totidem te cernere putes archipiratas; ita simul omnes imperant, parent, docent, discunt latrocinari''...''Hostis est omni hoste truculentior. Improvisus aggreditur, praevisus elabitur, spernit objectos, sternit incautos. Si sequatur, intercipit; si fugiat, evadit. Ad hoc exercent illos naufragia, non terrent. Est eis quaedam cum discriminibus pelagi non notitia solum, sed familiaritas. Nam quoniam ipsa, si qua tempestas est, hinc securos efficit occupandos, hinc prospici vetat occupaturos, in medio fluctuum scopulorumque confragosorum, spe superventus laeti periclitantur''</blockquote> == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Migrationes populorum et gentium]] * [[lingua Saxonica]] {{gens-stipula}} [[Categoria:Germani]] [[Categoria:Gentes Europae]] [[Categoria:Saxones|!]] {{Myrias|Historia}} 803wxca8j9dpv3vour0icx192ozft77 3986700 3986698 2026-09-08T20:17:43Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De priscis testimoniis */ 3986700 wikitext text/x-wiki {{latinitas}} '''Saxones''' ([[Graece]] Σάξονες) fuerunt gens [[Europa]]ea, quae litora [[Germania]]e incolebant [[Claudius Ptolemaeus|Claudio Ptolemaeo]] teste. Nomen Saxonum a ''[[scramsaxus|seax]]'' verbo [[linguae Germanicae|Germanico]] nascitur. [[saeculum 5|Saeculo]] [[saeculum 5|quinto]], Saxones cum [[Angli]]s in [[Britannia Maior|Britanniam]] a [[Imperium Romanum|Romanis]] desertam proficiscere coeperunt. Tunc Saxones continuo bellum gesserunt cum Britannis ab [[Arturius Rex|Arturio rege]] ductis. Ibi regna creaverunt septem, quae [[Heptarchia Saxonica]] appellatur. [[Fasciculus:Three states called Saxony.png|thumb|Terrae Saxonicae in [[Germania]] aetatis nostrae.]] Hodie regio in [[Germania]] sita [[Saxonia]] vocata est. Nomen autem Saxonum regiones in Britannia ad Austrum vergentes cum regionibus Germanicis coniungit: confer enim, quae regiones ipsorum lingua ''Wessex'' velut Saxonia occidentalis, ''Sussex'' velut Saxonia australis, ''Essex velut'' Saxonia orientalis, ''Niedersachsen'' velut [[Saxonia Inferior]], ''Sachsen-Anhalt'' velut [[Saxonia-Anhaltinum]], ''Sachsen'' denique velut [[Saxonia]] ipsa appellantur. Qua de re apparet, quam longe olim lateque gens illa sedes suas propagaverit. == De priscis testimoniis == Inter antiquissima testimonia de Saxonibus habemus epistolam<ref>VIII.6.13sqq.</ref> [[Sidonius Apollinaris|Sidonii Apollinaris]] ita gentem secunda parte quinti saeculi describentem: </blockquote>...''Saxonum pandos myoparones, quorum quot remiges videris, totidem te cernere putes archipiratas; ita simul omnes imperant, parent, docent, discunt latrocinari''...''Hostis est omni hoste truculentior. Improvisus aggreditur, praevisus elabitur, spernit objectos, sternit incautos. Si sequatur, intercipit; si fugiat, evadit. Ad hoc exercent illos naufragia, non terrent. Est eis quaedam cum discriminibus pelagi non notitia solum, sed familiaritas. Nam quoniam ipsa, si qua tempestas est, hinc securos efficit occupandos, hinc prospici vetat occupaturos, in medio fluctuum scopulorumque confragosorum, spe superventus laeti periclitantur''</blockquote> == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Migrationes populorum et gentium]] * [[lingua Saxonica]] {{gens-stipula}} [[Categoria:Germani]] [[Categoria:Gentes Europae]] [[Categoria:Saxones|!]] {{Myrias|Historia}} 0xck6dhv382ej8pizwwgr9ksoa0vlax 3986701 3986700 2026-09-08T20:18:24Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3986701 wikitext text/x-wiki {{latinitas}} '''Saxones''' ([[Graece]] Σάξονες) fuerunt gens [[Europa]]ea, quae litora [[Germania]]e incolebant [[Claudius Ptolemaeus|Claudio Ptolemaeo]] teste. Nomen Saxonum a ''[[scramsaxus|seax]]'' verbo [[linguae Germanicae|Germanico]] nascitur. [[saeculum 5|Saeculo]] [[saeculum 5|quinto]], Saxones cum [[Angli]]s in [[Britannia Maior|Britanniam]] a [[Imperium Romanum|Romanis]] desertam proficisci coeperunt. Tunc Saxones continuo bellum gesserunt cum Britannis ab [[Arturius Rex|Arturio rege]] ductis. Ibi regna creaverunt septem, quae [[Heptarchia Saxonica]] appellatur. [[Fasciculus:Three states called Saxony.png|thumb|Terrae Saxonicae in [[Germania]] aetatis nostrae.]] Hodie regio in [[Germania]] sita [[Saxonia]] vocata est. Nomen autem Saxonum regiones in Britannia ad Austrum vergentes cum regionibus Germanicis coniungit: confer enim, quae regiones ipsorum lingua ''Wessex'' velut Saxonia occidentalis, ''Sussex'' velut Saxonia australis, ''Essex velut'' Saxonia orientalis, ''Niedersachsen'' velut [[Saxonia Inferior]], ''Sachsen-Anhalt'' velut [[Saxonia-Anhaltinum]], ''Sachsen'' denique velut [[Saxonia]] ipsa appellantur. Qua de re apparet, quam longe olim lateque gens illa sedes suas propagaverit. == De priscis testimoniis == Inter antiquissima testimonia de Saxonibus habemus epistolam<ref>VIII.6.13sqq.</ref> [[Sidonius Apollinaris|Sidonii Apollinaris]] ita gentem secunda parte quinti saeculi describentem: </blockquote>...''Saxonum pandos myoparones, quorum quot remiges videris, totidem te cernere putes archipiratas; ita simul omnes imperant, parent, docent, discunt latrocinari''...''Hostis est omni hoste truculentior. Improvisus aggreditur, praevisus elabitur, spernit objectos, sternit incautos. Si sequatur, intercipit; si fugiat, evadit. Ad hoc exercent illos naufragia, non terrent. Est eis quaedam cum discriminibus pelagi non notitia solum, sed familiaritas. Nam quoniam ipsa, si qua tempestas est, hinc securos efficit occupandos, hinc prospici vetat occupaturos, in medio fluctuum scopulorumque confragosorum, spe superventus laeti periclitantur''</blockquote> == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Migrationes populorum et gentium]] * [[lingua Saxonica]] {{gens-stipula}} [[Categoria:Germani]] [[Categoria:Gentes Europae]] [[Categoria:Saxones|!]] {{Myrias|Historia}} h077bza2bpc2fxweuciunqw3vjp7ulu 3986705 3986701 2026-09-08T20:26:56Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De priscis testimoniis */ 3986705 wikitext text/x-wiki {{latinitas}} '''Saxones''' ([[Graece]] Σάξονες) fuerunt gens [[Europa]]ea, quae litora [[Germania]]e incolebant [[Claudius Ptolemaeus|Claudio Ptolemaeo]] teste. Nomen Saxonum a ''[[scramsaxus|seax]]'' verbo [[linguae Germanicae|Germanico]] nascitur. [[saeculum 5|Saeculo]] [[saeculum 5|quinto]], Saxones cum [[Angli]]s in [[Britannia Maior|Britanniam]] a [[Imperium Romanum|Romanis]] desertam proficisci coeperunt. Tunc Saxones continuo bellum gesserunt cum Britannis ab [[Arturius Rex|Arturio rege]] ductis. Ibi regna creaverunt septem, quae [[Heptarchia Saxonica]] appellatur. [[Fasciculus:Three states called Saxony.png|thumb|Terrae Saxonicae in [[Germania]] aetatis nostrae.]] Hodie regio in [[Germania]] sita [[Saxonia]] vocata est. Nomen autem Saxonum regiones in Britannia ad Austrum vergentes cum regionibus Germanicis coniungit: confer enim, quae regiones ipsorum lingua ''Wessex'' velut Saxonia occidentalis, ''Sussex'' velut Saxonia australis, ''Essex velut'' Saxonia orientalis, ''Niedersachsen'' velut [[Saxonia Inferior]], ''Sachsen-Anhalt'' velut [[Saxonia-Anhaltinum]], ''Sachsen'' denique velut [[Saxonia]] ipsa appellantur. Qua de re apparet, quam longe olim lateque gens illa sedes suas propagaverit. == De priscis testimoniis == Inter antiquissima testimonia de Saxonibus habemus epistolam<ref>VIII.6.13sqq.</ref> [[Sidonius Apollinaris|Sidonii Apollinaris]] ita gentem secunda parte quinti saeculi describentem: </blockquote>...''Saxonum pandos myoparones, quorum quot remiges videris, totidem te cernere putes archipiratas; ita simul omnes imperant, parent, docent, discunt latrocinari''...''Hostis est omni hoste truculentior. Improvisus aggreditur, praevisus elabitur, spernit objectos, sternit incautos. Si sequatur, intercipit; si fugiat, evadit. Ad hoc exercent illos naufragia, non terrent. Est eis quaedam cum discriminibus pelagi non notitia solum, sed familiaritas. Nam quoniam ipsa, si qua tempestas est, hinc securos efficit occupandos, hinc prospici vetat occupaturos, in medio fluctuum scopulorumque confragosorum, spe superventus laeti periclitantur ... mos est remeaturis decimum quemque caprorum per aequales et cruciarias poenas, plus ob hoc tristi, quod superstitioso ritu, necare; superque collectam turbam periturorum mortis iniquitatem sorti aequitate dispergere. (0598B)Talibus eligunt votis, victimis solvunt; et per hujusmodi non tam sacrificia purgati, quam sacrilegia polluti, religiosum putant caedis infaustae perpetratores de capite captivo magis exigere tormenta quam pretia''</blockquote>. Mores barabarissimos igitur, si Sidonio credimus, observabant. == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Migrationes populorum et gentium]] * [[lingua Saxonica]] {{gens-stipula}} [[Categoria:Germani]] [[Categoria:Gentes Europae]] [[Categoria:Saxones|!]] {{Myrias|Historia}} 30ko4m0cgbutc4l0xp7lt9k9idt12ln 3986709 3986705 2026-09-08T20:32:03Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De priscis testimoniis */ 3986709 wikitext text/x-wiki {{latinitas}} '''Saxones''' ([[Graece]] Σάξονες) fuerunt gens [[Europa]]ea, quae litora [[Germania]]e incolebant [[Claudius Ptolemaeus|Claudio Ptolemaeo]] teste. Nomen Saxonum a ''[[scramsaxus|seax]]'' verbo [[linguae Germanicae|Germanico]] nascitur. [[saeculum 5|Saeculo]] [[saeculum 5|quinto]], Saxones cum [[Angli]]s in [[Britannia Maior|Britanniam]] a [[Imperium Romanum|Romanis]] desertam proficisci coeperunt. Tunc Saxones continuo bellum gesserunt cum Britannis ab [[Arturius Rex|Arturio rege]] ductis. Ibi regna creaverunt septem, quae [[Heptarchia Saxonica]] appellatur. [[Fasciculus:Three states called Saxony.png|thumb|Terrae Saxonicae in [[Germania]] aetatis nostrae.]] Hodie regio in [[Germania]] sita [[Saxonia]] vocata est. Nomen autem Saxonum regiones in Britannia ad Austrum vergentes cum regionibus Germanicis coniungit: confer enim, quae regiones ipsorum lingua ''Wessex'' velut Saxonia occidentalis, ''Sussex'' velut Saxonia australis, ''Essex velut'' Saxonia orientalis, ''Niedersachsen'' velut [[Saxonia Inferior]], ''Sachsen-Anhalt'' velut [[Saxonia-Anhaltinum]], ''Sachsen'' denique velut [[Saxonia]] ipsa appellantur. Qua de re apparet, quam longe olim lateque gens illa sedes suas propagaverit. == De priscis testimoniis == Inter antiquissima testimonia de Saxonibus habemus epistolam<ref>VIII.6.13sqq.</ref> [[Sidonius Apollinaris|Sidonii Apollinaris]] ita gentem secunda parte quinti saeculi describentem: </blockquote>...''Saxonum pandos myoparones, quorum quot remiges videris, totidem te cernere putes archipiratas; ita simul omnes imperant, parent, docent, discunt latrocinari''...''Hostis est omni hoste truculentior. Improvisus aggreditur, praevisus elabitur, spernit objectos, sternit incautos. Si sequatur, intercipit; si fugiat, evadit. Ad hoc exercent illos naufragia, non terrent. Est eis quaedam cum discriminibus pelagi non notitia solum, sed familiaritas. Nam quoniam ipsa, si qua tempestas est, hinc securos efficit occupandos, hinc prospici vetat occupaturos, in medio fluctuum scopulorumque confragosorum, spe superventus laeti periclitantur ... mos est remeaturis decimum quemque captivorum per aquales et cruciarias poenas, plus ob hoc tristi, quod superstitioso ritu, necare; superque collectam turbam periturorum mortis iniquitatem sortis aequitate dispergere. Talibus se ligant [[Votum|votis]], victimis solvunt; et per hujusmodi non tam sacrificia purgati, quam sacrilegia polluti, religiosum putant caedis infaustae perpetratores de capite captivo magis exigere tormenta quam pretia''</blockquote>. Mores barabarissimos igitur, si Sidonio credimus, observabant. == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Migrationes populorum et gentium]] * [[lingua Saxonica]] {{gens-stipula}} [[Categoria:Germani]] [[Categoria:Gentes Europae]] [[Categoria:Saxones|!]] {{Myrias|Historia}} ivsigrio94v01eolyardjo1wx3uarh1 3986715 3986709 2026-09-08T20:48:34Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De priscis testimoniis */ 3986715 wikitext text/x-wiki {{latinitas}} '''Saxones''' ([[Graece]] Σάξονες) fuerunt gens [[Europa]]ea, quae litora [[Germania]]e incolebant [[Claudius Ptolemaeus|Claudio Ptolemaeo]] teste. Nomen Saxonum a ''[[scramsaxus|seax]]'' verbo [[linguae Germanicae|Germanico]] nascitur. [[saeculum 5|Saeculo]] [[saeculum 5|quinto]], Saxones cum [[Angli]]s in [[Britannia Maior|Britanniam]] a [[Imperium Romanum|Romanis]] desertam proficisci coeperunt. Tunc Saxones continuo bellum gesserunt cum Britannis ab [[Arturius Rex|Arturio rege]] ductis. Ibi regna creaverunt septem, quae [[Heptarchia Saxonica]] appellatur. [[Fasciculus:Three states called Saxony.png|thumb|Terrae Saxonicae in [[Germania]] aetatis nostrae.]] Hodie regio in [[Germania]] sita [[Saxonia]] vocata est. Nomen autem Saxonum regiones in Britannia ad Austrum vergentes cum regionibus Germanicis coniungit: confer enim, quae regiones ipsorum lingua ''Wessex'' velut Saxonia occidentalis, ''Sussex'' velut Saxonia australis, ''Essex velut'' Saxonia orientalis, ''Niedersachsen'' velut [[Saxonia Inferior]], ''Sachsen-Anhalt'' velut [[Saxonia-Anhaltinum]], ''Sachsen'' denique velut [[Saxonia]] ipsa appellantur. Qua de re apparet, quam longe olim lateque gens illa sedes suas propagaverit. == De priscis testimoniis == Inter antiquissima testimonia de Saxonibus habemus epistolam<ref>VIII.6.13sqq.</ref> [[Sidonius Apollinaris|Sidonii Apollinaris]] ita gentem secunda parte quinti saeculi describentem: </blockquote>...''Saxonum pandos myoparones, quorum quot remiges videris, totidem te cernere putes archipiratas; ita simul omnes imperant, parent, docent, discunt latrocinari''...''Hostis est omni hoste truculentior. Improvisus aggreditur, praevisus elabitur, spernit objectos, sternit incautos. Si sequatur, intercipit; si fugiat, evadit. Ad hoc exercent illos naufragia, non terrent. Est eis quaedam cum discriminibus pelagi non notitia solum, sed familiaritas. Nam quoniam ipsa, si qua tempestas est, hinc securos efficit occupandos, hinc prospici vetat occupaturos, in medio fluctuum scopulorumque confragosorum, spe superventus laeti periclitantur ... mos est remeaturis decimum quemque captivorum per aquales et cruciarias poenas, plus ob hoc tristi, quod superstitioso ritu, necare; superque collectam turbam periturorum mortis iniquitatem sortis aequitate dispergere. Talibus se ligant [[Votum|votis]], victimis solvunt; et per hujusmodi non tam sacrificia purgati, quam sacrilegia polluti, religiosum putant caedis infaustae perpetratores de capite captivo magis exigere tormenta quam pretia''</blockquote>. Mores barbarissimos igitur, si Sidonio credimus, observabant. == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Migrationes populorum et gentium]] * [[lingua Saxonica]] {{gens-stipula}} [[Categoria:Germani]] [[Categoria:Gentes Europae]] [[Categoria:Saxones|!]] {{Myrias|Historia}} gwver2ezyze863qt7bv75myj8dbucwg Gratia 0 41486 3986835 3879791 2026-09-09T11:43:00Z Jacobus07 199586 /* In Ecclesia Catholica */ 3986835 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Videhom|Gratiae}} [[Fasciculus:Good shepherd 02b close.jpg|thumb|[[Iesus]] [[pastor bonus]]. Catacumbae [[Sanctus Callistus|Sancti Callisti]].]] {{Citatio| :4'' “ Quis ex vobis homo, qui habet centum oves et si perdiderit unam ex illis, nonne dimittit nonaginta novem in deserto et vadit ad illam, quae perierat, donec inveniat illam?'' :5'' Et cum invenerit eam, imponit in umeros suos gaudens'' :6'' et veniens domum convocat amicos et vicinos dicens illis: “Congratulamini mihi, quia inveni ovem meam, quae perierat”. '' :7 ''Dico vobis: Ita gaudium erit in caelo super uno peccatore paenitentiam agente quam super nonaginta novem iustis, qui non indigent paenitentia.''|[[Evangelium secundum Lucam|Luc.]] 15, 4-7}} '''Gratia''' secundum [[religio Christiana|religionem Christianam]] est favor [[Deus|Dei]] pro [[homo|humanitate]] et [[redemptio]]ne sua, quae non considerat quantus propter imbecillitatem [[natura]]e humanae [[peccatum|peccata]] hominum sint. Iam [[Sanctus Paulus]] scripsit: :"ubi . . . abundavit peccatum, superabundavit gratia" ([[Epistula ad Romanos|Rom]] 5,20). ==In [[Ecclesia Catholica]]== Secundum [[Catechismus Catholicae Ecclesiae|Catechismum Ecclesiae Catholicae]] (§ 1196), gratia est: :"favor, auxilium gratuitum quod Deus nobis praebet ut Eius vocationi respondeamus: filios Dei fieri, filios adoptivos, divinae naturae participes et [[vita aeterna|vitae aeternae]]." {{NexInt}} *[[Benedictio]] *[[Charisma]] *[[Caritas (virtus)|Caritas]] *[[Salvatio]] *[[Paenitentia]] *[[Praedestinatio]] *[[Sacramentum]] ==Nexus externi== * [http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/GOA_GRA/GRACE_Fr_grace_Lat_gratia_from_.html Gratia] in [[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] * {{CathEnc|06689x|De gratia}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071227192028/http://www.e-grace.net/grace.html De gratia] (secundum theologos [[Protestantes|reformatos]]) * [http://www.monergism.com/thethreshold/articles/topic/grace.html De gratia] secundum [[theologia]]e [[Ioannes Calvinus|Ioannis Calvinus]] [[Categoria:Religio Christiana]] [[Categoria:Theologia]] edmiqrudiozmra4ukfhukm4iifnnha6 Simiae infinitae 0 42432 3986824 421951 2026-09-09T07:35:13Z Grufo 64423 Duplam redirectionem correxi 3986824 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Theorema simiarum infinitarum]] ccldx52jbix5qw3w0x7gw8wcasgu67j Theorema simiarum infinitarum 0 42434 3986821 3984588 2026-09-09T07:33:32Z Grufo 64423 Grufo movit paginam [[Theoria simiarum infinitarum]] ad [[Theorema simiarum infinitarum]]: Appelari solet “theorema” 3984588 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:monkey-typing.jpg|thumb|Haec simia erit auctor clarissimus, satis per tempus laborans.<ref>Nempe scripserit omnes libros qui umquam ficti essent.</ref>]] '''Theoria simiarum infinitarum''' est appellatio vulgaris [[sententia]]e elegantiori [[mathematica]]e data, quae dicit sortes eventus improbabilis, si per infinitum [[tempus]] temptatae, [[infinitas|infinitati]] ipsi appropinquare. Sensu est [[antiquitas|antiqua]], at figura hodierna dicit, si essent simiae infinitae, vel una per tempus infinitum, sedentes et adhibentes machinas [[dactylographium|dactylographicas]], tandem a [[fors|forte]] opera omnia [[Gulielmus Shakespeare|Gulielmi Shakespeare]] prodiderint. == Origines == [[Aristoteles]]: {{citatio|διαφέρειν γάρ φασι τὸ ὂν ῥυσμῷ καὶ διαθιγῇ καὶ τροπῇ μόνον· τούτων δὲ ὁ μὲν ῥυσμὸς σχῆμά ἐστιν ἡ δὲ διαθιγὴ τάξις ἡ δὲ τροπὴ θέσις· διαφέρει γὰρ τὸ μὲν Α τοῦ Ν σχήματι τὸ δὲ ΑΝ τοῦ ΝΑ τάξει τὸ δὲ <12Η>12 τοῦ Η θέσει. περὶ δὲ κινήσεως, ὅθεν ἢ πῶς ὑπάρξει τοῖς οὖσι, καὶ οὗτοι παραπλησίως τοῖς ἄλλοις ῥᾳθύμως ἀφεῖσαν. περὶ μὲν οὖν τῶν δύο αἰτιῶν, ὥσπερ λέγομεν, ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον ἔοικεν ἐζητῆσθαι παρὰ τῶν πρότερον.|[[Aristoteles]]|[[Metaphysica (Corpus Aristotelicum)|Metaphysica]]<ref>Augumentum criticum de theoria [[Leucippus|Leucippi]] qui mundum coniunctione [[atomus|atomorum]] explicavit.</ref> p. 985b}} [[Cicero]]: {{citatio|Hic ego non mirer esse quemquam, qui sibi persuadeat corpora quaedam solida atque individua vi et gravitate ferri mundumque effici ornatissimum et pulcherrimum ex eorum corporum concursione fortuita? Hoc qui existimat fieri potuisse, non intellego, cur non idem putet, si innumerabiles unius et viginti formae litterarum vel aureae vel qualeslibet aliquo coiciantur, posse ex is in terram excussis annales Enni, ut deinceps legi possint, effici; quod nescio an ne in uno quidem versu possit tantum valere fortuna.|[[Cicero]]|[http://thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/nd2.shtml#93 De Natura Deorum,<ref>Argumentum in libero ''[[De natura deorum (Cicero)|De natura deorum]]'' quod theoriam atomorum Graecae negat.</ref> 2.93]}} {{citatio|Quicquam potest casu esse factum, quod omnes habet in se numeros veritatis? Quattuor tali iacti casu Venerium efficiunt; num etiam centum Venerios, si quadringentos talos ieceris, casu futuros putas? Adspersa temere pigmenta in tabula oris liniamenta efficere possunt; num etiam Veneris Coae pulchritudinem effici posse adspersione fortuita putas? Sus rostro si humi A litteram impresserit, num propterea suspicari poteris Andromacham Enni ab ea posse describi?|[[Cicero]]|[http://thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/divinatione1.shtml#23 De Divinatione, 1.23]}} == Notae == <references/> ==Nexus interni== * [[Infinitas]] * [[Infinitas + 1]] == Nexus externi == * [http://mathforum.org/library/drmath/view/55871.html Rogato Dr. Mathematica], Aug 1998, Adam Bridge * [http://www.angelfire.com/in/hypnosonic/Parable_of_the_Monkeys.html Parabula simiarum], bibliographia cum attestationes. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080719075206/http://vlab.infotech.monash.edu.au/simulations/evolution/richard-dawkin-weasel/ Infinitarum simiarum applet] (Monashiensis Universitatis Virtuale Laboratorium) [[Categoria:Dialectica]] [[Categoria:Infinitas]] [[Categoria:Philosophia]] d6r1nagc1mtmdrs9cmad4jg5treja7e 3986823 3986821 2026-09-09T07:34:48Z Grufo 64423 Paginam redintegravi; +Cat 3986823 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:monkey-typing.jpg|thumb|Haec simia erit auctor clarissimus, satis per tempus laborans.<ref>Nempe scripserit omnes libros qui umquam ficti essent.</ref>]] {{res|Theorema simiarum infinitarum}} est appellatio vulgaris [[sententia]]e elegantiori [[mathematica]]e data, quae dicit sortes eventus improbabilis, si per infinitum [[tempus]] temptatae, [[infinitas|infinitati]] ipsi appropinquare. Sensu est [[antiquitas|antiqua]], at figura hodierna dicit, si essent simiae infinitae, vel una per tempus infinitum, sedentes et adhibentes machinas [[dactylographium|dactylographicas]], tandem a [[fors|forte]] opera omnia [[Gulielmus Shakespeare|Gulielmi Shakespeare]] prodiderint. == Origines == [[Aristoteles]]: {{citatio|διαφέρειν γάρ φασι τὸ ὂν ῥυσμῷ καὶ διαθιγῇ καὶ τροπῇ μόνον· τούτων δὲ ὁ μὲν ῥυσμὸς σχῆμά ἐστιν ἡ δὲ διαθιγὴ τάξις ἡ δὲ τροπὴ θέσις· διαφέρει γὰρ τὸ μὲν Α τοῦ Ν σχήματι τὸ δὲ ΑΝ τοῦ ΝΑ τάξει τὸ δὲ <12Η>12 τοῦ Η θέσει. περὶ δὲ κινήσεως, ὅθεν ἢ πῶς ὑπάρξει τοῖς οὖσι, καὶ οὗτοι παραπλησίως τοῖς ἄλλοις ῥᾳθύμως ἀφεῖσαν. περὶ μὲν οὖν τῶν δύο αἰτιῶν, ὥσπερ λέγομεν, ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον ἔοικεν ἐζητῆσθαι παρὰ τῶν πρότερον.|[[Aristoteles]]|[[Metaphysica (Corpus Aristotelicum)|Metaphysica]]<ref>Augumentum criticum de theoria [[Leucippus|Leucippi]] qui mundum coniunctione [[atomus|atomorum]] explicavit.</ref> p. 985b}} [[Cicero]]: {{citatio|Hic ego non mirer esse quemquam, qui sibi persuadeat corpora quaedam solida atque individua vi et gravitate ferri mundumque effici ornatissimum et pulcherrimum ex eorum corporum concursione fortuita? Hoc qui existimat fieri potuisse, non intellego, cur non idem putet, si innumerabiles unius et viginti formae litterarum vel aureae vel qualeslibet aliquo coiciantur, posse ex is in terram excussis annales Enni, ut deinceps legi possint, effici; quod nescio an ne in uno quidem versu possit tantum valere fortuna.|[[Cicero]]|[http://thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/nd2.shtml#93 De Natura Deorum,<ref>Argumentum in libero ''[[De natura deorum (Cicero)|De natura deorum]]'' quod theoriam atomorum Graecae negat.</ref> 2.93]}} {{citatio|Quicquam potest casu esse factum, quod omnes habet in se numeros veritatis? Quattuor tali iacti casu Venerium efficiunt; num etiam centum Venerios, si quadringentos talos ieceris, casu futuros putas? Adspersa temere pigmenta in tabula oris liniamenta efficere possunt; num etiam Veneris Coae pulchritudinem effici posse adspersione fortuita putas? Sus rostro si humi A litteram impresserit, num propterea suspicari poteris Andromacham Enni ab ea posse describi?|[[Cicero]]|[http://thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/divinatione1.shtml#23 De Divinatione, 1.23]}} == Notae == <references/> ==Nexus interni== * [[Infinitas]] * [[Infinitas + 1]] == Nexus externi == * [http://mathforum.org/library/drmath/view/55871.html Rogato Dr. Mathematica], Aug 1998, Adam Bridge * [http://www.angelfire.com/in/hypnosonic/Parable_of_the_Monkeys.html Parabula simiarum], bibliographia cum attestationes. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080719075206/http://vlab.infotech.monash.edu.au/simulations/evolution/richard-dawkin-weasel/ Infinitarum simiarum applet] (Monashiensis Universitatis Virtuale Laboratorium) [[Categoria:Dialectica]] [[Categoria:Infinitas]] [[Categoria:Philosophia]] [[Categoria:Experimenta mentalia]] 7duauu0nn5nrtd00hz1zjzdqdjs44xm Ioannes Christianus Ørsted 0 66382 3986782 3719262 2026-09-09T02:45:39Z LilyKitty 18316 de experimento cognitionis 3986782 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Imago:HC Ørsted.jpg|thumb| Ioannes Christianus Ørsted]] ''' Ioannes Christianus Ørsted''' (natus [[Rutcopia]]e die [[14 Augusti]] [[1777]] – mortuus est [[Hafnia]]e die [[9 Martii]] [[1851]]) fuit [[chemicus]] et [[physicus]] [[Dania|Danicus]] qui [[physica electromagnetica|physicae electromagneticae]] peritus. Etiam a [[philosophia]] [[Immanuel Kantius|Kantii]] inspiratus est. Et notionem [[experimentum cognitionis]]<ref>cum verbo [[lingua Theodisca|Theodisco]] ''Gedankenexperiment''</ref> primum creavit.<ref>[https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2019/entries/thought-experiment/ Thought Experiments]</ref> Alma mater sua [[Universitas Hafniensis]] et socius [[Regia Academia Scientiarum Suecica|Regiae Academiae Scientiarum Suecica]]<nowiki/>e fuit. ==Lege etiam== [[Fasciculus:Ørsted - ger, 1854 - 682714 F.tif|thumb|[[Hans Christian Ørsted]], ''Der Geist in der Natur'', 1854]] * Ole Immanuel Franksen: ''Hans Christian Ørsted - A man of two cultures''. Strandberg Edition, Birkerød 1981, ISBN 87-87200-43-0. * Rolf Lindborg: ''Anden i naturen. Naturfilosofen Hans Christian Ørsted, experimentalfysiker''. Nya Dox, Nora 1998, ISBN 91-578-0032-4. == Notae == <references/> == Nexus externus == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090818004228/http://leifi.physik.uni-muenchen.de/web_ph10/geschichte/08oersted/oersted.htm De Ioanne Christiano Ørsted] {{scien-bio-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Orsted, Ioannes Christianus}} [[Categoria:Nati 1777]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1851]] [[Categoria:Physici Daniae]] [[Categoria:Francomurarii]] {{Myrias|Homines}} nw9qfl5w77yrz6ob2ltdzzk68ltt6h5 David (Michael Angelus) 0 69261 3986774 3749408 2026-09-08T23:52:45Z LilyKitty 18316 de materia et historia 3986774 wikitext text/x-wiki {{titulus italicus}} [[Fasciculus:'David' by Michelangelo JBU0001.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Statua]] nunc in [[Academia Bellarum Artium (Florentia)|Galleria dell' Accademia]] [[Florentia]]e.]] [[Fasciculus:David Piazza della Signoria.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|Exemplar in [[Piazza della Signoria]] Florentiae]] '''''David''''' est [[statua]] [[marmor]]is a [[Michael Angelus Bonarotius|Michaele Angelo Bonarotio]] [[Florentia]]e inter annos [[1501]] et [[1504]] [[sculptura|sculpta]], quae [[David (Rex)|Davidem]] [[rex|regem]] ante pugnam contra [[Goliath]] ([[Liber I Samuelis|libro I Samuelis]] 17) effingit. Hae statua die [[8 Septembris]] [[1504]] primum publicata fuit. == Bibliographia == *Falletti, Franca, et al. [[2006]]. ''Michelangelo's David: A Masterpiece Restored.'' Mediolani: Giunta. ISBN 978-88-09-03760-1. == Nexus interni == * [[Nuditas heroica]] * [[Renascentia litterarum]] == Nexus externus == {{CommuniaCat|Michelangelo's David|Davidem}} {{ars-stipula}} [[Categoria:Academia Bellarum Artium (Florentia)]] [[Categoria:Confecta saeculo 16]] [[Categoria:David]] [[Categoria:Homines figurati|David]] [[Categoria:Sculpturae Michaelis Angeli]] [[Categoria:Statuae]] [[Categoria:Viri figurati]] {{Myrias|Ars}} f0zufrmqwvy9oqwkwax1jmgcv1jdiki Carolus Philippus Moritz 0 103521 3986681 3505185 2026-09-08T19:52:05Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3986681 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Karl Philipp Moritz.jpg|thumb|Carolus Philippus Moritz. K. F. J. H. Schumann, anno [[1791]] pinxit]] [[File:Gedenktafel Münzstr 7-11 Karl Philipp Moritz.JPG|thumb|Tabula commemorativa Berolini in via Münzstrasse 7-11]] '''Carolus Philippus Moritz''' ([[Hamala]]e die [[15 Septembris]] [[1756]]; [[Berolinum|Berolini]] die [[26 Iunii]] [[1793]] mortuus) fuit [[scriptor]] [[Germania |Germanus]]. ==Vita== Moritz pueritiam in tristitia peragens [[Brunsvicum]] missus est ut petasos conficere disceret. Mox autem ad parentes revenit, qui interim [[Hanovera]]e habitabant. Ibi ingenia sua ostendere potuit maecenati nobili cuidam, qui facultatem gymnasii frequentandi concessit. Mox Moritz maluit ut histrio fieret sub [[conradus Ekhof|Conrado Ekhof]] [[Gota]]e. Sed inceptum id ad irritum est ductum. [[Erfordia]]e studia agere anno 1776 coepit antequam rursus theatri scaenas ascendere conaretur, sed vane. Venit in hodiernam [[Saxonia-Anhaltium|Saxoniam-Anhaltium]] ad communitatem fidelium Herrnhutensem in oppidum Barby, quae eum anno 1777 [[Wittenberga]]m misit, ut se theologiae dedicaret. Postea fuit magister [[Dessavia]]e in ''[[philanthropinum|Philanthropino]]'' directoris [[Ioannes Bernardus Basedow|Bernardi Basedow]], cuius furor Carolum Philippum Moritz ita terruit, ut institutum paedagogice progressivum linqueret. [[Potestampium]] iit et anno 1778 instructor fuit in orphanotrophio militari. Paulo post inveniebatur [[Berolinum|Berolini]] in pristino Monasterio Franciscanorum ''(Graues Kloster)'' tamquam scriptor, praedicator, poeta. Anno 1782 iter [[anglia|Anglicum]] fecit, de quo liber legendus editus est. Postea Moritz creatus est magister in ludis Berolinensibus ''Köllnisches Gymnasium'' et periodicum »Vossischen Zeitung« sine eventu magno moderabatur quod attinet ad intentionem ut magis divulgaretur et a plebe diligeretur. Mulierem perdite amare coepit inde anno 1786 ad spiritum refocillandum [[Italia]]m vectus est. In Italia autem [[ioannes Volfgangus Goethius|Goethium]] convenit, cuius consuetudines inspirationesque adamavit. Anno 1788 in patriam reversus [[Vimaria]]e apud Goethium sartus et tectus conservabatur. Duce [[Carolus Augustus (Saxonia-Vimarii-Eisenach)|Carolo Augusto]] mediatore membrum factum est in Academia scientiarum Berolinensi et anno 1789 professor in rebus antiquis factus est in Academia artium Berolinensi. Anno 1792 puellam Fridericam Matzdorf in matrimonium duxit. ==Opera== Inter scripta eius mentionis digna sint [[mythistoria]] autobiographica »Anton Reiser«, ubi vita usque moram Erfordiensem describitur (Berolini 1785–90) itaque traditur thesaurus litterarius psychologicus-culturalis sat captans de adulescente temporis ''Sturm und Drang''. Item apud »Andreas Hartkopf« (Berolini 1786) autobiographica pullulant. Pretiosum et cum sale mixtum est etiam »Versuch einer deutschen Prosodie« (Berolini 1786), de arte metrica; citemus insuper »Über die bildende Nachahmung des Schönen« (Brunsvici 1788); »Götterlehre« (Berolini 1791); »Reisen eines Deutschen in England« (Berolini 1783); »Reisen eines Deutschen in Italien« (Berolini 1792–93) Annis inter 1783 et 1793 Moritz edidit apud domum editoriam Mylii folia »Magazin für Erfahrungsseelenkunde« (10 volumina). ==Fons== ''Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon'', vol 14. Lipsia 1908, p. 150-151 ([http://www.zeno.org/nid/20007112645 hic in interreti]) == Bibliographia == * Alo Allkemper: ''Ästhetische Lösungen. Studien zu Karl Philipp Moritz.'' Monaci 1990. * Kim Apel: ''Predigten in der Literatur: homiletische Erkundungen bei Karl Philipp Moritz. Praktische Theologie in Geschichte und Gegenwart.'' Mohr Siebeck, Tubingae 2009. * Cord-Friedrich Berghahn: ''Das Wagnis der Autonomie. Studien zu Karl Philipp Moritz, Wilhelm von Humboldt, Heinrich Gentz, Friedrich Gilly und Ludwig Tieck.'' Universitätsverlag Winter, Heidelbergae 2012, ISBN 978-3-8253-5988-1 * [[Jörg Bong]]: ''„Die Auflösung der Disharmonien“. Zur Vermittlung von Gesellschaft, Natur und Ästhetik in den Schriften Karl Philipp Moritz’'' (= ''Analysen und Dokumente.'' Band 32). Peter Lang, Francofurti 1993, ISBN 3-631-46150-X. * Alessandro Costazza: ''Schönheit und Nützlichkeit. Karl Philipp Moritz und die Ästhetik des 18. Jahrhunderts.'' Bernae/Berolini 1996 * Cristina Fossaluzza: ''Subjektiver Antisubjektivismus. Karl Philipp Moritz als Diagnostiker seiner Zeit.'' Wehrhahn, [[Laatza]]e, ISBN 3-86525-036-X. * {{ADB|22|308|320|Moritz, Carl Philipp|[[Ludwig Geiger]]|ADB:Moritz, Carl Philipp}} * Hans Henning: ''Karl Philipp Moritz. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Goetheschen Zeitalters''. Löffler, 1908. * Alexander Košenina: ''Literarische Experimente auf dem Weg zum psychologischen Roman.'' Wallstein, Gottingae 2006 * Leonardo Lotito: ''La bellezza tautosemica. Riflessioni sul simbolo e sull’allegoria a partire dall’opera di K. Ph. Moritz.'' Mediolani 2009. * Albert Meier : ''Karl Philipp Moritz.'' Stuttgardiae 2000, ISBN 3-15-017620-4. * Christof Wingertszahn: ''Anton Reiser und die Michelein. Neue Funde zum Quietismus im 18. Jahrhundert.'' Wehrhahn, [[Laatza]]e, ISBN 3-932324-59-5. == Nexus externus == * {{PND|118584162}} *[https://www.projekt-gutenberg.org/autoren/namen/moritz.html Opera in interreti relegibilia] *[https://www.zeit.de/2006/37/moritz Tractatio in actis diurnis quae ad lecturam Mauritianam invitat] {{Lifetime|1756|1793|Moritz, Carolus Philippus}} [[Categoria:Scriptores Germaniae]] [[Categoria:Auctores Theodisci]] [[Categoria:Francomurarii]] [[categoria:Eruditi Germaniae]] 9fb2jwvpcq07t01eihk0js48ddv1wd0 Logistorici 0 107349 3986723 2585715 2026-09-08T21:02:49Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3986723 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Logistorici''''' fuerunt series carminum, hodie deperdita, a [[Varro Reatinus|Varrone]] saeculo I a.C.n. medio scripta de eruditis et amicis suis, inter quos [[Gaius Fundanius Gallus|Fundanio Gallo]] socero, cuius persona et in libris ''[[De re rustica (Varro)|De re rustica]]'' reperitur. Quinto saeculo adhuc in Gallia legebantur<ref>[[Sidonius Apollinaris]], ''Epistulae'' VIII.6.18.</ref>. ==Bibliographia == * Yves Lehmann, "Le merveilleux scientifique dans le ''Logistoricus Gallus Fundanius de admirandis'' de Varron" in Jacqueline Champeaux, Martine Chassignet, Hubert Zehnacker, edd. ''Aere perennius: en hommage à Hubert Zehnacker'' (Lutetiae: Presses de l'Universite Paris-Sorbonne, 2006) pp. 553-561 [http://books.google.fr/books?id=bB4JtQ3xMcAC Paginae selectae] {{Nexus absunt}} [[Categoria:Scripta saeculo 1 a.C.n.]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae aetatis Rei Publicae]] [[Categoria:Italiae scripta]] [[Categoria:Carmina]] [[Categoria:Libri deperditi]] [[Categoria:Marcus Terentius Varro]] qwcwbmozicx98fqi0lqfvrw9xxyfwe9 3986725 3986723 2026-09-08T21:03:25Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3986725 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Logistorici''''' fuerunt series carminum, hodie deperdita, a [[Varro Reatinus|Varrone]] saeculo I a.C.n. medio scripta de eruditis et amicis suis, inter quos [[Gaius Fundanius Gallus|Fundanio Gallo]] socero, cuius persona et in libris ''[[De re rustica (Varro)|De re rustica]]'' reperitur. Quinto saeculo adhuc in Gallia legebantur<ref>[[Sidonius Apollinaris]], ''Epistulae'' VIII.6.18.</ref>. == Notae == <references /> ==Bibliographia == * Yves Lehmann, "Le merveilleux scientifique dans le ''Logistoricus Gallus Fundanius de admirandis'' de Varron" in Jacqueline Champeaux, Martine Chassignet, Hubert Zehnacker, edd. ''Aere perennius: en hommage à Hubert Zehnacker'' (Lutetiae: Presses de l'Universite Paris-Sorbonne, 2006) pp. 553-561 [http://books.google.fr/books?id=bB4JtQ3xMcAC Paginae selectae] {{Nexus absunt}} [[Categoria:Scripta saeculo 1 a.C.n.]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae aetatis Rei Publicae]] [[Categoria:Italiae scripta]] [[Categoria:Carmina]] [[Categoria:Libri deperditi]] [[Categoria:Marcus Terentius Varro]] krs9m8jqqfj9t8vxi9i97n8867gynvz Gaius Fundanius Gallus 0 107352 3986726 1361431 2026-09-08T21:04:50Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3986726 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L}} '''Gaius Fundanius Gallus''' fuit agricola Romanus antiquus et socer [[Varro Reatinus|Varronis]] (pater enim [[Fundania]]e, quam Varro in matrimonium duxit). Fundanius fuit persona carminis a Varrone in serie ''[[Logistorici|Logistoricorum]]'' scripti, hodie deperditi, cuius titulus est "Logistoricus Gallus Fundanius de admirandis"; est et persona dialogi ''[[De re rustica (Varro)|De re rustica]]''. Nomen reperitur etiam apud [[Macrobius|Macrobium]] in ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnaliis]]''.<ref>Macrobius, ''Saturnalia'' 3.15.8; cf. [[Charisius]] 1.61.8, 1.137.14 Keil; [[Priscianus]] 2.331.19 Keil</ref> == Notae == <div class="references-small"><references /></div> == Bibliographia == * Yves Lehmann, "Le merveilleux scientifique dans le ''Logistoricus Gallus Fundanius de admirandis'' de Varron" in Jacqueline Champeaux, Martine Chassignet, Hubert Zehnacker, edd. ''Aere perennius: en hommage à Hubert Zehnacker'' (Lutetiae: Presses de l'Universite Paris-Sorbonne, 2006) pp. 553-561 [http://books.google.fr/books?id=bB4JtQ3xMcAC Paginae selectae] {{DEFAULTSORT:Fundanius Gallus, Gaius}} [[Categoria:Agricolae Romani antiqui]] [[Categoria:Nati saeculo 2 aut 1 a.C.n.]] [[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 1 a.C.n.]] [[Categoria:Personae litterariae]] [[Categoria:Gens Fundania]] 843deowpgqlzvdp2akahqlse5ilf0h9 Inflatio monetalis 0 129400 3986775 3726001 2026-09-08T23:57:50Z LilyKitty 18316 datum Fundi monetarii internationalis anno 2026 addo 3986775 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|-2}} [[Fasciculus:World inflation rate.png|thumb|Data inflationis per torum orbum mundanum a [[Fundus monetarius internationalis|Fundo monetario internationali]] mense Aprilis anno 2026]] [[Fasciculus:World Inflation Rate 2019.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Inflationis index per totum orbem mundanum anno 2019, secundum libri ''CIA Factbook'' [[data]].]] '''Inflatio monetalis'''<ref>[[Reijo Pitkäranta]], ''Lexicon Finnico-Latino-Finnicum''. Helsinki: WSOY, 2001; [[Ebbe Vilborg]], ''Norstedts svensk-latinska ordbok''. Andra upplagan. Norstedts akademiska förlag, Stockholm, 2009.</ref> phaenomenon provocatum generalizato [[pretium|pretiorum]] incremento est. Solet sociari cum excessiva [[moneta (pecunia)|monetae]] emissione, respectu oblatorum bonorum diaconiarumque. Sed haec interpretatio ad unam inflationariorum processuum partem solum respondet, quamquam illi adamussim extremi assiduissimi sunt. Hoc relativum pretiorum incrementum amissi sui [[valor (oeconomia)|valoris]] synonymum est. [[Ratio]] praeter inflationem (scilicet cum haec negativa fit) [[deflatio monetalis]] est. == Notae == <references /> [[Categoria:Oeconomia]] [[Categoria:Monetae]] {{Myrias|Societas}} 5t0cd1hr45fsmv83a85mo178nb3jph2 Daemon Maxwellianus 0 135885 3986783 3928045 2026-09-09T02:47:46Z LilyKitty 18316 de experimento cognitionis 3986783 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Augenda|2025|7}} '''Daemon Maxwellianus''' est [[experimentum cognitionis|experimentum imaginarium]] a [[Iacobus Clerk Maxwell|Iacobo Clerk Maxwell]] anno [[1869]] factum, qui [[altera lex thermodynamica|alteram legem thermodynamicam]] negat. Si demonstratum erit, "[[perpetuum mobile]]" esse poterit. At hoc experimentum nunc negatur, sicut ab [[Iacobus Monod|Iacobo Monod]], qui in opere suo ''[[Le hasard et la nécessité]]'' daemonem Maxwellianum cum [[biologia molecularis|biologia moleculari]] comparavit. {{NexInt}} * [[Entropia]] * [[Daemon Laplaceanus]] [[Categoria:Physica]] [[Categoria:Thermodynamica]] kte0v3qyhncbhg6ncb6i508x019odnz 3986820 3986783 2026-09-09T07:31:47Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Augenda|Augenda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Scien-stipula|Scien-stipula]]}}; +Cat 3986820 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Maxwell's demon.svg|thumb|Illustratio [[experimentum mentale|experimenti mentalis]]]] {{res|Daemon Maxwellianus}} est [[experimentum mentale]] a [[Iacobus Clerk Maxwell|Iacobo Clerk Maxwell]] anno [[1869]] factum, qui [[altera lex thermodynamica|alteram legem thermodynamicam]] negat. Si demonstratum erit, "[[perpetuum mobile]]" esse poterit. At hoc experimentum nunc negatur, sicut ab [[Iacobus Monod|Iacobo Monod]], qui in opere suo ''[[Le hasard et la nécessité]]'' daemonem Maxwellianum cum [[biologia molecularis|biologia moleculari]] comparavit. {{NexInt}} * [[Entropia]] * [[Daemon Laplaceanus]] {{Scien-stipula}} [[Categoria:Physica]] [[Categoria:Thermodynamica]] [[Categoria:Experimenta mentalia]] pjqshmp1yh1rsi0tulvnnts2f6g0jfm Lachendorfium (commune generale) 0 159703 3986694 3985263 2026-09-08T20:11:33Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Lachendorf (commune generale)]] ad [[Lachendorfium (commune generale)]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam 3985263 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Augenda|2024|10}} {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Lachendorf''' est [[commune]] [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Cellensis|Circulo Cellensi]] situm. == Historia == Anno [[1973]], commune conditum est. Ex [[commune|communibus]] [[Alrebekesa]]<ref name="Oven 1872">Oven, A. von (Ed.) (1872). ''Urkundenbuch des Herzogthums Lüneburg: Diplomata, chartae et registra historica saeculi XII (Documentum anni MCXCVII de venditione praedii Alrebekesae)'' (Vol. I). Hannoverae: Carl Rümpler.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ahnsbeck''), [[Bedenbostelum|Bedenbostelo]]<ref name="NL 1924">Niedersächsisches Landesarchiv (1924). ''Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte''. Veröffentlichungen de Historischen Kommission für Niedersachsen und Bremen.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Beedenbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bedenbossel''), [[Eldinga]]<ref name="-inga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eldingen''), [[Hohna]]<ref name="-e">Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hohne'') et [[Lachendorf]] constat, ubi et administrationis sedes est. ==Notae== <references /> {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia generalia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1973]] qa4pw7mfbt7m2f0tprylf9931wlraqf 3986696 3986694 2026-09-08T20:13:50Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3986696 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Augenda|2024|10}} {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Lachendorfium'''<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Lachendorf'''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lachendörp'') est [[commune]] [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Cellensis|Circulo Cellensi]] situm. == Historia == Anno [[1973]], commune conditum est. Ex [[commune|communibus]] [[Alrebekesa]]<ref name="Oven 1872">Oven, A. von (Ed.) (1872). ''Urkundenbuch des Herzogthums Lüneburg: Diplomata, chartae et registra historica saeculi XII (Documentum anni MCXCVII de venditione praedii Alrebekesae)'' (Vol. I). Hannoverae: Carl Rümpler.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ahnsbeck''), [[Bedenbostelum|Bedenbostelo]]<ref name="NL 1924">Niedersächsisches Landesarchiv (1924). ''Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte''. Veröffentlichungen de Historischen Kommission für Niedersachsen und Bremen.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Beedenbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bedenbossel''), [[Eldinga]]<ref name="-inga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eldingen''), [[Hohna]]<ref name="-e">Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hohne'') et [[Lachendorfium|Lachendorfio]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Lachendorf'''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lachendörp'') constat, ubi et administrationis sedes est. ==Notae== <references /> {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia generalia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1973]] 04mydrzexon94hbixerabxoq6iv90ec 3986697 3986696 2026-09-08T20:14:32Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3986697 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Augenda|2024|10}} {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Lachendorfium'''<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Lachendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lachendörp'') est [[commune]] [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Cellensis|Circulo Cellensi]] situm. == Historia == Anno [[1973]], commune conditum est. Ex [[commune|communibus]] [[Alrebekesa]]<ref name="Oven 1872">Oven, A. von (Ed.) (1872). ''Urkundenbuch des Herzogthums Lüneburg: Diplomata, chartae et registra historica saeculi XII (Documentum anni MCXCVII de venditione praedii Alrebekesae)'' (Vol. I). Hannoverae: Carl Rümpler.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ahnsbeck''), [[Bedenbostelum|Bedenbostelo]]<ref name="NL 1924">Niedersächsisches Landesarchiv (1924). ''Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte''. Veröffentlichungen de Historischen Kommission für Niedersachsen und Bremen.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Beedenbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bedenbossel''), [[Eldinga]]<ref name="-inga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eldingen''), [[Hohna]]<ref name="-e">Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hohne'') et [[Lachendorfium|Lachendorfio]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Lachendorf'''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lachendörp'') constat, ubi et administrationis sedes est. ==Notae== <references /> {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia generalia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1973]] q2v7u640uycimtkfup74h70c14zq0cf 3986699 3986697 2026-09-08T20:17:28Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3986699 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Lachendorfium'''<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Lachendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lachendörp'') est [[commune]] [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Cellensis|Circulo Cellensi]] situm. == Historia == Anno [[1973]], commune conditum est. Ex [[commune|communibus]] [[Alrebekesa]]<ref name="Oven 1872">Oven, A. von (Ed.) (1872). ''Urkundenbuch des Herzogthums Lüneburg: Diplomata, chartae et registra historica saeculi XII (Documentum anni MCXCVII de venditione praedii Alrebekesae)'' (Vol. I). Hannoverae: Carl Rümpler.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ahnsbeck''), [[Bedenbostelum|Bedenbostelo]]<ref name="NL 1924">Niedersächsisches Landesarchiv (1924). ''Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte''. Veröffentlichungen de Historischen Kommission für Niedersachsen und Bremen.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Beedenbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bedenbossel''), [[Eldinga]]<ref name="-inga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eldingen''), [[Hohna]]<ref name="-e">Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hohne'') et [[Lachendorfium|Lachendorfio]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Lachendorf'''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lachendörp'') constat, ubi et administrationis sedes est. ==Notae== <references /> ==Nexus externi== [https://www.lachendorf.de/ Situs interretialis communis generalis Lachendorfii (Theodisce)] {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia generalia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1973]] junio1xb8ythfykacggz33mpwtzkyyh Lachendorfium 0 159858 3986683 3985266 2026-09-08T19:59:53Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Lachendorf]] ad [[Lachendorfium]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam 3985266 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Lachendorf''' oppidum [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] 5.844 incolarum in [[Circulus Cellensis|Circulo Cellensi]] est. == Historia == Anno [[1353]] Lachendorf vicus primo in tabulis descriptus est. Ab anno [[1973]] Lachendorf una cum [[Bedenbostelum|Bedenbostelo]]<ref name="NL 1924">Niedersächsisches Landesarchiv (1924). ''Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte''. Veröffentlichungen de Historischen Kommission für Niedersachsen und Bremen.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Beedenbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bedenbossel''), [[Alrebekesa]]<ref name="Oven 1872">Oven, A. von (Ed.) (1872). ''Urkundenbuch des Herzogthums Lüneburg: Diplomata, chartae et registra historica saeculi XII (Documentum anni MCXCVII de venditione praedii Alrebekesae)'' (Vol. I). Hannoverae: Carl Rümpler.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ahnsbeck''), [[Eldinga]]<ref name="-inga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eldingen'') atque [[Hohna]]<ref name="-e">Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hohne'') ad [[Lachendorf (commune generale)|commune generale Lachendorf]] pertinet. ==Notae== <references /> {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 14]] 1o2m2ahqmdnz0g8hm2wdzmc0q60b21l 3986686 3986683 2026-09-08T20:02:31Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3986686 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Lachendorf''' commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] 5.844 incolarum in [[Circulus Cellensis|Circulo Cellensi]] est. == Historia == Anno [[1353]] Lachendorfium primo in tabulis descriptum est. Ab anno [[1973]] Lachendorfium una cum [[Bedenbostelum|Bedenbostelo]]<ref name="NL 1924">Niedersächsisches Landesarchiv (1924). ''Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte''. Veröffentlichungen de Historischen Kommission für Niedersachsen und Bremen.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Beedenbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bedenbossel''), [[Alrebekesa]]<ref name="Oven 1872">Oven, A. von (Ed.) (1872). ''Urkundenbuch des Herzogthums Lüneburg: Diplomata, chartae et registra historica saeculi XII (Documentum anni MCXCVII de venditione praedii Alrebekesae)'' (Vol. I). Hannoverae: Carl Rümpler.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ahnsbeck''), [[Eldinga]]<ref name="-inga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eldingen'') atque [[Hohna]]<ref name="-e">Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hohne'') ad [[Lachendorfium (commune generale)|commune generale Lachendorfium]] pertinet. ==Notae== <references /> {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 14]] tf1swayfu9cuu96ty9whi2fydp1epkv 3986689 3986686 2026-09-08T20:09:26Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3986689 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Lachendorfium'''<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Lachendorf'''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lachendörp'') commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] 5.844 incolarum in [[Circulus Cellensis|Circulo Cellensi]] est. == Historia == Anno [[1353]] Lachendorfium primo in tabulis descriptum est. Ab anno [[1973]] Lachendorfium una cum [[Bedenbostelum|Bedenbostelo]]<ref name="NL 1924">Niedersächsisches Landesarchiv (1924). ''Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte''. Veröffentlichungen de Historischen Kommission für Niedersachsen und Bremen.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Beedenbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bedenbossel''), [[Alrebekesa]]<ref name="Oven 1872">Oven, A. von (Ed.) (1872). ''Urkundenbuch des Herzogthums Lüneburg: Diplomata, chartae et registra historica saeculi XII (Documentum anni MCXCVII de venditione praedii Alrebekesae)'' (Vol. I). Hannoverae: Carl Rümpler.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ahnsbeck''), [[Eldinga]]<ref name="-inga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eldingen'') atque [[Hohna]]<ref name="-e">Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hohne'') ad [[Lachendorfium (commune generale)|commune generale Lachendorfium]] pertinet. ==Notae== <references /> {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 14]] cac93a4i6ma02rcqkqwoy9xy2pqzrl1 3986691 3986689 2026-09-08T20:09:51Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3986691 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Lachendorfium'''<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Lachendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lachendörp'') commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] 5.844 incolarum in [[Circulus Cellensis|Circulo Cellensi]] est. == Historia == Anno [[1353]] Lachendorfium primo in tabulis descriptum est. Ab anno [[1973]] Lachendorfium una cum [[Bedenbostelum|Bedenbostelo]]<ref name="NL 1924">Niedersächsisches Landesarchiv (1924). ''Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte''. Veröffentlichungen de Historischen Kommission für Niedersachsen und Bremen.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Beedenbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bedenbossel''), [[Alrebekesa]]<ref name="Oven 1872">Oven, A. von (Ed.) (1872). ''Urkundenbuch des Herzogthums Lüneburg: Diplomata, chartae et registra historica saeculi XII (Documentum anni MCXCVII de venditione praedii Alrebekesae)'' (Vol. I). Hannoverae: Carl Rümpler.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ahnsbeck''), [[Eldinga]]<ref name="-inga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eldingen'') atque [[Hohna]]<ref name="-e">Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hohne'') ad [[Lachendorfium (commune generale)|commune generale Lachendorfium]] pertinet. ==Notae== <references /> {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 14]] 9mrlzo2ynd0d5d7bu128kpq0afaeb6h Hannovera (regio) 0 160355 3986680 3985824 2026-09-08T19:50:28Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3986680 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}} '''Regio Hannovera''', pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], die [[1 Novembris]] [[2001]] ab urbe Hannovera et Circulo vetere Hannovera condita est. Caput Regionis [[Hannovera]] urbs est. == Communia circuli == [[Fasciculus:Municipalities in H.svg|300px|right|Communia in Regione Hannovera]] Regio Hannovera 21 communia habet. Haec sunt: * [[Barsingehusa]]<ref name="Harenberg 1753">Harenberg, J. C. (1753). ''Historia ecclesiae Gandershemensis diplomatica''. Typis et Impensis Joannis Christophori Meisneri.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Barsinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baschehusen'' seu ''Basche'') commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] (33.512 incolae in fine anni 2011) * [[Burgdorfium]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Burgdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borgdörp'' seu ''Bortörp''), commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] (29.833) * [[Castrovallium]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688">Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: I. Historicos Germanicos, II. Historiam Helmstadensem, III. Dissertationes de utriusque Saxoniae''. Typis Georgii Wolffgangi Hammii; et: Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: Dissertationen und historische Chroniken des Herzogtums Braunschweig-Lüneburg''. Typis Georgii Wolffii.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Burgwedel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borwee'' seu ''Boorwee''), [[urbs]] (20.456) * [[Garbsa]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Garbsen''), commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] (61.652) * [[Gerdinum]]<ref name="Gerdinium">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/gehrden/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur "(...) Urkundlich ist der spätere Flecken möglicherweis erstmals als ''Gerdinum'' im Verzeichnis der Schenkungen (''Traditionen'') an das Kloster Corvey erwähnt, das um 826/76 angelegt wurde (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Gehrden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gieren''), urbs (14.607) * [[Hannovera]]<ref name="Graesse"/> ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hannover''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hannober''), urbs capitalis (525.875) * [[Hemminga (Saxonia Inferior)|Hemminga]]<ref name="-inga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Hemmingen''), urbs (18.676) * [[Isernhaga]]<ref name="-haga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hag(e)(n)'' seu ''-ha(a)g'' seu ''-hague'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-haga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Haga (Franconia Superior)|Haga Franconiae Superioris]], [[Haga ad Ambram]], [[Haga (in Bavaria superiore)|Haga in Bavaria Superiore]] apud [[Index communium Bavariae|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Bavariae]]; [[Falkenhaga (Marchia)|Falkenhaga Marchiana]] apud [[Index communium Brandenburgi|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Brandenburgi]]; [[Haga Schauenburgi]], [[Haga Promontorium]], [[Haga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Isernhagen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Isernhogen''), commune sui iuris (22.990) * [[Laatza]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Laatzen''), urbs et commune sui iuris (40.413) * [[Langenhagen]], urbs (53.003) * [[Lehrte]], oppidum (43.248) * [[Neustadt am Rübenberge]], oppidum (45.008) * [[Pattensen]], oppidum (13.944) * [[Ronnenberg]], oppidum (23.304) * [[Seelze]], oppidum (32.939) * [[Sehnde]], oppidum (23.032) * [[Springe]], oppidum (29.055) * [[Uetze]] (20.091) * [[Wedemark]] (29.182) * [[Wennigsen]] (Deister) (14.099) * [[Wunstorf]], oppidum (41.048) ==Notae== <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]] {{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}} [[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris|Hamala-Petrimons]] [[Categoria:Constituta 2001]] bs19drwe4b02ftsimbaclzqfyjlbxec Laatza 0 160730 3986675 3505320 2026-09-08T19:36:36Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3986675 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Laatzen''' urbs [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Hannovera (regio)|Regione Hannovera]] est. == Historia == Urbs Laatzen anno [[1259]] primo in tabulis descripta est. Anno [[1964]] et [[1974]] multi vici parvi ad urbem adiuncti sunt. De iure Laatzen ab anno [[1968]] urbs vocatur. {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 13]] 5ly4ikajpdbehhy38igmag2sqlkebl1 3986676 3986675 2026-09-08T19:42:54Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Laatzen]] ad [[Laatza]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam 3986675 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Laatzen''' urbs [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Hannovera (regio)|Regione Hannovera]] est. == Historia == Urbs Laatzen anno [[1259]] primo in tabulis descripta est. Anno [[1964]] et [[1974]] multi vici parvi ad urbem adiuncti sunt. De iure Laatzen ab anno [[1968]] urbs vocatur. {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 13]] 5ly4ikajpdbehhy38igmag2sqlkebl1 3986678 3986676 2026-09-08T19:45:48Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3986678 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Laatza'''<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Laatzen'') urbs [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Hannovera (regio)|Regione Hannovera]] est. == Historia == Urbs Laatza anno [[1259]] primo in tabulis descripta est. Anno [[1964]] et [[1974]] multi vici parvi ad urbem adiuncti sunt. De iure Laatza ab anno [[1968]] urbs vocatur. ==Notae== <references /> {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 13]] hcj2zufq28xrz0u51szjxrpwe6duupk Langenhagen 0 160736 3986679 3505321 2026-09-08T19:48:08Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3986679 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Langenhagen''' urbs [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Hannovera (regio)|Regione Hannovera]] est. == Historia == Vicus Langenhagen anno [[1312]] primo in tabulis descripta est, aliae partes communis partim vetustiores sunt. Ab anno [[1950]] in Langenhagen aeroportus urbis [[Hannovera]]e est. De iure Langenhagen ab anno [[1959]] urbs vocatur. Anno [[1974]] multi vici parvi ad urbem adiuncti sunt. {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 14]] gxtplpmci22ocq7p0c1n29vuz8dm1p1 Lamespringa (commune generale) 0 164846 3986761 3855714 2026-09-08T22:37:00Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Lamspringe (commune generale)]] ad [[Lamespringa (commune generale)]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam 3855714 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Augenda|2024|10}} {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Lamspringe''' commune generale [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Hildesiensis|circulo Hildesiensi]] est. == Historia == Die [[1 Iulii]] [[1965]] commune generale Lamspringe conditum est, cum [[Lamspringe]], atque vici Evensen, Graste, Netze, [[Harbarnsen]], Irmenseul, [[Woltershausen]] und Wöllersheim coniuncti sunt. Anno 1972 vicus [[Neuhof]] annexus est, anno [[1974]] [[Sehlem]]. Eodem anno vici ad quinque communia coniuncti sunt. == Communia ad Lamspringe pertinentes == ** [[Harbarnsen]] (cum Irmenseul, 611 incolae) ** [[Lamspringe]] (2972, sedes administrationis) ** [[Neuhof]] (413) ** [[Sehlem]] (914) ** [[Woltershausen]] (849) {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia generalia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1965]] iaoa057uq80vcgi7ysyi2jrfw69zx3r 3986764 3986761 2026-09-08T22:49:06Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3986764 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Augenda|2024|10}} {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Lamespringa'''<ref name="Lamespringa">Vide [https://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/20vs/201_MGH/1925-1933%2C_MGH%2C_5_Antiquitates._01_Poetae_04_1._Poetae_Latini_Aevi_Carolini%2C_LT.pdf?utm ''Poetae Latini Aevi Carolini''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Agius autem Lamespringae monachus fuisse videatur'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lamspringe'') commune generale [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Hildesiensis|circulo Hildesiensi]] est. == Historia == Die [[1 Iulii]] [[1965]] commune generale Lamespringa conditum est, cum [[Lamespringa]], atque vici [[Evensa]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Evensen''), [[Grasta]]<ref name="-e">Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)".</ref> (Theodisce ''Graste''), [[Netza]]<ref name="-e"/> (Theodisce ''Netze''), [[Haribernessum]]<ref name="Haribernessum">Vide [https://www.lamspringe.de/Rathaus-Politik/GeschichteHarbarnsen.php?object=tx,1738.74.1&utm ''Harbarnsen''], ubi dicitur "(...) Harbarnsen zählt zu den ältesten Dörfern der Börde. Schon um 825 wird es als „Haribernessum“ erwähnt (...)".</ref> (Theodisce ''Harbarnsen''), [[Ermensulle]]<ref name="Irmenseul">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/irmenseul/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Conradus de Ermensulle'' (...)".</ref> (Theodisce ''Irmenseul''), [[Woltershusa]]<ref name="-husa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Woltershausen'') et [[Wollershemium]]<ref name="-hemium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-hemium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Wöllersheim'') coniuncti sunt. Anno 1972 vicus [[Nova Curia (Lamespringa)|Nova Curia]]<ref name="Nova Curia">Theodiscum toponymum ''Neuhof'' forma "Nova Curia" latinizari solet. Cf. [[Nova Curia (Franconia Media)|Nova Curia Franconiae Mediae]] apud {{Graesse}}; aut [[Nova Curia (Hassia)|Nova Curia Hassica]] apud [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&cq=M%C3%BCnchen&lang=de''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].</ref> (Theodisce ''Neuhof'') annexus est, anno [[1974]] [[Sehlemum]]<ref name="-emum">Germanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-em'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-emum-i". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-em''' : -''ēmum'' (...)".</ref> (Theodisce ''Sehlem''). Eodem anno vici ad quinque communia coniuncti sunt. == Communia ad Lamspringe pertinentes == ** [[Haribernessum]]<ref name="Haribernessum"/> (cum [[Ermensulle|Ermensulli]]<ref name="Irmenseul"/>, 611 incolae) ** [[Nova Curia (Lamespringa)|Nova Curia]]<ref name="Nova Curia"> (413) ** [[Oppidum Lamespringa]]<ref name="Lamespringa"/> (2972, sedes administrationis) ** [[Sehlemum]]<ref name="-emum"/> (914) ** [[Woltershusa]]<ref name="-husa"> (849) ==Notae== <references /> {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia generalia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1965]] j6j3yzcpgo8mzcyypfciys6tv9r5z1i 3986765 3986764 2026-09-08T22:51:27Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3986765 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Augenda|2024|10}} {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Lamespringa'''<ref name="Lamespringa">Vide [https://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/20vs/201_MGH/1925-1933%2C_MGH%2C_5_Antiquitates._01_Poetae_04_1._Poetae_Latini_Aevi_Carolini%2C_LT.pdf?utm ''Poetae Latini Aevi Carolini''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Agius autem Lamespringae monachus fuisse videatur'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lamspringe'') commune generale [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Hildesiensis|circulo Hildesiensi]] fuit. [[1 Novembris|Kalendis Novembribus]] anno 2016 hoc commune dissolutum est. == Historia == Die [[1 Iulii]] [[1965]] commune generale Lamespringa conditum est, cum [[Lamespringa]], atque vici [[Evensa]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Evensen''), [[Grasta]]<ref name="-e">Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)".</ref> (Theodisce ''Graste''), [[Netza]]<ref name="-e"/> (Theodisce ''Netze''), [[Haribernessum]]<ref name="Haribernessum">Vide [https://www.lamspringe.de/Rathaus-Politik/GeschichteHarbarnsen.php?object=tx,1738.74.1&utm ''Harbarnsen''], ubi dicitur "(...) Harbarnsen zählt zu den ältesten Dörfern der Börde. Schon um 825 wird es als „Haribernessum“ erwähnt (...)".</ref> (Theodisce ''Harbarnsen''), [[Ermensulle]]<ref name="Irmenseul">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/irmenseul/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Conradus de Ermensulle'' (...)".</ref> (Theodisce ''Irmenseul''), [[Woltershusa]]<ref name="-husa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Woltershausen'') et [[Wollershemium]]<ref name="-hemium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-hemium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Wöllersheim'') coniuncti sunt. Anno 1972 vicus [[Nova Curia (Lamespringa)|Nova Curia]]<ref name="Nova Curia">Theodiscum toponymum ''Neuhof'' forma "Nova Curia" latinizari solet. Cf. [[Nova Curia (Franconia Media)|Nova Curia Franconiae Mediae]] apud {{Graesse}}; aut [[Nova Curia (Hassia)|Nova Curia Hassica]] apud [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&cq=M%C3%BCnchen&lang=de''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].</ref> (Theodisce ''Neuhof'') annexus est, anno [[1974]] [[Sehlemum]]<ref name="-emum">Germanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-em'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-emum-i". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-em''' : -''ēmum'' (...)".</ref> (Theodisce ''Sehlem''). Eodem anno vici ad quinque communia coniuncti sunt. [[1 Novembris|Kalendis Novembribus]] anno 2016 hoc commune dissolutum est. == Communia ad Lamespringam pertinentes == ** [[Haribernessum]]<ref name="Haribernessum"/> (cum [[Ermensulle|Ermensulli]]<ref name="Irmenseul"/>, 611 incolae) ** [[Nova Curia (Lamespringa)|Nova Curia]]<ref name="Nova Curia"> (413) ** [[Oppidum Lamespringa]]<ref name="Lamespringa"/> (2972, sedes administrationis) ** [[Sehlemum]]<ref name="-emum"/> (914) ** [[Woltershusa]]<ref name="-husa"> (849) ==Notae== <references /> {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia generalia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1965]] 37lsvj63tnex2ya0eud1f11zgykf780 Haribernessum 0 164925 3986767 3822479 2026-09-08T22:54:57Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Harbarnsen]] ad [[Haribernessum]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam 3822479 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Harbarnsen''' commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Hildesiensis|circulo Hildesiensi]] est. Ad commune etiam vicus Irmenseul pertinet. == Historia == Harbarnsen vicus nomine ''Haribernessum'' anno [[822]] primo in actis descriptum est. Ab anno [[1969]] Harbarnsen et Irmenseul ad commune generale [[Lamspringe (commune generale)|Lamspringe]] pertinebant et anno [[1974]] in unum commune coniunctae sunt. == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305191331/http://www.lamspringe.de/index.phtml?La=1&sNavID=1738.100&mNavID=1738.99&object=tx%7C1738.74.1&kat=&kuo=1&text=&sub=0 Historia Harbarnsen in pagina communis generalis Lamspringe (lingua Theodisca)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170317010051/http://lamspringe.de/index.phtml?La=1&sNavID=1738.100&mNavID=1738.99&object=tx%7c1738.75.1&kat=&kuo=1&text=&sub=0 Historia vici Irminseul in pagina communis generalis Lamspringe (lingua Theodisca)] {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 9]] qjebi7d9hixal13xwjy9k8l28ifn171 3986771 3986767 2026-09-08T23:00:22Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3986771 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Haribernessum'''<ref name="Haribernessum">Vide [https://www.lamspringe.de/Rathaus-Politik/GeschichteHarbarnsen.php?object=tx,1738.74.1&utm ''Harbarnsen''], ubi dicitur "(...) Harbarnsen zählt zu den ältesten Dörfern der Börde. Schon um 825 wird es als „Haribernessum“ erwähnt (...)".</ref> (Theodisce ''Harbarnsen'') antiquum commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Hildesiensis|circulo Hildesiensi]] et praesens vicus [[Lamespringa]]e est. Ad vicum etiam oppidulum [[Ermensulle]]<ref name="Irmenseul">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/irmenseul/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Conradus de Ermensulle'' (...)".</ref> (Theodisce ''Irmenseul'') pertinet. == Historia == Haribernessum vicus nomine ''Haribernessum'' anno [[822]] primo in actis descriptum est. Ab anno [[1969]] Haribernessum et Ermensulle ad commune generale [[Lamespringa (commune generale)|Lamespringam] pertinebant et anno [[1974]] in unum commune coniunctae sunt. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305191331/http://www.lamspringe.de/index.phtml?La=1&sNavID=1738.100&mNavID=1738.99&object=tx%7C1738.74.1&kat=&kuo=1&text=&sub=0 Historia Harbarnsen in pagina communis generalis Lamespringae (Theodisce)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170317010051/http://lamspringe.de/index.phtml?La=1&sNavID=1738.100&mNavID=1738.99&object=tx%7c1738.75.1&kat=&kuo=1&text=&sub=0 Historia vici Irminseul in pagina communis generalis Lamespringae (Theodisce)] {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 9]] n7663itspv8gqv152uikgt5yu4gp744 3986772 3986771 2026-09-08T23:00:48Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 /* Historia */ 3986772 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Haribernessum'''<ref name="Haribernessum">Vide [https://www.lamspringe.de/Rathaus-Politik/GeschichteHarbarnsen.php?object=tx,1738.74.1&utm ''Harbarnsen''], ubi dicitur "(...) Harbarnsen zählt zu den ältesten Dörfern der Börde. Schon um 825 wird es als „Haribernessum“ erwähnt (...)".</ref> (Theodisce ''Harbarnsen'') antiquum commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Hildesiensis|circulo Hildesiensi]] et praesens vicus [[Lamespringa]]e est. Ad vicum etiam oppidulum [[Ermensulle]]<ref name="Irmenseul">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/irmenseul/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Conradus de Ermensulle'' (...)".</ref> (Theodisce ''Irmenseul'') pertinet. == Historia == Haribernessum vicus nomine ''Haribernessum'' anno [[822]] primo in actis descriptum est. Ab anno [[1969]] Haribernessum et Ermensulle ad commune generale [[Lamespringa (commune generale)|Lamespringam]] pertinebant et anno [[1974]] in unum commune coniunctae sunt. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305191331/http://www.lamspringe.de/index.phtml?La=1&sNavID=1738.100&mNavID=1738.99&object=tx%7C1738.74.1&kat=&kuo=1&text=&sub=0 Historia Harbarnsen in pagina communis generalis Lamespringae (Theodisce)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170317010051/http://lamspringe.de/index.phtml?La=1&sNavID=1738.100&mNavID=1738.99&object=tx%7c1738.75.1&kat=&kuo=1&text=&sub=0 Historia vici Irminseul in pagina communis generalis Lamespringae (Theodisce)] {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 9]] j068wobqcixgk0oul5mejeho7ff95v0 Lamespringa 0 164979 3986746 3984114 2026-09-08T21:23:55Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Lamspringe]] ad [[Lamespringa]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam 3984114 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Lamspringe''' oppidum [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Hildesiensis|Circulo Hildesiensi]] et sedes communis generalis [[Lamspringe (commune generale)|Lamspringe]] est. Ad Lamspringe etiam vici Graste, [[Harbarnsen]]; [[Irmenseul]]; oppidum Lamspringe cum Glashütte, Rolfshagen ac Ziegelhütte; Netze; Neuhof cum Ammenhausen ac Wöllersheim; Sehlem cum Evensen; et Woltershausen cum Hornsen pertinent. == Historia == Lamspringe vicus saeculo 9 e monasterio orta est. Ab anno [[1969]] Lamspringe ad commune generale [[Lamspringe (commune generale)|eiusdem nominis]] pertinebat, cuius sedes administrationis est. [[Fasciculus:O superbe.png|thumb|left|Inscriptio Lamspringensis (e libro Thomae Caldwall)]] ==Varia== Prope ecclesiam Lamspringensem epitaphium factum esse dicitur, quod saepe in collectionibus iocorum Latinorum citatur<ref>Thomas Caldwall, [https://books.google.ru/books?id=1iowAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA388&dq=o+superbe+quid+superbis+tua+superbia+te+superabit&hl=la&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjBt8-Fj_v1AhVlkosKHajjCa4Q6AF6BAgFEAI#v=onepage&q=o%20superbe%20quid%20superbis%20tua%20superbia%20te%20superabit&f=false ''A Select Collection of Ancient and Modern Epitaphs and Inscriptions'', Londinii 1796, p, 388].</ref>. In inscriptione, si syllaba super alteram syllabam scripta est, "super" inter ea legendum est; si ter vel bis repetitur, "ter" vel "bis" legendum. Hoc modo pro :''o/be quid/bis tua/bia te/abit ra ra ra es et in ram ram ram ii'' legitur :''o superbe, quid superbis? tua superbia te superabit; terra es et in terram ibis'' Post etiam alia linea additur, vel "et sis ut ego nunc", vel "mox eris quod ego nunc"<ref>E.g., Edgar Solomon Shumway, [https://books.google.ru/books?id=Yb2do3ePvJAC&pg=PA30&dq=o+superbe+quid+superbis+tua+superbia+te+superabit&hl=la&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiFoqj466P7AhVo-yoKHQCTBK8Q6AF6BAgLEAI#v=onepage&q=o%20superbe%20quid%20superbis%20tua%20superbia%20te%20superabit&f=false ''Latine et Graece'', vol. III, Novi Eboraci 1885, p. 80].</ref>. ==Notae== <references /> ==Nexus externi== {{fontes geographici}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 9]] icrhqlwdnnxcpn997s1kesprjjdmoko 3986759 3986746 2026-09-08T22:33:39Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3986759 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Lamespringa'''<ref name="Lamespringa">Vide [https://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/20vs/201_MGH/1925-1933%2C_MGH%2C_5_Antiquitates._01_Poetae_04_1._Poetae_Latini_Aevi_Carolini%2C_LT.pdf?utm ''Poetae Latini Aevi Carolini''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Agius autem Lamespringae monachus fuisse videatur'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lamspringe'') commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Hildesiensis|Circulo Hildesiensi]] et sedes communis generalis [[Lamespringa (commune generale)|Lamespringae]] est. Ad Lamespringam etiam vici [[Ermensulle]]<ref name="Irmenseul">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/irmenseul/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Conradus de Ermensulle'' (...)".</ref> (Theodisce ''Irmenseul''); [[Grasta]]<ref name="-e">Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)".</ref> (Theodisce ''Graste''); [[Haribernessum]]<ref name="Haribernessum">Vide [https://www.lamspringe.de/Rathaus-Politik/GeschichteHarbarnsen.php?object=tx,1738.74.1&utm ''Harbarnsen''], ubi dicitur "(...) Harbarnsen zählt zu den ältesten Dörfern der Börde. Schon um 825 wird es als „Haribernessum“ erwähnt (...)".</ref> (Theodisce ''Harbarnsen''); [[Netza]]<ref name="-e"/> (Theodisce ''Netze''); [[Nova Curia (Lamespringa)|Nova Curia]]<ref name="Nova Curia">Theodiscum toponymum ''Neuhof'' forma "Nova Curia" latinizari solet. Cf. [[Nova Curia (Franconia Media)|Nova Curia Franconiae Mediae]] apud {{Graesse}}; aut [[Nova Curia (Hassia)|Nova Curia Hassica]] apud [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&cq=M%C3%BCnchen&lang=de''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].</ref> (Theodisce ''Neuhof'') cum [[Ammenhusa]]<ref name="-husa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Ammenhausen'') atque [[Wollershemium|Wollershemio]]<ref name="-hemium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-hemium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Wöllersheim''); [[Oppidum Lamespringa]]<ref name="Lamespringa"/> (Theodisce ''Flecken Lamspringe'') cum [[Rolfshaga]]<ref name="-haga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hag(e)(n)'' seu ''-ha(a)g'' seu ''-hague'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-haga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Haga (Franconia Superior)|Haga Franconiae Superioris]], [[Haga ad Ambram]], [[Haga (in Bavaria superiore)|Haga in Bavaria Superiore]] apud [[Index communium Bavariae|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Bavariae]]; [[Falkenhaga (Marchia)|Falkenhaga Marchiana]] apud [[Index communium Brandenburgi|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Brandenburgi]]; [[Haga Schauenburgi]], [[Haga Promontorium]], [[Haga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Rolfshagen''), [[Officina Lateraria (Lamespringa)|Officina Lateraria]]<ref name="OL">[https://www.koeblergerhard.de/Mittelniederdeutsch-HP/mndwb-t.htm Theodiscum vocabulum ''Ziegelhütte'' Latino "Officina Lateraria" vertitur].</ref> (Theodisce ''Ziegelhütte'') atque [[Vitrarium (Lamespringa)|Vitrario]]<ref name="Vitrarium">Theodiscum vocabulum ''Glashütte'' Latino "vitrarium-i" vertitur. Qua de re, vide ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano, s.v. ''Glashütte''.</ref> (Theodisce ''Glashütte''); [[Sehlemum]]<ref name="-emum">Germanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-em'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-emum-i". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-em''' : -''ēmum'' (...)".</ref> (Theodisce ''Sehlem'') cum [[Evensa]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Evensen''); et [[Woltershusa]]<ref name="-husa"/> (Theodisce ''Woltershausen'') cum [[Hornsa]]<ref name="-a"/> (Theodisce ''Hornsen'') pertinent. == Historia == Lamespringa saeculo 9 e monasterio orta est. Ab anno [[1969]] Lamespringa ad commune generale [[Lamespringa (commune generale)|eiusdem nominis]] pertinebat, cuius sedes administrationis est. [[Fasciculus:O superbe.png|thumb|left|Inscriptio Lanspringensis<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> (e libro Thomae Caldwall).]] ==Varia== Prope ecclesiam Lanspringensem<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> epitaphium factum esse dicitur, quod saepe in collectionibus iocorum Latinorum citatur<ref>Thomas Caldwall, [https://books.google.ru/books?id=1iowAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA388&dq=o+superbe+quid+superbis+tua+superbia+te+superabit&hl=la&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjBt8-Fj_v1AhVlkosKHajjCa4Q6AF6BAgFEAI#v=onepage&q=o%20superbe%20quid%20superbis%20tua%20superbia%20te%20superabit&f=false ''A Select Collection of Ancient and Modern Epitaphs and Inscriptions'', Londinii 1796, p, 388].</ref>. In inscriptione, si syllaba super alteram syllabam scripta est, "super" inter ea legendum est; si ter vel bis repetitur, "ter" vel "bis" legendum. Hoc modo pro :''o/be quid/bis tua/bia te/abit ra ra ra es et in ram ram ram ii'' legitur :''o superbe, quid superbis? tua superbia te superabit; terra es et in terram ibis'' Post etiam alia linea additur, vel "et sis ut ego nunc", vel "mox eris quod ego nunc"<ref>E.g., Edgar Solomon Shumway, [https://books.google.ru/books?id=Yb2do3ePvJAC&pg=PA30&dq=o+superbe+quid+superbis+tua+superbia+te+superabit&hl=la&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiFoqj466P7AhVo-yoKHQCTBK8Q6AF6BAgLEAI#v=onepage&q=o%20superbe%20quid%20superbis%20tua%20superbia%20te%20superabit&f=false ''Latine et Graece'', vol. III, Novi Eboraci 1885, p. 80].</ref>. ==Notae== <references /> ==Nexus externi== {{fontes geographici}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 9]] lxj7hvm7xprszne85mlv8igst3uf9s8 3986766 3986759 2026-09-08T22:53:32Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3986766 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Lamespringa'''<ref name="Lamespringa">Vide [https://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/20vs/201_MGH/1925-1933%2C_MGH%2C_5_Antiquitates._01_Poetae_04_1._Poetae_Latini_Aevi_Carolini%2C_LT.pdf?utm ''Poetae Latini Aevi Carolini''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Agius autem Lamespringae monachus fuisse videatur'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lamspringe'') commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Hildesiensis|Circulo Hildesiensi]] et antiqua sedes antiqui communis generalis [[Lamespringa (commune generale)|Lamespringae]], anno 2016 dissoluti , est. Ad Lamespringam etiam vici [[Ermensulle]]<ref name="Irmenseul">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/irmenseul/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Conradus de Ermensulle'' (...)".</ref> (Theodisce ''Irmenseul''); [[Grasta]]<ref name="-e">Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)".</ref> (Theodisce ''Graste''); [[Haribernessum]]<ref name="Haribernessum">Vide [https://www.lamspringe.de/Rathaus-Politik/GeschichteHarbarnsen.php?object=tx,1738.74.1&utm ''Harbarnsen''], ubi dicitur "(...) Harbarnsen zählt zu den ältesten Dörfern der Börde. Schon um 825 wird es als „Haribernessum“ erwähnt (...)".</ref> (Theodisce ''Harbarnsen''); [[Netza]]<ref name="-e"/> (Theodisce ''Netze''); [[Nova Curia (Lamespringa)|Nova Curia]]<ref name="Nova Curia">Theodiscum toponymum ''Neuhof'' forma "Nova Curia" latinizari solet. Cf. [[Nova Curia (Franconia Media)|Nova Curia Franconiae Mediae]] apud {{Graesse}}; aut [[Nova Curia (Hassia)|Nova Curia Hassica]] apud [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&cq=M%C3%BCnchen&lang=de''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].</ref> (Theodisce ''Neuhof'') cum [[Ammenhusa]]<ref name="-husa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Ammenhausen'') atque [[Wollershemium|Wollershemio]]<ref name="-hemium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-hemium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Wöllersheim''); [[Oppidum Lamespringa]]<ref name="Lamespringa"/> (Theodisce ''Flecken Lamspringe'') cum [[Rolfshaga]]<ref name="-haga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hag(e)(n)'' seu ''-ha(a)g'' seu ''-hague'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-haga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Haga (Franconia Superior)|Haga Franconiae Superioris]], [[Haga ad Ambram]], [[Haga (in Bavaria superiore)|Haga in Bavaria Superiore]] apud [[Index communium Bavariae|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Bavariae]]; [[Falkenhaga (Marchia)|Falkenhaga Marchiana]] apud [[Index communium Brandenburgi|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Brandenburgi]]; [[Haga Schauenburgi]], [[Haga Promontorium]], [[Haga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Rolfshagen''), [[Officina Lateraria (Lamespringa)|Officina Lateraria]]<ref name="OL">[https://www.koeblergerhard.de/Mittelniederdeutsch-HP/mndwb-t.htm Theodiscum vocabulum ''Ziegelhütte'' Latino "Officina Lateraria" vertitur].</ref> (Theodisce ''Ziegelhütte'') atque [[Vitrarium (Lamespringa)|Vitrario]]<ref name="Vitrarium">Theodiscum vocabulum ''Glashütte'' Latino "vitrarium-i" vertitur. Qua de re, vide ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano, s.v. ''Glashütte''.</ref> (Theodisce ''Glashütte''); [[Sehlemum]]<ref name="-emum">Germanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-em'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-emum-i". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-em''' : -''ēmum'' (...)".</ref> (Theodisce ''Sehlem'') cum [[Evensa]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Evensen''); et [[Woltershusa]]<ref name="-husa"/> (Theodisce ''Woltershausen'') cum [[Hornsa]]<ref name="-a"/> (Theodisce ''Hornsen'') pertinent. == Historia == Lamespringa saeculo 9 e monasterio orta est. Ab anno [[1969]] Lamespringa ad commune generale [[Lamespringa (commune generale)|eiusdem nominis]] pertinebat, cuius sedes administrationis est. [[Fasciculus:O superbe.png|thumb|left|Inscriptio Lanspringensis<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> (e libro Thomae Caldwall).]] ==Varia== Prope ecclesiam Lanspringensem<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> epitaphium factum esse dicitur, quod saepe in collectionibus iocorum Latinorum citatur<ref>Thomas Caldwall, [https://books.google.ru/books?id=1iowAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA388&dq=o+superbe+quid+superbis+tua+superbia+te+superabit&hl=la&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjBt8-Fj_v1AhVlkosKHajjCa4Q6AF6BAgFEAI#v=onepage&q=o%20superbe%20quid%20superbis%20tua%20superbia%20te%20superabit&f=false ''A Select Collection of Ancient and Modern Epitaphs and Inscriptions'', Londinii 1796, p, 388].</ref>. In inscriptione, si syllaba super alteram syllabam scripta est, "super" inter ea legendum est; si ter vel bis repetitur, "ter" vel "bis" legendum. Hoc modo pro :''o/be quid/bis tua/bia te/abit ra ra ra es et in ram ram ram ii'' legitur :''o superbe, quid superbis? tua superbia te superabit; terra es et in terram ibis'' Post etiam alia linea additur, vel "et sis ut ego nunc", vel "mox eris quod ego nunc"<ref>E.g., Edgar Solomon Shumway, [https://books.google.ru/books?id=Yb2do3ePvJAC&pg=PA30&dq=o+superbe+quid+superbis+tua+superbia+te+superabit&hl=la&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiFoqj466P7AhVo-yoKHQCTBK8Q6AF6BAgLEAI#v=onepage&q=o%20superbe%20quid%20superbis%20tua%20superbia%20te%20superabit&f=false ''Latine et Graece'', vol. III, Novi Eboraci 1885, p. 80].</ref>. ==Notae== <references /> ==Nexus externi== {{fontes geographici}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 9]] i9gs9g3od09mfs5aathm95lc6hcee7o Circulus Holtisminnensis 0 166033 3986756 3986367 2026-09-08T22:02:13Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3986756 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}} '''Circulus Holtisminnensis'''<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Holtisminnensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Holzminden'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo "[[Holtisminni]]" -ad quod gentilicium "Holtisminnensis-e" refertur-, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Holzminden''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Holzminden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Holtsminne''), nunc pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], die [[12 Octobris]] [[1832]] a [[Gulielmus (Dux Brunsvici)|Gulielmo]] duce [[Ducatus Brunsvici|Brunsvici]] conditus est. Caput circuli urbs [[Holtisminni]]<ref name="Graesse"/> est. == Historia == Circulus primo ad Ducatum, deinde ad [[Res Publica Brunsvicum|Rem Publicam Brunsvicum]] pertinebat. A die [[1 Novembris]] [[1941]] circulus Holtisminnensis pars provinciae Hannoverae [[Borussia]]e erat. Anno [[1945]] ad terram Hannoveram, ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet. Hodie disputatur, an circulus cum finitimo [[Circulus terrae Northemiensis|Circulo Northemiensi]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Northemiensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Northeim'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Northemiensis-e" ad urbem [[Northemium]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenahist/wassenberg1/Wassenberg_florus.html ''FLORUS GERMANICUS''] , ubi dicitur "(...) Et VVolferbytum, Northemium, Steinbruggam, Nienburgum (...) Primo vere Tillius tribunos suos Northemium misit (...) Caesaeriani Northemium expugnant (...)".</ref> coniungendus sit. == Communia circuli == [[Fasciculus:Municipalities in HOL.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo Holtisminnensi.]] Circulus Holtisminnensis 32 communia habet, quae maxima parte ad "communia generalia" (Theodisce "Samtgemeinden") coniuncta sunt. Haec sunt: * [[Disaldishusa]]<ref name="-husaDelligsen">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Disaldishusen'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: Reuter, A. (Ed.) (1950). ''1100 Jahre Delligsen: Geschichte der Hilsmulde und des Ortes Delligsen''. Verlag der Gemeinde Delligsen. </ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Delligsen'') oppidum (8142 incolae) * [[Holtisminni]] urbs, caput circuli (19.939) * [[Bevernense Castrum (commune generale)|Bevernense Castrum]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bevern''), commune generale (6056) ** [[Bevernense Castrum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bevern'') (3946) ** [[Goldbiki]]<ref name="Graesse"/> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Golmbach'') (979) ** [[Holenberga]]<ref name="-berga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-berga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Holenberg'') (440) ** [[Negenborn]] (691) * [[Bodonis Insula-Collis]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref><ref name="Erhard 1851">Erhard, H. A. (Ed.) (1851). ''Regesta Historiae Westfaliae: Accedit Codex Diplomaticus/Regesten der Geschichte Westfalens''. Regensberg.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenwerder-Polle''), commune generale (15.375) ** [[Bodonis Insula]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenwerder'') urbs (5546) ** [[Bracum]]<ref name="Kirchbrak">Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum terminationibus ''-ac'' aut ''-ach'' aut ''-ack'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-acum-i" aut "-achium-i". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-ac, -ach, -ack''' : -''acum,'' -''achium'' (...)". Hoc casu, latinizantia suffixa formis antiquis huius toponymi "Brac" applicantur; quo de toponymo, vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B77-F/NOB%20VI%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Holzminden.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1&utm ''/NOB VI Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Holzminden''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Theodericus de Brach'' (...) ''Henricus de Brach'' (...) ''Henrico de Brack'' (...) villa Brac (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Kirchbrak''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kerkbraak'') (1089) ** [[Bredenforda]]<ref name="Hoogeweg 1898">Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1898). ''Westfälisches Urkundenbuch: Band 6. Die Urkunden des Bisthums Minden vom J. 1201-1300''. [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Regensberg'schen Buchhandlung.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brevörde''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Bräwer'') (718) ** [[Halla (Holtisminni)|Halla]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Halle'') (1590) ** [[Heinsa]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heinsen'') (861) ** [[Heli (Saxonia Inferior)|Heli]]<ref name="Heli">Vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20241109195129/https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B73-8/NOB%20III%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Wolfenb%C3%BCttel%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Salzgitter.pdf ''NOB III Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter.''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''in villa Heli'' (...) ''Heloon'' (...) ''collatio ecclesie Helen'' (...) ''Thidericus de Helenen'' (...) ''plebanos ecclesiarum de Helen'' (...) ''in campo sive marke ville Helen'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hehlen'') (1912) ** [[Heya]]<ref name="-a"/> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heyen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Hein'') (482) ** [[Ottenstein]] (1189) ** [[Pegestorf]] (428) ** [[Collis (Saxonia Inferior)|Collis]]<ref name="Erhard 1851"/> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Polle'') oppidum (1102) ** [[Vahlbruch]] (458) * [[Boffeshusium (commune generale)|Boffeshusium]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski VI 2007">Casemir, K., & Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen del Landkreises Holzminden''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VI)''. Editio ab Academia Scientiarum Gottingensi. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Boffzen''), commune generale (7042) ** [[Boffeshusium]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski VI 2007">Casemir, K., & Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen del Landkreises Holzminden''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VI)''. Editio ab Academia Scientiarum Gottingensi. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Boffzen'') (2701) ** [[Derenthalia]]<ref name="-thalia">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-thal'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-thalia-ae" seu "-dalia-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) -thal : -''thalia'', -''dalia'' (...)". Animadvertendum est suffixum ''-thal'' veterem orthographiam hodierni suffixi ''-tal'' esse; ergo Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-tal'' quoque latinizari potest addita terminatione latinizata "-thalia-ae" seu "-dalia-ae".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Derental'') (671) ** [[Fürstenberg]] (1167) ** [[Lauenförde]] (2503) * [[Eschershusa-Aldendorpevilla]]<ref name="-husa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> (Theodisce ''Eschershausen-Stadtoldendorf''), commune generale (15.375) ** [[Aldendorpevilla]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> ([[Theodisce]] ''Stadtoldendorf'') urbs (5457) ** [[Aroldishusium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705">Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Bremensis et Verdensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Parochiarum ditionis Corbeiensis et Hildesiensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Arholzen'') (391) ** [[Dedenhusa]]<ref name="-husaDeensen">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Dedehusen'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: Casemir, K., & Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Holzminden (Veröffentlichungen del Institut für Historische Landesforschung der Universität Göttingen, Vol. 51)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Deensen'') (1511) ** [[Dielmissa]]<ref name="-a"/> ([[Theodisce]] ''Dielmissen'') (812) ** [[Eima (Circulus Holtisminnensis)|Eima]]<ref name="-a"/> ([[Theodisce]] ''Eimen'') (996) ** [[Eschershusa]]<ref name="-husa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eschershausen''), urbs (3415) ** [[Heina (Saxonia Inferior)|Heina]]<ref name="Heina">Vide [https://hgv-hhm.de/ortsnamen-13-19-jahrhundert.html?utm ''Heimat- und Geschichtsverein für Heinade-Hellental-Merxhausen E.V.''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''villa Heina'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heinade'') (920) ** [[Holza]]<ref name="-e">Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Holzen'') (629) ** [[Lenne]] (673) ** [[Lüerdissen]] (448) ** [[Wangelnstedt]] (617) Praeterea sunt loca quaedam, quae ad nullum commune pertinent. Quae omnia hominibus deserta sunt: * Boffeshusium<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski VI 2007">Casemir, K., & Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen del Landkreises Holzminden''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VI)''. Editio ab Academia Scientiarum Gottingensi. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Boffzen'') (23,40 km²) * Eima<ref name="-a"/> ([[Theodisce]] ''Eimen'') (12,91 km²) * Eschershusa<ref name="-husa"/> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eschershausen'') (4,92 km²) * Grünenplan (22,71 km²) * [[Holtisminni]]<ref name="Graesse"/> ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Holzminden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Holtsminne'') (15,01 km²) * Merxhausen (22,50 km²) * Wenzen (15,84 km²) ==Notae== <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]] {{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}} [[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris|Holtisminni]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1832]] 1z85rsgiy5l3wtvxiv0raolwsk16y9t Bodonis Insula-Collis 0 166610 3986630 3986360 2026-09-08T15:27:26Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3986630 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Bodonis Insula-Collis'''<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref><ref name="Erhard 1851">Erhard, H. A. (Ed.) (1851). ''Regesta Historiae Westfaliae: Accedit Codex Diplomaticus/Regesten der Geschichte Westfalens''. Regensberg.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenwerder-Polle'') commune generale [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Holtisminnensis|circulo Holtisminnensi]] est. [[Fasciculus:Rathaus von Bodenwerder, Geburtshaus vom Baron von Münchhausen 2.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|Sedes administrationis communis generalis et olim castellum [[Baro de Münchhausen|Baronis de Münchhausen]].]] == Historia == Die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[2010]] commune generale Bodonis Insula-Collis constitutum est, cum [[Bodonis Insula]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenwerder'') urbs atque vici undecim coniuncti sint, qui iam antea in communibus generalibus Bodonis Insula (Theodisce et Saxonice ''Bodenwerder'') et Collis (Theodisce et Saxonice ''Polle'') collaboraverant<ref>[http://www.muenchhausenland.de/index.php?side=content&ID=67&MID=2 Pagina interretialis de condito communi generali Bodonis Insula-Colli].</ref>. == Communia ad Bodonis Insulam-Collem pertinentes == ** [[Bodonis Insula]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenwerder'') urbs (5546 incolae, sedes administrationis) ** [[Bracum]]<ref name="Kirchbrak">Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum terminationibus ''-ac'' aut ''-ach'' aut ''-ack'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-acum-i" aut "-achium-i". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-ac, -ach, -ack''' : -''acum,'' -''achium'' (...)". Hoc casu, latinizantia suffixa formis antiquis huius toponymi "Brac" applicantur; quo de toponymo, vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B77-F/NOB%20VI%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Holzminden.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1&utm ''/NOB VI Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Holzminden''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Theodericus de Brach'' (...) ''Henricus de Brach'' (...) ''Henrico de Brack'' (...) villa Brac (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Kirchbrak''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kerkbraak'') (1089) ** [[Bredenforda]]<ref name="Hoogeweg 1898">Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1898). ''Westfälisches Urkundenbuch: Band 6. Die Urkunden des Bisthums Minden vom J. 1201-1300''. [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Regensberg'schen Buchhandlung.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brevörde''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Bräwer'') (718) ** [[Collis (Saxonia Inferior)|Collis]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski VI 2007">Casemir, K., & Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen del Landkreises Holzminden''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VI)''. Editio ab Academia Scientiarum Gottingensi. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Polle'') oppidum (1102) ** [[Halla (Holtisminni)|Halla]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Halle'') (1590) ** [[Heinsa]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heinsen'') (861) ** [[Heli (Saxonia Inferior)|Heli]]<ref name="Heli">Vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20241109195129/https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B73-8/NOB%20III%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Wolfenb%C3%BCttel%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Salzgitter.pdf ''NOB III Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter.''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''in villa Heli'' (...) ''Heloon'' (...) ''collatio ecclesie Helen'' (...) ''Thidericus de Helenen'' (...) ''plebanos ecclesiarum de Helen'' (...) ''in campo sive marke ville Helen'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hehlen'') (1912) ** [[Heya]]<ref name="-a"/> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heyen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Hein'') (482) ** [[Ottenstein]] (1189) ** [[Pegestorf]] (428) ** [[Vahlbruch]] (458) == Notae == <references /> [[Categoria:Communia generalia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 2010]] htkh5l1rrrwr553vzvuj5wyggxosgtm Circulus Gottingae 0 171434 3986754 3986552 2026-09-08T22:01:58Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3986754 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}} '''Circulus Gottingae'''<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=kkM-AAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=gottingensis&lr=&cd=14#v=onepage&q=&f=false Libri Googles].</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Göttingen''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Göttingen''; [[Saxonice]] '' Landkreis Chöttingen''), nunc pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1885]] conditus est. [[Caput (urbs)|Caput]] est [[Gottinga]]. == Historia == Circulus Gottingae anno [[1885]] constitutus est. Anno [[1945]] ad terram Hannoveram transiit, ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet. Anno 2012 disputabatur, an circulus cum finitimis [[Circulus terrae Northemiensis|Northemiensi]] et [[Circulus Osteroda ad Harthicos montes|Osteroda]] coniungendus esset. Postquam Northeim e actionibus se recessit, consilium circuli Gottingae die [[6 Martii]] [[2013]] constituit, ut cum solo circulo Osteroda circulus Gottingae coniungendus sit<ref>[http://www.landkreis-goettingen.de/pics/medien/1_1362642492/2013_03_06_EILMELDUNG_Kreistag_beschliesst_Fusion.pdf Nuntius circuli Gottingae die 6 Martii 2013 promulgata]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>. Die [[1 Novembris]] [[2016]] Osteroda ad Gottingam circulum adiuncta est<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20161101125654/http://www.ndr.de/nachrichten/niedersachsen/braunschweig_harz_goettingen/Landkreise-Osterode-und-Goettingen-fusionieren,kreisfusion160.html ndr.de die 1 Novembris 2016]</ref>. == Communia circuli == [[Fasciculus:Municipalities_in_GÖ-2016.svg|300px|right|Communia in Circulo Gottingae]] Circulus Gottingensis 39 communia habet, quae maxima parte ad "communia generalia" (Theodisce "Samtgemeinden") coniuncta sunt. Haec sunt: * [[Adelebsenum]]<ref name="Funck 1736">Funck, J. N. (1736). ''Disputatio Academica de Voluntaria Morte Judaeorum et Gentilium sub Praesidio S. R. I. Libero Baroni de Adelebsen Dedicata''. Rintelii: Typis Johannis Friderici Enax.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Adelebsen'') (6449 incolae) * [[Aquae Lauterbergenses in Montibus Harthicis]]<ref name="Mirus 1826">Mirus, A. (1826). ''De salubritate aquarum lauterbergensium in montibus harthicis sitarum''. Typis Regiis.</ref> (Theodisce: ''Bad Lauterberg im Harz''), commune sui iuris et urbs (11.080 incolae) * [[Bobentunum]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski & Udolph"/> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bovenden''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Bovten'') oppidum (13.381) * [[Duderstadium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> ([[Theodisce]] ''Duderstadt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dustadt'') (21.609) * [[Friedlandia (Saxonia Inferior)|Friedland]]<ref name="Friedland">Theodiscum toponymum ''Friedland' in Latinam "Friedlandia" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Friedland'') (11.395) * [[Gleicha]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gleichen'') (9163) * [[Gottinga]] (''Göttingen'', 121.364) * [[Grundensis Civitas Metallica]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Grund'') (8824) * [[Hertzberga ad Harthicos montes]], urbs (13.573) * [[Mundia Hannoverana]]<ref name="Mundia Hannoverana">Vide [https://spatial.demo.geocode.earth/explore/place/wof/101810167?utm ''Geocode Earth''], ubi dicitur "(...) LAT preferred '''Mundia Hannoverana''' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hann. Münden'' seu ''Hannoversch Münden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hannöversch Münnen''), urbs (24.390) * [[Osteroda ad Harthicos montes]] (''Osterode am Harz''), urbs (22.987) * [[Rosdorf]] (12.005) * [[Sathsa]] vel '''Aquae Sathsieneses''' (''Bad Sachsa''), urbs (7634) * [[Staufenberg]] (8080) * [[Walkenried]] (4666) * [[Gieboldehusa (commune generale)|Gieboldehusa]]<ref name="-husa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Gieboldehausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Chiwelehusen'') commune generale (13.890) ** [[Bilshusa]]<ref name="Wolf 1819">Wolf, J. (1819). ''Politische Geschichte des Eichsfeldes mit Urkunden erläutert''. Johann Georg Rosenbusch.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bilshausen'') (2348) ** [[Bodensa]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski & Udolph">Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (2003). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Göttingen''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodensee'') (767) ** [[Gieboldehusa]]<ref name="-husa"/> ([[Theodisce]] ''Gieboldehausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Chiwelehusen'') oppidum (3944) ** [[Krebecca]]<ref name="-ecca">Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ec(k)'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-ecca-ae" seu "-eca-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-ec, -eck''' : -''ecca'', -''ēca'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Krebeck'') (1116) ** [[Obernfeld]] (972) ** [[Rhumspringe]] (1883) ** [[Rollshausen]] (901) ** [[Rüdershausen]] (868) ** [[Wollbrandshausen]] (612) ** [[Wollershausen]] (479) * [[Radolfshausen (commune generale)|Radolfshausen]], commune generale (7282) ** [[Ebergötzen]] (1790) ** [[Landolfshausen]] (1132) ** [[Seeburg]] (1601) ** [[Seulingen]] (1369) ** [[Waake]] (1390) * [[Hattorpium ad Harthicos Montes (commune generale)|Hattorpium ad Harthicos Montes]]<ref name="-torpium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-torpium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Hattorf am Harz'') (commune generale) (7606) ** [[Elbingeroda]]<ref name="-roda">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-rode'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-roda-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Baceroda]], [[Gerningeroda]], [[Osteroda]], [[Werningroda]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elbingerode'') (417) ** [[Hattorpium ad Harthicos Montes]]<ref name="-torpium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-torpium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Hattorf am Harz'') (4177) ** [[Horda ad Harthicos Montes]]<ref name="-e">Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)".</ref><ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Hörden am Harz'') (1078) ** [[Wulften ad Harthicos montes]] (1934) * [[Thransfellensis Ecclesia (commune generale)|Thransfellensis Ecclesia]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dransfeld''), commune generale (9158) ** [[Buria (Saxonia Inferior)|Buria]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski & Udolph"/> ([[Theodisce]] ''Bühren'') (527) ** [[Iuniun]]<ref name="Iunium">Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B74-6/NOB%20IV%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20G%C3%B6ttingen.pdf?utm ''NOB IV Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Göttingen'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) 960 Iuniun (MGH DO I. Nr. 206 S. 285) (...) 1251 (A. 14. Jh.) Johan de June (UB Göttingen I Nr. 4 S. 5) 1266 ''Godefridus de Iunen [...] sacerdos'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Jühnde'') (1062) ** [[Niemetal]] (1596) ** [[Scheden]] (1963) ** [[Thransfellensis Ecclesia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dransfeld'') urbs (4010) == Coniunctiones pagorum == Circulus Gottingensis coniunctiones cum aliis pagis Europae habet: * [[Stegelicium-Zelendorfium]], ab anno 1962) * [[Stroud]] ([[Glocestria]]), ab anno [[1951]] * [[Surisna]] (praefectura [[Alta Sequanae]]), ab anno [[1959]] * [[Hackney (Londinium)|Hackney]] ([[Londinium]]), ab anno [[1973]] * [[Albensis Comitatus]] ([[Hungaria]]), ab anno [[2000]] {{NexInt}} * [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]] == Notae == <references /> {{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gottingae circulus}} [[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1885]] s0d3ughdbaa9cko8w6fluo92jw3aynk Circulus Guelpherbytensis 0 174922 3986755 3986485 2026-09-08T22:02:03Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3986755 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Municipalities in WF.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo Guelpherbytensi]] '''Circulus Guelpherbytensis'''<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Guelpherbytensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Wolfenbüttel'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Guelpherbytensis-e" ad [[Guelpherbytum]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide [https://vd18.gbv.de/viewer/fullscreen/006049869/1/ ''vd18.gbv.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Pro eo ac debuisti, urbs aerumnosa, infelix ac misera Guelpherbytum (...)"; et quo de gentilicio, vide [https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/MBRY52X6EUWPQOQRFBKHVLYBSUG4M6LS ''Carmina Votiva Honori Clarißimi atq[ue] Experientißimi Viri Dn. Samuelis Stockhausen''], ubi dicitur "(...) Practici Guelpherbytensis (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Wolfenbüttel''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Wolfenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Wulfenbüttel''), nunc pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] anno [[1831]] conditus est et ad annum [[1946]] ad [[Ducatus Brunsvici|Brunsvicum]] terram pertinuit. Caput circuli urbs [[Guelpherbytum]] est. == Communia circuli == 32 communia huius circuli magna parte in "communia generalia" coniuncti sunt: * [[Guelpherbytum]] urbs (53.353) * [[Schladen-Werla]] (8869) * [[Villa Cremilonis]]<ref name="Meibom 1688"/> <([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cremlingen'') (12.831 incolae) * [[Baddekenstedium (commune generale)|Baddekenstedium]]<ref name="Casemir & Menzel & Ohainski X 2018">Casemir, K., Menzel, F., & Ohainski, U. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil X)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Baddeckenstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Barkenstäe'') commune generale (10.479) ** [[Baddekenstedium]]<ref name="Casemir & Menzel & Ohainski X 2018">Casemir, K., Menzel, F., & Ohainski, U. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil X)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Baddeckenstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Barkenstäe'') (2891) ** [[Burchardivillare]]<ref name="Janicke 1892">Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1892). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 1. Bis zum Jahre 1221''. S. Hirzel.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Burgdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borgdörp'') (2314) ** [[Elba (Saxonia Inferior)|Elba]]<ref name="-e">Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elbe'') (1649) ** [[Haverla]]<ref name="Haverla">Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B73-8/NOB%20III%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Wolfenb%C3%BCttel%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Salzgitter.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1&utm ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) um 941 (Fä. Mitte 12. Jh., kop. 17. Jh.) ''Haverlae'' (...) 1319 ''Haverla'' (UB H Hild. IV 464 S. 247) (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Haverlah''; [[Saxonice]] ''Haberlah'') (1558) ** [[Herrum]]<ref name="Herrum">Vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20241109195129/https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B73-8/NOB%20III%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Wolfenb%C3%BCttel%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Salzgitter.pdf ''NOB III Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter.''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Majori villa Herre'' (...) ''Maiori Here'' (...) ''Minori Herro'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heere'') (1155) ** [[Sehlde]] (912) * [[Elma-Assa (commune generale)|Elma-Assa]]<ref name="Casemir 2003"/><ref name="Meibom 1688"/> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elm-Asse'') (18.816) ** [[Dalum]]<ref name="Janicke II 1896">Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1896). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 2. Von 1221 bis 1260''. S. Hirzel.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Dahlum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Tahln'') (722) ** [[Dengdia]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Denkte'') (3023) ** [[Hedebere]]<ref name="Hedebere">Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B73-8/NOB%20III%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Wolfenb%C3%BCttel%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Salzgitter.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1&utm ''NOB III Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) ''Antiquum Hedebere seu Minus, Novum Hedebere seu Maius'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Hedeper''; [[Saxonice]] ''Heper'') (540) ** [[Kissenbruga]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Kissenbrück''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kissenbrügge'') (1770) ** [[Kneitlinga]]<ref name="-inga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref name="KleinGrosse">De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum "Klein" et "Gross" per Latina "Minor-us" et "Maior-ius", vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Kneitlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kneitling'') (823) ** [[Remlingen-Semmenstedt]] (2256) ** [[Roklum]] (460) ** [[Schöppenstedt]] oppidum (5.319, sedes administrationis) ** [[Uehrde]] (947) ** [[Vahlberg]] (781) ** [[Winnigstedt]] (761) ** [[Wittmar]] (1208) * [[Silva Oderana (commune generale)|Silva Oderana]]<ref name="Meibom 1688">Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: Dissertationen und historische Chroniken des Herzogtums Braunschweig-Lüneburg''. Typis Georgii Wolffii.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Oderwald'') commune generale (6839) ** [[Bursina (Saxonia Inferior)|Bursina]]<ref name="Casemir 2003">Casemir, K. (2003). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil III)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Börßum'') (2791, sedes administrationis) ** [[Cramma]]<ref name="Casemir 2003">Casemir, K. (2003). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil III)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cramme'') (952) ** [[Doristacus]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dorstadt'') (668) ** [[Flotide]]<ref name="Flotide">De nominibus "Flotide" {{caa|780|802}}, "Flathi" {{caa|1013}}, "Flatide" {{caa|1142}}, "Flothethe" {{caa|1187}}, "Vlothe" {{caa|1189}} et "Flotethe" {{caa|1194}}, vide: Udolph, Jürgen. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160729194352/https://www.ndr.de/ndr1niedersachsen/programm/Ortsnamen-Uebersicht-fuer-Buchstaben-F,ortsnamenforscher111.html ''Ortsnamenforscher'']. ''NDR 1 Niedersachsen''.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Flöthe'') (1181) ** [[Heiningensis Locus]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Heiningen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Heinig'') (664) ** [[Ohrum]] (583) * [[Sickte (commune generale)|Sickte]] commune generale (10.308) ** [[Dettum]]<ref name="Egger 1977">Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Dersum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Derßm'') (1174) ** [[Erkeroda]]<ref name="-roda">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-rode'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-roda-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Baceroda]], [[Gerningeroda]], [[Osteroda]], [[Werningroda]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Erkerode''; [[Saxonice]] ''Erkero'') (1000) ** [[Evessum]]<ref name="NOB 2004">Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (2004). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter''' (NOB III). [[Gottinga]]e: Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Evessen'') (1297) ** [[Sickte]] (5792) ** [[Veltheim (Ohe)|Veltheim]] (1045) == Coniunctiones pagorum == * Circulus vetus Brunsvicum anno [[1965]] coniunctionem cum [[Cachan]] in [[Francia]] constituit, quam etiam nunc circulus novus colit. * Cum Powiat Wrzesiński in [[Polonia]] circulus anno [[2001]] coniunctionem coepit. * Rhondda Cynon Taf in [[Cambria]] ab anno [[1992]] cum circulo Guelpherbytensi coniunctione coniunctus est. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{Commonscat|Landkreis Wolfenbüttel|Circulus Guelpherbytensis}} * [http://www.lk-wolfenbuettel.de/ Pagina interretialis] {{NexInt}} * [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]] {{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}} {{geo-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gulpherbytensis circulus}} [[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1831]] gsye57vx9p1l43ikificxjli7vsoh5i Baddekenstedium (commune generale) 0 175115 3986602 3985598 2026-09-08T12:58:58Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3986602 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Baddekenstedium'''<ref name="Casemir & Menzel & Ohainski X 2018">Casemir, K., Menzel, F., & Ohainski, U. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil X)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> seu '''Badekenstedium'''<ref name="Casemir & Menzel & Ohainski X 2018"/> ([[Theodisce]] ''Baddeckenstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Barkenstäe'') commune generale [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Guelpherbytensis|circulo Guelpherbytensi]] est. == Historia == Anno [[1974]] commune generale Baddekenstedium conditum est, cum vici infra descripti coniuncti sunt. == Communia ad Baddeckenstedt pertinentes == * [[Baddekenstedium]]<ref name="Casemir & Menzel & Ohainski X 2018"/> ([[Theodisce]] ''Baddeckenstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Barkenstäe'') (2891 incolae, sedes administrationis) * [[Burchardivillare]]<ref name="Janicke 1892">Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1892). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 1. Bis zum Jahre 1221''. S. Hirzel.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Burgdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borgdörp'') (2314) * [[Elba (Saxonia Inferior)|Elba]]<ref name="-e">Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elbe'') (1649) * [[Haverla]]<ref name="Haverla">Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B73-8/NOB%20III%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Wolfenb%C3%BCttel%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Salzgitter.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1&utm ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) um 941 (Fä. Mitte 12. Jh., kop. 17. Jh.) ''Haverlae'' (...) 1319 ''Haverla'' (UB H Hild. IV 464 S. 247) (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Haverlah''; [[Saxonice]] ''Haberlah'') (1558) * [[Herrum]]<ref name="Herrum">Vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20241109195129/https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B73-8/NOB%20III%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Wolfenb%C3%BCttel%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Salzgitter.pdf ''NOB III Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter.''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Majori villa Herre'' (...) ''Maiori Here'' (...) ''Minori Herro'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heere'') (1155) * [[Sehlde]] (912) ==Notae== <references /> {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia generalia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1974]] jr9aia2iqc9qbl316gsusvwg9ko1zo4 Salzanum 0 182084 3986609 3974660 2026-09-08T13:13:22Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3986609 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Stazione di Salzano-Robegano.JPG|thumb|Salzanum]] '''Salzanum'''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140417024820/http://www.museosanpiox.it/salzano/miracolo-eucaristico.html www.museosanpiox.it/salzano/miracolo-eucaristico.html]</ref><ref>[http://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-47-1955-ocr.pdf ACTA APOSTOLICAE SEDIS - COMMENTARIUM OFFICIALE, ANNUS XXXXVII - SERIES II - VOL. XXII]</ref> {{victio|Salzanum|i|n}} (alia nomina: ''Saltianum''<ref>[http://www.italiapedia.it/comune-di-salzano_Storia-027-032 www.italiapedia.it]{{Nexus deficit|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>) ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Salzano|Salzano]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], circiter 12&thinsp;780 incolarum, in [[Regio Italiae|regione]] [[Venetia (regio)|Venetia]] et in [[Urbs metropolitana Veneta|urbe metropolitana Veneta]] situm. Incolae ''Salzanenses'' appellantur. == Insigne == <gallery> Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]'' </gallery> == Clari cives == === Hic vixerunt === * [[Pius X]] papa == Aedificia egregia == * Robegani Ecclesia. * Villa Romanin Jacur == Ecclesia Catholica Romana == * [[Dioecesis Tarvisina]] == Fractiones, vici et loci in municipio == === Fractiones === ''Robegano''. == Municipia finitima == ''Martellago, Mirano, Noale, Scorzè''. {{NexInt}} * [[Venetia (regio)|Venetiam]] (''regionem''), * [[Urbs metropolitana Veneta|Urbem metropolitanam Venetam]], * [[Provincia Veneta|Provinciam Venetam]] (''provinciam abrogatam''), * [[Venetiae|Venetias]] (''urbem''), * [[Municipium Italiae]]. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Salzano|Salzanum}} * [http://www.comune.Salzano.ve.it/ Situs publicus] {{Ling|Lingua Italiana{{!}}Italiane}} == Pinacotheca == <gallery> Fasciculus:Map of comune of Salzano (metropolitan city of Venice, region Veneto, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium municipii in Urbe metropolitana Veneta. Fasciculus:ChiesaRobegano.JPG|Robegani Ecclesia. </gallery> == Notae == <references /> {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Municipia in Urbe metropolitana Veneta]] oin2kymn9ibebqf50nogxm6k1g39dr7 3986610 3986609 2026-09-08T13:14:38Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3986610 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Stazione di Salzano-Robegano.JPG|thumb|Salzanum]] '''Salzanum'''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140417024820/http://www.museosanpiox.it/salzano/miracolo-eucaristico.html www.museosanpiox.it/salzano/miracolo-eucaristico.html]</ref><ref>[http://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-47-1955-ocr.pdf ACTA APOSTOLICAE SEDIS - COMMENTARIUM OFFICIALE, ANNUS XXXXVII - SERIES II - VOL. XXII]</ref> {{victio|Salzanum|i|n}} (alia nomina: ''Saltianum''<ref>[http://www.italiapedia.it/comune-di-salzano_Storia-027-032 www.italiapedia.it]{{Nexus deficit|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>) ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Salzano|Salzano]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], circiter 12&thinsp;777 incolarum (2026), in [[Regio Italiae|regione]] [[Venetia (regio)|Venetia]] et in [[Urbs metropolitana Veneta|urbe metropolitana Veneta]] situm. Incolae ''Salzanenses'' appellantur. == Insigne == <gallery> Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]'' </gallery> == Clari cives == === Hic vixerunt === * [[Pius X]] papa == Aedificia egregia == * Robegani Ecclesia. * Villa Romanin Jacur == Ecclesia Catholica Romana == * [[Dioecesis Tarvisina]] == Fractiones, vici et loci in municipio == === Fractiones === ''Robegano''. == Municipia finitima == ''Martellago, Mirano, Noale, Scorzè''. {{NexInt}} * [[Venetia (regio)|Venetiam]] (''regionem''), * [[Urbs metropolitana Veneta|Urbem metropolitanam Venetam]], * [[Provincia Veneta|Provinciam Venetam]] (''provinciam abrogatam''), * [[Venetiae|Venetias]] (''urbem''), * [[Municipium Italiae]]. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Salzano|Salzanum}} * [http://www.comune.Salzano.ve.it/ Situs publicus] {{Ling|Lingua Italiana{{!}}Italiane}} == Pinacotheca == <gallery> Fasciculus:Map of comune of Salzano (metropolitan city of Venice, region Veneto, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium municipii in Urbe metropolitana Veneta. Fasciculus:ChiesaRobegano.JPG|Robegani Ecclesia. </gallery> == Notae == <references /> {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Municipia in Urbe metropolitana Veneta]] 3nqjoh6ps4nb4xufp4vusp3q12ucmnf Turres Veteres 0 189165 3986587 3276109 2026-09-08T12:39:59Z IacobusAmor 1163 ~ 3986587 wikitext text/x-wiki {{pro pagina discretiva vide|Turres (discretiva)}} {{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:TorresVedras.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1|Diorama Turrium Veterum.]] '''Turres Veteres''' ([[Lusitanice]] ''Torres Vedras'') est [[urbs]] [[Lusitania|Lusitanica]], districtus [[Lisbonum|Lisboni]], quae 24&thinsp;600{{dubsig}} [[incola]]rum habet. == Demographia == {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="9" | Incolae Regionis Turrium Veterum (1801 – 2004) |- bgcolor="#C0C0C0" | align="center" | [[1801]] | align="center" | [[1849]] | align="center" | [[1900]] | align="center" | [[1930]] | align="center" | [[1960]] | align="center" | [[1981]] | align="center" | [[1991]] | align="center" | [[2001]] | align="center" | [[2004]] |- | align="center" | 17 244 | align="center" | 15 021 | align="center" | 35 726 | align="center" | 47 917 | align="center" | 58 837 | align="center" | 65 039 | align="center" | 67 185 | align="center" | 72 250 | align="center" | 75 494 |} == Praeclari cives == * Ioachimus Agostinho ([[1943]]-[[1984]]), [[Birota|birotista]] * [[Manuel Iosephus Macarius do Nascimento Clemente]] ([[1948]]), [[Olisipo]]nis [[patriarcha]] * [[Cristina Ferreira]] ([[1977]]), moderatrix [[televisio]]nis == Nexus externi == * [http://www.carnavaldetorres.com/ Carnelevaria Turrium Veterum] * [http://www.cm-tvedras.pt/ Consilium Municipalis Turrium Veterum] {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Urbes Portugalliae]] [[Categoria:Vici Olisiponis]] pc4q7p8jn25cljxnpglz0qmduyis0cl Circulus Luchoviensis et Danebergensis 0 198188 3986618 3986267 2026-09-08T13:57:32Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3986618 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Municipalities in DAN.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|Communia in circulo Luchoviensi et Danebergensi.]] '''Circulus terrae Luchoviensis et Danebergensis'''<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Luchoviensis et Danebergensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Lüchow-Dannenberg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latina gentilicia "Luchoviensis-e" et "Danebergensis" ad [[Luchovia]]m et [[Daneberga]]m repective referuntur. Primo de toponymo, vide [https://ia801403.us.archive.org/28/items/antiquitatessele00keys/antiquitatessele00keys.pdf ''Antiquitates selectae septentrionales et Celticae''], ubi dicitur "(...) De Venedicis aut Germanicis prope Luchoviam effossis Epistola ''Georgii Frid, Mithofii'' data Luchovia d. 17. Maji 1691 (...)"; et secundo de toponymo, vide {{Hofmannus}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Lüchow-Dannenberg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Lüchow-Dannenberg''; [[Polabice]] ''Vokres Ljauchüw-Wajdars''), nunc pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1932]] e circulis Luchoviensi et Dannenbergensi consociatis conditus est. Ad annum [[1945]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit, et ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem. [[Caput (urbs)|Caput]] circuli est [[Luchovia]]. == Historia == Ager circuli fuit pars [[Ducatus Luneburgensis]]. Anno [[1705]] ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Annis ab [[1810]] ad [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Anno [[1867]] magnus circulus Danenbergensis conditus est, sed anno [[1885]] in circulos Luchoviam et Danebergam divisus est. Anno [[1932]] iterum coniunctus est. Ab anno [[1946]] Circulus Luchoviensis et Danebergensis pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. == Coniunctiones == Circulus Luchoviensis et Danebergensis duas coniunctiones habet, cum * [[Stegelicium-Zelendorfium|Stegelicio-Zelendorfio]] regione [[Berolinum|Berolini]] ab anno [[1979]], tum cum Stegelicio regione * [[Powiat Obornicki]] ([[Polonia]], ab anno 2001) == Communia circuli == Haec sunt communia huius circuli, quae omnes ad communia generalia coniuncti sunt: * [[Gartovia (commune generale)|Gartovia]]<ref name="-ovia">[[Linguae Germanicae|Germanica]] ac [[linguae Slavicae|Slavica]] toponyma cum suffixo ''-ov'' seu ''-öv'' seu ''ow'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-ovia-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Asovia]], [[Brewnovia]], [[Czernichovia]], [[Glasgovia]], [[Golnovia]], [[Grabovia]], [[Kharkovia]], [[Laszovia]], [[Ostrovia]], [[Pscovia]], [[Racovia]], [[Sucovia]], [[Tarnovia]], [[Wengrovia]], [[Witkowa]], [[Wittovia]], [[Crovia]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gartow'') commune generale (3700) ** [[Gartovia]]<ref name="-ovia">[[Linguae Germanicae|Germanica]] ac [[linguae Slavicae|Slavica]] toponyma cum suffixo ''-ov'' seu ''-öv'' seu ''ow'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-ovia-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Asovia]], [[Brewnovia]], [[Czernichovia]], [[Glasgovia]], [[Golnovia]], [[Grabovia]], [[Kharkovia]], [[Laszovia]], [[Ostrovia]], [[Pscovia]], [[Racovia]], [[Sucovia]], [[Tarnovia]], [[Wengrovia]], [[Witkowa]], [[Wittovia]], [[Crovia]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gartow'') oppidum (1362) ** [[Gorleba]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gorleben'') (634) ** [[Hohbuoki]]<ref name="Hohbuoki">Vide [https://oar.onroerenderfgoed.be/publicaties/RELM/7/RELM007-001.pdf?utm ''The very beginning of Europe?''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''castellum hohbuoki'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Höhbeck'') (645) ** [[Prezelle]] (473) ** [[Schnackenburg]], oppidum (586) * [[Luchovia (Vandalia)|Luchovia]]<ref name="Luchovia">Vide [https://ia801403.us.archive.org/28/items/antiquitatessele00keys/antiquitatessele00keys.pdf ''Antiquitates selectae septentrionales et Celticae''], ubi dicitur "(...) De Venedicis aut Germanicis prope Luchoviam effossis Epistola ''Georgii Frid, Mithofii'' data Luchovia d. 17. Maji 1691 (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lüchow''; [[Polabice]] ''Ljauchüw'') commune generale (24.675) ** [[Berga ad Dumnam]]<ref name="Bruzen de La Martinière 1737">Bruzen de La Martinière, A. A. (1737). ''Thesaurus geographicus criticus: in quo omnium orbis terrarum regionum, civitatum, oppidorum, nominibus antiquis, medii aevi et modernis''. Ex Officina Wetsteniana.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bergen an der Dumme''; [[Polabice]] ''Djörska'') (1589) ** [[Clenza]]<ref name="Janicke II 1896">Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1896). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 2. Von 1221 bis 1260''. S. Hirzel.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Clenze''; [[Polabice]] ''Kloncka'') oppidum (2446) ** [[Kusta]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Küsten'') (1362) ** [[Lemgow]] (1408) ** [[Lübbow]] (836) ** [[Luchovia]]<ref name="Luchovia">Vide [https://ia801403.us.archive.org/28/items/antiquitatessele00keys/antiquitatessele00keys.pdf ''Antiquitates selectae septentrionales et Celticae''], ubi dicitur "(...) De Venedicis aut Germanicis prope Luchoviam effossis Epistola ''Georgii Frid, Mithofii'' data Luchovia d. 17. Maji 1691 (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lüchow''; [[Polabice]] ''Ljauchüw''), urbs et sedes administrationis (9401) ** [[Luckau (Saxonia Inferior)|Luckau]] (634) ** [[Schnega]] (1354) ** [[Trebel]] (953) ** [[Waddeweitz]] (906) ** [[Woltersdorf]] (939) ** [[Wustrow (Saxonia Inferior)|Wustrow]], oppidum (2847) * [[Prata Albis (commune generale)|Prata Albis]]<ref name="Prata Albis">Fingitur huius communis generalis Latinum nomen sic: Substantivum plurale "Prata" Theodiscum lexema ''-talaue'' vertit; qua de versione, vide: Georges, K. E. (1910). ''Ausführliches lateinisch-deutsches und deutsch-lateinisches Handwörterbuch: Deutsch-lateinischer Teil (VII ed., Vol. I, s.v. "Aue")''. Hahnsche Buchhandlung. Et hydronymum Latinum "[[Albis]]" Theodiscum hydronymicum lexema ''Elb-'' vertit; quo de hydronymo, vide: {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elbtalaue'') commune generale (20.707 incolae) ** [[Damnatzium]]<ref name="Garzmann LXXVI 2004">Garzmann, M. R. W. (Ed.) (2004). ''Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte: Neue Folge der Zeitschrift des Historischen Vereins für Niedersachsen (Band 76)''. Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Damnatz'') (317) ** [[Danneberga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Dannenberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dannenbarg''; [[Polabice]] ''Wajdars''), urbs (8081) ** [[Gorenthin]]<ref name="Gorenthin">Vide [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Zeitschrift_des_Historischen_Vereins_f%C3%BCr_Niedersachsen_%28IA_zeitschriftdeshi1857hist%29.pdf?utm ''Zeitschrift des Historischen Vereins für Niedersachsen''], ubi dicitur "(...) villam Gorenthin '' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Göhrde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Göhr''; [[Polabice]] ''Djöra'') (635) ** [[Gusbornium]]<ref name="-bornium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-born'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-bornium-ii", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Calenbornium (prope Aram)|Calenbornium prope Aram]] et [[Calenbornium (prope Caesariacum)|Calenbornium prope Caesariacum]] (Theodisce ''Kalenborn''); [[Calenbornium-Scheurenum]] (Theodisce ''Kalenborn-Scheuern''); [[Hasbornium (Eiflia)|Hasbornium]] (Theodisce ''Hasborn''); [[Leidenbornium]] (Theodisce ''Leidenborn''); [[Lichtenbornium]] (Theodisce ''Lichtenborn''). Quae omnia toponyma ex articulo Vicipaediae Latinae de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Rhenaniae_et_Palatinatus indice urbium et communium Rhenaniae et Palatinatus] desumpta sunt, ubi apte referuntur.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gusborn'') (1225) ** [[Hitgera]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hitzacker''; [[Polabice]] ''Ljauci''), urbs (4933) ** [[Iemela]]<ref name="Iemela">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu, latinizans suffixum primae communis Theodisce ''Jameln'' dicti mentioni, quae ''Jemelen'' est, applicatur; qua de mentione, vide [https://rcin.org.pl/ihpan/Content/30940/PDF/WA303_9438_A165-8-r1929_Slavia-Occ.pdf?utm ''Slavia Occidentalis, Tomus VIII''].</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Jameln'') (1071) ** [[Karwicium]]<ref name="-icium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-itsch'' aut ''-itz'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-icium-i" aut "-itium-i" aut "-icia-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-itsch, -itz''' : ''-icium, -itium, -icia'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Karwitz'') (742) ** [[Langendorf]] (719) ** [[Neu Darchau]] (1396) ** [[Zernien]] (1588) ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{commonscat|Landkreis Lüchow-Dannenberg|Circulum Luchoviensem et Danebergensem}} * [http://www.luechow-dannenberg.de/ Situs interretialis circuli proprius.] {{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Luechow-Dannenberg circulus}} [[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1932]] hu8j511edb86cunkcnel2f83mmtt5om Luchovia (Vandalia) 0 198211 3986617 3979148 2026-09-08T13:53:32Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3986617 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Luchovia'''<ref name="Luchovia">Vide [https://ia801403.us.archive.org/28/items/antiquitatessele00keys/antiquitatessele00keys.pdf ''Antiquitates selectae septentrionales et Celticae''], ubi dicitur "(...) De Venedicis aut Germanicis prope Luchoviam effossis Epistola ''Georgii Frid, Mithofii'' data Luchovia d. 17. Maji 1691 (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lüchow''; [[Polabice]] ''Ljauchüw'') (in Vandalia<ref name="Crantzius 1519">Crantzius, A. (1519). ''Vandalia: De Wandalorum vera origine, variis gentibus, crebris eorum in omnem Europam expeditionibus. S. Grim & M. Wirsung.</ref>) commune generale [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Luchoviensis et Danebergensis|Circuli Luchoviensis et Danebergensis]] est. Ad Luchoviam communia [[Berga ad Dumnam]]<ref name="Bruzen de La Martinière 1737">Bruzen de La Martinière, A. A. (1737). ''Thesaurus geographicus criticus: in quo omnium orbis terrarum regionum, civitatum, oppidorum, nominibus antiquis, medii aevi et modernis''. Ex Officina Wetsteniana.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bergen an der Dumme''; [[Polabice]] ''Djörska'') (1589 incolae), [[Clenza]] ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Clenze''; [[Polabice]] ''Kloncka'') (2446), [[Kusta]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Küsten'') (1362), [[Lemgow]] (1408), [[Lübbow]] (836), [[Luchovia]]<ref name="Luchovia">Vide [https://ia801403.us.archive.org/28/items/antiquitatessele00keys/antiquitatessele00keys.pdf ''Antiquitates selectae septentrionales et Celticae''], ubi dicitur "(...) De Venedicis aut Germanicis prope Luchoviam effossis Epistola ''Georgii Frid, Mithofii'' data Luchovia d. 17. Maji 1691 (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lüchow''; [[Polabice]] ''Ljauchüw''), urbs atque sedes administrationis (9401), [[Luckau (Saxonia Inferior)|Luckau]] (634), [[Schnega]] (1354), [[Trebel]] (953), [[Waddeweitz]] (906), [[Woltersdorf]] (939) atque [[Wustrow (Saxonia Inferior)|Wustrow]], oppidum (2847) pertinent. == Historia == Commune generale Luchovia anno [[2006]] e communibus generalibus Luchovia atque Clenzae constitutum est. ==Notae== <references /> {{urbs-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Luechow (terra Wenedorum) commune generale}} [[Categoria:Communia generalia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 2006]] fq162iuj4h9h5evx24oynks25ynb0an Kusta 0 198503 3986616 3986584 2026-09-08T13:44:43Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3986616 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Gemeindehaus Küsten.jpg|thumb|left|Curia Kustae anno [[1793]] aedificata.]] '''Kusta'''<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Küsten'') commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Luchoviensis et Danebergensis|Circuli Luchoviensis et Danebergensis]] est. Ad Kustam etiam vici [[Belicium]]<ref name="-icium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-itsch'' aut ''-itz'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-icium-i" aut "-itium-i" aut "-icia-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-itsch, -itz''' : ''-icium, -itium, -icia'' (...)".</ref> (Theodisce ''Belitz''); [[Crummasele]]<ref name="Crummasele">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/krummasel/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''rectoris Parochialis ecclesie in Crummasele'' (...)".</ref> (Theodisce ''Krummasel''); [[Gottia]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Göttien'') cum [[Nova Curia (Gottia)|Nova Curia]]<ref name="Nova Curia">Theodiscum toponymum ''Nienhof'' syntagma "Nova Curia" latinizari solet. Cf. formam "Nova Curia" apud [https://arhiiv.eki.ee/dict/knr/lisad/knr_sonastik.pdf?utm ''Eesti Keele Instituut''], ubi dicitur "(...) 1340 ''Nova curia'' (mõis), 1413 ''Hof zu dem Nyenhofe'' (mõis), 1704 ''Gut Nienhoft im Kossichen'' (mõis), (...)".</ref> (Theodisce ''Nienhof'') atque [[Mola Vetus|Mola Vetere]]<ref name="Mola Vetus">Toponymum Germanicum ''Olde-Mühle'' interpretari licet "Mola Vetus". ''Olde'' enim est forma [[lingua Saxonica|Saxonica]] ''old/oold'', [[Theodisce]] ''alt'', id est Latine "vetus"; cf. Lindow, ''Plattdeutsch-hochdeutsches Wörterbuch'', s.v. ''oolt, oold, old'' (p. 153), atque Schmidt, ''Use Platt van A–Z'', s.v. [https://de.wiktionary.org/wiki/old?utm ''old''] (p. 18). ''Mühle'' autem [[Saxonice]] est ''Möhle/Möle''; [https://lexika.digitale-sammlungen.de/adelung//lemma/bsb00009133_1_2_2237?utm Adelung expresse tradit ''Mühle'' Saxonice ''Möle'' et "Latine mola"].</ref> (Theodisce ''Olde-Mühle''); [[Guhlicium]]<ref name="-icium"/> (Theodisce ''Gühlitz''); [[Karmicium]]<ref name="-icium"/> (Theodisce ''Karmitz''); [[Kusta (caput communis)|Kusta]]<ref name="-a"/> (Theodisce ''Küsten''); [[Lubela]]<ref name="-a"/><ref name="Lubelen">Hoc casu, latinizans suffixum antiquae formae ''Lubelen'' applicatur. Qua de forma, vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/luebeln/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur "(...) Urkundlich ist das Dorf 1323 als ''Lubelen'' nachgewiesen (...)".</ref> (Theodisce ''Lübeln''); [[Meucheficium]]<ref name="-icium"/> (Theodisce ''Meuchefitz''); [[Naulicium]]<ref name="-icium"/> (Theodisce ''Naulitz''); [[Reitza]]<ref name="-e"/> (Theodisce ''Reitze''); [[Saggrianum]]<ref name="-anum">Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-a(i)n'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-anum-i" aut "anium-ii". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-an (ain)''': -''ānum,'' -''anium'' in names of places (...)".</ref> (Theodisce ''Saggrian''); [[Sallahn]] (Theodisce ''Sallahn''); [[Schwiepka]]<ref name="-e"/> (Theodisce ''Schwiepke''); [[Seeravia Drevana]]<ref name="-avia">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-avia-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref name="Drevanus">Latinum gentilicium "Drevanus-a-um" Theodiscum syntagma ''im Drawehn'' vertit. Quo de gentilicio, vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/HELD-HP/held820140318schoenegger_zweispaltig.pdf?utm ''Historische Enzyklopädie der Länder der Deutschen'', Gerhardi Köbler], ubi dicitur "(...) Drawehn (Gau zwischen Jetzel und Ilmenau südlich der unteren Elbe, Drawehngau, Drevani) (...)".</ref> (Theodisce ''Seerau im Drawehn''); [[Sutha]]<ref name="-a"/> (Theodisce ''Süthen''); [[Tolstefantia]]<ref name="-antia">Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ant'' aut ''-anz'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-antia-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-ant, -anz''' : -''antia'' (...)".</ref> (Theodisce ''Tolstefanz''); [[Tuschavia]]<ref name="-avia"/> (Theodisce ''Tüschau''); et [[Witzeetza Minor]]<ref name="-e">Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)".</ref><ref name="KleinGrosse">De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum "Klein" et "Gross" per Latina "Minor-us" et "Maior-ius", vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> (Theodisce ''Klein Witzeetze'') pertinent. Kusta pars communis generalis [[Luchovia (Vandalia)|Luchoviae]] est. == Historia == Kusta pars [[Ducatus Luneburgensis]] fuit. Anno [[1705]] ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupata est. Annis [[1810]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Kusta ab anno [[1946]] pars Saxoniae Inferioris et ab anno [[2006]] pars [[Luchovia (Vandalia)|Luchoviae]] communis generalis est. Anno [[1972]] vici supra dicti ad Kustam adiuncti sunt. == Nexus externi == {{commonscat|Küsten|Kustam}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131224153003/http://www.luechow-wendland.de/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-5752/ Pagina communis generalis Luchoviae de Kusta scripta] {{urbs-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kuesten}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] nq6z7b5kvnlw2k0zxrrrpxyf65d66y2 Vèbre 0 204176 3986611 3433594 2026-09-08T13:15:15Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3986611 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus: Map commune FR insee code 09326.png|thumb|250px|Vèbre: communis tabula]] ''' Vèbre ''' est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 134 incolarum (anno [[2010]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Arigia (praefectura Franciae)|Arigiae]] in regione [[Meridianum et Pyrenaeus|Meridiano et Pyrenaeo]]. {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Arigiae]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat| Vèbre |Vèbre }} * {{INSEE commune|09326|de=Vèbre}} {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Aurigerae]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Aurigerae]] sfkystqna6ssbwd9vwkfeiv4us9asr9 3986612 3986611 2026-09-08T13:15:55Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3986612 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus: Map commune FR insee code 09326.png|thumb|250px|Vèbre: communis tabula]] ''' Vèbre ''' est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 113 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Arigia (praefectura Franciae)|Arigiae]] in regione [[Meridianum et Pyrenaeus|Meridiano et Pyrenaeo]]. {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Arigiae]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat| Vèbre |Vèbre }} * {{INSEE commune|09326|de=Vèbre}} {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Aurigerae]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Aurigerae]] 5dq2adqnwb3znkns2qg47mxvhnlmzz6 Flavius Astyrius 0 205302 3986594 3954357 2026-09-08T12:47:07Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Cursus honorum */ 3986594 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Flavius Astyrius''' (vel ''Asturius'', natus saeculo 5, mortuus post annum [[449]]) dux militum [[Imperium Romanum Occidentale|Imperii Romani Occidentalis]] erat. == Cursus honorum == Annis [[441]] - [[443]] ''magister utriusque militiae'' fuit et anno 441 in [[Hispania Tarraconensis|Hispania Tarraconensi]] [[Bacaudae|Bacaudas]] vicit<ref>[[Hydatius]], Chronicum 125: ''Asturius dux utriusque militiae ad Hispanias missus Terraconensium caedit multitudinem Bacaudarum.''</ref>. Gener eius Merobaudes ei successit<ref>Hydatius 128: '' Asturio magistro utriusque militiae, gener ipsius successor ipsi mittitur Merobaudis''</ref>. Anno [[449]] consulatum gessit una cum [[Flavius Florentius Romanus Protogenes|Flavio Florentio Romano Protogeni]]<ref>[[Sidonius Apollinaris]], ''Epistulae'' VIII.6.5-6.</ref>. Dyptichon consulare exstat<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305063146/http://db.edcs.eu/epigr/bilder.php?bild=$D_01300.jpg Simulacrum Dyptichon hic invenies]</ref>. == Notae == <div class="references-small"><references /></div> {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Flavius Rufius Praetextatus Postumianus]] et [[Flavius Zeno]]| annus= 449<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Florentius Romanus Protogenes|Flavio Florentio Romano Protogeni]]| successores=[[Valentinianus III|Imp. Caesar Flavius Placidus Valentinianus Augustus]] VII et [[Gennadius Avienus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 5|saeculo 5|Astyrius, Flavius}} [[Categoria:Milites Romani antiqui]] mxvihmn0w2uwpxm3u6bfk076jz5fpy0 3986595 3986594 2026-09-08T12:47:29Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3986595 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Flavius Astyrius''' (vel ''Asturius'', natus saeculo 5, mortuus post annum [[449]]) dux militum [[Imperium Romanum Occidentale|Imperii Romani Occidentalis]] erat. == Cursus honorum == Annis [[441]] - [[443]] ''magister utriusque militiae'' fuit et anno 441 in [[Hispania Tarraconensis|Hispania Tarraconensi]] [[Bacaudae|Bacaudas]] vicit<ref>[[Hydatius]], Chronicum 125: ''Asturius dux utriusque militiae ad Hispanias missus Terraconensium caedit multitudinem Bacaudarum.''</ref>. Gener eius Merobaudes ei successit<ref>Hydatius 128: '' Asturio magistro utriusque militiae, gener ipsius successor ipsi mittitur Merobaudis''</ref>. Anno [[449]] consulatum gessit una cum [[Flavius Florentius Romanus Protogenes|Flavio Florentio Romano Protogeni]]<ref>[[Sidonius Apollinaris]], ''Epistulae'' VIII.6.5-6.</ref>. Dyptichon consulare exstat<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305063146/http://db.edcs.eu/epigr/bilder.php?bild=$D_01300.jpg Simulacrum dyptichi hic invenies]</ref>. == Notae == <div class="references-small"><references /></div> {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Flavius Rufius Praetextatus Postumianus]] et [[Flavius Zeno]]| annus= 449<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Florentius Romanus Protogenes|Flavio Florentio Romano Protogeni]]| successores=[[Valentinianus III|Imp. Caesar Flavius Placidus Valentinianus Augustus]] VII et [[Gennadius Avienus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 5|saeculo 5|Astyrius, Flavius}} [[Categoria:Milites Romani antiqui]] 46zvfcaxdx1y20zjatfus78t54yoqce 3986596 3986595 2026-09-08T12:48:32Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Cursus honorum */ 3986596 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Flavius Astyrius''' (vel ''Asturius'', natus saeculo 5, mortuus post annum [[449]]) dux militum [[Imperium Romanum Occidentale|Imperii Romani Occidentalis]] erat. == Cursus honorum == Annis [[441]] - [[443]] ''[[Magister militum|magister utriusque militiae]]'' fuit et anno 441 in [[Hispania Tarraconensis|Hispania Tarraconensi]] [[Bacaudae|Bacaudas]] vicit<ref>[[Hydatius]], Chronicum 125: ''Asturius dux utriusque militiae ad Hispanias missus Terraconensium caedit multitudinem Bacaudarum.''</ref>. Gener eius Merobaudes ei successit<ref>Hydatius 128: '' Asturio magistro utriusque militiae, gener ipsius successor ipsi mittitur Merobaudis''</ref>. Anno [[449]] consulatum gessit una cum [[Flavius Florentius Romanus Protogenes|Flavio Florentio Romano Protogeni]]<ref>[[Sidonius Apollinaris]], ''Epistulae'' VIII.6.5-6.</ref>. Dyptichon consulare exstat<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305063146/http://db.edcs.eu/epigr/bilder.php?bild=$D_01300.jpg Simulacrum dyptichi hic invenies]</ref>. == Notae == <div class="references-small"><references /></div> {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Flavius Rufius Praetextatus Postumianus]] et [[Flavius Zeno]]| annus= 449<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Florentius Romanus Protogenes|Flavio Florentio Romano Protogeni]]| successores=[[Valentinianus III|Imp. Caesar Flavius Placidus Valentinianus Augustus]] VII et [[Gennadius Avienus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 5|saeculo 5|Astyrius, Flavius}} [[Categoria:Milites Romani antiqui]] 0801i8edn5dox6shz9c5f32tfd38by4 3986598 3986596 2026-09-08T12:51:53Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Cursus honorum */ 3986598 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Flavius Astyrius''' (vel ''Asturius'', natus saeculo 5, mortuus post annum [[449]]) dux militum [[Imperium Romanum Occidentale|Imperii Romani Occidentalis]] erat. == Cursus honorum == Annis [[441]] - [[443]] ''[[Magister militum|magister utriusque militiae]]'' fuit et anno 441 in [[Hispania Tarraconensis|Hispania Tarraconensi]] [[Bacaudae|Bacaudas]] vicit<ref>[[Hydatius]], Chronicum 125: ''Asturius dux utriusque militiae ad Hispanias missus Terraconensium caedit multitudinem Bacaudarum.''</ref>. Gener eius [[Merobaudes]] ei successit<ref>Hydatius 128: '' Asturio magistro utriusque militiae, gener ipsius successor ipsi mittitur Merobaudis''</ref>. Anno [[449]] consulatum gessit una cum [[Flavius Florentius Romanus Protogenes|Flavio Florentio Romano Protogeni]]<ref>[[Sidonius Apollinaris]], ''Epistulae'' VIII.6.5-6.</ref>. Dyptichon consulare exstat<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305063146/http://db.edcs.eu/epigr/bilder.php?bild=$D_01300.jpg Simulacrum dyptichi hic invenies]</ref>. == Notae == <div class="references-small"><references /></div> {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Flavius Rufius Praetextatus Postumianus]] et [[Flavius Zeno]]| annus= 449<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Florentius Romanus Protogenes|Flavio Florentio Romano Protogeni]]| successores=[[Valentinianus III|Imp. Caesar Flavius Placidus Valentinianus Augustus]] VII et [[Gennadius Avienus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 5|saeculo 5|Astyrius, Flavius}} [[Categoria:Milites Romani antiqui]] j82cu7b9gjxqyjagymye7rumlyn5xnl 3986600 3986598 2026-09-08T12:57:01Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3986600 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Book cover of a lectionary, Stiftskirche St. Martin, ivory perhaps from Arles, 449 AD, surround from Luttich, c. 1270, ivory, gilt copper - Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt, Germany - DSC00331.jpg|thumb|Diptychum consulare Astyrii a quibusdam putatum.]] '''Flavius Astyrius''' (vel ''Asturius'', natus saeculo 5, mortuus post annum [[449]]) dux militum [[Imperium Romanum Occidentale|Imperii Romani Occidentalis]] erat. == Cursus honorum == Annis [[441]] - [[443]] ''[[Magister militum|magister utriusque militiae]]'' fuit et anno 441 in [[Hispania Tarraconensis|Hispania Tarraconensi]] [[Bacaudae|Bacaudas]] vicit<ref>[[Hydatius]], Chronicum 125: ''Asturius dux utriusque militiae ad Hispanias missus Terraconensium caedit multitudinem Bacaudarum.''</ref>. Gener eius [[Merobaudes]] ei successit<ref>Hydatius 128: '' Asturio magistro utriusque militiae, gener ipsius successor ipsi mittitur Merobaudis''</ref>. Anno [[449]] consulatum gessit una cum [[Flavius Florentius Romanus Protogenes|Flavio Florentio Romano Protogeni]]<ref>[[Sidonius Apollinaris]], ''Epistulae'' VIII.6.5-6.</ref>. Dyptichon consulare exstat<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305063146/http://db.edcs.eu/epigr/bilder.php?bild=$D_01300.jpg Simulacrum dyptichi hic invenies]</ref>. == Notae == <div class="references-small"><references /></div> {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Flavius Rufius Praetextatus Postumianus]] et [[Flavius Zeno]]| annus= 449<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Florentius Romanus Protogenes|Flavio Florentio Romano Protogeni]]| successores=[[Valentinianus III|Imp. Caesar Flavius Placidus Valentinianus Augustus]] VII et [[Gennadius Avienus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 5|saeculo 5|Astyrius, Flavius}} [[Categoria:Milites Romani antiqui]] i4lxeel67454j9ojxykzcod63bhgewn 3986601 3986600 2026-09-08T12:57:50Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Notae */ 3986601 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Book cover of a lectionary, Stiftskirche St. Martin, ivory perhaps from Arles, 449 AD, surround from Luttich, c. 1270, ivory, gilt copper - Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt, Germany - DSC00331.jpg|thumb|Diptychum consulare Astyrii a quibusdam putatum.]] '''Flavius Astyrius''' (vel ''Asturius'', natus saeculo 5, mortuus post annum [[449]]) dux militum [[Imperium Romanum Occidentale|Imperii Romani Occidentalis]] erat. == Cursus honorum == Annis [[441]] - [[443]] ''[[Magister militum|magister utriusque militiae]]'' fuit et anno 441 in [[Hispania Tarraconensis|Hispania Tarraconensi]] [[Bacaudae|Bacaudas]] vicit<ref>[[Hydatius]], Chronicum 125: ''Asturius dux utriusque militiae ad Hispanias missus Terraconensium caedit multitudinem Bacaudarum.''</ref>. Gener eius [[Merobaudes]] ei successit<ref>Hydatius 128: '' Asturio magistro utriusque militiae, gener ipsius successor ipsi mittitur Merobaudis''</ref>. Anno [[449]] consulatum gessit una cum [[Flavius Florentius Romanus Protogenes|Flavio Florentio Romano Protogeni]]<ref>[[Sidonius Apollinaris]], ''Epistulae'' VIII.6.5-6.</ref>. Dyptichon consulare exstat<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305063146/http://db.edcs.eu/epigr/bilder.php?bild=$D_01300.jpg Simulacrum dyptichi hic invenies]</ref>. ==Notae== <references /> {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Flavius Rufius Praetextatus Postumianus]] et [[Flavius Zeno]]| annus= 449<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Florentius Romanus Protogenes|Flavio Florentio Romano Protogeni]]| successores=[[Valentinianus III|Imp. Caesar Flavius Placidus Valentinianus Augustus]] VII et [[Gennadius Avienus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 5|saeculo 5|Astyrius, Flavius}} [[Categoria:Milites Romani antiqui]] 3kcsotrimfmzwi6n74dc0m5t5likl11 3986613 3986601 2026-09-08T13:20:54Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Cursus honorum */ 3986613 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Book cover of a lectionary, Stiftskirche St. Martin, ivory perhaps from Arles, 449 AD, surround from Luttich, c. 1270, ivory, gilt copper - Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt, Germany - DSC00331.jpg|thumb|Diptychum consulare Astyrii a quibusdam putatum.]] '''Flavius Astyrius''' (vel ''Asturius'', natus saeculo 5, mortuus post annum [[449]]) dux militum [[Imperium Romanum Occidentale|Imperii Romani Occidentalis]] erat. == Cursus honorum == Annis [[441]] - [[443]] ''[[Magister militum|magister utriusque militiae]]'' fuit et anno 441 in [[Hispania Tarraconensis|Hispania Tarraconensi]] [[Bacaudae|Bacaudas]] vicit<ref>[[Hydatius]], Chronicum 125: ''Asturius dux utriusque militiae ad Hispanias missus Terraconensium caedit multitudinem Bacaudarum.''</ref>. Gener eius [[Merobaudes]] ei successit<ref>Hydatius 128: '' Asturio magistro utriusque militiae, gener ipsius successor ipsi mittitur Merobaudis''</ref>. Anno [[449]] [[consul|consulatum]] gessit una cum [[Flavius Florentius Romanus Protogenes|Flavio Florentio Romano Protogeni]]<ref>[[Sidonius Apollinaris]], ''Epistulae'' VIII.6.5-6.</ref>. Dyptichon consulare exstat<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305063146/http://db.edcs.eu/epigr/bilder.php?bild=$D_01300.jpg Simulacrum dyptichi hic invenies]</ref>. ==Notae== <references /> {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Flavius Rufius Praetextatus Postumianus]] et [[Flavius Zeno]]| annus= 449<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Florentius Romanus Protogenes|Flavio Florentio Romano Protogeni]]| successores=[[Valentinianus III|Imp. Caesar Flavius Placidus Valentinianus Augustus]] VII et [[Gennadius Avienus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 5|saeculo 5|Astyrius, Flavius}} [[Categoria:Milites Romani antiqui]] 17a2rb1hynnzrt4e0jy44knfrhxe7fw 3986647 3986613 2026-09-08T16:41:44Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3986647 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Book cover of a lectionary, Stiftskirche St. Martin, ivory perhaps from Arles, 449 AD, surround from Luttich, c. 1270, ivory, gilt copper - Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt, Germany - DSC00331.jpg|thumb|Diptychum consulare Astyrii a quibusdam putatum.]] '''Flavius Astyrius''' (vel ''Asturius'', natus saeculo 5, mortuus post annum [[449]]) dux militum [[Imperium Romanum Occidentale|Imperii Romani Occidentalis]] erat. == Cursus honorum == Annis [[441]] - [[443]] ''[[Magister militum|magister utriusque militiae]]'' fuit et anno 441 in [[Hispania Tarraconensis|Hispania Tarraconensi]] [[Bacaudae|Bacaudas]] vicit<ref>[[Hydatius]], Chronicum 125: ''Asturius dux utriusque militiae ad Hispanias missus Terraconensium caedit multitudinem Bacaudarum.''</ref>. Gener eius [[Merobaudes]] ei successit<ref>Hydatius 128: '' Asturio magistro utriusque militiae, gener ipsius successor ipsi mittitur Merobaudis''</ref>. Anno [[449]] [[consul|consulatum]] gessit una cum [[Flavius Florentius Romanus Protogenes|Flavio Florentio Romano Protogeni]]<ref>[[Sidonius Apollinaris]], ''Epistulae'' VIII.6.5-6.</ref>. Dyptichon consulare fortasse exstat<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305063146/http://db.edcs.eu/epigr/bilder.php?bild=$D_01300.jpg Simulacrum dyptichi hic invenies]</ref>. ==Notae== <references /> {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Flavius Rufius Praetextatus Postumianus]] et [[Flavius Zeno]]| annus= 449<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Florentius Romanus Protogenes|Flavio Florentio Romano Protogeni]]| successores=[[Valentinianus III|Imp. Caesar Flavius Placidus Valentinianus Augustus]] VII et [[Gennadius Avienus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 5|saeculo 5|Astyrius, Flavius}} [[Categoria:Milites Romani antiqui]] me17vazduk7i4it6q9bv7mpqckwkgum Usor:Maria.martelli/Sandbox 2 205390 3986621 3986490 2026-09-08T14:24:22Z Maria.martelli 20183 3986621 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Monitus de harenario usoris|f}} {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:Still Life with Watermelon, by Sarah Miriam Peale, 1822, oil on panel - Fogg Art Museum, Harvard University - DSC01409.jpg|thumb|250px|Natura mortua cum citrullo lanato]] <!--__NOTOC__ --> <!--{{NUMBEROFACTIVEUSERS}} --> {{res|Sara Miriama Peale}} (''vulgo'': '''Sarah Miriam Peale'''; [[Philadelphia]]e 19 Maii anno [[1800]] nata; [[Philadelphia]]e 4 Februarii anno [[1885]] mortua) fuit [[Saeculum Aureum Batavicum|saeculi aurei]] pictrix pictor et [[adumbratio]]nis peritissimus artifex [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Americana]] [[Nederlandia|Nederlandicus]], quae praecipue imagines personarum effingebat. Praeterea prima mulier Americana extimabatur quae picturae opere se sustentaret<ref name = "Peale Family">{{cite web |url=http://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/peale-family-of-painters/ |title=The Peale Family of Painters |author=Ogden Kate |publisher= Rutgers University: Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia |year=2016 |accessdate=6 Gennaio 2017}}</ref>. Ex familia artificum orta, cuius patruus [[Carolus Willson Peale]] clarissimus erat, Sara Peale imagines pinxit potissimum illustrium virorum, civium politicorum et ducum militarium [[Terra Mariae|Terrae Mariae]], [[Pennsilvania|Pennsilvania]]e et [[Vasingtonia (D.C.)|Vasingtonia]]e. [[La Fayette]] effigiem quater pinxit. == Biographia == [[Fasciculus:EBosley.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Elias Bosley effigies (1740–1841), Oleis in linteo, 62,23 x 73,66 cm, fere anno 1825]] [[Fasciculus:Basket of berries sarah miriam peale.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Fiscus cum bacis, [[1860]])]] Sara filia minima natu erat minutorum operum et naturae mortuae pictoris [[Iacomus Peale|Iacomi Peale]], fratris minoris natu [[Carolus Willson Peale|Caroli Willson Peale]], et Miriamae Claypoole. A patre et fratuo artem picturae didicit et adiutrix patris in officina eius facta est<ref name = "Peale Family"/>. Per discipulatum, coloribus miscendis, lintiis parandis fundisque adumbrandis usum comparavit<ref name="History of American Women">{{Cite news|url=http://www.womenhistoryblog.com/2015/04/sarah-miriam-peale.html|title=Sarah Miriam Peale|work=History of American Women|accessdate=30 marzo 2018|language=en}}</ref>. Sara et sorores suae, [[Anna Claypoole Peale|Anna Claypoole]] e [[Margarita Angelica Peale|Margarita Angelica]], a mulieribus medii ordinis illius temporis differebant, cum educationem accepissent, uxores et matres esse didicerant, et scientiam mercatoriam et artisticam a familia sua sumpserant<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Peale Family: Creation of a Legacy (1770-1870)|author=Miller Lillian|publisher=Abbeville Press|year=1996|ISBN=0-7892-0206-9|p=228}}</ref>. Adulescens, experientiam comparavit dum extremam manum picturis patris iniecit. Primae eius operae ad annum 1816 pertinent et res inanimas quales sunt flores effingunt, mox tamen se ad vultus exprimendos convertit. Anno 1818, tres menses cum [[Rembrandus Peale|Rembrando Peale]], suo consobrino, [[Baltimora]]e degit, et iterum annis 1820 et 1822. Is et criticus [[Ioannes Neal]] eius primam pingendi rationem atque picturae argumenta affecerunt<ref>{{cite journal| last = Chico | first = Beverly Berghaus | date = Autunno 1976 | title = Two American Firsts: Sara Peale, Portrait Painter, and John Neal, Critic | url = https://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc5800/sc5881/000001/000000/000283/pdf/msa_sc_5881_1_283.pdf | journal = Maryland Historical Society Magazine | volume = 71 | issue= 3 | page = 349 | language= en}}</ref>. Per viginti quinque annos Baltimorae (1822–1847) operatus est atque, interdum, [[Vasingtonia (D.C.)|Vasingtoniae]]<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.marylandartsource.org/artists/detail_000000042.html | title= Maryland Art Source| urlarchive=https://20030113231623/http://www.marylandartsource.org/artists/detail_000000042.html | publisher= The Baltimore Art Research & Outreach Consortium | date= 19 giugno 2003 | datearchive= 13 gennaio 2003 | language= en}}</ref>. Sessionibus [[Congressus Civitatum Foederatarum]] interfuit atque multorum virorum illustrium imagines pinxit<ref>{{cite book|author=Miller Lillian B.|title=The Peale family: creation of a legacy, 1770-1870|year=1996|publisher=Abbeville Press|ISBN=9780789202062|page=240}}</ref>. Sara primum apud Academiam Pennsilvaniensem exposuit, opus ''Effigies dominae'' (1818) exhibens. Anno 1824 una<ref name="Brooklyn">Dinner Party database of notable women at the Brooklyn Museum</ref> cum sorore Anna Claypoole Peale in [[Academia Artium Pulchrarum Pennsylvanienses|Academiam Artium Pulchrarum Pennsylvaniensem]] admissa est<ref name="Morgan">{{cite book|author=Morgan Ann Lee|title=The Oxford dictionary of American art and artists |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York|year=2007 |page=367|ISBN=978-0-19-512878-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pyvjWAcwnHEC&pg=PA367}}</ref>: ambae enim primae mulieres erant quae hoc honore potirentur. Anno 1831 Baltimorae officinam aperuit<ref>{{cite web|title=Sarah Peale (1800-1885)|url=https://www.nwhm.org/education-resources/biography/biographies/sarah-peale/|work=national Women's History Museum|accessdate=6 Giugno 2017|date=8 novembre 2016|urlarchive=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108014242/https://www.nwhm.org/education-resources/biography/biographies/sarah-peale/|url=dead}}</ref>; exstantque plus quam centum personarum imagines, quas ibi ex mandato effinxit. Ea aetate in urbe sua artifex omnium fecundissima habebatur<ref name="King">{{cite book|author=King Joan |title=Sarah M. Peale: America's first woman artist |publisher=Branden Books|year=1987 |page=296|ISBN=0-8283-1999-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9EpzXYTgE5YC&pg=PA296}}</ref>. Eius personarum effigies oleo pictae statim a sodalibus Congressūs, legatis aliisque locupletibus in Terra Mariae expetebantur<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nmwa.org/explore/artist-profiles/sarah-miriam-peale|title=Sarah Miriam Peale|work= National Museum of Women in the Arts nmwa.org|language=en|accessdate=30 marzo 2018}}</ref>. Ars eius imaginum pingendarum genere singularis habetur, propter usum pellium, textilium denticulatorum aliorumque pannorum subtiliter redditorum, necnon propter vultuum, cutis et capillorum similitudinem<ref name="History of American Women"/>. [[Fasciculus:|thumb|right|250px|Hadriani Banckert effigies ([[1673]])]] [[Fasciculus:|thumb|right|250px|Forum boarium magnum parvumque, et piscatorium]] Anno 1847, cum mala valetudine usa sit, [[Urbs Sancti Ludovici|Urbem Sancti Ludovici]] petiit, et ibi Nel 1847, problemi di salute la costrinsero a trasferirsi a [[St. Louis]], dove ebbe successo in modo indipendente, diventando una delle prime artiste professioniste americane in grado di guadagnarsi da vivere con il proprio lavoro<ref name="Brooklyn"/><ref name="King"/>. La maggior parte delle sue opere di quest'epoca si trova in mani private<ref name="King"/>. Intorno al 1860, ritornò alla realizzazione delle nature morte, ma con una composizione naturale e meno formale rispetto a quella dei suoi anni precedenti<ref name="King"/>. Nel 1878 fece ritorno nella sua città natale, trascorrendovi gli ultimi anni con le sorelle Anna Claypoole (morta nel 1878) e Margaretta Angelica (morta nel 1882)<ref name="Brooklyn"/><ref name="King"/>. Come sua sorella Margaretta, non si sposò mai<ref>{{cite book|author=Greer Germaine |title=The obstacle race: the fortunes of women painters and their work |publisher=Tauris Parke Paperbacks|year=2001 |page=25|ISBN=1-86064-677-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qnBu6eUvx18C&pg=PA25}}</ref>. Morì nel 1885 nella sua città natale<ref name="King"/>. Diversi dipinti di Peale furono inclusi nella mostra inaugurale del [[National Museum of Women in the Arts]], ''American Women Artists 1830-1930'', nel 1987<ref name="Tufts(U.S.)1987">{{cite book|author=Eleanor Tufts|author2=National Museum of Women in the Arts (U.S.); International Exhibitions Foundation|title=American women artists, 1830-1930|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EvxPAAAAMAAJ|year=1987|publisher=International Exhibitions Foundation for the National Museum of Women in the Arts|ISBN=978-0-940979-01-7}}</ref>. == Opera == * ''Dies festus sub divo'', [[Hydrochroma]] et temperatio supra [[Membrana (ars scribendi)|membrana]], 96 × 78 cm, 1671, [[Rijksmuseum (Amstelodamum)|Rijksmuseum]], [[Amstelodamum|Amstelodami]] * ''Tres fratres Browne'', temperatio et aurum supra [[Membrana (ars scribendi)|membrana]], 24 × 26 cm, 1598, Burghley House, Stamford<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Isaac_Oliver_Brothers_Browne.jpg Tres fratres Browne - Communia]</ref> * ''Vanitas cum fidiculis, calva et argenti vaso'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, 63,5 x 75 cm * ''In murae testa flores'', [[pictura]] supra aeris lamina, 31 x 21 cm, 1616-1617, Collectio privata<ref>[http://www.wga.hu/html/b/berghe/flowers.html In murae testa flores - The Web Gallery of Art]</ref> * ''Topia collina prope flumen, duo homines in cymba, viatores itinere'', pictura * ''[[Henricus Fridericus Stuart|Henrici Friderici Stuart]] effigies'', [[Hydrochroma]] supra [[Membrana (ars scribendi)|membrana]], 13,2 × 10 cm, 1610, Royal Collection * ''Matronae effigies'', [[Hydrochroma]] supra [[Membrana (ars scribendi)|membrana]], 5,9 x 4,8 cm, 1610 fere, apud Artis Museum, [[Cincinnati|Cincinnatorum]]ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Isaac_Oliver_-_A_Lady_in_Masque_Costume_-_WGA16637.jpg Matronae effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Topia fluvialia cum opilione et pecore'', [[pictura]], 47,2 x 71,8 cm, apud Rijksmuseum Twenthe, [[Enscheda]]e<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Guilliaume_Dubois_-_Heuvelachtige_rivieroever_-_BR0001_(R448)_-_Rijksmuseum_Twenthe.jpg Topia fluvialia cum opilione et pecore - Communia]</ref> * ''[[Rhenus|Rheni]] regionis despectus'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, 136,84 x 68,1 cm, apud [[Pinacotheca Dulvicensis|Pinacothecam Dulvicensem]], [[Dulwich]]<ref name=dulwich/> * ''Topia con viatoribus ac ecclesia procul'', [[pictura]], 45,7 x 63,5 cm, 1649, apud Mauritshuis, [[Haga]]e<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dune_Landscape_with_Road_and_Church_by_Guillam_Dubois_Mauritshuis_799.jpg Topia con viatoribus ac ecclesia procul - Communia]</ref> * ''Rijngesigje ([[Rhenus|Rheni]] despectus)'', [[pictura]], apud Petri Boll Collectionem, [[Harlemum|Harlemi]]<ref name=biesboer/> * ''[[Rhenus|Rheni]] regionis despectus cum castello viatoribusque'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, 79,8 x 102,2 cm, post annum [[1653]], apud [[Pinacotheca Dulvicensis|Pinacothecam Dulvicensem]], [[Dulwich]]<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Peter_Wtewael_Hirte_mit_Sackpfeife1596_1660.jpg Caprarius cum tibiis infixis utricolo - Communia]</ref> * ''Natura mortua cum floribus et papilione'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maria_van_Oosterwijk_Still_Life_with_Flowers_after.jpg Natura mortua cum floribus et papilione - Communia]</ref> * ''Vanitas cum calva et heliotropio'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, apud collectanea privata<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maria_van_Oosterwijk_Vanitas-Stilleben.jpg Vanitas cum calva et heliotropio - Communia]</ref> * ''Natura mortua cum floribus pomisque'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, 1670 fere, apud [[Palatium Pittianum]], [[Florentia]]e<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maria_van_Oosterwijk_-_Flowers_and_Fruit_-_WGA16657.jpg Natura mortua cum floribus pomisque - Communia]</ref> * ''Natura mortua cum floribus in vaso scite ornato'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, 62 x 47,5 cm, 1670-1675, apud Mauritshuis, [[Haga]]e<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Still_Life_with_Flowers_in_a_Decorative_Vase,_Oosterwijck.jpg Natura mortua cum floribus in vaso scite ornato - Communia]</ref> * ''Natura mortua cum vaso florum, citreo papilioneque'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, deorsum in media pictura obsignata ''Maria Va Oosterwijck Aº 1675'', 90,4 x 80,7 cm, 1675<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MARIA_VAN_OOSTERWIJCK_NOOTDORP_1630_-_1693_UITDAM_A_FLORAL_STILL_LIFE.jpg Natura mortua cum vaso florum, citreo papilioneque - Communia]</ref> * ''Natura mortua cum floribus, heliotropio insectisque'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, 73,6 x 55,8 cm, 1670 fere, apud Museum Artis Denverii, [[Denverium (Coloratum)|Denverii]]<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maria_van_Oosterwyck_-_Bouquet_of_Flowers_in_a_Vase_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg Natura mortua cum floribus, heliotropio insectisque - Communia]</ref> * ''Topia montana cum viatoribus et cane ab laeva'', [[pictura]] supra tabula cum pigmento oleario, 36 x 32 cm, 1654 fere, apud [[Rijksmuseum (Amstelodamum)|Rijksmuseum]], [[Amstelodamum|Amstelodami]] * ''Topia nemorosa cum viatoribus'', [[pictura]] supra tabula cum pigmento oleario, 47 x 63,5 cm, antea [[Iacobus de Ruysdael|Iacobo de Ruysdael]] adscripta<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_WOODED_LANDSCAPE_WITH_TRAVELERS_ON_A_PATH.png Topia nemorosa cum viatoribus - Communia]</ref> * ''Pagi semita cum ecclesia procul'', delineatio, 1650 fere, apud [[Centrum Getty]], [[Angelopolis]]<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Guillam_Dubois_-_Village_Path_with_Church_Spire_in_the_Distance_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg Pagi semita cum ecclesia procul - Communia]</ref> * ''Roberti von der Pfalz effigies'', chalcographia [[ratio atra]], 18,6 x 16,4 cm, apud Artium Museum, [[Franciscopolis (California)|Franciscopolis]]<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Prince_Rupert_von_der_Pfalz.jpg Roberti von der Pfalz effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Argumentum marinum'', [[pictura]] cum penicillo et atramento, dextra deorsum obsignata ''R. Zeeman''<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Zeeman,_marine.jpg Argumentum marinum - Communia]</ref> * ''Hortus floridus in quo rariorum et minus vulgarium florum icones ad vivam veramque formam accuratissme delineata'', Crispijn van de Passe de jongere et Joannes Waldelius, 1614<ref>[http://books.google.it/books?id=RhtTAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Crispijn+van+de+Passe+II&hl=en&sa=X&ei=1y0jVNysGcKe7gbNnoG4AQ&ved=0CD4Q6wEwBDgU#v=onepage&q=Crispijn%20van%20de%20Passe%20II&f=false Hortus floridus]</ref> * ''Davidis Clarkson effigies'', chalcographia secundum [[Maria Beale|Mariae Beale]] picturam sculpta, 1696 * ''Alexander Gibson, Dominus Durie'', chalcographia secundum [[David Paton|Davidis Paton]] picturam sculpta, 1690 * ''Anthonii Tuckney effigies'', chalcographia, 194 × 132 mm, 1676<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anthony_Tuckney.jpg Anthonii Tuckney effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''[[Augustus II Poloniae|Augusti II Poloniae]] effigies'', chalcographia, 1697<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AugustII_young2.jpeg Augusti II Poloniae effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''[[Henricus Somerset, I dux Beaufortiensis|Henrici Somerset, I ducis Beaufortiensis]] effigies'', chalcographia, 1679<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Beaufort1.JPG Henrici Somerset, I ducis Beaufortiensis effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Edmundi Ludlow effigies'', chalcographia, 1689<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Edmund_Ludlow.JPG Edmundi Ludlow effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Henrici Coley effigies'', chalcographia, 1676<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_Coley._Line_engraving_by_R._White,_1676,_after_himself_Wellcome_V0001188.jpg Henrici Coley effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Edmundi Gibson effigies'', chalcographia, apud [[Pinacotheca Effigierum Publica|Pinacothecam Effigierum Publicam Londiniensem]]<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Edmund_Gibson_by_Michael_Vandergucht.jpg Edmundi Gibson effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Eduardi Ward effigies'', chalcographia, 1702, secundum [[Godfridus Kneller|Godfridi Kneller]] picturam sculta<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Edward_Ward.jpg Eduardi Ward effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''[[Iacomus Hamilton, I dux Hamiltoniensis|Iacomi Hamilton, I ducis Hamiltoniensis]] effigies'', chalcographia, 244 mm x 155 mm, apud [[Pinacotheca Effigierum Publica|Pinacothecam Effigierum Publicam Londiniensem]]<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:James_Hamilton,_1st_Duke_of_Hamilton_by_Robert_White,_late_17th_century.jpg Iacomi Hamilton, I ducis Hamiltoniensis effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Ioannis Browne effigies'', chalcographia, 1678<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:John_Browne_Robert_White.jpg Ioannis Browne effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Ioannis Partridge effigies'', chalcographia, 1679<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:John_Partridge._Line_engraving_by_R._White,_1679,_after_hims_Wellcome_V0004503EL.jpg Ioannis Partridge effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''[[Eduardus Tyson|Eduardi Tyson]] libri "Orang-outang, sive Hominis Sylvestris" imagines'', chalcographiae<ref name=meyer/> * ''"A voyage to the islands of Madera, Barbados, Nieves, S.Christophers and Jamaica" imagines'', 75 chalcographiae<ref name=holden/> * ''Thomae Wyat effigies'', chalcographia<ref name=bryan/> * ''Ioannis Baliol effigies'', chalcographia<ref name=bryan/> == Honores == [[Fasciculus:Ordre de Saint-Michel Chevalier ribbon.svg|thumb|75px]] [[Michael (archangelus)|Michaelis Archangeli]] ordo ([[1662]]) [[Fasciculus:Legion Honneur Chevalier ribbon.svg|thumb|75px]] [[Legio Honoris|Legionis Honoris]] Eques ([[1846]]) [[Fasciculus:Order of the Bath UK ribbon.svg|thumb|left|75px]] Eques [[Ordo Imperii Britanniorum|Ordinis Imperii Britanniorum]] == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == * {{cite web|url=http://www.enciclopediabresciana.it/enciclopedia/index.php?title=HERDT|author=|author2=|title=HERDT (o HERTZ) (de) Jan|accesso=31 Ianuarii 2020|work=ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRIXIENSES|year=2020|language=}} * {{cite web|url=http://arthistoryreference.com/a1/60768.htm|author=|author2=|title=Jan Andrea Lievens (1644 - 1680)|accesso=1<sup>o</sup> Iunii 2016|work=Art History Reference|year=2017|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=https://dictionaryofarthistorians.org/gersonh.html|author=|author2=|title=Gerson, Horst [Karl]|accesso=9 Maii 2016|work=Dictionary of Art Historians|year=2016|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.vondel.humanities.uva.nl/ecartico/persons/7908|author=|author2=|title=Lambrecht Visscher|accesso=9 Iulii 2020|work=Universitatis Amstelodamensis - Amsterdam Centre for the Study of the Golden Age|year=2020|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Chalmers,_Alexander|author=|author2=|title=Chalmers, Alexander|accesso=26 Aprilis 2016|work=Wikisource - Encyclopædia Britannica (1911)|year=2016|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/retroboeken/nnbw/#source=10&page=130&view=imagePane|author=J.M.Blok|author2=|title=DUBOIS (Guillam o Willem)|accesso=20 Ianuarii 2021|work=Nieuw Nederlandsch Biografisch Woordenboek (NNBW)|year=2021|language=Nederlandice}} * {{cite web|http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/oosterwijck|author=Noud Janssen|author2=|title=Oosterwijck, Maria van (1630-1693)|accesso=24 Ianuarii 2018|work=Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland - DVN|year=2018|language=Nederlandice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=Cornelis+van+Dalen&role=&nation=&prev_page=1&subjectid=500031216|author=|author2=|title=Dalen, Cornelis van, I (Dutch printmaker, draftsman, and editor, ca. 1602-1665)|accesso=5 Martii 2020|work=Union List of Artist Names Online|year=2020|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=Cornelis+van+Dalen&role=&nation=&page=1&subjectid=500031216|author=|author2=|title=Dalen, Cornelis van, I (Dutch printmaker, draftsman, and editor, ca. 1602-1665)|accesso=26 Maii 2016|work=Union List of Artist Names Online|year=2016|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp88710/abraham-meindersz-van-der-wenne?search=sas&sText=Abraham+van+der+Wenne|author=|author2=|title=Abraham Meindersz van der Wenne (circa 1656-1693), Engraver|accesso=23 Maii 2017|work=National Portrait Gallery|year=2017|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.wga.hu/bio/v/vinne/vincent/biograph.html|author=Emil Kren|author2=Daniel Marx|title=VINNE, Vincentius I Laurensz. van der|accessdate=2 Septembris 2025|work=The Web Gallery of Art|year=2020|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.sphinxfineart.com/Zeeman-Reinier-Nooms-called-DesktopDefault.aspx?tabid=45&tabindex=44&artistid=38786|author=Edward Strachan|author2=Roy Bolton|title=REINIER NOOMS, CALLED ZEEMAN (AMSTERDAM 1623 - AMSTERDAM 1664)|accessdate=9 Iunii 2015|work=SPHINX FINE ART - Artists|year=2015|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.getty.edu/art/gettyguide/artMakerDetails?maker=1119|author=|coautori=|title=Christoffel van den Berghe|accessdate=20 Iulii 2014|work=The J.Paul Getty Museum - Artists|year=2014|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/jacob-isaacksz-van-ruysdael_%28Enciclopedia-Italiana%29/|author=|title=RUYSDAEL, Jacob Isaacksz van|accessdate=20 Ianuari 2021|work=Enciclopedie on line - Treccani.it|year=2021|language=Italice}} * {{cite web|url=https://rkd.nl/explore/artists/81168|author=|title=Vincentius van de Vinne I|accessdate=2 Septembris 2025|work=Rijksbureau voor Kunsthistorische Documentatie|year=2025|language=Nederlandice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.rkd.nl/rkddb/dispatcher.aspx?action=search&database=ChoiceArtists&search=priref=73861|author=|title=Paul van Somer (II)|accessdate=21 Septembris 2015|work=Rijksbureau voor Kunsthistorische Documentatie|year=2015|language=Nederlandice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.rkd.nl/rkddb/dispatcher.aspx?action=search&database=ChoiceArtists&search=priref=90557|author=|title=Everhardus Kickius|accessdate=26 Februarii 2015|work=Rijksbureau voor Kunsthistorische Documentatie|year=2015|language=Nederlandice}} * {{cite book|author=David Freedberg|coauthors=Jan de Vries|title=Art in History/History in Art: Studies in Seventeenth-Century Dutch Culture|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=arVDAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA382&dq=Johannes+Goedaert&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ShaKVPToLITtUpDRgugL&ved=0CF8Q6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=Johannes%20Goedaert&f=false|accessdate=26 Dicembris 2014|year=1991|editor=The Getty Center for the History of Art and the Humanities|location=[[Sancta Monica (California)|Sanctae Monicae]]|language=Lingua Anglica|isbn=0-89236-201-4|pages=382-383|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=|coautori=|title=Imago Musicae 1986|url=http://books.google.it/books?id=d1AU_FAgVbgC&pg=PA65&dq=Hendrik+Pot&hl=en&sa=X&ei=D9bzUsS6BqKAywPVl4KAAQ&ved=0CFsQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=Hendrik%20Pot&f=false|accessdate=24 Ianuarius 2014|year=1987|editor=Duke University Press|city=[[Durham]]|language=Anglice|isbn=0-8223-0723-5|page=65|volume=vol.III}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/peinture/sir_Nathaniel_Bacon/150952|author=|title=sir_Nathaniel_Bacon|accessdate=27 Octobris 2020|series=Dictionnaire de la Peinture Larousse|year=2020|language=Francice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/peinture/Zyl/155022|author=|title=les Van Zyl|accessdate=11 Iulii 2017|series=Encyclopédie Larousse|year=2017|language=Francice}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/sir-nathaniel-bacon-2370|author=Terry Riggs|author2=|title=Sir Nathaniel Bacon 1585–1627|accessdate=27 Octobris 20205|work=Tate|year=2020|language=Anglice}} * {{cite book|author=Peter C. Sutton|coauthors=Lisa Vergara;Ann Jensen Adams|title=Love Letters: Dutch Genre Paintings in the Age of Vermeer|url=http://books.google.it/books?id=3T6ZUprgU_0C&pg=PA79&dq=Dirck+Hals&hl=en&sa=X&ei=710-UeWgO4LWPdfDgOgD&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Dirck%20Hals&f=false|accessdate=26 Ianuarius 2014|year=2003|editor=Frances Lincoln Limited|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=0-7112-2338-6|pages=79-80|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=|coauthors=|title=Liechtenstein, the Princely Collections|url=http://books.google.it/books?id=A1f7lsIFyu0C&pg=PA269&dq=Hendrick+Gerritsz+Pot&hl=en&sa=X&ei=zd3zUqjFJYn5yAOKkIGIAw&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Hendrick%20Gerritsz%20Pot&f=false|accessdate=6 febbraio 2014|year=1985|editor=[[Museum Artium Metropolitanum]]|location=[[Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]]|language=Anglice|isbn=0-87099-383-2|pages=269|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Adriaan van der Willigen|coauthors=|title=Les artistes de Harlem: Notices historiques avec un Précis sur la Gilde de St. Luc|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=YCtCAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA251&dq=Riethoorn&hl=it&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjQ-KPcgt_qAhX0SRUIHXe0CHEQ6AEwCHoECAIQAg#v=onepage&q=Riethoorn&f=false|accessdate=28 Iulii 2020|year=1870|editor=Les Héritiers F.Bohn|location=[[Harlemum|Harlemi]]|language=Francice|isbn=|pages=251-252|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Roeland van Eynden|coauthors=Adriaan van der Willigen|title=Geschiedenis der vaderlandsche schilderkunst sedert de helft der XVIII eeuw|url=http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/retroboeken/vaderlandsche_schilderkunst/#source=I&page=93&view=imagePane|accessdate=28 Iulii 2020|year=1979|editor=B.M.Israel|location=[[Amstelodamum|Amstelodami]]|language=Nederlandice|isbn=90-6078-077-9|pages=78|volume=vol.I°}} * {{cite book|author=Abraham Jacob van der Aa|coauthors=Karel Johan Reinier van Harderwijk;Gilles Dionysius Jacobus Schotel|title=Biografisch Woordenboek der Nederlanden|url=http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/retroboeken/vdaa/#source=aa__001biog19_01.xml&page=340&view=imagePane|accessdate=28 Iulii 2020|year=1874|editor=J.J. van Brederode|location=[[Harlemum|Harlemi]]|language=Nederlandice|isbn=|pages=338|volume=vol.XVI°}} * {{cite book|author=Michael Bryan|coauthors=George Stanley|title=A biographical and critical dictionary of painters and engravers|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=07Q-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA751&dq=Paul+van+Somer+engraver&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Paul%20van%20Somer%20engraver&f=false|accessdate=21 Septembris 2016|year=1865|editor=H.G.Bohn|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|pages=751|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Michael Bryan|coauthors=George Stanley|title=Dictionary of painters and engravers, biographical and critical|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=07Q-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA742&dq=Michael+Burghers&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michael%20Burghers&f=false|accessdate=6 Ianuarii 2016|year=1865|editor=H.G.Bohn|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=122|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Shearjashub Spooner|coauthors=|title=A biographical history of the fine arts, or, Memoirs of the lives and works of the most eminent painters, engraveras, sculptors and architects|url=ttps://books.google.it/books?id=dgw8AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA908&dq=Paul+van+Somer+engraver&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Paul%20van%20Somer%20engraver&f=false|accessdate=21 Septembris 2016|year=1865|editor=J.W.Bouton|location=[[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|pages=908|volume=vol.II°}} * {{cite book|author=J.W. Frederiks|coauthors=|title=Dutch Silver: Wrougt Plate of North and South-Holland from the Renaissance|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=dnHyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA3&dq=Hieronymus+Wierix&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEYQ6AEwBmoVChMIhouQ5sj5xwIVq5xyCh16fgz3#v=onepage&q=Hieronymus%20Wierix&f=false|accessdate=28 Septembris 2015|year=1958|editor= Springer Science + Business Media Dordrecht|location=[[Haga]]e|language=Anglice|isbn=978-94-010-3699-3|page=3|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Sheila D. Muller|coauthors=|title=Dutch Art: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=ZPhLoy0FICMC&pg=PA299&dq=Jan+van+Somer&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Jan%20van%20Somer&f=false|accessdate=14 Septembris 2016|year=2011|editor=Routledge|location=[[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]]|language=Anglice|isbn=0-8153-0065-4|page=299|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=JG Frederiks|coauthors=F. Jos van den Branden|title=Biographisch woordenboek der Noord- en Zuidnederlandsche letterkunde|url=http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/bran038biog01_01/bran038biog01_01_3320.php|accessdate=10 Iulii 2014|year=1888-1891|editor=LJ Veen|location=[[Amstelodamum|Amstelodami]]|language=Nederlandice|isbn=|pages=|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=GJ van Bork|coauthors=PJ Verkruijsse|title=De Nederlandse en Vlaamse auteurs van middeleeuwen tot heden met inbegrip van de Friese auteurs|url=http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/bork001nede01_01/bork001nede01_01_1071.php|accessdate=10 Iulii 2014|year=1985|editor=De Haan|location=[[Weesp]]|language=Nederlandice|isbn=|pages=|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=[[Museum Artium Metropolitanum]]|coauthors=Walter A. Liedtke|title=Dutch Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art|url=http://books.google.it/books?id=jtnQ7PIT8mcC&pg=PA28&dq=Christoffel+van+den+Berghe&hl=it&sa=X&ei=t4HFU9GuEuHjywOg8oDQCA&ved=0CCEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Christoffel%20van%20den%20Berghe&f=false|accessdate=20 Iulii 2014|year=2007|editor==Yale University Press|location=[[New Haven]] e [[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=978-0-300-12028-8|pages=28-30|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Hans-Joachim Raupp|coauthors=|title=Stilleben und Tierstücke|url=http://books.google.it/books?id=tIdzwQuVNNwC&pg=PA220&dq=Fran%C3%A7ois+Ryckhals&hl=en&sa=X&ei=bc_OU_zkMovYPKntgaAC&ved=0CEgQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=Fran%C3%A7ois%20Ryckhals&f=false|accessdate=1º Augusti 2014|year=2004|editor=Lit Verlag|location=[[Münster]]|language=Germanice|isbn=3-8258-2239-7|page=220|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Augustine Jal|coauthors=|title=Dictionnaire critique de biographie et d'histoire|url=http://books.google.it/books?id=WcwKAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA768&dq=Mathieu+Le+Nain&hl=en&sa=X&ei=jwZUVJ7GBKvA7Abx9YDgBA&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Mathieu%20Le%20Nain&f=false|accessdate=13 Novembris 2014|year=1867|editor=Henri Plon|location=[[Lutetia]]e|language=Francice|isbn=|pages=767-768|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Eric Jorink|coauthors=|title=Reading the Book of Nature in the Dutch Golden Age, 1575-1715|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=XAiEMHlll9QC&pg=PA201&dq=Johannes+Goedaert&hl=en&sa=X&ei=KsKIVMP8FIHSPe2JgZAG&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Johannes%20Goedaert&f=false|accessdate=26 Dicembris 2014|year=2010|editor=Koninklijke Brill NV|location=[[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]|language=Anglice|isbn=978-9004-18671-2|pages=201-209|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Alexander Chalmers|coauthors=|title=The General biographical dictionary|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=79QvAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA386&dq=David+Loggan&hl=en&sa=X&ei=RyjVVPLNIYGqUe2Jg_AO&ved=0CEMQ6AEwBjgK#v=onepage&q=David%20Loggan&f=false|accessdate=26 Februarii 2015|year=1815|editor=Nichols, Son and Bentley|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=386|volume=vol.XX°}} * {{cite book|author=Arthur M. Hind|coauthors=|title=A History of Engraving and Etching|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=fnhpAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA150&dq=Cornelis+van+Dalen&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Cornelis%20van%20Dalen&f=false|accessdate=26 Maii 2015|year=2011|editor=Dover Publications Inc.|location=[[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]]|language=Anglice|isbn=0-486-20954-7|pages=150|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Michael Cyril William Hunter|coauthors=|title=Printed Images in Early Modern Britain: Essays in Interpretation|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=HO-y92dlu9gC&pg=PA292&dq=Jan+van+Somer&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Jan%20van%20Somer&f=false|accessdate=14 Septembris 2016|year=2010|editor=Michael Hunter|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=978-0-7546-6654-7|page=292|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Ad Stijnman|coauthors=Elizabeth Savage|title=Printing Colour 1400-1700: History, Techniques, Functions and Receptions|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=C9R0CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA207&dq=Gerard+Valck&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Gerard%20Valck&f=false|accessdate=30 Decembris 2015|2015|editor=Brill|location=[[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]|language=Anglice|isbn=978-90-04-26968-2|page=207|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Leo Bagrow|coauthors=|title=History of Cartography|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=OBeB4tDmJv8C&pg=PA184&dq=Gerard+Valck&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Gerard%20Valck&f=false|accessdate=30 Decembris 2015|2010|editor=Transaction Publishers|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=978-1-4128-1154-5|page=184-270|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=William Bridges Hunter|coauthors=|title=A Milton Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=x66M-BoFvncC&pg=PA106&dq=Michael+Burghers&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michael%20Burghers&f=false|accessdate=6 Ianuarii 2016|year=1979|editor=Associated University Presses Inc.|location=[[Cranbury]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=106|volume=vol.V°}} * {{cite book|author=Ian Gadd|coauthors=Simon Elliot, William Roger Louis|title=History of Oxford University Press, Volume I: Beginnings to 1780|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=VbkJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA526&dq=Michael+Burghers&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michael%20Burghers&f=false|accessdate=6 Ianuarii 2016|year=2013|editor=Oxford University Press|location=[[Oxonia]]e|language=Anglice|isbn=978-0-19-955731-8|page=526|volume=vol.I°}} * {{cite book|author=Oxfordshire architectural and historical society|coauthors=|title=Proceedings of the Oxford architectural and historical society|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=jEJbAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA64&dq=Michael+Burghers&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michael%20Burghers&f=false|accessdate=6 Ianuarii 2016|year=|editor=Parker|location=[[Oxonia]]e|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=64|volume=vol.IV°}} * {{cite book|author=Horace Walpole|coauthors=George Vertue|title=The Works of Horatio Walpole, Earl of Orford|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=0mVGAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA466&dq=Michael+Burghers&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michael%20Burghers&f=false|accessdate=6 Ianuarii 2016|year=1798|editor=Robinson|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=77|volume=vol.IV°}} * {{cite book|author=|coauthors=|title=Benezit Dictionary of British Graphic Artists and Illustrators|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=05C02RhJZCkC&pg=PA319&dq=Edward+Davis+engraver&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Edward%20Davis%20engraver&f=false|accessdate=17 Ianuarii 2016|year=2012|editor=Universitatis Oxoniensis Prelum|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=978-0-19-992305-2|page=319|volume=vol.I°}} * {{cite book|author=Charles Knight|coauthors=|title=Biography: Or, Third Division of "The English Encyclopedia"|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=d8RPAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA2-PA706&dq=Michiel+van+der+Gucht&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michiel%20van%20der%20Gucht&f=false|accessdate=31 Ianuarii 2016|year=1872|editor=Bradbury, Evans and Co.|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=621-622|volume=appendix}} * {{cite book|author=Pieter Biesboer|coauthors=|title=Nederlandish Inventories 1 - Collections of Paintings in Haarlem, 1572-1745|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=1mV6p35NufEC&pg=PA299&dq=Guillam+Dubois+painter&hl=it&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj8xobMndPtAhXH-KQKHWdHAA8Q6AEwAHoECAAQAg#v=onepage&q=Guillam%20Dubois%20painter&f=false|accessdate=20 Ianuarii 2021|year=2001|editor=Carol Togneri|location=[[Angelopolis]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=20-299-340-366|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Joseph Strutt|coauthors=|title=A Biographical Dictionary: Containing an Historical Account of All the Engravers|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=B14OAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA356&dq=Michael+van+der+Gucht&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michael%20van%20der%20Gucht&f=false|accessdate=31 Ianuarii 2016|year=1785|editor=J.Davis|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=355-356|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Stanley H. Johnston|coauthors=|title=The Cleveland Herbal, Botanical, and Horticultural Collections|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=ff5tJ4EfHhMC&pg=PA295&dq=Michael+van+der+Gucht&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michael%20van%20der%20Gucht&f=false|accessdate=31 Ianuarii 2016|year=1992|editor=Respublicae Ohioensis Universitatis Prelum|location=[[Cantium (Ohium)|Cantii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=0-87338-433-4|page=265|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=John Gould|coauthors=Horace Walpole, George Vertue|title=A Dictionary of Painters, Sculptors, Architects, and Engravers|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=Si9cAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA483&dq=Robert+White+engraver&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Robert%20White%20engraver&f=false|accessdate=31 Martii 2016|year=1810|editor=Gale and Curtis|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=417-483|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Christopher D.M. Atkins|coauthors=|title=The signature style of Frans Hals: painting, subjectivity, and the market in Early Modernity|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=5hkhAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA162&dq=Pieter+van+Roestraten&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Pieter%20van%20Roestraten&f=false|accessdate=4 Novembris 2016|year=2012|editor=Prelum [[Universitas Amstelodamensis|Universitatis Amstelodamensis]]|location=[[Amstelodamum|Amstelodami]]|language=Anglice|isbn=978-90-8964-335-3|page=162|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Peter McNeil|coauthors=Giorgio Riello|title=Luxury: A Rich History|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=gcowDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT107&dq=Pieter+van+Roestraten&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Pieter%20van%20Roestraten&f=false|accessdate=4 Novembris 2016|year=2006|editor=Prelum [[Universitas Oxoniensis|Universitatis Oxoniensis]]|location=[[Oxonia]]e|language=Anglice|isbn=978-0-19-966324-8|page=|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Derek Brewer|coauthors=Marie-Françoise Alamichel|title=The Middle Ages After the Middle Ages in the English-speaking Wor|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=omAVJRxb-eoC&pg=PA80&dq=Pieter+van+Roestraten&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Pieter%20van%20Roestraten&f=false|accessdate=4 Novembris 2016|year=2006|editor=D.S.Brewer|location=[[Cantabrigia]]e|language=Anglice|isbn=978-0-85991-508-3|page=80|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Titus Livius|coauthors=Ioannes Munnickhuysen|title=Titi Livii Historiarum quod extat|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=HtfArsn_TTcC&pg=PR18&dq=Johannes+Willemsz.+Munnickhuysen&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Johannes%20Willemsz.%20Munnickhuysen&f=false|accessdate=20 Iunii 2016|year=1679|editor=|location=|language=Latine|isbn=|page=|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=AA.VV.|coauthors=|title=Etat civil de quelques artistes francais. Extrait des registres des paroisses des anciennes archives de la ville de Paris|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=oOAKpD0vsF4C&pg=PA11&dq=Jean+Baptiste+Duru&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Jean%20Baptiste%20Duru&f=false|accessdate=20 Iulii 2017|year=1873|editor=Libraire Pagnerre|location=[[Lutetia]]e|language=Francice|isbn=|page=129|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Helmer J. Helmers|coauthors=|title=The Royalist Republic|url=https://www.google.it/books/edition/The_Royalist_Republic/QZqiBQAAQBAJ?hl=it&gbpv=1&dq=Vincent+van+der+Vinne&pg=PA142&printsec=frontcover|accessdate=2 Septembris 2025|editor=Prelum [[Universitas Cantabrigiensis|Universitatis Cantabrigiensis]]|year=2015|location=[[Cantabrigia]]e|language=Anglice|page=142|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Sam Segal|coauthors=Klara Allen|title=Dutch and Flemish Flower Pieces|url=https://www.google.it/books/edition/Dutch_and_Flemish_Flower_Pieces_2_vols_i/rmgCEAAAQBAJ?hl=it&gbpv=1&dq=Vincent+van+der+Vinne&pg=PA828&printsec=frontcover|accessdate=2 Septembris 2025|editor=Brill Hes & De Graaf|year=2020|location=[[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]|language=Anglice|page=536|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=David Towry Piper|coauthors=|title=Dizionario illustrato dell'arte e degli artisti|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=tOynfqWxk34C&pg=PA41&dq=Nathaniel+Bacon+pittore&hl=it&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjfyZLajtrrAhXkAhAIHWIyAAIQ6AEwAHoECAIQAg#v=onepage&q=Nathaniel%20Bacon%20pittore&f=false|accessdate=27 Octobris 2020|year=1984|editor=Gremese|location=[[Roma]]e|language=Italice|isbn=88-7742-422-2|page=41|volume=}} == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Vincent Laurensz. van der Vinne (I)|Vincentium Laurensz. van der Vinne I}} * [https://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n90-655549/ Alexander Chalmers in WorldCat] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/nl/zoeken?q=%20Riethoorn&v=&s=&ondisplay=False&ii=0&p=1 Ioannes Riethoorn in Amstelodami Rijksmuseum] {{Ling|Nederlandice}} * [https://www.artnet.com/artists/vincent-laurensz-van-der-vinne-the-elder/ Vincentius Laurensz. van der Vinne I in Artnet] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [http://www.artnet.com/artists/jean-baptiste-durup/past-auction-results Ioannes Baptista Durup in Artnet] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp00205/sir-nathaniel-bacon?search=sas&sText=Nathaniel+Bacon Nathanael Bacon in The National Portrait Gallery] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [http://www.artcyclopedia.com/artists/vinne_vincent_laurensz_van_der.html Vincentius Laurensz. van der Vinne I in Artcyclopedia] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/search/list?base=%5B%22Collections%20des%20mus%C3%A9es%20de%20France%20%28Joconde%29%22%5D&mainSearch=%22Guillam%20Dubois%22 Gulielmus Dubois - Base Joconde] {{Ling|Francice}} * [http://www.scholarsresource.com/browse/artist/2142564356 Petrus de Roestraeten in Scholars Resource] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz83861.html#indexcontent Lambertus de Visscher in Deutsche Biographie] {{Ling|Theodisce}} {{Controllo di autorità}} {{Portale|arte|biografie}} <!-- {{Lifetime|1625|1680|Vinne, Vincentius Laurensz. I}} [[Categoria:Pictores Germaniae]] [[Categoria:Pictores Angliae]] [[Categoria:Artifices Nederlandiae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Angliae]] [[Categoria:Chalcographi]] [[Categoria:Scalptores]] [[Categoria:Entomologi]] [[Categoria:Cartographi]] {{Attributio|it|Eugène Stanislas Alexandre Bléry|72344825}} {{Attributio|en|Diary of a Wimpy Kid||partim}} ac ==> atque ante vocalem {{NexInt}} {{Nexus nominis}} --> h6qzn2mz6vm137ryd8w1rgzlreddgju 3986625 3986621 2026-09-08T14:55:06Z Maria.martelli 20183 3986625 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Monitus de harenario usoris|f}} {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:Still Life with Watermelon, by Sarah Miriam Peale, 1822, oil on panel - Fogg Art Museum, Harvard University - DSC01409.jpg|thumb|250px|Natura mortua cum citrullo lanato]] <!--__NOTOC__ --> <!--{{NUMBEROFACTIVEUSERS}} --> {{res|Sara Miriama Peale}} (''vulgo'': '''Sarah Miriam Peale'''; [[Philadelphia]]e 19 Maii anno [[1800]] nata; [[Philadelphia]]e 4 Februarii anno [[1885]] mortua) fuit [[Saeculum Aureum Batavicum|saeculi aurei]] pictrix pictor et [[adumbratio]]nis peritissimus artifex [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Americana]] [[Nederlandia|Nederlandicus]], quae praecipue imagines personarum effingebat. Praeterea prima mulier Americana extimabatur quae picturae opere se sustentaret<ref name = "Peale Family">{{cite web |url=http://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/peale-family-of-painters/ |title=The Peale Family of Painters |author=Ogden Kate |publisher= Rutgers University: Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia |year=2016 |accessdate=6 Gennaio 2017}}</ref>. Ex familia artificum orta, cuius patruus [[Carolus Willson Peale]] clarissimus erat, Sara Peale imagines pinxit potissimum illustrium virorum, civium politicorum et ducum militarium [[Terra Mariae|Terrae Mariae]], [[Pennsilvania|Pennsilvania]]e et [[Vasingtonia (D.C.)|Vasingtonia]]e. [[La Fayette]] effigiem quater pinxit. == Biographia == [[Fasciculus:EBosley.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Elias Bosley effigies (1740–1841), Oleis in linteo, 62,23 x 73,66 cm, fere anno 1825]] [[Fasciculus:Basket of berries sarah miriam peale.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Fiscus cum bacis, [[1860]])]] Sara filia minima natu erat minutorum operum et naturae mortuae pictoris [[Iacomus Peale|Iacomi Peale]], fratris minoris natu [[Carolus Willson Peale|Caroli Willson Peale]], et Miriamae Claypoole. A patre et fratuo artem picturae didicit et adiutrix patris in officina eius facta est<ref name = "Peale Family"/>. Per discipulatum, coloribus miscendis, lintiis parandis fundisque adumbrandis usum comparavit<ref name="History of American Women">{{Cite news|url=http://www.womenhistoryblog.com/2015/04/sarah-miriam-peale.html|title=Sarah Miriam Peale|work=History of American Women|accessdate=30 marzo 2018|language=en}}</ref>. Sara et sorores suae, [[Anna Claypoole Peale|Anna Claypoole]] e [[Margarita Angelica Peale|Margarita Angelica]], a mulieribus medii ordinis illius temporis differebant, cum educationem accepissent, uxores et matres esse didicerant, et scientiam mercatoriam et artisticam a familia sua sumpserant<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Peale Family: Creation of a Legacy (1770-1870)|author=Miller Lillian|publisher=Abbeville Press|year=1996|ISBN=0-7892-0206-9|p=228}}</ref>. Adulescens, experientiam comparavit dum extremam manum picturis patris iniecit. Primae eius operae ad annum 1816 pertinent et res inanimas quales sunt flores effingunt, mox tamen se ad vultus exprimendos convertit. Anno 1818, tres menses cum [[Rembrandus Peale|Rembrando Peale]], suo consobrino, [[Baltimora]]e degit, et iterum annis 1820 et 1822. Is et criticus [[Ioannes Neal]] eius primam pingendi rationem atque picturae argumenta affecerunt<ref>{{cite journal| last = Chico | first = Beverly Berghaus | date = Autunno 1976 | title = Two American Firsts: Sara Peale, Portrait Painter, and John Neal, Critic | url = https://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc5800/sc5881/000001/000000/000283/pdf/msa_sc_5881_1_283.pdf | journal = Maryland Historical Society Magazine | volume = 71 | issue= 3 | page = 349 | language= en}}</ref>. Per viginti quinque annos Baltimorae (1822–1847) operatus est atque, interdum, [[Vasingtonia (D.C.)|Vasingtoniae]]<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.marylandartsource.org/artists/detail_000000042.html | title= Maryland Art Source| urlarchive=https://20030113231623/http://www.marylandartsource.org/artists/detail_000000042.html | publisher= The Baltimore Art Research & Outreach Consortium | date= 19 giugno 2003 | datearchive= 13 gennaio 2003 | language= en}}</ref>. Sessionibus [[Congressus Civitatum Foederatarum]] interfuit atque multorum virorum illustrium imagines pinxit<ref>{{cite book|author=Miller Lillian B.|title=The Peale family: creation of a legacy, 1770-1870|year=1996|publisher=Abbeville Press|ISBN=9780789202062|page=240}}</ref>. Sara primum apud Academiam Pennsilvaniensem exposuit, opus ''Effigies dominae'' (1818) exhibens. Anno 1824 una<ref name="Brooklyn">Dinner Party database of notable women at the Brooklyn Museum</ref> cum sorore Anna Claypoole Peale in [[Academia Artium Pulchrarum Pennsylvanienses|Academiam Artium Pulchrarum Pennsylvaniensem]] admissa est<ref name="Morgan">{{cite book|author=Morgan Ann Lee|title=The Oxford dictionary of American art and artists |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York|year=2007 |page=367|ISBN=978-0-19-512878-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pyvjWAcwnHEC&pg=PA367}}</ref>: ambae enim primae mulieres erant quae hoc honore potirentur. Anno 1831 Baltimorae officinam aperuit<ref>{{cite web|title=Sarah Peale (1800-1885)|url=https://www.nwhm.org/education-resources/biography/biographies/sarah-peale/|work=national Women's History Museum|accessdate=6 Giugno 2017|date=8 novembre 2016|urlarchive=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108014242/https://www.nwhm.org/education-resources/biography/biographies/sarah-peale/|url=dead}}</ref>; exstantque plus quam centum personarum imagines, quas ibi ex mandato effinxit. Ea aetate in urbe sua artifex omnium fecundissima habebatur<ref name="King">{{cite book|author=King Joan |title=Sarah M. Peale: America's first woman artist |publisher=Branden Books|year=1987 |page=296|ISBN=0-8283-1999-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9EpzXYTgE5YC&pg=PA296}}</ref>. Eius personarum effigies oleo pictae statim a sodalibus Congressūs, legatis aliisque locupletibus in Terra Mariae expetebantur<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nmwa.org/explore/artist-profiles/sarah-miriam-peale|title=Sarah Miriam Peale|work= National Museum of Women in the Arts nmwa.org|language=en|accessdate=30 marzo 2018}}</ref>. Ars eius imaginum pingendarum genere singularis habetur, propter usum pellium, textilium denticulatorum aliorumque pannorum subtiliter redditorum, necnon propter vultuum, cutis et capillorum similitudinem<ref name="History of American Women"/>. [[Fasciculus:|thumb|right|250px|Hadriani Banckert effigies ([[1673]])]] [[Fasciculus:|thumb|right|250px|Forum boarium magnum parvumque, et piscatorium]] Anno 1847, mala valetudine coacta, ad [[Urbs Sancti Ludovici|Urbem Sancti Ludovici]] migrare debuit; ibi per se feliciter floruit atque una ex primis artificibus feminis Americanis facta est quae arte sua se alerent<ref name="Brooklyn"/><ref name="King"/>. La maggior parte delle sue opere di quest'epoca si trova in mani private<ref name="King"/>. Intorno al 1860, ritornò alla realizzazione delle nature morte, ma con una composizione naturale e meno formale rispetto a quella dei suoi anni precedenti<ref name="King"/>. Nel 1878 fece ritorno nella sua città natale, trascorrendovi gli ultimi anni con le sorelle Anna Claypoole (morta nel 1878) e Margaretta Angelica (morta nel 1882)<ref name="Brooklyn"/><ref name="King"/>. Come sua sorella Margaretta, non si sposò mai<ref>{{cite book|author=Greer Germaine |title=The obstacle race: the fortunes of women painters and their work |publisher=Tauris Parke Paperbacks|year=2001 |page=25|ISBN=1-86064-677-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qnBu6eUvx18C&pg=PA25}}</ref>. Morì nel 1885 nella sua città natale<ref name="King"/>. Diversi dipinti di Peale furono inclusi nella mostra inaugurale del [[National Museum of Women in the Arts]], ''American Women Artists 1830-1930'', nel 1987<ref name="Tufts(U.S.)1987">{{cite book|author=Eleanor Tufts|author2=National Museum of Women in the Arts (U.S.); International Exhibitions Foundation|title=American women artists, 1830-1930|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EvxPAAAAMAAJ|year=1987|publisher=International Exhibitions Foundation for the National Museum of Women in the Arts|ISBN=978-0-940979-01-7}}</ref>. == Opera == * ''Dies festus sub divo'', [[Hydrochroma]] et temperatio supra [[Membrana (ars scribendi)|membrana]], 96 × 78 cm, 1671, [[Rijksmuseum (Amstelodamum)|Rijksmuseum]], [[Amstelodamum|Amstelodami]] * ''Tres fratres Browne'', temperatio et aurum supra [[Membrana (ars scribendi)|membrana]], 24 × 26 cm, 1598, Burghley House, Stamford<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Isaac_Oliver_Brothers_Browne.jpg Tres fratres Browne - Communia]</ref> * ''Vanitas cum fidiculis, calva et argenti vaso'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, 63,5 x 75 cm * ''In murae testa flores'', [[pictura]] supra aeris lamina, 31 x 21 cm, 1616-1617, Collectio privata<ref>[http://www.wga.hu/html/b/berghe/flowers.html In murae testa flores - The Web Gallery of Art]</ref> * ''Topia collina prope flumen, duo homines in cymba, viatores itinere'', pictura * ''[[Henricus Fridericus Stuart|Henrici Friderici Stuart]] effigies'', [[Hydrochroma]] supra [[Membrana (ars scribendi)|membrana]], 13,2 × 10 cm, 1610, Royal Collection * ''Matronae effigies'', [[Hydrochroma]] supra [[Membrana (ars scribendi)|membrana]], 5,9 x 4,8 cm, 1610 fere, apud Artis Museum, [[Cincinnati|Cincinnatorum]]ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Isaac_Oliver_-_A_Lady_in_Masque_Costume_-_WGA16637.jpg Matronae effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Topia fluvialia cum opilione et pecore'', [[pictura]], 47,2 x 71,8 cm, apud Rijksmuseum Twenthe, [[Enscheda]]e<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Guilliaume_Dubois_-_Heuvelachtige_rivieroever_-_BR0001_(R448)_-_Rijksmuseum_Twenthe.jpg Topia fluvialia cum opilione et pecore - Communia]</ref> * ''[[Rhenus|Rheni]] regionis despectus'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, 136,84 x 68,1 cm, apud [[Pinacotheca Dulvicensis|Pinacothecam Dulvicensem]], [[Dulwich]]<ref name=dulwich/> * ''Topia con viatoribus ac ecclesia procul'', [[pictura]], 45,7 x 63,5 cm, 1649, apud Mauritshuis, [[Haga]]e<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dune_Landscape_with_Road_and_Church_by_Guillam_Dubois_Mauritshuis_799.jpg Topia con viatoribus ac ecclesia procul - Communia]</ref> * ''Rijngesigje ([[Rhenus|Rheni]] despectus)'', [[pictura]], apud Petri Boll Collectionem, [[Harlemum|Harlemi]]<ref name=biesboer/> * ''[[Rhenus|Rheni]] regionis despectus cum castello viatoribusque'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, 79,8 x 102,2 cm, post annum [[1653]], apud [[Pinacotheca Dulvicensis|Pinacothecam Dulvicensem]], [[Dulwich]]<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Peter_Wtewael_Hirte_mit_Sackpfeife1596_1660.jpg Caprarius cum tibiis infixis utricolo - Communia]</ref> * ''Natura mortua cum floribus et papilione'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maria_van_Oosterwijk_Still_Life_with_Flowers_after.jpg Natura mortua cum floribus et papilione - Communia]</ref> * ''Vanitas cum calva et heliotropio'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, apud collectanea privata<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maria_van_Oosterwijk_Vanitas-Stilleben.jpg Vanitas cum calva et heliotropio - Communia]</ref> * ''Natura mortua cum floribus pomisque'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, 1670 fere, apud [[Palatium Pittianum]], [[Florentia]]e<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maria_van_Oosterwijk_-_Flowers_and_Fruit_-_WGA16657.jpg Natura mortua cum floribus pomisque - Communia]</ref> * ''Natura mortua cum floribus in vaso scite ornato'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, 62 x 47,5 cm, 1670-1675, apud Mauritshuis, [[Haga]]e<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Still_Life_with_Flowers_in_a_Decorative_Vase,_Oosterwijck.jpg Natura mortua cum floribus in vaso scite ornato - Communia]</ref> * ''Natura mortua cum vaso florum, citreo papilioneque'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, deorsum in media pictura obsignata ''Maria Va Oosterwijck Aº 1675'', 90,4 x 80,7 cm, 1675<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MARIA_VAN_OOSTERWIJCK_NOOTDORP_1630_-_1693_UITDAM_A_FLORAL_STILL_LIFE.jpg Natura mortua cum vaso florum, citreo papilioneque - Communia]</ref> * ''Natura mortua cum floribus, heliotropio insectisque'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, 73,6 x 55,8 cm, 1670 fere, apud Museum Artis Denverii, [[Denverium (Coloratum)|Denverii]]<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maria_van_Oosterwyck_-_Bouquet_of_Flowers_in_a_Vase_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg Natura mortua cum floribus, heliotropio insectisque - Communia]</ref> * ''Topia montana cum viatoribus et cane ab laeva'', [[pictura]] supra tabula cum pigmento oleario, 36 x 32 cm, 1654 fere, apud [[Rijksmuseum (Amstelodamum)|Rijksmuseum]], [[Amstelodamum|Amstelodami]] * ''Topia nemorosa cum viatoribus'', [[pictura]] supra tabula cum pigmento oleario, 47 x 63,5 cm, antea [[Iacobus de Ruysdael|Iacobo de Ruysdael]] adscripta<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_WOODED_LANDSCAPE_WITH_TRAVELERS_ON_A_PATH.png Topia nemorosa cum viatoribus - Communia]</ref> * ''Pagi semita cum ecclesia procul'', delineatio, 1650 fere, apud [[Centrum Getty]], [[Angelopolis]]<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Guillam_Dubois_-_Village_Path_with_Church_Spire_in_the_Distance_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg Pagi semita cum ecclesia procul - Communia]</ref> * ''Roberti von der Pfalz effigies'', chalcographia [[ratio atra]], 18,6 x 16,4 cm, apud Artium Museum, [[Franciscopolis (California)|Franciscopolis]]<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Prince_Rupert_von_der_Pfalz.jpg Roberti von der Pfalz effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Argumentum marinum'', [[pictura]] cum penicillo et atramento, dextra deorsum obsignata ''R. Zeeman''<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Zeeman,_marine.jpg Argumentum marinum - Communia]</ref> * ''Hortus floridus in quo rariorum et minus vulgarium florum icones ad vivam veramque formam accuratissme delineata'', Crispijn van de Passe de jongere et Joannes Waldelius, 1614<ref>[http://books.google.it/books?id=RhtTAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Crispijn+van+de+Passe+II&hl=en&sa=X&ei=1y0jVNysGcKe7gbNnoG4AQ&ved=0CD4Q6wEwBDgU#v=onepage&q=Crispijn%20van%20de%20Passe%20II&f=false Hortus floridus]</ref> * ''Davidis Clarkson effigies'', chalcographia secundum [[Maria Beale|Mariae Beale]] picturam sculpta, 1696 * ''Alexander Gibson, Dominus Durie'', chalcographia secundum [[David Paton|Davidis Paton]] picturam sculpta, 1690 * ''Anthonii Tuckney effigies'', chalcographia, 194 × 132 mm, 1676<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anthony_Tuckney.jpg Anthonii Tuckney effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''[[Augustus II Poloniae|Augusti II Poloniae]] effigies'', chalcographia, 1697<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AugustII_young2.jpeg Augusti II Poloniae effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''[[Henricus Somerset, I dux Beaufortiensis|Henrici Somerset, I ducis Beaufortiensis]] effigies'', chalcographia, 1679<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Beaufort1.JPG Henrici Somerset, I ducis Beaufortiensis effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Edmundi Ludlow effigies'', chalcographia, 1689<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Edmund_Ludlow.JPG Edmundi Ludlow effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Henrici Coley effigies'', chalcographia, 1676<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_Coley._Line_engraving_by_R._White,_1676,_after_himself_Wellcome_V0001188.jpg Henrici Coley effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Edmundi Gibson effigies'', chalcographia, apud [[Pinacotheca Effigierum Publica|Pinacothecam Effigierum Publicam Londiniensem]]<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Edmund_Gibson_by_Michael_Vandergucht.jpg Edmundi Gibson effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Eduardi Ward effigies'', chalcographia, 1702, secundum [[Godfridus Kneller|Godfridi Kneller]] picturam sculta<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Edward_Ward.jpg Eduardi Ward effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''[[Iacomus Hamilton, I dux Hamiltoniensis|Iacomi Hamilton, I ducis Hamiltoniensis]] effigies'', chalcographia, 244 mm x 155 mm, apud [[Pinacotheca Effigierum Publica|Pinacothecam Effigierum Publicam Londiniensem]]<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:James_Hamilton,_1st_Duke_of_Hamilton_by_Robert_White,_late_17th_century.jpg Iacomi Hamilton, I ducis Hamiltoniensis effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Ioannis Browne effigies'', chalcographia, 1678<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:John_Browne_Robert_White.jpg Ioannis Browne effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Ioannis Partridge effigies'', chalcographia, 1679<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:John_Partridge._Line_engraving_by_R._White,_1679,_after_hims_Wellcome_V0004503EL.jpg Ioannis Partridge effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''[[Eduardus Tyson|Eduardi Tyson]] libri "Orang-outang, sive Hominis Sylvestris" imagines'', chalcographiae<ref name=meyer/> * ''"A voyage to the islands of Madera, Barbados, Nieves, S.Christophers and Jamaica" imagines'', 75 chalcographiae<ref name=holden/> * ''Thomae Wyat effigies'', chalcographia<ref name=bryan/> * ''Ioannis Baliol effigies'', chalcographia<ref name=bryan/> == Honores == [[Fasciculus:Ordre de Saint-Michel Chevalier ribbon.svg|thumb|75px]] [[Michael (archangelus)|Michaelis Archangeli]] ordo ([[1662]]) [[Fasciculus:Legion Honneur Chevalier ribbon.svg|thumb|75px]] [[Legio Honoris|Legionis Honoris]] Eques ([[1846]]) [[Fasciculus:Order of the Bath UK ribbon.svg|thumb|left|75px]] Eques [[Ordo Imperii Britanniorum|Ordinis Imperii Britanniorum]] == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == * {{cite web|url=http://www.enciclopediabresciana.it/enciclopedia/index.php?title=HERDT|author=|author2=|title=HERDT (o HERTZ) (de) Jan|accesso=31 Ianuarii 2020|work=ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRIXIENSES|year=2020|language=}} * {{cite web|url=http://arthistoryreference.com/a1/60768.htm|author=|author2=|title=Jan Andrea Lievens (1644 - 1680)|accesso=1<sup>o</sup> Iunii 2016|work=Art History Reference|year=2017|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=https://dictionaryofarthistorians.org/gersonh.html|author=|author2=|title=Gerson, Horst [Karl]|accesso=9 Maii 2016|work=Dictionary of Art Historians|year=2016|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.vondel.humanities.uva.nl/ecartico/persons/7908|author=|author2=|title=Lambrecht Visscher|accesso=9 Iulii 2020|work=Universitatis Amstelodamensis - Amsterdam Centre for the Study of the Golden Age|year=2020|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Chalmers,_Alexander|author=|author2=|title=Chalmers, Alexander|accesso=26 Aprilis 2016|work=Wikisource - Encyclopædia Britannica (1911)|year=2016|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/retroboeken/nnbw/#source=10&page=130&view=imagePane|author=J.M.Blok|author2=|title=DUBOIS (Guillam o Willem)|accesso=20 Ianuarii 2021|work=Nieuw Nederlandsch Biografisch Woordenboek (NNBW)|year=2021|language=Nederlandice}} * {{cite web|http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/oosterwijck|author=Noud Janssen|author2=|title=Oosterwijck, Maria van (1630-1693)|accesso=24 Ianuarii 2018|work=Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland - DVN|year=2018|language=Nederlandice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=Cornelis+van+Dalen&role=&nation=&prev_page=1&subjectid=500031216|author=|author2=|title=Dalen, Cornelis van, I (Dutch printmaker, draftsman, and editor, ca. 1602-1665)|accesso=5 Martii 2020|work=Union List of Artist Names Online|year=2020|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=Cornelis+van+Dalen&role=&nation=&page=1&subjectid=500031216|author=|author2=|title=Dalen, Cornelis van, I (Dutch printmaker, draftsman, and editor, ca. 1602-1665)|accesso=26 Maii 2016|work=Union List of Artist Names Online|year=2016|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp88710/abraham-meindersz-van-der-wenne?search=sas&sText=Abraham+van+der+Wenne|author=|author2=|title=Abraham Meindersz van der Wenne (circa 1656-1693), Engraver|accesso=23 Maii 2017|work=National Portrait Gallery|year=2017|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.wga.hu/bio/v/vinne/vincent/biograph.html|author=Emil Kren|author2=Daniel Marx|title=VINNE, Vincentius I Laurensz. van der|accessdate=2 Septembris 2025|work=The Web Gallery of Art|year=2020|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.sphinxfineart.com/Zeeman-Reinier-Nooms-called-DesktopDefault.aspx?tabid=45&tabindex=44&artistid=38786|author=Edward Strachan|author2=Roy Bolton|title=REINIER NOOMS, CALLED ZEEMAN (AMSTERDAM 1623 - AMSTERDAM 1664)|accessdate=9 Iunii 2015|work=SPHINX FINE ART - Artists|year=2015|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.getty.edu/art/gettyguide/artMakerDetails?maker=1119|author=|coautori=|title=Christoffel van den Berghe|accessdate=20 Iulii 2014|work=The J.Paul Getty Museum - Artists|year=2014|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/jacob-isaacksz-van-ruysdael_%28Enciclopedia-Italiana%29/|author=|title=RUYSDAEL, Jacob Isaacksz van|accessdate=20 Ianuari 2021|work=Enciclopedie on line - Treccani.it|year=2021|language=Italice}} * {{cite web|url=https://rkd.nl/explore/artists/81168|author=|title=Vincentius van de Vinne I|accessdate=2 Septembris 2025|work=Rijksbureau voor Kunsthistorische Documentatie|year=2025|language=Nederlandice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.rkd.nl/rkddb/dispatcher.aspx?action=search&database=ChoiceArtists&search=priref=73861|author=|title=Paul van Somer (II)|accessdate=21 Septembris 2015|work=Rijksbureau voor Kunsthistorische Documentatie|year=2015|language=Nederlandice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.rkd.nl/rkddb/dispatcher.aspx?action=search&database=ChoiceArtists&search=priref=90557|author=|title=Everhardus Kickius|accessdate=26 Februarii 2015|work=Rijksbureau voor Kunsthistorische Documentatie|year=2015|language=Nederlandice}} * {{cite book|author=David Freedberg|coauthors=Jan de Vries|title=Art in History/History in Art: Studies in Seventeenth-Century Dutch Culture|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=arVDAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA382&dq=Johannes+Goedaert&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ShaKVPToLITtUpDRgugL&ved=0CF8Q6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=Johannes%20Goedaert&f=false|accessdate=26 Dicembris 2014|year=1991|editor=The Getty Center for the History of Art and the Humanities|location=[[Sancta Monica (California)|Sanctae Monicae]]|language=Lingua Anglica|isbn=0-89236-201-4|pages=382-383|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=|coautori=|title=Imago Musicae 1986|url=http://books.google.it/books?id=d1AU_FAgVbgC&pg=PA65&dq=Hendrik+Pot&hl=en&sa=X&ei=D9bzUsS6BqKAywPVl4KAAQ&ved=0CFsQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=Hendrik%20Pot&f=false|accessdate=24 Ianuarius 2014|year=1987|editor=Duke University Press|city=[[Durham]]|language=Anglice|isbn=0-8223-0723-5|page=65|volume=vol.III}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/peinture/sir_Nathaniel_Bacon/150952|author=|title=sir_Nathaniel_Bacon|accessdate=27 Octobris 2020|series=Dictionnaire de la Peinture Larousse|year=2020|language=Francice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/peinture/Zyl/155022|author=|title=les Van Zyl|accessdate=11 Iulii 2017|series=Encyclopédie Larousse|year=2017|language=Francice}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/sir-nathaniel-bacon-2370|author=Terry Riggs|author2=|title=Sir Nathaniel Bacon 1585–1627|accessdate=27 Octobris 20205|work=Tate|year=2020|language=Anglice}} * {{cite book|author=Peter C. Sutton|coauthors=Lisa Vergara;Ann Jensen Adams|title=Love Letters: Dutch Genre Paintings in the Age of Vermeer|url=http://books.google.it/books?id=3T6ZUprgU_0C&pg=PA79&dq=Dirck+Hals&hl=en&sa=X&ei=710-UeWgO4LWPdfDgOgD&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Dirck%20Hals&f=false|accessdate=26 Ianuarius 2014|year=2003|editor=Frances Lincoln Limited|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=0-7112-2338-6|pages=79-80|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=|coauthors=|title=Liechtenstein, the Princely Collections|url=http://books.google.it/books?id=A1f7lsIFyu0C&pg=PA269&dq=Hendrick+Gerritsz+Pot&hl=en&sa=X&ei=zd3zUqjFJYn5yAOKkIGIAw&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Hendrick%20Gerritsz%20Pot&f=false|accessdate=6 febbraio 2014|year=1985|editor=[[Museum Artium Metropolitanum]]|location=[[Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]]|language=Anglice|isbn=0-87099-383-2|pages=269|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Adriaan van der Willigen|coauthors=|title=Les artistes de Harlem: Notices historiques avec un Précis sur la Gilde de St. Luc|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=YCtCAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA251&dq=Riethoorn&hl=it&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjQ-KPcgt_qAhX0SRUIHXe0CHEQ6AEwCHoECAIQAg#v=onepage&q=Riethoorn&f=false|accessdate=28 Iulii 2020|year=1870|editor=Les Héritiers F.Bohn|location=[[Harlemum|Harlemi]]|language=Francice|isbn=|pages=251-252|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Roeland van Eynden|coauthors=Adriaan van der Willigen|title=Geschiedenis der vaderlandsche schilderkunst sedert de helft der XVIII eeuw|url=http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/retroboeken/vaderlandsche_schilderkunst/#source=I&page=93&view=imagePane|accessdate=28 Iulii 2020|year=1979|editor=B.M.Israel|location=[[Amstelodamum|Amstelodami]]|language=Nederlandice|isbn=90-6078-077-9|pages=78|volume=vol.I°}} * {{cite book|author=Abraham Jacob van der Aa|coauthors=Karel Johan Reinier van Harderwijk;Gilles Dionysius Jacobus Schotel|title=Biografisch Woordenboek der Nederlanden|url=http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/retroboeken/vdaa/#source=aa__001biog19_01.xml&page=340&view=imagePane|accessdate=28 Iulii 2020|year=1874|editor=J.J. van Brederode|location=[[Harlemum|Harlemi]]|language=Nederlandice|isbn=|pages=338|volume=vol.XVI°}} * {{cite book|author=Michael Bryan|coauthors=George Stanley|title=A biographical and critical dictionary of painters and engravers|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=07Q-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA751&dq=Paul+van+Somer+engraver&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Paul%20van%20Somer%20engraver&f=false|accessdate=21 Septembris 2016|year=1865|editor=H.G.Bohn|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|pages=751|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Michael Bryan|coauthors=George Stanley|title=Dictionary of painters and engravers, biographical and critical|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=07Q-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA742&dq=Michael+Burghers&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michael%20Burghers&f=false|accessdate=6 Ianuarii 2016|year=1865|editor=H.G.Bohn|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=122|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Shearjashub Spooner|coauthors=|title=A biographical history of the fine arts, or, Memoirs of the lives and works of the most eminent painters, engraveras, sculptors and architects|url=ttps://books.google.it/books?id=dgw8AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA908&dq=Paul+van+Somer+engraver&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Paul%20van%20Somer%20engraver&f=false|accessdate=21 Septembris 2016|year=1865|editor=J.W.Bouton|location=[[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|pages=908|volume=vol.II°}} * {{cite book|author=J.W. Frederiks|coauthors=|title=Dutch Silver: Wrougt Plate of North and South-Holland from the Renaissance|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=dnHyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA3&dq=Hieronymus+Wierix&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEYQ6AEwBmoVChMIhouQ5sj5xwIVq5xyCh16fgz3#v=onepage&q=Hieronymus%20Wierix&f=false|accessdate=28 Septembris 2015|year=1958|editor= Springer Science + Business Media Dordrecht|location=[[Haga]]e|language=Anglice|isbn=978-94-010-3699-3|page=3|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Sheila D. Muller|coauthors=|title=Dutch Art: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=ZPhLoy0FICMC&pg=PA299&dq=Jan+van+Somer&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Jan%20van%20Somer&f=false|accessdate=14 Septembris 2016|year=2011|editor=Routledge|location=[[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]]|language=Anglice|isbn=0-8153-0065-4|page=299|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=JG Frederiks|coauthors=F. Jos van den Branden|title=Biographisch woordenboek der Noord- en Zuidnederlandsche letterkunde|url=http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/bran038biog01_01/bran038biog01_01_3320.php|accessdate=10 Iulii 2014|year=1888-1891|editor=LJ Veen|location=[[Amstelodamum|Amstelodami]]|language=Nederlandice|isbn=|pages=|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=GJ van Bork|coauthors=PJ Verkruijsse|title=De Nederlandse en Vlaamse auteurs van middeleeuwen tot heden met inbegrip van de Friese auteurs|url=http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/bork001nede01_01/bork001nede01_01_1071.php|accessdate=10 Iulii 2014|year=1985|editor=De Haan|location=[[Weesp]]|language=Nederlandice|isbn=|pages=|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=[[Museum Artium Metropolitanum]]|coauthors=Walter A. Liedtke|title=Dutch Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art|url=http://books.google.it/books?id=jtnQ7PIT8mcC&pg=PA28&dq=Christoffel+van+den+Berghe&hl=it&sa=X&ei=t4HFU9GuEuHjywOg8oDQCA&ved=0CCEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Christoffel%20van%20den%20Berghe&f=false|accessdate=20 Iulii 2014|year=2007|editor==Yale University Press|location=[[New Haven]] e [[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=978-0-300-12028-8|pages=28-30|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Hans-Joachim Raupp|coauthors=|title=Stilleben und Tierstücke|url=http://books.google.it/books?id=tIdzwQuVNNwC&pg=PA220&dq=Fran%C3%A7ois+Ryckhals&hl=en&sa=X&ei=bc_OU_zkMovYPKntgaAC&ved=0CEgQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=Fran%C3%A7ois%20Ryckhals&f=false|accessdate=1º Augusti 2014|year=2004|editor=Lit Verlag|location=[[Münster]]|language=Germanice|isbn=3-8258-2239-7|page=220|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Augustine Jal|coauthors=|title=Dictionnaire critique de biographie et d'histoire|url=http://books.google.it/books?id=WcwKAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA768&dq=Mathieu+Le+Nain&hl=en&sa=X&ei=jwZUVJ7GBKvA7Abx9YDgBA&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Mathieu%20Le%20Nain&f=false|accessdate=13 Novembris 2014|year=1867|editor=Henri Plon|location=[[Lutetia]]e|language=Francice|isbn=|pages=767-768|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Eric Jorink|coauthors=|title=Reading the Book of Nature in the Dutch Golden Age, 1575-1715|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=XAiEMHlll9QC&pg=PA201&dq=Johannes+Goedaert&hl=en&sa=X&ei=KsKIVMP8FIHSPe2JgZAG&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Johannes%20Goedaert&f=false|accessdate=26 Dicembris 2014|year=2010|editor=Koninklijke Brill NV|location=[[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]|language=Anglice|isbn=978-9004-18671-2|pages=201-209|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Alexander Chalmers|coauthors=|title=The General biographical dictionary|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=79QvAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA386&dq=David+Loggan&hl=en&sa=X&ei=RyjVVPLNIYGqUe2Jg_AO&ved=0CEMQ6AEwBjgK#v=onepage&q=David%20Loggan&f=false|accessdate=26 Februarii 2015|year=1815|editor=Nichols, Son and Bentley|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=386|volume=vol.XX°}} * {{cite book|author=Arthur M. Hind|coauthors=|title=A History of Engraving and Etching|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=fnhpAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA150&dq=Cornelis+van+Dalen&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Cornelis%20van%20Dalen&f=false|accessdate=26 Maii 2015|year=2011|editor=Dover Publications Inc.|location=[[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]]|language=Anglice|isbn=0-486-20954-7|pages=150|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Michael Cyril William Hunter|coauthors=|title=Printed Images in Early Modern Britain: Essays in Interpretation|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=HO-y92dlu9gC&pg=PA292&dq=Jan+van+Somer&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Jan%20van%20Somer&f=false|accessdate=14 Septembris 2016|year=2010|editor=Michael Hunter|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=978-0-7546-6654-7|page=292|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Ad Stijnman|coauthors=Elizabeth Savage|title=Printing Colour 1400-1700: History, Techniques, Functions and Receptions|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=C9R0CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA207&dq=Gerard+Valck&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Gerard%20Valck&f=false|accessdate=30 Decembris 2015|2015|editor=Brill|location=[[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]|language=Anglice|isbn=978-90-04-26968-2|page=207|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Leo Bagrow|coauthors=|title=History of Cartography|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=OBeB4tDmJv8C&pg=PA184&dq=Gerard+Valck&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Gerard%20Valck&f=false|accessdate=30 Decembris 2015|2010|editor=Transaction Publishers|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=978-1-4128-1154-5|page=184-270|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=William Bridges Hunter|coauthors=|title=A Milton Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=x66M-BoFvncC&pg=PA106&dq=Michael+Burghers&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michael%20Burghers&f=false|accessdate=6 Ianuarii 2016|year=1979|editor=Associated University Presses Inc.|location=[[Cranbury]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=106|volume=vol.V°}} * {{cite book|author=Ian Gadd|coauthors=Simon Elliot, William Roger Louis|title=History of Oxford University Press, Volume I: Beginnings to 1780|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=VbkJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA526&dq=Michael+Burghers&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michael%20Burghers&f=false|accessdate=6 Ianuarii 2016|year=2013|editor=Oxford University Press|location=[[Oxonia]]e|language=Anglice|isbn=978-0-19-955731-8|page=526|volume=vol.I°}} * {{cite book|author=Oxfordshire architectural and historical society|coauthors=|title=Proceedings of the Oxford architectural and historical society|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=jEJbAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA64&dq=Michael+Burghers&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michael%20Burghers&f=false|accessdate=6 Ianuarii 2016|year=|editor=Parker|location=[[Oxonia]]e|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=64|volume=vol.IV°}} * {{cite book|author=Horace Walpole|coauthors=George Vertue|title=The Works of Horatio Walpole, Earl of Orford|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=0mVGAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA466&dq=Michael+Burghers&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michael%20Burghers&f=false|accessdate=6 Ianuarii 2016|year=1798|editor=Robinson|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=77|volume=vol.IV°}} * {{cite book|author=|coauthors=|title=Benezit Dictionary of British Graphic Artists and Illustrators|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=05C02RhJZCkC&pg=PA319&dq=Edward+Davis+engraver&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Edward%20Davis%20engraver&f=false|accessdate=17 Ianuarii 2016|year=2012|editor=Universitatis Oxoniensis Prelum|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=978-0-19-992305-2|page=319|volume=vol.I°}} * {{cite book|author=Charles Knight|coauthors=|title=Biography: Or, Third Division of "The English Encyclopedia"|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=d8RPAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA2-PA706&dq=Michiel+van+der+Gucht&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michiel%20van%20der%20Gucht&f=false|accessdate=31 Ianuarii 2016|year=1872|editor=Bradbury, Evans and Co.|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=621-622|volume=appendix}} * {{cite book|author=Pieter Biesboer|coauthors=|title=Nederlandish Inventories 1 - Collections of Paintings in Haarlem, 1572-1745|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=1mV6p35NufEC&pg=PA299&dq=Guillam+Dubois+painter&hl=it&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj8xobMndPtAhXH-KQKHWdHAA8Q6AEwAHoECAAQAg#v=onepage&q=Guillam%20Dubois%20painter&f=false|accessdate=20 Ianuarii 2021|year=2001|editor=Carol Togneri|location=[[Angelopolis]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=20-299-340-366|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Joseph Strutt|coauthors=|title=A Biographical Dictionary: Containing an Historical Account of All the Engravers|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=B14OAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA356&dq=Michael+van+der+Gucht&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michael%20van%20der%20Gucht&f=false|accessdate=31 Ianuarii 2016|year=1785|editor=J.Davis|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=355-356|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Stanley H. Johnston|coauthors=|title=The Cleveland Herbal, Botanical, and Horticultural Collections|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=ff5tJ4EfHhMC&pg=PA295&dq=Michael+van+der+Gucht&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michael%20van%20der%20Gucht&f=false|accessdate=31 Ianuarii 2016|year=1992|editor=Respublicae Ohioensis Universitatis Prelum|location=[[Cantium (Ohium)|Cantii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=0-87338-433-4|page=265|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=John Gould|coauthors=Horace Walpole, George Vertue|title=A Dictionary of Painters, Sculptors, Architects, and Engravers|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=Si9cAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA483&dq=Robert+White+engraver&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Robert%20White%20engraver&f=false|accessdate=31 Martii 2016|year=1810|editor=Gale and Curtis|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=417-483|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Christopher D.M. Atkins|coauthors=|title=The signature style of Frans Hals: painting, subjectivity, and the market in Early Modernity|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=5hkhAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA162&dq=Pieter+van+Roestraten&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Pieter%20van%20Roestraten&f=false|accessdate=4 Novembris 2016|year=2012|editor=Prelum [[Universitas Amstelodamensis|Universitatis Amstelodamensis]]|location=[[Amstelodamum|Amstelodami]]|language=Anglice|isbn=978-90-8964-335-3|page=162|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Peter McNeil|coauthors=Giorgio Riello|title=Luxury: A Rich History|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=gcowDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT107&dq=Pieter+van+Roestraten&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Pieter%20van%20Roestraten&f=false|accessdate=4 Novembris 2016|year=2006|editor=Prelum [[Universitas Oxoniensis|Universitatis Oxoniensis]]|location=[[Oxonia]]e|language=Anglice|isbn=978-0-19-966324-8|page=|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Derek Brewer|coauthors=Marie-Françoise Alamichel|title=The Middle Ages After the Middle Ages in the English-speaking Wor|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=omAVJRxb-eoC&pg=PA80&dq=Pieter+van+Roestraten&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Pieter%20van%20Roestraten&f=false|accessdate=4 Novembris 2016|year=2006|editor=D.S.Brewer|location=[[Cantabrigia]]e|language=Anglice|isbn=978-0-85991-508-3|page=80|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Titus Livius|coauthors=Ioannes Munnickhuysen|title=Titi Livii Historiarum quod extat|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=HtfArsn_TTcC&pg=PR18&dq=Johannes+Willemsz.+Munnickhuysen&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Johannes%20Willemsz.%20Munnickhuysen&f=false|accessdate=20 Iunii 2016|year=1679|editor=|location=|language=Latine|isbn=|page=|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=AA.VV.|coauthors=|title=Etat civil de quelques artistes francais. Extrait des registres des paroisses des anciennes archives de la ville de Paris|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=oOAKpD0vsF4C&pg=PA11&dq=Jean+Baptiste+Duru&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Jean%20Baptiste%20Duru&f=false|accessdate=20 Iulii 2017|year=1873|editor=Libraire Pagnerre|location=[[Lutetia]]e|language=Francice|isbn=|page=129|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Helmer J. Helmers|coauthors=|title=The Royalist Republic|url=https://www.google.it/books/edition/The_Royalist_Republic/QZqiBQAAQBAJ?hl=it&gbpv=1&dq=Vincent+van+der+Vinne&pg=PA142&printsec=frontcover|accessdate=2 Septembris 2025|editor=Prelum [[Universitas Cantabrigiensis|Universitatis Cantabrigiensis]]|year=2015|location=[[Cantabrigia]]e|language=Anglice|page=142|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Sam Segal|coauthors=Klara Allen|title=Dutch and Flemish Flower Pieces|url=https://www.google.it/books/edition/Dutch_and_Flemish_Flower_Pieces_2_vols_i/rmgCEAAAQBAJ?hl=it&gbpv=1&dq=Vincent+van+der+Vinne&pg=PA828&printsec=frontcover|accessdate=2 Septembris 2025|editor=Brill Hes & De Graaf|year=2020|location=[[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]|language=Anglice|page=536|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=David Towry Piper|coauthors=|title=Dizionario illustrato dell'arte e degli artisti|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=tOynfqWxk34C&pg=PA41&dq=Nathaniel+Bacon+pittore&hl=it&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjfyZLajtrrAhXkAhAIHWIyAAIQ6AEwAHoECAIQAg#v=onepage&q=Nathaniel%20Bacon%20pittore&f=false|accessdate=27 Octobris 2020|year=1984|editor=Gremese|location=[[Roma]]e|language=Italice|isbn=88-7742-422-2|page=41|volume=}} == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Vincent Laurensz. van der Vinne (I)|Vincentium Laurensz. van der Vinne I}} * [https://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n90-655549/ Alexander Chalmers in WorldCat] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/nl/zoeken?q=%20Riethoorn&v=&s=&ondisplay=False&ii=0&p=1 Ioannes Riethoorn in Amstelodami Rijksmuseum] {{Ling|Nederlandice}} * [https://www.artnet.com/artists/vincent-laurensz-van-der-vinne-the-elder/ Vincentius Laurensz. van der Vinne I in Artnet] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [http://www.artnet.com/artists/jean-baptiste-durup/past-auction-results Ioannes Baptista Durup in Artnet] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp00205/sir-nathaniel-bacon?search=sas&sText=Nathaniel+Bacon Nathanael Bacon in The National Portrait Gallery] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [http://www.artcyclopedia.com/artists/vinne_vincent_laurensz_van_der.html Vincentius Laurensz. van der Vinne I in Artcyclopedia] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/search/list?base=%5B%22Collections%20des%20mus%C3%A9es%20de%20France%20%28Joconde%29%22%5D&mainSearch=%22Guillam%20Dubois%22 Gulielmus Dubois - Base Joconde] {{Ling|Francice}} * [http://www.scholarsresource.com/browse/artist/2142564356 Petrus de Roestraeten in Scholars Resource] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz83861.html#indexcontent Lambertus de Visscher in Deutsche Biographie] {{Ling|Theodisce}} {{Controllo di autorità}} {{Portale|arte|biografie}} <!-- {{Lifetime|1625|1680|Vinne, Vincentius Laurensz. I}} [[Categoria:Pictores Germaniae]] [[Categoria:Pictores Angliae]] [[Categoria:Artifices Nederlandiae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Angliae]] [[Categoria:Chalcographi]] [[Categoria:Scalptores]] [[Categoria:Entomologi]] [[Categoria:Cartographi]] {{Attributio|it|Eugène Stanislas Alexandre Bléry|72344825}} {{Attributio|en|Diary of a Wimpy Kid||partim}} ac ==> atque ante vocalem {{NexInt}} {{Nexus nominis}} --> i3e0mlxa0k84h0ikif9hmhsq592p2nh 3986626 3986625 2026-09-08T15:11:00Z Maria.martelli 20183 3986626 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Monitus de harenario usoris|f}} {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:Still Life with Watermelon, by Sarah Miriam Peale, 1822, oil on panel - Fogg Art Museum, Harvard University - DSC01409.jpg|thumb|250px|Natura mortua cum citrullo lanato]] <!--__NOTOC__ --> <!--{{NUMBEROFACTIVEUSERS}} --> {{res|Sara Miriama Peale}} (''vulgo'': '''Sarah Miriam Peale'''; [[Philadelphia]]e 19 Maii anno [[1800]] nata; [[Philadelphia]]e 4 Februarii anno [[1885]] mortua) fuit [[Saeculum Aureum Batavicum|saeculi aurei]] pictrix pictor et [[adumbratio]]nis peritissimus artifex [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Americana]] [[Nederlandia|Nederlandicus]], quae praecipue imagines personarum effingebat. Praeterea prima mulier Americana extimabatur quae picturae opere se sustentaret<ref name = "Peale Family">{{cite web |url=http://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/peale-family-of-painters/ |title=The Peale Family of Painters |author=Ogden Kate |publisher= Rutgers University: Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia |year=2016 |accessdate=6 Gennaio 2017}}</ref>. Ex familia artificum orta, cuius patruus [[Carolus Willson Peale]] clarissimus erat, Sara Peale imagines pinxit potissimum illustrium virorum, civium politicorum et ducum militarium [[Terra Mariae|Terrae Mariae]], [[Pennsilvania|Pennsilvania]]e et [[Vasingtonia (D.C.)|Vasingtonia]]e. [[La Fayette]] effigiem quater pinxit. == Biographia == [[Fasciculus:EBosley.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Elias Bosley effigies (1740–1841), Oleis in linteo, 62,23 x 73,66 cm, fere anno 1825]] [[Fasciculus:Basket of berries sarah miriam peale.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Fiscus cum bacis, [[1860]])]] Sara filia minima natu erat minutorum operum et naturae mortuae pictoris [[Iacomus Peale|Iacomi Peale]], fratris minoris natu [[Carolus Willson Peale|Caroli Willson Peale]], et Miriamae Claypoole. A patre et fratuo artem picturae didicit et adiutrix patris in officina eius facta est<ref name = "Peale Family"/>. Per discipulatum, coloribus miscendis, lintiis parandis fundisque adumbrandis usum comparavit<ref name="History of American Women">{{Cite news|url=http://www.womenhistoryblog.com/2015/04/sarah-miriam-peale.html|title=Sarah Miriam Peale|work=History of American Women|accessdate=30 marzo 2018|language=en}}</ref>. Sara et sorores suae, [[Anna Claypoole Peale|Anna Claypoole]] e [[Margarita Angelica Peale|Margarita Angelica]], a mulieribus medii ordinis illius temporis differebant, cum educationem accepissent, uxores et matres esse didicerant, et scientiam mercatoriam et artisticam a familia sua sumpserant<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Peale Family: Creation of a Legacy (1770-1870)|author=Miller Lillian|publisher=Abbeville Press|year=1996|ISBN=0-7892-0206-9|p=228}}</ref>. Adulescens, experientiam comparavit dum extremam manum picturis patris iniecit. Primae eius operae ad annum 1816 pertinent et res inanimas quales sunt flores effingunt, mox tamen se ad vultus exprimendos convertit. Anno 1818, tres menses cum [[Rembrandus Peale|Rembrando Peale]], suo consobrino, [[Baltimora]]e degit, et iterum annis 1820 et 1822. Is et criticus [[Ioannes Neal]] eius primam pingendi rationem atque picturae argumenta affecerunt<ref>{{cite journal| last = Chico | first = Beverly Berghaus | date = Autunno 1976 | title = Two American Firsts: Sara Peale, Portrait Painter, and John Neal, Critic | url = https://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc5800/sc5881/000001/000000/000283/pdf/msa_sc_5881_1_283.pdf | journal = Maryland Historical Society Magazine | volume = 71 | issue= 3 | page = 349 | language= en}}</ref>. Per viginti quinque annos Baltimorae (1822–1847) operatus est atque, interdum, [[Vasingtonia (D.C.)|Vasingtoniae]]<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.marylandartsource.org/artists/detail_000000042.html | title= Maryland Art Source| urlarchive=https://20030113231623/http://www.marylandartsource.org/artists/detail_000000042.html | publisher= The Baltimore Art Research & Outreach Consortium | date= 19 giugno 2003 | datearchive= 13 gennaio 2003 | language= en}}</ref>. Sessionibus [[Congressus Civitatum Foederatarum]] interfuit atque multorum virorum illustrium imagines pinxit<ref>{{cite book|author=Miller Lillian B.|title=The Peale family: creation of a legacy, 1770-1870|year=1996|publisher=Abbeville Press|ISBN=9780789202062|page=240}}</ref>. Sara primum apud Academiam Pennsilvaniensem exposuit, opus ''Effigies dominae'' (1818) exhibens. Anno 1824 una<ref name="Brooklyn">Dinner Party database of notable women at the Brooklyn Museum</ref> cum sorore Anna Claypoole Peale in [[Academia Artium Pulchrarum Pennsylvanienses|Academiam Artium Pulchrarum Pennsylvaniensem]] admissa est<ref name="Morgan">{{cite book|author=Morgan Ann Lee|title=The Oxford dictionary of American art and artists |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York|year=2007 |page=367|ISBN=978-0-19-512878-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pyvjWAcwnHEC&pg=PA367}}</ref>: ambae enim primae mulieres erant quae hoc honore potirentur. Anno 1831 Baltimorae officinam aperuit<ref>{{cite web|title=Sarah Peale (1800-1885)|url=https://www.nwhm.org/education-resources/biography/biographies/sarah-peale/|work=national Women's History Museum|accessdate=6 Giugno 2017|date=8 novembre 2016|urlarchive=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108014242/https://www.nwhm.org/education-resources/biography/biographies/sarah-peale/|url=dead}}</ref>; exstantque plus quam centum personarum imagines, quas ibi ex mandato effinxit. Ea aetate in urbe sua artifex omnium fecundissima habebatur<ref name="King">{{cite book|author=King Joan |title=Sarah M. Peale: America's first woman artist |publisher=Branden Books|year=1987 |page=296|ISBN=0-8283-1999-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9EpzXYTgE5YC&pg=PA296}}</ref>. Eius personarum effigies oleo pictae statim a sodalibus Congressūs, legatis aliisque locupletibus in Terra Mariae expetebantur<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nmwa.org/explore/artist-profiles/sarah-miriam-peale|title=Sarah Miriam Peale|work= National Museum of Women in the Arts nmwa.org|language=en|accessdate=30 marzo 2018}}</ref>. Ars eius imaginum pingendarum genere singularis habetur, propter usum pellium, textilium denticulatorum aliorumque pannorum subtiliter redditorum, necnon propter vultuum, cutis et capillorum similitudinem<ref name="History of American Women"/>. [[Fasciculus:|thumb|right|250px|Hadriani Banckert effigies ([[1673]])]] [[Fasciculus:|thumb|right|250px|Forum boarium magnum parvumque, et piscatorium]] Anno 1847, mala valetudine coacta, ad [[Urbs Sancti Ludovici|Urbem Sancti Ludovici]] migrare debuit; ibi per se feliciter floruit atque una ex primis artificibus feminis Americanis facta est quae arte sua se alerent<ref name="Brooklyn"/><ref name="King"/>. Maxima pars operum eius huius aetatis apud privatos possidentur<ref name="King"/>. Intorno al 1860, ritornò alla realizzazione delle nature morte, ma con una composizione naturale e meno formale rispetto a quella dei suoi anni precedenti<ref name="King"/>. Nel 1878 fece ritorno nella sua città natale, trascorrendovi gli ultimi anni con le sorelle Anna Claypoole (morta nel 1878) e Margaretta Angelica (morta nel 1882)<ref name="Brooklyn"/><ref name="King"/>. Come sua sorella Margaretta, non si sposò mai<ref>{{cite book|author=Greer Germaine |title=The obstacle race: the fortunes of women painters and their work |publisher=Tauris Parke Paperbacks|year=2001 |page=25|ISBN=1-86064-677-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qnBu6eUvx18C&pg=PA25}}</ref>. Morì nel 1885 nella sua città natale<ref name="King"/>. Diversi dipinti di Peale furono inclusi nella mostra inaugurale del [[National Museum of Women in the Arts]], ''American Women Artists 1830-1930'', nel 1987<ref name="Tufts(U.S.)1987">{{cite book|author=Eleanor Tufts|author2=National Museum of Women in the Arts (U.S.); International Exhibitions Foundation|title=American women artists, 1830-1930|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EvxPAAAAMAAJ|year=1987|publisher=International Exhibitions Foundation for the National Museum of Women in the Arts|ISBN=978-0-940979-01-7}}</ref>. == Opera == * ''Dies festus sub divo'', [[Hydrochroma]] et temperatio supra [[Membrana (ars scribendi)|membrana]], 96 × 78 cm, 1671, [[Rijksmuseum (Amstelodamum)|Rijksmuseum]], [[Amstelodamum|Amstelodami]] * ''Tres fratres Browne'', temperatio et aurum supra [[Membrana (ars scribendi)|membrana]], 24 × 26 cm, 1598, Burghley House, Stamford<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Isaac_Oliver_Brothers_Browne.jpg Tres fratres Browne - Communia]</ref> * ''Vanitas cum fidiculis, calva et argenti vaso'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, 63,5 x 75 cm * ''In murae testa flores'', [[pictura]] supra aeris lamina, 31 x 21 cm, 1616-1617, Collectio privata<ref>[http://www.wga.hu/html/b/berghe/flowers.html In murae testa flores - The Web Gallery of Art]</ref> * ''Topia collina prope flumen, duo homines in cymba, viatores itinere'', pictura * ''[[Henricus Fridericus Stuart|Henrici Friderici Stuart]] effigies'', [[Hydrochroma]] supra [[Membrana (ars scribendi)|membrana]], 13,2 × 10 cm, 1610, Royal Collection * ''Matronae effigies'', [[Hydrochroma]] supra [[Membrana (ars scribendi)|membrana]], 5,9 x 4,8 cm, 1610 fere, apud Artis Museum, [[Cincinnati|Cincinnatorum]]ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Isaac_Oliver_-_A_Lady_in_Masque_Costume_-_WGA16637.jpg Matronae effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Topia fluvialia cum opilione et pecore'', [[pictura]], 47,2 x 71,8 cm, apud Rijksmuseum Twenthe, [[Enscheda]]e<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Guilliaume_Dubois_-_Heuvelachtige_rivieroever_-_BR0001_(R448)_-_Rijksmuseum_Twenthe.jpg Topia fluvialia cum opilione et pecore - Communia]</ref> * ''[[Rhenus|Rheni]] regionis despectus'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, 136,84 x 68,1 cm, apud [[Pinacotheca Dulvicensis|Pinacothecam Dulvicensem]], [[Dulwich]]<ref name=dulwich/> * ''Topia con viatoribus ac ecclesia procul'', [[pictura]], 45,7 x 63,5 cm, 1649, apud Mauritshuis, [[Haga]]e<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dune_Landscape_with_Road_and_Church_by_Guillam_Dubois_Mauritshuis_799.jpg Topia con viatoribus ac ecclesia procul - Communia]</ref> * ''Rijngesigje ([[Rhenus|Rheni]] despectus)'', [[pictura]], apud Petri Boll Collectionem, [[Harlemum|Harlemi]]<ref name=biesboer/> * ''[[Rhenus|Rheni]] regionis despectus cum castello viatoribusque'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, 79,8 x 102,2 cm, post annum [[1653]], apud [[Pinacotheca Dulvicensis|Pinacothecam Dulvicensem]], [[Dulwich]]<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Peter_Wtewael_Hirte_mit_Sackpfeife1596_1660.jpg Caprarius cum tibiis infixis utricolo - Communia]</ref> * ''Natura mortua cum floribus et papilione'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maria_van_Oosterwijk_Still_Life_with_Flowers_after.jpg Natura mortua cum floribus et papilione - Communia]</ref> * ''Vanitas cum calva et heliotropio'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, apud collectanea privata<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maria_van_Oosterwijk_Vanitas-Stilleben.jpg Vanitas cum calva et heliotropio - Communia]</ref> * ''Natura mortua cum floribus pomisque'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, 1670 fere, apud [[Palatium Pittianum]], [[Florentia]]e<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maria_van_Oosterwijk_-_Flowers_and_Fruit_-_WGA16657.jpg Natura mortua cum floribus pomisque - Communia]</ref> * ''Natura mortua cum floribus in vaso scite ornato'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, 62 x 47,5 cm, 1670-1675, apud Mauritshuis, [[Haga]]e<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Still_Life_with_Flowers_in_a_Decorative_Vase,_Oosterwijck.jpg Natura mortua cum floribus in vaso scite ornato - Communia]</ref> * ''Natura mortua cum vaso florum, citreo papilioneque'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, deorsum in media pictura obsignata ''Maria Va Oosterwijck Aº 1675'', 90,4 x 80,7 cm, 1675<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MARIA_VAN_OOSTERWIJCK_NOOTDORP_1630_-_1693_UITDAM_A_FLORAL_STILL_LIFE.jpg Natura mortua cum vaso florum, citreo papilioneque - Communia]</ref> * ''Natura mortua cum floribus, heliotropio insectisque'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, 73,6 x 55,8 cm, 1670 fere, apud Museum Artis Denverii, [[Denverium (Coloratum)|Denverii]]<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maria_van_Oosterwyck_-_Bouquet_of_Flowers_in_a_Vase_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg Natura mortua cum floribus, heliotropio insectisque - Communia]</ref> * ''Topia montana cum viatoribus et cane ab laeva'', [[pictura]] supra tabula cum pigmento oleario, 36 x 32 cm, 1654 fere, apud [[Rijksmuseum (Amstelodamum)|Rijksmuseum]], [[Amstelodamum|Amstelodami]] * ''Topia nemorosa cum viatoribus'', [[pictura]] supra tabula cum pigmento oleario, 47 x 63,5 cm, antea [[Iacobus de Ruysdael|Iacobo de Ruysdael]] adscripta<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_WOODED_LANDSCAPE_WITH_TRAVELERS_ON_A_PATH.png Topia nemorosa cum viatoribus - Communia]</ref> * ''Pagi semita cum ecclesia procul'', delineatio, 1650 fere, apud [[Centrum Getty]], [[Angelopolis]]<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Guillam_Dubois_-_Village_Path_with_Church_Spire_in_the_Distance_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg Pagi semita cum ecclesia procul - Communia]</ref> * ''Roberti von der Pfalz effigies'', chalcographia [[ratio atra]], 18,6 x 16,4 cm, apud Artium Museum, [[Franciscopolis (California)|Franciscopolis]]<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Prince_Rupert_von_der_Pfalz.jpg Roberti von der Pfalz effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Argumentum marinum'', [[pictura]] cum penicillo et atramento, dextra deorsum obsignata ''R. Zeeman''<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Zeeman,_marine.jpg Argumentum marinum - Communia]</ref> * ''Hortus floridus in quo rariorum et minus vulgarium florum icones ad vivam veramque formam accuratissme delineata'', Crispijn van de Passe de jongere et Joannes Waldelius, 1614<ref>[http://books.google.it/books?id=RhtTAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Crispijn+van+de+Passe+II&hl=en&sa=X&ei=1y0jVNysGcKe7gbNnoG4AQ&ved=0CD4Q6wEwBDgU#v=onepage&q=Crispijn%20van%20de%20Passe%20II&f=false Hortus floridus]</ref> * ''Davidis Clarkson effigies'', chalcographia secundum [[Maria Beale|Mariae Beale]] picturam sculpta, 1696 * ''Alexander Gibson, Dominus Durie'', chalcographia secundum [[David Paton|Davidis Paton]] picturam sculpta, 1690 * ''Anthonii Tuckney effigies'', chalcographia, 194 × 132 mm, 1676<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anthony_Tuckney.jpg Anthonii Tuckney effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''[[Augustus II Poloniae|Augusti II Poloniae]] effigies'', chalcographia, 1697<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AugustII_young2.jpeg Augusti II Poloniae effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''[[Henricus Somerset, I dux Beaufortiensis|Henrici Somerset, I ducis Beaufortiensis]] effigies'', chalcographia, 1679<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Beaufort1.JPG Henrici Somerset, I ducis Beaufortiensis effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Edmundi Ludlow effigies'', chalcographia, 1689<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Edmund_Ludlow.JPG Edmundi Ludlow effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Henrici Coley effigies'', chalcographia, 1676<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_Coley._Line_engraving_by_R._White,_1676,_after_himself_Wellcome_V0001188.jpg Henrici Coley effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Edmundi Gibson effigies'', chalcographia, apud [[Pinacotheca Effigierum Publica|Pinacothecam Effigierum Publicam Londiniensem]]<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Edmund_Gibson_by_Michael_Vandergucht.jpg Edmundi Gibson effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Eduardi Ward effigies'', chalcographia, 1702, secundum [[Godfridus Kneller|Godfridi Kneller]] picturam sculta<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Edward_Ward.jpg Eduardi Ward effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''[[Iacomus Hamilton, I dux Hamiltoniensis|Iacomi Hamilton, I ducis Hamiltoniensis]] effigies'', chalcographia, 244 mm x 155 mm, apud [[Pinacotheca Effigierum Publica|Pinacothecam Effigierum Publicam Londiniensem]]<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:James_Hamilton,_1st_Duke_of_Hamilton_by_Robert_White,_late_17th_century.jpg Iacomi Hamilton, I ducis Hamiltoniensis effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Ioannis Browne effigies'', chalcographia, 1678<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:John_Browne_Robert_White.jpg Ioannis Browne effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Ioannis Partridge effigies'', chalcographia, 1679<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:John_Partridge._Line_engraving_by_R._White,_1679,_after_hims_Wellcome_V0004503EL.jpg Ioannis Partridge effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''[[Eduardus Tyson|Eduardi Tyson]] libri "Orang-outang, sive Hominis Sylvestris" imagines'', chalcographiae<ref name=meyer/> * ''"A voyage to the islands of Madera, Barbados, Nieves, S.Christophers and Jamaica" imagines'', 75 chalcographiae<ref name=holden/> * ''Thomae Wyat effigies'', chalcographia<ref name=bryan/> * ''Ioannis Baliol effigies'', chalcographia<ref name=bryan/> == Honores == [[Fasciculus:Ordre de Saint-Michel Chevalier ribbon.svg|thumb|75px]] [[Michael (archangelus)|Michaelis Archangeli]] ordo ([[1662]]) [[Fasciculus:Legion Honneur Chevalier ribbon.svg|thumb|75px]] [[Legio Honoris|Legionis Honoris]] Eques ([[1846]]) [[Fasciculus:Order of the Bath UK ribbon.svg|thumb|left|75px]] Eques [[Ordo Imperii Britanniorum|Ordinis Imperii Britanniorum]] == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == * {{cite web|url=http://www.enciclopediabresciana.it/enciclopedia/index.php?title=HERDT|author=|author2=|title=HERDT (o HERTZ) (de) Jan|accesso=31 Ianuarii 2020|work=ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRIXIENSES|year=2020|language=}} * {{cite web|url=http://arthistoryreference.com/a1/60768.htm|author=|author2=|title=Jan Andrea Lievens (1644 - 1680)|accesso=1<sup>o</sup> Iunii 2016|work=Art History Reference|year=2017|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=https://dictionaryofarthistorians.org/gersonh.html|author=|author2=|title=Gerson, Horst [Karl]|accesso=9 Maii 2016|work=Dictionary of Art Historians|year=2016|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.vondel.humanities.uva.nl/ecartico/persons/7908|author=|author2=|title=Lambrecht Visscher|accesso=9 Iulii 2020|work=Universitatis Amstelodamensis - Amsterdam Centre for the Study of the Golden Age|year=2020|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Chalmers,_Alexander|author=|author2=|title=Chalmers, Alexander|accesso=26 Aprilis 2016|work=Wikisource - Encyclopædia Britannica (1911)|year=2016|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/retroboeken/nnbw/#source=10&page=130&view=imagePane|author=J.M.Blok|author2=|title=DUBOIS (Guillam o Willem)|accesso=20 Ianuarii 2021|work=Nieuw Nederlandsch Biografisch Woordenboek (NNBW)|year=2021|language=Nederlandice}} * {{cite web|http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/oosterwijck|author=Noud Janssen|author2=|title=Oosterwijck, Maria van (1630-1693)|accesso=24 Ianuarii 2018|work=Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland - DVN|year=2018|language=Nederlandice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=Cornelis+van+Dalen&role=&nation=&prev_page=1&subjectid=500031216|author=|author2=|title=Dalen, Cornelis van, I (Dutch printmaker, draftsman, and editor, ca. 1602-1665)|accesso=5 Martii 2020|work=Union List of Artist Names Online|year=2020|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=Cornelis+van+Dalen&role=&nation=&page=1&subjectid=500031216|author=|author2=|title=Dalen, Cornelis van, I (Dutch printmaker, draftsman, and editor, ca. 1602-1665)|accesso=26 Maii 2016|work=Union List of Artist Names Online|year=2016|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp88710/abraham-meindersz-van-der-wenne?search=sas&sText=Abraham+van+der+Wenne|author=|author2=|title=Abraham Meindersz van der Wenne (circa 1656-1693), Engraver|accesso=23 Maii 2017|work=National Portrait Gallery|year=2017|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.wga.hu/bio/v/vinne/vincent/biograph.html|author=Emil Kren|author2=Daniel Marx|title=VINNE, Vincentius I Laurensz. van der|accessdate=2 Septembris 2025|work=The Web Gallery of Art|year=2020|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.sphinxfineart.com/Zeeman-Reinier-Nooms-called-DesktopDefault.aspx?tabid=45&tabindex=44&artistid=38786|author=Edward Strachan|author2=Roy Bolton|title=REINIER NOOMS, CALLED ZEEMAN (AMSTERDAM 1623 - AMSTERDAM 1664)|accessdate=9 Iunii 2015|work=SPHINX FINE ART - Artists|year=2015|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.getty.edu/art/gettyguide/artMakerDetails?maker=1119|author=|coautori=|title=Christoffel van den Berghe|accessdate=20 Iulii 2014|work=The J.Paul Getty Museum - Artists|year=2014|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/jacob-isaacksz-van-ruysdael_%28Enciclopedia-Italiana%29/|author=|title=RUYSDAEL, Jacob Isaacksz van|accessdate=20 Ianuari 2021|work=Enciclopedie on line - Treccani.it|year=2021|language=Italice}} * {{cite web|url=https://rkd.nl/explore/artists/81168|author=|title=Vincentius van de Vinne I|accessdate=2 Septembris 2025|work=Rijksbureau voor Kunsthistorische Documentatie|year=2025|language=Nederlandice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.rkd.nl/rkddb/dispatcher.aspx?action=search&database=ChoiceArtists&search=priref=73861|author=|title=Paul van Somer (II)|accessdate=21 Septembris 2015|work=Rijksbureau voor Kunsthistorische Documentatie|year=2015|language=Nederlandice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.rkd.nl/rkddb/dispatcher.aspx?action=search&database=ChoiceArtists&search=priref=90557|author=|title=Everhardus Kickius|accessdate=26 Februarii 2015|work=Rijksbureau voor Kunsthistorische Documentatie|year=2015|language=Nederlandice}} * {{cite book|author=David Freedberg|coauthors=Jan de Vries|title=Art in History/History in Art: Studies in Seventeenth-Century Dutch Culture|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=arVDAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA382&dq=Johannes+Goedaert&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ShaKVPToLITtUpDRgugL&ved=0CF8Q6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=Johannes%20Goedaert&f=false|accessdate=26 Dicembris 2014|year=1991|editor=The Getty Center for the History of Art and the Humanities|location=[[Sancta Monica (California)|Sanctae Monicae]]|language=Lingua Anglica|isbn=0-89236-201-4|pages=382-383|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=|coautori=|title=Imago Musicae 1986|url=http://books.google.it/books?id=d1AU_FAgVbgC&pg=PA65&dq=Hendrik+Pot&hl=en&sa=X&ei=D9bzUsS6BqKAywPVl4KAAQ&ved=0CFsQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=Hendrik%20Pot&f=false|accessdate=24 Ianuarius 2014|year=1987|editor=Duke University Press|city=[[Durham]]|language=Anglice|isbn=0-8223-0723-5|page=65|volume=vol.III}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/peinture/sir_Nathaniel_Bacon/150952|author=|title=sir_Nathaniel_Bacon|accessdate=27 Octobris 2020|series=Dictionnaire de la Peinture Larousse|year=2020|language=Francice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/peinture/Zyl/155022|author=|title=les Van Zyl|accessdate=11 Iulii 2017|series=Encyclopédie Larousse|year=2017|language=Francice}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/sir-nathaniel-bacon-2370|author=Terry Riggs|author2=|title=Sir Nathaniel Bacon 1585–1627|accessdate=27 Octobris 20205|work=Tate|year=2020|language=Anglice}} * {{cite book|author=Peter C. Sutton|coauthors=Lisa Vergara;Ann Jensen Adams|title=Love Letters: Dutch Genre Paintings in the Age of Vermeer|url=http://books.google.it/books?id=3T6ZUprgU_0C&pg=PA79&dq=Dirck+Hals&hl=en&sa=X&ei=710-UeWgO4LWPdfDgOgD&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Dirck%20Hals&f=false|accessdate=26 Ianuarius 2014|year=2003|editor=Frances Lincoln Limited|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=0-7112-2338-6|pages=79-80|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=|coauthors=|title=Liechtenstein, the Princely Collections|url=http://books.google.it/books?id=A1f7lsIFyu0C&pg=PA269&dq=Hendrick+Gerritsz+Pot&hl=en&sa=X&ei=zd3zUqjFJYn5yAOKkIGIAw&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Hendrick%20Gerritsz%20Pot&f=false|accessdate=6 febbraio 2014|year=1985|editor=[[Museum Artium Metropolitanum]]|location=[[Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]]|language=Anglice|isbn=0-87099-383-2|pages=269|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Adriaan van der Willigen|coauthors=|title=Les artistes de Harlem: Notices historiques avec un Précis sur la Gilde de St. Luc|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=YCtCAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA251&dq=Riethoorn&hl=it&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjQ-KPcgt_qAhX0SRUIHXe0CHEQ6AEwCHoECAIQAg#v=onepage&q=Riethoorn&f=false|accessdate=28 Iulii 2020|year=1870|editor=Les Héritiers F.Bohn|location=[[Harlemum|Harlemi]]|language=Francice|isbn=|pages=251-252|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Roeland van Eynden|coauthors=Adriaan van der Willigen|title=Geschiedenis der vaderlandsche schilderkunst sedert de helft der XVIII eeuw|url=http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/retroboeken/vaderlandsche_schilderkunst/#source=I&page=93&view=imagePane|accessdate=28 Iulii 2020|year=1979|editor=B.M.Israel|location=[[Amstelodamum|Amstelodami]]|language=Nederlandice|isbn=90-6078-077-9|pages=78|volume=vol.I°}} * {{cite book|author=Abraham Jacob van der Aa|coauthors=Karel Johan Reinier van Harderwijk;Gilles Dionysius Jacobus Schotel|title=Biografisch Woordenboek der Nederlanden|url=http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/retroboeken/vdaa/#source=aa__001biog19_01.xml&page=340&view=imagePane|accessdate=28 Iulii 2020|year=1874|editor=J.J. van Brederode|location=[[Harlemum|Harlemi]]|language=Nederlandice|isbn=|pages=338|volume=vol.XVI°}} * {{cite book|author=Michael Bryan|coauthors=George Stanley|title=A biographical and critical dictionary of painters and engravers|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=07Q-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA751&dq=Paul+van+Somer+engraver&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Paul%20van%20Somer%20engraver&f=false|accessdate=21 Septembris 2016|year=1865|editor=H.G.Bohn|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|pages=751|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Michael Bryan|coauthors=George Stanley|title=Dictionary of painters and engravers, biographical and critical|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=07Q-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA742&dq=Michael+Burghers&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michael%20Burghers&f=false|accessdate=6 Ianuarii 2016|year=1865|editor=H.G.Bohn|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=122|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Shearjashub Spooner|coauthors=|title=A biographical history of the fine arts, or, Memoirs of the lives and works of the most eminent painters, engraveras, sculptors and architects|url=ttps://books.google.it/books?id=dgw8AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA908&dq=Paul+van+Somer+engraver&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Paul%20van%20Somer%20engraver&f=false|accessdate=21 Septembris 2016|year=1865|editor=J.W.Bouton|location=[[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|pages=908|volume=vol.II°}} * {{cite book|author=J.W. Frederiks|coauthors=|title=Dutch Silver: Wrougt Plate of North and South-Holland from the Renaissance|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=dnHyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA3&dq=Hieronymus+Wierix&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEYQ6AEwBmoVChMIhouQ5sj5xwIVq5xyCh16fgz3#v=onepage&q=Hieronymus%20Wierix&f=false|accessdate=28 Septembris 2015|year=1958|editor= Springer Science + Business Media Dordrecht|location=[[Haga]]e|language=Anglice|isbn=978-94-010-3699-3|page=3|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Sheila D. Muller|coauthors=|title=Dutch Art: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=ZPhLoy0FICMC&pg=PA299&dq=Jan+van+Somer&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Jan%20van%20Somer&f=false|accessdate=14 Septembris 2016|year=2011|editor=Routledge|location=[[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]]|language=Anglice|isbn=0-8153-0065-4|page=299|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=JG Frederiks|coauthors=F. Jos van den Branden|title=Biographisch woordenboek der Noord- en Zuidnederlandsche letterkunde|url=http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/bran038biog01_01/bran038biog01_01_3320.php|accessdate=10 Iulii 2014|year=1888-1891|editor=LJ Veen|location=[[Amstelodamum|Amstelodami]]|language=Nederlandice|isbn=|pages=|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=GJ van Bork|coauthors=PJ Verkruijsse|title=De Nederlandse en Vlaamse auteurs van middeleeuwen tot heden met inbegrip van de Friese auteurs|url=http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/bork001nede01_01/bork001nede01_01_1071.php|accessdate=10 Iulii 2014|year=1985|editor=De Haan|location=[[Weesp]]|language=Nederlandice|isbn=|pages=|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=[[Museum Artium Metropolitanum]]|coauthors=Walter A. Liedtke|title=Dutch Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art|url=http://books.google.it/books?id=jtnQ7PIT8mcC&pg=PA28&dq=Christoffel+van+den+Berghe&hl=it&sa=X&ei=t4HFU9GuEuHjywOg8oDQCA&ved=0CCEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Christoffel%20van%20den%20Berghe&f=false|accessdate=20 Iulii 2014|year=2007|editor==Yale University Press|location=[[New Haven]] e [[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=978-0-300-12028-8|pages=28-30|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Hans-Joachim Raupp|coauthors=|title=Stilleben und Tierstücke|url=http://books.google.it/books?id=tIdzwQuVNNwC&pg=PA220&dq=Fran%C3%A7ois+Ryckhals&hl=en&sa=X&ei=bc_OU_zkMovYPKntgaAC&ved=0CEgQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=Fran%C3%A7ois%20Ryckhals&f=false|accessdate=1º Augusti 2014|year=2004|editor=Lit Verlag|location=[[Münster]]|language=Germanice|isbn=3-8258-2239-7|page=220|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Augustine Jal|coauthors=|title=Dictionnaire critique de biographie et d'histoire|url=http://books.google.it/books?id=WcwKAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA768&dq=Mathieu+Le+Nain&hl=en&sa=X&ei=jwZUVJ7GBKvA7Abx9YDgBA&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Mathieu%20Le%20Nain&f=false|accessdate=13 Novembris 2014|year=1867|editor=Henri Plon|location=[[Lutetia]]e|language=Francice|isbn=|pages=767-768|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Eric Jorink|coauthors=|title=Reading the Book of Nature in the Dutch Golden Age, 1575-1715|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=XAiEMHlll9QC&pg=PA201&dq=Johannes+Goedaert&hl=en&sa=X&ei=KsKIVMP8FIHSPe2JgZAG&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Johannes%20Goedaert&f=false|accessdate=26 Dicembris 2014|year=2010|editor=Koninklijke Brill NV|location=[[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]|language=Anglice|isbn=978-9004-18671-2|pages=201-209|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Alexander Chalmers|coauthors=|title=The General biographical dictionary|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=79QvAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA386&dq=David+Loggan&hl=en&sa=X&ei=RyjVVPLNIYGqUe2Jg_AO&ved=0CEMQ6AEwBjgK#v=onepage&q=David%20Loggan&f=false|accessdate=26 Februarii 2015|year=1815|editor=Nichols, Son and Bentley|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=386|volume=vol.XX°}} * {{cite book|author=Arthur M. Hind|coauthors=|title=A History of Engraving and Etching|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=fnhpAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA150&dq=Cornelis+van+Dalen&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Cornelis%20van%20Dalen&f=false|accessdate=26 Maii 2015|year=2011|editor=Dover Publications Inc.|location=[[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]]|language=Anglice|isbn=0-486-20954-7|pages=150|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Michael Cyril William Hunter|coauthors=|title=Printed Images in Early Modern Britain: Essays in Interpretation|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=HO-y92dlu9gC&pg=PA292&dq=Jan+van+Somer&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Jan%20van%20Somer&f=false|accessdate=14 Septembris 2016|year=2010|editor=Michael Hunter|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=978-0-7546-6654-7|page=292|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Ad Stijnman|coauthors=Elizabeth Savage|title=Printing Colour 1400-1700: History, Techniques, Functions and Receptions|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=C9R0CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA207&dq=Gerard+Valck&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Gerard%20Valck&f=false|accessdate=30 Decembris 2015|2015|editor=Brill|location=[[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]|language=Anglice|isbn=978-90-04-26968-2|page=207|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Leo Bagrow|coauthors=|title=History of Cartography|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=OBeB4tDmJv8C&pg=PA184&dq=Gerard+Valck&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Gerard%20Valck&f=false|accessdate=30 Decembris 2015|2010|editor=Transaction Publishers|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=978-1-4128-1154-5|page=184-270|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=William Bridges Hunter|coauthors=|title=A Milton Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=x66M-BoFvncC&pg=PA106&dq=Michael+Burghers&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michael%20Burghers&f=false|accessdate=6 Ianuarii 2016|year=1979|editor=Associated University Presses Inc.|location=[[Cranbury]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=106|volume=vol.V°}} * {{cite book|author=Ian Gadd|coauthors=Simon Elliot, William Roger Louis|title=History of Oxford University Press, Volume I: Beginnings to 1780|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=VbkJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA526&dq=Michael+Burghers&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michael%20Burghers&f=false|accessdate=6 Ianuarii 2016|year=2013|editor=Oxford University Press|location=[[Oxonia]]e|language=Anglice|isbn=978-0-19-955731-8|page=526|volume=vol.I°}} * {{cite book|author=Oxfordshire architectural and historical society|coauthors=|title=Proceedings of the Oxford architectural and historical society|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=jEJbAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA64&dq=Michael+Burghers&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michael%20Burghers&f=false|accessdate=6 Ianuarii 2016|year=|editor=Parker|location=[[Oxonia]]e|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=64|volume=vol.IV°}} * {{cite book|author=Horace Walpole|coauthors=George Vertue|title=The Works of Horatio Walpole, Earl of Orford|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=0mVGAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA466&dq=Michael+Burghers&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michael%20Burghers&f=false|accessdate=6 Ianuarii 2016|year=1798|editor=Robinson|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=77|volume=vol.IV°}} * {{cite book|author=|coauthors=|title=Benezit Dictionary of British Graphic Artists and Illustrators|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=05C02RhJZCkC&pg=PA319&dq=Edward+Davis+engraver&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Edward%20Davis%20engraver&f=false|accessdate=17 Ianuarii 2016|year=2012|editor=Universitatis Oxoniensis Prelum|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=978-0-19-992305-2|page=319|volume=vol.I°}} * {{cite book|author=Charles Knight|coauthors=|title=Biography: Or, Third Division of "The English Encyclopedia"|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=d8RPAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA2-PA706&dq=Michiel+van+der+Gucht&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michiel%20van%20der%20Gucht&f=false|accessdate=31 Ianuarii 2016|year=1872|editor=Bradbury, Evans and Co.|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=621-622|volume=appendix}} * {{cite book|author=Pieter Biesboer|coauthors=|title=Nederlandish Inventories 1 - Collections of Paintings in Haarlem, 1572-1745|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=1mV6p35NufEC&pg=PA299&dq=Guillam+Dubois+painter&hl=it&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj8xobMndPtAhXH-KQKHWdHAA8Q6AEwAHoECAAQAg#v=onepage&q=Guillam%20Dubois%20painter&f=false|accessdate=20 Ianuarii 2021|year=2001|editor=Carol Togneri|location=[[Angelopolis]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=20-299-340-366|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Joseph Strutt|coauthors=|title=A Biographical Dictionary: Containing an Historical Account of All the Engravers|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=B14OAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA356&dq=Michael+van+der+Gucht&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michael%20van%20der%20Gucht&f=false|accessdate=31 Ianuarii 2016|year=1785|editor=J.Davis|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=355-356|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Stanley H. Johnston|coauthors=|title=The Cleveland Herbal, Botanical, and Horticultural Collections|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=ff5tJ4EfHhMC&pg=PA295&dq=Michael+van+der+Gucht&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michael%20van%20der%20Gucht&f=false|accessdate=31 Ianuarii 2016|year=1992|editor=Respublicae Ohioensis Universitatis Prelum|location=[[Cantium (Ohium)|Cantii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=0-87338-433-4|page=265|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=John Gould|coauthors=Horace Walpole, George Vertue|title=A Dictionary of Painters, Sculptors, Architects, and Engravers|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=Si9cAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA483&dq=Robert+White+engraver&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Robert%20White%20engraver&f=false|accessdate=31 Martii 2016|year=1810|editor=Gale and Curtis|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=417-483|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Christopher D.M. Atkins|coauthors=|title=The signature style of Frans Hals: painting, subjectivity, and the market in Early Modernity|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=5hkhAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA162&dq=Pieter+van+Roestraten&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Pieter%20van%20Roestraten&f=false|accessdate=4 Novembris 2016|year=2012|editor=Prelum [[Universitas Amstelodamensis|Universitatis Amstelodamensis]]|location=[[Amstelodamum|Amstelodami]]|language=Anglice|isbn=978-90-8964-335-3|page=162|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Peter McNeil|coauthors=Giorgio Riello|title=Luxury: A Rich History|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=gcowDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT107&dq=Pieter+van+Roestraten&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Pieter%20van%20Roestraten&f=false|accessdate=4 Novembris 2016|year=2006|editor=Prelum [[Universitas Oxoniensis|Universitatis Oxoniensis]]|location=[[Oxonia]]e|language=Anglice|isbn=978-0-19-966324-8|page=|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Derek Brewer|coauthors=Marie-Françoise Alamichel|title=The Middle Ages After the Middle Ages in the English-speaking Wor|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=omAVJRxb-eoC&pg=PA80&dq=Pieter+van+Roestraten&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Pieter%20van%20Roestraten&f=false|accessdate=4 Novembris 2016|year=2006|editor=D.S.Brewer|location=[[Cantabrigia]]e|language=Anglice|isbn=978-0-85991-508-3|page=80|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Titus Livius|coauthors=Ioannes Munnickhuysen|title=Titi Livii Historiarum quod extat|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=HtfArsn_TTcC&pg=PR18&dq=Johannes+Willemsz.+Munnickhuysen&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Johannes%20Willemsz.%20Munnickhuysen&f=false|accessdate=20 Iunii 2016|year=1679|editor=|location=|language=Latine|isbn=|page=|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=AA.VV.|coauthors=|title=Etat civil de quelques artistes francais. Extrait des registres des paroisses des anciennes archives de la ville de Paris|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=oOAKpD0vsF4C&pg=PA11&dq=Jean+Baptiste+Duru&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Jean%20Baptiste%20Duru&f=false|accessdate=20 Iulii 2017|year=1873|editor=Libraire Pagnerre|location=[[Lutetia]]e|language=Francice|isbn=|page=129|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Helmer J. Helmers|coauthors=|title=The Royalist Republic|url=https://www.google.it/books/edition/The_Royalist_Republic/QZqiBQAAQBAJ?hl=it&gbpv=1&dq=Vincent+van+der+Vinne&pg=PA142&printsec=frontcover|accessdate=2 Septembris 2025|editor=Prelum [[Universitas Cantabrigiensis|Universitatis Cantabrigiensis]]|year=2015|location=[[Cantabrigia]]e|language=Anglice|page=142|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Sam Segal|coauthors=Klara Allen|title=Dutch and Flemish Flower Pieces|url=https://www.google.it/books/edition/Dutch_and_Flemish_Flower_Pieces_2_vols_i/rmgCEAAAQBAJ?hl=it&gbpv=1&dq=Vincent+van+der+Vinne&pg=PA828&printsec=frontcover|accessdate=2 Septembris 2025|editor=Brill Hes & De Graaf|year=2020|location=[[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]|language=Anglice|page=536|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=David Towry Piper|coauthors=|title=Dizionario illustrato dell'arte e degli artisti|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=tOynfqWxk34C&pg=PA41&dq=Nathaniel+Bacon+pittore&hl=it&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjfyZLajtrrAhXkAhAIHWIyAAIQ6AEwAHoECAIQAg#v=onepage&q=Nathaniel%20Bacon%20pittore&f=false|accessdate=27 Octobris 2020|year=1984|editor=Gremese|location=[[Roma]]e|language=Italice|isbn=88-7742-422-2|page=41|volume=}} == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Vincent Laurensz. van der Vinne (I)|Vincentium Laurensz. van der Vinne I}} * [https://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n90-655549/ Alexander Chalmers in WorldCat] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/nl/zoeken?q=%20Riethoorn&v=&s=&ondisplay=False&ii=0&p=1 Ioannes Riethoorn in Amstelodami Rijksmuseum] {{Ling|Nederlandice}} * [https://www.artnet.com/artists/vincent-laurensz-van-der-vinne-the-elder/ Vincentius Laurensz. van der Vinne I in Artnet] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [http://www.artnet.com/artists/jean-baptiste-durup/past-auction-results Ioannes Baptista Durup in Artnet] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp00205/sir-nathaniel-bacon?search=sas&sText=Nathaniel+Bacon Nathanael Bacon in The National Portrait Gallery] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [http://www.artcyclopedia.com/artists/vinne_vincent_laurensz_van_der.html Vincentius Laurensz. van der Vinne I in Artcyclopedia] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/search/list?base=%5B%22Collections%20des%20mus%C3%A9es%20de%20France%20%28Joconde%29%22%5D&mainSearch=%22Guillam%20Dubois%22 Gulielmus Dubois - Base Joconde] {{Ling|Francice}} * [http://www.scholarsresource.com/browse/artist/2142564356 Petrus de Roestraeten in Scholars Resource] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz83861.html#indexcontent Lambertus de Visscher in Deutsche Biographie] {{Ling|Theodisce}} {{Controllo di autorità}} {{Portale|arte|biografie}} <!-- {{Lifetime|1625|1680|Vinne, Vincentius Laurensz. I}} [[Categoria:Pictores Germaniae]] [[Categoria:Pictores Angliae]] [[Categoria:Artifices Nederlandiae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Angliae]] [[Categoria:Chalcographi]] [[Categoria:Scalptores]] [[Categoria:Entomologi]] [[Categoria:Cartographi]] {{Attributio|it|Eugène Stanislas Alexandre Bléry|72344825}} {{Attributio|en|Diary of a Wimpy Kid||partim}} ac ==> atque ante vocalem {{NexInt}} {{Nexus nominis}} --> s3g59pe3xab3vvfr8rydq9ub7ikkafz 3986627 3986626 2026-09-08T15:13:49Z Maria.martelli 20183 3986627 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Monitus de harenario usoris|f}} {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:Still Life with Watermelon, by Sarah Miriam Peale, 1822, oil on panel - Fogg Art Museum, Harvard University - DSC01409.jpg|thumb|250px|Natura mortua cum citrullo lanato]] <!--__NOTOC__ --> <!--{{NUMBEROFACTIVEUSERS}} --> {{res|Sara Miriama Peale}} (''vulgo'': '''Sarah Miriam Peale'''; [[Philadelphia]]e 19 Maii anno [[1800]] nata; [[Philadelphia]]e 4 Februarii anno [[1885]] mortua) fuit [[Saeculum Aureum Batavicum|saeculi aurei]] pictrix pictor et [[adumbratio]]nis peritissimus artifex [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Americana]] [[Nederlandia|Nederlandicus]], quae praecipue imagines personarum effingebat. Praeterea prima mulier Americana extimabatur quae picturae opere se sustentaret<ref name = "Peale Family">{{cite web |url=http://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/peale-family-of-painters/ |title=The Peale Family of Painters |author=Ogden Kate |publisher= Rutgers University: Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia |year=2016 |accessdate=6 Gennaio 2017}}</ref>. Ex familia artificum orta, cuius patruus [[Carolus Willson Peale]] clarissimus erat, Sara Peale imagines pinxit potissimum illustrium virorum, civium politicorum et ducum militarium [[Terra Mariae|Terrae Mariae]], [[Pennsilvania|Pennsilvania]]e et [[Vasingtonia (D.C.)|Vasingtonia]]e. [[La Fayette]] effigiem quater pinxit. == Biographia == [[Fasciculus:EBosley.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Elias Bosley effigies (1740–1841), Oleis in linteo, 62,23 x 73,66 cm, fere anno 1825]] [[Fasciculus:Basket of berries sarah miriam peale.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Fiscus cum bacis, [[1860]])]] Sara filia minima natu erat minutorum operum et naturae mortuae pictoris [[Iacomus Peale|Iacomi Peale]], fratris minoris natu [[Carolus Willson Peale|Caroli Willson Peale]], et Miriamae Claypoole. A patre et fratuo artem picturae didicit et adiutrix patris in officina eius facta est<ref name = "Peale Family"/>. Per discipulatum, coloribus miscendis, lintiis parandis fundisque adumbrandis usum comparavit<ref name="History of American Women">{{Cite news|url=http://www.womenhistoryblog.com/2015/04/sarah-miriam-peale.html|title=Sarah Miriam Peale|work=History of American Women|accessdate=30 marzo 2018|language=en}}</ref>. Sara et sorores suae, [[Anna Claypoole Peale|Anna Claypoole]] e [[Margarita Angelica Peale|Margarita Angelica]], a mulieribus medii ordinis illius temporis differebant, cum educationem accepissent, uxores et matres esse didicerant, et scientiam mercatoriam et artisticam a familia sua sumpserant<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Peale Family: Creation of a Legacy (1770-1870)|author=Miller Lillian|publisher=Abbeville Press|year=1996|ISBN=0-7892-0206-9|p=228}}</ref>. Adulescens, experientiam comparavit dum extremam manum picturis patris iniecit. Primae eius operae ad annum 1816 pertinent et res inanimas quales sunt flores effingunt, mox tamen se ad vultus exprimendos convertit. Anno 1818, tres menses cum [[Rembrandus Peale|Rembrando Peale]], suo consobrino, [[Baltimora]]e degit, et iterum annis 1820 et 1822. Is et criticus [[Ioannes Neal]] eius primam pingendi rationem atque picturae argumenta affecerunt<ref>{{cite journal| last = Chico | first = Beverly Berghaus | date = Autunno 1976 | title = Two American Firsts: Sara Peale, Portrait Painter, and John Neal, Critic | url = https://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc5800/sc5881/000001/000000/000283/pdf/msa_sc_5881_1_283.pdf | journal = Maryland Historical Society Magazine | volume = 71 | issue= 3 | page = 349 | language= en}}</ref>. Per viginti quinque annos Baltimorae (1822–1847) operatus est atque, interdum, [[Vasingtonia (D.C.)|Vasingtoniae]]<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.marylandartsource.org/artists/detail_000000042.html | title= Maryland Art Source| urlarchive=https://20030113231623/http://www.marylandartsource.org/artists/detail_000000042.html | publisher= The Baltimore Art Research & Outreach Consortium | date= 19 giugno 2003 | datearchive= 13 gennaio 2003 | language= en}}</ref>. Sessionibus [[Congressus Civitatum Foederatarum]] interfuit atque multorum virorum illustrium imagines pinxit<ref>{{cite book|author=Miller Lillian B.|title=The Peale family: creation of a legacy, 1770-1870|year=1996|publisher=Abbeville Press|ISBN=9780789202062|page=240}}</ref>. Sara primum apud Academiam Pennsilvaniensem exposuit, opus ''Effigies dominae'' (1818) exhibens. Anno 1824 una<ref name="Brooklyn">Dinner Party database of notable women at the Brooklyn Museum</ref> cum sorore Anna Claypoole Peale in [[Academia Artium Pulchrarum Pennsylvanienses|Academiam Artium Pulchrarum Pennsylvaniensem]] admissa est<ref name="Morgan">{{cite book|author=Morgan Ann Lee|title=The Oxford dictionary of American art and artists |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York|year=2007 |page=367|ISBN=978-0-19-512878-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pyvjWAcwnHEC&pg=PA367}}</ref>: ambae enim primae mulieres erant quae hoc honore potirentur. Anno 1831 Baltimorae officinam aperuit<ref>{{cite web|title=Sarah Peale (1800-1885)|url=https://www.nwhm.org/education-resources/biography/biographies/sarah-peale/|work=national Women's History Museum|accessdate=6 Giugno 2017|date=8 novembre 2016|urlarchive=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108014242/https://www.nwhm.org/education-resources/biography/biographies/sarah-peale/|url=dead}}</ref>; exstantque plus quam centum personarum imagines, quas ibi ex mandato effinxit. Ea aetate in urbe sua artifex omnium fecundissima habebatur<ref name="King">{{cite book|author=King Joan |title=Sarah M. Peale: America's first woman artist |publisher=Branden Books|year=1987 |page=296|ISBN=0-8283-1999-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9EpzXYTgE5YC&pg=PA296}}</ref>. Eius personarum effigies oleo pictae statim a sodalibus Congressūs, legatis aliisque locupletibus in Terra Mariae expetebantur<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nmwa.org/explore/artist-profiles/sarah-miriam-peale|title=Sarah Miriam Peale|work= National Museum of Women in the Arts nmwa.org|language=en|accessdate=30 marzo 2018}}</ref>. Ars eius imaginum pingendarum genere singularis habetur, propter usum pellium, textilium denticulatorum aliorumque pannorum subtiliter redditorum, necnon propter vultuum, cutis et capillorum similitudinem<ref name="History of American Women"/>. [[Fasciculus:|thumb|right|250px|Hadriani Banckert effigies ([[1673]])]] [[Fasciculus:|thumb|right|250px|Forum boarium magnum parvumque, et piscatorium]] Anno 1847, mala valetudine coacta, ad [[Urbs Sancti Ludovici|Urbem Sancti Ludovici]] migrare debuit; ibi per se feliciter floruit atque una ex primis artificibus feminis Americanis facta est quae arte sua se alerent<ref name="Brooklyn"/><ref name="King"/>. Maxima pars operum eius huius aetatis apud privatos possidentur<ref name="King"/>. Circiter annum 1860 ad picturas rerum naturae rediit, sed compositione naturaliore atque minus formali quam superioribus annis usa est<ref name="King"/>. Nel 1878 fece ritorno nella sua città natale, trascorrendovi gli ultimi anni con le sorelle Anna Claypoole (morta nel 1878) e Margaretta Angelica (morta nel 1882)<ref name="Brooklyn"/><ref name="King"/>. Come sua sorella Margaretta, non si sposò mai<ref>{{cite book|author=Greer Germaine |title=The obstacle race: the fortunes of women painters and their work |publisher=Tauris Parke Paperbacks|year=2001 |page=25|ISBN=1-86064-677-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qnBu6eUvx18C&pg=PA25}}</ref>. Morì nel 1885 nella sua città natale<ref name="King"/>. Diversi dipinti di Peale furono inclusi nella mostra inaugurale del [[National Museum of Women in the Arts]], ''American Women Artists 1830-1930'', nel 1987<ref name="Tufts(U.S.)1987">{{cite book|author=Eleanor Tufts|author2=National Museum of Women in the Arts (U.S.); International Exhibitions Foundation|title=American women artists, 1830-1930|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EvxPAAAAMAAJ|year=1987|publisher=International Exhibitions Foundation for the National Museum of Women in the Arts|ISBN=978-0-940979-01-7}}</ref>. == Opera == * ''Dies festus sub divo'', [[Hydrochroma]] et temperatio supra [[Membrana (ars scribendi)|membrana]], 96 × 78 cm, 1671, [[Rijksmuseum (Amstelodamum)|Rijksmuseum]], [[Amstelodamum|Amstelodami]] * ''Tres fratres Browne'', temperatio et aurum supra [[Membrana (ars scribendi)|membrana]], 24 × 26 cm, 1598, Burghley House, Stamford<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Isaac_Oliver_Brothers_Browne.jpg Tres fratres Browne - Communia]</ref> * ''Vanitas cum fidiculis, calva et argenti vaso'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, 63,5 x 75 cm * ''In murae testa flores'', [[pictura]] supra aeris lamina, 31 x 21 cm, 1616-1617, Collectio privata<ref>[http://www.wga.hu/html/b/berghe/flowers.html In murae testa flores - The Web Gallery of Art]</ref> * ''Topia collina prope flumen, duo homines in cymba, viatores itinere'', pictura * ''[[Henricus Fridericus Stuart|Henrici Friderici Stuart]] effigies'', [[Hydrochroma]] supra [[Membrana (ars scribendi)|membrana]], 13,2 × 10 cm, 1610, Royal Collection * ''Matronae effigies'', [[Hydrochroma]] supra [[Membrana (ars scribendi)|membrana]], 5,9 x 4,8 cm, 1610 fere, apud Artis Museum, [[Cincinnati|Cincinnatorum]]ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Isaac_Oliver_-_A_Lady_in_Masque_Costume_-_WGA16637.jpg Matronae effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Topia fluvialia cum opilione et pecore'', [[pictura]], 47,2 x 71,8 cm, apud Rijksmuseum Twenthe, [[Enscheda]]e<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Guilliaume_Dubois_-_Heuvelachtige_rivieroever_-_BR0001_(R448)_-_Rijksmuseum_Twenthe.jpg Topia fluvialia cum opilione et pecore - Communia]</ref> * ''[[Rhenus|Rheni]] regionis despectus'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, 136,84 x 68,1 cm, apud [[Pinacotheca Dulvicensis|Pinacothecam Dulvicensem]], [[Dulwich]]<ref name=dulwich/> * ''Topia con viatoribus ac ecclesia procul'', [[pictura]], 45,7 x 63,5 cm, 1649, apud Mauritshuis, [[Haga]]e<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dune_Landscape_with_Road_and_Church_by_Guillam_Dubois_Mauritshuis_799.jpg Topia con viatoribus ac ecclesia procul - Communia]</ref> * ''Rijngesigje ([[Rhenus|Rheni]] despectus)'', [[pictura]], apud Petri Boll Collectionem, [[Harlemum|Harlemi]]<ref name=biesboer/> * ''[[Rhenus|Rheni]] regionis despectus cum castello viatoribusque'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, 79,8 x 102,2 cm, post annum [[1653]], apud [[Pinacotheca Dulvicensis|Pinacothecam Dulvicensem]], [[Dulwich]]<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Peter_Wtewael_Hirte_mit_Sackpfeife1596_1660.jpg Caprarius cum tibiis infixis utricolo - Communia]</ref> * ''Natura mortua cum floribus et papilione'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maria_van_Oosterwijk_Still_Life_with_Flowers_after.jpg Natura mortua cum floribus et papilione - Communia]</ref> * ''Vanitas cum calva et heliotropio'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, apud collectanea privata<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maria_van_Oosterwijk_Vanitas-Stilleben.jpg Vanitas cum calva et heliotropio - Communia]</ref> * ''Natura mortua cum floribus pomisque'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, 1670 fere, apud [[Palatium Pittianum]], [[Florentia]]e<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maria_van_Oosterwijk_-_Flowers_and_Fruit_-_WGA16657.jpg Natura mortua cum floribus pomisque - Communia]</ref> * ''Natura mortua cum floribus in vaso scite ornato'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, 62 x 47,5 cm, 1670-1675, apud Mauritshuis, [[Haga]]e<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Still_Life_with_Flowers_in_a_Decorative_Vase,_Oosterwijck.jpg Natura mortua cum floribus in vaso scite ornato - Communia]</ref> * ''Natura mortua cum vaso florum, citreo papilioneque'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, deorsum in media pictura obsignata ''Maria Va Oosterwijck Aº 1675'', 90,4 x 80,7 cm, 1675<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MARIA_VAN_OOSTERWIJCK_NOOTDORP_1630_-_1693_UITDAM_A_FLORAL_STILL_LIFE.jpg Natura mortua cum vaso florum, citreo papilioneque - Communia]</ref> * ''Natura mortua cum floribus, heliotropio insectisque'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, 73,6 x 55,8 cm, 1670 fere, apud Museum Artis Denverii, [[Denverium (Coloratum)|Denverii]]<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maria_van_Oosterwyck_-_Bouquet_of_Flowers_in_a_Vase_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg Natura mortua cum floribus, heliotropio insectisque - Communia]</ref> * ''Topia montana cum viatoribus et cane ab laeva'', [[pictura]] supra tabula cum pigmento oleario, 36 x 32 cm, 1654 fere, apud [[Rijksmuseum (Amstelodamum)|Rijksmuseum]], [[Amstelodamum|Amstelodami]] * ''Topia nemorosa cum viatoribus'', [[pictura]] supra tabula cum pigmento oleario, 47 x 63,5 cm, antea [[Iacobus de Ruysdael|Iacobo de Ruysdael]] adscripta<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_WOODED_LANDSCAPE_WITH_TRAVELERS_ON_A_PATH.png Topia nemorosa cum viatoribus - Communia]</ref> * ''Pagi semita cum ecclesia procul'', delineatio, 1650 fere, apud [[Centrum Getty]], [[Angelopolis]]<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Guillam_Dubois_-_Village_Path_with_Church_Spire_in_the_Distance_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg Pagi semita cum ecclesia procul - Communia]</ref> * ''Roberti von der Pfalz effigies'', chalcographia [[ratio atra]], 18,6 x 16,4 cm, apud Artium Museum, [[Franciscopolis (California)|Franciscopolis]]<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Prince_Rupert_von_der_Pfalz.jpg Roberti von der Pfalz effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Argumentum marinum'', [[pictura]] cum penicillo et atramento, dextra deorsum obsignata ''R. Zeeman''<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Zeeman,_marine.jpg Argumentum marinum - Communia]</ref> * ''Hortus floridus in quo rariorum et minus vulgarium florum icones ad vivam veramque formam accuratissme delineata'', Crispijn van de Passe de jongere et Joannes Waldelius, 1614<ref>[http://books.google.it/books?id=RhtTAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Crispijn+van+de+Passe+II&hl=en&sa=X&ei=1y0jVNysGcKe7gbNnoG4AQ&ved=0CD4Q6wEwBDgU#v=onepage&q=Crispijn%20van%20de%20Passe%20II&f=false Hortus floridus]</ref> * ''Davidis Clarkson effigies'', chalcographia secundum [[Maria Beale|Mariae Beale]] picturam sculpta, 1696 * ''Alexander Gibson, Dominus Durie'', chalcographia secundum [[David Paton|Davidis Paton]] picturam sculpta, 1690 * ''Anthonii Tuckney effigies'', chalcographia, 194 × 132 mm, 1676<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anthony_Tuckney.jpg Anthonii Tuckney effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''[[Augustus II Poloniae|Augusti II Poloniae]] effigies'', chalcographia, 1697<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AugustII_young2.jpeg Augusti II Poloniae effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''[[Henricus Somerset, I dux Beaufortiensis|Henrici Somerset, I ducis Beaufortiensis]] effigies'', chalcographia, 1679<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Beaufort1.JPG Henrici Somerset, I ducis Beaufortiensis effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Edmundi Ludlow effigies'', chalcographia, 1689<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Edmund_Ludlow.JPG Edmundi Ludlow effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Henrici Coley effigies'', chalcographia, 1676<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_Coley._Line_engraving_by_R._White,_1676,_after_himself_Wellcome_V0001188.jpg Henrici Coley effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Edmundi Gibson effigies'', chalcographia, apud [[Pinacotheca Effigierum Publica|Pinacothecam Effigierum Publicam Londiniensem]]<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Edmund_Gibson_by_Michael_Vandergucht.jpg Edmundi Gibson effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Eduardi Ward effigies'', chalcographia, 1702, secundum [[Godfridus Kneller|Godfridi Kneller]] picturam sculta<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Edward_Ward.jpg Eduardi Ward effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''[[Iacomus Hamilton, I dux Hamiltoniensis|Iacomi Hamilton, I ducis Hamiltoniensis]] effigies'', chalcographia, 244 mm x 155 mm, apud [[Pinacotheca Effigierum Publica|Pinacothecam Effigierum Publicam Londiniensem]]<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:James_Hamilton,_1st_Duke_of_Hamilton_by_Robert_White,_late_17th_century.jpg Iacomi Hamilton, I ducis Hamiltoniensis effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Ioannis Browne effigies'', chalcographia, 1678<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:John_Browne_Robert_White.jpg Ioannis Browne effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Ioannis Partridge effigies'', chalcographia, 1679<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:John_Partridge._Line_engraving_by_R._White,_1679,_after_hims_Wellcome_V0004503EL.jpg Ioannis Partridge effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''[[Eduardus Tyson|Eduardi Tyson]] libri "Orang-outang, sive Hominis Sylvestris" imagines'', chalcographiae<ref name=meyer/> * ''"A voyage to the islands of Madera, Barbados, Nieves, S.Christophers and Jamaica" imagines'', 75 chalcographiae<ref name=holden/> * ''Thomae Wyat effigies'', chalcographia<ref name=bryan/> * ''Ioannis Baliol effigies'', chalcographia<ref name=bryan/> == Honores == [[Fasciculus:Ordre de Saint-Michel Chevalier ribbon.svg|thumb|75px]] [[Michael (archangelus)|Michaelis Archangeli]] ordo ([[1662]]) [[Fasciculus:Legion Honneur Chevalier ribbon.svg|thumb|75px]] [[Legio Honoris|Legionis Honoris]] Eques ([[1846]]) [[Fasciculus:Order of the Bath UK ribbon.svg|thumb|left|75px]] Eques [[Ordo Imperii Britanniorum|Ordinis Imperii Britanniorum]] == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == * {{cite web|url=http://www.enciclopediabresciana.it/enciclopedia/index.php?title=HERDT|author=|author2=|title=HERDT (o HERTZ) (de) Jan|accesso=31 Ianuarii 2020|work=ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRIXIENSES|year=2020|language=}} * {{cite web|url=http://arthistoryreference.com/a1/60768.htm|author=|author2=|title=Jan Andrea Lievens (1644 - 1680)|accesso=1<sup>o</sup> Iunii 2016|work=Art History Reference|year=2017|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=https://dictionaryofarthistorians.org/gersonh.html|author=|author2=|title=Gerson, Horst [Karl]|accesso=9 Maii 2016|work=Dictionary of Art Historians|year=2016|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.vondel.humanities.uva.nl/ecartico/persons/7908|author=|author2=|title=Lambrecht Visscher|accesso=9 Iulii 2020|work=Universitatis Amstelodamensis - Amsterdam Centre for the Study of the Golden Age|year=2020|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Chalmers,_Alexander|author=|author2=|title=Chalmers, Alexander|accesso=26 Aprilis 2016|work=Wikisource - Encyclopædia Britannica (1911)|year=2016|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/retroboeken/nnbw/#source=10&page=130&view=imagePane|author=J.M.Blok|author2=|title=DUBOIS (Guillam o Willem)|accesso=20 Ianuarii 2021|work=Nieuw Nederlandsch Biografisch Woordenboek (NNBW)|year=2021|language=Nederlandice}} * {{cite web|http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/oosterwijck|author=Noud Janssen|author2=|title=Oosterwijck, Maria van (1630-1693)|accesso=24 Ianuarii 2018|work=Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland - DVN|year=2018|language=Nederlandice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=Cornelis+van+Dalen&role=&nation=&prev_page=1&subjectid=500031216|author=|author2=|title=Dalen, Cornelis van, I (Dutch printmaker, draftsman, and editor, ca. 1602-1665)|accesso=5 Martii 2020|work=Union List of Artist Names Online|year=2020|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=Cornelis+van+Dalen&role=&nation=&page=1&subjectid=500031216|author=|author2=|title=Dalen, Cornelis van, I (Dutch printmaker, draftsman, and editor, ca. 1602-1665)|accesso=26 Maii 2016|work=Union List of Artist Names Online|year=2016|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp88710/abraham-meindersz-van-der-wenne?search=sas&sText=Abraham+van+der+Wenne|author=|author2=|title=Abraham Meindersz van der Wenne (circa 1656-1693), Engraver|accesso=23 Maii 2017|work=National Portrait Gallery|year=2017|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.wga.hu/bio/v/vinne/vincent/biograph.html|author=Emil Kren|author2=Daniel Marx|title=VINNE, Vincentius I Laurensz. van der|accessdate=2 Septembris 2025|work=The Web Gallery of Art|year=2020|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.sphinxfineart.com/Zeeman-Reinier-Nooms-called-DesktopDefault.aspx?tabid=45&tabindex=44&artistid=38786|author=Edward Strachan|author2=Roy Bolton|title=REINIER NOOMS, CALLED ZEEMAN (AMSTERDAM 1623 - AMSTERDAM 1664)|accessdate=9 Iunii 2015|work=SPHINX FINE ART - Artists|year=2015|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.getty.edu/art/gettyguide/artMakerDetails?maker=1119|author=|coautori=|title=Christoffel van den Berghe|accessdate=20 Iulii 2014|work=The J.Paul Getty Museum - Artists|year=2014|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/jacob-isaacksz-van-ruysdael_%28Enciclopedia-Italiana%29/|author=|title=RUYSDAEL, Jacob Isaacksz van|accessdate=20 Ianuari 2021|work=Enciclopedie on line - Treccani.it|year=2021|language=Italice}} * {{cite web|url=https://rkd.nl/explore/artists/81168|author=|title=Vincentius van de Vinne I|accessdate=2 Septembris 2025|work=Rijksbureau voor Kunsthistorische Documentatie|year=2025|language=Nederlandice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.rkd.nl/rkddb/dispatcher.aspx?action=search&database=ChoiceArtists&search=priref=73861|author=|title=Paul van Somer (II)|accessdate=21 Septembris 2015|work=Rijksbureau voor Kunsthistorische Documentatie|year=2015|language=Nederlandice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.rkd.nl/rkddb/dispatcher.aspx?action=search&database=ChoiceArtists&search=priref=90557|author=|title=Everhardus Kickius|accessdate=26 Februarii 2015|work=Rijksbureau voor Kunsthistorische Documentatie|year=2015|language=Nederlandice}} * {{cite book|author=David Freedberg|coauthors=Jan de Vries|title=Art in History/History in Art: Studies in Seventeenth-Century Dutch Culture|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=arVDAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA382&dq=Johannes+Goedaert&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ShaKVPToLITtUpDRgugL&ved=0CF8Q6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=Johannes%20Goedaert&f=false|accessdate=26 Dicembris 2014|year=1991|editor=The Getty Center for the History of Art and the Humanities|location=[[Sancta Monica (California)|Sanctae Monicae]]|language=Lingua Anglica|isbn=0-89236-201-4|pages=382-383|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=|coautori=|title=Imago Musicae 1986|url=http://books.google.it/books?id=d1AU_FAgVbgC&pg=PA65&dq=Hendrik+Pot&hl=en&sa=X&ei=D9bzUsS6BqKAywPVl4KAAQ&ved=0CFsQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=Hendrik%20Pot&f=false|accessdate=24 Ianuarius 2014|year=1987|editor=Duke University Press|city=[[Durham]]|language=Anglice|isbn=0-8223-0723-5|page=65|volume=vol.III}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/peinture/sir_Nathaniel_Bacon/150952|author=|title=sir_Nathaniel_Bacon|accessdate=27 Octobris 2020|series=Dictionnaire de la Peinture Larousse|year=2020|language=Francice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/peinture/Zyl/155022|author=|title=les Van Zyl|accessdate=11 Iulii 2017|series=Encyclopédie Larousse|year=2017|language=Francice}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/sir-nathaniel-bacon-2370|author=Terry Riggs|author2=|title=Sir Nathaniel Bacon 1585–1627|accessdate=27 Octobris 20205|work=Tate|year=2020|language=Anglice}} * {{cite book|author=Peter C. Sutton|coauthors=Lisa Vergara;Ann Jensen Adams|title=Love Letters: Dutch Genre Paintings in the Age of Vermeer|url=http://books.google.it/books?id=3T6ZUprgU_0C&pg=PA79&dq=Dirck+Hals&hl=en&sa=X&ei=710-UeWgO4LWPdfDgOgD&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Dirck%20Hals&f=false|accessdate=26 Ianuarius 2014|year=2003|editor=Frances Lincoln Limited|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=0-7112-2338-6|pages=79-80|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=|coauthors=|title=Liechtenstein, the Princely Collections|url=http://books.google.it/books?id=A1f7lsIFyu0C&pg=PA269&dq=Hendrick+Gerritsz+Pot&hl=en&sa=X&ei=zd3zUqjFJYn5yAOKkIGIAw&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Hendrick%20Gerritsz%20Pot&f=false|accessdate=6 febbraio 2014|year=1985|editor=[[Museum Artium Metropolitanum]]|location=[[Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]]|language=Anglice|isbn=0-87099-383-2|pages=269|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Adriaan van der Willigen|coauthors=|title=Les artistes de Harlem: Notices historiques avec un Précis sur la Gilde de St. Luc|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=YCtCAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA251&dq=Riethoorn&hl=it&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjQ-KPcgt_qAhX0SRUIHXe0CHEQ6AEwCHoECAIQAg#v=onepage&q=Riethoorn&f=false|accessdate=28 Iulii 2020|year=1870|editor=Les Héritiers F.Bohn|location=[[Harlemum|Harlemi]]|language=Francice|isbn=|pages=251-252|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Roeland van Eynden|coauthors=Adriaan van der Willigen|title=Geschiedenis der vaderlandsche schilderkunst sedert de helft der XVIII eeuw|url=http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/retroboeken/vaderlandsche_schilderkunst/#source=I&page=93&view=imagePane|accessdate=28 Iulii 2020|year=1979|editor=B.M.Israel|location=[[Amstelodamum|Amstelodami]]|language=Nederlandice|isbn=90-6078-077-9|pages=78|volume=vol.I°}} * {{cite book|author=Abraham Jacob van der Aa|coauthors=Karel Johan Reinier van Harderwijk;Gilles Dionysius Jacobus Schotel|title=Biografisch Woordenboek der Nederlanden|url=http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/retroboeken/vdaa/#source=aa__001biog19_01.xml&page=340&view=imagePane|accessdate=28 Iulii 2020|year=1874|editor=J.J. van Brederode|location=[[Harlemum|Harlemi]]|language=Nederlandice|isbn=|pages=338|volume=vol.XVI°}} * {{cite book|author=Michael Bryan|coauthors=George Stanley|title=A biographical and critical dictionary of painters and engravers|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=07Q-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA751&dq=Paul+van+Somer+engraver&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Paul%20van%20Somer%20engraver&f=false|accessdate=21 Septembris 2016|year=1865|editor=H.G.Bohn|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|pages=751|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Michael Bryan|coauthors=George Stanley|title=Dictionary of painters and engravers, biographical and critical|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=07Q-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA742&dq=Michael+Burghers&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michael%20Burghers&f=false|accessdate=6 Ianuarii 2016|year=1865|editor=H.G.Bohn|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=122|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Shearjashub Spooner|coauthors=|title=A biographical history of the fine arts, or, Memoirs of the lives and works of the most eminent painters, engraveras, sculptors and architects|url=ttps://books.google.it/books?id=dgw8AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA908&dq=Paul+van+Somer+engraver&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Paul%20van%20Somer%20engraver&f=false|accessdate=21 Septembris 2016|year=1865|editor=J.W.Bouton|location=[[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|pages=908|volume=vol.II°}} * {{cite book|author=J.W. Frederiks|coauthors=|title=Dutch Silver: Wrougt Plate of North and South-Holland from the Renaissance|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=dnHyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA3&dq=Hieronymus+Wierix&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEYQ6AEwBmoVChMIhouQ5sj5xwIVq5xyCh16fgz3#v=onepage&q=Hieronymus%20Wierix&f=false|accessdate=28 Septembris 2015|year=1958|editor= Springer Science + Business Media Dordrecht|location=[[Haga]]e|language=Anglice|isbn=978-94-010-3699-3|page=3|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Sheila D. Muller|coauthors=|title=Dutch Art: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=ZPhLoy0FICMC&pg=PA299&dq=Jan+van+Somer&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Jan%20van%20Somer&f=false|accessdate=14 Septembris 2016|year=2011|editor=Routledge|location=[[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]]|language=Anglice|isbn=0-8153-0065-4|page=299|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=JG Frederiks|coauthors=F. Jos van den Branden|title=Biographisch woordenboek der Noord- en Zuidnederlandsche letterkunde|url=http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/bran038biog01_01/bran038biog01_01_3320.php|accessdate=10 Iulii 2014|year=1888-1891|editor=LJ Veen|location=[[Amstelodamum|Amstelodami]]|language=Nederlandice|isbn=|pages=|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=GJ van Bork|coauthors=PJ Verkruijsse|title=De Nederlandse en Vlaamse auteurs van middeleeuwen tot heden met inbegrip van de Friese auteurs|url=http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/bork001nede01_01/bork001nede01_01_1071.php|accessdate=10 Iulii 2014|year=1985|editor=De Haan|location=[[Weesp]]|language=Nederlandice|isbn=|pages=|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=[[Museum Artium Metropolitanum]]|coauthors=Walter A. Liedtke|title=Dutch Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art|url=http://books.google.it/books?id=jtnQ7PIT8mcC&pg=PA28&dq=Christoffel+van+den+Berghe&hl=it&sa=X&ei=t4HFU9GuEuHjywOg8oDQCA&ved=0CCEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Christoffel%20van%20den%20Berghe&f=false|accessdate=20 Iulii 2014|year=2007|editor==Yale University Press|location=[[New Haven]] e [[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=978-0-300-12028-8|pages=28-30|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Hans-Joachim Raupp|coauthors=|title=Stilleben und Tierstücke|url=http://books.google.it/books?id=tIdzwQuVNNwC&pg=PA220&dq=Fran%C3%A7ois+Ryckhals&hl=en&sa=X&ei=bc_OU_zkMovYPKntgaAC&ved=0CEgQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=Fran%C3%A7ois%20Ryckhals&f=false|accessdate=1º Augusti 2014|year=2004|editor=Lit Verlag|location=[[Münster]]|language=Germanice|isbn=3-8258-2239-7|page=220|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Augustine Jal|coauthors=|title=Dictionnaire critique de biographie et d'histoire|url=http://books.google.it/books?id=WcwKAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA768&dq=Mathieu+Le+Nain&hl=en&sa=X&ei=jwZUVJ7GBKvA7Abx9YDgBA&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Mathieu%20Le%20Nain&f=false|accessdate=13 Novembris 2014|year=1867|editor=Henri Plon|location=[[Lutetia]]e|language=Francice|isbn=|pages=767-768|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Eric Jorink|coauthors=|title=Reading the Book of Nature in the Dutch Golden Age, 1575-1715|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=XAiEMHlll9QC&pg=PA201&dq=Johannes+Goedaert&hl=en&sa=X&ei=KsKIVMP8FIHSPe2JgZAG&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Johannes%20Goedaert&f=false|accessdate=26 Dicembris 2014|year=2010|editor=Koninklijke Brill NV|location=[[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]|language=Anglice|isbn=978-9004-18671-2|pages=201-209|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Alexander Chalmers|coauthors=|title=The General biographical dictionary|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=79QvAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA386&dq=David+Loggan&hl=en&sa=X&ei=RyjVVPLNIYGqUe2Jg_AO&ved=0CEMQ6AEwBjgK#v=onepage&q=David%20Loggan&f=false|accessdate=26 Februarii 2015|year=1815|editor=Nichols, Son and Bentley|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=386|volume=vol.XX°}} * {{cite book|author=Arthur M. Hind|coauthors=|title=A History of Engraving and Etching|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=fnhpAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA150&dq=Cornelis+van+Dalen&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Cornelis%20van%20Dalen&f=false|accessdate=26 Maii 2015|year=2011|editor=Dover Publications Inc.|location=[[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]]|language=Anglice|isbn=0-486-20954-7|pages=150|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Michael Cyril William Hunter|coauthors=|title=Printed Images in Early Modern Britain: Essays in Interpretation|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=HO-y92dlu9gC&pg=PA292&dq=Jan+van+Somer&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Jan%20van%20Somer&f=false|accessdate=14 Septembris 2016|year=2010|editor=Michael Hunter|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=978-0-7546-6654-7|page=292|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Ad Stijnman|coauthors=Elizabeth Savage|title=Printing Colour 1400-1700: History, Techniques, Functions and Receptions|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=C9R0CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA207&dq=Gerard+Valck&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Gerard%20Valck&f=false|accessdate=30 Decembris 2015|2015|editor=Brill|location=[[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]|language=Anglice|isbn=978-90-04-26968-2|page=207|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Leo Bagrow|coauthors=|title=History of Cartography|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=OBeB4tDmJv8C&pg=PA184&dq=Gerard+Valck&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Gerard%20Valck&f=false|accessdate=30 Decembris 2015|2010|editor=Transaction Publishers|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=978-1-4128-1154-5|page=184-270|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=William Bridges Hunter|coauthors=|title=A Milton Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=x66M-BoFvncC&pg=PA106&dq=Michael+Burghers&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michael%20Burghers&f=false|accessdate=6 Ianuarii 2016|year=1979|editor=Associated University Presses Inc.|location=[[Cranbury]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=106|volume=vol.V°}} * {{cite book|author=Ian Gadd|coauthors=Simon Elliot, William Roger Louis|title=History of Oxford University Press, Volume I: Beginnings to 1780|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=VbkJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA526&dq=Michael+Burghers&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michael%20Burghers&f=false|accessdate=6 Ianuarii 2016|year=2013|editor=Oxford University Press|location=[[Oxonia]]e|language=Anglice|isbn=978-0-19-955731-8|page=526|volume=vol.I°}} * {{cite book|author=Oxfordshire architectural and historical society|coauthors=|title=Proceedings of the Oxford architectural and historical society|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=jEJbAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA64&dq=Michael+Burghers&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michael%20Burghers&f=false|accessdate=6 Ianuarii 2016|year=|editor=Parker|location=[[Oxonia]]e|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=64|volume=vol.IV°}} * {{cite book|author=Horace Walpole|coauthors=George Vertue|title=The Works of Horatio Walpole, Earl of Orford|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=0mVGAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA466&dq=Michael+Burghers&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michael%20Burghers&f=false|accessdate=6 Ianuarii 2016|year=1798|editor=Robinson|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=77|volume=vol.IV°}} * {{cite book|author=|coauthors=|title=Benezit Dictionary of British Graphic Artists and Illustrators|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=05C02RhJZCkC&pg=PA319&dq=Edward+Davis+engraver&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Edward%20Davis%20engraver&f=false|accessdate=17 Ianuarii 2016|year=2012|editor=Universitatis Oxoniensis Prelum|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=978-0-19-992305-2|page=319|volume=vol.I°}} * {{cite book|author=Charles Knight|coauthors=|title=Biography: Or, Third Division of "The English Encyclopedia"|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=d8RPAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA2-PA706&dq=Michiel+van+der+Gucht&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michiel%20van%20der%20Gucht&f=false|accessdate=31 Ianuarii 2016|year=1872|editor=Bradbury, Evans and Co.|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=621-622|volume=appendix}} * {{cite book|author=Pieter Biesboer|coauthors=|title=Nederlandish Inventories 1 - Collections of Paintings in Haarlem, 1572-1745|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=1mV6p35NufEC&pg=PA299&dq=Guillam+Dubois+painter&hl=it&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj8xobMndPtAhXH-KQKHWdHAA8Q6AEwAHoECAAQAg#v=onepage&q=Guillam%20Dubois%20painter&f=false|accessdate=20 Ianuarii 2021|year=2001|editor=Carol Togneri|location=[[Angelopolis]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=20-299-340-366|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Joseph Strutt|coauthors=|title=A Biographical Dictionary: Containing an Historical Account of All the Engravers|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=B14OAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA356&dq=Michael+van+der+Gucht&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michael%20van%20der%20Gucht&f=false|accessdate=31 Ianuarii 2016|year=1785|editor=J.Davis|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=355-356|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Stanley H. Johnston|coauthors=|title=The Cleveland Herbal, Botanical, and Horticultural Collections|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=ff5tJ4EfHhMC&pg=PA295&dq=Michael+van+der+Gucht&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michael%20van%20der%20Gucht&f=false|accessdate=31 Ianuarii 2016|year=1992|editor=Respublicae Ohioensis Universitatis Prelum|location=[[Cantium (Ohium)|Cantii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=0-87338-433-4|page=265|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=John Gould|coauthors=Horace Walpole, George Vertue|title=A Dictionary of Painters, Sculptors, Architects, and Engravers|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=Si9cAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA483&dq=Robert+White+engraver&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Robert%20White%20engraver&f=false|accessdate=31 Martii 2016|year=1810|editor=Gale and Curtis|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=417-483|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Christopher D.M. Atkins|coauthors=|title=The signature style of Frans Hals: painting, subjectivity, and the market in Early Modernity|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=5hkhAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA162&dq=Pieter+van+Roestraten&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Pieter%20van%20Roestraten&f=false|accessdate=4 Novembris 2016|year=2012|editor=Prelum [[Universitas Amstelodamensis|Universitatis Amstelodamensis]]|location=[[Amstelodamum|Amstelodami]]|language=Anglice|isbn=978-90-8964-335-3|page=162|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Peter McNeil|coauthors=Giorgio Riello|title=Luxury: A Rich History|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=gcowDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT107&dq=Pieter+van+Roestraten&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Pieter%20van%20Roestraten&f=false|accessdate=4 Novembris 2016|year=2006|editor=Prelum [[Universitas Oxoniensis|Universitatis Oxoniensis]]|location=[[Oxonia]]e|language=Anglice|isbn=978-0-19-966324-8|page=|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Derek Brewer|coauthors=Marie-Françoise Alamichel|title=The Middle Ages After the Middle Ages in the English-speaking Wor|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=omAVJRxb-eoC&pg=PA80&dq=Pieter+van+Roestraten&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Pieter%20van%20Roestraten&f=false|accessdate=4 Novembris 2016|year=2006|editor=D.S.Brewer|location=[[Cantabrigia]]e|language=Anglice|isbn=978-0-85991-508-3|page=80|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Titus Livius|coauthors=Ioannes Munnickhuysen|title=Titi Livii Historiarum quod extat|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=HtfArsn_TTcC&pg=PR18&dq=Johannes+Willemsz.+Munnickhuysen&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Johannes%20Willemsz.%20Munnickhuysen&f=false|accessdate=20 Iunii 2016|year=1679|editor=|location=|language=Latine|isbn=|page=|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=AA.VV.|coauthors=|title=Etat civil de quelques artistes francais. Extrait des registres des paroisses des anciennes archives de la ville de Paris|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=oOAKpD0vsF4C&pg=PA11&dq=Jean+Baptiste+Duru&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Jean%20Baptiste%20Duru&f=false|accessdate=20 Iulii 2017|year=1873|editor=Libraire Pagnerre|location=[[Lutetia]]e|language=Francice|isbn=|page=129|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Helmer J. Helmers|coauthors=|title=The Royalist Republic|url=https://www.google.it/books/edition/The_Royalist_Republic/QZqiBQAAQBAJ?hl=it&gbpv=1&dq=Vincent+van+der+Vinne&pg=PA142&printsec=frontcover|accessdate=2 Septembris 2025|editor=Prelum [[Universitas Cantabrigiensis|Universitatis Cantabrigiensis]]|year=2015|location=[[Cantabrigia]]e|language=Anglice|page=142|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Sam Segal|coauthors=Klara Allen|title=Dutch and Flemish Flower Pieces|url=https://www.google.it/books/edition/Dutch_and_Flemish_Flower_Pieces_2_vols_i/rmgCEAAAQBAJ?hl=it&gbpv=1&dq=Vincent+van+der+Vinne&pg=PA828&printsec=frontcover|accessdate=2 Septembris 2025|editor=Brill Hes & De Graaf|year=2020|location=[[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]|language=Anglice|page=536|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=David Towry Piper|coauthors=|title=Dizionario illustrato dell'arte e degli artisti|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=tOynfqWxk34C&pg=PA41&dq=Nathaniel+Bacon+pittore&hl=it&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjfyZLajtrrAhXkAhAIHWIyAAIQ6AEwAHoECAIQAg#v=onepage&q=Nathaniel%20Bacon%20pittore&f=false|accessdate=27 Octobris 2020|year=1984|editor=Gremese|location=[[Roma]]e|language=Italice|isbn=88-7742-422-2|page=41|volume=}} == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Vincent Laurensz. van der Vinne (I)|Vincentium Laurensz. van der Vinne I}} * [https://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n90-655549/ Alexander Chalmers in WorldCat] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/nl/zoeken?q=%20Riethoorn&v=&s=&ondisplay=False&ii=0&p=1 Ioannes Riethoorn in Amstelodami Rijksmuseum] {{Ling|Nederlandice}} * [https://www.artnet.com/artists/vincent-laurensz-van-der-vinne-the-elder/ Vincentius Laurensz. van der Vinne I in Artnet] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [http://www.artnet.com/artists/jean-baptiste-durup/past-auction-results Ioannes Baptista Durup in Artnet] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp00205/sir-nathaniel-bacon?search=sas&sText=Nathaniel+Bacon Nathanael Bacon in The National Portrait Gallery] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [http://www.artcyclopedia.com/artists/vinne_vincent_laurensz_van_der.html Vincentius Laurensz. van der Vinne I in Artcyclopedia] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/search/list?base=%5B%22Collections%20des%20mus%C3%A9es%20de%20France%20%28Joconde%29%22%5D&mainSearch=%22Guillam%20Dubois%22 Gulielmus Dubois - Base Joconde] {{Ling|Francice}} * [http://www.scholarsresource.com/browse/artist/2142564356 Petrus de Roestraeten in Scholars Resource] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz83861.html#indexcontent Lambertus de Visscher in Deutsche Biographie] {{Ling|Theodisce}} {{Controllo di autorità}} {{Portale|arte|biografie}} <!-- {{Lifetime|1625|1680|Vinne, Vincentius Laurensz. I}} [[Categoria:Pictores Germaniae]] [[Categoria:Pictores Angliae]] [[Categoria:Artifices Nederlandiae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Angliae]] [[Categoria:Chalcographi]] [[Categoria:Scalptores]] [[Categoria:Entomologi]] [[Categoria:Cartographi]] {{Attributio|it|Eugène Stanislas Alexandre Bléry|72344825}} {{Attributio|en|Diary of a Wimpy Kid||partim}} ac ==> atque ante vocalem {{NexInt}} {{Nexus nominis}} --> dy91laufbff40szo8oak8vra32t6kz7 3986633 3986627 2026-09-08T15:42:41Z Maria.martelli 20183 3986633 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Monitus de harenario usoris|f}} {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:Still Life with Watermelon, by Sarah Miriam Peale, 1822, oil on panel - Fogg Art Museum, Harvard University - DSC01409.jpg|thumb|250px|Natura mortua cum citrullo lanato]] <!--__NOTOC__ --> <!--{{NUMBEROFACTIVEUSERS}} --> {{res|Sara Miriama Peale}} (''vulgo'': '''Sarah Miriam Peale'''; [[Philadelphia]]e 19 Maii anno [[1800]] nata; [[Philadelphia]]e 4 Februarii anno [[1885]] mortua) fuit [[Saeculum Aureum Batavicum|saeculi aurei]] pictrix pictor et [[adumbratio]]nis peritissimus artifex [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Americana]] [[Nederlandia|Nederlandicus]], quae praecipue imagines personarum effingebat. Praeterea prima mulier Americana extimabatur quae picturae opere se sustentaret<ref name = "Peale Family">{{cite web |url=http://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/peale-family-of-painters/ |title=The Peale Family of Painters |author=Ogden Kate |publisher= Rutgers University: Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia |year=2016 |accessdate=6 Gennaio 2017}}</ref>. Ex familia artificum orta, cuius patruus [[Carolus Willson Peale]] clarissimus erat, Sara Peale imagines pinxit potissimum illustrium virorum, civium politicorum et ducum militarium [[Terra Mariae|Terrae Mariae]], [[Pennsilvania|Pennsilvania]]e et [[Vasingtonia (D.C.)|Vasingtonia]]e. [[La Fayette]] effigiem quater pinxit. == Biographia == [[Fasciculus:EBosley.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Elias Bosley effigies (1740–1841), Oleis in linteo, 62,23 x 73,66 cm, fere anno 1825]] [[Fasciculus:Basket of berries sarah miriam peale.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Fiscus cum bacis, [[1860]])]] Sara filia minima natu erat minutorum operum et naturae mortuae pictoris [[Iacomus Peale|Iacomi Peale]], fratris minoris natu [[Carolus Willson Peale|Caroli Willson Peale]], et Miriamae Claypoole. A patre et fratuo artem picturae didicit et adiutrix patris in officina eius facta est<ref name = "Peale Family"/>. Per discipulatum, coloribus miscendis, lintiis parandis fundisque adumbrandis usum comparavit<ref name="History of American Women">{{Cite news|url=http://www.womenhistoryblog.com/2015/04/sarah-miriam-peale.html|title=Sarah Miriam Peale|work=History of American Women|accessdate=30 marzo 2018|language=en}}</ref>. Sara et sorores suae, [[Anna Claypoole Peale|Anna Claypoole]] e [[Margarita Angelica Peale|Margarita Angelica]], a mulieribus medii ordinis illius temporis differebant, cum educationem accepissent, uxores et matres esse didicerant, et scientiam mercatoriam et artisticam a familia sua sumpserant<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Peale Family: Creation of a Legacy (1770-1870)|author=Miller Lillian|publisher=Abbeville Press|year=1996|ISBN=0-7892-0206-9|p=228}}</ref>. Adulescens, experientiam comparavit dum extremam manum picturis patris iniecit. Primae eius operae ad annum 1816 pertinent et res inanimas quales sunt flores effingunt, mox tamen se ad vultus exprimendos convertit. Anno 1818, tres menses cum [[Rembrandus Peale|Rembrando Peale]], suo consobrino, [[Baltimora]]e degit, et iterum annis 1820 et 1822. Is et criticus [[Ioannes Neal]] eius primam pingendi rationem atque picturae argumenta affecerunt<ref>{{cite journal| last = Chico | first = Beverly Berghaus | date = Autunno 1976 | title = Two American Firsts: Sara Peale, Portrait Painter, and John Neal, Critic | url = https://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc5800/sc5881/000001/000000/000283/pdf/msa_sc_5881_1_283.pdf | journal = Maryland Historical Society Magazine | volume = 71 | issue= 3 | page = 349 | language= en}}</ref>. Per viginti quinque annos Baltimorae (1822–1847) operatus est atque, interdum, [[Vasingtonia (D.C.)|Vasingtoniae]]<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.marylandartsource.org/artists/detail_000000042.html | title= Maryland Art Source| urlarchive=https://20030113231623/http://www.marylandartsource.org/artists/detail_000000042.html | publisher= The Baltimore Art Research & Outreach Consortium | date= 19 giugno 2003 | datearchive= 13 gennaio 2003 | language= en}}</ref>. Sessionibus [[Congressus Civitatum Foederatarum]] interfuit atque multorum virorum illustrium imagines pinxit<ref>{{cite book|author=Miller Lillian B.|title=The Peale family: creation of a legacy, 1770-1870|year=1996|publisher=Abbeville Press|ISBN=9780789202062|page=240}}</ref>. Sara primum apud Academiam Pennsilvaniensem exposuit, opus ''Effigies dominae'' (1818) exhibens. Anno 1824 una<ref name="Brooklyn">Dinner Party database of notable women at the Brooklyn Museum</ref> cum sorore Anna Claypoole Peale in [[Academia Artium Pulchrarum Pennsylvanienses|Academiam Artium Pulchrarum Pennsylvaniensem]] admissa est<ref name="Morgan">{{cite book|author=Morgan Ann Lee|title=The Oxford dictionary of American art and artists |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York|year=2007 |page=367|ISBN=978-0-19-512878-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pyvjWAcwnHEC&pg=PA367}}</ref>: ambae enim primae mulieres erant quae hoc honore potirentur. Anno 1831 Baltimorae officinam aperuit<ref>{{cite web|title=Sarah Peale (1800-1885)|url=https://www.nwhm.org/education-resources/biography/biographies/sarah-peale/|work=national Women's History Museum|accessdate=6 Giugno 2017|date=8 novembre 2016|urlarchive=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108014242/https://www.nwhm.org/education-resources/biography/biographies/sarah-peale/|url=dead}}</ref>; exstantque plus quam centum personarum imagines, quas ibi ex mandato effinxit. Ea aetate in urbe sua artifex omnium fecundissima habebatur<ref name="King">{{cite book|author=King Joan |title=Sarah M. Peale: America's first woman artist |publisher=Branden Books|year=1987 |page=296|ISBN=0-8283-1999-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9EpzXYTgE5YC&pg=PA296}}</ref>. Eius personarum effigies oleo pictae statim a sodalibus Congressūs, legatis aliisque locupletibus in Terra Mariae expetebantur<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nmwa.org/explore/artist-profiles/sarah-miriam-peale|title=Sarah Miriam Peale|work= National Museum of Women in the Arts nmwa.org|language=en|accessdate=30 marzo 2018}}</ref>. Ars eius imaginum pingendarum genere singularis habetur, propter usum pellium, textilium denticulatorum aliorumque pannorum subtiliter redditorum, necnon propter vultuum, cutis et capillorum similitudinem<ref name="History of American Women"/>. [[Fasciculus:|thumb|right|250px|Hadriani Banckert effigies ([[1673]])]] [[Fasciculus:|thumb|right|250px|Forum boarium magnum parvumque, et piscatorium]] Anno 1847, mala valetudine coacta, ad [[Urbs Sancti Ludovici|Urbem Sancti Ludovici]] migrare debuit; ibi per se feliciter floruit atque una ex primis artificibus feminis Americanis facta est quae arte sua se alerent<ref name="Brooklyn"/><ref name="King"/>. Maxima pars operum eius huius aetatis apud privatos possidentur<ref name="King"/>. Circiter annum 1860 ad picturas rerum naturae rediit, sed compositione naturaliore atque minus formali quam superioribus annis usa est<ref name="King"/>. Anno 1878 in patriam urbem rediit ibique postremos vitae suae annos cum sororibus suis Anna Claypoole (quae anno 1878 diem supremum obiit) Margaritaque Angelica (quae anno 1882 diem supremum obiit) degit<ref name="Brooklyn"/><ref name="King"/>. Sicut soror eius Margarita, numquam nupsit<ref>{{cite book|author=Greer Germaine |title=The obstacle race: the fortunes of women painters and their work |publisher=Tauris Parke Paperbacks|year=2001 |page=25|ISBN=1-86064-677-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qnBu6eUvx18C&pg=PA25}}</ref>. Anno 1885 in patria urbe sua mortua est<ref name="King"/>. Diversi dipinti di Peale furono inclusi nella mostra inaugurale del [[National Museum of Women in the Arts]], ''American Women Artists 1830-1930'', nel 1987<ref name="Tufts(U.S.)1987">{{cite book|author=Eleanor Tufts|author2=National Museum of Women in the Arts (U.S.); International Exhibitions Foundation|title=American women artists, 1830-1930|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EvxPAAAAMAAJ|year=1987|publisher=International Exhibitions Foundation for the National Museum of Women in the Arts|ISBN=978-0-940979-01-7}}</ref>. == Opera == * ''Dies festus sub divo'', [[Hydrochroma]] et temperatio supra [[Membrana (ars scribendi)|membrana]], 96 × 78 cm, 1671, [[Rijksmuseum (Amstelodamum)|Rijksmuseum]], [[Amstelodamum|Amstelodami]] * ''Tres fratres Browne'', temperatio et aurum supra [[Membrana (ars scribendi)|membrana]], 24 × 26 cm, 1598, Burghley House, Stamford<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Isaac_Oliver_Brothers_Browne.jpg Tres fratres Browne - Communia]</ref> * ''Vanitas cum fidiculis, calva et argenti vaso'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, 63,5 x 75 cm * ''In murae testa flores'', [[pictura]] supra aeris lamina, 31 x 21 cm, 1616-1617, Collectio privata<ref>[http://www.wga.hu/html/b/berghe/flowers.html In murae testa flores - The Web Gallery of Art]</ref> * ''Topia collina prope flumen, duo homines in cymba, viatores itinere'', pictura * ''[[Henricus Fridericus Stuart|Henrici Friderici Stuart]] effigies'', [[Hydrochroma]] supra [[Membrana (ars scribendi)|membrana]], 13,2 × 10 cm, 1610, Royal Collection * ''Matronae effigies'', [[Hydrochroma]] supra [[Membrana (ars scribendi)|membrana]], 5,9 x 4,8 cm, 1610 fere, apud Artis Museum, [[Cincinnati|Cincinnatorum]]ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Isaac_Oliver_-_A_Lady_in_Masque_Costume_-_WGA16637.jpg Matronae effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Topia fluvialia cum opilione et pecore'', [[pictura]], 47,2 x 71,8 cm, apud Rijksmuseum Twenthe, [[Enscheda]]e<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Guilliaume_Dubois_-_Heuvelachtige_rivieroever_-_BR0001_(R448)_-_Rijksmuseum_Twenthe.jpg Topia fluvialia cum opilione et pecore - Communia]</ref> * ''[[Rhenus|Rheni]] regionis despectus'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, 136,84 x 68,1 cm, apud [[Pinacotheca Dulvicensis|Pinacothecam Dulvicensem]], [[Dulwich]]<ref name=dulwich/> * ''Topia con viatoribus ac ecclesia procul'', [[pictura]], 45,7 x 63,5 cm, 1649, apud Mauritshuis, [[Haga]]e<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dune_Landscape_with_Road_and_Church_by_Guillam_Dubois_Mauritshuis_799.jpg Topia con viatoribus ac ecclesia procul - Communia]</ref> * ''Rijngesigje ([[Rhenus|Rheni]] despectus)'', [[pictura]], apud Petri Boll Collectionem, [[Harlemum|Harlemi]]<ref name=biesboer/> * ''[[Rhenus|Rheni]] regionis despectus cum castello viatoribusque'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, 79,8 x 102,2 cm, post annum [[1653]], apud [[Pinacotheca Dulvicensis|Pinacothecam Dulvicensem]], [[Dulwich]]<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Peter_Wtewael_Hirte_mit_Sackpfeife1596_1660.jpg Caprarius cum tibiis infixis utricolo - Communia]</ref> * ''Natura mortua cum floribus et papilione'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maria_van_Oosterwijk_Still_Life_with_Flowers_after.jpg Natura mortua cum floribus et papilione - Communia]</ref> * ''Vanitas cum calva et heliotropio'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, apud collectanea privata<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maria_van_Oosterwijk_Vanitas-Stilleben.jpg Vanitas cum calva et heliotropio - Communia]</ref> * ''Natura mortua cum floribus pomisque'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, 1670 fere, apud [[Palatium Pittianum]], [[Florentia]]e<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maria_van_Oosterwijk_-_Flowers_and_Fruit_-_WGA16657.jpg Natura mortua cum floribus pomisque - Communia]</ref> * ''Natura mortua cum floribus in vaso scite ornato'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, 62 x 47,5 cm, 1670-1675, apud Mauritshuis, [[Haga]]e<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Still_Life_with_Flowers_in_a_Decorative_Vase,_Oosterwijck.jpg Natura mortua cum floribus in vaso scite ornato - Communia]</ref> * ''Natura mortua cum vaso florum, citreo papilioneque'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, deorsum in media pictura obsignata ''Maria Va Oosterwijck Aº 1675'', 90,4 x 80,7 cm, 1675<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MARIA_VAN_OOSTERWIJCK_NOOTDORP_1630_-_1693_UITDAM_A_FLORAL_STILL_LIFE.jpg Natura mortua cum vaso florum, citreo papilioneque - Communia]</ref> * ''Natura mortua cum floribus, heliotropio insectisque'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, 73,6 x 55,8 cm, 1670 fere, apud Museum Artis Denverii, [[Denverium (Coloratum)|Denverii]]<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maria_van_Oosterwyck_-_Bouquet_of_Flowers_in_a_Vase_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg Natura mortua cum floribus, heliotropio insectisque - Communia]</ref> * ''Topia montana cum viatoribus et cane ab laeva'', [[pictura]] supra tabula cum pigmento oleario, 36 x 32 cm, 1654 fere, apud [[Rijksmuseum (Amstelodamum)|Rijksmuseum]], [[Amstelodamum|Amstelodami]] * ''Topia nemorosa cum viatoribus'', [[pictura]] supra tabula cum pigmento oleario, 47 x 63,5 cm, antea [[Iacobus de Ruysdael|Iacobo de Ruysdael]] adscripta<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_WOODED_LANDSCAPE_WITH_TRAVELERS_ON_A_PATH.png Topia nemorosa cum viatoribus - Communia]</ref> * ''Pagi semita cum ecclesia procul'', delineatio, 1650 fere, apud [[Centrum Getty]], [[Angelopolis]]<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Guillam_Dubois_-_Village_Path_with_Church_Spire_in_the_Distance_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg Pagi semita cum ecclesia procul - Communia]</ref> * ''Roberti von der Pfalz effigies'', chalcographia [[ratio atra]], 18,6 x 16,4 cm, apud Artium Museum, [[Franciscopolis (California)|Franciscopolis]]<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Prince_Rupert_von_der_Pfalz.jpg Roberti von der Pfalz effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Argumentum marinum'', [[pictura]] cum penicillo et atramento, dextra deorsum obsignata ''R. Zeeman''<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Zeeman,_marine.jpg Argumentum marinum - Communia]</ref> * ''Hortus floridus in quo rariorum et minus vulgarium florum icones ad vivam veramque formam accuratissme delineata'', Crispijn van de Passe de jongere et Joannes Waldelius, 1614<ref>[http://books.google.it/books?id=RhtTAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Crispijn+van+de+Passe+II&hl=en&sa=X&ei=1y0jVNysGcKe7gbNnoG4AQ&ved=0CD4Q6wEwBDgU#v=onepage&q=Crispijn%20van%20de%20Passe%20II&f=false Hortus floridus]</ref> * ''Davidis Clarkson effigies'', chalcographia secundum [[Maria Beale|Mariae Beale]] picturam sculpta, 1696 * ''Alexander Gibson, Dominus Durie'', chalcographia secundum [[David Paton|Davidis Paton]] picturam sculpta, 1690 * ''Anthonii Tuckney effigies'', chalcographia, 194 × 132 mm, 1676<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anthony_Tuckney.jpg Anthonii Tuckney effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''[[Augustus II Poloniae|Augusti II Poloniae]] effigies'', chalcographia, 1697<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AugustII_young2.jpeg Augusti II Poloniae effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''[[Henricus Somerset, I dux Beaufortiensis|Henrici Somerset, I ducis Beaufortiensis]] effigies'', chalcographia, 1679<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Beaufort1.JPG Henrici Somerset, I ducis Beaufortiensis effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Edmundi Ludlow effigies'', chalcographia, 1689<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Edmund_Ludlow.JPG Edmundi Ludlow effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Henrici Coley effigies'', chalcographia, 1676<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_Coley._Line_engraving_by_R._White,_1676,_after_himself_Wellcome_V0001188.jpg Henrici Coley effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Edmundi Gibson effigies'', chalcographia, apud [[Pinacotheca Effigierum Publica|Pinacothecam Effigierum Publicam Londiniensem]]<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Edmund_Gibson_by_Michael_Vandergucht.jpg Edmundi Gibson effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Eduardi Ward effigies'', chalcographia, 1702, secundum [[Godfridus Kneller|Godfridi Kneller]] picturam sculta<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Edward_Ward.jpg Eduardi Ward effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''[[Iacomus Hamilton, I dux Hamiltoniensis|Iacomi Hamilton, I ducis Hamiltoniensis]] effigies'', chalcographia, 244 mm x 155 mm, apud [[Pinacotheca Effigierum Publica|Pinacothecam Effigierum Publicam Londiniensem]]<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:James_Hamilton,_1st_Duke_of_Hamilton_by_Robert_White,_late_17th_century.jpg Iacomi Hamilton, I ducis Hamiltoniensis effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Ioannis Browne effigies'', chalcographia, 1678<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:John_Browne_Robert_White.jpg Ioannis Browne effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Ioannis Partridge effigies'', chalcographia, 1679<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:John_Partridge._Line_engraving_by_R._White,_1679,_after_hims_Wellcome_V0004503EL.jpg Ioannis Partridge effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''[[Eduardus Tyson|Eduardi Tyson]] libri "Orang-outang, sive Hominis Sylvestris" imagines'', chalcographiae<ref name=meyer/> * ''"A voyage to the islands of Madera, Barbados, Nieves, S.Christophers and Jamaica" imagines'', 75 chalcographiae<ref name=holden/> * ''Thomae Wyat effigies'', chalcographia<ref name=bryan/> * ''Ioannis Baliol effigies'', chalcographia<ref name=bryan/> == Honores == [[Fasciculus:Ordre de Saint-Michel Chevalier ribbon.svg|thumb|75px]] [[Michael (archangelus)|Michaelis Archangeli]] ordo ([[1662]]) [[Fasciculus:Legion Honneur Chevalier ribbon.svg|thumb|75px]] [[Legio Honoris|Legionis Honoris]] Eques ([[1846]]) [[Fasciculus:Order of the Bath UK ribbon.svg|thumb|left|75px]] Eques [[Ordo Imperii Britanniorum|Ordinis Imperii Britanniorum]] == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == * {{cite web|url=http://www.enciclopediabresciana.it/enciclopedia/index.php?title=HERDT|author=|author2=|title=HERDT (o HERTZ) (de) Jan|accesso=31 Ianuarii 2020|work=ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRIXIENSES|year=2020|language=}} * {{cite web|url=http://arthistoryreference.com/a1/60768.htm|author=|author2=|title=Jan Andrea Lievens (1644 - 1680)|accesso=1<sup>o</sup> Iunii 2016|work=Art History Reference|year=2017|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=https://dictionaryofarthistorians.org/gersonh.html|author=|author2=|title=Gerson, Horst [Karl]|accesso=9 Maii 2016|work=Dictionary of Art Historians|year=2016|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.vondel.humanities.uva.nl/ecartico/persons/7908|author=|author2=|title=Lambrecht Visscher|accesso=9 Iulii 2020|work=Universitatis Amstelodamensis - Amsterdam Centre for the Study of the Golden Age|year=2020|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Chalmers,_Alexander|author=|author2=|title=Chalmers, Alexander|accesso=26 Aprilis 2016|work=Wikisource - Encyclopædia Britannica (1911)|year=2016|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/retroboeken/nnbw/#source=10&page=130&view=imagePane|author=J.M.Blok|author2=|title=DUBOIS (Guillam o Willem)|accesso=20 Ianuarii 2021|work=Nieuw Nederlandsch Biografisch Woordenboek (NNBW)|year=2021|language=Nederlandice}} * {{cite web|http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/oosterwijck|author=Noud Janssen|author2=|title=Oosterwijck, Maria van (1630-1693)|accesso=24 Ianuarii 2018|work=Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland - DVN|year=2018|language=Nederlandice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=Cornelis+van+Dalen&role=&nation=&prev_page=1&subjectid=500031216|author=|author2=|title=Dalen, Cornelis van, I (Dutch printmaker, draftsman, and editor, ca. 1602-1665)|accesso=5 Martii 2020|work=Union List of Artist Names Online|year=2020|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=Cornelis+van+Dalen&role=&nation=&page=1&subjectid=500031216|author=|author2=|title=Dalen, Cornelis van, I (Dutch printmaker, draftsman, and editor, ca. 1602-1665)|accesso=26 Maii 2016|work=Union List of Artist Names Online|year=2016|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp88710/abraham-meindersz-van-der-wenne?search=sas&sText=Abraham+van+der+Wenne|author=|author2=|title=Abraham Meindersz van der Wenne (circa 1656-1693), Engraver|accesso=23 Maii 2017|work=National Portrait Gallery|year=2017|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.wga.hu/bio/v/vinne/vincent/biograph.html|author=Emil Kren|author2=Daniel Marx|title=VINNE, Vincentius I Laurensz. van der|accessdate=2 Septembris 2025|work=The Web Gallery of Art|year=2020|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.sphinxfineart.com/Zeeman-Reinier-Nooms-called-DesktopDefault.aspx?tabid=45&tabindex=44&artistid=38786|author=Edward Strachan|author2=Roy Bolton|title=REINIER NOOMS, CALLED ZEEMAN (AMSTERDAM 1623 - AMSTERDAM 1664)|accessdate=9 Iunii 2015|work=SPHINX FINE ART - Artists|year=2015|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.getty.edu/art/gettyguide/artMakerDetails?maker=1119|author=|coautori=|title=Christoffel van den Berghe|accessdate=20 Iulii 2014|work=The J.Paul Getty Museum - Artists|year=2014|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/jacob-isaacksz-van-ruysdael_%28Enciclopedia-Italiana%29/|author=|title=RUYSDAEL, Jacob Isaacksz van|accessdate=20 Ianuari 2021|work=Enciclopedie on line - Treccani.it|year=2021|language=Italice}} * {{cite web|url=https://rkd.nl/explore/artists/81168|author=|title=Vincentius van de Vinne I|accessdate=2 Septembris 2025|work=Rijksbureau voor Kunsthistorische Documentatie|year=2025|language=Nederlandice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.rkd.nl/rkddb/dispatcher.aspx?action=search&database=ChoiceArtists&search=priref=73861|author=|title=Paul van Somer (II)|accessdate=21 Septembris 2015|work=Rijksbureau voor Kunsthistorische Documentatie|year=2015|language=Nederlandice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.rkd.nl/rkddb/dispatcher.aspx?action=search&database=ChoiceArtists&search=priref=90557|author=|title=Everhardus Kickius|accessdate=26 Februarii 2015|work=Rijksbureau voor Kunsthistorische Documentatie|year=2015|language=Nederlandice}} * {{cite book|author=David Freedberg|coauthors=Jan de Vries|title=Art in History/History in Art: Studies in Seventeenth-Century Dutch Culture|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=arVDAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA382&dq=Johannes+Goedaert&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ShaKVPToLITtUpDRgugL&ved=0CF8Q6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=Johannes%20Goedaert&f=false|accessdate=26 Dicembris 2014|year=1991|editor=The Getty Center for the History of Art and the Humanities|location=[[Sancta Monica (California)|Sanctae Monicae]]|language=Lingua Anglica|isbn=0-89236-201-4|pages=382-383|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=|coautori=|title=Imago Musicae 1986|url=http://books.google.it/books?id=d1AU_FAgVbgC&pg=PA65&dq=Hendrik+Pot&hl=en&sa=X&ei=D9bzUsS6BqKAywPVl4KAAQ&ved=0CFsQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=Hendrik%20Pot&f=false|accessdate=24 Ianuarius 2014|year=1987|editor=Duke University Press|city=[[Durham]]|language=Anglice|isbn=0-8223-0723-5|page=65|volume=vol.III}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/peinture/sir_Nathaniel_Bacon/150952|author=|title=sir_Nathaniel_Bacon|accessdate=27 Octobris 2020|series=Dictionnaire de la Peinture Larousse|year=2020|language=Francice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/peinture/Zyl/155022|author=|title=les Van Zyl|accessdate=11 Iulii 2017|series=Encyclopédie Larousse|year=2017|language=Francice}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/sir-nathaniel-bacon-2370|author=Terry Riggs|author2=|title=Sir Nathaniel Bacon 1585–1627|accessdate=27 Octobris 20205|work=Tate|year=2020|language=Anglice}} * {{cite book|author=Peter C. Sutton|coauthors=Lisa Vergara;Ann Jensen Adams|title=Love Letters: Dutch Genre Paintings in the Age of Vermeer|url=http://books.google.it/books?id=3T6ZUprgU_0C&pg=PA79&dq=Dirck+Hals&hl=en&sa=X&ei=710-UeWgO4LWPdfDgOgD&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Dirck%20Hals&f=false|accessdate=26 Ianuarius 2014|year=2003|editor=Frances Lincoln Limited|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=0-7112-2338-6|pages=79-80|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=|coauthors=|title=Liechtenstein, the Princely Collections|url=http://books.google.it/books?id=A1f7lsIFyu0C&pg=PA269&dq=Hendrick+Gerritsz+Pot&hl=en&sa=X&ei=zd3zUqjFJYn5yAOKkIGIAw&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Hendrick%20Gerritsz%20Pot&f=false|accessdate=6 febbraio 2014|year=1985|editor=[[Museum Artium Metropolitanum]]|location=[[Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]]|language=Anglice|isbn=0-87099-383-2|pages=269|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Adriaan van der Willigen|coauthors=|title=Les artistes de Harlem: Notices historiques avec un Précis sur la Gilde de St. Luc|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=YCtCAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA251&dq=Riethoorn&hl=it&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjQ-KPcgt_qAhX0SRUIHXe0CHEQ6AEwCHoECAIQAg#v=onepage&q=Riethoorn&f=false|accessdate=28 Iulii 2020|year=1870|editor=Les Héritiers F.Bohn|location=[[Harlemum|Harlemi]]|language=Francice|isbn=|pages=251-252|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Roeland van Eynden|coauthors=Adriaan van der Willigen|title=Geschiedenis der vaderlandsche schilderkunst sedert de helft der XVIII eeuw|url=http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/retroboeken/vaderlandsche_schilderkunst/#source=I&page=93&view=imagePane|accessdate=28 Iulii 2020|year=1979|editor=B.M.Israel|location=[[Amstelodamum|Amstelodami]]|language=Nederlandice|isbn=90-6078-077-9|pages=78|volume=vol.I°}} * {{cite book|author=Abraham Jacob van der Aa|coauthors=Karel Johan Reinier van Harderwijk;Gilles Dionysius Jacobus Schotel|title=Biografisch Woordenboek der Nederlanden|url=http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/retroboeken/vdaa/#source=aa__001biog19_01.xml&page=340&view=imagePane|accessdate=28 Iulii 2020|year=1874|editor=J.J. van Brederode|location=[[Harlemum|Harlemi]]|language=Nederlandice|isbn=|pages=338|volume=vol.XVI°}} * {{cite book|author=Michael Bryan|coauthors=George Stanley|title=A biographical and critical dictionary of painters and engravers|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=07Q-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA751&dq=Paul+van+Somer+engraver&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Paul%20van%20Somer%20engraver&f=false|accessdate=21 Septembris 2016|year=1865|editor=H.G.Bohn|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|pages=751|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Michael Bryan|coauthors=George Stanley|title=Dictionary of painters and engravers, biographical and critical|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=07Q-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA742&dq=Michael+Burghers&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michael%20Burghers&f=false|accessdate=6 Ianuarii 2016|year=1865|editor=H.G.Bohn|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=122|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Shearjashub Spooner|coauthors=|title=A biographical history of the fine arts, or, Memoirs of the lives and works of the most eminent painters, engraveras, sculptors and architects|url=ttps://books.google.it/books?id=dgw8AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA908&dq=Paul+van+Somer+engraver&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Paul%20van%20Somer%20engraver&f=false|accessdate=21 Septembris 2016|year=1865|editor=J.W.Bouton|location=[[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|pages=908|volume=vol.II°}} * {{cite book|author=J.W. Frederiks|coauthors=|title=Dutch Silver: Wrougt Plate of North and South-Holland from the Renaissance|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=dnHyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA3&dq=Hieronymus+Wierix&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEYQ6AEwBmoVChMIhouQ5sj5xwIVq5xyCh16fgz3#v=onepage&q=Hieronymus%20Wierix&f=false|accessdate=28 Septembris 2015|year=1958|editor= Springer Science + Business Media Dordrecht|location=[[Haga]]e|language=Anglice|isbn=978-94-010-3699-3|page=3|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Sheila D. Muller|coauthors=|title=Dutch Art: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=ZPhLoy0FICMC&pg=PA299&dq=Jan+van+Somer&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Jan%20van%20Somer&f=false|accessdate=14 Septembris 2016|year=2011|editor=Routledge|location=[[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]]|language=Anglice|isbn=0-8153-0065-4|page=299|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=JG Frederiks|coauthors=F. Jos van den Branden|title=Biographisch woordenboek der Noord- en Zuidnederlandsche letterkunde|url=http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/bran038biog01_01/bran038biog01_01_3320.php|accessdate=10 Iulii 2014|year=1888-1891|editor=LJ Veen|location=[[Amstelodamum|Amstelodami]]|language=Nederlandice|isbn=|pages=|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=GJ van Bork|coauthors=PJ Verkruijsse|title=De Nederlandse en Vlaamse auteurs van middeleeuwen tot heden met inbegrip van de Friese auteurs|url=http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/bork001nede01_01/bork001nede01_01_1071.php|accessdate=10 Iulii 2014|year=1985|editor=De Haan|location=[[Weesp]]|language=Nederlandice|isbn=|pages=|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=[[Museum Artium Metropolitanum]]|coauthors=Walter A. Liedtke|title=Dutch Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art|url=http://books.google.it/books?id=jtnQ7PIT8mcC&pg=PA28&dq=Christoffel+van+den+Berghe&hl=it&sa=X&ei=t4HFU9GuEuHjywOg8oDQCA&ved=0CCEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Christoffel%20van%20den%20Berghe&f=false|accessdate=20 Iulii 2014|year=2007|editor==Yale University Press|location=[[New Haven]] e [[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=978-0-300-12028-8|pages=28-30|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Hans-Joachim Raupp|coauthors=|title=Stilleben und Tierstücke|url=http://books.google.it/books?id=tIdzwQuVNNwC&pg=PA220&dq=Fran%C3%A7ois+Ryckhals&hl=en&sa=X&ei=bc_OU_zkMovYPKntgaAC&ved=0CEgQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=Fran%C3%A7ois%20Ryckhals&f=false|accessdate=1º Augusti 2014|year=2004|editor=Lit Verlag|location=[[Münster]]|language=Germanice|isbn=3-8258-2239-7|page=220|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Augustine Jal|coauthors=|title=Dictionnaire critique de biographie et d'histoire|url=http://books.google.it/books?id=WcwKAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA768&dq=Mathieu+Le+Nain&hl=en&sa=X&ei=jwZUVJ7GBKvA7Abx9YDgBA&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Mathieu%20Le%20Nain&f=false|accessdate=13 Novembris 2014|year=1867|editor=Henri Plon|location=[[Lutetia]]e|language=Francice|isbn=|pages=767-768|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Eric Jorink|coauthors=|title=Reading the Book of Nature in the Dutch Golden Age, 1575-1715|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=XAiEMHlll9QC&pg=PA201&dq=Johannes+Goedaert&hl=en&sa=X&ei=KsKIVMP8FIHSPe2JgZAG&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Johannes%20Goedaert&f=false|accessdate=26 Dicembris 2014|year=2010|editor=Koninklijke Brill NV|location=[[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]|language=Anglice|isbn=978-9004-18671-2|pages=201-209|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Alexander Chalmers|coauthors=|title=The General biographical dictionary|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=79QvAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA386&dq=David+Loggan&hl=en&sa=X&ei=RyjVVPLNIYGqUe2Jg_AO&ved=0CEMQ6AEwBjgK#v=onepage&q=David%20Loggan&f=false|accessdate=26 Februarii 2015|year=1815|editor=Nichols, Son and Bentley|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=386|volume=vol.XX°}} * {{cite book|author=Arthur M. Hind|coauthors=|title=A History of Engraving and Etching|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=fnhpAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA150&dq=Cornelis+van+Dalen&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Cornelis%20van%20Dalen&f=false|accessdate=26 Maii 2015|year=2011|editor=Dover Publications Inc.|location=[[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]]|language=Anglice|isbn=0-486-20954-7|pages=150|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Michael Cyril William Hunter|coauthors=|title=Printed Images in Early Modern Britain: Essays in Interpretation|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=HO-y92dlu9gC&pg=PA292&dq=Jan+van+Somer&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Jan%20van%20Somer&f=false|accessdate=14 Septembris 2016|year=2010|editor=Michael Hunter|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=978-0-7546-6654-7|page=292|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Ad Stijnman|coauthors=Elizabeth Savage|title=Printing Colour 1400-1700: History, Techniques, Functions and Receptions|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=C9R0CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA207&dq=Gerard+Valck&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Gerard%20Valck&f=false|accessdate=30 Decembris 2015|2015|editor=Brill|location=[[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]|language=Anglice|isbn=978-90-04-26968-2|page=207|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Leo Bagrow|coauthors=|title=History of Cartography|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=OBeB4tDmJv8C&pg=PA184&dq=Gerard+Valck&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Gerard%20Valck&f=false|accessdate=30 Decembris 2015|2010|editor=Transaction Publishers|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=978-1-4128-1154-5|page=184-270|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=William Bridges Hunter|coauthors=|title=A Milton Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=x66M-BoFvncC&pg=PA106&dq=Michael+Burghers&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michael%20Burghers&f=false|accessdate=6 Ianuarii 2016|year=1979|editor=Associated University Presses Inc.|location=[[Cranbury]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=106|volume=vol.V°}} * {{cite book|author=Ian Gadd|coauthors=Simon Elliot, William Roger Louis|title=History of Oxford University Press, Volume I: Beginnings to 1780|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=VbkJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA526&dq=Michael+Burghers&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michael%20Burghers&f=false|accessdate=6 Ianuarii 2016|year=2013|editor=Oxford University Press|location=[[Oxonia]]e|language=Anglice|isbn=978-0-19-955731-8|page=526|volume=vol.I°}} * {{cite book|author=Oxfordshire architectural and historical society|coauthors=|title=Proceedings of the Oxford architectural and historical society|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=jEJbAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA64&dq=Michael+Burghers&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michael%20Burghers&f=false|accessdate=6 Ianuarii 2016|year=|editor=Parker|location=[[Oxonia]]e|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=64|volume=vol.IV°}} * {{cite book|author=Horace Walpole|coauthors=George Vertue|title=The Works of Horatio Walpole, Earl of Orford|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=0mVGAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA466&dq=Michael+Burghers&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michael%20Burghers&f=false|accessdate=6 Ianuarii 2016|year=1798|editor=Robinson|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=77|volume=vol.IV°}} * {{cite book|author=|coauthors=|title=Benezit Dictionary of British Graphic Artists and Illustrators|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=05C02RhJZCkC&pg=PA319&dq=Edward+Davis+engraver&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Edward%20Davis%20engraver&f=false|accessdate=17 Ianuarii 2016|year=2012|editor=Universitatis Oxoniensis Prelum|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=978-0-19-992305-2|page=319|volume=vol.I°}} * {{cite book|author=Charles Knight|coauthors=|title=Biography: Or, Third Division of "The English Encyclopedia"|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=d8RPAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA2-PA706&dq=Michiel+van+der+Gucht&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michiel%20van%20der%20Gucht&f=false|accessdate=31 Ianuarii 2016|year=1872|editor=Bradbury, Evans and Co.|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=621-622|volume=appendix}} * {{cite book|author=Pieter Biesboer|coauthors=|title=Nederlandish Inventories 1 - Collections of Paintings in Haarlem, 1572-1745|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=1mV6p35NufEC&pg=PA299&dq=Guillam+Dubois+painter&hl=it&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj8xobMndPtAhXH-KQKHWdHAA8Q6AEwAHoECAAQAg#v=onepage&q=Guillam%20Dubois%20painter&f=false|accessdate=20 Ianuarii 2021|year=2001|editor=Carol Togneri|location=[[Angelopolis]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=20-299-340-366|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Joseph Strutt|coauthors=|title=A Biographical Dictionary: Containing an Historical Account of All the Engravers|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=B14OAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA356&dq=Michael+van+der+Gucht&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michael%20van%20der%20Gucht&f=false|accessdate=31 Ianuarii 2016|year=1785|editor=J.Davis|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=355-356|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Stanley H. Johnston|coauthors=|title=The Cleveland Herbal, Botanical, and Horticultural Collections|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=ff5tJ4EfHhMC&pg=PA295&dq=Michael+van+der+Gucht&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michael%20van%20der%20Gucht&f=false|accessdate=31 Ianuarii 2016|year=1992|editor=Respublicae Ohioensis Universitatis Prelum|location=[[Cantium (Ohium)|Cantii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=0-87338-433-4|page=265|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=John Gould|coauthors=Horace Walpole, George Vertue|title=A Dictionary of Painters, Sculptors, Architects, and Engravers|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=Si9cAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA483&dq=Robert+White+engraver&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Robert%20White%20engraver&f=false|accessdate=31 Martii 2016|year=1810|editor=Gale and Curtis|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=417-483|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Christopher D.M. Atkins|coauthors=|title=The signature style of Frans Hals: painting, subjectivity, and the market in Early Modernity|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=5hkhAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA162&dq=Pieter+van+Roestraten&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Pieter%20van%20Roestraten&f=false|accessdate=4 Novembris 2016|year=2012|editor=Prelum [[Universitas Amstelodamensis|Universitatis Amstelodamensis]]|location=[[Amstelodamum|Amstelodami]]|language=Anglice|isbn=978-90-8964-335-3|page=162|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Peter McNeil|coauthors=Giorgio Riello|title=Luxury: A Rich History|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=gcowDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT107&dq=Pieter+van+Roestraten&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Pieter%20van%20Roestraten&f=false|accessdate=4 Novembris 2016|year=2006|editor=Prelum [[Universitas Oxoniensis|Universitatis Oxoniensis]]|location=[[Oxonia]]e|language=Anglice|isbn=978-0-19-966324-8|page=|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Derek Brewer|coauthors=Marie-Françoise Alamichel|title=The Middle Ages After the Middle Ages in the English-speaking Wor|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=omAVJRxb-eoC&pg=PA80&dq=Pieter+van+Roestraten&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Pieter%20van%20Roestraten&f=false|accessdate=4 Novembris 2016|year=2006|editor=D.S.Brewer|location=[[Cantabrigia]]e|language=Anglice|isbn=978-0-85991-508-3|page=80|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Titus Livius|coauthors=Ioannes Munnickhuysen|title=Titi Livii Historiarum quod extat|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=HtfArsn_TTcC&pg=PR18&dq=Johannes+Willemsz.+Munnickhuysen&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Johannes%20Willemsz.%20Munnickhuysen&f=false|accessdate=20 Iunii 2016|year=1679|editor=|location=|language=Latine|isbn=|page=|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=AA.VV.|coauthors=|title=Etat civil de quelques artistes francais. Extrait des registres des paroisses des anciennes archives de la ville de Paris|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=oOAKpD0vsF4C&pg=PA11&dq=Jean+Baptiste+Duru&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Jean%20Baptiste%20Duru&f=false|accessdate=20 Iulii 2017|year=1873|editor=Libraire Pagnerre|location=[[Lutetia]]e|language=Francice|isbn=|page=129|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Helmer J. Helmers|coauthors=|title=The Royalist Republic|url=https://www.google.it/books/edition/The_Royalist_Republic/QZqiBQAAQBAJ?hl=it&gbpv=1&dq=Vincent+van+der+Vinne&pg=PA142&printsec=frontcover|accessdate=2 Septembris 2025|editor=Prelum [[Universitas Cantabrigiensis|Universitatis Cantabrigiensis]]|year=2015|location=[[Cantabrigia]]e|language=Anglice|page=142|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Sam Segal|coauthors=Klara Allen|title=Dutch and Flemish Flower Pieces|url=https://www.google.it/books/edition/Dutch_and_Flemish_Flower_Pieces_2_vols_i/rmgCEAAAQBAJ?hl=it&gbpv=1&dq=Vincent+van+der+Vinne&pg=PA828&printsec=frontcover|accessdate=2 Septembris 2025|editor=Brill Hes & De Graaf|year=2020|location=[[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]|language=Anglice|page=536|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=David Towry Piper|coauthors=|title=Dizionario illustrato dell'arte e degli artisti|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=tOynfqWxk34C&pg=PA41&dq=Nathaniel+Bacon+pittore&hl=it&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjfyZLajtrrAhXkAhAIHWIyAAIQ6AEwAHoECAIQAg#v=onepage&q=Nathaniel%20Bacon%20pittore&f=false|accessdate=27 Octobris 2020|year=1984|editor=Gremese|location=[[Roma]]e|language=Italice|isbn=88-7742-422-2|page=41|volume=}} == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Vincent Laurensz. van der Vinne (I)|Vincentium Laurensz. van der Vinne I}} * [https://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n90-655549/ Alexander Chalmers in WorldCat] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/nl/zoeken?q=%20Riethoorn&v=&s=&ondisplay=False&ii=0&p=1 Ioannes Riethoorn in Amstelodami Rijksmuseum] {{Ling|Nederlandice}} * [https://www.artnet.com/artists/vincent-laurensz-van-der-vinne-the-elder/ Vincentius Laurensz. van der Vinne I in Artnet] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [http://www.artnet.com/artists/jean-baptiste-durup/past-auction-results Ioannes Baptista Durup in Artnet] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp00205/sir-nathaniel-bacon?search=sas&sText=Nathaniel+Bacon Nathanael Bacon in The National Portrait Gallery] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [http://www.artcyclopedia.com/artists/vinne_vincent_laurensz_van_der.html Vincentius Laurensz. van der Vinne I in Artcyclopedia] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/search/list?base=%5B%22Collections%20des%20mus%C3%A9es%20de%20France%20%28Joconde%29%22%5D&mainSearch=%22Guillam%20Dubois%22 Gulielmus Dubois - Base Joconde] {{Ling|Francice}} * [http://www.scholarsresource.com/browse/artist/2142564356 Petrus de Roestraeten in Scholars Resource] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz83861.html#indexcontent Lambertus de Visscher in Deutsche Biographie] {{Ling|Theodisce}} {{Controllo di autorità}} {{Portale|arte|biografie}} <!-- {{Lifetime|1625|1680|Vinne, Vincentius Laurensz. I}} [[Categoria:Pictores Germaniae]] [[Categoria:Pictores Angliae]] [[Categoria:Artifices Nederlandiae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Angliae]] [[Categoria:Chalcographi]] [[Categoria:Scalptores]] [[Categoria:Entomologi]] [[Categoria:Cartographi]] {{Attributio|it|Eugène Stanislas Alexandre Bléry|72344825}} {{Attributio|en|Diary of a Wimpy Kid||partim}} ac ==> atque ante vocalem {{NexInt}} {{Nexus nominis}} --> k0cmanowzwxdbzrgob8a4vz2c7s901l 3986634 3986633 2026-09-08T15:45:32Z Maria.martelli 20183 /* Biographia */ 3986634 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Monitus de harenario usoris|f}} {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:Still Life with Watermelon, by Sarah Miriam Peale, 1822, oil on panel - Fogg Art Museum, Harvard University - DSC01409.jpg|thumb|250px|Natura mortua cum citrullo lanato]] <!--__NOTOC__ --> <!--{{NUMBEROFACTIVEUSERS}} --> {{res|Sara Miriama Peale}} (''vulgo'': '''Sarah Miriam Peale'''; [[Philadelphia]]e 19 Maii anno [[1800]] nata; [[Philadelphia]]e 4 Februarii anno [[1885]] mortua) fuit [[Saeculum Aureum Batavicum|saeculi aurei]] pictrix pictor et [[adumbratio]]nis peritissimus artifex [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Americana]] [[Nederlandia|Nederlandicus]], quae praecipue imagines personarum effingebat. Praeterea prima mulier Americana extimabatur quae picturae opere se sustentaret<ref name = "Peale Family">{{cite web |url=http://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/peale-family-of-painters/ |title=The Peale Family of Painters |author=Ogden Kate |publisher= Rutgers University: Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia |year=2016 |accessdate=6 Gennaio 2017}}</ref>. Ex familia artificum orta, cuius patruus [[Carolus Willson Peale]] clarissimus erat, Sara Peale imagines pinxit potissimum illustrium virorum, civium politicorum et ducum militarium [[Terra Mariae|Terrae Mariae]], [[Pennsilvania|Pennsilvania]]e et [[Vasingtonia (D.C.)|Vasingtonia]]e. [[La Fayette]] effigiem quater pinxit. == Biographia == [[Fasciculus:EBosley.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Elias Bosley effigies (1740–1841), Oleis in linteo, 62,23 x 73,66 cm, fere anno 1825]] [[Fasciculus:Basket of berries sarah miriam peale.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Fiscus cum bacis, [[1860]])]] Sara filia minima natu erat minutorum operum et naturae mortuae pictoris [[Iacomus Peale|Iacomi Peale]], fratris minoris natu [[Carolus Willson Peale|Caroli Willson Peale]], et Miriamae Claypoole. A patre et fratuo artem picturae didicit et adiutrix patris in officina eius facta est<ref name = "Peale Family"/>. Per discipulatum, coloribus miscendis, lintiis parandis fundisque adumbrandis usum comparavit<ref name="History of American Women">{{Cite news|url=http://www.womenhistoryblog.com/2015/04/sarah-miriam-peale.html|title=Sarah Miriam Peale|work=History of American Women|accessdate=30 marzo 2018|language=en}}</ref>. Sara et sorores suae, [[Anna Claypoole Peale|Anna Claypoole]] e [[Margarita Angelica Peale|Margarita Angelica]], a mulieribus medii ordinis illius temporis differebant, cum educationem accepissent, uxores et matres esse didicerant, et scientiam mercatoriam et artisticam a familia sua sumpserant<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Peale Family: Creation of a Legacy (1770-1870)|author=Miller Lillian|publisher=Abbeville Press|year=1996|ISBN=0-7892-0206-9|p=228}}</ref>. Adulescens, experientiam comparavit dum extremam manum picturis patris iniecit. Primae eius operae ad annum 1816 pertinent et res inanimas quales sunt flores effingunt, mox tamen se ad vultus exprimendos convertit. Anno 1818, tres menses cum [[Rembrandus Peale|Rembrando Peale]], suo consobrino, [[Baltimora]]e degit, et iterum annis 1820 et 1822. Is et criticus [[Ioannes Neal]] eius primam pingendi rationem atque picturae argumenta affecerunt<ref>{{cite journal| last = Chico | first = Beverly Berghaus | date = Autunno 1976 | title = Two American Firsts: Sara Peale, Portrait Painter, and John Neal, Critic | url = https://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc5800/sc5881/000001/000000/000283/pdf/msa_sc_5881_1_283.pdf | journal = Maryland Historical Society Magazine | volume = 71 | issue= 3 | page = 349 | language= en}}</ref>. Per viginti quinque annos Baltimorae (1822–1847) operatus est atque, interdum, [[Vasingtonia (D.C.)|Vasingtoniae]]<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.marylandartsource.org/artists/detail_000000042.html | title= Maryland Art Source| urlarchive=https://20030113231623/http://www.marylandartsource.org/artists/detail_000000042.html | publisher= The Baltimore Art Research & Outreach Consortium | date= 19 giugno 2003 | datearchive= 13 gennaio 2003 | language= en}}</ref>. Sessionibus [[Congressus Civitatum Foederatarum]] interfuit atque multorum virorum illustrium imagines pinxit<ref>{{cite book|author=Miller Lillian B.|title=The Peale family: creation of a legacy, 1770-1870|year=1996|publisher=Abbeville Press|ISBN=9780789202062|page=240}}</ref>. Sara primum apud Academiam Pennsilvaniensem exposuit, opus ''Effigies dominae'' (1818) exhibens. Anno 1824 una<ref name="Brooklyn">Dinner Party database of notable women at the Brooklyn Museum</ref> cum sorore Anna Claypoole Peale in [[Academia Artium Pulchrarum Pennsylvanienses|Academiam Artium Pulchrarum Pennsylvaniensem]] admissa est<ref name="Morgan">{{cite book|author=Morgan Ann Lee|title=The Oxford dictionary of American art and artists |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York|year=2007 |page=367|ISBN=978-0-19-512878-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pyvjWAcwnHEC&pg=PA367}}</ref>: ambae enim primae mulieres erant quae hoc honore potirentur. Anno 1831 Baltimorae officinam aperuit<ref>{{cite web|title=Sarah Peale (1800-1885)|url=https://www.nwhm.org/education-resources/biography/biographies/sarah-peale/|work=national Women's History Museum|accessdate=6 Giugno 2017|date=8 novembre 2016|urlarchive=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108014242/https://www.nwhm.org/education-resources/biography/biographies/sarah-peale/|url=dead}}</ref>; exstantque plus quam centum personarum imagines, quas ibi ex mandato effinxit. Ea aetate in urbe sua artifex omnium fecundissima habebatur<ref name="King">{{cite book|author=King Joan |title=Sarah M. Peale: America's first woman artist |publisher=Branden Books|year=1987 |page=296|ISBN=0-8283-1999-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9EpzXYTgE5YC&pg=PA296}}</ref>. Eius personarum effigies oleo pictae statim a sodalibus Congressūs, legatis aliisque locupletibus in Terra Mariae expetebantur<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nmwa.org/explore/artist-profiles/sarah-miriam-peale|title=Sarah Miriam Peale|work= National Museum of Women in the Arts nmwa.org|language=en|accessdate=30 marzo 2018}}</ref>. Ars eius imaginum pingendarum genere singularis habetur, propter usum pellium, textilium denticulatorum aliorumque pannorum subtiliter redditorum, necnon propter vultuum, cutis et capillorum similitudinem<ref name="History of American Women"/>. [[Fasciculus:|thumb|right|250px|Hadriani Banckert effigies ([[1673]])]] [[Fasciculus:|thumb|right|250px|Forum boarium magnum parvumque, et piscatorium]] Anno 1847, mala valetudine coacta, ad [[Urbs Sancti Ludovici|Urbem Sancti Ludovici]] migrare debuit; ibi per se feliciter floruit atque una ex primis artificibus feminis Americanis facta est quae arte sua se alerent<ref name="Brooklyn"/><ref name="King"/>. Maxima pars operum eius huius aetatis apud privatos possidentur<ref name="King"/>. Circiter annum 1860 ad picturas rerum naturae rediit, sed compositione naturaliore atque minus formali quam superioribus annis usa est<ref name="King"/>. Anno 1878 in patriam urbem rediit ibique postremos vitae suae annos cum sororibus suis Anna Claypoole (quae anno 1878 diem supremum obiit) Margaritaque Angelica (quae anno 1882 diem supremum obiit) degit<ref name="Brooklyn"/><ref name="King"/>. Sicut soror eius Margarita, numquam nupsit<ref>{{cite book|author=Greer Germaine |title=The obstacle race: the fortunes of women painters and their work |publisher=Tauris Parke Paperbacks|year=2001 |page=25|ISBN=1-86064-677-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qnBu6eUvx18C&pg=PA25}}</ref>. Anno 1885 in patria urbe sua mortua est<ref name="King"/>. Diversi dipinti di Peale furono inclusi nella mostra inaugurale del [[National Museum of Women in the Arts]], ''American Women Artists 1830-1930'' (1987)<ref name="Tufts(U.S.)1987">{{cite book|author=Eleanor Tufts|author2=National Museum of Women in the Arts (U.S.); International Exhibitions Foundation|title=American women artists, 1830-1930|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EvxPAAAAMAAJ|year=1987|publisher=International Exhibitions Foundation for the National Museum of Women in the Arts|ISBN=978-0-940979-01-7}}</ref>. == Opera == * ''Dies festus sub divo'', [[Hydrochroma]] et temperatio supra [[Membrana (ars scribendi)|membrana]], 96 × 78 cm, 1671, [[Rijksmuseum (Amstelodamum)|Rijksmuseum]], [[Amstelodamum|Amstelodami]] * ''Tres fratres Browne'', temperatio et aurum supra [[Membrana (ars scribendi)|membrana]], 24 × 26 cm, 1598, Burghley House, Stamford<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Isaac_Oliver_Brothers_Browne.jpg Tres fratres Browne - Communia]</ref> * ''Vanitas cum fidiculis, calva et argenti vaso'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, 63,5 x 75 cm * ''In murae testa flores'', [[pictura]] supra aeris lamina, 31 x 21 cm, 1616-1617, Collectio privata<ref>[http://www.wga.hu/html/b/berghe/flowers.html In murae testa flores - The Web Gallery of Art]</ref> * ''Topia collina prope flumen, duo homines in cymba, viatores itinere'', pictura * ''[[Henricus Fridericus Stuart|Henrici Friderici Stuart]] effigies'', [[Hydrochroma]] supra [[Membrana (ars scribendi)|membrana]], 13,2 × 10 cm, 1610, Royal Collection * ''Matronae effigies'', [[Hydrochroma]] supra [[Membrana (ars scribendi)|membrana]], 5,9 x 4,8 cm, 1610 fere, apud Artis Museum, [[Cincinnati|Cincinnatorum]]ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Isaac_Oliver_-_A_Lady_in_Masque_Costume_-_WGA16637.jpg Matronae effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Topia fluvialia cum opilione et pecore'', [[pictura]], 47,2 x 71,8 cm, apud Rijksmuseum Twenthe, [[Enscheda]]e<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Guilliaume_Dubois_-_Heuvelachtige_rivieroever_-_BR0001_(R448)_-_Rijksmuseum_Twenthe.jpg Topia fluvialia cum opilione et pecore - Communia]</ref> * ''[[Rhenus|Rheni]] regionis despectus'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, 136,84 x 68,1 cm, apud [[Pinacotheca Dulvicensis|Pinacothecam Dulvicensem]], [[Dulwich]]<ref name=dulwich/> * ''Topia con viatoribus ac ecclesia procul'', [[pictura]], 45,7 x 63,5 cm, 1649, apud Mauritshuis, [[Haga]]e<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dune_Landscape_with_Road_and_Church_by_Guillam_Dubois_Mauritshuis_799.jpg Topia con viatoribus ac ecclesia procul - Communia]</ref> * ''Rijngesigje ([[Rhenus|Rheni]] despectus)'', [[pictura]], apud Petri Boll Collectionem, [[Harlemum|Harlemi]]<ref name=biesboer/> * ''[[Rhenus|Rheni]] regionis despectus cum castello viatoribusque'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, 79,8 x 102,2 cm, post annum [[1653]], apud [[Pinacotheca Dulvicensis|Pinacothecam Dulvicensem]], [[Dulwich]]<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Peter_Wtewael_Hirte_mit_Sackpfeife1596_1660.jpg Caprarius cum tibiis infixis utricolo - Communia]</ref> * ''Natura mortua cum floribus et papilione'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maria_van_Oosterwijk_Still_Life_with_Flowers_after.jpg Natura mortua cum floribus et papilione - Communia]</ref> * ''Vanitas cum calva et heliotropio'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, apud collectanea privata<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maria_van_Oosterwijk_Vanitas-Stilleben.jpg Vanitas cum calva et heliotropio - Communia]</ref> * ''Natura mortua cum floribus pomisque'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, 1670 fere, apud [[Palatium Pittianum]], [[Florentia]]e<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maria_van_Oosterwijk_-_Flowers_and_Fruit_-_WGA16657.jpg Natura mortua cum floribus pomisque - Communia]</ref> * ''Natura mortua cum floribus in vaso scite ornato'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, 62 x 47,5 cm, 1670-1675, apud Mauritshuis, [[Haga]]e<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Still_Life_with_Flowers_in_a_Decorative_Vase,_Oosterwijck.jpg Natura mortua cum floribus in vaso scite ornato - Communia]</ref> * ''Natura mortua cum vaso florum, citreo papilioneque'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, deorsum in media pictura obsignata ''Maria Va Oosterwijck Aº 1675'', 90,4 x 80,7 cm, 1675<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MARIA_VAN_OOSTERWIJCK_NOOTDORP_1630_-_1693_UITDAM_A_FLORAL_STILL_LIFE.jpg Natura mortua cum vaso florum, citreo papilioneque - Communia]</ref> * ''Natura mortua cum floribus, heliotropio insectisque'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, 73,6 x 55,8 cm, 1670 fere, apud Museum Artis Denverii, [[Denverium (Coloratum)|Denverii]]<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maria_van_Oosterwyck_-_Bouquet_of_Flowers_in_a_Vase_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg Natura mortua cum floribus, heliotropio insectisque - Communia]</ref> * ''Topia montana cum viatoribus et cane ab laeva'', [[pictura]] supra tabula cum pigmento oleario, 36 x 32 cm, 1654 fere, apud [[Rijksmuseum (Amstelodamum)|Rijksmuseum]], [[Amstelodamum|Amstelodami]] * ''Topia nemorosa cum viatoribus'', [[pictura]] supra tabula cum pigmento oleario, 47 x 63,5 cm, antea [[Iacobus de Ruysdael|Iacobo de Ruysdael]] adscripta<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_WOODED_LANDSCAPE_WITH_TRAVELERS_ON_A_PATH.png Topia nemorosa cum viatoribus - Communia]</ref> * ''Pagi semita cum ecclesia procul'', delineatio, 1650 fere, apud [[Centrum Getty]], [[Angelopolis]]<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Guillam_Dubois_-_Village_Path_with_Church_Spire_in_the_Distance_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg Pagi semita cum ecclesia procul - Communia]</ref> * ''Roberti von der Pfalz effigies'', chalcographia [[ratio atra]], 18,6 x 16,4 cm, apud Artium Museum, [[Franciscopolis (California)|Franciscopolis]]<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Prince_Rupert_von_der_Pfalz.jpg Roberti von der Pfalz effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Argumentum marinum'', [[pictura]] cum penicillo et atramento, dextra deorsum obsignata ''R. Zeeman''<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Zeeman,_marine.jpg Argumentum marinum - Communia]</ref> * ''Hortus floridus in quo rariorum et minus vulgarium florum icones ad vivam veramque formam accuratissme delineata'', Crispijn van de Passe de jongere et Joannes Waldelius, 1614<ref>[http://books.google.it/books?id=RhtTAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Crispijn+van+de+Passe+II&hl=en&sa=X&ei=1y0jVNysGcKe7gbNnoG4AQ&ved=0CD4Q6wEwBDgU#v=onepage&q=Crispijn%20van%20de%20Passe%20II&f=false Hortus floridus]</ref> * ''Davidis Clarkson effigies'', chalcographia secundum [[Maria Beale|Mariae Beale]] picturam sculpta, 1696 * ''Alexander Gibson, Dominus Durie'', chalcographia secundum [[David Paton|Davidis Paton]] picturam sculpta, 1690 * ''Anthonii Tuckney effigies'', chalcographia, 194 × 132 mm, 1676<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anthony_Tuckney.jpg Anthonii Tuckney effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''[[Augustus II Poloniae|Augusti II Poloniae]] effigies'', chalcographia, 1697<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AugustII_young2.jpeg Augusti II Poloniae effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''[[Henricus Somerset, I dux Beaufortiensis|Henrici Somerset, I ducis Beaufortiensis]] effigies'', chalcographia, 1679<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Beaufort1.JPG Henrici Somerset, I ducis Beaufortiensis effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Edmundi Ludlow effigies'', chalcographia, 1689<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Edmund_Ludlow.JPG Edmundi Ludlow effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Henrici Coley effigies'', chalcographia, 1676<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_Coley._Line_engraving_by_R._White,_1676,_after_himself_Wellcome_V0001188.jpg Henrici Coley effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Edmundi Gibson effigies'', chalcographia, apud [[Pinacotheca Effigierum Publica|Pinacothecam Effigierum Publicam Londiniensem]]<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Edmund_Gibson_by_Michael_Vandergucht.jpg Edmundi Gibson effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Eduardi Ward effigies'', chalcographia, 1702, secundum [[Godfridus Kneller|Godfridi Kneller]] picturam sculta<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Edward_Ward.jpg Eduardi Ward effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''[[Iacomus Hamilton, I dux Hamiltoniensis|Iacomi Hamilton, I ducis Hamiltoniensis]] effigies'', chalcographia, 244 mm x 155 mm, apud [[Pinacotheca Effigierum Publica|Pinacothecam Effigierum Publicam Londiniensem]]<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:James_Hamilton,_1st_Duke_of_Hamilton_by_Robert_White,_late_17th_century.jpg Iacomi Hamilton, I ducis Hamiltoniensis effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Ioannis Browne effigies'', chalcographia, 1678<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:John_Browne_Robert_White.jpg Ioannis Browne effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Ioannis Partridge effigies'', chalcographia, 1679<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:John_Partridge._Line_engraving_by_R._White,_1679,_after_hims_Wellcome_V0004503EL.jpg Ioannis Partridge effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''[[Eduardus Tyson|Eduardi Tyson]] libri "Orang-outang, sive Hominis Sylvestris" imagines'', chalcographiae<ref name=meyer/> * ''"A voyage to the islands of Madera, Barbados, Nieves, S.Christophers and Jamaica" imagines'', 75 chalcographiae<ref name=holden/> * ''Thomae Wyat effigies'', chalcographia<ref name=bryan/> * ''Ioannis Baliol effigies'', chalcographia<ref name=bryan/> == Honores == [[Fasciculus:Ordre de Saint-Michel Chevalier ribbon.svg|thumb|75px]] [[Michael (archangelus)|Michaelis Archangeli]] ordo ([[1662]]) [[Fasciculus:Legion Honneur Chevalier ribbon.svg|thumb|75px]] [[Legio Honoris|Legionis Honoris]] Eques ([[1846]]) [[Fasciculus:Order of the Bath UK ribbon.svg|thumb|left|75px]] Eques [[Ordo Imperii Britanniorum|Ordinis Imperii Britanniorum]] == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == * {{cite web|url=http://www.enciclopediabresciana.it/enciclopedia/index.php?title=HERDT|author=|author2=|title=HERDT (o HERTZ) (de) Jan|accesso=31 Ianuarii 2020|work=ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRIXIENSES|year=2020|language=}} * {{cite web|url=http://arthistoryreference.com/a1/60768.htm|author=|author2=|title=Jan Andrea Lievens (1644 - 1680)|accesso=1<sup>o</sup> Iunii 2016|work=Art History Reference|year=2017|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=https://dictionaryofarthistorians.org/gersonh.html|author=|author2=|title=Gerson, Horst [Karl]|accesso=9 Maii 2016|work=Dictionary of Art Historians|year=2016|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.vondel.humanities.uva.nl/ecartico/persons/7908|author=|author2=|title=Lambrecht Visscher|accesso=9 Iulii 2020|work=Universitatis Amstelodamensis - Amsterdam Centre for the Study of the Golden Age|year=2020|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Chalmers,_Alexander|author=|author2=|title=Chalmers, Alexander|accesso=26 Aprilis 2016|work=Wikisource - Encyclopædia Britannica (1911)|year=2016|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/retroboeken/nnbw/#source=10&page=130&view=imagePane|author=J.M.Blok|author2=|title=DUBOIS (Guillam o Willem)|accesso=20 Ianuarii 2021|work=Nieuw Nederlandsch Biografisch Woordenboek (NNBW)|year=2021|language=Nederlandice}} * {{cite web|http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/oosterwijck|author=Noud Janssen|author2=|title=Oosterwijck, Maria van (1630-1693)|accesso=24 Ianuarii 2018|work=Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland - DVN|year=2018|language=Nederlandice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=Cornelis+van+Dalen&role=&nation=&prev_page=1&subjectid=500031216|author=|author2=|title=Dalen, Cornelis van, I (Dutch printmaker, draftsman, and editor, ca. 1602-1665)|accesso=5 Martii 2020|work=Union List of Artist Names Online|year=2020|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=Cornelis+van+Dalen&role=&nation=&page=1&subjectid=500031216|author=|author2=|title=Dalen, Cornelis van, I (Dutch printmaker, draftsman, and editor, ca. 1602-1665)|accesso=26 Maii 2016|work=Union List of Artist Names Online|year=2016|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp88710/abraham-meindersz-van-der-wenne?search=sas&sText=Abraham+van+der+Wenne|author=|author2=|title=Abraham Meindersz van der Wenne (circa 1656-1693), Engraver|accesso=23 Maii 2017|work=National Portrait Gallery|year=2017|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.wga.hu/bio/v/vinne/vincent/biograph.html|author=Emil Kren|author2=Daniel Marx|title=VINNE, Vincentius I Laurensz. van der|accessdate=2 Septembris 2025|work=The Web Gallery of Art|year=2020|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.sphinxfineart.com/Zeeman-Reinier-Nooms-called-DesktopDefault.aspx?tabid=45&tabindex=44&artistid=38786|author=Edward Strachan|author2=Roy Bolton|title=REINIER NOOMS, CALLED ZEEMAN (AMSTERDAM 1623 - AMSTERDAM 1664)|accessdate=9 Iunii 2015|work=SPHINX FINE ART - Artists|year=2015|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.getty.edu/art/gettyguide/artMakerDetails?maker=1119|author=|coautori=|title=Christoffel van den Berghe|accessdate=20 Iulii 2014|work=The J.Paul Getty Museum - Artists|year=2014|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/jacob-isaacksz-van-ruysdael_%28Enciclopedia-Italiana%29/|author=|title=RUYSDAEL, Jacob Isaacksz van|accessdate=20 Ianuari 2021|work=Enciclopedie on line - Treccani.it|year=2021|language=Italice}} * {{cite web|url=https://rkd.nl/explore/artists/81168|author=|title=Vincentius van de Vinne I|accessdate=2 Septembris 2025|work=Rijksbureau voor Kunsthistorische Documentatie|year=2025|language=Nederlandice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.rkd.nl/rkddb/dispatcher.aspx?action=search&database=ChoiceArtists&search=priref=73861|author=|title=Paul van Somer (II)|accessdate=21 Septembris 2015|work=Rijksbureau voor Kunsthistorische Documentatie|year=2015|language=Nederlandice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.rkd.nl/rkddb/dispatcher.aspx?action=search&database=ChoiceArtists&search=priref=90557|author=|title=Everhardus Kickius|accessdate=26 Februarii 2015|work=Rijksbureau voor Kunsthistorische Documentatie|year=2015|language=Nederlandice}} * {{cite book|author=David Freedberg|coauthors=Jan de Vries|title=Art in History/History in Art: Studies in Seventeenth-Century Dutch Culture|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=arVDAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA382&dq=Johannes+Goedaert&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ShaKVPToLITtUpDRgugL&ved=0CF8Q6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=Johannes%20Goedaert&f=false|accessdate=26 Dicembris 2014|year=1991|editor=The Getty Center for the History of Art and the Humanities|location=[[Sancta Monica (California)|Sanctae Monicae]]|language=Lingua Anglica|isbn=0-89236-201-4|pages=382-383|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=|coautori=|title=Imago Musicae 1986|url=http://books.google.it/books?id=d1AU_FAgVbgC&pg=PA65&dq=Hendrik+Pot&hl=en&sa=X&ei=D9bzUsS6BqKAywPVl4KAAQ&ved=0CFsQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=Hendrik%20Pot&f=false|accessdate=24 Ianuarius 2014|year=1987|editor=Duke University Press|city=[[Durham]]|language=Anglice|isbn=0-8223-0723-5|page=65|volume=vol.III}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/peinture/sir_Nathaniel_Bacon/150952|author=|title=sir_Nathaniel_Bacon|accessdate=27 Octobris 2020|series=Dictionnaire de la Peinture Larousse|year=2020|language=Francice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/peinture/Zyl/155022|author=|title=les Van Zyl|accessdate=11 Iulii 2017|series=Encyclopédie Larousse|year=2017|language=Francice}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/sir-nathaniel-bacon-2370|author=Terry Riggs|author2=|title=Sir Nathaniel Bacon 1585–1627|accessdate=27 Octobris 20205|work=Tate|year=2020|language=Anglice}} * {{cite book|author=Peter C. Sutton|coauthors=Lisa Vergara;Ann Jensen Adams|title=Love Letters: Dutch Genre Paintings in the Age of Vermeer|url=http://books.google.it/books?id=3T6ZUprgU_0C&pg=PA79&dq=Dirck+Hals&hl=en&sa=X&ei=710-UeWgO4LWPdfDgOgD&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Dirck%20Hals&f=false|accessdate=26 Ianuarius 2014|year=2003|editor=Frances Lincoln Limited|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=0-7112-2338-6|pages=79-80|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=|coauthors=|title=Liechtenstein, the Princely Collections|url=http://books.google.it/books?id=A1f7lsIFyu0C&pg=PA269&dq=Hendrick+Gerritsz+Pot&hl=en&sa=X&ei=zd3zUqjFJYn5yAOKkIGIAw&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Hendrick%20Gerritsz%20Pot&f=false|accessdate=6 febbraio 2014|year=1985|editor=[[Museum Artium Metropolitanum]]|location=[[Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]]|language=Anglice|isbn=0-87099-383-2|pages=269|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Adriaan van der Willigen|coauthors=|title=Les artistes de Harlem: Notices historiques avec un Précis sur la Gilde de St. Luc|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=YCtCAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA251&dq=Riethoorn&hl=it&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjQ-KPcgt_qAhX0SRUIHXe0CHEQ6AEwCHoECAIQAg#v=onepage&q=Riethoorn&f=false|accessdate=28 Iulii 2020|year=1870|editor=Les Héritiers F.Bohn|location=[[Harlemum|Harlemi]]|language=Francice|isbn=|pages=251-252|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Roeland van Eynden|coauthors=Adriaan van der Willigen|title=Geschiedenis der vaderlandsche schilderkunst sedert de helft der XVIII eeuw|url=http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/retroboeken/vaderlandsche_schilderkunst/#source=I&page=93&view=imagePane|accessdate=28 Iulii 2020|year=1979|editor=B.M.Israel|location=[[Amstelodamum|Amstelodami]]|language=Nederlandice|isbn=90-6078-077-9|pages=78|volume=vol.I°}} * {{cite book|author=Abraham Jacob van der Aa|coauthors=Karel Johan Reinier van Harderwijk;Gilles Dionysius Jacobus Schotel|title=Biografisch Woordenboek der Nederlanden|url=http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/retroboeken/vdaa/#source=aa__001biog19_01.xml&page=340&view=imagePane|accessdate=28 Iulii 2020|year=1874|editor=J.J. van Brederode|location=[[Harlemum|Harlemi]]|language=Nederlandice|isbn=|pages=338|volume=vol.XVI°}} * {{cite book|author=Michael Bryan|coauthors=George Stanley|title=A biographical and critical dictionary of painters and engravers|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=07Q-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA751&dq=Paul+van+Somer+engraver&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Paul%20van%20Somer%20engraver&f=false|accessdate=21 Septembris 2016|year=1865|editor=H.G.Bohn|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|pages=751|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Michael Bryan|coauthors=George Stanley|title=Dictionary of painters and engravers, biographical and critical|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=07Q-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA742&dq=Michael+Burghers&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michael%20Burghers&f=false|accessdate=6 Ianuarii 2016|year=1865|editor=H.G.Bohn|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=122|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Shearjashub Spooner|coauthors=|title=A biographical history of the fine arts, or, Memoirs of the lives and works of the most eminent painters, engraveras, sculptors and architects|url=ttps://books.google.it/books?id=dgw8AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA908&dq=Paul+van+Somer+engraver&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Paul%20van%20Somer%20engraver&f=false|accessdate=21 Septembris 2016|year=1865|editor=J.W.Bouton|location=[[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|pages=908|volume=vol.II°}} * {{cite book|author=J.W. Frederiks|coauthors=|title=Dutch Silver: Wrougt Plate of North and South-Holland from the Renaissance|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=dnHyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA3&dq=Hieronymus+Wierix&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEYQ6AEwBmoVChMIhouQ5sj5xwIVq5xyCh16fgz3#v=onepage&q=Hieronymus%20Wierix&f=false|accessdate=28 Septembris 2015|year=1958|editor= Springer Science + Business Media Dordrecht|location=[[Haga]]e|language=Anglice|isbn=978-94-010-3699-3|page=3|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Sheila D. Muller|coauthors=|title=Dutch Art: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=ZPhLoy0FICMC&pg=PA299&dq=Jan+van+Somer&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Jan%20van%20Somer&f=false|accessdate=14 Septembris 2016|year=2011|editor=Routledge|location=[[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]]|language=Anglice|isbn=0-8153-0065-4|page=299|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=JG Frederiks|coauthors=F. Jos van den Branden|title=Biographisch woordenboek der Noord- en Zuidnederlandsche letterkunde|url=http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/bran038biog01_01/bran038biog01_01_3320.php|accessdate=10 Iulii 2014|year=1888-1891|editor=LJ Veen|location=[[Amstelodamum|Amstelodami]]|language=Nederlandice|isbn=|pages=|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=GJ van Bork|coauthors=PJ Verkruijsse|title=De Nederlandse en Vlaamse auteurs van middeleeuwen tot heden met inbegrip van de Friese auteurs|url=http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/bork001nede01_01/bork001nede01_01_1071.php|accessdate=10 Iulii 2014|year=1985|editor=De Haan|location=[[Weesp]]|language=Nederlandice|isbn=|pages=|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=[[Museum Artium Metropolitanum]]|coauthors=Walter A. Liedtke|title=Dutch Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art|url=http://books.google.it/books?id=jtnQ7PIT8mcC&pg=PA28&dq=Christoffel+van+den+Berghe&hl=it&sa=X&ei=t4HFU9GuEuHjywOg8oDQCA&ved=0CCEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Christoffel%20van%20den%20Berghe&f=false|accessdate=20 Iulii 2014|year=2007|editor==Yale University Press|location=[[New Haven]] e [[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=978-0-300-12028-8|pages=28-30|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Hans-Joachim Raupp|coauthors=|title=Stilleben und Tierstücke|url=http://books.google.it/books?id=tIdzwQuVNNwC&pg=PA220&dq=Fran%C3%A7ois+Ryckhals&hl=en&sa=X&ei=bc_OU_zkMovYPKntgaAC&ved=0CEgQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=Fran%C3%A7ois%20Ryckhals&f=false|accessdate=1º Augusti 2014|year=2004|editor=Lit Verlag|location=[[Münster]]|language=Germanice|isbn=3-8258-2239-7|page=220|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Augustine Jal|coauthors=|title=Dictionnaire critique de biographie et d'histoire|url=http://books.google.it/books?id=WcwKAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA768&dq=Mathieu+Le+Nain&hl=en&sa=X&ei=jwZUVJ7GBKvA7Abx9YDgBA&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Mathieu%20Le%20Nain&f=false|accessdate=13 Novembris 2014|year=1867|editor=Henri Plon|location=[[Lutetia]]e|language=Francice|isbn=|pages=767-768|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Eric Jorink|coauthors=|title=Reading the Book of Nature in the Dutch Golden Age, 1575-1715|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=XAiEMHlll9QC&pg=PA201&dq=Johannes+Goedaert&hl=en&sa=X&ei=KsKIVMP8FIHSPe2JgZAG&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Johannes%20Goedaert&f=false|accessdate=26 Dicembris 2014|year=2010|editor=Koninklijke Brill NV|location=[[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]|language=Anglice|isbn=978-9004-18671-2|pages=201-209|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Alexander Chalmers|coauthors=|title=The General biographical dictionary|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=79QvAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA386&dq=David+Loggan&hl=en&sa=X&ei=RyjVVPLNIYGqUe2Jg_AO&ved=0CEMQ6AEwBjgK#v=onepage&q=David%20Loggan&f=false|accessdate=26 Februarii 2015|year=1815|editor=Nichols, Son and Bentley|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=386|volume=vol.XX°}} * {{cite book|author=Arthur M. Hind|coauthors=|title=A History of Engraving and Etching|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=fnhpAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA150&dq=Cornelis+van+Dalen&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Cornelis%20van%20Dalen&f=false|accessdate=26 Maii 2015|year=2011|editor=Dover Publications Inc.|location=[[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]]|language=Anglice|isbn=0-486-20954-7|pages=150|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Michael Cyril William Hunter|coauthors=|title=Printed Images in Early Modern Britain: Essays in Interpretation|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=HO-y92dlu9gC&pg=PA292&dq=Jan+van+Somer&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Jan%20van%20Somer&f=false|accessdate=14 Septembris 2016|year=2010|editor=Michael Hunter|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=978-0-7546-6654-7|page=292|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Ad Stijnman|coauthors=Elizabeth Savage|title=Printing Colour 1400-1700: History, Techniques, Functions and Receptions|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=C9R0CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA207&dq=Gerard+Valck&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Gerard%20Valck&f=false|accessdate=30 Decembris 2015|2015|editor=Brill|location=[[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]|language=Anglice|isbn=978-90-04-26968-2|page=207|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Leo Bagrow|coauthors=|title=History of Cartography|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=OBeB4tDmJv8C&pg=PA184&dq=Gerard+Valck&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Gerard%20Valck&f=false|accessdate=30 Decembris 2015|2010|editor=Transaction Publishers|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=978-1-4128-1154-5|page=184-270|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=William Bridges Hunter|coauthors=|title=A Milton Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=x66M-BoFvncC&pg=PA106&dq=Michael+Burghers&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michael%20Burghers&f=false|accessdate=6 Ianuarii 2016|year=1979|editor=Associated University Presses Inc.|location=[[Cranbury]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=106|volume=vol.V°}} * {{cite book|author=Ian Gadd|coauthors=Simon Elliot, William Roger Louis|title=History of Oxford University Press, Volume I: Beginnings to 1780|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=VbkJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA526&dq=Michael+Burghers&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michael%20Burghers&f=false|accessdate=6 Ianuarii 2016|year=2013|editor=Oxford University Press|location=[[Oxonia]]e|language=Anglice|isbn=978-0-19-955731-8|page=526|volume=vol.I°}} * {{cite book|author=Oxfordshire architectural and historical society|coauthors=|title=Proceedings of the Oxford architectural and historical society|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=jEJbAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA64&dq=Michael+Burghers&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michael%20Burghers&f=false|accessdate=6 Ianuarii 2016|year=|editor=Parker|location=[[Oxonia]]e|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=64|volume=vol.IV°}} * {{cite book|author=Horace Walpole|coauthors=George Vertue|title=The Works of Horatio Walpole, Earl of Orford|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=0mVGAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA466&dq=Michael+Burghers&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michael%20Burghers&f=false|accessdate=6 Ianuarii 2016|year=1798|editor=Robinson|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=77|volume=vol.IV°}} * {{cite book|author=|coauthors=|title=Benezit Dictionary of British Graphic Artists and Illustrators|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=05C02RhJZCkC&pg=PA319&dq=Edward+Davis+engraver&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Edward%20Davis%20engraver&f=false|accessdate=17 Ianuarii 2016|year=2012|editor=Universitatis Oxoniensis Prelum|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=978-0-19-992305-2|page=319|volume=vol.I°}} * {{cite book|author=Charles Knight|coauthors=|title=Biography: Or, Third Division of "The English Encyclopedia"|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=d8RPAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA2-PA706&dq=Michiel+van+der+Gucht&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michiel%20van%20der%20Gucht&f=false|accessdate=31 Ianuarii 2016|year=1872|editor=Bradbury, Evans and Co.|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=621-622|volume=appendix}} * {{cite book|author=Pieter Biesboer|coauthors=|title=Nederlandish Inventories 1 - Collections of Paintings in Haarlem, 1572-1745|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=1mV6p35NufEC&pg=PA299&dq=Guillam+Dubois+painter&hl=it&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj8xobMndPtAhXH-KQKHWdHAA8Q6AEwAHoECAAQAg#v=onepage&q=Guillam%20Dubois%20painter&f=false|accessdate=20 Ianuarii 2021|year=2001|editor=Carol Togneri|location=[[Angelopolis]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=20-299-340-366|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Joseph Strutt|coauthors=|title=A Biographical Dictionary: Containing an Historical Account of All the Engravers|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=B14OAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA356&dq=Michael+van+der+Gucht&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michael%20van%20der%20Gucht&f=false|accessdate=31 Ianuarii 2016|year=1785|editor=J.Davis|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=355-356|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Stanley H. Johnston|coauthors=|title=The Cleveland Herbal, Botanical, and Horticultural Collections|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=ff5tJ4EfHhMC&pg=PA295&dq=Michael+van+der+Gucht&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michael%20van%20der%20Gucht&f=false|accessdate=31 Ianuarii 2016|year=1992|editor=Respublicae Ohioensis Universitatis Prelum|location=[[Cantium (Ohium)|Cantii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=0-87338-433-4|page=265|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=John Gould|coauthors=Horace Walpole, George Vertue|title=A Dictionary of Painters, Sculptors, Architects, and Engravers|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=Si9cAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA483&dq=Robert+White+engraver&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Robert%20White%20engraver&f=false|accessdate=31 Martii 2016|year=1810|editor=Gale and Curtis|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=417-483|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Christopher D.M. Atkins|coauthors=|title=The signature style of Frans Hals: painting, subjectivity, and the market in Early Modernity|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=5hkhAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA162&dq=Pieter+van+Roestraten&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Pieter%20van%20Roestraten&f=false|accessdate=4 Novembris 2016|year=2012|editor=Prelum [[Universitas Amstelodamensis|Universitatis Amstelodamensis]]|location=[[Amstelodamum|Amstelodami]]|language=Anglice|isbn=978-90-8964-335-3|page=162|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Peter McNeil|coauthors=Giorgio Riello|title=Luxury: A Rich History|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=gcowDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT107&dq=Pieter+van+Roestraten&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Pieter%20van%20Roestraten&f=false|accessdate=4 Novembris 2016|year=2006|editor=Prelum [[Universitas Oxoniensis|Universitatis Oxoniensis]]|location=[[Oxonia]]e|language=Anglice|isbn=978-0-19-966324-8|page=|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Derek Brewer|coauthors=Marie-Françoise Alamichel|title=The Middle Ages After the Middle Ages in the English-speaking Wor|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=omAVJRxb-eoC&pg=PA80&dq=Pieter+van+Roestraten&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Pieter%20van%20Roestraten&f=false|accessdate=4 Novembris 2016|year=2006|editor=D.S.Brewer|location=[[Cantabrigia]]e|language=Anglice|isbn=978-0-85991-508-3|page=80|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Titus Livius|coauthors=Ioannes Munnickhuysen|title=Titi Livii Historiarum quod extat|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=HtfArsn_TTcC&pg=PR18&dq=Johannes+Willemsz.+Munnickhuysen&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Johannes%20Willemsz.%20Munnickhuysen&f=false|accessdate=20 Iunii 2016|year=1679|editor=|location=|language=Latine|isbn=|page=|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=AA.VV.|coauthors=|title=Etat civil de quelques artistes francais. Extrait des registres des paroisses des anciennes archives de la ville de Paris|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=oOAKpD0vsF4C&pg=PA11&dq=Jean+Baptiste+Duru&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Jean%20Baptiste%20Duru&f=false|accessdate=20 Iulii 2017|year=1873|editor=Libraire Pagnerre|location=[[Lutetia]]e|language=Francice|isbn=|page=129|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Helmer J. Helmers|coauthors=|title=The Royalist Republic|url=https://www.google.it/books/edition/The_Royalist_Republic/QZqiBQAAQBAJ?hl=it&gbpv=1&dq=Vincent+van+der+Vinne&pg=PA142&printsec=frontcover|accessdate=2 Septembris 2025|editor=Prelum [[Universitas Cantabrigiensis|Universitatis Cantabrigiensis]]|year=2015|location=[[Cantabrigia]]e|language=Anglice|page=142|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Sam Segal|coauthors=Klara Allen|title=Dutch and Flemish Flower Pieces|url=https://www.google.it/books/edition/Dutch_and_Flemish_Flower_Pieces_2_vols_i/rmgCEAAAQBAJ?hl=it&gbpv=1&dq=Vincent+van+der+Vinne&pg=PA828&printsec=frontcover|accessdate=2 Septembris 2025|editor=Brill Hes & De Graaf|year=2020|location=[[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]|language=Anglice|page=536|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=David Towry Piper|coauthors=|title=Dizionario illustrato dell'arte e degli artisti|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=tOynfqWxk34C&pg=PA41&dq=Nathaniel+Bacon+pittore&hl=it&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjfyZLajtrrAhXkAhAIHWIyAAIQ6AEwAHoECAIQAg#v=onepage&q=Nathaniel%20Bacon%20pittore&f=false|accessdate=27 Octobris 2020|year=1984|editor=Gremese|location=[[Roma]]e|language=Italice|isbn=88-7742-422-2|page=41|volume=}} == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Vincent Laurensz. van der Vinne (I)|Vincentium Laurensz. van der Vinne I}} * [https://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n90-655549/ Alexander Chalmers in WorldCat] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/nl/zoeken?q=%20Riethoorn&v=&s=&ondisplay=False&ii=0&p=1 Ioannes Riethoorn in Amstelodami Rijksmuseum] {{Ling|Nederlandice}} * [https://www.artnet.com/artists/vincent-laurensz-van-der-vinne-the-elder/ Vincentius Laurensz. van der Vinne I in Artnet] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [http://www.artnet.com/artists/jean-baptiste-durup/past-auction-results Ioannes Baptista Durup in Artnet] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp00205/sir-nathaniel-bacon?search=sas&sText=Nathaniel+Bacon Nathanael Bacon in The National Portrait Gallery] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [http://www.artcyclopedia.com/artists/vinne_vincent_laurensz_van_der.html Vincentius Laurensz. van der Vinne I in Artcyclopedia] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/search/list?base=%5B%22Collections%20des%20mus%C3%A9es%20de%20France%20%28Joconde%29%22%5D&mainSearch=%22Guillam%20Dubois%22 Gulielmus Dubois - Base Joconde] {{Ling|Francice}} * [http://www.scholarsresource.com/browse/artist/2142564356 Petrus de Roestraeten in Scholars Resource] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz83861.html#indexcontent Lambertus de Visscher in Deutsche Biographie] {{Ling|Theodisce}} {{Controllo di autorità}} {{Portale|arte|biografie}} <!-- {{Lifetime|1625|1680|Vinne, Vincentius Laurensz. I}} [[Categoria:Pictores Germaniae]] [[Categoria:Pictores Angliae]] [[Categoria:Artifices Nederlandiae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Angliae]] [[Categoria:Chalcographi]] [[Categoria:Scalptores]] [[Categoria:Entomologi]] [[Categoria:Cartographi]] {{Attributio|it|Eugène Stanislas Alexandre Bléry|72344825}} {{Attributio|en|Diary of a Wimpy Kid||partim}} ac ==> atque ante vocalem {{NexInt}} {{Nexus nominis}} --> h98kxiet3m0v6pv1noudx42800btvio 3986635 3986634 2026-09-08T15:54:30Z Maria.martelli 20183 3986635 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Monitus de harenario usoris|f}} {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:Still Life with Watermelon, by Sarah Miriam Peale, 1822, oil on panel - Fogg Art Museum, Harvard University - DSC01409.jpg|thumb|250px|Natura mortua cum citrullo lanato]] <!--__NOTOC__ --> <!--{{NUMBEROFACTIVEUSERS}} --> {{res|Sara Miriama Peale}} (''vulgo'': '''Sarah Miriam Peale'''; [[Philadelphia]]e 19 Maii anno [[1800]] nata; [[Philadelphia]]e 4 Februarii anno [[1885]] mortua) fuit [[Saeculum Aureum Batavicum|saeculi aurei]] pictrix pictor et [[adumbratio]]nis peritissimus artifex [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Americana]] [[Nederlandia|Nederlandicus]], quae praecipue imagines personarum effingebat. Praeterea prima mulier Americana extimabatur quae picturae opere se sustentaret<ref name = "Peale Family">{{cite web |url=http://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/peale-family-of-painters/ |title=The Peale Family of Painters |author=Ogden Kate |publisher= Rutgers University: Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia |year=2016 |accessdate=6 Gennaio 2017}}</ref>. Ex familia artificum orta, cuius patruus [[Carolus Willson Peale]] clarissimus erat, Sara Peale imagines pinxit potissimum illustrium virorum, civium politicorum et ducum militarium [[Terra Mariae|Terrae Mariae]], [[Pennsilvania|Pennsilvania]]e et [[Vasingtonia (D.C.)|Vasingtonia]]e. [[La Fayette]] effigiem quater pinxit. == Biographia == [[Fasciculus:EBosley.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Elias Bosley effigies (1740–1841), Oleis in linteo, 62,23 x 73,66 cm, fere anno 1825]] [[Fasciculus:Basket of berries sarah miriam peale.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Fiscus cum bacis, [[1860]])]] Sara filia minima natu erat minutorum operum et naturae mortuae pictoris [[Iacomus Peale|Iacomi Peale]], fratris minoris natu [[Carolus Willson Peale|Caroli Willson Peale]], et Miriamae Claypoole. A patre et fratuo artem picturae didicit et adiutrix patris in officina eius facta est<ref name = "Peale Family"/>. Per discipulatum, coloribus miscendis, lintiis parandis fundisque adumbrandis usum comparavit<ref name="History of American Women">{{Cite news|url=http://www.womenhistoryblog.com/2015/04/sarah-miriam-peale.html|title=Sarah Miriam Peale|work=History of American Women|accessdate=30 marzo 2018|language=en}}</ref>. Sara et sorores suae, [[Anna Claypoole Peale|Anna Claypoole]] e [[Margarita Angelica Peale|Margarita Angelica]], a mulieribus medii ordinis illius temporis differebant, cum educationem accepissent, uxores et matres esse didicerant, et scientiam mercatoriam et artisticam a familia sua sumpserant<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Peale Family: Creation of a Legacy (1770-1870)|author=Miller Lillian|publisher=Abbeville Press|year=1996|ISBN=0-7892-0206-9|p=228}}</ref>. Adulescens, experientiam comparavit dum extremam manum picturis patris iniecit. Primae eius operae ad annum 1816 pertinent et res inanimas quales sunt flores effingunt, mox tamen se ad vultus exprimendos convertit. Anno 1818, tres menses cum [[Rembrandus Peale|Rembrando Peale]], suo consobrino, [[Baltimora]]e degit, et iterum annis 1820 et 1822. Is et criticus [[Ioannes Neal]] eius primam pingendi rationem atque picturae argumenta affecerunt<ref>{{cite journal| last = Chico | first = Beverly Berghaus | date = Autunno 1976 | title = Two American Firsts: Sara Peale, Portrait Painter, and John Neal, Critic | url = https://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc5800/sc5881/000001/000000/000283/pdf/msa_sc_5881_1_283.pdf | journal = Maryland Historical Society Magazine | volume = 71 | issue= 3 | page = 349 | language= en}}</ref>. Per viginti quinque annos Baltimorae (1822–1847) operatus est atque, interdum, [[Vasingtonia (D.C.)|Vasingtoniae]]<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.marylandartsource.org/artists/detail_000000042.html | title= Maryland Art Source| urlarchive=https://20030113231623/http://www.marylandartsource.org/artists/detail_000000042.html | publisher= The Baltimore Art Research & Outreach Consortium | date= 19 giugno 2003 | datearchive= 13 gennaio 2003 | language= en}}</ref>. Sessionibus [[Congressus Civitatum Foederatarum]] interfuit atque multorum virorum illustrium imagines pinxit<ref>{{cite book|author=Miller Lillian B.|title=The Peale family: creation of a legacy, 1770-1870|year=1996|publisher=Abbeville Press|ISBN=9780789202062|page=240}}</ref>. Sara primum apud Academiam Pennsilvaniensem exposuit, opus ''Effigies dominae'' (1818) exhibens. Anno 1824 una<ref name="Brooklyn">Dinner Party database of notable women at the Brooklyn Museum</ref> cum sorore Anna Claypoole Peale in [[Academia Artium Pulchrarum Pennsylvanienses|Academiam Artium Pulchrarum Pennsylvaniensem]] admissa est<ref name="Morgan">{{cite book|author=Morgan Ann Lee|title=The Oxford dictionary of American art and artists |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York|year=2007 |page=367|ISBN=978-0-19-512878-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pyvjWAcwnHEC&pg=PA367}}</ref>: ambae enim primae mulieres erant quae hoc honore potirentur. Anno 1831 Baltimorae officinam aperuit<ref>{{cite web|title=Sarah Peale (1800-1885)|url=https://www.nwhm.org/education-resources/biography/biographies/sarah-peale/|work=national Women's History Museum|accessdate=6 Giugno 2017|date=8 novembre 2016|urlarchive=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108014242/https://www.nwhm.org/education-resources/biography/biographies/sarah-peale/|url=dead}}</ref>; exstantque plus quam centum personarum imagines, quas ibi ex mandato effinxit. Ea aetate in urbe sua artifex omnium fecundissima habebatur<ref name="King">{{cite book|author=King Joan |title=Sarah M. Peale: America's first woman artist |publisher=Branden Books|year=1987 |page=296|ISBN=0-8283-1999-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9EpzXYTgE5YC&pg=PA296}}</ref>. Eius personarum effigies oleo pictae statim a sodalibus Congressūs, legatis aliisque locupletibus in Terra Mariae expetebantur<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nmwa.org/explore/artist-profiles/sarah-miriam-peale|title=Sarah Miriam Peale|work= National Museum of Women in the Arts nmwa.org|language=en|accessdate=30 marzo 2018}}</ref>. Ars eius imaginum pingendarum genere singularis habetur, propter usum pellium, textilium denticulatorum aliorumque pannorum subtiliter redditorum, necnon propter vultuum, cutis et capillorum similitudinem<ref name="History of American Women"/>. [[Fasciculus:|thumb|right|250px|Hadriani Banckert effigies ([[1673]])]] [[Fasciculus:|thumb|right|250px|Forum boarium magnum parvumque, et piscatorium]] Anno 1847, mala valetudine coacta, ad [[Urbs Sancti Ludovici|Urbem Sancti Ludovici]] migrare debuit; ibi per se feliciter floruit atque una ex primis artificibus feminis Americanis facta est quae arte sua se alerent<ref name="Brooklyn"/><ref name="King"/>. Maxima pars operum eius huius aetatis apud privatos possidentur<ref name="King"/>. Circiter annum 1860 ad picturas rerum naturae rediit, sed compositione naturaliore atque minus formali quam superioribus annis usa est<ref name="King"/>. Anno 1878 in patriam urbem rediit ibique postremos vitae suae annos cum sororibus suis Anna Claypoole (quae anno 1878 diem supremum obiit) Margaritaque Angelica (quae anno 1882 diem supremum obiit) degit<ref name="Brooklyn"/><ref name="King"/>. Sicut soror eius Margarita, numquam nupsit<ref>{{cite book|author=Greer Germaine |title=The obstacle race: the fortunes of women painters and their work |publisher=Tauris Parke Paperbacks|year=2001 |page=25|ISBN=1-86064-677-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qnBu6eUvx18C&pg=PA25}}</ref>. Anno 1885 in patria urbe sua mortua est<ref name="King"/>. Nonnullae picturae Sarae in expositione milierum dicata connumeratae sunt Diversi dipinti di Peale furono inclusi nella mostra inaugurale del [[National Museum of Women in the Arts]], ''American Women Artists 1830-1930'' (1987)<ref name="Tufts(U.S.)1987">{{cite book|author=Eleanor Tufts|author2=National Museum of Women in the Arts (U.S.); International Exhibitions Foundation|title=American women artists, 1830-1930|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EvxPAAAAMAAJ|year=1987|publisher=International Exhibitions Foundation for the National Museum of Women in the Arts|ISBN=978-0-940979-01-7}}</ref>. == Opera == * ''Dies festus sub divo'', [[Hydrochroma]] et temperatio supra [[Membrana (ars scribendi)|membrana]], 96 × 78 cm, 1671, [[Rijksmuseum (Amstelodamum)|Rijksmuseum]], [[Amstelodamum|Amstelodami]] * ''Tres fratres Browne'', temperatio et aurum supra [[Membrana (ars scribendi)|membrana]], 24 × 26 cm, 1598, Burghley House, Stamford<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Isaac_Oliver_Brothers_Browne.jpg Tres fratres Browne - Communia]</ref> * ''Vanitas cum fidiculis, calva et argenti vaso'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, 63,5 x 75 cm * ''In murae testa flores'', [[pictura]] supra aeris lamina, 31 x 21 cm, 1616-1617, Collectio privata<ref>[http://www.wga.hu/html/b/berghe/flowers.html In murae testa flores - The Web Gallery of Art]</ref> * ''Topia collina prope flumen, duo homines in cymba, viatores itinere'', pictura * ''[[Henricus Fridericus Stuart|Henrici Friderici Stuart]] effigies'', [[Hydrochroma]] supra [[Membrana (ars scribendi)|membrana]], 13,2 × 10 cm, 1610, Royal Collection * ''Matronae effigies'', [[Hydrochroma]] supra [[Membrana (ars scribendi)|membrana]], 5,9 x 4,8 cm, 1610 fere, apud Artis Museum, [[Cincinnati|Cincinnatorum]]ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Isaac_Oliver_-_A_Lady_in_Masque_Costume_-_WGA16637.jpg Matronae effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Topia fluvialia cum opilione et pecore'', [[pictura]], 47,2 x 71,8 cm, apud Rijksmuseum Twenthe, [[Enscheda]]e<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Guilliaume_Dubois_-_Heuvelachtige_rivieroever_-_BR0001_(R448)_-_Rijksmuseum_Twenthe.jpg Topia fluvialia cum opilione et pecore - Communia]</ref> * ''[[Rhenus|Rheni]] regionis despectus'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, 136,84 x 68,1 cm, apud [[Pinacotheca Dulvicensis|Pinacothecam Dulvicensem]], [[Dulwich]]<ref name=dulwich/> * ''Topia con viatoribus ac ecclesia procul'', [[pictura]], 45,7 x 63,5 cm, 1649, apud Mauritshuis, [[Haga]]e<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dune_Landscape_with_Road_and_Church_by_Guillam_Dubois_Mauritshuis_799.jpg Topia con viatoribus ac ecclesia procul - Communia]</ref> * ''Rijngesigje ([[Rhenus|Rheni]] despectus)'', [[pictura]], apud Petri Boll Collectionem, [[Harlemum|Harlemi]]<ref name=biesboer/> * ''[[Rhenus|Rheni]] regionis despectus cum castello viatoribusque'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, 79,8 x 102,2 cm, post annum [[1653]], apud [[Pinacotheca Dulvicensis|Pinacothecam Dulvicensem]], [[Dulwich]]<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Peter_Wtewael_Hirte_mit_Sackpfeife1596_1660.jpg Caprarius cum tibiis infixis utricolo - Communia]</ref> * ''Natura mortua cum floribus et papilione'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maria_van_Oosterwijk_Still_Life_with_Flowers_after.jpg Natura mortua cum floribus et papilione - Communia]</ref> * ''Vanitas cum calva et heliotropio'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, apud collectanea privata<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maria_van_Oosterwijk_Vanitas-Stilleben.jpg Vanitas cum calva et heliotropio - Communia]</ref> * ''Natura mortua cum floribus pomisque'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, 1670 fere, apud [[Palatium Pittianum]], [[Florentia]]e<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maria_van_Oosterwijk_-_Flowers_and_Fruit_-_WGA16657.jpg Natura mortua cum floribus pomisque - Communia]</ref> * ''Natura mortua cum floribus in vaso scite ornato'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, 62 x 47,5 cm, 1670-1675, apud Mauritshuis, [[Haga]]e<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Still_Life_with_Flowers_in_a_Decorative_Vase,_Oosterwijck.jpg Natura mortua cum floribus in vaso scite ornato - Communia]</ref> * ''Natura mortua cum vaso florum, citreo papilioneque'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, deorsum in media pictura obsignata ''Maria Va Oosterwijck Aº 1675'', 90,4 x 80,7 cm, 1675<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MARIA_VAN_OOSTERWIJCK_NOOTDORP_1630_-_1693_UITDAM_A_FLORAL_STILL_LIFE.jpg Natura mortua cum vaso florum, citreo papilioneque - Communia]</ref> * ''Natura mortua cum floribus, heliotropio insectisque'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, 73,6 x 55,8 cm, 1670 fere, apud Museum Artis Denverii, [[Denverium (Coloratum)|Denverii]]<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maria_van_Oosterwyck_-_Bouquet_of_Flowers_in_a_Vase_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg Natura mortua cum floribus, heliotropio insectisque - Communia]</ref> * ''Topia montana cum viatoribus et cane ab laeva'', [[pictura]] supra tabula cum pigmento oleario, 36 x 32 cm, 1654 fere, apud [[Rijksmuseum (Amstelodamum)|Rijksmuseum]], [[Amstelodamum|Amstelodami]] * ''Topia nemorosa cum viatoribus'', [[pictura]] supra tabula cum pigmento oleario, 47 x 63,5 cm, antea [[Iacobus de Ruysdael|Iacobo de Ruysdael]] adscripta<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_WOODED_LANDSCAPE_WITH_TRAVELERS_ON_A_PATH.png Topia nemorosa cum viatoribus - Communia]</ref> * ''Pagi semita cum ecclesia procul'', delineatio, 1650 fere, apud [[Centrum Getty]], [[Angelopolis]]<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Guillam_Dubois_-_Village_Path_with_Church_Spire_in_the_Distance_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg Pagi semita cum ecclesia procul - Communia]</ref> * ''Roberti von der Pfalz effigies'', chalcographia [[ratio atra]], 18,6 x 16,4 cm, apud Artium Museum, [[Franciscopolis (California)|Franciscopolis]]<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Prince_Rupert_von_der_Pfalz.jpg Roberti von der Pfalz effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Argumentum marinum'', [[pictura]] cum penicillo et atramento, dextra deorsum obsignata ''R. Zeeman''<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Zeeman,_marine.jpg Argumentum marinum - Communia]</ref> * ''Hortus floridus in quo rariorum et minus vulgarium florum icones ad vivam veramque formam accuratissme delineata'', Crispijn van de Passe de jongere et Joannes Waldelius, 1614<ref>[http://books.google.it/books?id=RhtTAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Crispijn+van+de+Passe+II&hl=en&sa=X&ei=1y0jVNysGcKe7gbNnoG4AQ&ved=0CD4Q6wEwBDgU#v=onepage&q=Crispijn%20van%20de%20Passe%20II&f=false Hortus floridus]</ref> * ''Davidis Clarkson effigies'', chalcographia secundum [[Maria Beale|Mariae Beale]] picturam sculpta, 1696 * ''Alexander Gibson, Dominus Durie'', chalcographia secundum [[David Paton|Davidis Paton]] picturam sculpta, 1690 * ''Anthonii Tuckney effigies'', chalcographia, 194 × 132 mm, 1676<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anthony_Tuckney.jpg Anthonii Tuckney effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''[[Augustus II Poloniae|Augusti II Poloniae]] effigies'', chalcographia, 1697<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AugustII_young2.jpeg Augusti II Poloniae effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''[[Henricus Somerset, I dux Beaufortiensis|Henrici Somerset, I ducis Beaufortiensis]] effigies'', chalcographia, 1679<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Beaufort1.JPG Henrici Somerset, I ducis Beaufortiensis effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Edmundi Ludlow effigies'', chalcographia, 1689<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Edmund_Ludlow.JPG Edmundi Ludlow effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Henrici Coley effigies'', chalcographia, 1676<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_Coley._Line_engraving_by_R._White,_1676,_after_himself_Wellcome_V0001188.jpg Henrici Coley effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Edmundi Gibson effigies'', chalcographia, apud [[Pinacotheca Effigierum Publica|Pinacothecam Effigierum Publicam Londiniensem]]<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Edmund_Gibson_by_Michael_Vandergucht.jpg Edmundi Gibson effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Eduardi Ward effigies'', chalcographia, 1702, secundum [[Godfridus Kneller|Godfridi Kneller]] picturam sculta<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Edward_Ward.jpg Eduardi Ward effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''[[Iacomus Hamilton, I dux Hamiltoniensis|Iacomi Hamilton, I ducis Hamiltoniensis]] effigies'', chalcographia, 244 mm x 155 mm, apud [[Pinacotheca Effigierum Publica|Pinacothecam Effigierum Publicam Londiniensem]]<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:James_Hamilton,_1st_Duke_of_Hamilton_by_Robert_White,_late_17th_century.jpg Iacomi Hamilton, I ducis Hamiltoniensis effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Ioannis Browne effigies'', chalcographia, 1678<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:John_Browne_Robert_White.jpg Ioannis Browne effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Ioannis Partridge effigies'', chalcographia, 1679<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:John_Partridge._Line_engraving_by_R._White,_1679,_after_hims_Wellcome_V0004503EL.jpg Ioannis Partridge effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''[[Eduardus Tyson|Eduardi Tyson]] libri "Orang-outang, sive Hominis Sylvestris" imagines'', chalcographiae<ref name=meyer/> * ''"A voyage to the islands of Madera, Barbados, Nieves, S.Christophers and Jamaica" imagines'', 75 chalcographiae<ref name=holden/> * ''Thomae Wyat effigies'', chalcographia<ref name=bryan/> * ''Ioannis Baliol effigies'', chalcographia<ref name=bryan/> == Honores == [[Fasciculus:Ordre de Saint-Michel Chevalier ribbon.svg|thumb|75px]] [[Michael (archangelus)|Michaelis Archangeli]] ordo ([[1662]]) [[Fasciculus:Legion Honneur Chevalier ribbon.svg|thumb|75px]] [[Legio Honoris|Legionis Honoris]] Eques ([[1846]]) [[Fasciculus:Order of the Bath UK ribbon.svg|thumb|left|75px]] Eques [[Ordo Imperii Britanniorum|Ordinis Imperii Britanniorum]] == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == * {{cite web|url=http://www.enciclopediabresciana.it/enciclopedia/index.php?title=HERDT|author=|author2=|title=HERDT (o HERTZ) (de) Jan|accesso=31 Ianuarii 2020|work=ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRIXIENSES|year=2020|language=}} * {{cite web|url=http://arthistoryreference.com/a1/60768.htm|author=|author2=|title=Jan Andrea Lievens (1644 - 1680)|accesso=1<sup>o</sup> Iunii 2016|work=Art History Reference|year=2017|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=https://dictionaryofarthistorians.org/gersonh.html|author=|author2=|title=Gerson, Horst [Karl]|accesso=9 Maii 2016|work=Dictionary of Art Historians|year=2016|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.vondel.humanities.uva.nl/ecartico/persons/7908|author=|author2=|title=Lambrecht Visscher|accesso=9 Iulii 2020|work=Universitatis Amstelodamensis - Amsterdam Centre for the Study of the Golden Age|year=2020|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Chalmers,_Alexander|author=|author2=|title=Chalmers, Alexander|accesso=26 Aprilis 2016|work=Wikisource - Encyclopædia Britannica (1911)|year=2016|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/retroboeken/nnbw/#source=10&page=130&view=imagePane|author=J.M.Blok|author2=|title=DUBOIS (Guillam o Willem)|accesso=20 Ianuarii 2021|work=Nieuw Nederlandsch Biografisch Woordenboek (NNBW)|year=2021|language=Nederlandice}} * {{cite web|http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/oosterwijck|author=Noud Janssen|author2=|title=Oosterwijck, Maria van (1630-1693)|accesso=24 Ianuarii 2018|work=Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland - DVN|year=2018|language=Nederlandice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=Cornelis+van+Dalen&role=&nation=&prev_page=1&subjectid=500031216|author=|author2=|title=Dalen, Cornelis van, I (Dutch printmaker, draftsman, and editor, ca. 1602-1665)|accesso=5 Martii 2020|work=Union List of Artist Names Online|year=2020|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=Cornelis+van+Dalen&role=&nation=&page=1&subjectid=500031216|author=|author2=|title=Dalen, Cornelis van, I (Dutch printmaker, draftsman, and editor, ca. 1602-1665)|accesso=26 Maii 2016|work=Union List of Artist Names Online|year=2016|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp88710/abraham-meindersz-van-der-wenne?search=sas&sText=Abraham+van+der+Wenne|author=|author2=|title=Abraham Meindersz van der Wenne (circa 1656-1693), Engraver|accesso=23 Maii 2017|work=National Portrait Gallery|year=2017|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.wga.hu/bio/v/vinne/vincent/biograph.html|author=Emil Kren|author2=Daniel Marx|title=VINNE, Vincentius I Laurensz. van der|accessdate=2 Septembris 2025|work=The Web Gallery of Art|year=2020|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.sphinxfineart.com/Zeeman-Reinier-Nooms-called-DesktopDefault.aspx?tabid=45&tabindex=44&artistid=38786|author=Edward Strachan|author2=Roy Bolton|title=REINIER NOOMS, CALLED ZEEMAN (AMSTERDAM 1623 - AMSTERDAM 1664)|accessdate=9 Iunii 2015|work=SPHINX FINE ART - Artists|year=2015|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.getty.edu/art/gettyguide/artMakerDetails?maker=1119|author=|coautori=|title=Christoffel van den Berghe|accessdate=20 Iulii 2014|work=The J.Paul Getty Museum - Artists|year=2014|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/jacob-isaacksz-van-ruysdael_%28Enciclopedia-Italiana%29/|author=|title=RUYSDAEL, Jacob Isaacksz van|accessdate=20 Ianuari 2021|work=Enciclopedie on line - Treccani.it|year=2021|language=Italice}} * {{cite web|url=https://rkd.nl/explore/artists/81168|author=|title=Vincentius van de Vinne I|accessdate=2 Septembris 2025|work=Rijksbureau voor Kunsthistorische Documentatie|year=2025|language=Nederlandice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.rkd.nl/rkddb/dispatcher.aspx?action=search&database=ChoiceArtists&search=priref=73861|author=|title=Paul van Somer (II)|accessdate=21 Septembris 2015|work=Rijksbureau voor Kunsthistorische Documentatie|year=2015|language=Nederlandice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.rkd.nl/rkddb/dispatcher.aspx?action=search&database=ChoiceArtists&search=priref=90557|author=|title=Everhardus Kickius|accessdate=26 Februarii 2015|work=Rijksbureau voor Kunsthistorische Documentatie|year=2015|language=Nederlandice}} * {{cite book|author=David Freedberg|coauthors=Jan de Vries|title=Art in History/History in Art: Studies in Seventeenth-Century Dutch Culture|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=arVDAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA382&dq=Johannes+Goedaert&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ShaKVPToLITtUpDRgugL&ved=0CF8Q6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=Johannes%20Goedaert&f=false|accessdate=26 Dicembris 2014|year=1991|editor=The Getty Center for the History of Art and the Humanities|location=[[Sancta Monica (California)|Sanctae Monicae]]|language=Lingua Anglica|isbn=0-89236-201-4|pages=382-383|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=|coautori=|title=Imago Musicae 1986|url=http://books.google.it/books?id=d1AU_FAgVbgC&pg=PA65&dq=Hendrik+Pot&hl=en&sa=X&ei=D9bzUsS6BqKAywPVl4KAAQ&ved=0CFsQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=Hendrik%20Pot&f=false|accessdate=24 Ianuarius 2014|year=1987|editor=Duke University Press|city=[[Durham]]|language=Anglice|isbn=0-8223-0723-5|page=65|volume=vol.III}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/peinture/sir_Nathaniel_Bacon/150952|author=|title=sir_Nathaniel_Bacon|accessdate=27 Octobris 2020|series=Dictionnaire de la Peinture Larousse|year=2020|language=Francice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/peinture/Zyl/155022|author=|title=les Van Zyl|accessdate=11 Iulii 2017|series=Encyclopédie Larousse|year=2017|language=Francice}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/sir-nathaniel-bacon-2370|author=Terry Riggs|author2=|title=Sir Nathaniel Bacon 1585–1627|accessdate=27 Octobris 20205|work=Tate|year=2020|language=Anglice}} * {{cite book|author=Peter C. Sutton|coauthors=Lisa Vergara;Ann Jensen Adams|title=Love Letters: Dutch Genre Paintings in the Age of Vermeer|url=http://books.google.it/books?id=3T6ZUprgU_0C&pg=PA79&dq=Dirck+Hals&hl=en&sa=X&ei=710-UeWgO4LWPdfDgOgD&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Dirck%20Hals&f=false|accessdate=26 Ianuarius 2014|year=2003|editor=Frances Lincoln Limited|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=0-7112-2338-6|pages=79-80|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=|coauthors=|title=Liechtenstein, the Princely Collections|url=http://books.google.it/books?id=A1f7lsIFyu0C&pg=PA269&dq=Hendrick+Gerritsz+Pot&hl=en&sa=X&ei=zd3zUqjFJYn5yAOKkIGIAw&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Hendrick%20Gerritsz%20Pot&f=false|accessdate=6 febbraio 2014|year=1985|editor=[[Museum Artium Metropolitanum]]|location=[[Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]]|language=Anglice|isbn=0-87099-383-2|pages=269|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Adriaan van der Willigen|coauthors=|title=Les artistes de Harlem: Notices historiques avec un Précis sur la Gilde de St. Luc|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=YCtCAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA251&dq=Riethoorn&hl=it&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjQ-KPcgt_qAhX0SRUIHXe0CHEQ6AEwCHoECAIQAg#v=onepage&q=Riethoorn&f=false|accessdate=28 Iulii 2020|year=1870|editor=Les Héritiers F.Bohn|location=[[Harlemum|Harlemi]]|language=Francice|isbn=|pages=251-252|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Roeland van Eynden|coauthors=Adriaan van der Willigen|title=Geschiedenis der vaderlandsche schilderkunst sedert de helft der XVIII eeuw|url=http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/retroboeken/vaderlandsche_schilderkunst/#source=I&page=93&view=imagePane|accessdate=28 Iulii 2020|year=1979|editor=B.M.Israel|location=[[Amstelodamum|Amstelodami]]|language=Nederlandice|isbn=90-6078-077-9|pages=78|volume=vol.I°}} * {{cite book|author=Abraham Jacob van der Aa|coauthors=Karel Johan Reinier van Harderwijk;Gilles Dionysius Jacobus Schotel|title=Biografisch Woordenboek der Nederlanden|url=http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/retroboeken/vdaa/#source=aa__001biog19_01.xml&page=340&view=imagePane|accessdate=28 Iulii 2020|year=1874|editor=J.J. van Brederode|location=[[Harlemum|Harlemi]]|language=Nederlandice|isbn=|pages=338|volume=vol.XVI°}} * {{cite book|author=Michael Bryan|coauthors=George Stanley|title=A biographical and critical dictionary of painters and engravers|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=07Q-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA751&dq=Paul+van+Somer+engraver&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Paul%20van%20Somer%20engraver&f=false|accessdate=21 Septembris 2016|year=1865|editor=H.G.Bohn|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|pages=751|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Michael Bryan|coauthors=George Stanley|title=Dictionary of painters and engravers, biographical and critical|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=07Q-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA742&dq=Michael+Burghers&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michael%20Burghers&f=false|accessdate=6 Ianuarii 2016|year=1865|editor=H.G.Bohn|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=122|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Shearjashub Spooner|coauthors=|title=A biographical history of the fine arts, or, Memoirs of the lives and works of the most eminent painters, engraveras, sculptors and architects|url=ttps://books.google.it/books?id=dgw8AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA908&dq=Paul+van+Somer+engraver&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Paul%20van%20Somer%20engraver&f=false|accessdate=21 Septembris 2016|year=1865|editor=J.W.Bouton|location=[[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|pages=908|volume=vol.II°}} * {{cite book|author=J.W. Frederiks|coauthors=|title=Dutch Silver: Wrougt Plate of North and South-Holland from the Renaissance|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=dnHyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA3&dq=Hieronymus+Wierix&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEYQ6AEwBmoVChMIhouQ5sj5xwIVq5xyCh16fgz3#v=onepage&q=Hieronymus%20Wierix&f=false|accessdate=28 Septembris 2015|year=1958|editor= Springer Science + Business Media Dordrecht|location=[[Haga]]e|language=Anglice|isbn=978-94-010-3699-3|page=3|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Sheila D. Muller|coauthors=|title=Dutch Art: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=ZPhLoy0FICMC&pg=PA299&dq=Jan+van+Somer&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Jan%20van%20Somer&f=false|accessdate=14 Septembris 2016|year=2011|editor=Routledge|location=[[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]]|language=Anglice|isbn=0-8153-0065-4|page=299|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=JG Frederiks|coauthors=F. Jos van den Branden|title=Biographisch woordenboek der Noord- en Zuidnederlandsche letterkunde|url=http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/bran038biog01_01/bran038biog01_01_3320.php|accessdate=10 Iulii 2014|year=1888-1891|editor=LJ Veen|location=[[Amstelodamum|Amstelodami]]|language=Nederlandice|isbn=|pages=|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=GJ van Bork|coauthors=PJ Verkruijsse|title=De Nederlandse en Vlaamse auteurs van middeleeuwen tot heden met inbegrip van de Friese auteurs|url=http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/bork001nede01_01/bork001nede01_01_1071.php|accessdate=10 Iulii 2014|year=1985|editor=De Haan|location=[[Weesp]]|language=Nederlandice|isbn=|pages=|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=[[Museum Artium Metropolitanum]]|coauthors=Walter A. Liedtke|title=Dutch Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art|url=http://books.google.it/books?id=jtnQ7PIT8mcC&pg=PA28&dq=Christoffel+van+den+Berghe&hl=it&sa=X&ei=t4HFU9GuEuHjywOg8oDQCA&ved=0CCEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Christoffel%20van%20den%20Berghe&f=false|accessdate=20 Iulii 2014|year=2007|editor==Yale University Press|location=[[New Haven]] e [[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=978-0-300-12028-8|pages=28-30|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Hans-Joachim Raupp|coauthors=|title=Stilleben und Tierstücke|url=http://books.google.it/books?id=tIdzwQuVNNwC&pg=PA220&dq=Fran%C3%A7ois+Ryckhals&hl=en&sa=X&ei=bc_OU_zkMovYPKntgaAC&ved=0CEgQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=Fran%C3%A7ois%20Ryckhals&f=false|accessdate=1º Augusti 2014|year=2004|editor=Lit Verlag|location=[[Münster]]|language=Germanice|isbn=3-8258-2239-7|page=220|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Augustine Jal|coauthors=|title=Dictionnaire critique de biographie et d'histoire|url=http://books.google.it/books?id=WcwKAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA768&dq=Mathieu+Le+Nain&hl=en&sa=X&ei=jwZUVJ7GBKvA7Abx9YDgBA&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Mathieu%20Le%20Nain&f=false|accessdate=13 Novembris 2014|year=1867|editor=Henri Plon|location=[[Lutetia]]e|language=Francice|isbn=|pages=767-768|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Eric Jorink|coauthors=|title=Reading the Book of Nature in the Dutch Golden Age, 1575-1715|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=XAiEMHlll9QC&pg=PA201&dq=Johannes+Goedaert&hl=en&sa=X&ei=KsKIVMP8FIHSPe2JgZAG&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Johannes%20Goedaert&f=false|accessdate=26 Dicembris 2014|year=2010|editor=Koninklijke Brill NV|location=[[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]|language=Anglice|isbn=978-9004-18671-2|pages=201-209|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Alexander Chalmers|coauthors=|title=The General biographical dictionary|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=79QvAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA386&dq=David+Loggan&hl=en&sa=X&ei=RyjVVPLNIYGqUe2Jg_AO&ved=0CEMQ6AEwBjgK#v=onepage&q=David%20Loggan&f=false|accessdate=26 Februarii 2015|year=1815|editor=Nichols, Son and Bentley|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=386|volume=vol.XX°}} * {{cite book|author=Arthur M. Hind|coauthors=|title=A History of Engraving and Etching|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=fnhpAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA150&dq=Cornelis+van+Dalen&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Cornelis%20van%20Dalen&f=false|accessdate=26 Maii 2015|year=2011|editor=Dover Publications Inc.|location=[[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]]|language=Anglice|isbn=0-486-20954-7|pages=150|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Michael Cyril William Hunter|coauthors=|title=Printed Images in Early Modern Britain: Essays in Interpretation|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=HO-y92dlu9gC&pg=PA292&dq=Jan+van+Somer&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Jan%20van%20Somer&f=false|accessdate=14 Septembris 2016|year=2010|editor=Michael Hunter|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=978-0-7546-6654-7|page=292|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Ad Stijnman|coauthors=Elizabeth Savage|title=Printing Colour 1400-1700: History, Techniques, Functions and Receptions|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=C9R0CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA207&dq=Gerard+Valck&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Gerard%20Valck&f=false|accessdate=30 Decembris 2015|2015|editor=Brill|location=[[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]|language=Anglice|isbn=978-90-04-26968-2|page=207|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Leo Bagrow|coauthors=|title=History of Cartography|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=OBeB4tDmJv8C&pg=PA184&dq=Gerard+Valck&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Gerard%20Valck&f=false|accessdate=30 Decembris 2015|2010|editor=Transaction Publishers|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=978-1-4128-1154-5|page=184-270|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=William Bridges Hunter|coauthors=|title=A Milton Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=x66M-BoFvncC&pg=PA106&dq=Michael+Burghers&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michael%20Burghers&f=false|accessdate=6 Ianuarii 2016|year=1979|editor=Associated University Presses Inc.|location=[[Cranbury]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=106|volume=vol.V°}} * {{cite book|author=Ian Gadd|coauthors=Simon Elliot, William Roger Louis|title=History of Oxford University Press, Volume I: Beginnings to 1780|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=VbkJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA526&dq=Michael+Burghers&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michael%20Burghers&f=false|accessdate=6 Ianuarii 2016|year=2013|editor=Oxford University Press|location=[[Oxonia]]e|language=Anglice|isbn=978-0-19-955731-8|page=526|volume=vol.I°}} * {{cite book|author=Oxfordshire architectural and historical society|coauthors=|title=Proceedings of the Oxford architectural and historical society|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=jEJbAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA64&dq=Michael+Burghers&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michael%20Burghers&f=false|accessdate=6 Ianuarii 2016|year=|editor=Parker|location=[[Oxonia]]e|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=64|volume=vol.IV°}} * {{cite book|author=Horace Walpole|coauthors=George Vertue|title=The Works of Horatio Walpole, Earl of Orford|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=0mVGAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA466&dq=Michael+Burghers&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michael%20Burghers&f=false|accessdate=6 Ianuarii 2016|year=1798|editor=Robinson|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=77|volume=vol.IV°}} * {{cite book|author=|coauthors=|title=Benezit Dictionary of British Graphic Artists and Illustrators|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=05C02RhJZCkC&pg=PA319&dq=Edward+Davis+engraver&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Edward%20Davis%20engraver&f=false|accessdate=17 Ianuarii 2016|year=2012|editor=Universitatis Oxoniensis Prelum|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=978-0-19-992305-2|page=319|volume=vol.I°}} * {{cite book|author=Charles Knight|coauthors=|title=Biography: Or, Third Division of "The English Encyclopedia"|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=d8RPAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA2-PA706&dq=Michiel+van+der+Gucht&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michiel%20van%20der%20Gucht&f=false|accessdate=31 Ianuarii 2016|year=1872|editor=Bradbury, Evans and Co.|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=621-622|volume=appendix}} * {{cite book|author=Pieter Biesboer|coauthors=|title=Nederlandish Inventories 1 - Collections of Paintings in Haarlem, 1572-1745|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=1mV6p35NufEC&pg=PA299&dq=Guillam+Dubois+painter&hl=it&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj8xobMndPtAhXH-KQKHWdHAA8Q6AEwAHoECAAQAg#v=onepage&q=Guillam%20Dubois%20painter&f=false|accessdate=20 Ianuarii 2021|year=2001|editor=Carol Togneri|location=[[Angelopolis]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=20-299-340-366|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Joseph Strutt|coauthors=|title=A Biographical Dictionary: Containing an Historical Account of All the Engravers|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=B14OAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA356&dq=Michael+van+der+Gucht&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michael%20van%20der%20Gucht&f=false|accessdate=31 Ianuarii 2016|year=1785|editor=J.Davis|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=355-356|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Stanley H. Johnston|coauthors=|title=The Cleveland Herbal, Botanical, and Horticultural Collections|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=ff5tJ4EfHhMC&pg=PA295&dq=Michael+van+der+Gucht&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michael%20van%20der%20Gucht&f=false|accessdate=31 Ianuarii 2016|year=1992|editor=Respublicae Ohioensis Universitatis Prelum|location=[[Cantium (Ohium)|Cantii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=0-87338-433-4|page=265|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=John Gould|coauthors=Horace Walpole, George Vertue|title=A Dictionary of Painters, Sculptors, Architects, and Engravers|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=Si9cAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA483&dq=Robert+White+engraver&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Robert%20White%20engraver&f=false|accessdate=31 Martii 2016|year=1810|editor=Gale and Curtis|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=417-483|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Christopher D.M. Atkins|coauthors=|title=The signature style of Frans Hals: painting, subjectivity, and the market in Early Modernity|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=5hkhAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA162&dq=Pieter+van+Roestraten&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Pieter%20van%20Roestraten&f=false|accessdate=4 Novembris 2016|year=2012|editor=Prelum [[Universitas Amstelodamensis|Universitatis Amstelodamensis]]|location=[[Amstelodamum|Amstelodami]]|language=Anglice|isbn=978-90-8964-335-3|page=162|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Peter McNeil|coauthors=Giorgio Riello|title=Luxury: A Rich History|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=gcowDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT107&dq=Pieter+van+Roestraten&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Pieter%20van%20Roestraten&f=false|accessdate=4 Novembris 2016|year=2006|editor=Prelum [[Universitas Oxoniensis|Universitatis Oxoniensis]]|location=[[Oxonia]]e|language=Anglice|isbn=978-0-19-966324-8|page=|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Derek Brewer|coauthors=Marie-Françoise Alamichel|title=The Middle Ages After the Middle Ages in the English-speaking Wor|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=omAVJRxb-eoC&pg=PA80&dq=Pieter+van+Roestraten&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Pieter%20van%20Roestraten&f=false|accessdate=4 Novembris 2016|year=2006|editor=D.S.Brewer|location=[[Cantabrigia]]e|language=Anglice|isbn=978-0-85991-508-3|page=80|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Titus Livius|coauthors=Ioannes Munnickhuysen|title=Titi Livii Historiarum quod extat|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=HtfArsn_TTcC&pg=PR18&dq=Johannes+Willemsz.+Munnickhuysen&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Johannes%20Willemsz.%20Munnickhuysen&f=false|accessdate=20 Iunii 2016|year=1679|editor=|location=|language=Latine|isbn=|page=|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=AA.VV.|coauthors=|title=Etat civil de quelques artistes francais. Extrait des registres des paroisses des anciennes archives de la ville de Paris|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=oOAKpD0vsF4C&pg=PA11&dq=Jean+Baptiste+Duru&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Jean%20Baptiste%20Duru&f=false|accessdate=20 Iulii 2017|year=1873|editor=Libraire Pagnerre|location=[[Lutetia]]e|language=Francice|isbn=|page=129|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Helmer J. Helmers|coauthors=|title=The Royalist Republic|url=https://www.google.it/books/edition/The_Royalist_Republic/QZqiBQAAQBAJ?hl=it&gbpv=1&dq=Vincent+van+der+Vinne&pg=PA142&printsec=frontcover|accessdate=2 Septembris 2025|editor=Prelum [[Universitas Cantabrigiensis|Universitatis Cantabrigiensis]]|year=2015|location=[[Cantabrigia]]e|language=Anglice|page=142|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Sam Segal|coauthors=Klara Allen|title=Dutch and Flemish Flower Pieces|url=https://www.google.it/books/edition/Dutch_and_Flemish_Flower_Pieces_2_vols_i/rmgCEAAAQBAJ?hl=it&gbpv=1&dq=Vincent+van+der+Vinne&pg=PA828&printsec=frontcover|accessdate=2 Septembris 2025|editor=Brill Hes & De Graaf|year=2020|location=[[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]|language=Anglice|page=536|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=David Towry Piper|coauthors=|title=Dizionario illustrato dell'arte e degli artisti|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=tOynfqWxk34C&pg=PA41&dq=Nathaniel+Bacon+pittore&hl=it&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjfyZLajtrrAhXkAhAIHWIyAAIQ6AEwAHoECAIQAg#v=onepage&q=Nathaniel%20Bacon%20pittore&f=false|accessdate=27 Octobris 2020|year=1984|editor=Gremese|location=[[Roma]]e|language=Italice|isbn=88-7742-422-2|page=41|volume=}} == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Vincent Laurensz. van der Vinne (I)|Vincentium Laurensz. van der Vinne I}} * [https://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n90-655549/ Alexander Chalmers in WorldCat] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/nl/zoeken?q=%20Riethoorn&v=&s=&ondisplay=False&ii=0&p=1 Ioannes Riethoorn in Amstelodami Rijksmuseum] {{Ling|Nederlandice}} * [https://www.artnet.com/artists/vincent-laurensz-van-der-vinne-the-elder/ Vincentius Laurensz. van der Vinne I in Artnet] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [http://www.artnet.com/artists/jean-baptiste-durup/past-auction-results Ioannes Baptista Durup in Artnet] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp00205/sir-nathaniel-bacon?search=sas&sText=Nathaniel+Bacon Nathanael Bacon in The National Portrait Gallery] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [http://www.artcyclopedia.com/artists/vinne_vincent_laurensz_van_der.html Vincentius Laurensz. van der Vinne I in Artcyclopedia] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/search/list?base=%5B%22Collections%20des%20mus%C3%A9es%20de%20France%20%28Joconde%29%22%5D&mainSearch=%22Guillam%20Dubois%22 Gulielmus Dubois - Base Joconde] {{Ling|Francice}} * [http://www.scholarsresource.com/browse/artist/2142564356 Petrus de Roestraeten in Scholars Resource] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz83861.html#indexcontent Lambertus de Visscher in Deutsche Biographie] {{Ling|Theodisce}} {{Controllo di autorità}} {{Portale|arte|biografie}} <!-- {{Lifetime|1625|1680|Vinne, Vincentius Laurensz. I}} [[Categoria:Pictores Germaniae]] [[Categoria:Pictores Angliae]] [[Categoria:Artifices Nederlandiae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Angliae]] [[Categoria:Chalcographi]] [[Categoria:Scalptores]] [[Categoria:Entomologi]] [[Categoria:Cartographi]] {{Attributio|it|Eugène Stanislas Alexandre Bléry|72344825}} {{Attributio|en|Diary of a Wimpy Kid||partim}} ac ==> atque ante vocalem {{NexInt}} {{Nexus nominis}} --> ffhfs8hu5yl7pvak8oeif12uh82xcib 3986649 3986635 2026-09-08T16:46:35Z Maria.martelli 20183 3986649 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Monitus de harenario usoris|f}} {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:Still Life with Watermelon, by Sarah Miriam Peale, 1822, oil on panel - Fogg Art Museum, Harvard University - DSC01409.jpg|thumb|250px|Natura mortua cum citrullo lanato]] <!--__NOTOC__ --> <!--{{NUMBEROFACTIVEUSERS}} --> {{res|Sara Miriama Peale}} (''vulgo'': '''Sarah Miriam Peale'''; [[Philadelphia]]e 19 Maii anno [[1800]] nata; [[Philadelphia]]e 4 Februarii anno [[1885]] mortua) fuit [[Saeculum Aureum Batavicum|saeculi aurei]] pictrix pictor et [[adumbratio]]nis peritissimus artifex [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Americana]] [[Nederlandia|Nederlandicus]], quae praecipue imagines personarum effingebat. Praeterea prima mulier Americana extimabatur quae picturae opere se sustentaret<ref name = "Peale Family">{{cite web |url=http://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/peale-family-of-painters/ |title=The Peale Family of Painters |author=Ogden Kate |publisher= Rutgers University: Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia |year=2016 |accessdate=6 Gennaio 2017}}</ref>. Ex familia artificum orta, cuius patruus [[Carolus Willson Peale]] clarissimus erat, Sara Peale imagines pinxit potissimum illustrium virorum, civium politicorum et ducum militarium [[Terra Mariae|Terrae Mariae]], [[Pennsilvania|Pennsilvania]]e et [[Vasingtonia (D.C.)|Vasingtonia]]e. [[La Fayette]] effigiem quater pinxit. == Biographia == [[Fasciculus:EBosley.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Elias Bosley effigies (1740–1841), Oleis in linteo, 62,23 x 73,66 cm, fere anno 1825]] [[Fasciculus:Basket of berries sarah miriam peale.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Fiscus cum bacis, [[1860]])]] Sara filia minima natu erat minutorum operum et naturae mortuae pictoris [[Iacomus Peale|Iacomi Peale]], fratris minoris natu [[Carolus Willson Peale|Caroli Willson Peale]], et Miriamae Claypoole. A patre et fratuo artem picturae didicit et adiutrix patris in officina eius facta est<ref name = "Peale Family"/>. Per discipulatum, coloribus miscendis, lintiis parandis fundisque adumbrandis usum comparavit<ref name="History of American Women">{{Cite news|url=http://www.womenhistoryblog.com/2015/04/sarah-miriam-peale.html|title=Sarah Miriam Peale|work=History of American Women|accessdate=30 marzo 2018|language=en}}</ref>. Sara et sorores suae, [[Anna Claypoole Peale|Anna Claypoole]] e [[Margarita Angelica Peale|Margarita Angelica]], a mulieribus medii ordinis illius temporis differebant, cum educationem accepissent, uxores et matres esse didicerant, et scientiam mercatoriam et artisticam a familia sua sumpserant<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Peale Family: Creation of a Legacy (1770-1870)|author=Miller Lillian|publisher=Abbeville Press|year=1996|ISBN=0-7892-0206-9|p=228}}</ref>. Adulescens, experientiam comparavit dum extremam manum picturis patris iniecit. Primae eius operae ad annum 1816 pertinent et res inanimas quales sunt flores effingunt, mox tamen se ad vultus exprimendos convertit. Anno 1818, tres menses cum [[Rembrandus Peale|Rembrando Peale]], suo consobrino, [[Baltimora]]e degit, et iterum annis 1820 et 1822. Is et criticus [[Ioannes Neal]] eius primam pingendi rationem atque picturae argumenta affecerunt<ref>{{cite journal| last = Chico | first = Beverly Berghaus | date = Autunno 1976 | title = Two American Firsts: Sara Peale, Portrait Painter, and John Neal, Critic | url = https://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc5800/sc5881/000001/000000/000283/pdf/msa_sc_5881_1_283.pdf | journal = Maryland Historical Society Magazine | volume = 71 | issue= 3 | page = 349 | language= en}}</ref>. Per viginti quinque annos Baltimorae (1822–1847) operatus est atque, interdum, [[Vasingtonia (D.C.)|Vasingtoniae]]<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.marylandartsource.org/artists/detail_000000042.html | title= Maryland Art Source| urlarchive=https://20030113231623/http://www.marylandartsource.org/artists/detail_000000042.html | publisher= The Baltimore Art Research & Outreach Consortium | date= 19 giugno 2003 | datearchive= 13 gennaio 2003 | language= en}}</ref>. Sessionibus [[Congressus Civitatum Foederatarum]] interfuit atque multorum virorum illustrium imagines pinxit<ref>{{cite book|author=Miller Lillian B.|title=The Peale family: creation of a legacy, 1770-1870|year=1996|publisher=Abbeville Press|ISBN=9780789202062|page=240}}</ref>. Sara primum apud Academiam Pennsilvaniensem exposuit, opus ''Effigies dominae'' (1818) exhibens. Anno 1824 una<ref name="Brooklyn">Dinner Party database of notable women at the Brooklyn Museum</ref> cum sorore Anna Claypoole Peale in [[Academia Artium Pulchrarum Pennsylvanienses|Academiam Artium Pulchrarum Pennsylvaniensem]] admissa est<ref name="Morgan">{{cite book|author=Morgan Ann Lee|title=The Oxford dictionary of American art and artists |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York|year=2007 |page=367|ISBN=978-0-19-512878-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pyvjWAcwnHEC&pg=PA367}}</ref>: ambae enim primae mulieres erant quae hoc honore potirentur. Anno 1831 Baltimorae officinam aperuit<ref>{{cite web|title=Sarah Peale (1800-1885)|url=https://www.nwhm.org/education-resources/biography/biographies/sarah-peale/|work=national Women's History Museum|accessdate=6 Giugno 2017|date=8 novembre 2016|urlarchive=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108014242/https://www.nwhm.org/education-resources/biography/biographies/sarah-peale/|url=dead}}</ref>; exstantque plus quam centum personarum imagines, quas ibi ex mandato effinxit. Ea aetate in urbe sua artifex omnium fecundissima habebatur<ref name="King">{{cite book|author=King Joan |title=Sarah M. Peale: America's first woman artist |publisher=Branden Books|year=1987 |page=296|ISBN=0-8283-1999-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9EpzXYTgE5YC&pg=PA296}}</ref>. Eius personarum effigies oleo pictae statim a sodalibus Congressūs, legatis aliisque locupletibus in Terra Mariae expetebantur<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nmwa.org/explore/artist-profiles/sarah-miriam-peale|title=Sarah Miriam Peale|work= National Museum of Women in the Arts nmwa.org|language=en|accessdate=30 marzo 2018}}</ref>. Ars eius imaginum pingendarum genere singularis habetur, propter usum pellium, textilium denticulatorum aliorumque pannorum subtiliter redditorum, necnon propter vultuum, cutis et capillorum similitudinem<ref name="History of American Women"/>. [[Fasciculus:|thumb|right|250px|Hadriani Banckert effigies ([[1673]])]] [[Fasciculus:|thumb|right|250px|Forum boarium magnum parvumque, et piscatorium]] Anno 1847, mala valetudine coacta, ad [[Urbs Sancti Ludovici|Urbem Sancti Ludovici]] migrare debuit; ibi per se feliciter floruit atque una ex primis artificibus feminis Americanis facta est quae arte sua se alerent<ref name="Brooklyn"/><ref name="King"/>. Maxima pars operum eius huius aetatis apud privatos possidentur<ref name="King"/>. Circiter annum 1860 ad picturas rerum naturae rediit, sed compositione naturaliore atque minus formali quam superioribus annis usa est<ref name="King"/>. Anno 1878 in patriam urbem rediit ibique postremos vitae suae annos cum sororibus suis Anna Claypoole (quae anno 1878 diem supremum obiit) Margaritaque Angelica (quae anno 1882 diem supremum obiit) degit<ref name="Brooklyn"/><ref name="King"/>. Sicut soror eius Margarita, numquam nupsit<ref>{{cite book|author=Greer Germaine |title=The obstacle race: the fortunes of women painters and their work |publisher=Tauris Parke Paperbacks|year=2001 |page=25|ISBN=1-86064-677-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qnBu6eUvx18C&pg=PA25}}</ref>. Anno 1885 in patria urbe sua mortua est<ref name="King"/>. Nonnullae Sarae opera pictoria in prima expositione (1987) ''National Museum of Women in the Arts'', cui titulus erat ''American Women Artists 1830–1930'', exhibita sunt<ref name="Tufts(U.S.)1987">{{cite book|author=Eleanor Tufts|author2=National Museum of Women in the Arts (U.S.); International Exhibitions Foundation|title=American women artists, 1830-1930|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EvxPAAAAMAAJ|year=1987|publisher=International Exhibitions Foundation for the National Museum of Women in the Arts|ISBN=978-0-940979-01-7}}</ref>. == Opera == * ''Dies festus sub divo'', [[Hydrochroma]] et temperatio supra [[Membrana (ars scribendi)|membrana]], 96 × 78 cm, 1671, [[Rijksmuseum (Amstelodamum)|Rijksmuseum]], [[Amstelodamum|Amstelodami]] * ''Tres fratres Browne'', temperatio et aurum supra [[Membrana (ars scribendi)|membrana]], 24 × 26 cm, 1598, Burghley House, Stamford<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Isaac_Oliver_Brothers_Browne.jpg Tres fratres Browne - Communia]</ref> * ''Vanitas cum fidiculis, calva et argenti vaso'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, 63,5 x 75 cm * ''In murae testa flores'', [[pictura]] supra aeris lamina, 31 x 21 cm, 1616-1617, Collectio privata<ref>[http://www.wga.hu/html/b/berghe/flowers.html In murae testa flores - The Web Gallery of Art]</ref> * ''Topia collina prope flumen, duo homines in cymba, viatores itinere'', pictura * ''[[Henricus Fridericus Stuart|Henrici Friderici Stuart]] effigies'', [[Hydrochroma]] supra [[Membrana (ars scribendi)|membrana]], 13,2 × 10 cm, 1610, Royal Collection * ''Matronae effigies'', [[Hydrochroma]] supra [[Membrana (ars scribendi)|membrana]], 5,9 x 4,8 cm, 1610 fere, apud Artis Museum, [[Cincinnati|Cincinnatorum]]ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Isaac_Oliver_-_A_Lady_in_Masque_Costume_-_WGA16637.jpg Matronae effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Topia fluvialia cum opilione et pecore'', [[pictura]], 47,2 x 71,8 cm, apud Rijksmuseum Twenthe, [[Enscheda]]e<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Guilliaume_Dubois_-_Heuvelachtige_rivieroever_-_BR0001_(R448)_-_Rijksmuseum_Twenthe.jpg Topia fluvialia cum opilione et pecore - Communia]</ref> * ''[[Rhenus|Rheni]] regionis despectus'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, 136,84 x 68,1 cm, apud [[Pinacotheca Dulvicensis|Pinacothecam Dulvicensem]], [[Dulwich]]<ref name=dulwich/> * ''Topia con viatoribus ac ecclesia procul'', [[pictura]], 45,7 x 63,5 cm, 1649, apud Mauritshuis, [[Haga]]e<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dune_Landscape_with_Road_and_Church_by_Guillam_Dubois_Mauritshuis_799.jpg Topia con viatoribus ac ecclesia procul - Communia]</ref> * ''Rijngesigje ([[Rhenus|Rheni]] despectus)'', [[pictura]], apud Petri Boll Collectionem, [[Harlemum|Harlemi]]<ref name=biesboer/> * ''[[Rhenus|Rheni]] regionis despectus cum castello viatoribusque'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, 79,8 x 102,2 cm, post annum [[1653]], apud [[Pinacotheca Dulvicensis|Pinacothecam Dulvicensem]], [[Dulwich]]<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Peter_Wtewael_Hirte_mit_Sackpfeife1596_1660.jpg Caprarius cum tibiis infixis utricolo - Communia]</ref> * ''Natura mortua cum floribus et papilione'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maria_van_Oosterwijk_Still_Life_with_Flowers_after.jpg Natura mortua cum floribus et papilione - Communia]</ref> * ''Vanitas cum calva et heliotropio'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, apud collectanea privata<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maria_van_Oosterwijk_Vanitas-Stilleben.jpg Vanitas cum calva et heliotropio - Communia]</ref> * ''Natura mortua cum floribus pomisque'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, 1670 fere, apud [[Palatium Pittianum]], [[Florentia]]e<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maria_van_Oosterwijk_-_Flowers_and_Fruit_-_WGA16657.jpg Natura mortua cum floribus pomisque - Communia]</ref> * ''Natura mortua cum floribus in vaso scite ornato'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, 62 x 47,5 cm, 1670-1675, apud Mauritshuis, [[Haga]]e<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Still_Life_with_Flowers_in_a_Decorative_Vase,_Oosterwijck.jpg Natura mortua cum floribus in vaso scite ornato - Communia]</ref> * ''Natura mortua cum vaso florum, citreo papilioneque'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, deorsum in media pictura obsignata ''Maria Va Oosterwijck Aº 1675'', 90,4 x 80,7 cm, 1675<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MARIA_VAN_OOSTERWIJCK_NOOTDORP_1630_-_1693_UITDAM_A_FLORAL_STILL_LIFE.jpg Natura mortua cum vaso florum, citreo papilioneque - Communia]</ref> * ''Natura mortua cum floribus, heliotropio insectisque'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, 73,6 x 55,8 cm, 1670 fere, apud Museum Artis Denverii, [[Denverium (Coloratum)|Denverii]]<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maria_van_Oosterwyck_-_Bouquet_of_Flowers_in_a_Vase_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg Natura mortua cum floribus, heliotropio insectisque - Communia]</ref> * ''Topia montana cum viatoribus et cane ab laeva'', [[pictura]] supra tabula cum pigmento oleario, 36 x 32 cm, 1654 fere, apud [[Rijksmuseum (Amstelodamum)|Rijksmuseum]], [[Amstelodamum|Amstelodami]] * ''Topia nemorosa cum viatoribus'', [[pictura]] supra tabula cum pigmento oleario, 47 x 63,5 cm, antea [[Iacobus de Ruysdael|Iacobo de Ruysdael]] adscripta<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_WOODED_LANDSCAPE_WITH_TRAVELERS_ON_A_PATH.png Topia nemorosa cum viatoribus - Communia]</ref> * ''Pagi semita cum ecclesia procul'', delineatio, 1650 fere, apud [[Centrum Getty]], [[Angelopolis]]<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Guillam_Dubois_-_Village_Path_with_Church_Spire_in_the_Distance_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg Pagi semita cum ecclesia procul - Communia]</ref> * ''Roberti von der Pfalz effigies'', chalcographia [[ratio atra]], 18,6 x 16,4 cm, apud Artium Museum, [[Franciscopolis (California)|Franciscopolis]]<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Prince_Rupert_von_der_Pfalz.jpg Roberti von der Pfalz effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Argumentum marinum'', [[pictura]] cum penicillo et atramento, dextra deorsum obsignata ''R. Zeeman''<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Zeeman,_marine.jpg Argumentum marinum - Communia]</ref> * ''Hortus floridus in quo rariorum et minus vulgarium florum icones ad vivam veramque formam accuratissme delineata'', Crispijn van de Passe de jongere et Joannes Waldelius, 1614<ref>[http://books.google.it/books?id=RhtTAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Crispijn+van+de+Passe+II&hl=en&sa=X&ei=1y0jVNysGcKe7gbNnoG4AQ&ved=0CD4Q6wEwBDgU#v=onepage&q=Crispijn%20van%20de%20Passe%20II&f=false Hortus floridus]</ref> * ''Davidis Clarkson effigies'', chalcographia secundum [[Maria Beale|Mariae Beale]] picturam sculpta, 1696 * ''Alexander Gibson, Dominus Durie'', chalcographia secundum [[David Paton|Davidis Paton]] picturam sculpta, 1690 * ''Anthonii Tuckney effigies'', chalcographia, 194 × 132 mm, 1676<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anthony_Tuckney.jpg Anthonii Tuckney effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''[[Augustus II Poloniae|Augusti II Poloniae]] effigies'', chalcographia, 1697<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AugustII_young2.jpeg Augusti II Poloniae effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''[[Henricus Somerset, I dux Beaufortiensis|Henrici Somerset, I ducis Beaufortiensis]] effigies'', chalcographia, 1679<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Beaufort1.JPG Henrici Somerset, I ducis Beaufortiensis effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Edmundi Ludlow effigies'', chalcographia, 1689<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Edmund_Ludlow.JPG Edmundi Ludlow effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Henrici Coley effigies'', chalcographia, 1676<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_Coley._Line_engraving_by_R._White,_1676,_after_himself_Wellcome_V0001188.jpg Henrici Coley effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Edmundi Gibson effigies'', chalcographia, apud [[Pinacotheca Effigierum Publica|Pinacothecam Effigierum Publicam Londiniensem]]<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Edmund_Gibson_by_Michael_Vandergucht.jpg Edmundi Gibson effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Eduardi Ward effigies'', chalcographia, 1702, secundum [[Godfridus Kneller|Godfridi Kneller]] picturam sculta<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Edward_Ward.jpg Eduardi Ward effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''[[Iacomus Hamilton, I dux Hamiltoniensis|Iacomi Hamilton, I ducis Hamiltoniensis]] effigies'', chalcographia, 244 mm x 155 mm, apud [[Pinacotheca Effigierum Publica|Pinacothecam Effigierum Publicam Londiniensem]]<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:James_Hamilton,_1st_Duke_of_Hamilton_by_Robert_White,_late_17th_century.jpg Iacomi Hamilton, I ducis Hamiltoniensis effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Ioannis Browne effigies'', chalcographia, 1678<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:John_Browne_Robert_White.jpg Ioannis Browne effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Ioannis Partridge effigies'', chalcographia, 1679<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:John_Partridge._Line_engraving_by_R._White,_1679,_after_hims_Wellcome_V0004503EL.jpg Ioannis Partridge effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''[[Eduardus Tyson|Eduardi Tyson]] libri "Orang-outang, sive Hominis Sylvestris" imagines'', chalcographiae<ref name=meyer/> * ''"A voyage to the islands of Madera, Barbados, Nieves, S.Christophers and Jamaica" imagines'', 75 chalcographiae<ref name=holden/> * ''Thomae Wyat effigies'', chalcographia<ref name=bryan/> * ''Ioannis Baliol effigies'', chalcographia<ref name=bryan/> == Honores == [[Fasciculus:Ordre de Saint-Michel Chevalier ribbon.svg|thumb|75px]] [[Michael (archangelus)|Michaelis Archangeli]] ordo ([[1662]]) [[Fasciculus:Legion Honneur Chevalier ribbon.svg|thumb|75px]] [[Legio Honoris|Legionis Honoris]] Eques ([[1846]]) [[Fasciculus:Order of the Bath UK ribbon.svg|thumb|left|75px]] Eques [[Ordo Imperii Britanniorum|Ordinis Imperii Britanniorum]] == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == * {{cite web|url=http://www.enciclopediabresciana.it/enciclopedia/index.php?title=HERDT|author=|author2=|title=HERDT (o HERTZ) (de) Jan|accesso=31 Ianuarii 2020|work=ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRIXIENSES|year=2020|language=}} * {{cite web|url=http://arthistoryreference.com/a1/60768.htm|author=|author2=|title=Jan Andrea Lievens (1644 - 1680)|accesso=1<sup>o</sup> Iunii 2016|work=Art History Reference|year=2017|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=https://dictionaryofarthistorians.org/gersonh.html|author=|author2=|title=Gerson, Horst [Karl]|accesso=9 Maii 2016|work=Dictionary of Art Historians|year=2016|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.vondel.humanities.uva.nl/ecartico/persons/7908|author=|author2=|title=Lambrecht Visscher|accesso=9 Iulii 2020|work=Universitatis Amstelodamensis - Amsterdam Centre for the Study of the Golden Age|year=2020|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Chalmers,_Alexander|author=|author2=|title=Chalmers, Alexander|accesso=26 Aprilis 2016|work=Wikisource - Encyclopædia Britannica (1911)|year=2016|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/retroboeken/nnbw/#source=10&page=130&view=imagePane|author=J.M.Blok|author2=|title=DUBOIS (Guillam o Willem)|accesso=20 Ianuarii 2021|work=Nieuw Nederlandsch Biografisch Woordenboek (NNBW)|year=2021|language=Nederlandice}} * {{cite web|http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/oosterwijck|author=Noud Janssen|author2=|title=Oosterwijck, Maria van (1630-1693)|accesso=24 Ianuarii 2018|work=Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland - DVN|year=2018|language=Nederlandice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=Cornelis+van+Dalen&role=&nation=&prev_page=1&subjectid=500031216|author=|author2=|title=Dalen, Cornelis van, I (Dutch printmaker, draftsman, and editor, ca. 1602-1665)|accesso=5 Martii 2020|work=Union List of Artist Names Online|year=2020|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=Cornelis+van+Dalen&role=&nation=&page=1&subjectid=500031216|author=|author2=|title=Dalen, Cornelis van, I (Dutch printmaker, draftsman, and editor, ca. 1602-1665)|accesso=26 Maii 2016|work=Union List of Artist Names Online|year=2016|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp88710/abraham-meindersz-van-der-wenne?search=sas&sText=Abraham+van+der+Wenne|author=|author2=|title=Abraham Meindersz van der Wenne (circa 1656-1693), Engraver|accesso=23 Maii 2017|work=National Portrait Gallery|year=2017|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.wga.hu/bio/v/vinne/vincent/biograph.html|author=Emil Kren|author2=Daniel Marx|title=VINNE, Vincentius I Laurensz. van der|accessdate=2 Septembris 2025|work=The Web Gallery of Art|year=2020|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.sphinxfineart.com/Zeeman-Reinier-Nooms-called-DesktopDefault.aspx?tabid=45&tabindex=44&artistid=38786|author=Edward Strachan|author2=Roy Bolton|title=REINIER NOOMS, CALLED ZEEMAN (AMSTERDAM 1623 - AMSTERDAM 1664)|accessdate=9 Iunii 2015|work=SPHINX FINE ART - Artists|year=2015|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.getty.edu/art/gettyguide/artMakerDetails?maker=1119|author=|coautori=|title=Christoffel van den Berghe|accessdate=20 Iulii 2014|work=The J.Paul Getty Museum - Artists|year=2014|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/jacob-isaacksz-van-ruysdael_%28Enciclopedia-Italiana%29/|author=|title=RUYSDAEL, Jacob Isaacksz van|accessdate=20 Ianuari 2021|work=Enciclopedie on line - Treccani.it|year=2021|language=Italice}} * {{cite web|url=https://rkd.nl/explore/artists/81168|author=|title=Vincentius van de Vinne I|accessdate=2 Septembris 2025|work=Rijksbureau voor Kunsthistorische Documentatie|year=2025|language=Nederlandice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.rkd.nl/rkddb/dispatcher.aspx?action=search&database=ChoiceArtists&search=priref=73861|author=|title=Paul van Somer (II)|accessdate=21 Septembris 2015|work=Rijksbureau voor Kunsthistorische Documentatie|year=2015|language=Nederlandice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.rkd.nl/rkddb/dispatcher.aspx?action=search&database=ChoiceArtists&search=priref=90557|author=|title=Everhardus Kickius|accessdate=26 Februarii 2015|work=Rijksbureau voor Kunsthistorische Documentatie|year=2015|language=Nederlandice}} * {{cite book|author=David Freedberg|coauthors=Jan de Vries|title=Art in History/History in Art: Studies in Seventeenth-Century Dutch Culture|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=arVDAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA382&dq=Johannes+Goedaert&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ShaKVPToLITtUpDRgugL&ved=0CF8Q6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=Johannes%20Goedaert&f=false|accessdate=26 Dicembris 2014|year=1991|editor=The Getty Center for the History of Art and the Humanities|location=[[Sancta Monica (California)|Sanctae Monicae]]|language=Lingua Anglica|isbn=0-89236-201-4|pages=382-383|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=|coautori=|title=Imago Musicae 1986|url=http://books.google.it/books?id=d1AU_FAgVbgC&pg=PA65&dq=Hendrik+Pot&hl=en&sa=X&ei=D9bzUsS6BqKAywPVl4KAAQ&ved=0CFsQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=Hendrik%20Pot&f=false|accessdate=24 Ianuarius 2014|year=1987|editor=Duke University Press|city=[[Durham]]|language=Anglice|isbn=0-8223-0723-5|page=65|volume=vol.III}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/peinture/sir_Nathaniel_Bacon/150952|author=|title=sir_Nathaniel_Bacon|accessdate=27 Octobris 2020|series=Dictionnaire de la Peinture Larousse|year=2020|language=Francice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/peinture/Zyl/155022|author=|title=les Van Zyl|accessdate=11 Iulii 2017|series=Encyclopédie Larousse|year=2017|language=Francice}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/sir-nathaniel-bacon-2370|author=Terry Riggs|author2=|title=Sir Nathaniel Bacon 1585–1627|accessdate=27 Octobris 20205|work=Tate|year=2020|language=Anglice}} * {{cite book|author=Peter C. Sutton|coauthors=Lisa Vergara;Ann Jensen Adams|title=Love Letters: Dutch Genre Paintings in the Age of Vermeer|url=http://books.google.it/books?id=3T6ZUprgU_0C&pg=PA79&dq=Dirck+Hals&hl=en&sa=X&ei=710-UeWgO4LWPdfDgOgD&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Dirck%20Hals&f=false|accessdate=26 Ianuarius 2014|year=2003|editor=Frances Lincoln Limited|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=0-7112-2338-6|pages=79-80|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=|coauthors=|title=Liechtenstein, the Princely Collections|url=http://books.google.it/books?id=A1f7lsIFyu0C&pg=PA269&dq=Hendrick+Gerritsz+Pot&hl=en&sa=X&ei=zd3zUqjFJYn5yAOKkIGIAw&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Hendrick%20Gerritsz%20Pot&f=false|accessdate=6 febbraio 2014|year=1985|editor=[[Museum Artium Metropolitanum]]|location=[[Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]]|language=Anglice|isbn=0-87099-383-2|pages=269|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Adriaan van der Willigen|coauthors=|title=Les artistes de Harlem: Notices historiques avec un Précis sur la Gilde de St. Luc|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=YCtCAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA251&dq=Riethoorn&hl=it&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjQ-KPcgt_qAhX0SRUIHXe0CHEQ6AEwCHoECAIQAg#v=onepage&q=Riethoorn&f=false|accessdate=28 Iulii 2020|year=1870|editor=Les Héritiers F.Bohn|location=[[Harlemum|Harlemi]]|language=Francice|isbn=|pages=251-252|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Roeland van Eynden|coauthors=Adriaan van der Willigen|title=Geschiedenis der vaderlandsche schilderkunst sedert de helft der XVIII eeuw|url=http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/retroboeken/vaderlandsche_schilderkunst/#source=I&page=93&view=imagePane|accessdate=28 Iulii 2020|year=1979|editor=B.M.Israel|location=[[Amstelodamum|Amstelodami]]|language=Nederlandice|isbn=90-6078-077-9|pages=78|volume=vol.I°}} * {{cite book|author=Abraham Jacob van der Aa|coauthors=Karel Johan Reinier van Harderwijk;Gilles Dionysius Jacobus Schotel|title=Biografisch Woordenboek der Nederlanden|url=http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/retroboeken/vdaa/#source=aa__001biog19_01.xml&page=340&view=imagePane|accessdate=28 Iulii 2020|year=1874|editor=J.J. van Brederode|location=[[Harlemum|Harlemi]]|language=Nederlandice|isbn=|pages=338|volume=vol.XVI°}} * {{cite book|author=Michael Bryan|coauthors=George Stanley|title=A biographical and critical dictionary of painters and engravers|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=07Q-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA751&dq=Paul+van+Somer+engraver&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Paul%20van%20Somer%20engraver&f=false|accessdate=21 Septembris 2016|year=1865|editor=H.G.Bohn|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|pages=751|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Michael Bryan|coauthors=George Stanley|title=Dictionary of painters and engravers, biographical and critical|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=07Q-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA742&dq=Michael+Burghers&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michael%20Burghers&f=false|accessdate=6 Ianuarii 2016|year=1865|editor=H.G.Bohn|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=122|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Shearjashub Spooner|coauthors=|title=A biographical history of the fine arts, or, Memoirs of the lives and works of the most eminent painters, engraveras, sculptors and architects|url=ttps://books.google.it/books?id=dgw8AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA908&dq=Paul+van+Somer+engraver&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Paul%20van%20Somer%20engraver&f=false|accessdate=21 Septembris 2016|year=1865|editor=J.W.Bouton|location=[[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|pages=908|volume=vol.II°}} * {{cite book|author=J.W. Frederiks|coauthors=|title=Dutch Silver: Wrougt Plate of North and South-Holland from the Renaissance|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=dnHyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA3&dq=Hieronymus+Wierix&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEYQ6AEwBmoVChMIhouQ5sj5xwIVq5xyCh16fgz3#v=onepage&q=Hieronymus%20Wierix&f=false|accessdate=28 Septembris 2015|year=1958|editor= Springer Science + Business Media Dordrecht|location=[[Haga]]e|language=Anglice|isbn=978-94-010-3699-3|page=3|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Sheila D. Muller|coauthors=|title=Dutch Art: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=ZPhLoy0FICMC&pg=PA299&dq=Jan+van+Somer&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Jan%20van%20Somer&f=false|accessdate=14 Septembris 2016|year=2011|editor=Routledge|location=[[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]]|language=Anglice|isbn=0-8153-0065-4|page=299|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=JG Frederiks|coauthors=F. Jos van den Branden|title=Biographisch woordenboek der Noord- en Zuidnederlandsche letterkunde|url=http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/bran038biog01_01/bran038biog01_01_3320.php|accessdate=10 Iulii 2014|year=1888-1891|editor=LJ Veen|location=[[Amstelodamum|Amstelodami]]|language=Nederlandice|isbn=|pages=|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=GJ van Bork|coauthors=PJ Verkruijsse|title=De Nederlandse en Vlaamse auteurs van middeleeuwen tot heden met inbegrip van de Friese auteurs|url=http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/bork001nede01_01/bork001nede01_01_1071.php|accessdate=10 Iulii 2014|year=1985|editor=De Haan|location=[[Weesp]]|language=Nederlandice|isbn=|pages=|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=[[Museum Artium Metropolitanum]]|coauthors=Walter A. Liedtke|title=Dutch Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art|url=http://books.google.it/books?id=jtnQ7PIT8mcC&pg=PA28&dq=Christoffel+van+den+Berghe&hl=it&sa=X&ei=t4HFU9GuEuHjywOg8oDQCA&ved=0CCEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Christoffel%20van%20den%20Berghe&f=false|accessdate=20 Iulii 2014|year=2007|editor==Yale University Press|location=[[New Haven]] e [[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=978-0-300-12028-8|pages=28-30|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Hans-Joachim Raupp|coauthors=|title=Stilleben und Tierstücke|url=http://books.google.it/books?id=tIdzwQuVNNwC&pg=PA220&dq=Fran%C3%A7ois+Ryckhals&hl=en&sa=X&ei=bc_OU_zkMovYPKntgaAC&ved=0CEgQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=Fran%C3%A7ois%20Ryckhals&f=false|accessdate=1º Augusti 2014|year=2004|editor=Lit Verlag|location=[[Münster]]|language=Germanice|isbn=3-8258-2239-7|page=220|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Augustine Jal|coauthors=|title=Dictionnaire critique de biographie et d'histoire|url=http://books.google.it/books?id=WcwKAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA768&dq=Mathieu+Le+Nain&hl=en&sa=X&ei=jwZUVJ7GBKvA7Abx9YDgBA&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Mathieu%20Le%20Nain&f=false|accessdate=13 Novembris 2014|year=1867|editor=Henri Plon|location=[[Lutetia]]e|language=Francice|isbn=|pages=767-768|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Eric Jorink|coauthors=|title=Reading the Book of Nature in the Dutch Golden Age, 1575-1715|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=XAiEMHlll9QC&pg=PA201&dq=Johannes+Goedaert&hl=en&sa=X&ei=KsKIVMP8FIHSPe2JgZAG&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Johannes%20Goedaert&f=false|accessdate=26 Dicembris 2014|year=2010|editor=Koninklijke Brill NV|location=[[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]|language=Anglice|isbn=978-9004-18671-2|pages=201-209|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Alexander Chalmers|coauthors=|title=The General biographical dictionary|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=79QvAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA386&dq=David+Loggan&hl=en&sa=X&ei=RyjVVPLNIYGqUe2Jg_AO&ved=0CEMQ6AEwBjgK#v=onepage&q=David%20Loggan&f=false|accessdate=26 Februarii 2015|year=1815|editor=Nichols, Son and Bentley|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=386|volume=vol.XX°}} * {{cite book|author=Arthur M. Hind|coauthors=|title=A History of Engraving and Etching|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=fnhpAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA150&dq=Cornelis+van+Dalen&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Cornelis%20van%20Dalen&f=false|accessdate=26 Maii 2015|year=2011|editor=Dover Publications Inc.|location=[[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]]|language=Anglice|isbn=0-486-20954-7|pages=150|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Michael Cyril William Hunter|coauthors=|title=Printed Images in Early Modern Britain: Essays in Interpretation|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=HO-y92dlu9gC&pg=PA292&dq=Jan+van+Somer&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Jan%20van%20Somer&f=false|accessdate=14 Septembris 2016|year=2010|editor=Michael Hunter|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=978-0-7546-6654-7|page=292|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Ad Stijnman|coauthors=Elizabeth Savage|title=Printing Colour 1400-1700: History, Techniques, Functions and Receptions|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=C9R0CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA207&dq=Gerard+Valck&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Gerard%20Valck&f=false|accessdate=30 Decembris 2015|2015|editor=Brill|location=[[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]|language=Anglice|isbn=978-90-04-26968-2|page=207|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Leo Bagrow|coauthors=|title=History of Cartography|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=OBeB4tDmJv8C&pg=PA184&dq=Gerard+Valck&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Gerard%20Valck&f=false|accessdate=30 Decembris 2015|2010|editor=Transaction Publishers|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=978-1-4128-1154-5|page=184-270|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=William Bridges Hunter|coauthors=|title=A Milton Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=x66M-BoFvncC&pg=PA106&dq=Michael+Burghers&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michael%20Burghers&f=false|accessdate=6 Ianuarii 2016|year=1979|editor=Associated University Presses Inc.|location=[[Cranbury]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=106|volume=vol.V°}} * {{cite book|author=Ian Gadd|coauthors=Simon Elliot, William Roger Louis|title=History of Oxford University Press, Volume I: Beginnings to 1780|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=VbkJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA526&dq=Michael+Burghers&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michael%20Burghers&f=false|accessdate=6 Ianuarii 2016|year=2013|editor=Oxford University Press|location=[[Oxonia]]e|language=Anglice|isbn=978-0-19-955731-8|page=526|volume=vol.I°}} * {{cite book|author=Oxfordshire architectural and historical society|coauthors=|title=Proceedings of the Oxford architectural and historical society|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=jEJbAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA64&dq=Michael+Burghers&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michael%20Burghers&f=false|accessdate=6 Ianuarii 2016|year=|editor=Parker|location=[[Oxonia]]e|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=64|volume=vol.IV°}} * {{cite book|author=Horace Walpole|coauthors=George Vertue|title=The Works of Horatio Walpole, Earl of Orford|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=0mVGAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA466&dq=Michael+Burghers&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michael%20Burghers&f=false|accessdate=6 Ianuarii 2016|year=1798|editor=Robinson|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=77|volume=vol.IV°}} * {{cite book|author=|coauthors=|title=Benezit Dictionary of British Graphic Artists and Illustrators|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=05C02RhJZCkC&pg=PA319&dq=Edward+Davis+engraver&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Edward%20Davis%20engraver&f=false|accessdate=17 Ianuarii 2016|year=2012|editor=Universitatis Oxoniensis Prelum|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=978-0-19-992305-2|page=319|volume=vol.I°}} * {{cite book|author=Charles Knight|coauthors=|title=Biography: Or, Third Division of "The English Encyclopedia"|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=d8RPAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA2-PA706&dq=Michiel+van+der+Gucht&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michiel%20van%20der%20Gucht&f=false|accessdate=31 Ianuarii 2016|year=1872|editor=Bradbury, Evans and Co.|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=621-622|volume=appendix}} * {{cite book|author=Pieter Biesboer|coauthors=|title=Nederlandish Inventories 1 - Collections of Paintings in Haarlem, 1572-1745|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=1mV6p35NufEC&pg=PA299&dq=Guillam+Dubois+painter&hl=it&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj8xobMndPtAhXH-KQKHWdHAA8Q6AEwAHoECAAQAg#v=onepage&q=Guillam%20Dubois%20painter&f=false|accessdate=20 Ianuarii 2021|year=2001|editor=Carol Togneri|location=[[Angelopolis]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=20-299-340-366|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Joseph Strutt|coauthors=|title=A Biographical Dictionary: Containing an Historical Account of All the Engravers|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=B14OAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA356&dq=Michael+van+der+Gucht&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michael%20van%20der%20Gucht&f=false|accessdate=31 Ianuarii 2016|year=1785|editor=J.Davis|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=355-356|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Stanley H. Johnston|coauthors=|title=The Cleveland Herbal, Botanical, and Horticultural Collections|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=ff5tJ4EfHhMC&pg=PA295&dq=Michael+van+der+Gucht&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michael%20van%20der%20Gucht&f=false|accessdate=31 Ianuarii 2016|year=1992|editor=Respublicae Ohioensis Universitatis Prelum|location=[[Cantium (Ohium)|Cantii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=0-87338-433-4|page=265|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=John Gould|coauthors=Horace Walpole, George Vertue|title=A Dictionary of Painters, Sculptors, Architects, and Engravers|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=Si9cAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA483&dq=Robert+White+engraver&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Robert%20White%20engraver&f=false|accessdate=31 Martii 2016|year=1810|editor=Gale and Curtis|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=417-483|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Christopher D.M. Atkins|coauthors=|title=The signature style of Frans Hals: painting, subjectivity, and the market in Early Modernity|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=5hkhAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA162&dq=Pieter+van+Roestraten&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Pieter%20van%20Roestraten&f=false|accessdate=4 Novembris 2016|year=2012|editor=Prelum [[Universitas Amstelodamensis|Universitatis Amstelodamensis]]|location=[[Amstelodamum|Amstelodami]]|language=Anglice|isbn=978-90-8964-335-3|page=162|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Peter McNeil|coauthors=Giorgio Riello|title=Luxury: A Rich History|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=gcowDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT107&dq=Pieter+van+Roestraten&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Pieter%20van%20Roestraten&f=false|accessdate=4 Novembris 2016|year=2006|editor=Prelum [[Universitas Oxoniensis|Universitatis Oxoniensis]]|location=[[Oxonia]]e|language=Anglice|isbn=978-0-19-966324-8|page=|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Derek Brewer|coauthors=Marie-Françoise Alamichel|title=The Middle Ages After the Middle Ages in the English-speaking Wor|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=omAVJRxb-eoC&pg=PA80&dq=Pieter+van+Roestraten&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Pieter%20van%20Roestraten&f=false|accessdate=4 Novembris 2016|year=2006|editor=D.S.Brewer|location=[[Cantabrigia]]e|language=Anglice|isbn=978-0-85991-508-3|page=80|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Titus Livius|coauthors=Ioannes Munnickhuysen|title=Titi Livii Historiarum quod extat|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=HtfArsn_TTcC&pg=PR18&dq=Johannes+Willemsz.+Munnickhuysen&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Johannes%20Willemsz.%20Munnickhuysen&f=false|accessdate=20 Iunii 2016|year=1679|editor=|location=|language=Latine|isbn=|page=|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=AA.VV.|coauthors=|title=Etat civil de quelques artistes francais. Extrait des registres des paroisses des anciennes archives de la ville de Paris|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=oOAKpD0vsF4C&pg=PA11&dq=Jean+Baptiste+Duru&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Jean%20Baptiste%20Duru&f=false|accessdate=20 Iulii 2017|year=1873|editor=Libraire Pagnerre|location=[[Lutetia]]e|language=Francice|isbn=|page=129|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Helmer J. Helmers|coauthors=|title=The Royalist Republic|url=https://www.google.it/books/edition/The_Royalist_Republic/QZqiBQAAQBAJ?hl=it&gbpv=1&dq=Vincent+van+der+Vinne&pg=PA142&printsec=frontcover|accessdate=2 Septembris 2025|editor=Prelum [[Universitas Cantabrigiensis|Universitatis Cantabrigiensis]]|year=2015|location=[[Cantabrigia]]e|language=Anglice|page=142|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Sam Segal|coauthors=Klara Allen|title=Dutch and Flemish Flower Pieces|url=https://www.google.it/books/edition/Dutch_and_Flemish_Flower_Pieces_2_vols_i/rmgCEAAAQBAJ?hl=it&gbpv=1&dq=Vincent+van+der+Vinne&pg=PA828&printsec=frontcover|accessdate=2 Septembris 2025|editor=Brill Hes & De Graaf|year=2020|location=[[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]|language=Anglice|page=536|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=David Towry Piper|coauthors=|title=Dizionario illustrato dell'arte e degli artisti|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=tOynfqWxk34C&pg=PA41&dq=Nathaniel+Bacon+pittore&hl=it&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjfyZLajtrrAhXkAhAIHWIyAAIQ6AEwAHoECAIQAg#v=onepage&q=Nathaniel%20Bacon%20pittore&f=false|accessdate=27 Octobris 2020|year=1984|editor=Gremese|location=[[Roma]]e|language=Italice|isbn=88-7742-422-2|page=41|volume=}} == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Vincent Laurensz. van der Vinne (I)|Vincentium Laurensz. van der Vinne I}} * [https://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n90-655549/ Alexander Chalmers in WorldCat] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/nl/zoeken?q=%20Riethoorn&v=&s=&ondisplay=False&ii=0&p=1 Ioannes Riethoorn in Amstelodami Rijksmuseum] {{Ling|Nederlandice}} * [https://www.artnet.com/artists/vincent-laurensz-van-der-vinne-the-elder/ Vincentius Laurensz. van der Vinne I in Artnet] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [http://www.artnet.com/artists/jean-baptiste-durup/past-auction-results Ioannes Baptista Durup in Artnet] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp00205/sir-nathaniel-bacon?search=sas&sText=Nathaniel+Bacon Nathanael Bacon in The National Portrait Gallery] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [http://www.artcyclopedia.com/artists/vinne_vincent_laurensz_van_der.html Vincentius Laurensz. van der Vinne I in Artcyclopedia] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/search/list?base=%5B%22Collections%20des%20mus%C3%A9es%20de%20France%20%28Joconde%29%22%5D&mainSearch=%22Guillam%20Dubois%22 Gulielmus Dubois - Base Joconde] {{Ling|Francice}} * [http://www.scholarsresource.com/browse/artist/2142564356 Petrus de Roestraeten in Scholars Resource] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz83861.html#indexcontent Lambertus de Visscher in Deutsche Biographie] {{Ling|Theodisce}} {{Controllo di autorità}} {{Portale|arte|biografie}} <!-- {{Lifetime|1625|1680|Vinne, Vincentius Laurensz. I}} [[Categoria:Pictores Germaniae]] [[Categoria:Pictores Angliae]] [[Categoria:Artifices Nederlandiae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Angliae]] [[Categoria:Chalcographi]] [[Categoria:Scalptores]] [[Categoria:Entomologi]] [[Categoria:Cartographi]] {{Attributio|it|Eugène Stanislas Alexandre Bléry|72344825}} {{Attributio|en|Diary of a Wimpy Kid||partim}} ac ==> atque ante vocalem {{NexInt}} {{Nexus nominis}} --> 3esmt82xlsuk1qn1gdlkjhgv1f5rlx0 3986651 3986649 2026-09-08T16:51:36Z Maria.martelli 20183 /* Biographia */ 3986651 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Monitus de harenario usoris|f}} {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:Still Life with Watermelon, by Sarah Miriam Peale, 1822, oil on panel - Fogg Art Museum, Harvard University - DSC01409.jpg|thumb|250px|Natura mortua cum citrullo lanato]] <!--__NOTOC__ --> <!--{{NUMBEROFACTIVEUSERS}} --> {{res|Sara Miriama Peale}} (''vulgo'': '''Sarah Miriam Peale'''; [[Philadelphia]]e 19 Maii anno [[1800]] nata; [[Philadelphia]]e 4 Februarii anno [[1885]] mortua) fuit [[Saeculum Aureum Batavicum|saeculi aurei]] pictrix pictor et [[adumbratio]]nis peritissimus artifex [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Americana]] [[Nederlandia|Nederlandicus]], quae praecipue imagines personarum effingebat. Praeterea prima mulier Americana extimabatur quae picturae opere se sustentaret<ref name = "Peale Family">{{cite web |url=http://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/peale-family-of-painters/ |title=The Peale Family of Painters |author=Ogden Kate |publisher= Rutgers University: Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia |year=2016 |accessdate=6 Gennaio 2017}}</ref>. Ex familia artificum orta, cuius patruus [[Carolus Willson Peale]] clarissimus erat, Sara Peale imagines pinxit potissimum illustrium virorum, civium politicorum et ducum militarium [[Terra Mariae|Terrae Mariae]], [[Pennsilvania|Pennsilvania]]e et [[Vasingtonia (D.C.)|Vasingtonia]]e. [[La Fayette]] effigiem quater pinxit. == Biographia == [[Fasciculus:EBosley.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Elias Bosley effigies (1740–1841), Oleis in linteo, 62,23 x 73,66 cm, fere anno 1825]] [[Fasciculus:Basket of berries sarah miriam peale.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Fiscus cum bacis, [[1860]])]] Sara filia minima natu erat Miriamae Claypoole et minutorum operum et naturae mortuae pictoris [[Iacomus Peale|Iacomi Peale]], fratris minoris natu [[Carolus Willson Peale|Caroli Willson Peale]]. A patre et fratuo artem picturae didicit et adiutrix patris in officina eius facta est<ref name = "Peale Family"/>. Per discipulatum, coloribus miscendis, lintiis parandis fundisque adumbrandis usum comparavit<ref name="History of American Women">{{Cite news|url=http://www.womenhistoryblog.com/2015/04/sarah-miriam-peale.html|title=Sarah Miriam Peale|work=History of American Women|accessdate=30 marzo 2018|language=en}}</ref>. Sara et sorores suae, [[Anna Claypoole Peale|Anna Claypoole]] e [[Margarita Angelica Peale|Margarita Angelica]], a mulieribus medii ordinis illius temporis differebant, cum educationem accepissent, uxores et matres esse didicerant, et scientiam mercatoriam et artisticam a familia sua sumpserant<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Peale Family: Creation of a Legacy (1770-1870)|author=Miller Lillian|publisher=Abbeville Press|year=1996|ISBN=0-7892-0206-9|p=228}}</ref>. Adulescens, experientiam comparavit dum extremam manum picturis patris iniecit. Primae eius operae ad annum 1816 pertinent et res inanimas quales sunt flores effingunt, mox tamen se ad vultus exprimendos convertit. Anno 1818, tres menses cum [[Rembrandus Peale|Rembrando Peale]], suo consobrino, [[Baltimora]]e degit, et iterum annis 1820 et 1822. Is et criticus [[Ioannes Neal]] eius primam pingendi rationem atque picturae argumenta affecerunt<ref>{{cite journal| last = Chico | first = Beverly Berghaus | date = Autunno 1976 | title = Two American Firsts: Sara Peale, Portrait Painter, and John Neal, Critic | url = https://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc5800/sc5881/000001/000000/000283/pdf/msa_sc_5881_1_283.pdf | journal = Maryland Historical Society Magazine | volume = 71 | issue= 3 | page = 349 | language= en}}</ref>. Per viginti quinque annos Baltimorae (1822–1847) operatus est atque, interdum, [[Vasingtonia (D.C.)|Vasingtoniae]]<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.marylandartsource.org/artists/detail_000000042.html | title= Maryland Art Source| urlarchive=https://20030113231623/http://www.marylandartsource.org/artists/detail_000000042.html | publisher= The Baltimore Art Research & Outreach Consortium | date= 19 giugno 2003 | datearchive= 13 gennaio 2003 | language= en}}</ref>. Sessionibus [[Congressus Civitatum Foederatarum]] interfuit atque multorum virorum illustrium imagines pinxit<ref>{{cite book|author=Miller Lillian B.|title=The Peale family: creation of a legacy, 1770-1870|year=1996|publisher=Abbeville Press|ISBN=9780789202062|page=240}}</ref>. Sara primum apud Academiam Pennsilvaniensem exposuit, opus ''Effigies dominae'' (1818) exhibens. Anno 1824 una<ref name="Brooklyn">Dinner Party database of notable women at the Brooklyn Museum</ref> cum sorore Anna Claypoole Peale in [[Academia Artium Pulchrarum Pennsylvanienses|Academiam Artium Pulchrarum Pennsylvaniensem]] admissa est<ref name="Morgan">{{cite book|author=Morgan Ann Lee|title=The Oxford dictionary of American art and artists |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York|year=2007 |page=367|ISBN=978-0-19-512878-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pyvjWAcwnHEC&pg=PA367}}</ref>: ambae enim primae mulieres erant quae hoc honore potirentur. Anno 1831 Baltimorae officinam aperuit<ref>{{cite web|title=Sarah Peale (1800-1885)|url=https://www.nwhm.org/education-resources/biography/biographies/sarah-peale/|work=national Women's History Museum|accessdate=6 Giugno 2017|date=8 novembre 2016|urlarchive=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108014242/https://www.nwhm.org/education-resources/biography/biographies/sarah-peale/|url=dead}}</ref>; exstantque plus quam centum personarum imagines, quas ibi ex mandato effinxit. Ea aetate in urbe sua artifex omnium fecundissima habebatur<ref name="King">{{cite book|author=King Joan |title=Sarah M. Peale: America's first woman artist |publisher=Branden Books|year=1987 |page=296|ISBN=0-8283-1999-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9EpzXYTgE5YC&pg=PA296}}</ref>. Eius personarum effigies oleo pictae statim a sodalibus Congressūs, legatis aliisque locupletibus in Terra Mariae expetebantur<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nmwa.org/explore/artist-profiles/sarah-miriam-peale|title=Sarah Miriam Peale|work= National Museum of Women in the Arts nmwa.org|language=en|accessdate=30 marzo 2018}}</ref>. Ars eius imaginum pingendarum genere singularis habetur, propter usum pellium, textilium denticulatorum aliorumque pannorum subtiliter redditorum, necnon propter vultuum, cutis et capillorum similitudinem<ref name="History of American Women"/>. [[Fasciculus:|thumb|right|250px|Hadriani Banckert effigies ([[1673]])]] [[Fasciculus:|thumb|right|250px|Forum boarium magnum parvumque, et piscatorium]] Anno 1847, mala valetudine coacta, ad [[Urbs Sancti Ludovici|Urbem Sancti Ludovici]] migrare debuit; ibi per se feliciter floruit atque una ex primis artificibus feminis Americanis facta est quae arte sua se alerent<ref name="Brooklyn"/><ref name="King"/>. Maxima pars operum eius huius aetatis apud privatos possidentur<ref name="King"/>. Circiter annum 1860 ad picturas rerum naturae rediit, sed compositione naturaliore atque minus formali quam superioribus annis usa est<ref name="King"/>. Anno 1878 in patriam urbem rediit ibique postremos vitae suae annos cum sororibus suis Anna Claypoole (quae anno 1878 diem supremum obiit) Margaritaque Angelica (quae anno 1882 diem supremum obiit) degit<ref name="Brooklyn"/><ref name="King"/>. Sicut soror eius Margarita, numquam nupsit<ref>{{cite book|author=Greer Germaine |title=The obstacle race: the fortunes of women painters and their work |publisher=Tauris Parke Paperbacks|year=2001 |page=25|ISBN=1-86064-677-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qnBu6eUvx18C&pg=PA25}}</ref>. Anno 1885 in patria urbe sua mortua est<ref name="King"/>. Nonnullae Sarae opera pictoria in prima expositione (1987) ''National Museum of Women in the Arts'', cui titulus erat ''American Women Artists 1830–1930'', exhibita sunt<ref name="Tufts(U.S.)1987">{{cite book|author=Eleanor Tufts|author2=National Museum of Women in the Arts (U.S.); International Exhibitions Foundation|title=American women artists, 1830-1930|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EvxPAAAAMAAJ|year=1987|publisher=International Exhibitions Foundation for the National Museum of Women in the Arts|ISBN=978-0-940979-01-7}}</ref>. == Opera == * ''Dies festus sub divo'', [[Hydrochroma]] et temperatio supra [[Membrana (ars scribendi)|membrana]], 96 × 78 cm, 1671, [[Rijksmuseum (Amstelodamum)|Rijksmuseum]], [[Amstelodamum|Amstelodami]] * ''Tres fratres Browne'', temperatio et aurum supra [[Membrana (ars scribendi)|membrana]], 24 × 26 cm, 1598, Burghley House, Stamford<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Isaac_Oliver_Brothers_Browne.jpg Tres fratres Browne - Communia]</ref> * ''Vanitas cum fidiculis, calva et argenti vaso'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, 63,5 x 75 cm * ''In murae testa flores'', [[pictura]] supra aeris lamina, 31 x 21 cm, 1616-1617, Collectio privata<ref>[http://www.wga.hu/html/b/berghe/flowers.html In murae testa flores - The Web Gallery of Art]</ref> * ''Topia collina prope flumen, duo homines in cymba, viatores itinere'', pictura * ''[[Henricus Fridericus Stuart|Henrici Friderici Stuart]] effigies'', [[Hydrochroma]] supra [[Membrana (ars scribendi)|membrana]], 13,2 × 10 cm, 1610, Royal Collection * ''Matronae effigies'', [[Hydrochroma]] supra [[Membrana (ars scribendi)|membrana]], 5,9 x 4,8 cm, 1610 fere, apud Artis Museum, [[Cincinnati|Cincinnatorum]]ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Isaac_Oliver_-_A_Lady_in_Masque_Costume_-_WGA16637.jpg Matronae effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Topia fluvialia cum opilione et pecore'', [[pictura]], 47,2 x 71,8 cm, apud Rijksmuseum Twenthe, [[Enscheda]]e<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Guilliaume_Dubois_-_Heuvelachtige_rivieroever_-_BR0001_(R448)_-_Rijksmuseum_Twenthe.jpg Topia fluvialia cum opilione et pecore - Communia]</ref> * ''[[Rhenus|Rheni]] regionis despectus'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, 136,84 x 68,1 cm, apud [[Pinacotheca Dulvicensis|Pinacothecam Dulvicensem]], [[Dulwich]]<ref name=dulwich/> * ''Topia con viatoribus ac ecclesia procul'', [[pictura]], 45,7 x 63,5 cm, 1649, apud Mauritshuis, [[Haga]]e<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dune_Landscape_with_Road_and_Church_by_Guillam_Dubois_Mauritshuis_799.jpg Topia con viatoribus ac ecclesia procul - Communia]</ref> * ''Rijngesigje ([[Rhenus|Rheni]] despectus)'', [[pictura]], apud Petri Boll Collectionem, [[Harlemum|Harlemi]]<ref name=biesboer/> * ''[[Rhenus|Rheni]] regionis despectus cum castello viatoribusque'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, 79,8 x 102,2 cm, post annum [[1653]], apud [[Pinacotheca Dulvicensis|Pinacothecam Dulvicensem]], [[Dulwich]]<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Peter_Wtewael_Hirte_mit_Sackpfeife1596_1660.jpg Caprarius cum tibiis infixis utricolo - Communia]</ref> * ''Natura mortua cum floribus et papilione'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maria_van_Oosterwijk_Still_Life_with_Flowers_after.jpg Natura mortua cum floribus et papilione - Communia]</ref> * ''Vanitas cum calva et heliotropio'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, apud collectanea privata<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maria_van_Oosterwijk_Vanitas-Stilleben.jpg Vanitas cum calva et heliotropio - Communia]</ref> * ''Natura mortua cum floribus pomisque'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, 1670 fere, apud [[Palatium Pittianum]], [[Florentia]]e<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maria_van_Oosterwijk_-_Flowers_and_Fruit_-_WGA16657.jpg Natura mortua cum floribus pomisque - Communia]</ref> * ''Natura mortua cum floribus in vaso scite ornato'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, 62 x 47,5 cm, 1670-1675, apud Mauritshuis, [[Haga]]e<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Still_Life_with_Flowers_in_a_Decorative_Vase,_Oosterwijck.jpg Natura mortua cum floribus in vaso scite ornato - Communia]</ref> * ''Natura mortua cum vaso florum, citreo papilioneque'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, deorsum in media pictura obsignata ''Maria Va Oosterwijck Aº 1675'', 90,4 x 80,7 cm, 1675<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MARIA_VAN_OOSTERWIJCK_NOOTDORP_1630_-_1693_UITDAM_A_FLORAL_STILL_LIFE.jpg Natura mortua cum vaso florum, citreo papilioneque - Communia]</ref> * ''Natura mortua cum floribus, heliotropio insectisque'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, 73,6 x 55,8 cm, 1670 fere, apud Museum Artis Denverii, [[Denverium (Coloratum)|Denverii]]<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maria_van_Oosterwyck_-_Bouquet_of_Flowers_in_a_Vase_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg Natura mortua cum floribus, heliotropio insectisque - Communia]</ref> * ''Topia montana cum viatoribus et cane ab laeva'', [[pictura]] supra tabula cum pigmento oleario, 36 x 32 cm, 1654 fere, apud [[Rijksmuseum (Amstelodamum)|Rijksmuseum]], [[Amstelodamum|Amstelodami]] * ''Topia nemorosa cum viatoribus'', [[pictura]] supra tabula cum pigmento oleario, 47 x 63,5 cm, antea [[Iacobus de Ruysdael|Iacobo de Ruysdael]] adscripta<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_WOODED_LANDSCAPE_WITH_TRAVELERS_ON_A_PATH.png Topia nemorosa cum viatoribus - Communia]</ref> * ''Pagi semita cum ecclesia procul'', delineatio, 1650 fere, apud [[Centrum Getty]], [[Angelopolis]]<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Guillam_Dubois_-_Village_Path_with_Church_Spire_in_the_Distance_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg Pagi semita cum ecclesia procul - Communia]</ref> * ''Roberti von der Pfalz effigies'', chalcographia [[ratio atra]], 18,6 x 16,4 cm, apud Artium Museum, [[Franciscopolis (California)|Franciscopolis]]<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Prince_Rupert_von_der_Pfalz.jpg Roberti von der Pfalz effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Argumentum marinum'', [[pictura]] cum penicillo et atramento, dextra deorsum obsignata ''R. Zeeman''<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Zeeman,_marine.jpg Argumentum marinum - Communia]</ref> * ''Hortus floridus in quo rariorum et minus vulgarium florum icones ad vivam veramque formam accuratissme delineata'', Crispijn van de Passe de jongere et Joannes Waldelius, 1614<ref>[http://books.google.it/books?id=RhtTAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Crispijn+van+de+Passe+II&hl=en&sa=X&ei=1y0jVNysGcKe7gbNnoG4AQ&ved=0CD4Q6wEwBDgU#v=onepage&q=Crispijn%20van%20de%20Passe%20II&f=false Hortus floridus]</ref> * ''Davidis Clarkson effigies'', chalcographia secundum [[Maria Beale|Mariae Beale]] picturam sculpta, 1696 * ''Alexander Gibson, Dominus Durie'', chalcographia secundum [[David Paton|Davidis Paton]] picturam sculpta, 1690 * ''Anthonii Tuckney effigies'', chalcographia, 194 × 132 mm, 1676<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anthony_Tuckney.jpg Anthonii Tuckney effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''[[Augustus II Poloniae|Augusti II Poloniae]] effigies'', chalcographia, 1697<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AugustII_young2.jpeg Augusti II Poloniae effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''[[Henricus Somerset, I dux Beaufortiensis|Henrici Somerset, I ducis Beaufortiensis]] effigies'', chalcographia, 1679<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Beaufort1.JPG Henrici Somerset, I ducis Beaufortiensis effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Edmundi Ludlow effigies'', chalcographia, 1689<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Edmund_Ludlow.JPG Edmundi Ludlow effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Henrici Coley effigies'', chalcographia, 1676<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_Coley._Line_engraving_by_R._White,_1676,_after_himself_Wellcome_V0001188.jpg Henrici Coley effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Edmundi Gibson effigies'', chalcographia, apud [[Pinacotheca Effigierum Publica|Pinacothecam Effigierum Publicam Londiniensem]]<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Edmund_Gibson_by_Michael_Vandergucht.jpg Edmundi Gibson effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Eduardi Ward effigies'', chalcographia, 1702, secundum [[Godfridus Kneller|Godfridi Kneller]] picturam sculta<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Edward_Ward.jpg Eduardi Ward effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''[[Iacomus Hamilton, I dux Hamiltoniensis|Iacomi Hamilton, I ducis Hamiltoniensis]] effigies'', chalcographia, 244 mm x 155 mm, apud [[Pinacotheca Effigierum Publica|Pinacothecam Effigierum Publicam Londiniensem]]<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:James_Hamilton,_1st_Duke_of_Hamilton_by_Robert_White,_late_17th_century.jpg Iacomi Hamilton, I ducis Hamiltoniensis effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Ioannis Browne effigies'', chalcographia, 1678<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:John_Browne_Robert_White.jpg Ioannis Browne effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Ioannis Partridge effigies'', chalcographia, 1679<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:John_Partridge._Line_engraving_by_R._White,_1679,_after_hims_Wellcome_V0004503EL.jpg Ioannis Partridge effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''[[Eduardus Tyson|Eduardi Tyson]] libri "Orang-outang, sive Hominis Sylvestris" imagines'', chalcographiae<ref name=meyer/> * ''"A voyage to the islands of Madera, Barbados, Nieves, S.Christophers and Jamaica" imagines'', 75 chalcographiae<ref name=holden/> * ''Thomae Wyat effigies'', chalcographia<ref name=bryan/> * ''Ioannis Baliol effigies'', chalcographia<ref name=bryan/> == Honores == [[Fasciculus:Ordre de Saint-Michel Chevalier ribbon.svg|thumb|75px]] [[Michael (archangelus)|Michaelis Archangeli]] ordo ([[1662]]) [[Fasciculus:Legion Honneur Chevalier ribbon.svg|thumb|75px]] [[Legio Honoris|Legionis Honoris]] Eques ([[1846]]) [[Fasciculus:Order of the Bath UK ribbon.svg|thumb|left|75px]] Eques [[Ordo Imperii Britanniorum|Ordinis Imperii Britanniorum]] == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == * {{cite web|url=http://www.enciclopediabresciana.it/enciclopedia/index.php?title=HERDT|author=|author2=|title=HERDT (o HERTZ) (de) Jan|accesso=31 Ianuarii 2020|work=ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRIXIENSES|year=2020|language=}} * {{cite web|url=http://arthistoryreference.com/a1/60768.htm|author=|author2=|title=Jan Andrea Lievens (1644 - 1680)|accesso=1<sup>o</sup> Iunii 2016|work=Art History Reference|year=2017|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=https://dictionaryofarthistorians.org/gersonh.html|author=|author2=|title=Gerson, Horst [Karl]|accesso=9 Maii 2016|work=Dictionary of Art Historians|year=2016|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.vondel.humanities.uva.nl/ecartico/persons/7908|author=|author2=|title=Lambrecht Visscher|accesso=9 Iulii 2020|work=Universitatis Amstelodamensis - Amsterdam Centre for the Study of the Golden Age|year=2020|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Chalmers,_Alexander|author=|author2=|title=Chalmers, Alexander|accesso=26 Aprilis 2016|work=Wikisource - Encyclopædia Britannica (1911)|year=2016|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/retroboeken/nnbw/#source=10&page=130&view=imagePane|author=J.M.Blok|author2=|title=DUBOIS (Guillam o Willem)|accesso=20 Ianuarii 2021|work=Nieuw Nederlandsch Biografisch Woordenboek (NNBW)|year=2021|language=Nederlandice}} * {{cite web|http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/oosterwijck|author=Noud Janssen|author2=|title=Oosterwijck, Maria van (1630-1693)|accesso=24 Ianuarii 2018|work=Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland - DVN|year=2018|language=Nederlandice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=Cornelis+van+Dalen&role=&nation=&prev_page=1&subjectid=500031216|author=|author2=|title=Dalen, Cornelis van, I (Dutch printmaker, draftsman, and editor, ca. 1602-1665)|accesso=5 Martii 2020|work=Union List of Artist Names Online|year=2020|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=Cornelis+van+Dalen&role=&nation=&page=1&subjectid=500031216|author=|author2=|title=Dalen, Cornelis van, I (Dutch printmaker, draftsman, and editor, ca. 1602-1665)|accesso=26 Maii 2016|work=Union List of Artist Names Online|year=2016|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp88710/abraham-meindersz-van-der-wenne?search=sas&sText=Abraham+van+der+Wenne|author=|author2=|title=Abraham Meindersz van der Wenne (circa 1656-1693), Engraver|accesso=23 Maii 2017|work=National Portrait Gallery|year=2017|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.wga.hu/bio/v/vinne/vincent/biograph.html|author=Emil Kren|author2=Daniel Marx|title=VINNE, Vincentius I Laurensz. van der|accessdate=2 Septembris 2025|work=The Web Gallery of Art|year=2020|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.sphinxfineart.com/Zeeman-Reinier-Nooms-called-DesktopDefault.aspx?tabid=45&tabindex=44&artistid=38786|author=Edward Strachan|author2=Roy Bolton|title=REINIER NOOMS, CALLED ZEEMAN (AMSTERDAM 1623 - AMSTERDAM 1664)|accessdate=9 Iunii 2015|work=SPHINX FINE ART - Artists|year=2015|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.getty.edu/art/gettyguide/artMakerDetails?maker=1119|author=|coautori=|title=Christoffel van den Berghe|accessdate=20 Iulii 2014|work=The J.Paul Getty Museum - Artists|year=2014|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/jacob-isaacksz-van-ruysdael_%28Enciclopedia-Italiana%29/|author=|title=RUYSDAEL, Jacob Isaacksz van|accessdate=20 Ianuari 2021|work=Enciclopedie on line - Treccani.it|year=2021|language=Italice}} * {{cite web|url=https://rkd.nl/explore/artists/81168|author=|title=Vincentius van de Vinne I|accessdate=2 Septembris 2025|work=Rijksbureau voor Kunsthistorische Documentatie|year=2025|language=Nederlandice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.rkd.nl/rkddb/dispatcher.aspx?action=search&database=ChoiceArtists&search=priref=73861|author=|title=Paul van Somer (II)|accessdate=21 Septembris 2015|work=Rijksbureau voor Kunsthistorische Documentatie|year=2015|language=Nederlandice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.rkd.nl/rkddb/dispatcher.aspx?action=search&database=ChoiceArtists&search=priref=90557|author=|title=Everhardus Kickius|accessdate=26 Februarii 2015|work=Rijksbureau voor Kunsthistorische Documentatie|year=2015|language=Nederlandice}} * {{cite book|author=David Freedberg|coauthors=Jan de Vries|title=Art in History/History in Art: Studies in Seventeenth-Century Dutch Culture|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=arVDAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA382&dq=Johannes+Goedaert&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ShaKVPToLITtUpDRgugL&ved=0CF8Q6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=Johannes%20Goedaert&f=false|accessdate=26 Dicembris 2014|year=1991|editor=The Getty Center for the History of Art and the Humanities|location=[[Sancta Monica (California)|Sanctae Monicae]]|language=Lingua Anglica|isbn=0-89236-201-4|pages=382-383|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=|coautori=|title=Imago Musicae 1986|url=http://books.google.it/books?id=d1AU_FAgVbgC&pg=PA65&dq=Hendrik+Pot&hl=en&sa=X&ei=D9bzUsS6BqKAywPVl4KAAQ&ved=0CFsQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=Hendrik%20Pot&f=false|accessdate=24 Ianuarius 2014|year=1987|editor=Duke University Press|city=[[Durham]]|language=Anglice|isbn=0-8223-0723-5|page=65|volume=vol.III}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/peinture/sir_Nathaniel_Bacon/150952|author=|title=sir_Nathaniel_Bacon|accessdate=27 Octobris 2020|series=Dictionnaire de la Peinture Larousse|year=2020|language=Francice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/peinture/Zyl/155022|author=|title=les Van Zyl|accessdate=11 Iulii 2017|series=Encyclopédie Larousse|year=2017|language=Francice}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/sir-nathaniel-bacon-2370|author=Terry Riggs|author2=|title=Sir Nathaniel Bacon 1585–1627|accessdate=27 Octobris 20205|work=Tate|year=2020|language=Anglice}} * {{cite book|author=Peter C. Sutton|coauthors=Lisa Vergara;Ann Jensen Adams|title=Love Letters: Dutch Genre Paintings in the Age of Vermeer|url=http://books.google.it/books?id=3T6ZUprgU_0C&pg=PA79&dq=Dirck+Hals&hl=en&sa=X&ei=710-UeWgO4LWPdfDgOgD&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Dirck%20Hals&f=false|accessdate=26 Ianuarius 2014|year=2003|editor=Frances Lincoln Limited|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=0-7112-2338-6|pages=79-80|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=|coauthors=|title=Liechtenstein, the Princely Collections|url=http://books.google.it/books?id=A1f7lsIFyu0C&pg=PA269&dq=Hendrick+Gerritsz+Pot&hl=en&sa=X&ei=zd3zUqjFJYn5yAOKkIGIAw&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Hendrick%20Gerritsz%20Pot&f=false|accessdate=6 febbraio 2014|year=1985|editor=[[Museum Artium Metropolitanum]]|location=[[Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]]|language=Anglice|isbn=0-87099-383-2|pages=269|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Adriaan van der Willigen|coauthors=|title=Les artistes de Harlem: Notices historiques avec un Précis sur la Gilde de St. Luc|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=YCtCAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA251&dq=Riethoorn&hl=it&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjQ-KPcgt_qAhX0SRUIHXe0CHEQ6AEwCHoECAIQAg#v=onepage&q=Riethoorn&f=false|accessdate=28 Iulii 2020|year=1870|editor=Les Héritiers F.Bohn|location=[[Harlemum|Harlemi]]|language=Francice|isbn=|pages=251-252|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Roeland van Eynden|coauthors=Adriaan van der Willigen|title=Geschiedenis der vaderlandsche schilderkunst sedert de helft der XVIII eeuw|url=http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/retroboeken/vaderlandsche_schilderkunst/#source=I&page=93&view=imagePane|accessdate=28 Iulii 2020|year=1979|editor=B.M.Israel|location=[[Amstelodamum|Amstelodami]]|language=Nederlandice|isbn=90-6078-077-9|pages=78|volume=vol.I°}} * {{cite book|author=Abraham Jacob van der Aa|coauthors=Karel Johan Reinier van Harderwijk;Gilles Dionysius Jacobus Schotel|title=Biografisch Woordenboek der Nederlanden|url=http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/retroboeken/vdaa/#source=aa__001biog19_01.xml&page=340&view=imagePane|accessdate=28 Iulii 2020|year=1874|editor=J.J. van Brederode|location=[[Harlemum|Harlemi]]|language=Nederlandice|isbn=|pages=338|volume=vol.XVI°}} * {{cite book|author=Michael Bryan|coauthors=George Stanley|title=A biographical and critical dictionary of painters and engravers|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=07Q-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA751&dq=Paul+van+Somer+engraver&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Paul%20van%20Somer%20engraver&f=false|accessdate=21 Septembris 2016|year=1865|editor=H.G.Bohn|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|pages=751|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Michael Bryan|coauthors=George Stanley|title=Dictionary of painters and engravers, biographical and critical|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=07Q-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA742&dq=Michael+Burghers&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michael%20Burghers&f=false|accessdate=6 Ianuarii 2016|year=1865|editor=H.G.Bohn|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=122|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Shearjashub Spooner|coauthors=|title=A biographical history of the fine arts, or, Memoirs of the lives and works of the most eminent painters, engraveras, sculptors and architects|url=ttps://books.google.it/books?id=dgw8AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA908&dq=Paul+van+Somer+engraver&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Paul%20van%20Somer%20engraver&f=false|accessdate=21 Septembris 2016|year=1865|editor=J.W.Bouton|location=[[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|pages=908|volume=vol.II°}} * {{cite book|author=J.W. Frederiks|coauthors=|title=Dutch Silver: Wrougt Plate of North and South-Holland from the Renaissance|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=dnHyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA3&dq=Hieronymus+Wierix&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEYQ6AEwBmoVChMIhouQ5sj5xwIVq5xyCh16fgz3#v=onepage&q=Hieronymus%20Wierix&f=false|accessdate=28 Septembris 2015|year=1958|editor= Springer Science + Business Media Dordrecht|location=[[Haga]]e|language=Anglice|isbn=978-94-010-3699-3|page=3|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Sheila D. Muller|coauthors=|title=Dutch Art: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=ZPhLoy0FICMC&pg=PA299&dq=Jan+van+Somer&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Jan%20van%20Somer&f=false|accessdate=14 Septembris 2016|year=2011|editor=Routledge|location=[[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]]|language=Anglice|isbn=0-8153-0065-4|page=299|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=JG Frederiks|coauthors=F. Jos van den Branden|title=Biographisch woordenboek der Noord- en Zuidnederlandsche letterkunde|url=http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/bran038biog01_01/bran038biog01_01_3320.php|accessdate=10 Iulii 2014|year=1888-1891|editor=LJ Veen|location=[[Amstelodamum|Amstelodami]]|language=Nederlandice|isbn=|pages=|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=GJ van Bork|coauthors=PJ Verkruijsse|title=De Nederlandse en Vlaamse auteurs van middeleeuwen tot heden met inbegrip van de Friese auteurs|url=http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/bork001nede01_01/bork001nede01_01_1071.php|accessdate=10 Iulii 2014|year=1985|editor=De Haan|location=[[Weesp]]|language=Nederlandice|isbn=|pages=|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=[[Museum Artium Metropolitanum]]|coauthors=Walter A. Liedtke|title=Dutch Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art|url=http://books.google.it/books?id=jtnQ7PIT8mcC&pg=PA28&dq=Christoffel+van+den+Berghe&hl=it&sa=X&ei=t4HFU9GuEuHjywOg8oDQCA&ved=0CCEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Christoffel%20van%20den%20Berghe&f=false|accessdate=20 Iulii 2014|year=2007|editor==Yale University Press|location=[[New Haven]] e [[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=978-0-300-12028-8|pages=28-30|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Hans-Joachim Raupp|coauthors=|title=Stilleben und Tierstücke|url=http://books.google.it/books?id=tIdzwQuVNNwC&pg=PA220&dq=Fran%C3%A7ois+Ryckhals&hl=en&sa=X&ei=bc_OU_zkMovYPKntgaAC&ved=0CEgQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=Fran%C3%A7ois%20Ryckhals&f=false|accessdate=1º Augusti 2014|year=2004|editor=Lit Verlag|location=[[Münster]]|language=Germanice|isbn=3-8258-2239-7|page=220|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Augustine Jal|coauthors=|title=Dictionnaire critique de biographie et d'histoire|url=http://books.google.it/books?id=WcwKAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA768&dq=Mathieu+Le+Nain&hl=en&sa=X&ei=jwZUVJ7GBKvA7Abx9YDgBA&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Mathieu%20Le%20Nain&f=false|accessdate=13 Novembris 2014|year=1867|editor=Henri Plon|location=[[Lutetia]]e|language=Francice|isbn=|pages=767-768|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Eric Jorink|coauthors=|title=Reading the Book of Nature in the Dutch Golden Age, 1575-1715|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=XAiEMHlll9QC&pg=PA201&dq=Johannes+Goedaert&hl=en&sa=X&ei=KsKIVMP8FIHSPe2JgZAG&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Johannes%20Goedaert&f=false|accessdate=26 Dicembris 2014|year=2010|editor=Koninklijke Brill NV|location=[[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]|language=Anglice|isbn=978-9004-18671-2|pages=201-209|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Alexander Chalmers|coauthors=|title=The General biographical dictionary|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=79QvAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA386&dq=David+Loggan&hl=en&sa=X&ei=RyjVVPLNIYGqUe2Jg_AO&ved=0CEMQ6AEwBjgK#v=onepage&q=David%20Loggan&f=false|accessdate=26 Februarii 2015|year=1815|editor=Nichols, Son and Bentley|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=386|volume=vol.XX°}} * {{cite book|author=Arthur M. Hind|coauthors=|title=A History of Engraving and Etching|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=fnhpAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA150&dq=Cornelis+van+Dalen&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Cornelis%20van%20Dalen&f=false|accessdate=26 Maii 2015|year=2011|editor=Dover Publications Inc.|location=[[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]]|language=Anglice|isbn=0-486-20954-7|pages=150|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Michael Cyril William Hunter|coauthors=|title=Printed Images in Early Modern Britain: Essays in Interpretation|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=HO-y92dlu9gC&pg=PA292&dq=Jan+van+Somer&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Jan%20van%20Somer&f=false|accessdate=14 Septembris 2016|year=2010|editor=Michael Hunter|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=978-0-7546-6654-7|page=292|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Ad Stijnman|coauthors=Elizabeth Savage|title=Printing Colour 1400-1700: History, Techniques, Functions and Receptions|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=C9R0CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA207&dq=Gerard+Valck&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Gerard%20Valck&f=false|accessdate=30 Decembris 2015|2015|editor=Brill|location=[[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]|language=Anglice|isbn=978-90-04-26968-2|page=207|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Leo Bagrow|coauthors=|title=History of Cartography|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=OBeB4tDmJv8C&pg=PA184&dq=Gerard+Valck&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Gerard%20Valck&f=false|accessdate=30 Decembris 2015|2010|editor=Transaction Publishers|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=978-1-4128-1154-5|page=184-270|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=William Bridges Hunter|coauthors=|title=A Milton Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=x66M-BoFvncC&pg=PA106&dq=Michael+Burghers&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michael%20Burghers&f=false|accessdate=6 Ianuarii 2016|year=1979|editor=Associated University Presses Inc.|location=[[Cranbury]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=106|volume=vol.V°}} * {{cite book|author=Ian Gadd|coauthors=Simon Elliot, William Roger Louis|title=History of Oxford University Press, Volume I: Beginnings to 1780|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=VbkJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA526&dq=Michael+Burghers&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michael%20Burghers&f=false|accessdate=6 Ianuarii 2016|year=2013|editor=Oxford University Press|location=[[Oxonia]]e|language=Anglice|isbn=978-0-19-955731-8|page=526|volume=vol.I°}} * {{cite book|author=Oxfordshire architectural and historical society|coauthors=|title=Proceedings of the Oxford architectural and historical society|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=jEJbAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA64&dq=Michael+Burghers&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michael%20Burghers&f=false|accessdate=6 Ianuarii 2016|year=|editor=Parker|location=[[Oxonia]]e|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=64|volume=vol.IV°}} * {{cite book|author=Horace Walpole|coauthors=George Vertue|title=The Works of Horatio Walpole, Earl of Orford|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=0mVGAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA466&dq=Michael+Burghers&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michael%20Burghers&f=false|accessdate=6 Ianuarii 2016|year=1798|editor=Robinson|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=77|volume=vol.IV°}} * {{cite book|author=|coauthors=|title=Benezit Dictionary of British Graphic Artists and Illustrators|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=05C02RhJZCkC&pg=PA319&dq=Edward+Davis+engraver&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Edward%20Davis%20engraver&f=false|accessdate=17 Ianuarii 2016|year=2012|editor=Universitatis Oxoniensis Prelum|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=978-0-19-992305-2|page=319|volume=vol.I°}} * {{cite book|author=Charles Knight|coauthors=|title=Biography: Or, Third Division of "The English Encyclopedia"|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=d8RPAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA2-PA706&dq=Michiel+van+der+Gucht&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michiel%20van%20der%20Gucht&f=false|accessdate=31 Ianuarii 2016|year=1872|editor=Bradbury, Evans and Co.|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=621-622|volume=appendix}} * {{cite book|author=Pieter Biesboer|coauthors=|title=Nederlandish Inventories 1 - Collections of Paintings in Haarlem, 1572-1745|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=1mV6p35NufEC&pg=PA299&dq=Guillam+Dubois+painter&hl=it&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj8xobMndPtAhXH-KQKHWdHAA8Q6AEwAHoECAAQAg#v=onepage&q=Guillam%20Dubois%20painter&f=false|accessdate=20 Ianuarii 2021|year=2001|editor=Carol Togneri|location=[[Angelopolis]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=20-299-340-366|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Joseph Strutt|coauthors=|title=A Biographical Dictionary: Containing an Historical Account of All the Engravers|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=B14OAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA356&dq=Michael+van+der+Gucht&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michael%20van%20der%20Gucht&f=false|accessdate=31 Ianuarii 2016|year=1785|editor=J.Davis|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=355-356|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Stanley H. Johnston|coauthors=|title=The Cleveland Herbal, Botanical, and Horticultural Collections|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=ff5tJ4EfHhMC&pg=PA295&dq=Michael+van+der+Gucht&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michael%20van%20der%20Gucht&f=false|accessdate=31 Ianuarii 2016|year=1992|editor=Respublicae Ohioensis Universitatis Prelum|location=[[Cantium (Ohium)|Cantii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=0-87338-433-4|page=265|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=John Gould|coauthors=Horace Walpole, George Vertue|title=A Dictionary of Painters, Sculptors, Architects, and Engravers|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=Si9cAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA483&dq=Robert+White+engraver&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Robert%20White%20engraver&f=false|accessdate=31 Martii 2016|year=1810|editor=Gale and Curtis|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=417-483|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Christopher D.M. Atkins|coauthors=|title=The signature style of Frans Hals: painting, subjectivity, and the market in Early Modernity|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=5hkhAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA162&dq=Pieter+van+Roestraten&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Pieter%20van%20Roestraten&f=false|accessdate=4 Novembris 2016|year=2012|editor=Prelum [[Universitas Amstelodamensis|Universitatis Amstelodamensis]]|location=[[Amstelodamum|Amstelodami]]|language=Anglice|isbn=978-90-8964-335-3|page=162|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Peter McNeil|coauthors=Giorgio Riello|title=Luxury: A Rich History|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=gcowDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT107&dq=Pieter+van+Roestraten&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Pieter%20van%20Roestraten&f=false|accessdate=4 Novembris 2016|year=2006|editor=Prelum [[Universitas Oxoniensis|Universitatis Oxoniensis]]|location=[[Oxonia]]e|language=Anglice|isbn=978-0-19-966324-8|page=|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Derek Brewer|coauthors=Marie-Françoise Alamichel|title=The Middle Ages After the Middle Ages in the English-speaking Wor|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=omAVJRxb-eoC&pg=PA80&dq=Pieter+van+Roestraten&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Pieter%20van%20Roestraten&f=false|accessdate=4 Novembris 2016|year=2006|editor=D.S.Brewer|location=[[Cantabrigia]]e|language=Anglice|isbn=978-0-85991-508-3|page=80|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Titus Livius|coauthors=Ioannes Munnickhuysen|title=Titi Livii Historiarum quod extat|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=HtfArsn_TTcC&pg=PR18&dq=Johannes+Willemsz.+Munnickhuysen&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Johannes%20Willemsz.%20Munnickhuysen&f=false|accessdate=20 Iunii 2016|year=1679|editor=|location=|language=Latine|isbn=|page=|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=AA.VV.|coauthors=|title=Etat civil de quelques artistes francais. Extrait des registres des paroisses des anciennes archives de la ville de Paris|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=oOAKpD0vsF4C&pg=PA11&dq=Jean+Baptiste+Duru&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Jean%20Baptiste%20Duru&f=false|accessdate=20 Iulii 2017|year=1873|editor=Libraire Pagnerre|location=[[Lutetia]]e|language=Francice|isbn=|page=129|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Helmer J. Helmers|coauthors=|title=The Royalist Republic|url=https://www.google.it/books/edition/The_Royalist_Republic/QZqiBQAAQBAJ?hl=it&gbpv=1&dq=Vincent+van+der+Vinne&pg=PA142&printsec=frontcover|accessdate=2 Septembris 2025|editor=Prelum [[Universitas Cantabrigiensis|Universitatis Cantabrigiensis]]|year=2015|location=[[Cantabrigia]]e|language=Anglice|page=142|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Sam Segal|coauthors=Klara Allen|title=Dutch and Flemish Flower Pieces|url=https://www.google.it/books/edition/Dutch_and_Flemish_Flower_Pieces_2_vols_i/rmgCEAAAQBAJ?hl=it&gbpv=1&dq=Vincent+van+der+Vinne&pg=PA828&printsec=frontcover|accessdate=2 Septembris 2025|editor=Brill Hes & De Graaf|year=2020|location=[[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]|language=Anglice|page=536|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=David Towry Piper|coauthors=|title=Dizionario illustrato dell'arte e degli artisti|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=tOynfqWxk34C&pg=PA41&dq=Nathaniel+Bacon+pittore&hl=it&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjfyZLajtrrAhXkAhAIHWIyAAIQ6AEwAHoECAIQAg#v=onepage&q=Nathaniel%20Bacon%20pittore&f=false|accessdate=27 Octobris 2020|year=1984|editor=Gremese|location=[[Roma]]e|language=Italice|isbn=88-7742-422-2|page=41|volume=}} == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Vincent Laurensz. van der Vinne (I)|Vincentium Laurensz. van der Vinne I}} * [https://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n90-655549/ Alexander Chalmers in WorldCat] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/nl/zoeken?q=%20Riethoorn&v=&s=&ondisplay=False&ii=0&p=1 Ioannes Riethoorn in Amstelodami Rijksmuseum] {{Ling|Nederlandice}} * [https://www.artnet.com/artists/vincent-laurensz-van-der-vinne-the-elder/ Vincentius Laurensz. van der Vinne I in Artnet] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [http://www.artnet.com/artists/jean-baptiste-durup/past-auction-results Ioannes Baptista Durup in Artnet] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp00205/sir-nathaniel-bacon?search=sas&sText=Nathaniel+Bacon Nathanael Bacon in The National Portrait Gallery] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [http://www.artcyclopedia.com/artists/vinne_vincent_laurensz_van_der.html Vincentius Laurensz. van der Vinne I in Artcyclopedia] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/search/list?base=%5B%22Collections%20des%20mus%C3%A9es%20de%20France%20%28Joconde%29%22%5D&mainSearch=%22Guillam%20Dubois%22 Gulielmus Dubois - Base Joconde] {{Ling|Francice}} * [http://www.scholarsresource.com/browse/artist/2142564356 Petrus de Roestraeten in Scholars Resource] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz83861.html#indexcontent Lambertus de Visscher in Deutsche Biographie] {{Ling|Theodisce}} {{Controllo di autorità}} {{Portale|arte|biografie}} <!-- {{Lifetime|1625|1680|Vinne, Vincentius Laurensz. I}} [[Categoria:Pictores Germaniae]] [[Categoria:Pictores Angliae]] [[Categoria:Artifices Nederlandiae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Angliae]] [[Categoria:Chalcographi]] [[Categoria:Scalptores]] [[Categoria:Entomologi]] [[Categoria:Cartographi]] {{Attributio|it|Eugène Stanislas Alexandre Bléry|72344825}} {{Attributio|en|Diary of a Wimpy Kid||partim}} ac ==> atque ante vocalem {{NexInt}} {{Nexus nominis}} --> cadjz1n7uv40igpetgw6y76rnqw37pn 3986654 3986651 2026-09-08T16:57:51Z Maria.martelli 20183 3986654 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Monitus de harenario usoris|f}} {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:Still Life with Watermelon, by Sarah Miriam Peale, 1822, oil on panel - Fogg Art Museum, Harvard University - DSC01409.jpg|thumb|250px|Natura mortua cum citrullo lanato]] <!--__NOTOC__ --> <!--{{NUMBEROFACTIVEUSERS}} --> {{res|Sara Miriama Peale}} (''vulgo'': '''Sarah Miriam Peale'''; [[Philadelphia]]e 19 Maii anno [[1800]] nata; [[Philadelphia]]e 4 Februarii anno [[1885]] mortua) fuit [[Saeculum Aureum Batavicum|saeculi aurei]] pictrix pictor et [[adumbratio]]nis peritissimus artifex [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Americana]] [[Nederlandia|Nederlandicus]], quae praecipue imagines personarum effingebat. Praeterea prima mulier Americana extimabatur quae picturae opere se sustentaret<ref name = "Peale Family">{{cite web |url=http://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/peale-family-of-painters/ |title=The Peale Family of Painters |author=Ogden Kate |publisher= Rutgers University: Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia |year=2016 |accessdate=6 Gennaio 2017}}</ref>. Ex familia artificum orta, cuius patruus [[Carolus Willson Peale]] clarissimus erat, Sara Peale imagines pinxit potissimum illustrium virorum, civium politicorum et ducum militarium [[Terra Mariae|Terrae Mariae]], [[Pennsilvania|Pennsilvania]]e et [[Vasingtonia (D.C.)|Vasingtonia]]e. [[La Fayette]] effigiem quater pinxit. == Biographia == [[Fasciculus:EBosley.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Elias Bosley effigies (1740–1841), Oleis in linteo, 62,23 x 73,66 cm, fere anno 1825]] [[Fasciculus:Basket of berries sarah miriam peale.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Fiscus cum bacis, [[1860]])]] Sara filia minima natu erat Miriamae Claypoole et minutorum operum et naturae mortuae pictoris [[Iacomus Peale|Iacomi Peale]], fratris minoris natu [[Carolus Willson Peale|Caroli Willson Peale]]. A patre et fratuo artem picturae didicit et adiutrix patris in officina eius facta est<ref name = "Peale Family"/>. Per discipulatum, coloribus miscendis, lintiis parandis fundisque adumbrandis usum comparavit<ref name="History of American Women">{{Cite news|url=http://www.womenhistoryblog.com/2015/04/sarah-miriam-peale.html|title=Sarah Miriam Peale|work=History of American Women|accessdate=30 marzo 2018|language=en}}</ref>. Sara et sorores suae, [[Anna Claypoole Peale|Anna Claypoole]] e [[Margarita Angelica Peale|Margarita Angelica]], a mulieribus medii ordinis illius temporis differebant, cum educationem accepissent, uxores et matres esse didicerant, et scientiam mercatoriam et artisticam a familia sua sumpserant<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Peale Family: Creation of a Legacy (1770-1870)|author=Miller Lillian|publisher=Abbeville Press|year=1996|ISBN=0-7892-0206-9|p=228}}</ref>. Adulescens, experientiam comparavit dum extremam manum picturis patris iniecit. Primae eius operae ad annum 1816 pertinent et res inanimas quales sunt flores effingunt, mox tamen se ad vultus exprimendos convertit. Anno 1818, tres menses cum [[Rembrandus Peale|Rembrando Peale]], suo consobrino, [[Baltimora]]e degit, et iterum annis 1820 et 1822. Is et criticus [[Ioannes Neal]] eius primam pingendi rationem atque picturae argumenta affecerunt<ref>{{cite journal| last = Chico | first = Beverly Berghaus | date = Autunno 1976 | title = Two American Firsts: Sara Peale, Portrait Painter, and John Neal, Critic | url = https://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc5800/sc5881/000001/000000/000283/pdf/msa_sc_5881_1_283.pdf | journal = Maryland Historical Society Magazine | volume = 71 | issue= 3 | page = 349 | language= en}}</ref>. Per viginti quinque annos Baltimorae (1822–1847) operata est atque, interdum, [[Vasingtonia (D.C.)|Vasingtoniae]]<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.marylandartsource.org/artists/detail_000000042.html | title= Maryland Art Source| urlarchive=https://20030113231623/http://www.marylandartsource.org/artists/detail_000000042.html | publisher= The Baltimore Art Research & Outreach Consortium | date= 19 giugno 2003 | datearchive= 13 gennaio 2003 | language= en}}</ref>. Sessionibus [[Congressus Civitatum Foederatarum]] interfuit atque multorum virorum illustrium imagines pinxit<ref>{{cite book|author=Miller Lillian B.|title=The Peale family: creation of a legacy, 1770-1870|year=1996|publisher=Abbeville Press|ISBN=9780789202062|page=240}}</ref>. Sara primum apud Academiam Pennsilvaniensem exposuit, opus ''Effigies dominae'' (1818) exhibens. Anno 1824 una<ref name="Brooklyn">Dinner Party database of notable women at the Brooklyn Museum</ref> cum sorore Anna Claypoole Peale in [[Academia Artium Pulchrarum Pennsylvanienses|Academiam Artium Pulchrarum Pennsylvaniensem]] admissa est<ref name="Morgan">{{cite book|author=Morgan Ann Lee|title=The Oxford dictionary of American art and artists |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York|year=2007 |page=367|ISBN=978-0-19-512878-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pyvjWAcwnHEC&pg=PA367}}</ref>: ambae enim primae mulieres erant quae hoc honore potirentur. Anno 1831 Baltimorae officinam aperuit<ref>{{cite web|title=Sarah Peale (1800-1885)|url=https://www.nwhm.org/education-resources/biography/biographies/sarah-peale/|work=national Women's History Museum|accessdate=6 Giugno 2017|date=8 novembre 2016|urlarchive=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108014242/https://www.nwhm.org/education-resources/biography/biographies/sarah-peale/|url=dead}}</ref>; exstantque plus quam centum personarum imagines, quas ibi ex mandato effinxit. Ea aetate in urbe sua artifex omnium fecundissima habebatur<ref name="King">{{cite book|author=King Joan |title=Sarah M. Peale: America's first woman artist |publisher=Branden Books|year=1987 |page=296|ISBN=0-8283-1999-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9EpzXYTgE5YC&pg=PA296}}</ref>. Eius personarum effigies oleo pictae statim a sodalibus Congressūs, legatis aliisque locupletibus in Terra Mariae expetebantur<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nmwa.org/explore/artist-profiles/sarah-miriam-peale|title=Sarah Miriam Peale|work= National Museum of Women in the Arts nmwa.org|language=en|accessdate=30 marzo 2018}}</ref>. Ars eius imaginum pingendarum genere singularis habetur, propter usum pellium, textilium denticulatorum aliorumque pannorum subtiliter redditorum, necnon propter vultuum, cutis et capillorum similitudinem<ref name="History of American Women"/>. [[Fasciculus:|thumb|right|250px|Hadriani Banckert effigies ([[1673]])]] [[Fasciculus:|thumb|right|250px|Forum boarium magnum parvumque, et piscatorium]] Anno 1847, mala valetudine coacta, ad [[Urbs Sancti Ludovici|Urbem Sancti Ludovici]] migrare debuit; ibi per se feliciter floruit atque una ex primis artificibus feminis Americanis facta est quae arte sua se alerent<ref name="Brooklyn"/><ref name="King"/>. Maxima pars operum eius huius aetatis apud privatos possidentur<ref name="King"/>. Circiter annum 1860 ad picturas rerum naturae rediit, sed compositione naturaliore atque minus formali quam superioribus annis usa est<ref name="King"/>. Anno 1878 in patriam urbem rediit ibique postremos vitae suae annos cum sororibus suis Anna Claypoole (quae anno 1878 diem supremum obiit) Margaritaque Angelica (quae anno 1882 diem supremum obiit) degit<ref name="Brooklyn"/><ref name="King"/>. Sicut soror eius Margarita, numquam nupsit<ref>{{cite book|author=Greer Germaine |title=The obstacle race: the fortunes of women painters and their work |publisher=Tauris Parke Paperbacks|year=2001 |page=25|ISBN=1-86064-677-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qnBu6eUvx18C&pg=PA25}}</ref>. Anno 1885 in patria urbe sua mortua est<ref name="King"/>. Nonnullae Sarae opera pictoria in prima expositione (1987) ''National Museum of Women in the Arts'', cui titulus erat ''American Women Artists 1830–1930'', exhibita sunt<ref name="Tufts(U.S.)1987">{{cite book|author=Eleanor Tufts|author2=National Museum of Women in the Arts (U.S.); International Exhibitions Foundation|title=American women artists, 1830-1930|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EvxPAAAAMAAJ|year=1987|publisher=International Exhibitions Foundation for the National Museum of Women in the Arts|ISBN=978-0-940979-01-7}}</ref>. == Opera == * ''Dies festus sub divo'', [[Hydrochroma]] et temperatio supra [[Membrana (ars scribendi)|membrana]], 96 × 78 cm, 1671, [[Rijksmuseum (Amstelodamum)|Rijksmuseum]], [[Amstelodamum|Amstelodami]] * ''Tres fratres Browne'', temperatio et aurum supra [[Membrana (ars scribendi)|membrana]], 24 × 26 cm, 1598, Burghley House, Stamford<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Isaac_Oliver_Brothers_Browne.jpg Tres fratres Browne - Communia]</ref> * ''Vanitas cum fidiculis, calva et argenti vaso'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, 63,5 x 75 cm * ''In murae testa flores'', [[pictura]] supra aeris lamina, 31 x 21 cm, 1616-1617, Collectio privata<ref>[http://www.wga.hu/html/b/berghe/flowers.html In murae testa flores - The Web Gallery of Art]</ref> * ''Topia collina prope flumen, duo homines in cymba, viatores itinere'', pictura * ''[[Henricus Fridericus Stuart|Henrici Friderici Stuart]] effigies'', [[Hydrochroma]] supra [[Membrana (ars scribendi)|membrana]], 13,2 × 10 cm, 1610, Royal Collection * ''Matronae effigies'', [[Hydrochroma]] supra [[Membrana (ars scribendi)|membrana]], 5,9 x 4,8 cm, 1610 fere, apud Artis Museum, [[Cincinnati|Cincinnatorum]]ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Isaac_Oliver_-_A_Lady_in_Masque_Costume_-_WGA16637.jpg Matronae effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Topia fluvialia cum opilione et pecore'', [[pictura]], 47,2 x 71,8 cm, apud Rijksmuseum Twenthe, [[Enscheda]]e<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Guilliaume_Dubois_-_Heuvelachtige_rivieroever_-_BR0001_(R448)_-_Rijksmuseum_Twenthe.jpg Topia fluvialia cum opilione et pecore - Communia]</ref> * ''[[Rhenus|Rheni]] regionis despectus'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, 136,84 x 68,1 cm, apud [[Pinacotheca Dulvicensis|Pinacothecam Dulvicensem]], [[Dulwich]]<ref name=dulwich/> * ''Topia con viatoribus ac ecclesia procul'', [[pictura]], 45,7 x 63,5 cm, 1649, apud Mauritshuis, [[Haga]]e<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dune_Landscape_with_Road_and_Church_by_Guillam_Dubois_Mauritshuis_799.jpg Topia con viatoribus ac ecclesia procul - Communia]</ref> * ''Rijngesigje ([[Rhenus|Rheni]] despectus)'', [[pictura]], apud Petri Boll Collectionem, [[Harlemum|Harlemi]]<ref name=biesboer/> * ''[[Rhenus|Rheni]] regionis despectus cum castello viatoribusque'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, 79,8 x 102,2 cm, post annum [[1653]], apud [[Pinacotheca Dulvicensis|Pinacothecam Dulvicensem]], [[Dulwich]]<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Peter_Wtewael_Hirte_mit_Sackpfeife1596_1660.jpg Caprarius cum tibiis infixis utricolo - Communia]</ref> * ''Natura mortua cum floribus et papilione'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maria_van_Oosterwijk_Still_Life_with_Flowers_after.jpg Natura mortua cum floribus et papilione - Communia]</ref> * ''Vanitas cum calva et heliotropio'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, apud collectanea privata<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maria_van_Oosterwijk_Vanitas-Stilleben.jpg Vanitas cum calva et heliotropio - Communia]</ref> * ''Natura mortua cum floribus pomisque'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, 1670 fere, apud [[Palatium Pittianum]], [[Florentia]]e<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maria_van_Oosterwijk_-_Flowers_and_Fruit_-_WGA16657.jpg Natura mortua cum floribus pomisque - Communia]</ref> * ''Natura mortua cum floribus in vaso scite ornato'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, 62 x 47,5 cm, 1670-1675, apud Mauritshuis, [[Haga]]e<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Still_Life_with_Flowers_in_a_Decorative_Vase,_Oosterwijck.jpg Natura mortua cum floribus in vaso scite ornato - Communia]</ref> * ''Natura mortua cum vaso florum, citreo papilioneque'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, deorsum in media pictura obsignata ''Maria Va Oosterwijck Aº 1675'', 90,4 x 80,7 cm, 1675<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MARIA_VAN_OOSTERWIJCK_NOOTDORP_1630_-_1693_UITDAM_A_FLORAL_STILL_LIFE.jpg Natura mortua cum vaso florum, citreo papilioneque - Communia]</ref> * ''Natura mortua cum floribus, heliotropio insectisque'', [[pictura]] supra tela cum pigmento oleario, 73,6 x 55,8 cm, 1670 fere, apud Museum Artis Denverii, [[Denverium (Coloratum)|Denverii]]<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maria_van_Oosterwyck_-_Bouquet_of_Flowers_in_a_Vase_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg Natura mortua cum floribus, heliotropio insectisque - Communia]</ref> * ''Topia montana cum viatoribus et cane ab laeva'', [[pictura]] supra tabula cum pigmento oleario, 36 x 32 cm, 1654 fere, apud [[Rijksmuseum (Amstelodamum)|Rijksmuseum]], [[Amstelodamum|Amstelodami]] * ''Topia nemorosa cum viatoribus'', [[pictura]] supra tabula cum pigmento oleario, 47 x 63,5 cm, antea [[Iacobus de Ruysdael|Iacobo de Ruysdael]] adscripta<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_WOODED_LANDSCAPE_WITH_TRAVELERS_ON_A_PATH.png Topia nemorosa cum viatoribus - Communia]</ref> * ''Pagi semita cum ecclesia procul'', delineatio, 1650 fere, apud [[Centrum Getty]], [[Angelopolis]]<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Guillam_Dubois_-_Village_Path_with_Church_Spire_in_the_Distance_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg Pagi semita cum ecclesia procul - Communia]</ref> * ''Roberti von der Pfalz effigies'', chalcographia [[ratio atra]], 18,6 x 16,4 cm, apud Artium Museum, [[Franciscopolis (California)|Franciscopolis]]<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Prince_Rupert_von_der_Pfalz.jpg Roberti von der Pfalz effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Argumentum marinum'', [[pictura]] cum penicillo et atramento, dextra deorsum obsignata ''R. Zeeman''<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Zeeman,_marine.jpg Argumentum marinum - Communia]</ref> * ''Hortus floridus in quo rariorum et minus vulgarium florum icones ad vivam veramque formam accuratissme delineata'', Crispijn van de Passe de jongere et Joannes Waldelius, 1614<ref>[http://books.google.it/books?id=RhtTAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Crispijn+van+de+Passe+II&hl=en&sa=X&ei=1y0jVNysGcKe7gbNnoG4AQ&ved=0CD4Q6wEwBDgU#v=onepage&q=Crispijn%20van%20de%20Passe%20II&f=false Hortus floridus]</ref> * ''Davidis Clarkson effigies'', chalcographia secundum [[Maria Beale|Mariae Beale]] picturam sculpta, 1696 * ''Alexander Gibson, Dominus Durie'', chalcographia secundum [[David Paton|Davidis Paton]] picturam sculpta, 1690 * ''Anthonii Tuckney effigies'', chalcographia, 194 × 132 mm, 1676<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anthony_Tuckney.jpg Anthonii Tuckney effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''[[Augustus II Poloniae|Augusti II Poloniae]] effigies'', chalcographia, 1697<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AugustII_young2.jpeg Augusti II Poloniae effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''[[Henricus Somerset, I dux Beaufortiensis|Henrici Somerset, I ducis Beaufortiensis]] effigies'', chalcographia, 1679<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Beaufort1.JPG Henrici Somerset, I ducis Beaufortiensis effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Edmundi Ludlow effigies'', chalcographia, 1689<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Edmund_Ludlow.JPG Edmundi Ludlow effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Henrici Coley effigies'', chalcographia, 1676<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_Coley._Line_engraving_by_R._White,_1676,_after_himself_Wellcome_V0001188.jpg Henrici Coley effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Edmundi Gibson effigies'', chalcographia, apud [[Pinacotheca Effigierum Publica|Pinacothecam Effigierum Publicam Londiniensem]]<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Edmund_Gibson_by_Michael_Vandergucht.jpg Edmundi Gibson effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Eduardi Ward effigies'', chalcographia, 1702, secundum [[Godfridus Kneller|Godfridi Kneller]] picturam sculta<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Edward_Ward.jpg Eduardi Ward effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''[[Iacomus Hamilton, I dux Hamiltoniensis|Iacomi Hamilton, I ducis Hamiltoniensis]] effigies'', chalcographia, 244 mm x 155 mm, apud [[Pinacotheca Effigierum Publica|Pinacothecam Effigierum Publicam Londiniensem]]<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:James_Hamilton,_1st_Duke_of_Hamilton_by_Robert_White,_late_17th_century.jpg Iacomi Hamilton, I ducis Hamiltoniensis effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Ioannis Browne effigies'', chalcographia, 1678<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:John_Browne_Robert_White.jpg Ioannis Browne effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''Ioannis Partridge effigies'', chalcographia, 1679<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:John_Partridge._Line_engraving_by_R._White,_1679,_after_hims_Wellcome_V0004503EL.jpg Ioannis Partridge effigies - Communia]</ref> * ''[[Eduardus Tyson|Eduardi Tyson]] libri "Orang-outang, sive Hominis Sylvestris" imagines'', chalcographiae<ref name=meyer/> * ''"A voyage to the islands of Madera, Barbados, Nieves, S.Christophers and Jamaica" imagines'', 75 chalcographiae<ref name=holden/> * ''Thomae Wyat effigies'', chalcographia<ref name=bryan/> * ''Ioannis Baliol effigies'', chalcographia<ref name=bryan/> == Honores == [[Fasciculus:Ordre de Saint-Michel Chevalier ribbon.svg|thumb|75px]] [[Michael (archangelus)|Michaelis Archangeli]] ordo ([[1662]]) [[Fasciculus:Legion Honneur Chevalier ribbon.svg|thumb|75px]] [[Legio Honoris|Legionis Honoris]] Eques ([[1846]]) [[Fasciculus:Order of the Bath UK ribbon.svg|thumb|left|75px]] Eques [[Ordo Imperii Britanniorum|Ordinis Imperii Britanniorum]] == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == * {{cite web|url=http://www.enciclopediabresciana.it/enciclopedia/index.php?title=HERDT|author=|author2=|title=HERDT (o HERTZ) (de) Jan|accesso=31 Ianuarii 2020|work=ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRIXIENSES|year=2020|language=}} * {{cite web|url=http://arthistoryreference.com/a1/60768.htm|author=|author2=|title=Jan Andrea Lievens (1644 - 1680)|accesso=1<sup>o</sup> Iunii 2016|work=Art History Reference|year=2017|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=https://dictionaryofarthistorians.org/gersonh.html|author=|author2=|title=Gerson, Horst [Karl]|accesso=9 Maii 2016|work=Dictionary of Art Historians|year=2016|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.vondel.humanities.uva.nl/ecartico/persons/7908|author=|author2=|title=Lambrecht Visscher|accesso=9 Iulii 2020|work=Universitatis Amstelodamensis - Amsterdam Centre for the Study of the Golden Age|year=2020|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Chalmers,_Alexander|author=|author2=|title=Chalmers, Alexander|accesso=26 Aprilis 2016|work=Wikisource - Encyclopædia Britannica (1911)|year=2016|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/retroboeken/nnbw/#source=10&page=130&view=imagePane|author=J.M.Blok|author2=|title=DUBOIS (Guillam o Willem)|accesso=20 Ianuarii 2021|work=Nieuw Nederlandsch Biografisch Woordenboek (NNBW)|year=2021|language=Nederlandice}} * {{cite web|http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/oosterwijck|author=Noud Janssen|author2=|title=Oosterwijck, Maria van (1630-1693)|accesso=24 Ianuarii 2018|work=Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland - DVN|year=2018|language=Nederlandice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=Cornelis+van+Dalen&role=&nation=&prev_page=1&subjectid=500031216|author=|author2=|title=Dalen, Cornelis van, I (Dutch printmaker, draftsman, and editor, ca. 1602-1665)|accesso=5 Martii 2020|work=Union List of Artist Names Online|year=2020|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=Cornelis+van+Dalen&role=&nation=&page=1&subjectid=500031216|author=|author2=|title=Dalen, Cornelis van, I (Dutch printmaker, draftsman, and editor, ca. 1602-1665)|accesso=26 Maii 2016|work=Union List of Artist Names Online|year=2016|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp88710/abraham-meindersz-van-der-wenne?search=sas&sText=Abraham+van+der+Wenne|author=|author2=|title=Abraham Meindersz van der Wenne (circa 1656-1693), Engraver|accesso=23 Maii 2017|work=National Portrait Gallery|year=2017|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.wga.hu/bio/v/vinne/vincent/biograph.html|author=Emil Kren|author2=Daniel Marx|title=VINNE, Vincentius I Laurensz. van der|accessdate=2 Septembris 2025|work=The Web Gallery of Art|year=2020|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.sphinxfineart.com/Zeeman-Reinier-Nooms-called-DesktopDefault.aspx?tabid=45&tabindex=44&artistid=38786|author=Edward Strachan|author2=Roy Bolton|title=REINIER NOOMS, CALLED ZEEMAN (AMSTERDAM 1623 - AMSTERDAM 1664)|accessdate=9 Iunii 2015|work=SPHINX FINE ART - Artists|year=2015|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.getty.edu/art/gettyguide/artMakerDetails?maker=1119|author=|coautori=|title=Christoffel van den Berghe|accessdate=20 Iulii 2014|work=The J.Paul Getty Museum - Artists|year=2014|language=Anglice}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/jacob-isaacksz-van-ruysdael_%28Enciclopedia-Italiana%29/|author=|title=RUYSDAEL, Jacob Isaacksz van|accessdate=20 Ianuari 2021|work=Enciclopedie on line - Treccani.it|year=2021|language=Italice}} * {{cite web|url=https://rkd.nl/explore/artists/81168|author=|title=Vincentius van de Vinne I|accessdate=2 Septembris 2025|work=Rijksbureau voor Kunsthistorische Documentatie|year=2025|language=Nederlandice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.rkd.nl/rkddb/dispatcher.aspx?action=search&database=ChoiceArtists&search=priref=73861|author=|title=Paul van Somer (II)|accessdate=21 Septembris 2015|work=Rijksbureau voor Kunsthistorische Documentatie|year=2015|language=Nederlandice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.rkd.nl/rkddb/dispatcher.aspx?action=search&database=ChoiceArtists&search=priref=90557|author=|title=Everhardus Kickius|accessdate=26 Februarii 2015|work=Rijksbureau voor Kunsthistorische Documentatie|year=2015|language=Nederlandice}} * {{cite book|author=David Freedberg|coauthors=Jan de Vries|title=Art in History/History in Art: Studies in Seventeenth-Century Dutch Culture|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=arVDAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA382&dq=Johannes+Goedaert&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ShaKVPToLITtUpDRgugL&ved=0CF8Q6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=Johannes%20Goedaert&f=false|accessdate=26 Dicembris 2014|year=1991|editor=The Getty Center for the History of Art and the Humanities|location=[[Sancta Monica (California)|Sanctae Monicae]]|language=Lingua Anglica|isbn=0-89236-201-4|pages=382-383|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=|coautori=|title=Imago Musicae 1986|url=http://books.google.it/books?id=d1AU_FAgVbgC&pg=PA65&dq=Hendrik+Pot&hl=en&sa=X&ei=D9bzUsS6BqKAywPVl4KAAQ&ved=0CFsQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=Hendrik%20Pot&f=false|accessdate=24 Ianuarius 2014|year=1987|editor=Duke University Press|city=[[Durham]]|language=Anglice|isbn=0-8223-0723-5|page=65|volume=vol.III}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/peinture/sir_Nathaniel_Bacon/150952|author=|title=sir_Nathaniel_Bacon|accessdate=27 Octobris 2020|series=Dictionnaire de la Peinture Larousse|year=2020|language=Francice}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/peinture/Zyl/155022|author=|title=les Van Zyl|accessdate=11 Iulii 2017|series=Encyclopédie Larousse|year=2017|language=Francice}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/sir-nathaniel-bacon-2370|author=Terry Riggs|author2=|title=Sir Nathaniel Bacon 1585–1627|accessdate=27 Octobris 20205|work=Tate|year=2020|language=Anglice}} * {{cite book|author=Peter C. Sutton|coauthors=Lisa Vergara;Ann Jensen Adams|title=Love Letters: Dutch Genre Paintings in the Age of Vermeer|url=http://books.google.it/books?id=3T6ZUprgU_0C&pg=PA79&dq=Dirck+Hals&hl=en&sa=X&ei=710-UeWgO4LWPdfDgOgD&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Dirck%20Hals&f=false|accessdate=26 Ianuarius 2014|year=2003|editor=Frances Lincoln Limited|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=0-7112-2338-6|pages=79-80|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=|coauthors=|title=Liechtenstein, the Princely Collections|url=http://books.google.it/books?id=A1f7lsIFyu0C&pg=PA269&dq=Hendrick+Gerritsz+Pot&hl=en&sa=X&ei=zd3zUqjFJYn5yAOKkIGIAw&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Hendrick%20Gerritsz%20Pot&f=false|accessdate=6 febbraio 2014|year=1985|editor=[[Museum Artium Metropolitanum]]|location=[[Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]]|language=Anglice|isbn=0-87099-383-2|pages=269|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Adriaan van der Willigen|coauthors=|title=Les artistes de Harlem: Notices historiques avec un Précis sur la Gilde de St. Luc|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=YCtCAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA251&dq=Riethoorn&hl=it&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjQ-KPcgt_qAhX0SRUIHXe0CHEQ6AEwCHoECAIQAg#v=onepage&q=Riethoorn&f=false|accessdate=28 Iulii 2020|year=1870|editor=Les Héritiers F.Bohn|location=[[Harlemum|Harlemi]]|language=Francice|isbn=|pages=251-252|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Roeland van Eynden|coauthors=Adriaan van der Willigen|title=Geschiedenis der vaderlandsche schilderkunst sedert de helft der XVIII eeuw|url=http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/retroboeken/vaderlandsche_schilderkunst/#source=I&page=93&view=imagePane|accessdate=28 Iulii 2020|year=1979|editor=B.M.Israel|location=[[Amstelodamum|Amstelodami]]|language=Nederlandice|isbn=90-6078-077-9|pages=78|volume=vol.I°}} * {{cite book|author=Abraham Jacob van der Aa|coauthors=Karel Johan Reinier van Harderwijk;Gilles Dionysius Jacobus Schotel|title=Biografisch Woordenboek der Nederlanden|url=http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/retroboeken/vdaa/#source=aa__001biog19_01.xml&page=340&view=imagePane|accessdate=28 Iulii 2020|year=1874|editor=J.J. van Brederode|location=[[Harlemum|Harlemi]]|language=Nederlandice|isbn=|pages=338|volume=vol.XVI°}} * {{cite book|author=Michael Bryan|coauthors=George Stanley|title=A biographical and critical dictionary of painters and engravers|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=07Q-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA751&dq=Paul+van+Somer+engraver&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Paul%20van%20Somer%20engraver&f=false|accessdate=21 Septembris 2016|year=1865|editor=H.G.Bohn|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|pages=751|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Michael Bryan|coauthors=George Stanley|title=Dictionary of painters and engravers, biographical and critical|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=07Q-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA742&dq=Michael+Burghers&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michael%20Burghers&f=false|accessdate=6 Ianuarii 2016|year=1865|editor=H.G.Bohn|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=122|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Shearjashub Spooner|coauthors=|title=A biographical history of the fine arts, or, Memoirs of the lives and works of the most eminent painters, engraveras, sculptors and architects|url=ttps://books.google.it/books?id=dgw8AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA908&dq=Paul+van+Somer+engraver&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Paul%20van%20Somer%20engraver&f=false|accessdate=21 Septembris 2016|year=1865|editor=J.W.Bouton|location=[[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|pages=908|volume=vol.II°}} * {{cite book|author=J.W. Frederiks|coauthors=|title=Dutch Silver: Wrougt Plate of North and South-Holland from the Renaissance|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=dnHyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA3&dq=Hieronymus+Wierix&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEYQ6AEwBmoVChMIhouQ5sj5xwIVq5xyCh16fgz3#v=onepage&q=Hieronymus%20Wierix&f=false|accessdate=28 Septembris 2015|year=1958|editor= Springer Science + Business Media Dordrecht|location=[[Haga]]e|language=Anglice|isbn=978-94-010-3699-3|page=3|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Sheila D. Muller|coauthors=|title=Dutch Art: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=ZPhLoy0FICMC&pg=PA299&dq=Jan+van+Somer&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Jan%20van%20Somer&f=false|accessdate=14 Septembris 2016|year=2011|editor=Routledge|location=[[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]]|language=Anglice|isbn=0-8153-0065-4|page=299|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=JG Frederiks|coauthors=F. Jos van den Branden|title=Biographisch woordenboek der Noord- en Zuidnederlandsche letterkunde|url=http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/bran038biog01_01/bran038biog01_01_3320.php|accessdate=10 Iulii 2014|year=1888-1891|editor=LJ Veen|location=[[Amstelodamum|Amstelodami]]|language=Nederlandice|isbn=|pages=|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=GJ van Bork|coauthors=PJ Verkruijsse|title=De Nederlandse en Vlaamse auteurs van middeleeuwen tot heden met inbegrip van de Friese auteurs|url=http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/bork001nede01_01/bork001nede01_01_1071.php|accessdate=10 Iulii 2014|year=1985|editor=De Haan|location=[[Weesp]]|language=Nederlandice|isbn=|pages=|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=[[Museum Artium Metropolitanum]]|coauthors=Walter A. Liedtke|title=Dutch Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art|url=http://books.google.it/books?id=jtnQ7PIT8mcC&pg=PA28&dq=Christoffel+van+den+Berghe&hl=it&sa=X&ei=t4HFU9GuEuHjywOg8oDQCA&ved=0CCEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Christoffel%20van%20den%20Berghe&f=false|accessdate=20 Iulii 2014|year=2007|editor==Yale University Press|location=[[New Haven]] e [[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=978-0-300-12028-8|pages=28-30|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Hans-Joachim Raupp|coauthors=|title=Stilleben und Tierstücke|url=http://books.google.it/books?id=tIdzwQuVNNwC&pg=PA220&dq=Fran%C3%A7ois+Ryckhals&hl=en&sa=X&ei=bc_OU_zkMovYPKntgaAC&ved=0CEgQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=Fran%C3%A7ois%20Ryckhals&f=false|accessdate=1º Augusti 2014|year=2004|editor=Lit Verlag|location=[[Münster]]|language=Germanice|isbn=3-8258-2239-7|page=220|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Augustine Jal|coauthors=|title=Dictionnaire critique de biographie et d'histoire|url=http://books.google.it/books?id=WcwKAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA768&dq=Mathieu+Le+Nain&hl=en&sa=X&ei=jwZUVJ7GBKvA7Abx9YDgBA&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Mathieu%20Le%20Nain&f=false|accessdate=13 Novembris 2014|year=1867|editor=Henri Plon|location=[[Lutetia]]e|language=Francice|isbn=|pages=767-768|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Eric Jorink|coauthors=|title=Reading the Book of Nature in the Dutch Golden Age, 1575-1715|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=XAiEMHlll9QC&pg=PA201&dq=Johannes+Goedaert&hl=en&sa=X&ei=KsKIVMP8FIHSPe2JgZAG&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Johannes%20Goedaert&f=false|accessdate=26 Dicembris 2014|year=2010|editor=Koninklijke Brill NV|location=[[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]|language=Anglice|isbn=978-9004-18671-2|pages=201-209|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Alexander Chalmers|coauthors=|title=The General biographical dictionary|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=79QvAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA386&dq=David+Loggan&hl=en&sa=X&ei=RyjVVPLNIYGqUe2Jg_AO&ved=0CEMQ6AEwBjgK#v=onepage&q=David%20Loggan&f=false|accessdate=26 Februarii 2015|year=1815|editor=Nichols, Son and Bentley|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=386|volume=vol.XX°}} * {{cite book|author=Arthur M. Hind|coauthors=|title=A History of Engraving and Etching|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=fnhpAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA150&dq=Cornelis+van+Dalen&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Cornelis%20van%20Dalen&f=false|accessdate=26 Maii 2015|year=2011|editor=Dover Publications Inc.|location=[[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]]|language=Anglice|isbn=0-486-20954-7|pages=150|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Michael Cyril William Hunter|coauthors=|title=Printed Images in Early Modern Britain: Essays in Interpretation|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=HO-y92dlu9gC&pg=PA292&dq=Jan+van+Somer&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Jan%20van%20Somer&f=false|accessdate=14 Septembris 2016|year=2010|editor=Michael Hunter|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=978-0-7546-6654-7|page=292|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Ad Stijnman|coauthors=Elizabeth Savage|title=Printing Colour 1400-1700: History, Techniques, Functions and Receptions|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=C9R0CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA207&dq=Gerard+Valck&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Gerard%20Valck&f=false|accessdate=30 Decembris 2015|2015|editor=Brill|location=[[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]|language=Anglice|isbn=978-90-04-26968-2|page=207|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Leo Bagrow|coauthors=|title=History of Cartography|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=OBeB4tDmJv8C&pg=PA184&dq=Gerard+Valck&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Gerard%20Valck&f=false|accessdate=30 Decembris 2015|2010|editor=Transaction Publishers|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=978-1-4128-1154-5|page=184-270|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=William Bridges Hunter|coauthors=|title=A Milton Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=x66M-BoFvncC&pg=PA106&dq=Michael+Burghers&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michael%20Burghers&f=false|accessdate=6 Ianuarii 2016|year=1979|editor=Associated University Presses Inc.|location=[[Cranbury]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=106|volume=vol.V°}} * {{cite book|author=Ian Gadd|coauthors=Simon Elliot, William Roger Louis|title=History of Oxford University Press, Volume I: Beginnings to 1780|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=VbkJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA526&dq=Michael+Burghers&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michael%20Burghers&f=false|accessdate=6 Ianuarii 2016|year=2013|editor=Oxford University Press|location=[[Oxonia]]e|language=Anglice|isbn=978-0-19-955731-8|page=526|volume=vol.I°}} * {{cite book|author=Oxfordshire architectural and historical society|coauthors=|title=Proceedings of the Oxford architectural and historical society|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=jEJbAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA64&dq=Michael+Burghers&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michael%20Burghers&f=false|accessdate=6 Ianuarii 2016|year=|editor=Parker|location=[[Oxonia]]e|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=64|volume=vol.IV°}} * {{cite book|author=Horace Walpole|coauthors=George Vertue|title=The Works of Horatio Walpole, Earl of Orford|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=0mVGAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA466&dq=Michael+Burghers&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michael%20Burghers&f=false|accessdate=6 Ianuarii 2016|year=1798|editor=Robinson|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=77|volume=vol.IV°}} * {{cite book|author=|coauthors=|title=Benezit Dictionary of British Graphic Artists and Illustrators|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=05C02RhJZCkC&pg=PA319&dq=Edward+Davis+engraver&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Edward%20Davis%20engraver&f=false|accessdate=17 Ianuarii 2016|year=2012|editor=Universitatis Oxoniensis Prelum|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=978-0-19-992305-2|page=319|volume=vol.I°}} * {{cite book|author=Charles Knight|coauthors=|title=Biography: Or, Third Division of "The English Encyclopedia"|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=d8RPAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA2-PA706&dq=Michiel+van+der+Gucht&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michiel%20van%20der%20Gucht&f=false|accessdate=31 Ianuarii 2016|year=1872|editor=Bradbury, Evans and Co.|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=621-622|volume=appendix}} * {{cite book|author=Pieter Biesboer|coauthors=|title=Nederlandish Inventories 1 - Collections of Paintings in Haarlem, 1572-1745|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=1mV6p35NufEC&pg=PA299&dq=Guillam+Dubois+painter&hl=it&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj8xobMndPtAhXH-KQKHWdHAA8Q6AEwAHoECAAQAg#v=onepage&q=Guillam%20Dubois%20painter&f=false|accessdate=20 Ianuarii 2021|year=2001|editor=Carol Togneri|location=[[Angelopolis]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=20-299-340-366|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Joseph Strutt|coauthors=|title=A Biographical Dictionary: Containing an Historical Account of All the Engravers|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=B14OAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA356&dq=Michael+van+der+Gucht&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michael%20van%20der%20Gucht&f=false|accessdate=31 Ianuarii 2016|year=1785|editor=J.Davis|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=355-356|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Stanley H. Johnston|coauthors=|title=The Cleveland Herbal, Botanical, and Horticultural Collections|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=ff5tJ4EfHhMC&pg=PA295&dq=Michael+van+der+Gucht&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Michael%20van%20der%20Gucht&f=false|accessdate=31 Ianuarii 2016|year=1992|editor=Respublicae Ohioensis Universitatis Prelum|location=[[Cantium (Ohium)|Cantii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=0-87338-433-4|page=265|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=John Gould|coauthors=Horace Walpole, George Vertue|title=A Dictionary of Painters, Sculptors, Architects, and Engravers|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=Si9cAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA483&dq=Robert+White+engraver&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Robert%20White%20engraver&f=false|accessdate=31 Martii 2016|year=1810|editor=Gale and Curtis|location=[[Londinium|Londinii]]|language=Anglice|isbn=|page=417-483|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Christopher D.M. Atkins|coauthors=|title=The signature style of Frans Hals: painting, subjectivity, and the market in Early Modernity|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=5hkhAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA162&dq=Pieter+van+Roestraten&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Pieter%20van%20Roestraten&f=false|accessdate=4 Novembris 2016|year=2012|editor=Prelum [[Universitas Amstelodamensis|Universitatis Amstelodamensis]]|location=[[Amstelodamum|Amstelodami]]|language=Anglice|isbn=978-90-8964-335-3|page=162|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Peter McNeil|coauthors=Giorgio Riello|title=Luxury: A Rich History|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=gcowDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT107&dq=Pieter+van+Roestraten&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Pieter%20van%20Roestraten&f=false|accessdate=4 Novembris 2016|year=2006|editor=Prelum [[Universitas Oxoniensis|Universitatis Oxoniensis]]|location=[[Oxonia]]e|language=Anglice|isbn=978-0-19-966324-8|page=|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Derek Brewer|coauthors=Marie-Françoise Alamichel|title=The Middle Ages After the Middle Ages in the English-speaking Wor|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=omAVJRxb-eoC&pg=PA80&dq=Pieter+van+Roestraten&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Pieter%20van%20Roestraten&f=false|accessdate=4 Novembris 2016|year=2006|editor=D.S.Brewer|location=[[Cantabrigia]]e|language=Anglice|isbn=978-0-85991-508-3|page=80|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Titus Livius|coauthors=Ioannes Munnickhuysen|title=Titi Livii Historiarum quod extat|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=HtfArsn_TTcC&pg=PR18&dq=Johannes+Willemsz.+Munnickhuysen&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Johannes%20Willemsz.%20Munnickhuysen&f=false|accessdate=20 Iunii 2016|year=1679|editor=|location=|language=Latine|isbn=|page=|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=AA.VV.|coauthors=|title=Etat civil de quelques artistes francais. Extrait des registres des paroisses des anciennes archives de la ville de Paris|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=oOAKpD0vsF4C&pg=PA11&dq=Jean+Baptiste+Duru&hl=it&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Jean%20Baptiste%20Duru&f=false|accessdate=20 Iulii 2017|year=1873|editor=Libraire Pagnerre|location=[[Lutetia]]e|language=Francice|isbn=|page=129|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Helmer J. Helmers|coauthors=|title=The Royalist Republic|url=https://www.google.it/books/edition/The_Royalist_Republic/QZqiBQAAQBAJ?hl=it&gbpv=1&dq=Vincent+van+der+Vinne&pg=PA142&printsec=frontcover|accessdate=2 Septembris 2025|editor=Prelum [[Universitas Cantabrigiensis|Universitatis Cantabrigiensis]]|year=2015|location=[[Cantabrigia]]e|language=Anglice|page=142|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=Sam Segal|coauthors=Klara Allen|title=Dutch and Flemish Flower Pieces|url=https://www.google.it/books/edition/Dutch_and_Flemish_Flower_Pieces_2_vols_i/rmgCEAAAQBAJ?hl=it&gbpv=1&dq=Vincent+van+der+Vinne&pg=PA828&printsec=frontcover|accessdate=2 Septembris 2025|editor=Brill Hes & De Graaf|year=2020|location=[[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]|language=Anglice|page=536|volume=}} * {{cite book|author=David Towry Piper|coauthors=|title=Dizionario illustrato dell'arte e degli artisti|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=tOynfqWxk34C&pg=PA41&dq=Nathaniel+Bacon+pittore&hl=it&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjfyZLajtrrAhXkAhAIHWIyAAIQ6AEwAHoECAIQAg#v=onepage&q=Nathaniel%20Bacon%20pittore&f=false|accessdate=27 Octobris 2020|year=1984|editor=Gremese|location=[[Roma]]e|language=Italice|isbn=88-7742-422-2|page=41|volume=}} == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Vincent Laurensz. van der Vinne (I)|Vincentium Laurensz. van der Vinne I}} * [https://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n90-655549/ Alexander Chalmers in WorldCat] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/nl/zoeken?q=%20Riethoorn&v=&s=&ondisplay=False&ii=0&p=1 Ioannes Riethoorn in Amstelodami Rijksmuseum] {{Ling|Nederlandice}} * [https://www.artnet.com/artists/vincent-laurensz-van-der-vinne-the-elder/ Vincentius Laurensz. van der Vinne I in Artnet] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [http://www.artnet.com/artists/jean-baptiste-durup/past-auction-results Ioannes Baptista Durup in Artnet] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp00205/sir-nathaniel-bacon?search=sas&sText=Nathaniel+Bacon Nathanael Bacon in The National Portrait Gallery] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [http://www.artcyclopedia.com/artists/vinne_vincent_laurensz_van_der.html Vincentius Laurensz. van der Vinne I in Artcyclopedia] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/search/list?base=%5B%22Collections%20des%20mus%C3%A9es%20de%20France%20%28Joconde%29%22%5D&mainSearch=%22Guillam%20Dubois%22 Gulielmus Dubois - Base Joconde] {{Ling|Francice}} * [http://www.scholarsresource.com/browse/artist/2142564356 Petrus de Roestraeten in Scholars Resource] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz83861.html#indexcontent Lambertus de Visscher in Deutsche Biographie] {{Ling|Theodisce}} {{Controllo di autorità}} {{Portale|arte|biografie}} <!-- {{Lifetime|1625|1680|Vinne, Vincentius Laurensz. I}} [[Categoria:Pictores Germaniae]] [[Categoria:Pictores Angliae]] [[Categoria:Artifices Nederlandiae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Angliae]] [[Categoria:Chalcographi]] [[Categoria:Scalptores]] [[Categoria:Entomologi]] [[Categoria:Cartographi]] {{Attributio|it|Eugène Stanislas Alexandre Bléry|72344825}} {{Attributio|en|Diary of a Wimpy Kid||partim}} ac ==> atque ante vocalem {{NexInt}} {{Nexus nominis}} --> pkwiaimu1hkrn7b3kxcl8voiu28drq4 Flavius Turcius Rufius Apronianus Asterius 0 207250 3986669 3357079 2026-09-08T19:25:51Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3986669 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Flavius Turcius Rufius Apronianus Asterius''' (natus [[saeculum 5|saeculo quinto]], mortuus post annum [[539]]) fuit [[vir publicus]] [[Roma]]nus, [[Theodoricus (rex Ostrogothorum)|Theodorico]] regnante. == Cursus honorum == Turcius anno [[494]] consulatum gessit una cum [[Flavius Praesidius|Flavio Praesidio]]. Ambo consules rege Theodorico nominati neque ab [[Imperium Romanum Orientale|Imperio Romano Orientali]] probati sunt. In codice Medicaeo, [[Vergilius|Vergilii]] honores Turcii alii enumerati sunt: "v(ir) c(lariisimus) et inl(ustris), ex comite domest(icorum) protect(orum), ex com(ite) priv(atarum) largit(ionum), ex [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praef(ecto urbi)]], [[patricius]] et consul ordin(arius)". Quando autem honores alios gesserit, ignoramus. Sedem proprium in [[Amphitheatrum Flavium|Amphitheatro Flavio]] possidebat<ref>{{CIL|6|32203}</ref>. Anno [[539]] quandam Vigiliam in [[matrimonium]] duxit, filiam [[Reparatus|Reparati]], fratris [[Vigilius|Vigilii]] papae. == Legenda == * Jones, Arnold Hugh Martin, John Robert Martindale, John Morris, "Asterius (11)", The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, volume 2, Cambridge University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-521-20159-4, pp. 173 - 174. == Notae == <references /> {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Flavius Faustus Albinus|Flavius (Faustus?) Albinus]] et [[Flavius Eusebius (consul 489)|Flavius Eusebius]] II | annus= 494<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Praesidius|Flavio Praesidio]]| successores=[[Flavius Viator]] in occidente ''(sine collega)''}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 5|saeculo 6|Asterius, Flavius Turcius Rufius Apronianus}} [[Categoria:Senatores]] [[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]] pvbjvwar27v9sm8cqsytpa8i0z31wfq 3986672 3986669 2026-09-08T19:26:32Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3986672 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Flavius Turcius Rufius Apronianus Asterius''' (natus [[saeculum 5|saeculo quinto]], mortuus post annum [[539]]) fuit [[vir publicus]] [[Roma]]nus, [[Theodoricus (rex Ostrogothorum)|Theodorico]] regnante. == Cursus honorum == Turcius anno [[494]] consulatum gessit una cum [[Flavius Praesidius|Flavio Praesidio]]. Ambo consules rege Theodorico nominati neque ab [[Imperium Romanum Orientale|Imperio Romano Orientali]] probati sunt. In codice Medicaeo, [[Vergilius|Vergilii]] honores Turcii alii enumerati sunt: "v(ir) c(lariisimus) et inl(ustris), ex comite domest(icorum) protect(orum), ex com(ite) priv(atarum) largit(ionum), ex [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praef(ecto urbi)]], [[patricius]] et consul ordin(arius)". Quando autem honores alios gesserit, ignoramus. Sedem proprium in [[Amphitheatrum Flavium|Amphitheatro Flavio]] possidebat<ref>{{CIL|6|32203}}</ref>. Anno [[539]] quandam Vigiliam in [[matrimonium]] duxit, filiam [[Reparatus|Reparati]], fratris [[Vigilius|Vigilii]] papae. == Legenda == * Jones, Arnold Hugh Martin, John Robert Martindale, John Morris, "Asterius (11)", The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, volume 2, Cambridge University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-521-20159-4, pp. 173 - 174. == Notae == <references /> {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Flavius Faustus Albinus|Flavius (Faustus?) Albinus]] et [[Flavius Eusebius (consul 489)|Flavius Eusebius]] II | annus= 494<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Praesidius|Flavio Praesidio]]| successores=[[Flavius Viator]] in occidente ''(sine collega)''}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 5|saeculo 6|Asterius, Flavius Turcius Rufius Apronianus}} [[Categoria:Senatores]] [[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]] jnr3deud1ukvvqfsamau0nqk1g1fvx2 Index communium Hassiae 0 216131 3986732 3950588 2026-09-08T21:10:55Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3986732 wikitext text/x-wiki Hic est index communium (in scriptā rotundā) et urbium municipiorumque ('''in scriptā crassā''') [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terrae foederalis]] [[Hassia]]e: == A == {{div col|3}} * [[Aarberga]]<ref name="Bucelinus 1667">Bucelinus, G. (1667). Germania topo-chrono-stemmato-graphica: sacra et profana (Vol. 2). Johann Görlin.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Aarbergen'')</small> * '''[[Abietopolis]]'''<ref name="Reuter 1724">Reuter, J. P. (1724). ''De variis urbium nomenclaturis''. Apud J.W. Rengerum.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Tann'')</small> * '''[[Adamanaburgum]]'''<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D">Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A - D''].</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Amöneburg'')</small> * [[Alheimia]]<ref name="Bucelinus 1667"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Alheim'')</small> * [[Allendorfia ad Adranam]]<ref name="Bucelinus 1667"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Allendorf'')</small> * '''[[Allendorfia ad Lumdam]]'''<ref name="Bucelinus 1667"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Allendorf'')</small> * '''[[Alsfelda]]'''<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Alsfeld'')</small> * [[Alspachum-Haenleinum]]<ref name="Bucelinus 1667"/><ref name="Schoepflin 1751"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Alsbach-Hähnlein'')</small> * [[Alta Ara]]<ref name="Meisner 1623"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hohenahr'')</small> * [[Alta Roda]]<ref name="Meisner 1623"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hohenroda'')</small> * '''[[Alta Villa (Hassia)|Alta Villa]]'''<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eltville am Rhein'')</small> * [[Angulus Hassiacus]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hesseneck'')</small> * [[Angulus Hunae]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hauneck'')</small> * [[Antiqua Civitas (Hassia)|Antiqua Civitas]]<ref name="Schoepflin 1751"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Altenstadt'')</small> * [[Aquae Endbacenses]]<ref name="Schoepflin 1751"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Endbach'')</small> * '''[[Aquae Mattiacae]]'''<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wiesbaden'')</small> * '''[[Aquae Nauhemienses]]'''<ref name="Schoepflin 1751"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Nauheim'')</small> * [[Aquae Sacrae]]<ref name="Beuther 1582"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Weimar'')</small> * [[Aquae Salis Slirfenses]]<ref name="Schoepflin 1751"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Salzschlirf'')</small> * '''[[Aquae Sodenenses-Allendorfium]]'''<ref name="Schoepflin 1751"/><ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Sooden-Allendorf'')</small> * '''[[Aquae Sodenenses et Salmustrienses]]'''<ref name="Ribeiro 1819">Ribeiro, J. P. (1819). ''Indice chronologico das leis e mais actos do governo de Portugal'' (Vol. 3). Typografia da Academia Real das Sciencias.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Soden-Salmünster'')</small> * [[Aquae Zwestenses]]<ref name="Index Sedium Titularium et Dioecesium: Supplementum Geographicum 2026"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Zwesten'')</small> * '''[[Arctaunum Francorum]]'''<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ortenberg'')</small> * '''[[Arothia]]'''<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Arolsen'')</small> * '''[[Asgabrunnum]]'''<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eschborn'')</small> * '''[[Asslaria]]'''<ref name="Bucelinus 1667"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Aßlar'')</small> * [[Aula Inferior]]<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Niederaula'')</small> * [[Aula Superior]]<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberaula'')</small> {{div col end}} == B == {{div col|3}} * '''[[Babenhausia (Hassia)|Babenhausia]]'''<ref name="Bucelinus 1667"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Babenhausen'')</small> * [[Basilica (Hassia)|Basilica]]<ref name="Beyer 1860">Beyer, H. (1860). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der, jetzt die Preussischen Regierungsbezirke Coblenz und Trier bildenden mittelrheinischen Territorien''.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Beselich'')</small> * '''[[Battenbergum ad Adranam]]'''<ref name="Index Sedium Titularium et Dioecesium: Supplementum Geographicum 2026"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Battenberg'')</small> * [[Bellus Angulus (Hassia)|Bellus Angulus]]<ref name="Beuther 1582">Beuther, M. (1582). ''Ephemeris historica''. Typis Nicolai Hoffmanni.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Schöneck'')</small> * '''[[Benshemium]]'''<ref name="Biedermann 1752"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bensheim'')</small> * '''[[Beronis Campus]]'''<ref name="Biedermann 1752">Biedermann, J. G. (1752). ''Gründliche Erläuterung derer im Herzogthum Würtemberg gelegenen Orte und derselben lateinische Benennungen''. Ex Officina Bielingiana.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Beerfelden'')</small> * '''[[Bibera (Hassia)|Bibera]]'''<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Groß-Bieberau'')</small> * [[Biberaha (commune)|Biberaha]]<ref name="Codex diplomaticus Fuldensis"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hofbieber'')</small> * [[Bibishemium ad Rhenum]]<ref name="Index Sedium Titularium et Dioecesium: Supplementum Geographicum 2026"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Biebesheim am Rhein'')</small> * [[Bickenbacum (Hassia)|Bickenbacum]]<ref name="Index Sedium Titularium et Dioecesium: Supplementum Geographicum 2026"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bickenbach'')</small> * '''[[Biedencapha]]'''<ref name="Imhof 1701">Imhof, J. W. (1701). Notitia S. R. Imperii Procerum: Genealogica et Heraldica. Typis et Sumptibus Johannis Georgii Cottae.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Biedenkopf'')</small> * [[Birkenowa (Hassia)|Birkenowa]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Birkenau'')</small> * [[Birsteinium]]<ref name="Imhof 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Birstein'')</small> * '''[[Bisinstidi]]'''<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bürstadt'')</small> * '''[[Borkena (Hassia)|Borkena]]'''<ref name="Index Sedium Titularium et Dioecesium: Supplementum Geographicum 2026"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Borken'')</small> * [[Brachina]]<ref name="Beyer 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Brechen'')</small> * [[Breitenbacum ad Montem Cordis]]<ref name="Index Sedium Titularium et Dioecesium: Supplementum Geographicum 2026"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Breitenbach am Herzberg'')</small> * [[Brennizbacum]]<ref name="Glöckner 1929">Glöckner, K. (1929). ''Codex Laureshamensis: Facsimile-Ausgabe der Handschrift aus dem 12. Jahrhundert''. Darmstadii: Verlag des Historischen Vereins für Hessen.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Brensbach'')</small> * [[Breuna]]<ref name="Index Sedium Titularium et Dioecesium: Supplementum Geographicum 2026"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Breuna'')</small> * '''[[Brochcobelo]]'''<ref name="Gudenus 1743">Gudenus, V. F. (1743). Codex Diplomaticus: Exhibens Anecdota Moguntiaca, Res Germanicas, Et Trevirenses Illustrationi Inprimis Facientia. Ex Officina Typographica Academica.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bruchköbel'')</small> * '''[[Bruberga]]'''<ref name="Glöckner 1929"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Breuberg'')</small> * '''[[Brunenfelsum]]''' <ref name="Sartorius 1705">Sartorius, B. (1705). ''Chronicon Sueviae: Res gestas et memorabiles regionis continens''. Sumptibus Johannis Georgii Cottae.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Braunfels'')</small> * [[Bruweles]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Petersberg'')</small> * '''[[Butinga]]'''<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Büdingen'')</small> * [[Buttelbornum]]<ref name="Index Sedium Titularium et Dioecesium: Supplementum Geographicum 2026"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Büttelborn'')</small> * [[Burghuna]]<ref name="Schannat Corpus Traditionum 1729">Schannat, J. F. (1729). ''Corpus Traditionum Fuldensium: Ordine Chronologico Dispositum''. Typis Ioannis Alberti.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Burghaun'')</small> * [[Buseckium]]<ref name="Imhof 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Buseck'')</small> * '''[[Butisbacum]]'''<ref name="Biedermann 1752"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Butzbach'')</small> * [[Bybelos]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Biblis'')</small> * '''[[Byvera]]'''<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bebra'')</small> {{div col end}} == C == {{div col|3}} * [[Caldonis]]<ref name="Codex diplomaticus Fuldensis">Dronke, E. F. J. (Ed.). (1844). ''Codex diplomaticus Fuldensis''. Theodor Fischer.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Calden'')</small> * '''[[Camberga]]'''<ref name="Bucelinus 1667"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Camberg'')</small> * [[Campi Hunenses]]<ref name="Meisner 1623"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hünfelden'')</small> * [[Campi Lucorum]]<ref name="Meisner 1623"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Lohfelden'')</small> * [[Campus Eitirini]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eiterfeld'')</small> * '''[[Campus Geronis)]]'''<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gersfeld'')</small> * '''[[Campus Hazonis]]'''<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hatzfeld'')</small> * '''[[Capella Silvestris]]'''<ref name="Beuther 1582"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Waldkappel'')</small> * '''[[Capella Villa (Hassia)|Capella Villa]]'''<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Grebenau'')</small> * '''[[Carbena]]'''<ref name="Baur II 1862"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Karben'')</small> * '''[[Caroloportus]]'''<ref name="Schoepflin 1751"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Karlshafen'')</small> * [[Casae Dominicales]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Fronhausen'')</small> * [[Casae Herolfi]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Herleshausen'')</small> * [[Casae Metallicae]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Erzhausen'')</small> * [[Casae Vitreae]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Glashütten'')</small> * '''[[Cassella]]'''<ref name="Hofmann">{{Hofmannus}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Kassel'')</small> * [[Castellum Fraxinorum]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eschenburg'')</small> * [[Cella Quercuum]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eichenzell'')</small> * [[Chalbaha]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kalbach'')</small> * '''[[Chunticha]]'''<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad König'')</small> * '''[[Civitas Allendorfensis]]'''<ref name="Annalen... Geschichtsforschung 24 1892"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Stadtallendorf'')</small> * [[Colba]]<ref name="Franz 1954">Franz, E. (1954). ''Kloster Haina: Regesten und Urkunden'' (Vol. 1). Elwert.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Cölbe'')</small> * [[Confluentes Biberae]]<ref name="Biedermann 1752"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Biebergemünd'')</small> * '''[[Confluentia ad Werram]]'''<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gemünden'')</small> * [[Confluentia Feldae]] <small>(Theodisce ''Gemünden'')</small> * '''[[Corbachium]]'''<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Korbach'')</small> * [[Corla]]<ref name="Reimer 1891"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Körle'')</small> * [[Cornaburgum]]<ref name="Winkopp 1805">Winkopp, A. S. (1805). ''Magazin für Geschichte, Statistik und Staatsrecht der deutschen Länder''. Joseph Stahel.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Cornberg'')</small> * '''[[Cornu Cervi]]'''<ref name="Baur II 1862">Baur, L. (1862). ''Hessische Urkunden: Aus dem Grossherzoglich Hessischen Haus- und Staatsarchive'' (Vol. 2). Darmstadii: Verlag von Jonghaus.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Hirschhorn'')</small> * [[Corvorum Statio]]<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ranstadt'')</small> * '''[[Corvorum Statio Superior]]'''<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ober-Ramstadt'')</small> * [[Crufdera]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kriftel'')</small> * [[Crumbacum Franconicum]]<ref name="Schoepflin Celtica Romana Francica 1751"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Fränkisch-Crumbach'')</small> * '''[[Custodis Rivus]]'''<ref name="Reuter 1724"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wächtersbach'')</small> {{div col end}} == D == {{div col|3}} * '''[[Darmstadium]]'''<ref name="Hofmann"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Darmstadt'')</small> * [[Defensionopolis]]<ref name="Reuter 1724"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wehrheim'')</small> * '''[[Dieburgum]]'''<ref name="Ferrari 1677">Ferrari, F. (1677). Lexicon geographicum in quo universi orbis oppida, maria, flumina, montes, regiones enumerantur. Typis ac sumptibus Gaspari Storti.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Dieburg'')</small> * '''[[Diemolapolis]]'''<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Diemelstadt'')</small> * [[Dieprechtes]]<ref name="Codex diplomaticus Fuldensis"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dipperz'')</small> * '''[[Dietzenbachium]]'''<ref name="Egli 1893">Egli, J. J. (1893). Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume. Lipsiae: Friedrich Brandstetter.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Dietzenbach'')</small> * '''[[Dillenburgum]]'''<ref name="Ferrari 1677"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dillenburg'')</small> * [[Domus Bopponis]]<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Poppenhausen'')</small> * [[Domus Ecclesiastica (Hassia)|Domus Ecclesiastica]]<ref name="Meisner 1623"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kirchheim'')</small> * '''[[Domus Immonis]]'''<ref name="Meisner 1623"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Immenhausen'')</small> * [[Domus Inferiores]]<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Niedernhausen'')</small> * '''[[Domus Kelkonis]]'''<ref name="Meisner 1623"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kelkheim'')</small> * '''[[Domus Lantberti]]'''<ref name="Meisner 1623"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Lampertheim'')</small> * [[Domus Moenanae]]<ref name="Bautrand 1682">Baudrand, M. A. (1682). ''Geographia ordine litterarum disposita''. Apud Iohannem Leonardum.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Mainhausen'')</small> * [[Domus Monachorum (Hassia)|Domus Monachorum]]<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Münchhausen'')</small> * [[Domus Nantharii]]<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Nentershausen'')</small> * '''[[Domus Obertii]]'''<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Obertshausen'')</small> * [[Domus Reginheri]]<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ronshausen'')</small> * [[Domus Richoldi (Ottenica Silva)|Domus Richoldi]] in [[Ottenica Silva]] <small>(Theodisce ''Reichelsheim'')</small> * '''[[Domus Richoldi (Vetravia)|Domus Richoldi]]'''<ref name="Egger 1977"/> in [[Vetravia]] <small>(Theodisce ''Reichelsheim'')</small> * '''[[Domus Rinonis]]'''<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Reinheim'')</small> * '''[[Domus Rucilonis]]'''<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rüsselsheim'')</small> * '''[[Domus Rudonis (Hassia)|Domus Rudonis]]'''<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rüdesheim am Rhein'')</small> * '''[[Domus Ruononis]]'''<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Raunheim'')</small> * [[Domus Unica]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Einhausen'')</small> * [[Domus Willichonis]]<ref name="Reuter 1724"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Willingshausen'')</small> * [[Dornburgum (Hassia)|Dornburgum]]<ref name="Ferrari 1677"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dornburg'')</small> * [[Driedorpha]]<ref name="Steinhofer 1746">Steinhofer, J. U. (1746). ''Historia Temporum Et Rerum Wirtenbergicarum''. Johann Georg Cotta.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Driedorf'')</small> {{div col end}} == E == {{div col|3}} * [[Echecilla]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Echzell'')</small> * [[Eltzia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Elz'')</small> * [[Emsa Silvestris]]<ref name="Beuther 1582"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Waldems'')</small> * [[Episcopi (Hassia)|Episcopi]]<ref name="Biedermann 1752"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bischoffen'')</small> * [[Episcopi Domus (Hassia)|Episcopi Domus]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bischofsheim'')</small> * '''[[Erpachium]]'''<ref name="Lünig 1715">Lünig, J. C. (1715). Corpus Iuris Militaris des Heiligen Römischen Reichs. Johann Friedrich Gleditsch.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Erbach'')</small> * '''[[Escuvega]]'''<ref name="Hofmann"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eschwege'')</small> {{div col end}} == F == {{div col|3}} * [[Fabricae (Hassia)|Fabricae]]<ref name="Meibom 1688">Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Scriptores''. Typis & sumptibus G. W. Hammii.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Schmitten'')</small> * [[Fanum Bromi]]<ref name="Sartorius 1705"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bromskirchen'')</small> * [[Fanum Mengeri]]<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mengerskirchen'')</small> * [[Flidena]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Flieden'')</small> * '''[[Florinshemium]]'''<ref name="Bader 1839">Bader, J. (1839). ''Badenia oder das badische Land und Volk''. [[Carolsruha]]e: Magazin für vaterländische Interessen.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Flörsheim am Main'')</small> * '''[[Francofurtum ad Moenum]]'''<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Frankfurt am Main'')</small> * '''[[Franconomontium]]'''<ref name="Schoepflin Celtica Romana Francica 1751"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Frankenberg'')</small> * '''[[Fridericovilla]]'''<ref name="Schoepflin Celtica Romana Francica 1751"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Friedrichsdorf'')</small> * '''[[Friedberga]]'''<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Friedberg'')</small> * '''[[Fricdislaria]]'''<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Fritzlar'')</small> * '''[[Fulda]]'''<ref name="Bucelinus 1667"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Fulda'')</small> * [[Furtum (Hassia)|Furtum]]<ref name="Schoepflin Celtica Romana Francica 1751"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Fürth'')</small> {{div col end}} == G == {{div col|3}} * '''[[Gewiridi]]'''<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gedern'')</small> * '''[[Gelnhusia]]'''<ref name="Gelnhusia">Vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenaref/hofmann/hof4/Hofmann_lexicon_t4_1250_vranvm.html ''JOH. JACOBI HOFMANNI SS. Th. Doct. Profess. Histor. et Graec. Ling. in Academ Basil. LEXICON VNIVERSALE''], ubi dicitur "(...) Iam sub Electore Brandeburgico. Friberga Veteraviae, ''Fridberg''. Frislaria Hassiae, ''Fritzlar''. Gelnhusia Franconiae, ''Gelnhausen'' (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Gelnhausen'')</small> * '''[[Geraha]]'''<ref name="Codex Laureshamensis 1768">Codex Laureshamensis (1768). Editio diplomatica potissimum ad res Germanicas. Academia Scientiarum Electoralis Theodoro-Palatina.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Groß-Gerau'')</small> * '''[[Gerineshemium]]'''<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gernsheim'')</small> * '''[[Gheismaria]]'''<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hofgeismar'')</small> * '''[[Giessa Hassorum]]'''<ref>Wernerus Rust, Lateinisch-Griechische Fachwörter des Buch- und Schriftwesens, Aquis Mattiacis, anno 1977 {{Google Books|fkypTS5nn0oC|pag. 68}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Gießen'')</small> * '''[[Gineshemium et Gustavorburgum]]'''<ref name="Schoepflin Celtica Romana Francica 1751"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ginsheim-Gustavsburg'')</small> * [[Grindaha (commune)|Grindaha]]<ref name="Wenck 1789">Wenck, H. B. (1789). ''Hessische Landesgeschichte''. Darmstadii: Varrentrapp und Wenner.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Gründau'')</small> * [[Gundissa]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Langgöns'')</small> {{div col end}} == H == {{div col|3}} * [[Habitacula Magna]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Groß-Zimmern'')</small> * '''[[Hademarum]]'''<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hadamar'')</small> * [[Hagena]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Haina'')</small> * '''[[Hannovia]]'''<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hanau'')</small> * '''[[Hegira (Hassia)|Hegira]]'''<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M">Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913?p=249&cq=Ludwigshafen%20u.a.&lang=en ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E - M''].</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Haiger'')</small> * '''[[Heppenhemium ad Montem]]'''<ref name="Schoepflin 1751"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Heppenheim'')</small> * '''[[Herborna]]'''<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Herborn'')</small> * '''[[Heringi]]'''<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Heringen'')</small> * '''[[Herocampia]]'''<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Hersfeld'')</small> * [[Hildira]]<ref name="Codex diplomaticus Fuldensis"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hilders'')</small> * '''[[Hirundinivicus]]'''<ref name="Sagittarius 1675">Sagittarius, C. (1675). ''Antiquitates regni Thuringici'' (et appendix de locis Hassiae). Literis Bauhoferianis.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Schwalbach'')</small> * '''[[Hofhemium ad Taunum]]'''<ref name="Bucelinus 1667"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hofheim am Taunus'')</small> * '''[[Hohunga]]'''<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hungen'')</small> * '''[[Homberga (Amana)|Homberga]]'''<ref name="Homberga"/> ad [[Amana (flumen)|Amanam]] <small>(Theodisce ''Homberg'')</small> * '''[[Homberga (Ephisa)|Homberga]]'''<ref name="Homberga">Vide [https://medit.lutheran.hu/files/buchwald_georg_wittenberger_ordiniertenbuch_1560_1572_1895.pdf ''WITTENBERGER ORDINIERTENBUCH''], ubi dicitur "(...) ex patria mea Homberga oppido Hassiae (...)".</ref> ad [[Ephisa]]m<ref name="Codex diplomaticus Fuldensis"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Homberg'')</small> * '''[[Homburgum ad Clivum]]'''<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Homburg vor der Höhe'')</small> * [[Hosenfelda]]<ref name="Komp 1853">Komp, A. (1853). ''Die Fürstabtei Fulda: Beiträge zu ihrer Geschichte''. Druck und Verlag der Müller'schen Officin.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Hosenfeld'')</small> * '''[[Hunifeldia]]'''<ref name="Schamat Historia Fuldensis 1729">Schannat, J. F. (1729). ''Historia Fuldensis: Codices probationum'. Francofurti ad Moenum: Apud Ioannem Benjaminum Andreae et Henricum Hort.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Hünfeld'')</small> {{div col end}} == I == {{div col|3}} * '''[[Idstena]]'''<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Idstein'')</small> * [[Indago Cervorum]]<ref name="Meisner 1623">Meisner, D. (1623). ''Thesaurus Philo-Politicus: h.e. Emblemata sive Moralia Politica'' (Vol. 2). Francofurti: Eberhard Kieser.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Hirzenhain'')</small> * '''[[Indago Ecclesiastica]]'''<ref name="Meisner 1623"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kirchhain'')</small> * [[Indago Helonis]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Helsa'')</small> * [[Indago Limitis]]<ref name="Meisner 1623"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Limeshain'')</small> * [[Indago Reinhardi]]<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Reinhardshagen'')</small> * '''[[Indago Trium Quercuum]]'''<ref name="Reimer 1891"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dreieich'')</small> * '''[[Isenburgum Novum]]'''<ref name="Bacci 1955"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Neu-Isenburg'')</small> * [[Iudicium Liberum]]<ref name="Knapp 1895">Knapp, T. (1895). ''Gesammelte Beiträge zur Rechts- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte vornehmlich des deutschen Südwestens''. [[Tubinga]]e: Laupp.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Freigericht'')</small> {{div col end}} == K == {{div col|3}} * [[Kaufungia]]<ref name="Schamat Historia Fuldensis 1729"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kaufungen'')</small> * '''[[Kelsterbacum]]'''<ref name="Schamat Historia Fuldensis 1729"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kelsterbach'')</small> * [[Kiderica]]<ref name="Reimer 1891"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kiedrich'')</small> * [[Kindecella]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Künzell'')</small> * [[Krotzenburgum Magnum]]<ref name="Schoepflin Celtica Romana Francica 1751"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Großkrotzenburg'')</small> {{div col end}} == L == {{div col|3}} * '''[[Lacus Alnorum]]'''<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Erlensee'')</small> * [[Lacus Diemolensis (commune)|Lacus Diemolensis]]<ref name="Egger 1977">Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon nominum locorum: Officina Libraria Vaticana''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Diemelsee'')</small> * '''[[Langena (Hassia)|Langena]]'''<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Langen'')</small> * '''[[Lapidirivus (Taunus)|Lapidirivus]]'''<ref name="Beuther 1582"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Steinbach'')</small> * [[Lapis Altus (Hassia)|Lapis Altus]]<ref name="Baur II 1862"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hohenstein'')</small> * '''[[Lapis Invidiae]]'''<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Niedenstein'')</small> * '''[[Lapis Regius (Hassia)|Lapis Regius]]'''<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Königstein im Taunus'')</small> * '''[[Lapis Taunensis]]'''<ref name="Beuther 1582"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Taunusstein'')</small> * [[Lata Limitanea]]<ref name="Biedermann 1752"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Breitscheid'')</small> * [[Latus Rivus]]<ref name="Biedermann 1752"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Breidenbach'')</small> * '''[[Laubacum]]'''<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Laubach'')</small> * '''[[Lauterbacum (Hassia)|Lauterbacum]]'''<ref name="Bucelinus 1667"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Lauterbach'')</small> * '''[[Leuna (Hassia)|Leuna]]'''<ref name="Baur II 1862"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Leun'')</small> * [[Libera Stenura]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Freiensteinau'')</small> * '''[[Licha]]'''<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Lich'')</small> * '''[[Limburgum ad Lahnam]]'''<ref>[http://www.archive.org/stream/a568395900unknuoft/a568395900unknuoft_djvu.txt ''Further correspondence respecting the relations existing between foreign governments and the court of Rome: in continuation of papers presented to the Parliament,'' March 27, 1851]/</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Limburg an der Lahn'')</small> * [[Linsingera]]<ref name="Baur II 1862"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Linsengericht'')</small> * [[Loci Hunorum]]<ref name="Meisner 1623"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hünstetten'')</small> * '''[[Lollarium]]'''<ref name="Helwich 1712">Helwich, G. (1712). ''Syntagma Monumentorum Et Epitaphiorum: Wetteravia et Moguntia'' (p. 486). Francofurti ad Moenum: Iohannem Maximilianum a Sande.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Lollar'')</small> * '''[[Lorcha]]'''<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Lorch'')</small> * '''[[Lorsacum]]'''<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Lorsch'')</small> * '''[[Lucidum Pratum]]'''<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hessisch Lichtenau'')</small> * [[Lucus (Hassia)|Lucus]]<ref name="Meisner 1623"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Lohra'')</small> * [[Lucus ad Moenum]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hainburg'')</small> * [[Lucus Cuculi]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Guxhagen'')</small> * [[Lucus Iudicis]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Grebenhain'')</small> * [[Luporidomus]]<ref name="Reuter 1724"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wölfersheim'')</small> * '''[[Luporum Indago]]'''<ref name="Reuter 1724"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wolfhagen'')</small> * [[Lutra Magna]]<ref name="Schoepflin Celtica Romana Francica 1751"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Großenlüder'')</small> * [[Lutrae Domus]]<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ottrau'')</small> {{div col end}} == M == {{div col|3}} * '''[[Magna Almeroda]]'''<ref name="Schoepflin Celtica Romana Francica 1751"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Großalmerode'')</small> * [[Magnus Rivulus Silvestris]]<ref name="Reuter 1724"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wald-Michelbach'')</small> * [[Malsfeldum]]<ref name="Böhmer 1831">Böhmer, J. F. (1831). ''Regesta chronologico-diplomatica regum atque imperatorum Romanorum [751-1250]''. Varrentrapp.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Malsfeld'')</small> * '''[[Marburgum]]'''<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Marburg'')</small> * '''[[Marca Rodana]]'''<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rödermark'')</small> * [[Massila]]<ref name="Glöckner 1929"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Messel'')</small> * [[Mediana ad Aram]]<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mittenaar'')</small> * [[Meginhardi Mons]]<ref name="Vogt 1729">Vogt, G. W. (1729). ''Monumenta res Hassiacas illustrantia''. Impensis Bibliopolii Academici.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Meinhard'')</small> * [[Meginorus]]<ref name="Bautrand 1682"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Meißner'')</small> * [[Merenberga]]<ref name="Bautrand 1682"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Merenberg'')</small> * '''[[Michilinstadium]]'''<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Michelstadt'')</small> * '''[[Milsina]]'''<ref name="Böhmer 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Melsungen'')</small> * '''[[Molendinorum Domus (Moenus)|Molendinorum Domus]]'''<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mühlheim am Main'')</small> * [[Monasterium (Hassia)|Monasterium]]<ref name="Bautrand 1682"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Münster'')</small> * [[Monasterium ad Wilinam]]<ref name="Schannat Corpus Traditionum 1729"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Weilmünster'')</small> * [[Mons Angelorum (Hassia)|Mons Angelorum]]<ref name="Schoepflin 1751"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Angelburg'')</small> * [[Mons Apri]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900">Förstemann, E. (1900). ''Altdeutsches Namenbuch: Ortsnamen''. P. Hanstein</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Ebersburg'')</small> * [[Mons Casularum]]<ref name="Baur II 1862"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hüttenberg'')</small> * '''[[Mons Coercitionis]]'''<ref name="Reuter 1724"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Zwingenberg'')</small> * '''[[Mons Coronae]]'''<ref name="Baur II 1862"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kronberg im Taunus'')</small> * [[Mons Credentium]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Glauburg'')</small> * [[Mons Gilsae]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gilserberg'')</small> * [[Mons Honoris]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ehrenberg'')</small> * [[Mons Humidus]]<ref name="Reuter 1724"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wettenberg'')</small> * [[Mons Lanae (Hassia)|Mons Lanae]]<ref name="Meisner 1623"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Löhnberg'')</small> * '''[[Mons Monetae]]'''<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Münzenberg'')</small> * '''[[Mons Ornatus]]'''<ref name="Reuter 1724"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Zierenberg'')</small> * [[Mons Ottonis (Hassia)|Mons Ottonis]]<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Otzberg'')</small> * [[Mons Ruber (Hassia)|Mons Ruber]]<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rothenberg'')</small> * '''[[Mons Scyphi (Hassia)|Mons Scyphi]]'''<ref name="Beuther 1582"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Staufenberg'')</small> * [[Mons Secalinus]]<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rockenberg'')</small> * [[Mons Speculae]]<ref name="Reuter 1724"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wartenberg'')</small> * [[Mons Stephani]]<ref name="Beuther 1582"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Steffenberg'')</small> * [[Mons Venatorius]]<ref name="Meisner 1623"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Jesberg'')</small> * '''[[Mons Wodani]]'''<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gudensberg'')</small> * [[Morina Superior]]<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ober-Mörlen'')</small> * [[Mucka (Hassia)|Mucka]]<ref name="Bacci 1955">Bacci, A. (1955). ''Lexicon eorum vocabulorum quae difficilius Latine redduntur''. Studium.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Mücke'')</small> * [[Mursina]]<ref name="Böhmer 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Morschen'')</small> {{div col end}} == N == {{div col|3}} * '''[[Naumburgum (Hassia)|Naumburgum]]'''<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Naumburg'')</small> * '''[[Neccarosteinacum]]'''<ref name="Bautrand 1682"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Neckarsteinach'')</small> * '''[[Neo-Anspacum]]'''<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Neu-Anspach'')</small> * '''[[Nidda]]'''<ref name="Bautrand 1682"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Nidda'')</small> * '''[[Nigrofons (Hassia)|Nigrofons]]'''<ref name="Beuther 1582"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schwarzenborn'')</small> * [[Nista (commune)|Nista]]<ref name="Böhmer 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Nieste'')</small> * '''[[Nova Civitas (Hassia)|Nova Civitas]]'''<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Neustadt'')</small> * [[Nova Curia (Hassia)|Nova Curia]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z">Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&cq=M%C3%BCnchen&lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N - Z''].</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Neuhof'')</small> * [[Nova Domus (Hassia)|Nova Domus]]<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Nauheim'')</small> * '''[[Nova Ecclesia (Hassia)|Nova Ecclesia]]'''<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Neukirchen'')</small> * [[Novale Coryli]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hasselroth'')</small> * [[Novale Ethnicorum]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Heidenrod'')</small> * [[Novale Kebonis]]<ref name="Meisner 1623"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kefenrod'')</small> * '''[[Novale Rumeri]]'''<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Romrod'')</small> * [[Novavallis]]<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Neuental'')</small> * [[Novomons (Hassia)|Novomons]]<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Neuberg'')</small> * [[Novum Quercumontium]]<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Neu-Eichenberg'')</small> * [[Novus Lapis (Hassia)|Novus Lapis]]<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Neuenstein'')</small> {{div col end}} == O == {{div col|3}} * '''[[Offenbachium]]'''<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Offenbach am Main'')</small> * '''[[Orbacensis Vicus]]'''<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Orb'')</small> * '''[[Osinga]]'''<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Usingen'')</small> * [[Ostium Adranae]]<ref name="Tacitus Annales">Tacitus, C. (1876). ''Annales'' (Ed. Halm). Teubner.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Edermünde'')</small> * '''[[Ostium Moeni]]'''<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hochheim am Main'')</small> * '''[[Ostrichium-Angulus ad Rhenum]]'''<ref name="Böhmer 1831"/><ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Oestrich-Winkel'')</small> {{div col end}} == P == {{div col|3}} * [[Pagus Anulatus]]<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>(Theodisce 'Ringgau''')</small> * '''[[Paludidomus]]'''<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Pohlheim'')</small> * '''[[Paludocampus-Waldorfium]]'''<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mörfelden-Walldorf'')</small> * '''[[Paludopolis]]'''<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Riedstadt'')</small> * '''[[Phungonis Statio]]'''<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Pfungstadt'')</small> * [[Pincernae Lengesfelda]]<ref name="Knodt 1955">Knodt, H. (1955). ''Hessisches Geschlechterbuch''. Starke Verlag.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Schenklengsfeld'')</small> * [[Pons Fuldaha]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Fuldabrück'')</small> * '''[[Pratum Amoenum]]'''<ref name="Meisner 1623"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Liebenau'')</small> * [[Pratum Corvorum (Hassia)|Pratum Corvorum]]<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rabenau'')</small> * '''[[Pratum Franconicum]]'''<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Frankenau'')</small> * [[Pratum Lanae]]<ref name="Meisner 1623"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Lahnau'')</small> * [[Pratum Ludovici]]<ref name="Weirich 1936">Weirich, H. (1936). ''Urkundenbuch der Reichsabtei Hersfeld'' (Vol. 1). N.G. Elwert.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Ludwigsau'')</small> * '''[[Pratum Nidderae]]'''<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Nidderau'')</small> {{div col end}} == Q == {{div col|3}} * '''[[Quattuorvicus]]'''<ref name="Reuter 1724"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Viernheim'')</small> {{div col end}} == R == {{div col|3}} * [[Riscuria]]<ref name="Böhmer 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Reiskirchen'')</small> * [[Rivulus Bovinus (Hassia)|Rivulus Bovinus]]<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rimbach'')</small> * '''[[Rivulus Equinus ad Taunum]]'''<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rosbach v.d. Höhe'')</small> * [[Rivulus Merularum]]<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mörlenbach'')</small> * [[Rivulus Novalis (Hassia)|Rivulus Novalis]]<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rodenbach'')</small> * [[Rivulus Parvus]]<ref name="Meisner 1623"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Lützelbach'')</small> * [[Roda ad Wilinam]]<ref name="Schannat Corpus Traditionum 1729"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Weilrod'')</small> * '''[[Rodgovia]]'''<ref name="Bautrand 1682"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rodgau'')</small> * [[Ronneburgum (Hassia)|Ronneburgum]]<ref name="Bacci 1955"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ronneburg'')</small> * '''[[Rotenburgum ad Fuldaham]]'''<ref name="Hofmann"/><ref name="Fuldaha">Theodiscum syntagma ''a. d. Fulda'' Latino "ad Fuldaham". Latino quo de hydronymo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Rotenburg a.d. Fulda'')</small> * '''[[Runchela]]'''<ref name="Böhmer 1831"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Runkel'')</small> * '''[[Rupes Lucida]]'''<ref name="Meisner 1623"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Lichtenfels'')</small> * '''[[Rupimontium]]'''<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Felsberg'')</small> * '''[[Ruschiburgum]]'''<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rauschenberg'')</small> {{div col end}} == S == {{div col|3}} * [[Saltrissa ad Taunum]]<ref name="Glöckner 1929"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Selters'')</small> * '''[[Salutaria]]'''<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schlüchtern'')</small> * '''[[Saxa Udalrici]]'''<ref name="Beuther 1582"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ulrichstein'')</small> * '''[[Saxum Epponis]]'''<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eppstein'')</small> * [[Saxum Gryphi]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Greifenstein'')</small> * '''[[Saxum Heriberti]]'''<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Herbstein'')</small> * '''[[Saxum Iudicis]]'''<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Grebenstein'')</small> * '''[[Saxum Tiliae]]'''<ref name="Meisner 1623"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Lindenfels'')</small> * [[Scaafheimum]]<ref name="Brümer VI 1913">Brümmer, F. (1913). ''Lexikon der deutschen Dichter und Prosaisten vom Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts bis zur Gegenwart'' (VI ed., Vol. VI). Reclam.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Schaafheim'')</small> * [[Schauenburgum]]<ref name="Koch 1790">Koch, C. G. de. (1790). ''Tables généalogiques des maisons souveraines de l'Europe''. Chez l'auteur.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Schauenburg'')</small> * '''[[Schwalbacum ad Taunum]]'''<ref name="Steubing 1790">Steubing, J. H. (1790). ''Topographie der Stadt Herborn''. In der Buchhandlung der Gelehrten.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Schwalbach am Taunus'')</small> * '''[[Schwalmstadium]]'''<ref name="Arndt 2004">Arndt, O. (2004). ''Lexicon nominum geographicorum latinorum''. Adeva</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Schwalmstadt'')</small> * [[Screggesbaha]]<ref name="Migne 97 1851">Migne, J. P. (Ed.). (1851). ''Patrologiae Cursus Completus: Series Latina'' (Vol. 97). Excudebatur et venit apud J.-P. Migne</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Schrecksbach'')</small> * '''[[Selbolda Longa]]'''<ref name="Meisner 1623"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Langenselbold'')</small> * '''[[Selingostadium]]'''<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Seligenstadt'')</small> * [[Siegbacum]]<ref name="Steubing 1790"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Siegbach'')</small> * [[Silva Accipitrum (commune)|Silva Accipitrum]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Habichtswald'')</small> * [[Silva Castrensis]]<ref name="Biedermann 1752"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Burgwald'')</small> * [[Silva Longinqua]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Fernwald'')</small> * [[Silva Nodosa]]<ref name="Meisner 1623"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Knüllwald'')</small> * [[Silva Pacis]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Friedewald'')</small> * [[Silva Sora]]<ref name="Grotefend 1872"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Söhrewald'')</small> * [[Silvaefons]]<ref name="Beuther 1582"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Waldbrunn'')</small> * [[Silvestris Angulus]]<ref name="Reuter 1724"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wildeck'')</small> * [[Sinna ad Dilnam]]<ref name="Beuther 1582"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Sinn'')</small> * '''[[Sliza]]'''<ref name="Codex diplomaticus Fuldensis"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schlitz'')</small> * '''[[Sodena ad Taunum]]'''<ref name="Bucelinus 1667"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Soden am Taunus'')</small> * '''[[Solmae]]'''<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Solms'')</small> * [[Solmsa Silvestris]]<ref name="Beuther 1582"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Waldsolms'')</small> * '''[[Sontra]]'''<ref name="Grotefend 1872">Grotefend, H. (1872). ''Zeitschrift des Vereins für Hessische Geschichte und Landeskunde''. Freyschmidt.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Sontra'')</small> * '''[[Spangenberga]]'''<ref name="Leuckfeld 1712">Leuckfeld, J. G. (1712). ''Historia Spangenbergensis, Oder Historische Nachricht Von Dem Leben, Lehre Und Schrifften Cyriaci Spangenbergs''. Johann Georg Leuckfeld.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Spangenberg'')</small> * [[Steinachum Abbatum]]<ref name="Bucelinus 1667"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Abtsteinach'')</small> * '''[[Steinavia ad Stratam]]'''<ref name="Beuther 1582"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Steinau an der Straße'')</small> * '''[[Stirps Husilia]]'''<ref name="Förstemann II 1900">Förstemann, E. (1900). ''Altdeutsches Namenbuch: Ortsnamen'' (Vol. 2). P. Hanstein</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Heusenstamm'')</small> * [[Stocstadium ad Rhenum]]<ref name="Beuther 1582"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Stockstadt am Rhein'')</small> * [[Sulzbacum ad Taunum]]<ref name="Beuther 1582"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Sulzbach'')</small> {{div col end}} == T == {{div col|3}} * [[Thermae Serpentinae]]<ref name="Hoffmann 1733">Hoffmann, F. (1733). ''De thermis serpentinis in dicto Schlangenbad''. Typis Io. Christiani Hilligeri.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Schlangenbad'')</small> * '''[[Thermae Wildungenses]]'''<ref name="Index Sedium Titularium et Dioecesium: Supplementum Geographicum 2026">Civitas Vaticana (2026). ''Index Sedium Titularium et Dioecesium: Supplementum Geographicum''. Typis Polyglottis Vaticanis.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Wildungen'')</small> * '''[[Tiliae (Hassia)|Tiliae]]'''<ref name="Meisner 1623"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Linden'')</small> * [[Torrens Alnorum Herbosi]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Grasellenbach'')</small> * [[Torrens Egilonis]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Egelsbach'')</small> * [[Torrens Leoderi]]<ref name="Meisner 1623"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Liederbach am Taunus'')</small> * [[Torrens Mallei]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hammersbach'')</small> * '''[[Torrens Nitidus]]'''<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gladenbach'')</small> * [[Torrens Prati Comitis]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Grävenwiesbach')</small> * [[Traiani Monumentum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Höchst im Odenwald'')</small> * '''[[Trendelburgum]]'''<ref name="Steubing 1790"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Trendelburg'')</small> * [[Triburia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Trebur'')</small> {{div col end}} == U == {{div col|3}} * '''[[Ursella Superior]]'''<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberursel'')</small> {{div col end}} == V == {{div col|3}} * '''[[Valdecum (urbs)|Valdecum]]'''<ref name="Hofmann"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Waldeck'')</small> * [[Vallis Adranae]]<ref name="Tacitus Annales"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Edertal'')</small> * [[Vallis Ahnae]]<ref name="Schoepflin 1751">Schoepflin, J. D. (1751). ''Alsatia Illustrata: Germanica, Gallica, Vicina'' (Vol. 1). Ex Typographia Regia.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Ahnatal'')</small> * [[Vallis Antrifti]]<ref name="Schoepflin 1751"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Antrifttal'')</small> * '''[[Vallis Baunae]]'''<ref name="Annuarium Statisticum Ecclesiae (2025)">Civitas Vaticana (2025). ''Annuarium Statisticum Ecclesiae: Geographic Index of Localities''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Baunatal'')</small> * [[Vallis Berkae]]<ref name="Index Sedium Titularium et Dioecesium: Supplementum Geographicum 2026"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Berkatal'')</small> * [[Vallis Brachtae]]<ref name="Index Sedium Titularium et Dioecesium: Supplementum Geographicum 2026"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Brachttal'')</small> * [[Vallis Brombaci]]<ref name="Index Sedium Titularium et Dioecesium: Supplementum Geographicum 2026"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Brombachtal'')</small> * [[Vallis Dautphana]]<ref name="Reimer 1891">Reimer, H. (1891). Historisches Ortslexikon für Kurhessen. Elwert’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Dautphetal'')</small> * [[Vallis Dietzhoelzensis]]<ref name="Gmelin 1805">Gmelin, C. C. (1805). ''Flora Badensis Alsatica''. Typis G. Braun.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Dietzhölztal'')</small> * [[Vallis Ebsdorfensis]]<ref name="Stälin 1841">Stälin, C. F. (1841). ''Wirtembergische Geschichte: Schwaben und Südfranken''. Cotta’scher Verlag.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Ebsdorfergrund'')</small> * [[Vallis Elbensis]]<ref name="Stälin 1841"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Elbtal'')</small> * [[Vallis Emisae]]<ref name="Schoepflin 1751"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Emstal'')</small> * [[Vallis Feldae]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Feldatal'')</small> * [[Vallis Fibri]]<ref name="Biedermann 1752"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Biebertal'')</small> * [[Vallis Florsbacensis]]<ref name="Schoepflin Celtica Romana Francica 1751">Schoepflin, J. D. (1751). ''Alsatia Illustrata: Celtica, Romana, Francica''. Ex Typographia Regia.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Flörsbachtal'')</small> * [[Vallis Fuldahae]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Fuldatal'')</small> * [[Vallis Gorxheimensis]]<ref name="Stälin 1870 ">Stälin, C. F. (1870). ''Wirtembergische Geschichte: Altwürttembergisches Gebiet''. J. G. Cotta’scher Verlag. </ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Gorxheimertal'')</small> * [[ Vallis Hunae]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Haunetal'')</small> * [[Vallis Iazahae]]<ref name="Schamat Historia Fuldensis 1729"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Jossgrund'')</small> * [[Vallis Lanae (Hassia)|Vallis Lanae]]<ref name="Schamat Historia Fuldensis 1729"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Lahntal'')</small> * [[Vallis Limpida (Vogelsberg)|Vallis Limpida]]<ref name="Meisner 1623"/> ad [[Mons Avium (Germania)|Montem Avium]]<ref name="Merian 1646">Merian, M. (1646). ''Topographia Hassiae et Regionum Vicinarum''. Francofurti ad Moenum: Caspar Merian.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Lautertal'')</small> * [[Vallis Limpida (Ottenica Silva)|Vallis Limpida]]<ref name="Meisner 1623"/> ad [[Ottenica Silva|Ottenicam Silvam]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Lautertal'')</small> * [[Vallis Modana]]<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Modautal'')</small> * '''[[Vallis Moeni]]'''<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Maintal'')</small> * [[Vallis Molendinorum]]<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mühltal'')</small> * [[Vallis Mossae]]<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mossautal'')</small> * '''[[Vallis Niddae]]'''<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Niddatal'')</small> * [[Vallis Nistae]]<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Niestetal'')</small> * [[Vallis Niustae]]<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Nüsttal'')</small> * [[Vallis Philippi (Hassia)|Vallis Philippi]]<ref name="Bacci 1955"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Philippsthal'')</small> * [[Vallis Populorum]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Espenau'')</small> * '''[[Vallis Rosarum (Hassia)|Vallis Rosarum]]''' <small>(Theodisce ''Rosenthal'')</small> * [[Vallis Scabinorum]]<ref name="Du Cange 1883-1887">Du Cange, C. (1883-1887). ''Glossarium mediae et infimae latinitatis'' (Ed. augm.). L. Favre.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Schöffengrund'')</small> * [[Vallis Sensbachensis]]<ref name="Strieder 1781">Strieder, F. W. (1781). ''Grundlage zu einer Hessischen Gelehrten und Schriftsteller Geschichte'' (Vol. 1). Barmeier.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Sensbachtal'')</small> * [[Vallis Sualmensis (Hassia)|Vallis Sualmensis]]<ref name="Codex diplomaticus Fuldensis"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schwalmtal'')</small> * [[Vallis Torrentis Piscium]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Fischbachtal'')</small> * [[Vallis Twisthae]]<ref name="Strieder 1781"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Twistetal'')</small> * [[Vallis Visurgensis]]<ref name="Schaten 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wesertal'')</small> * [[Vallis Wehrae]]<ref name="Strieder 1781"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wehretal'')</small> * [[Vallis Wohrae]]<ref name="Strieder 1781"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wohratal'')</small> * [[Vellicostadium]]<ref name="Reuter 1724"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wöllstadt'')</small> * '''[[Vellomaria]]'''<ref name="Helwich 1614">Helwich, G. (1614). ''Sintalis: sive Antiquitatum ecclesiae Moguntinae''. Typis Ioannis Albini.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Vellmar'')</small> * [[Velmar Castrum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Villmar'')</small> * '''[[Vicus Autmundonis]]'''<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Groß-Umstadt'')</small> * '''[[Vicus Ecclesiasticus (Hassia)|Vicus Ecclesiasticus]]'''<ref name="Meisner 1623"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kirtorf'')</small> * '''[[Vicus Flori]]'''<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Florstadt'')</small> * [[Vicus Frilonis]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Frielendorf'')</small> * [[Vicus Herolfi]]<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rasdorf'')</small> * [[Villa ad Lacum-Iugenheimium]]<ref name="Beuther 1582"/><ref name="Annalen... Geschichtsforschung 24 1892">''Annalen des Vereins für Nassauische Altertumskunde und Geschichtsforschung'' (1892). (Vol. 24). Bechtold.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Seeheim-Jugenheim'')</small> * [[Villa Arundinea]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Groß-Rohrheim'')</small> * [[Villa Campestris Inferior]]<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Niederdorfelden'')</small> * [[Villa Ebehardi]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eppertshausen'')</small> * [[Villa Equorum (Hassia)|Villa Equorum]]<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Roßdorf'')</small> * [[Villa Eringi]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ehringshausen'')</small> * '''[[Villa Gisonis]]'''<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Geisenheim'')</small> * '''[[Villa Hadamari]]'''<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hattersheim am Main'')</small> * [[Villa Huchilis]]<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Heuchelheim'')</small> * '''[[Villa Sabulosa]]'''<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Griesheim'')</small> * '''[[Villa Scotorum]]'''<ref name="Serrarius 1604">Serrarius, N. (1604). ''Moguntiacarum rerum ab initio usque ad reverendissimum et illustrissimum hodiernum archiepiscopum''. Balthasarus Lippius. </ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Schotten'')</small> * '''[[Vilwila]]'''<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Vilbel'')</small> * [[Vinirivus]]<ref name="Reuter 1724"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Weinbach'')</small> * '''[[Viridis Mons (Hassia)|Viridis Mons]]'''<ref name="Förstemann 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Grünberg'')</small> * [[Vohla]]<ref name="Grotefend 1872"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Vöhl'')</small> * '''[[Volcmarsia]]'''<ref name="Schaten 1701">Schaten, N. (1701). ''Annales Paderbornenses: quibus collectis ex authenticis monumentis''. Typis & Impensis Joannis Caspari Stadler.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Volkmarsen'')</small> {{div col end}} == W == {{div col|3}} * [[Waberna]]<ref name="Weirich 1936"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wabern'')</small> * [[Waldaffa (commune)|Waldaffa]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Walluf'')</small> * '''[[Wanfrieda]]'''<ref name="Codex diplomaticus Fuldensis"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wanfried'')</small> * '''[[Weilburgum]]'''<ref name="Steubing 1790"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Weilburg'')</small> * '''[[Wetteria ad Lahnam]]'''<ref name="Strieder 1781"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wetter'')</small> * '''[[Wetzlaria]]'''<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wetzlar'')</small> * [[Willinga]]<ref name="Steubing 1790"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Willingen'')</small> * '''[[Witarstadium]]'''<ref name="Steubing 1790"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Weiterstadt'')</small> * '''[[Witzenhusa]]'''<ref name="Codex diplomaticus Fuldensis"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Witzenhausen'')</small> * [[Wizenbrunno]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Weißenborn'')</small> {{div col end}} ==Notae== <references /> [[Categoria:Communia Hassiae|!]] jdwsyk6g4rqvg4bop9dhfof4pin2cgc Index urbium, oppidorum et communium Saxoniae Inferioris 0 216135 3986620 3986585 2026-09-08T14:07:40Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3986620 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Municipalities in Lower Saxony.svg|thumb|500px|Urbes et communia Saxoniae Inferioris.]] '''Index urbium, oppidorum et communium in [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxonia Inferiore]]''' omnia [[commune|communia]] (Theodisce ''Gemeinden''), consociationes communium (Theodisce ''Gemeindeverbände'') atque loca nulli communium adscripta (Theodisce ''gemeindefreien Gebiete''), quae hodie in [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terra]] [[Germania|Germanica]] [[Saxonia Inferior]]e exstant, complectitur. Postremae mutationes finium territorialium in Saxonia Inferiore [[1 Novembris|Kalendis Novembribus]] anni [[2021]] effectae sunt. Ex eo tempore [[Saxonia Inferior]] 939 communia et 25 loca nulli communi adscripta (quorum duo habitantur) habet. Quibus e communibus 159 titulo [[urbs|urbis]] (Theodisce ''Stadt'') et 49 titulo [[oppidum|oppidi]] (Theodisce ''Flecken'') utuntur. Praeterea nonnullae proprietates exstant secundum communium administrationem: Nam 939 communia in 289 communia unitaria et 650 communia membra dividuntur; quae vero in universum 114 consociationes communium constituunt, ut munera communiter administrent. Hae consociationes communium ipsa communia non sunt, sed foedera cooperationis, quae aut ex regione aut ex communitate in qua sedes administrationis sita est nomen accipiunt. Quapropter in Saxonia Inferiore idem nomen tam communi quam consociationi communium tribui potest. Agitur tamen de duobus corporibus iuridicis distinctis, quae proprias repraesentationes atque propria munera habent. Praeterea, propter magnitudinem suam, nonnullae communium et consociationes communium peculiarem rationem cum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulo terrae]] (Theodisce ''Landkreis'') habent: * Decem urbes statum iuridicum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli urbani]] (Theodisce ''kreisfreien Stadt'') obtinent, nulli circulo terrae subiiciuntur atque omnia sua munera exercent. * Septem urbes statum iuridicum urbis magnae sui iuris (Theodisce ''Große selbständige Stadt'') obtinent atque multa, sed non omnia, munera circuli terrae cui adscribuntur exercent. * 61 communium et tria communia generalia (Theodisce ''Samtgemeinden'') statum iuridicum communis sui iuris (Theodisce ''Selbständige Gemeinde'') obtinent atque quaedam munera districtus cui adscribuntur exercent. * 861 ceterae communium nullam peculiarem rationem cum circulo terrae cui adscribuntur habent. === A === {{div col|3}} * [[Abensium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Apensen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Obbens'')</small> * [[Acheimum]]<ref name="Grote III 1877">Grote, H. (1877). ''Münzstudien: Geschichte der älteren Münzen und Urkunden des Bisthums Verden'' (Vol. VIII). Hannoverae: Hahn’sche Hofbuchhandlung.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Achim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Achem'')</small> * [[Achestedium]]<ref name="Pratje 1759"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Axstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ax'')</small> * [[Adelebsenum]]<ref name="Funck 1736">Funck, J. N. (1736). ''Disputatio Academica de Voluntaria Morte Judaeorum et Gentilium sub Praesidio S. R. I. Libero Baroni de Adelebsen Dedicata''. Rintelii: Typis Johannis Friderici Enax.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Adelebsen'')</small> * [[Adenebutla]]<ref name="Pischke 1998">Pischke, G. (Ed.) (1998). ''Das Lehnsregister der Edelherren von Meinersen: Edition und historische Untersuchung der mittelalterlichen Besitzurkunden'' (Documentum anni MCCXX). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Adenbüttel'')</small> * [[Adenhusium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1703">Schlegel, J. C. (1703). ''Chronica Parochiarum ditionis Mindensis et Hildesiensis: De ecclesiis parochialibus et ditione antiqua oppidi Adenhusii''. Mindae: Typis Johannis Meyeri; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1703). ''Chronica Parochiarum ditionis Mindensis et Hildesiensis:...''. Mindae: Typis Johannis Meyeri.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ahnsen'')</small> * [[Adenthorpium]]<ref name="Höhbaum 1876">Höhbaum, K. (Ed.) (1876). ''Hansisches Urkundenbuch: Monumenta Germaniae Historica e codicibus diplomaticis Bremensibus et Luneburgensibus'' (Vol. I). Halis Saxonum: Typis Orphanotrophei.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Adendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Adendörp'')</small> * [[Affinghusia]]<ref name="Rathlef 1766">Rathlef, E. L. (1766). ''Geschichte der Grafschaften Hoya und Diepholz: Monimenta diplomatica et antiquitates ditionis Affinghusiae'' (Vol. I). Bremae: Försterischen Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Affinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Affinghusen'' seu ''Affjehusen'')</small> * [[Aldendorpevilla]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> ([[Theodisce]] ''Stadtoldendorf'') * [[Alrebekesa]]<ref name="Oven 1872">Oven, A. von (Ed.) (1872). ''Urkundenbuch des Herzogthums Lüneburg: Diplomata, chartae et registra historica saeculi XII (Documentum anni MCXCVII de venditione praedii Alrebekesae)'' (Vol. I). Hannoverae: Carl Rümpler.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ahnsbeck'')</small> * [[Ahusium (Saxonia Inferior)|Ahusium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705">Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Bremensis et Verdensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Parochiarum ditionis Corbeiensis et Hildesiensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ahausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ahusen'')</small> * [[Alfelda]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Alfeld''; [[Saxonice]] ''Allefelle'')</small> * [[Alfhusium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Alfhausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Alfhusen'')</small> * [[Algermissenum]]<ref name="Hoogeweg III 1903">Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1903). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Quellen und Darstellungen zur Geschichte Niedersachsens (Monimenta historica et privilegia de Algermisseno)'' (Vol. III). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Algermissen'')</small> * [[Alisni]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elsfleth'')</small> * [[Almstedium]]<ref name="Hoogeweg II 1901">Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1901). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Quellen und Darstellungen zur Geschichte Niedersachsens (Monimenta historica et registra de Almstedio)'' (Vol. II). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Almstedt'')</small> * [[Alorstedium]]<ref name="Pratje 1758">Pratje, J. H. (1758). ''Historische Nachrichten von dem ehemaligen berühmten Closter Harsefeld: Monumenta ac documenta saeculi XII ubi de decimis Alorstedii agitur''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ahlerstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ohlers'')</small> * [[Alvstedium]]<ref name="Pratje 1759">Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Alfstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Alfs'' seu ''Alfst'')</small> * [[Amelinghusium]]<ref name="Baring 1746">Baring, E. (1746). ''Succincta Hannoverae et ditionum vicinarum Notitia Historica''. Hanoverae: Typis Nicolae Försteri.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Amelinghausen''; [[lingua Saxonica|Boreosaxonice]] ''Amekhusen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Amelkusen'')</small> * [[Anchemium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ankum'')</small> * [[Andervenia]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Andervenne'')</small> * [[Andorlangia]]<ref name="Pratje 1759"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Anderlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Annerlingen'')</small> * [[Antiqua Medingha]]<ref name="Homeyer X 2006">Homeyer, J. (Ed.) (2006). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Medingen: Lüneburger Urkundenbuch (Monimenta historica saeculi XIV de parochia Medinghae) (Vol. X)''. Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Altenmedingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ohmein'')</small> * [[Apenum]]<ref name="Baring 1746"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Apen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aap'')</small> * [[Apleremum]]<ref name="Schlegel 1703"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Apelern'')</small> * [[Appelium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Appel'')</small> * [[Aquae Lauterbergenses in Montibus Harthicis]]<ref name="Mirus 1826">Mirus, A. (1826). ''De salubritate aquarum lauterbergensium in montibus harthicis sitarum''. Typis Regiis.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Lauterberg im Harz'')</small> * [[Aquae Nendorpenses]]<ref name="Marcard 1805">Marcard, H. M. (1805). ''De salubritate aquarum nendorpensium et de earum usu in morbis chronicis''. [[Goettinga]]e: Dieterich; et: Macard, H. M. (1805). ''De usu salutari fontium salinorum in territorio Hildesiensi sitorum''. [[Goettinga]]e: Dieterich.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Nenndorf'')</small> * [[Aquae Zwischenahnenses]]<ref name="Statisitakamt Nord 2025">Statistikamt Nord (Editio Latina). ''Catalogus Urbium et Communium Germaniae''. Hamburgi, 2025.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Zwischenahn''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Twiskenoan'' seu ''Boad Twiskenoan''; [[Saxonice]] ''Twüschenahn'')</small> * [[Aroldishusium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Arholzen'')</small> * [[Artlenburgum]]<ref name="Baring 1746"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Artlenburg'')</small> * [[Artlissa]]<ref name="Mader 1664">Mader, J. J. (1664). ''Antiquitates Brunsvicenses: De antiquis parochiis Saxonum et finibus dioecesis Mindensis (Caput de parochia Artlissa)''. Helmestadii: Typis Henningi Mulleri.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Aerzen'': quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Ärzen'')</small> * [[Arx Agathae]]<ref name="Kochen 1724">Kochen, J. H. (1724). ''Introductio in Historiam Ducatus Bremensis y Verdensis: Accesserunt diplomata varia et descriptio Arcis Agathae et ditionis Stadiensis''. Stadae: Typis Caspari Holmii.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Agathenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gothenborg'')</small> * [[Arx Draconis]]<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Drakenburg'')</small> * [[Ascalingium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ahlden'')</small> * [[Asanthorpium]]<ref name="Vogell 1856">Vogell, A. (Ed.) (1856). ''Urkundenbuch des Bisthums Verden und des Collegiatstifts Bardewick: Chartae, diplomata et monumenta historica saeculi XIII...''. Hannoverae: Hahn’sche Hofbuchhandlung.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Harburgensis|Circulo Harburgensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Harburg">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Harburgensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Harburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo "[[Harburgum]]" -ad quod gentilicium "Harburgensis-e" refertur-.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Asendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Asendörp'')</small> * [[Asenthorpium]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1855">Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1855). ''Hoyer Urkundenbuch'' (Vol. I). Hannoverae: Jänecke Verlag.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus terrae Diepholtia|Circulo terrae Diepholtia]]<ref name="Landkreis Diepholz">Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Diepholtia" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Diepholz'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo "[[Diepholtia]]", vide {{Hofmannus}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Asendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Asendörp'')</small> * [[Assena]]<ref name="Philippi & Bar 1892">Philippi, F., & Bär, M. (Eds.) (1892). ''Osnabrücker Urkundenbuch: Die Urkunden der Jahre 772-1200'' (Vol. 1). Verein für Geschichte und Landeskunde von Osnabrück.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Essen'')</small> * [[Assini]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Essen'')</small> * [[Astanholteremarki-Scirnbeki]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Osterholz-Scharmbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Oosterholt-Scharmbeek'')</small> * [[Asylum (Saxonia Inferior)|Asylum]]<ref name="Asylum">Theodiscum nomen ''Freistatt'', quod ''Freistätte, Zufluchtsort, Asyl'' significat, Latine "asylum" reddi potest. Nam in ''Deutsches Wörterbuch'' de Weigand et Hirt vox Theodisca ''Asyl'' explicatur ut «Freistatt» et ipsa vox Theodisca ''Asyl'' e Latino "asylum" orta esse dicitur. Praeterea lexicon Germanico-Latinum, quod in traditione lexicographica Georgii continetur, directe tradit: ''Freistatt, -stätte'', "asylum'". Itaque "Asylum" non est forma ficticia neque mera translatio nostra, sed aequivalentia lexicographice comprobata.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Freistatt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Freestatt'')</small> * [[Aszi]]<ref name="Hermann">Hermann Abels: ''Die Ortsnamen des Emslandes in ihrer sprachlichen und kulturgeschichtlichen Bedeutung''. S. 27f.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Esche'')</small> * [[Aulica]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elze'')</small> * [[Auriacum (Saxonia Inferior)|Auriacum]]<ref name="Graesse"/><ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Aurich''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Aurk''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Auerk'')</small> {{div col end}} === B === {{div col|3}} * [[Badberga]]<ref name="-berga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-berga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Badbergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Badbern'')</small> * [[Baddekenstedium]]<ref name="Casemir & Menzel & Ohainski X 2018">Casemir, K., Menzel, F., & Ohainski, U. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil X)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Baddeckenstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Barkenstäe'')</small> * [[Balga]]<ref name="Udolph 1994">Udolph, J. (1994). ''Namenkundliche Studien zum Germanenproblem'' (Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde, Ergänzungsbände 9). Walter de Gruyter.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Balje'')</small> * [[Balga Cortis]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Balge'')</small> * [[Baltrumum]]<ref name="Wiarda III 1792">Wiarda, T. D. (1792). ''Ostfriesische Geschichte: Von den ältesten Zeiten bis zum Jahre 1648'' (Vol. 3). August Friedrich Winter.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Baltrum'')</small> * [[Bamwida]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bohmte''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baumte'')</small> * [[Bardenuvicum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bardowick''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bewick'')</small> * [[Bardorpium]]<ref name="Sudendorf 1859">Sudendorf, H. (Ed.) (1859). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Herzöge von Braunschweig und Lüneburg und ihrer Lande'' (Vol. 1). Carl Rümpler Verlag.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bahrdorf'')</small> * [[Barenburgum]]<ref name="Kolb 1712">Kolb, G. (1712). ''Compendium totius orbis: partim geographicum, partim historicum, partim genealogicum''. Typis Universitatis Carolo-Francisceae</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Barenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baarnborg'')</small> * [[Bargstedum]]<ref name="Mushard 1764">Mushard, M. (1764). ''Palaeogentilismus Bremensis: Monumenta ac veterum tumuli in ducatibus Bremensi et Verdensi''. Typis Andreae Vandenhoeck.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bargstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bargst'' seu ''Bars'')</small> * [[Barnstedum]]<ref name="Bünting & Letzner 1702">Bünting, H., & Letzner, J. (1702). ''Braunschweig-Lüneburgische Chronica, Oder Historische Beschreibung der Durchlauchtigsten Herzogen zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg''. Gedruckt bey Caspar Johann Jakobi.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barnstedt'')</small> * [[Barnstorfium]]<ref name="Böhmer 2007">Böhmer, J. F. (2007). ''Regesta Imperii III: Salisches Haus 1024–1125. Die Regesten des Kaiserreiches unter Heinrich IV'' (T. Struve, Ed.). Böhlau Verlag.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Barnstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baarnstrup'')</small> * [[Barsela]]<ref name="Köbler 2016">Köbler, G. (2016). ''Orte in der deutschen Ortsgeschichte''. Wikiling-Zier. [[Universitas Leopoldino-Franciscea]].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barßel''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bäärsel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bassel'')</small> * [[Barsingehusa]]<ref name="Harenberg 1753">Harenberg, J. C. (1753). ''Historia ecclesiae Gandershemensis diplomatica''. Typis et Impensis Joannis Christophori Meisneri.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barsinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baschehusen'' seu ''Basche'')</small> * [[Barum (Luneburgum)|Barum]]<ref name="Mindermann I II 2004">Mindermann, A. (Ed.) (2004). ''Verdener Urkundenbuch, 1. Abteilung, Band 2: 1300–1380''. Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Luneburgensis|Circulo Luneburgensi]]<ref name="Landreis Lüneburg">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Luneburgensis" -Theodisce ''Landreis Lüneburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Luneburgensis-e" ad [[Luneburgum]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Boorn'')</small> * [[Barum (Circulus Ulsenensis)|Barum]]<ref name="AdWzG 2010">Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen (2010). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter'' (K. Casemir, F. Menzel, & U. Ohainski, Eds.). Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Ulsenensis|Circulo Ulsenensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Uelzen">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Ulsenensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Uelzen'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Ulsenensis-e" ad [[Ulsena]]m refertur. Quo de gentilicio, vide lemma "res-publica Ulsenensis" apud {{Google Books|w_tWAAAAcAAJ|vide paginam dedicationis operis}}"; et de topnymo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bourm'')</small> * [[Barunvilla]]<ref name="SdaedhdlM 1862">Société d'archéologie et d'histoire de la Moselle (1862). ''Mémoires de la Société d'archéologie et d'histoire de la Moselle: Année 1860–1861''. Rousseau-Pallez.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borendörp'')</small> * [[Barverum]]<ref name="Böhmer 1844">Böhmer, J. F. (1844). ''Regesta Chronologico-Diplomatica Regum et Imperatorum Romanorum: Inde a Conrado I. Usque ad Henricum VII''. Typis et Sumtibus J. C. Hermann.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Barver'')</small> * [[Barwedelum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Barwedel'')</small> * [[Basdalum]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Basdahl''; [[Saxonice]] ''Basdaal'' seu ''Basdohl'')</small> * [[Bawinkelum]]<ref name="Moser 1738">Moser, J. J. (1738). ''Bibliotheca Iuris Publici S. R. I. Germanici: Specially regarding the territories of Westphalia and Lower Saxony''. Typis Ioannis Georgii Cottae.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bawinkel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bowinkel'')</small> * [[Bebenhusa (Saxonia Inferior)|Bebenhusa]]<ref name="Ahlfeldt 2010">Ahlfeldt, J. (Ed.) (2010). ''Regnum Francorum Online: Traditio Fuldenses''. Francia-Ahlfeldt Project.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bevensen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bämsen'' seu ''Bemsen'')</small> * [[Beckdorfium]]<ref name="AdWzG 2010"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Beckdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Beekdörp'')</small> * [[Beckedorfium]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Beckedorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Biäkedörp'')</small> * [[Beckelnum]]<ref name="Böhmer 1844"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Beckeln'')</small> * [[Bedenbostelum]]<ref name="NL 1924">Niedersächsisches Landesarchiv (1924). ''Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte''. Veröffentlichungen de Historischen Kommission für Niedersachsen und Bremen.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Beedenbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bedenbossel'')</small> * [[Beierstedum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Beierstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Barste’e'')</small> * [[Belmum]]<ref name="Moser 1738"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Belm'')</small> * [[Belumum]]<ref name="Mushard 1764"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Belum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Belen'')</small> * [[Bema (Saxonia Inferior)|Bema]]<ref name="Sudendorf 1859"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Böhme''; [[Saxonice]] ''Böhm'')</small> * [[Bendestorfium]]<ref name="Bührmann 2005">Bührmann, M. (2005). ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen des norddeutschen Raumes''. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. </ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bendestorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bendsdörp'')</small> * [[Berga (Circulus Cellensis)|Berga]]<ref name="Bruzen de La Martinière 1737">Bruzen de La Martinière, A. A. (1737). ''Thesaurus geographicus criticus: in quo omnium orbis terrarum regionum, civitatum, oppidorum, nominibus antiquis, medii aevi et modernis''. Ex Officina Wetsteniana.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Cellensis|Circulo Cellensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Celle">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Cellensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Celle'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo "[[Cella (Germania)|Cella]]" -ad quod gentilicium "Cellensis-e" refertur-, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bargen'')</small> * [[Berga (Circulus Osnabrugae)|Berga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Osnabrugae|Circulo Osnabrugae]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Osnabrugae" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Osnabrück'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum ''LandKreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo "[[Osnabruga|Osnabruga-ae]]", vide Pertsch, Erich: ''Langenscheidts Großes Schulwörterbuch Lateinisch-Deutsch'', Berolini et Monaci 1983, ISBN 3-468-07202-3, p. 1325.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Berge'')</small> * [[Berga ad Dumnam]]<ref name="Bruzen de La Martinière 1737"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bergen an der Dumme''; [[Polabice]] ''Djörska'')</small> * [[Bergenborstelium]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1855"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bahrenborstel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bornbössel'' seu ''Boornbössel'')</small> * [[Bergfelda]]<ref name="Bünting & Letzner 1702"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bergfeld''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Bargfeld'')</small> * [[Bernsium Minus]]<ref name="Bernsium">Vide [https://emslaendische-landschaft.de/images/AFEL/Publikationen/Zeitschriften/Band_22/Heft_109_Mai_2011.pdf?utm ''''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Berßen, Groß oder Klein''' (...) Bernsium (...)".</ref><ref name="KleinGrosse">De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum "Klein" et "Gross" per Latina "Minor-us" et "Maior-ius", vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Klein Berßen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lütke Bässen'')</small> * [[Bersenbrugum]]<ref name="Sandhoff 1785">Sandhoff, J. E. (1785). ''Antistitum Osnabrugensis ecclesiae, qui per decem saecula episcopale munus in ea gesserunt, chronotaxis''. Typis Joannis Georgii Kislingii.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bersenbrück''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bessenbrügge'')</small> * [[Bersinium]]<ref name="Kaemling 1987">Kaemling, ''Atlas zur Geschichte Niedersachsens'' (1987).</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Berßen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groten Bässen'')</small> * [[Berumburgum]]<ref name="Emmius 1616">Emmius, U. (1616). ''Rerum Frisicarum Historia''. [[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]: Elzevier.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Berumbur'')</small> * [[Bestena]]<ref name="Jellinghaus 1923">Jellinghaus, H. (1923). ''Die westfälischen Ortsnamen nach ihren Bestandteilen''' (III ed.). Ferdinand Schöningh.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Beesten'')</small> * [[Betzendorfum]]<ref name="Bünting & Letzner 1702"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Betzendorfum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bätzendörp'')</small> * [[Bevernense Castrum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bevern'')</small> * [[Beverstedum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Beverstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Beverst'')</small> * [[Bienenbuttelum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bienenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bienbüddel'')</small> * [[Bilshusa]]<ref name="Wolf 1819">Wolf, J. (1819). ''Politische Geschichte des Eichsfeldes mit Urkunden erläutert''. Johann Georg Rosenbusch.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bilshausen'')</small> * [[Binethemum]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688">Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: I. Historicos Germanicos, II. Historiam Helmstadensem, III. Dissertationes de utriusque Saxoniae''. Typis Georgii Wolffgangi Hammii; et: Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: Dissertationen und historische Chroniken des Herzogtums Braunschweig-Lüneburg''. Typis Georgii Wolffii.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bentheim'')</small> * [[Binnenum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Binnen'')</small> * [[Bippenum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bippen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bippen'')</small> * [[Birsina]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bassum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bassen'')</small> * [[Bissendorpum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bissendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bissendörp'')</small> * [[Blenderum]]<ref name="Brosius 1993">Brosius, D. (1993). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Loccum'' (Vol. 1). Wallstein Verlag.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Blender''; [[Saxonice]] ''Blenner'')</small> * [[Bliederstorpum]]<ref name="Trüper 2017">Trüper, H. G. (2017). ''Urkundenbuch der Herren von Zesterfleth: 1232–1657''. Wallstein Verlag.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bliedersdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bliersdörp'')</small> * [[Bobentunum]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski & Udolph"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bovenden''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Bovten'')</small> * [[Bocensis]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bückeburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bückeborg'')</small> * [[Bocholta (Circulus Heidensis)|Bocholta]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1859"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Heidensis|Circulo Heidensi]]<ref name="Heidekreis">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Heidensis" -Theodisce ''Heidekreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum suffixum ''-kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum gentilicium "Heidensis-e" Theodiscum lexema ''Heide-'' vertit.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bookholt'')</small> * [[Bocholta (Circulus Theorosburgensis)|Bocholta]]<ref name="Wilmans & Hoogeweg VI 1898"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Theorosburgensis|Circulo Theorosburgensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Schaumburg">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Theorosburgensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Schaumburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino gentilicio "Theorosburgensis-e", quod ad [[Theorosburgum]] refertur, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baukholt'')</small> * [[Bocholtum in Ericeto]]<ref name="Mindermann 2001"/> <small>[[urbs]] et commune sui iuris</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz in der Nordheide''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bookholt'')</small> * [[Bochorna (Circulus Frisicus)|Bochorna]]<ref name="Ehmck & Bippen 1873">Ehmck, D. R., & von Bippen, W. (Ed.) (1873). ''Bremisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1. Urkunden bis zum Jahre 1300''. C. Schünemann.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Frisicus|Circulo Frisico]]<ref name="Landkreis Friesland">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Frisicus" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Friesland'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Frisicus-a-um" ad [[Frisia (discretiva)|Frisiam]] refertur. Quod de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bockhorn'')</small> * [[Bochorna (Circulus Vetha)|Bochorna]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Vetha|Circulo Vetha]]<ref name="Landkreis Vechta">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Vetha" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Vechta'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo).</ref><ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bakum'')</small> * [[Bochorstia]]<ref name="Erhard 1851">Erhard, H. A. (Ed.) (1851). ''Regesta Historiae Westfaliae: Accedit Codex Diplomaticus/Regesten der Geschichte Westfalens''. Regensberg.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bockhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baukhast'')</small> * [[Bodendicum]]<ref name="Brosius 1985">Brosius, D. (1985). ''Aus der Geschichte der Burg Bodenteich''. Ecomed Verlag.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bodenteich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bonndiek'')</small> * [[Bodenfelda]]<ref name="Sudendorf 1859"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenfelde'')</small> * [[Bodensa]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski & Udolph">Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (2003). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Göttingen''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodensee'')</small> * [[Bodonis Insula]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenwerder'')</small> * [[Boffeshusium]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski VI 2007">Casemir, K., & Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen del Landkreises Holzminden''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VI)''. Editio ab Academia Scientiarum Gottingensi. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Boffzen'')</small> * [[Boitersena]]<ref name="Mindermann 2001">Mindermann, A. (Ed.) (2001). ''Urkundenbuch der Bischöfe und des Domkapitels von Verden: Band 1''. Von den Anfängen bis 1300. [[Stadae|Stadis]]: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bötersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Boitzen'')</small> * [[Boitzia]]<ref name="Sudendorf 1859"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Boitze''; [[Saxonice]] ''Böhtz'')</small> * [[Bokenstorpium]]<ref name="Sudendorf 1859"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bokensdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bokensdörp'')</small> * [[Bokenum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bockenem''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bokeln'')</small> * [[Borchwega]]<ref name="Rüther 1905">Rüther, H. (Ed.) (1905). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Neuenwalde''. Halle’sche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Burweg'')</small> * [[Borkna]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Borkum''; [[lingua Frisica|Frisice]] ''Boarkum''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Börkum'')</small> * [[Borna Castra]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Berne'')</small> * [[Borsla]]<ref name="Niemeyer 2012">Niemeyer, M. (Ed.) (2012). ''Deutsches Ortsnamenbuch''. De Gruyter</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bösel''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Böäsel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bäsel'')</small> * [[Borstla]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1842">Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1842). ''Diepholzer Urkundenbuch: Authentische Urkunden zur Geschichte der Grafschaft Diepholz''. [[Hannovera]]e: Hahn'schen Hofbuchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Borstel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bössel'')</small> * [[Botela]]<ref name="Mindermann 2001"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bothel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bootel'')</small> * [[Brachia (Germania)|Brachia]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Brake''; [[Saxonice]] ''Braak'' seu ''Broak'')</small> * [[Braclina]]<ref name="Rübel 1881">Rübel, K. (Ed.) (1881). ''Dortmunder Urkundenbuch: Band 1. Urkunden bis zum Jahre 1340''. [[Isarlohia]]e: J. Baedeker.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Brackel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Braackel'')</small> * [[Bracum]]<ref name="Kirchbrak">Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum terminationibus ''-ac'' aut ''-ach'' aut ''-ack'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-acum-i" aut "-achium-i". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-ac, -ach, -ack''' : -''acum,'' -''achium'' (...)". Hoc casu, latinizantia suffixa formis antiquis huius toponymi "Brac" applicantur; quo de toponymo, vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B77-F/NOB%20VI%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Holzminden.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1&utm ''/NOB VI Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Holzminden''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Theodericus de Brach'' (...) ''Henricus de Brach'' (...) ''Henrico de Brack'' (...) villa Brac (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kirchbrak''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kerkbraak'')</small> * [[Bramascus]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bramsche'')</small> * [[Breddenberga]]<ref name="Wilmans & Hoogeweg VI 1898">Wilmans, R., & Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.). (1898). ''Westfälisches Urkundenbuch: Band 6. Die Urkunden des Bisthums Minden und angrenzender Gebiete''. [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Regensberg'schen Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Breddenberg'')</small> * [[Bredenforda]]<ref name="Hoogeweg 1898">Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1898). ''Westfälisches Urkundenbuch: Band 6. Die Urkunden des Bisthums Minden vom J. 1201-1300''. [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Regensberg'schen Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brevörde''¨; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Bräwer'')</small> * [[Bredthorpium]]<ref name="Ehmck & Bippen 1873"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Breddorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Breddörp'')</small> * [[Brestum (Saxonia Inferior)|Brestum]]<ref name="Pratje 1759"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brest'')</small> * [[Brincama]]<ref name="Friedländer 1878">Friedländer, E. (Ed.) (1878). ''Ostfriesisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1. (Jahre 787–1470)''. [[Emda]]e: Haynel.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brinkum'')</small> * [[Britlinga]]<ref name="Udolph 2004">Udolph, J. (2004). ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen: Akten eines internationalen Symposiums in Uppsala''. [[Gottinga]]e: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Brietlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brietl'')</small> * [[Brochema]]<ref name="Wilmans & Hoogeweg VI 1898"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Brockum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Broubm'' seu ''Brookm'')</small> * [[Brocleda]]<ref name="Janicke 1896">Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1896). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 1''. [[Lipsia]]e: S. Hirzel.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bröckel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bräukel'')</small> * [[Broclina]]<ref name="Mindermann 2001"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Brockel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brookel'')</small> * [[Broma]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski 2014">Casemir, K., & Ohainski, U. (Ed.). (2014). ''Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch: Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Gifhorn''. [[Bilivelda]]e: Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Brome''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brom'')</small> * [[Brochusium-Vilsena]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1855"/><ref name="Wilmans & Hoogeweg VI 1898"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bruchhausen-Vilsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brooksen-Vilsen'')</small> * [[Brunsvicum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Braunschweig''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brunswiek''; [[lingua Saxonica|Brunsvicice]] dialectaliter ''Bronswiek'' seu ''Brönswiek'')</small> * [[Bukina]]<ref name="Wilmans & Hoogeweg VI 1898"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bücken''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bücken'')</small> * [[Bulcova]]<ref name="Ehmck & Bippen 1873"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bülkau'')</small> * [[Bulsteda]]<ref name="Ehmck & Bippen 1873"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bülstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Büls'')</small> * [[Brunla]]<ref name="Bode 1893">Bode, G. (Ed.) (1893). ''Urkundenbuch der Stadt Goslar und der in und bei Goslar belegenen geistlichen Stiftungen: Band 1 (922 bis 1250)''.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Braunlage'')</small> * [[Bunda]]<ref name="Deiter">Deiter, H. (1881). Oldeborchs, Pastoris zu Bunda in Reiderland, kleine ostfriesische Chronicke, betreffend die Jahre 1558 bis 1605. ''Jahrbuch de Gesellschaft für bildende Kunst und vaterländische Altertümer zu Emden''.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bunde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bunn'')</small> * [[Burchardivillare]]<ref name="Janicke 1892">Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1892). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 1. Bis zum Jahre 1221''. S. Hirzel.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Guelpherbytensis|Circulo Guelpherbytensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Wolfenbüttel">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Guelpherbytensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Wolfenbüttel'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Guelpherbytensis-e" ad [[Guelpherbytum]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide [https://vd18.gbv.de/viewer/fullscreen/006049869/1/ ''vd18.gbv.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Pro eo ac debuisti, urbs aerumnosa, infelix ac misera Guelpherbytum (...)"; et quo de gentilicio, vide [https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/MBRY52X6EUWPQOQRFBKHVLYBSUG4M6LS ''Carmina Votiva Honori Clarißimi atq[ue] Experientißimi Viri Dn. Samuelis Stockhausen''], ubi dicitur "(...) Practici Guelpherbytensis (...)".</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Burgdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borgdörp'')</small> * [[Burgdorfium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(in [[Hannovera (regio)|Regione Hannovera]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Burgdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borgdörp'' seu ''Bortörp'')</small> * [[Burgium (Saxonia Inferior)|Burgium]]<ref name="Remling VII 2026">Remling, L. (2026). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Emsland''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Börger''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borger'')</small> * [[Buria (Saxonia Inferior)|Buria]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski & Udolph"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bühren'')</small> * [[Bursina (Saxonia Inferior)|Bursina]]<ref name="Casemir 2003">Casemir, K. (2003). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil III)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Börßum'')</small> * [[Butiadinga]]<ref name="Ehmck & Bippen II 1876">Ehmck, D. R., & Bippen, W. von. (Ed.) (1876). ''Bremisches Urkundenbuch: Band 2. 1301–1350''. D. Ed. Müller.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Butjadingen'')</small> * [[Buxtehuda]]<ref name="Lappenberg 1842">Lappenberg, J. M. (Ed.) (1842). ''Hamburgisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1''. Perthes-Besser & Mauke.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Buxtehude''; [[Saxonice]] ''Buxthu'')</small> * [[Byspinga]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1859">Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1859). ''Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, Fünfte Abtheilung: Archiv des Klosters St. Michaelis zu Lüneburg''. Capaun-Karlowa’sche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bispingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bissen'')</small> {{div col end}} === C === {{div col|3}} * [[Calba (Saxonia Inferior)|Calba]]<ref name="Kalbe">Theodiscum toponymum ''Kalbe'' seu ''Calbe'' forma "Calba" latinizari solet. Cf. [[Calba ad Salam|Calbam ad Salam]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kalbe''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kalf'')</small> * [[Calefelda]]<ref name="-felda">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-feld(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-felda-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Falufelda]], [[Frauenfelda]], [[Heresfelda]], [[Hirutfelda]], [[Ilfelda]], [[Mansfelda]], [[Salfelda]], [[Sualafelda]], [[Alfelda]], [[Alsfelda]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref name="Calefeldensis">"C" pro "K" ponitur propter orthographiam gentilicii "Calefeldensis-e". Quo de gentilicio, vide [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Abhandlungen_zur_geologischen_Specialkarte_von_Preussen_und_den_Th%C3%BCringischen_Staaten_%28IA_abhandlungenzurg8589preu%29.pdf?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=index&utm_content=original ''Abhandlungen zur geologischen Specialkarte von Preussen und den Thüringischen Staaten''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Calefeldensis'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Kalefeld'')</small> * [[Campus Rufus]]<ref name="Stüve 1789"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Rothenfelde'')</small> * [[Capella (Saxonia Inferior)|Capella]]<ref name="Philippi II 1894">Philippi, F. (Ed.) (1894). ''Osnabrücker Urkundenbuch: Band 2. Die Urkunden der Jahre 1201–1250''. H. Th. Wenner.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cappeln'')</small> * [[Castrovallium]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Burgwedel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borwee'' seu ''Boorwee'')</small> * [[Cella (Germania)|Cella]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Celle'')</small> * [[Clenza]]<ref name="Janicke II 1896">Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1896). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 2. Von 1221 bis 1260''. S. Hirzel.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Clenze''; [[Polabice]] ''Kloncka'')</small> * [[Cloppenburgum]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Cloppenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cloppenborg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Kloppenbuurich'')</small> * [[Clusa (Saxonia Inferior)|Clusa]]<ref name="Kluse">Theodiscum Saxonicumque toponymum ''Kluse'' derivatur a Medio-Latino vocabulo "clūsa", "angustum montium aditum, locum clausum" significante, quae ad Latinum verbum "claudere" refertur; cf. Kluge, ''Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache'', s.v. ''Klause'', ubi Mediaevali Theodisco vocabulo ''klûse'', Antiquo Theodisco vocabulo ''chlûsa'' ex [[Latinitas medii aevi|Mediaevali Latino vocabulo]] "clausa, clusa" deducitur, et Lühr, ''Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen'', V, s.v. ''klûsa'', ubi Antiquum Theodiscum vocabulum ''klûsa'', ''Einfriedung, Engpass'' significans, ex [[Latinitas medii aevi|Mediaevali Latino vocabulo]] "clūsa" explicatur. Inde Theodiscum Saxonicumque toponymum ''Kluse'' ortum est.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Kluse'')</small> * [[Coeli Porta]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Himmelpforten''; [[Saxonice]] ''Himmelpoorten'')</small> * [[Collis (Saxonia Inferior)|Collis]]<ref name="Erhard 1851">Erhard, H. A. (Ed.) (1851). ''Regesta Historiae Westfaliae: Accedit Codex Diplomaticus/Regesten der Geschichte Westfalens''. Regensberg.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Polle'') * [[Cornu Curvatum]]<ref name="Cornu Curvatum">[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/curvatus?wb=gross&nr=1 Theodiscum adiectivale praefixum ''Krumm-'' Latino adiectivo "curvatus-a-um"] et [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/cornu?wb=gross&nr=2 Theodiscum nominale suffixum ''-hörn'' Latino nomine "cornu-us" (n.)] vertitur.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Krummhörn'')</small> * [[Cramma]]<ref name="Casemir 2003"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cramme'')</small> * [[Cranenburgum (Saxonia Inferior)|Cranenburgum]]<ref name="Cranenburgum">Theodiscum toponymum ''Kranenburg'' "Cranenburgum" latinizari solet. Cf. [[Cranenburgum (Rhenania Septentrionalis et Vestfalia)|Cranenburgum Rhenanum]] apud ''Atlas Sive Cosmographicae Meditationes de Fabrica Mundi et Fabricati Figura'', Mercatoris.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Kranenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kronenborg'')</small> * [[Curia Maiorica]]<ref name="Curia Maiorica">Manfred Niemeyer (Hrsg.): ''Deutsches Ortsnamenbuch''. De Gruyter, Berolini 2012, ISBN 978-3-11-018908-7, S. 298.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Jork''; [[Saxonice]] ''Jörk'')</small> * [[Cuxhavia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Cuxhaven''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cuxhoben'')</small> {{div col end}} === D === {{div col|3}} * [[Dalemia]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dahlem'')</small> * [[Dalenburgum]]<ref name="Rzihacek & Spreitzer XI 2024">Rzihacek, A., & Spreitzer, F. (Ed.) (2024). ''Die Urkunden Otto IV (Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Diplomata Regum et Imperatorum Germaniae, Tomus XI). Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dahlenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dahlenborg'')</small> * [[Dalum]]<ref name="Janicke II 1896"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dahlum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Tahln'')</small> * [[Damma (Saxonia Inferior)|Damma]]<ref name="Philippi II 1894"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Damme'')</small> * [[Damnatzium]]<ref name="Garzmann LXXVI 2004">Garzmann, M. R. W. (Ed.) (2004). ''Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte: Neue Folge der Zeitschrift des Historischen Vereins für Niedersachsen (Band 76)''. Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Damnatz'')</small> * [[Danneberga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Dannenberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dannenbarg''; [[Polabice]] ''Wajdars'')</small> * [[Danthorpum]]<ref name="Casemir & Menzel % Udolph VII 2011">Casemir, K., Menzel, F., & Udolph, J. (2011). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII''). Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Danndorf'')</small> * [[Dassela]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dassel'')</small> * [[Dedenhusa]]<ref name="-husaDeensen">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Dedehusen'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: Casemir, K., & Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Holzminden (Veröffentlichungen del Institut für Historische Landesforschung der Universität Göttingen, Vol. 51)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Deensen'')</small> * [[Deinsta]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Deinste''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deinst'')</small> * [[Deinstadium]]<ref name="-stadt">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-stadium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Deinstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deins'')</small> * [[Delmenhorstium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Delmenhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Demost'')</small> * [[Dengdia]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Denkte'')</small> * [[Derenthalia]]<ref name="-thalia">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-thal'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-thalia-ae" seu "-dalia-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-thal''' : -''thalia'', -''dalia'' (...)". Animadvertendum est suffixum ''-thal'' veterem orthographiam hodierni suffixi ''-tal'' esse; ergo Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-tal'' quoque latinizari potest addita terminatione latinizata "-thalia-ae" seu "-dalia-ae".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Derental'')</small> * [[Dersum]]<ref name="Egger 1977">Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dersum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Derßm'')</small> * [[Dettum]]<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dettum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Detten'')</small> * [[Dicla]]<ref name="Mooyer 1855">Mooyer, E. F. (Ed.) (1855). ''Urkundenbuch des vormaligen Stiftes Minden''. J. C. C. Bruns.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dickel'')</small> * [[Diddersa]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Didderse'' et [[Saxonice]] ''Deesse'')</small> * [[Diekholza]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Diekholzen'')</small> * [[Dielmissa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dielmissen'')</small> * [[Diepenavia]]<ref name="-avia">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-avia-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Diepenau'')</small> * [[Diepholtia]]<ref name="Hofmannus">{{Hofmannus}}.</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Diepholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deefholt'')</small> * [[Dinklaga]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dinklage''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dinklaoge'')</small> * [[Disaldishusa]]<ref name="-husaDelligsen">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Disaldishusen'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: Reuter, A. (Ed.) (1950). ''1100 Jahre Delligsen: Geschichte der Hilsmulde und des Ortes Delligsen''. Verlag der Gemeinde Delligsen. </ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Delligsen'')</small> * [[Disna (Saxonia Inferior)|Disna]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dissen am Teutoburger Wald'')</small> * [[Dithgherscope-Twielenflethum]]<ref name="Hollern">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/hollern-twielenfleth/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon'']. ubi dicitur "(...) ''Luderus in Dithgherscope'' (...)".</ref><ref name="-ethum">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-eth'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-ethum-i", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Bechtsriethum]], [[Maitenbethum]] ac [[Wiesethum]] apud Vicipaediae Latinae articulum de [[Index communium Bavariae|indice communium Bavariae]]; et [[Gransebiethum]] apud Vicipaediae Latinae articulum de [[Index Communium Megapolis et Pomeraniae Citerioris|indice communium Megapolis et Pomeraniae Citerioris]].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hollern-Twielenfleth''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hullern-Twielenfleth'')</small> * [[Dohra (Terra Emesensis)|Dohra]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Terrae Emesensis|Terra Emesensi]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Terrae Altenburgensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Emsland'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum "terra-ae" Theodiscum lexema ''-land'' vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Emesensis-e" ad flumen [[Amisia|Emesam]] refertur. De hoc hydronymo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dohren '')</small> * [[Dohra (Circulus Harburgensis)|Dohra]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Harburgensis|Circulo Harburgensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Harburg"/>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dohren''; [[Saxonice]] ''Duhrn'')</small> * [[Dolnere]]<ref name="Dolnere">Vide [https://adw-goe.de/fileadmin/forschungsprojekte/ortsnamen_rhein_elbe/dokumente/Publikationen_Udolph_PDF/2001-2005/315._Udolph_Anmerkungen_zum_Ortsnamen_Dollern.pdf ''Anmerkugen zum Ortsnamen Dollern''], ubi dicitur "(...) 1105 (Fälschung Mitte 12. Jh.) ''Dolnere'' (...) 1209 ''Johannes de dolnere'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dollern'')</small> * [[Doristacus]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dorstadt'')</small> * [[Dornum]]<ref name="Egger 1977">Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Dornum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dornm'')</small> * [[Dorverda]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dörverden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dörbern'' seu ''Dörb'' seu ''Dörveern'')</small> * [[Dotlinga]]<ref name="-inga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dötlingen'')</small> * [[Draga (Albis)|Draga]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Drage''; [[Saxonice]] ''Draag'')</small> * [[Drentweda]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Drentwede'')</small> * [[Drestadium]]<ref name="-stadt"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Drestedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dreest'')</small> * [[Drochtersa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Drochtersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Drochters'')</small> * [[Dudanebutli]]<ref name="Lappenberg 1841">Lappenberg, J. M. (Ed.) (1841). ''Hamburgisches Urkundenbuch (Band 1)''. Perthes-Besser & Mauke.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Düdenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Düünbeudel'')</small> * [[Duderstadium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Duderstadt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dustadt'')</small> * [[Dunsa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dünsen'')</small> * [[Dunum (Saxonia Inferior)|Dunum]]<ref name="Houtrouw 1889">Houtrouw, O. G. (1889). ''Ostfriesland: Eine geschichtlich-ortskundige Wanderung gegen Ende der Fürstenzeit (Band 1)''. Dunkmann.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dunum'')</small> * [[Duthungun]]<ref name="Udolph 2004"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Duingen''; [[Saxonice|Ostfalice]] ''Daujen'')</small> {{div col end}} === E === {{div col|3}} * [[Ebbestorpium]]<ref name="Jaitner 1985">Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ebstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ebstörp'')</small> * [[Ebersdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Ebersdorfium]]<ref name="Ebersdorfium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Ebersdorf'' in Latinam "Ebersdorfium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ebersdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eversdörp'')</small> * [[Echemium]]<ref name="-hemium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-hemium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Echem''; [[Saxonice]] ''Echen'')</small> * [[Edemissa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Edemissen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emisse'')</small> * [[Egestorpium]]<ref name="-torpium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-torpium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Egestorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Äästörp'')</small> * [[Edewechte]]<ref name="Berger 2012">Berger, D. (2012). ''Edewecht''. In ''Deutsches Ortsnamenbuch''. Walter de Gruyter.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Edewecht''; [[Saxonice]] ''Erwech''; historice ''Adewacht'')</small> * [[Eggermuhla]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Eggermühlen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eggermöhlen'')</small> * [[Ehra-Lessia]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ehra-Lessien'')</small> * [[Eicklinga]]<ref name="-inga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Eicklingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eikeln'')</small> * [[Eildissum]]<ref name="Stumpf-Brentano II 1865">Stumpf-Brentano, K. F. (Ed.) (1865). ''Die Reichskanzler vornehmlich des X., XI. und XII. Jahrhunderts: Acta Imperii Selecta'' (Vol. 2). [[Aeni Pons (Austria)|Aeni Ponte]]: Wagner'schen Universitäts-Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Eilsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ahlsen'')</small> * [[Eima (Circulus Hildesiensis)|Eima]]<ref name="-e"/> </small>(in [[Circulus Hildesiensis|Circulo Hildesiensi]]<ref name="Circulus Hildesiensis">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Hildesiensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Hildesheim'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Hildesiensis-e" ad [[Hildesia]]m refertur. Hac de urbe, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eime'')</small> * [[Eima (Circulus Holtisminnensis)|Eima]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Holtisminnensis|Circulo Holtisminnensi]]<ref name="Circulus Holtisminnensis">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Holtisminnensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Holzminden'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo "[[Holtisminni]]" -ad quod gentilicium "Holtisminnensis-e" refertur-, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Eimen'')</small> * [[Eimka]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Eimke''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aimk'')</small> * [[Ekelum]]<ref>Vide: Von Hodenberg, W. (Ed.) (1855). ''Walsroder Urkundenbuch (Urkunde Nr. 19)''. Hahnsche Hofbuchhandlung. Quo opere "proprietatem bonorum in Ekelo, que ab ecclesia Walsrodensi in feodum tenuit, pro quinquaginta marcis seriosius comparavit." dicitur.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eickeloh'')</small> * [[Elba (Saxonia Inferior)|Elba]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elbe'')</small> * [[Elbingeroda]]<ref name="-roda"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elbingerode'')</small> * [[Eldinga]]<ref name="-inga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eldingen'')</small> * [[Elsdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Elsdorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Elsdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Elsdörp'')</small> * [[Embeca]]<ref name="Embeca">"non ignobiles Saxoniae civitates, Embeca et Gottinga" {{Google Books|I7pXAAAAcAAJ|p. 734}}. Interdum "Embica", "Embecka" etc. reperis</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Einbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aimbeck'')</small> * [[Embsa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Embsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emsen'')</small> * [[Emda]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Emden''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Oamde'')</small> * [[Emmelkampus]]<ref name="Emmelkampus">Vide [https://www.altreformiert.de/beuker/geschichte/grafschaft-bentheim/ERK-GRAFSCH_Classis_1625-1705_Prot_-_Plasger_2021_gjb.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Protokolle der Classis der reformierten Prediger der Grafschaft Bentheim 1625–1705''], ubi dicitur "(...) Domino Bernhardus Tinneken Pastorum Emmelkampum (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Emlichheim''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Batavice]] ''Emmelkamp'')</small> * [[Emmendorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Emmendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emdörp'')</small> * [[Emphstece]]<ref name="Emphstece">Vide [https://www.emstek.de/die-gemeinde/ortsteile/emstek?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''www.emstek.de'']; ubi dicitur "(...) Urkunde aus dem Jahre 947 als „Emphstece" (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Emstek''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emstäk'')</small> * [[Emsbura]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Emsbüren''; [[Saxonice]] ''Büren'')</small> * [[Emtinghusa]]<ref name="-husa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Emtinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emhusen'')</small> * [[Engda]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Engden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Engn'')</small> * [[Engelschofa]]<ref name="-hofa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hof(f)(e)(n)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-hofa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hattenhofa (Bavaria)|Hattenhofa Bavarica]], [[Pfaffenhofa ad fluvium Glon]], [[Pfaffenhofa ad Rotam]], [[Poohofa]], [[Gundershofa]], [[Hattenhofa (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Hattenhofa Badeniae-Virtembergiae]], [[Pfaffenhofa (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Pfaffenhofa]], [[Matichofa]], [[Philshofa]] apud [[Google|Gugulam]].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Engelschoff''; [[Saxonice]] ''Engelschopp'')</small> * [[Erenburgum]]<ref name="Minden II 1902">Minden, G. von (Ed.) (1902). ''Urkundenbuch der Bischöfe von Verden und Minden (Band 2)''. Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ehrenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ehrenborg'')</small> * [[Erkeroda]]<ref name="-roda">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-rode'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-roda-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Baceroda]], [[Gerningeroda]], [[Osteroda]], [[Werningroda]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Erkerode''; [[Saxonice]] ''Erkero'')</small> * [[Ermelstorpium]]<ref name="Pratje 1759"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Armstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Armsdörp'')</small> * [[Ericetum Magnum]]<ref name="Ericetum">[https://woerterbuchnetz.de/?sigle=MeckWB&lemid=H01756 Theodiscum toponymicum suffixum ''-heide'' Latino nomine "Ericetum-i" vertitur.]</ref><ref name="Magnus">[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/magnus?wb=gross&nr=1 Theodiscum praefixum ''Groß-'' Latino adiectivo "magnus-a-um" vertitur.]</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Großheide''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grootheid'')</small> * [[Escheda]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Eschede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Esche'')</small> * [[Eschershusa]]<ref name="-husa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eschershausen'')</small> * [[Esena]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Esens'')</small> * [[Essel]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Essel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Äsel'')</small> * [[Esterwega]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Esterwegen''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Äästerweede'')</small> * [[Estorpium]]<ref name="-torpium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-torpium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(ad [[Visurgis|Visurgem]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Estorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Esdörp'')</small> * [[Estorpium]]<ref name="-torpium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-torpium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Stadae|Circulo Stadae]]<ref name="Landkreis Stade">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Stadae" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Stade'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo "[[Stadae]]", vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Estorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Esdörp'')</small> * [[Evergoteshemium]]<ref name="-hemiumEver">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-hemium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Euergoteshem'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: H. Bresslau et. al.: ''Die Urkunden Heinrichs II. und Arduins''. In: Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Die Urkunden der deutschen Könige und Kaiser, Band 3. [[Hannovera]]e 1900–1903.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ebergötzen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Ewerchötzschen'')</small> * [[Everinga]]<ref name="-ingaEvern">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum mediaevali formae huius toponymi ''Everinge'' testatae applicatur. Quo de mediaevali toponymo, vide: Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (1998). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises und der Stadt Hannover (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil I)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Deutsch Evern''; [[Saxonice]] ''Düütsch Äwern'')</small> * [[Eversmeer]] <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eversmeer'')</small> * [[Evessum]]<ref name="NOB 2004">Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (2004). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter''' (NOB III). [[Gottinga]]e: Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Evessen'')</small> * [[Eydelstadium]]<ref name="-stadt">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-stadium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Eydelstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eidelstee'')</small> * [[Eyendorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Eyendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eyndörp'')</small> * [[Eystharpa]]<ref name="-tharpa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-trup'' seu ''-drup'' seu ''-trop'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-tharpa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Butilingtharpa]], [[Graftharpa]], [[Gumorodingtharpa]], [[Haringtharpa]], [[Heppingtharpa]], [[Holttharpa]], [[Hurstharpa]], [[Kathingtharpa]], [[Kiedeningtharpa]], [[Marastharpa]], [[Markiligtharpa]], [[Meinbrahtingtharpa]], [[Peingtharpa]], [[Radistharpa]], [[Sutharpa]], [[Tettingtharpa]], [[Vilomaringtharpa]], [[Winikingtharpa]], [[Varetharpa]], [[Vrilingtharpa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eystrup'')</small> {{div col end}} === F === {{div col|3}} * [[Fallingbostela]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bad Fallingbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Fambossel'')</small> * [[Fardium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Verden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Veern'')</small> * [[Farva]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Farven''; [[Saxonice]] ''Farm'')</small> * [[Fassberga]]<ref name="-berga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-berga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Faßberg'')</small> * [[Filsum]] <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Filsum'')</small> * [[Firrel]] <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Firrel'')</small> * [[Florimontium (circulus Widmundensis)|Florimontium]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Blomberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bloombarg'' seu ''Blombarg'')</small> * [[Flotide]]<ref name="Flotide">De nominibus "Flotide" {{caa|780|802}}, "Flathi" {{caa|1013}}, "Flatide" {{caa|1142}}, "Flothethe" {{caa|1187}}, "Vlothe" {{caa|1189}} et "Flotethe" {{caa|1194}}, vide: Udolph, Jürgen. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160729194352/https://www.ndr.de/ndr1niedersachsen/programm/Ortsnamen-Uebersicht-fuer-Buchstaben-F,ortsnamenforscher111.html ''Ortsnamenforscher'']. ''NDR 1 Niedersachsen''.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Flöthe'')</small> * [[Frankenfelda]]<ref name="-felda">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-feld(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-felda-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Falufelda]], [[Frauenfelda]], [[Heresfelda]], [[Hirutfelda]], [[Ilfelda]], [[Mansfelda]], [[Salfelda]], [[Sualafelda]], [[Alfelda]], [[Alsfelda]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Frankenfeld'')</small> * [[Freda]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Freden'')</small> * [[Fredenbiki]]<ref name="-biki">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-beck'' seu ''-beek'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-biki-orum", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Aesebiki]], [[Asbiki]], [[Beverbiki]], [[Gledabiki]], [[Goltbiki]], [[Sannanabiki]], [[Trobiki]], [[Walbeka|Walbiki]], [[Winesbiki]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Fredenbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Freenbeek'')</small> * [[Frera]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Freren'')</small> * [[Fresenburgum]]<ref name="-burg">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-burgum-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Fresenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Fräsenborg'')</small> * [[Friburgum (Albis)|Friburgum]]<ref name="Friburgum">Theodiscum toponymum ''Freiburg'' Latino toponymo "Friburgum" verti solet. Cf. [[Friburgum Brisgoviae]] aut [[Friburgum Nuithonum]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Freiburg/Elbe''; [[Saxonice]] ''Fryborg'' seu ''Freiborg'')</small> * [[Frideburgum]]<ref name="Frideburgum">Vide [https://www.heimatbund-finnentrop.de/index_htm_files/Staats-%20u.%20Reisegeogr.%205.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Beschreibung derer merkwürdigsten Oerter''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Frideburg, Friedeburg, lat. Frideburgum'''. Liegt im Fürstenthum Ostfriesland, an den Grenzen der Grafschaft Oldenburg (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Friedeburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Freborg'' seu ''Freebörg'')</small> * [[Friedlandia (Saxonia Inferior)|Friedlandia]]<ref name="Friedland">Theodiscum toponymum ''Friedland' in Latinam "Friedlandia" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Friedland'')</small> * [[Frisoyta]]<ref name="Frisoyta">Vide [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363707446_Der_Status_animarum_im_Hochstift_Munster_und_die_Alphabetisierung_im_landlichen_Raum_eines_geistlichen_Furstentums_im_17_und_18_Jahrhundert ''Der Status animarum im Hochstift Münster und die Alphabetisierung im ländlichen Raum eines geistlichen Fürstentums im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert''], ubi dicitur "(...) Specificatio catholic[orum] et acatholicorum in Frisoyta (...)".</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Friesoythe''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ait''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aithe'')</small> * [[Furstenavia]]<ref name="Furstenavia">Theodiscum nomen proprium ''Fürstenau'' in Latinam "Furstenavia" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Hofmannus}}, ubi dicitur "(...) FURSTENAVIA Familia Germ. ''Furstenau'', ramus est Familiae Erpacensis (...)".</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Fürstenau''; [[Saxonice]] ''Fösnau'' seu ''Försnau'')</small> * [[Furstenberga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Fürstenberg'')</small> {{div col end}} === G === {{div col|3}} * [[Ganderkesea]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>commune sui iuris</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ganderkesee''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gannerseer'')</small> * [[Gandershemium]]<ref>[http://books.google.fi/books?id=6kwBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA27&lpg=PA27&dq=Gandershemium&source=bl&ots=_NMr2DmhUK&sig=CXPUuuKZ8W03AC7uB3YlYYNscJ4&hl=fi&sa=X&ei=7z7WUrfrO8iC4gTGxoGYCw&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Gandershemium&f=false R. p. Hertenberger: ''Historia pragmatica universalis, sacra et profana''], p.27; [http://books.google.fi/books?id=yScyAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA58&lpg=PA58&dq=Gandershemium&source=bl&ots=ZoGX4tZRRD&sig=8fUZc6grFgYD0jN-twVcDyzarYI&hl=fi&sa=X&ei=7z7WUrfrO8iC4gTGxoGYCw&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Gandershemium&f=false ''Acta Sanctorum, Junii'' (1698-1717), cit. in ''A Companion to Hrotsvit of Gandersheim (fl. 960)''], p. 58 n.103.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Gandersheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ganderssen'')</small> * [[Gandesberga]]<ref name="-berga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-berga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gandesbergen'')</small> * [[Garbsa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Garbsen'')</small> * [[Garlstorpium]]<ref name="-torpium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-torpium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Garlstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Garlstörp'')</small> * [[Garrel]] <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Garrel'')</small> * [[Garstadium]]<ref name="-stadt">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-stadium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Garstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gastää'')</small> * [[Gartovia]]<ref name="-ovia">[[Linguae Germanicae|Germanica]] ac [[linguae Slavicae|Slavica]] toponyma cum suffixo ''-ov'' seu ''-öv'' seu ''ow'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-ovia-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Asovia]], [[Brewnovia]], [[Czernichovia]], [[Glasgovia]], [[Golnovia]], [[Grabovia]], [[Kharkovia]], [[Laszovia]], [[Ostrovia]], [[Pscovia]], [[Racovia]], [[Sucovia]], [[Tarnovia]], [[Wengrovia]], [[Witkowa]], [[Wittovia]], [[Crovia]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gartow'')</small> * [[Geesta]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Geeste''; [[Saxonice]] ''Choeiste'')</small> * [[Geestlandia]]<ref name="-landia">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-land'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-landia-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amelandia]], [[Bevelandia Australis]], [[Bevelandia Septentrionalis]], [[Bolandia]], [[Iutlandia]], [[Curlandia]], [[Estlandia]], [[Finlandia]], [[Flevolandia]], [[Friedlandia]], [[Islandia]], [[Gothlandia]], [[Hollandia]], [[Ingermanlandia]], [[Isalandia]] [[Lalandia]], [[Langelandia]], [[Oehtlandia]] [[Olandia]], [[Sallandia]], [[Samlandia]] [[Zelandia]], [[Selandia]] [[Fotlandia]], [[Wermelandia]] [[Withlandia]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Geestland'')</small> * [[Gehrda]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Gehrde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gährde'')</small> * [[Gemmegum]]<ref name="Gemmegum">Vide ''Giminghem - der alte Name von Jemgum'' Gerhardi Kronsweide; ubi dicitur "(...) '''Mittelalterliche urkundliche und einige neuzeitliche Nennungen von Jemgum''' (...) Gemmegum (Urkunde in lateinisch) (...) Gommegum (lat.) (...) Gemghum (lat.) (...) Gemmyngum (lat.) (...) Jemgum (Ubbo Emmius, lat.) (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Jemgum'')</small> * [[Georgsdorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Georgsdorf'')</small> * [[Gerdavia]]<ref name="-avia">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-avia-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gerdau'')</small> * [[Gerdinum]]<ref name="Gerdinium">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/gehrden/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur "(...) Urkundlich ist der spätere Flecken möglicherweis erstmals als ''Gerdinum'' im Verzeichnis der Schenkungen (''Traditionen'') an das Kloster Corvey erwähnt, das um 826/76 angelegt wurde (...)".</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Gehrden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gieren'')</small> * [[Gersta]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gersten'')</small> * [[Geteloha]]<ref name="-loha">Germanica praesentia aut antiqua toponyma cum suffixis ''-loh(e)'' et ''-lo'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-loha-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ascloha]], [[Buohloha]], [[Eiloha]], [[Hadaloha]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Getelo''; [[Saxonice]] ''Getel'')</small> * [[Gevensleba]]<ref name="-leba">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-leben'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-leba-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hadersleba]], [[Kintileba]], [[Meresleba]], [[Mimileba]], [[Rumerestleba]], [[Wigileba]], [[Winirichileba]], [[Albgozesleba]], [[Asoltesleba]], [[Buffileba]], [[Egisleba]], [[Gorchesleba]], [[Gozzenleba]], [[Gunderichesleba]], [[Gunzenleba]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gevensleben'')</small> * [[Gevera]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Jever'')</small> * [[Gieboldehusa]]<ref name="-husa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Gieboldehausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Chiwelehusen'')</small> * [[Giesa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Giesen'')</small> * [[Gifhorna]]<ref name="Cellarius 1703"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Gifhorn'')</small> * [[Gilta]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gilten'')</small> * [[Glandorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Glandorf'')</small> * [[Gleicha]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gleichen'')</small> * [[Gnarrenburgum]]<ref name="-burg">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-burgum-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Gnarrenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gnarrenborg'')</small> * [[Godenstorfium]]<ref name="-torpium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-torpium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Gödenstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gö’nstörp'')</small> * [[Goldbiki]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Golmbach'')</small> * [[Goldenstadium]]<ref name="-stadt">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-stadium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Goldenstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gollnste'')</small> * [[Golencampus]]<ref name="campus-i">[https://ewa.saw-leipzig.de/articles/80250/en?utm Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-kamp'' seu ''-kampf'' seu ''-camp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-campus-i"], quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Gölenkamp''; [[Saxonice]] ''Göllenkamp'')</small> * [[Gorenthin]]<ref name="Gorenthin">Vide [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Zeitschrift_des_Historischen_Vereins_f%C3%BCr_Niedersachsen_%28IA_zeitschriftdeshi1857hist%29.pdf?utm ''Zeitschrift des Historischen Vereins für Niedersachsen''], ubi dicitur "(...) villam Gorenthin '' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Göhrde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Göhr''; [[Polabice]] ''Djöra'')</small> * [[Gorleba]]<ref name="-leba">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-leben'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-leba-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hadersleba]], [[Kintileba]], [[Meresleba]], [[Mimileba]], [[Rumerestleba]], [[Wigileba]], [[Winirichileba]], [[Albgozesleba]], [[Asoltesleba]], [[Buffileba]], [[Egisleba]], [[Gorchesleba]], [[Gozzenleba]], [[Gunderichesleba]], [[Gunzenleba]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gorleben'')</small> * [[Goslaria]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Goslar''; [[Saxonice]] ''Goslär'')</small> * [[Gottinga]]<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=kkM-AAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=gottingensis&lr=&cd=14#v=onepage&q=&f=false Libri Googles].</ref> <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Göttingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Chöttingen'')</small> * [[Grafhorstium]]<ref name="-horstium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-horst'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-horstium-i". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-horst''' : -''horstium'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Grafhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grafhorst'')</small> * [[Grasberga]]<ref name="-berga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-berga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Grasberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grasbarg'')</small> * [[Grasleba]]<ref name="-leba">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-leben'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-leba-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hadersleba]], [[Kintileba]], [[Meresleba]], [[Mimileba]], [[Rumerestleba]], [[Wigileba]], [[Winirichileba]], [[Albgozesleba]], [[Asoltesleba]], [[Buffileba]], [[Egisleba]], [[Gorchesleba]], [[Gozzenleba]], [[Gunderichesleba]], [[Gunzenleba]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Grasleben''; [[Saxonice]] ''Graslewe'')</small> * [[Grethemium]]<ref name="-hemium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-hemium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Grethem''; [[Saxonice]] ''Graitn'')</small> * [[Grona (Leina)|Grona]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gronau'')</small> * [[Grundensis Civitas Metallica]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Grund'')</small> * [[Grunendicum]]<ref name="-dicum"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Grünendeich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Greundiek'')</small> * [[Guderhandviertel]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Guderhandviertel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gauderhandviddel'')</small> * [[Guelpherbytum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wolfenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wulfenbüttel'')</small> * [[Gusbornium]]<ref name="-bornium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-born'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-bornium-ii", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Calenbornium (prope Aram)|Calenbornium prope Aram]] et [[Calenbornium (prope Caesariacum)|Calenbornium prope Caesariacum]] (Theodisce ''Kalenborn''); [[Calenbornium-Scheurenum]] (Theodisce ''Kalenborn-Scheuern''); [[Hasbornium (Eiflia)|Hasbornium]] (Theodisce ''Hasborn''); [[Leidenbornium]] (Theodisce ''Leidenborn''); [[Lichtenbornium]] (Theodisce ''Lichtenborn''). Quae omnia toponyma ex articulo Vicipaediae Latinae de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Rhenaniae_et_Palatinatus indice urbium et communium Rhenaniae et Palatinatus] desumpta sunt, ubi apte referuntur.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gusborn'')</small> * [[Gyhum]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Gyhum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Jeem'')</small> {{div col end}} === H === {{div col|3}} * [[Hademstorpium]]<ref name="-torpium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-torpium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hademstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hamstorp'')</small> * [[Haeslinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Heeslingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Heeßel'')</small> * [[Haga (Saxonia Inferior)|Haga]]<ref name="Haga">Vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3191/Hage.pdf?utm ''Historische Ortsdatenbank für Ostfriesland''], ubi dicitur "(...) Erscheinung trat der Ort als „curatus Hagensis“ im Jahr 1400. Spätere Bezeichnungen waren „ Haga“ (um 1409) (...)".</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hage''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Haag'')</small> * [[Haga ad Teutoburgiensem Saltum]]<ref name="-haga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hag(e)(n)'' seu ''-ha(a)g'' seu ''-hague'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-haga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Haga (Franconia Superior)|Haga Franconiae Superioris]], [[Haga ad Ambram]], [[Haga (in Bavaria superiore)|Haga in Bavaria Superiore]] apud [[Index communium Bavariae|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Bavariae]]; [[Falkenhaga (Marchia)|Falkenhaga Marchiana]] apud [[Index communium Brandenburgi|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Brandenburgi]]; [[Haga Schauenburgi]], [[Haga Promontorium]], [[Haga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref name="Teutoburger Wald">Cfr. [[Cornelius Tacitus|Taciti]], ''[[Annales (Tacitus)|Annales]]'', {{Vf|Ab excessu divi Augusti (Annales)/Liber I|LX|I, 60}}: "... haud procul '''Teutoburgiensi saltu''' in quo reliquiae Vari legionumque insepultae dicebantur".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hagen am Teutoburger Wald'')</small> * [[Haga Bremensis]]<ref name="-haga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hag(e)(n)'' seu ''-ha(a)g'' seu ''-hague'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-haga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Haga (Franconia Superior)|Haga Franconiae Superioris]], [[Haga ad Ambram]], [[Haga (in Bavaria superiore)|Haga in Bavaria Superiore]] apud [[Index communium Bavariae|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Bavariae]]; [[Falkenhaga (Marchia)|Falkenhaga Marchiana]] apud [[Index communium Brandenburgi|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Brandenburgi]]; [[Haga Schauenburgi]], [[Haga Promontorium]], [[Haga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref>Latinum gentilicium "Bremensis-e" Theodiscum syntagma ''im Bremischen'' vertit.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hagen im Bremischen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hagen'')</small> * [[Haga Schauenburgi]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Stadthagen'')</small> * [[Hagenburgum]]<ref name="-burg">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-burgum-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hagenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hagenborg'')</small> * [[Halbemontium]]<ref name="-montium">Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-mond'' aut ''-mont'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-montium-i". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-mond, mont''' : -''montium, mons'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Halbemond'')</small> * [[Halla (Holtisminni)|Halla]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> <small>(in Montibus [[Visurgis]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Halle'')</small> * [[Halla (Comitatus Binethensis)|Halla]]<ref name="Halla prope Neuenhusam">Theodiscum toponymum ''Halle'' plerumque toponymo "Halla-ae" latinizatur. Qua de latinizatione, vide complures Hallae apud [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> <small>(prope [[Neuenhusa]]m<ref name="-husa"/>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Halle'')</small> * [[Halvesbostel]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Halvesbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hassbossel'')</small> * [[Hamala]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hameln'')</small> * [[Hamberga]]<ref name="-berga"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hambergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hambargen'')</small> * [[Hambuhra]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hambühren''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hambüren'')</small> * [[Hamele]]<ref name="Hamele">Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/2261/NOB%20VIII_Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Peine.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1&utm ''NOB VIII Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Peine''], ubi dicitur "(...) 1146 ''in Sutherem iuxta Hamele'' (UB H.Hild. I Nr. 239 S. 222) 1180 ''in Bikem iuxta Honhamelen'' (UB H.Hild. I Nr. 396 S. 385) 1193 ''in Honhamele'' (UB H.Hild. II Nachtrag Nr. 13 S. 580) 1198 ''apud Honhamelen'' (...) 1251 ''Sutherem apud Hoenhamale'' (UB H.Hild. II Nr. 861 S. 435) 1278-1280 ''iugera Hamelen'' (Lehnregister Meinersen II Nr. 20 S. 590) (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hohenhameln''; [[Saxonice]] ''Häogenhameln'')</small> * [[Hamelhusa]]<ref name="-husa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hämelhausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hämelhusen'')</small> * [[Hamersa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hamersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Homersen'')</small> * [[Hamma (Saxonia Inferior)|Hamma]]<ref name="-ah">Germanica aut Semitica aut Indoiranica toponyma cum terminatione ''-ah'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae". Exempli gratiā: [[Calvela]], [[Maliana]], Parra, [[Widenla]], [[Zellia]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hammah''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hammoh'')</small> * [[Handeloha]]<ref name="-loha">Germanica praesentia aut antiqua toponyma cum suffixis ''-loh(e)'' et ''-lo'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-loha-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ascloha]], [[Buohloha]], [[Eiloha]], [[Hadaloha]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Handeloh'' seu olim ''Handorf bei Tostedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Handörp'')</small> * [[Handorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Handorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Handörp'')</small> * [[Hantharpa]]<ref name="-tharpa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-trup'' seu ''-drup'' seu ''-trop'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-tharpa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Butilingtharpa]], [[Graftharpa]], [[Gumorodingtharpa]], [[Haringtharpa]], [[Heppingtharpa]], [[Holttharpa]], [[Hurstharpa]], [[Kathingtharpa]], [[Kiedeningtharpa]], [[Marastharpa]], [[Markiligtharpa]], [[Meinbrahtingtharpa]], [[Peingtharpa]], [[Radistharpa]], [[Sutharpa]], [[Tettingtharpa]], [[Vilomaringtharpa]], [[Winikingtharpa]], [[Varetharpa]], [[Vrilingtharpa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Handrup'')</small> * [[Hannovera]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[caput (urbs)|caput]] [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terrae foederalis]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hannover''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hannober'')</small> * [[Hanstadium (Circulus Harburgensis)|Hanstadium]]<ref name="-stadt">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-stadium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Harburgensis|Circulo Harburgensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Harburg"/>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hanstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hanstää'')</small> * [[Hanstadium (Circulus Ulsenensis)|Hanstadium]]<ref name="-stadt">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-stadium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Ulsenensis|Circulo Ulsenensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Uelzen"/>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hanstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hanster'')</small> * [[Hardegsa]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hardegsen'')</small> * [[Harmstorpium]]<ref name="-torpium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-torpium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Harmstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Harmsdörp'')</small> * [[Harna]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Haren'')</small> * [[Harpstadium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Harpstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Harpstäe'')</small> * [[Harsfeldum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Harsefeld''; [[Saxonice]] ''Harsfeld'' seu ''Hasfeld'')</small> * [[Harsum]] <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Harsum'')</small> * [[Hartsburgum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Harzburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Harzeborg'')</small> * [[Hasberga]]<ref name="-berga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-berga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hasbergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hasbergen'')</small> * [[Hasburgum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Haßbergen'')</small> * [[Hasela (Saxonia Inferior)|Hasela]]<ref name="Hasela">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/hassel/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur "(...) Dort ist die ''villa Hasela'' erwähnt, also das Dorf Hassel (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hassel'')</small> * [[Hasla]]<ref name="Hasla">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/hesel/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur "(...) Der früheste schriftliche Beleg für den Ort findet sich als ''Hasla'' in einem Urbar der Abtei Werden, das sich auf das 10. Jh. datieren lässt (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hesel'')</small> * [[Hassendorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hassendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hassendörp'')</small> * [[Hasta (Saxonia Inferior)|Hasta]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Haste'')</small> * [[Hatta]]<ref name="-a"/><ref name="KleinGrosse">De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum "Klein" et "Gross" per Latina "Minor-us" et "Maior-ius", vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hatten'')</small> * [[Hattorpium ad Harthicos Montes]]<ref name="-torpium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-torpium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hattorf am Harz'')</small> * [[Hauslinga]]<ref name="-inga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Häuslingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hüßel'')</small> * [[Haverla]]<ref name="Haverla">Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B73-8/NOB%20III%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Wolfenb%C3%BCttel%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Salzgitter.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1&utm ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) um 941 (Fä. Mitte 12. Jh., kop. 17. Jh.) ''Haverlae'' (...) 1319 ''Haverla'' (UB H Hild. IV 464 S. 247) (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Haverlah''; [[Saxonice]] ''Haberlah'')</small> * [[Hechthusa]]<ref name="-husa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hechthausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Heckthusen'')</small> * [[Hedebere]]<ref name="Hedebere">Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B73-8/NOB%20III%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Wolfenb%C3%BCttel%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Salzgitter.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1&utm ''NOB III Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) ''Antiquum Hedebere seu Minus, Novum Hedebere seu Maius'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hedeper''; [[Saxonice]] ''Heper'')</small> * [[Heeda (Terra Emesensis)|Heeda]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Heede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Häie'')</small> * [[Heemsa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heemsen'')</small> * [[Heessa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heeßen'')</small> * [[Heidenavia (Saxonia Inferior)|Heidenavia]]<ref name="-avia">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-avia-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heidenau'')</small> * [[Heina (Saxonia Inferior)|Heina]]<ref name="Heina">Vide [https://hgv-hhm.de/ortsnamen-13-19-jahrhundert.html?utm ''Heimat- und Geschichtsverein für Heinade-Hellental-Merxhausen E.V.''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''villa Heina'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heinade'')</small> * [[Heinbockel]] <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heinbockel'')</small> * [[Heiningensis Locus]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Heiningen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Heinig'')</small> * [[Heinsa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heinsen'')</small> * [[Heli (Saxonia Inferior)|Heli]]<ref name="Heli">Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B73-8/NOB%20III%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Wolfenb%C3%BCttel%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Salzgitter.pdf ''NOB III Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''in villa Heli'' (...) ''Heloon'' (...) ''collatio ecclesie Helen'' (...) ''Thidericus de Helenen'' (...) ''plebanos ecclesiarum de Helen'' (...) ''in campo sive marke ville Helen'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hehlen'')</small> * [[Hellwega]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hellwege''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hellweeg'')</small> * [[Helmstadium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Helmstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Helmstidde'')</small> * [[Helpsa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Helpsen'')</small> * [[Helvesiecca]]<ref name="-siek">Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ec(k)'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-ecca-ae" seu "-eca-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-ec, -eck''' : -''ecca'', -''ēca'' (...)". Hoc in casu, applicatur terminatio latinizans formae antiquae suffixi ''-siek'' -quae ''-sieck'', ut accidit in toponymis velut ''Bannensieck'', cuius hodierna forma ''Bannensiek'' est. Qua de ultima antiqua forma, vide [https://www.arcinsys.niedersachsen.de/arcinsys/showArchivalDescriptionDetails?archivalDescriptionId=2955251 ''Arcinsys''].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Helvesiek''; [[Saxonice]] ''Helsch'')</small> * [[Hemminga (Saxonia Inferior)|Hemminga]]<ref name="-inga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hemmingen'')</small> * [[Hemmoor]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hemmoor'')</small> * [[Hemsbunda]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hemsbünde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Heemsbünnen'')</small> * [[Hemslinga]]<ref name="-inga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hemslingen'')</small> * [[Hemsloha]]<ref name="-loha">Germanica praesentia aut antiqua toponyma cum suffixis ''-loh(e)'' et ''-lo'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-loha-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ascloha]], [[Buohloha]], [[Eiloha]], [[Hadaloha]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hemsloh''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hemzel'' seu ''Hemsel'' seu ''Hemßel'')</small> * [[Hepstadium]]<ref name="-stadt">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-stadium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hepstedt''; [Saxonice]] ''Hepst'' seu ''Heps'')</small> * [[Hepstidi Villa]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hipstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hipst'')</small> * [[Herrum]]<ref name="Herrum">Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B73-8/NOB%20III%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Wolfenb%C3%BCttel%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Salzgitter.pdf ''NOB III Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter.''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Majori villa Herre'' (...) ''Maiori Here'' (...) ''Minori Herro'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heere'')</small> * [[Hertzberga ad Harthicos Montes]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Herzberg am Harz'')</small> * [[Herzlaka]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Herzlake''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hässelke'')</small> * [[Hespa]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hespe'')</small> * [[Heuerssa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Heuerßen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hoarßen'')</small> * [[Heya]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heyen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Hein'')</small> * [[Hildesia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hildesheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hilmessen'' seu ''Hilmssen'')</small> * [[Hilgermissa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hilgermissen'')</small> * [[Hillersa]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hillerse'')</small> * [[Hilter ad Teutoburgiensem Saltum]]<ref name="Teutoburger Wald">Cfr. [[Cornelius Tacitus|Taciti]], ''[[Annales (Tacitus)|Annales]]'', {{Vf|Ab excessu divi Augusti (Annales)/Liber I|LX|I, 60}}: "... haud procul '''Teutoburgiensi saltu''' in quo reliquiae Vari legionumque insepultae dicebantur".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hilter am Teutoburger Wald'')</small> * [[Himberga]]<ref name="-berga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-berga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Himbergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Himbargen'')</small> * [[Hinuti]]<ref name="Hinuti">Vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3180/Hinte.pdf?utm ''Historische Ortsdatenbank für Ostfriesland''], ubi dicitur "(...) Das Dorf wurde im 10. Jahrhundert als „in Hinuti“ erstmals urkundlich erfasst (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hinte''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hint'')</small> * [[Hitgera]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hitzacker''; [[Polabice]] ''Ljauci'')</small> * [[Hittberga]]<ref name="-berga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-berga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hittbergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hittbargen'')</small> * [[Hodenhaga]]<ref name="-haga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hag(e)(n)'' seu ''-ha(a)g'' seu ''-hague'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-haga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Haga (Franconia Superior)|Haga Franconiae Superioris]], [[Haga ad Ambram]], [[Haga (in Bavaria superiore)|Haga in Bavaria Superiore]] apud [[Index communium Bavariae|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Bavariae]]; [[Falkenhaga (Marchia)|Falkenhaga Marchiana]] apud [[Index communium Brandenburgi|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Brandenburgi]]; [[Haga Schauenburgi]], [[Haga Promontorium]], [[Haga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hodenhagen'')</small> * [[Hohbuoki]]<ref name="Hohbuoki">Vide [https://oar.onroerenderfgoed.be/publicaties/RELM/7/RELM007-001.pdf?utm ''The very beginning of Europe?''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''castellum hohbuoki'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Höhbeck'')</small> * [[Hohna]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hohne'')</small> * [[Hohnhorstium]]<ref name="-horstium"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hohnhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hionhoste'')</small> * [[Hohnstorpium (Albis)|Hohnstorpium]]<ref name="-torpium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-torpium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hohnstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Haunstörp'')</small> * [[Holdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Holdorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Holdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hollrup'')</small> * [[Holdunesteti]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hollenstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hullnst'')</small> * [[Holenberga]]<ref name="-berga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-berga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Holenberg'')</small> * [[Holla]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Holle'')</small> * [[Hollnsethum]]<ref name="-ethum">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-eth'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-ethum-i", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Bechtsriethum]], [[Maitenbethum]] ac [[Wiesethum]] apud Vicipaediae Latinae articulum de [[Index communium Bavariae|indice communium Bavariae]]; et [[Gransebiethum]] apud Vicipaediae Latinae articulum de [[Index Communium Megapolis et Pomeraniae Citerioris|indice communium Megapolis et Pomeraniae Citerioris]].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hollnseth'')</small> * [[Holsta]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Holste'')</small> * [[Holtgaste]]<ref name="Friedländer 1878"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Holtgast'')</small> * [[Holtisminni]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Holzminden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Holtsminne'')</small> * [[Holtlandia]]<ref name="-landia">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-land'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-landia-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amelandia]], [[Bevelandia Australis]], [[Bevelandia Septentrionalis]], [[Bolandia]], [[Iutlandia]], [[Curlandia]], [[Estlandia]], [[Finlandia]], [[Flevolandia]], [[Friedlandia]], [[Islandia]], [[Gothlandia]], [[Hollandia]], [[Ingermanlandia]], [[Isalandia]] [[Lalandia]], [[Langelandia]], [[Oehtlandia]] [[Olandia]], [[Sallandia]], [[Samlandia]] [[Zelandia]], [[Selandia]] [[Fotlandia]], [[Wermelandia]] [[Withlandia]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Holtland'')</small> * [[Holza]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Holzen'')</small> * [[Honengesbuthele]]<ref name="Honengesbuthele">Vide [https://blog.slub-dresden.de/fileadmin/groups/slubsite/Blog/2015-KristinCasimir-VortragDresden.pdf?utm ''Ortsnamen zwischen Rhein und Elbe - Onomastik im europäischen Raum''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Honengesbvthele'' statt ''Honekesbutle'' (Casemir, -büttel S. 147) (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hankensbüttel'')</small> * [[Hoogsteda]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hoogstede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hoogstee'')</small> * [[Horda ad Harthicos Montes]]<ref name="-e"/><ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hörden am Harz'')</small> * [[Horneburgum]]<ref name="-burg">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-burgum-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Horneburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hornborg'')</small> * [[Horstadium (Saxonia Inferior)|Horstadium]]<ref name="-stadt">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-stadium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Horstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Horß'')</small> * [[Hoya]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hoya''; quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Hoya/Weser''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''de Haaien'' seu ''Hejen'' seu ''Hajen'')</small> * [[Huda (Circulus terrae Diepholtia)|Huda]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hüde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hüde'')</small> * [[Hudha]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hude'')</small> * [[Hulseda]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hülsede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hülse'')</small> * [[Husum (prope Novam Urbem)|Husum]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Husum'')</small> * [[Hutta Georgii et Mariae]]<ref name="hutta-ae">Toponyma cum suffixis ''-hütte'' aut ''-hutta'' plerumque latinizari solent Latino vocabulo "Hutta-ae", quamquam huius vocabuli variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hutta vitriaria Bohemica]] apud [https://schwaben.hu/ortschaften/bohmischhutten?utm Schwaben.hu. (s. d.). ''Böhmischhütten / Csehbánya – Ortsgeschichte'']; [[Hutta Germanica]] apud [https://huta.ewk.hu/nemetbanya-1757-1781/?utm ''Németbánya. (s. s.). Németbánya története'']; [[Hutta Vitriaria]] apud https://slavistika.sk/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/2015_1.pdf?utm [Majtán, M. (1998). ''Názvy obcí Slovenskej republiky: Vývin v rokoch 1773–1997''. Bratislaviae: Veda]; Hutta apud [https://real.mtak.hu/140291/1/K%C3%A1rp%C3%A1talja%20helys%C3%A9gnevei.pdf?utm ''Kárpátalja helységnevei.'']; [[Hutta Polonica]] apud Štefánik, M. (2022). ''Italia ed Europa centro-orientale tra Medioevo ed età moderna: Economia, società, cultura''. Heidelberg University Publishing; [[Hutta (Eiflia)|Hutta Eifliae]] apud Beyer, H. (1860). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der, jetzt die Preussischen Regierungsbezirke Coblenz und Trier bildenden mittelrheinischen Territorien'' (Vol. 1). J. Hölscher, et Beyer, H. (1860). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der mittelrheinischen Territorien: Erster Band. Von den ältesten Zeiten bis zum Jahre 1169''. [[Confluentes (Germania)|Confluentibus]]: J. Hölscher.</ref><ref name="Georgius">[https://la.wiktionary.org/wiki/Georgius?utm Theodiscum praefixum ''Georg-'' Latino anthroponymo casu genetivo "Georfii" vertitur].</ref><ref name="Maria">[https://la.wiktionary.org/wiki/Maria?utm Theodiscum interfixum ''-marien-'' Latino anthroponymo casu genetivo "Mariae" vertitur].</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Georgsmarienhütte'')</small> * [[Huvenni]]<ref name="Huvenni">Vide [https://dokumen.pub/suffixbildungen-in-alten-ortsnamen-akten-eines-internationalen-symposiums-in-uppsala-14-16-mai-2004-9185352578.html?utm ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen: Akten eines internationalen Symposiums in Uppsala 14.-16. Mai 2004 9185352578''], ubi dicitur "(...) Hüven (Kr. Emsland), 10. Jh. (Kopie 15. Jh.) in Huvenni (Möller 1998 S. 101, Udolph 2002a S. 238) (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hüven'')</small> {{div col end}} === I === {{div col|3}} * [[Iatha (Saxonia Inferior)|Iatha]]<ref name="Iatha">Commune nomen e flumine cepit. Quo de flumine, vide [https://www.lateinlexikon.com/lexicon_latinum_hodiernum_parsgeographica.pdf?utm ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'' Petri Lucusaltiani], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Jade'', f ''Iatha, ae'', f [WPD: Jade (Fluss) (24.11.2019); a.1314: Jatha] (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Jade''; [[Saxonice]] ''Jaad'')</small> * [[Iburgum]]<ref name="Von Schaten 1714">Von Schaten, N. (1714). ''Monumenta Osnabrugensia ex historia romana, francica, saxonicaque eruta''. Typis Jodoci Henrici Meyer.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Iburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Ibig'' seu ''Ibig'')</small> * [[Ielmstorpium]]<ref name="-torpium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-torpium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Jelmstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Jelmstörp'')</small> * [[Iembka]]<ref name="-e">Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Jembke'')</small> * [[Iemela]]<ref name="Iemela">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu, latinizans suffixum primae communis Theodisce ''Jameln'' dicti mentioni, quae ''Jemelen'' est, applicatur; qua de mentione, vide [https://rcin.org.pl/ihpan/Content/30940/PDF/WA303_9438_A165-8-r1929_Slavia-Occ.pdf?utm ''Slavia Occidentalis, Tomus VIII''].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Jameln'')</small> * [[Ierichsum]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Jerxheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Jerksen'')</small> * [[Iesteburgum]]<ref name="-burg">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-burgum-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Jesteburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Jesborg'')</small> * [[Ihlienverda]]<ref name="-verda-ae">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-worth'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-verda-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-worth''' : -''verda'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ihlienworth''; [[Saxonice]] ''Helmworth'')</small> * [[Indago Comitis Hoyae]]<ref name="Indago Comitis Hoyae">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/hoyerhagen/?utm ''kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''indago comitis Hoye'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hoyerhagen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Heierhagen'' seu ''Heyerhagen'')</small> * [[Insula Iuistensis]]<ref name="Iuistensis">De Latino gentilicio, cf. [[binomen|epithetum binominale]] [https://turbellaria.umaine.edu/turbellaria/turb3.php?action=6&code=598&valid=618&utm "juistensis"].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Juist'')</small> * [[Isernhaga]]<ref name="-haga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hag(e)(n)'' seu ''-ha(a)g'' seu ''-hague'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-haga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Haga (Franconia Superior)|Haga Franconiae Superioris]], [[Haga ad Ambram]], [[Haga (in Bavaria superiore)|Haga in Bavaria Superiore]] apud [[Index communium Bavariae|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Bavariae]]; [[Falkenhaga (Marchia)|Falkenhaga Marchiana]] apud [[Index communium Brandenburgi|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Brandenburgi]]; [[Haga Schauenburgi]], [[Haga Promontorium]], [[Haga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Isernhagen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Isernhogen'')</small> * [[Isterberga]]<ref name="-berga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-berga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Isterberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Isterbarg'')</small> * [[Itterbecca]]<ref name="-ecca">Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ec(k)'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-ecca-ae" seu "-eca-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-ec, -eck''' : -''ecca'', -''ēca'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Itterbeck'')</small> * [[Iuniun]]<ref name="Iunium">Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B74-6/NOB%20IV%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20G%C3%B6ttingen.pdf?utm ''NOB IV Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Göttingen''], ubi dicitur "(...) 960 Iuniun (MGH DO I. Nr. 206 S. 285) (...) 1251 (A. 14. Jh.) Johan de June (UB Göttingen I Nr. 4 S. 5) 1266 ''Godefridus de Iunen [...] sacerdos'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Jühnde'')</small> {{div col end}} === K === {{div col|3}} * [[Kakenstorpium]]<ref name="-torpium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-torpium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kakenstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kakenstörp'')</small> * [[Karwicium]]<ref name="-icium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-itsch'' aut ''-itz'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-icium-i" aut "-itium-i" aut "-icia-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-itsch, -itz''' : ''-icium, -itium, -icia'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Karwitz'')</small> * [[Katlenburgum-Lindavia]]<ref name="-burg">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-burgum-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref name="-avia">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-avia-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Katlenburg-Lindau''; [[Saxonice]] ''Katelnborg-Lindau'')</small> * [[Kettencampus]]<ref name="campus-i">[https://ewa.saw-leipzig.de/articles/80250/en?utm Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-kamp'' seu ''-kampf'' seu ''-camp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-campus-i"], quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kettenkamp''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ketenkamp '')</small> * [[Kirchdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Kirchdorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Kirchdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Karkdörp'')</small> * [[Kirchgellersa]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kirchgellersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Karkgellsen'')</small> * [[Kirchseelta]]<ref name="-e">Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kirchseelte''; [[Saxonice]] ''Seelte'')</small> * [[Kirchtimka]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kirchtimke''; [[Saxonice]] ''Karktimk'')</small> * [[Kirchwalseda]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kirchwalsede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Karkwals'')</small> * [[Kissenbruga]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kissenbrück''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kissenbrügge'')</small> * [[Kneitlinga]]<ref name="-inga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref name="KleinGrosse">De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum "Klein" et "Gross" per Latina "Minor-us" et "Maior-ius", vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kneitlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kneitling'')</small> * [[Kneta Maior]]<ref name="-a"/><ref name="KleinGrosse">De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum "Klein" et "Gross" per Latina "Minor-us" et "Maior-ius", vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Großenkneten''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grotekneten'')</small> * [[Krebecca]]<ref name="-ecca">Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ec(k)'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-ecca-ae" seu "-eca-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-ec, -eck''' : -''ecca'', -''ēca'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Krebeck'')</small> * [[Krummendicum]]<ref name="-dicum">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-di(e)k(e)'' aut ''-deich(e)'' aut ''-dijk'' aut ''-dyk(e)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dicum-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Isendicum]] apud {{Graesse}}; aut [[Mardicum]] apud ''Dictionnaire universel françois et latin, vulgairement appelé Dictionnaire de Trévoux''.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Krummendeich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Krummendiek'')</small> * [[Kusta]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Küsten'')</small> * [[Kutenholtia]]<ref name="-holtia">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-holz'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-holtia-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) -holz : -''holtia'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kutenholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kutenhult'' seu ''Kutenholt'')</small> {{div col end}} === L === {{div col|3}} * [[Laar]] * [[Laatzen]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Lachendorf]] * [[Laerium]]<ref name="Stüve 1789">Stüve, J. E. (1789). ''Beschreibung des Fürstenthums Osnabrück mit einigen Urkunden''. Kißling.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Laer'')</small> * [[Lage (Saxonia Inferior)|Lage]] * [[Lähden]] * [[Lahn (Hümmling)|Lahn]] * ''[[Lamspringe]]'' * [[Lamstedt]] * [[Landesbergen]] * [[Landolfshausen]] * [[Landwehr (Gemeinde)|Landwehr]] * [[Langelsheim]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * '''[[Langen (bei Bremerhaven)|Langen]]''' <small>(b.Bremerhaven)</small> * [[Langen (Emsland)|Langen]] <small>(Emsland)</small> * [[Langendorf (Elbe)|Langendorf]] * [[Langenhagen]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Langeoog]] * [[Langlingen]] * [[Langwedel (Weser)|Langwedel]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Lastrup]] * [[Lathen]] * [[Lauenau]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Lauenbrück]] * [[Lauenförde]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Lauenhagen]] * [[Leese]] * [[Leezdorf]] * [[Lehe (Emsland)|Lehe]] * [[Lehre (Niedersachsen)|Lehre]] * [[Lehrte]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Leiferde]] * [[Lembruch]] * [[Lemförde]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Lemgow]] * [[Lemwerdera]]<ref name="Rüthning 1926">Rüthning, G. (Ed.) (1926). ''Oldenburger Urkundenbuch''. Gerhard Stalling.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lemwerder'')</small> * [[Lengede]] * [[Lengenbostel]] * [[Lengerich (Emsland)|Lengerich]] * [[Lenne (Niedersachsen)|Lenne]] * [[Leopolis (Saxonia Inferior)|Leopolis]]<ref name="Ebel 1960">Ebel, W. (1960). ''Lübisches Recht: Erster Band''. Hansischer Geschichtsverein.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bleckede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bleikd'')</small> * [[Leri]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Leer''; [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Läär''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lier'')</small> * [[Liebenau (Niedersachsen)|Liebenau]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Liebenburg]] * [[Lilienthal]] * [[Lindern (Oldenburg)]] * [[Lindhorst]] * [[Lindwedel]] * [[Lingen (Ems)]] <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Linsburg]] * [[Lintig]] * [[Lintlo]]<ref name="Lintlo">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/kirchlinteln/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur "(...) Urkundlich ist das Dorf erstmals 1123 als ''Lintlo'' belegt (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kirchlinteln''; [[Saxonice]] ''Karklinteln'' seu ''Kerklinteln'' seu ''Kerklinneln'')</small> * [[Locus Occidentalis (Saxonia Inferior)|Locus Occidentalis]]<ref name="Cellarius 1703">Cellarius, C. (1703). ''Geographia Antiqua iuxta et Nova''. Ienae: Bielckius.</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Westerstede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Westerstäe'')</small> * [[Lohne (Oldenburg)]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Löningen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Lorup]] * [[Loxstedt]] * [[Lübberstedt]] * [[Lübbow]] * [[Luchovia]]<ref name="Luchovia">Vide [https://ia801403.us.archive.org/28/items/antiquitatessele00keys/antiquitatessele00keys.pdf ''Antiquitates selectae septentrionales et Celticae''], ubi dicitur "(...) De Venedicis aut Germanicis prope Luchoviam effossis Epistola ''Georgii Frid, Mithofii'' data Luchovia d. 17. Maji 1691 (...)".</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lüchow''; [[Polabice]] ''Ljauchüw'')</small> * [[Luckau (Saxonia Inferior)|Luckau]] * [[Lüder (Lüneburger Heide)|Lüder]] * [[Lüdersburg]] * [[Lüdersfeld]] * [[Lüerdissen]] * [[Luhden]] * [[Luneburgum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lüneburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lümborg'' seu ''Lünborg''; [[Lingua Saxonica antiqua|Palaeosaxonice]] ''Hliuni'')</small> * [[Lunne]]<ref name="Lunne">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/haseluenne/?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''civibus opidi nostri in Lunne'' (...)". Latinum autem gentilicium "Haselunnensis-e" est. Quo de gentilicio, vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Haselünne''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Lünne'')</small> * [[Lunni (commune generali Spella)|Lunni]]<ref name="Lunni">Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/Fontes/AltdeutschesNamenbuch-Bd2OrtsnamenLbisZ-3A-1913.pdf?utm ''Altdeutsches Namenbuch'']; ubi dicitur "(...) '''Lunni.''' 9. 1) Altlünne bei Plantlünne (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lünne'')</small> * [[Lütetsburg]] * ''[[Lutter am Barenberge]]'' * [[Luttera Regalis]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Königslutter am Elm'')</small> {{div col end}} === M === {{div col|3}} * [[Maasen]] * [[Magna Palus]]<ref name="Magna Palus">[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/magnus?wb=gross&nr=1 Theodiscum toponymicum praefixum ''Große-'' Latino adiectivo "magnus-a-um"] et [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/germanistischewoerterbuecher/altsaechsischeswoerterbuch/asF.pdf Theodiscum suffixum ''-fehn'' Latino nomine "palus paludis" (f.)] vertitur.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Großefehn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grootfehn'')</small> * [[Maius Vrelstede]]<ref name="Maius Vrelstede">Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B76-2/NOB%20VII%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Helmstedt%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Wolfsburg.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1&utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der stadt WoLfsburg'']{{Nexus deficit|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) 1318 ''in Maiori Vrelstede'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Frellstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Frillstidde'')</small> * [[Marienhafe]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Marienhagen]] * [[Mariental (Niedersachsen)|Mariental]] * [[Marklohe]] * [[Marl (Dümmer)|Marl]] * [[Marschacht]] * [[Martfeld]] * [[Marxen]] * [[Mechtersen]] * [[Meckelsa Maior]]<ref name="-a"/><ref name="KleinGrosse">De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum "Klein" et "Gross" per Latina "Minor-us" et "Maior-ius", vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Meckelsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Meckels'')</small> * [[Meckelsa Minor]]<ref name="-a"/><ref name="KleinGrosse"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Klein Meckelsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lütt Meckels'')</small> * [[Meerbeck]] * [[Meine]] * [[Meinersen]] * [[Melbeck]] * [[Melle]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Mellinghausen]] * [[Menslage]] * [[Meppea]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Meppen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Möppen'')</small> * [[Merzen]] * [[Messenkamp]] * [[Messingen]] * [[Midlum (Land Wursten)|Midlum]] * [[Misselwarden]] * [[Mittelnkirchen]] * [[Mittelstenahe]] * [[Moisburg]] * [[Molbergen]] * [[Mons Catonis (Saxonia Inferior)|Mons Catonis]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Cadenberge''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cuddeldutt'' seu ''Kumbarg'')</small> * [[Moormerland]] * [[Moorweg]] * [[Moringen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Müden (Alara)]] * [[Mulsum (Land Wursten)|Mulsum]] * [[Mundia Hannoverana]]<ref name="Mundia Hannoverana">Vide [https://spatial.demo.geocode.earth/explore/place/wof/101810167?utm ''Geocode Earth''], ubi dicitur "(...) LAT preferred '''Mundia Hannoverana''' (...)".</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hann. Münden'' seu ''Hannoversch Münden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hannöversch Münnen'')</small> * [[Munimeri]]<ref name="Dronke 1844">Dronke, E. F. J. (Ed.) (1844). ''Traditiones et Antiquitates Fuldenses: Chartae et registra historica saeculi IX''. Fuldense: Typis Müllerianis.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Münder am Deister''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Münner'')</small> * [[Munster (Örtze)|Munster]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> {{div col end}} === N === {{div col|3}} * [[Nahrendorf]] * [[Natendorf]] * [[Neetze]] * [[Negenborn]] * [[Nenndorf (circulus Widmundensis)|Nenndorf]] * [[Neubörger]] * [[Neu Darchau]] * [[Neuenhusa]]<ref name="-husa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenhaus''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neenhuus'')</small> * [[Neuenkirchen (Altes Land)|Neuenkirchen]] <small>(Altes Land)</small> * [[Neuenkirchen (bei Bassum)|Neuenkirchen]] <small>(b.Bassum)</small> * [[Neuenkirchen (Land Hadeln)|Neuenkirchen]] <small>(Land Hadeln)</small> * [[Neuenkirchen (Landkreis Osnabrück)|Neuenkirchen]] <small>(Lkr.Osnabrück)</small> * [[Neuenkirchen (Lüneburger Heide)|Neuenkirchen]] <small>(Lüneb.Heide)</small> * [[Neuenkirchen-Vörden]] * [[Neuharlingersiel]] * [[Neuhaus (Oste)]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Neuhof (Landkreis Hildesheim)|Neuhof]] * [[Neukamperfehn]] * [[Neulehe]] * [[Neuschoo]] * [[Neustadt am Rübenberge]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Neu Wulmstorf]] * [[Niederlangen]] * [[Niedernwöhren]] * [[Niemetal]] * [[Nienhagen (Landkreis Celle)|Nienhagen]] * [[Nienstädt]] * [[Norden]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Nordenham]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Norderney]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Nordholz]] * [[Nordleda]] * [[Nordsehl]] * [[Nordstemmen]] * [[Nörten-Hardenberg]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Northemium]]<ref name="Nothemium">Vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenahist/wassenberg1/Wassenberg_florus.html ''FLORUS GERMANICUS''] , ubi dicitur "(...) Et VVolferbytum, Northemium, Steinbruggam, Nienburgum (...) Primo vere Tillius tribunos suos Northemium misit (...) Caesaeriani Northemium expugnant (...)".</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Northeim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nuurten'')</small> * [[Northorna]]<ref name="Egli 1893">Egli, J. J. (1893). ''Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume''. [[Lipsia]]e: Friedrich Brandstetter.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nordhorn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nothoorn'' seu ''Notthoarn'' seu ''Netthoarn'' seu ''Noordhoorn'')</small> * [[Nortmoor]] * [[Nortrup]] * [[Nottensdorf]] * [[Nova Urbs (Saxonia Inferior)|Nova Urbs]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nienburg/Weser''; [[Saxonice]] ''Näinborg'' seu ''Nienborg'' seu ''Neenborg'' seu ''Negenborg'')</small> * [[Novale Frigidum]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Colnrade''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kollenroad'')</small> {{div col end}} === O === {{div col|3}} * [[Oberlangen]] * [[Oberndorf (Oste)|Oberndorf]] * [[Obernfeld]] * [[Obernholz]] * [[Obernkirchen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Ochtersum]] * [[Odisheim]] * [[Oederquart]] * [[Oerel]] * [[Oesinga Maior]]<ref name="-inga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref name="KleinGrosse">De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum "Klein" et "Gross" per Latina "Minor-us" et "Maior-ius", vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Oesingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Oesingen'')</small> * [[Oetzen]] * [[Ohne]] * [[Ohrum]] * [[Oldenburgum]] <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Oldendorf (Landkreis Stade)|Oldendorf]] <small>(Lkr.Stade)</small> * [[Oldendorf (Luhe)]] * [[Osloß]] * [[Osnabruga]] <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Osnabrück''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ossenbrääch''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Lingua Saxonica|Westfalice]] ''Ossenbrügge'')</small> * [[Osteel]] * [[Osten (Oste)|Osten]] * [[Osterbruch]] * [[Ostercappeln]] * [[Ostereistedt]] * [[Osterode am Harz]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Osterwald]] * [[Ostrhauderfehn]] * [[Ottenstein (Niedersachsen)|Ottenstein]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Otter]] * [[Otterndorf]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Ottersberg]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Ovelgönne]] * [[Ovenhagium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1703"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Auhagen'')</small> * [[Oyten]] {{div col end}} === P === {{div col|3}} * [[Padingbüttel]] * [[Palus Hagensis]]<ref name="Palus Hagensis">[https://www.latin-is-simple.com/de/vocabulary/noun/13172/#google_vignette Theodiscum toponymicum suffixum ''-marsch'' Latino vocabulo "palus paludis" vertitur] et Latinum gentilicium "Hagensis-e", quod ad [[Haga (Saxonia Inferior)|Hagam]] refertur, Theodiscum gentilicium praefixum ''Hager-'' vertitur. Quo de gentilicio et toponymo, vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3191/Hage.pdf?utm ''Historische Ortsdatenbank für Ostfriesland''], ubi dicitur "(...) Erscheinung trat der Ort als „curatus Hagensis“ im Jahr 1400. Spätere Bezeichnungen waren „Haga“ (um 1409) (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hagermarsch'')</small> * [[Palus Hilcae]]<ref name="Hilkenbrook">Theodiscum toponymum ''Hilkenbrook'', quamquam hodiernum est, syntagmate ''Palus Hilcae'' Latine verti potest. Nomen Germanicum ''Hilcke'', variatio nominis Theodisci ''Hilken-'', apud Stark ad formam Latinam "Hilca-ae" refertur, quae saeculo XII testata est (''Monumenta Garsensia'', n. 37; ''Monumenta Boica'' I, 27): Stark, F. (1866), ''Die Kosenamen der Germanen'', p. 318. Brook, i. e. bruoh «Sumpf, sumpfiges Gelände», Latine "palus, paludis" reddi potest. Itaque, anthroponomycum praefixum ''Hilken-'' ad nomen ''Hilca'' relatum et suffixum ''brook'' per vocabulum "palus, paludis" redditum, ''Hilkenbrook'' interpretari licet "Palus Hilcae".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hilkenbrook'')</small> * [[Palus Regis]]<ref name="Palus Regis">[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Moor?wb=gross&nr=1 Theodiscum suffixum ''-moor'' Latino vocabulo "palus-udis" vertitur] et [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/rex?wb=gross&nr=1 Theodiscum praefixum genetivo casu ''Königs-'' Latino genetivo "regis"] vertitur.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Königsmoor'')</small> * [[Papenburg]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Parsau]] * [[Pattensen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Pegestorf]] * [[Pennigsehl]] * [[Petrimons]]<ref name="Perizonius 1758">Perizonius, J. (1758). ''Compendium historiarum antiquissimarum, civilium et ecclesiasticarum, usque ad seculum decimum octavum: Cum appendice de ducatu Westphaliae et comitatu Petrimontano''. Ex officina Wetsteniana.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Pyrmont''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Puurmont'')</small> * [[Pohle]] * [[Pollhagen]] * [[Pons Cobbanus]]<ref name="Leuckfeld 1714">Leuckfeld, J. G. (1714). ''Antiquitates Blankenburgenses, oder Historische Beschreibung derer vormals berühmten Grafen von Blankenburg, nebst dazugehörigen diplomatibus und Chartis''. Gottfried Freytag.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Coppenbrügge'')</small> * [[Poynum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Peine''; [[Saxonice]] ''Paane''; [[Lingua Theodisca alta recens|Protoneoaltotheodisce]] ''Peina'')</small> * [[Praefectura Neohusana]]<ref name="Grupen II 1742">Grupen, C. U. (1742). ''Disceptationes Forenses cum Observationibus Juris: De originibus et iurisdictione praefecturarum ditionis Brunsvicensis (Caput de Praefectura Neohusana)'' (Vol. II). Hannoverae: Förster.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Amt Neuhaus'')</small> * [[Pratum Vitulorum]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Calberlah'')</small> * [[Prezelle]] * [[Prinzhöfte]] {{div col end}} === Q === {{div col|3}} * [[Quakenbrück]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Quendorf]] * [[Querenhorst]] * [[Quernheim]] {{div col end}} === R === {{div col|3}} * [[Räbke]] * [[Radbruch]] * [[Raddestorf]] * [[Rastdorf]] * [[Rastede]] * [[Rätzlingen (Niedersachsen)|Rätzlingen]] * [[Rechtsupweg]] * [[Reeßum]] * [[Regesbostel]] * [[Rehburg-Loccum]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Rehden]] * [[Rehlingen]] * [[Reinstorf]] * [[Remlingen (Niedersachsen)|Remlingen]] * [[Renkenberge]] * [[Rennau]] * [[Reppenstedt]] * [[Rethem (Aller)]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Rhade]] * [[Rhauderfehn]] * [[Rhede (Ems)]] * [[Rhumspringe]] * [[Ribbesbüttel]] * [[Riede (Landkreis Verden)|Riede]] * [[Rieste]] * [[Ringe]] * [[Ringstedt]] * [[Rinteln]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Ritterhude]] * [[Rodenberg]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Rodewald]] * [[Rohrsen]] * [[Roklum]] * [[Rollshausen]] * [[Römstedt]] * [[Ronnenberg]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Rosche]] * [[Rosdorf]] * [[Rosengarten (Landkreis Harburg)|Rosengarten]] * [[Rotenburgum ad Wemmam]]<ref name="Rotenburgum ad Wemmam">De Latino toponymico syntagmate "[[Rotenburgum ad Wemmam]]" -ad quod Latinum gentilicium "Rotenburgensis-e" refertur-, vide homonymas urbes apud {{Graesse}} et {{Hofmannus}}. De hydronymo "[[Wemma]]", etiam vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Rotenburg''; quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Rotenburg an der Wümme''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rodenborg'')</small> * [[Rötgesbüttel]] * [[Rüdershausen]] * [[Rühen]] * [[Rullstorf]] {{div col end}} === S === {{div col|3}} * [[Sachsenhagen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Sagterlandia]]<ref name="BOV 2013">Bischöfliches Offizialat Vechta (2013). ''Findbuch des Offizialatsarchivs Vechta: Altes Archiv (Abteilung A: Saterlandia, Kirchliche Unterlagen, Akte A 8: „Informatio de Sagterlandia“ aus dem Jahre 1710)''. Vechtae, in Germania: Bischöfliches Offizialat.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Saterland''; quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Sagterland''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Seelterlound'')</small> * [[Salis Cancellum]]<ref name="Cellarius 1703"/> <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Salzgitter''; [[Saxonice]] ''Soltgitter'')</small> * [[Salzbergen]] * [[Salzdetfordium]]<ref name="Marcard 1805"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Salzdetfurth'')</small> * [[Salzhausen]] * [[Salzhemmendorf]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Samern]] * [[Sandbostel]] * [[Sande (Frisia)|Sande]] * [[Sarstedt]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Sassenburg]] * [[Sathsa]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Sachsa'')</small> * [[Sauensiek]] * [[Schapen]] * [[Scharnebeck]] * [[Scheden]] * [[Scheeßel]] * [[Schellerten]] * [[Schiffdorf]] * [[Schladen-Werla]] * [[Schnackenburg]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Schnega]] * [[Schneverdingen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Schola Dei]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&cq=M%C3%BCnchen&lang=de''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ihlow''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ihl'')</small> * [[Scholen]] * [[Schönewörde]] * [[Schöningen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Schöppenstedt]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Schortens]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Schüttorf]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Schwaförden]] * [[Schwanewede]] * [[Schwarme]] * [[Schwarmstedt]] * [[Schweindorf]] * [[Schweringen]] * [[Schwerinsdorf]] * [[Schwienau]] * [[Schwülper]] * [[Seeburg (Niedersachsen)|Seeburg]] * [[Seedorf (bei Zeven)|Seedorf]] * [[Seelze]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Seesen]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Seevetal]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Seggebruch]] * [[Sehlde]] * [[Sehlem (Niedersachsen)|Sehlem]] * [[Sehnde]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Selsingen]] * [[Semmenstedt]] * [[Seulingen]] * [[Sibbesse]] * [[Sickte]] * [[Siedenburg]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Sittensen]] * [[Soderstorf]] * [[Sögel]] * [[Söhlde]] * [[Söllingen (Niedersachsen)|Söllingen]] * [[Soltau]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Soltendieck]] * [[Sottrum]] * [[Spahnharrenstätte]] * [[Spella]]<ref name="Spella">Vide [https://www.emsland.com/la/tour/emsland-route-395-km?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''www.esland.com''], ubi dicitur "(...) A Spella ad Rhenum: circiter XVI km (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Spelle'')</small> * [[Spiekeroog]] * [[Sprakensehl]] * [[Springe]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Stadae]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Stade''; [[Saxonice]] ''Stood'')</small> * [[Stadlandia]]<ref>Ioannes Iustus Wynkelman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=WvgaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA617&lpg=PA617&dq=statlandia+saxonia&source=bl&ots=Ysl9JI4L06&sig=2y6x3I38sU3-RcrP0HtnSkUxssI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCwQ6AEwA2oVChMIwqiv-NWMxgIVQgmSCh2CZwDj#v=onepage&q=statlandia%20saxonia&f=false ''Notitia historico-politica veteris Saxo-Westphaliae finitimarumque regionum,''] 1667:277.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Stadland'')</small> * [[Staffhorst]] * [[Staufenberg]] * [[Stavern]] * [[Stedesdorf]] * [[Steimbke]] * [[Steinau (Niedersachsen)|Steinau]] * [[Steinfeld (Oldenburg)]] * [[Steinhorst (Niedersachsen)|Steinhorst]] * [[Steinkirchen (Altes Land)|Steinkirchen]] * [[Stelle]] * [[Stemmen (Landkreis Rotenburg)|Stemmen]] * [[Stemshorn]] * [[Steyerberg]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Stinstedt]] * [[Stöckse]] * [[Stoetze]] * [[Stolzenau]] * [[Stuhr]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Südbrookmerland]] * [[Suderburg]] * [[Südergellersen]] * [[Südheide]] * [[Sudwalde]] * [[Suhlendorf]] * [[Sulingen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Süpplingen]] * [[Süpplingenburg]] * [[Süstedt]] * [[Sustrum]] * [[Surwold]] * [[Suthfeld]] * [[Syke]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> {{div col end}} === T === {{div col|3}} * [[Tappenbeck]] * [[Tarmstedt]] * [[Tespe]] * [[Teuderium]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Detern''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Tjootern''; [[Saxonice|Orientalifrisicosaxonice]] ''Däitern'')</small> * [[Thransfellensis Ecclesia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dransfeld'')</small> * [[Thedinghausen]] * [[Theodolfestorpum]]<ref name="Asseburg 1855">Asseburg, J. von der. (1855). ''Urkundenbuch des Geschlechts von der Asseburg (Vol. 1)''. Hahnschen Hofbuchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dedelstorf'')</small> * [[Thomasburg]] * [[Thorpum]]<ref name="Thorpum">Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/ZIER-HP/ZIER-HP-06-2016/AAAKoeblerGerhardDorfinderdeutschenOrtsgeschichte20160831-7111.htm ''www.koeblergerhard.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Dörpen''', 9. Jh., bei Aschendorf nördlich Meppens, F2-1090 THURP (Dorf) Dorfa (7), Thorpum (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dörpen'')</small> * [[Thuine]] * [[Tiddische]] * [[Tiste]] * [[Toppenstedt]] * [[Tostedt]] * [[Tosterglope]] * [[Trebel]] * [[Triburi]]<ref name="Philippi & Bar 1892"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Drebber'')</small> * [[Tülau]] * [[Twieflingen]] * [[Twilpstede Maius]]<ref name="Twilpstede Maius">Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B76-2/NOB%20VII%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Helmstedt%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Wolfsburg.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1&utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg'']{{Nexus deficit|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) 1311 ''Twilpstede Maiori'' (...) 1311 ''Twilpstede Maiori et Minori'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Twülpstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Twülpstidde'')</small> * [[Twist (Emsland)|Twist]] * [[Twistringen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> {{div col end}} === U === {{div col|3}} * [[Uchte]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Uehrde]] * [[Uelsen]] * [[Uetze]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Ulsena]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Uelzen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Ülz’n'')</small> * [[Ummern]] * [[Undeloh]] * [[Upgant-Schott]] * [[Uplengen]] * [[Uslar]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Utarp]] {{div col end}} === V === {{div col|3}} * [[Vahlberg]] * [[Vahlbruch]] * [[Vahlde]] * [[Vallis Ambrae]]<ref name="Ambra">Latino de toponymo "Ambra" (Theodisce ''Emmer''), vide {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref name="Vallis">[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Tal?wb=gross&nr=1 Theodiscum vocabulum ''T(h)al'' aut Theodiscum suffixum ''-t(h)al'' Latino vocabulo "vallis-is"] vertitur.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Emmerthal''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emmerdaal'')</small> * [[Vallis Augae]]<ref name="SLH 1988">Societas Latina Hannoverana (1988). ''Fasciculi geographici et historici: De parvis provinciis ditionis Hannoveranae et Schaumburgensis''. Hannoverae: Typis Exscripsit Libraria Scripturarum.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Auetal'')</small> * [[Vallis Claustra-Cella]]<ref name="Conring 1730">Conring, H. (1730). ''De Antiquitatibus Academicis Dissertationes Septem''. Officina Smeinkiana.</ref><ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Clausthal-Zellerfeld''; [[Supraharthice]] ''Clasthol-Zallerfall'')</small> * [[Varel]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Varrel]] * [[Vastorf]] * [[Vechelde]] * [[Velpke]] * [[Veltheim (Ohe)]] * [[Vetha]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Vechta''; [[Saxonice]] ''Vechte'')</small> * [[Vicus Adelaidis]]<ref name="ALF 2016">Academia Latinitati Fovendae (2016). ''Commentarii Academiae Latinitati Fovendae: De novis parochiis et communibus Saxoniae Inferioris textus'' (Vol. XXIV). Romae: Herder.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Adelheidsdorf'')</small> * [[Vicus Vetus Hassicus]]<ref name="Vicus Vetus Hassicus">Vide [https://www.fallingrain.com/world/GM/06/Hessisch_Oldendorf.html?utm ''www.fallingrain''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Other (Latin) names: Vicus Vetus Hassicus,Vicus Vetus Hassicus,Hessisch-Oldendorf,Hessisch-Oldendorf''' (...)".</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hessisch Oldendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eolendörpe'')</small> * [[Vierden]] * [[Vierhöfen]] * [[Vildhusia]]<ref name="Hofmannus"/> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Wildeshausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wilshusen'')</small> * [[Villa Cremilonis]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cremlingen'')</small> * [[Vintlum]]<ref name="Vintlum">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/schneverdingen-peter-und-paul/?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Schneverdingen, Peter und Paul''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''capella in honorem sancti Anthonii in villa Vintlo parrochie Snewerdinge'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Fintel'')</small> * [[Visbek]] * [[Visselhövede]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Vögelsen]] * [[Vollersode]] * [[Voltlage]] * [[Vorda Bremensis]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bremervörde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bremervöör'')</small> * [[Vordorf]] * [[Vorwerk (Niedersachsen)|Vorwerk]] * [[Vrees]] {{div col end}} === W === {{div col|3}} * [[Waake]] * [[Waddeweitz]] * [[Wagenfeld]] * [[Wagenhoff]] * [[Wahrenholz]] * [[Walchum]] * [[Walkenried]] * [[Wallenhorst]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Wallmoden]] * [[Walsrode]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Wangelnstedt]] * [[Wangerland]] * [[Wangerooge]] * [[Wanna]] * [[Warberg]] * [[Wardenburg]] * [[Warmsen]] * [[Warpe]] * [[Wasbüttel]] * [[Wathlingen]] * [[Wedemark]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Weener]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Weenzen]] * [[Wehrbleck]] * [[Welle]] * [[Wendeburg]] * [[Wendisch Evern]] * [[Wennigsen]] * [[Wenzendorf]] * [[Werdum]] * [[Werlte]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Werpeloh]] * [[Wesendorf]] * [[Weste (Niedersachsen)|Weste]] * [[Westergellersen]] * [[Westerholt]] * [[Westertimke]] * [[Westerwalsede]] * [[Westfeld (Niedersachsen)|Westfeld]] * [[Westoverledingen]] * [[Wetschen]] * [[Wettrup]] * [[Weyhausen]] * [[Weyhe]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Wieda]] * [[Wiedensahl]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Wiefelstede]] * [[Wielen]] * [[Wienhausen]] * [[Wiesmoor]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Wietmarschen]] * [[Wietze]] * [[Wietzen]] * [[Wietzendorf]] * [[Wilhelmshaven]] <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Wilstedt]] * [[Wilsum]] * [[Wingst]] * [[Winkelsett]] * [[Winnigstedt]] * [[Winsen (Aller)]] * [[Winsenia]]<ref name="Büttner">Büttner, D. S. (1710). ''Rudera Diluvii Testes, i.e. Zeichnung und Abbildung derer Columnarum Sceletonum''. Gottfried Zimmermann.</ref> <small>(ad [[Luya]]m<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Winsen'')</small> * [[Winzenburg]] * [[Wippingen]] * [[Wirdum]] * [[Wischhafen]] * [[Wistedt]] * [[Witmundia]]<ref>E.g., [[Ioannes Luyts|Ioannis Luyts]] ''Introductio ad Geographiam novam et veterem'', Ultraiecti 1692, [https://books.google.fr/books?id=_o0YP3-9VTMC&pg=PA281&dq=Witmundia&hl=ru&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjShLT7vdDrAhVJw4sKHZLLCokQ6AEwAnoECAMQAg#v=onepage&q=Witmundia&f=false p. 281].</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wittmund'')</small> * [[Wittingen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Wittmar]] * [[Wittorf]] * [[Wohnste]] * [[Wolfsburgum]]<ref>Vide nomini arcis: Samuel Pufendorfus, ''Commentariorum de rebus Suecicis libri XXVI'' {{Google Books|lV1PAAAAcAAJ|pag. 457 et 475}}, ''Nova Acta Eruditorum'' {{Google Books|eGFlITDJFSMC|pag. 487}}, Lipsiae, anno 1756, ac ''Itininerarium Thomae Carve, Tipperariensis'' ([https://archive.org/details/itinerariumthom00kerngoog/page/n182 pag. 108]).</ref> <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> </small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Wolfsburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wulfsborg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wolfsbuurich'')</small> * [[Wollbrandshausen]] * [[Wollershausen]] * [[Wölpinghausen]] * [[Wolsdorf]] * [[Woltersdorf (Wendland)|Woltersdorf]] * [[Woltershausen]] * [[Worde]]<ref name="Worde">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/grossenwoerden/?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Hinricus rector ecclesie in Worde'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Großenwörden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grootweurn'')</small> * [[Worpswede]] * [[Wremen]] * [[Wrestedt]] * [[Wriedel]] * [[Wulfsen]] * [[Wulften ad Harthicos montes]] * [[Wunstorf]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Wurster Nordseeküste]] * [[Wustrow (Saxonia Inferior)]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> {{div col end}} === Y === {{div col|3}} * [[Ylsede]]<ref name="Ylsede">Vide [https://kleinilsede.hier-im-netz.de/historis.htm ''Historisches über Klein Ilsede''], ubi dicitur "(...) minori ylsede (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ilsede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ilse'')</small> * [[Yppenerdhe]]<ref name="Yppenerdhe">Vide [https://www.gross-ippener.de/gemeinde/geschichte.html?utm ''Groß Ippene''], ubi dicitur "(...) Parrochia Yppenerdhe (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Ippener''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Ippner'')</small> * [[Ysinibutle]]<ref name="Ysinibutle">Vide [https://www.arcinsys.niedersachsen.de/arcinsys/showArchivalDescriptionDetails?archivalDescriptionId=5905372&utm ''Arcinsys''], ubi dicitur "(...) Isenbüttel, Kr. Gifhorn (Ysinibutle, Ysenebutle) (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Isenbüttel'')</small> {{div col end}} === Z === {{div col|3}} * [[Zernien]] * [[Zetel]] * [[Zeven]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Zorge]] {{div col end}} ==Notae== <references /> [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris|!]] r5muy5tmgkd94uq8d99l7ck1yl89f5t 3986713 3986620 2026-09-08T20:41:39Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3986713 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Municipalities in Lower Saxony.svg|thumb|500px|Urbes et communia Saxoniae Inferioris.]] '''Index urbium, oppidorum et communium in [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxonia Inferiore]]''' omnia [[commune|communia]] (Theodisce ''Gemeinden''), consociationes communium (Theodisce ''Gemeindeverbände'') atque loca nulli communium adscripta (Theodisce ''gemeindefreien Gebiete''), quae hodie in [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terra]] [[Germania|Germanica]] [[Saxonia Inferior]]e exstant, complectitur. Postremae mutationes finium territorialium in Saxonia Inferiore [[1 Novembris|Kalendis Novembribus]] anni [[2021]] effectae sunt. Ex eo tempore [[Saxonia Inferior]] 939 communia et 25 loca nulli communi adscripta (quorum duo habitantur) habet. Quibus e communibus 159 titulo [[urbs|urbis]] (Theodisce ''Stadt'') et 49 titulo [[oppidum|oppidi]] (Theodisce ''Flecken'') utuntur. Praeterea nonnullae proprietates exstant secundum communium administrationem: Nam 939 communia in 289 communia unitaria et 650 communia membra dividuntur; quae vero in universum 114 consociationes communium constituunt, ut munera communiter administrent. Hae consociationes communium ipsa communia non sunt, sed foedera cooperationis, quae aut ex regione aut ex communitate in qua sedes administrationis sita est nomen accipiunt. Quapropter in Saxonia Inferiore idem nomen tam communi quam consociationi communium tribui potest. Agitur tamen de duobus corporibus iuridicis distinctis, quae proprias repraesentationes atque propria munera habent. Praeterea, propter magnitudinem suam, nonnullae communium et consociationes communium peculiarem rationem cum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulo terrae]] (Theodisce ''Landkreis'') habent: * Decem urbes statum iuridicum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli urbani]] (Theodisce ''kreisfreien Stadt'') obtinent, nulli circulo terrae subiiciuntur atque omnia sua munera exercent. * Septem urbes statum iuridicum urbis magnae sui iuris (Theodisce ''Große selbständige Stadt'') obtinent atque multa, sed non omnia, munera circuli terrae cui adscribuntur exercent. * 61 communium et tria communia generalia (Theodisce ''Samtgemeinden'') statum iuridicum communis sui iuris (Theodisce ''Selbständige Gemeinde'') obtinent atque quaedam munera districtus cui adscribuntur exercent. * 861 ceterae communium nullam peculiarem rationem cum circulo terrae cui adscribuntur habent. === A === {{div col|3}} * [[Abensium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Apensen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Obbens'')</small> * [[Acheimum]]<ref name="Grote III 1877">Grote, H. (1877). ''Münzstudien: Geschichte der älteren Münzen und Urkunden des Bisthums Verden'' (Vol. VIII). Hannoverae: Hahn’sche Hofbuchhandlung.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Achim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Achem'')</small> * [[Achestedium]]<ref name="Pratje 1759"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Axstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ax'')</small> * [[Adelebsenum]]<ref name="Funck 1736">Funck, J. N. (1736). ''Disputatio Academica de Voluntaria Morte Judaeorum et Gentilium sub Praesidio S. R. I. Libero Baroni de Adelebsen Dedicata''. Rintelii: Typis Johannis Friderici Enax.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Adelebsen'')</small> * [[Adenebutla]]<ref name="Pischke 1998">Pischke, G. (Ed.) (1998). ''Das Lehnsregister der Edelherren von Meinersen: Edition und historische Untersuchung der mittelalterlichen Besitzurkunden'' (Documentum anni MCCXX). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Adenbüttel'')</small> * [[Adenhusium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1703">Schlegel, J. C. (1703). ''Chronica Parochiarum ditionis Mindensis et Hildesiensis: De ecclesiis parochialibus et ditione antiqua oppidi Adenhusii''. Mindae: Typis Johannis Meyeri; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1703). ''Chronica Parochiarum ditionis Mindensis et Hildesiensis:...''. Mindae: Typis Johannis Meyeri.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ahnsen'')</small> * [[Adenthorpium]]<ref name="Höhbaum 1876">Höhbaum, K. (Ed.) (1876). ''Hansisches Urkundenbuch: Monumenta Germaniae Historica e codicibus diplomaticis Bremensibus et Luneburgensibus'' (Vol. I). Halis Saxonum: Typis Orphanotrophei.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Adendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Adendörp'')</small> * [[Affinghusia]]<ref name="Rathlef 1766">Rathlef, E. L. (1766). ''Geschichte der Grafschaften Hoya und Diepholz: Monimenta diplomatica et antiquitates ditionis Affinghusiae'' (Vol. I). Bremae: Försterischen Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Affinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Affinghusen'' seu ''Affjehusen'')</small> * [[Aldendorpevilla]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> ([[Theodisce]] ''Stadtoldendorf'') * [[Alrebekesa]]<ref name="Oven 1872">Oven, A. von (Ed.) (1872). ''Urkundenbuch des Herzogthums Lüneburg: Diplomata, chartae et registra historica saeculi XII (Documentum anni MCXCVII de venditione praedii Alrebekesae)'' (Vol. I). Hannoverae: Carl Rümpler.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ahnsbeck'')</small> * [[Ahusium (Saxonia Inferior)|Ahusium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705">Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Bremensis et Verdensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Parochiarum ditionis Corbeiensis et Hildesiensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ahausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ahusen'')</small> * [[Alfelda]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Alfeld''; [[Saxonice]] ''Allefelle'')</small> * [[Alfhusium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Alfhausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Alfhusen'')</small> * [[Algermissenum]]<ref name="Hoogeweg III 1903">Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1903). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Quellen und Darstellungen zur Geschichte Niedersachsens (Monimenta historica et privilegia de Algermisseno)'' (Vol. III). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Algermissen'')</small> * [[Alisni]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elsfleth'')</small> * [[Almstedium]]<ref name="Hoogeweg II 1901">Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1901). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Quellen und Darstellungen zur Geschichte Niedersachsens (Monimenta historica et registra de Almstedio)'' (Vol. II). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Almstedt'')</small> * [[Alorstedium]]<ref name="Pratje 1758">Pratje, J. H. (1758). ''Historische Nachrichten von dem ehemaligen berühmten Closter Harsefeld: Monumenta ac documenta saeculi XII ubi de decimis Alorstedii agitur''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ahlerstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ohlers'')</small> * [[Alvstedium]]<ref name="Pratje 1759">Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Alfstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Alfs'' seu ''Alfst'')</small> * [[Amelinghusium]]<ref name="Baring 1746">Baring, E. (1746). ''Succincta Hannoverae et ditionum vicinarum Notitia Historica''. Hanoverae: Typis Nicolae Försteri.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Amelinghausen''; [[lingua Saxonica|Boreosaxonice]] ''Amekhusen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Amelkusen'')</small> * [[Anchemium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ankum'')</small> * [[Andervenia]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Andervenne'')</small> * [[Andorlangia]]<ref name="Pratje 1759"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Anderlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Annerlingen'')</small> * [[Antiqua Medingha]]<ref name="Homeyer X 2006">Homeyer, J. (Ed.) (2006). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Medingen: Lüneburger Urkundenbuch (Monimenta historica saeculi XIV de parochia Medinghae) (Vol. X)''. Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Altenmedingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ohmein'')</small> * [[Apenum]]<ref name="Baring 1746"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Apen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aap'')</small> * [[Apleremum]]<ref name="Schlegel 1703"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Apelern'')</small> * [[Appelium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Appel'')</small> * [[Aquae Lauterbergenses in Montibus Harthicis]]<ref name="Mirus 1826">Mirus, A. (1826). ''De salubritate aquarum lauterbergensium in montibus harthicis sitarum''. Typis Regiis.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Lauterberg im Harz'')</small> * [[Aquae Nendorpenses]]<ref name="Marcard 1805">Marcard, H. M. (1805). ''De salubritate aquarum nendorpensium et de earum usu in morbis chronicis''. [[Goettinga]]e: Dieterich; et: Macard, H. M. (1805). ''De usu salutari fontium salinorum in territorio Hildesiensi sitorum''. [[Goettinga]]e: Dieterich.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Nenndorf'')</small> * [[Aquae Zwischenahnenses]]<ref name="Statisitakamt Nord 2025">Statistikamt Nord (Editio Latina). ''Catalogus Urbium et Communium Germaniae''. Hamburgi, 2025.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Zwischenahn''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Twiskenoan'' seu ''Boad Twiskenoan''; [[Saxonice]] ''Twüschenahn'')</small> * [[Aroldishusium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Arholzen'')</small> * [[Artlenburgum]]<ref name="Baring 1746"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Artlenburg'')</small> * [[Artlissa]]<ref name="Mader 1664">Mader, J. J. (1664). ''Antiquitates Brunsvicenses: De antiquis parochiis Saxonum et finibus dioecesis Mindensis (Caput de parochia Artlissa)''. Helmestadii: Typis Henningi Mulleri.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Aerzen'': quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Ärzen'')</small> * [[Arx Agathae]]<ref name="Kochen 1724">Kochen, J. H. (1724). ''Introductio in Historiam Ducatus Bremensis y Verdensis: Accesserunt diplomata varia et descriptio Arcis Agathae et ditionis Stadiensis''. Stadae: Typis Caspari Holmii.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Agathenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gothenborg'')</small> * [[Arx Draconis]]<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Drakenburg'')</small> * [[Ascalingium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ahlden'')</small> * [[Asanthorpium]]<ref name="Vogell 1856">Vogell, A. (Ed.) (1856). ''Urkundenbuch des Bisthums Verden und des Collegiatstifts Bardewick: Chartae, diplomata et monumenta historica saeculi XIII...''. Hannoverae: Hahn’sche Hofbuchhandlung.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Harburgensis|Circulo Harburgensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Harburg">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Harburgensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Harburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo "[[Harburgum]]" -ad quod gentilicium "Harburgensis-e" refertur-.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Asendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Asendörp'')</small> * [[Asenthorpium]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1855">Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1855). ''Hoyer Urkundenbuch'' (Vol. I). Hannoverae: Jänecke Verlag.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus terrae Diepholtia|Circulo terrae Diepholtia]]<ref name="Landkreis Diepholz">Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Diepholtia" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Diepholz'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo "[[Diepholtia]]", vide {{Hofmannus}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Asendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Asendörp'')</small> * [[Assena]]<ref name="Philippi & Bar 1892">Philippi, F., & Bär, M. (Eds.) (1892). ''Osnabrücker Urkundenbuch: Die Urkunden der Jahre 772-1200'' (Vol. 1). Verein für Geschichte und Landeskunde von Osnabrück.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Essen'')</small> * [[Assini]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Essen'')</small> * [[Astanholteremarki-Scirnbeki]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Osterholz-Scharmbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Oosterholt-Scharmbeek'')</small> * [[Asylum (Saxonia Inferior)|Asylum]]<ref name="Asylum">Theodiscum nomen ''Freistatt'', quod ''Freistätte, Zufluchtsort, Asyl'' significat, Latine "asylum" reddi potest. Nam in ''Deutsches Wörterbuch'' de Weigand et Hirt vox Theodisca ''Asyl'' explicatur ut «Freistatt» et ipsa vox Theodisca ''Asyl'' e Latino "asylum" orta esse dicitur. Praeterea lexicon Germanico-Latinum, quod in traditione lexicographica Georgii continetur, directe tradit: ''Freistatt, -stätte'', "asylum'". Itaque "Asylum" non est forma ficticia neque mera translatio nostra, sed aequivalentia lexicographice comprobata.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Freistatt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Freestatt'')</small> * [[Aszi]]<ref name="Hermann">Hermann Abels: ''Die Ortsnamen des Emslandes in ihrer sprachlichen und kulturgeschichtlichen Bedeutung''. S. 27f.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Esche'')</small> * [[Aulica]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elze'')</small> * [[Auriacum (Saxonia Inferior)|Auriacum]]<ref name="Graesse"/><ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Aurich''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Aurk''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Auerk'')</small> {{div col end}} === B === {{div col|3}} * [[Badberga]]<ref name="-berga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-berga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Badbergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Badbern'')</small> * [[Baddekenstedium]]<ref name="Casemir & Menzel & Ohainski X 2018">Casemir, K., Menzel, F., & Ohainski, U. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil X)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Baddeckenstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Barkenstäe'')</small> * [[Balga]]<ref name="Udolph 1994">Udolph, J. (1994). ''Namenkundliche Studien zum Germanenproblem'' (Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde, Ergänzungsbände 9). Walter de Gruyter.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Balje'')</small> * [[Balga Cortis]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Balge'')</small> * [[Baltrumum]]<ref name="Wiarda III 1792">Wiarda, T. D. (1792). ''Ostfriesische Geschichte: Von den ältesten Zeiten bis zum Jahre 1648'' (Vol. 3). August Friedrich Winter.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Baltrum'')</small> * [[Bamwida]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bohmte''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baumte'')</small> * [[Bardenuvicum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bardowick''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bewick'')</small> * [[Bardorpium]]<ref name="Sudendorf 1859">Sudendorf, H. (Ed.) (1859). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Herzöge von Braunschweig und Lüneburg und ihrer Lande'' (Vol. 1). Carl Rümpler Verlag.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bahrdorf'')</small> * [[Barenburgum]]<ref name="Kolb 1712">Kolb, G. (1712). ''Compendium totius orbis: partim geographicum, partim historicum, partim genealogicum''. Typis Universitatis Carolo-Francisceae</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Barenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baarnborg'')</small> * [[Bargstedum]]<ref name="Mushard 1764">Mushard, M. (1764). ''Palaeogentilismus Bremensis: Monumenta ac veterum tumuli in ducatibus Bremensi et Verdensi''. Typis Andreae Vandenhoeck.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bargstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bargst'' seu ''Bars'')</small> * [[Barnstedum]]<ref name="Bünting & Letzner 1702">Bünting, H., & Letzner, J. (1702). ''Braunschweig-Lüneburgische Chronica, Oder Historische Beschreibung der Durchlauchtigsten Herzogen zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg''. Gedruckt bey Caspar Johann Jakobi.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barnstedt'')</small> * [[Barnstorfium]]<ref name="Böhmer 2007">Böhmer, J. F. (2007). ''Regesta Imperii III: Salisches Haus 1024–1125. Die Regesten des Kaiserreiches unter Heinrich IV'' (T. Struve, Ed.). Böhlau Verlag.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Barnstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baarnstrup'')</small> * [[Barsela]]<ref name="Köbler 2016">Köbler, G. (2016). ''Orte in der deutschen Ortsgeschichte''. Wikiling-Zier. [[Universitas Leopoldino-Franciscea]].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barßel''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bäärsel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bassel'')</small> * [[Barsingehusa]]<ref name="Harenberg 1753">Harenberg, J. C. (1753). ''Historia ecclesiae Gandershemensis diplomatica''. Typis et Impensis Joannis Christophori Meisneri.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barsinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baschehusen'' seu ''Basche'')</small> * [[Barum (Luneburgum)|Barum]]<ref name="Mindermann I II 2004">Mindermann, A. (Ed.) (2004). ''Verdener Urkundenbuch, 1. Abteilung, Band 2: 1300–1380''. Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Luneburgensis|Circulo Luneburgensi]]<ref name="Landreis Lüneburg">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Luneburgensis" -Theodisce ''Landreis Lüneburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Luneburgensis-e" ad [[Luneburgum]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Boorn'')</small> * [[Barum (Circulus Ulsenensis)|Barum]]<ref name="AdWzG 2010">Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen (2010). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter'' (K. Casemir, F. Menzel, & U. Ohainski, Eds.). Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Ulsenensis|Circulo Ulsenensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Uelzen">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Ulsenensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Uelzen'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Ulsenensis-e" ad [[Ulsena]]m refertur. Quo de gentilicio, vide lemma "res-publica Ulsenensis" apud {{Google Books|w_tWAAAAcAAJ|vide paginam dedicationis operis}}"; et de topnymo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bourm'')</small> * [[Barunvilla]]<ref name="SdaedhdlM 1862">Société d'archéologie et d'histoire de la Moselle (1862). ''Mémoires de la Société d'archéologie et d'histoire de la Moselle: Année 1860–1861''. Rousseau-Pallez.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borendörp'')</small> * [[Barverum]]<ref name="Böhmer 1844">Böhmer, J. F. (1844). ''Regesta Chronologico-Diplomatica Regum et Imperatorum Romanorum: Inde a Conrado I. Usque ad Henricum VII''. Typis et Sumtibus J. C. Hermann.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Barver'')</small> * [[Barwedelum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Barwedel'')</small> * [[Basdalum]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Basdahl''; [[Saxonice]] ''Basdaal'' seu ''Basdohl'')</small> * [[Bawinkelum]]<ref name="Moser 1738">Moser, J. J. (1738). ''Bibliotheca Iuris Publici S. R. I. Germanici: Specially regarding the territories of Westphalia and Lower Saxony''. Typis Ioannis Georgii Cottae.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bawinkel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bowinkel'')</small> * [[Bebenhusa (Saxonia Inferior)|Bebenhusa]]<ref name="Ahlfeldt 2010">Ahlfeldt, J. (Ed.) (2010). ''Regnum Francorum Online: Traditio Fuldenses''. Francia-Ahlfeldt Project.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bevensen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bämsen'' seu ''Bemsen'')</small> * [[Beckdorfium]]<ref name="AdWzG 2010"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Beckdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Beekdörp'')</small> * [[Beckedorfium]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Beckedorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Biäkedörp'')</small> * [[Beckelnum]]<ref name="Böhmer 1844"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Beckeln'')</small> * [[Bedenbostelum]]<ref name="NL 1924">Niedersächsisches Landesarchiv (1924). ''Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte''. Veröffentlichungen de Historischen Kommission für Niedersachsen und Bremen.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Beedenbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bedenbossel'')</small> * [[Beierstedum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Beierstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Barste’e'')</small> * [[Belmum]]<ref name="Moser 1738"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Belm'')</small> * [[Belumum]]<ref name="Mushard 1764"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Belum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Belen'')</small> * [[Bema (Saxonia Inferior)|Bema]]<ref name="Sudendorf 1859"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Böhme''; [[Saxonice]] ''Böhm'')</small> * [[Bendestorfium]]<ref name="Bührmann 2005">Bührmann, M. (2005). ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen des norddeutschen Raumes''. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. </ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bendestorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bendsdörp'')</small> * [[Berga (Circulus Cellensis)|Berga]]<ref name="Bruzen de La Martinière 1737">Bruzen de La Martinière, A. A. (1737). ''Thesaurus geographicus criticus: in quo omnium orbis terrarum regionum, civitatum, oppidorum, nominibus antiquis, medii aevi et modernis''. Ex Officina Wetsteniana.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Cellensis|Circulo Cellensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Celle">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Cellensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Celle'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo "[[Cella (Germania)|Cella]]" -ad quod gentilicium "Cellensis-e" refertur-, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bargen'')</small> * [[Berga (Circulus Osnabrugae)|Berga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Osnabrugae|Circulo Osnabrugae]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Osnabrugae" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Osnabrück'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum ''LandKreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo "[[Osnabruga|Osnabruga-ae]]", vide Pertsch, Erich: ''Langenscheidts Großes Schulwörterbuch Lateinisch-Deutsch'', Berolini et Monaci 1983, ISBN 3-468-07202-3, p. 1325.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Berge'')</small> * [[Berga ad Dumnam]]<ref name="Bruzen de La Martinière 1737"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bergen an der Dumme''; [[Polabice]] ''Djörska'')</small> * [[Bergenborstelium]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1855"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bahrenborstel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bornbössel'' seu ''Boornbössel'')</small> * [[Bergfelda]]<ref name="Bünting & Letzner 1702"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bergfeld''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Bargfeld'')</small> * [[Bernsium Minus]]<ref name="Bernsium">Vide [https://emslaendische-landschaft.de/images/AFEL/Publikationen/Zeitschriften/Band_22/Heft_109_Mai_2011.pdf?utm ''''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Berßen, Groß oder Klein''' (...) Bernsium (...)".</ref><ref name="KleinGrosse">De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum "Klein" et "Gross" per Latina "Minor-us" et "Maior-ius", vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Klein Berßen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lütke Bässen'')</small> * [[Bersenbrugum]]<ref name="Sandhoff 1785">Sandhoff, J. E. (1785). ''Antistitum Osnabrugensis ecclesiae, qui per decem saecula episcopale munus in ea gesserunt, chronotaxis''. Typis Joannis Georgii Kislingii.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bersenbrück''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bessenbrügge'')</small> * [[Bersinium]]<ref name="Kaemling 1987">Kaemling, ''Atlas zur Geschichte Niedersachsens'' (1987).</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Berßen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groten Bässen'')</small> * [[Berumburgum]]<ref name="Emmius 1616">Emmius, U. (1616). ''Rerum Frisicarum Historia''. [[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]: Elzevier.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Berumbur'')</small> * [[Bestena]]<ref name="Jellinghaus 1923">Jellinghaus, H. (1923). ''Die westfälischen Ortsnamen nach ihren Bestandteilen''' (III ed.). Ferdinand Schöningh.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Beesten'')</small> * [[Betzendorfum]]<ref name="Bünting & Letzner 1702"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Betzendorfum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bätzendörp'')</small> * [[Bevernense Castrum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bevern'')</small> * [[Beverstedum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Beverstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Beverst'')</small> * [[Bienenbuttelum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bienenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bienbüddel'')</small> * [[Bilshusa]]<ref name="Wolf 1819">Wolf, J. (1819). ''Politische Geschichte des Eichsfeldes mit Urkunden erläutert''. Johann Georg Rosenbusch.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bilshausen'')</small> * [[Binethemum]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688">Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: I. Historicos Germanicos, II. Historiam Helmstadensem, III. Dissertationes de utriusque Saxoniae''. Typis Georgii Wolffgangi Hammii; et: Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: Dissertationen und historische Chroniken des Herzogtums Braunschweig-Lüneburg''. Typis Georgii Wolffii.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bentheim'')</small> * [[Binnenum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Binnen'')</small> * [[Bippenum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bippen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bippen'')</small> * [[Birsina]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bassum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bassen'')</small> * [[Bissendorpum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bissendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bissendörp'')</small> * [[Blenderum]]<ref name="Brosius 1993">Brosius, D. (1993). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Loccum'' (Vol. 1). Wallstein Verlag.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Blender''; [[Saxonice]] ''Blenner'')</small> * [[Bliederstorpum]]<ref name="Trüper 2017">Trüper, H. G. (2017). ''Urkundenbuch der Herren von Zesterfleth: 1232–1657''. Wallstein Verlag.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bliedersdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bliersdörp'')</small> * [[Bobentunum]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski & Udolph"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bovenden''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Bovten'')</small> * [[Bocensis]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bückeburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bückeborg'')</small> * [[Bocholta (Circulus Heidensis)|Bocholta]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1859"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Heidensis|Circulo Heidensi]]<ref name="Heidekreis">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Heidensis" -Theodisce ''Heidekreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum suffixum ''-kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum gentilicium "Heidensis-e" Theodiscum lexema ''Heide-'' vertit.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bookholt'')</small> * [[Bocholta (Circulus Theorosburgensis)|Bocholta]]<ref name="Wilmans & Hoogeweg VI 1898"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Theorosburgensis|Circulo Theorosburgensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Schaumburg">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Theorosburgensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Schaumburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino gentilicio "Theorosburgensis-e", quod ad [[Theorosburgum]] refertur, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baukholt'')</small> * [[Bocholtum in Ericeto]]<ref name="Mindermann 2001"/> <small>[[urbs]] et commune sui iuris</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz in der Nordheide''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bookholt'')</small> * [[Bochorna (Circulus Frisicus)|Bochorna]]<ref name="Ehmck & Bippen 1873">Ehmck, D. R., & von Bippen, W. (Ed.) (1873). ''Bremisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1. Urkunden bis zum Jahre 1300''. C. Schünemann.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Frisicus|Circulo Frisico]]<ref name="Landkreis Friesland">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Frisicus" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Friesland'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Frisicus-a-um" ad [[Frisia (discretiva)|Frisiam]] refertur. Quod de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bockhorn'')</small> * [[Bochorna (Circulus Vetha)|Bochorna]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Vetha|Circulo Vetha]]<ref name="Landkreis Vechta">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Vetha" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Vechta'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo).</ref><ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bakum'')</small> * [[Bochorstia]]<ref name="Erhard 1851">Erhard, H. A. (Ed.) (1851). ''Regesta Historiae Westfaliae: Accedit Codex Diplomaticus/Regesten der Geschichte Westfalens''. Regensberg.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bockhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baukhast'')</small> * [[Bodendicum]]<ref name="Brosius 1985">Brosius, D. (1985). ''Aus der Geschichte der Burg Bodenteich''. Ecomed Verlag.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bodenteich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bonndiek'')</small> * [[Bodenfelda]]<ref name="Sudendorf 1859"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenfelde'')</small> * [[Bodensa]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski & Udolph">Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (2003). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Göttingen''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodensee'')</small> * [[Bodonis Insula]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenwerder'')</small> * [[Boffeshusium]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski VI 2007">Casemir, K., & Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen del Landkreises Holzminden''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VI)''. Editio ab Academia Scientiarum Gottingensi. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Boffzen'')</small> * [[Boitersena]]<ref name="Mindermann 2001">Mindermann, A. (Ed.) (2001). ''Urkundenbuch der Bischöfe und des Domkapitels von Verden: Band 1''. Von den Anfängen bis 1300. [[Stadae|Stadis]]: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bötersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Boitzen'')</small> * [[Boitzia]]<ref name="Sudendorf 1859"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Boitze''; [[Saxonice]] ''Böhtz'')</small> * [[Bokenstorpium]]<ref name="Sudendorf 1859"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bokensdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bokensdörp'')</small> * [[Bokenum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bockenem''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bokeln'')</small> * [[Borchwega]]<ref name="Rüther 1905">Rüther, H. (Ed.) (1905). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Neuenwalde''. Halle’sche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Burweg'')</small> * [[Borkna]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Borkum''; [[lingua Frisica|Frisice]] ''Boarkum''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Börkum'')</small> * [[Borna Castra]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Berne'')</small> * [[Borsla]]<ref name="Niemeyer 2012">Niemeyer, M. (Ed.) (2012). ''Deutsches Ortsnamenbuch''. De Gruyter</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bösel''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Böäsel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bäsel'')</small> * [[Borstla]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1842">Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1842). ''Diepholzer Urkundenbuch: Authentische Urkunden zur Geschichte der Grafschaft Diepholz''. [[Hannovera]]e: Hahn'schen Hofbuchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Borstel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bössel'')</small> * [[Botela]]<ref name="Mindermann 2001"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bothel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bootel'')</small> * [[Brachia (Germania)|Brachia]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Brake''; [[Saxonice]] ''Braak'' seu ''Broak'')</small> * [[Braclina]]<ref name="Rübel 1881">Rübel, K. (Ed.) (1881). ''Dortmunder Urkundenbuch: Band 1. Urkunden bis zum Jahre 1340''. [[Isarlohia]]e: J. Baedeker.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Brackel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Braackel'')</small> * [[Bracum]]<ref name="Kirchbrak">Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum terminationibus ''-ac'' aut ''-ach'' aut ''-ack'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-acum-i" aut "-achium-i". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-ac, -ach, -ack''' : -''acum,'' -''achium'' (...)". Hoc casu, latinizantia suffixa formis antiquis huius toponymi "Brac" applicantur; quo de toponymo, vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B77-F/NOB%20VI%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Holzminden.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1&utm ''/NOB VI Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Holzminden''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Theodericus de Brach'' (...) ''Henricus de Brach'' (...) ''Henrico de Brack'' (...) villa Brac (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kirchbrak''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kerkbraak'')</small> * [[Bramascus]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bramsche'')</small> * [[Breddenberga]]<ref name="Wilmans & Hoogeweg VI 1898">Wilmans, R., & Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.). (1898). ''Westfälisches Urkundenbuch: Band 6. Die Urkunden des Bisthums Minden und angrenzender Gebiete''. [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Regensberg'schen Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Breddenberg'')</small> * [[Bredenforda]]<ref name="Hoogeweg 1898">Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1898). ''Westfälisches Urkundenbuch: Band 6. Die Urkunden des Bisthums Minden vom J. 1201-1300''. [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Regensberg'schen Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brevörde''¨; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Bräwer'')</small> * [[Bredthorpium]]<ref name="Ehmck & Bippen 1873"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Breddorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Breddörp'')</small> * [[Brestum (Saxonia Inferior)|Brestum]]<ref name="Pratje 1759"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brest'')</small> * [[Brincama]]<ref name="Friedländer 1878">Friedländer, E. (Ed.) (1878). ''Ostfriesisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1. (Jahre 787–1470)''. [[Emda]]e: Haynel.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brinkum'')</small> * [[Britlinga]]<ref name="Udolph 2004">Udolph, J. (2004). ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen: Akten eines internationalen Symposiums in Uppsala''. [[Gottinga]]e: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Brietlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brietl'')</small> * [[Brochema]]<ref name="Wilmans & Hoogeweg VI 1898"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Brockum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Broubm'' seu ''Brookm'')</small> * [[Brocleda]]<ref name="Janicke 1896">Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1896). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 1''. [[Lipsia]]e: S. Hirzel.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bröckel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bräukel'')</small> * [[Broclina]]<ref name="Mindermann 2001"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Brockel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brookel'')</small> * [[Broma]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski 2014">Casemir, K., & Ohainski, U. (Ed.). (2014). ''Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch: Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Gifhorn''. [[Bilivelda]]e: Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Brome''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brom'')</small> * [[Brochusium-Vilsena]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1855"/><ref name="Wilmans & Hoogeweg VI 1898"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bruchhausen-Vilsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brooksen-Vilsen'')</small> * [[Brunsvicum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Braunschweig''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brunswiek''; [[lingua Saxonica|Brunsvicice]] dialectaliter ''Bronswiek'' seu ''Brönswiek'')</small> * [[Bukina]]<ref name="Wilmans & Hoogeweg VI 1898"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bücken''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bücken'')</small> * [[Bulcova]]<ref name="Ehmck & Bippen 1873"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bülkau'')</small> * [[Bulsteda]]<ref name="Ehmck & Bippen 1873"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bülstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Büls'')</small> * [[Brunla]]<ref name="Bode 1893">Bode, G. (Ed.) (1893). ''Urkundenbuch der Stadt Goslar und der in und bei Goslar belegenen geistlichen Stiftungen: Band 1 (922 bis 1250)''.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Braunlage'')</small> * [[Bunda]]<ref name="Deiter">Deiter, H. (1881). Oldeborchs, Pastoris zu Bunda in Reiderland, kleine ostfriesische Chronicke, betreffend die Jahre 1558 bis 1605. ''Jahrbuch de Gesellschaft für bildende Kunst und vaterländische Altertümer zu Emden''.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bunde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bunn'')</small> * [[Burchardivillare]]<ref name="Janicke 1892">Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1892). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 1. Bis zum Jahre 1221''. S. Hirzel.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Guelpherbytensis|Circulo Guelpherbytensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Wolfenbüttel">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Guelpherbytensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Wolfenbüttel'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Guelpherbytensis-e" ad [[Guelpherbytum]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide [https://vd18.gbv.de/viewer/fullscreen/006049869/1/ ''vd18.gbv.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Pro eo ac debuisti, urbs aerumnosa, infelix ac misera Guelpherbytum (...)"; et quo de gentilicio, vide [https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/MBRY52X6EUWPQOQRFBKHVLYBSUG4M6LS ''Carmina Votiva Honori Clarißimi atq[ue] Experientißimi Viri Dn. Samuelis Stockhausen''], ubi dicitur "(...) Practici Guelpherbytensis (...)".</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Burgdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borgdörp'')</small> * [[Burgdorfium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(in [[Hannovera (regio)|Regione Hannovera]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Burgdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borgdörp'' seu ''Bortörp'')</small> * [[Burgium (Saxonia Inferior)|Burgium]]<ref name="Remling VII 2026">Remling, L. (2026). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Emsland''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Börger''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borger'')</small> * [[Buria (Saxonia Inferior)|Buria]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski & Udolph"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bühren'')</small> * [[Bursina (Saxonia Inferior)|Bursina]]<ref name="Casemir 2003">Casemir, K. (2003). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil III)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Börßum'')</small> * [[Butiadinga]]<ref name="Ehmck & Bippen II 1876">Ehmck, D. R., & Bippen, W. von. (Ed.) (1876). ''Bremisches Urkundenbuch: Band 2. 1301–1350''. D. Ed. Müller.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Butjadingen'')</small> * [[Buxtehuda]]<ref name="Lappenberg 1842">Lappenberg, J. M. (Ed.) (1842). ''Hamburgisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1''. Perthes-Besser & Mauke.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Buxtehude''; [[Saxonice]] ''Buxthu'')</small> * [[Byspinga]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1859">Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1859). ''Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, Fünfte Abtheilung: Archiv des Klosters St. Michaelis zu Lüneburg''. Capaun-Karlowa’sche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bispingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bissen'')</small> {{div col end}} === C === {{div col|3}} * [[Calba (Saxonia Inferior)|Calba]]<ref name="Kalbe">Theodiscum toponymum ''Kalbe'' seu ''Calbe'' forma "Calba" latinizari solet. Cf. [[Calba ad Salam|Calbam ad Salam]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kalbe''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kalf'')</small> * [[Calefelda]]<ref name="-felda">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-feld(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-felda-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Falufelda]], [[Frauenfelda]], [[Heresfelda]], [[Hirutfelda]], [[Ilfelda]], [[Mansfelda]], [[Salfelda]], [[Sualafelda]], [[Alfelda]], [[Alsfelda]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref name="Calefeldensis">"C" pro "K" ponitur propter orthographiam gentilicii "Calefeldensis-e". Quo de gentilicio, vide [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Abhandlungen_zur_geologischen_Specialkarte_von_Preussen_und_den_Th%C3%BCringischen_Staaten_%28IA_abhandlungenzurg8589preu%29.pdf?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=index&utm_content=original ''Abhandlungen zur geologischen Specialkarte von Preussen und den Thüringischen Staaten''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Calefeldensis'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Kalefeld'')</small> * [[Campus Rufus]]<ref name="Stüve 1789"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Rothenfelde'')</small> * [[Capella (Saxonia Inferior)|Capella]]<ref name="Philippi II 1894">Philippi, F. (Ed.) (1894). ''Osnabrücker Urkundenbuch: Band 2. Die Urkunden der Jahre 1201–1250''. H. Th. Wenner.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cappeln'')</small> * [[Castrovallium]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Burgwedel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borwee'' seu ''Boorwee'')</small> * [[Cella (Germania)|Cella]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Celle'')</small> * [[Clenza]]<ref name="Janicke II 1896">Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1896). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 2. Von 1221 bis 1260''. S. Hirzel.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Clenze''; [[Polabice]] ''Kloncka'')</small> * [[Cloppenburgum]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Cloppenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cloppenborg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Kloppenbuurich'')</small> * [[Clusa (Saxonia Inferior)|Clusa]]<ref name="Kluse">Theodiscum Saxonicumque toponymum ''Kluse'' derivatur a Medio-Latino vocabulo "clūsa", "angustum montium aditum, locum clausum" significante, quae ad Latinum verbum "claudere" refertur; cf. Kluge, ''Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache'', s.v. ''Klause'', ubi Mediaevali Theodisco vocabulo ''klûse'', Antiquo Theodisco vocabulo ''chlûsa'' ex [[Latinitas medii aevi|Mediaevali Latino vocabulo]] "clausa, clusa" deducitur, et Lühr, ''Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen'', V, s.v. ''klûsa'', ubi Antiquum Theodiscum vocabulum ''klûsa'', ''Einfriedung, Engpass'' significans, ex [[Latinitas medii aevi|Mediaevali Latino vocabulo]] "clūsa" explicatur. Inde Theodiscum Saxonicumque toponymum ''Kluse'' ortum est.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Kluse'')</small> * [[Coeli Porta]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Himmelpforten''; [[Saxonice]] ''Himmelpoorten'')</small> * [[Collis (Saxonia Inferior)|Collis]]<ref name="Erhard 1851">Erhard, H. A. (Ed.) (1851). ''Regesta Historiae Westfaliae: Accedit Codex Diplomaticus/Regesten der Geschichte Westfalens''. Regensberg.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Polle'') * [[Cornu Curvatum]]<ref name="Cornu Curvatum">[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/curvatus?wb=gross&nr=1 Theodiscum adiectivale praefixum ''Krumm-'' Latino adiectivo "curvatus-a-um"] et [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/cornu?wb=gross&nr=2 Theodiscum nominale suffixum ''-hörn'' Latino nomine "cornu-us" (n.)] vertitur.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Krummhörn'')</small> * [[Cramma]]<ref name="Casemir 2003"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cramme'')</small> * [[Cranenburgum (Saxonia Inferior)|Cranenburgum]]<ref name="Cranenburgum">Theodiscum toponymum ''Kranenburg'' "Cranenburgum" latinizari solet. Cf. [[Cranenburgum (Rhenania Septentrionalis et Vestfalia)|Cranenburgum Rhenanum]] apud ''Atlas Sive Cosmographicae Meditationes de Fabrica Mundi et Fabricati Figura'', Mercatoris.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Kranenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kronenborg'')</small> * [[Curia Maiorica]]<ref name="Curia Maiorica">Manfred Niemeyer (Hrsg.): ''Deutsches Ortsnamenbuch''. De Gruyter, Berolini 2012, ISBN 978-3-11-018908-7, S. 298.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Jork''; [[Saxonice]] ''Jörk'')</small> * [[Cuxhavia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Cuxhaven''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cuxhoben'')</small> {{div col end}} === D === {{div col|3}} * [[Dalemia]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dahlem'')</small> * [[Dalenburgum]]<ref name="Rzihacek & Spreitzer XI 2024">Rzihacek, A., & Spreitzer, F. (Ed.) (2024). ''Die Urkunden Otto IV (Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Diplomata Regum et Imperatorum Germaniae, Tomus XI). Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dahlenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dahlenborg'')</small> * [[Dalum]]<ref name="Janicke II 1896"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dahlum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Tahln'')</small> * [[Damma (Saxonia Inferior)|Damma]]<ref name="Philippi II 1894"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Damme'')</small> * [[Damnatzium]]<ref name="Garzmann LXXVI 2004">Garzmann, M. R. W. (Ed.) (2004). ''Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte: Neue Folge der Zeitschrift des Historischen Vereins für Niedersachsen (Band 76)''. Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Damnatz'')</small> * [[Danneberga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Dannenberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dannenbarg''; [[Polabice]] ''Wajdars'')</small> * [[Danthorpum]]<ref name="Casemir & Menzel % Udolph VII 2011">Casemir, K., Menzel, F., & Udolph, J. (2011). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII''). Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Danndorf'')</small> * [[Dassela]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dassel'')</small> * [[Dedenhusa]]<ref name="-husaDeensen">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Dedehusen'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: Casemir, K., & Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Holzminden (Veröffentlichungen del Institut für Historische Landesforschung der Universität Göttingen, Vol. 51)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Deensen'')</small> * [[Deinsta]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Deinste''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deinst'')</small> * [[Deinstadium]]<ref name="-stadt">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-stadium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Deinstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deins'')</small> * [[Delmenhorstium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Delmenhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Demost'')</small> * [[Dengdia]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Denkte'')</small> * [[Derenthalia]]<ref name="-thalia">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-thal'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-thalia-ae" seu "-dalia-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-thal''' : -''thalia'', -''dalia'' (...)". Animadvertendum est suffixum ''-thal'' veterem orthographiam hodierni suffixi ''-tal'' esse; ergo Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-tal'' quoque latinizari potest addita terminatione latinizata "-thalia-ae" seu "-dalia-ae".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Derental'')</small> * [[Dersum]]<ref name="Egger 1977">Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dersum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Derßm'')</small> * [[Dettum]]<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dettum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Detten'')</small> * [[Dicla]]<ref name="Mooyer 1855">Mooyer, E. F. (Ed.) (1855). ''Urkundenbuch des vormaligen Stiftes Minden''. J. C. C. Bruns.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dickel'')</small> * [[Diddersa]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Didderse'' et [[Saxonice]] ''Deesse'')</small> * [[Diekholza]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Diekholzen'')</small> * [[Dielmissa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dielmissen'')</small> * [[Diepenavia]]<ref name="-avia">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-avia-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Diepenau'')</small> * [[Diepholtia]]<ref name="Hofmannus">{{Hofmannus}}.</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Diepholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deefholt'')</small> * [[Dinklaga]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dinklage''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dinklaoge'')</small> * [[Disaldishusa]]<ref name="-husaDelligsen">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Disaldishusen'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: Reuter, A. (Ed.) (1950). ''1100 Jahre Delligsen: Geschichte der Hilsmulde und des Ortes Delligsen''. Verlag der Gemeinde Delligsen. </ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Delligsen'')</small> * [[Disna (Saxonia Inferior)|Disna]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dissen am Teutoburger Wald'')</small> * [[Dithgherscope-Twielenflethum]]<ref name="Hollern">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/hollern-twielenfleth/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon'']. ubi dicitur "(...) ''Luderus in Dithgherscope'' (...)".</ref><ref name="-ethum">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-eth'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-ethum-i", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Bechtsriethum]], [[Maitenbethum]] ac [[Wiesethum]] apud Vicipaediae Latinae articulum de [[Index communium Bavariae|indice communium Bavariae]]; et [[Gransebiethum]] apud Vicipaediae Latinae articulum de [[Index Communium Megapolis et Pomeraniae Citerioris|indice communium Megapolis et Pomeraniae Citerioris]].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hollern-Twielenfleth''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hullern-Twielenfleth'')</small> * [[Dohra (Terra Emesensis)|Dohra]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Terrae Emesensis|Terra Emesensi]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Terrae Altenburgensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Emsland'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum "terra-ae" Theodiscum lexema ''-land'' vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Emesensis-e" ad flumen [[Amisia|Emesam]] refertur. De hoc hydronymo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dohren '')</small> * [[Dohra (Circulus Harburgensis)|Dohra]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Harburgensis|Circulo Harburgensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Harburg"/>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dohren''; [[Saxonice]] ''Duhrn'')</small> * [[Dolnere]]<ref name="Dolnere">Vide [https://adw-goe.de/fileadmin/forschungsprojekte/ortsnamen_rhein_elbe/dokumente/Publikationen_Udolph_PDF/2001-2005/315._Udolph_Anmerkungen_zum_Ortsnamen_Dollern.pdf ''Anmerkugen zum Ortsnamen Dollern''], ubi dicitur "(...) 1105 (Fälschung Mitte 12. Jh.) ''Dolnere'' (...) 1209 ''Johannes de dolnere'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dollern'')</small> * [[Doristacus]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dorstadt'')</small> * [[Dornum]]<ref name="Egger 1977">Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Dornum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dornm'')</small> * [[Dorverda]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dörverden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dörbern'' seu ''Dörb'' seu ''Dörveern'')</small> * [[Dotlinga]]<ref name="-inga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dötlingen'')</small> * [[Draga (Albis)|Draga]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Drage''; [[Saxonice]] ''Draag'')</small> * [[Drentweda]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Drentwede'')</small> * [[Drestadium]]<ref name="-stadt"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Drestedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dreest'')</small> * [[Drochtersa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Drochtersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Drochters'')</small> * [[Dudanebutli]]<ref name="Lappenberg 1841">Lappenberg, J. M. (Ed.) (1841). ''Hamburgisches Urkundenbuch (Band 1)''. Perthes-Besser & Mauke.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Düdenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Düünbeudel'')</small> * [[Duderstadium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Duderstadt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dustadt'')</small> * [[Dunsa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dünsen'')</small> * [[Dunum (Saxonia Inferior)|Dunum]]<ref name="Houtrouw 1889">Houtrouw, O. G. (1889). ''Ostfriesland: Eine geschichtlich-ortskundige Wanderung gegen Ende der Fürstenzeit (Band 1)''. Dunkmann.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dunum'')</small> * [[Duthungun]]<ref name="Udolph 2004"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Duingen''; [[Saxonice|Ostfalice]] ''Daujen'')</small> {{div col end}} === E === {{div col|3}} * [[Ebbestorpium]]<ref name="Jaitner 1985">Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ebstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ebstörp'')</small> * [[Ebersdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Ebersdorfium]]<ref name="Ebersdorfium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Ebersdorf'' in Latinam "Ebersdorfium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ebersdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eversdörp'')</small> * [[Echemium]]<ref name="-hemium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-hemium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Echem''; [[Saxonice]] ''Echen'')</small> * [[Edemissa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Edemissen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emisse'')</small> * [[Egestorpium]]<ref name="-torpium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-torpium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Egestorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Äästörp'')</small> * [[Edewechte]]<ref name="Berger 2012">Berger, D. (2012). ''Edewecht''. In ''Deutsches Ortsnamenbuch''. Walter de Gruyter.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Edewecht''; [[Saxonice]] ''Erwech''; historice ''Adewacht'')</small> * [[Eggermuhla]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Eggermühlen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eggermöhlen'')</small> * [[Ehra-Lessia]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ehra-Lessien'')</small> * [[Eicklinga]]<ref name="-inga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Eicklingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eikeln'')</small> * [[Eildissum]]<ref name="Stumpf-Brentano II 1865">Stumpf-Brentano, K. F. (Ed.) (1865). ''Die Reichskanzler vornehmlich des X., XI. und XII. Jahrhunderts: Acta Imperii Selecta'' (Vol. 2). [[Aeni Pons (Austria)|Aeni Ponte]]: Wagner'schen Universitäts-Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Eilsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ahlsen'')</small> * [[Eima (Circulus Hildesiensis)|Eima]]<ref name="-e"/> </small>(in [[Circulus Hildesiensis|Circulo Hildesiensi]]<ref name="Circulus Hildesiensis">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Hildesiensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Hildesheim'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Hildesiensis-e" ad [[Hildesia]]m refertur. Hac de urbe, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eime'')</small> * [[Eima (Circulus Holtisminnensis)|Eima]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Holtisminnensis|Circulo Holtisminnensi]]<ref name="Circulus Holtisminnensis">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Holtisminnensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Holzminden'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo "[[Holtisminni]]" -ad quod gentilicium "Holtisminnensis-e" refertur-, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Eimen'')</small> * [[Eimka]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Eimke''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aimk'')</small> * [[Ekelum]]<ref>Vide: Von Hodenberg, W. (Ed.) (1855). ''Walsroder Urkundenbuch (Urkunde Nr. 19)''. Hahnsche Hofbuchhandlung. Quo opere "proprietatem bonorum in Ekelo, que ab ecclesia Walsrodensi in feodum tenuit, pro quinquaginta marcis seriosius comparavit." dicitur.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eickeloh'')</small> * [[Elba (Saxonia Inferior)|Elba]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elbe'')</small> * [[Elbingeroda]]<ref name="-roda"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elbingerode'')</small> * [[Eldinga]]<ref name="-inga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eldingen'')</small> * [[Elsdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Elsdorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Elsdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Elsdörp'')</small> * [[Embeca]]<ref name="Embeca">"non ignobiles Saxoniae civitates, Embeca et Gottinga" {{Google Books|I7pXAAAAcAAJ|p. 734}}. Interdum "Embica", "Embecka" etc. reperis</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Einbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aimbeck'')</small> * [[Embsa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Embsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emsen'')</small> * [[Emda]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Emden''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Oamde'')</small> * [[Emmelkampus]]<ref name="Emmelkampus">Vide [https://www.altreformiert.de/beuker/geschichte/grafschaft-bentheim/ERK-GRAFSCH_Classis_1625-1705_Prot_-_Plasger_2021_gjb.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Protokolle der Classis der reformierten Prediger der Grafschaft Bentheim 1625–1705''], ubi dicitur "(...) Domino Bernhardus Tinneken Pastorum Emmelkampum (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Emlichheim''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Batavice]] ''Emmelkamp'')</small> * [[Emmendorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Emmendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emdörp'')</small> * [[Emphstece]]<ref name="Emphstece">Vide [https://www.emstek.de/die-gemeinde/ortsteile/emstek?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''www.emstek.de'']; ubi dicitur "(...) Urkunde aus dem Jahre 947 als „Emphstece" (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Emstek''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emstäk'')</small> * [[Emsbura]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Emsbüren''; [[Saxonice]] ''Büren'')</small> * [[Emtinghusa]]<ref name="-husa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Emtinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emhusen'')</small> * [[Engda]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Engden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Engn'')</small> * [[Engelschofa]]<ref name="-hofa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hof(f)(e)(n)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-hofa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hattenhofa (Bavaria)|Hattenhofa Bavarica]], [[Pfaffenhofa ad fluvium Glon]], [[Pfaffenhofa ad Rotam]], [[Poohofa]], [[Gundershofa]], [[Hattenhofa (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Hattenhofa Badeniae-Virtembergiae]], [[Pfaffenhofa (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Pfaffenhofa]], [[Matichofa]], [[Philshofa]] apud [[Google|Gugulam]].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Engelschoff''; [[Saxonice]] ''Engelschopp'')</small> * [[Erenburgum]]<ref name="Minden II 1902">Minden, G. von (Ed.) (1902). ''Urkundenbuch der Bischöfe von Verden und Minden (Band 2)''. Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ehrenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ehrenborg'')</small> * [[Erkeroda]]<ref name="-roda">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-rode'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-roda-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Baceroda]], [[Gerningeroda]], [[Osteroda]], [[Werningroda]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Erkerode''; [[Saxonice]] ''Erkero'')</small> * [[Ermelstorpium]]<ref name="Pratje 1759"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Armstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Armsdörp'')</small> * [[Ericetum Magnum]]<ref name="Ericetum">[https://woerterbuchnetz.de/?sigle=MeckWB&lemid=H01756 Theodiscum toponymicum suffixum ''-heide'' Latino nomine "Ericetum-i" vertitur.]</ref><ref name="Magnus">[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/magnus?wb=gross&nr=1 Theodiscum praefixum ''Groß-'' Latino adiectivo "magnus-a-um" vertitur.]</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Großheide''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grootheid'')</small> * [[Escheda]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Eschede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Esche'')</small> * [[Eschershusa]]<ref name="-husa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eschershausen'')</small> * [[Esena]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Esens'')</small> * [[Essel]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Essel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Äsel'')</small> * [[Esterwega]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Esterwegen''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Äästerweede'')</small> * [[Estorpium]]<ref name="-torpium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-torpium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(ad [[Visurgis|Visurgem]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Estorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Esdörp'')</small> * [[Estorpium]]<ref name="-torpium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-torpium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Stadae|Circulo Stadae]]<ref name="Landkreis Stade">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Stadae" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Stade'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo "[[Stadae]]", vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Estorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Esdörp'')</small> * [[Evergoteshemium]]<ref name="-hemiumEver">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-hemium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Euergoteshem'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: H. Bresslau et. al.: ''Die Urkunden Heinrichs II. und Arduins''. In: Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Die Urkunden der deutschen Könige und Kaiser, Band 3. [[Hannovera]]e 1900–1903.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ebergötzen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Ewerchötzschen'')</small> * [[Everinga]]<ref name="-ingaEvern">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum mediaevali formae huius toponymi ''Everinge'' testatae applicatur. Quo de mediaevali toponymo, vide: Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (1998). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises und der Stadt Hannover (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil I)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Deutsch Evern''; [[Saxonice]] ''Düütsch Äwern'')</small> * [[Eversmeer]] <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eversmeer'')</small> * [[Evessum]]<ref name="NOB 2004">Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (2004). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter''' (NOB III). [[Gottinga]]e: Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Evessen'')</small> * [[Eydelstadium]]<ref name="-stadt">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-stadium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Eydelstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eidelstee'')</small> * [[Eyendorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Eyendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eyndörp'')</small> * [[Eystharpa]]<ref name="-tharpa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-trup'' seu ''-drup'' seu ''-trop'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-tharpa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Butilingtharpa]], [[Graftharpa]], [[Gumorodingtharpa]], [[Haringtharpa]], [[Heppingtharpa]], [[Holttharpa]], [[Hurstharpa]], [[Kathingtharpa]], [[Kiedeningtharpa]], [[Marastharpa]], [[Markiligtharpa]], [[Meinbrahtingtharpa]], [[Peingtharpa]], [[Radistharpa]], [[Sutharpa]], [[Tettingtharpa]], [[Vilomaringtharpa]], [[Winikingtharpa]], [[Varetharpa]], [[Vrilingtharpa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eystrup'')</small> {{div col end}} === F === {{div col|3}} * [[Fallingbostela]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bad Fallingbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Fambossel'')</small> * [[Fardium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Verden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Veern'')</small> * [[Farva]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Farven''; [[Saxonice]] ''Farm'')</small> * [[Fassberga]]<ref name="-berga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-berga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Faßberg'')</small> * [[Filsum]] <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Filsum'')</small> * [[Firrel]] <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Firrel'')</small> * [[Florimontium (circulus Widmundensis)|Florimontium]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Blomberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bloombarg'' seu ''Blombarg'')</small> * [[Flotide]]<ref name="Flotide">De nominibus "Flotide" {{caa|780|802}}, "Flathi" {{caa|1013}}, "Flatide" {{caa|1142}}, "Flothethe" {{caa|1187}}, "Vlothe" {{caa|1189}} et "Flotethe" {{caa|1194}}, vide: Udolph, Jürgen. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160729194352/https://www.ndr.de/ndr1niedersachsen/programm/Ortsnamen-Uebersicht-fuer-Buchstaben-F,ortsnamenforscher111.html ''Ortsnamenforscher'']. ''NDR 1 Niedersachsen''.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Flöthe'')</small> * [[Frankenfelda]]<ref name="-felda">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-feld(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-felda-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Falufelda]], [[Frauenfelda]], [[Heresfelda]], [[Hirutfelda]], [[Ilfelda]], [[Mansfelda]], [[Salfelda]], [[Sualafelda]], [[Alfelda]], [[Alsfelda]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Frankenfeld'')</small> * [[Freda]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Freden'')</small> * [[Fredenbiki]]<ref name="-biki">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-beck'' seu ''-beek'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-biki-orum", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Aesebiki]], [[Asbiki]], [[Beverbiki]], [[Gledabiki]], [[Goltbiki]], [[Sannanabiki]], [[Trobiki]], [[Walbeka|Walbiki]], [[Winesbiki]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Fredenbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Freenbeek'')</small> * [[Frera]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Freren'')</small> * [[Fresenburgum]]<ref name="-burg">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-burgum-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Fresenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Fräsenborg'')</small> * [[Friburgum (Albis)|Friburgum]]<ref name="Friburgum">Theodiscum toponymum ''Freiburg'' Latino toponymo "Friburgum" verti solet. Cf. [[Friburgum Brisgoviae]] aut [[Friburgum Nuithonum]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Freiburg/Elbe''; [[Saxonice]] ''Fryborg'' seu ''Freiborg'')</small> * [[Frideburgum]]<ref name="Frideburgum">Vide [https://www.heimatbund-finnentrop.de/index_htm_files/Staats-%20u.%20Reisegeogr.%205.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Beschreibung derer merkwürdigsten Oerter''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Frideburg, Friedeburg, lat. Frideburgum'''. Liegt im Fürstenthum Ostfriesland, an den Grenzen der Grafschaft Oldenburg (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Friedeburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Freborg'' seu ''Freebörg'')</small> * [[Friedlandia (Saxonia Inferior)|Friedlandia]]<ref name="Friedland">Theodiscum toponymum ''Friedland' in Latinam "Friedlandia" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Friedland'')</small> * [[Frisoyta]]<ref name="Frisoyta">Vide [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363707446_Der_Status_animarum_im_Hochstift_Munster_und_die_Alphabetisierung_im_landlichen_Raum_eines_geistlichen_Furstentums_im_17_und_18_Jahrhundert ''Der Status animarum im Hochstift Münster und die Alphabetisierung im ländlichen Raum eines geistlichen Fürstentums im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert''], ubi dicitur "(...) Specificatio catholic[orum] et acatholicorum in Frisoyta (...)".</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Friesoythe''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ait''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aithe'')</small> * [[Furstenavia]]<ref name="Furstenavia">Theodiscum nomen proprium ''Fürstenau'' in Latinam "Furstenavia" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Hofmannus}}, ubi dicitur "(...) FURSTENAVIA Familia Germ. ''Furstenau'', ramus est Familiae Erpacensis (...)".</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Fürstenau''; [[Saxonice]] ''Fösnau'' seu ''Försnau'')</small> * [[Furstenberga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Fürstenberg'')</small> {{div col end}} === G === {{div col|3}} * [[Ganderkesea]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>commune sui iuris</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ganderkesee''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gannerseer'')</small> * [[Gandershemium]]<ref>[http://books.google.fi/books?id=6kwBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA27&lpg=PA27&dq=Gandershemium&source=bl&ots=_NMr2DmhUK&sig=CXPUuuKZ8W03AC7uB3YlYYNscJ4&hl=fi&sa=X&ei=7z7WUrfrO8iC4gTGxoGYCw&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Gandershemium&f=false R. p. Hertenberger: ''Historia pragmatica universalis, sacra et profana''], p.27; [http://books.google.fi/books?id=yScyAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA58&lpg=PA58&dq=Gandershemium&source=bl&ots=ZoGX4tZRRD&sig=8fUZc6grFgYD0jN-twVcDyzarYI&hl=fi&sa=X&ei=7z7WUrfrO8iC4gTGxoGYCw&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Gandershemium&f=false ''Acta Sanctorum, Junii'' (1698-1717), cit. in ''A Companion to Hrotsvit of Gandersheim (fl. 960)''], p. 58 n.103.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Gandersheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ganderssen'')</small> * [[Gandesberga]]<ref name="-berga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-berga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gandesbergen'')</small> * [[Garbsa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Garbsen'')</small> * [[Garlstorpium]]<ref name="-torpium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-torpium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Garlstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Garlstörp'')</small> * [[Garrel]] <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Garrel'')</small> * [[Garstadium]]<ref name="-stadt">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-stadium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Garstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gastää'')</small> * [[Gartovia]]<ref name="-ovia">[[Linguae Germanicae|Germanica]] ac [[linguae Slavicae|Slavica]] toponyma cum suffixo ''-ov'' seu ''-öv'' seu ''ow'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-ovia-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Asovia]], [[Brewnovia]], [[Czernichovia]], [[Glasgovia]], [[Golnovia]], [[Grabovia]], [[Kharkovia]], [[Laszovia]], [[Ostrovia]], [[Pscovia]], [[Racovia]], [[Sucovia]], [[Tarnovia]], [[Wengrovia]], [[Witkowa]], [[Wittovia]], [[Crovia]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gartow'')</small> * [[Geesta]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Geeste''; [[Saxonice]] ''Choeiste'')</small> * [[Geestlandia]]<ref name="-landia">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-land'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-landia-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amelandia]], [[Bevelandia Australis]], [[Bevelandia Septentrionalis]], [[Bolandia]], [[Iutlandia]], [[Curlandia]], [[Estlandia]], [[Finlandia]], [[Flevolandia]], [[Friedlandia]], [[Islandia]], [[Gothlandia]], [[Hollandia]], [[Ingermanlandia]], [[Isalandia]] [[Lalandia]], [[Langelandia]], [[Oehtlandia]] [[Olandia]], [[Sallandia]], [[Samlandia]] [[Zelandia]], [[Selandia]] [[Fotlandia]], [[Wermelandia]] [[Withlandia]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Geestland'')</small> * [[Gehrda]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Gehrde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gährde'')</small> * [[Gemmegum]]<ref name="Gemmegum">Vide ''Giminghem - der alte Name von Jemgum'' Gerhardi Kronsweide; ubi dicitur "(...) '''Mittelalterliche urkundliche und einige neuzeitliche Nennungen von Jemgum''' (...) Gemmegum (Urkunde in lateinisch) (...) Gommegum (lat.) (...) Gemghum (lat.) (...) Gemmyngum (lat.) (...) Jemgum (Ubbo Emmius, lat.) (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Jemgum'')</small> * [[Georgsdorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Georgsdorf'')</small> * [[Gerdavia]]<ref name="-avia">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-avia-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gerdau'')</small> * [[Gerdinum]]<ref name="Gerdinium">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/gehrden/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur "(...) Urkundlich ist der spätere Flecken möglicherweis erstmals als ''Gerdinum'' im Verzeichnis der Schenkungen (''Traditionen'') an das Kloster Corvey erwähnt, das um 826/76 angelegt wurde (...)".</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Gehrden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gieren'')</small> * [[Gersta]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gersten'')</small> * [[Geteloha]]<ref name="-loha">Germanica praesentia aut antiqua toponyma cum suffixis ''-loh(e)'' et ''-lo'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-loha-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ascloha]], [[Buohloha]], [[Eiloha]], [[Hadaloha]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Getelo''; [[Saxonice]] ''Getel'')</small> * [[Gevensleba]]<ref name="-leba">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-leben'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-leba-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hadersleba]], [[Kintileba]], [[Meresleba]], [[Mimileba]], [[Rumerestleba]], [[Wigileba]], [[Winirichileba]], [[Albgozesleba]], [[Asoltesleba]], [[Buffileba]], [[Egisleba]], [[Gorchesleba]], [[Gozzenleba]], [[Gunderichesleba]], [[Gunzenleba]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gevensleben'')</small> * [[Gevera]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Jever'')</small> * [[Gieboldehusa]]<ref name="-husa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Gieboldehausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Chiwelehusen'')</small> * [[Giesa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Giesen'')</small> * [[Gifhorna]]<ref name="Cellarius 1703"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Gifhorn'')</small> * [[Gilta]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gilten'')</small> * [[Glandorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Glandorf'')</small> * [[Gleicha]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gleichen'')</small> * [[Gnarrenburgum]]<ref name="-burg">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-burgum-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Gnarrenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gnarrenborg'')</small> * [[Godenstorfium]]<ref name="-torpium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-torpium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Gödenstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gö’nstörp'')</small> * [[Goldbiki]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Golmbach'')</small> * [[Goldenstadium]]<ref name="-stadt">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-stadium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Goldenstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gollnste'')</small> * [[Golencampus]]<ref name="campus-i">[https://ewa.saw-leipzig.de/articles/80250/en?utm Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-kamp'' seu ''-kampf'' seu ''-camp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-campus-i"], quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Gölenkamp''; [[Saxonice]] ''Göllenkamp'')</small> * [[Gorenthin]]<ref name="Gorenthin">Vide [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Zeitschrift_des_Historischen_Vereins_f%C3%BCr_Niedersachsen_%28IA_zeitschriftdeshi1857hist%29.pdf?utm ''Zeitschrift des Historischen Vereins für Niedersachsen''], ubi dicitur "(...) villam Gorenthin '' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Göhrde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Göhr''; [[Polabice]] ''Djöra'')</small> * [[Gorleba]]<ref name="-leba">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-leben'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-leba-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hadersleba]], [[Kintileba]], [[Meresleba]], [[Mimileba]], [[Rumerestleba]], [[Wigileba]], [[Winirichileba]], [[Albgozesleba]], [[Asoltesleba]], [[Buffileba]], [[Egisleba]], [[Gorchesleba]], [[Gozzenleba]], [[Gunderichesleba]], [[Gunzenleba]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gorleben'')</small> * [[Goslaria]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Goslar''; [[Saxonice]] ''Goslär'')</small> * [[Gottinga]]<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=kkM-AAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=gottingensis&lr=&cd=14#v=onepage&q=&f=false Libri Googles].</ref> <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Göttingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Chöttingen'')</small> * [[Grafhorstium]]<ref name="-horstium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-horst'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-horstium-i". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-horst''' : -''horstium'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Grafhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grafhorst'')</small> * [[Grasberga]]<ref name="-berga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-berga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Grasberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grasbarg'')</small> * [[Grasleba]]<ref name="-leba">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-leben'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-leba-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hadersleba]], [[Kintileba]], [[Meresleba]], [[Mimileba]], [[Rumerestleba]], [[Wigileba]], [[Winirichileba]], [[Albgozesleba]], [[Asoltesleba]], [[Buffileba]], [[Egisleba]], [[Gorchesleba]], [[Gozzenleba]], [[Gunderichesleba]], [[Gunzenleba]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Grasleben''; [[Saxonice]] ''Graslewe'')</small> * [[Grethemium]]<ref name="-hemium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-hemium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Grethem''; [[Saxonice]] ''Graitn'')</small> * [[Grona (Leina)|Grona]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gronau'')</small> * [[Grundensis Civitas Metallica]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Grund'')</small> * [[Grunendicum]]<ref name="-dicum"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Grünendeich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Greundiek'')</small> * [[Guderhandviertel]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Guderhandviertel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gauderhandviddel'')</small> * [[Guelpherbytum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wolfenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wulfenbüttel'')</small> * [[Gusbornium]]<ref name="-bornium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-born'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-bornium-ii", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Calenbornium (prope Aram)|Calenbornium prope Aram]] et [[Calenbornium (prope Caesariacum)|Calenbornium prope Caesariacum]] (Theodisce ''Kalenborn''); [[Calenbornium-Scheurenum]] (Theodisce ''Kalenborn-Scheuern''); [[Hasbornium (Eiflia)|Hasbornium]] (Theodisce ''Hasborn''); [[Leidenbornium]] (Theodisce ''Leidenborn''); [[Lichtenbornium]] (Theodisce ''Lichtenborn''). Quae omnia toponyma ex articulo Vicipaediae Latinae de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Rhenaniae_et_Palatinatus indice urbium et communium Rhenaniae et Palatinatus] desumpta sunt, ubi apte referuntur.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gusborn'')</small> * [[Gyhum]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Gyhum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Jeem'')</small> {{div col end}} === H === {{div col|3}} * [[Hademstorpium]]<ref name="-torpium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-torpium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hademstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hamstorp'')</small> * [[Haeslinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Heeslingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Heeßel'')</small> * [[Haga (Saxonia Inferior)|Haga]]<ref name="Haga">Vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3191/Hage.pdf?utm ''Historische Ortsdatenbank für Ostfriesland''], ubi dicitur "(...) Erscheinung trat der Ort als „curatus Hagensis“ im Jahr 1400. Spätere Bezeichnungen waren „ Haga“ (um 1409) (...)".</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hage''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Haag'')</small> * [[Haga ad Teutoburgiensem Saltum]]<ref name="-haga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hag(e)(n)'' seu ''-ha(a)g'' seu ''-hague'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-haga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Haga (Franconia Superior)|Haga Franconiae Superioris]], [[Haga ad Ambram]], [[Haga (in Bavaria superiore)|Haga in Bavaria Superiore]] apud [[Index communium Bavariae|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Bavariae]]; [[Falkenhaga (Marchia)|Falkenhaga Marchiana]] apud [[Index communium Brandenburgi|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Brandenburgi]]; [[Haga Schauenburgi]], [[Haga Promontorium]], [[Haga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref name="Teutoburger Wald">Cfr. [[Cornelius Tacitus|Taciti]], ''[[Annales (Tacitus)|Annales]]'', {{Vf|Ab excessu divi Augusti (Annales)/Liber I|LX|I, 60}}: "... haud procul '''Teutoburgiensi saltu''' in quo reliquiae Vari legionumque insepultae dicebantur".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hagen am Teutoburger Wald'')</small> * [[Haga Bremensis]]<ref name="-haga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hag(e)(n)'' seu ''-ha(a)g'' seu ''-hague'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-haga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Haga (Franconia Superior)|Haga Franconiae Superioris]], [[Haga ad Ambram]], [[Haga (in Bavaria superiore)|Haga in Bavaria Superiore]] apud [[Index communium Bavariae|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Bavariae]]; [[Falkenhaga (Marchia)|Falkenhaga Marchiana]] apud [[Index communium Brandenburgi|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Brandenburgi]]; [[Haga Schauenburgi]], [[Haga Promontorium]], [[Haga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref>Latinum gentilicium "Bremensis-e" Theodiscum syntagma ''im Bremischen'' vertit.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hagen im Bremischen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hagen'')</small> * [[Haga Schauenburgi]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Stadthagen'')</small> * [[Hagenburgum]]<ref name="-burg">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-burgum-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hagenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hagenborg'')</small> * [[Halbemontium]]<ref name="-montium">Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-mond'' aut ''-mont'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-montium-i". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-mond, mont''' : -''montium, mons'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Halbemond'')</small> * [[Halla (Holtisminni)|Halla]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> <small>(in Montibus [[Visurgis]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Halle'')</small> * [[Halla (Comitatus Binethensis)|Halla]]<ref name="Halla prope Neuenhusam">Theodiscum toponymum ''Halle'' plerumque toponymo "Halla-ae" latinizatur. Qua de latinizatione, vide complures Hallae apud [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> <small>(prope [[Neuenhusa]]m<ref name="-husa"/>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Halle'')</small> * [[Halvesbostel]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Halvesbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hassbossel'')</small> * [[Hamala]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hameln'')</small> * [[Hamberga]]<ref name="-berga"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hambergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hambargen'')</small> * [[Hambuhra]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hambühren''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hambüren'')</small> * [[Hamele]]<ref name="Hamele">Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/2261/NOB%20VIII_Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Peine.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1&utm ''NOB VIII Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Peine''], ubi dicitur "(...) 1146 ''in Sutherem iuxta Hamele'' (UB H.Hild. I Nr. 239 S. 222) 1180 ''in Bikem iuxta Honhamelen'' (UB H.Hild. I Nr. 396 S. 385) 1193 ''in Honhamele'' (UB H.Hild. II Nachtrag Nr. 13 S. 580) 1198 ''apud Honhamelen'' (...) 1251 ''Sutherem apud Hoenhamale'' (UB H.Hild. II Nr. 861 S. 435) 1278-1280 ''iugera Hamelen'' (Lehnregister Meinersen II Nr. 20 S. 590) (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hohenhameln''; [[Saxonice]] ''Häogenhameln'')</small> * [[Hamelhusa]]<ref name="-husa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hämelhausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hämelhusen'')</small> * [[Hamersa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hamersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Homersen'')</small> * [[Hamma (Saxonia Inferior)|Hamma]]<ref name="-ah">Germanica aut Semitica aut Indoiranica toponyma cum terminatione ''-ah'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae". Exempli gratiā: [[Calvela]], [[Maliana]], Parra, [[Widenla]], [[Zellia]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hammah''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hammoh'')</small> * [[Handeloha]]<ref name="-loha">Germanica praesentia aut antiqua toponyma cum suffixis ''-loh(e)'' et ''-lo'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-loha-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ascloha]], [[Buohloha]], [[Eiloha]], [[Hadaloha]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Handeloh'' seu olim ''Handorf bei Tostedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Handörp'')</small> * [[Handorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Handorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Handörp'')</small> * [[Hantharpa]]<ref name="-tharpa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-trup'' seu ''-drup'' seu ''-trop'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-tharpa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Butilingtharpa]], [[Graftharpa]], [[Gumorodingtharpa]], [[Haringtharpa]], [[Heppingtharpa]], [[Holttharpa]], [[Hurstharpa]], [[Kathingtharpa]], [[Kiedeningtharpa]], [[Marastharpa]], [[Markiligtharpa]], [[Meinbrahtingtharpa]], [[Peingtharpa]], [[Radistharpa]], [[Sutharpa]], [[Tettingtharpa]], [[Vilomaringtharpa]], [[Winikingtharpa]], [[Varetharpa]], [[Vrilingtharpa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Handrup'')</small> * [[Hannovera]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[caput (urbs)|caput]] [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terrae foederalis]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hannover''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hannober'')</small> * [[Hanstadium (Circulus Harburgensis)|Hanstadium]]<ref name="-stadt">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-stadium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Harburgensis|Circulo Harburgensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Harburg"/>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hanstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hanstää'')</small> * [[Hanstadium (Circulus Ulsenensis)|Hanstadium]]<ref name="-stadt">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-stadium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Ulsenensis|Circulo Ulsenensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Uelzen"/>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hanstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hanster'')</small> * [[Hardegsa]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hardegsen'')</small> * [[Harmstorpium]]<ref name="-torpium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-torpium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Harmstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Harmsdörp'')</small> * [[Harna]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Haren'')</small> * [[Harpstadium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Harpstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Harpstäe'')</small> * [[Harsfeldum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Harsefeld''; [[Saxonice]] ''Harsfeld'' seu ''Hasfeld'')</small> * [[Harsum]] <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Harsum'')</small> * [[Hartsburgum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Harzburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Harzeborg'')</small> * [[Hasberga]]<ref name="-berga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-berga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hasbergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hasbergen'')</small> * [[Hasburgum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Haßbergen'')</small> * [[Hasela (Saxonia Inferior)|Hasela]]<ref name="Hasela">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/hassel/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur "(...) Dort ist die ''villa Hasela'' erwähnt, also das Dorf Hassel (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hassel'')</small> * [[Hasla]]<ref name="Hasla">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/hesel/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur "(...) Der früheste schriftliche Beleg für den Ort findet sich als ''Hasla'' in einem Urbar der Abtei Werden, das sich auf das 10. Jh. datieren lässt (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hesel'')</small> * [[Hassendorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hassendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hassendörp'')</small> * [[Hasta (Saxonia Inferior)|Hasta]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Haste'')</small> * [[Hatta]]<ref name="-a"/><ref name="KleinGrosse">De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum "Klein" et "Gross" per Latina "Minor-us" et "Maior-ius", vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hatten'')</small> * [[Hattorpium ad Harthicos Montes]]<ref name="-torpium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-torpium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hattorf am Harz'')</small> * [[Hauslinga]]<ref name="-inga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Häuslingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hüßel'')</small> * [[Haverla]]<ref name="Haverla">Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B73-8/NOB%20III%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Wolfenb%C3%BCttel%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Salzgitter.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1&utm ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) um 941 (Fä. Mitte 12. Jh., kop. 17. Jh.) ''Haverlae'' (...) 1319 ''Haverla'' (UB H Hild. IV 464 S. 247) (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Haverlah''; [[Saxonice]] ''Haberlah'')</small> * [[Hechthusa]]<ref name="-husa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hechthausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Heckthusen'')</small> * [[Hedebere]]<ref name="Hedebere">Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B73-8/NOB%20III%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Wolfenb%C3%BCttel%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Salzgitter.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1&utm ''NOB III Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) ''Antiquum Hedebere seu Minus, Novum Hedebere seu Maius'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hedeper''; [[Saxonice]] ''Heper'')</small> * [[Heeda (Terra Emesensis)|Heeda]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Heede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Häie'')</small> * [[Heemsa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heemsen'')</small> * [[Heessa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heeßen'')</small> * [[Heidenavia (Saxonia Inferior)|Heidenavia]]<ref name="-avia">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-avia-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heidenau'')</small> * [[Heina (Saxonia Inferior)|Heina]]<ref name="Heina">Vide [https://hgv-hhm.de/ortsnamen-13-19-jahrhundert.html?utm ''Heimat- und Geschichtsverein für Heinade-Hellental-Merxhausen E.V.''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''villa Heina'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heinade'')</small> * [[Heinbockel]] <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heinbockel'')</small> * [[Heiningensis Locus]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Heiningen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Heinig'')</small> * [[Heinsa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heinsen'')</small> * [[Heli (Saxonia Inferior)|Heli]]<ref name="Heli">Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B73-8/NOB%20III%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Wolfenb%C3%BCttel%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Salzgitter.pdf ''NOB III Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''in villa Heli'' (...) ''Heloon'' (...) ''collatio ecclesie Helen'' (...) ''Thidericus de Helenen'' (...) ''plebanos ecclesiarum de Helen'' (...) ''in campo sive marke ville Helen'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hehlen'')</small> * [[Hellwega]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hellwege''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hellweeg'')</small> * [[Helmstadium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Helmstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Helmstidde'')</small> * [[Helpsa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Helpsen'')</small> * [[Helvesiecca]]<ref name="-siek">Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ec(k)'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-ecca-ae" seu "-eca-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-ec, -eck''' : -''ecca'', -''ēca'' (...)". Hoc in casu, applicatur terminatio latinizans formae antiquae suffixi ''-siek'' -quae ''-sieck'', ut accidit in toponymis velut ''Bannensieck'', cuius hodierna forma ''Bannensiek'' est. Qua de ultima antiqua forma, vide [https://www.arcinsys.niedersachsen.de/arcinsys/showArchivalDescriptionDetails?archivalDescriptionId=2955251 ''Arcinsys''].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Helvesiek''; [[Saxonice]] ''Helsch'')</small> * [[Hemminga (Saxonia Inferior)|Hemminga]]<ref name="-inga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hemmingen'')</small> * [[Hemmoor]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hemmoor'')</small> * [[Hemsbunda]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hemsbünde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Heemsbünnen'')</small> * [[Hemslinga]]<ref name="-inga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hemslingen'')</small> * [[Hemsloha]]<ref name="-loha">Germanica praesentia aut antiqua toponyma cum suffixis ''-loh(e)'' et ''-lo'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-loha-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ascloha]], [[Buohloha]], [[Eiloha]], [[Hadaloha]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hemsloh''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hemzel'' seu ''Hemsel'' seu ''Hemßel'')</small> * [[Hepstadium]]<ref name="-stadt">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-stadium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hepstedt''; [Saxonice]] ''Hepst'' seu ''Heps'')</small> * [[Hepstidi Villa]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hipstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hipst'')</small> * [[Herrum]]<ref name="Herrum">Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B73-8/NOB%20III%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Wolfenb%C3%BCttel%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Salzgitter.pdf ''NOB III Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter.''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Majori villa Herre'' (...) ''Maiori Here'' (...) ''Minori Herro'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heere'')</small> * [[Hertzberga ad Harthicos Montes]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Herzberg am Harz'')</small> * [[Herzlaka]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Herzlake''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hässelke'')</small> * [[Hespa]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hespe'')</small> * [[Heuerssa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Heuerßen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hoarßen'')</small> * [[Heya]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heyen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Hein'')</small> * [[Hildesia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hildesheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hilmessen'' seu ''Hilmssen'')</small> * [[Hilgermissa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hilgermissen'')</small> * [[Hillersa]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hillerse'')</small> * [[Hilter ad Teutoburgiensem Saltum]]<ref name="Teutoburger Wald">Cfr. [[Cornelius Tacitus|Taciti]], ''[[Annales (Tacitus)|Annales]]'', {{Vf|Ab excessu divi Augusti (Annales)/Liber I|LX|I, 60}}: "... haud procul '''Teutoburgiensi saltu''' in quo reliquiae Vari legionumque insepultae dicebantur".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hilter am Teutoburger Wald'')</small> * [[Himberga]]<ref name="-berga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-berga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Himbergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Himbargen'')</small> * [[Hinuti]]<ref name="Hinuti">Vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3180/Hinte.pdf?utm ''Historische Ortsdatenbank für Ostfriesland''], ubi dicitur "(...) Das Dorf wurde im 10. Jahrhundert als „in Hinuti“ erstmals urkundlich erfasst (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hinte''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hint'')</small> * [[Hitgera]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hitzacker''; [[Polabice]] ''Ljauci'')</small> * [[Hittberga]]<ref name="-berga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-berga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hittbergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hittbargen'')</small> * [[Hodenhaga]]<ref name="-haga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hag(e)(n)'' seu ''-ha(a)g'' seu ''-hague'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-haga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Haga (Franconia Superior)|Haga Franconiae Superioris]], [[Haga ad Ambram]], [[Haga (in Bavaria superiore)|Haga in Bavaria Superiore]] apud [[Index communium Bavariae|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Bavariae]]; [[Falkenhaga (Marchia)|Falkenhaga Marchiana]] apud [[Index communium Brandenburgi|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Brandenburgi]]; [[Haga Schauenburgi]], [[Haga Promontorium]], [[Haga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hodenhagen'')</small> * [[Hohbuoki]]<ref name="Hohbuoki">Vide [https://oar.onroerenderfgoed.be/publicaties/RELM/7/RELM007-001.pdf?utm ''The very beginning of Europe?''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''castellum hohbuoki'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Höhbeck'')</small> * [[Hohna]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hohne'')</small> * [[Hohnhorstium]]<ref name="-horstium"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hohnhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hionhoste'')</small> * [[Hohnstorpium (Albis)|Hohnstorpium]]<ref name="-torpium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-torpium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hohnstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Haunstörp'')</small> * [[Holdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Holdorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Holdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hollrup'')</small> * [[Holdunesteti]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hollenstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hullnst'')</small> * [[Holenberga]]<ref name="-berga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-berga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Holenberg'')</small> * [[Holla]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Holle'')</small> * [[Hollnsethum]]<ref name="-ethum">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-eth'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-ethum-i", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Bechtsriethum]], [[Maitenbethum]] ac [[Wiesethum]] apud Vicipaediae Latinae articulum de [[Index communium Bavariae|indice communium Bavariae]]; et [[Gransebiethum]] apud Vicipaediae Latinae articulum de [[Index Communium Megapolis et Pomeraniae Citerioris|indice communium Megapolis et Pomeraniae Citerioris]].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hollnseth'')</small> * [[Holsta]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Holste'')</small> * [[Holtgaste]]<ref name="Friedländer 1878"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Holtgast'')</small> * [[Holtisminni]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Holzminden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Holtsminne'')</small> * [[Holtlandia]]<ref name="-landia">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-land'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-landia-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amelandia]], [[Bevelandia Australis]], [[Bevelandia Septentrionalis]], [[Bolandia]], [[Iutlandia]], [[Curlandia]], [[Estlandia]], [[Finlandia]], [[Flevolandia]], [[Friedlandia]], [[Islandia]], [[Gothlandia]], [[Hollandia]], [[Ingermanlandia]], [[Isalandia]] [[Lalandia]], [[Langelandia]], [[Oehtlandia]] [[Olandia]], [[Sallandia]], [[Samlandia]] [[Zelandia]], [[Selandia]] [[Fotlandia]], [[Wermelandia]] [[Withlandia]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Holtland'')</small> * [[Holza]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Holzen'')</small> * [[Honengesbuthele]]<ref name="Honengesbuthele">Vide [https://blog.slub-dresden.de/fileadmin/groups/slubsite/Blog/2015-KristinCasimir-VortragDresden.pdf?utm ''Ortsnamen zwischen Rhein und Elbe - Onomastik im europäischen Raum''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Honengesbvthele'' statt ''Honekesbutle'' (Casemir, -büttel S. 147) (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hankensbüttel'')</small> * [[Hoogsteda]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hoogstede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hoogstee'')</small> * [[Horda ad Harthicos Montes]]<ref name="-e"/><ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hörden am Harz'')</small> * [[Horneburgum]]<ref name="-burg">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-burgum-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Horneburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hornborg'')</small> * [[Horstadium (Saxonia Inferior)|Horstadium]]<ref name="-stadt">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-stadium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Horstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Horß'')</small> * [[Hoya]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hoya''; quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Hoya/Weser''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''de Haaien'' seu ''Hejen'' seu ''Hajen'')</small> * [[Huda (Circulus terrae Diepholtia)|Huda]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hüde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hüde'')</small> * [[Hudha]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hude'')</small> * [[Hulseda]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hülsede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hülse'')</small> * [[Husum (prope Novam Urbem)|Husum]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Husum'')</small> * [[Hutta Georgii et Mariae]]<ref name="hutta-ae">Toponyma cum suffixis ''-hütte'' aut ''-hutta'' plerumque latinizari solent Latino vocabulo "Hutta-ae", quamquam huius vocabuli variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hutta vitriaria Bohemica]] apud [https://schwaben.hu/ortschaften/bohmischhutten?utm Schwaben.hu. (s. d.). ''Böhmischhütten / Csehbánya – Ortsgeschichte'']; [[Hutta Germanica]] apud [https://huta.ewk.hu/nemetbanya-1757-1781/?utm ''Németbánya. (s. s.). Németbánya története'']; [[Hutta Vitriaria]] apud https://slavistika.sk/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/2015_1.pdf?utm [Majtán, M. (1998). ''Názvy obcí Slovenskej republiky: Vývin v rokoch 1773–1997''. Bratislaviae: Veda]; Hutta apud [https://real.mtak.hu/140291/1/K%C3%A1rp%C3%A1talja%20helys%C3%A9gnevei.pdf?utm ''Kárpátalja helységnevei.'']; [[Hutta Polonica]] apud Štefánik, M. (2022). ''Italia ed Europa centro-orientale tra Medioevo ed età moderna: Economia, società, cultura''. Heidelberg University Publishing; [[Hutta (Eiflia)|Hutta Eifliae]] apud Beyer, H. (1860). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der, jetzt die Preussischen Regierungsbezirke Coblenz und Trier bildenden mittelrheinischen Territorien'' (Vol. 1). J. Hölscher, et Beyer, H. (1860). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der mittelrheinischen Territorien: Erster Band. Von den ältesten Zeiten bis zum Jahre 1169''. [[Confluentes (Germania)|Confluentibus]]: J. Hölscher.</ref><ref name="Georgius">[https://la.wiktionary.org/wiki/Georgius?utm Theodiscum praefixum ''Georg-'' Latino anthroponymo casu genetivo "Georfii" vertitur].</ref><ref name="Maria">[https://la.wiktionary.org/wiki/Maria?utm Theodiscum interfixum ''-marien-'' Latino anthroponymo casu genetivo "Mariae" vertitur].</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Georgsmarienhütte'')</small> * [[Huvenni]]<ref name="Huvenni">Vide [https://dokumen.pub/suffixbildungen-in-alten-ortsnamen-akten-eines-internationalen-symposiums-in-uppsala-14-16-mai-2004-9185352578.html?utm ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen: Akten eines internationalen Symposiums in Uppsala 14.-16. Mai 2004 9185352578''], ubi dicitur "(...) Hüven (Kr. Emsland), 10. Jh. (Kopie 15. Jh.) in Huvenni (Möller 1998 S. 101, Udolph 2002a S. 238) (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hüven'')</small> {{div col end}} === I === {{div col|3}} * [[Iatha (Saxonia Inferior)|Iatha]]<ref name="Iatha">Commune nomen e flumine cepit. Quo de flumine, vide [https://www.lateinlexikon.com/lexicon_latinum_hodiernum_parsgeographica.pdf?utm ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'' Petri Lucusaltiani], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Jade'', f ''Iatha, ae'', f [WPD: Jade (Fluss) (24.11.2019); a.1314: Jatha] (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Jade''; [[Saxonice]] ''Jaad'')</small> * [[Iburgum]]<ref name="Von Schaten 1714">Von Schaten, N. (1714). ''Monumenta Osnabrugensia ex historia romana, francica, saxonicaque eruta''. Typis Jodoci Henrici Meyer.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Iburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Ibig'' seu ''Ibig'')</small> * [[Ielmstorpium]]<ref name="-torpium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-torpium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Jelmstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Jelmstörp'')</small> * [[Iembka]]<ref name="-e">Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Jembke'')</small> * [[Iemela]]<ref name="Iemela">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu, latinizans suffixum primae communis Theodisce ''Jameln'' dicti mentioni, quae ''Jemelen'' est, applicatur; qua de mentione, vide [https://rcin.org.pl/ihpan/Content/30940/PDF/WA303_9438_A165-8-r1929_Slavia-Occ.pdf?utm ''Slavia Occidentalis, Tomus VIII''].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Jameln'')</small> * [[Ierichsum]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Jerxheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Jerksen'')</small> * [[Iesteburgum]]<ref name="-burg">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-burgum-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Jesteburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Jesborg'')</small> * [[Ihlienverda]]<ref name="-verda-ae">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-worth'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-verda-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-worth''' : -''verda'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ihlienworth''; [[Saxonice]] ''Helmworth'')</small> * [[Indago Comitis Hoyae]]<ref name="Indago Comitis Hoyae">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/hoyerhagen/?utm ''kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''indago comitis Hoye'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hoyerhagen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Heierhagen'' seu ''Heyerhagen'')</small> * [[Insula Iuistensis]]<ref name="Iuistensis">De Latino gentilicio, cf. [[binomen|epithetum binominale]] [https://turbellaria.umaine.edu/turbellaria/turb3.php?action=6&code=598&valid=618&utm "juistensis"].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Juist'')</small> * [[Isernhaga]]<ref name="-haga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hag(e)(n)'' seu ''-ha(a)g'' seu ''-hague'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-haga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Haga (Franconia Superior)|Haga Franconiae Superioris]], [[Haga ad Ambram]], [[Haga (in Bavaria superiore)|Haga in Bavaria Superiore]] apud [[Index communium Bavariae|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Bavariae]]; [[Falkenhaga (Marchia)|Falkenhaga Marchiana]] apud [[Index communium Brandenburgi|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Brandenburgi]]; [[Haga Schauenburgi]], [[Haga Promontorium]], [[Haga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Isernhagen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Isernhogen'')</small> * [[Isterberga]]<ref name="-berga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-berga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Isterberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Isterbarg'')</small> * [[Itterbecca]]<ref name="-ecca">Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ec(k)'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-ecca-ae" seu "-eca-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-ec, -eck''' : -''ecca'', -''ēca'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Itterbeck'')</small> * [[Iuniun]]<ref name="Iunium">Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B74-6/NOB%20IV%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20G%C3%B6ttingen.pdf?utm ''NOB IV Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Göttingen''], ubi dicitur "(...) 960 Iuniun (MGH DO I. Nr. 206 S. 285) (...) 1251 (A. 14. Jh.) Johan de June (UB Göttingen I Nr. 4 S. 5) 1266 ''Godefridus de Iunen [...] sacerdos'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Jühnde'')</small> {{div col end}} === K === {{div col|3}} * [[Kakenstorpium]]<ref name="-torpium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-torpium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kakenstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kakenstörp'')</small> * [[Karwicium]]<ref name="-icium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-itsch'' aut ''-itz'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-icium-i" aut "-itium-i" aut "-icia-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-itsch, -itz''' : ''-icium, -itium, -icia'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Karwitz'')</small> * [[Katlenburgum-Lindavia]]<ref name="-burg">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-burgum-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref name="-avia">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-avia-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Katlenburg-Lindau''; [[Saxonice]] ''Katelnborg-Lindau'')</small> * [[Kettencampus]]<ref name="campus-i">[https://ewa.saw-leipzig.de/articles/80250/en?utm Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-kamp'' seu ''-kampf'' seu ''-camp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-campus-i"], quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kettenkamp''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ketenkamp '')</small> * [[Kirchdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Kirchdorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Kirchdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Karkdörp'')</small> * [[Kirchgellersa]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kirchgellersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Karkgellsen'')</small> * [[Kirchseelta]]<ref name="-e">Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kirchseelte''; [[Saxonice]] ''Seelte'')</small> * [[Kirchtimka]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kirchtimke''; [[Saxonice]] ''Karktimk'')</small> * [[Kirchwalseda]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kirchwalsede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Karkwals'')</small> * [[Kissenbruga]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kissenbrück''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kissenbrügge'')</small> * [[Kneitlinga]]<ref name="-inga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref name="KleinGrosse">De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum "Klein" et "Gross" per Latina "Minor-us" et "Maior-ius", vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kneitlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kneitling'')</small> * [[Kneta Maior]]<ref name="-a"/><ref name="KleinGrosse">De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum "Klein" et "Gross" per Latina "Minor-us" et "Maior-ius", vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Großenkneten''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grotekneten'')</small> * [[Krebecca]]<ref name="-ecca">Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ec(k)'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-ecca-ae" seu "-eca-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-ec, -eck''' : -''ecca'', -''ēca'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Krebeck'')</small> * [[Krummendicum]]<ref name="-dicum">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-di(e)k(e)'' aut ''-deich(e)'' aut ''-dijk'' aut ''-dyk(e)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dicum-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Isendicum]] apud {{Graesse}}; aut [[Mardicum]] apud ''Dictionnaire universel françois et latin, vulgairement appelé Dictionnaire de Trévoux''.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Krummendeich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Krummendiek'')</small> * [[Kusta]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Küsten'')</small> * [[Kutenholtia]]<ref name="-holtia">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-holz'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-holtia-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) -holz : -''holtia'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kutenholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kutenhult'' seu ''Kutenholt'')</small> {{div col end}} === L === {{div col|3}} * [[Laatza]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Laatzen'')</small> * [[Lachendorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Lachendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lachendörp'')</small> * [[Laerium]]<ref name="Stüve 1789">Stüve, J. E. (1789). ''Beschreibung des Fürstenthums Osnabrück mit einigen Urkunden''. Kißling.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Laer'')</small> * [[Laga (Saxonia Inferior)|Laga]]<ref name="-e">Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Lage''; [[Saxonice]] ''Loage'')</small> * [[Lähden]] * [[Lahn (Hümmling)|Lahn]] * ''[[Lamspringe]]'' * [[Lamstedt]] * [[Landesbergen]] * [[Landolfshausen]] * [[Landwehr (Gemeinde)|Landwehr]] * [[Langelsheim]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * '''[[Langen (bei Bremerhaven)|Langen]]''' <small>(b.Bremerhaven)</small> * [[Langen (Emsland)|Langen]] <small>(Emsland)</small> * [[Langendorf (Elbe)|Langendorf]] * [[Langenhagen]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Langeoog]] * [[Langlingen]] * [[Langwedel (Weser)|Langwedel]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Lare]]<ref name="Lare">Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/3014/NOB%20XV%20Grafschaft%20Bentheim.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1&utm ''NOB XV Grafschaft Bentheim''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''LAAR''' (Gem. Laar, Samtgem. Emlichheim) 1232 (A. 14. Jh.) ''totum Lare cum ecclesia'' (Gesta Episc. Traiect. S. 424 Z. 51) 1312 (Transs. 1332; A.) ''sex domos [...] de Lare'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Laar''; [[Saxonice]] ''Loar'')</small> * [[Lastrup]] * [[Lathen]] * [[Lauenau]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Lauenbrück]] * [[Lauenförde]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Lauenhagen]] * [[Leese]] * [[Leezdorf]] * [[Lehe (Emsland)|Lehe]] * [[Lehre (Niedersachsen)|Lehre]] * [[Lehrte]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Leiferde]] * [[Lembruch]] * [[Lemförde]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Lemgow]] * [[Lemwerdera]]<ref name="Rüthning 1926">Rüthning, G. (Ed.) (1926). ''Oldenburger Urkundenbuch''. Gerhard Stalling.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lemwerder'')</small> * [[Lengede]] * [[Lengenbostel]] * [[Lengerich (Emsland)|Lengerich]] * [[Lenne (Niedersachsen)|Lenne]] * [[Leopolis (Saxonia Inferior)|Leopolis]]<ref name="Ebel 1960">Ebel, W. (1960). ''Lübisches Recht: Erster Band''. Hansischer Geschichtsverein.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bleckede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bleikd'')</small> * [[Leri]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Leer''; [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Läär''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lier'')</small> * [[Liebenau (Niedersachsen)|Liebenau]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Liebenburg]] * [[Lilienthal]] * [[Lindern (Oldenburg)]] * [[Lindhorst]] * [[Lindwedel]] * [[Lingen (Ems)]] <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Linsburg]] * [[Lintig]] * [[Lintlo]]<ref name="Lintlo">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/kirchlinteln/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur "(...) Urkundlich ist das Dorf erstmals 1123 als ''Lintlo'' belegt (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kirchlinteln''; [[Saxonice]] ''Karklinteln'' seu ''Kerklinteln'' seu ''Kerklinneln'')</small> * [[Locus Occidentalis (Saxonia Inferior)|Locus Occidentalis]]<ref name="Cellarius 1703">Cellarius, C. (1703). ''Geographia Antiqua iuxta et Nova''. Ienae: Bielckius.</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Westerstede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Westerstäe'')</small> * [[Lohne (Oldenburg)]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Löningen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Lorup]] * [[Loxstedt]] * [[Lübberstedt]] * [[Lübbow]] * [[Luchovia]]<ref name="Luchovia">Vide [https://ia801403.us.archive.org/28/items/antiquitatessele00keys/antiquitatessele00keys.pdf ''Antiquitates selectae septentrionales et Celticae''], ubi dicitur "(...) De Venedicis aut Germanicis prope Luchoviam effossis Epistola ''Georgii Frid, Mithofii'' data Luchovia d. 17. Maji 1691 (...)".</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lüchow''; [[Polabice]] ''Ljauchüw'')</small> * [[Luckau (Saxonia Inferior)|Luckau]] * [[Lüder (Lüneburger Heide)|Lüder]] * [[Lüdersburg]] * [[Lüdersfeld]] * [[Lüerdissen]] * [[Luhden]] * [[Luneburgum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lüneburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lümborg'' seu ''Lünborg''; [[Lingua Saxonica antiqua|Palaeosaxonice]] ''Hliuni'')</small> * [[Lunne]]<ref name="Lunne">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/haseluenne/?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''civibus opidi nostri in Lunne'' (...)". Latinum autem gentilicium "Haselunnensis-e" est. Quo de gentilicio, vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Haselünne''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Lünne'')</small> * [[Lunni (commune generali Spella)|Lunni]]<ref name="Lunni">Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/Fontes/AltdeutschesNamenbuch-Bd2OrtsnamenLbisZ-3A-1913.pdf?utm ''Altdeutsches Namenbuch'']; ubi dicitur "(...) '''Lunni.''' 9. 1) Altlünne bei Plantlünne (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lünne'')</small> * [[Lütetsburg]] * ''[[Lutter am Barenberge]]'' * [[Luttera Regalis]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Königslutter am Elm'')</small> {{div col end}} === M === {{div col|3}} * [[Maasen]] * [[Magna Palus]]<ref name="Magna Palus">[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/magnus?wb=gross&nr=1 Theodiscum toponymicum praefixum ''Große-'' Latino adiectivo "magnus-a-um"] et [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/germanistischewoerterbuecher/altsaechsischeswoerterbuch/asF.pdf Theodiscum suffixum ''-fehn'' Latino nomine "palus paludis" (f.)] vertitur.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Großefehn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grootfehn'')</small> * [[Maius Vrelstede]]<ref name="Maius Vrelstede">Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B76-2/NOB%20VII%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Helmstedt%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Wolfsburg.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1&utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der stadt WoLfsburg'']{{Nexus deficit|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) 1318 ''in Maiori Vrelstede'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Frellstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Frillstidde'')</small> * [[Marienhafe]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Marienhagen]] * [[Mariental (Niedersachsen)|Mariental]] * [[Marklohe]] * [[Marl (Dümmer)|Marl]] * [[Marschacht]] * [[Martfeld]] * [[Marxen]] * [[Mechtersen]] * [[Meckelsa Maior]]<ref name="-a"/><ref name="KleinGrosse">De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum "Klein" et "Gross" per Latina "Minor-us" et "Maior-ius", vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Meckelsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Meckels'')</small> * [[Meckelsa Minor]]<ref name="-a"/><ref name="KleinGrosse"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Klein Meckelsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lütt Meckels'')</small> * [[Meerbeck]] * [[Meine]] * [[Meinersen]] * [[Melbeck]] * [[Melle]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Mellinghausen]] * [[Menslage]] * [[Meppea]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Meppen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Möppen'')</small> * [[Merzen]] * [[Messenkamp]] * [[Messingen]] * [[Midlum (Land Wursten)|Midlum]] * [[Misselwarden]] * [[Mittelnkirchen]] * [[Mittelstenahe]] * [[Moisburg]] * [[Molbergen]] * [[Mons Catonis (Saxonia Inferior)|Mons Catonis]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Cadenberge''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cuddeldutt'' seu ''Kumbarg'')</small> * [[Moormerland]] * [[Moorweg]] * [[Moringen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Müden (Alara)]] * [[Mulsum (Land Wursten)|Mulsum]] * [[Mundia Hannoverana]]<ref name="Mundia Hannoverana">Vide [https://spatial.demo.geocode.earth/explore/place/wof/101810167?utm ''Geocode Earth''], ubi dicitur "(...) LAT preferred '''Mundia Hannoverana''' (...)".</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hann. Münden'' seu ''Hannoversch Münden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hannöversch Münnen'')</small> * [[Munimeri]]<ref name="Dronke 1844">Dronke, E. F. J. (Ed.) (1844). ''Traditiones et Antiquitates Fuldenses: Chartae et registra historica saeculi IX''. Fuldense: Typis Müllerianis.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Münder am Deister''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Münner'')</small> * [[Munster (Örtze)|Munster]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> {{div col end}} === N === {{div col|3}} * [[Nahrendorf]] * [[Natendorf]] * [[Neetze]] * [[Negenborn]] * [[Nenndorf (circulus Widmundensis)|Nenndorf]] * [[Neubörger]] * [[Neu Darchau]] * [[Neuenhusa]]<ref name="-husa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenhaus''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neenhuus'')</small> * [[Neuenkirchen (Altes Land)|Neuenkirchen]] <small>(Altes Land)</small> * [[Neuenkirchen (bei Bassum)|Neuenkirchen]] <small>(b.Bassum)</small> * [[Neuenkirchen (Land Hadeln)|Neuenkirchen]] <small>(Land Hadeln)</small> * [[Neuenkirchen (Landkreis Osnabrück)|Neuenkirchen]] <small>(Lkr.Osnabrück)</small> * [[Neuenkirchen (Lüneburger Heide)|Neuenkirchen]] <small>(Lüneb.Heide)</small> * [[Neuenkirchen-Vörden]] * [[Neuharlingersiel]] * [[Neuhaus (Oste)]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Neuhof (Landkreis Hildesheim)|Neuhof]] * [[Neukamperfehn]] * [[Neulehe]] * [[Neuschoo]] * [[Neustadt am Rübenberge]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Neu Wulmstorf]] * [[Niederlangen]] * [[Niedernwöhren]] * [[Niemetal]] * [[Nienhagen (Landkreis Celle)|Nienhagen]] * [[Nienstädt]] * [[Norden]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Nordenham]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Norderney]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Nordholz]] * [[Nordleda]] * [[Nordsehl]] * [[Nordstemmen]] * [[Nörten-Hardenberg]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Northemium]]<ref name="Nothemium">Vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenahist/wassenberg1/Wassenberg_florus.html ''FLORUS GERMANICUS''] , ubi dicitur "(...) Et VVolferbytum, Northemium, Steinbruggam, Nienburgum (...) Primo vere Tillius tribunos suos Northemium misit (...) Caesaeriani Northemium expugnant (...)".</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Northeim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nuurten'')</small> * [[Northorna]]<ref name="Egli 1893">Egli, J. J. (1893). ''Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume''. [[Lipsia]]e: Friedrich Brandstetter.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nordhorn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nothoorn'' seu ''Notthoarn'' seu ''Netthoarn'' seu ''Noordhoorn'')</small> * [[Nortmoor]] * [[Nortrup]] * [[Nottensdorf]] * [[Nova Urbs (Saxonia Inferior)|Nova Urbs]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nienburg/Weser''; [[Saxonice]] ''Näinborg'' seu ''Nienborg'' seu ''Neenborg'' seu ''Negenborg'')</small> * [[Novale Frigidum]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Colnrade''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kollenroad'')</small> {{div col end}} === O === {{div col|3}} * [[Oberlangen]] * [[Oberndorf (Oste)|Oberndorf]] * [[Obernfeld]] * [[Obernholz]] * [[Obernkirchen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Ochtersum]] * [[Odisheim]] * [[Oederquart]] * [[Oerel]] * [[Oesinga Maior]]<ref name="-inga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref name="KleinGrosse">De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum "Klein" et "Gross" per Latina "Minor-us" et "Maior-ius", vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Oesingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Oesingen'')</small> * [[Oetzen]] * [[Ohne]] * [[Ohrum]] * [[Oldenburgum]] <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Oldendorf (Landkreis Stade)|Oldendorf]] <small>(Lkr.Stade)</small> * [[Oldendorf (Luhe)]] * [[Osloß]] * [[Osnabruga]] <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Osnabrück''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ossenbrääch''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Lingua Saxonica|Westfalice]] ''Ossenbrügge'')</small> * [[Osteel]] * [[Osten (Oste)|Osten]] * [[Osterbruch]] * [[Ostercappeln]] * [[Ostereistedt]] * [[Osterode am Harz]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Osterwald]] * [[Ostrhauderfehn]] * [[Ottenstein (Niedersachsen)|Ottenstein]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Otter]] * [[Otterndorf]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Ottersberg]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Ovelgönne]] * [[Ovenhagium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1703"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Auhagen'')</small> * [[Oyten]] {{div col end}} === P === {{div col|3}} * [[Padingbüttel]] * [[Palus Hagensis]]<ref name="Palus Hagensis">[https://www.latin-is-simple.com/de/vocabulary/noun/13172/#google_vignette Theodiscum toponymicum suffixum ''-marsch'' Latino vocabulo "palus paludis" vertitur] et Latinum gentilicium "Hagensis-e", quod ad [[Haga (Saxonia Inferior)|Hagam]] refertur, Theodiscum gentilicium praefixum ''Hager-'' vertitur. Quo de gentilicio et toponymo, vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3191/Hage.pdf?utm ''Historische Ortsdatenbank für Ostfriesland''], ubi dicitur "(...) Erscheinung trat der Ort als „curatus Hagensis“ im Jahr 1400. Spätere Bezeichnungen waren „Haga“ (um 1409) (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hagermarsch'')</small> * [[Palus Hilcae]]<ref name="Hilkenbrook">Theodiscum toponymum ''Hilkenbrook'', quamquam hodiernum est, syntagmate ''Palus Hilcae'' Latine verti potest. Nomen Germanicum ''Hilcke'', variatio nominis Theodisci ''Hilken-'', apud Stark ad formam Latinam "Hilca-ae" refertur, quae saeculo XII testata est (''Monumenta Garsensia'', n. 37; ''Monumenta Boica'' I, 27): Stark, F. (1866), ''Die Kosenamen der Germanen'', p. 318. Brook, i. e. bruoh «Sumpf, sumpfiges Gelände», Latine "palus, paludis" reddi potest. Itaque, anthroponomycum praefixum ''Hilken-'' ad nomen ''Hilca'' relatum et suffixum ''brook'' per vocabulum "palus, paludis" redditum, ''Hilkenbrook'' interpretari licet "Palus Hilcae".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hilkenbrook'')</small> * [[Palus Regis]]<ref name="Palus Regis">[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Moor?wb=gross&nr=1 Theodiscum suffixum ''-moor'' Latino vocabulo "palus-udis" vertitur] et [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/rex?wb=gross&nr=1 Theodiscum praefixum genetivo casu ''Königs-'' Latino genetivo "regis"] vertitur.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Königsmoor'')</small> * [[Papenburg]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Parsau]] * [[Pattensen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Pegestorf]] * [[Pennigsehl]] * [[Petrimons]]<ref name="Perizonius 1758">Perizonius, J. (1758). ''Compendium historiarum antiquissimarum, civilium et ecclesiasticarum, usque ad seculum decimum octavum: Cum appendice de ducatu Westphaliae et comitatu Petrimontano''. Ex officina Wetsteniana.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Pyrmont''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Puurmont'')</small> * [[Pohle]] * [[Pollhagen]] * [[Pons Cobbanus]]<ref name="Leuckfeld 1714">Leuckfeld, J. G. (1714). ''Antiquitates Blankenburgenses, oder Historische Beschreibung derer vormals berühmten Grafen von Blankenburg, nebst dazugehörigen diplomatibus und Chartis''. Gottfried Freytag.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Coppenbrügge'')</small> * [[Poynum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Peine''; [[Saxonice]] ''Paane''; [[Lingua Theodisca alta recens|Protoneoaltotheodisce]] ''Peina'')</small> * [[Praefectura Neohusana]]<ref name="Grupen II 1742">Grupen, C. U. (1742). ''Disceptationes Forenses cum Observationibus Juris: De originibus et iurisdictione praefecturarum ditionis Brunsvicensis (Caput de Praefectura Neohusana)'' (Vol. II). Hannoverae: Förster.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Amt Neuhaus'')</small> * [[Pratum Vitulorum]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Calberlah'')</small> * [[Prezelle]] * [[Prinzhöfte]] {{div col end}} === Q === {{div col|3}} * [[Quakenbrück]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Quendorf]] * [[Querenhorst]] * [[Quernheim]] {{div col end}} === R === {{div col|3}} * [[Räbke]] * [[Radbruch]] * [[Raddestorf]] * [[Rastdorf]] * [[Rastede]] * [[Rätzlingen (Niedersachsen)|Rätzlingen]] * [[Rechtsupweg]] * [[Reeßum]] * [[Regesbostel]] * [[Rehburg-Loccum]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Rehden]] * [[Rehlingen]] * [[Reinstorf]] * [[Remlingen (Niedersachsen)|Remlingen]] * [[Renkenberge]] * [[Rennau]] * [[Reppenstedt]] * [[Rethem (Aller)]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Rhade]] * [[Rhauderfehn]] * [[Rhede (Ems)]] * [[Rhumspringe]] * [[Ribbesbüttel]] * [[Riede (Landkreis Verden)|Riede]] * [[Rieste]] * [[Ringe]] * [[Ringstedt]] * [[Rinteln]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Ritterhude]] * [[Rodenberg]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Rodewald]] * [[Rohrsen]] * [[Roklum]] * [[Rollshausen]] * [[Römstedt]] * [[Ronnenberg]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Rosche]] * [[Rosdorf]] * [[Rosengarten (Landkreis Harburg)|Rosengarten]] * [[Rotenburgum ad Wemmam]]<ref name="Rotenburgum ad Wemmam">De Latino toponymico syntagmate "[[Rotenburgum ad Wemmam]]" -ad quod Latinum gentilicium "Rotenburgensis-e" refertur-, vide homonymas urbes apud {{Graesse}} et {{Hofmannus}}. De hydronymo "[[Wemma]]", etiam vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Rotenburg''; quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Rotenburg an der Wümme''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rodenborg'')</small> * [[Rötgesbüttel]] * [[Rüdershausen]] * [[Rühen]] * [[Rullstorf]] {{div col end}} === S === {{div col|3}} * [[Sachsenhagen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Sagterlandia]]<ref name="BOV 2013">Bischöfliches Offizialat Vechta (2013). ''Findbuch des Offizialatsarchivs Vechta: Altes Archiv (Abteilung A: Saterlandia, Kirchliche Unterlagen, Akte A 8: „Informatio de Sagterlandia“ aus dem Jahre 1710)''. Vechtae, in Germania: Bischöfliches Offizialat.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Saterland''; quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Sagterland''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Seelterlound'')</small> * [[Salis Cancellum]]<ref name="Cellarius 1703"/> <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Salzgitter''; [[Saxonice]] ''Soltgitter'')</small> * [[Salzbergen]] * [[Salzdetfordium]]<ref name="Marcard 1805"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Salzdetfurth'')</small> * [[Salzhausen]] * [[Salzhemmendorf]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Samern]] * [[Sandbostel]] * [[Sande (Frisia)|Sande]] * [[Sarstedt]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Sassenburg]] * [[Sathsa]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Sachsa'')</small> * [[Sauensiek]] * [[Schapen]] * [[Scharnebeck]] * [[Scheden]] * [[Scheeßel]] * [[Schellerten]] * [[Schiffdorf]] * [[Schladen-Werla]] * [[Schnackenburg]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Schnega]] * [[Schneverdingen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Schola Dei]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&cq=M%C3%BCnchen&lang=de''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ihlow''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ihl'')</small> * [[Scholen]] * [[Schönewörde]] * [[Schöningen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Schöppenstedt]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Schortens]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Schüttorf]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Schwaförden]] * [[Schwanewede]] * [[Schwarme]] * [[Schwarmstedt]] * [[Schweindorf]] * [[Schweringen]] * [[Schwerinsdorf]] * [[Schwienau]] * [[Schwülper]] * [[Seeburg (Niedersachsen)|Seeburg]] * [[Seedorf (bei Zeven)|Seedorf]] * [[Seelze]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Seesen]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Seevetal]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Seggebruch]] * [[Sehlde]] * [[Sehlem (Niedersachsen)|Sehlem]] * [[Sehnde]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Selsingen]] * [[Semmenstedt]] * [[Seulingen]] * [[Sibbesse]] * [[Sickte]] * [[Siedenburg]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Sittensen]] * [[Soderstorf]] * [[Sögel]] * [[Söhlde]] * [[Söllingen (Niedersachsen)|Söllingen]] * [[Soltau]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Soltendieck]] * [[Sottrum]] * [[Spahnharrenstätte]] * [[Spella]]<ref name="Spella">Vide [https://www.emsland.com/la/tour/emsland-route-395-km?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''www.esland.com''], ubi dicitur "(...) A Spella ad Rhenum: circiter XVI km (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Spelle'')</small> * [[Spiekeroog]] * [[Sprakensehl]] * [[Springe]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Stadae]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Stade''; [[Saxonice]] ''Stood'')</small> * [[Stadlandia]]<ref>Ioannes Iustus Wynkelman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=WvgaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA617&lpg=PA617&dq=statlandia+saxonia&source=bl&ots=Ysl9JI4L06&sig=2y6x3I38sU3-RcrP0HtnSkUxssI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCwQ6AEwA2oVChMIwqiv-NWMxgIVQgmSCh2CZwDj#v=onepage&q=statlandia%20saxonia&f=false ''Notitia historico-politica veteris Saxo-Westphaliae finitimarumque regionum,''] 1667:277.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Stadland'')</small> * [[Staffhorst]] * [[Staufenberg]] * [[Stavern]] * [[Stedesdorf]] * [[Steimbke]] * [[Steinau (Niedersachsen)|Steinau]] * [[Steinfeld (Oldenburg)]] * [[Steinhorst (Niedersachsen)|Steinhorst]] * [[Steinkirchen (Altes Land)|Steinkirchen]] * [[Stelle]] * [[Stemmen (Landkreis Rotenburg)|Stemmen]] * [[Stemshorn]] * [[Steyerberg]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Stinstedt]] * [[Stöckse]] * [[Stoetze]] * [[Stolzenau]] * [[Stuhr]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Südbrookmerland]] * [[Suderburg]] * [[Südergellersen]] * [[Südheide]] * [[Sudwalde]] * [[Suhlendorf]] * [[Sulingen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Süpplingen]] * [[Süpplingenburg]] * [[Süstedt]] * [[Sustrum]] * [[Surwold]] * [[Suthfeld]] * [[Syke]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> {{div col end}} === T === {{div col|3}} * [[Tappenbeck]] * [[Tarmstedt]] * [[Tespe]] * [[Teuderium]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Detern''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Tjootern''; [[Saxonice|Orientalifrisicosaxonice]] ''Däitern'')</small> * [[Thransfellensis Ecclesia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dransfeld'')</small> * [[Thedinghausen]] * [[Theodolfestorpum]]<ref name="Asseburg 1855">Asseburg, J. von der. (1855). ''Urkundenbuch des Geschlechts von der Asseburg (Vol. 1)''. Hahnschen Hofbuchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dedelstorf'')</small> * [[Thomasburg]] * [[Thorpum]]<ref name="Thorpum">Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/ZIER-HP/ZIER-HP-06-2016/AAAKoeblerGerhardDorfinderdeutschenOrtsgeschichte20160831-7111.htm ''www.koeblergerhard.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Dörpen''', 9. Jh., bei Aschendorf nördlich Meppens, F2-1090 THURP (Dorf) Dorfa (7), Thorpum (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dörpen'')</small> * [[Thuine]] * [[Tiddische]] * [[Tiste]] * [[Toppenstedt]] * [[Tostedt]] * [[Tosterglope]] * [[Trebel]] * [[Triburi]]<ref name="Philippi & Bar 1892"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Drebber'')</small> * [[Tülau]] * [[Twieflingen]] * [[Twilpstede Maius]]<ref name="Twilpstede Maius">Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B76-2/NOB%20VII%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Helmstedt%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Wolfsburg.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1&utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg'']{{Nexus deficit|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) 1311 ''Twilpstede Maiori'' (...) 1311 ''Twilpstede Maiori et Minori'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Twülpstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Twülpstidde'')</small> * [[Twist (Emsland)|Twist]] * [[Twistringen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> {{div col end}} === U === {{div col|3}} * [[Uchte]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Uehrde]] * [[Uelsen]] * [[Uetze]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Ulsena]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Uelzen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Ülz’n'')</small> * [[Ummern]] * [[Undeloh]] * [[Upgant-Schott]] * [[Uplengen]] * [[Uslar]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Utarp]] {{div col end}} === V === {{div col|3}} * [[Vahlberg]] * [[Vahlbruch]] * [[Vahlde]] * [[Vallis Ambrae]]<ref name="Ambra">Latino de toponymo "Ambra" (Theodisce ''Emmer''), vide {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref name="Vallis">[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Tal?wb=gross&nr=1 Theodiscum vocabulum ''T(h)al'' aut Theodiscum suffixum ''-t(h)al'' Latino vocabulo "vallis-is"] vertitur.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Emmerthal''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emmerdaal'')</small> * [[Vallis Augae]]<ref name="SLH 1988">Societas Latina Hannoverana (1988). ''Fasciculi geographici et historici: De parvis provinciis ditionis Hannoveranae et Schaumburgensis''. Hannoverae: Typis Exscripsit Libraria Scripturarum.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Auetal'')</small> * [[Vallis Claustra-Cella]]<ref name="Conring 1730">Conring, H. (1730). ''De Antiquitatibus Academicis Dissertationes Septem''. Officina Smeinkiana.</ref><ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Clausthal-Zellerfeld''; [[Supraharthice]] ''Clasthol-Zallerfall'')</small> * [[Varel]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Varrel]] * [[Vastorf]] * [[Vechelde]] * [[Velpke]] * [[Veltheim (Ohe)]] * [[Vetha]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Vechta''; [[Saxonice]] ''Vechte'')</small> * [[Vicus Adelaidis]]<ref name="ALF 2016">Academia Latinitati Fovendae (2016). ''Commentarii Academiae Latinitati Fovendae: De novis parochiis et communibus Saxoniae Inferioris textus'' (Vol. XXIV). Romae: Herder.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Adelheidsdorf'')</small> * [[Vicus Vetus Hassicus]]<ref name="Vicus Vetus Hassicus">Vide [https://www.fallingrain.com/world/GM/06/Hessisch_Oldendorf.html?utm ''www.fallingrain''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Other (Latin) names: Vicus Vetus Hassicus,Vicus Vetus Hassicus,Hessisch-Oldendorf,Hessisch-Oldendorf''' (...)".</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hessisch Oldendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eolendörpe'')</small> * [[Vierden]] * [[Vierhöfen]] * [[Vildhusia]]<ref name="Hofmannus"/> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Wildeshausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wilshusen'')</small> * [[Villa Cremilonis]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cremlingen'')</small> * [[Vintlum]]<ref name="Vintlum">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/schneverdingen-peter-und-paul/?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Schneverdingen, Peter und Paul''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''capella in honorem sancti Anthonii in villa Vintlo parrochie Snewerdinge'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Fintel'')</small> * [[Visbek]] * [[Visselhövede]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Vögelsen]] * [[Vollersode]] * [[Voltlage]] * [[Vorda Bremensis]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bremervörde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bremervöör'')</small> * [[Vordorf]] * [[Vorwerk (Niedersachsen)|Vorwerk]] * [[Vrees]] {{div col end}} === W === {{div col|3}} * [[Waake]] * [[Waddeweitz]] * [[Wagenfeld]] * [[Wagenhoff]] * [[Wahrenholz]] * [[Walchum]] * [[Walkenried]] * [[Wallenhorst]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Wallmoden]] * [[Walsrode]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Wangelnstedt]] * [[Wangerland]] * [[Wangerooge]] * [[Wanna]] * [[Warberg]] * [[Wardenburg]] * [[Warmsen]] * [[Warpe]] * [[Wasbüttel]] * [[Wathlingen]] * [[Wedemark]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Weener]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Weenzen]] * [[Wehrbleck]] * [[Welle]] * [[Wendeburg]] * [[Wendisch Evern]] * [[Wennigsen]] * [[Wenzendorf]] * [[Werdum]] * [[Werlte]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Werpeloh]] * [[Wesendorf]] * [[Weste (Niedersachsen)|Weste]] * [[Westergellersen]] * [[Westerholt]] * [[Westertimke]] * [[Westerwalsede]] * [[Westfeld (Niedersachsen)|Westfeld]] * [[Westoverledingen]] * [[Wetschen]] * [[Wettrup]] * [[Weyhausen]] * [[Weyhe]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Wieda]] * [[Wiedensahl]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Wiefelstede]] * [[Wielen]] * [[Wienhausen]] * [[Wiesmoor]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Wietmarschen]] * [[Wietze]] * [[Wietzen]] * [[Wietzendorf]] * [[Wilhelmshaven]] <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Wilstedt]] * [[Wilsum]] * [[Wingst]] * [[Winkelsett]] * [[Winnigstedt]] * [[Winsen (Aller)]] * [[Winsenia]]<ref name="Büttner">Büttner, D. S. (1710). ''Rudera Diluvii Testes, i.e. Zeichnung und Abbildung derer Columnarum Sceletonum''. Gottfried Zimmermann.</ref> <small>(ad [[Luya]]m<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Winsen'')</small> * [[Winzenburg]] * [[Wippingen]] * [[Wirdum]] * [[Wischhafen]] * [[Wistedt]] * [[Witmundia]]<ref>E.g., [[Ioannes Luyts|Ioannis Luyts]] ''Introductio ad Geographiam novam et veterem'', Ultraiecti 1692, [https://books.google.fr/books?id=_o0YP3-9VTMC&pg=PA281&dq=Witmundia&hl=ru&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjShLT7vdDrAhVJw4sKHZLLCokQ6AEwAnoECAMQAg#v=onepage&q=Witmundia&f=false p. 281].</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wittmund'')</small> * [[Wittingen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Wittmar]] * [[Wittorf]] * [[Wohnste]] * [[Wolfsburgum]]<ref>Vide nomini arcis: Samuel Pufendorfus, ''Commentariorum de rebus Suecicis libri XXVI'' {{Google Books|lV1PAAAAcAAJ|pag. 457 et 475}}, ''Nova Acta Eruditorum'' {{Google Books|eGFlITDJFSMC|pag. 487}}, Lipsiae, anno 1756, ac ''Itininerarium Thomae Carve, Tipperariensis'' ([https://archive.org/details/itinerariumthom00kerngoog/page/n182 pag. 108]).</ref> <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> </small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Wolfsburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wulfsborg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wolfsbuurich'')</small> * [[Wollbrandshausen]] * [[Wollershausen]] * [[Wölpinghausen]] * [[Wolsdorf]] * [[Woltersdorf (Wendland)|Woltersdorf]] * [[Woltershausen]] * [[Worde]]<ref name="Worde">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/grossenwoerden/?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Hinricus rector ecclesie in Worde'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Großenwörden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grootweurn'')</small> * [[Worpswede]] * [[Wremen]] * [[Wrestedt]] * [[Wriedel]] * [[Wulfsen]] * [[Wulften ad Harthicos montes]] * [[Wunstorf]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Wurster Nordseeküste]] * [[Wustrow (Saxonia Inferior)]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> {{div col end}} === Y === {{div col|3}} * [[Ylsede]]<ref name="Ylsede">Vide [https://kleinilsede.hier-im-netz.de/historis.htm ''Historisches über Klein Ilsede''], ubi dicitur "(...) minori ylsede (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ilsede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ilse'')</small> * [[Yppenerdhe]]<ref name="Yppenerdhe">Vide [https://www.gross-ippener.de/gemeinde/geschichte.html?utm ''Groß Ippene''], ubi dicitur "(...) Parrochia Yppenerdhe (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Ippener''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Ippner'')</small> * [[Ysinibutle]]<ref name="Ysinibutle">Vide [https://www.arcinsys.niedersachsen.de/arcinsys/showArchivalDescriptionDetails?archivalDescriptionId=5905372&utm ''Arcinsys''], ubi dicitur "(...) Isenbüttel, Kr. Gifhorn (Ysinibutle, Ysenebutle) (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Isenbüttel'')</small> {{div col end}} === Z === {{div col|3}} * [[Zernien]] * [[Zetel]] * [[Zeven]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Zorge]] {{div col end}} ==Notae== <references /> [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris|!]] m6ruek040wpcerfdphj9xvbra3ardgz 3986773 3986713 2026-09-08T23:01:52Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3986773 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Municipalities in Lower Saxony.svg|thumb|500px|Urbes et communia Saxoniae Inferioris.]] '''Index urbium, oppidorum et communium in [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxonia Inferiore]]''' omnia [[commune|communia]] (Theodisce ''Gemeinden''), consociationes communium (Theodisce ''Gemeindeverbände'') atque loca nulli communium adscripta (Theodisce ''gemeindefreien Gebiete''), quae hodie in [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terra]] [[Germania|Germanica]] [[Saxonia Inferior]]e exstant, complectitur. Postremae mutationes finium territorialium in Saxonia Inferiore [[1 Novembris|Kalendis Novembribus]] anni [[2021]] effectae sunt. Ex eo tempore [[Saxonia Inferior]] 939 communia et 25 loca nulli communi adscripta (quorum duo habitantur) habet. Quibus e communibus 159 titulo [[urbs|urbis]] (Theodisce ''Stadt'') et 49 titulo [[oppidum|oppidi]] (Theodisce ''Flecken'') utuntur. Praeterea nonnullae proprietates exstant secundum communium administrationem: Nam 939 communia in 289 communia unitaria et 650 communia membra dividuntur; quae vero in universum 114 consociationes communium constituunt, ut munera communiter administrent. Hae consociationes communium ipsa communia non sunt, sed foedera cooperationis, quae aut ex regione aut ex communitate in qua sedes administrationis sita est nomen accipiunt. Quapropter in Saxonia Inferiore idem nomen tam communi quam consociationi communium tribui potest. Agitur tamen de duobus corporibus iuridicis distinctis, quae proprias repraesentationes atque propria munera habent. Praeterea, propter magnitudinem suam, nonnullae communium et consociationes communium peculiarem rationem cum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulo terrae]] (Theodisce ''Landkreis'') habent: * Decem urbes statum iuridicum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli urbani]] (Theodisce ''kreisfreien Stadt'') obtinent, nulli circulo terrae subiiciuntur atque omnia sua munera exercent. * Septem urbes statum iuridicum urbis magnae sui iuris (Theodisce ''Große selbständige Stadt'') obtinent atque multa, sed non omnia, munera circuli terrae cui adscribuntur exercent. * 61 communium et tria communia generalia (Theodisce ''Samtgemeinden'') statum iuridicum communis sui iuris (Theodisce ''Selbständige Gemeinde'') obtinent atque quaedam munera districtus cui adscribuntur exercent. * 861 ceterae communium nullam peculiarem rationem cum circulo terrae cui adscribuntur habent. === A === {{div col|3}} * [[Abensium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Apensen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Obbens'')</small> * [[Acheimum]]<ref name="Grote III 1877">Grote, H. (1877). ''Münzstudien: Geschichte der älteren Münzen und Urkunden des Bisthums Verden'' (Vol. VIII). Hannoverae: Hahn’sche Hofbuchhandlung.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Achim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Achem'')</small> * [[Achestedium]]<ref name="Pratje 1759"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Axstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ax'')</small> * [[Adelebsenum]]<ref name="Funck 1736">Funck, J. N. (1736). ''Disputatio Academica de Voluntaria Morte Judaeorum et Gentilium sub Praesidio S. R. I. Libero Baroni de Adelebsen Dedicata''. Rintelii: Typis Johannis Friderici Enax.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Adelebsen'')</small> * [[Adenebutla]]<ref name="Pischke 1998">Pischke, G. (Ed.) (1998). ''Das Lehnsregister der Edelherren von Meinersen: Edition und historische Untersuchung der mittelalterlichen Besitzurkunden'' (Documentum anni MCCXX). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Adenbüttel'')</small> * [[Adenhusium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1703">Schlegel, J. C. (1703). ''Chronica Parochiarum ditionis Mindensis et Hildesiensis: De ecclesiis parochialibus et ditione antiqua oppidi Adenhusii''. Mindae: Typis Johannis Meyeri; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1703). ''Chronica Parochiarum ditionis Mindensis et Hildesiensis:...''. Mindae: Typis Johannis Meyeri.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ahnsen'')</small> * [[Adenthorpium]]<ref name="Höhbaum 1876">Höhbaum, K. (Ed.) (1876). ''Hansisches Urkundenbuch: Monumenta Germaniae Historica e codicibus diplomaticis Bremensibus et Luneburgensibus'' (Vol. I). Halis Saxonum: Typis Orphanotrophei.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Adendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Adendörp'')</small> * [[Affinghusia]]<ref name="Rathlef 1766">Rathlef, E. L. (1766). ''Geschichte der Grafschaften Hoya und Diepholz: Monimenta diplomatica et antiquitates ditionis Affinghusiae'' (Vol. I). Bremae: Försterischen Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Affinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Affinghusen'' seu ''Affjehusen'')</small> * [[Aldendorpevilla]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> ([[Theodisce]] ''Stadtoldendorf'') * [[Alrebekesa]]<ref name="Oven 1872">Oven, A. von (Ed.) (1872). ''Urkundenbuch des Herzogthums Lüneburg: Diplomata, chartae et registra historica saeculi XII (Documentum anni MCXCVII de venditione praedii Alrebekesae)'' (Vol. I). Hannoverae: Carl Rümpler.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ahnsbeck'')</small> * [[Ahusium (Saxonia Inferior)|Ahusium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705">Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Bremensis et Verdensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Parochiarum ditionis Corbeiensis et Hildesiensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ahausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ahusen'')</small> * [[Alfelda]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Alfeld''; [[Saxonice]] ''Allefelle'')</small> * [[Alfhusium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Alfhausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Alfhusen'')</small> * [[Algermissenum]]<ref name="Hoogeweg III 1903">Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1903). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Quellen und Darstellungen zur Geschichte Niedersachsens (Monimenta historica et privilegia de Algermisseno)'' (Vol. III). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Algermissen'')</small> * [[Alisni]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elsfleth'')</small> * [[Almstedium]]<ref name="Hoogeweg II 1901">Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1901). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Quellen und Darstellungen zur Geschichte Niedersachsens (Monimenta historica et registra de Almstedio)'' (Vol. II). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Almstedt'')</small> * [[Alorstedium]]<ref name="Pratje 1758">Pratje, J. H. (1758). ''Historische Nachrichten von dem ehemaligen berühmten Closter Harsefeld: Monumenta ac documenta saeculi XII ubi de decimis Alorstedii agitur''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ahlerstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ohlers'')</small> * [[Alvstedium]]<ref name="Pratje 1759">Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Alfstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Alfs'' seu ''Alfst'')</small> * [[Amelinghusium]]<ref name="Baring 1746">Baring, E. (1746). ''Succincta Hannoverae et ditionum vicinarum Notitia Historica''. Hanoverae: Typis Nicolae Försteri.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Amelinghausen''; [[lingua Saxonica|Boreosaxonice]] ''Amekhusen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Amelkusen'')</small> * [[Anchemium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ankum'')</small> * [[Andervenia]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Andervenne'')</small> * [[Andorlangia]]<ref name="Pratje 1759"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Anderlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Annerlingen'')</small> * [[Antiqua Medingha]]<ref name="Homeyer X 2006">Homeyer, J. (Ed.) (2006). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Medingen: Lüneburger Urkundenbuch (Monimenta historica saeculi XIV de parochia Medinghae) (Vol. X)''. Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Altenmedingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ohmein'')</small> * [[Apenum]]<ref name="Baring 1746"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Apen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aap'')</small> * [[Apleremum]]<ref name="Schlegel 1703"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Apelern'')</small> * [[Appelium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Appel'')</small> * [[Aquae Lauterbergenses in Montibus Harthicis]]<ref name="Mirus 1826">Mirus, A. (1826). ''De salubritate aquarum lauterbergensium in montibus harthicis sitarum''. Typis Regiis.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Lauterberg im Harz'')</small> * [[Aquae Nendorpenses]]<ref name="Marcard 1805">Marcard, H. M. (1805). ''De salubritate aquarum nendorpensium et de earum usu in morbis chronicis''. [[Goettinga]]e: Dieterich; et: Macard, H. M. (1805). ''De usu salutari fontium salinorum in territorio Hildesiensi sitorum''. [[Goettinga]]e: Dieterich.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Nenndorf'')</small> * [[Aquae Zwischenahnenses]]<ref name="Statisitakamt Nord 2025">Statistikamt Nord (Editio Latina). ''Catalogus Urbium et Communium Germaniae''. Hamburgi, 2025.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Zwischenahn''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Twiskenoan'' seu ''Boad Twiskenoan''; [[Saxonice]] ''Twüschenahn'')</small> * [[Aroldishusium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Arholzen'')</small> * [[Artlenburgum]]<ref name="Baring 1746"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Artlenburg'')</small> * [[Artlissa]]<ref name="Mader 1664">Mader, J. J. (1664). ''Antiquitates Brunsvicenses: De antiquis parochiis Saxonum et finibus dioecesis Mindensis (Caput de parochia Artlissa)''. Helmestadii: Typis Henningi Mulleri.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Aerzen'': quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Ärzen'')</small> * [[Arx Agathae]]<ref name="Kochen 1724">Kochen, J. H. (1724). ''Introductio in Historiam Ducatus Bremensis y Verdensis: Accesserunt diplomata varia et descriptio Arcis Agathae et ditionis Stadiensis''. Stadae: Typis Caspari Holmii.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Agathenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gothenborg'')</small> * [[Arx Draconis]]<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Drakenburg'')</small> * [[Ascalingium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ahlden'')</small> * [[Asanthorpium]]<ref name="Vogell 1856">Vogell, A. (Ed.) (1856). ''Urkundenbuch des Bisthums Verden und des Collegiatstifts Bardewick: Chartae, diplomata et monumenta historica saeculi XIII...''. Hannoverae: Hahn’sche Hofbuchhandlung.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Harburgensis|Circulo Harburgensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Harburg">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Harburgensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Harburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo "[[Harburgum]]" -ad quod gentilicium "Harburgensis-e" refertur-.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Asendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Asendörp'')</small> * [[Asenthorpium]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1855">Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1855). ''Hoyer Urkundenbuch'' (Vol. I). Hannoverae: Jänecke Verlag.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus terrae Diepholtia|Circulo terrae Diepholtia]]<ref name="Landkreis Diepholz">Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Diepholtia" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Diepholz'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo "[[Diepholtia]]", vide {{Hofmannus}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Asendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Asendörp'')</small> * [[Assena]]<ref name="Philippi & Bar 1892">Philippi, F., & Bär, M. (Eds.) (1892). ''Osnabrücker Urkundenbuch: Die Urkunden der Jahre 772-1200'' (Vol. 1). Verein für Geschichte und Landeskunde von Osnabrück.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Essen'')</small> * [[Assini]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Essen'')</small> * [[Astanholteremarki-Scirnbeki]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Osterholz-Scharmbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Oosterholt-Scharmbeek'')</small> * [[Asylum (Saxonia Inferior)|Asylum]]<ref name="Asylum">Theodiscum nomen ''Freistatt'', quod ''Freistätte, Zufluchtsort, Asyl'' significat, Latine "asylum" reddi potest. Nam in ''Deutsches Wörterbuch'' de Weigand et Hirt vox Theodisca ''Asyl'' explicatur ut «Freistatt» et ipsa vox Theodisca ''Asyl'' e Latino "asylum" orta esse dicitur. Praeterea lexicon Germanico-Latinum, quod in traditione lexicographica Georgii continetur, directe tradit: ''Freistatt, -stätte'', "asylum'". Itaque "Asylum" non est forma ficticia neque mera translatio nostra, sed aequivalentia lexicographice comprobata.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Freistatt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Freestatt'')</small> * [[Aszi]]<ref name="Hermann">Hermann Abels: ''Die Ortsnamen des Emslandes in ihrer sprachlichen und kulturgeschichtlichen Bedeutung''. S. 27f.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Esche'')</small> * [[Aulica]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elze'')</small> * [[Auriacum (Saxonia Inferior)|Auriacum]]<ref name="Graesse"/><ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Aurich''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Aurk''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Auerk'')</small> {{div col end}} === B === {{div col|3}} * [[Badberga]]<ref name="-berga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-berga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Badbergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Badbern'')</small> * [[Baddekenstedium]]<ref name="Casemir & Menzel & Ohainski X 2018">Casemir, K., Menzel, F., & Ohainski, U. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil X)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Baddeckenstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Barkenstäe'')</small> * [[Balga]]<ref name="Udolph 1994">Udolph, J. (1994). ''Namenkundliche Studien zum Germanenproblem'' (Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde, Ergänzungsbände 9). Walter de Gruyter.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Balje'')</small> * [[Balga Cortis]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Balge'')</small> * [[Baltrumum]]<ref name="Wiarda III 1792">Wiarda, T. D. (1792). ''Ostfriesische Geschichte: Von den ältesten Zeiten bis zum Jahre 1648'' (Vol. 3). August Friedrich Winter.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Baltrum'')</small> * [[Bamwida]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bohmte''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baumte'')</small> * [[Bardenuvicum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bardowick''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bewick'')</small> * [[Bardorpium]]<ref name="Sudendorf 1859">Sudendorf, H. (Ed.) (1859). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Herzöge von Braunschweig und Lüneburg und ihrer Lande'' (Vol. 1). Carl Rümpler Verlag.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bahrdorf'')</small> * [[Barenburgum]]<ref name="Kolb 1712">Kolb, G. (1712). ''Compendium totius orbis: partim geographicum, partim historicum, partim genealogicum''. Typis Universitatis Carolo-Francisceae</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Barenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baarnborg'')</small> * [[Bargstedum]]<ref name="Mushard 1764">Mushard, M. (1764). ''Palaeogentilismus Bremensis: Monumenta ac veterum tumuli in ducatibus Bremensi et Verdensi''. Typis Andreae Vandenhoeck.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bargstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bargst'' seu ''Bars'')</small> * [[Barnstedum]]<ref name="Bünting & Letzner 1702">Bünting, H., & Letzner, J. (1702). ''Braunschweig-Lüneburgische Chronica, Oder Historische Beschreibung der Durchlauchtigsten Herzogen zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg''. Gedruckt bey Caspar Johann Jakobi.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barnstedt'')</small> * [[Barnstorfium]]<ref name="Böhmer 2007">Böhmer, J. F. (2007). ''Regesta Imperii III: Salisches Haus 1024–1125. Die Regesten des Kaiserreiches unter Heinrich IV'' (T. Struve, Ed.). Böhlau Verlag.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Barnstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baarnstrup'')</small> * [[Barsela]]<ref name="Köbler 2016">Köbler, G. (2016). ''Orte in der deutschen Ortsgeschichte''. Wikiling-Zier. [[Universitas Leopoldino-Franciscea]].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barßel''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bäärsel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bassel'')</small> * [[Barsingehusa]]<ref name="Harenberg 1753">Harenberg, J. C. (1753). ''Historia ecclesiae Gandershemensis diplomatica''. Typis et Impensis Joannis Christophori Meisneri.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barsinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baschehusen'' seu ''Basche'')</small> * [[Barum (Luneburgum)|Barum]]<ref name="Mindermann I II 2004">Mindermann, A. (Ed.) (2004). ''Verdener Urkundenbuch, 1. Abteilung, Band 2: 1300–1380''. Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Luneburgensis|Circulo Luneburgensi]]<ref name="Landreis Lüneburg">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Luneburgensis" -Theodisce ''Landreis Lüneburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Luneburgensis-e" ad [[Luneburgum]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Boorn'')</small> * [[Barum (Circulus Ulsenensis)|Barum]]<ref name="AdWzG 2010">Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen (2010). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter'' (K. Casemir, F. Menzel, & U. Ohainski, Eds.). Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Ulsenensis|Circulo Ulsenensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Uelzen">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Ulsenensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Uelzen'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Ulsenensis-e" ad [[Ulsena]]m refertur. Quo de gentilicio, vide lemma "res-publica Ulsenensis" apud {{Google Books|w_tWAAAAcAAJ|vide paginam dedicationis operis}}"; et de topnymo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bourm'')</small> * [[Barunvilla]]<ref name="SdaedhdlM 1862">Société d'archéologie et d'histoire de la Moselle (1862). ''Mémoires de la Société d'archéologie et d'histoire de la Moselle: Année 1860–1861''. Rousseau-Pallez.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borendörp'')</small> * [[Barverum]]<ref name="Böhmer 1844">Böhmer, J. F. (1844). ''Regesta Chronologico-Diplomatica Regum et Imperatorum Romanorum: Inde a Conrado I. Usque ad Henricum VII''. Typis et Sumtibus J. C. Hermann.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Barver'')</small> * [[Barwedelum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Barwedel'')</small> * [[Basdalum]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Basdahl''; [[Saxonice]] ''Basdaal'' seu ''Basdohl'')</small> * [[Bawinkelum]]<ref name="Moser 1738">Moser, J. J. (1738). ''Bibliotheca Iuris Publici S. R. I. Germanici: Specially regarding the territories of Westphalia and Lower Saxony''. Typis Ioannis Georgii Cottae.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bawinkel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bowinkel'')</small> * [[Bebenhusa (Saxonia Inferior)|Bebenhusa]]<ref name="Ahlfeldt 2010">Ahlfeldt, J. (Ed.) (2010). ''Regnum Francorum Online: Traditio Fuldenses''. Francia-Ahlfeldt Project.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bevensen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bämsen'' seu ''Bemsen'')</small> * [[Beckdorfium]]<ref name="AdWzG 2010"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Beckdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Beekdörp'')</small> * [[Beckedorfium]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Beckedorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Biäkedörp'')</small> * [[Beckelnum]]<ref name="Böhmer 1844"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Beckeln'')</small> * [[Bedenbostelum]]<ref name="NL 1924">Niedersächsisches Landesarchiv (1924). ''Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte''. Veröffentlichungen de Historischen Kommission für Niedersachsen und Bremen.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Beedenbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bedenbossel'')</small> * [[Beierstedum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Beierstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Barste’e'')</small> * [[Belmum]]<ref name="Moser 1738"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Belm'')</small> * [[Belumum]]<ref name="Mushard 1764"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Belum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Belen'')</small> * [[Bema (Saxonia Inferior)|Bema]]<ref name="Sudendorf 1859"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Böhme''; [[Saxonice]] ''Böhm'')</small> * [[Bendestorfium]]<ref name="Bührmann 2005">Bührmann, M. (2005). ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen des norddeutschen Raumes''. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. </ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bendestorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bendsdörp'')</small> * [[Berga (Circulus Cellensis)|Berga]]<ref name="Bruzen de La Martinière 1737">Bruzen de La Martinière, A. A. (1737). ''Thesaurus geographicus criticus: in quo omnium orbis terrarum regionum, civitatum, oppidorum, nominibus antiquis, medii aevi et modernis''. Ex Officina Wetsteniana.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Cellensis|Circulo Cellensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Celle">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Cellensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Celle'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo "[[Cella (Germania)|Cella]]" -ad quod gentilicium "Cellensis-e" refertur-, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bargen'')</small> * [[Berga (Circulus Osnabrugae)|Berga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Osnabrugae|Circulo Osnabrugae]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Osnabrugae" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Osnabrück'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum ''LandKreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo "[[Osnabruga|Osnabruga-ae]]", vide Pertsch, Erich: ''Langenscheidts Großes Schulwörterbuch Lateinisch-Deutsch'', Berolini et Monaci 1983, ISBN 3-468-07202-3, p. 1325.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Berge'')</small> * [[Berga ad Dumnam]]<ref name="Bruzen de La Martinière 1737"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bergen an der Dumme''; [[Polabice]] ''Djörska'')</small> * [[Bergenborstelium]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1855"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bahrenborstel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bornbössel'' seu ''Boornbössel'')</small> * [[Bergfelda]]<ref name="Bünting & Letzner 1702"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bergfeld''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Bargfeld'')</small> * [[Bernsium Minus]]<ref name="Bernsium">Vide [https://emslaendische-landschaft.de/images/AFEL/Publikationen/Zeitschriften/Band_22/Heft_109_Mai_2011.pdf?utm ''''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Berßen, Groß oder Klein''' (...) Bernsium (...)".</ref><ref name="KleinGrosse">De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum "Klein" et "Gross" per Latina "Minor-us" et "Maior-ius", vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Klein Berßen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lütke Bässen'')</small> * [[Bersenbrugum]]<ref name="Sandhoff 1785">Sandhoff, J. E. (1785). ''Antistitum Osnabrugensis ecclesiae, qui per decem saecula episcopale munus in ea gesserunt, chronotaxis''. Typis Joannis Georgii Kislingii.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bersenbrück''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bessenbrügge'')</small> * [[Bersinium]]<ref name="Kaemling 1987">Kaemling, ''Atlas zur Geschichte Niedersachsens'' (1987).</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Berßen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groten Bässen'')</small> * [[Berumburgum]]<ref name="Emmius 1616">Emmius, U. (1616). ''Rerum Frisicarum Historia''. [[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]: Elzevier.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Berumbur'')</small> * [[Bestena]]<ref name="Jellinghaus 1923">Jellinghaus, H. (1923). ''Die westfälischen Ortsnamen nach ihren Bestandteilen''' (III ed.). Ferdinand Schöningh.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Beesten'')</small> * [[Betzendorfum]]<ref name="Bünting & Letzner 1702"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Betzendorfum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bätzendörp'')</small> * [[Bevernense Castrum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bevern'')</small> * [[Beverstedum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Beverstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Beverst'')</small> * [[Bienenbuttelum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bienenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bienbüddel'')</small> * [[Bilshusa]]<ref name="Wolf 1819">Wolf, J. (1819). ''Politische Geschichte des Eichsfeldes mit Urkunden erläutert''. Johann Georg Rosenbusch.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bilshausen'')</small> * [[Binethemum]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688">Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: I. Historicos Germanicos, II. Historiam Helmstadensem, III. Dissertationes de utriusque Saxoniae''. Typis Georgii Wolffgangi Hammii; et: Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: Dissertationen und historische Chroniken des Herzogtums Braunschweig-Lüneburg''. Typis Georgii Wolffii.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bentheim'')</small> * [[Binnenum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Binnen'')</small> * [[Bippenum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bippen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bippen'')</small> * [[Birsina]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bassum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bassen'')</small> * [[Bissendorpum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bissendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bissendörp'')</small> * [[Blenderum]]<ref name="Brosius 1993">Brosius, D. (1993). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Loccum'' (Vol. 1). Wallstein Verlag.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Blender''; [[Saxonice]] ''Blenner'')</small> * [[Bliederstorpum]]<ref name="Trüper 2017">Trüper, H. G. (2017). ''Urkundenbuch der Herren von Zesterfleth: 1232–1657''. Wallstein Verlag.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bliedersdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bliersdörp'')</small> * [[Bobentunum]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski & Udolph"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bovenden''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Bovten'')</small> * [[Bocensis]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bückeburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bückeborg'')</small> * [[Bocholta (Circulus Heidensis)|Bocholta]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1859"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Heidensis|Circulo Heidensi]]<ref name="Heidekreis">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Heidensis" -Theodisce ''Heidekreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum suffixum ''-kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum gentilicium "Heidensis-e" Theodiscum lexema ''Heide-'' vertit.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bookholt'')</small> * [[Bocholta (Circulus Theorosburgensis)|Bocholta]]<ref name="Wilmans & Hoogeweg VI 1898"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Theorosburgensis|Circulo Theorosburgensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Schaumburg">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Theorosburgensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Schaumburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino gentilicio "Theorosburgensis-e", quod ad [[Theorosburgum]] refertur, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baukholt'')</small> * [[Bocholtum in Ericeto]]<ref name="Mindermann 2001"/> <small>[[urbs]] et commune sui iuris</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz in der Nordheide''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bookholt'')</small> * [[Bochorna (Circulus Frisicus)|Bochorna]]<ref name="Ehmck & Bippen 1873">Ehmck, D. R., & von Bippen, W. (Ed.) (1873). ''Bremisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1. Urkunden bis zum Jahre 1300''. C. Schünemann.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Frisicus|Circulo Frisico]]<ref name="Landkreis Friesland">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Frisicus" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Friesland'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Frisicus-a-um" ad [[Frisia (discretiva)|Frisiam]] refertur. Quod de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bockhorn'')</small> * [[Bochorna (Circulus Vetha)|Bochorna]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Vetha|Circulo Vetha]]<ref name="Landkreis Vechta">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Vetha" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Vechta'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo).</ref><ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bakum'')</small> * [[Bochorstia]]<ref name="Erhard 1851">Erhard, H. A. (Ed.) (1851). ''Regesta Historiae Westfaliae: Accedit Codex Diplomaticus/Regesten der Geschichte Westfalens''. Regensberg.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bockhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baukhast'')</small> * [[Bodendicum]]<ref name="Brosius 1985">Brosius, D. (1985). ''Aus der Geschichte der Burg Bodenteich''. Ecomed Verlag.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bodenteich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bonndiek'')</small> * [[Bodenfelda]]<ref name="Sudendorf 1859"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenfelde'')</small> * [[Bodensa]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski & Udolph">Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (2003). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Göttingen''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodensee'')</small> * [[Bodonis Insula]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenwerder'')</small> * [[Boffeshusium]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski VI 2007">Casemir, K., & Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen del Landkreises Holzminden''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VI)''. Editio ab Academia Scientiarum Gottingensi. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Boffzen'')</small> * [[Boitersena]]<ref name="Mindermann 2001">Mindermann, A. (Ed.) (2001). ''Urkundenbuch der Bischöfe und des Domkapitels von Verden: Band 1''. Von den Anfängen bis 1300. [[Stadae|Stadis]]: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bötersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Boitzen'')</small> * [[Boitzia]]<ref name="Sudendorf 1859"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Boitze''; [[Saxonice]] ''Böhtz'')</small> * [[Bokenstorpium]]<ref name="Sudendorf 1859"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bokensdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bokensdörp'')</small> * [[Bokenum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bockenem''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bokeln'')</small> * [[Borchwega]]<ref name="Rüther 1905">Rüther, H. (Ed.) (1905). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Neuenwalde''. Halle’sche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Burweg'')</small> * [[Borkna]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Borkum''; [[lingua Frisica|Frisice]] ''Boarkum''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Börkum'')</small> * [[Borna Castra]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Berne'')</small> * [[Borsla]]<ref name="Niemeyer 2012">Niemeyer, M. (Ed.) (2012). ''Deutsches Ortsnamenbuch''. De Gruyter</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bösel''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Böäsel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bäsel'')</small> * [[Borstla]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1842">Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1842). ''Diepholzer Urkundenbuch: Authentische Urkunden zur Geschichte der Grafschaft Diepholz''. [[Hannovera]]e: Hahn'schen Hofbuchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Borstel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bössel'')</small> * [[Botela]]<ref name="Mindermann 2001"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bothel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bootel'')</small> * [[Brachia (Germania)|Brachia]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Brake''; [[Saxonice]] ''Braak'' seu ''Broak'')</small> * [[Braclina]]<ref name="Rübel 1881">Rübel, K. (Ed.) (1881). ''Dortmunder Urkundenbuch: Band 1. Urkunden bis zum Jahre 1340''. [[Isarlohia]]e: J. Baedeker.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Brackel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Braackel'')</small> * [[Bracum]]<ref name="Kirchbrak">Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum terminationibus ''-ac'' aut ''-ach'' aut ''-ack'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-acum-i" aut "-achium-i". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-ac, -ach, -ack''' : -''acum,'' -''achium'' (...)". Hoc casu, latinizantia suffixa formis antiquis huius toponymi "Brac" applicantur; quo de toponymo, vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B77-F/NOB%20VI%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Holzminden.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1&utm ''/NOB VI Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Holzminden''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Theodericus de Brach'' (...) ''Henricus de Brach'' (...) ''Henrico de Brack'' (...) villa Brac (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kirchbrak''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kerkbraak'')</small> * [[Bramascus]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bramsche'')</small> * [[Breddenberga]]<ref name="Wilmans & Hoogeweg VI 1898">Wilmans, R., & Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.). (1898). ''Westfälisches Urkundenbuch: Band 6. Die Urkunden des Bisthums Minden und angrenzender Gebiete''. [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Regensberg'schen Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Breddenberg'')</small> * [[Bredenforda]]<ref name="Hoogeweg 1898">Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1898). ''Westfälisches Urkundenbuch: Band 6. Die Urkunden des Bisthums Minden vom J. 1201-1300''. [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Regensberg'schen Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brevörde''¨; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Bräwer'')</small> * [[Bredthorpium]]<ref name="Ehmck & Bippen 1873"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Breddorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Breddörp'')</small> * [[Brestum (Saxonia Inferior)|Brestum]]<ref name="Pratje 1759"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brest'')</small> * [[Brincama]]<ref name="Friedländer 1878">Friedländer, E. (Ed.) (1878). ''Ostfriesisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1. (Jahre 787–1470)''. [[Emda]]e: Haynel.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brinkum'')</small> * [[Britlinga]]<ref name="Udolph 2004">Udolph, J. (2004). ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen: Akten eines internationalen Symposiums in Uppsala''. [[Gottinga]]e: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Brietlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brietl'')</small> * [[Brochema]]<ref name="Wilmans & Hoogeweg VI 1898"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Brockum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Broubm'' seu ''Brookm'')</small> * [[Brocleda]]<ref name="Janicke 1896">Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1896). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 1''. [[Lipsia]]e: S. Hirzel.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bröckel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bräukel'')</small> * [[Broclina]]<ref name="Mindermann 2001"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Brockel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brookel'')</small> * [[Broma]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski 2014">Casemir, K., & Ohainski, U. (Ed.). (2014). ''Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch: Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Gifhorn''. [[Bilivelda]]e: Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Brome''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brom'')</small> * [[Brochusium-Vilsena]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1855"/><ref name="Wilmans & Hoogeweg VI 1898"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bruchhausen-Vilsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brooksen-Vilsen'')</small> * [[Brunsvicum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Braunschweig''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brunswiek''; [[lingua Saxonica|Brunsvicice]] dialectaliter ''Bronswiek'' seu ''Brönswiek'')</small> * [[Bukina]]<ref name="Wilmans & Hoogeweg VI 1898"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bücken''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bücken'')</small> * [[Bulcova]]<ref name="Ehmck & Bippen 1873"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bülkau'')</small> * [[Bulsteda]]<ref name="Ehmck & Bippen 1873"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bülstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Büls'')</small> * [[Brunla]]<ref name="Bode 1893">Bode, G. (Ed.) (1893). ''Urkundenbuch der Stadt Goslar und der in und bei Goslar belegenen geistlichen Stiftungen: Band 1 (922 bis 1250)''.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Braunlage'')</small> * [[Bunda]]<ref name="Deiter">Deiter, H. (1881). Oldeborchs, Pastoris zu Bunda in Reiderland, kleine ostfriesische Chronicke, betreffend die Jahre 1558 bis 1605. ''Jahrbuch de Gesellschaft für bildende Kunst und vaterländische Altertümer zu Emden''.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bunde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bunn'')</small> * [[Burchardivillare]]<ref name="Janicke 1892">Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1892). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 1. Bis zum Jahre 1221''. S. Hirzel.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Guelpherbytensis|Circulo Guelpherbytensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Wolfenbüttel">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Guelpherbytensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Wolfenbüttel'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Guelpherbytensis-e" ad [[Guelpherbytum]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide [https://vd18.gbv.de/viewer/fullscreen/006049869/1/ ''vd18.gbv.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Pro eo ac debuisti, urbs aerumnosa, infelix ac misera Guelpherbytum (...)"; et quo de gentilicio, vide [https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/MBRY52X6EUWPQOQRFBKHVLYBSUG4M6LS ''Carmina Votiva Honori Clarißimi atq[ue] Experientißimi Viri Dn. Samuelis Stockhausen''], ubi dicitur "(...) Practici Guelpherbytensis (...)".</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Burgdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borgdörp'')</small> * [[Burgdorfium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(in [[Hannovera (regio)|Regione Hannovera]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Burgdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borgdörp'' seu ''Bortörp'')</small> * [[Burgium (Saxonia Inferior)|Burgium]]<ref name="Remling VII 2026">Remling, L. (2026). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Emsland''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Börger''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borger'')</small> * [[Buria (Saxonia Inferior)|Buria]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski & Udolph"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bühren'')</small> * [[Bursina (Saxonia Inferior)|Bursina]]<ref name="Casemir 2003">Casemir, K. (2003). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil III)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Börßum'')</small> * [[Butiadinga]]<ref name="Ehmck & Bippen II 1876">Ehmck, D. R., & Bippen, W. von. (Ed.) (1876). ''Bremisches Urkundenbuch: Band 2. 1301–1350''. D. Ed. Müller.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Butjadingen'')</small> * [[Buxtehuda]]<ref name="Lappenberg 1842">Lappenberg, J. M. (Ed.) (1842). ''Hamburgisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1''. Perthes-Besser & Mauke.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Buxtehude''; [[Saxonice]] ''Buxthu'')</small> * [[Byspinga]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1859">Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1859). ''Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, Fünfte Abtheilung: Archiv des Klosters St. Michaelis zu Lüneburg''. Capaun-Karlowa’sche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bispingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bissen'')</small> {{div col end}} === C === {{div col|3}} * [[Calba (Saxonia Inferior)|Calba]]<ref name="Kalbe">Theodiscum toponymum ''Kalbe'' seu ''Calbe'' forma "Calba" latinizari solet. Cf. [[Calba ad Salam|Calbam ad Salam]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kalbe''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kalf'')</small> * [[Calefelda]]<ref name="-felda">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-feld(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-felda-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Falufelda]], [[Frauenfelda]], [[Heresfelda]], [[Hirutfelda]], [[Ilfelda]], [[Mansfelda]], [[Salfelda]], [[Sualafelda]], [[Alfelda]], [[Alsfelda]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref name="Calefeldensis">"C" pro "K" ponitur propter orthographiam gentilicii "Calefeldensis-e". Quo de gentilicio, vide [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Abhandlungen_zur_geologischen_Specialkarte_von_Preussen_und_den_Th%C3%BCringischen_Staaten_%28IA_abhandlungenzurg8589preu%29.pdf?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=index&utm_content=original ''Abhandlungen zur geologischen Specialkarte von Preussen und den Thüringischen Staaten''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Calefeldensis'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Kalefeld'')</small> * [[Campus Rufus]]<ref name="Stüve 1789"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Rothenfelde'')</small> * [[Capella (Saxonia Inferior)|Capella]]<ref name="Philippi II 1894">Philippi, F. (Ed.) (1894). ''Osnabrücker Urkundenbuch: Band 2. Die Urkunden der Jahre 1201–1250''. H. Th. Wenner.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cappeln'')</small> * [[Castrovallium]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Burgwedel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borwee'' seu ''Boorwee'')</small> * [[Cella (Germania)|Cella]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Celle'')</small> * [[Clenza]]<ref name="Janicke II 1896">Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1896). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 2. Von 1221 bis 1260''. S. Hirzel.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Clenze''; [[Polabice]] ''Kloncka'')</small> * [[Cloppenburgum]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Cloppenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cloppenborg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Kloppenbuurich'')</small> * [[Clusa (Saxonia Inferior)|Clusa]]<ref name="Kluse">Theodiscum Saxonicumque toponymum ''Kluse'' derivatur a Medio-Latino vocabulo "clūsa", "angustum montium aditum, locum clausum" significante, quae ad Latinum verbum "claudere" refertur; cf. Kluge, ''Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache'', s.v. ''Klause'', ubi Mediaevali Theodisco vocabulo ''klûse'', Antiquo Theodisco vocabulo ''chlûsa'' ex [[Latinitas medii aevi|Mediaevali Latino vocabulo]] "clausa, clusa" deducitur, et Lühr, ''Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen'', V, s.v. ''klûsa'', ubi Antiquum Theodiscum vocabulum ''klûsa'', ''Einfriedung, Engpass'' significans, ex [[Latinitas medii aevi|Mediaevali Latino vocabulo]] "clūsa" explicatur. Inde Theodiscum Saxonicumque toponymum ''Kluse'' ortum est.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Kluse'')</small> * [[Coeli Porta]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Himmelpforten''; [[Saxonice]] ''Himmelpoorten'')</small> * [[Collis (Saxonia Inferior)|Collis]]<ref name="Erhard 1851">Erhard, H. A. (Ed.) (1851). ''Regesta Historiae Westfaliae: Accedit Codex Diplomaticus/Regesten der Geschichte Westfalens''. Regensberg.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Polle'') * [[Cornu Curvatum]]<ref name="Cornu Curvatum">[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/curvatus?wb=gross&nr=1 Theodiscum adiectivale praefixum ''Krumm-'' Latino adiectivo "curvatus-a-um"] et [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/cornu?wb=gross&nr=2 Theodiscum nominale suffixum ''-hörn'' Latino nomine "cornu-us" (n.)] vertitur.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Krummhörn'')</small> * [[Cramma]]<ref name="Casemir 2003"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cramme'')</small> * [[Cranenburgum (Saxonia Inferior)|Cranenburgum]]<ref name="Cranenburgum">Theodiscum toponymum ''Kranenburg'' "Cranenburgum" latinizari solet. Cf. [[Cranenburgum (Rhenania Septentrionalis et Vestfalia)|Cranenburgum Rhenanum]] apud ''Atlas Sive Cosmographicae Meditationes de Fabrica Mundi et Fabricati Figura'', Mercatoris.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Kranenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kronenborg'')</small> * [[Curia Maiorica]]<ref name="Curia Maiorica">Manfred Niemeyer (Hrsg.): ''Deutsches Ortsnamenbuch''. De Gruyter, Berolini 2012, ISBN 978-3-11-018908-7, S. 298.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Jork''; [[Saxonice]] ''Jörk'')</small> * [[Cuxhavia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Cuxhaven''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cuxhoben'')</small> {{div col end}} === D === {{div col|3}} * [[Dalemia]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dahlem'')</small> * [[Dalenburgum]]<ref name="Rzihacek & Spreitzer XI 2024">Rzihacek, A., & Spreitzer, F. (Ed.) (2024). ''Die Urkunden Otto IV (Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Diplomata Regum et Imperatorum Germaniae, Tomus XI). Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dahlenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dahlenborg'')</small> * [[Dalum]]<ref name="Janicke II 1896"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dahlum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Tahln'')</small> * [[Damma (Saxonia Inferior)|Damma]]<ref name="Philippi II 1894"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Damme'')</small> * [[Damnatzium]]<ref name="Garzmann LXXVI 2004">Garzmann, M. R. W. (Ed.) (2004). ''Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte: Neue Folge der Zeitschrift des Historischen Vereins für Niedersachsen (Band 76)''. Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Damnatz'')</small> * [[Danneberga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Dannenberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dannenbarg''; [[Polabice]] ''Wajdars'')</small> * [[Danthorpum]]<ref name="Casemir & Menzel % Udolph VII 2011">Casemir, K., Menzel, F., & Udolph, J. (2011). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII''). Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Danndorf'')</small> * [[Dassela]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dassel'')</small> * [[Dedenhusa]]<ref name="-husaDeensen">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Dedehusen'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: Casemir, K., & Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Holzminden (Veröffentlichungen del Institut für Historische Landesforschung der Universität Göttingen, Vol. 51)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Deensen'')</small> * [[Deinsta]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Deinste''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deinst'')</small> * [[Deinstadium]]<ref name="-stadt">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-stadium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Deinstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deins'')</small> * [[Delmenhorstium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Delmenhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Demost'')</small> * [[Dengdia]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Denkte'')</small> * [[Derenthalia]]<ref name="-thalia">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-thal'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-thalia-ae" seu "-dalia-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-thal''' : -''thalia'', -''dalia'' (...)". Animadvertendum est suffixum ''-thal'' veterem orthographiam hodierni suffixi ''-tal'' esse; ergo Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-tal'' quoque latinizari potest addita terminatione latinizata "-thalia-ae" seu "-dalia-ae".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Derental'')</small> * [[Dersum]]<ref name="Egger 1977">Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dersum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Derßm'')</small> * [[Dettum]]<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dettum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Detten'')</small> * [[Dicla]]<ref name="Mooyer 1855">Mooyer, E. F. (Ed.) (1855). ''Urkundenbuch des vormaligen Stiftes Minden''. J. C. C. Bruns.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dickel'')</small> * [[Diddersa]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Didderse'' et [[Saxonice]] ''Deesse'')</small> * [[Diekholza]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Diekholzen'')</small> * [[Dielmissa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dielmissen'')</small> * [[Diepenavia]]<ref name="-avia">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-avia-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Diepenau'')</small> * [[Diepholtia]]<ref name="Hofmannus">{{Hofmannus}}.</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Diepholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deefholt'')</small> * [[Dinklaga]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dinklage''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dinklaoge'')</small> * [[Disaldishusa]]<ref name="-husaDelligsen">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Disaldishusen'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: Reuter, A. (Ed.) (1950). ''1100 Jahre Delligsen: Geschichte der Hilsmulde und des Ortes Delligsen''. Verlag der Gemeinde Delligsen. </ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Delligsen'')</small> * [[Disna (Saxonia Inferior)|Disna]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dissen am Teutoburger Wald'')</small> * [[Dithgherscope-Twielenflethum]]<ref name="Hollern">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/hollern-twielenfleth/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon'']. ubi dicitur "(...) ''Luderus in Dithgherscope'' (...)".</ref><ref name="-ethum">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-eth'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-ethum-i", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Bechtsriethum]], [[Maitenbethum]] ac [[Wiesethum]] apud Vicipaediae Latinae articulum de [[Index communium Bavariae|indice communium Bavariae]]; et [[Gransebiethum]] apud Vicipaediae Latinae articulum de [[Index Communium Megapolis et Pomeraniae Citerioris|indice communium Megapolis et Pomeraniae Citerioris]].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hollern-Twielenfleth''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hullern-Twielenfleth'')</small> * [[Dohra (Terra Emesensis)|Dohra]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Terrae Emesensis|Terra Emesensi]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Terrae Altenburgensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Emsland'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum "terra-ae" Theodiscum lexema ''-land'' vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Emesensis-e" ad flumen [[Amisia|Emesam]] refertur. De hoc hydronymo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dohren '')</small> * [[Dohra (Circulus Harburgensis)|Dohra]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Harburgensis|Circulo Harburgensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Harburg"/>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dohren''; [[Saxonice]] ''Duhrn'')</small> * [[Dolnere]]<ref name="Dolnere">Vide [https://adw-goe.de/fileadmin/forschungsprojekte/ortsnamen_rhein_elbe/dokumente/Publikationen_Udolph_PDF/2001-2005/315._Udolph_Anmerkungen_zum_Ortsnamen_Dollern.pdf ''Anmerkugen zum Ortsnamen Dollern''], ubi dicitur "(...) 1105 (Fälschung Mitte 12. Jh.) ''Dolnere'' (...) 1209 ''Johannes de dolnere'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dollern'')</small> * [[Doristacus]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dorstadt'')</small> * [[Dornum]]<ref name="Egger 1977">Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Dornum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dornm'')</small> * [[Dorverda]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dörverden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dörbern'' seu ''Dörb'' seu ''Dörveern'')</small> * [[Dotlinga]]<ref name="-inga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dötlingen'')</small> * [[Draga (Albis)|Draga]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Drage''; [[Saxonice]] ''Draag'')</small> * [[Drentweda]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Drentwede'')</small> * [[Drestadium]]<ref name="-stadt"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Drestedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dreest'')</small> * [[Drochtersa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Drochtersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Drochters'')</small> * [[Dudanebutli]]<ref name="Lappenberg 1841">Lappenberg, J. M. (Ed.) (1841). ''Hamburgisches Urkundenbuch (Band 1)''. Perthes-Besser & Mauke.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Düdenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Düünbeudel'')</small> * [[Duderstadium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Duderstadt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dustadt'')</small> * [[Dunsa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dünsen'')</small> * [[Dunum (Saxonia Inferior)|Dunum]]<ref name="Houtrouw 1889">Houtrouw, O. G. (1889). ''Ostfriesland: Eine geschichtlich-ortskundige Wanderung gegen Ende der Fürstenzeit (Band 1)''. Dunkmann.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dunum'')</small> * [[Duthungun]]<ref name="Udolph 2004"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Duingen''; [[Saxonice|Ostfalice]] ''Daujen'')</small> {{div col end}} === E === {{div col|3}} * [[Ebbestorpium]]<ref name="Jaitner 1985">Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ebstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ebstörp'')</small> * [[Ebersdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Ebersdorfium]]<ref name="Ebersdorfium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Ebersdorf'' in Latinam "Ebersdorfium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ebersdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eversdörp'')</small> * [[Echemium]]<ref name="-hemium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-hemium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Echem''; [[Saxonice]] ''Echen'')</small> * [[Edemissa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Edemissen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emisse'')</small> * [[Egestorpium]]<ref name="-torpium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-torpium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Egestorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Äästörp'')</small> * [[Edewechte]]<ref name="Berger 2012">Berger, D. (2012). ''Edewecht''. In ''Deutsches Ortsnamenbuch''. Walter de Gruyter.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Edewecht''; [[Saxonice]] ''Erwech''; historice ''Adewacht'')</small> * [[Eggermuhla]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Eggermühlen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eggermöhlen'')</small> * [[Ehra-Lessia]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ehra-Lessien'')</small> * [[Eicklinga]]<ref name="-inga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Eicklingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eikeln'')</small> * [[Eildissum]]<ref name="Stumpf-Brentano II 1865">Stumpf-Brentano, K. F. (Ed.) (1865). ''Die Reichskanzler vornehmlich des X., XI. und XII. Jahrhunderts: Acta Imperii Selecta'' (Vol. 2). [[Aeni Pons (Austria)|Aeni Ponte]]: Wagner'schen Universitäts-Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Eilsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ahlsen'')</small> * [[Eima (Circulus Hildesiensis)|Eima]]<ref name="-e"/> </small>(in [[Circulus Hildesiensis|Circulo Hildesiensi]]<ref name="Circulus Hildesiensis">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Hildesiensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Hildesheim'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Hildesiensis-e" ad [[Hildesia]]m refertur. Hac de urbe, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eime'')</small> * [[Eima (Circulus Holtisminnensis)|Eima]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Holtisminnensis|Circulo Holtisminnensi]]<ref name="Circulus Holtisminnensis">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Holtisminnensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Holzminden'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo "[[Holtisminni]]" -ad quod gentilicium "Holtisminnensis-e" refertur-, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Eimen'')</small> * [[Eimka]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Eimke''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aimk'')</small> * [[Ekelum]]<ref>Vide: Von Hodenberg, W. (Ed.) (1855). ''Walsroder Urkundenbuch (Urkunde Nr. 19)''. Hahnsche Hofbuchhandlung. Quo opere "proprietatem bonorum in Ekelo, que ab ecclesia Walsrodensi in feodum tenuit, pro quinquaginta marcis seriosius comparavit." dicitur.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eickeloh'')</small> * [[Elba (Saxonia Inferior)|Elba]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elbe'')</small> * [[Elbingeroda]]<ref name="-roda"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elbingerode'')</small> * [[Eldinga]]<ref name="-inga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eldingen'')</small> * [[Elsdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Elsdorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Elsdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Elsdörp'')</small> * [[Embeca]]<ref name="Embeca">"non ignobiles Saxoniae civitates, Embeca et Gottinga" {{Google Books|I7pXAAAAcAAJ|p. 734}}. Interdum "Embica", "Embecka" etc. reperis</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Einbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aimbeck'')</small> * [[Embsa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Embsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emsen'')</small> * [[Emda]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Emden''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Oamde'')</small> * [[Emmelkampus]]<ref name="Emmelkampus">Vide [https://www.altreformiert.de/beuker/geschichte/grafschaft-bentheim/ERK-GRAFSCH_Classis_1625-1705_Prot_-_Plasger_2021_gjb.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Protokolle der Classis der reformierten Prediger der Grafschaft Bentheim 1625–1705''], ubi dicitur "(...) Domino Bernhardus Tinneken Pastorum Emmelkampum (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Emlichheim''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Batavice]] ''Emmelkamp'')</small> * [[Emmendorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Emmendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emdörp'')</small> * [[Emphstece]]<ref name="Emphstece">Vide [https://www.emstek.de/die-gemeinde/ortsteile/emstek?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''www.emstek.de'']; ubi dicitur "(...) Urkunde aus dem Jahre 947 als „Emphstece" (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Emstek''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emstäk'')</small> * [[Emsbura]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Emsbüren''; [[Saxonice]] ''Büren'')</small> * [[Emtinghusa]]<ref name="-husa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Emtinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emhusen'')</small> * [[Engda]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Engden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Engn'')</small> * [[Engelschofa]]<ref name="-hofa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hof(f)(e)(n)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-hofa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hattenhofa (Bavaria)|Hattenhofa Bavarica]], [[Pfaffenhofa ad fluvium Glon]], [[Pfaffenhofa ad Rotam]], [[Poohofa]], [[Gundershofa]], [[Hattenhofa (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Hattenhofa Badeniae-Virtembergiae]], [[Pfaffenhofa (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Pfaffenhofa]], [[Matichofa]], [[Philshofa]] apud [[Google|Gugulam]].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Engelschoff''; [[Saxonice]] ''Engelschopp'')</small> * [[Erenburgum]]<ref name="Minden II 1902">Minden, G. von (Ed.) (1902). ''Urkundenbuch der Bischöfe von Verden und Minden (Band 2)''. Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ehrenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ehrenborg'')</small> * [[Erkeroda]]<ref name="-roda">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-rode'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-roda-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Baceroda]], [[Gerningeroda]], [[Osteroda]], [[Werningroda]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Erkerode''; [[Saxonice]] ''Erkero'')</small> * [[Ermelstorpium]]<ref name="Pratje 1759"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Armstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Armsdörp'')</small> * [[Ericetum Magnum]]<ref name="Ericetum">[https://woerterbuchnetz.de/?sigle=MeckWB&lemid=H01756 Theodiscum toponymicum suffixum ''-heide'' Latino nomine "Ericetum-i" vertitur.]</ref><ref name="Magnus">[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/magnus?wb=gross&nr=1 Theodiscum praefixum ''Groß-'' Latino adiectivo "magnus-a-um" vertitur.]</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Großheide''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grootheid'')</small> * [[Escheda]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Eschede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Esche'')</small> * [[Eschershusa]]<ref name="-husa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eschershausen'')</small> * [[Esena]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Esens'')</small> * [[Essel]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Essel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Äsel'')</small> * [[Esterwega]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Esterwegen''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Äästerweede'')</small> * [[Estorpium]]<ref name="-torpium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-torpium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(ad [[Visurgis|Visurgem]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Estorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Esdörp'')</small> * [[Estorpium]]<ref name="-torpium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-torpium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Stadae|Circulo Stadae]]<ref name="Landkreis Stade">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Stadae" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Stade'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo "[[Stadae]]", vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Estorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Esdörp'')</small> * [[Evergoteshemium]]<ref name="-hemiumEver">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-hemium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Euergoteshem'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: H. Bresslau et. al.: ''Die Urkunden Heinrichs II. und Arduins''. In: Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Die Urkunden der deutschen Könige und Kaiser, Band 3. [[Hannovera]]e 1900–1903.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ebergötzen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Ewerchötzschen'')</small> * [[Everinga]]<ref name="-ingaEvern">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum mediaevali formae huius toponymi ''Everinge'' testatae applicatur. Quo de mediaevali toponymo, vide: Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (1998). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises und der Stadt Hannover (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil I)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Deutsch Evern''; [[Saxonice]] ''Düütsch Äwern'')</small> * [[Eversmeer]] <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eversmeer'')</small> * [[Evessum]]<ref name="NOB 2004">Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (2004). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter''' (NOB III). [[Gottinga]]e: Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Evessen'')</small> * [[Eydelstadium]]<ref name="-stadt">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-stadium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Eydelstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eidelstee'')</small> * [[Eyendorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Eyendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eyndörp'')</small> * [[Eystharpa]]<ref name="-tharpa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-trup'' seu ''-drup'' seu ''-trop'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-tharpa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Butilingtharpa]], [[Graftharpa]], [[Gumorodingtharpa]], [[Haringtharpa]], [[Heppingtharpa]], [[Holttharpa]], [[Hurstharpa]], [[Kathingtharpa]], [[Kiedeningtharpa]], [[Marastharpa]], [[Markiligtharpa]], [[Meinbrahtingtharpa]], [[Peingtharpa]], [[Radistharpa]], [[Sutharpa]], [[Tettingtharpa]], [[Vilomaringtharpa]], [[Winikingtharpa]], [[Varetharpa]], [[Vrilingtharpa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eystrup'')</small> {{div col end}} === F === {{div col|3}} * [[Fallingbostela]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bad Fallingbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Fambossel'')</small> * [[Fardium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Verden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Veern'')</small> * [[Farva]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Farven''; [[Saxonice]] ''Farm'')</small> * [[Fassberga]]<ref name="-berga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-berga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Faßberg'')</small> * [[Filsum]] <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Filsum'')</small> * [[Firrel]] <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Firrel'')</small> * [[Florimontium (circulus Widmundensis)|Florimontium]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Blomberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bloombarg'' seu ''Blombarg'')</small> * [[Flotide]]<ref name="Flotide">De nominibus "Flotide" {{caa|780|802}}, "Flathi" {{caa|1013}}, "Flatide" {{caa|1142}}, "Flothethe" {{caa|1187}}, "Vlothe" {{caa|1189}} et "Flotethe" {{caa|1194}}, vide: Udolph, Jürgen. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160729194352/https://www.ndr.de/ndr1niedersachsen/programm/Ortsnamen-Uebersicht-fuer-Buchstaben-F,ortsnamenforscher111.html ''Ortsnamenforscher'']. ''NDR 1 Niedersachsen''.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Flöthe'')</small> * [[Frankenfelda]]<ref name="-felda">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-feld(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-felda-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Falufelda]], [[Frauenfelda]], [[Heresfelda]], [[Hirutfelda]], [[Ilfelda]], [[Mansfelda]], [[Salfelda]], [[Sualafelda]], [[Alfelda]], [[Alsfelda]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Frankenfeld'')</small> * [[Freda]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Freden'')</small> * [[Fredenbiki]]<ref name="-biki">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-beck'' seu ''-beek'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-biki-orum", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Aesebiki]], [[Asbiki]], [[Beverbiki]], [[Gledabiki]], [[Goltbiki]], [[Sannanabiki]], [[Trobiki]], [[Walbeka|Walbiki]], [[Winesbiki]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Fredenbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Freenbeek'')</small> * [[Frera]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Freren'')</small> * [[Fresenburgum]]<ref name="-burg">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-burgum-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Fresenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Fräsenborg'')</small> * [[Friburgum (Albis)|Friburgum]]<ref name="Friburgum">Theodiscum toponymum ''Freiburg'' Latino toponymo "Friburgum" verti solet. Cf. [[Friburgum Brisgoviae]] aut [[Friburgum Nuithonum]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Freiburg/Elbe''; [[Saxonice]] ''Fryborg'' seu ''Freiborg'')</small> * [[Frideburgum]]<ref name="Frideburgum">Vide [https://www.heimatbund-finnentrop.de/index_htm_files/Staats-%20u.%20Reisegeogr.%205.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Beschreibung derer merkwürdigsten Oerter''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Frideburg, Friedeburg, lat. Frideburgum'''. Liegt im Fürstenthum Ostfriesland, an den Grenzen der Grafschaft Oldenburg (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Friedeburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Freborg'' seu ''Freebörg'')</small> * [[Friedlandia (Saxonia Inferior)|Friedlandia]]<ref name="Friedland">Theodiscum toponymum ''Friedland' in Latinam "Friedlandia" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Friedland'')</small> * [[Frisoyta]]<ref name="Frisoyta">Vide [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363707446_Der_Status_animarum_im_Hochstift_Munster_und_die_Alphabetisierung_im_landlichen_Raum_eines_geistlichen_Furstentums_im_17_und_18_Jahrhundert ''Der Status animarum im Hochstift Münster und die Alphabetisierung im ländlichen Raum eines geistlichen Fürstentums im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert''], ubi dicitur "(...) Specificatio catholic[orum] et acatholicorum in Frisoyta (...)".</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Friesoythe''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ait''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aithe'')</small> * [[Furstenavia]]<ref name="Furstenavia">Theodiscum nomen proprium ''Fürstenau'' in Latinam "Furstenavia" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Hofmannus}}, ubi dicitur "(...) FURSTENAVIA Familia Germ. ''Furstenau'', ramus est Familiae Erpacensis (...)".</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Fürstenau''; [[Saxonice]] ''Fösnau'' seu ''Försnau'')</small> * [[Furstenberga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Fürstenberg'')</small> {{div col end}} === G === {{div col|3}} * [[Ganderkesea]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>commune sui iuris</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ganderkesee''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gannerseer'')</small> * [[Gandershemium]]<ref>[http://books.google.fi/books?id=6kwBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA27&lpg=PA27&dq=Gandershemium&source=bl&ots=_NMr2DmhUK&sig=CXPUuuKZ8W03AC7uB3YlYYNscJ4&hl=fi&sa=X&ei=7z7WUrfrO8iC4gTGxoGYCw&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Gandershemium&f=false R. p. Hertenberger: ''Historia pragmatica universalis, sacra et profana''], p.27; [http://books.google.fi/books?id=yScyAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA58&lpg=PA58&dq=Gandershemium&source=bl&ots=ZoGX4tZRRD&sig=8fUZc6grFgYD0jN-twVcDyzarYI&hl=fi&sa=X&ei=7z7WUrfrO8iC4gTGxoGYCw&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Gandershemium&f=false ''Acta Sanctorum, Junii'' (1698-1717), cit. in ''A Companion to Hrotsvit of Gandersheim (fl. 960)''], p. 58 n.103.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Gandersheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ganderssen'')</small> * [[Gandesberga]]<ref name="-berga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-berga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gandesbergen'')</small> * [[Garbsa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Garbsen'')</small> * [[Garlstorpium]]<ref name="-torpium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-torpium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Garlstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Garlstörp'')</small> * [[Garrel]] <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Garrel'')</small> * [[Garstadium]]<ref name="-stadt">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-stadium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Garstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gastää'')</small> * [[Gartovia]]<ref name="-ovia">[[Linguae Germanicae|Germanica]] ac [[linguae Slavicae|Slavica]] toponyma cum suffixo ''-ov'' seu ''-öv'' seu ''ow'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-ovia-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Asovia]], [[Brewnovia]], [[Czernichovia]], [[Glasgovia]], [[Golnovia]], [[Grabovia]], [[Kharkovia]], [[Laszovia]], [[Ostrovia]], [[Pscovia]], [[Racovia]], [[Sucovia]], [[Tarnovia]], [[Wengrovia]], [[Witkowa]], [[Wittovia]], [[Crovia]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gartow'')</small> * [[Geesta]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Geeste''; [[Saxonice]] ''Choeiste'')</small> * [[Geestlandia]]<ref name="-landia">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-land'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-landia-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amelandia]], [[Bevelandia Australis]], [[Bevelandia Septentrionalis]], [[Bolandia]], [[Iutlandia]], [[Curlandia]], [[Estlandia]], [[Finlandia]], [[Flevolandia]], [[Friedlandia]], [[Islandia]], [[Gothlandia]], [[Hollandia]], [[Ingermanlandia]], [[Isalandia]] [[Lalandia]], [[Langelandia]], [[Oehtlandia]] [[Olandia]], [[Sallandia]], [[Samlandia]] [[Zelandia]], [[Selandia]] [[Fotlandia]], [[Wermelandia]] [[Withlandia]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Geestland'')</small> * [[Gehrda]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Gehrde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gährde'')</small> * [[Gemmegum]]<ref name="Gemmegum">Vide ''Giminghem - der alte Name von Jemgum'' Gerhardi Kronsweide; ubi dicitur "(...) '''Mittelalterliche urkundliche und einige neuzeitliche Nennungen von Jemgum''' (...) Gemmegum (Urkunde in lateinisch) (...) Gommegum (lat.) (...) Gemghum (lat.) (...) Gemmyngum (lat.) (...) Jemgum (Ubbo Emmius, lat.) (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Jemgum'')</small> * [[Georgsdorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Georgsdorf'')</small> * [[Gerdavia]]<ref name="-avia">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-avia-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gerdau'')</small> * [[Gerdinum]]<ref name="Gerdinium">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/gehrden/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur "(...) Urkundlich ist der spätere Flecken möglicherweis erstmals als ''Gerdinum'' im Verzeichnis der Schenkungen (''Traditionen'') an das Kloster Corvey erwähnt, das um 826/76 angelegt wurde (...)".</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Gehrden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gieren'')</small> * [[Gersta]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gersten'')</small> * [[Geteloha]]<ref name="-loha">Germanica praesentia aut antiqua toponyma cum suffixis ''-loh(e)'' et ''-lo'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-loha-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ascloha]], [[Buohloha]], [[Eiloha]], [[Hadaloha]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Getelo''; [[Saxonice]] ''Getel'')</small> * [[Gevensleba]]<ref name="-leba">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-leben'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-leba-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hadersleba]], [[Kintileba]], [[Meresleba]], [[Mimileba]], [[Rumerestleba]], [[Wigileba]], [[Winirichileba]], [[Albgozesleba]], [[Asoltesleba]], [[Buffileba]], [[Egisleba]], [[Gorchesleba]], [[Gozzenleba]], [[Gunderichesleba]], [[Gunzenleba]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gevensleben'')</small> * [[Gevera]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Jever'')</small> * [[Gieboldehusa]]<ref name="-husa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Gieboldehausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Chiwelehusen'')</small> * [[Giesa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Giesen'')</small> * [[Gifhorna]]<ref name="Cellarius 1703"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Gifhorn'')</small> * [[Gilta]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gilten'')</small> * [[Glandorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Glandorf'')</small> * [[Gleicha]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gleichen'')</small> * [[Gnarrenburgum]]<ref name="-burg">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-burgum-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Gnarrenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gnarrenborg'')</small> * [[Godenstorfium]]<ref name="-torpium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-torpium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Gödenstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gö’nstörp'')</small> * [[Goldbiki]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Golmbach'')</small> * [[Goldenstadium]]<ref name="-stadt">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-stadium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Goldenstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gollnste'')</small> * [[Golencampus]]<ref name="campus-i">[https://ewa.saw-leipzig.de/articles/80250/en?utm Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-kamp'' seu ''-kampf'' seu ''-camp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-campus-i"], quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Gölenkamp''; [[Saxonice]] ''Göllenkamp'')</small> * [[Gorenthin]]<ref name="Gorenthin">Vide [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Zeitschrift_des_Historischen_Vereins_f%C3%BCr_Niedersachsen_%28IA_zeitschriftdeshi1857hist%29.pdf?utm ''Zeitschrift des Historischen Vereins für Niedersachsen''], ubi dicitur "(...) villam Gorenthin '' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Göhrde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Göhr''; [[Polabice]] ''Djöra'')</small> * [[Gorleba]]<ref name="-leba">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-leben'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-leba-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hadersleba]], [[Kintileba]], [[Meresleba]], [[Mimileba]], [[Rumerestleba]], [[Wigileba]], [[Winirichileba]], [[Albgozesleba]], [[Asoltesleba]], [[Buffileba]], [[Egisleba]], [[Gorchesleba]], [[Gozzenleba]], [[Gunderichesleba]], [[Gunzenleba]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gorleben'')</small> * [[Goslaria]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Goslar''; [[Saxonice]] ''Goslär'')</small> * [[Gottinga]]<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=kkM-AAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=gottingensis&lr=&cd=14#v=onepage&q=&f=false Libri Googles].</ref> <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Göttingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Chöttingen'')</small> * [[Grafhorstium]]<ref name="-horstium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-horst'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-horstium-i". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-horst''' : -''horstium'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Grafhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grafhorst'')</small> * [[Grasberga]]<ref name="-berga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-berga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Grasberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grasbarg'')</small> * [[Grasleba]]<ref name="-leba">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-leben'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-leba-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hadersleba]], [[Kintileba]], [[Meresleba]], [[Mimileba]], [[Rumerestleba]], [[Wigileba]], [[Winirichileba]], [[Albgozesleba]], [[Asoltesleba]], [[Buffileba]], [[Egisleba]], [[Gorchesleba]], [[Gozzenleba]], [[Gunderichesleba]], [[Gunzenleba]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Grasleben''; [[Saxonice]] ''Graslewe'')</small> * [[Grethemium]]<ref name="-hemium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-hemium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Grethem''; [[Saxonice]] ''Graitn'')</small> * [[Grona (Leina)|Grona]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gronau'')</small> * [[Grundensis Civitas Metallica]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Grund'')</small> * [[Grunendicum]]<ref name="-dicum"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Grünendeich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Greundiek'')</small> * [[Guderhandviertel]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Guderhandviertel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gauderhandviddel'')</small> * [[Guelpherbytum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wolfenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wulfenbüttel'')</small> * [[Gusbornium]]<ref name="-bornium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-born'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-bornium-ii", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Calenbornium (prope Aram)|Calenbornium prope Aram]] et [[Calenbornium (prope Caesariacum)|Calenbornium prope Caesariacum]] (Theodisce ''Kalenborn''); [[Calenbornium-Scheurenum]] (Theodisce ''Kalenborn-Scheuern''); [[Hasbornium (Eiflia)|Hasbornium]] (Theodisce ''Hasborn''); [[Leidenbornium]] (Theodisce ''Leidenborn''); [[Lichtenbornium]] (Theodisce ''Lichtenborn''). Quae omnia toponyma ex articulo Vicipaediae Latinae de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Rhenaniae_et_Palatinatus indice urbium et communium Rhenaniae et Palatinatus] desumpta sunt, ubi apte referuntur.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gusborn'')</small> * [[Gyhum]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Gyhum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Jeem'')</small> {{div col end}} === H === {{div col|3}} * [[Hademstorpium]]<ref name="-torpium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-torpium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hademstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hamstorp'')</small> * [[Haeslinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Heeslingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Heeßel'')</small> * [[Haga (Saxonia Inferior)|Haga]]<ref name="Haga">Vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3191/Hage.pdf?utm ''Historische Ortsdatenbank für Ostfriesland''], ubi dicitur "(...) Erscheinung trat der Ort als „curatus Hagensis“ im Jahr 1400. Spätere Bezeichnungen waren „ Haga“ (um 1409) (...)".</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hage''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Haag'')</small> * [[Haga ad Teutoburgiensem Saltum]]<ref name="-haga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hag(e)(n)'' seu ''-ha(a)g'' seu ''-hague'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-haga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Haga (Franconia Superior)|Haga Franconiae Superioris]], [[Haga ad Ambram]], [[Haga (in Bavaria superiore)|Haga in Bavaria Superiore]] apud [[Index communium Bavariae|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Bavariae]]; [[Falkenhaga (Marchia)|Falkenhaga Marchiana]] apud [[Index communium Brandenburgi|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Brandenburgi]]; [[Haga Schauenburgi]], [[Haga Promontorium]], [[Haga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref name="Teutoburger Wald">Cfr. [[Cornelius Tacitus|Taciti]], ''[[Annales (Tacitus)|Annales]]'', {{Vf|Ab excessu divi Augusti (Annales)/Liber I|LX|I, 60}}: "... haud procul '''Teutoburgiensi saltu''' in quo reliquiae Vari legionumque insepultae dicebantur".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hagen am Teutoburger Wald'')</small> * [[Haga Bremensis]]<ref name="-haga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hag(e)(n)'' seu ''-ha(a)g'' seu ''-hague'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-haga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Haga (Franconia Superior)|Haga Franconiae Superioris]], [[Haga ad Ambram]], [[Haga (in Bavaria superiore)|Haga in Bavaria Superiore]] apud [[Index communium Bavariae|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Bavariae]]; [[Falkenhaga (Marchia)|Falkenhaga Marchiana]] apud [[Index communium Brandenburgi|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Brandenburgi]]; [[Haga Schauenburgi]], [[Haga Promontorium]], [[Haga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref>Latinum gentilicium "Bremensis-e" Theodiscum syntagma ''im Bremischen'' vertit.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hagen im Bremischen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hagen'')</small> * [[Haga Schauenburgi]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Stadthagen'')</small> * [[Hagenburgum]]<ref name="-burg">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-burgum-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hagenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hagenborg'')</small> * [[Halbemontium]]<ref name="-montium">Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-mond'' aut ''-mont'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-montium-i". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-mond, mont''' : -''montium, mons'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Halbemond'')</small> * [[Halla (Holtisminni)|Halla]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> <small>(in Montibus [[Visurgis]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Halle'')</small> * [[Halla (Comitatus Binethensis)|Halla]]<ref name="Halla prope Neuenhusam">Theodiscum toponymum ''Halle'' plerumque toponymo "Halla-ae" latinizatur. Qua de latinizatione, vide complures Hallae apud [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> <small>(prope [[Neuenhusa]]m<ref name="-husa"/>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Halle'')</small> * [[Halvesbostel]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Halvesbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hassbossel'')</small> * [[Hamala]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hameln'')</small> * [[Hamberga]]<ref name="-berga"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hambergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hambargen'')</small> * [[Hambuhra]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hambühren''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hambüren'')</small> * [[Hamele]]<ref name="Hamele">Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/2261/NOB%20VIII_Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Peine.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1&utm ''NOB VIII Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Peine''], ubi dicitur "(...) 1146 ''in Sutherem iuxta Hamele'' (UB H.Hild. I Nr. 239 S. 222) 1180 ''in Bikem iuxta Honhamelen'' (UB H.Hild. I Nr. 396 S. 385) 1193 ''in Honhamele'' (UB H.Hild. II Nachtrag Nr. 13 S. 580) 1198 ''apud Honhamelen'' (...) 1251 ''Sutherem apud Hoenhamale'' (UB H.Hild. II Nr. 861 S. 435) 1278-1280 ''iugera Hamelen'' (Lehnregister Meinersen II Nr. 20 S. 590) (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hohenhameln''; [[Saxonice]] ''Häogenhameln'')</small> * [[Hamelhusa]]<ref name="-husa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hämelhausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hämelhusen'')</small> * [[Hamersa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hamersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Homersen'')</small> * [[Hamma (Saxonia Inferior)|Hamma]]<ref name="-ah">Germanica aut Semitica aut Indoiranica toponyma cum terminatione ''-ah'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae". Exempli gratiā: [[Calvela]], [[Maliana]], Parra, [[Widenla]], [[Zellia]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hammah''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hammoh'')</small> * [[Handeloha]]<ref name="-loha">Germanica praesentia aut antiqua toponyma cum suffixis ''-loh(e)'' et ''-lo'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-loha-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ascloha]], [[Buohloha]], [[Eiloha]], [[Hadaloha]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Handeloh'' seu olim ''Handorf bei Tostedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Handörp'')</small> * [[Handorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Handorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Handörp'')</small> * [[Hantharpa]]<ref name="-tharpa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-trup'' seu ''-drup'' seu ''-trop'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-tharpa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Butilingtharpa]], [[Graftharpa]], [[Gumorodingtharpa]], [[Haringtharpa]], [[Heppingtharpa]], [[Holttharpa]], [[Hurstharpa]], [[Kathingtharpa]], [[Kiedeningtharpa]], [[Marastharpa]], [[Markiligtharpa]], [[Meinbrahtingtharpa]], [[Peingtharpa]], [[Radistharpa]], [[Sutharpa]], [[Tettingtharpa]], [[Vilomaringtharpa]], [[Winikingtharpa]], [[Varetharpa]], [[Vrilingtharpa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Handrup'')</small> * [[Hannovera]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[caput (urbs)|caput]] [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terrae foederalis]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hannover''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hannober'')</small> * [[Hanstadium (Circulus Harburgensis)|Hanstadium]]<ref name="-stadt">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-stadium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Harburgensis|Circulo Harburgensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Harburg"/>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hanstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hanstää'')</small> * [[Hanstadium (Circulus Ulsenensis)|Hanstadium]]<ref name="-stadt">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-stadium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Ulsenensis|Circulo Ulsenensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Uelzen"/>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hanstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hanster'')</small> * [[Hardegsa]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hardegsen'')</small> * [[Harmstorpium]]<ref name="-torpium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-torpium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Harmstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Harmsdörp'')</small> * [[Harna]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Haren'')</small> * [[Harpstadium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Harpstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Harpstäe'')</small> * [[Harsfeldum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Harsefeld''; [[Saxonice]] ''Harsfeld'' seu ''Hasfeld'')</small> * [[Harsum]] <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Harsum'')</small> * [[Hartsburgum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Harzburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Harzeborg'')</small> * [[Hasberga]]<ref name="-berga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-berga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hasbergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hasbergen'')</small> * [[Hasburgum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Haßbergen'')</small> * [[Hasela (Saxonia Inferior)|Hasela]]<ref name="Hasela">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/hassel/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur "(...) Dort ist die ''villa Hasela'' erwähnt, also das Dorf Hassel (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hassel'')</small> * [[Hasla]]<ref name="Hasla">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/hesel/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur "(...) Der früheste schriftliche Beleg für den Ort findet sich als ''Hasla'' in einem Urbar der Abtei Werden, das sich auf das 10. Jh. datieren lässt (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hesel'')</small> * [[Hassendorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hassendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hassendörp'')</small> * [[Hasta (Saxonia Inferior)|Hasta]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Haste'')</small> * [[Hatta]]<ref name="-a"/><ref name="KleinGrosse">De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum "Klein" et "Gross" per Latina "Minor-us" et "Maior-ius", vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hatten'')</small> * [[Hattorpium ad Harthicos Montes]]<ref name="-torpium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-torpium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hattorf am Harz'')</small> * [[Hauslinga]]<ref name="-inga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Häuslingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hüßel'')</small> * [[Haverla]]<ref name="Haverla">Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B73-8/NOB%20III%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Wolfenb%C3%BCttel%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Salzgitter.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1&utm ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) um 941 (Fä. Mitte 12. Jh., kop. 17. Jh.) ''Haverlae'' (...) 1319 ''Haverla'' (UB H Hild. IV 464 S. 247) (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Haverlah''; [[Saxonice]] ''Haberlah'')</small> * [[Hechthusa]]<ref name="-husa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hechthausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Heckthusen'')</small> * [[Hedebere]]<ref name="Hedebere">Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B73-8/NOB%20III%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Wolfenb%C3%BCttel%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Salzgitter.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1&utm ''NOB III Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) ''Antiquum Hedebere seu Minus, Novum Hedebere seu Maius'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hedeper''; [[Saxonice]] ''Heper'')</small> * [[Heeda (Terra Emesensis)|Heeda]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Heede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Häie'')</small> * [[Heemsa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heemsen'')</small> * [[Heessa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heeßen'')</small> * [[Heidenavia (Saxonia Inferior)|Heidenavia]]<ref name="-avia">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-avia-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heidenau'')</small> * [[Heina (Saxonia Inferior)|Heina]]<ref name="Heina">Vide [https://hgv-hhm.de/ortsnamen-13-19-jahrhundert.html?utm ''Heimat- und Geschichtsverein für Heinade-Hellental-Merxhausen E.V.''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''villa Heina'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heinade'')</small> * [[Heinbockel]] <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heinbockel'')</small> * [[Heiningensis Locus]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Heiningen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Heinig'')</small> * [[Heinsa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heinsen'')</small> * [[Heli (Saxonia Inferior)|Heli]]<ref name="Heli">Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B73-8/NOB%20III%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Wolfenb%C3%BCttel%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Salzgitter.pdf ''NOB III Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''in villa Heli'' (...) ''Heloon'' (...) ''collatio ecclesie Helen'' (...) ''Thidericus de Helenen'' (...) ''plebanos ecclesiarum de Helen'' (...) ''in campo sive marke ville Helen'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hehlen'')</small> * [[Hellwega]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hellwege''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hellweeg'')</small> * [[Helmstadium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Helmstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Helmstidde'')</small> * [[Helpsa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Helpsen'')</small> * [[Helvesiecca]]<ref name="-siek">Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ec(k)'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-ecca-ae" seu "-eca-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-ec, -eck''' : -''ecca'', -''ēca'' (...)". Hoc in casu, applicatur terminatio latinizans formae antiquae suffixi ''-siek'' -quae ''-sieck'', ut accidit in toponymis velut ''Bannensieck'', cuius hodierna forma ''Bannensiek'' est. Qua de ultima antiqua forma, vide [https://www.arcinsys.niedersachsen.de/arcinsys/showArchivalDescriptionDetails?archivalDescriptionId=2955251 ''Arcinsys''].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Helvesiek''; [[Saxonice]] ''Helsch'')</small> * [[Hemminga (Saxonia Inferior)|Hemminga]]<ref name="-inga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hemmingen'')</small> * [[Hemmoor]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hemmoor'')</small> * [[Hemsbunda]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hemsbünde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Heemsbünnen'')</small> * [[Hemslinga]]<ref name="-inga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hemslingen'')</small> * [[Hemsloha]]<ref name="-loha">Germanica praesentia aut antiqua toponyma cum suffixis ''-loh(e)'' et ''-lo'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-loha-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ascloha]], [[Buohloha]], [[Eiloha]], [[Hadaloha]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hemsloh''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hemzel'' seu ''Hemsel'' seu ''Hemßel'')</small> * [[Hepstadium]]<ref name="-stadt">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-stadium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hepstedt''; [Saxonice]] ''Hepst'' seu ''Heps'')</small> * [[Hepstidi Villa]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hipstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hipst'')</small> * [[Herrum]]<ref name="Herrum">Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B73-8/NOB%20III%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Wolfenb%C3%BCttel%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Salzgitter.pdf ''NOB III Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter.''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Majori villa Herre'' (...) ''Maiori Here'' (...) ''Minori Herro'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heere'')</small> * [[Hertzberga ad Harthicos Montes]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Herzberg am Harz'')</small> * [[Herzlaka]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Herzlake''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hässelke'')</small> * [[Hespa]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hespe'')</small> * [[Heuerssa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Heuerßen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hoarßen'')</small> * [[Heya]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heyen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Hein'')</small> * [[Hildesia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hildesheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hilmessen'' seu ''Hilmssen'')</small> * [[Hilgermissa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hilgermissen'')</small> * [[Hillersa]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hillerse'')</small> * [[Hilter ad Teutoburgiensem Saltum]]<ref name="Teutoburger Wald">Cfr. [[Cornelius Tacitus|Taciti]], ''[[Annales (Tacitus)|Annales]]'', {{Vf|Ab excessu divi Augusti (Annales)/Liber I|LX|I, 60}}: "... haud procul '''Teutoburgiensi saltu''' in quo reliquiae Vari legionumque insepultae dicebantur".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hilter am Teutoburger Wald'')</small> * [[Himberga]]<ref name="-berga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-berga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Himbergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Himbargen'')</small> * [[Hinuti]]<ref name="Hinuti">Vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3180/Hinte.pdf?utm ''Historische Ortsdatenbank für Ostfriesland''], ubi dicitur "(...) Das Dorf wurde im 10. Jahrhundert als „in Hinuti“ erstmals urkundlich erfasst (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hinte''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hint'')</small> * [[Hitgera]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hitzacker''; [[Polabice]] ''Ljauci'')</small> * [[Hittberga]]<ref name="-berga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-berga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hittbergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hittbargen'')</small> * [[Hodenhaga]]<ref name="-haga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hag(e)(n)'' seu ''-ha(a)g'' seu ''-hague'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-haga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Haga (Franconia Superior)|Haga Franconiae Superioris]], [[Haga ad Ambram]], [[Haga (in Bavaria superiore)|Haga in Bavaria Superiore]] apud [[Index communium Bavariae|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Bavariae]]; [[Falkenhaga (Marchia)|Falkenhaga Marchiana]] apud [[Index communium Brandenburgi|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Brandenburgi]]; [[Haga Schauenburgi]], [[Haga Promontorium]], [[Haga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hodenhagen'')</small> * [[Hohbuoki]]<ref name="Hohbuoki">Vide [https://oar.onroerenderfgoed.be/publicaties/RELM/7/RELM007-001.pdf?utm ''The very beginning of Europe?''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''castellum hohbuoki'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Höhbeck'')</small> * [[Hohna]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hohne'')</small> * [[Hohnhorstium]]<ref name="-horstium"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hohnhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hionhoste'')</small> * [[Hohnstorpium (Albis)|Hohnstorpium]]<ref name="-torpium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-torpium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hohnstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Haunstörp'')</small> * [[Holdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Holdorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Holdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hollrup'')</small> * [[Holdunesteti]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hollenstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hullnst'')</small> * [[Holenberga]]<ref name="-berga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-berga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Holenberg'')</small> * [[Holla]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Holle'')</small> * [[Hollnsethum]]<ref name="-ethum">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-eth'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-ethum-i", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Bechtsriethum]], [[Maitenbethum]] ac [[Wiesethum]] apud Vicipaediae Latinae articulum de [[Index communium Bavariae|indice communium Bavariae]]; et [[Gransebiethum]] apud Vicipaediae Latinae articulum de [[Index Communium Megapolis et Pomeraniae Citerioris|indice communium Megapolis et Pomeraniae Citerioris]].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hollnseth'')</small> * [[Holsta]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Holste'')</small> * [[Holtgaste]]<ref name="Friedländer 1878"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Holtgast'')</small> * [[Holtisminni]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Holzminden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Holtsminne'')</small> * [[Holtlandia]]<ref name="-landia">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-land'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-landia-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amelandia]], [[Bevelandia Australis]], [[Bevelandia Septentrionalis]], [[Bolandia]], [[Iutlandia]], [[Curlandia]], [[Estlandia]], [[Finlandia]], [[Flevolandia]], [[Friedlandia]], [[Islandia]], [[Gothlandia]], [[Hollandia]], [[Ingermanlandia]], [[Isalandia]] [[Lalandia]], [[Langelandia]], [[Oehtlandia]] [[Olandia]], [[Sallandia]], [[Samlandia]] [[Zelandia]], [[Selandia]] [[Fotlandia]], [[Wermelandia]] [[Withlandia]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Holtland'')</small> * [[Holza]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Holzen'')</small> * [[Honengesbuthele]]<ref name="Honengesbuthele">Vide [https://blog.slub-dresden.de/fileadmin/groups/slubsite/Blog/2015-KristinCasimir-VortragDresden.pdf?utm ''Ortsnamen zwischen Rhein und Elbe - Onomastik im europäischen Raum''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Honengesbvthele'' statt ''Honekesbutle'' (Casemir, -büttel S. 147) (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hankensbüttel'')</small> * [[Hoogsteda]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hoogstede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hoogstee'')</small> * [[Horda ad Harthicos Montes]]<ref name="-e"/><ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hörden am Harz'')</small> * [[Horneburgum]]<ref name="-burg">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-burgum-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Horneburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hornborg'')</small> * [[Horstadium (Saxonia Inferior)|Horstadium]]<ref name="-stadt">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-stadium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Horstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Horß'')</small> * [[Hoya]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hoya''; quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Hoya/Weser''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''de Haaien'' seu ''Hejen'' seu ''Hajen'')</small> * [[Huda (Circulus terrae Diepholtia)|Huda]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hüde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hüde'')</small> * [[Hudha]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hude'')</small> * [[Hulseda]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hülsede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hülse'')</small> * [[Husum (prope Novam Urbem)|Husum]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Husum'')</small> * [[Hutta Georgii et Mariae]]<ref name="hutta-ae">Toponyma cum suffixis ''-hütte'' aut ''-hutta'' plerumque latinizari solent Latino vocabulo "Hutta-ae", quamquam huius vocabuli variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hutta vitriaria Bohemica]] apud [https://schwaben.hu/ortschaften/bohmischhutten?utm Schwaben.hu. (s. d.). ''Böhmischhütten / Csehbánya – Ortsgeschichte'']; [[Hutta Germanica]] apud [https://huta.ewk.hu/nemetbanya-1757-1781/?utm ''Németbánya. (s. s.). Németbánya története'']; [[Hutta Vitriaria]] apud https://slavistika.sk/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/2015_1.pdf?utm [Majtán, M. (1998). ''Názvy obcí Slovenskej republiky: Vývin v rokoch 1773–1997''. Bratislaviae: Veda]; Hutta apud [https://real.mtak.hu/140291/1/K%C3%A1rp%C3%A1talja%20helys%C3%A9gnevei.pdf?utm ''Kárpátalja helységnevei.'']; [[Hutta Polonica]] apud Štefánik, M. (2022). ''Italia ed Europa centro-orientale tra Medioevo ed età moderna: Economia, società, cultura''. Heidelberg University Publishing; [[Hutta (Eiflia)|Hutta Eifliae]] apud Beyer, H. (1860). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der, jetzt die Preussischen Regierungsbezirke Coblenz und Trier bildenden mittelrheinischen Territorien'' (Vol. 1). J. Hölscher, et Beyer, H. (1860). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der mittelrheinischen Territorien: Erster Band. Von den ältesten Zeiten bis zum Jahre 1169''. [[Confluentes (Germania)|Confluentibus]]: J. Hölscher.</ref><ref name="Georgius">[https://la.wiktionary.org/wiki/Georgius?utm Theodiscum praefixum ''Georg-'' Latino anthroponymo casu genetivo "Georfii" vertitur].</ref><ref name="Maria">[https://la.wiktionary.org/wiki/Maria?utm Theodiscum interfixum ''-marien-'' Latino anthroponymo casu genetivo "Mariae" vertitur].</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Georgsmarienhütte'')</small> * [[Huvenni]]<ref name="Huvenni">Vide [https://dokumen.pub/suffixbildungen-in-alten-ortsnamen-akten-eines-internationalen-symposiums-in-uppsala-14-16-mai-2004-9185352578.html?utm ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen: Akten eines internationalen Symposiums in Uppsala 14.-16. Mai 2004 9185352578''], ubi dicitur "(...) Hüven (Kr. Emsland), 10. Jh. (Kopie 15. Jh.) in Huvenni (Möller 1998 S. 101, Udolph 2002a S. 238) (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hüven'')</small> {{div col end}} === I === {{div col|3}} * [[Iatha (Saxonia Inferior)|Iatha]]<ref name="Iatha">Commune nomen e flumine cepit. Quo de flumine, vide [https://www.lateinlexikon.com/lexicon_latinum_hodiernum_parsgeographica.pdf?utm ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'' Petri Lucusaltiani], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Jade'', f ''Iatha, ae'', f [WPD: Jade (Fluss) (24.11.2019); a.1314: Jatha] (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Jade''; [[Saxonice]] ''Jaad'')</small> * [[Iburgum]]<ref name="Von Schaten 1714">Von Schaten, N. (1714). ''Monumenta Osnabrugensia ex historia romana, francica, saxonicaque eruta''. Typis Jodoci Henrici Meyer.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Iburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Ibig'' seu ''Ibig'')</small> * [[Ielmstorpium]]<ref name="-torpium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-torpium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Jelmstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Jelmstörp'')</small> * [[Iembka]]<ref name="-e">Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Jembke'')</small> * [[Iemela]]<ref name="Iemela">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu, latinizans suffixum primae communis Theodisce ''Jameln'' dicti mentioni, quae ''Jemelen'' est, applicatur; qua de mentione, vide [https://rcin.org.pl/ihpan/Content/30940/PDF/WA303_9438_A165-8-r1929_Slavia-Occ.pdf?utm ''Slavia Occidentalis, Tomus VIII''].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Jameln'')</small> * [[Ierichsum]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Jerxheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Jerksen'')</small> * [[Iesteburgum]]<ref name="-burg">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-burgum-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Jesteburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Jesborg'')</small> * [[Ihlienverda]]<ref name="-verda-ae">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-worth'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-verda-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-worth''' : -''verda'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ihlienworth''; [[Saxonice]] ''Helmworth'')</small> * [[Indago Comitis Hoyae]]<ref name="Indago Comitis Hoyae">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/hoyerhagen/?utm ''kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''indago comitis Hoye'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hoyerhagen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Heierhagen'' seu ''Heyerhagen'')</small> * [[Insula Iuistensis]]<ref name="Iuistensis">De Latino gentilicio, cf. [[binomen|epithetum binominale]] [https://turbellaria.umaine.edu/turbellaria/turb3.php?action=6&code=598&valid=618&utm "juistensis"].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Juist'')</small> * [[Isernhaga]]<ref name="-haga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hag(e)(n)'' seu ''-ha(a)g'' seu ''-hague'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-haga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Haga (Franconia Superior)|Haga Franconiae Superioris]], [[Haga ad Ambram]], [[Haga (in Bavaria superiore)|Haga in Bavaria Superiore]] apud [[Index communium Bavariae|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Bavariae]]; [[Falkenhaga (Marchia)|Falkenhaga Marchiana]] apud [[Index communium Brandenburgi|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Brandenburgi]]; [[Haga Schauenburgi]], [[Haga Promontorium]], [[Haga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Isernhagen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Isernhogen'')</small> * [[Isterberga]]<ref name="-berga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-berga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Isterberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Isterbarg'')</small> * [[Itterbecca]]<ref name="-ecca">Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ec(k)'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-ecca-ae" seu "-eca-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-ec, -eck''' : -''ecca'', -''ēca'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Itterbeck'')</small> * [[Iuniun]]<ref name="Iunium">Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B74-6/NOB%20IV%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20G%C3%B6ttingen.pdf?utm ''NOB IV Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Göttingen''], ubi dicitur "(...) 960 Iuniun (MGH DO I. Nr. 206 S. 285) (...) 1251 (A. 14. Jh.) Johan de June (UB Göttingen I Nr. 4 S. 5) 1266 ''Godefridus de Iunen [...] sacerdos'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Jühnde'')</small> {{div col end}} === K === {{div col|3}} * [[Kakenstorpium]]<ref name="-torpium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-torpium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kakenstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kakenstörp'')</small> * [[Karwicium]]<ref name="-icium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-itsch'' aut ''-itz'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-icium-i" aut "-itium-i" aut "-icia-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-itsch, -itz''' : ''-icium, -itium, -icia'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Karwitz'')</small> * [[Katlenburgum-Lindavia]]<ref name="-burg">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-burgum-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref name="-avia">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-avia-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Katlenburg-Lindau''; [[Saxonice]] ''Katelnborg-Lindau'')</small> * [[Kettencampus]]<ref name="campus-i">[https://ewa.saw-leipzig.de/articles/80250/en?utm Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-kamp'' seu ''-kampf'' seu ''-camp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-campus-i"], quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kettenkamp''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ketenkamp '')</small> * [[Kirchdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Kirchdorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Kirchdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Karkdörp'')</small> * [[Kirchgellersa]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kirchgellersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Karkgellsen'')</small> * [[Kirchseelta]]<ref name="-e">Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kirchseelte''; [[Saxonice]] ''Seelte'')</small> * [[Kirchtimka]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kirchtimke''; [[Saxonice]] ''Karktimk'')</small> * [[Kirchwalseda]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kirchwalsede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Karkwals'')</small> * [[Kissenbruga]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kissenbrück''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kissenbrügge'')</small> * [[Kneitlinga]]<ref name="-inga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref name="KleinGrosse">De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum "Klein" et "Gross" per Latina "Minor-us" et "Maior-ius", vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kneitlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kneitling'')</small> * [[Kneta Maior]]<ref name="-a"/><ref name="KleinGrosse">De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum "Klein" et "Gross" per Latina "Minor-us" et "Maior-ius", vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Großenkneten''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grotekneten'')</small> * [[Krebecca]]<ref name="-ecca">Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ec(k)'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-ecca-ae" seu "-eca-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-ec, -eck''' : -''ecca'', -''ēca'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Krebeck'')</small> * [[Krummendicum]]<ref name="-dicum">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-di(e)k(e)'' aut ''-deich(e)'' aut ''-dijk'' aut ''-dyk(e)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dicum-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Isendicum]] apud {{Graesse}}; aut [[Mardicum]] apud ''Dictionnaire universel françois et latin, vulgairement appelé Dictionnaire de Trévoux''.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Krummendeich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Krummendiek'')</small> * [[Kusta]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Küsten'')</small> * [[Kutenholtia]]<ref name="-holtia">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-holz'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-holtia-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) -holz : -''holtia'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kutenholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kutenhult'' seu ''Kutenholt'')</small> {{div col end}} === L === {{div col|3}} * [[Laatza]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Laatzen'')</small> * [[Lachendorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Lachendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lachendörp'')</small> * [[Laerium]]<ref name="Stüve 1789">Stüve, J. E. (1789). ''Beschreibung des Fürstenthums Osnabrück mit einigen Urkunden''. Kißling.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Laer'')</small> * [[Laga (Saxonia Inferior)|Laga]]<ref name="-e">Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Lage''; [[Saxonice]] ''Loage'')</small> * [[Lahda]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Lähden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Löhn'')</small> * [[Lahna (Saxonia Inferior)|Lahna]]<ref name="Lahna">Theodiscum toponymum ''Lahn'' forma "Lahna" latinizari solet. Cf. [[Limburgum ad Lahnam]] et [[Laugana|Lahnam]] apud [http://www.archive.org/stream/a568395900unknuoft/a568395900unknuoft_djvu.txt ''Further correspondence respecting the relations existing between foreign governments and the court of Rome: in continuation of papers presented to the Parliament,'' March 27, 1851].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Lahn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lohn'')</small> * [[Lamespringa]]<ref name="Lamespringa">Vide [https://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/20vs/201_MGH/1925-1933%2C_MGH%2C_5_Antiquitates._01_Poetae_04_1._Poetae_Latini_Aevi_Carolini%2C_LT.pdf?utm ''Poetae Latini Aevi Carolini''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Agius autem Lamespringae monachus fuisse videatur'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lamspringe'')</small> * [[Lamstedt]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')</small> * [[Landesbergen]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')</small> * [[Landolfshausen]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')</small> * [[Landwehr (Gemeinde)|Landwehr]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')</small> * [[Langelsheim]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')</small> * '''[[Langen (bei Bremerhaven)|Langen]]''' <small>(b.Bremerhaven)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')</small> * [[Langen (Emsland)|Langen]] <small>(Emsland)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')</small> * [[Langendorf (Elbe)|Langendorf]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')</small> * [[Langenhagen]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')</small> * [[Langeoog]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')</small> * [[Langlingen]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')</small> * [[Langwedel (Weser)|Langwedel]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')</small> * [[Lare]]<ref name="Lare">Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/3014/NOB%20XV%20Grafschaft%20Bentheim.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1&utm ''NOB XV Grafschaft Bentheim''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''LAAR''' (Gem. Laar, Samtgem. Emlichheim) 1232 (A. 14. Jh.) ''totum Lare cum ecclesia'' (Gesta Episc. Traiect. S. 424 Z. 51) 1312 (Transs. 1332; A.) ''sex domos [...] de Lare'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Laar''; [[Saxonice]] ''Loar'')</small> * [[Lastrup]] * [[Lathen]] * [[Lauenau]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Lauenbrück]] * [[Lauenförde]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Lauenhagen]] * [[Leese]] * [[Leezdorf]] * [[Lehe (Emsland)|Lehe]] * [[Lehre (Niedersachsen)|Lehre]] * [[Lehrte]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Leiferde]] * [[Lembruch]] * [[Lemförde]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Lemgow]] * [[Lemwerdera]]<ref name="Rüthning 1926">Rüthning, G. (Ed.) (1926). ''Oldenburger Urkundenbuch''. Gerhard Stalling.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lemwerder'')</small> * [[Lengede]] * [[Lengenbostel]] * [[Lengerich (Emsland)|Lengerich]] * [[Lenne (Niedersachsen)|Lenne]] * [[Leopolis (Saxonia Inferior)|Leopolis]]<ref name="Ebel 1960">Ebel, W. (1960). ''Lübisches Recht: Erster Band''. Hansischer Geschichtsverein.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bleckede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bleikd'')</small> * [[Leri]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Leer''; [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Läär''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lier'')</small> * [[Liebenau (Niedersachsen)|Liebenau]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Liebenburg]] * [[Lilienthal]] * [[Lindern (Oldenburg)]] * [[Lindhorst]] * [[Lindwedel]] * [[Lingen (Ems)]] <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Linsburg]] * [[Lintig]] * [[Lintlo]]<ref name="Lintlo">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/kirchlinteln/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur "(...) Urkundlich ist das Dorf erstmals 1123 als ''Lintlo'' belegt (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kirchlinteln''; [[Saxonice]] ''Karklinteln'' seu ''Kerklinteln'' seu ''Kerklinneln'')</small> * [[Locus Occidentalis (Saxonia Inferior)|Locus Occidentalis]]<ref name="Cellarius 1703">Cellarius, C. (1703). ''Geographia Antiqua iuxta et Nova''. Ienae: Bielckius.</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Westerstede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Westerstäe'')</small> * [[Lohne (Oldenburg)]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Löningen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Lorup]] * [[Loxstedt]] * [[Lübberstedt]] * [[Lübbow]] * [[Luchovia]]<ref name="Luchovia">Vide [https://ia801403.us.archive.org/28/items/antiquitatessele00keys/antiquitatessele00keys.pdf ''Antiquitates selectae septentrionales et Celticae''], ubi dicitur "(...) De Venedicis aut Germanicis prope Luchoviam effossis Epistola ''Georgii Frid, Mithofii'' data Luchovia d. 17. Maji 1691 (...)".</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lüchow''; [[Polabice]] ''Ljauchüw'')</small> * [[Luckau (Saxonia Inferior)|Luckau]] * [[Lüder (Lüneburger Heide)|Lüder]] * [[Lüdersburg]] * [[Lüdersfeld]] * [[Lüerdissen]] * [[Luhden]] * [[Luneburgum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lüneburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lümborg'' seu ''Lünborg''; [[Lingua Saxonica antiqua|Palaeosaxonice]] ''Hliuni'')</small> * [[Lunne]]<ref name="Lunne">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/haseluenne/?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''civibus opidi nostri in Lunne'' (...)". Latinum autem gentilicium "Haselunnensis-e" est. Quo de gentilicio, vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Haselünne''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Lünne'')</small> * [[Lunni (commune generali Spella)|Lunni]]<ref name="Lunni">Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/Fontes/AltdeutschesNamenbuch-Bd2OrtsnamenLbisZ-3A-1913.pdf?utm ''Altdeutsches Namenbuch'']; ubi dicitur "(...) '''Lunni.''' 9. 1) Altlünne bei Plantlünne (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lünne'')</small> * [[Lütetsburg]] * ''[[Lutter am Barenberge]]'' * [[Luttera Regalis]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Königslutter am Elm'')</small> {{div col end}} === M === {{div col|3}} * [[Maasen]] * [[Magna Palus]]<ref name="Magna Palus">[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/magnus?wb=gross&nr=1 Theodiscum toponymicum praefixum ''Große-'' Latino adiectivo "magnus-a-um"] et [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/germanistischewoerterbuecher/altsaechsischeswoerterbuch/asF.pdf Theodiscum suffixum ''-fehn'' Latino nomine "palus paludis" (f.)] vertitur.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Großefehn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grootfehn'')</small> * [[Maius Vrelstede]]<ref name="Maius Vrelstede">Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B76-2/NOB%20VII%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Helmstedt%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Wolfsburg.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1&utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der stadt WoLfsburg'']{{Nexus deficit|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) 1318 ''in Maiori Vrelstede'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Frellstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Frillstidde'')</small> * [[Marienhafe]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Marienhagen]] * [[Mariental (Niedersachsen)|Mariental]] * [[Marklohe]] * [[Marl (Dümmer)|Marl]] * [[Marschacht]] * [[Martfeld]] * [[Marxen]] * [[Mechtersen]] * [[Meckelsa Maior]]<ref name="-a"/><ref name="KleinGrosse">De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum "Klein" et "Gross" per Latina "Minor-us" et "Maior-ius", vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Meckelsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Meckels'')</small> * [[Meckelsa Minor]]<ref name="-a"/><ref name="KleinGrosse"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Klein Meckelsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lütt Meckels'')</small> * [[Meerbeck]] * [[Meine]] * [[Meinersen]] * [[Melbeck]] * [[Melle]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Mellinghausen]] * [[Menslage]] * [[Meppea]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Meppen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Möppen'')</small> * [[Merzen]] * [[Messenkamp]] * [[Messingen]] * [[Midlum (Land Wursten)|Midlum]] * [[Misselwarden]] * [[Mittelnkirchen]] * [[Mittelstenahe]] * [[Moisburg]] * [[Molbergen]] * [[Mons Catonis (Saxonia Inferior)|Mons Catonis]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Cadenberge''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cuddeldutt'' seu ''Kumbarg'')</small> * [[Moormerland]] * [[Moorweg]] * [[Moringen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Müden (Alara)]] * [[Mulsum (Land Wursten)|Mulsum]] * [[Mundia Hannoverana]]<ref name="Mundia Hannoverana">Vide [https://spatial.demo.geocode.earth/explore/place/wof/101810167?utm ''Geocode Earth''], ubi dicitur "(...) LAT preferred '''Mundia Hannoverana''' (...)".</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hann. Münden'' seu ''Hannoversch Münden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hannöversch Münnen'')</small> * [[Munimeri]]<ref name="Dronke 1844">Dronke, E. F. J. (Ed.) (1844). ''Traditiones et Antiquitates Fuldenses: Chartae et registra historica saeculi IX''. Fuldense: Typis Müllerianis.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Münder am Deister''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Münner'')</small> * [[Munster (Örtze)|Munster]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> {{div col end}} === N === {{div col|3}} * [[Nahrendorf]] * [[Natendorf]] * [[Neetze]] * [[Negenborn]] * [[Nenndorf (circulus Widmundensis)|Nenndorf]] * [[Neubörger]] * [[Neu Darchau]] * [[Neuenhusa]]<ref name="-husa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenhaus''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neenhuus'')</small> * [[Neuenkirchen (Altes Land)|Neuenkirchen]] <small>(Altes Land)</small> * [[Neuenkirchen (bei Bassum)|Neuenkirchen]] <small>(b.Bassum)</small> * [[Neuenkirchen (Land Hadeln)|Neuenkirchen]] <small>(Land Hadeln)</small> * [[Neuenkirchen (Landkreis Osnabrück)|Neuenkirchen]] <small>(Lkr.Osnabrück)</small> * [[Neuenkirchen (Lüneburger Heide)|Neuenkirchen]] <small>(Lüneb.Heide)</small> * [[Neuenkirchen-Vörden]] * [[Neuharlingersiel]] * [[Neuhaus (Oste)]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Neuhof (Landkreis Hildesheim)|Neuhof]] * [[Neukamperfehn]] * [[Neulehe]] * [[Neuschoo]] * [[Neustadt am Rübenberge]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Neu Wulmstorf]] * [[Niederlangen]] * [[Niedernwöhren]] * [[Niemetal]] * [[Nienhagen (Landkreis Celle)|Nienhagen]] * [[Nienstädt]] * [[Norden]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Nordenham]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Norderney]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Nordholz]] * [[Nordleda]] * [[Nordsehl]] * [[Nordstemmen]] * [[Nörten-Hardenberg]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Northemium]]<ref name="Nothemium">Vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenahist/wassenberg1/Wassenberg_florus.html ''FLORUS GERMANICUS''] , ubi dicitur "(...) Et VVolferbytum, Northemium, Steinbruggam, Nienburgum (...) Primo vere Tillius tribunos suos Northemium misit (...) Caesaeriani Northemium expugnant (...)".</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Northeim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nuurten'')</small> * [[Northorna]]<ref name="Egli 1893">Egli, J. J. (1893). ''Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume''. [[Lipsia]]e: Friedrich Brandstetter.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nordhorn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nothoorn'' seu ''Notthoarn'' seu ''Netthoarn'' seu ''Noordhoorn'')</small> * [[Nortmoor]] * [[Nortrup]] * [[Nottensdorf]] * [[Nova Urbs (Saxonia Inferior)|Nova Urbs]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nienburg/Weser''; [[Saxonice]] ''Näinborg'' seu ''Nienborg'' seu ''Neenborg'' seu ''Negenborg'')</small> * [[Novale Frigidum]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Colnrade''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kollenroad'')</small> {{div col end}} === O === {{div col|3}} * [[Oberlangen]] * [[Oberndorf (Oste)|Oberndorf]] * [[Obernfeld]] * [[Obernholz]] * [[Obernkirchen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Ochtersum]] * [[Odisheim]] * [[Oederquart]] * [[Oerel]] * [[Oesinga Maior]]<ref name="-inga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref name="KleinGrosse">De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum "Klein" et "Gross" per Latina "Minor-us" et "Maior-ius", vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Oesingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Oesingen'')</small> * [[Oetzen]] * [[Ohne]] * [[Ohrum]] * [[Oldenburgum]] <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Oldendorf (Landkreis Stade)|Oldendorf]] <small>(Lkr.Stade)</small> * [[Oldendorf (Luhe)]] * [[Osloß]] * [[Osnabruga]] <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Osnabrück''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ossenbrääch''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Lingua Saxonica|Westfalice]] ''Ossenbrügge'')</small> * [[Osteel]] * [[Osten (Oste)|Osten]] * [[Osterbruch]] * [[Ostercappeln]] * [[Ostereistedt]] * [[Osterode am Harz]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Osterwald]] * [[Ostrhauderfehn]] * [[Ottenstein (Niedersachsen)|Ottenstein]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Otter]] * [[Otterndorf]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Ottersberg]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Ovelgönne]] * [[Ovenhagium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1703"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Auhagen'')</small> * [[Oyten]] {{div col end}} === P === {{div col|3}} * [[Padingbüttel]] * [[Palus Hagensis]]<ref name="Palus Hagensis">[https://www.latin-is-simple.com/de/vocabulary/noun/13172/#google_vignette Theodiscum toponymicum suffixum ''-marsch'' Latino vocabulo "palus paludis" vertitur] et Latinum gentilicium "Hagensis-e", quod ad [[Haga (Saxonia Inferior)|Hagam]] refertur, Theodiscum gentilicium praefixum ''Hager-'' vertitur. Quo de gentilicio et toponymo, vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3191/Hage.pdf?utm ''Historische Ortsdatenbank für Ostfriesland''], ubi dicitur "(...) Erscheinung trat der Ort als „curatus Hagensis“ im Jahr 1400. Spätere Bezeichnungen waren „Haga“ (um 1409) (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hagermarsch'')</small> * [[Palus Hilcae]]<ref name="Hilkenbrook">Theodiscum toponymum ''Hilkenbrook'', quamquam hodiernum est, syntagmate ''Palus Hilcae'' Latine verti potest. Nomen Germanicum ''Hilcke'', variatio nominis Theodisci ''Hilken-'', apud Stark ad formam Latinam "Hilca-ae" refertur, quae saeculo XII testata est (''Monumenta Garsensia'', n. 37; ''Monumenta Boica'' I, 27): Stark, F. (1866), ''Die Kosenamen der Germanen'', p. 318. Brook, i. e. bruoh «Sumpf, sumpfiges Gelände», Latine "palus, paludis" reddi potest. Itaque, anthroponomycum praefixum ''Hilken-'' ad nomen ''Hilca'' relatum et suffixum ''brook'' per vocabulum "palus, paludis" redditum, ''Hilkenbrook'' interpretari licet "Palus Hilcae".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hilkenbrook'')</small> * [[Palus Regis]]<ref name="Palus Regis">[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Moor?wb=gross&nr=1 Theodiscum suffixum ''-moor'' Latino vocabulo "palus-udis" vertitur] et [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/rex?wb=gross&nr=1 Theodiscum praefixum genetivo casu ''Königs-'' Latino genetivo "regis"] vertitur.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Königsmoor'')</small> * [[Papenburg]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Parsau]] * [[Pattensen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Pegestorf]] * [[Pennigsehl]] * [[Petrimons]]<ref name="Perizonius 1758">Perizonius, J. (1758). ''Compendium historiarum antiquissimarum, civilium et ecclesiasticarum, usque ad seculum decimum octavum: Cum appendice de ducatu Westphaliae et comitatu Petrimontano''. Ex officina Wetsteniana.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Pyrmont''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Puurmont'')</small> * [[Pohle]] * [[Pollhagen]] * [[Pons Cobbanus]]<ref name="Leuckfeld 1714">Leuckfeld, J. G. (1714). ''Antiquitates Blankenburgenses, oder Historische Beschreibung derer vormals berühmten Grafen von Blankenburg, nebst dazugehörigen diplomatibus und Chartis''. Gottfried Freytag.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Coppenbrügge'')</small> * [[Poynum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Peine''; [[Saxonice]] ''Paane''; [[Lingua Theodisca alta recens|Protoneoaltotheodisce]] ''Peina'')</small> * [[Praefectura Neohusana]]<ref name="Grupen II 1742">Grupen, C. U. (1742). ''Disceptationes Forenses cum Observationibus Juris: De originibus et iurisdictione praefecturarum ditionis Brunsvicensis (Caput de Praefectura Neohusana)'' (Vol. II). Hannoverae: Förster.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Amt Neuhaus'')</small> * [[Pratum Vitulorum]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Calberlah'')</small> * [[Prezelle]] * [[Prinzhöfte]] {{div col end}} === Q === {{div col|3}} * [[Quakenbrück]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Quendorf]] * [[Querenhorst]] * [[Quernheim]] {{div col end}} === R === {{div col|3}} * [[Räbke]] * [[Radbruch]] * [[Raddestorf]] * [[Rastdorf]] * [[Rastede]] * [[Rätzlingen (Niedersachsen)|Rätzlingen]] * [[Rechtsupweg]] * [[Reeßum]] * [[Regesbostel]] * [[Rehburg-Loccum]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Rehden]] * [[Rehlingen]] * [[Reinstorf]] * [[Remlingen (Niedersachsen)|Remlingen]] * [[Renkenberge]] * [[Rennau]] * [[Reppenstedt]] * [[Rethem (Aller)]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Rhade]] * [[Rhauderfehn]] * [[Rhede (Ems)]] * [[Rhumspringe]] * [[Ribbesbüttel]] * [[Riede (Landkreis Verden)|Riede]] * [[Rieste]] * [[Ringe]] * [[Ringstedt]] * [[Rinteln]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Ritterhude]] * [[Rodenberg]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Rodewald]] * [[Rohrsen]] * [[Roklum]] * [[Rollshausen]] * [[Römstedt]] * [[Ronnenberg]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Rosche]] * [[Rosdorf]] * [[Rosengarten (Landkreis Harburg)|Rosengarten]] * [[Rotenburgum ad Wemmam]]<ref name="Rotenburgum ad Wemmam">De Latino toponymico syntagmate "[[Rotenburgum ad Wemmam]]" -ad quod Latinum gentilicium "Rotenburgensis-e" refertur-, vide homonymas urbes apud {{Graesse}} et {{Hofmannus}}. De hydronymo "[[Wemma]]", etiam vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Rotenburg''; quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Rotenburg an der Wümme''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rodenborg'')</small> * [[Rötgesbüttel]] * [[Rüdershausen]] * [[Rühen]] * [[Rullstorf]] {{div col end}} === S === {{div col|3}} * [[Sachsenhagen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Sagterlandia]]<ref name="BOV 2013">Bischöfliches Offizialat Vechta (2013). ''Findbuch des Offizialatsarchivs Vechta: Altes Archiv (Abteilung A: Saterlandia, Kirchliche Unterlagen, Akte A 8: „Informatio de Sagterlandia“ aus dem Jahre 1710)''. Vechtae, in Germania: Bischöfliches Offizialat.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Saterland''; quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Sagterland''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Seelterlound'')</small> * [[Salis Cancellum]]<ref name="Cellarius 1703"/> <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Salzgitter''; [[Saxonice]] ''Soltgitter'')</small> * [[Salzbergen]] * [[Salzdetfordium]]<ref name="Marcard 1805"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Salzdetfurth'')</small> * [[Salzhausen]] * [[Salzhemmendorf]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Samern]] * [[Sandbostel]] * [[Sande (Frisia)|Sande]] * [[Sarstedt]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Sassenburg]] * [[Sathsa]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Sachsa'')</small> * [[Sauensiek]] * [[Schapen]] * [[Scharnebeck]] * [[Scheden]] * [[Scheeßel]] * [[Schellerten]] * [[Schiffdorf]] * [[Schladen-Werla]] * [[Schnackenburg]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Schnega]] * [[Schneverdingen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Schola Dei]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&cq=M%C3%BCnchen&lang=de''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ihlow''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ihl'')</small> * [[Scholen]] * [[Schönewörde]] * [[Schöningen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Schöppenstedt]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Schortens]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Schüttorf]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Schwaförden]] * [[Schwanewede]] * [[Schwarme]] * [[Schwarmstedt]] * [[Schweindorf]] * [[Schweringen]] * [[Schwerinsdorf]] * [[Schwienau]] * [[Schwülper]] * [[Seeburg (Niedersachsen)|Seeburg]] * [[Seedorf (bei Zeven)|Seedorf]] * [[Seelze]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Seesen]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Seevetal]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Seggebruch]] * [[Sehlde]] * [[Sehlem (Niedersachsen)|Sehlem]] * [[Sehnde]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Selsingen]] * [[Semmenstedt]] * [[Seulingen]] * [[Sibbesse]] * [[Sickte]] * [[Siedenburg]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Sittensen]] * [[Soderstorf]] * [[Sögel]] * [[Söhlde]] * [[Söllingen (Niedersachsen)|Söllingen]] * [[Soltau]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Soltendieck]] * [[Sottrum]] * [[Spahnharrenstätte]] * [[Spella]]<ref name="Spella">Vide [https://www.emsland.com/la/tour/emsland-route-395-km?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''www.esland.com''], ubi dicitur "(...) A Spella ad Rhenum: circiter XVI km (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Spelle'')</small> * [[Spiekeroog]] * [[Sprakensehl]] * [[Springe]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Stadae]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Stade''; [[Saxonice]] ''Stood'')</small> * [[Stadlandia]]<ref>Ioannes Iustus Wynkelman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=WvgaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA617&lpg=PA617&dq=statlandia+saxonia&source=bl&ots=Ysl9JI4L06&sig=2y6x3I38sU3-RcrP0HtnSkUxssI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCwQ6AEwA2oVChMIwqiv-NWMxgIVQgmSCh2CZwDj#v=onepage&q=statlandia%20saxonia&f=false ''Notitia historico-politica veteris Saxo-Westphaliae finitimarumque regionum,''] 1667:277.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Stadland'')</small> * [[Staffhorst]] * [[Staufenberg]] * [[Stavern]] * [[Stedesdorf]] * [[Steimbke]] * [[Steinau (Niedersachsen)|Steinau]] * [[Steinfeld (Oldenburg)]] * [[Steinhorst (Niedersachsen)|Steinhorst]] * [[Steinkirchen (Altes Land)|Steinkirchen]] * [[Stelle]] * [[Stemmen (Landkreis Rotenburg)|Stemmen]] * [[Stemshorn]] * [[Steyerberg]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Stinstedt]] * [[Stöckse]] * [[Stoetze]] * [[Stolzenau]] * [[Stuhr]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Südbrookmerland]] * [[Suderburg]] * [[Südergellersen]] * [[Südheide]] * [[Sudwalde]] * [[Suhlendorf]] * [[Sulingen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Süpplingen]] * [[Süpplingenburg]] * [[Süstedt]] * [[Sustrum]] * [[Surwold]] * [[Suthfeld]] * [[Syke]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> {{div col end}} === T === {{div col|3}} * [[Tappenbeck]] * [[Tarmstedt]] * [[Tespe]] * [[Teuderium]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Detern''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Tjootern''; [[Saxonice|Orientalifrisicosaxonice]] ''Däitern'')</small> * [[Thransfellensis Ecclesia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dransfeld'')</small> * [[Thedinghausen]] * [[Theodolfestorpum]]<ref name="Asseburg 1855">Asseburg, J. von der. (1855). ''Urkundenbuch des Geschlechts von der Asseburg (Vol. 1)''. Hahnschen Hofbuchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dedelstorf'')</small> * [[Thomasburg]] * [[Thorpum]]<ref name="Thorpum">Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/ZIER-HP/ZIER-HP-06-2016/AAAKoeblerGerhardDorfinderdeutschenOrtsgeschichte20160831-7111.htm ''www.koeblergerhard.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Dörpen''', 9. Jh., bei Aschendorf nördlich Meppens, F2-1090 THURP (Dorf) Dorfa (7), Thorpum (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dörpen'')</small> * [[Thuine]] * [[Tiddische]] * [[Tiste]] * [[Toppenstedt]] * [[Tostedt]] * [[Tosterglope]] * [[Trebel]] * [[Triburi]]<ref name="Philippi & Bar 1892"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Drebber'')</small> * [[Tülau]] * [[Twieflingen]] * [[Twilpstede Maius]]<ref name="Twilpstede Maius">Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B76-2/NOB%20VII%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Helmstedt%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Wolfsburg.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1&utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg'']{{Nexus deficit|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) 1311 ''Twilpstede Maiori'' (...) 1311 ''Twilpstede Maiori et Minori'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Twülpstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Twülpstidde'')</small> * [[Twist (Emsland)|Twist]] * [[Twistringen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> {{div col end}} === U === {{div col|3}} * [[Uchte]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Uehrde]] * [[Uelsen]] * [[Uetze]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Ulsena]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Uelzen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Ülz’n'')</small> * [[Ummern]] * [[Undeloh]] * [[Upgant-Schott]] * [[Uplengen]] * [[Uslar]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Utarp]] {{div col end}} === V === {{div col|3}} * [[Vahlberg]] * [[Vahlbruch]] * [[Vahlde]] * [[Vallis Ambrae]]<ref name="Ambra">Latino de toponymo "Ambra" (Theodisce ''Emmer''), vide {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref name="Vallis">[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Tal?wb=gross&nr=1 Theodiscum vocabulum ''T(h)al'' aut Theodiscum suffixum ''-t(h)al'' Latino vocabulo "vallis-is"] vertitur.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Emmerthal''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emmerdaal'')</small> * [[Vallis Augae]]<ref name="SLH 1988">Societas Latina Hannoverana (1988). ''Fasciculi geographici et historici: De parvis provinciis ditionis Hannoveranae et Schaumburgensis''. Hannoverae: Typis Exscripsit Libraria Scripturarum.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Auetal'')</small> * [[Vallis Claustra-Cella]]<ref name="Conring 1730">Conring, H. (1730). ''De Antiquitatibus Academicis Dissertationes Septem''. Officina Smeinkiana.</ref><ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Clausthal-Zellerfeld''; [[Supraharthice]] ''Clasthol-Zallerfall'')</small> * [[Varel]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Varrel]] * [[Vastorf]] * [[Vechelde]] * [[Velpke]] * [[Veltheim (Ohe)]] * [[Vetha]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Vechta''; [[Saxonice]] ''Vechte'')</small> * [[Vicus Adelaidis]]<ref name="ALF 2016">Academia Latinitati Fovendae (2016). ''Commentarii Academiae Latinitati Fovendae: De novis parochiis et communibus Saxoniae Inferioris textus'' (Vol. XXIV). Romae: Herder.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Adelheidsdorf'')</small> * [[Vicus Vetus Hassicus]]<ref name="Vicus Vetus Hassicus">Vide [https://www.fallingrain.com/world/GM/06/Hessisch_Oldendorf.html?utm ''www.fallingrain''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Other (Latin) names: Vicus Vetus Hassicus,Vicus Vetus Hassicus,Hessisch-Oldendorf,Hessisch-Oldendorf''' (...)".</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hessisch Oldendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eolendörpe'')</small> * [[Vierden]] * [[Vierhöfen]] * [[Vildhusia]]<ref name="Hofmannus"/> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Wildeshausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wilshusen'')</small> * [[Villa Cremilonis]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cremlingen'')</small> * [[Vintlum]]<ref name="Vintlum">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/schneverdingen-peter-und-paul/?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Schneverdingen, Peter und Paul''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''capella in honorem sancti Anthonii in villa Vintlo parrochie Snewerdinge'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Fintel'')</small> * [[Visbek]] * [[Visselhövede]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Vögelsen]] * [[Vollersode]] * [[Voltlage]] * [[Vorda Bremensis]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bremervörde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bremervöör'')</small> * [[Vordorf]] * [[Vorwerk (Niedersachsen)|Vorwerk]] * [[Vrees]] {{div col end}} === W === {{div col|3}} * [[Waake]] * [[Waddeweitz]] * [[Wagenfeld]] * [[Wagenhoff]] * [[Wahrenholz]] * [[Walchum]] * [[Walkenried]] * [[Wallenhorst]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Wallmoden]] * [[Walsrode]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Wangelnstedt]] * [[Wangerland]] * [[Wangerooge]] * [[Wanna]] * [[Warberg]] * [[Wardenburg]] * [[Warmsen]] * [[Warpe]] * [[Wasbüttel]] * [[Wathlingen]] * [[Wedemark]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Weener]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Weenzen]] * [[Wehrbleck]] * [[Welle]] * [[Wendeburg]] * [[Wendisch Evern]] * [[Wennigsen]] * [[Wenzendorf]] * [[Werdum]] * [[Werlte]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Werpeloh]] * [[Wesendorf]] * [[Weste (Niedersachsen)|Weste]] * [[Westergellersen]] * [[Westerholt]] * [[Westertimke]] * [[Westerwalsede]] * [[Westfeld (Niedersachsen)|Westfeld]] * [[Westoverledingen]] * [[Wetschen]] * [[Wettrup]] * [[Weyhausen]] * [[Weyhe]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Wieda]] * [[Wiedensahl]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Wiefelstede]] * [[Wielen]] * [[Wienhausen]] * [[Wiesmoor]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Wietmarschen]] * [[Wietze]] * [[Wietzen]] * [[Wietzendorf]] * [[Wilhelmshaven]] <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Wilstedt]] * [[Wilsum]] * [[Wingst]] * [[Winkelsett]] * [[Winnigstedt]] * [[Winsen (Aller)]] * [[Winsenia]]<ref name="Büttner">Büttner, D. S. (1710). ''Rudera Diluvii Testes, i.e. Zeichnung und Abbildung derer Columnarum Sceletonum''. Gottfried Zimmermann.</ref> <small>(ad [[Luya]]m<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Winsen'')</small> * [[Winzenburg]] * [[Wippingen]] * [[Wirdum]] * [[Wischhafen]] * [[Wistedt]] * [[Witmundia]]<ref>E.g., [[Ioannes Luyts|Ioannis Luyts]] ''Introductio ad Geographiam novam et veterem'', Ultraiecti 1692, [https://books.google.fr/books?id=_o0YP3-9VTMC&pg=PA281&dq=Witmundia&hl=ru&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjShLT7vdDrAhVJw4sKHZLLCokQ6AEwAnoECAMQAg#v=onepage&q=Witmundia&f=false p. 281].</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wittmund'')</small> * [[Wittingen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Wittmar]] * [[Wittorf]] * [[Wohnste]] * [[Wolfsburgum]]<ref>Vide nomini arcis: Samuel Pufendorfus, ''Commentariorum de rebus Suecicis libri XXVI'' {{Google Books|lV1PAAAAcAAJ|pag. 457 et 475}}, ''Nova Acta Eruditorum'' {{Google Books|eGFlITDJFSMC|pag. 487}}, Lipsiae, anno 1756, ac ''Itininerarium Thomae Carve, Tipperariensis'' ([https://archive.org/details/itinerariumthom00kerngoog/page/n182 pag. 108]).</ref> <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> </small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Wolfsburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wulfsborg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wolfsbuurich'')</small> * [[Wollbrandshausen]] * [[Wollershausen]] * [[Wölpinghausen]] * [[Wolsdorf]] * [[Woltersdorf (Wendland)|Woltersdorf]] * [[Woltershausen]] * [[Worde]]<ref name="Worde">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/grossenwoerden/?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Hinricus rector ecclesie in Worde'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Großenwörden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grootweurn'')</small> * [[Worpswede]] * [[Wremen]] * [[Wrestedt]] * [[Wriedel]] * [[Wulfsen]] * [[Wulften ad Harthicos montes]] * [[Wunstorf]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Wurster Nordseeküste]] * [[Wustrow (Saxonia Inferior)]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> {{div col end}} === Y === {{div col|3}} * [[Ylsede]]<ref name="Ylsede">Vide [https://kleinilsede.hier-im-netz.de/historis.htm ''Historisches über Klein Ilsede''], ubi dicitur "(...) minori ylsede (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ilsede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ilse'')</small> * [[Yppenerdhe]]<ref name="Yppenerdhe">Vide [https://www.gross-ippener.de/gemeinde/geschichte.html?utm ''Groß Ippene''], ubi dicitur "(...) Parrochia Yppenerdhe (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Ippener''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Ippner'')</small> * [[Ysinibutle]]<ref name="Ysinibutle">Vide [https://www.arcinsys.niedersachsen.de/arcinsys/showArchivalDescriptionDetails?archivalDescriptionId=5905372&utm ''Arcinsys''], ubi dicitur "(...) Isenbüttel, Kr. Gifhorn (Ysinibutle, Ysenebutle) (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Isenbüttel'')</small> {{div col end}} === Z === {{div col|3}} * [[Zernien]] * [[Zetel]] * [[Zeven]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Zorge]] {{div col end}} ==Notae== <references /> [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris|!]] i9mb4kchuiwax6201jrfejxe9f3yxks Tactus 0 226004 3986622 3986477 2026-09-08T14:47:26Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De informationis tactilis itinere corticem versus */ 3986622 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:(Toulouse) Le toucher (La Dame à la licorne) - Musée de Cluny Paris.jpg|thumb|Exemplar e serie tapetum dominae cum [[Unicornis|unicorne]]. [[Lutetia]]e, in Museo nationali aevi medii.]] [[Fasciculus:Blausen 0805 Skin MerkelCell.png|thumb|Exemplum receptorii tactus. Disci tactiles ''Merkel'' in cute absconditi.]] {{res|Tactus}} ({{pns|ūs|m|tactus}}) est [[sensus (biologia)|sensus]], accuratius facultas somatosensoria, quem [[systema sensorium]] [[cutis]] invisibile parit. Tactus [[manus]] [[scriptura Braille|scripturam Braille]] et [[quadrum tactile]] communicare potest. In [[corpus humanum|corporis humani]] cute ad singulas qualitates contactuum percipiendas varia receptoria respondent. == Receptoria tactus == Haec sunt praecipua cutis mechanoreceptoria quae informationem tactilem signis electricis transmittunt: [[Fasciculus:Gray936.png|thumb|Corpusculum tactus Meissnerianum.]] * [[Corpusculum Pacinianum]] (corpusculum lamellosum) * [[Corpusculum bulboideum]] (sec. [[Gulielmus Krause|Gulielmum Krause]]) * [[Cellula Merkeliana]] * [[Corpusculum Ruffinianum|Corpusculum sensorium fusiforme]] Ruffinianum * [[Corpusculum Meissnerianum]]<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Cauna N., Ross L. L. |title=The fine structure of Meissner's touch corpuscles of human fingers |journal=The journal of biophysical and biochemical cytology |year=[[1960]] |volume=8 |issue= |pages=467–82 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13691669}}</ref> (corpusculum tactus) == De informationis tactilis itinere corticem versus == [[Axon|Axones]] afferentes [[Neuron|neuronum]] primi ordinis vel primariorum, quorum corpora in [[Ganglion autonomicum|ganglionibus]] spinalibus iacent, in medullam per radices dorsales intrant ubi plures ramos collaterales proiciunt. Axones ascendentes per ''columnas dorsales'' usque ad [[truncus encephali|truncum cerebri]] pergunt. Ibi [[Synapsis chemica|synapsem]] faciunt sive in [[nucleus gracilis|nucleo gracili]] si ex inferiore parte corporis proveniunt, sive in [[Nucleus cuneatus|nucleo cuneato]] si ex superiore parte. Deinde ad latus oppositum transeunt ([[Decussatio|decussatio]]) ita ut [[Hemisphaerium cerebri|hemisphaerium]] dextrum informationes tactiles laevae corporis partis curet et vice versa. Illi axones secundi ordinis (secundarii) viam [[lemniscus medialis|lemnisci medialis]] usque ad [[Thalamus (cerebrum)|thalamum]] sequuntur. Ibi in nucleo ventroso posteriore laterali (VPL) synapsem faciunt cum nervis tertii ordinis qui informationem ad [[cortex somesthesicus|corticem somesthesicum]] vel somatosensorium adducunt (I gyrum postcentralem II prope scissuram Sylvii) ubi integratur. In capite neuronum primariorum corpora in ganglione Gasseriano iacent. Inde informationem intra truncum ad complexum sensorium [[Nervus trigeminus|trigemini]] ducunt unde per lemniscum trigemini ad nucleum ventrosum posteriorem medium (VPM) thalami pervenit. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == [[Fasciculus:Gray759.png|thumb|Via lemnisci medialis]] *Victoria E. Abrairal, David D. Ginty. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627313007101 The Sensory Neurons of Touch]", ''Neuron'', 2013: 618-639 *Ian Darian Smith, "[https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev.ps.33.020182.001103 Touch in Primates]", ''Annual Review of Psychology'', 1982: 155-194 **"[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/j.2040-4603.1984.tb00889.x?msockid=3c52cef0d54c6e1f074dd9ebd48f6f54 The Sense of Touch: Performance and Peripheral Neural Processes]", ''Comprehensive Physiology'', 1984: 739-788 *Matthew J. Hertenstein & Sandra J. Weiss (curatores). ''The handbook of touch : neuroscience, behavioral, and health perspectives'', Springer, 2011 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=futOTes5spcC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263530628_The_handbook_of_touch_Neuroscience_behavioral_and_health_perspectives Recensio critica] *Roland S. Johansson & J. Randall Flanagan. "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/24263317_Coding_and_use_of_tactile_signals_from_the_fingertips_in_object_manipulation_tasks Coding and use of tactile signals from the fingertips in object manipulation tasks]", ''Nature Reviews Neuroscience'', 2009: 345–359 *Roland S. Johansson, Åke B. Vallbo. "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222197699_Tactile_sensory_coding_in_the_glabrous_skin_of_human_hand Tactile sensory coding in the glabrous skin of the human hand]", ''Trends in Neurosciences'', 1983: 27-32 *Kenneth Johnson, "[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/0471214426.pas0113?msockid=3c52cef0d54c6e1f074dd9ebd48f6f54 Neural Basis of Haptic Perception]" in ''Stevens' Handbook of Experimental Psychology'' vol.1, 2002: 537-583 *Jon H. Kaas, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0940960211802128 The functional organization of somatosensory cortex in primates]", ''Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger'', 1993: 509-518 *J. Kaas, C. Collins. "[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12894401/b The organization of somatosensory cortex in anthropoid primates]", ''Advances in neurology'', 2003: 57-67 *Lederman, S.J., Klatzky, R.L. "[https://link.springer.com/article/10.3758/APP.71.7.1439 Haptic perception: A tutorial]", ''Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics'', 2009: 1439–1459 *Jean-Pascal Lefaucheur, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S098770531930022X Implications des différents types de fibres nerveuses dans la sensibilité cutanée mécanique et thermique et conséquences sur la douleur neuropathique périphérique]", ''Neurophysiologie Clinique'', 2019: 257 == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Touch tactum] spectant {{NexInt}} * [[Pressio]] * [[Somatopsyche]] {{Biologia-stipula}} [[Categoria:Neurologia]] [[Categoria:Tactus| ]] 1ji7bwt9y7kn8j5unedpnga7kc4cpb5 3986624 3986622 2026-09-08T14:50:10Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De informationis tactilis itinere corticem versus */ 3986624 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:(Toulouse) Le toucher (La Dame à la licorne) - Musée de Cluny Paris.jpg|thumb|Exemplar e serie tapetum dominae cum [[Unicornis|unicorne]]. [[Lutetia]]e, in Museo nationali aevi medii.]] [[Fasciculus:Blausen 0805 Skin MerkelCell.png|thumb|Exemplum receptorii tactus. Disci tactiles ''Merkel'' in cute absconditi.]] {{res|Tactus}} ({{pns|ūs|m|tactus}}) est [[sensus (biologia)|sensus]], accuratius facultas somatosensoria, quem [[systema sensorium]] [[cutis]] invisibile parit. Tactus [[manus]] [[scriptura Braille|scripturam Braille]] et [[quadrum tactile]] communicare potest. In [[corpus humanum|corporis humani]] cute ad singulas qualitates contactuum percipiendas varia receptoria respondent. == Receptoria tactus == Haec sunt praecipua cutis mechanoreceptoria quae informationem tactilem signis electricis transmittunt: [[Fasciculus:Gray936.png|thumb|Corpusculum tactus Meissnerianum.]] * [[Corpusculum Pacinianum]] (corpusculum lamellosum) * [[Corpusculum bulboideum]] (sec. [[Gulielmus Krause|Gulielmum Krause]]) * [[Cellula Merkeliana]] * [[Corpusculum Ruffinianum|Corpusculum sensorium fusiforme]] Ruffinianum * [[Corpusculum Meissnerianum]]<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Cauna N., Ross L. L. |title=The fine structure of Meissner's touch corpuscles of human fingers |journal=The journal of biophysical and biochemical cytology |year=[[1960]] |volume=8 |issue= |pages=467–82 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13691669}}</ref> (corpusculum tactus) == De informationis tactilis itinere corticem versus == [[Axon|Axones]] afferentes [[Neuron|neuronum]] primi ordinis vel primariorum, quorum corpora in [[Ganglion autonomicum|ganglionibus]] spinalibus iacent, in medullam per radices dorsales intrant ubi plures ramos collaterales proiciunt. Axones ascendentes per ''columnas dorsales'' usque ad [[truncus encephali|truncum cerebri]] pergunt. Ibi [[Synapsis chemica|synapsem]] faciunt sive in [[nucleus gracilis|nucleo gracili]] si ex inferiore parte corporis proveniunt, sive in [[Nucleus cuneatus|nucleo cuneato]] si ex superiore parte. Deinde ad latus oppositum transeunt ([[Decussatio|decussatio]]) ita ut [[Hemisphaerium cerebri|hemisphaerium]] dextrum informationes tactiles laevae corporis partis curet et vice versa. Illi axones secundi ordinis (secundarii) viam [[lemniscus medialis|lemnisci medialis]] usque ad [[Thalamus (cerebrum)|thalamum]] sequuntur. Ibi in nucleo ventroso posteriore laterali (VPL) synapsem faciunt cum nervis tertii ordinis qui informationem ad [[cortex somesthesicus|corticem somesthesicum]] vel somatosensorium adducunt (I gyrum postcentralem II prope scissuram Sylvii) ubi integratur. In capite neuronum primariorum corpora in [[ganglion Gasserianum|ganglione Gasseriano]] iacent. Inde informationem intra truncum ad complexum sensorium [[Nervus trigeminus|trigemini]] ducunt unde per lemniscum trigemini ad nucleum ventrosum posteriorem medium (VPM) thalami pervenit. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == [[Fasciculus:Gray759.png|thumb|Via lemnisci medialis]] *Victoria E. Abrairal, David D. Ginty. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627313007101 The Sensory Neurons of Touch]", ''Neuron'', 2013: 618-639 *Ian Darian Smith, "[https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev.ps.33.020182.001103 Touch in Primates]", ''Annual Review of Psychology'', 1982: 155-194 **"[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/j.2040-4603.1984.tb00889.x?msockid=3c52cef0d54c6e1f074dd9ebd48f6f54 The Sense of Touch: Performance and Peripheral Neural Processes]", ''Comprehensive Physiology'', 1984: 739-788 *Matthew J. Hertenstein & Sandra J. Weiss (curatores). ''The handbook of touch : neuroscience, behavioral, and health perspectives'', Springer, 2011 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=futOTes5spcC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263530628_The_handbook_of_touch_Neuroscience_behavioral_and_health_perspectives Recensio critica] *Roland S. Johansson & J. Randall Flanagan. "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/24263317_Coding_and_use_of_tactile_signals_from_the_fingertips_in_object_manipulation_tasks Coding and use of tactile signals from the fingertips in object manipulation tasks]", ''Nature Reviews Neuroscience'', 2009: 345–359 *Roland S. Johansson, Åke B. Vallbo. "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222197699_Tactile_sensory_coding_in_the_glabrous_skin_of_human_hand Tactile sensory coding in the glabrous skin of the human hand]", ''Trends in Neurosciences'', 1983: 27-32 *Kenneth Johnson, "[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/0471214426.pas0113?msockid=3c52cef0d54c6e1f074dd9ebd48f6f54 Neural Basis of Haptic Perception]" in ''Stevens' Handbook of Experimental Psychology'' vol.1, 2002: 537-583 *Jon H. Kaas, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0940960211802128 The functional organization of somatosensory cortex in primates]", ''Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger'', 1993: 509-518 *J. Kaas, C. Collins. "[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12894401/b The organization of somatosensory cortex in anthropoid primates]", ''Advances in neurology'', 2003: 57-67 *Lederman, S.J., Klatzky, R.L. "[https://link.springer.com/article/10.3758/APP.71.7.1439 Haptic perception: A tutorial]", ''Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics'', 2009: 1439–1459 *Jean-Pascal Lefaucheur, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S098770531930022X Implications des différents types de fibres nerveuses dans la sensibilité cutanée mécanique et thermique et conséquences sur la douleur neuropathique périphérique]", ''Neurophysiologie Clinique'', 2019: 257 == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Touch tactum] spectant {{NexInt}} * [[Pressio]] * [[Somatopsyche]] {{Biologia-stipula}} [[Categoria:Neurologia]] [[Categoria:Tactus| ]] a4mn6rstvnjlwu76houbwx8sp8z756b 3986628 3986624 2026-09-08T15:23:56Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Plura legere si cupis */ 3986628 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:(Toulouse) Le toucher (La Dame à la licorne) - Musée de Cluny Paris.jpg|thumb|Exemplar e serie tapetum dominae cum [[Unicornis|unicorne]]. [[Lutetia]]e, in Museo nationali aevi medii.]] [[Fasciculus:Blausen 0805 Skin MerkelCell.png|thumb|Exemplum receptorii tactus. Disci tactiles ''Merkel'' in cute absconditi.]] {{res|Tactus}} ({{pns|ūs|m|tactus}}) est [[sensus (biologia)|sensus]], accuratius facultas somatosensoria, quem [[systema sensorium]] [[cutis]] invisibile parit. Tactus [[manus]] [[scriptura Braille|scripturam Braille]] et [[quadrum tactile]] communicare potest. In [[corpus humanum|corporis humani]] cute ad singulas qualitates contactuum percipiendas varia receptoria respondent. == Receptoria tactus == Haec sunt praecipua cutis mechanoreceptoria quae informationem tactilem signis electricis transmittunt: [[Fasciculus:Gray936.png|thumb|Corpusculum tactus Meissnerianum.]] * [[Corpusculum Pacinianum]] (corpusculum lamellosum) * [[Corpusculum bulboideum]] (sec. [[Gulielmus Krause|Gulielmum Krause]]) * [[Cellula Merkeliana]] * [[Corpusculum Ruffinianum|Corpusculum sensorium fusiforme]] Ruffinianum * [[Corpusculum Meissnerianum]]<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Cauna N., Ross L. L. |title=The fine structure of Meissner's touch corpuscles of human fingers |journal=The journal of biophysical and biochemical cytology |year=[[1960]] |volume=8 |issue= |pages=467–82 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13691669}}</ref> (corpusculum tactus) == De informationis tactilis itinere corticem versus == [[Axon|Axones]] afferentes [[Neuron|neuronum]] primi ordinis vel primariorum, quorum corpora in [[Ganglion autonomicum|ganglionibus]] spinalibus iacent, in medullam per radices dorsales intrant ubi plures ramos collaterales proiciunt. Axones ascendentes per ''columnas dorsales'' usque ad [[truncus encephali|truncum cerebri]] pergunt. Ibi [[Synapsis chemica|synapsem]] faciunt sive in [[nucleus gracilis|nucleo gracili]] si ex inferiore parte corporis proveniunt, sive in [[Nucleus cuneatus|nucleo cuneato]] si ex superiore parte. Deinde ad latus oppositum transeunt ([[Decussatio|decussatio]]) ita ut [[Hemisphaerium cerebri|hemisphaerium]] dextrum informationes tactiles laevae corporis partis curet et vice versa. Illi axones secundi ordinis (secundarii) viam [[lemniscus medialis|lemnisci medialis]] usque ad [[Thalamus (cerebrum)|thalamum]] sequuntur. Ibi in nucleo ventroso posteriore laterali (VPL) synapsem faciunt cum nervis tertii ordinis qui informationem ad [[cortex somesthesicus|corticem somesthesicum]] vel somatosensorium adducunt (I gyrum postcentralem II prope scissuram Sylvii) ubi integratur. In capite neuronum primariorum corpora in [[ganglion Gasserianum|ganglione Gasseriano]] iacent. Inde informationem intra truncum ad complexum sensorium [[Nervus trigeminus|trigemini]] ducunt unde per lemniscum trigemini ad nucleum ventrosum posteriorem medium (VPM) thalami pervenit. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == [[Fasciculus:Gray759.png|thumb|Via lemnisci medialis]] *Victoria E. Abrairal, David D. Ginty. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627313007101 The Sensory Neurons of Touch]", ''Neuron'', 2013: 618-639 *Ian Darian Smith, "[https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev.ps.33.020182.001103 Touch in Primates]", ''Annual Review of Psychology'', 1982: 155-194 **"[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/j.2040-4603.1984.tb00889.x?msockid=3c52cef0d54c6e1f074dd9ebd48f6f54 The Sense of Touch: Performance and Peripheral Neural Processes]", ''Comprehensive Physiology'', 1984: 739-788 *Matthew J. Hertenstein & Sandra J. Weiss (curatores). ''The handbook of touch : neuroscience, behavioral, and health perspectives'', Springer, 2011 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=futOTes5spcC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263530628_The_handbook_of_touch_Neuroscience_behavioral_and_health_perspectives Recensio critica] *Roland S. Johansson & J. Randall Flanagan. "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/24263317_Coding_and_use_of_tactile_signals_from_the_fingertips_in_object_manipulation_tasks Coding and use of tactile signals from the fingertips in object manipulation tasks]", ''Nature Reviews Neuroscience'', 2009: 345–359 *Roland S. Johansson, Åke B. Vallbo. "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222197699_Tactile_sensory_coding_in_the_glabrous_skin_of_human_hand Tactile sensory coding in the glabrous skin of the human hand]", ''Trends in Neurosciences'', 1983: 27-32 *Kenneth Johnson, "[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/0471214426.pas0113?msockid=3c52cef0d54c6e1f074dd9ebd48f6f54 Neural Basis of Haptic Perception]" in ''Stevens' Handbook of Experimental Psychology'' vol.1, 2002: 537-583 *Jon H. Kaas, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0940960211802128 The functional organization of somatosensory cortex in primates]", ''Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger'', 1993: 509-518 *J. Kaas, C. Collins. "[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12894401/b The organization of somatosensory cortex in anthropoid primates]", ''Advances in neurology'', 2003: 57-67 *Lederman, S.J., Klatzky, R.L. "[https://link.springer.com/article/10.3758/APP.71.7.1439 Haptic perception: A tutorial]", ''Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics'', 2009: 1439–1459 *Jean-Pascal Lefaucheur, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S098770531930022X Implications des différents types de fibres nerveuses dans la sensibilité cutanée mécanique et thermique et conséquences sur la douleur neuropathique périphérique]", ''Neurophysiologie Clinique'', 2019: 257 *Sanjeev S. Ranade, Ruhma Syeda, Ardem Patapoutian. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627315007266 Mechanically Activated Ion Channels]", ''Neuron'', 2015: 1162-1179 == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Touch tactum] spectant {{NexInt}} * [[Pressio]] * [[Somatopsyche]] {{Biologia-stipula}} [[Categoria:Neurologia]] [[Categoria:Tactus| ]] 5a3v237tnq92e0ncpsasfbkj90nsbdu 3986631 3986628 2026-09-08T15:27:56Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Plura legere si cupis */ 3986631 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:(Toulouse) Le toucher (La Dame à la licorne) - Musée de Cluny Paris.jpg|thumb|Exemplar e serie tapetum dominae cum [[Unicornis|unicorne]]. [[Lutetia]]e, in Museo nationali aevi medii.]] [[Fasciculus:Blausen 0805 Skin MerkelCell.png|thumb|Exemplum receptorii tactus. Disci tactiles ''Merkel'' in cute absconditi.]] {{res|Tactus}} ({{pns|ūs|m|tactus}}) est [[sensus (biologia)|sensus]], accuratius facultas somatosensoria, quem [[systema sensorium]] [[cutis]] invisibile parit. Tactus [[manus]] [[scriptura Braille|scripturam Braille]] et [[quadrum tactile]] communicare potest. In [[corpus humanum|corporis humani]] cute ad singulas qualitates contactuum percipiendas varia receptoria respondent. == Receptoria tactus == Haec sunt praecipua cutis mechanoreceptoria quae informationem tactilem signis electricis transmittunt: [[Fasciculus:Gray936.png|thumb|Corpusculum tactus Meissnerianum.]] * [[Corpusculum Pacinianum]] (corpusculum lamellosum) * [[Corpusculum bulboideum]] (sec. [[Gulielmus Krause|Gulielmum Krause]]) * [[Cellula Merkeliana]] * [[Corpusculum Ruffinianum|Corpusculum sensorium fusiforme]] Ruffinianum * [[Corpusculum Meissnerianum]]<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Cauna N., Ross L. L. |title=The fine structure of Meissner's touch corpuscles of human fingers |journal=The journal of biophysical and biochemical cytology |year=[[1960]] |volume=8 |issue= |pages=467–82 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13691669}}</ref> (corpusculum tactus) == De informationis tactilis itinere corticem versus == [[Axon|Axones]] afferentes [[Neuron|neuronum]] primi ordinis vel primariorum, quorum corpora in [[Ganglion autonomicum|ganglionibus]] spinalibus iacent, in medullam per radices dorsales intrant ubi plures ramos collaterales proiciunt. Axones ascendentes per ''columnas dorsales'' usque ad [[truncus encephali|truncum cerebri]] pergunt. Ibi [[Synapsis chemica|synapsem]] faciunt sive in [[nucleus gracilis|nucleo gracili]] si ex inferiore parte corporis proveniunt, sive in [[Nucleus cuneatus|nucleo cuneato]] si ex superiore parte. Deinde ad latus oppositum transeunt ([[Decussatio|decussatio]]) ita ut [[Hemisphaerium cerebri|hemisphaerium]] dextrum informationes tactiles laevae corporis partis curet et vice versa. Illi axones secundi ordinis (secundarii) viam [[lemniscus medialis|lemnisci medialis]] usque ad [[Thalamus (cerebrum)|thalamum]] sequuntur. Ibi in nucleo ventroso posteriore laterali (VPL) synapsem faciunt cum nervis tertii ordinis qui informationem ad [[cortex somesthesicus|corticem somesthesicum]] vel somatosensorium adducunt (I gyrum postcentralem II prope scissuram Sylvii) ubi integratur. In capite neuronum primariorum corpora in [[ganglion Gasserianum|ganglione Gasseriano]] iacent. Inde informationem intra truncum ad complexum sensorium [[Nervus trigeminus|trigemini]] ducunt unde per lemniscum trigemini ad nucleum ventrosum posteriorem medium (VPM) thalami pervenit. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == [[Fasciculus:Gray759.png|thumb|Via lemnisci medialis]] *Victoria E. Abrairal, David D. Ginty. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627313007101 The Sensory Neurons of Touch]", ''Neuron'', 2013: 618-639 *Ian Darian Smith, "[https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev.ps.33.020182.001103 Touch in Primates]", ''Annual Review of Psychology'', 1982: 155-194 **"[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/j.2040-4603.1984.tb00889.x?msockid=3c52cef0d54c6e1f074dd9ebd48f6f54 The Sense of Touch: Performance and Peripheral Neural Processes]", ''Comprehensive Physiology'', 1984: 739-788 *Matthew J. Hertenstein & Sandra J. Weiss (curatores). ''The handbook of touch : neuroscience, behavioral, and health perspectives'', Springer, 2011 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=futOTes5spcC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263530628_The_handbook_of_touch_Neuroscience_behavioral_and_health_perspectives Recensio critica] *Roland S. Johansson & J. Randall Flanagan. "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/24263317_Coding_and_use_of_tactile_signals_from_the_fingertips_in_object_manipulation_tasks Coding and use of tactile signals from the fingertips in object manipulation tasks]", ''Nature Reviews Neuroscience'', 2009: 345–359 *Roland S. Johansson, Åke B. Vallbo. "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222197699_Tactile_sensory_coding_in_the_glabrous_skin_of_human_hand Tactile sensory coding in the glabrous skin of the human hand]", ''Trends in Neurosciences'', 1983: 27-32 *Kenneth Johnson, "[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/0471214426.pas0113?msockid=3c52cef0d54c6e1f074dd9ebd48f6f54 Neural Basis of Haptic Perception]" in ''Stevens' Handbook of Experimental Psychology'' vol.1, 2002: 537-583 *Jon H. Kaas, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0940960211802128 The functional organization of somatosensory cortex in primates]", ''Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger'', 1993: 509-518 *J. Kaas, C. Collins. "[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12894401/b The organization of somatosensory cortex in anthropoid primates]", ''Advances in neurology'', 2003: 57-67 *Lederman, S.J., Klatzky, R.L. "[https://link.springer.com/article/10.3758/APP.71.7.1439 Haptic perception: A tutorial]", ''Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics'', 2009: 1439–1459 *Jean-Pascal Lefaucheur, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S098770531930022X Implications des différents types de fibres nerveuses dans la sensibilité cutanée mécanique et thermique et conséquences sur la douleur neuropathique périphérique]", ''Neurophysiologie Clinique'', 2019: 257 *Sanjeev S. Ranade, Ruhma Syeda, Ardem Patapoutian. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627315007266 Mechanically Activated Ion Channels]", ''Neuron'', 2015: 1162-1179 *Hannes P. Saal, Sliman J. Bensmaia. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0166223614001556 Touch is a team effort: interplay of submodalities in cutaneous sensibility]", ''Trends in Neurosciences'', 2014: 689-697 == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Touch tactum] spectant {{NexInt}} * [[Pressio]] * [[Somatopsyche]] {{Biologia-stipula}} [[Categoria:Neurologia]] [[Categoria:Tactus| ]] 4vggwr06vv9o6pim10x6x1s18kc3owq 3986642 3986631 2026-09-08T16:26:36Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Plura legere si cupis */ 3986642 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:(Toulouse) Le toucher (La Dame à la licorne) - Musée de Cluny Paris.jpg|thumb|Exemplar e serie tapetum dominae cum [[Unicornis|unicorne]]. [[Lutetia]]e, in Museo nationali aevi medii.]] [[Fasciculus:Blausen 0805 Skin MerkelCell.png|thumb|Exemplum receptorii tactus. Disci tactiles ''Merkel'' in cute absconditi.]] {{res|Tactus}} ({{pns|ūs|m|tactus}}) est [[sensus (biologia)|sensus]], accuratius facultas somatosensoria, quem [[systema sensorium]] [[cutis]] invisibile parit. Tactus [[manus]] [[scriptura Braille|scripturam Braille]] et [[quadrum tactile]] communicare potest. In [[corpus humanum|corporis humani]] cute ad singulas qualitates contactuum percipiendas varia receptoria respondent. == Receptoria tactus == Haec sunt praecipua cutis mechanoreceptoria quae informationem tactilem signis electricis transmittunt: [[Fasciculus:Gray936.png|thumb|Corpusculum tactus Meissnerianum.]] * [[Corpusculum Pacinianum]] (corpusculum lamellosum) * [[Corpusculum bulboideum]] (sec. [[Gulielmus Krause|Gulielmum Krause]]) * [[Cellula Merkeliana]] * [[Corpusculum Ruffinianum|Corpusculum sensorium fusiforme]] Ruffinianum * [[Corpusculum Meissnerianum]]<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Cauna N., Ross L. L. |title=The fine structure of Meissner's touch corpuscles of human fingers |journal=The journal of biophysical and biochemical cytology |year=[[1960]] |volume=8 |issue= |pages=467–82 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13691669}}</ref> (corpusculum tactus) == De informationis tactilis itinere corticem versus == [[Axon|Axones]] afferentes [[Neuron|neuronum]] primi ordinis vel primariorum, quorum corpora in [[Ganglion autonomicum|ganglionibus]] spinalibus iacent, in medullam per radices dorsales intrant ubi plures ramos collaterales proiciunt. Axones ascendentes per ''columnas dorsales'' usque ad [[truncus encephali|truncum cerebri]] pergunt. Ibi [[Synapsis chemica|synapsem]] faciunt sive in [[nucleus gracilis|nucleo gracili]] si ex inferiore parte corporis proveniunt, sive in [[Nucleus cuneatus|nucleo cuneato]] si ex superiore parte. Deinde ad latus oppositum transeunt ([[Decussatio|decussatio]]) ita ut [[Hemisphaerium cerebri|hemisphaerium]] dextrum informationes tactiles laevae corporis partis curet et vice versa. Illi axones secundi ordinis (secundarii) viam [[lemniscus medialis|lemnisci medialis]] usque ad [[Thalamus (cerebrum)|thalamum]] sequuntur. Ibi in nucleo ventroso posteriore laterali (VPL) synapsem faciunt cum nervis tertii ordinis qui informationem ad [[cortex somesthesicus|corticem somesthesicum]] vel somatosensorium adducunt (I gyrum postcentralem II prope scissuram Sylvii) ubi integratur. In capite neuronum primariorum corpora in [[ganglion Gasserianum|ganglione Gasseriano]] iacent. Inde informationem intra truncum ad complexum sensorium [[Nervus trigeminus|trigemini]] ducunt unde per lemniscum trigemini ad nucleum ventrosum posteriorem medium (VPM) thalami pervenit. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == [[Fasciculus:Gray759.png|thumb|Via lemnisci medialis]] [[Fasciculus:Sensory Homunculus-en.svg|thumb|left|Homunculus sensorius]] *Victoria E. Abrairal, David D. Ginty. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627313007101 The Sensory Neurons of Touch]", ''Neuron'', 2013: 618-639 *Ian Darian Smith, "[https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev.ps.33.020182.001103 Touch in Primates]", ''Annual Review of Psychology'', 1982: 155-194 **"[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/j.2040-4603.1984.tb00889.x?msockid=3c52cef0d54c6e1f074dd9ebd48f6f54 The Sense of Touch: Performance and Peripheral Neural Processes]", ''Comprehensive Physiology'', 1984: 739-788 *Matthew J. Hertenstein & Sandra J. Weiss (curatores). ''The handbook of touch : neuroscience, behavioral, and health perspectives'', Springer, 2011 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=futOTes5spcC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263530628_The_handbook_of_touch_Neuroscience_behavioral_and_health_perspectives Recensio critica] *Roland S. Johansson & J. Randall Flanagan. "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/24263317_Coding_and_use_of_tactile_signals_from_the_fingertips_in_object_manipulation_tasks Coding and use of tactile signals from the fingertips in object manipulation tasks]", ''Nature Reviews Neuroscience'', 2009: 345–359 *Roland S. Johansson, Åke B. Vallbo. "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222197699_Tactile_sensory_coding_in_the_glabrous_skin_of_human_hand Tactile sensory coding in the glabrous skin of the human hand]", ''Trends in Neurosciences'', 1983: 27-32 *Kenneth Johnson, "[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/0471214426.pas0113?msockid=3c52cef0d54c6e1f074dd9ebd48f6f54 Neural Basis of Haptic Perception]" in ''Stevens' Handbook of Experimental Psychology'' vol.1, 2002: 537-583 *Jon H. Kaas, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0940960211802128 The functional organization of somatosensory cortex in primates]", ''Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger'', 1993: 509-518 *J. Kaas, C. Collins. "[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12894401/b The organization of somatosensory cortex in anthropoid primates]", ''Advances in neurology'', 2003: 57-67 *Lederman, S.J., Klatzky, R.L. "[https://link.springer.com/article/10.3758/APP.71.7.1439 Haptic perception: A tutorial]", ''Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics'', 2009: 1439–1459 *Jean-Pascal Lefaucheur, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S098770531930022X Implications des différents types de fibres nerveuses dans la sensibilité cutanée mécanique et thermique et conséquences sur la douleur neuropathique périphérique]", ''Neurophysiologie Clinique'', 2019: 257 *Sanjeev S. Ranade, Ruhma Syeda, Ardem Patapoutian. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627315007266 Mechanically Activated Ion Channels]", ''Neuron'', 2015: 1162-1179 *Hannes P. Saal, Sliman J. Bensmaia. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0166223614001556 Touch is a team effort: interplay of submodalities in cutaneous sensibility]", ''Trends in Neurosciences'', 2014: 689-697 == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Touch tactum] spectant {{NexInt}} * [[Pressio]] * [[Somatopsyche]] {{Biologia-stipula}} [[Categoria:Neurologia]] [[Categoria:Tactus| ]] b0srxvn4tg9wqiem9601iiomv9btdul 3986643 3986642 2026-09-08T16:33:57Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De informationis tactilis itinere corticem versus */ 3986643 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:(Toulouse) Le toucher (La Dame à la licorne) - Musée de Cluny Paris.jpg|thumb|Exemplar e serie tapetum dominae cum [[Unicornis|unicorne]]. [[Lutetia]]e, in Museo nationali aevi medii.]] [[Fasciculus:Blausen 0805 Skin MerkelCell.png|thumb|Exemplum receptorii tactus. Disci tactiles ''Merkel'' in cute absconditi.]] {{res|Tactus}} ({{pns|ūs|m|tactus}}) est [[sensus (biologia)|sensus]], accuratius facultas somatosensoria, quem [[systema sensorium]] [[cutis]] invisibile parit. Tactus [[manus]] [[scriptura Braille|scripturam Braille]] et [[quadrum tactile]] communicare potest. In [[corpus humanum|corporis humani]] cute ad singulas qualitates contactuum percipiendas varia receptoria respondent. == Receptoria tactus == Haec sunt praecipua cutis mechanoreceptoria quae informationem tactilem signis electricis transmittunt: [[Fasciculus:Gray936.png|thumb|Corpusculum tactus Meissnerianum.]] * [[Corpusculum Pacinianum]] (corpusculum lamellosum) * [[Corpusculum bulboideum]] (sec. [[Gulielmus Krause|Gulielmum Krause]]) * [[Cellula Merkeliana]] * [[Corpusculum Ruffinianum|Corpusculum sensorium fusiforme]] Ruffinianum * [[Corpusculum Meissnerianum]]<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Cauna N., Ross L. L. |title=The fine structure of Meissner's touch corpuscles of human fingers |journal=The journal of biophysical and biochemical cytology |year=[[1960]] |volume=8 |issue= |pages=467–82 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13691669}}</ref> (corpusculum tactus) == De informationis tactilis itinere corticem versus == [[Axon|Axones]] afferentes [[Neuron|neuronum]] primi ordinis vel primariorum, quorum corpora in [[Ganglion autonomicum|ganglionibus]] spinalibus iacent, in medullam per radices dorsales intrant ubi plures ramos collaterales proiciunt. Axones ascendentes per ''columnas dorsales'' usque ad [[truncus encephali|truncum cerebri]] pergunt. Ibi [[Synapsis chemica|synapsem]] faciunt sive in [[nucleus gracilis|nucleo gracili]] si ex inferiore parte corporis proveniunt, sive in [[Nucleus cuneatus|nucleo cuneato]] si ex superiore parte. Deinde ad latus oppositum transeunt ([[Decussatio|decussatio]]) ita ut [[Hemisphaerium cerebri|hemisphaerium]] dextrum informationes tactiles laevae corporis partis curet et vice versa. Illi axones secundi ordinis (secundarii) viam [[lemniscus medialis|lemnisci medialis]] usque ad [[Thalamus (cerebrum)|thalamum]] sequuntur. Ibi in nucleo ventroso posteriore laterali (VPL) synapsem faciunt cum nervis tertii ordinis qui informationem ad [[cortex somesthesicus|corticem somesthesicum]] vel somatosensorium adducunt (I gyrum postcentralem II prope scissuram Sylvii) ubi integratur. In capite neuronum primariorum corpora in [[ganglion Gasserianum|ganglione Gasseriano]] iacent. Inde informationem intra truncum ad complexum sensorium [[Nervus trigeminus|trigemini]] ducunt unde per lemniscum trigemini ad nucleum ventrosum posteriorem medium (VPM) thalami pervenit. [[Cortex somesthesicus primarius]] quattuor [[area Brodmanniana|areas Brodmannianas]] comprehendit: 1, 2, 3a; 3b. Neurones secundum ordinem somatotopicum sese in corticem proiciunt (hoc est area quaedam corticis cuique membro respondet). In [[homunculus corticis|homunculo]] ita descripto manus et os partem ingentem occupant cum volumine membrorum comparatam. Item apud [[mus|mures]] [[vibrissae]] cetera membra in cortice somesthesico multo superant. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == [[Fasciculus:Gray759.png|thumb|Via lemnisci medialis]] [[Fasciculus:Sensory Homunculus-en.svg|thumb|left|Homunculus sensorius]] *Victoria E. Abrairal, David D. Ginty. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627313007101 The Sensory Neurons of Touch]", ''Neuron'', 2013: 618-639 *Ian Darian Smith, "[https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev.ps.33.020182.001103 Touch in Primates]", ''Annual Review of Psychology'', 1982: 155-194 **"[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/j.2040-4603.1984.tb00889.x?msockid=3c52cef0d54c6e1f074dd9ebd48f6f54 The Sense of Touch: Performance and Peripheral Neural Processes]", ''Comprehensive Physiology'', 1984: 739-788 *Matthew J. Hertenstein & Sandra J. Weiss (curatores). ''The handbook of touch : neuroscience, behavioral, and health perspectives'', Springer, 2011 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=futOTes5spcC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263530628_The_handbook_of_touch_Neuroscience_behavioral_and_health_perspectives Recensio critica] *Roland S. Johansson & J. Randall Flanagan. "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/24263317_Coding_and_use_of_tactile_signals_from_the_fingertips_in_object_manipulation_tasks Coding and use of tactile signals from the fingertips in object manipulation tasks]", ''Nature Reviews Neuroscience'', 2009: 345–359 *Roland S. Johansson, Åke B. Vallbo. "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222197699_Tactile_sensory_coding_in_the_glabrous_skin_of_human_hand Tactile sensory coding in the glabrous skin of the human hand]", ''Trends in Neurosciences'', 1983: 27-32 *Kenneth Johnson, "[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/0471214426.pas0113?msockid=3c52cef0d54c6e1f074dd9ebd48f6f54 Neural Basis of Haptic Perception]" in ''Stevens' Handbook of Experimental Psychology'' vol.1, 2002: 537-583 *Jon H. Kaas, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0940960211802128 The functional organization of somatosensory cortex in primates]", ''Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger'', 1993: 509-518 *J. Kaas, C. Collins. "[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12894401/b The organization of somatosensory cortex in anthropoid primates]", ''Advances in neurology'', 2003: 57-67 *Lederman, S.J., Klatzky, R.L. "[https://link.springer.com/article/10.3758/APP.71.7.1439 Haptic perception: A tutorial]", ''Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics'', 2009: 1439–1459 *Jean-Pascal Lefaucheur, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S098770531930022X Implications des différents types de fibres nerveuses dans la sensibilité cutanée mécanique et thermique et conséquences sur la douleur neuropathique périphérique]", ''Neurophysiologie Clinique'', 2019: 257 *Sanjeev S. Ranade, Ruhma Syeda, Ardem Patapoutian. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627315007266 Mechanically Activated Ion Channels]", ''Neuron'', 2015: 1162-1179 *Hannes P. Saal, Sliman J. Bensmaia. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0166223614001556 Touch is a team effort: interplay of submodalities in cutaneous sensibility]", ''Trends in Neurosciences'', 2014: 689-697 == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Touch tactum] spectant {{NexInt}} * [[Pressio]] * [[Somatopsyche]] {{Biologia-stipula}} [[Categoria:Neurologia]] [[Categoria:Tactus| ]] fsyn9l498ca1i86xojpgc9y6q8hskd1 3986644 3986643 2026-09-08T16:34:57Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De informationis tactilis itinere corticem versus */ 3986644 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:(Toulouse) Le toucher (La Dame à la licorne) - Musée de Cluny Paris.jpg|thumb|Exemplar e serie tapetum dominae cum [[Unicornis|unicorne]]. [[Lutetia]]e, in Museo nationali aevi medii.]] [[Fasciculus:Blausen 0805 Skin MerkelCell.png|thumb|Exemplum receptorii tactus. Disci tactiles ''Merkel'' in cute absconditi.]] {{res|Tactus}} ({{pns|ūs|m|tactus}}) est [[sensus (biologia)|sensus]], accuratius facultas somatosensoria, quem [[systema sensorium]] [[cutis]] invisibile parit. Tactus [[manus]] [[scriptura Braille|scripturam Braille]] et [[quadrum tactile]] communicare potest. In [[corpus humanum|corporis humani]] cute ad singulas qualitates contactuum percipiendas varia receptoria respondent. == Receptoria tactus == Haec sunt praecipua cutis mechanoreceptoria quae informationem tactilem signis electricis transmittunt: [[Fasciculus:Gray936.png|thumb|Corpusculum tactus Meissnerianum.]] * [[Corpusculum Pacinianum]] (corpusculum lamellosum) * [[Corpusculum bulboideum]] (sec. [[Gulielmus Krause|Gulielmum Krause]]) * [[Cellula Merkeliana]] * [[Corpusculum Ruffinianum|Corpusculum sensorium fusiforme]] Ruffinianum * [[Corpusculum Meissnerianum]]<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Cauna N., Ross L. L. |title=The fine structure of Meissner's touch corpuscles of human fingers |journal=The journal of biophysical and biochemical cytology |year=[[1960]] |volume=8 |issue= |pages=467–82 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13691669}}</ref> (corpusculum tactus) == De informationis tactilis itinere corticem versus == [[Axon|Axones]] afferentes [[Neuron|neuronum]] primi ordinis vel primariorum, quorum corpora in [[Ganglion autonomicum|ganglionibus]] spinalibus iacent, in medullam per radices dorsales intrant ubi plures ramos collaterales proiciunt. Axones ascendentes per ''columnas dorsales'' usque ad [[truncus encephali|truncum cerebri]] pergunt. Ibi [[Synapsis chemica|synapsem]] faciunt sive in [[nucleus gracilis|nucleo gracili]] si ex inferiore parte corporis proveniunt, sive in [[Nucleus cuneatus|nucleo cuneato]] si ex superiore parte. Deinde ad latus oppositum transeunt ([[Decussatio|decussatio]]) ita ut [[Hemisphaerium cerebri|hemisphaerium]] dextrum informationes tactiles laevae corporis partis curet et vice versa. Illi axones secundi ordinis (secundarii) viam [[lemniscus medialis|lemnisci medialis]] usque ad [[Thalamus (cerebrum)|thalamum]] sequuntur. Ibi in nucleo ventroso posteriore laterali (VPL) synapsem faciunt cum nervis tertii ordinis qui informationem ad [[cortex somesthesicus|corticem somesthesicum]] vel somatosensorium adducunt (I gyrum postcentralem II prope scissuram Sylvii) ubi integratur. In capite neuronum primariorum corpora in [[ganglion Gasserianum|ganglione Gasseriano]] iacent. Inde informationem intra truncum ad complexum sensorium [[Nervus trigeminus|trigemini]] ducunt unde per lemniscum trigemini ad nucleum ventrosum posteriorem medium (VPM) thalami pervenit. [[Cortex somesthesicus primarius]] in gyro postcentrali quattuor [[area Brodmanniana|areas Brodmannianas]] comprehendit: 1, 2, 3a; 3b. Neurones secundum ordinem somatotopicum sese in corticem proiciunt (hoc est area quaedam corticis cuique membro respondet). In [[homunculus corticis|homunculo]] ita descripto manus et os partem ingentem occupant cum volumine membrorum comparatam. Item apud [[mus|mures]] [[vibrissae]] cetera membra in cortice somesthesico multo superant. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == [[Fasciculus:Gray759.png|thumb|Via lemnisci medialis]] [[Fasciculus:Sensory Homunculus-en.svg|thumb|left|Homunculus sensorius]] *Victoria E. Abrairal, David D. Ginty. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627313007101 The Sensory Neurons of Touch]", ''Neuron'', 2013: 618-639 *Ian Darian Smith, "[https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev.ps.33.020182.001103 Touch in Primates]", ''Annual Review of Psychology'', 1982: 155-194 **"[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/j.2040-4603.1984.tb00889.x?msockid=3c52cef0d54c6e1f074dd9ebd48f6f54 The Sense of Touch: Performance and Peripheral Neural Processes]", ''Comprehensive Physiology'', 1984: 739-788 *Matthew J. Hertenstein & Sandra J. Weiss (curatores). ''The handbook of touch : neuroscience, behavioral, and health perspectives'', Springer, 2011 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=futOTes5spcC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263530628_The_handbook_of_touch_Neuroscience_behavioral_and_health_perspectives Recensio critica] *Roland S. Johansson & J. Randall Flanagan. "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/24263317_Coding_and_use_of_tactile_signals_from_the_fingertips_in_object_manipulation_tasks Coding and use of tactile signals from the fingertips in object manipulation tasks]", ''Nature Reviews Neuroscience'', 2009: 345–359 *Roland S. Johansson, Åke B. Vallbo. "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222197699_Tactile_sensory_coding_in_the_glabrous_skin_of_human_hand Tactile sensory coding in the glabrous skin of the human hand]", ''Trends in Neurosciences'', 1983: 27-32 *Kenneth Johnson, "[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/0471214426.pas0113?msockid=3c52cef0d54c6e1f074dd9ebd48f6f54 Neural Basis of Haptic Perception]" in ''Stevens' Handbook of Experimental Psychology'' vol.1, 2002: 537-583 *Jon H. Kaas, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0940960211802128 The functional organization of somatosensory cortex in primates]", ''Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger'', 1993: 509-518 *J. Kaas, C. Collins. "[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12894401/b The organization of somatosensory cortex in anthropoid primates]", ''Advances in neurology'', 2003: 57-67 *Lederman, S.J., Klatzky, R.L. "[https://link.springer.com/article/10.3758/APP.71.7.1439 Haptic perception: A tutorial]", ''Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics'', 2009: 1439–1459 *Jean-Pascal Lefaucheur, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S098770531930022X Implications des différents types de fibres nerveuses dans la sensibilité cutanée mécanique et thermique et conséquences sur la douleur neuropathique périphérique]", ''Neurophysiologie Clinique'', 2019: 257 *Sanjeev S. Ranade, Ruhma Syeda, Ardem Patapoutian. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627315007266 Mechanically Activated Ion Channels]", ''Neuron'', 2015: 1162-1179 *Hannes P. Saal, Sliman J. Bensmaia. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0166223614001556 Touch is a team effort: interplay of submodalities in cutaneous sensibility]", ''Trends in Neurosciences'', 2014: 689-697 == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Touch tactum] spectant {{NexInt}} * [[Pressio]] * [[Somatopsyche]] {{Biologia-stipula}} [[Categoria:Neurologia]] [[Categoria:Tactus| ]] oy32ssc26sy2v32i1ghh6d559gdx0yn 3986645 3986644 2026-09-08T16:35:36Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De informationis tactilis itinere corticem versus */ 3986645 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:(Toulouse) Le toucher (La Dame à la licorne) - Musée de Cluny Paris.jpg|thumb|Exemplar e serie tapetum dominae cum [[Unicornis|unicorne]]. [[Lutetia]]e, in Museo nationali aevi medii.]] [[Fasciculus:Blausen 0805 Skin MerkelCell.png|thumb|Exemplum receptorii tactus. Disci tactiles ''Merkel'' in cute absconditi.]] {{res|Tactus}} ({{pns|ūs|m|tactus}}) est [[sensus (biologia)|sensus]], accuratius facultas somatosensoria, quem [[systema sensorium]] [[cutis]] invisibile parit. Tactus [[manus]] [[scriptura Braille|scripturam Braille]] et [[quadrum tactile]] communicare potest. In [[corpus humanum|corporis humani]] cute ad singulas qualitates contactuum percipiendas varia receptoria respondent. == Receptoria tactus == Haec sunt praecipua cutis mechanoreceptoria quae informationem tactilem signis electricis transmittunt: [[Fasciculus:Gray936.png|thumb|Corpusculum tactus Meissnerianum.]] * [[Corpusculum Pacinianum]] (corpusculum lamellosum) * [[Corpusculum bulboideum]] (sec. [[Gulielmus Krause|Gulielmum Krause]]) * [[Cellula Merkeliana]] * [[Corpusculum Ruffinianum|Corpusculum sensorium fusiforme]] Ruffinianum * [[Corpusculum Meissnerianum]]<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Cauna N., Ross L. L. |title=The fine structure of Meissner's touch corpuscles of human fingers |journal=The journal of biophysical and biochemical cytology |year=[[1960]] |volume=8 |issue= |pages=467–82 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13691669}}</ref> (corpusculum tactus) == De informationis tactilis itinere corticem versus == [[Axon|Axones]] afferentes [[Neuron|neuronum]] primi ordinis vel primariorum, quorum corpora in [[Ganglion autonomicum|ganglionibus]] spinalibus iacent, in medullam per radices dorsales intrant ubi plures ramos collaterales proiciunt. Axones ascendentes per ''columnas dorsales'' usque ad [[truncus encephali|truncum cerebri]] pergunt. Ibi [[Synapsis chemica|synapsem]] faciunt sive in [[nucleus gracilis|nucleo gracili]] si ex inferiore parte corporis proveniunt, sive in [[Nucleus cuneatus|nucleo cuneato]] si ex superiore parte. Deinde ad latus oppositum transeunt ([[Decussatio|decussatio]]) ita ut [[Hemisphaerium cerebri|hemisphaerium]] dextrum informationes tactiles laevae corporis partis curet et vice versa. Illi axones secundi ordinis (secundarii) viam [[lemniscus medialis|lemnisci medialis]] usque ad [[Thalamus (cerebrum)|thalamum]] sequuntur. Ibi in nucleo ventroso posteriore laterali (VPL) synapsem faciunt cum nervis tertii ordinis qui informationem ad [[cortex somesthesicus|corticem somesthesicum]] vel somatosensorium adducunt (I gyrum postcentralem II prope scissuram Sylvii) ubi integratur. In capite neuronum primariorum corpora in [[ganglion Gasserianum|ganglione Gasseriano]] iacent. Inde informationem intra truncum ad complexum sensorium [[Nervus trigeminus|trigemini]] ducunt unde per lemniscum trigemini ad nucleum ventrosum posteriorem medium (VPM) thalami pervenit. [[Cortex somesthesicus primarius]] in gyro postcentrali quattuor [[area Brodmanniana|areas Brodmannianas]] comprehendit: 1, 2, 3a, 3b. Neurones secundum ordinem somatotopicum sese in corticem proiciunt (hoc est area quaedam corticis cuique membro respondet). In [[homunculus corticis|homunculo]] ita descripto manus et os partem ingentem occupant cum volumine membrorum comparatam. Item apud [[mus|mures]] [[vibrissae]] cetera membra in cortice somesthesico multo superant. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == [[Fasciculus:Gray759.png|thumb|Via lemnisci medialis]] [[Fasciculus:Sensory Homunculus-en.svg|thumb|left|Homunculus sensorius]] *Victoria E. Abrairal, David D. Ginty. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627313007101 The Sensory Neurons of Touch]", ''Neuron'', 2013: 618-639 *Ian Darian Smith, "[https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev.ps.33.020182.001103 Touch in Primates]", ''Annual Review of Psychology'', 1982: 155-194 **"[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/j.2040-4603.1984.tb00889.x?msockid=3c52cef0d54c6e1f074dd9ebd48f6f54 The Sense of Touch: Performance and Peripheral Neural Processes]", ''Comprehensive Physiology'', 1984: 739-788 *Matthew J. Hertenstein & Sandra J. Weiss (curatores). ''The handbook of touch : neuroscience, behavioral, and health perspectives'', Springer, 2011 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=futOTes5spcC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263530628_The_handbook_of_touch_Neuroscience_behavioral_and_health_perspectives Recensio critica] *Roland S. Johansson & J. Randall Flanagan. "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/24263317_Coding_and_use_of_tactile_signals_from_the_fingertips_in_object_manipulation_tasks Coding and use of tactile signals from the fingertips in object manipulation tasks]", ''Nature Reviews Neuroscience'', 2009: 345–359 *Roland S. Johansson, Åke B. Vallbo. "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222197699_Tactile_sensory_coding_in_the_glabrous_skin_of_human_hand Tactile sensory coding in the glabrous skin of the human hand]", ''Trends in Neurosciences'', 1983: 27-32 *Kenneth Johnson, "[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/0471214426.pas0113?msockid=3c52cef0d54c6e1f074dd9ebd48f6f54 Neural Basis of Haptic Perception]" in ''Stevens' Handbook of Experimental Psychology'' vol.1, 2002: 537-583 *Jon H. Kaas, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0940960211802128 The functional organization of somatosensory cortex in primates]", ''Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger'', 1993: 509-518 *J. Kaas, C. Collins. "[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12894401/b The organization of somatosensory cortex in anthropoid primates]", ''Advances in neurology'', 2003: 57-67 *Lederman, S.J., Klatzky, R.L. "[https://link.springer.com/article/10.3758/APP.71.7.1439 Haptic perception: A tutorial]", ''Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics'', 2009: 1439–1459 *Jean-Pascal Lefaucheur, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S098770531930022X Implications des différents types de fibres nerveuses dans la sensibilité cutanée mécanique et thermique et conséquences sur la douleur neuropathique périphérique]", ''Neurophysiologie Clinique'', 2019: 257 *Sanjeev S. Ranade, Ruhma Syeda, Ardem Patapoutian. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627315007266 Mechanically Activated Ion Channels]", ''Neuron'', 2015: 1162-1179 *Hannes P. Saal, Sliman J. Bensmaia. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0166223614001556 Touch is a team effort: interplay of submodalities in cutaneous sensibility]", ''Trends in Neurosciences'', 2014: 689-697 == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Touch tactum] spectant {{NexInt}} * [[Pressio]] * [[Somatopsyche]] {{Biologia-stipula}} [[Categoria:Neurologia]] [[Categoria:Tactus| ]] fsffaoi3ygxnbtn5qiyia68ekd61hvg 3986646 3986645 2026-09-08T16:37:34Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De informationis tactilis itinere corticem versus */ 3986646 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:(Toulouse) Le toucher (La Dame à la licorne) - Musée de Cluny Paris.jpg|thumb|Exemplar e serie tapetum dominae cum [[Unicornis|unicorne]]. [[Lutetia]]e, in Museo nationali aevi medii.]] [[Fasciculus:Blausen 0805 Skin MerkelCell.png|thumb|Exemplum receptorii tactus. Disci tactiles ''Merkel'' in cute absconditi.]] {{res|Tactus}} ({{pns|ūs|m|tactus}}) est [[sensus (biologia)|sensus]], accuratius facultas somatosensoria, quem [[systema sensorium]] [[cutis]] invisibile parit. Tactus [[manus]] [[scriptura Braille|scripturam Braille]] et [[quadrum tactile]] communicare potest. In [[corpus humanum|corporis humani]] cute ad singulas qualitates contactuum percipiendas varia receptoria respondent. == Receptoria tactus == Haec sunt praecipua cutis mechanoreceptoria quae informationem tactilem signis electricis transmittunt: [[Fasciculus:Gray936.png|thumb|Corpusculum tactus Meissnerianum.]] * [[Corpusculum Pacinianum]] (corpusculum lamellosum) * [[Corpusculum bulboideum]] (sec. [[Gulielmus Krause|Gulielmum Krause]]) * [[Cellula Merkeliana]] * [[Corpusculum Ruffinianum|Corpusculum sensorium fusiforme]] Ruffinianum * [[Corpusculum Meissnerianum]]<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Cauna N., Ross L. L. |title=The fine structure of Meissner's touch corpuscles of human fingers |journal=The journal of biophysical and biochemical cytology |year=[[1960]] |volume=8 |issue= |pages=467–82 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13691669}}</ref> (corpusculum tactus) == De informationis tactilis itinere corticem versus == [[Axon|Axones]] afferentes [[Neuron|neuronum]] primi ordinis vel primariorum, quorum corpora in [[Ganglion autonomicum|ganglionibus]] spinalibus iacent, in medullam per radices dorsales intrant ubi plures ramos collaterales proiciunt. Axones ascendentes per ''columnas dorsales'' usque ad [[truncus encephali|truncum cerebri]] pergunt. Ibi [[Synapsis chemica|synapsem]] faciunt sive in [[nucleus gracilis|nucleo gracili]] si ex inferiore parte corporis proveniunt, sive in [[Nucleus cuneatus|nucleo cuneato]] si ex superiore parte. Deinde ad latus oppositum transeunt ([[Decussatio|decussatio]]) ita ut [[Hemisphaerium cerebri|hemisphaerium]] dextrum informationes tactiles laevae corporis partis curet et vice versa. Illi axones secundi ordinis (secundarii) viam [[lemniscus medialis|lemnisci medialis]] usque ad [[Thalamus (cerebrum)|thalamum]] sequuntur. Ibi in nucleo ventroso posteriore laterali (VPL) synapsem faciunt cum nervis tertii ordinis qui informationem ad [[cortex somesthesicus|corticem somesthesicum]] vel somatosensorium adducunt (I gyrum postcentralem II prope scissuram Sylvii) ubi integratur. In capite neuronum primariorum corpora in [[ganglion Gasserianum|ganglione Gasseriano]] iacent. Inde informationem intra truncum ad complexum sensorium [[Nervus trigeminus|trigemini]] ducunt unde per lemniscum trigemini ad nucleum ventrosum posteriorem medium (VPM) thalami pervenit. [[Cortex somesthesicus primarius]] in gyro postcentrali quattuor [[area Brodmanniana|areas Brodmannianas]] comprehendit: 1, 2, 3a, 3b. Neurones secundum ordinem somatotopicum sese in corticem proiciunt (hoc est area quaedam corticis cuique membro respondet). In [[homunculus corticis|homunculo]] ita descripto manus cum digitis et os partem ingentem occupant cum volumine membrorum comparatam. Item apud [[mus|mures]] [[vibrissae]] cetera membra in cortice somesthesico multo superant. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == [[Fasciculus:Gray759.png|thumb|Via lemnisci medialis]] [[Fasciculus:Sensory Homunculus-en.svg|thumb|left|Homunculus sensorius]] *Victoria E. Abrairal, David D. Ginty. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627313007101 The Sensory Neurons of Touch]", ''Neuron'', 2013: 618-639 *Ian Darian Smith, "[https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev.ps.33.020182.001103 Touch in Primates]", ''Annual Review of Psychology'', 1982: 155-194 **"[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/j.2040-4603.1984.tb00889.x?msockid=3c52cef0d54c6e1f074dd9ebd48f6f54 The Sense of Touch: Performance and Peripheral Neural Processes]", ''Comprehensive Physiology'', 1984: 739-788 *Matthew J. Hertenstein & Sandra J. Weiss (curatores). ''The handbook of touch : neuroscience, behavioral, and health perspectives'', Springer, 2011 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=futOTes5spcC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263530628_The_handbook_of_touch_Neuroscience_behavioral_and_health_perspectives Recensio critica] *Roland S. Johansson & J. Randall Flanagan. "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/24263317_Coding_and_use_of_tactile_signals_from_the_fingertips_in_object_manipulation_tasks Coding and use of tactile signals from the fingertips in object manipulation tasks]", ''Nature Reviews Neuroscience'', 2009: 345–359 *Roland S. Johansson, Åke B. Vallbo. "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222197699_Tactile_sensory_coding_in_the_glabrous_skin_of_human_hand Tactile sensory coding in the glabrous skin of the human hand]", ''Trends in Neurosciences'', 1983: 27-32 *Kenneth Johnson, "[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/0471214426.pas0113?msockid=3c52cef0d54c6e1f074dd9ebd48f6f54 Neural Basis of Haptic Perception]" in ''Stevens' Handbook of Experimental Psychology'' vol.1, 2002: 537-583 *Jon H. Kaas, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0940960211802128 The functional organization of somatosensory cortex in primates]", ''Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger'', 1993: 509-518 *J. Kaas, C. Collins. "[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12894401/b The organization of somatosensory cortex in anthropoid primates]", ''Advances in neurology'', 2003: 57-67 *Lederman, S.J., Klatzky, R.L. "[https://link.springer.com/article/10.3758/APP.71.7.1439 Haptic perception: A tutorial]", ''Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics'', 2009: 1439–1459 *Jean-Pascal Lefaucheur, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S098770531930022X Implications des différents types de fibres nerveuses dans la sensibilité cutanée mécanique et thermique et conséquences sur la douleur neuropathique périphérique]", ''Neurophysiologie Clinique'', 2019: 257 *Sanjeev S. Ranade, Ruhma Syeda, Ardem Patapoutian. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627315007266 Mechanically Activated Ion Channels]", ''Neuron'', 2015: 1162-1179 *Hannes P. Saal, Sliman J. Bensmaia. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0166223614001556 Touch is a team effort: interplay of submodalities in cutaneous sensibility]", ''Trends in Neurosciences'', 2014: 689-697 == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Touch tactum] spectant {{NexInt}} * [[Pressio]] * [[Somatopsyche]] {{Biologia-stipula}} [[Categoria:Neurologia]] [[Categoria:Tactus| ]] bp7qwyl818utt9zos6uafax373k6m3a Castrum de Ceulis (Fanum Sancti Miniati) 0 226945 3986685 3503415 2026-09-08T20:01:39Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3986685 wikitext text/x-wiki {{pro pagina discretiva vide|Castrum de Ceulis (discretiva)}} {{pro pagina discretiva vide|Cigolis (discretiva)}} {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Cigoli alto 1.JPG|thumb|Despectus in Castrum de Ceulis]] '''Castrum de Ceulis'''<ref name="repetti">{{Repetti}}</ref> seu '''Ciculum'''<ref name="repetti" /> {{victio|Ciculum|i|n}} (alia nomina: ''Cicolum''<ref>[http://core.kmi.open.ac.uk/download/pdf/14703651.pdf UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI PISA, FACOLTÀ DI LETTERE E FILOSOFIA, Corso di Laurea Specialistica in Storia e civiltà - «LOCUS EST FAMOSUS» Borgo San Genesio ed il suo territorio (secc. VIII-XII), CANDIDATO RELATORE Paolo Tomei ]</ref>, ''Cigolum''<ref>[https://books.google.it/books?id=bU1AAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA3-PA1084&lpg=RA3-PA1084&dq=%22Cigolum%22+Sancti+Miniati&source=bl&ots=a1SYmE4sS6&sig=kyod8BpAWiARgxp_6iQz8qliQl4&hl=it&sa=X&ei=kOmRVKvmCoG_ywOxnoDYDw&ved=0CCMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Cigolum%22%20Sancti%20Miniati&f=false Rerum italicarum scriptores ab anno æræ christianæ quingentesimo ad millesimum quingentesimum quorum potissima pars nunc primum in lucem prodit ex Ambrosianæ, Estensis, aliarumque insignium bibliothecarum codicibus, Volume 16 (Google eBook) - Lodovico Antonio Muratori, ex typographia Societatis Palatinae, 1730]</ref>, ''Cigulum''<ref>[https://books.google.it/books?id=6PhpFZskUXMC&pg=PA6&dq=%22Cigulum%22+Sancti+Miniati&hl=it&sa=X&ei=QuyRVI-qB-G_ygPY6IGAAw&ved=0CCQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Cigulum%22%20Sancti%20Miniati&f=false Vetera Humiliatorum monumenta annotationibus, ac dissertationibus prodromis illustrata, quibus multa sacrae, civili... explicantur auctore Hieronymo Tiraboschio... (Google eBook) - Girolamo Tiraboschi excudebat Joseph Galeatius, 1768]</ref>, ''Cigolis'') ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Cigoli (San Miniato)|Cigoli]]'') est [[vicus]] [[Italia]]e et [[Pars (oppidum)|fractio]] in [[Fanum Sancti Miniati|Municipio Sancti Miniati]], in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Tuscia]] et in [[Provincia Pisana]] situm. Incolae ''Ceulenses'' appellantur. == Clari cives == * [[Ludovicus Cardi]], Cigoli appellaus, pictor italicus. {{NexInt}} * [[Tuscia]] (''regio''), * [[Provincia Pisana]], * [[Pisae]] (''urbs''), * [[Vallis Arni Inferior]] (''terra''), * [[Fanum Sancti Miniati]] (''municipium''), * [[Pars (oppidum)|Fractio Italiae]]. == Notae == <references/> == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20141216214615/http://cigoli.org/ Situs vici] {{Ling|Lingua Italiana{{!}}Italiane}} * [http://www.comune.san-miniato.pi.it/ Situs Urbis Miniatensis] {{Ling|Lingua Italiana{{!}}Italiane}} * {{CommuniaCat|Cigoli (San Miniato)|Castrum de Ceulis}} == Pinacotheca == <gallery> Imago:Cigoli, santuario della madonna madre dei bambini, campanile.JPG|Prospectus in Castrum de Ceulis. </gallery> == Bibliographia == * Francesco Maria Galli Angelini, Cenni storici del castello di Cigoli e del Santuario della beatissima Vergine - S. Miniato, 1911. * Francesco Dini, Dietro i nostri secoli. Insediamenti umani in sei comuni del Valdarno Inferiore nel secoli VIII-XIII - Santa Croce sull'Arno(Pisa),1979 * Delio Fiordispina, Giuseppe Gori e compagni - Cigoli, 1994 * Anna Matteoli, Lodovico Cardi-Cigoli pittore e architetto, Giardini editori e stampatori - Pisa, 1980 * Paolo Morelli - Per una storia delle istituzioni parrocchiali nel basso medioevo: la propositura di S. Maria e S. Michele di Cigoli e la pieve di S. Giovanni di Fabbrica - in Bollettino Storico Pisano, 1982. * Francesco Maria Galli-Angelini, Cigoli e il suo santuario (Ristampa dell'originale) - Pontedera, 1989. * Roberta Roani Villani (a cura), San Miniato, il Valdarno inferiore e la Valdera - Milano, 1999. * Eugenio Lenzi, Uguccione della Faggiuola e Castruccio nel Trecento toscano - Lucca, 2001 * Fabrizio Mandolini (a cura), Cigoli e la Madonna Madre dei Bimbi - San Miniato, 2002. * Luca Macchi - Lodovico Cardi detto il Cigoli, il suo ambiente e la sua terra d’origine, prefazione di Roberto Paolo Ciardi - Pisa, 2009. * Emanuele Repetti, Dizionario geografico storico della Toscana - Firenze, 1839 * Giovanni Treccani, Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani - Roma, 1976 * Archivio storico del Santuario della Madonna dei Bimbi, Cigoli, San Miniato (Pisa) * Archivio diocesi di San Miniato (PI) * Archivio storico dell' Arcidiocesi di Lucca * Emanuele Repetti, Dizionario geografico storico della Toscana on line - www.archeogr.unisi.it {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Vici in municipio Sancti Miniati]] [[Categoria:Fractiones in Provincia Pisana]] fgc4ib5vgrajjrz1u9h7okjqk5aqsje Disputatio:Haribernessum 1 228459 3986769 2826824 2026-09-08T22:54:57Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Disputatio:Harbarnsen]] ad [[Disputatio:Haribernessum]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam 2826824 wikitext text/x-wiki == Nomen Latinum existit == Salvete Haribernessenses, cur non vicum vestrum in Vicipaedia Latina relato nomine Latino "Haribernessum" intitulatis? [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 15:11, 18 Ianuarii 2015 (UTC) ruv2dxzzvbvpekl5j2ldvpifqz3v3ye Scriptum scenarium 0 229052 3986808 3865501 2026-09-09T07:19:42Z Grufo 64423 Grufo movit paginam [[Scriptum scaenarium]] ad [[Scriptum scenarium]]: Nomenclatura uniformis 3865501 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Screenplay example.svg|thumb|Exemplum ex scripto scaenario [[diverbium]] et [[actio]]nes describit.]] [[Fasciculus:The Godfather Screenplay.JPG|thumb|Paginae scripti scaenarii ''[[The Godfather Part II]].'' [[Exhibitio]] [[Augusta Taurinorum|Augustae Taurinorum]] in [[Italia]].]] '''Scriptum scaenarium'''<ref>John C. Traupman, sub voce "Screen play," ''Latin and English Dictionary,'' ed. 3a (Novi Eboraci: Bantam Dell, 2007), 649.</ref> est [[opus scriptum]] a [[scriptor scaenarius|scriptore scaenario]] pro [[pellicula]], [[ludus televisificus|ludo televisifico]], vel [[programma televisificum|programmate televisifico]]. Scripta scaenaria esse possunt opus originale vel accommodatio exstantium exemplorum [[scriptura|scribendi]], in quo [[motus]], [[actio]]nes, status [[corpus|corporis]], et [[diverbium]] [[persona]]rum etiam [[narratio|narrantur]]. [[Ludus]] [[televisio]]ni destinatus [[ludus televisificus]]<!--Anglice: teleplay--> appellatur. {{NexInt}} * [[Fabricatio pellicularum]]<!--Filmmaking--> * [[Scriptatio]]<!--Scriptment = portanteau > script + treatment--> * [[Tabula fabulosa]]<!--Storyboard--> * ''[[Writer's Digest]]''<!-- *[[Act structure]] *[[Closet screenplay]] *[[Screenplay slug line]] *[[Screenwriter's salary]] *[[Screenwriting]] *[[Screenwriting software]] *[[List of film topics|List of film-related topics]] *[[List of screenwriting software]] *''[[Dreams on Spec]]'' *[[Guide to Literary Agents]]--> == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * Bandirali, Luca, et Enrico Terrone. [[2009]]. ''Il sistema sceneggiatura: Scrivere e descrivere i film.'' Turini: Lindau. ISBN 9788871808314. * Bernard, Jami. [[1995]]. ''Quentin Tarantino: The Man and His Movies.'' HarperCollins. ISBN 0002556448. * Haag, Judith H., et Hillis R. Cole. [[1980]]. ''The Complete Guide to Standard Script Formats: The Screenplay.'' CMC Publishing. ISBN 0929583000. * Lavandier, Yves. [[2005]]. ''Writing Drama: A Comprehensive Guide for Playwrights and Scritpwriters.'' Le Clown & l'Enfant. ISBN 291060604X. * Riley, C. [[2005]]. ''The Hollywood Standard: The Complete and Authoritative Guide to Script Format and Style.'' Michael Weise Productions. Sheridan Press. ISBN 0941188949. * Trottier, David. [[2014]]. ''The Screenwriter's Bible: A Complete Guide to Writing, Formatting, and Selling Your Script.'' Ed. 6a. Angelopoli: Silman-James Press. ISBN 9781935247104. ==Nexus externi==<!-- {{Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=no |others=no |about=yes |label=Screenplay }}--> * [http://www.americanscreenwriters.com/ American Screenwriters Association,] www.americanscreenwriters.com * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150919040642/https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Category:Writing_movies De scriptura,] en.wikibooks.org <!--ex [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Movie_Making_Manual MovieMakingManual] (MMM) Wikibook, praecipue in [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Movie_Making_Manual/Screenplay_Format formatting]--> * {{dmoz|Arts/Movies/Filmmaking/Screenwriting/Scripts/|Screenplays}} <!--en:Film--> <!--en:Television terminology--><!-- [[Categoria:Forma fictionis]] [[Category:Film and video terminology]] [[Category:Filmmaking]] [[Category:Film production]] [[Category:Screenwriting]] [[Category:Screenplays]]--> [[Categoria:Fictio]] [[Categoria:Ludi scenici]] [[Categoria:Pelliculae]] [[Categoria:Televisio]] ht9li19bzovzpr68490kajntt9wptbh 3986813 3986808 2026-09-09T07:21:48Z Grufo 64423 Paginam redintegravi 3986813 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Screenplay example.svg|thumb|Exemplum ex scripto scenario [[diverbium]] et [[actio]]nes describit.]] [[Fasciculus:The Godfather Screenplay.JPG|thumb|Paginae scripti scenarii ''[[The Godfather Part II]].'' [[Exhibitio]] [[Augusta Taurinorum|Augustae Taurinorum]] in [[Italia]].]] {{res|Scriptum scenarium}}, seu Latinitate recentiore {{res|plene=Scriptum scaenarium|scaenarium}},<ref>John C. Traupman, sub voce "Screen play," ''Latin and English Dictionary,'' ed. 3a (Novi Eboraci: Bantam Dell, 2007), 649.</ref> est [[opus scriptum]] a [[scriptor scenarius|scriptore scenario]] pro [[pellicula]], [[ludus televisificus|ludo televisifico]], vel [[programma televisificum|programmate televisifico]]. Scripta scenaria esse possunt opus originale vel accommodatio exstantium exemplorum [[scriptura|scribendi]], in quo [[motus]], [[actio]]nes, status [[corpus|corporis]], et [[diverbium]] [[persona]]rum etiam [[narratio|narrantur]]. [[Ludus]] [[televisio]]ni destinatus [[ludus televisificus]]<!--Anglice: teleplay--> appellatur. {{NexInt}} * [[Fabricatio pellicularum]]<!--Filmmaking--> * [[Scriptatio]]<!--Scriptment = portanteau > script + treatment--> * [[Tabula fabulosa]]<!--Storyboard--> * ''[[Writer's Digest]]''<!-- *[[Act structure]] *[[Closet screenplay]] *[[Screenplay slug line]] *[[Screenwriter's salary]] *[[Screenwriting]] *[[Screenwriting software]] *[[List of film topics|List of film-related topics]] *[[List of screenwriting software]] *''[[Dreams on Spec]]'' *[[Guide to Literary Agents]]--> == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * Bandirali, Luca, et Enrico Terrone. [[2009]]. ''Il sistema sceneggiatura: Scrivere e descrivere i film.'' Turini: Lindau. ISBN 9788871808314. * Bernard, Jami. [[1995]]. ''Quentin Tarantino: The Man and His Movies.'' HarperCollins. ISBN 0002556448. * Haag, Judith H., et Hillis R. Cole. [[1980]]. ''The Complete Guide to Standard Script Formats: The Screenplay.'' CMC Publishing. ISBN 0929583000. * Lavandier, Yves. [[2005]]. ''Writing Drama: A Comprehensive Guide for Playwrights and Scritpwriters.'' Le Clown & l'Enfant. ISBN 291060604X. * Riley, C. [[2005]]. ''The Hollywood Standard: The Complete and Authoritative Guide to Script Format and Style.'' Michael Weise Productions. Sheridan Press. ISBN 0941188949. * Trottier, David. [[2014]]. ''The Screenwriter's Bible: A Complete Guide to Writing, Formatting, and Selling Your Script.'' Ed. 6a. Angelopoli: Silman-James Press. ISBN 9781935247104. ==Nexus externi==<!-- {{Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=no |others=no |about=yes |label=Screenplay }}--> * [http://www.americanscreenwriters.com/ American Screenwriters Association,] www.americanscreenwriters.com * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150919040642/https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Category:Writing_movies De scriptura,] en.wikibooks.org <!--ex [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Movie_Making_Manual MovieMakingManual] (MMM) Wikibook, praecipue in [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Movie_Making_Manual/Screenplay_Format formatting]--> * {{dmoz|Arts/Movies/Filmmaking/Screenwriting/Scripts/|Screenplays}} <!--en:Film--> <!--en:Television terminology--><!-- [[Categoria:Forma fictionis]] [[Category:Film and video terminology]] [[Category:Filmmaking]] [[Category:Film production]] [[Category:Screenwriting]] [[Category:Screenplays]]--> [[Categoria:Fictio]] [[Categoria:Ludi scenici]] [[Categoria:Pelliculae]] [[Categoria:Televisio]] j31265kcuxs7dvldx8dr2oeurex60wk Disputatio:Scriptum scenarium 1 229199 3986810 2831911 2026-09-09T07:19:42Z Grufo 64423 Grufo movit paginam [[Disputatio:Scriptum scaenarium]] ad [[Disputatio:Scriptum scenarium]]: Nomenclatura uniformis 2831911 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Attributio|en|Screenplay}} i8ugh39ydb2f8isze43i25wna7irgxb Leopoldus Andrian 0 238938 3986682 3984035 2026-09-08T19:52:57Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3986682 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Leopold Andrian (1875–1951) 1918.jpg|thumb|Leopold Andrian, anno 1918]] '''Leopoldus / Leopold ANDRIAN''' (natus die [[9 Maii]] [[1875]] [[Berolinum|Berolini]], mortuus die [[19 Novembris]] [[1951]] [[Friburgum Nuithonum |Friburgi Nuithonum]]) [[Austria|Austriacus]] [[scriptor]] erat et [[legatus (civilitas)|legatus]]. Emminenter repraesentabat [[Impressionismus|Impressionismum]] inter homines Vindobonensium quae dicebantur Modernorum. Amici eius erant i.a. [[Ariminius Bahr]] et [[Hugo de Hofmannsthal]] quocum commercium epistulare fecundissimum instituerat (editum anno 1967). Nepos erat componistae [[Iacobus Meyerbeer|Iacobi Meyerbeer]]. ==Vita== Anthropologi filius iura studuit et historiam, philosophiam, linguam Theodiscam. Doctoratum in iuribus assecutus est. Opera iuvenis iam genere scribendi et forma excellebant [[melancholia]]m [[aesthetica|aestheticae]] tenere mulcentia. Domino Hofmannsthal curae fuit, ut ea apud ''Blätter für die Kunst'', in peridico quodam a [[Stephanus George|Stephano George]] edito, in lucem proferrentur. Anno 1895 a Hofmannsthal inspirata lyrica fabula ''Der Garten der Erkenntnis'' edita est, quae anno 1919 sub titulo originali ''Das Fest der Jugend'' tertiam reeditionem cognovit. Describitur principis filius Erwin, narcissus quidam de capsula totus, quaerens vitae secretum intimum, Putat id inveniri posse in forma "feminae", in amore matris, in [[pulchritudo|pulchritudine]], in amplexu alterni inter mundos externum et internum. Eius inceptum male successit: e contrario, nihil capi potest et omnia aliena manent. Huius operis soni somnulenti abstrahentesque adeptis Stephani Georges maximae admirationi erant. Narratiunculae vestigia reperiuntur adhuc in fragmento Hofmannsthalensi ''Andreas'' et in [[mythistoria|fabula Milesia]] ''Die Verwirrungen des Zöglings Törleß'' a [[Robertus Musil|Roberto Musil]] scripta. ==Officia legati== Inter annos 1899-1918 Andrian statui inservit tamquam legatus [[Rivus Ianuarii|Rivi Ianuarii]], [[Petropolis|Petropoli]], [[Athenae|Athenis]] et [[Varsovia]]e. Postea unum annum regens erat Theatri Curtis Vindobonensis. [[Imperium Austro-Hungaricum|Imperio Austro-Hungarico]] collapso magis magisque sese recepit. Anno 1938 per [[Helvetia]]m et [[Nicaea]]m in [[Brasilia]]m emigravit. Ecce alia opera: commentarii ''Ständeordnung des Alls, rationales Weltbild eines katholischen Dichters'' (1930) et ''Österreich im Prisma der Idee'' (1937). ==Fons== Köster, Thomas: "Andrian, Leopoldus", apud: ''Microsoft Encarta 2007 Enzyklopädie'', Microsoft Corporation, 2006 (DVD) == Bibliographia == *Hermann Dorowin: ''Retter des Abendlands. Kulturkritik im Vorfeld des europäischen Faschismus.'' Metzler, Stuttgart, 1991 ISBN 3-476-00747-2. *Karl Johann Müller: ''Das Dekadenzproblem in der österreichischen Literatur um die Jahrhundertwende, dargelegt an Texten von Hermann Bahr, Richard von Schaukal, Hugo von Hofmannsthal und Leopold von Andrian.'' Heinz, Stuttgart, 1977 (= Stuttgarter Arbeiten zur Germanistik 28) ISBN 3-88099-027-1. *Ursula Renner: ''Leopold Andrians „Garten der Erkenntnis“. Literarisches Paradigma einer Identitätskrise in Wien um 1900.'' Lang, Frankfurt a. M., 1981 (= Literatur und Psychologie 3) ISBN 3-8204-6150-7. * Günter Riederer: ''Der letzte Österreicher. Leopold von Andrian und sein Nachlass im Deutschen Literaturarchiv Marbach.'' Deutsche Schillergesellschaft, Marbach am Neckar 2011 (=Aus dem Archiv, Heft 4). ISBN 978-3-937384-80-1 *Horst Schumacher: ''Leopold Andrian. Werk und Weltbild eines österreichischen Dichters.'' Bergland, Wien 1967. *Cathrine Theodorsen: ''Leopold Andrian, seine Erzählung „Der Garten der Erkenntnis“ und der Dilettantismus in Wien um 1900.'' Wehrhahn, Hannoverae-Laatzae 2006, ISBN 3-86525-032-7. == Nexus externi == * {{DNB-Portal|118503006}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060614215113/http://editions-verdier.fr/allemagne/auteurs/andrian.htm Biographia minor, lingua Francogallica] {{DEFAULTSORT:Andrian, Leopold}} [[categoria:Scriptores Austriae]] [[categoria:Nati 1875]] [[categoria:Mortui 1951]] [[categoria:Auctores Theodisci]] [[categoria:Legati]] r8cc4gughd9c7avnuouupcuerrv82d2 Cornu Curvatum 0 244540 3986586 3986579 2026-09-08T12:36:22Z IacobusAmor 1163 ~ 3986586 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Pilsumer_Leuchtturm_2010-10_CN-I.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Pharus]] [[Pillesum|Pillesi]]<ref name="Pillesum"/> (Theodisce ''Pilsum'').]] [[Fasciculus:Eilsum Kirche.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|Ecclesia [[Eilshemium|Eilshemii]]<ref name="Eilshemium"/> (Theodisce ''Eilsum'').]] '''Cornu Curvatum'''<ref name="Cornu Curvatum">[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/curvatus?wb=gross&nr=1 Theodiscum adiectivale praefixum ''Krumm-'' Latino adiectivo "curvatus-a-um"] et [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/cornu?wb=gross&nr=2 Theodiscum nominale suffixum ''-hörn'' Latino nomine "cornu-us" (n.)] vertitur.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Krummhörn'') est [[commune]] [[Circulus Auriacum|circuli Auriaci]] in [[Frisia orientalis|Frisia Orientali]] atque in [[Saxonia Inferior]]e situm. Ad Cornu Curvatum commune vici [[Campa Maior]]<ref name="Jahrbuch">Vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/637/EJ02.pdf?utm ''Jahrbuch der Gesellschaft für bildende Kunst und vaterländische Ältertliümer zu Emden''], ubi dicitur "(...) Campen (Campa major, Campum) (...)".</ref> (Theodisce ''Campen'') (anno 2008, 507 incolae), [[Canigum]]<ref name="Canum">Vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/8567/Canum.pdf?utm ''Canum, Gemeinde Krummhörn, Landkreis Aurich – Datenblatt''], ubi dicitur "(...) Canigum hodie Canum (...)".</ref> (Theodisce ''Canum'') (293), [[Eilshemium]]<ref name="Eilshemium">Hoc Latinum toponymum regressive derivatur Latino e gentilicio "Eilshemius-a-um". Quo de gentilicio, vide [https://heidelblog.net/2015/11/canones-synodi-dordrechtanae/ ''Lexikon schwäbischer Ortsnamen. Herkunft und Bedeutung''], ubi dicitur "(...) DANIEL BERNARDUS EILSHEMIUS, Emdanæ Ecclesiæ Pastor senior (...)".</ref> (Theodisce ''Eilsum'') (612), [[Freepsum]] (Theodisce ''Freepsum'') (406), [[Frisgana]]<ref name="Frisgana">Vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3031/Visquard.pdf?utm ''Visquard, Gemeinde Krummhörn, Landkreis Aurich''], ubi dicitur "(...) in villa Frisgana (...)".</ref> (Theodisce ''Visquard'') (720), [[Gelete]]<ref name="Gelete">Vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/1492/EJ11.pdf?utm ''Jahrbuch der Gesellschaft für bildende Kunst und vaterländische Altertümer zu Emden''], ubi dicitur "in villa Gelete terram 7 pecudum cum ceteris appendiciis".</ref> (Theodisce ''Jennelt'') (384), [[Greetsila]]<ref name="Materiales">Vide [https://ifc.dpz.es/recursos/publicaciones/38/09/04montaner.pdf?utm ''MATERIALES PARA UNA POÉTICA DE LA IMAGINACIÓN EMBLEMÁTICA'', Alberti Montaner Frutos], ubi dicitur "Greetsila, Allenii Osterhusæ, beningii Grimershemi et Grothusæ, in Harlingia Cankenii, Larletani et Valderani Emdanis uicini".</ref> (Theodisce ''Greetsiel'') (1553), [[Grimershemum]]<ref name="Materiales"/> (Theodisce ''Grimersum'') (604), [[Grothusa]]<ref name="Materiales"/> (Theodisce ''Groothusen'') (483), [[Hameswerum]]<ref name="Hameswerum">Vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3190/Hamswehrum.pdf?utm ''Hamswehrum, Gemeinde Krummhörn, Landkreis Aurich''], ubi dicitur "Hameswerum noviter erecta".</ref> (Theodisce ''Hamswehrum'') (493), [[Huttum]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}</ref> (Theodisce ''Uttum'') (505), [[Loquardia]]<ref name="-arda">Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum terminationibus ''-ard(t)'' aut ''-ard(e)(n)'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-ardia-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stargardia (Megapolis)|Stargardia]], [[Bresegardia apud Hyldam]] atque [[Sagardia]] apud [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_communium_Megapolis_et_Pomeraniae_Citerioris|articulum Vicipardiae Latinae de indice communium Megapolis et Pomeraniae Citerioris]; [[Hardia (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Hardia]] apud [[Index communium Badeniae et Virtembergiae|articulum Vicipardiae Latinae de indice communium Badeniae et Virtembergiae]]; et [[Babardia]], [[Leovardia]] ac [[Bigardia]], apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Loquard'') (621), [[Marsfliati]]<ref name="Marsfliati">Vide [http://www.greetsiel-krummhoern.de/manslagt/ ''www.greetsiel-krummhoern.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Ortsname lautete damals "Marsfliati" und "Marslati" (...)".</ref> (Theodisce ''Manslagt'') (413), [[Pewsuma]]<ref name="Hexenverfolgung">Vide [https://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/71486/1/Lenz_Hexenverfolgung%20in%20Ostfriesland.pdf?utm ''Hexenverfolgung in Ostfriesland'', Marinae Lenz], ubi dicitur "(...) Auricae 2, Lehrae 2, Pewsumae 2 et Nordae 3 ex insula Juist (...)".</ref> (Theodisce ''Pewsum'') (caput communis, 3289 incolae), [[Pillesum]]<ref name="Pillesum">Vide [https://www.ms-visucom.de/cgi-bin/ebidat.pl?id=6634&utm ''EBIDAT - Die Burgendatenbank''], ubi dicitur "(...) Folcardus Beningha in Pillesum (...)".</ref> (Theodisce ''Pilsum'') (594), [[Plegewerde]]<ref name="Plegewerde">Vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3053/Upleward.pdf?utm ''Upleward, Gemeinde Krummhörn, Landkreis Aurich''], ubi dicitur "(...) Acko provisor in Plegewerde (...)".</ref> (Theodisce ''Upleward'') (405), [[Rysingum]]<ref name="Rysingum">Vide [https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/drwOstfrUrkunde1878/0658/image,info ''Heidelberg historic literature – digitized''], ubi dicitur "(...) vir Focko Hayana in Rysingum, (...)".</ref> (Theodisce ''Rysum'') (730), [[Wachwerdia]]<ref name="Wachwerdia">Vide [https://www.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/fileadmin/user_upload/BIBLIOTHEK/HOO/HOO_Woquard.pdf?utm ''Woquard, Gemeinde Krummhörn, Landkreis Aurich''], ubi dicitur "(...) Emmius schreibt (um 1600) „Wachwerdia“. (...)".</ref> (Theodisce ''Woquard'') (191) atque [[Waltsation]]<ref name="Waltsation">Vide [https://bouwstoffen.kantl.be/tw/lemma/?id=17262 ''bouwstoffen.kantl.be/''], ubi dicitur "(...) Woltzeten (facs.) [ Woltzeten : Au : Ns ] UUaltsation (...)".</ref> (Theodisce ''Woltzeten'') (200) pertinent. == Historia == Vici eius communis partes [[Frisia orientalis|Frisiae Orientalis]] ducatus una fuerunt, tum annis [[1744]] ad [[1806]] ad [[Borussia]]m, deinde ab anno 1806 [[regio]] ad [[Nederlandia]]m et annis [[1810]] ad [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1815]] Cornus Curvati regio [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regno Hannoverano]] tradita est, quae post annum [[1866]] iterum pars [[Borussia]]e fuit. Ab anno [[1885]] Cornus Curvati vici partes novi Circuli Auriaci erant. Ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinent. Anno [[1972]] vici supra dicti in communem Cornu Curvatum coniuncti sunt. Nomen "Cornu Curvatum" (Theodisce ''Krummhörn'') acceptum est propter formam agri communis. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Krummhörn|Cornu Curvatum}} * [http://www.krummhoern.de/ Situs www.krummhoern.de.] [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1972]] 16fe58b8zvjr18klk82r0fd8bzln6s9 Gornaium ad Matronam 0 246393 3986833 3861026 2026-09-09T10:25:33Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3986833 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Gournay-sur-Marne - Town Hall - 1.jpg|left|thumb|[[Curia municipalis]]]] '''Gornaium<ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20230211075819/https://patrimoine.seinesaintdenis.fr/village-de-clichy situs Sequanae et Sancti Dionysii proprius]</ref>''' sive '''Gornacum'''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110519012314/http://www.corpusetampois.com/cls-19-cocheris1874dictionnaire.html Corpus étampois]</ref> ([[Lingua Francogallica|Francogallice]] ''Gournay-sur-Marne'') est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 6'876 incolarum<ref>Secundum [https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6676182?geo=COM-93033 censum anno 2020 factum]</ref> [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Sequana et Sanctus Dionysius|Sequanae et Sancti Dionysii]] in regione [[Insula Franciae (regio Franciae)|Insula Franciae]]. Motto urbis est: ''per pontem ad fortunam''.<ref>Situs interretialis Gornaii proprius: [https://ville-gournay-sur-marne.fr/fr/rb/167611/bienvenue-a-gournay Bienvenue à Gournay]</ref> == Toponymia == A Gornio<ref>[https://www.francebleu.fr/emissions/au-nom-des-lieux/107-1/gournay-sur-marne Orogrammata radiophonica] </ref>, principium est genus toponymicum a *''Gornacon'' Gallicum derivatum. Fundatur in elementis *''gorn-'', hydronymica caule. Supra tempus habuit urbs multa nomina: Gornacum castrum (anno 1078); Gornaium castrum (anno 1105); Castrum Gurnaicum (anno 1138); Castrum Gorneii sive Gornaium (anno 147); (anno Gornayum 1236); Gorneyo(anno 1277); Gournayo (anno 1352).<ref name=":0" /> == Coniunctiones communium == * ''Torre de Moncorvo'' (''Turrim Menendi Curvi''<ref>[https://www.cm-moncorvo.pt/pages/996?poi_id=287 História]</ref>) {{LusitaniaVex}} ab anno 2017. == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Sequanae et Sancti Dionysii|Indicem communium praefecturae Sequanae et Sancti Dionysii]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Gournay-sur-Marne|Gournay-sur-Marne}} * {{INSEE commune|93033|de=Gournay-sur-Marne}} * [http://cassini.ehess.fr/cassini/fr/html/fiche.php?select_resultat=15834 De hoc commune apud cassini.ehess.fr] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101115161046/http://www.mairie-gournay-sur-marne.fr/ Huius communis pagina interretialis] {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Sequanae et Sancti Dionysii]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Sequanae et Sancti Dionysii]] 2iwbwc8ne7n95akqpfucbfifpskc0yf Clichiacum ad Silvam 0 246400 3986763 3748004 2026-09-08T22:47:15Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3986763 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Clichy_sous_Bois_Eglise_Saint_Denis.jpg |thumb|upright=0.8|left|[[Ecclesia]] [[Sanctus Dionysius|Sancto Dionysio]] dicata.]] '''Clichiacum'''<ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20230211075819/https://patrimoine.seinesaintdenis.fr/village-de-clichy situs Sequanae et Sancti Dionysii proprius]</ref> (anno 1193) sive '''Clippacum Superius'''<ref name=":0" /> (anno 636), [[Lingua Francogallica|Francogallice]] ''Clichy-sous-Bois,'' est [[urbs]] et [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 29&thinsp;624 incolarum<ref>Secundum [https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6676182?geo=COM-93014 censum anno 2020 factum]</ref> [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Sequana et Sanctus Dionysius|Sequanae et Sancti Dionysii]] in regione [[Insula Franciae (regio Franciae)|Insula Franciae]]. Anno 1820 in vico venationis thelami vix 150 incolas habuit.<ref name=":1">[https://www.clichy-sous-bois.fr/ma-ville/histoire/ Situs interretialis Clichiaci proprius]. </ref> Anno 1851 pagus nomen ''Clichiacum ad Silvam'' accepit.<ref name=":1" /> == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Sequanae et Sancti Dionysii|Indicem communium praefecturae Sequanae et Sancti Dionysii]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Clichy-sous-Bois|Clichiacum}} * {{INSEE commune|93014|de=Clichy-sous-Bois}} * [http://cassini.ehess.fr/cassini/fr/html/fiche.php?select_resultat=9726 De hoc commune apud cassini.ehess.fr] * [http://www.clichy-sous-bois.fr/ Huius communis pagina interretialis] {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Sequanae et Sancti Dionysii]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Sequanae et Sancti Dionysii]] lvuuhgkhcxawremrobtr3me7r4irjin Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi 0 254622 3986674 3985846 2026-09-08T19:28:22Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3986674 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Municipalities in NOH.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo in comitatu Binethensi]] '''Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi'''<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus in Comitatũ Binethensi" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Grafschaft Bentheim'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum syntagma "in Comitatũ Binethensi" Theodiscum ''Grafschaft Bentheim'' vertit.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Grafschaft Bentheim''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Grafskup Bentheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Groafschup Bentem''), nunc pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1885]] conditus est et ad annum [[1945]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit et deinde ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem. Caput circuli urbs [[Northorna]] est. == Historia == Comitatus Binethensis anno [[1015]] primo in actis descriptum est. Ab anno [[1815]] ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Anno [[1885]] circulus conditus est. Post [[Secundum Bellum Mundanum]] [[Nederlandia]] agrum circuli reparationis causa postulavit neque tamen multum adipisci potuit<ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-44435312.html Der Spiegel die 1 Ianuarii 1949]</ref>. Ab anno [[1946]] Circulus Binethensis pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Numerus incolarum tum multis hominibus auctus est, qui e Germania Orientali fugati erant. Annis [[1974]], [[1977]] atque [[1978]] fines circuli paulum mutatae sunt. == Communia circuli == Haec sunt 25 communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communia generalia coniuncti sunt: * [[Binethemum]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688">Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: I. Historicos Germanicos, II. Historiam Helmstadensem, III. Dissertationes de utriusque Saxoniae''. Typis Georgii Wolffgangi Hammii; et: Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: Dissertationen und historische Chroniken des Herzogtums Braunschweig-Lüneburg''. Typis Georgii Wolffii.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bentheim''), urbs (15.104 incolae) * [[Northorna]]<ref name="Egli 1893">Egli, J. J. (1893). ''Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume''. [[Lipsia]]e: Friedrich Brandstetter.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nordhorn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nothoorn'' seu ''Notthoarn'' seu ''Netthoarn'' seu ''Noordhoorn''), urbs et caput circuli (52.579) * [[Wietmarschen]] (11.765) * [[Emmelkampus (commune generale)|Emmelkampus]]<ref name="Emmelkampus">Vide [https://www.altreformiert.de/beuker/geschichte/grafschaft-bentheim/ERK-GRAFSCH_Classis_1625-1705_Prot_-_Plasger_2021_gjb.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Protokolle der Classis der reformierten Prediger der Grafschaft Bentheim 1625–1705''], ubi dicitur "(...) Domino Bernhardus Tinneken Pastorum Emmelkampum (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Emlichheim''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Batavice]] ''Emmelkamp'') commune generale (14.428) ** [[Emmelkampus]]<ref name="Emmelkampus">Vide [https://www.altreformiert.de/beuker/geschichte/grafschaft-bentheim/ERK-GRAFSCH_Classis_1625-1705_Prot_-_Plasger_2021_gjb.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Protokolle der Classis der reformierten Prediger der Grafschaft Bentheim 1625–1705''], ubi dicitur "(...) Domino Bernhardus Tinneken Pastorum Emmelkampum (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Emlichheim''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Batavice]] ''Emmelkamp''), sedes administrationis (7.288) ** [[Hoogstede]] (2.883) ** [[Lare]]<ref name="Lare">Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/3014/NOB%20XV%20Grafschaft%20Bentheim.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1&utm ''NOB XV Grafschaft Bentheim''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''LAAR''' (Gem. Laar, Samtgem. Emlichheim) 1232 (A. 14. Jh.) ''totum Lare cum ecclesia'' (Gesta Episc. Traiect. S. 424 Z. 51) 1312 (Transs. 1332; A.) ''sex domos [...] de Lare'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Laar''; [[Saxonice]] ''Loar'') (2.176) ** [[Ringe]] (2.081) * [[Neuenhusa (commune generale)|Neuenhusa]]<ref name="-husa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenhaus''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neenhuus'') commune generale (13.896) ** [[Aszi]]<ref name="Hermann">Hermann Abels: ''Die Ortsnamen des Emslandes in ihrer sprachlichen und kulturgeschichtlichen Bedeutung''. S. 27f.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Esche'') (573) ** [[Georgsdorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Georgsdorf'') (1.280) ** [[Lage (Saxonia Inferior)|Lage]] (1.059) ** [[Neuenhusa]]<ref name="-husa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenhaus''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neenhuus''), urbs et sedes administrationis (9813) ** [[Osterwald]] (1.171) * [[Schüttorf (commune generale)|Schüttdorf]] commune generale (15.388) ** [[Engda]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Engden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Engn'') (432) ** [[Isterberga]]<ref name="-berga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-berga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Isterberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Isterbarg'') (581) ** [[Ohne]] (572) ** [[Quendorf]] (548) ** [[Samern]] (745) ** [[Schüttorf]], oppidum et sedes administrationis (12.510) * [[Uelsen (commune generale)|Uelsen]] commune generale (11.169) ** [[Geteloha]]<ref name="-loha">Germanica praesentia aut antiqua toponyma cum suffixis ''-loh(e)'' et ''-lo'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-loha-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ascloha]], [[Buohloha]], [[Eiloha]], [[Hadaloha]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Getelo''; [[Saxonice]] ''Getel'') (550) ** [[Golencampus]]<ref name="campus-i">[https://ewa.saw-leipzig.de/articles/80250/en?utm Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-kamp'' seu ''-kampf'' seu ''-camp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-campus-i"], quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Gölenkamp''; [[Saxonice]] ''Göllenkamp'') (588) ** [[Halla (Comitatus Binethensis)|Halla]]<ref name="Halla prope Neuenhusam">Theodiscum toponymum ''Halle'' plerumque toponymo "Halla-ae" latinizatur. Qua de latinizatione, vide complures Hallae apud [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Halle'') (663) ** [[Itterbecca]]<ref name="-ecca">Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ec(k)'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-ecca-ae" seu "-eca-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-ec, -eck''' : -''ecca'', -''ēca'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Itterbeck'') (1.760) ** [[Uelsen]], sedes administrationis (5.468) ** [[Wielen]] (551) ** [[Wilsum]] (1.589) == Notae == <references /> == Nexus externi == {{commonscat|Landkreis Grafschaft Bentheim|circulum in comitatu Binethensi}} [http://www.grafschaft-bentheim.de Pagina officialis] {{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}} {{geo-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Binethensis comitatus circulus}} [[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1885]] 8eiqqv49bxv8druat5pjsri7kfb4z8p 3986712 3986674 2026-09-08T20:40:26Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3986712 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Municipalities in NOH.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo in comitatu Binethensi]] '''Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi'''<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus in Comitatũ Binethensi" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Grafschaft Bentheim'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum syntagma "in Comitatũ Binethensi" Theodiscum ''Grafschaft Bentheim'' vertit.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Grafschaft Bentheim''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Grafskup Bentheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Groafschup Bentem''), nunc pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1885]] conditus est et ad annum [[1945]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit et deinde ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem. Caput circuli urbs [[Northorna]] est. == Historia == Comitatus Binethensis anno [[1015]] primo in actis descriptum est. Ab anno [[1815]] ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Anno [[1885]] circulus conditus est. Post [[Secundum Bellum Mundanum]] [[Nederlandia]] agrum circuli reparationis causa postulavit neque tamen multum adipisci potuit<ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-44435312.html Der Spiegel die 1 Ianuarii 1949]</ref>. Ab anno [[1946]] Circulus Binethensis pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Numerus incolarum tum multis hominibus auctus est, qui e Germania Orientali fugati erant. Annis [[1974]], [[1977]] atque [[1978]] fines circuli paulum mutatae sunt. == Communia circuli == Haec sunt 25 communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communia generalia coniuncti sunt: * [[Binethemum]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688">Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: I. Historicos Germanicos, II. Historiam Helmstadensem, III. Dissertationes de utriusque Saxoniae''. Typis Georgii Wolffgangi Hammii; et: Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: Dissertationen und historische Chroniken des Herzogtums Braunschweig-Lüneburg''. Typis Georgii Wolffii.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bentheim''), urbs (15.104 incolae) * [[Northorna]]<ref name="Egli 1893">Egli, J. J. (1893). ''Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume''. [[Lipsia]]e: Friedrich Brandstetter.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nordhorn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nothoorn'' seu ''Notthoarn'' seu ''Netthoarn'' seu ''Noordhoorn''), urbs et caput circuli (52.579) * [[Wietmarschen]] (11.765) * [[Emmelkampus (commune generale)|Emmelkampus]]<ref name="Emmelkampus">Vide [https://www.altreformiert.de/beuker/geschichte/grafschaft-bentheim/ERK-GRAFSCH_Classis_1625-1705_Prot_-_Plasger_2021_gjb.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Protokolle der Classis der reformierten Prediger der Grafschaft Bentheim 1625–1705''], ubi dicitur "(...) Domino Bernhardus Tinneken Pastorum Emmelkampum (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Emlichheim''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Batavice]] ''Emmelkamp'') commune generale (14.428) ** [[Emmelkampus]]<ref name="Emmelkampus">Vide [https://www.altreformiert.de/beuker/geschichte/grafschaft-bentheim/ERK-GRAFSCH_Classis_1625-1705_Prot_-_Plasger_2021_gjb.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Protokolle der Classis der reformierten Prediger der Grafschaft Bentheim 1625–1705''], ubi dicitur "(...) Domino Bernhardus Tinneken Pastorum Emmelkampum (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Emlichheim''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Batavice]] ''Emmelkamp''), sedes administrationis (7.288) ** [[Hoogstede]] (2.883) ** [[Lare]]<ref name="Lare">Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/3014/NOB%20XV%20Grafschaft%20Bentheim.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1&utm ''NOB XV Grafschaft Bentheim''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''LAAR''' (Gem. Laar, Samtgem. Emlichheim) 1232 (A. 14. Jh.) ''totum Lare cum ecclesia'' (Gesta Episc. Traiect. S. 424 Z. 51) 1312 (Transs. 1332; A.) ''sex domos [...] de Lare'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Laar''; [[Saxonice]] ''Loar'') (2.176) ** [[Ringe]] (2.081) * [[Neuenhusa (commune generale)|Neuenhusa]]<ref name="-husa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenhaus''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neenhuus'') commune generale (13.896) ** [[Aszi]]<ref name="Hermann">Hermann Abels: ''Die Ortsnamen des Emslandes in ihrer sprachlichen und kulturgeschichtlichen Bedeutung''. S. 27f.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Esche'') (573) ** [[Georgsdorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Georgsdorf'') (1.280) ** [[Laga (Saxonia Inferior)|Laga]]<ref name="-e">Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Lage''; [[Saxonice]] ''Loage'') (1.059) ** [[Neuenhusa]]<ref name="-husa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenhaus''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neenhuus''), urbs et sedes administrationis (9813) ** [[Osterwald]] (1.171) * [[Schüttorf (commune generale)|Schüttdorf]] commune generale (15.388) ** [[Engda]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Engden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Engn'') (432) ** [[Isterberga]]<ref name="-berga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-berga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Isterberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Isterbarg'') (581) ** [[Ohne]] (572) ** [[Quendorf]] (548) ** [[Samern]] (745) ** [[Schüttorf]], oppidum et sedes administrationis (12.510) * [[Uelsen (commune generale)|Uelsen]] commune generale (11.169) ** [[Geteloha]]<ref name="-loha">Germanica praesentia aut antiqua toponyma cum suffixis ''-loh(e)'' et ''-lo'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-loha-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ascloha]], [[Buohloha]], [[Eiloha]], [[Hadaloha]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Getelo''; [[Saxonice]] ''Getel'') (550) ** [[Golencampus]]<ref name="campus-i">[https://ewa.saw-leipzig.de/articles/80250/en?utm Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-kamp'' seu ''-kampf'' seu ''-camp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-campus-i"], quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Gölenkamp''; [[Saxonice]] ''Göllenkamp'') (588) ** [[Halla (Comitatus Binethensis)|Halla]]<ref name="Halla prope Neuenhusam">Theodiscum toponymum ''Halle'' plerumque toponymo "Halla-ae" latinizatur. Qua de latinizatione, vide complures Hallae apud [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Halle'') (663) ** [[Itterbecca]]<ref name="-ecca">Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ec(k)'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-ecca-ae" seu "-eca-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-ec, -eck''' : -''ecca'', -''ēca'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Itterbeck'') (1.760) ** [[Uelsen]], sedes administrationis (5.468) ** [[Wielen]] (551) ** [[Wilsum]] (1.589) == Notae == <references /> == Nexus externi == {{commonscat|Landkreis Grafschaft Bentheim|circulum in comitatu Binethensi}} [http://www.grafschaft-bentheim.de Pagina officialis] {{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}} {{geo-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Binethensis comitatus circulus}} [[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1885]] 7s0u4k6n9rrq821qsrlw31wybwj7qme 3986757 3986712 2026-09-08T22:08:19Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3986757 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Municipalities in NOH.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo in comitatu Binethensi]] '''Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi'''<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus in Comitatũ Binethensi" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Grafschaft Bentheim'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum syntagma "in Comitatũ Binethensi" Theodiscum ''Grafschaft Bentheim'' vertit.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Grafschaft Bentheim''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Grafskup Bentheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Groafschup Bentem''), nunc pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1885]] conditus est et ad annum [[1945]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit et deinde ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem. Caput circuli urbs [[Northorna]] est. == Historia == Comitatus Binethensis anno [[1015]] primo in actis descriptum est. Ab anno [[1815]] ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Anno [[1885]] circulus conditus est. Post [[Secundum Bellum Mundanum]] [[Nederlandia]] agrum circuli reparationis causa postulavit neque tamen multum adipisci potuit<ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-44435312.html Der Spiegel die 1 Ianuarii 1949]</ref>. Ab anno [[1946]] Circulus Binethensis pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Numerus incolarum tum multis hominibus auctus est, qui e Germania Orientali fugati erant. Annis [[1974]], [[1977]] atque [[1978]] fines circuli paulum mutatae sunt. == Communia circuli == Haec sunt 25 communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communia generalia coniuncti sunt: * [[Binethemum]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688">Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: I. Historicos Germanicos, II. Historiam Helmstadensem, III. Dissertationes de utriusque Saxoniae''. Typis Georgii Wolffgangi Hammii; et: Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: Dissertationen und historische Chroniken des Herzogtums Braunschweig-Lüneburg''. Typis Georgii Wolffii.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bentheim''), urbs (15.104 incolae) * [[Northorna]]<ref name="Egli 1893">Egli, J. J. (1893). ''Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume''. [[Lipsia]]e: Friedrich Brandstetter.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nordhorn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nothoorn'' seu ''Notthoarn'' seu ''Netthoarn'' seu ''Noordhoorn''), urbs et caput circuli (52.579) * [[Wietmarschen]] (11.765) * [[Emmelkampus (commune generale)|Emmelkampus]]<ref name="Emmelkampus">Vide [https://www.altreformiert.de/beuker/geschichte/grafschaft-bentheim/ERK-GRAFSCH_Classis_1625-1705_Prot_-_Plasger_2021_gjb.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Protokolle der Classis der reformierten Prediger der Grafschaft Bentheim 1625–1705''], ubi dicitur "(...) Domino Bernhardus Tinneken Pastorum Emmelkampum (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Emlichheim''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Batavice]] ''Emmelkamp'') commune generale (14.428) ** [[Emmelkampus]]<ref name="Emmelkampus"/> ([[Theodisce]] ''Emlichheim''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Batavice]] ''Emmelkamp''), sedes administrationis (7.288) ** [[Hoogstede]] (2.883) ** [[Lare]]<ref name="Lare">Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/3014/NOB%20XV%20Grafschaft%20Bentheim.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1&utm ''NOB XV Grafschaft Bentheim'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) '''LAAR''' (Gem. Laar, Samtgem. Emlichheim) 1232 (A. 14. Jh.) ''totum Lare cum ecclesia'' (Gesta Episc. Traiect. S. 424 Z. 51) 1312 (Transs. 1332; A.) ''sex domos [...] de Lare'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Laar''; [[Saxonice]] ''Loar'') (2.176) ** [[Ringe]] (2.081) * [[Neuenhusa (commune generale)|Neuenhusa]]<ref name="-husa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenhaus''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neenhuus'') commune generale (13.896) ** [[Aszi]]<ref name="Hermann">Hermann Abels: ''Die Ortsnamen des Emslandes in ihrer sprachlichen und kulturgeschichtlichen Bedeutung''. S. 27f.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Esche'') (573) ** [[Georgsdorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Georgsdorf'') (1.280) ** [[Laga (Saxonia Inferior)|Laga]]<ref name="-e">Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Lage''; [[Saxonice]] ''Loage'') (1.059) ** [[Neuenhusa]]<ref name="-husa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenhaus''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neenhuus''), urbs et sedes administrationis (9813) ** [[Osterwald]] (1.171) * [[Schüttorf (commune generale)|Schüttdorf]] commune generale (15.388) ** [[Engda]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Engden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Engn'') (432) ** [[Isterberga]]<ref name="-berga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-berga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Isterberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Isterbarg'') (581) ** [[Ohne]] (572) ** [[Quendorf]] (548) ** [[Samern]] (745) ** [[Schüttorf]], oppidum et sedes administrationis (12.510) * [[Uelsen (commune generale)|Uelsen]] commune generale (11.169) ** [[Geteloha]]<ref name="-loha">Germanica praesentia aut antiqua toponyma cum suffixis ''-loh(e)'' et ''-lo'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-loha-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ascloha]], [[Buohloha]], [[Eiloha]], [[Hadaloha]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Getelo''; [[Saxonice]] ''Getel'') (550) ** [[Golencampus]]<ref name="campus-i">[https://ewa.saw-leipzig.de/articles/80250/en?utm Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-kamp'' seu ''-kampf'' seu ''-camp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-campus-i"], quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Gölenkamp''; [[Saxonice]] ''Göllenkamp'') (588) ** [[Halla (Comitatus Binethensis)|Halla]]<ref name="Halla prope Neuenhusam">Theodiscum toponymum ''Halle'' plerumque toponymo "Halla-ae" latinizatur. Qua de latinizatione, vide complures Hallae apud [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Halle'') (663) ** [[Itterbecca]]<ref name="-ecca">Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ec(k)'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-ecca-ae" seu "-eca-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-ec, -eck''' : -''ecca'', -''ēca'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Itterbeck'') (1.760) ** [[Uelsen]], sedes administrationis (5.468) ** [[Wielen]] (551) ** [[Wilsum]] (1.589) == Notae == <references /> == Nexus externi == {{commonscat|Landkreis Grafschaft Bentheim|circulum in comitatu Binethensi}} [http://www.grafschaft-bentheim.de Pagina officialis] {{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}} {{geo-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Binethensis comitatus circulus}} [[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1885]] k7d631n8dzb5he37l6efcj7z4vl9wza Emmelkampus (commune generale) 0 254727 3986670 3983003 2026-09-08T19:25:58Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3986670 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Emmelkampus'''<ref name="Emmelkampus">Vide [https://www.altreformiert.de/beuker/geschichte/grafschaft-bentheim/ERK-GRAFSCH_Classis_1625-1705_Prot_-_Plasger_2021_gjb.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Protokolle der Classis der reformierten Prediger der Grafschaft Bentheim 1625–1705''], ubi dicitur "(...) Domino Bernhardus Tinneken Pastorum Emmelkampum (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Emlichheim''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Batavice]] ''Emmelkamp'') est commune generale [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi|Circulo in Comitatu Binethensi]]. == Historia == Die [[1 Martii]] [[1974]] Emmelkampus commune generale constitutum est. E communibus [[Emmelkampus|Emmelkampo]]<ref name="Emmelkampus">Vide [https://www.altreformiert.de/beuker/geschichte/grafschaft-bentheim/ERK-GRAFSCH_Classis_1625-1705_Prot_-_Plasger_2021_gjb.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Protokolle der Classis der reformierten Prediger der Grafschaft Bentheim 1625–1705''], ubi dicitur "(...) Domino Bernhardus Tinneken Pastorum Emmelkampum (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Emlichheim''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Batavice]] ''Emmelkamp'') (7.288 incolae, sedes administrationis), [[Hoogsteda]]<ref name="-e">Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hoogstede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hoogstee'') (2.883), [[Lare|Lari]]<ref name="Lare">Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/3014/NOB%20XV%20Grafschaft%20Bentheim.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1&utm ''NOB XV Grafschaft Bentheim''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''LAAR''' (Gem. Laar, Samtgem. Emlichheim) 1232 (A. 14. Jh.) ''totum Lare cum ecclesia'' (Gesta Episc. Traiect. S. 424 Z. 51) 1312 (Transs. 1332; A.) ''sex domos [...] de Lare'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Laar'''; [[Saxonice]] ''Loar'') (2.176) atque [[Ringe]] (2.081) constat. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{Commonscat|Emlichheim|Emmelkampum}} * [http://www.emlichheim.de Pagina communis generalis Emmelkampi (Theodisce)] {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia generalia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1974]] h0183f5vlxtiouvb525jv1p1du75y44 3986671 3986670 2026-09-08T19:26:30Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3986671 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Emmelkampus'''<ref name="Emmelkampus">Vide [https://www.altreformiert.de/beuker/geschichte/grafschaft-bentheim/ERK-GRAFSCH_Classis_1625-1705_Prot_-_Plasger_2021_gjb.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Protokolle der Classis der reformierten Prediger der Grafschaft Bentheim 1625–1705''], ubi dicitur "(...) Domino Bernhardus Tinneken Pastorum Emmelkampum (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Emlichheim''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Batavice]] ''Emmelkamp'') est commune generale [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi|Circulo in Comitatu Binethensi]]. == Historia == Die [[1 Martii]] [[1974]] Emmelkampus commune generale constitutum est. E communibus [[Emmelkampus|Emmelkampo]]<ref name="Emmelkampus">Vide [https://www.altreformiert.de/beuker/geschichte/grafschaft-bentheim/ERK-GRAFSCH_Classis_1625-1705_Prot_-_Plasger_2021_gjb.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Protokolle der Classis der reformierten Prediger der Grafschaft Bentheim 1625–1705''], ubi dicitur "(...) Domino Bernhardus Tinneken Pastorum Emmelkampum (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Emlichheim''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Batavice]] ''Emmelkamp'') (7.288 incolae, sedes administrationis), [[Hoogsteda]]<ref name="-e">Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Hoogstede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hoogstee'') (2.883), [[Lare|Lari]]<ref name="Lare">Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/3014/NOB%20XV%20Grafschaft%20Bentheim.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1&utm ''NOB XV Grafschaft Bentheim''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''LAAR''' (Gem. Laar, Samtgem. Emlichheim) 1232 (A. 14. Jh.) ''totum Lare cum ecclesia'' (Gesta Episc. Traiect. S. 424 Z. 51) 1312 (Transs. 1332; A.) ''sex domos [...] de Lare'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Laar'''; [[Saxonice]] ''Loar'') (2.176) atque [[Ringe]] (2.081) constat. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{Commonscat|Emlichheim|Emmelkampum}} * [http://www.emlichheim.de Pagina communis generalis Emmelkampi (Theodisce)] {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia generalia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1974]] imn36x8mxnel0pt9yrecrijhvzplwn2 3986673 3986671 2026-09-08T19:27:07Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 /* Historia */ 3986673 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Emmelkampus'''<ref name="Emmelkampus">Vide [https://www.altreformiert.de/beuker/geschichte/grafschaft-bentheim/ERK-GRAFSCH_Classis_1625-1705_Prot_-_Plasger_2021_gjb.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Protokolle der Classis der reformierten Prediger der Grafschaft Bentheim 1625–1705''], ubi dicitur "(...) Domino Bernhardus Tinneken Pastorum Emmelkampum (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Emlichheim''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Batavice]] ''Emmelkamp'') est commune generale [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi|Circulo in Comitatu Binethensi]]. == Historia == Die [[1 Martii]] [[1974]] Emmelkampus commune generale constitutum est. E communibus [[Emmelkampus|Emmelkampo]]<ref name="Emmelkampus">Vide [https://www.altreformiert.de/beuker/geschichte/grafschaft-bentheim/ERK-GRAFSCH_Classis_1625-1705_Prot_-_Plasger_2021_gjb.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Protokolle der Classis der reformierten Prediger der Grafschaft Bentheim 1625–1705''], ubi dicitur "(...) Domino Bernhardus Tinneken Pastorum Emmelkampum (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Emlichheim''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Batavice]] ''Emmelkamp'') (7.288 incolae, sedes administrationis), [[Hoogsteda]]<ref name="-e">Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Hoogstede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hoogstee'') (2.883), [[Lare|Lari]]<ref name="Lare">Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/3014/NOB%20XV%20Grafschaft%20Bentheim.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1&utm ''NOB XV Grafschaft Bentheim''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''LAAR''' (Gem. Laar, Samtgem. Emlichheim) 1232 (A. 14. Jh.) ''totum Lare cum ecclesia'' (Gesta Episc. Traiect. S. 424 Z. 51) 1312 (Transs. 1332; A.) ''sex domos [...] de Lare'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Laar''; [[Saxonice]] ''Loar'') (2.176) atque [[Ringe]] (2.081) constat. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{Commonscat|Emlichheim|Emmelkampum}} * [http://www.emlichheim.de Pagina communis generalis Emmelkampi (Theodisce)] {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia generalia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1974]] lvtsup2gjxioyvjgw3jxusw5xtgro3p 3986786 3986673 2026-09-09T04:59:53Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3986786 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Emmelkampus'''<ref name="Emmelkampus">Vide [https://www.altreformiert.de/beuker/geschichte/grafschaft-bentheim/ERK-GRAFSCH_Classis_1625-1705_Prot_-_Plasger_2021_gjb.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Protokolle der Classis der reformierten Prediger der Grafschaft Bentheim 1625–1705''], ubi dicitur "(...) Domino Bernhardus Tinneken Pastorum Emmelkampum (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Emlichheim''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Batavice]] ''Emmelkamp'') est commune generale [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi|Circulo in Comitatu Binethensi]]. == Historia == Die [[1 Martii]] [[1974]] Emmelkampus commune generale constitutum est. E communibus [[Emmelkampus|Emmelkampo]]<ref name="Emmelkampus"/> ([[Theodisce]] ''Emlichheim''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Batavice]] ''Emmelkamp'') (7.288 incolae, sedes administrationis), [[Hoogsteda]]<ref name="-e">Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Hoogstede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hoogstee'') (2.883), [[Lare|Lari]]<ref name="Lare">Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/3014/NOB%20XV%20Grafschaft%20Bentheim.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1&utm ''NOB XV Grafschaft Bentheim'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) '''LAAR''' (Gem. Laar, Samtgem. Emlichheim) 1232 (A. 14. Jh.) ''totum Lare cum ecclesia'' (Gesta Episc. Traiect. S. 424 Z. 51) 1312 (Transs. 1332; A.) ''sex domos [...] de Lare'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Laar''; [[Saxonice]] ''Loar'') (2.176) atque [[Ringe]] (2.081) constat. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{Commonscat|Emlichheim|Emmelkampum}} * [http://www.emlichheim.de Pagina communis generalis Emmelkampi (Theodisce)] {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia generalia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1974]] a77qfvkuktzupwgw7wavmgze0ynm4qq Neuenhusa (commune generale) 0 254728 3986710 3983703 2026-09-08T20:33:56Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3986710 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:2013-neuenhaus-hausambuergerpark.jpg|thumb|left|Iudicium Neuenhusanum anno 1973 aedificatum.]] '''Neuenhusa'''<ref name="-husa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenhaus''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neenhuus'') est commune generale [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi|Circulo in Comitatu Binethensi]]. == Historia == Die [[1 Martii]] [[1974]] Neuenhusa commune generale constitutum est. E communibus [[Aszi]]s<ref name="Hermann">Hermann Abels: ''Die Ortsnamen des Emslandes in ihrer sprachlichen und kulturgeschichtlichen Bedeutung''. S. 27f.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Esche'') (573 incolae), [[Georgsdorfium|Georgsdorfio]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Georgsdorf'') (1.280), [[Laga (Saxonia Inferior)|Laga]]<ref name="-e">Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Lage''; [[Saxonice]] ''Loage'') (1.059), [[Neuenhusa]]<ref name="-husa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenhaus''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neenhuus''), urbe et sede administrationis, (9813) atque [[Osterwald]] (1.171) constat. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{Commonscat|Neuenhaus|Neuenhusam}} * [http://www.neuenhaus.de Pagina communis generalis Neuenhusae (Theodisce)] {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia generalia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1974]] ow1m85lg9vbjn2evd8pr9khdok6w68p Circulus Terrae Emesensis 0 255046 3986717 3986474 2026-09-08T20:49:48Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3986717 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} {{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Hoeltingmuehle_Meppen.jpg|thumb|left|In oppido [[Meppea]] flumina [[Amisia]] et [[Hasa]] confluunt.]] [[Fasciculus:Municipalities in EL.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo Terrae Emesensis.]] '''Circulus Terrae Emesensis'''<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Terrae Altenburgensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Emsland'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum "terra-ae" Theodiscum lexema ''-land'' vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Emesensis-e" ad flumen [[Amisia|Emesam]] refertur. De hoc hydronymo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Emsland''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Oamselound''), pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1977]] conditus est ex antiquis circulis ''Aschendorfensi-Humlingensi'', ''Meppea'' atque partibus circuli Lingae. Caput circuli urbs [[Meppea]] est. == Historia == Terra Emesensis a medioaevo ad annum [[1802]] ad [[Dioecesis Monasteriensis|Principatum episcopalem Monasterii]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1806]] Terra Emesensis ad [[Magnus Ducatus Montensis|Magnum Ducatum Montensem]] pertinuit, ab anno [[1810]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]]. [[Napoleo I (imperator Franciae)|Napoleone]] imperatore victo Terra Emesensis ab anno [[1814]] ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Anno [[1885]] circuli Aschendorfensis, Humlingensis, Meppea et Linga conditi sunt. Anno [[1932]] circuli Aschendorfensis et Humlingensis coniuncti sunt. Tempore dictaturae [[NSDAP|Nazistarum]] in Terra Emesensi multa castra carceralia condita sunt. Post [[Secundum Bellum Mundanum]] [[Nederlandia]] agrum circuli reparationis causa postulavit neque tamen multum adipisci potuit<ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-44435312.html Der Spiegel die 1 Ianuarii 1949]</ref>. Pars Terrae Emesensis etiam a captivis liberatis Polonicis ad annum [[1948]] "Area occupationis Polonica" administrata est<ref>[http://www.deutschlandradiokultur.de/1945-als-das-emsland-polnisch-war.1001.de.html?dram:article_id=155820 deutschlandradiokultur.de die 24 Iunii 2005]</ref>. Ab anno [[1946]] Circulus Binethensis pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Numerus incolarum tum multis hominibus auctus est, qui e Germania Orientali fugati erant. Anno [[1977]] circulus Terrae Emesensis conditus est ex antiquis circulis Aschendorfensi-Humlingensi, Meppea atque partibus circuli Lingae. == Communia circuli == Haec sunt 60 communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communia generalia coniuncti sunt: * [[Emsbura]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Emsbüren''; [[Saxonice]] ''Büren'') (9903 incolae) * [[Geesta]]<ref name="-e">Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Geeste''; [[Saxonice]] ''Choeiste'') (11.260) * [[Harna]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Haren''), urbs (23.255) * [[Linga (Amisia)|Linga]], oppidum (52.503) * [[Lunne]]<ref name="Lunne">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/haseluenne/?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''civibus opidi nostri in Lunne'' (...)". Latinum autem gentilicium "Haselunnensis-e" est. Quo de gentilicio, vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Haselünne''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Lünne''), urbs (12.504) * [[Meppea]] oppidum et caput circuli (34.549) * [[Papenburg]], oppidum (35.981) * [[Rhede (Amisia)|Rhede]] (4175) * [[Salzbergen]] (7535) * [[Twist]] (9499) * [[Thorpum (commune generale)|Thorpum]]<ref name="Thorpum">Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/ZIER-HP/ZIER-HP-06-2016/AAAKoeblerGerhardDorfinderdeutschenOrtsgeschichte20160831-7111.htm ''www.koeblergerhard.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Dörpen''', 9. Jh., bei Aschendorf nördlich Meppens, F2-1090 THURP (Dorf) Dorfa (7), Thorpum (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dörpen'') commune generale (16.140) ** [[Clusa (Saxonia Inferior)|Clusa]]<ref name="Kluse">Theodiscum Saxonicumque toponymum ''Kluse'' derivatur a Medio-Latino vocabulo "clūsa", "angustum montium aditum, locum clausum" significante, quae ad Latinum verbum "claudere" refertur; cf. Kluge, ''Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache'', s.v. ''Klause'', ubi Mediaevali Theodisco vocabulo ''klûse'', Antiquo Theodisco vocabulo ''chlûsa'' ex [[Latinitas medii aevi|Mediaevali Latino vocabulo]] "clausa, clusa" deducitur, et Lühr, ''Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen'', V, s.v. ''klûsa'', ubi Antiquum Theodiscum vocabulum ''klûsa'', ''Einfriedung, Engpass'' significans, ex [[Latinitas medii aevi|Mediaevali Latino vocabulo]] "clūsa" explicatur. Inde Theodiscum Saxonicumque toponymum ''Kluse'' ortum est.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Kluse'') (1587) ** [[Dersum]]<ref name="Egger 1977">Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Dersum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Derßm'') (1466) ** [[Heeda (Terra Emesensis)|Heeda]]<ref name="-e">Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Heede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Häie'') (2419) ** [[Lehe]] (999) ** [[Neubörger]] (1544) ** [[Neulehe]] (762) ** [[Thorpum]]<ref name="Thorpum"/> ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dörpen''), sedes administrationis (4983) ** [[Walchum]] (1457) ** [[Wippingen]] (923) * [[Frera (commune generale)|Frera]]<ref name="-a"/> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Freren'') commune generale (10.304) ** [[Andervenia]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705">Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Bremensis et Verdensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et pagis ditionis Rotenburgensis (Caput de parochia Ahusii)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et parochiis ditionis Osnabrugensis (Caput de antiqua parochia Alfhusii)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et parochiis ditionis Osnabrugensis et Comitatus Lingensis (Caput de parochia Anderveniae)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Andervenne'') (879) ** [[Bestena]]<ref name="Jellinghaus 1923">Jellinghaus, H. (1923). ''Die westfälischen Ortsnamen nach ihren Bestandteilen''' (III ed.). Ferdinand Schöningh.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Beesten'') (1597) ** [[Frera]]<ref name="-a"/> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Freren''), urbs et sedes administrationis (5000) ** Messingen (1058) ** Thuine (1770) * [[Herzlaka (commune generale)|Herzlaka]]<ref name="-e">Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Herzlake''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hässelke'') commune generale (10.050) ** [[Dohra (Terra Emesensis)|Dohra]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dohren '') (1097) ** [[Herzlaka]]<ref name="-e">Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Herzlake''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hässelke''), sedes administrationis (4248) ** [[Lahda]]<ref name="-e"/> ([[Theodisce]] ''Lähden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Löhn'') (4705) * [[Lathen (commune generale)|Lathen]] commune generale (11.237) ** [[Fresenburgum]]<ref name="-burg">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-burgum-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Fresenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Fräsenborg'') (909) ** [[Lathen]], sedes administrationis (6159) ** [[Niederlangen]] (1208) ** [[Oberlangen]] (951) ** [[Renkenberge]] (715) ** [[Sustrum]] (1295) * [[Lengerich (commune generale)|Lengerich]] commune generale (9093) ** [[Bawinkelum]]<ref name="Moser 1738">Moser, J. J. (1738). ''Bibliotheca Iuris Publici S. R. I. Germanici: Specially regarding the territories of Westphalia and Lower Saxony''. Typis Ioannis Georgii Cottae.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Bawinkel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bowinkel'') (2359) ** [[Gersta]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gersten'') (1209) ** [[Hantharpa]]<ref name="-tharpa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-trup'' seu ''-drup'' seu ''-trop'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-tharpa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Butilingtharpa]], [[Graftharpa]], [[Gumorodingtharpa]], [[Haringtharpa]], [[Heppingtharpa]], [[Holttharpa]], [[Hurstharpa]], [[Kathingtharpa]], [[Kiedeningtharpa]], [[Marastharpa]], [[Markiligtharpa]], [[Meinbrahtingtharpa]], [[Peingtharpa]], [[Radistharpa]], [[Sutharpa]], [[Tettingtharpa]], [[Vilomaringtharpa]], [[Winikingtharpa]], [[Varetharpa]], [[Vrilingtharpa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Handrup'') (841) ** [[Langen]] (1451) ** [[Lengerich]], sedes administrationis (2658) ** [[Wettrup]] (575) * [[Nordhummlinga (commune generale)|Nordhummlinga]]<ref name="-inga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Nordhümmling'') commune generale (12.005) ** [[Bochorstia]]<ref name="Erhard 1851">Erhard, H. A. (Ed.) (1851). ''Regesta Historiae Westfaliae: Accedit Codex Diplomaticus/Regesten der Geschichte Westfalens''. Regensberg.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bockhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baukhast'')(987) ** [[Breddenberga]]<ref name="Wilmans & Hoogeweg VI 1898">Wilmans, R., & Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.). (1898). ''Westfälisches Urkundenbuch: Band 6. Die Urkunden des Bisthums Minden und angrenzender Gebiete''. [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Regensberg'schen Buchhandlung.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Breddenberg'') (788) ** [[Esterwega]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Esterwegen''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Äästerweede''), sedes administrationis (5179) ** [[Palus Hilcae]]<ref name="Hilkenbrook">Theodiscum toponymum ''Hilkenbrook'', quamquam hodiernum est, syntagmate ''Palus Hilcae'' Latine verti potest. Nomen Germanicum ''Hilcke'', variatio nominis Theodisci ''Hilken-'', apud Stark ad formam Latinam "Hilca-ae" refertur, quae saeculo XII testata est (''Monumenta Garsensia'', n. 37; ''Monumenta Boica'' I, 27): Stark, F. (1866), ''Die Kosenamen der Germanen'', p. 318. Brook, i. e. bruoh «Sumpf, sumpfiges Gelände», Latine "palus, paludis" reddi potest. Itaque, anthroponomycum praefixum ''Hilken-'' ad nomen ''Hilca'' relatum et suffixum ''brook'' per vocabulum "palus, paludis" redditum, ''Hilkenbrook'' interpretari licet "Palus Hilcae".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hilkenbrook'') (806) ** [[Surwold]] (4245) * [[Sögel (commune generale)|Sögel]] commune generale (15.997) ** [[Bernsium Minus]]<ref name="Bernsium">Vide [https://emslaendische-landschaft.de/images/AFEL/Publikationen/Zeitschriften/Band_22/Heft_109_Mai_2011.pdf?utm ''''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Berßen, Groß oder Klein''' (...) Bernsium (...)".</ref><ref name="KleinGrosse">De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum "Klein" et "Gross" per Latina "Minor-us" et "Maior-ius", vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Klein Berßen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lütke Bässen'') (1127) ** [[Bersinium]]<ref name="Kaemling 1987">Kaemling, ''Atlas zur Geschichte Niedersachsens'' (1987).</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Berßen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groten Bässen'') (656) ** [[Burgium (Saxonia Inferior)|Burgium]]<ref name="Remling VII 2026">Remling, L. (2026). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Emsland''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Börger''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borger'') (2747) ** [[Huvenni]]<ref name="Huvenni">Vide [https://dokumen.pub/suffixbildungen-in-alten-ortsnamen-akten-eines-internationalen-symposiums-in-uppsala-14-16-mai-2004-9185352578.html?utm ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen: Akten eines internationalen Symposiums in Uppsala 14.-16. Mai 2004 9185352578''], ubi dicitur "(...) Hüven (Kr. Emsland), 10. Jh. (Kopie 15. Jh.) in Huvenni (Möller 1998 S. 101, Udolph 2002a S. 238) (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hüven'') (519) ** [[Sögel]], sedes administrationis (7335) ** [[Spahnharrenstätte]] (1511) ** [[Stavern]] (1066) ** [[Werpeloh]] (1036) * [[Spella (commune generale)|Spella]]<ref name="Spella">Vide [https://www.emsland.com/la/tour/emsland-route-395-km?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''www.esland.com''], ubi dicitur "(...) A Spella ad Rhenum: circiter XVI km (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Spelle'') commune generale (13.018) ** [[Lunni (commune generali Spella)|Lunni]]<ref name="Lunni">Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/Fontes/AltdeutschesNamenbuch-Bd2OrtsnamenLbisZ-3A-1913.pdf?utm ''Altdeutsches Namenbuch'']; ubi dicitur "(...) '''Lunni.''' 9. 1) Altlünne bei Plantlünne (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lünne'') (1877) ** [[Schapen]] (2327) ** [[Spella]]<ref name="Spella">Vide [https://www.emsland.com/la/tour/emsland-route-395-km?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''www.esland.com''], ubi dicitur "(...) A Spella ad Rhenum: circiter XVI km (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Spelle''), sedes administrationis (8814) ** [[Werlte]] commune generale (16.749) ** [[Lahn]] (897) ** [[Lorup]] (3184) ** [[Rastdorf]] (1015) ** [[Vrees]] (1695) ** [[Werlte]], sedes administrationis (9958), sed etiam oppidum in anno domini 2017 est. == Notae == <references /> == Nexus externi == {{commonscat|Landkreis Emsland|circulum Terrae Emesensis}} * [http://www.emsland.de Pagina officialis circuli] {{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}} {{geo-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Binethensis comitatus circulus}} [[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1977]] 8z2v2459suavktmextsq7y5dzxquz4k 3986731 3986717 2026-09-08T21:09:10Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3986731 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} {{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Hoeltingmuehle_Meppen.jpg|thumb|left|In oppido [[Meppea]] flumina [[Amisia]] et [[Hasa]] confluunt.]] [[Fasciculus:Municipalities in EL.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo Terrae Emesensis.]] '''Circulus Terrae Emesensis'''<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Terrae Altenburgensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Emsland'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum "terra-ae" Theodiscum lexema ''-land'' vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Emesensis-e" ad flumen [[Amisia|Emesam]] refertur. De hoc hydronymo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Emsland''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Oamselound''), pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1977]] conditus est ex antiquis circulis ''Aschendorfensi-Humlingensi'', ''Meppea'' atque partibus circuli Lingae. Caput circuli urbs [[Meppea]] est. == Historia == Terra Emesensis a medioaevo ad annum [[1802]] ad [[Dioecesis Monasteriensis|Principatum episcopalem Monasterii]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1806]] Terra Emesensis ad [[Magnus Ducatus Montensis|Magnum Ducatum Montensem]] pertinuit, ab anno [[1810]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]]. [[Napoleo I (imperator Franciae)|Napoleone]] imperatore victo Terra Emesensis ab anno [[1814]] ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Anno [[1885]] circuli Aschendorfensis, Humlingensis, Meppea et Linga conditi sunt. Anno [[1932]] circuli Aschendorfensis et Humlingensis coniuncti sunt. Tempore dictaturae [[NSDAP|Nazistarum]] in Terra Emesensi multa castra carceralia condita sunt. Post [[Secundum Bellum Mundanum]] [[Nederlandia]] agrum circuli reparationis causa postulavit neque tamen multum adipisci potuit<ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-44435312.html Der Spiegel die 1 Ianuarii 1949]</ref>. Pars Terrae Emesensis etiam a captivis liberatis Polonicis ad annum [[1948]] "Area occupationis Polonica" administrata est<ref>[http://www.deutschlandradiokultur.de/1945-als-das-emsland-polnisch-war.1001.de.html?dram:article_id=155820 deutschlandradiokultur.de die 24 Iunii 2005]</ref>. Ab anno [[1946]] Circulus Binethensis pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Numerus incolarum tum multis hominibus auctus est, qui e Germania Orientali fugati erant. Anno [[1977]] circulus Terrae Emesensis conditus est ex antiquis circulis Aschendorfensi-Humlingensi, Meppea atque partibus circuli Lingae. == Communia circuli == Haec sunt 60 communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communia generalia coniuncti sunt: * [[Emsbura]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Emsbüren''; [[Saxonice]] ''Büren'') (9903 incolae) * [[Geesta]]<ref name="-e">Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Geeste''; [[Saxonice]] ''Choeiste'') (11.260) * [[Harna]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Haren''), urbs (23.255) * [[Linga (Amisia)|Linga]], oppidum (52.503) * [[Lunne]]<ref name="Lunne">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/haseluenne/?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''civibus opidi nostri in Lunne'' (...)". Latinum autem gentilicium "Haselunnensis-e" est. Quo de gentilicio, vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Haselünne''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Lünne''), urbs (12.504) * [[Meppea]] oppidum et caput circuli (34.549) * [[Papenburg]], oppidum (35.981) * [[Rhede (Amisia)|Rhede]] (4175) * [[Salzbergen]] (7535) * [[Twist]] (9499) * [[Thorpum (commune generale)|Thorpum]]<ref name="Thorpum">Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/ZIER-HP/ZIER-HP-06-2016/AAAKoeblerGerhardDorfinderdeutschenOrtsgeschichte20160831-7111.htm ''www.koeblergerhard.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Dörpen''', 9. Jh., bei Aschendorf nördlich Meppens, F2-1090 THURP (Dorf) Dorfa (7), Thorpum (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dörpen'') commune generale (16.140) ** [[Clusa (Saxonia Inferior)|Clusa]]<ref name="Kluse">Theodiscum Saxonicumque toponymum ''Kluse'' derivatur a Medio-Latino vocabulo "clūsa", "angustum montium aditum, locum clausum" significante, quae ad Latinum verbum "claudere" refertur; cf. Kluge, ''Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache'', s.v. ''Klause'', ubi Mediaevali Theodisco vocabulo ''klûse'', Antiquo Theodisco vocabulo ''chlûsa'' ex [[Latinitas medii aevi|Mediaevali Latino vocabulo]] "clausa, clusa" deducitur, et Lühr, ''Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen'', V, s.v. ''klûsa'', ubi Antiquum Theodiscum vocabulum ''klûsa'', ''Einfriedung, Engpass'' significans, ex [[Latinitas medii aevi|Mediaevali Latino vocabulo]] "clūsa" explicatur. Inde Theodiscum Saxonicumque toponymum ''Kluse'' ortum est.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Kluse'') (1587) ** [[Dersum]]<ref name="Egger 1977">Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Dersum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Derßm'') (1466) ** [[Heeda (Terra Emesensis)|Heeda]]<ref name="-e">Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Heede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Häie'') (2419) ** [[Lehe]] (999) ** [[Neubörger]] (1544) ** [[Neulehe]] (762) ** [[Thorpum]]<ref name="Thorpum"/> ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dörpen''), sedes administrationis (4983) ** [[Walchum]] (1457) ** [[Wippingen]] (923) * [[Frera (commune generale)|Frera]]<ref name="-a"/> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Freren'') commune generale (10.304) ** [[Andervenia]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705">Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Bremensis et Verdensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et pagis ditionis Rotenburgensis (Caput de parochia Ahusii)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et parochiis ditionis Osnabrugensis (Caput de antiqua parochia Alfhusii)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et parochiis ditionis Osnabrugensis et Comitatus Lingensis (Caput de parochia Anderveniae)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Andervenne'') (879) ** [[Bestena]]<ref name="Jellinghaus 1923">Jellinghaus, H. (1923). ''Die westfälischen Ortsnamen nach ihren Bestandteilen''' (III ed.). Ferdinand Schöningh.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Beesten'') (1597) ** [[Frera]]<ref name="-a"/> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Freren''), urbs et sedes administrationis (5000) ** Messingen (1058) ** Thuine (1770) * [[Herzlaka (commune generale)|Herzlaka]]<ref name="-e">Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Herzlake''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hässelke'') commune generale (10.050) ** [[Dohra (Terra Emesensis)|Dohra]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dohren '') (1097) ** [[Herzlaka]]<ref name="-e">Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Herzlake''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hässelke''), sedes administrationis (4248) ** [[Lahda]]<ref name="-e"/> ([[Theodisce]] ''Lähden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Löhn'') (4705) * [[Lathen (commune generale)|Lathen]] commune generale (11.237) ** [[Fresenburgum]]<ref name="-burg">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-burgum-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Fresenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Fräsenborg'') (909) ** [[Lathen]], sedes administrationis (6159) ** [[Niederlangen]] (1208) ** [[Oberlangen]] (951) ** [[Renkenberge]] (715) ** [[Sustrum]] (1295) * [[Lengerich (commune generale)|Lengerich]] commune generale (9093) ** [[Bawinkelum]]<ref name="Moser 1738">Moser, J. J. (1738). ''Bibliotheca Iuris Publici S. R. I. Germanici: Specially regarding the territories of Westphalia and Lower Saxony''. Typis Ioannis Georgii Cottae.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Bawinkel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bowinkel'') (2359) ** [[Gersta]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gersten'') (1209) ** [[Hantharpa]]<ref name="-tharpa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-trup'' seu ''-drup'' seu ''-trop'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-tharpa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Butilingtharpa]], [[Graftharpa]], [[Gumorodingtharpa]], [[Haringtharpa]], [[Heppingtharpa]], [[Holttharpa]], [[Hurstharpa]], [[Kathingtharpa]], [[Kiedeningtharpa]], [[Marastharpa]], [[Markiligtharpa]], [[Meinbrahtingtharpa]], [[Peingtharpa]], [[Radistharpa]], [[Sutharpa]], [[Tettingtharpa]], [[Vilomaringtharpa]], [[Winikingtharpa]], [[Varetharpa]], [[Vrilingtharpa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Handrup'') (841) ** [[Langen]] (1451) ** [[Lengerich]], sedes administrationis (2658) ** [[Wettrup]] (575) * [[Nordhummlinga (commune generale)|Nordhummlinga]]<ref name="-inga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Nordhümmling'') commune generale (12.005) ** [[Bochorstia]]<ref name="Erhard 1851">Erhard, H. A. (Ed.) (1851). ''Regesta Historiae Westfaliae: Accedit Codex Diplomaticus/Regesten der Geschichte Westfalens''. Regensberg.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bockhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baukhast'')(987) ** [[Breddenberga]]<ref name="Wilmans & Hoogeweg VI 1898">Wilmans, R., & Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.). (1898). ''Westfälisches Urkundenbuch: Band 6. Die Urkunden des Bisthums Minden und angrenzender Gebiete''. [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Regensberg'schen Buchhandlung.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Breddenberg'') (788) ** [[Esterwega]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Esterwegen''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Äästerweede''), sedes administrationis (5179) ** [[Palus Hilcae]]<ref name="Hilkenbrook">Theodiscum toponymum ''Hilkenbrook'', quamquam hodiernum est, syntagmate ''Palus Hilcae'' Latine verti potest. Nomen Germanicum ''Hilcke'', variatio nominis Theodisci ''Hilken-'', apud Stark ad formam Latinam "Hilca-ae" refertur, quae saeculo XII testata est (''Monumenta Garsensia'', n. 37; ''Monumenta Boica'' I, 27): Stark, F. (1866), ''Die Kosenamen der Germanen'', p. 318. Brook, i. e. bruoh «Sumpf, sumpfiges Gelände», Latine "palus, paludis" reddi potest. Itaque, anthroponomycum praefixum ''Hilken-'' ad nomen ''Hilca'' relatum et suffixum ''brook'' per vocabulum "palus, paludis" redditum, ''Hilkenbrook'' interpretari licet "Palus Hilcae".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hilkenbrook'') (806) ** [[Surwold]] (4245) * [[Sögel (commune generale)|Sögel]] commune generale (15.997) ** [[Bernsium Minus]]<ref name="Bernsium">Vide [https://emslaendische-landschaft.de/images/AFEL/Publikationen/Zeitschriften/Band_22/Heft_109_Mai_2011.pdf?utm ''''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Berßen, Groß oder Klein''' (...) Bernsium (...)".</ref><ref name="KleinGrosse">De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum "Klein" et "Gross" per Latina "Minor-us" et "Maior-ius", vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Klein Berßen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lütke Bässen'') (1127) ** [[Bersinium]]<ref name="Kaemling 1987">Kaemling, ''Atlas zur Geschichte Niedersachsens'' (1987).</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Berßen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groten Bässen'') (656) ** [[Burgium (Saxonia Inferior)|Burgium]]<ref name="Remling VII 2026">Remling, L. (2026). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Emsland''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Börger''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borger'') (2747) ** [[Huvenni]]<ref name="Huvenni">Vide [https://dokumen.pub/suffixbildungen-in-alten-ortsnamen-akten-eines-internationalen-symposiums-in-uppsala-14-16-mai-2004-9185352578.html?utm ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen: Akten eines internationalen Symposiums in Uppsala 14.-16. Mai 2004 9185352578''], ubi dicitur "(...) Hüven (Kr. Emsland), 10. Jh. (Kopie 15. Jh.) in Huvenni (Möller 1998 S. 101, Udolph 2002a S. 238) (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hüven'') (519) ** [[Sögel]], sedes administrationis (7335) ** [[Spahnharrenstätte]] (1511) ** [[Stavern]] (1066) ** [[Werpeloh]] (1036) * [[Spella (commune generale)|Spella]]<ref name="Spella">Vide [https://www.emsland.com/la/tour/emsland-route-395-km?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''www.esland.com''], ubi dicitur "(...) A Spella ad Rhenum: circiter XVI km (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Spelle'') commune generale (13.018) ** [[Lunni (commune generali Spella)|Lunni]]<ref name="Lunni">Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/Fontes/AltdeutschesNamenbuch-Bd2OrtsnamenLbisZ-3A-1913.pdf?utm ''Altdeutsches Namenbuch'']; ubi dicitur "(...) '''Lunni.''' 9. 1) Altlünne bei Plantlünne (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lünne'') (1877) ** [[Schapen]] (2327) ** [[Spella]]<ref name="Spella">Vide [https://www.emsland.com/la/tour/emsland-route-395-km?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''www.esland.com''], ubi dicitur "(...) A Spella ad Rhenum: circiter XVI km (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Spelle''), sedes administrationis (8814) ** [[Werlte]] commune generale (16.749) ** [[Lahna (Saxonia Inferior)|Lahna]]<ref name="Lahna">Theodiscum toponymum ''Lahn'' forma "Lahna" latinizari solet. Cf. [[Limburgum ad Lahnam]] et [[Laugana|Lahnam]] apud [http://www.archive.org/stream/a568395900unknuoft/a568395900unknuoft_djvu.txt ''Further correspondence respecting the relations existing between foreign governments and the court of Rome: in continuation of papers presented to the Parliament,'' March 27, 1851].</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Lahn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lohn'') (897) ** [[Lorup]] (3184) ** [[Rastdorf]] (1015) ** [[Vrees]] (1695) ** [[Werlte]], sedes administrationis (9958), sed etiam oppidum in anno domini 2017 est. == Notae == <references /> == Nexus externi == {{commonscat|Landkreis Emsland|circulum Terrae Emesensis}} * [http://www.emsland.de Pagina officialis circuli] {{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}} {{geo-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Binethensis comitatus circulus}} [[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1977]] t9kr0zvchcfwj0n24b6jny1x0fk7ajp Lare 0 255094 3986659 3983004 2026-09-08T18:37:39Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Laar]] ad [[Lare]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam 3983004 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:42004270 Laar altreformierte Kirche.jpg|thumb|left|Ecclesia Reformata Laar]] '''Laar''' est commune in [[Saxonia Inferior]]e situm atque pars [[Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi|Circuli in Comitatu Binethensis]]. Ad commune etiam vici Agterhorn, Echteler, Eschebrügge, Heesterkante atque Vorwald pertinent. Laar est praeterea pars communis generalis [[Emmelkampus (commune generale)|Emmelkampi]]. == Historia == Anno [[1227]] "domus Laar" possessio comitis Balduini Binethemsis primi in actis descripta est-<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160216094325/http://www.emlichheim.de/staticsite/staticsite.php?menuid=436&topmenu=4 Pagina officialis communis generalis Emmelkampi de historia communis Laar]</ref>. Regio usque ad annum [[1753]] ad comitatum Binethensem pertinuit, cum Friedericus Carolus comes eam cum toto comitatu [[Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Luneburgensis|Electori Hannoverae]] pigno dedit. Ab anno [[1806]] regio ad [[Magnus Ducatus Montensis|Magnum Ducatum Montensem]] pertinuit. [[Napoleo I (imperator Franciae)|Napoleone]] imperatore victo Hoogstede pars [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regni Hannoverani]] fuit. Regnum Hannoveranum autem anno [[1866]] a [[Borussia]] occupatum est. Anno [[1885]] Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi conditus est, cuius caput tum [[Aquae Benthemiae|Benthemia]] erat et ad quem Laar ad hunc diem pertinet. Ab anno [[1946]] Circulus Binethensis pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Numerus incolarum tum multis hominibus auctus est, qui e Germania Orientali fugati erant. Anno [[1974]] vici supra dicti cum Laar coniuncti sunt. Anno [[2011]] Gerhardus Trüün (CDU) novus magister civium electus est. == Nexus externi == {{commonscat|Laar (Grafschaft Bentheim)|Laar}} * [http://www.emlichheim.de/ Pagina officialis communis generalis Emmelkampi] == Notae == <references /> [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] hoyykqgtcisenl76vd0u1odh5koav1r 3986665 3986659 2026-09-08T19:20:00Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3986665 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:42004270 Laar altreformierte Kirche.jpg|thumb|left|Ecclesia Reformata Larensis.]] '''Lare'''<ref name="Lare">Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/3014/NOB%20XV%20Grafschaft%20Bentheim.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1&utm ''NOB XV Grafschaft Bentheim''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''domum dictam Herscoping apud Achtebere'' (...) '''LAAR''' (Gem. Laar, Samtgem. Emlichheim) 1232 (A. 14. Jh.) ''totum Lare cum ecclesia'' (Gesta Episc. Traiect. S. 424 Z. 51) 1312 (Transs. 1332; A.) ''sex domos [...] de Lare'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Laar'''; [[Saxonice]] ''Loar'') est commune in [[Saxonia Inferior]]e situm atque pars [[Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi|Circuli in Comitatu Binethensis]]. Ad commune etiam vici [[Achtebere]]<ref name="Lare"/> (Theodisce ''Echteler''), [[Agterhornium]]<ref name="-hornium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-horn(e)(n)'' aut ''-hoorn'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-hornium-i", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ahornium (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Ahornium Badense Birtembergense]] ac [[Ahornium (Coburgum)|Ahornium Coburgense]] apud [https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/attachment/document/alvin-record:564985/ATTACHMENT-0004.pdf ''Kennel von Silvalacus'']; [[Nonnenhornium]] apud ''Hermanni Conringii Censura diplomatis quod Ludovico imperatori fert acceptum coenobium Lindauiense''; [[Weissenhornium]] apud [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenahist/pareus1/Pareus_historia.html ''DANIELIS PAREI HISTORIA BAVARICO- PALATINA'']; et [[Braunshornium]] apud ''Erläuterungen zum geschichtlichen Atlas der Rheinprovinz: Die Karte von 1789''.</ref> (Theodisce ''Agterhorn''), [[Eschebruga]]<ref name="-bruga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-brück(e)'' aut ''-brügge'' aut ''-brugg(e)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-bruga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Steinbruga]], [[Kissenbruga]], [[Bruga]], [[Bruga ad Ederum]], [[Osnabruga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Eschebrügge''), [[Heesterkanta]]<ref name="-e">Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)".</ref> (Theodisce ''Heesterkante''), [[Lare (caput communis)|Lare]]<ref name="Lare"/> (Theodisce ''Laar'') atque [[Vorwalda]]<ref name="-walda">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-wald'' seu ''-walde'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-walda-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Dippoldiswalda]], [[Geringswalda]], [[Lawalda]], [[Rueckerswalda Magna]] apud [[Index urbium et communium Saxoniae|hunc articulum]].</ref> (Theodisce ''Vorwald'') pertinent. Lare est praeterea pars communis generalis [[Emmelkampus (commune generale)|Emmelkampi]]. == Historia == Anno [[1227]] "domus Larensis" possessio comitis Balduini Binethemsis primi in actis descripta est-<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160216094325/http://www.emlichheim.de/staticsite/staticsite.php?menuid=436&topmenu=4 Pagina officialis communis generalis Emmelkampi de historia communis Laris]</ref>. Regio usque ad annum [[1753]] ad comitatum Binethensem pertinuit, cum Friedericus Carolus comes eam cum toto comitatu [[Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Luneburgensis|Electori Hannoverae]] pigno dedit. Ab anno [[1806]] regio ad [[Magnus Ducatus Montensis|Magnum Ducatum Montensem]] pertinuit. [[Napoleo I (imperator Franciae)|Napoleone]] imperatore victo Lare pars [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regni Hannoverani]] fuit. Regnum Hannoveranum autem anno [[1866]] a [[Borussia]] occupatum est. Anno [[1885]] Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi conditus est, cuius caput tum [[Aquae Benthemiae|Benthemia]] erat et ad quem Lare ad hunc diem pertinet. Ab anno [[1946]] Circulus Binethensis pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Numerus incolarum tum multis hominibus auctus est, qui e Germania Orientali fugati erant. Anno [[1974]] vici supra dicti cum Lari coniuncti sunt. Anno [[2011]] Gerhardus Trüün (CDU) novus magister civium electus est. == Notae == <references /> == Nexus externi == {{commonscat|Laar (Grafschaft Bentheim)|Lare}} * [http://www.emlichheim.de/ Pagina officialis communis generalis Emmelkampi] [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] 8ntmigf4l23xlg03tly2vc022opo6sd 3986666 3986665 2026-09-08T19:20:40Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3986666 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:42004270 Laar altreformierte Kirche.jpg|thumb|left|Ecclesia Reformata Larensis.]] '''Lare'''<ref name="Lare">Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/3014/NOB%20XV%20Grafschaft%20Bentheim.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1&utm ''NOB XV Grafschaft Bentheim''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''domum dictam Herscoping apud Achtebere'' (...) '''LAAR''' (Gem. Laar, Samtgem. Emlichheim) 1232 (A. 14. Jh.) ''totum Lare cum ecclesia'' (Gesta Episc. Traiect. S. 424 Z. 51) 1312 (Transs. 1332; A.) ''sex domos [...] de Lare'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Laar''; [[Saxonice]] ''Loar'') est commune in [[Saxonia Inferior]]e situm atque pars [[Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi|Circuli in Comitatu Binethensis]]. Ad commune etiam vici [[Achtebere]]<ref name="Lare"/> (Theodisce ''Echteler''), [[Agterhornium]]<ref name="-hornium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-horn(e)(n)'' aut ''-hoorn'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-hornium-i", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ahornium (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Ahornium Badense Birtembergense]] ac [[Ahornium (Coburgum)|Ahornium Coburgense]] apud [https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/attachment/document/alvin-record:564985/ATTACHMENT-0004.pdf ''Kennel von Silvalacus'']; [[Nonnenhornium]] apud ''Hermanni Conringii Censura diplomatis quod Ludovico imperatori fert acceptum coenobium Lindauiense''; [[Weissenhornium]] apud [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenahist/pareus1/Pareus_historia.html ''DANIELIS PAREI HISTORIA BAVARICO- PALATINA'']; et [[Braunshornium]] apud ''Erläuterungen zum geschichtlichen Atlas der Rheinprovinz: Die Karte von 1789''.</ref> (Theodisce ''Agterhorn''), [[Eschebruga]]<ref name="-bruga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-brück(e)'' aut ''-brügge'' aut ''-brugg(e)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-bruga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Steinbruga]], [[Kissenbruga]], [[Bruga]], [[Bruga ad Ederum]], [[Osnabruga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Eschebrügge''), [[Heesterkanta]]<ref name="-e">Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)".</ref> (Theodisce ''Heesterkante''), [[Lare (caput communis)|Lare]]<ref name="Lare"/> (Theodisce ''Laar'') atque [[Vorwalda]]<ref name="-walda">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-wald'' seu ''-walde'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-walda-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Dippoldiswalda]], [[Geringswalda]], [[Lawalda]], [[Rueckerswalda Magna]] apud [[Index urbium et communium Saxoniae|hunc articulum]].</ref> (Theodisce ''Vorwald'') pertinent. Lare est praeterea pars communis generalis [[Emmelkampus (commune generale)|Emmelkampi]]. == Historia == Anno [[1227]] "domus Larensis" possessio comitis Balduini Binethemsis primi in actis descripta est-<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160216094325/http://www.emlichheim.de/staticsite/staticsite.php?menuid=436&topmenu=4 Pagina officialis communis generalis Emmelkampi de historia communis Laris]</ref>. Regio usque ad annum [[1753]] ad comitatum Binethensem pertinuit, cum Friedericus Carolus comes eam cum toto comitatu [[Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Luneburgensis|Electori Hannoverae]] pigno dedit. Ab anno [[1806]] regio ad [[Magnus Ducatus Montensis|Magnum Ducatum Montensem]] pertinuit. [[Napoleo I (imperator Franciae)|Napoleone]] imperatore victo Lare pars [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regni Hannoverani]] fuit. Regnum Hannoveranum autem anno [[1866]] a [[Borussia]] occupatum est. Anno [[1885]] Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi conditus est, cuius caput tum [[Aquae Benthemiae|Benthemia]] erat et ad quem Lare ad hunc diem pertinet. Ab anno [[1946]] Circulus Binethensis pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Numerus incolarum tum multis hominibus auctus est, qui e Germania Orientali fugati erant. Anno [[1974]] vici supra dicti cum Lari coniuncti sunt. Anno [[2011]] Gerhardus Trüün (CDU) novus magister civium electus est. == Notae == <references /> == Nexus externi == {{commonscat|Laar (Grafschaft Bentheim)|Lare}} * [http://www.emlichheim.de/ Pagina officialis communis generalis Emmelkampi] [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] 5t9hlmr96gs1o8mbzaaqmvrpd3kg9he Laga (Saxonia Inferior) 0 255109 3986703 3983705 2026-09-08T20:26:36Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Lage (Saxonia Inferior)]] ad [[Laga (Saxonia Inferior)]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam 3983705 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Kirche Lage.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Ecclesia Reformata Lagensis.<ref>Nomen adiectivum: ''Lagensis.'' Hermannus Hamelmannus, [https://books.google.com/books?id=auI-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA243&lpg=PA243&dq=lagensis+saxonia&source=bl&ots=J5RXUlF8hh&sig=mM2G7kiyxpX6o-oaj6O9tqRKBKM&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi78c7b6fzKAhUBMSYKHSiDBQkQ6AEIHzAA#v=onepage&q=lagensis%20saxonia&f=false ''Opera Genealogico-Historica, De Wastphalia & Saxonia Inferiori''] (Lemgoviae: Sumptibus Henrici Wilh. Meyeri, 1711), 243.</ref>]] '''Lage''' est [[commune]] in [[Saxonia Inferior]]e situm atque pars [[Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi|Circuli in Comitatu Binethensis]]. Lage est praeterea pars [[Neuenhusa (commune generale)|Neuenhusae]] communis generalis. == Historia == [[Fasciculus:I. Commelin Sprengung Burg Lage 1626.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Castellum Lagense anno [[1626]] bello deletum.]] Anno [[1183]], castellum Lagense primo in actis descriptum est. Inter bellum Hispano-Nederlandicum, castellum anno [[1623]] deletum neque deinde refectum est. Ad annum [[1803]] regio Lagensis deinde quasi sui iuris fuit.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160407144307/http://www.neuenhaus.de/staticsite/staticsite.php?menuid=182&topmenu=179 Pagina communis generalis Neuenhusae de historia vici Lage]</ref> Ab anno [[1806]] Lage ad [[Magnus Ducatus Montensis|Magnum Ducatum Montensem]] pertinuit. [[Napoleo I (imperator Franciae)|Napoleone]] imperatore victo Lage pars [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regni Hannoverani]] fuit. Regnum Hannoveranum autem anno [[1866]] a [[Borussia]] occupatum est. Anno [[1885]] Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi conditus est, cuius caput tum [[Aquae Benthemiae|Benthemia]] erat et ad quem Lage ad hunc diem pertinet. Ab anno [[1946]] Circulus Binethensis pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Numerus incolarum tum multis hominibus auctus est, qui e Germania Orientali fugati erant. Anno [[1974]] Lage cum aliis communibus se ad [[Neuenhusa (commune generale)|Neuenhusam]] commune generale coniunxit. Anno [[2011]], Henricus Bosch novus magister civium electus est. == Notae == <references /> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Lage (Dinkel)|Lage}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160407144307/http://www.neuenhaus.de/staticsite/staticsite.php?menuid=182&topmenu=179 www.neuenhaus.de - Pagina communis generalis] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215318/http://www.muehlenfreunde-lage.de/ Pagina amicorum molae, castelli atque vici Lage] [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] cmzievrq25jc2fxdh9835o204mk4kaa 3986707 3986703 2026-09-08T20:31:00Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3986707 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Kirche Lage.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Ecclesia Reformata Lagensis.<ref>Nomen adiectivum: ''Lagensis.'' Hermannus Hamelmannus, [https://books.google.com/books?id=auI-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA243&lpg=PA243&dq=lagensis+saxonia&source=bl&ots=J5RXUlF8hh&sig=mM2G7kiyxpX6o-oaj6O9tqRKBKM&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi78c7b6fzKAhUBMSYKHSiDBQkQ6AEIHzAA#v=onepage&q=lagensis%20saxonia&f=false ''Opera Genealogico-Historica, De Wastphalia & Saxonia Inferiori''] (Lemgoviae: Sumptibus Henrici Wilh. Meyeri, 1711), 243.</ref>]] '''Laga'''<ref name="-e">Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Lage'''; [[Saxonice]] ''Loage') est [[commune]] in [[Saxonia Inferior]]e situm atque pars [[Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi|Circuli in Comitatu Binethensis]]. Laga est praeterea pars [[Neuenhusa (commune generale)|Neuenhusae]] communis generalis. == Historia == [[Fasciculus:I. Commelin Sprengung Burg Lage 1626.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Castellum Lagense anno [[1626]] bello deletum.]] Anno [[1183]], castellum Lagense primo in actis descriptum est. Inter bellum Hispano-Nederlandicum, castellum anno [[1623]] deletum neque deinde refectum est. Ad annum [[1803]] regio Lagensis deinde quasi sui iuris fuit.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160407144307/http://www.neuenhaus.de/staticsite/staticsite.php?menuid=182&topmenu=179 Pagina communis generalis Neuenhusae de historia communis Lagae.]</ref> Ab anno [[1806]] Laga ad [[Magnus Ducatus Montensis|Magnum Ducatum Montensem]] pertinuit. [[Napoleo I (imperator Franciae)|Napoleone]] imperatore victo Laga pars [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regni Hannoverani]] fuit. Regnum Hannoveranum autem anno [[1866]] a [[Borussia]] occupatum est. Anno [[1885]] Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi conditus est, cuius caput tum [[Aquae Benthemiae|Benthemia]] erat et ad quem Laga ad hunc diem pertinet. Ab anno [[1946]] Circulus Binethensis pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Numerus incolarum tum multis hominibus auctus est, qui e Germania Orientali fugati erant. Anno [[1974]] Laga cum aliis communibus se ad [[Neuenhusa (commune generale)|Neuenhusam]] commune generale coniunxit. Anno [[2011]], Henricus Bosch novus magister civium electus est. == Notae == <references /> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Lage (Dinkel)|Lagam}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160407144307/http://www.neuenhaus.de/staticsite/staticsite.php?menuid=182&topmenu=179 www.neuenhaus.de - Pagina communis generalis] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215318/http://www.muehlenfreunde-lage.de/ Pagina amicorum molae, castelli atque communis Lagae] [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] 1qkf6bnf5wqzrdy3jaorbjybewe1cdu 3986708 3986707 2026-09-08T20:31:42Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3986708 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Kirche Lage.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Ecclesia Reformata Lagensis.<ref>Nomen adiectivum: ''Lagensis.'' Hermannus Hamelmannus, [https://books.google.com/books?id=auI-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA243&lpg=PA243&dq=lagensis+saxonia&source=bl&ots=J5RXUlF8hh&sig=mM2G7kiyxpX6o-oaj6O9tqRKBKM&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi78c7b6fzKAhUBMSYKHSiDBQkQ6AEIHzAA#v=onepage&q=lagensis%20saxonia&f=false ''Opera Genealogico-Historica, De Wastphalia & Saxonia Inferiori''] (Lemgoviae: Sumptibus Henrici Wilh. Meyeri, 1711), 243.</ref>]] '''Laga'''<ref name="-e">Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Lage''; [[Saxonice]] ''Loage'') est [[commune]] in [[Saxonia Inferior]]e situm atque pars [[Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi|Circuli in Comitatu Binethensis]]. Laga est praeterea pars [[Neuenhusa (commune generale)|Neuenhusae]] communis generalis. == Historia == [[Fasciculus:I. Commelin Sprengung Burg Lage 1626.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Castellum Lagense anno [[1626]] bello deletum.]] Anno [[1183]], castellum Lagense primo in actis descriptum est. Inter bellum Hispano-Nederlandicum, castellum anno [[1623]] deletum neque deinde refectum est. Ad annum [[1803]] regio Lagensis deinde quasi sui iuris fuit.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160407144307/http://www.neuenhaus.de/staticsite/staticsite.php?menuid=182&topmenu=179 Pagina communis generalis Neuenhusae de historia communis Lagae.]</ref> Ab anno [[1806]] Laga ad [[Magnus Ducatus Montensis|Magnum Ducatum Montensem]] pertinuit. [[Napoleo I (imperator Franciae)|Napoleone]] imperatore victo Laga pars [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regni Hannoverani]] fuit. Regnum Hannoveranum autem anno [[1866]] a [[Borussia]] occupatum est. Anno [[1885]] Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi conditus est, cuius caput tum [[Aquae Benthemiae|Benthemia]] erat et ad quem Laga ad hunc diem pertinet. Ab anno [[1946]] Circulus Binethensis pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Numerus incolarum tum multis hominibus auctus est, qui e Germania Orientali fugati erant. Anno [[1974]] Laga cum aliis communibus se ad [[Neuenhusa (commune generale)|Neuenhusam]] commune generale coniunxit. Anno [[2011]], Henricus Bosch novus magister civium electus est. == Notae == <references /> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Lage (Dinkel)|Lagam}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160407144307/http://www.neuenhaus.de/staticsite/staticsite.php?menuid=182&topmenu=179 www.neuenhaus.de - Pagina communis generalis] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215318/http://www.muehlenfreunde-lage.de/ Pagina amicorum molae, castelli atque communis Lagae] [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] bq33gezfaro16pixlkes5riwct7v8ua Lunne 0 256601 3986711 3984194 2026-09-08T20:36:57Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3986711 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Haselünne_St.Vincentius_Hasesee.JPG|thumb|left|Ecclesia Sancti Vincentii.]] [[Fasciculus:Brennerei_Berentzen_Haselünne_2.jpg|thumb|left|Domus productionis aquae vitae Berentzen.]] '''Lunne'''<ref name="Lunne">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/haseluenne/?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''civibus opidi nostri in Lunne'' (...) ''Lunni'' (...)". Latinum autem gentilicium "Haselunnensis-e" seu "Haselunensis-e" est. Quibus de gentiliciis, vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''] primo; et [https://www.haseluenne.de/stadtleben/ ''www.haseluenne.de] secundo.</ref> seu '''Lunni'''<ref name="Lunne"/> seu '''Civitas Haselunensis'''<ref name="CH">Vide [https://www.haseluenne.de/stadtleben/ ''www.haseluenne.de], ubi dicitur "Sigillum Civitatis Haselunensis".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Haselünne''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Lünne'') est [[urbs]] in [[Saxonia Inferior]]e situm atque pars [[Circulus Terrae Emesensis|Circuli Terrae Emesensis]]. Clara urbs propter [[aqua ardens|aquae ardentis]] societatis Berentzen est. Ad Lunne etiam vici [[Antharpa]]<ref name="-tharpa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-trup'' seu ''-drup'' seu ''-trop'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-tharpa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Butilingtharpa]], [[Graftharpa]], [[Gumorodingtharpa]], [[Haringtharpa]], [[Heppingtharpa]], [[Holttharpa]], [[Hurstharpa]], [[Kathingtharpa]], [[Kiedeningtharpa]], [[Marastharpa]], [[Markiligtharpa]], [[Meinbrahtingtharpa]], [[Peingtharpa]], [[Radistharpa]], [[Sutharpa]], [[Tettingtharpa]], [[Vilomaringtharpa]], [[Winikingtharpa]], [[Varetharpa]], [[Vrilingtharpa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Andrup''), [[Boclithi]]<ref name="Bac">Bachmann, A. (Ed.) (1916). ''Historisch-geographisches Wörterbuch des deutschen Mittelalters''. [[Gota]]e: Friedrich Andreas Perthes.</ref> (Theodisce ''Bückelte''), [[Dorga]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Dörgen''), [[Eltern]] (Theodisce ''Eltern''), [[Flechum]] (Theodisce ''Flechum''), [[Hamm]] (Theodisce ''Hamm''), [[Huda]]<ref name="-a"/> (Theodisce ''Huden''), [[Hulsa]]<ref name="-a"/> (Theodisce ''Hülsen''), [[Klosterholte]] (Theodisce ''Klosterholte''), [[Laga (Lunne)|Laga]]<ref name="-e">Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)".</ref> (Theodisce ''Lage''), [[Lahre]] (Theodisce ''Lahre''), [[Lehrte]] (Theodisce ''Lehrte''), [[Loha]]<ref name="-loha">Germanica praesentia aut antiqua toponyma cum suffixis ''-loh(e)'' et ''-lo'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-loha-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ascloha]], [[Buohloha]], [[Eiloha]], [[Hadaloha]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Lohe''), [[Lotta]]<ref name="-a"/> (Theodisce ''Lotten'') et [[Westerloha]]<ref name="-loha"/> (Theodisce ''Westerloh'') pertinent. == Historia == Anno [[890]] Lunne nomine "Lunni"<ref name="Lunne"/> primo in actis nominatum est, cum [[Ludovicus (imperator)|Ludovicus]] imperator hanc regionem monasterio [[Nova Corbeia|Novae Corbeiae]] tradidit. Diu Lunne deinde ad [[Dioecesis Monasteriensis|Dioecesem Monasteriensem]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1803]] regio ad [[Magnus Ducatus Arenberg-Meppea|Magnum Ducatum Arenberg-Meppeam]] pertinuit. Annis [[1810]] - [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] transiit. [[Napoleo I (imperator Franciae)|Napoleone]] imperatore victo pars [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regni Hannoverani]] fuit. Regnum Hannoveranum autem anno [[1866]] a [[Borussia]] occupatum est. Anno [[1885]] Circulus Meppea conditus est, cuius caput [[Meppea]] erat et ad quem Lunne ad annum [[1977]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1946]] Circulus Meppea pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Numerus incolarum tum multis hominibus auctus est, qui e Germania Orientali fugati erant. Anno [[1974]] etiam vici supra dicti ad Lunne accesserunt. Anno [[1977]] [[Circulus Terrae Emesensis]] conditus est, ad quem Lunne ad hunc diem pertinet. Magister civium Haselunnensis<ref name="Lunne"/> ab anno [[2011]] Wernherus Schräer est.<ref>[http://www.noz.de/lokales/haseluenne/artikel/156679/werner-schraer-einziger-burgermeisterkandidat-in-haselunne#gallery&0&0&156679 noz.de die 29 Augusti 2011].</ref> == Oeconomia == Lunni tres fabricae [[aqua ardens|aquae ardentis]] sunt; quarum nomina Heydt, Berentzen Roscheque sunt. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Haselünne|Lunne}} * [http://www.haseluenne.de Pagina communis Haselunnensis] == Notae == <references /> [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] j3labe06jnjkbyg8pbxjw3wcambs6vr Circulus Stadae 0 267412 3986619 3986557 2026-09-08T14:06:21Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3986619 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}} '''Circulus Stadae'''<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Stadae" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Stade'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo "[[Stadae]]", vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Stade''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Stade''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Stood''), pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1885]] conditus est et finibus mutatis ad diem hodiernum exstat. == De rebus gestis == Ager circuli ab anno [[1719]] ad [[Electoratus Brunsvici-Luneburgi|Electoratum Brunsvici-Luneburgi]] pertinuit, post [[Bella Coalitionum|Bella Napoleonica]] ad novum [[Regnum Hannoveranum]]. Ab anno [[1866]] pars [[Borussia]]e fuit. Anno [[1932]] fines circuli aucti sunt. Ab anno [[1946]] circulus ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet et anno [[1972]] fines hodiernas accipit. == Communia circuli == Haec sunt communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communi generalia coniuncta sunt: * [[Buxtehuda]]<ref name="Lappenberg 1842">Lappenberg, J. M. (Ed.) (1842). ''Hamburgisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1''. Perthes-Besser & Mauke.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Buxtehude''; [[Saxonice]] ''Buxthu''), urbs Hanseatica et commune sui iuris (40.173 incolae) * [[Curia Maiorica]]<ref name="Curia Maiorica">Manfred Niemeyer (Hrsg.): ''Deutsches Ortsnamenbuch''. De Gruyter, Berolini 2012, ISBN 978-3-11-018908-7, S. 298.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Jork''; [[Saxonice]] ''Jörk'') (12.050) * [[Drochtersa]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Drochtersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Drochters'') (11.292) * [[Stadae]] caput circuli et urbs Hanseatica (46.378) * [[Abensium (commune generale)|Abensium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705">Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Bremensis et Verdensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et pagis ditionis Rotenburgensis (Caput de parochia Ahusii)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et parochiis ditionis Osnabrugensis (Caput de antiqua parochia Alfhusii)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et parochiis ditionis Osnabrugensis et Comitatus Lingensis (Caput de parochia Anderveniae)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et parochiis ditionis Osnabrugensis (Caput de antiquo archidiaconatu Anchemii)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Bremensis et Verdensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis, decimis et pagis ditionis Stadiensis (Caput de parochia Abensii)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis.</ref> commune generale (8958) ** [[Abensium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> ([[Theodisce]] ''Apensen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Obbens''), sedes administrationis (3945) ** [[Beckdorfium]]<ref name="AdWzG 2010">Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen (2010). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter'' (K. Casemir, F. Menzel, & U. Ohainski, Eds.). Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Beckdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Beekdörp'') (2660) ** [[Sauensiek]] (2353) * [[Fredenbiki (commune generale)|Fredenbiki]]<ref name="-biki">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-beck'' seu ''-beek'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-biki-orum", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Aesebiki]], [[Asbiki]], [[Beverbiki]], [[Gledabiki]], [[Goltbiki]], [[Sannanabiki]], [[Trobiki]], [[Walbeka|Walbiki]], [[Winesbiki]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Fredenbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Freenbeek'') commune generale (12.704) ** [[Deinsta]]<ref name="-e">Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Deinste''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deinst)'') (1999) ** [[Fredenbiki]]<ref name="-biki"/> ([[Theodisce]] ''Fredenbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Freenbeek''), sedes administrationis (6072) ** [[Kutenholtia]]<ref name="-holtia">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-holz'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-holtia-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) -holz : -''holtia'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Kutenholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kutenhult'' seu ''Kutenholt'') (4633) * [[Harsefeld (commune generale)|Harsfeldum]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Harsefeld''; [[Saxonice]] ''Harsfeld'' seu ''Hasfeld'') commune generale (20.929) ** [[Alorstedium]]<ref name="Pratje 1758">Pratje, J. H. (1758). ''Historische Nachrichten von dem ehemaligen berühmten Closter Harsefeld: Monumenta ac documenta saeculi XII ubi de decimis Alorstedii agitur''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Ahlerstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ohlers'') (5273) ** [[Bargstedum]]<ref name="Mushard 1764">Mushard, M. (1764). ''Palaeogentilismus Bremensis: Monumenta ac veterum tumuli in ducatibus Bremensi et Verdensi''. Typis Andreae Vandenhoeck.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Bargstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bargst'' seu ''Bars'') (1987) ** [[Brestum (Saxonia Inferior)|Brestum]]<ref name="Pratje 1759">Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brest'') (795) ** [[Harsfeldum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> ([[Theodisce]] ''Harsefeld''; [[Saxonice]] ''Harsfeld'' seu ''Hasfeld''), oppidum et sedes administrationis (12.874) * [[Horneburgum (commune generale)|Horneburgum]]<ref name="-burg">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-burgum-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Horneburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hornborg'') commune generale (12.388) ** [[Arx Agathae]]<ref name="Kochen 1724">Kochen, J. H. (1724). ''Introductio in Historiam Ducatus Bremensis y Verdensis: Accesserunt diplomata varia et descriptio Arcis Agathae et ditionis Stadiensis''. Stadae: Typis Caspari Holmii.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Agathenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gothenborg'') (1180) ** [[Bliederstorpum]]<ref name="Trüper 2017">Trüper, H. G. (2017). ''Urkundenbuch der Herren von Zesterfleth: 1232–1657''. Wallstein Verlag.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Bliedersdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bliersdörp'') (1717) ** [[Dolnere]]<ref name="Dolnere">Vide [https://adw-goe.de/fileadmin/forschungsprojekte/ortsnamen_rhein_elbe/dokumente/Publikationen_Udolph_PDF/2001-2005/315._Udolph_Anmerkungen_zum_Ortsnamen_Dollern.pdf ''Anmerkugen zum Ortsnamen Dollern''], ubi dicitur "(...) 1105 (Fälschung Mitte 12. Jh.) ''Dolnere'' (...) 1209 ''Johannes de dolnere'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dollern'') (2034) ** [[Horneburgum]]<ref name="-burg">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-burgum-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Horneburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hornborg''), oppidum et sedes administrationis (6026) ** [[Nottensdorf]] (1431) * [[Kadingia Septentrionalis (commune generale)|Kadingia Septentrionalis]]<ref name="Kadingia">Vide [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Zeitschrift_des_Historischen_Vereins_f%C3%BCr_Niedersachsen_%28IA_zeitschriftdeshi1868hist%29.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Zeitschrift des Historischen Vereins für Niedersachsen''], ubi dicitur "(...) ad eundem Gerlagum pertinentium, seu ultra Albiam seu in Kadingia sitorum (...)".</ref><ref name="Septentrionalis">Latinum adiectivum [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/septentrionalis?wb=gross&nr=3 "septentrionalis-e"] Theodiscum praefixum aut vocabulum ''Nord(-)'' vertit.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Nordkehdingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Noordkeden'') commune generale (7375) ** [[Balga]]<ref name="Udolph 1994">Udolph, J. (1994). ''Namenkundliche Studien zum Germanenproblem'' (Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde, Ergänzungsbände 9). Walter de Gruyter.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Balje'') (1017) ** [[Friburgum (Albis)|Friburgum]]<ref name="Friburgum">Theodiscum toponymum ''Freiburg'' Latino toponymo "Friburgum" verti solet. Cf. [[Friburgum Brisgoviae]] aut [[Friburgum Nuithonum]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Freiburg/Elbe''; [[Saxonice]] ''Fryborg'' seu ''Freiborg'') oppidum (1872) ** [[Krummendicum]]<ref name="-dicum"/> ([[Theodisce]] ''Krummendeich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Krummendiek'') (490) ** [[Oederquart]] (1040) ** [[Wischhafen]] (2956) * [[Lühe (commune generale)|Lühe]] commune generale (9844) ** [[Dithgherscope-Twielenflethum]]<ref name="Hollern">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/hollern-twielenfleth/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon'']. ubi dicitur "(...) ''Luderus in Dithgherscope'' (...)".</ref><ref name="-ethum">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-eth'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-ethum-i", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Bechtsriethum]], [[Maitenbethum]] ac [[Wiesethum]] apud Vicipaediae Latinae articulum de [[Index communium Bavariae|indice communium Bavariae]]; et [[Gransebiethum]] apud Vicipaediae Latinae articulum de [[Index Communium Megapolis et Pomeraniae Citerioris|indice communium Megapolis et Pomeraniae Citerioris]].</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Hollern-Twielenfleth''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hullern-Twielenfleth'') (3360) ** [[Grunendicum]]<ref name="-dicum">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-di(e)k(e)'' aut ''-deich(e)'' aut ''-dijk'' aut ''-dyk(e)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dicum-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Isendicum]] apud {{Graesse}}; aut [[Mardicum]] apud ''Dictionnaire universel françois et latin, vulgairement appelé Dictionnaire de Trévoux''.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Grünendeich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Greundiek'') (1871) ** [[Guderhandviertel]] ([[Theodisce]] ''Guderhandviertel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gauderhandviddel'') (1111) ** [[Mittelnkirchen]] (1076) ** [[Neuenkirchen]] (838) ** [[Steinkirchen]], sedes administrationis (1588) * [[Oldendorf-Himmelpforten (commune generale)|Oldendorf-Himmelpforten]] commune generale (17.963) ** [[Borchwega]]<ref name="Rüther 1905">Rüther, H. (Ed.) (1905). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Neuenwalde''. Halle’sche Buchhandlung.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Burweg'') (1007) ** [[Coeli Porta]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Himmelpforten''; [[Saxonice]] ''Himmelpoorten''), sedes administrationis (5127) ** [[Cranenburgum (Saxonia Inferior)|Cranenburgum]]<ref name="Cranenburgum">Theodiscum toponymum ''Kranenburg'' "Cranenburgum" latinizari solet. Cf. [[Cranenburgum (Rhenania Septentrionalis et Vestfalia)|Cranenburgum Rhenanum]] apud ''Atlas Sive Cosmographicae Meditationes de Fabrica Mundi et Fabricati Figura'', Mercatoris.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Kranenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kronenborg'')</small> (726) ** [[Dudanebutli]]<ref name="Lappenberg 1841">Lappenberg, J. M. (Ed.) (1841). ''Hamburgisches Urkundenbuch (Band 1)''. Perthes-Besser & Mauke.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Düdenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Düünbeudel'') (990) ** [[Engelschofa]]<ref name="-hofa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hof(f)(e)(n)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-hofa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hattenhofa (Bavaria)|Hattenhofa Bavarica]], [[Pfaffenhofa ad fluvium Glon]], [[Pfaffenhofa ad Rotam]], [[Poohofa]], [[Gundershofa]], [[Hattenhofa (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Hattenhofa Badeniae-Virtembergiae]], [[Pfaffenhofa (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Pfaffenhofa]], [[Matichofa]], [[Philshofa]] apud [[Google|Gugulam]].</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Engelschoff''; [[Saxonice]] ''Engelschopp'') (763) ** [[Estorpium]]<ref name="-torpium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-torpium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Estorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Esdörp'') (1428) ** [[Hamma (Saxonia Inferior)|Hamma]]<ref name="-ah">Germanica aut Semitica aut Indoiranica toponyma cum terminatione ''-ah'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae". Exempli gratiā: [[Calvela]], [[Maliana]], Parra, [[Widenla]], [[Zellia]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Hammah''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hammoh'') (3066) ** [[Heinbockel]] ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heinbockel'') (1420) ** [[Oldendorf]] (2982) ** [[Worde]]<ref name="Worde">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/grossenwoerden/?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Hinricus rector ecclesie in Worde'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Großenwörden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grootweurn'') (454) == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]] == Nexus externi == {{commonscat|Landkreis Stade|Circulum Stadae}} * [http://www.landkreis-stade.de/ Pagina officialis] {{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Stadae circulus}} [[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1885]] n4u8bw1nl1pqvdq94t0zyucnzeq7lob Thesea navis 0 275832 3986784 3501073 2026-09-09T02:50:22Z LilyKitty 18316 de experimento cognitionis 3986784 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Model of a greek trireme.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Triremis]] Graeca]] '''Thesea navis''',<ref>Apud poetas antiquos ([[Horatius|Horatium]] et [[Propertius|Propertium]] dicimus) ''Thesea carina'' reperitur, imago [[metonymia|metonymica]] partem pro toto substituens.</ref> est exemplar vetustum problematis et [[experimentum cognitionis|experimenti cognitionis]] quod ad rem in mutatione conservandam attinet: num [[identitas|identitatem]] conservaverit res, cui ne una quidem pars de corpore primitus composito reliqua sit, quaeritur. De [[paradoxum|paradoxo]] [[haecceitas|haecceitatis]] agi videtur. [[Plutarchus]], dum gesta [[Theseus|Thesei]] narrat, haec de nave eius refert:<ref>Plut. ''[[Vitae parallelae|Theseus]]'' 23.1.</ref> {{Citatio|Navigium, quo cum iuvenibus navigavit et salvus rediit, remorum triginta, usque ad Demetrii Phalerei aetatem Athenienses conservaverunt, veteri materiae sensim ablatae integram aliam sufficientes, itaque coagmentantes, ut etiam philosophis disputationis incremento atque ambiguitatis exemplo esset haec navis, quam alii eandem manere, alii non eandem, contendant.<ref>Translatio Latina Theodori Doehner leviter mutata.</ref> * Τὸ δὲ πλοῖον ἐν ᾧ μετὰ τῶν ἠϊθέων ἔπλευσε καὶ πάλιν ἐσώθη, τὴν τριακόντορον, ἄχρι τῶν Δημητρίου τοῦ Φαληρέως χρόνων διεφύλαττον οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι, τὰ μὲν παλαιὰ τῶν ξύλων ὑφαιροῦντες, ἄλλα δὲ ἐμβάλλοντες ἰσχυρὰ καὶ συμπηγνύντες οὕτως ὥστε καὶ τοῖς φιλοσόφοις εἰς τὸν αὐξόμενον λόγον ἀμφιδοξούμενον παράδειγμα τὸ πλοῖον εἶναι, τῶν μὲν ὡς τὸ αὐτό, τῶν δὲ ὡς οὐ τὸ αὐτὸ διαμένοι λεγόντων.}} Licet quodammodo de appellatione navis hic agatur, tamen non est infitiandum etiam graves quaestiones [[metaphysica]]s hic tractandas esse. Duo utique contextus rerum esse videntur, profectio et adventus, ac, num eadem in utroque contextu spectetur navis, quaeritur. Theseus, nisi in itinere paulatim tabulas reficiendas curasset, navem suam amisisset. Navem igitur mutata materia et constitutione in portum adpulit. Theseus ipse quoque in itinere mutatus idem erat ac proficiscens. Quin etiam navis, nam identitas non est in constitutione materiaria posita.<ref>Johnston 1992; Baker 1997.</ref> Multis post saeculis [[Thomas Hobbes]] [[philosophia|philosophus]] [[Anglia|Anglicus]] contortionem quandam attulit miratus: quid, si veteres conservatae essent tabulae, quibus deinde secunda navis recollecta esset! Utra navis recte et vere Thesea fuit? {{Citatio|Juxta sententiam secundam, duo corpora etiam simul existentia unum et idem numero essent; nam si navis, exempli causa, illa Thesei (de cujus, paulatim exemptis veteribus tabulis et in earum locum novis suppositis, continuo refectae differentia sophistae Athenienses olim disputarunt) eadem numero esset post mutatas omnes tabulas, quae fuerat ab initio. Et si aliquis veteres tabulas, prout eximebantur, conservasset, atque ex conservatis et eodem postea ordine compactis, navim denuo fabricasset, dubium non est quin haec eadem fuisset numero cum ea navi, quae fuit a principio; et habuissemus duas naves easdem numero; quod est [[absurditas|absurdissimum]].<ref>Thomas Hobbes, ''[[De corpore]]'' 11.7.</ref>}} Quo in statu rerum duae fuissent Theseae naves: una recollecta ex tabulis quae a principio fuerunt, altera mutatis tabulis integris refecta. Utra igitur identitatem conservavit? Si tabulae pristinae reiectae coacervataeque essent, una tantum navis superstes fuisset — eam dicimus quae usque ad [[Demetrius Phalereus|Demetrii Phalerei]] aetatem mansit. Etsi constitutio materiaria non iam eadem esset, tamen identitatem Theseae navis conservavit. Si enim tabula integra pro veteri substituta alia exstitisset navis, paucissimae res diutius puncto temporis durarent, sicut nos homines, nam variante constitutione moleculari quisque nostrum idem manere videtur. Nec maior quidem mutatio, sicut amissio pedis, identitatem hominis obscurabit. Sed quid si respectum ad navem recollectam habemus? In una quidem interrogatione psychologica homines viginti navem refectam, et viginti quattuor navem veteribus recollectis tabulis positam veram esse putaverunt,<ref>Cakar & Hohenberger 2010.</ref> ex quo rem ambiguam esse apparet. Num de vero paradoxo hic agatur, dubium est. Nam post contortionem ab Hobbesio factam duas naves contemplari videmur. Itaque indiciis contrariis inretiti sumus. Si materiaria respicitur constitutio, apparet navem recollectam numero eandem esse atque illam navem, qua Theseus olim ex portu enavigasse dicitur. Non quidem haec est navis, quam itinere facto rursus in portum adpulit. Nam si illa nave vectus esset, fieri potuisset, ut una cum nave aquis submersus esset. Profecto navis illa recollecta nihil esset nisi monumentum quoddam ex quo causa refectae navis manifesta esset. Censuit enim Theseus reficiendam esse navem, ut eadem (respectu utilitatis) maneret. Ita [[identitas relativa|identitatem relativam]] conservaverat. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * Adkins, Brent (2015) ''Deleuze and Guattari's'' A Thousand Plateaus'': A Critical Introduction and Guide.'' Edinburgh University Press. * Baker, L. R. (1997) Why constitution is not identity. ''Journal of Philosophy´´ 94(12): 599-621. * Cakar, Tuna & Hohenberger, Annette (2010) The Ship of Theseus: Using Mathematical and Computational Models for Predicting Identity Judgments. Middle East Technical University, Ankara. * Clark, M. (2002) ''Paradoxes from A to Z.'' TJ International Ltd. * Deutsch, Harry & Garbacz, Pawel (2018) Relative Identity. ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. * Gallois, André (2016) Identity over time. ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. * Hall, D. G. (1998) Continuity and the persistence of objects: When the whole is greater than the sum of the parts. ''Cognitive Psychology'' 37: 28-59. * Johnston, M. (1992) Constitution is not identity. ''Mind'' 101(401): 89-105. * Lewis, David (1976) Survival and Identity. ''The Identities of Persons'', ed. Amelie O. Rorty. University of California Press. * Rips, L. J.; Blok, S.; Newman, G. (2006) Tracing the identity of objects. ''Psychological Review'' 113: 1-30. * Rosenberg, Jay F. (1993) ''Philosophieren. Ein Handbuch für Anfänger''. Klostermann Verlag. * Wiggins, D. (2001) ''Sameness and Substance Renewed.'' Cambridge University Press. [[Categoria:Metaphysica]] olh82wxlxdbf936zfgsqexnwu3vwyhl 3986825 3986784 2026-09-09T07:36:31Z Grufo 64423 +Cat 3986825 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Model of a greek trireme.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Triremis]] Graeca]] {{res|Thesea navis}},<ref>Apud poetas antiquos ([[Horatius|Horatium]] et [[Propertius|Propertium]] dicimus) ''Thesea carina'' reperitur, imago [[metonymia|metonymica]] partem pro toto substituens.</ref> est exemplar vetustum problematis et [[experimentum mentale|experimenti mentalis]] quod ad rem in mutatione conservandam attinet: num [[identitas|identitatem]] conservaverit res, cui ne una quidem pars de corpore primitus composito reliqua sit, quaeritur. De [[paradoxum|paradoxo]] [[haecceitas|haecceitatis]] agi videtur. [[Plutarchus]], dum gesta [[Theseus|Thesei]] narrat, haec de nave eius refert:<ref>Plut. ''[[Vitae parallelae|Theseus]]'' 23.1.</ref> {{Citatio|Navigium, quo cum iuvenibus navigavit et salvus rediit, remorum triginta, usque ad Demetrii Phalerei aetatem Athenienses conservaverunt, veteri materiae sensim ablatae integram aliam sufficientes, itaque coagmentantes, ut etiam philosophis disputationis incremento atque ambiguitatis exemplo esset haec navis, quam alii eandem manere, alii non eandem, contendant.<ref>Translatio Latina Theodori Doehner leviter mutata.</ref> * Τὸ δὲ πλοῖον ἐν ᾧ μετὰ τῶν ἠϊθέων ἔπλευσε καὶ πάλιν ἐσώθη, τὴν τριακόντορον, ἄχρι τῶν Δημητρίου τοῦ Φαληρέως χρόνων διεφύλαττον οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι, τὰ μὲν παλαιὰ τῶν ξύλων ὑφαιροῦντες, ἄλλα δὲ ἐμβάλλοντες ἰσχυρὰ καὶ συμπηγνύντες οὕτως ὥστε καὶ τοῖς φιλοσόφοις εἰς τὸν αὐξόμενον λόγον ἀμφιδοξούμενον παράδειγμα τὸ πλοῖον εἶναι, τῶν μὲν ὡς τὸ αὐτό, τῶν δὲ ὡς οὐ τὸ αὐτὸ διαμένοι λεγόντων.}} Licet quodammodo de appellatione navis hic agatur, tamen non est infitiandum etiam graves quaestiones [[metaphysica]]s hic tractandas esse. Duo utique contextus rerum esse videntur, profectio et adventus, ac, num eadem in utroque contextu spectetur navis, quaeritur. Theseus, nisi in itinere paulatim tabulas reficiendas curasset, navem suam amisisset. Navem igitur mutata materia et constitutione in portum adpulit. Theseus ipse quoque in itinere mutatus idem erat ac proficiscens. Quin etiam navis, nam identitas non est in constitutione materiaria posita.<ref>Johnston 1992; Baker 1997.</ref> Multis post saeculis [[Thomas Hobbes]] [[philosophia|philosophus]] [[Anglia|Anglicus]] contortionem quandam attulit miratus: quid, si veteres conservatae essent tabulae, quibus deinde secunda navis recollecta esset! Utra navis recte et vere Thesea fuit? {{Citatio|Juxta sententiam secundam, duo corpora etiam simul existentia unum et idem numero essent; nam si navis, exempli causa, illa Thesei (de cujus, paulatim exemptis veteribus tabulis et in earum locum novis suppositis, continuo refectae differentia sophistae Athenienses olim disputarunt) eadem numero esset post mutatas omnes tabulas, quae fuerat ab initio. Et si aliquis veteres tabulas, prout eximebantur, conservasset, atque ex conservatis et eodem postea ordine compactis, navim denuo fabricasset, dubium non est quin haec eadem fuisset numero cum ea navi, quae fuit a principio; et habuissemus duas naves easdem numero; quod est [[absurditas|absurdissimum]].<ref>Thomas Hobbes, ''[[De corpore]]'' 11.7.</ref>}} Quo in statu rerum duae fuissent Theseae naves: una recollecta ex tabulis quae a principio fuerunt, altera mutatis tabulis integris refecta. Utra igitur identitatem conservavit? Si tabulae pristinae reiectae coacervataeque essent, una tantum navis superstes fuisset — eam dicimus quae usque ad [[Demetrius Phalereus|Demetrii Phalerei]] aetatem mansit. Etsi constitutio materiaria non iam eadem esset, tamen identitatem Theseae navis conservavit. Si enim tabula integra pro veteri substituta alia exstitisset navis, paucissimae res diutius puncto temporis durarent, sicut nos homines, nam variante constitutione moleculari quisque nostrum idem manere videtur. Nec maior quidem mutatio, sicut amissio pedis, identitatem hominis obscurabit. Sed quid si respectum ad navem recollectam habemus? In una quidem interrogatione psychologica homines viginti navem refectam, et viginti quattuor navem veteribus recollectis tabulis positam veram esse putaverunt,<ref>Cakar & Hohenberger 2010.</ref> ex quo rem ambiguam esse apparet. Num de vero paradoxo hic agatur, dubium est. Nam post contortionem ab Hobbesio factam duas naves contemplari videmur. Itaque indiciis contrariis inretiti sumus. Si materiaria respicitur constitutio, apparet navem recollectam numero eandem esse atque illam navem, qua Theseus olim ex portu enavigasse dicitur. Non quidem haec est navis, quam itinere facto rursus in portum adpulit. Nam si illa nave vectus esset, fieri potuisset, ut una cum nave aquis submersus esset. Profecto navis illa recollecta nihil esset nisi monumentum quoddam ex quo causa refectae navis manifesta esset. Censuit enim Theseus reficiendam esse navem, ut eadem (respectu utilitatis) maneret. Ita [[identitas relativa|identitatem relativam]] conservaverat. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * Adkins, Brent (2015) ''Deleuze and Guattari's'' A Thousand Plateaus'': A Critical Introduction and Guide.'' Edinburgh University Press. * Baker, L. R. (1997) Why constitution is not identity. ''Journal of Philosophy´´ 94(12): 599-621. * Cakar, Tuna & Hohenberger, Annette (2010) The Ship of Theseus: Using Mathematical and Computational Models for Predicting Identity Judgments. Middle East Technical University, Ankara. * Clark, M. (2002) ''Paradoxes from A to Z.'' TJ International Ltd. * Deutsch, Harry & Garbacz, Pawel (2018) Relative Identity. ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. * Gallois, André (2016) Identity over time. ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. * Hall, D. G. (1998) Continuity and the persistence of objects: When the whole is greater than the sum of the parts. ''Cognitive Psychology'' 37: 28-59. * Johnston, M. (1992) Constitution is not identity. ''Mind'' 101(401): 89-105. * Lewis, David (1976) Survival and Identity. ''The Identities of Persons'', ed. Amelie O. Rorty. University of California Press. * Rips, L. J.; Blok, S.; Newman, G. (2006) Tracing the identity of objects. ''Psychological Review'' 113: 1-30. * Rosenberg, Jay F. (1993) ''Philosophieren. Ein Handbuch für Anfänger''. Klostermann Verlag. * Wiggins, D. (2001) ''Sameness and Substance Renewed.'' Cambridge University Press. [[Categoria:Metaphysica]] [[Categoria:Experimenta mentalia]] ktf783dl13w2fla2cqcprvy8ol3dkcz Eduardus Sapir 0 277239 3986785 3979934 2026-09-09T04:40:55Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3986785 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Edward Sapir.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Eduardus Sapir.]] '''Eduardus Sapir''' (IPA [səˈpɪər], natus [[Lauenburgum|Lauenburgi]]<!--Lębork--> [[Prussia]]e die [[26 Ianuarii]] [[1884]]; mortuus [[Portus Novus|Portu Novo]] [[Connecticuta]]e die [[4 Februarii]] [[1939]]) fuit [[anthropologus]] et [[linguista]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Americanus]], qui unus ex eruditis [[auctor]]itate gravissimis in progressu [[disciplina academica|disciplinae]] [[linguistica]]e late habetur.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/523671/Edward-Sapir|title=Edward Sapir|work=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref><ref>[http://www.credoreference.com/entry/wileycs/sapir_edward "Sapir, Edward,"]{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ''Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science'' (2005).</ref> ==Vita== [[Fasciculus:FranzBoas.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|left|[[Franciscus Boas]].]] Cum [[familia]] in Civitates Foederatas [[puer]] migravit. Linguisticae in [[Universitas Columbiae|Universitate Columbiae]] studuit, ubi maxime a [[Franciscus Boas|Francisco Boas]] motus est. Ut [[linguae vernaculae Americarum|linguae vernaculas Americarum]] investigaret, [[California]]m migravit, ubi in [[Universitas Californiensis Berkeleiensis|Universitate Californiensi Berkeleiensi]] cum [[Alfredus L. Kroeber|Alfredo Kroeber]] [[lingua]]s vernaculas perscribebat et annotavit. Quindecim annos pro [[Geological Survey of Canada]] laborabat, cum factus est unus e duobus linguistis [[America Septentrionalis|Americae Septentrionalis]] maximi momenti, quorum alter erat [[Leonardus Bloomfield]]. [[Professor]] in [[Universitas Sicaginiensis|Universitate Sicaginiensi]] creatus est, ubi nonnullos annos commorabatur professionalem disciplinam linguisticam assidue promovens. Ad ultimum, professor [[anthropologia]]e in [[Universitas Yalensis|Universitate Yalensi]] docebat, quamquam cum circumiectis universitatis numquam vero congruebat. Inter discipulos eius erant linguistae [[Maria Haas]], [[Morris Swadesh]], [[Beniaminus Lee Whorf]], [[Carolus Hockett]], et [[Harrius Hoijer]], atque anthropologi [[Fridericus Eggan]] et [[Hortensia Powdermaker]]. [[Fasciculus:PSM V63 D575 Columbia university library.png|thumb|[[Bibliotheca Memorialis Low|Bibliotheca Universitatis Columbiae]] anno [[1903]], cum Sapir scholasticus ibi esset.]] [[Fasciculus:Tilohash.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Antonius Tillohash et familia. Tillohash cum Sapir [[lingua Paiuta Meridiana|linguam Paiutam Meridianam]] describente collaborabat.]] [[Fasciculus:Ishi.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Alfredus L. Kroeber|Alfredus Kroeber]] et [[Ishi]], quocum Sapir in [[California]] laboravit.]] [[Fasciculus:Margaret Mead NYWTS.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Margareta Mead]] nonnulla decennia post consuetudinem cum Sapir habuerat.]] Scholasticus universitarius linguarum [[Latine|Latinae]], [[Graece|Graecae]], [[Francogallice|Francogallicae]] primo anno studuit. Anno secundo [[linguae Germanicae|linguarum Germanicarum]] studere coepit, praesertim [[lingua Gothica|Gothicae]], [[lingua Theodisca alta antiqua|Theodiscae altae antiquae]], [[lingua Saxonica antiqua|Saxonicae antiquae]], [[lingua Islandica|Islandicae]], [[lingua Batava|Batavae]], [[lingua Suecica|Suecicae]], et [[lingua Danica|Danicae]]. [[Sanscritice|Sanscriticam]] quoque discere coepit, praeter [[musica]]m in ordine [[Eduardus MacDowell|Eduardi MacDowell]], clari [[compositor]]is et [[professor]]is (quamquam incertum est num Sapir [[acroasis|acroases]] ipsius MacDowell audiret). Notionem [[phonema]]tis penitus in sua [[dissertatio]]ne exploravit. Ottavae [[carmen vulgare|carmina vulgaria]] [[Canadenses Francogallici|Canadiana Francogallica]] collegit et edidit, et [[volumen]] [[poesis]] [[compositio|composuit]]. Antequam Canada, migravit, consuetudinam cum [[Margareta Mead]] habuit. ==Editiones selectae== ===Dissertatio=== *Sapir, Edward. [[1909]]. ''The Takelma language of southwestern Oregon.'' [https://archive.org/details/cu31924097764371 Textus.] ===Libri=== * {{cite book | last = Sapir | first = Edward | title = Herder's "Ursprung der Sprache" | publisher = University of Chicago Press | year = 1907 | location = Sicagi | id = ASIN: B0006CWB2W }} * {{Cite book | first = Edward | last = Sapir | editor-last = Modi | editor-first = Jivanji Jamshedji | contribution = On the etymology of Sanskrit asru, Avestan asru, Greek dakru | title = Spiegel memorial volume. Papers on Iranian subjects written by various scholars in honour of the late Dr. Frederic Spiegel | year = 1908 | pages = 156–159 | place = Bombay | publisher = British India Press }} * {{cite book | last = Sapir | first = Edward |author2=Curtin, Jeremiah | title = Wishram texts, together with Wasco tales and myths | publisher = E.J. Brill | year = 1909 | url = https://archive.org/details/wishramtexts00sapirich | id = ASIN: B000855RIW | isbn = 0-404-58152-8 }} * {{cite book | last = Sapir | first = Edward | title = Yana Texts | publisher = Berkeley University Press | year = 1910 | url = https://archive.org/details/yanatexts00sapirich | isbn = 1-177-11286-8 }} * {{cite book | last = Sapir | first = Edward | title = A sketch of the social organization of the Nass River Indians | publisher = Government Printing Office | year = 1915 | location = Ottavae | url = https://archive.org/details/sketchofsocialor00sapiial}} * {{cite book | last = Sapir | first = Edward | title = Noun reduplication in Comox, a Salish language of Vancouver island | publisher = Government Printing Office | year = 1915 | location = Ottavae | url = https://archive.org/details/nounreduplicatio00sapirich}} * {{cite book | last = Sapir | first = Edward | title = Time Perspective in Aboriginal American Culture, A Study in Method | publisher = Government Printing Bureau | year = 1916 | location = Ottavae | url = https://archive.org/details/timeperspectivei00sapirich}} * {{cite book | last = Sapir | first = Edward | title = Dreams and Gibes | publisher = The Gorham Press | year = 1917 | location = Bostoniae | url = https://archive.org/details/dreamsgibes00sapirich | isbn = 0-548-56941-X }} * {{cite book | last = Sapir | first = Edward | title = Language: An introduction to the study of speech | publisher = Harcourt, Brace and Company | year = 1921 | location = New York | url = http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/12629 | id = ASIN: B000NGWX8I | isbn = 4-87187-529-6 }} * {{cite book | last = Sapir | first = Edward |author2=Swadesh, Morris | title = Nootka Texts: Tales and ethnological narratives, with grammatical notes and lexical materials | publisher = Linguistic Society of America | year = 1939 | location = Philadelphiae | id = ASIN: B000EB54JC | isbn = 0-404-11893-3 }} * {{Cite book | first = Edward | last = Sapir | editor-last = Mandelbaum | editor-first = David | title = Selected writings in language, culture and personality | url = https://archive.org/details/selectedwritings00sapi | publisher = University of California Press | year = 1949 | location = Berkeleiae | id = ASIN: B000PX25CS | isbn = 0-520-01115-5 }} * {{cite book | last = Sapir | first = Edward |author2=Irvine, Judith | title = The psychology of culture: A course of lectures | url = https://archive.org/details/psychologyofcult0000sapi | publisher = Walter de Gruyter | year = 2002 | location = Berolini | isbn = 978-3-11-017282-9 }} ===Commentarii=== * {{cite journal | last = Sapir | first = Edward | title = Preliminary report on the language and mythology of the Upper Chinook | journal = American Anthropologist | volume = 9 | pages = 533–544 | year = 1907 | doi=10.1525/aa.1907.9.3.02a00100}} * {{cite journal | last = Sapir | first = Edward | title = Some fundamental characteristics of the Ute language | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1910-03-04_31/page/350 | journal = Science | issue = 31 | pages = 350–352 | year = 1910 | doi = 10.1126/science.31.792.350 | volume=31}} * {{cite journal | last = Sapir | first = Edward | title = Some aspects of Nootka language and culture | journal = American Anthropologist | volume = 13 | pages = 15–28 | year = 1911 | doi=10.1525/aa.1911.13.1.02a00030}} * {{cite journal | last = Sapir | first = Edward | title = The problem of noun incorporation in American languages | journal = American Anthropologist | volume = 13 | pages = 250–282 | year = 1911 | doi=10.1525/aa.1911.13.2.02a00060| url= http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1525/aa.1911.13.2.02a00060/pdf }} *{{cite journal|last=Sapir|first=E. |year=1913|title=Southern Paiute and Nahuatl, a study in Uto-Aztekan|journal=Journal de la Société des Américanistes|volume=10|issue=2|pages=379–425|doi=10.3406/jsa.1913.2866|url=http://www.persee.fr/docAsPDF/jsa_0037-9174_1913_num_10_2_2866.pdf}} * {{cite journal | last = Sapir | first = Edward | title = The Na-dene languages: a preliminary report | journal = American Anthropologist | volume = 17 | pages = 765–773 | year = 1915 | doi = 10.1525/aa.1915.17.3.02a00080 }} * {{cite journal | last = Sapir | first = Edward | title = Do we need a superorganic? | journal = American Anthropologist | volume = 19 | pages = 441–447 | year = 1917 | doi = 10.1525/aa.1917.19.3.02a00150}} * {{cite journal | last = Sapir | first = Edward | title = The grammarian and his language | journal = The American Mercury | issue = 1 | pages = 149–155 | year = 1924}} * {{cite journal | last = Sapir | first = Edward | title = Culture, Genuine and Spurious | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-sociology_1924-01_29_4/page/401 | journal = The American Journal of Sociology | volume = 29 | issue = 4 | pages = 401–429 | year = 1924 | doi = 10.1086/213616}} * {{cite journal | last = Sapir | first = Edward | title = Memorandum on the problem of an international auxiliary language | journal = The Romanic Review | issue = 16 | pages = 244–256 | year = 1925}} * {{cite journal | last = Sapir | first = Edward | title = Sound patterns in language | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_language_1925_1/page/37 | journal = Language | issue = 1 | pages = 37–51 | year = 1925 | doi = 10.2307/409004}} * {{cite journal | last = Sapir | first = Edward | title = The function of an international auxiliary language | journal = Romanic Review | issue = 11 | pages = 4–15 | year = 1931 | url = http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/5037/sapir.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028180701/http://geocities.com/Athens/Forum/5037/sapir.html|archivedate=2009-10-28}} * {{cite journal | last = Sapir | first = Edward | title = Internal linguistic evidence suggestive of the Northern origin of the Navaho | journal = American Anthropologist | volume = 38 | pages = 224–235 | year = 1936 | doi = 10.1525/aa.1936.38.2.02a00040}} * {{cite journal | last = Sapir | first = Edward | title = Grading: a study in semantics | journal = Philosophy of Science | issue = 11 | pages = 93–116 | year = 1944 | doi = 10.1086/286828 | id = }} * {{cite journal | last = Sapir | first = Edward | title = The relation of American Indian linguistics to general linguistics | journal = Southwestern Journal of Anthropology | issue = 1 | pages = 1–4 | year = 1947}} ==Notae== <references/> == Bibliographia == *Cowan, William, Michael K. Foster, et Konrad Koerner. [[1986]]. ''New perspectives in language, culture, and personality: Proceedings of the Edward Sapir Centenary Conference (Ottawa, 1–3 October 1984).'' Amstelodami: John Benjamins. ISBN 90-272-4522-3. *Koerner, E. F. K., et Konrad Koerner. [[1985]]. ''Edward Sapir: Appraisals of his life and work.'' Amstelodami: John Benjamins. ISBN 978-90-272-4518-2. *Darnell, Regna. [[1989]]. ''Edward Sapir: linguist, anthropologist, humanist.'' Berkeleiae: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-06678-6. *Darnell, R. [[1998]]. Camelot at Yale: The Construction and Dismantling of the Sapirian Synthesis, 1931–39. ''American Anthropologist'' 100: 361–372. *Darnell, Regna. [[2010]]. ''Edward Sapir: linguist, anthropologist, humanist.'' Cum nova praefatione ab auctore scripta. Lincolniae: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 9780803224377. *Falk, Julia S. [[1995]]. Words without grammar: linguists and the international language movement in the United States. ''Language and Communication'' 15(3): 241–259. *Golla, Victor, ed. [[1984]]. The Sapir–Kroeber correspondence: Letters between Edward Sapir and A. L. Kroeber 1905–1925." ''Reports from the Survey of California and other Indian languages'' 6: 1–509. [http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~survey/documents/survey-reports/survey-report-6.pdf PDF.] *Handler, Richard. [[1984]]. Sapir's Poetic Experience. ''American Anthropologist'' N.S. 86(2): 416–417. *Haas, Mary R. [[1953]]. Sapir and the Training of Anthropological Linguists. ''American Anthropologist'' 55: 447–450. *Malkiel, Yakov. [[1981]]. Drift, Slope, and Slant: Background of, and Variations upon, a Sapirian Theme. ''Language'' 57(3): 535–70. *Moore, Jerry D. [[2009]]. Edward Sapir: Culture, Language, and the Individual. In ''Visions of Culture: an Introduction to Anthropological Theories and Theorists,'' 88–104. Walnut Creek Californiae: Altamira. *Prston, Richard J. [[1966]]. Edward Sapir's Anthropology: Style, Structure, and Method. ''American Anthropologist'' N.S. 68(5): 1105–28. *Sapir, Edward, et William Bright. [[1992]]. ''Southern Paiute and Ute: linguistics and ethnography.'' Berolini: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-013543-5. *Sapir, Edward, Regna Darnell, Judith T. Irvine, et Richard Handler. [[1999]]. ''The collected works of Edward Sapir: culture.'' Berolini: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-012639-6. {{NexInt}} *[[Ruth Benedict]] *[[Familia linguarum]] *[[Linguistica comparativa]] *[[Linguistica historica]] *[[Linguae Algicae]] *[[Linguae Athabascanae]] *[[Linguae Uto-Aztecanae]] *[[Relativitas linguistica]] (coniectura Sapir-Whorfiana) ==Nexus externi==<!-- {{Wikisource author}}--> {{wikiquote|Edward Sapir|Aduardum Sapir}} {{CommuniaCat|Edward Sapir|Eduardum Sapir}} *[http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/biomems/esapir.html National Academy of Sciences biography] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20051202115404/http://spartan.ac.brocku.ca/~lward/Sapir/Documents.html Robert Throop and Lloyd Gordon Ward: Mead Project 2.0] ad spartan.ac.brocku.ca *[https://web.archive.org/web/20100707172600/http://www.interlingua.com/historia/biographias/sapir.htm Interlingua: Communication Sin Frontiera. Biographia, Edward Sapir] *{{Gutenberg author |id=Sapir,+Edward | name=Edward Sapir}}<!-- *{{Internet Archive author |sname=Edward Sapir |sopt=t}} * {{librivox author | id=13231}}--> {{Lifetime|1884|1939|Sapir, Eduardus}} [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Columbiae]] [[Categoria:Anthropologi Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Auctores Anglici]] [[Categoria:Eruditi Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Interlingua]] [[Categoria:Iudaei]] [[Categoria:Linguistae anthropologici]] [[Categoria:Linguistae Canadae]] [[Categoria:Linguistae Civitatum Foederatarum]]<!-- [[Categoria:Palaeolinguistae]]--> [[Categoria:Poetae Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Chicagoensis]] [[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Yalensis]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Civitatum Foederatarum]] <!--[[Category:People from Lębork]] [[Category:Lithuanian Jews]] [[Category:People from the Province of Pomerania]] [[Category:American people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent]] [[Category:Lithuanian emigrants to the United States]] [[Category:Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)]] [[Category:Yale Sterling Professors]] [[Category:Linguists of Na-Dene languages]] [[Category:Linguists of Navajo]] [[Category:Linguists of Algic languages]] [[Category:Linguists of Siouan languages]] [[Category:Linguists of Salishan languages]] [[Category:Linguists of Hokan languages]] [[Category:Linguists of Uto-Aztecan languages]] [[Category:Linguists of Chinookan languages]] [[Category:Linguists of Wakashan languages]] [[Category:Linguists of Yiddish]] [[Category:DeWitt Clinton High School alumni]] [[Category:Linguistic Society of America presidents]]--> ka0hsl0esf65hh04voy3mbpmdotr8qr Ascalon 0 282079 3986733 3972137 2026-09-08T21:12:40Z Grufo 64423 Grufo movit paginam [[Adumbratio:Ascalon]] ad [[Ascalon]] praeter redirectionem: Demum commentatio parata est 3972137 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{Adumbratio}}</noinclude>{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:93439_marina_ashkelon_PikiWiki_Israel.jpg|thumb]] {{res|Ascalon}} ([[Hebraice]] אַשְׁקְלוֹן) est [[urbs]] in [[Israël]]e sita. Quae urbs primum condita esse abhinc annorum decem milia dicitur. [[Portus|Portum]] habebat, unde [[merx|merces]] et inferebantur et exportabantur.<ref>{{Opus | titulus = "העבר של אשקלון הוא הנשמה שלה, ועדות לכל מה שהיא מסמלת" | lingua = he | domus editoria = The Marker | url = https://www.themarker.com/labels/ashkelon/2022-09-22/ty-article-labels/00000183-6525-dd85-a9f3-67bfe3d00000 }}.</ref> Ascalon una ex quinque urbibus [[Philistaei|Philistaeorum]] est quae in [[Liber Iosue|libro Iosue]] 13:3 memorantur.<ref>{{Opus | titulus = Ascalon | domus editoria = New Advent | url = https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01766b.htm }}.</ref> Urbs autem hodierna anno [[1948]] condita est.<ref>{{Opus | titulus = היסטוריה ותרבות באשקלון – כשישן וחדש נפגשים | domus editoria = אלדן | url = https://www.eldan.co.il/magazine/carrental/rentcarashkelon/history-ashkelon# }}.</ref> Anno [[2020]] circiter 146&thinsp;500 homines ibi habitabant.<ref>{{Opus | titulus = אשקלון | lingua = he | domus editoria = הלשקה המרכזית לסטטיסטיקה | url = https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/doclib/2022/local_authorities20_1879/58_7100.pdf }}.</ref> Pleraque architectura antiqua in Saepto Nationali Ascalonensi est, sed multae reliquiae in urbis aliis partibus inveniuntur.<ref name="AfridarAntiquus">{{Opus | url= https://www.academia.edu/146492349/Q1_FROM_PURE_ROMAN_TO_PURE_BYZANTINE_THROUGH_SPOLIA_THE_ARCHITECTURAL_DETAILS_IN_AFRIDAR_ASHKELON_ | titulus= Q1 - FROM "PURE" ROMAN TO "PURE" BYZANTINE, THROUGH SPOLIA: THE ARCHITECTURAL DETAILS IN AFRIDAR (ASHKELON) | cognomen auctoris= Tarkhanova | nomen auctoris= Svitlana | domus editoria= National Treasures Department of the Israel Antiquities Authority }}</ref> == Historia == === Ascalon praehistorica === Ascalon [[Neolithicum|neolithica]] circiter centum metra a mari iacebat, 15-20 metra supra [[maris aequor]]. Multa instrumenta [[silicium|silicea]] et [[lapis|lapidea]], nonnulla autem [[os (ossis)|ossea]], in eo loco inventa sunt necnon [[Ossa humana|ossium humanorum]] fragmenta. Bona testimonia [[ovis|ovium]] domesticarum quoque sunt, quae in [[regio]]nem fortasse [[Millennium 6 a.C.n.|millenio 6 a.C.n.]] introductae sunt.<ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/27926432 | titulus= A Late Neolithic Site near Ashkelon | nomen auctoris 1= Jean | cognomen auctoris 1= Perrot | nomen auctoris 2= Avi | cognomen auctoris 2= Gopher | domus editoria = Israel Exploration Journal | volumen= 46 | paginae= 145-166 | annus = 1996 | fasciculus= 3/4}}.</ref> In excavationibus servandis archaeologi hamum piscatorium aeneum ex aetate Chalcolithica, unum ex angiquissimis qui unquam inventi sunt, invenerunt.<ref>{{Opus | url=https://www.hayadan.org.il/%D7%91%D7%97%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%9C%D7%94-%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F-%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%94-%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%A1-%D7%93%D7%99%D7%92-%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%97 | titulus= בחפירות הצלה באשקלון התגלה קרס דיג מנחושת בן כ- 6,000 שנה, מהקדומים הידועים בעולם | tempus= 2023-03-30 | auctor= רשות העתיקות ארכיאולוגיה בישראל| domus editoria= הידען }}</ref> Prima [[Aetas aënea|Aetate aënea]] Ascalon ad instrumenta ex [[Cuprum|cupro]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Arabahensi||en|qid=Q626682}} facienda praecipue exculta est. Inventa [[archaeologia|archaeologica]] cum migratione fabrorum aerariorum ex [[Berosaba]] congruunt.<ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-archaeological-journal/article/cultural-metallurgya-key-factor-in-the-transition-from-the-chalcolithic-to-bronze-age-in-the-southern-levant/0B642A3959D1C9B9BA9EF447AAD59EC3 | titulus= Cultural Metallurgy-A Key Factor in the Transition from the Chalcolithic to Bronze Age in the Southern Levant | domus editoria= Cambridge Archaeological Journal | volumen= 32 | fasciculus= 3 | annus= 2021 | cognomen auctoris= Amzallag | nomen auctoris = Amzallag | paginae= 445-465}}.</ref> Argumenta sunt instrumentorum metallicorum in laniena animalium usurpatorum, sed maxima pars signorum secturarum instrumentis lapideis facta est.<ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Haskel-Greenfield/publication/285404224_Metallurgy_in_the_Near_East_A_Zooarchaeological_Perspective_on_the_Origins_of_Metallurgy_in_the_Near_East_Analysis_of_Stone_and_Metal_Cut_Marks_on_Bone_from_Israel/links/565de58208ae4988a7bd14d2/Metallurgy-in-the-Near-East-A-Zooarchaeological-Perspective-on-the-Origins-of-Metallurgy-in-the-Near-East-Analysis-of-Stone-and-Metal-Cut-Marks-on-Bone-from-Israel.pdf | titulus= Metallurgy in the Near East A Zooarchaeological Perspective on the Origins of Metallurgy in the Near East: Analysis of Stone and Metal Cut Marks on Bone from Israel | nomen auctoris= Haskel J. | cognomen auctoris= Greenfield}}.</ref> === Historia antiqua === {{Paginae principales|Ascalon (urbs antiqua)}} [[Fasciculus:Ashkelon – The Canaanite city gate and ramparts.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Ascalonis Chananaeae porta.]] Urbs [[Chanaan|Chananaea]] [[Saeculum 20 a.C.n.|saeculo vicensimo a.C.n.]] condita est, longitudine 1100 metrorum et latitudine 600 metrorum, moenibus quindecim metra altis circumdata.<ref name="BibleWalks">{{Opus | titulus = Tel Ashkelon | domus editoria = Bible Walks | url = https://www.biblewalks.com/ashkelon/ }}.</ref> Primum memorantur Ascalon in textibus execrationis [[Aegyptus|Aegyptiis]] quae ad {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Domus Aegypti 11|undecimam dynastiam|en|qid=Q719634}} referuntur, et per dynastias {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Domus Aegypti 18|XVIII|en|qid=Q146055}} ad XX fortasse urbs Chananaea Aegyptiorum imperio subiecta erat. Anno [[1280 a.C.n.]], frustra Ascalon contra [[Rhamses II|Ramsem II]] rebellavit. Anno [[1229 a.C.n.]], urbs ab [[Amenephthis|Amenephthe]] [[Pharao]]ne rursus capta est.<ref name="JewishLibrary">{{Opus | titulus = Ashkelon | domus editoria = Jewish Virtual Library | url = https://jewishvirtuallibrary.org/ashkelon }}.</ref> Ascalon a [[Tribus Iudae|tribu Iudae]] capta est:<ref name="BibleWalks"/> <blockquote>Cepitque Iudas [[Gaza]]m cum finibus suis et Ascalonem atque Accaron cum terminis suis. (Iudicum 1:18).<ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_vt_iudicum_lt.html | titulus= Nova Vulgata LIBER IUDICUM | domus editoria= Vatican}}.</ref></blockquote> [[Saeculum 12 a.C.n.|Saeculo duodecimo a.C.n.]], urbs a [[Philistaei|Philistaeis]] capta est. Ascalon saepe in [[narratio]]nibus de [[Samson]]e in [[Biblia|Bibliis]] commemoratur. Quae urbs tempore [[Regnum Israel|monarchiae Israeliticae]] adhuc erat Philistaeorum una ex praecipuis urbibus.<ref name="JewishLibrary"/> [[Saul (Rex)|Saul]], Israëlis Rex primus, Philistinos Philistinos vicit et multas urbes cepit. Rex ipse in proelio cecidit, [[David]]que lugens eos versiculos recitavit:<ref name="BibleWalks"/> <blockquote>Incliti, o Israel, super montes tuos interfecti, quomodo ceciderunt fortes! Nolite annuntiare in Geth neque annuntietis in compitis Ascalonis, ne forte laetentur filiae Philisthim, ne exsultent filiae incircumcisorum. (II Samuelis 1:19-20),<ref>{{opus |titulus=Nova Vulgata LIBER SECUNDUS SAMUELIS |domus editoria= Vatican | url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_vt_ii-samuelis_lt.html}}.</ref></blockquote> Ascalonem punitum iri praedixerunt prophetae [[Ieremias]], [[Amos (propheta)|Amos]], [[Sophonias]], et [[Zacharias (propheta)|Zacharias]].<ref name="BibleWalks"/> [[Saeculum 18 a.C.n.|Saeculo duodevicensimo a.C.n.]] a regno Ascalonis multas terras a regno expugnavit [[Assyria]], et Anno [[734 a.C.n.]] urbs a {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Tiglatpileser III|Tiglatpilesero III|en|qid=Q210074}} capta est. Anno [[732 a.C.n.]] Rex Ascalonis frustra contra Assyrios rebellavit, propter quod urbs graviter punita est. [[Rex Sidqia]] postea participavit in alia rebellione contra Assyriam, duce [[Ezechias|Ezechia]]. Apud [[Sennacherib]], urbes Sidqiae prope [[Iappa|Iappam]] captae sunt, et Ascalon ipse se dedidit, cuius rex exsulatus est. Tributum quod Ascalon reddidit in inscriptionibus principum Esarhaddon et Assurbanipal memoratur, qui urbem fine [[Saeculum 7 a.C.n.|saeculi 7]] et initio [[Saeculum 6 a.C.n.|sexto a.C.n.]] ad [[Aegyptus antiqua|Aegyptum]] pugnandum adhibuit. De calamitatibus quas urbs sufferebat scripserunt prophetae biblici.<ref name="JewishLibrary"/> Cum imperium Assyriorum caderet, Aegyptus urbem occupavit. Anno [[604 a.C.n.]], Ascalon a [[Nabuchodonosor II|Nabuchodonosore]] deleta est, qui multos cives urbis exsulavit, quo facto sexcentorum annorum praesentiae Philistaeorum in Israele finis impositus est. Munitiones Ascalonis post Babylonicam excidionem non reaedificatae sunt.<ref name="JewishLibrary"/><ref name="BibleWalks"/> Sub [[Imperium Achaemenidarum|imperio Persarum]], quod Ascalonem a Babyloniis cepit, Iudaeis [[Ierusalem]] redire licuit, sed Ascalon tum pars provinciae Iudaeae non fuit. In Ascalone ceterisque urbibus Philistaeorum, habitabant [[Phoenices]], et ipsa Ascalon [[Tyros|Tyriorum]] dicioni parebat. Id urbi magnas divitias attulit. [[Archaeologus|Archaeologi]] in Ascalone magnum [[Ascalonis Canum Coemeterium|canum coemeterium]] invenerunt, quod ad ritum Phoenicum pertinebat. In eo coemeterio plus quam mille [[Canis|canes]] erant.<ref name="BibleWalks"/> [[Alexander Magnus|Alexandro Magno]] Ascalon se anno [[332 a.C.n.]] dedit, neque, ut [[Gaza]], laesa est.<ref name="BibleWalks"/> Post divisionem imperii [[Alexander Magnus|Alexandri]], Ascalon in [[Regnum Ptolemaicum|regno Ptolemaico]] erat, et urbs sui iuris facta est. Tum [[Iudaei]] in Ascalone [[floruit|floruerunt]]. Urbs deinde ab [[Antiochus III|Antiocho III]] capta sedes [[Cultura Graeca|culturae Graecae]] magni momenti facta est. Propter imminutam potentiam [[Seleucidae|Seleucidarum]], Anno [[104 a.C.n.]] Ascalon rursus in [[libertas|libertatem]] se recepit. Reges {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Hyrcanus|Ioannes Hyrcanus|en|he|qid=Q319043}} et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Alexander Jannaeus|Alexander Jannaeus|en|he|qid=Q319107}} ex [[Hasmonaei|genere Hasmonaeorum]] urbem capere frustra conati sunt.<ref name="JewishLibrary"/> [[Fasciculus:Ask NTL PARK.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Columnae Romanae in Saepto Nationali Ascalonis.]] [[Imperium Romanum|Aetate Romana]], Colonia Ascalonensis liberate et foederata fuit. In urbe [[Paganismus|pagani]] [[Apollo|Apollinem]], [[Hercules|Herculem]], et [[Atargatis|Atargatidem]] venerati sunt, deam facie et parte superiore corporis muliebri, parte inferiore corporis et cauda piscis. [[Herodes Magnus|Herodes]], quamquam urbem non regebat, fora tamen ibi atque balnea publica hortosque exstruxit, fortasse quod ibi natus erat. In [[Primum Bellum Iudaicum|primo bello Iudaico]], Ascalon Iudaeos aggressus, victor exiit.<ref name="JewishLibrary"/> Tempore [[Misna]] et [[Talmud]], [[Iudaei]] in urbe degere soliti sunt, quarum [[Synagoga|synagogas]] [[Synagoga|archeologi]] invenerunt. In Talmude de [[Arbustum|pomariis]], quae reditus e [[Babylonia]] prope Ascalonem fundaverunt, legitur.<ref name="JewishLibrary"/> [[Aetas Byzantina|Aetate Byzantina]], urbs [[Religio Christiana|Christiana]] facta est. Ascalon sedes commercii [[vinum|vini]] optimi et [[frumentum|frumenti]] erat.<ref name="BibleWalks"/> [[Vinum]] ex Ascalone illo tempore in [[Anglia]] repertum est.<ref>{{Opus | url= https://cbnisrael.org/2024/10/15/biblical-israel-ashkelon-4/ | titulus= Biblical Israel: Ashkelon | cognomen auctoris= Turnage | nomen auctoris= Marc | tempus=15-10-2024 | domus editoria=CBN Israel}}.</ref> === Medium Aevum === Anno [[637]] Ascalon ab Arabibus capta atque deleta est. Anno [[685]] urbs restituta est, in qua iam et [[Christianus|Christiani]] et [[Iudaei]] et [[Samaritani]] et [[Musulmanus|Musulmani]] habitabant. Inter religiones interdum erant conflictus, propter quos ecclesia in urbe anno [[937]] combusta est.<ref name="BibleWalks"/> [[Fasciculus:Battle of Ascalon-engraving.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Pugna Ascalonis.]] Cum [[Regnum Hierosolymitanum]] a [[Expeditio sacra|crucesignatis]] conditum esset, urbs inter Christianos et Musulmanos finis facta est. Diu exercitus circa urbem pugnaverunt, et anno [[1099]] [[Pugna Ascalonis|pugna Ascalonis]] committeretur. Crucesignati Ascalonem aliquandiu teneuerunt, deinde ad [[Oriens|orientem]] se receperunt. Ab anno [[1101]] ad annum [[1114]] Aegyptii terram sanctam capere conabantur, dum duus exercitus circa urbem saepissime puganabant. Anno [[1125]] Rex [[Balduinus II (rex Hierosolymitanus)|Balduinus II]] Ascalonem capere frustra conatus est, anno autem [[1154]] [[Balduinus III (rex Hierosolymitanus)|Balduinus III]] successit. Urbs crucesignatis magni momenti fuit; anno autem [[1187]], [[4 Septembris|quarto die mensis Septembris]], a [[Saladinus|Saladino]] capta est, qui castella, ne Christiani eis uterentur, delevit.<ref name="BibleWalks"/> Anno [[1191]], [[Ricardus I (rex Angliae)|Ricardus I]] [[rex Angliae]] Ascalonem recepit murosque aedificavit, quos Arabes rursus deleverant. Anno [[1240]], [[Ricardus (comes Cornubiae)|Ricardus comes Cornubiae]] urbem iterum munivit. Anno autem [[1247]], [[Ayyubidae]] urbem ceperunt. Anno [[1270]], urbs a [[Mamluci|Mamlucis]] capta et deleta est, nec crucesignati eam rursus condiderunt. Duo [[oppidum|oppida]] Arabum, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Magdala||he|qid=Q132129150}} et Iagur, prope Ascalonem antiquam condita sunt, in quibus homines ex Aegypto vivebant.<ref name="BibleWalks"/> Ascalonis propter excidionem, Magdala magni momenti facta est.<ref>{{Opus | titulus= אשקלון - שכונת מגדל העברית | url= https://shimur.org/%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F-%D7%A9%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%AA-%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%93%D7%9C-%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA/ | domus editoria= מועצה לשימור אתרי מורשת בישראל | nomen auctoris 1= גד | cognomen auctoris 1= סובול | nomen auctoris 2= אבי | cognomen auctoris 2= ששון | tempus= 01-10-2008}}</ref> === Aetas Turcica ac Britannica === === Aetas Israelita === Die [[5 Novembris]] anno [[1948]], locus ab [[Israel|Israele]] captus est. Urbs primum [[Lingua Hebraica|Hebraice]] vocatus est “Migdal Aza”, postea “Migdal Gad”, anno tandem [[1951]] “Migdal Aškelon”.<ref name="70anni"/> Mense Februario anno [[1950]], habitabant in eo loco 3500 [[Iudaeus|Iudaei]], et 2500 [[Arabes]].<ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/dav/1950/02/10/01/article/98 | titulus= מגדל־גד בהתפתחותה,בחירות ב־26 בפברואר | domus editoria= דבר | tempus= 10-02-1950 }}.</ref> Anno [[1955]], urbs Migal Aškelon et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Afridar||he|qid=Q6632325}}, qui prope eam erat, in unum coniunctae sunt, et urbs una vocatur Ascalon. Primus conventus consilii [[6 Octobris]] anno [[1955]] in Domo Populi, media in Afridare, coiit. Mense [[Iulius|Iulio]] anno [[1961]], [[Valetudinarium|valetudinarium]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Brazili||he|qid=Q2919386}} conditum est in urbe. Anno [[1967]] collegium [[Universitas Bar-Ilan|universitatis Bar-Ilan]] in Ascalone conditum est.<ref name="70anni">{{Opus | url= https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/18231 | titulus= 70 שנה: 70 אירועים ודמויות מתולדות אשקלון | domus editoria= כאן דרום אשקלון | tempus= 19-04-2018 00:14 | nomen auctoris 1= ג'ני | cognomen auctoris 1= פרנקל שלום | nomen auctoris 2=גייל | cognomen auctoris 2= מיכאלי | nomen auctoris 3= אורי| cognomen auctoris 3= קריספין| nomen auctoris 4=דוד | cognomen auctoris 4= לוי}}</ref> Anni [[1975]]-[[1977]] in Ascalone duri fuerunt. Magnae in concilio urbis contentiones erant, debita creverunt, et culpae criminales primorum virorum municipii coeperunt. Mense [[November|Novembri]] anno [[1977]], consilium delegatum ad comitia populi, quae [[November|Novembri]] [[1978]] fuerunt, institutum est.<ref name="70anni" /> Anno [[1983]], {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|electrificinae Ruthenbergiae||he|qid=Q2904076}} aedificatio approbata est. Mense [[December|Decembri]] eo anno incepit opus, anno denique 1990 [[electrificina]] toti loco [[Electricitas|electricitatem]] suppeditare coepit.<ref name="70anni" /> [[Fasciculus:Khofit memorial in Ashkelon.jpg |thumb|upright=0.8| [[Monumentum]] in honorem mulieris Khofit quae a tromocrata interfecta est.]] Die [[25 Februarii]] anno [[1991]], dum per totam [[Israël|Israëlem]] multa [[Tromocratia|acta tromocratica]] fiebant, Ascalone una mulier impetu suidicali interfecta est et 36 homines vulnera acceperunt. Die [[14 Februarii]] [[2001]], tromocrata [[Lacinia Gazetica|Gazeticus]] Ascalone 8 homines [[Autocinetum|autocineto]] necavit. Die [[14 Maii]] anno [[2008]], [[Missile|missile]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Grad||en|qid=Q270289}} in secundo tabulato fori mercatorii in urbe cecidit, quod 15 homines laedet.<ref name="70anni" /> == Demographia == Anno [[2023]], 86.1 centesimae hominum qui in Ascalone vivebant [[Iudaei]] erant, 0.4 centesimae [[Musulmanus|Musulmani]], et 13.5 centesimae alias [[Religio|religiones]] profitebantur.<ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/DocLib/2026/local_authorities23/%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F.pdf | titulus= הרשויות המקומיות ישראל 2023 אשקלון | domus editoria= הלשכה המרכזית לסטטיסטיקה }}.</ref> == Monumenta == === Saeptum Nationale Ascalonense === [[Fasciculus:Mosaic floor at Ashkelon.jpg |thumb|upright=0.8|[[Opus tessellatum]] in Saepto Nationali Ascalonense]] Ubi fuit urbs antiqua hodie est [[Saeptum Nationale Ascalonense]],<ref name="placesToVisit"/> quod anno [[1964]] primum [[saeptum nationale]] in Israele designatum est.<ref>{{Opus | url=https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/mobile/0,7340,L-2124593,00.html | titulus= הגן הלאומי באשקלון | nomen auctoris= בועז | cognomen auctoris= כרמל | tempus= 26-09-2002 10:59 | domus editoria= ynet }}.</ref> Pleraque architectura Ascalonis antiqua in Saepto est.<ref name="AfridarAntiquus" /> Muri, qui urbem circumdederunt, in eo loco quoque hodie sunt. Saeptum [[hortus|hortum]] multis [[statua|statuis]] Romanis ornatum habet.<ref name="placesToVisit">{{Opus | url= https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vie/Ashkelon.html#Ashkelon | titulus= Ashkelon & Surroundings PLACES TO VISIT | domus editoria=Jewish Virtual Library}}.</ref> Altitudo vallis Chananaeae est 15 metra, latitudo 30 metra, longitudo 2200 metra.<ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.mako.co.il/travel-israel/magazine-themostbeautifulcities/Article-78f8f49c8c26371026.htm | domus editoria= mako | titulus= חופש הערים הכי יפות בארץ. מה יש לעשות באשקלון| tempus=19-05-2021}}.</ref> In saepto est basilica Romana, quam [[archeologus|archaeologi]] ab [[Herodes Magnus|Herode]] conditam esse putant,<ref>{{Opus | url=https://www.jpost.com/archaeology/2000-year-old-basilica-unearthed-in-ashkelon-669665 |titulus=2,000-year-old basilica unearthed in Ashkelon | nomen auctoris=Rosella | cognomen auctoris=Tercatin | domus editoria=Jerusalem Post | tempus=31-05-2021 19:25}}.</ref> et maximum in orbe terrarum canum coemeterium.<ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/mobile/0,7340,L-5047211,00.html | titulus=תעלומת בית הקברות לכלבים הגדול בעולם שהתגלה באשקלון | nomen auctoris= אסף| cognomen auctoris= קמר| tempus= 25-11-2017 07:59 | domus editoria= ynet}}.</ref> Anno [[2024]] Saeptum quintum in popularitate in Israele fuit; anno autem [[2025]] secundum.<ref>{{Opus | titulus= גם ב-2025 – זה אתר הטיולים הפופולרי בישראל | url=https://www.ynet.co.il/vacation/israeltrips/article/rjp9q7egwl | nomen auctoris= אסף| cognomen auctoris= רוזן| domus editoria=ynet | tempus= 08-12-2025 15:00 }}.</ref> Multa animalia quoquoe in hoc loco vivunt. [[Dendrocopos syriacus]], [[Upapa]], et [[Psittacula krameri]] in cavis arborum [[Tamarix|tamaricis]] veterum nidificant; [[Prinia gracilis]], [[Burhinus]], [[Passer hispaniolensis]], et [[Lanius nubicus]] in campis. [[Jynx torquilla]] et [[Luscinia svecica]] hieme in saepto inveniuntur. [[Laudakia stellio]], [[Vulpes vulpes]], [[Gazella gazella gazella]], [[Herpestes]], et [[Caretta caretta]] quoque invenientur in hoc loco.<ref>{{Opus | url=https://www.ynet.co.il/environment-science/article/skv5vvbsn | titulus= מחרדונים ועד נמיות: הצצה לעולם החי הקסום בגן הלאומי תל אשקלון | domus editoria= ynet | tempus= 28-07-2023 16:28}}.</ref> === Monumentum in honorem caesorum in bellis Israel === [[Fasciculus:Lanoflim Askelon 11.jpg | thumb |upright=0.8|[[Monumentum]] in honorem caesorum in bellis Israeliensibus.]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Monumentum in honorem caesorum in bellis Israel||he|qid=Q30527633}} in prato herboso est ante [[Curia municipalis|curiam municipalem]]. Elementum sculptile compositum virtutem et bellum significat. Parietes aedificii sexanguli tabulas marmoris nigras constant, in quibus inscripta sunt nomina caesorum. In parite contra inscriptum est “Aeternum vobis gratias agimus. De gerenatione in generationem gloriam eorum narrabimus.”<ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.izkor.gov.il/monument/en_d9b0257bc0e71a1983f1ec8d7e8bde66/ | titulus= אנדרטה לנופלים במערכות ישראל. אשקלון| domus editoria= יזכור }}.</ref> ===Portus Navigiorum Ascalonensis=== [[Fasciculus:מרינה אשקלון.PNG|thumb|upright=0.8|Portus Navigiorum Ascalonensis.]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Portus Navigiorum Ascalonensis||he|qid=Q6578434}}, anno [[1991]] conditus, locus est ad navigia velifera et [[Navis lusoria |naves lusorias]] ancorandas, et multasque [[Popina sellariola| popinas sellariolas]] habet.<ref>{{Opus| url= https://baliletayel.co.il/atraction/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94-%D7%A9%D7%9C-%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F-%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%AA-%D7%90%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%99%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA-%D7%9C%D7%A6%D7%93-%D7%9E/ | titulus= המרינה של אשקלון – טיילת אטרקטיבית לצד מעגן סירות | domus editoria= בא לי לטייל}}.</ref> Portus, qui plerumque ad oblectamentum destinatur, in {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|bello contra Iraniam||en|qid=Q134900605}} magni momenti factus est. Homines eo usi sunt ut via ad Israëlem ingrediendum et ex eo egrediendum esset, cum [[aeroportus]] clausus esset.<ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/95583 | titulus= מי היה מאמין? זה התפקיד של המרינה באשקלון במלחמה עם איראן | domus editoria= כאן דרום אשקלון | tempus= 18-06-2025 15:22}}.</ref> Porum visitant non modo qui in Ascalone habitant, sed quoque in [[Berosaba]], [[Azotus|Azoto]], [[Kiriat-Gat]], et aliis urbibus.<ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.israelhayom.co.il/travel/tourism-news/article/19966651 | titulus= שעה מתל אביב: מתחם הבילוי שעבר מהפך - וכולם נוהרים אליו | nomen auctoris= ליאת | cognomen auctoris= מופז מילצ'ן | tempus= 23-02-2026 19:40 | domus editoria= ישראל היום}}.</ref> == Urbes geminae == * {{Vexillum icon|Canada}} [[Côte Saint-Luc]], [[Quebecum]], [[Canada]] (ab anno [[1975]])<ref>{{opus | url=https://cotesaintluc.org/en/the-city/about-csl/ | titulus=About CSL | domus editoria= cotesaintluc.org}}</ref><ref>{{opus | url=https://www.bnaibrith.ca/advocacy/jewish-heritage-month/jhm-cote-saint-luc/ | titulus=JEWISH HERITAGE MONTH PARTNER: COTE SAINT LUC, QUEBEC | domus editoria= Bnai Brith Canada}}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Ruthenia Alba}} [[Grodna]], [[Ruthenia Alba]] (ab anno [[2011]])<ref>{{Opus | tempus= 23-02-2011 | url= https://ashkelon.news/article/9023 |titulus= עוד עיר תאומה ברית ערים תאומות נחתמה בין העיר אשקלון לגרודנו (בלרוס). רה"ע של גרודנו קוזלקוב בוריס הגיע לאשקלון עם אנשי עסקים המעוניינים ליצור קשרי מסחר | domus editoria= ashkelon.news}}</ref><ref>{{Opus | tempus= 2011-03-01 13:16 | url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402150430/https://news.tut.by/society/216834.html | titulus= Израильский город Ашкелон стал двенадцатым городом-побратимом Гродно | domus editoria=news.tut.by}}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Francia}} [[Aquae Sextiae]], [[Francia]] (ab anno [[1994]])<ref>{{Opus | url=https://www.aixenprovence.fr/Ashkelon-ISRAEL | titulus=Ashkelon (ISRAEL) | domus editoria= aixenprovence.fr}}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Germania}} [[Pancovium]], [[Germania]] (Ab anno [[1994]])<ref>{{Opus | url=https://www.berlin.de/ba-pankow/ueber-den-bezirk/staedtepartner/artikel.1535473.en.php | titulus = City Partnerships | domus editoria= Bezirksamt Pankow}}</ref><ref>{{Opus | url=https://pankow-ashkelon.org/en/about-us | titulus= About Us | domus editoria= Freundeskreis Berlin Pankow-Ashkelon}}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Portlandia (Oregonia)|Portlandia]], [[Oregonia]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[1987]])<ref>{{Opus | url=https://www.studycountry.com/wiki/what-is-portland-oregon-sister-city | titulus=What is Portland Oregon sister city? | domus editoria= studycountry.com}}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Baltimora (Terra Mariae)|Baltimora]], [[Terra Mariae]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[2003]])<ref>{{Opus | url=https://baltimorefishbowl.com/stories/baltimores-awkward-relationship-sister-cities/ |domus editoria= Baltimore Fish Bowl | titulus=Baltimore’s Awkward Relationship with Our Sister Cities |nomen auctoris=Rachel | cognomen auctoris=Monroe | tempus=22-04-2014}}</ref><ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.jewishtimes.com/baltimore-ashkelon-partnership-supports-israeli-city-after-rocket-strikes/ | titulus= Baltimore-Ashkelon Partnership Supports Israeli City After Rocket Strikes | nomen auctoris=Jillian |cognomen auctoris=Diamond | tempus=24-05-2023 | domus editoria=Jewish Times}}</ref><ref>{{Opus |url=https://associated.org/stories/the-baltimore-ashkelon-partnership-celebrating-20-years/ | titulus=The Baltimore-Ashkelon Partnership: Celebrating 20 Years | domus editoria= The Associated Jewish Federation in Baltimore}}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Sacramentum (California)|Sacramentum]], [[California]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[2012]])<ref>{{Opus | url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/after-battle-sacramento-okays-sisterhood-with-ashkelon/ | domus editoria= Times of Israel | titulus= After battle, Sacramento okays sisterhood with Ashkelon | nomen auctoris= Joshua | cognomen auctoris= Davidovich | tempus=15-08-2012}}</ref><ref>{{Opus | url=https://www.cbsnews.com/sacramento/news/sumy-ukraine-becomes-sacramentos-latest-sister-city/ | titulus=Sumy, Ukraine becomes Sacramento's latest Sister City | domus editoria= CBS News | nomen auctoris=Cecilio | cognomen auctoris= Padilla| tempus=29-06-2023}} “Eleven other cities have been named Sister Cities with Sacramento … Ashkelon, Israel”</ref><ref>{{Opus |url=https://jweekly.com/2012/08/17/its-unanimous-sacramento-ashkelon-now-sister-cities/ | domus editoria= Jewish Weekly | titulus= Its unanimous: Sacramento, Ashkelon now sister cities | nomen auctoris= Emma | cognomen auctoris=Silvers |tempus=17-08-2012}}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Polonia}} [[Sopot (Polonia)|Sopot]], [[Polonia]] (ab anno [[1993]] ad annum [[2025]])<ref>{{Opus | titulus= Sopot pierwszym samorządem w Polsce, który zerwał partnerstwo z izraelskim miastem. Zdecydowali o tym radni | url= https://trojmiasto.wyborcza.pl/trojmiasto/7,35612,32429747,sopot-pierwszy-w-polsce-zerwal-partnerstwo-z-izraelskim-miastem.html | tempus=27-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= Maciej | cognomen auctoris= Pietrzak | domus editoria= wyborcza.pl}}</ref><ref>{{Opus | titulus= הלחץ הפרו-פלסטיני הכריע 30 שנות יחסים: בוטל הסכם "ערים תאומות" בין אשקלון לסופוט | url= https://www.maariv.co.il/news/world/article-1257675 | tempus=01-12-2025 | nomen auctoris= דן | cognomen auctoris= עזרא | domus editoria= מעריב}}</ref><ref>{{Opus | titulus= "בגלל רצח העם בעזה": עיירת נופש בפולין ביטלה ברית ערים תאומות עם אשקלון | url= https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/r1ucjukbbx | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris 1= איתמר | cognomen auctoris 1= אייכנר | domus editoria= ynet | nomen auctoris 2= רוני | cognomen auctoris 2= גרין שאולוב}}</ref><ref>{{Opus | titulus= לאחר 32 שנים: בוטלה שותפות עיר תאומה עם אשקלון בגלל "רצח עם בעזה" | url= https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/99197 | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= דוד | cognomen auctoris= לוי | domus editoria= כאן חדשות דרום אשקלון}}</ref><ref>{{Opus | titulus= "רצח עם": העיר באירופה שביטלה הסכם ערים עם אשקלון | url= https://www.i24news.tv/he/news/international/europe/artc-30d542eb | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= מעיין | cognomen auctoris= רפאל | domus editoria= i24}}.</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Ucraina}} [[Uman]], [[Regio Circassiensis]], [[Ucraina]] (ab anno [[2010]])<ref>{{Opus|url=https://uman-rada.gov.ua/index.php/mizhnarodni-zviazky | domus editoria=Уманська міська рада Виконавчий комітет | titulus=Міжнародні зв'язки}}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|India}} [[Vadodara]], [[Guzarata]], [[India]] (ab anno [[2017]])<ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/municipality/10841 | titulus= אשקלון-בארודה ערים תאומות: ראש הממשלה מברך| domus editoria= כאן דרום אשקלון | nomen auctoris= ג'ני | cognomen auctoris= פרנקל שלום | tempus= 8-12-2017 15:13 }}</ref><ref>{{Opus| url= https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/11526 | titulus= העירייה: כ-2,000 משתתפים בפסטיבל הודו באשקלון | domus editoria= כאן דרום אשקלון| nomen auctoris= אלירם | cognomen auctoris= משה | tempus= 20-12-2017 12:07 }}.</ref> == Notae == <references /> == Nexus interni == * [[Ascalon (urbs antiqua)]] * [[Israël]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Ashkelon|Ascalonam}} {{Fontes geographici}} [[Categoria:Israel]] [[Categoria:Urbes antiquae]] [[Categoria:Urbes Israelis]] 7mm3smaeju8zme4ope4gdu3xn00p4ij 3986737 3986733 2026-09-08T21:13:17Z Grufo 64423 -{{Adumbratio}} 3986737 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:93439_marina_ashkelon_PikiWiki_Israel.jpg|thumb]] {{res|Ascalon}} ([[Hebraice]] אַשְׁקְלוֹן) est [[urbs]] in [[Israël]]e sita. Quae urbs primum condita esse abhinc annorum decem milia dicitur. [[Portus|Portum]] habebat, unde [[merx|merces]] et inferebantur et exportabantur.<ref>{{Opus | titulus = "העבר של אשקלון הוא הנשמה שלה, ועדות לכל מה שהיא מסמלת" | lingua = he | domus editoria = The Marker | url = https://www.themarker.com/labels/ashkelon/2022-09-22/ty-article-labels/00000183-6525-dd85-a9f3-67bfe3d00000 }}.</ref> Ascalon una ex quinque urbibus [[Philistaei|Philistaeorum]] est quae in [[Liber Iosue|libro Iosue]] 13:3 memorantur.<ref>{{Opus | titulus = Ascalon | domus editoria = New Advent | url = https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01766b.htm }}.</ref> Urbs autem hodierna anno [[1948]] condita est.<ref>{{Opus | titulus = היסטוריה ותרבות באשקלון – כשישן וחדש נפגשים | domus editoria = אלדן | url = https://www.eldan.co.il/magazine/carrental/rentcarashkelon/history-ashkelon# }}.</ref> Anno [[2020]] circiter 146&thinsp;500 homines ibi habitabant.<ref>{{Opus | titulus = אשקלון | lingua = he | domus editoria = הלשקה המרכזית לסטטיסטיקה | url = https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/doclib/2022/local_authorities20_1879/58_7100.pdf }}.</ref> Pleraque architectura antiqua in Saepto Nationali Ascalonensi est, sed multae reliquiae in urbis aliis partibus inveniuntur.<ref name="AfridarAntiquus">{{Opus | url= https://www.academia.edu/146492349/Q1_FROM_PURE_ROMAN_TO_PURE_BYZANTINE_THROUGH_SPOLIA_THE_ARCHITECTURAL_DETAILS_IN_AFRIDAR_ASHKELON_ | titulus= Q1 - FROM "PURE" ROMAN TO "PURE" BYZANTINE, THROUGH SPOLIA: THE ARCHITECTURAL DETAILS IN AFRIDAR (ASHKELON) | cognomen auctoris= Tarkhanova | nomen auctoris= Svitlana | domus editoria= National Treasures Department of the Israel Antiquities Authority }}</ref> == Historia == === Ascalon praehistorica === Ascalon [[Neolithicum|neolithica]] circiter centum metra a mari iacebat, 15-20 metra supra [[maris aequor]]. Multa instrumenta [[silicium|silicea]] et [[lapis|lapidea]], nonnulla autem [[os (ossis)|ossea]], in eo loco inventa sunt necnon [[Ossa humana|ossium humanorum]] fragmenta. Bona testimonia [[ovis|ovium]] domesticarum quoque sunt, quae in [[regio]]nem fortasse [[Millennium 6 a.C.n.|millenio 6 a.C.n.]] introductae sunt.<ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/27926432 | titulus= A Late Neolithic Site near Ashkelon | nomen auctoris 1= Jean | cognomen auctoris 1= Perrot | nomen auctoris 2= Avi | cognomen auctoris 2= Gopher | domus editoria = Israel Exploration Journal | volumen= 46 | paginae= 145-166 | annus = 1996 | fasciculus= 3/4}}.</ref> In excavationibus servandis archaeologi hamum piscatorium aeneum ex aetate Chalcolithica, unum ex angiquissimis qui unquam inventi sunt, invenerunt.<ref>{{Opus | url=https://www.hayadan.org.il/%D7%91%D7%97%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%9C%D7%94-%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F-%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%94-%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%A1-%D7%93%D7%99%D7%92-%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%97 | titulus= בחפירות הצלה באשקלון התגלה קרס דיג מנחושת בן כ- 6,000 שנה, מהקדומים הידועים בעולם | tempus= 2023-03-30 | auctor= רשות העתיקות ארכיאולוגיה בישראל| domus editoria= הידען }}</ref> Prima [[Aetas aënea|Aetate aënea]] Ascalon ad instrumenta ex [[Cuprum|cupro]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Arabahensi||en|qid=Q626682}} facienda praecipue exculta est. Inventa [[archaeologia|archaeologica]] cum migratione fabrorum aerariorum ex [[Berosaba]] congruunt.<ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-archaeological-journal/article/cultural-metallurgya-key-factor-in-the-transition-from-the-chalcolithic-to-bronze-age-in-the-southern-levant/0B642A3959D1C9B9BA9EF447AAD59EC3 | titulus= Cultural Metallurgy-A Key Factor in the Transition from the Chalcolithic to Bronze Age in the Southern Levant | domus editoria= Cambridge Archaeological Journal | volumen= 32 | fasciculus= 3 | annus= 2021 | cognomen auctoris= Amzallag | nomen auctoris = Amzallag | paginae= 445-465}}.</ref> Argumenta sunt instrumentorum metallicorum in laniena animalium usurpatorum, sed maxima pars signorum secturarum instrumentis lapideis facta est.<ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Haskel-Greenfield/publication/285404224_Metallurgy_in_the_Near_East_A_Zooarchaeological_Perspective_on_the_Origins_of_Metallurgy_in_the_Near_East_Analysis_of_Stone_and_Metal_Cut_Marks_on_Bone_from_Israel/links/565de58208ae4988a7bd14d2/Metallurgy-in-the-Near-East-A-Zooarchaeological-Perspective-on-the-Origins-of-Metallurgy-in-the-Near-East-Analysis-of-Stone-and-Metal-Cut-Marks-on-Bone-from-Israel.pdf | titulus= Metallurgy in the Near East A Zooarchaeological Perspective on the Origins of Metallurgy in the Near East: Analysis of Stone and Metal Cut Marks on Bone from Israel | nomen auctoris= Haskel J. | cognomen auctoris= Greenfield}}.</ref> === Historia antiqua === {{Paginae principales|Ascalon (urbs antiqua)}} [[Fasciculus:Ashkelon – The Canaanite city gate and ramparts.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Ascalonis Chananaeae porta.]] Urbs [[Chanaan|Chananaea]] [[Saeculum 20 a.C.n.|saeculo vicensimo a.C.n.]] condita est, longitudine 1100 metrorum et latitudine 600 metrorum, moenibus quindecim metra altis circumdata.<ref name="BibleWalks">{{Opus | titulus = Tel Ashkelon | domus editoria = Bible Walks | url = https://www.biblewalks.com/ashkelon/ }}.</ref> Primum memorantur Ascalon in textibus execrationis [[Aegyptus|Aegyptiis]] quae ad {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Domus Aegypti 11|undecimam dynastiam|en|qid=Q719634}} referuntur, et per dynastias {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Domus Aegypti 18|XVIII|en|qid=Q146055}} ad XX fortasse urbs Chananaea Aegyptiorum imperio subiecta erat. Anno [[1280 a.C.n.]], frustra Ascalon contra [[Rhamses II|Ramsem II]] rebellavit. Anno [[1229 a.C.n.]], urbs ab [[Amenephthis|Amenephthe]] [[Pharao]]ne rursus capta est.<ref name="JewishLibrary">{{Opus | titulus = Ashkelon | domus editoria = Jewish Virtual Library | url = https://jewishvirtuallibrary.org/ashkelon }}.</ref> Ascalon a [[Tribus Iudae|tribu Iudae]] capta est:<ref name="BibleWalks"/> <blockquote>Cepitque Iudas [[Gaza]]m cum finibus suis et Ascalonem atque Accaron cum terminis suis. (Iudicum 1:18).<ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_vt_iudicum_lt.html | titulus= Nova Vulgata LIBER IUDICUM | domus editoria= Vatican}}.</ref></blockquote> [[Saeculum 12 a.C.n.|Saeculo duodecimo a.C.n.]], urbs a [[Philistaei|Philistaeis]] capta est. Ascalon saepe in [[narratio]]nibus de [[Samson]]e in [[Biblia|Bibliis]] commemoratur. Quae urbs tempore [[Regnum Israel|monarchiae Israeliticae]] adhuc erat Philistaeorum una ex praecipuis urbibus.<ref name="JewishLibrary"/> [[Saul (Rex)|Saul]], Israëlis Rex primus, Philistinos Philistinos vicit et multas urbes cepit. Rex ipse in proelio cecidit, [[David]]que lugens eos versiculos recitavit:<ref name="BibleWalks"/> <blockquote>Incliti, o Israel, super montes tuos interfecti, quomodo ceciderunt fortes! Nolite annuntiare in Geth neque annuntietis in compitis Ascalonis, ne forte laetentur filiae Philisthim, ne exsultent filiae incircumcisorum. (II Samuelis 1:19-20),<ref>{{opus |titulus=Nova Vulgata LIBER SECUNDUS SAMUELIS |domus editoria= Vatican | url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_vt_ii-samuelis_lt.html}}.</ref></blockquote> Ascalonem punitum iri praedixerunt prophetae [[Ieremias]], [[Amos (propheta)|Amos]], [[Sophonias]], et [[Zacharias (propheta)|Zacharias]].<ref name="BibleWalks"/> [[Saeculum 18 a.C.n.|Saeculo duodevicensimo a.C.n.]] a regno Ascalonis multas terras a regno expugnavit [[Assyria]], et Anno [[734 a.C.n.]] urbs a {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Tiglatpileser III|Tiglatpilesero III|en|qid=Q210074}} capta est. Anno [[732 a.C.n.]] Rex Ascalonis frustra contra Assyrios rebellavit, propter quod urbs graviter punita est. [[Rex Sidqia]] postea participavit in alia rebellione contra Assyriam, duce [[Ezechias|Ezechia]]. Apud [[Sennacherib]], urbes Sidqiae prope [[Iappa|Iappam]] captae sunt, et Ascalon ipse se dedidit, cuius rex exsulatus est. Tributum quod Ascalon reddidit in inscriptionibus principum Esarhaddon et Assurbanipal memoratur, qui urbem fine [[Saeculum 7 a.C.n.|saeculi 7]] et initio [[Saeculum 6 a.C.n.|sexto a.C.n.]] ad [[Aegyptus antiqua|Aegyptum]] pugnandum adhibuit. De calamitatibus quas urbs sufferebat scripserunt prophetae biblici.<ref name="JewishLibrary"/> Cum imperium Assyriorum caderet, Aegyptus urbem occupavit. Anno [[604 a.C.n.]], Ascalon a [[Nabuchodonosor II|Nabuchodonosore]] deleta est, qui multos cives urbis exsulavit, quo facto sexcentorum annorum praesentiae Philistaeorum in Israele finis impositus est. Munitiones Ascalonis post Babylonicam excidionem non reaedificatae sunt.<ref name="JewishLibrary"/><ref name="BibleWalks"/> Sub [[Imperium Achaemenidarum|imperio Persarum]], quod Ascalonem a Babyloniis cepit, Iudaeis [[Ierusalem]] redire licuit, sed Ascalon tum pars provinciae Iudaeae non fuit. In Ascalone ceterisque urbibus Philistaeorum, habitabant [[Phoenices]], et ipsa Ascalon [[Tyros|Tyriorum]] dicioni parebat. Id urbi magnas divitias attulit. [[Archaeologus|Archaeologi]] in Ascalone magnum [[Ascalonis Canum Coemeterium|canum coemeterium]] invenerunt, quod ad ritum Phoenicum pertinebat. In eo coemeterio plus quam mille [[Canis|canes]] erant.<ref name="BibleWalks"/> [[Alexander Magnus|Alexandro Magno]] Ascalon se anno [[332 a.C.n.]] dedit, neque, ut [[Gaza]], laesa est.<ref name="BibleWalks"/> Post divisionem imperii [[Alexander Magnus|Alexandri]], Ascalon in [[Regnum Ptolemaicum|regno Ptolemaico]] erat, et urbs sui iuris facta est. Tum [[Iudaei]] in Ascalone [[floruit|floruerunt]]. Urbs deinde ab [[Antiochus III|Antiocho III]] capta sedes [[Cultura Graeca|culturae Graecae]] magni momenti facta est. Propter imminutam potentiam [[Seleucidae|Seleucidarum]], Anno [[104 a.C.n.]] Ascalon rursus in [[libertas|libertatem]] se recepit. Reges {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Hyrcanus|Ioannes Hyrcanus|en|he|qid=Q319043}} et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Alexander Jannaeus|Alexander Jannaeus|en|he|qid=Q319107}} ex [[Hasmonaei|genere Hasmonaeorum]] urbem capere frustra conati sunt.<ref name="JewishLibrary"/> [[Fasciculus:Ask NTL PARK.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Columnae Romanae in Saepto Nationali Ascalonis.]] [[Imperium Romanum|Aetate Romana]], Colonia Ascalonensis liberate et foederata fuit. In urbe [[Paganismus|pagani]] [[Apollo|Apollinem]], [[Hercules|Herculem]], et [[Atargatis|Atargatidem]] venerati sunt, deam facie et parte superiore corporis muliebri, parte inferiore corporis et cauda piscis. [[Herodes Magnus|Herodes]], quamquam urbem non regebat, fora tamen ibi atque balnea publica hortosque exstruxit, fortasse quod ibi natus erat. In [[Primum Bellum Iudaicum|primo bello Iudaico]], Ascalon Iudaeos aggressus, victor exiit.<ref name="JewishLibrary"/> Tempore [[Misna]] et [[Talmud]], [[Iudaei]] in urbe degere soliti sunt, quarum [[Synagoga|synagogas]] [[Synagoga|archeologi]] invenerunt. In Talmude de [[Arbustum|pomariis]], quae reditus e [[Babylonia]] prope Ascalonem fundaverunt, legitur.<ref name="JewishLibrary"/> [[Aetas Byzantina|Aetate Byzantina]], urbs [[Religio Christiana|Christiana]] facta est. Ascalon sedes commercii [[vinum|vini]] optimi et [[frumentum|frumenti]] erat.<ref name="BibleWalks"/> [[Vinum]] ex Ascalone illo tempore in [[Anglia]] repertum est.<ref>{{Opus | url= https://cbnisrael.org/2024/10/15/biblical-israel-ashkelon-4/ | titulus= Biblical Israel: Ashkelon | cognomen auctoris= Turnage | nomen auctoris= Marc | tempus=15-10-2024 | domus editoria=CBN Israel}}.</ref> === Medium Aevum === Anno [[637]] Ascalon ab Arabibus capta atque deleta est. Anno [[685]] urbs restituta est, in qua iam et [[Christianus|Christiani]] et [[Iudaei]] et [[Samaritani]] et [[Musulmanus|Musulmani]] habitabant. Inter religiones interdum erant conflictus, propter quos ecclesia in urbe anno [[937]] combusta est.<ref name="BibleWalks"/> [[Fasciculus:Battle of Ascalon-engraving.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Pugna Ascalonis.]] Cum [[Regnum Hierosolymitanum]] a [[Expeditio sacra|crucesignatis]] conditum esset, urbs inter Christianos et Musulmanos finis facta est. Diu exercitus circa urbem pugnaverunt, et anno [[1099]] [[Pugna Ascalonis|pugna Ascalonis]] committeretur. Crucesignati Ascalonem aliquandiu teneuerunt, deinde ad [[Oriens|orientem]] se receperunt. Ab anno [[1101]] ad annum [[1114]] Aegyptii terram sanctam capere conabantur, dum duus exercitus circa urbem saepissime puganabant. Anno [[1125]] Rex [[Balduinus II (rex Hierosolymitanus)|Balduinus II]] Ascalonem capere frustra conatus est, anno autem [[1154]] [[Balduinus III (rex Hierosolymitanus)|Balduinus III]] successit. Urbs crucesignatis magni momenti fuit; anno autem [[1187]], [[4 Septembris|quarto die mensis Septembris]], a [[Saladinus|Saladino]] capta est, qui castella, ne Christiani eis uterentur, delevit.<ref name="BibleWalks"/> Anno [[1191]], [[Ricardus I (rex Angliae)|Ricardus I]] [[rex Angliae]] Ascalonem recepit murosque aedificavit, quos Arabes rursus deleverant. Anno [[1240]], [[Ricardus (comes Cornubiae)|Ricardus comes Cornubiae]] urbem iterum munivit. Anno autem [[1247]], [[Ayyubidae]] urbem ceperunt. Anno [[1270]], urbs a [[Mamluci|Mamlucis]] capta et deleta est, nec crucesignati eam rursus condiderunt. Duo [[oppidum|oppida]] Arabum, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Magdala||he|qid=Q132129150}} et Iagur, prope Ascalonem antiquam condita sunt, in quibus homines ex Aegypto vivebant.<ref name="BibleWalks"/> Ascalonis propter excidionem, Magdala magni momenti facta est.<ref>{{Opus | titulus= אשקלון - שכונת מגדל העברית | url= https://shimur.org/%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F-%D7%A9%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%AA-%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%93%D7%9C-%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA/ | domus editoria= מועצה לשימור אתרי מורשת בישראל | nomen auctoris 1= גד | cognomen auctoris 1= סובול | nomen auctoris 2= אבי | cognomen auctoris 2= ששון | tempus= 01-10-2008}}</ref> === Aetas Turcica ac Britannica === === Aetas Israelita === Die [[5 Novembris]] anno [[1948]], locus ab [[Israel|Israele]] captus est. Urbs primum [[Lingua Hebraica|Hebraice]] vocatus est “Migdal Aza”, postea “Migdal Gad”, anno tandem [[1951]] “Migdal Aškelon”.<ref name="70anni"/> Mense Februario anno [[1950]], habitabant in eo loco 3500 [[Iudaeus|Iudaei]], et 2500 [[Arabes]].<ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/dav/1950/02/10/01/article/98 | titulus= מגדל־גד בהתפתחותה,בחירות ב־26 בפברואר | domus editoria= דבר | tempus= 10-02-1950 }}.</ref> Anno [[1955]], urbs Migal Aškelon et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Afridar||he|qid=Q6632325}}, qui prope eam erat, in unum coniunctae sunt, et urbs una vocatur Ascalon. Primus conventus consilii [[6 Octobris]] anno [[1955]] in Domo Populi, media in Afridare, coiit. Mense [[Iulius|Iulio]] anno [[1961]], [[Valetudinarium|valetudinarium]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Brazili||he|qid=Q2919386}} conditum est in urbe. Anno [[1967]] collegium [[Universitas Bar-Ilan|universitatis Bar-Ilan]] in Ascalone conditum est.<ref name="70anni">{{Opus | url= https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/18231 | titulus= 70 שנה: 70 אירועים ודמויות מתולדות אשקלון | domus editoria= כאן דרום אשקלון | tempus= 19-04-2018 00:14 | nomen auctoris 1= ג'ני | cognomen auctoris 1= פרנקל שלום | nomen auctoris 2=גייל | cognomen auctoris 2= מיכאלי | nomen auctoris 3= אורי| cognomen auctoris 3= קריספין| nomen auctoris 4=דוד | cognomen auctoris 4= לוי}}</ref> Anni [[1975]]-[[1977]] in Ascalone duri fuerunt. Magnae in concilio urbis contentiones erant, debita creverunt, et culpae criminales primorum virorum municipii coeperunt. Mense [[November|Novembri]] anno [[1977]], consilium delegatum ad comitia populi, quae [[November|Novembri]] [[1978]] fuerunt, institutum est.<ref name="70anni" /> Anno [[1983]], {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|electrificinae Ruthenbergiae||he|qid=Q2904076}} aedificatio approbata est. Mense [[December|Decembri]] eo anno incepit opus, anno denique 1990 [[electrificina]] toti loco [[Electricitas|electricitatem]] suppeditare coepit.<ref name="70anni" /> [[Fasciculus:Khofit memorial in Ashkelon.jpg |thumb|upright=0.8| [[Monumentum]] in honorem mulieris Khofit quae a tromocrata interfecta est.]] Die [[25 Februarii]] anno [[1991]], dum per totam [[Israël|Israëlem]] multa [[Tromocratia|acta tromocratica]] fiebant, Ascalone una mulier impetu suidicali interfecta est et 36 homines vulnera acceperunt. Die [[14 Februarii]] [[2001]], tromocrata [[Lacinia Gazetica|Gazeticus]] Ascalone 8 homines [[Autocinetum|autocineto]] necavit. Die [[14 Maii]] anno [[2008]], [[Missile|missile]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Grad||en|qid=Q270289}} in secundo tabulato fori mercatorii in urbe cecidit, quod 15 homines laedet.<ref name="70anni" /> == Demographia == Anno [[2023]], 86.1 centesimae hominum qui in Ascalone vivebant [[Iudaei]] erant, 0.4 centesimae [[Musulmanus|Musulmani]], et 13.5 centesimae alias [[Religio|religiones]] profitebantur.<ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/DocLib/2026/local_authorities23/%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F.pdf | titulus= הרשויות המקומיות ישראל 2023 אשקלון | domus editoria= הלשכה המרכזית לסטטיסטיקה }}.</ref> == Monumenta == === Saeptum Nationale Ascalonense === [[Fasciculus:Mosaic floor at Ashkelon.jpg |thumb|upright=0.8|[[Opus tessellatum]] in Saepto Nationali Ascalonense]] Ubi fuit urbs antiqua hodie est [[Saeptum Nationale Ascalonense]],<ref name="placesToVisit"/> quod anno [[1964]] primum [[saeptum nationale]] in Israele designatum est.<ref>{{Opus | url=https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/mobile/0,7340,L-2124593,00.html | titulus= הגן הלאומי באשקלון | nomen auctoris= בועז | cognomen auctoris= כרמל | tempus= 26-09-2002 10:59 | domus editoria= ynet }}.</ref> Pleraque architectura Ascalonis antiqua in Saepto est.<ref name="AfridarAntiquus" /> Muri, qui urbem circumdederunt, in eo loco quoque hodie sunt. Saeptum [[hortus|hortum]] multis [[statua|statuis]] Romanis ornatum habet.<ref name="placesToVisit">{{Opus | url= https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vie/Ashkelon.html#Ashkelon | titulus= Ashkelon & Surroundings PLACES TO VISIT | domus editoria=Jewish Virtual Library}}.</ref> Altitudo vallis Chananaeae est 15 metra, latitudo 30 metra, longitudo 2200 metra.<ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.mako.co.il/travel-israel/magazine-themostbeautifulcities/Article-78f8f49c8c26371026.htm | domus editoria= mako | titulus= חופש הערים הכי יפות בארץ. מה יש לעשות באשקלון| tempus=19-05-2021}}.</ref> In saepto est basilica Romana, quam [[archeologus|archaeologi]] ab [[Herodes Magnus|Herode]] conditam esse putant,<ref>{{Opus | url=https://www.jpost.com/archaeology/2000-year-old-basilica-unearthed-in-ashkelon-669665 |titulus=2,000-year-old basilica unearthed in Ashkelon | nomen auctoris=Rosella | cognomen auctoris=Tercatin | domus editoria=Jerusalem Post | tempus=31-05-2021 19:25}}.</ref> et maximum in orbe terrarum canum coemeterium.<ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/mobile/0,7340,L-5047211,00.html | titulus=תעלומת בית הקברות לכלבים הגדול בעולם שהתגלה באשקלון | nomen auctoris= אסף| cognomen auctoris= קמר| tempus= 25-11-2017 07:59 | domus editoria= ynet}}.</ref> Anno [[2024]] Saeptum quintum in popularitate in Israele fuit; anno autem [[2025]] secundum.<ref>{{Opus | titulus= גם ב-2025 – זה אתר הטיולים הפופולרי בישראל | url=https://www.ynet.co.il/vacation/israeltrips/article/rjp9q7egwl | nomen auctoris= אסף| cognomen auctoris= רוזן| domus editoria=ynet | tempus= 08-12-2025 15:00 }}.</ref> Multa animalia quoquoe in hoc loco vivunt. [[Dendrocopos syriacus]], [[Upapa]], et [[Psittacula krameri]] in cavis arborum [[Tamarix|tamaricis]] veterum nidificant; [[Prinia gracilis]], [[Burhinus]], [[Passer hispaniolensis]], et [[Lanius nubicus]] in campis. [[Jynx torquilla]] et [[Luscinia svecica]] hieme in saepto inveniuntur. [[Laudakia stellio]], [[Vulpes vulpes]], [[Gazella gazella gazella]], [[Herpestes]], et [[Caretta caretta]] quoque invenientur in hoc loco.<ref>{{Opus | url=https://www.ynet.co.il/environment-science/article/skv5vvbsn | titulus= מחרדונים ועד נמיות: הצצה לעולם החי הקסום בגן הלאומי תל אשקלון | domus editoria= ynet | tempus= 28-07-2023 16:28}}.</ref> === Monumentum in honorem caesorum in bellis Israel === [[Fasciculus:Lanoflim Askelon 11.jpg | thumb |upright=0.8|[[Monumentum]] in honorem caesorum in bellis Israeliensibus.]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Monumentum in honorem caesorum in bellis Israel||he|qid=Q30527633}} in prato herboso est ante [[Curia municipalis|curiam municipalem]]. Elementum sculptile compositum virtutem et bellum significat. Parietes aedificii sexanguli tabulas marmoris nigras constant, in quibus inscripta sunt nomina caesorum. In parite contra inscriptum est “Aeternum vobis gratias agimus. De gerenatione in generationem gloriam eorum narrabimus.”<ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.izkor.gov.il/monument/en_d9b0257bc0e71a1983f1ec8d7e8bde66/ | titulus= אנדרטה לנופלים במערכות ישראל. אשקלון| domus editoria= יזכור }}.</ref> ===Portus Navigiorum Ascalonensis=== [[Fasciculus:מרינה אשקלון.PNG|thumb|upright=0.8|Portus Navigiorum Ascalonensis.]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Portus Navigiorum Ascalonensis||he|qid=Q6578434}}, anno [[1991]] conditus, locus est ad navigia velifera et [[Navis lusoria |naves lusorias]] ancorandas, et multasque [[Popina sellariola| popinas sellariolas]] habet.<ref>{{Opus| url= https://baliletayel.co.il/atraction/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94-%D7%A9%D7%9C-%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F-%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%AA-%D7%90%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%99%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA-%D7%9C%D7%A6%D7%93-%D7%9E/ | titulus= המרינה של אשקלון – טיילת אטרקטיבית לצד מעגן סירות | domus editoria= בא לי לטייל}}.</ref> Portus, qui plerumque ad oblectamentum destinatur, in {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|bello contra Iraniam||en|qid=Q134900605}} magni momenti factus est. Homines eo usi sunt ut via ad Israëlem ingrediendum et ex eo egrediendum esset, cum [[aeroportus]] clausus esset.<ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/95583 | titulus= מי היה מאמין? זה התפקיד של המרינה באשקלון במלחמה עם איראן | domus editoria= כאן דרום אשקלון | tempus= 18-06-2025 15:22}}.</ref> Porum visitant non modo qui in Ascalone habitant, sed quoque in [[Berosaba]], [[Azotus|Azoto]], [[Kiriat-Gat]], et aliis urbibus.<ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.israelhayom.co.il/travel/tourism-news/article/19966651 | titulus= שעה מתל אביב: מתחם הבילוי שעבר מהפך - וכולם נוהרים אליו | nomen auctoris= ליאת | cognomen auctoris= מופז מילצ'ן | tempus= 23-02-2026 19:40 | domus editoria= ישראל היום}}.</ref> == Urbes geminae == * {{Vexillum icon|Canada}} [[Côte Saint-Luc]], [[Quebecum]], [[Canada]] (ab anno [[1975]])<ref>{{opus | url=https://cotesaintluc.org/en/the-city/about-csl/ | titulus=About CSL | domus editoria= cotesaintluc.org}}</ref><ref>{{opus | url=https://www.bnaibrith.ca/advocacy/jewish-heritage-month/jhm-cote-saint-luc/ | titulus=JEWISH HERITAGE MONTH PARTNER: COTE SAINT LUC, QUEBEC | domus editoria= Bnai Brith Canada}}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Ruthenia Alba}} [[Grodna]], [[Ruthenia Alba]] (ab anno [[2011]])<ref>{{Opus | tempus= 23-02-2011 | url= https://ashkelon.news/article/9023 |titulus= עוד עיר תאומה ברית ערים תאומות נחתמה בין העיר אשקלון לגרודנו (בלרוס). רה"ע של גרודנו קוזלקוב בוריס הגיע לאשקלון עם אנשי עסקים המעוניינים ליצור קשרי מסחר | domus editoria= ashkelon.news}}</ref><ref>{{Opus | tempus= 2011-03-01 13:16 | url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402150430/https://news.tut.by/society/216834.html | titulus= Израильский город Ашкелон стал двенадцатым городом-побратимом Гродно | domus editoria=news.tut.by}}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Francia}} [[Aquae Sextiae]], [[Francia]] (ab anno [[1994]])<ref>{{Opus | url=https://www.aixenprovence.fr/Ashkelon-ISRAEL | titulus=Ashkelon (ISRAEL) | domus editoria= aixenprovence.fr}}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Germania}} [[Pancovium]], [[Germania]] (Ab anno [[1994]])<ref>{{Opus | url=https://www.berlin.de/ba-pankow/ueber-den-bezirk/staedtepartner/artikel.1535473.en.php | titulus = City Partnerships | domus editoria= Bezirksamt Pankow}}</ref><ref>{{Opus | url=https://pankow-ashkelon.org/en/about-us | titulus= About Us | domus editoria= Freundeskreis Berlin Pankow-Ashkelon}}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Portlandia (Oregonia)|Portlandia]], [[Oregonia]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[1987]])<ref>{{Opus | url=https://www.studycountry.com/wiki/what-is-portland-oregon-sister-city | titulus=What is Portland Oregon sister city? | domus editoria= studycountry.com}}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Baltimora (Terra Mariae)|Baltimora]], [[Terra Mariae]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[2003]])<ref>{{Opus | url=https://baltimorefishbowl.com/stories/baltimores-awkward-relationship-sister-cities/ |domus editoria= Baltimore Fish Bowl | titulus=Baltimore’s Awkward Relationship with Our Sister Cities |nomen auctoris=Rachel | cognomen auctoris=Monroe | tempus=22-04-2014}}</ref><ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.jewishtimes.com/baltimore-ashkelon-partnership-supports-israeli-city-after-rocket-strikes/ | titulus= Baltimore-Ashkelon Partnership Supports Israeli City After Rocket Strikes | nomen auctoris=Jillian |cognomen auctoris=Diamond | tempus=24-05-2023 | domus editoria=Jewish Times}}</ref><ref>{{Opus |url=https://associated.org/stories/the-baltimore-ashkelon-partnership-celebrating-20-years/ | titulus=The Baltimore-Ashkelon Partnership: Celebrating 20 Years | domus editoria= The Associated Jewish Federation in Baltimore}}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Sacramentum (California)|Sacramentum]], [[California]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[2012]])<ref>{{Opus | url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/after-battle-sacramento-okays-sisterhood-with-ashkelon/ | domus editoria= Times of Israel | titulus= After battle, Sacramento okays sisterhood with Ashkelon | nomen auctoris= Joshua | cognomen auctoris= Davidovich | tempus=15-08-2012}}</ref><ref>{{Opus | url=https://www.cbsnews.com/sacramento/news/sumy-ukraine-becomes-sacramentos-latest-sister-city/ | titulus=Sumy, Ukraine becomes Sacramento's latest Sister City | domus editoria= CBS News | nomen auctoris=Cecilio | cognomen auctoris= Padilla| tempus=29-06-2023}} “Eleven other cities have been named Sister Cities with Sacramento … Ashkelon, Israel”</ref><ref>{{Opus |url=https://jweekly.com/2012/08/17/its-unanimous-sacramento-ashkelon-now-sister-cities/ | domus editoria= Jewish Weekly | titulus= Its unanimous: Sacramento, Ashkelon now sister cities | nomen auctoris= Emma | cognomen auctoris=Silvers |tempus=17-08-2012}}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Polonia}} [[Sopot (Polonia)|Sopot]], [[Polonia]] (ab anno [[1993]] ad annum [[2025]])<ref>{{Opus | titulus= Sopot pierwszym samorządem w Polsce, który zerwał partnerstwo z izraelskim miastem. Zdecydowali o tym radni | url= https://trojmiasto.wyborcza.pl/trojmiasto/7,35612,32429747,sopot-pierwszy-w-polsce-zerwal-partnerstwo-z-izraelskim-miastem.html | tempus=27-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= Maciej | cognomen auctoris= Pietrzak | domus editoria= wyborcza.pl}}</ref><ref>{{Opus | titulus= הלחץ הפרו-פלסטיני הכריע 30 שנות יחסים: בוטל הסכם "ערים תאומות" בין אשקלון לסופוט | url= https://www.maariv.co.il/news/world/article-1257675 | tempus=01-12-2025 | nomen auctoris= דן | cognomen auctoris= עזרא | domus editoria= מעריב}}</ref><ref>{{Opus | titulus= "בגלל רצח העם בעזה": עיירת נופש בפולין ביטלה ברית ערים תאומות עם אשקלון | url= https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/r1ucjukbbx | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris 1= איתמר | cognomen auctoris 1= אייכנר | domus editoria= ynet | nomen auctoris 2= רוני | cognomen auctoris 2= גרין שאולוב}}</ref><ref>{{Opus | titulus= לאחר 32 שנים: בוטלה שותפות עיר תאומה עם אשקלון בגלל "רצח עם בעזה" | url= https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/99197 | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= דוד | cognomen auctoris= לוי | domus editoria= כאן חדשות דרום אשקלון}}</ref><ref>{{Opus | titulus= "רצח עם": העיר באירופה שביטלה הסכם ערים עם אשקלון | url= https://www.i24news.tv/he/news/international/europe/artc-30d542eb | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= מעיין | cognomen auctoris= רפאל | domus editoria= i24}}.</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Ucraina}} [[Uman]], [[Regio Circassiensis]], [[Ucraina]] (ab anno [[2010]])<ref>{{Opus|url=https://uman-rada.gov.ua/index.php/mizhnarodni-zviazky | domus editoria=Уманська міська рада Виконавчий комітет | titulus=Міжнародні зв'язки}}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|India}} [[Vadodara]], [[Guzarata]], [[India]] (ab anno [[2017]])<ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/municipality/10841 | titulus= אשקלון-בארודה ערים תאומות: ראש הממשלה מברך| domus editoria= כאן דרום אשקלון | nomen auctoris= ג'ני | cognomen auctoris= פרנקל שלום | tempus= 8-12-2017 15:13 }}</ref><ref>{{Opus| url= https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/11526 | titulus= העירייה: כ-2,000 משתתפים בפסטיבל הודו באשקלון | domus editoria= כאן דרום אשקלון| nomen auctoris= אלירם | cognomen auctoris= משה | tempus= 20-12-2017 12:07 }}.</ref> == Notae == <references /> == Nexus interni == * [[Ascalon (urbs antiqua)]] * [[Israël]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Ashkelon|Ascalonam}} {{Fontes geographici}} [[Categoria:Israel]] [[Categoria:Urbes antiquae]] [[Categoria:Urbes Israelis]] t7uqrmkxv2tzhq14dulqjqlo86hejm5 3986739 3986737 2026-09-08T21:19:19Z Grufo 64423 +{{[[Formula:De hoc|De hoc]]}} 3986739 wikitext text/x-wiki {{De hoc|urbe hodierna|antiquam urbem|Ascalon (urbs antiqua)|Ascalonem (urbem antiquam)}} {{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:93439_marina_ashkelon_PikiWiki_Israel.jpg|thumb]] {{res|Ascalon}} ({{pns|onis|f}}; [[Hebraice]] אַשְׁקְלוֹן) est [[urbs]] in [[Israël]]e sita. Quae urbs primum condita esse abhinc annorum decem milia dicitur. [[Portus|Portum]] habebat, unde [[merx|merces]] et inferebantur et exportabantur.<ref>{{Opus | titulus = "העבר של אשקלון הוא הנשמה שלה, ועדות לכל מה שהיא מסמלת" | lingua = he | domus editoria = The Marker | url = https://www.themarker.com/labels/ashkelon/2022-09-22/ty-article-labels/00000183-6525-dd85-a9f3-67bfe3d00000 }}.</ref> Ascalon una ex quinque urbibus [[Philistaei|Philistaeorum]] est quae in [[Liber Iosue|libro Iosue]] 13:3 memorantur.<ref>{{Opus | titulus = Ascalon | domus editoria = New Advent | url = https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01766b.htm }}.</ref> Urbs autem hodierna anno [[1948]] condita est.<ref>{{Opus | titulus = היסטוריה ותרבות באשקלון – כשישן וחדש נפגשים | domus editoria = אלדן | url = https://www.eldan.co.il/magazine/carrental/rentcarashkelon/history-ashkelon# }}.</ref> Anno [[2020]] circiter 146&thinsp;500 homines ibi habitabant.<ref>{{Opus | titulus = אשקלון | lingua = he | domus editoria = הלשקה המרכזית לסטטיסטיקה | url = https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/doclib/2022/local_authorities20_1879/58_7100.pdf }}.</ref> Pleraque architectura antiqua in Saepto Nationali Ascalonensi est, sed multae reliquiae in urbis aliis partibus inveniuntur.<ref name="AfridarAntiquus">{{Opus | url= https://www.academia.edu/146492349/Q1_FROM_PURE_ROMAN_TO_PURE_BYZANTINE_THROUGH_SPOLIA_THE_ARCHITECTURAL_DETAILS_IN_AFRIDAR_ASHKELON_ | titulus= Q1 - FROM "PURE" ROMAN TO "PURE" BYZANTINE, THROUGH SPOLIA: THE ARCHITECTURAL DETAILS IN AFRIDAR (ASHKELON) | cognomen auctoris= Tarkhanova | nomen auctoris= Svitlana | domus editoria= National Treasures Department of the Israel Antiquities Authority }}</ref> == Historia == === Ascalon praehistorica === Ascalon [[Neolithicum|neolithica]] circiter centum metra a mari iacebat, 15-20 metra supra [[maris aequor]]. Multa instrumenta [[silicium|silicea]] et [[lapis|lapidea]], nonnulla autem [[os (ossis)|ossea]], in eo loco inventa sunt necnon [[Ossa humana|ossium humanorum]] fragmenta. Bona testimonia [[ovis|ovium]] domesticarum quoque sunt, quae in [[regio]]nem fortasse [[Millennium 6 a.C.n.|millenio 6 a.C.n.]] introductae sunt.<ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/27926432 | titulus= A Late Neolithic Site near Ashkelon | nomen auctoris 1= Jean | cognomen auctoris 1= Perrot | nomen auctoris 2= Avi | cognomen auctoris 2= Gopher | domus editoria = Israel Exploration Journal | volumen= 46 | paginae= 145-166 | annus = 1996 | fasciculus= 3/4}}.</ref> In excavationibus servandis archaeologi hamum piscatorium aeneum ex aetate Chalcolithica, unum ex angiquissimis qui unquam inventi sunt, invenerunt.<ref>{{Opus | url=https://www.hayadan.org.il/%D7%91%D7%97%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%9C%D7%94-%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F-%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%94-%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%A1-%D7%93%D7%99%D7%92-%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%97 | titulus= בחפירות הצלה באשקלון התגלה קרס דיג מנחושת בן כ- 6,000 שנה, מהקדומים הידועים בעולם | tempus= 2023-03-30 | auctor= רשות העתיקות ארכיאולוגיה בישראל| domus editoria= הידען }}</ref> Prima [[Aetas aënea|Aetate aënea]] Ascalon ad instrumenta ex [[Cuprum|cupro]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Arabahensi||en|qid=Q626682}} facienda praecipue exculta est. Inventa [[archaeologia|archaeologica]] cum migratione fabrorum aerariorum ex [[Berosaba]] congruunt.<ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-archaeological-journal/article/cultural-metallurgya-key-factor-in-the-transition-from-the-chalcolithic-to-bronze-age-in-the-southern-levant/0B642A3959D1C9B9BA9EF447AAD59EC3 | titulus= Cultural Metallurgy-A Key Factor in the Transition from the Chalcolithic to Bronze Age in the Southern Levant | domus editoria= Cambridge Archaeological Journal | volumen= 32 | fasciculus= 3 | annus= 2021 | cognomen auctoris= Amzallag | nomen auctoris = Amzallag | paginae= 445-465}}.</ref> Argumenta sunt instrumentorum metallicorum in laniena animalium usurpatorum, sed maxima pars signorum secturarum instrumentis lapideis facta est.<ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Haskel-Greenfield/publication/285404224_Metallurgy_in_the_Near_East_A_Zooarchaeological_Perspective_on_the_Origins_of_Metallurgy_in_the_Near_East_Analysis_of_Stone_and_Metal_Cut_Marks_on_Bone_from_Israel/links/565de58208ae4988a7bd14d2/Metallurgy-in-the-Near-East-A-Zooarchaeological-Perspective-on-the-Origins-of-Metallurgy-in-the-Near-East-Analysis-of-Stone-and-Metal-Cut-Marks-on-Bone-from-Israel.pdf | titulus= Metallurgy in the Near East A Zooarchaeological Perspective on the Origins of Metallurgy in the Near East: Analysis of Stone and Metal Cut Marks on Bone from Israel | nomen auctoris= Haskel J. | cognomen auctoris= Greenfield}}.</ref> === Historia antiqua === {{Paginae principales|Ascalon (urbs antiqua)}} [[Fasciculus:Ashkelon – The Canaanite city gate and ramparts.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Ascalonis Chananaeae porta.]] Urbs [[Chanaan|Chananaea]] [[Saeculum 20 a.C.n.|saeculo vicensimo a.C.n.]] condita est, longitudine 1100 metrorum et latitudine 600 metrorum, moenibus quindecim metra altis circumdata.<ref name="BibleWalks">{{Opus | titulus = Tel Ashkelon | domus editoria = Bible Walks | url = https://www.biblewalks.com/ashkelon/ }}.</ref> Primum memorantur Ascalon in textibus execrationis [[Aegyptus|Aegyptiis]] quae ad {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Domus Aegypti 11|undecimam dynastiam|en|qid=Q719634}} referuntur, et per dynastias {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Domus Aegypti 18|XVIII|en|qid=Q146055}} ad XX fortasse urbs Chananaea Aegyptiorum imperio subiecta erat. Anno [[1280 a.C.n.]], frustra Ascalon contra [[Rhamses II|Ramsem II]] rebellavit. Anno [[1229 a.C.n.]], urbs ab [[Amenephthis|Amenephthe]] [[Pharao]]ne rursus capta est.<ref name="JewishLibrary">{{Opus | titulus = Ashkelon | domus editoria = Jewish Virtual Library | url = https://jewishvirtuallibrary.org/ashkelon }}.</ref> Ascalon a [[Tribus Iudae|tribu Iudae]] capta est:<ref name="BibleWalks"/> <blockquote>Cepitque Iudas [[Gaza]]m cum finibus suis et Ascalonem atque Accaron cum terminis suis. (Iudicum 1:18).<ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_vt_iudicum_lt.html | titulus= Nova Vulgata LIBER IUDICUM | domus editoria= Vatican}}.</ref></blockquote> [[Saeculum 12 a.C.n.|Saeculo duodecimo a.C.n.]], urbs a [[Philistaei|Philistaeis]] capta est. Ascalon saepe in [[narratio]]nibus de [[Samson]]e in [[Biblia|Bibliis]] commemoratur. Quae urbs tempore [[Regnum Israel|monarchiae Israeliticae]] adhuc erat Philistaeorum una ex praecipuis urbibus.<ref name="JewishLibrary"/> [[Saul (Rex)|Saul]], Israëlis Rex primus, Philistinos Philistinos vicit et multas urbes cepit. Rex ipse in proelio cecidit, [[David]]que lugens eos versiculos recitavit:<ref name="BibleWalks"/> <blockquote>Incliti, o Israel, super montes tuos interfecti, quomodo ceciderunt fortes! Nolite annuntiare in Geth neque annuntietis in compitis Ascalonis, ne forte laetentur filiae Philisthim, ne exsultent filiae incircumcisorum. (II Samuelis 1:19-20),<ref>{{opus |titulus=Nova Vulgata LIBER SECUNDUS SAMUELIS |domus editoria= Vatican | url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_vt_ii-samuelis_lt.html}}.</ref></blockquote> Ascalonem punitum iri praedixerunt prophetae [[Ieremias]], [[Amos (propheta)|Amos]], [[Sophonias]], et [[Zacharias (propheta)|Zacharias]].<ref name="BibleWalks"/> [[Saeculum 18 a.C.n.|Saeculo duodevicensimo a.C.n.]] a regno Ascalonis multas terras a regno expugnavit [[Assyria]], et Anno [[734 a.C.n.]] urbs a {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Tiglatpileser III|Tiglatpilesero III|en|qid=Q210074}} capta est. Anno [[732 a.C.n.]] Rex Ascalonis frustra contra Assyrios rebellavit, propter quod urbs graviter punita est. [[Rex Sidqia]] postea participavit in alia rebellione contra Assyriam, duce [[Ezechias|Ezechia]]. Apud [[Sennacherib]], urbes Sidqiae prope [[Iappa|Iappam]] captae sunt, et Ascalon ipse se dedidit, cuius rex exsulatus est. Tributum quod Ascalon reddidit in inscriptionibus principum Esarhaddon et Assurbanipal memoratur, qui urbem fine [[Saeculum 7 a.C.n.|saeculi 7]] et initio [[Saeculum 6 a.C.n.|sexto a.C.n.]] ad [[Aegyptus antiqua|Aegyptum]] pugnandum adhibuit. De calamitatibus quas urbs sufferebat scripserunt prophetae biblici.<ref name="JewishLibrary"/> Cum imperium Assyriorum caderet, Aegyptus urbem occupavit. Anno [[604 a.C.n.]], Ascalon a [[Nabuchodonosor II|Nabuchodonosore]] deleta est, qui multos cives urbis exsulavit, quo facto sexcentorum annorum praesentiae Philistaeorum in Israele finis impositus est. Munitiones Ascalonis post Babylonicam excidionem non reaedificatae sunt.<ref name="JewishLibrary"/><ref name="BibleWalks"/> Sub [[Imperium Achaemenidarum|imperio Persarum]], quod Ascalonem a Babyloniis cepit, Iudaeis [[Ierusalem]] redire licuit, sed Ascalon tum pars provinciae Iudaeae non fuit. In Ascalone ceterisque urbibus Philistaeorum, habitabant [[Phoenices]], et ipsa Ascalon [[Tyros|Tyriorum]] dicioni parebat. Id urbi magnas divitias attulit. [[Archaeologus|Archaeologi]] in Ascalone magnum [[Ascalonis Canum Coemeterium|canum coemeterium]] invenerunt, quod ad ritum Phoenicum pertinebat. In eo coemeterio plus quam mille [[Canis|canes]] erant.<ref name="BibleWalks"/> [[Alexander Magnus|Alexandro Magno]] Ascalon se anno [[332 a.C.n.]] dedit, neque, ut [[Gaza]], laesa est.<ref name="BibleWalks"/> Post divisionem imperii [[Alexander Magnus|Alexandri]], Ascalon in [[Regnum Ptolemaicum|regno Ptolemaico]] erat, et urbs sui iuris facta est. Tum [[Iudaei]] in Ascalone [[floruit|floruerunt]]. Urbs deinde ab [[Antiochus III|Antiocho III]] capta sedes [[Cultura Graeca|culturae Graecae]] magni momenti facta est. Propter imminutam potentiam [[Seleucidae|Seleucidarum]], Anno [[104 a.C.n.]] Ascalon rursus in [[libertas|libertatem]] se recepit. Reges {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Hyrcanus|Ioannes Hyrcanus|en|he|qid=Q319043}} et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Alexander Jannaeus|Alexander Jannaeus|en|he|qid=Q319107}} ex [[Hasmonaei|genere Hasmonaeorum]] urbem capere frustra conati sunt.<ref name="JewishLibrary"/> [[Fasciculus:Ask NTL PARK.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Columnae Romanae in Saepto Nationali Ascalonis.]] [[Imperium Romanum|Aetate Romana]], Colonia Ascalonensis liberate et foederata fuit. In urbe [[Paganismus|pagani]] [[Apollo|Apollinem]], [[Hercules|Herculem]], et [[Atargatis|Atargatidem]] venerati sunt, deam facie et parte superiore corporis muliebri, parte inferiore corporis et cauda piscis. [[Herodes Magnus|Herodes]], quamquam urbem non regebat, fora tamen ibi atque balnea publica hortosque exstruxit, fortasse quod ibi natus erat. In [[Primum Bellum Iudaicum|primo bello Iudaico]], Ascalon Iudaeos aggressus, victor exiit.<ref name="JewishLibrary"/> Tempore [[Misna]] et [[Talmud]], [[Iudaei]] in urbe degere soliti sunt, quarum [[Synagoga|synagogas]] [[Synagoga|archeologi]] invenerunt. In Talmude de [[Arbustum|pomariis]], quae reditus e [[Babylonia]] prope Ascalonem fundaverunt, legitur.<ref name="JewishLibrary"/> [[Aetas Byzantina|Aetate Byzantina]], urbs [[Religio Christiana|Christiana]] facta est. Ascalon sedes commercii [[vinum|vini]] optimi et [[frumentum|frumenti]] erat.<ref name="BibleWalks"/> [[Vinum]] ex Ascalone illo tempore in [[Anglia]] repertum est.<ref>{{Opus | url= https://cbnisrael.org/2024/10/15/biblical-israel-ashkelon-4/ | titulus= Biblical Israel: Ashkelon | cognomen auctoris= Turnage | nomen auctoris= Marc | tempus=15-10-2024 | domus editoria=CBN Israel}}.</ref> === Medium Aevum === Anno [[637]] Ascalon ab Arabibus capta atque deleta est. Anno [[685]] urbs restituta est, in qua iam et [[Christianus|Christiani]] et [[Iudaei]] et [[Samaritani]] et [[Musulmanus|Musulmani]] habitabant. Inter religiones interdum erant conflictus, propter quos ecclesia in urbe anno [[937]] combusta est.<ref name="BibleWalks"/> [[Fasciculus:Battle of Ascalon-engraving.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Pugna Ascalonis.]] Cum [[Regnum Hierosolymitanum]] a [[Expeditio sacra|crucesignatis]] conditum esset, urbs inter Christianos et Musulmanos finis facta est. Diu exercitus circa urbem pugnaverunt, et anno [[1099]] [[Pugna Ascalonis|pugna Ascalonis]] committeretur. Crucesignati Ascalonem aliquandiu teneuerunt, deinde ad [[Oriens|orientem]] se receperunt. Ab anno [[1101]] ad annum [[1114]] Aegyptii terram sanctam capere conabantur, dum duus exercitus circa urbem saepissime puganabant. Anno [[1125]] Rex [[Balduinus II (rex Hierosolymitanus)|Balduinus II]] Ascalonem capere frustra conatus est, anno autem [[1154]] [[Balduinus III (rex Hierosolymitanus)|Balduinus III]] successit. Urbs crucesignatis magni momenti fuit; anno autem [[1187]], [[4 Septembris|quarto die mensis Septembris]], a [[Saladinus|Saladino]] capta est, qui castella, ne Christiani eis uterentur, delevit.<ref name="BibleWalks"/> Anno [[1191]], [[Ricardus I (rex Angliae)|Ricardus I]] [[rex Angliae]] Ascalonem recepit murosque aedificavit, quos Arabes rursus deleverant. Anno [[1240]], [[Ricardus (comes Cornubiae)|Ricardus comes Cornubiae]] urbem iterum munivit. Anno autem [[1247]], [[Ayyubidae]] urbem ceperunt. Anno [[1270]], urbs a [[Mamluci|Mamlucis]] capta et deleta est, nec crucesignati eam rursus condiderunt. Duo [[oppidum|oppida]] Arabum, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Magdala||he|qid=Q132129150}} et Iagur, prope Ascalonem antiquam condita sunt, in quibus homines ex Aegypto vivebant.<ref name="BibleWalks"/> Ascalonis propter excidionem, Magdala magni momenti facta est.<ref>{{Opus | titulus= אשקלון - שכונת מגדל העברית | url= https://shimur.org/%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F-%D7%A9%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%AA-%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%93%D7%9C-%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA/ | domus editoria= מועצה לשימור אתרי מורשת בישראל | nomen auctoris 1= גד | cognomen auctoris 1= סובול | nomen auctoris 2= אבי | cognomen auctoris 2= ששון | tempus= 01-10-2008}}</ref> === Aetas Turcica ac Britannica === === Aetas Israelita === Die [[5 Novembris]] anno [[1948]], locus ab [[Israel|Israele]] captus est. Urbs primum [[Lingua Hebraica|Hebraice]] vocatus est “Migdal Aza”, postea “Migdal Gad”, anno tandem [[1951]] “Migdal Aškelon”.<ref name="70anni"/> Mense Februario anno [[1950]], habitabant in eo loco 3500 [[Iudaeus|Iudaei]], et 2500 [[Arabes]].<ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/dav/1950/02/10/01/article/98 | titulus= מגדל־גד בהתפתחותה,בחירות ב־26 בפברואר | domus editoria= דבר | tempus= 10-02-1950 }}.</ref> Anno [[1955]], urbs Migal Aškelon et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Afridar||he|qid=Q6632325}}, qui prope eam erat, in unum coniunctae sunt, et urbs una vocatur Ascalon. Primus conventus consilii [[6 Octobris]] anno [[1955]] in Domo Populi, media in Afridare, coiit. Mense [[Iulius|Iulio]] anno [[1961]], [[Valetudinarium|valetudinarium]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Brazili||he|qid=Q2919386}} conditum est in urbe. Anno [[1967]] collegium [[Universitas Bar-Ilan|universitatis Bar-Ilan]] in Ascalone conditum est.<ref name="70anni">{{Opus | url= https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/18231 | titulus= 70 שנה: 70 אירועים ודמויות מתולדות אשקלון | domus editoria= כאן דרום אשקלון | tempus= 19-04-2018 00:14 | nomen auctoris 1= ג'ני | cognomen auctoris 1= פרנקל שלום | nomen auctoris 2=גייל | cognomen auctoris 2= מיכאלי | nomen auctoris 3= אורי| cognomen auctoris 3= קריספין| nomen auctoris 4=דוד | cognomen auctoris 4= לוי}}</ref> Anni [[1975]]-[[1977]] in Ascalone duri fuerunt. Magnae in concilio urbis contentiones erant, debita creverunt, et culpae criminales primorum virorum municipii coeperunt. Mense [[November|Novembri]] anno [[1977]], consilium delegatum ad comitia populi, quae [[November|Novembri]] [[1978]] fuerunt, institutum est.<ref name="70anni" /> Anno [[1983]], {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|electrificinae Ruthenbergiae||he|qid=Q2904076}} aedificatio approbata est. Mense [[December|Decembri]] eo anno incepit opus, anno denique 1990 [[electrificina]] toti loco [[Electricitas|electricitatem]] suppeditare coepit.<ref name="70anni" /> [[Fasciculus:Khofit memorial in Ashkelon.jpg |thumb|upright=0.8| [[Monumentum]] in honorem mulieris Khofit quae a tromocrata interfecta est.]] Die [[25 Februarii]] anno [[1991]], dum per totam [[Israël|Israëlem]] multa [[Tromocratia|acta tromocratica]] fiebant, Ascalone una mulier impetu suidicali interfecta est et 36 homines vulnera acceperunt. Die [[14 Februarii]] [[2001]], tromocrata [[Lacinia Gazetica|Gazeticus]] Ascalone 8 homines [[Autocinetum|autocineto]] necavit. Die [[14 Maii]] anno [[2008]], [[Missile|missile]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Grad||en|qid=Q270289}} in secundo tabulato fori mercatorii in urbe cecidit, quod 15 homines laedet.<ref name="70anni" /> == Demographia == Anno [[2023]], 86.1 centesimae hominum qui in Ascalone vivebant [[Iudaei]] erant, 0.4 centesimae [[Musulmanus|Musulmani]], et 13.5 centesimae alias [[Religio|religiones]] profitebantur.<ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/DocLib/2026/local_authorities23/%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F.pdf | titulus= הרשויות המקומיות ישראל 2023 אשקלון | domus editoria= הלשכה המרכזית לסטטיסטיקה }}.</ref> == Monumenta == === Saeptum Nationale Ascalonense === [[Fasciculus:Mosaic floor at Ashkelon.jpg |thumb|upright=0.8|[[Opus tessellatum]] in Saepto Nationali Ascalonense]] Ubi fuit urbs antiqua hodie est [[Saeptum Nationale Ascalonense]],<ref name="placesToVisit"/> quod anno [[1964]] primum [[saeptum nationale]] in Israele designatum est.<ref>{{Opus | url=https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/mobile/0,7340,L-2124593,00.html | titulus= הגן הלאומי באשקלון | nomen auctoris= בועז | cognomen auctoris= כרמל | tempus= 26-09-2002 10:59 | domus editoria= ynet }}.</ref> Pleraque architectura Ascalonis antiqua in Saepto est.<ref name="AfridarAntiquus" /> Muri, qui urbem circumdederunt, in eo loco quoque hodie sunt. Saeptum [[hortus|hortum]] multis [[statua|statuis]] Romanis ornatum habet.<ref name="placesToVisit">{{Opus | url= https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vie/Ashkelon.html#Ashkelon | titulus= Ashkelon & Surroundings PLACES TO VISIT | domus editoria=Jewish Virtual Library}}.</ref> Altitudo vallis Chananaeae est 15 metra, latitudo 30 metra, longitudo 2200 metra.<ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.mako.co.il/travel-israel/magazine-themostbeautifulcities/Article-78f8f49c8c26371026.htm | domus editoria= mako | titulus= חופש הערים הכי יפות בארץ. מה יש לעשות באשקלון| tempus=19-05-2021}}.</ref> In saepto est basilica Romana, quam [[archeologus|archaeologi]] ab [[Herodes Magnus|Herode]] conditam esse putant,<ref>{{Opus | url=https://www.jpost.com/archaeology/2000-year-old-basilica-unearthed-in-ashkelon-669665 |titulus=2,000-year-old basilica unearthed in Ashkelon | nomen auctoris=Rosella | cognomen auctoris=Tercatin | domus editoria=Jerusalem Post | tempus=31-05-2021 19:25}}.</ref> et maximum in orbe terrarum canum coemeterium.<ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/mobile/0,7340,L-5047211,00.html | titulus=תעלומת בית הקברות לכלבים הגדול בעולם שהתגלה באשקלון | nomen auctoris= אסף| cognomen auctoris= קמר| tempus= 25-11-2017 07:59 | domus editoria= ynet}}.</ref> Anno [[2024]] Saeptum quintum in popularitate in Israele fuit; anno autem [[2025]] secundum.<ref>{{Opus | titulus= גם ב-2025 – זה אתר הטיולים הפופולרי בישראל | url=https://www.ynet.co.il/vacation/israeltrips/article/rjp9q7egwl | nomen auctoris= אסף| cognomen auctoris= רוזן| domus editoria=ynet | tempus= 08-12-2025 15:00 }}.</ref> Multa animalia quoquoe in hoc loco vivunt. [[Dendrocopos syriacus]], [[Upapa]], et [[Psittacula krameri]] in cavis arborum [[Tamarix|tamaricis]] veterum nidificant; [[Prinia gracilis]], [[Burhinus]], [[Passer hispaniolensis]], et [[Lanius nubicus]] in campis. [[Jynx torquilla]] et [[Luscinia svecica]] hieme in saepto inveniuntur. [[Laudakia stellio]], [[Vulpes vulpes]], [[Gazella gazella gazella]], [[Herpestes]], et [[Caretta caretta]] quoque invenientur in hoc loco.<ref>{{Opus | url=https://www.ynet.co.il/environment-science/article/skv5vvbsn | titulus= מחרדונים ועד נמיות: הצצה לעולם החי הקסום בגן הלאומי תל אשקלון | domus editoria= ynet | tempus= 28-07-2023 16:28}}.</ref> === Monumentum in honorem caesorum in bellis Israel === [[Fasciculus:Lanoflim Askelon 11.jpg | thumb |upright=0.8|[[Monumentum]] in honorem caesorum in bellis Israeliensibus.]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Monumentum in honorem caesorum in bellis Israel||he|qid=Q30527633}} in prato herboso est ante [[Curia municipalis|curiam municipalem]]. Elementum sculptile compositum virtutem et bellum significat. Parietes aedificii sexanguli tabulas marmoris nigras constant, in quibus inscripta sunt nomina caesorum. In parite contra inscriptum est “Aeternum vobis gratias agimus. De gerenatione in generationem gloriam eorum narrabimus.”<ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.izkor.gov.il/monument/en_d9b0257bc0e71a1983f1ec8d7e8bde66/ | titulus= אנדרטה לנופלים במערכות ישראל. אשקלון| domus editoria= יזכור }}.</ref> ===Portus Navigiorum Ascalonensis=== [[Fasciculus:מרינה אשקלון.PNG|thumb|upright=0.8|Portus Navigiorum Ascalonensis.]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Portus Navigiorum Ascalonensis||he|qid=Q6578434}}, anno [[1991]] conditus, locus est ad navigia velifera et [[Navis lusoria |naves lusorias]] ancorandas, et multasque [[Popina sellariola| popinas sellariolas]] habet.<ref>{{Opus| url= https://baliletayel.co.il/atraction/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94-%D7%A9%D7%9C-%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F-%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%AA-%D7%90%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%99%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA-%D7%9C%D7%A6%D7%93-%D7%9E/ | titulus= המרינה של אשקלון – טיילת אטרקטיבית לצד מעגן סירות | domus editoria= בא לי לטייל}}.</ref> Portus, qui plerumque ad oblectamentum destinatur, in {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|bello contra Iraniam||en|qid=Q134900605}} magni momenti factus est. Homines eo usi sunt ut via ad Israëlem ingrediendum et ex eo egrediendum esset, cum [[aeroportus]] clausus esset.<ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/95583 | titulus= מי היה מאמין? זה התפקיד של המרינה באשקלון במלחמה עם איראן | domus editoria= כאן דרום אשקלון | tempus= 18-06-2025 15:22}}.</ref> Porum visitant non modo qui in Ascalone habitant, sed quoque in [[Berosaba]], [[Azotus|Azoto]], [[Kiriat-Gat]], et aliis urbibus.<ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.israelhayom.co.il/travel/tourism-news/article/19966651 | titulus= שעה מתל אביב: מתחם הבילוי שעבר מהפך - וכולם נוהרים אליו | nomen auctoris= ליאת | cognomen auctoris= מופז מילצ'ן | tempus= 23-02-2026 19:40 | domus editoria= ישראל היום}}.</ref> == Urbes geminae == * {{Vexillum icon|Canada}} [[Côte Saint-Luc]], [[Quebecum]], [[Canada]] (ab anno [[1975]])<ref>{{opus | url=https://cotesaintluc.org/en/the-city/about-csl/ | titulus=About CSL | domus editoria= cotesaintluc.org}}</ref><ref>{{opus | url=https://www.bnaibrith.ca/advocacy/jewish-heritage-month/jhm-cote-saint-luc/ | titulus=JEWISH HERITAGE MONTH PARTNER: COTE SAINT LUC, QUEBEC | domus editoria= Bnai Brith Canada}}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Ruthenia Alba}} [[Grodna]], [[Ruthenia Alba]] (ab anno [[2011]])<ref>{{Opus | tempus= 23-02-2011 | url= https://ashkelon.news/article/9023 |titulus= עוד עיר תאומה ברית ערים תאומות נחתמה בין העיר אשקלון לגרודנו (בלרוס). רה"ע של גרודנו קוזלקוב בוריס הגיע לאשקלון עם אנשי עסקים המעוניינים ליצור קשרי מסחר | domus editoria= ashkelon.news}}</ref><ref>{{Opus | tempus= 2011-03-01 13:16 | url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402150430/https://news.tut.by/society/216834.html | titulus= Израильский город Ашкелон стал двенадцатым городом-побратимом Гродно | domus editoria=news.tut.by}}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Francia}} [[Aquae Sextiae]], [[Francia]] (ab anno [[1994]])<ref>{{Opus | url=https://www.aixenprovence.fr/Ashkelon-ISRAEL | titulus=Ashkelon (ISRAEL) | domus editoria= aixenprovence.fr}}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Germania}} [[Pancovium]], [[Germania]] (Ab anno [[1994]])<ref>{{Opus | url=https://www.berlin.de/ba-pankow/ueber-den-bezirk/staedtepartner/artikel.1535473.en.php | titulus = City Partnerships | domus editoria= Bezirksamt Pankow}}</ref><ref>{{Opus | url=https://pankow-ashkelon.org/en/about-us | titulus= About Us | domus editoria= Freundeskreis Berlin Pankow-Ashkelon}}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Portlandia (Oregonia)|Portlandia]], [[Oregonia]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[1987]])<ref>{{Opus | url=https://www.studycountry.com/wiki/what-is-portland-oregon-sister-city | titulus=What is Portland Oregon sister city? | domus editoria= studycountry.com}}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Baltimora (Terra Mariae)|Baltimora]], [[Terra Mariae]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[2003]])<ref>{{Opus | url=https://baltimorefishbowl.com/stories/baltimores-awkward-relationship-sister-cities/ |domus editoria= Baltimore Fish Bowl | titulus=Baltimore’s Awkward Relationship with Our Sister Cities |nomen auctoris=Rachel | cognomen auctoris=Monroe | tempus=22-04-2014}}</ref><ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.jewishtimes.com/baltimore-ashkelon-partnership-supports-israeli-city-after-rocket-strikes/ | titulus= Baltimore-Ashkelon Partnership Supports Israeli City After Rocket Strikes | nomen auctoris=Jillian |cognomen auctoris=Diamond | tempus=24-05-2023 | domus editoria=Jewish Times}}</ref><ref>{{Opus |url=https://associated.org/stories/the-baltimore-ashkelon-partnership-celebrating-20-years/ | titulus=The Baltimore-Ashkelon Partnership: Celebrating 20 Years | domus editoria= The Associated Jewish Federation in Baltimore}}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Sacramentum (California)|Sacramentum]], [[California]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[2012]])<ref>{{Opus | url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/after-battle-sacramento-okays-sisterhood-with-ashkelon/ | domus editoria= Times of Israel | titulus= After battle, Sacramento okays sisterhood with Ashkelon | nomen auctoris= Joshua | cognomen auctoris= Davidovich | tempus=15-08-2012}}</ref><ref>{{Opus | url=https://www.cbsnews.com/sacramento/news/sumy-ukraine-becomes-sacramentos-latest-sister-city/ | titulus=Sumy, Ukraine becomes Sacramento's latest Sister City | domus editoria= CBS News | nomen auctoris=Cecilio | cognomen auctoris= Padilla| tempus=29-06-2023}} “Eleven other cities have been named Sister Cities with Sacramento … Ashkelon, Israel”</ref><ref>{{Opus |url=https://jweekly.com/2012/08/17/its-unanimous-sacramento-ashkelon-now-sister-cities/ | domus editoria= Jewish Weekly | titulus= Its unanimous: Sacramento, Ashkelon now sister cities | nomen auctoris= Emma | cognomen auctoris=Silvers |tempus=17-08-2012}}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Polonia}} [[Sopot (Polonia)|Sopot]], [[Polonia]] (ab anno [[1993]] ad annum [[2025]])<ref>{{Opus | titulus= Sopot pierwszym samorządem w Polsce, który zerwał partnerstwo z izraelskim miastem. Zdecydowali o tym radni | url= https://trojmiasto.wyborcza.pl/trojmiasto/7,35612,32429747,sopot-pierwszy-w-polsce-zerwal-partnerstwo-z-izraelskim-miastem.html | tempus=27-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= Maciej | cognomen auctoris= Pietrzak | domus editoria= wyborcza.pl}}</ref><ref>{{Opus | titulus= הלחץ הפרו-פלסטיני הכריע 30 שנות יחסים: בוטל הסכם "ערים תאומות" בין אשקלון לסופוט | url= https://www.maariv.co.il/news/world/article-1257675 | tempus=01-12-2025 | nomen auctoris= דן | cognomen auctoris= עזרא | domus editoria= מעריב}}</ref><ref>{{Opus | titulus= "בגלל רצח העם בעזה": עיירת נופש בפולין ביטלה ברית ערים תאומות עם אשקלון | url= https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/r1ucjukbbx | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris 1= איתמר | cognomen auctoris 1= אייכנר | domus editoria= ynet | nomen auctoris 2= רוני | cognomen auctoris 2= גרין שאולוב}}</ref><ref>{{Opus | titulus= לאחר 32 שנים: בוטלה שותפות עיר תאומה עם אשקלון בגלל "רצח עם בעזה" | url= https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/99197 | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= דוד | cognomen auctoris= לוי | domus editoria= כאן חדשות דרום אשקלון}}</ref><ref>{{Opus | titulus= "רצח עם": העיר באירופה שביטלה הסכם ערים עם אשקלון | url= https://www.i24news.tv/he/news/international/europe/artc-30d542eb | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= מעיין | cognomen auctoris= רפאל | domus editoria= i24}}.</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Ucraina}} [[Uman]], [[Regio Circassiensis]], [[Ucraina]] (ab anno [[2010]])<ref>{{Opus|url=https://uman-rada.gov.ua/index.php/mizhnarodni-zviazky | domus editoria=Уманська міська рада Виконавчий комітет | titulus=Міжнародні зв'язки}}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|India}} [[Vadodara]], [[Guzarata]], [[India]] (ab anno [[2017]])<ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/municipality/10841 | titulus= אשקלון-בארודה ערים תאומות: ראש הממשלה מברך| domus editoria= כאן דרום אשקלון | nomen auctoris= ג'ני | cognomen auctoris= פרנקל שלום | tempus= 8-12-2017 15:13 }}</ref><ref>{{Opus| url= https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/11526 | titulus= העירייה: כ-2,000 משתתפים בפסטיבל הודו באשקלון | domus editoria= כאן דרום אשקלון| nomen auctoris= אלירם | cognomen auctoris= משה | tempus= 20-12-2017 12:07 }}.</ref> == Notae == <references /> == Nexus interni == * [[Ascalon (urbs antiqua)]] * [[Israël]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Ashkelon|Ascalonam}} {{Fontes geographici}} [[Categoria:Israel]] [[Categoria:Urbes antiquae]] [[Categoria:Urbes Israelis]] n0klqpnbcn2aji420clwhfnkg3c1r9r 3986752 3986739 2026-09-08T21:50:34Z Grufo 64423 Typographia tantum 3986752 wikitext text/x-wiki {{De hoc|urbe hodierna|antiquam urbem|Ascalon (urbs antiqua)|Ascalonem (urbem antiquam)}} {{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:93439_marina_ashkelon_PikiWiki_Israel.jpg|thumb]] {{res|Ascalon}} ({{pns|onis|f}}; [[Hebraice]] אַשְׁקְלוֹן) est [[urbs]] in [[Israël]]e sita. Quae urbs primum condita esse abhinc annorum decem milia dicitur. [[Portus|Portum]] habebat, unde [[merx|merces]] et inferebantur et exportabantur.<ref>{{Opus | titulus = "העבר של אשקלון הוא הנשמה שלה, ועדות לכל מה שהיא מסמלת" | lingua = he | domus editoria = The Marker | url = https://www.themarker.com/labels/ashkelon/2022-09-22/ty-article-labels/00000183-6525-dd85-a9f3-67bfe3d00000 }}.</ref> Ascalon una ex quinque urbibus [[Philistaei|Philistaeorum]] est quae in [[Liber Iosue|libro Iosue]] 13:3 memorantur.<ref>{{Opus | titulus = Ascalon | domus editoria = New Advent | url = https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01766b.htm }}.</ref> Urbs autem hodierna anno [[1948]] condita est.<ref>{{Opus | titulus = היסטוריה ותרבות באשקלון – כשישן וחדש נפגשים | domus editoria = אלדן | url = https://www.eldan.co.il/magazine/carrental/rentcarashkelon/history-ashkelon }}.</ref> Anno [[2020]] circiter 146&thinsp;500 homines ibi habitabant.<ref>{{Opus | titulus = אשקלון | lingua = he | domus editoria = הלשקה המרכזית לסטטיסטיקה | url = https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/doclib/2022/local_authorities20_1879/58_7100.pdf }}.</ref> Pleraque architectura antiqua in Saepto Nationali Ascalonensi est, sed multae reliquiae in urbis aliis partibus inveniuntur.<ref name="AfridarAntiquus">{{Opus | url = https://www.academia.edu/146492349/Q1_FROM_PURE_ROMAN_TO_PURE_BYZANTINE_THROUGH_SPOLIA_THE_ARCHITECTURAL_DETAILS_IN_AFRIDAR_ASHKELON_ | titulus = Q1 - FROM "PURE" ROMAN TO "PURE" BYZANTINE, THROUGH SPOLIA: THE ARCHITECTURAL DETAILS IN AFRIDAR (ASHKELON) | cognomen auctoris = Tarkhanova | nomen auctoris = Svitlana | domus editoria = National Treasures Department of the Israel Antiquities Authority }}</ref> == Historia == === Ascalon praehistorica === Ascalon [[Neolithicum|neolithica]] circiter centum metra a mari iacebat, 15-20 metra supra [[maris aequor]]. Multa instrumenta [[silicium|silicea]] et [[lapis|lapidea]], nonnulla autem [[os (ossis)|ossea]], in eo loco inventa sunt necnon [[Ossa humana|ossium humanorum]] fragmenta. Bona testimonia [[ovis|ovium]] domesticarum quoque sunt, quae in [[regio]]nem fortasse [[Millennium 6 a.C.n.|millenio 6 a.C.n.]] introductae sunt.<ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/27926432 | titulus = A Late Neolithic Site near Ashkelon | nomen auctoris 1 = Jean | cognomen auctoris 1 = Perrot | nomen auctoris 2 = Avi | cognomen auctoris 2 = Gopher | domus editoria = Israel Exploration Journal | volumen = 46 | paginae = 145-166 | annus = 1996 | fasciculus = 3/4 }}.</ref> In excavationibus servandis archaeologi hamum piscatorium aeneum ex aetate Chalcolithica, unum ex angiquissimis qui unquam inventi sunt, invenerunt.<ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.hayadan.org.il/%D7%91%D7%97%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%9C%D7%94-%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F-%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%94-%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%A1-%D7%93%D7%99%D7%92-%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%97 | titulus = בחפירות הצלה באשקלון התגלה קרס דיג מנחושת בן כ- 6,000 שנה, מהקדומים הידועים בעולם | tempus = 2023-03-30 | auctor = רשות העתיקות ארכיאולוגיה בישראל | domus editoria = הידען }}</ref> Prima [[Aetas aënea|Aetate aënea]] Ascalon ad instrumenta ex [[Cuprum|cupro]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Arabahensi||en|qid=Q626682}} facienda praecipue exculta est. Inventa [[archaeologia|archaeologica]] cum migratione fabrorum aerariorum ex [[Berosaba]] congruunt.<ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-archaeological-journal/article/cultural-metallurgya-key-factor-in-the-transition-from-the-chalcolithic-to-bronze-age-in-the-southern-levant/0B642A3959D1C9B9BA9EF447AAD59EC3 | titulus = Cultural Metallurgy-A Key Factor in the Transition from the Chalcolithic to Bronze Age in the Southern Levant | domus editoria = Cambridge Archaeological Journal | volumen = 32 | fasciculus = 3 | annus = 2021 | cognomen auctoris = Amzallag | nomen auctoris = Amzallag | paginae = 445-465 }}.</ref> Argumenta sunt instrumentorum metallicorum in laniena animalium usurpatorum, sed maxima pars signorum secturarum instrumentis lapideis facta est.<ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Haskel-Greenfield/publication/285404224_Metallurgy_in_the_Near_East_A_Zooarchaeological_Perspective_on_the_Origins_of_Metallurgy_in_the_Near_East_Analysis_of_Stone_and_Metal_Cut_Marks_on_Bone_from_Israel/links/565de58208ae4988a7bd14d2/Metallurgy-in-the-Near-East-A-Zooarchaeological-Perspective-on-the-Origins-of-Metallurgy-in-the-Near-East-Analysis-of-Stone-and-Metal-Cut-Marks-on-Bone-from-Israel.pdf | titulus = Metallurgy in the Near East A Zooarchaeological Perspective on the Origins of Metallurgy in the Near East: Analysis of Stone and Metal Cut Marks on Bone from Israel | nomen auctoris = Haskel J. | cognomen auctoris = Greenfield }}.</ref> === Historia antiqua === {{Paginae principales|Ascalon (urbs antiqua)}} [[Fasciculus:Ashkelon – The Canaanite city gate and ramparts.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Ascalonis Chananaeae porta.]] Urbs [[Chanaan|Chananaea]] [[Saeculum 20 a.C.n.|saeculo vicensimo a.C.n.]] condita est, longitudine 1100 metrorum et latitudine 600 metrorum, moenibus quindecim metra altis circumdata.<ref name="BibleWalks">{{Opus | titulus = Tel Ashkelon | domus editoria = Bible Walks | url = https://www.biblewalks.com/ashkelon/ }}.</ref> Primum memorantur Ascalon in textibus execrationis [[Aegyptus|Aegyptiis]] quae ad {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Domus Aegypti 11|undecimam dynastiam|en|qid=Q719634}} referuntur, et per dynastias {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Domus Aegypti 18|XVIII|en|qid=Q146055}} ad XX fortasse urbs Chananaea Aegyptiorum imperio subiecta erat. Anno [[1280 a.C.n.]], frustra Ascalon contra [[Rhamses II|Ramsem II]] rebellavit. Anno [[1229 a.C.n.]], urbs ab [[Amenephthis|Amenephthe]] [[Pharao]]ne rursus capta est.<ref name="JewishLibrary">{{Opus | titulus = Ashkelon | domus editoria = Jewish Virtual Library | url = https://jewishvirtuallibrary.org/ashkelon }}.</ref> Ascalon a [[Tribus Iudae|tribu Iudae]] capta est:<ref name="BibleWalks"/> <blockquote>Cepitque Iudas [[Gaza]]m cum finibus suis et Ascalonem atque Accaron cum terminis suis. (Iudicum 1:18).<ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_vt_iudicum_lt.html | titulus = Nova Vulgata LIBER IUDICUM | domus editoria = Vatican }}.</ref></blockquote> [[Saeculum 12 a.C.n.|Saeculo duodecimo a.C.n.]], urbs a [[Philistaei|Philistaeis]] capta est. Ascalon saepe in [[narratio]]nibus de [[Samson]]e in [[Biblia|Bibliis]] commemoratur. Quae urbs tempore [[Regnum Israel|monarchiae Israeliticae]] adhuc erat Philistaeorum una ex praecipuis urbibus.<ref name="JewishLibrary"/> [[Saul (Rex)|Saul]], Israëlis Rex primus, Philistinos Philistinos vicit et multas urbes cepit. Rex ipse in proelio cecidit, [[David]]que lugens eos versiculos recitavit:<ref name="BibleWalks"/> <blockquote>Incliti, o Israel, super montes tuos interfecti, quomodo ceciderunt fortes! Nolite annuntiare in Geth neque annuntietis in compitis Ascalonis, ne forte laetentur filiae Philisthim, ne exsultent filiae incircumcisorum. (II Samuelis 1:19-20),<ref>{{opus | titulus = Nova Vulgata LIBER SECUNDUS SAMUELIS | domus editoria = Vatican | url = https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_vt_ii-samuelis_lt.html }}.</ref></blockquote> Ascalonem punitum iri praedixerunt prophetae [[Ieremias]], [[Amos (propheta)|Amos]], [[Sophonias]], et [[Zacharias (propheta)|Zacharias]].<ref name="BibleWalks"/> [[Saeculum 18 a.C.n.|Saeculo duodevicensimo a.C.n.]] a regno Ascalonis multas terras a regno expugnavit [[Assyria]], et Anno [[734 a.C.n.]] urbs a {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Tiglatpileser III|Tiglatpilesero III|en|qid=Q210074}} capta est. Anno [[732 a.C.n.]] Rex Ascalonis frustra contra Assyrios rebellavit, propter quod urbs graviter punita est. [[Rex Sidqia]] postea participavit in alia rebellione contra Assyriam, duce [[Ezechias|Ezechia]]. Apud [[Sennacherib]], urbes Sidqiae prope [[Iappa|Iappam]] captae sunt, et Ascalon ipse se dedidit, cuius rex exsulatus est. Tributum quod Ascalon reddidit in inscriptionibus principum Esarhaddon et Assurbanipal memoratur, qui urbem fine [[Saeculum 7 a.C.n.|saeculi 7]] et initio [[Saeculum 6 a.C.n.|sexto a.C.n.]] ad [[Aegyptus antiqua|Aegyptum]] pugnandum adhibuit. De calamitatibus quas urbs sufferebat scripserunt prophetae biblici.<ref name="JewishLibrary"/> Cum imperium Assyriorum caderet, Aegyptus urbem occupavit. Anno [[604 a.C.n.]], Ascalon a [[Nabuchodonosor II|Nabuchodonosore]] deleta est, qui multos cives urbis exsulavit, quo facto sexcentorum annorum praesentiae Philistaeorum in Israele finis impositus est. Munitiones Ascalonis post Babylonicam excidionem non reaedificatae sunt.<ref name="JewishLibrary"/><ref name="BibleWalks"/> Sub [[Imperium Achaemenidarum|imperio Persarum]], quod Ascalonem a Babyloniis cepit, Iudaeis [[Ierusalem]] redire licuit, sed Ascalon tum pars provinciae Iudaeae non fuit. In Ascalone ceterisque urbibus Philistaeorum, habitabant [[Phoenices]], et ipsa Ascalon [[Tyros|Tyriorum]] dicioni parebat. Id urbi magnas divitias attulit. [[Archaeologus|Archaeologi]] in Ascalone magnum [[Ascalonis Canum Coemeterium|canum coemeterium]] invenerunt, quod ad ritum Phoenicum pertinebat. In eo coemeterio plus quam mille [[Canis|canes]] erant.<ref name="BibleWalks"/> [[Alexander Magnus|Alexandro Magno]] Ascalon se anno [[332 a.C.n.]] dedit, neque, ut [[Gaza]], laesa est.<ref name="BibleWalks"/> Post divisionem imperii [[Alexander Magnus|Alexandri]], Ascalon in [[Regnum Ptolemaicum|regno Ptolemaico]] erat, et urbs sui iuris facta est. Tum [[Iudaei]] in Ascalone [[floruit|floruerunt]]. Urbs deinde ab [[Antiochus III|Antiocho III]] capta sedes [[Cultura Graeca|culturae Graecae]] magni momenti facta est. Propter imminutam potentiam [[Seleucidae|Seleucidarum]], Anno [[104 a.C.n.]] Ascalon rursus in [[libertas|libertatem]] se recepit. Reges {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Hyrcanus|Ioannes Hyrcanus|en|he|qid=Q319043}} et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Alexander Jannaeus|Alexander Jannaeus|en|he|qid=Q319107}} ex [[Hasmonaei|genere Hasmonaeorum]] urbem capere frustra conati sunt.<ref name="JewishLibrary"/> [[Fasciculus:Ask NTL PARK.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Columnae Romanae in Saepto Nationali Ascalonis.]] [[Imperium Romanum|Aetate Romana]], Colonia Ascalonensis liberate et foederata fuit. In urbe [[Paganismus|pagani]] [[Apollo|Apollinem]], [[Hercules|Herculem]], et [[Atargatis|Atargatidem]] venerati sunt, deam facie et parte superiore corporis muliebri, parte inferiore corporis et cauda piscis. [[Herodes Magnus|Herodes]], quamquam urbem non regebat, fora tamen ibi atque balnea publica hortosque exstruxit, fortasse quod ibi natus erat. In [[Primum Bellum Iudaicum|primo bello Iudaico]], Ascalon Iudaeos aggressus, victor exiit.<ref name="JewishLibrary"/> Tempore [[Misna]] et [[Talmud]], [[Iudaei]] in urbe degere soliti sunt, quarum [[Synagoga|synagogas]] [[Synagoga|archeologi]] invenerunt. In Talmude de [[Arbustum|pomariis]], quae reditus e [[Babylonia]] prope Ascalonem fundaverunt, legitur.<ref name="JewishLibrary"/> [[Aetas Byzantina|Aetate Byzantina]], urbs [[Religio Christiana|Christiana]] facta est. Ascalon sedes commercii [[vinum|vini]] optimi et [[frumentum|frumenti]] erat.<ref name="BibleWalks"/> [[Vinum]] ex Ascalone illo tempore in [[Anglia]] repertum est.<ref>{{Opus | url = https://cbnisrael.org/2024/10/15/biblical-israel-ashkelon-4/ | titulus = Biblical Israel: Ashkelon | cognomen auctoris = Turnage | nomen auctoris = Marc | tempus = 15-10-2024 | domus editoria = CBN Israel }}.</ref> === Medium Aevum === Anno [[637]] Ascalon ab Arabibus capta atque deleta est. Anno [[685]] urbs restituta est, in qua iam et [[Christianus|Christiani]] et [[Iudaei]] et [[Samaritani]] et [[Musulmanus|Musulmani]] habitabant. Inter religiones interdum erant conflictus, propter quos ecclesia in urbe anno [[937]] combusta est.<ref name="BibleWalks"/> [[Fasciculus:Battle of Ascalon-engraving.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Pugna Ascalonis.]] Cum [[Regnum Hierosolymitanum]] a [[Expeditio sacra|crucesignatis]] conditum esset, urbs inter Christianos et Musulmanos finis facta est. Diu exercitus circa urbem pugnaverunt, et anno [[1099]] [[Pugna Ascalonis|pugna Ascalonis]] committeretur. Crucesignati Ascalonem aliquandiu teneuerunt, deinde ad [[Oriens|orientem]] se receperunt. Ab anno [[1101]] ad annum [[1114]] Aegyptii terram sanctam capere conabantur, dum duus exercitus circa urbem saepissime puganabant. Anno [[1125]] Rex [[Balduinus II (rex Hierosolymitanus)|Balduinus II]] Ascalonem capere frustra conatus est, anno autem [[1154]] [[Balduinus III (rex Hierosolymitanus)|Balduinus III]] successit. Urbs crucesignatis magni momenti fuit; anno autem [[1187]], [[4 Septembris|quarto die mensis Septembris]], a [[Saladinus|Saladino]] capta est, qui castella, ne Christiani eis uterentur, delevit.<ref name="BibleWalks"/> Anno [[1191]], [[Ricardus I (rex Angliae)|Ricardus I]] [[rex Angliae]] Ascalonem recepit murosque aedificavit, quos Arabes rursus deleverant. Anno [[1240]], [[Ricardus (comes Cornubiae)|Ricardus comes Cornubiae]] urbem iterum munivit. Anno autem [[1247]], [[Ayyubidae]] urbem ceperunt. Anno [[1270]], urbs a [[Mamluci|Mamlucis]] capta et deleta est, nec crucesignati eam rursus condiderunt. Duo [[oppidum|oppida]] Arabum, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Magdala||he|qid=Q132129150}} et Iagur, prope Ascalonem antiquam condita sunt, in quibus homines ex Aegypto vivebant.<ref name="BibleWalks"/> Ascalonis propter excidionem, Magdala magni momenti facta est.<ref>{{Opus | titulus = אשקלון - שכונת מגדל העברית | url = https://shimur.org/%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F-%D7%A9%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%AA-%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%93%D7%9C-%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA/ | domus editoria = מועצה לשימור אתרי מורשת בישראל | nomen auctoris 1 = גד | cognomen auctoris 1 = סובול | nomen auctoris 2 = אבי | cognomen auctoris 2 = ששון | tempus = 01-10-2008 }}</ref> === Aetas Turcica ac Britannica === === Aetas Israelita === Die [[5 Novembris]] anno [[1948]], locus ab [[Israel|Israele]] captus est. Urbs primum [[Lingua Hebraica|Hebraice]] vocatus est “Migdal Aza”, postea “Migdal Gad”, anno tandem [[1951]] “Migdal Aškelon”.<ref name="70anni"/> Mense Februario anno [[1950]], habitabant in eo loco 3500 [[Iudaeus|Iudaei]], et 2500 [[Arabes]].<ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/dav/1950/02/10/01/article/98 | titulus = מגדל־גד בהתפתחותה,בחירות ב־26 בפברואר | lingua = he | domus editoria = דבר | tempus = 10-02-1950 }}.</ref> Anno [[1955]], urbs Migal Aškelon et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Afridar||he|qid=Q6632325}}, qui prope eam erat, in unum coniunctae sunt, et urbs una vocatur Ascalon. Primus conventus consilii [[6 Octobris]] anno [[1955]] in Domo Populi, media in Afridare, coiit. Mense [[Iulius|Iulio]] anno [[1961]], [[Valetudinarium|valetudinarium]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Brazili||he|qid=Q2919386}} conditum est in urbe. Anno [[1967]] collegium [[Universitas Bar-Ilan|universitatis Bar-Ilan]] in Ascalone conditum est.<ref name="70anni">{{Opus | url = https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/18231 | titulus = 70 שנה: 70 אירועים ודמויות מתולדות אשקלון | domus editoria = כאן דרום אשקלון | tempus = 19-04-2018 00:14 | nomen auctoris 1 = ג'ני | cognomen auctoris 1 = פרנקל שלום | nomen auctoris 2 = גייל | cognomen auctoris 2 = מיכאלי | nomen auctoris 3 = אורי | cognomen auctoris 3 = קריספין | nomen auctoris 4 = דוד | cognomen auctoris 4 = לוי }}</ref> Anni [[1975]]-[[1977]] in Ascalone duri fuerunt. Magnae in concilio urbis contentiones erant, debita creverunt, et culpae criminales primorum virorum municipii coeperunt. Mense [[November|Novembri]] anno [[1977]], consilium delegatum ad comitia populi, quae [[November|Novembri]] [[1978]] fuerunt, institutum est.<ref name="70anni" /> Anno [[1983]], {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|electrificinae Ruthenbergiae||he|qid=Q2904076}} aedificatio approbata est. Mense [[December|Decembri]] eo anno incepit opus, anno denique 1990 [[electrificina]] toti loco [[Electricitas|electricitatem]] suppeditare coepit.<ref name="70anni" /> [[Fasciculus:Khofit memorial in Ashkelon.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Monumentum]] in honorem mulieris Khofit quae a tromocrata interfecta est.]] Die [[25 Februarii]] anno [[1991]], dum per totam [[Israël|Israëlem]] multa [[Tromocratia|acta tromocratica]] fiebant, Ascalone una mulier impetu suidicali interfecta est et 36 homines vulnera acceperunt. Die [[14 Februarii]] [[2001]], tromocrata [[Lacinia Gazetica|Gazeticus]] Ascalone 8 homines [[Autocinetum|autocineto]] necavit. Die [[14 Maii]] anno [[2008]], [[Missile|missile]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Grad||en|qid=Q270289}} in secundo tabulato fori mercatorii in urbe cecidit, quod 15 homines laedet.<ref name="70anni" /> == Demographia == Anno [[2023]], 86.1 centesimae hominum qui in Ascalone vivebant [[Iudaei]] erant, 0.4 centesimae [[Musulmanus|Musulmani]], et 13.5 centesimae alias [[Religio|religiones]] profitebantur.<ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/DocLib/2026/local_authorities23/%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F.pdf | titulus = הרשויות המקומיות ישראל 2023 אשקלון | domus editoria = הלשכה המרכזית לסטטיסטיקה }}.</ref> == Monumenta == === Saeptum Nationale Ascalonense === [[Fasciculus:Mosaic floor at Ashkelon.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Opus tessellatum]] in Saepto Nationali Ascalonense]] Ubi fuit urbs antiqua hodie est [[Saeptum Nationale Ascalonense]],<ref name="placesToVisit"/> quod anno [[1964]] primum [[saeptum nationale]] in Israele designatum est.<ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/mobile/0,7340,L-2124593,00.html | titulus = הגן הלאומי באשקלון | nomen auctoris = בועז | cognomen auctoris = כרמל | tempus = 26-09-2002 10:59 | domus editoria = ynet }}.</ref> Pleraque architectura Ascalonis antiqua in Saepto est.<ref name="AfridarAntiquus" /> Muri, qui urbem circumdederunt, in eo loco quoque hodie sunt. Saeptum [[hortus|hortum]] multis [[statua|statuis]] Romanis ornatum habet.<ref name="placesToVisit">{{Opus | url = https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vie/Ashkelon.html#Ashkelon | titulus = Ashkelon & Surroundings PLACES TO VISIT | domus editoria = Jewish Virtual Library }}.</ref> Altitudo vallis Chananaeae est 15 metra, latitudo 30 metra, longitudo 2200 metra.<ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.mako.co.il/travel-israel/magazine-themostbeautifulcities/Article-78f8f49c8c26371026.htm | domus editoria = mako | titulus = חופש הערים הכי יפות בארץ. מה יש לעשות באשקלון | tempus = 19-05-2021 }}.</ref> In saepto est basilica Romana, quam [[archeologus|archaeologi]] ab [[Herodes Magnus|Herode]] conditam esse putant,<ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.jpost.com/archaeology/2000-year-old-basilica-unearthed-in-ashkelon-669665 | titulus = 2,000-year-old basilica unearthed in Ashkelon | nomen auctoris = Rosella | cognomen auctoris = Tercatin | domus editoria = Jerusalem Post | tempus = 31-05-2021 19:25 }}.</ref> et maximum in orbe terrarum canum coemeterium.<ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/mobile/0,7340,L-5047211,00.html | titulus = תעלומת בית הקברות לכלבים הגדול בעולם שהתגלה באשקלון | nomen auctoris = אסף | cognomen auctoris = קמר | tempus = 25-11-2017 07:59 | domus editoria = ynet }}.</ref> Anno [[2024]] Saeptum quintum in popularitate in Israele fuit; anno autem [[2025]] secundum.<ref>{{Opus | titulus = גם ב-2025 – זה אתר הטיולים הפופולרי בישראל | url = https://www.ynet.co.il/vacation/israeltrips/article/rjp9q7egwl | nomen auctoris = אסף | cognomen auctoris = רוזן | domus editoria = ynet | tempus = 08-12-2025 15:00 }}.</ref> Multa animalia quoquoe in hoc loco vivunt. [[Dendrocopos syriacus]], [[Upapa]], et [[Psittacula krameri]] in cavis arborum [[Tamarix|tamaricis]] veterum nidificant; [[Prinia gracilis]], [[Burhinus]], [[Passer hispaniolensis]], et [[Lanius nubicus]] in campis. [[Jynx torquilla]] et [[Luscinia svecica]] hieme in saepto inveniuntur. [[Laudakia stellio]], [[Vulpes vulpes]], [[Gazella gazella gazella]], [[Herpestes]], et [[Caretta caretta]] quoque invenientur in hoc loco.<ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.ynet.co.il/environment-science/article/skv5vvbsn | titulus = מחרדונים ועד נמיות: הצצה לעולם החי הקסום בגן הלאומי תל אשקלון | domus editoria = ynet | tempus = 28-07-2023 16:28 }}.</ref> === Monumentum in honorem caesorum in bellis Israel === [[Fasciculus:Lanoflim Askelon 11.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Monumentum]] in honorem caesorum in bellis Israeliensibus.]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Monumentum in honorem caesorum in bellis Israel||he|qid=Q30527633}} in prato herboso est ante [[Curia municipalis|curiam municipalem]]. Elementum sculptile compositum virtutem et bellum significat. Parietes aedificii sexanguli tabulas marmoris nigras constant, in quibus inscripta sunt nomina caesorum. In parite contra inscriptum est “Aeternum vobis gratias agimus. De gerenatione in generationem gloriam eorum narrabimus.”<ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.izkor.gov.il/monument/en_d9b0257bc0e71a1983f1ec8d7e8bde66/ | titulus = אנדרטה לנופלים במערכות ישראל. אשקלון | domus editoria = יזכור }}.</ref> === Portus Navigiorum Ascalonensis === [[Fasciculus:מרינה אשקלון.PNG|thumb|upright=0.8|Portus Navigiorum Ascalonensis.]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Portus Navigiorum Ascalonensis||he|qid=Q6578434}}, anno [[1991]] conditus, locus est ad navigia velifera et [[Navis lusoria|naves lusorias]] ancorandas, et multasque [[Popina sellariola|popinas sellariolas]] habet.<ref>{{Opus | url = https://baliletayel.co.il/atraction/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94-%D7%A9%D7%9C-%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F-%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%AA-%D7%90%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%99%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA-%D7%9C%D7%A6%D7%93-%D7%9E/ | titulus = המרינה של אשקלון – טיילת אטרקטיבית לצד מעגן סירות | domus editoria = בא לי לטייל }}.</ref> Portus, qui plerumque ad oblectamentum destinatur, in {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|bello contra Iraniam||en|qid=Q134900605}} magni momenti factus est. Homines eo usi sunt ut via ad Israëlem ingrediendum et ex eo egrediendum esset, cum [[aeroportus]] clausus esset.<ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/95583 | titulus = מי היה מאמין? זה התפקיד של המרינה באשקלון במלחמה עם איראן | domus editoria = כאן דרום אשקלון | tempus = 18-06-2025 15:22 }}.</ref> Porum visitant non modo qui in Ascalone habitant, sed quoque in [[Berosaba]], [[Azotus|Azoto]], [[Kiriat-Gat]], et aliis urbibus.<ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.israelhayom.co.il/travel/tourism-news/article/19966651 | titulus = שעה מתל אביב: מתחם הבילוי שעבר מהפך - וכולם נוהרים אליו | nomen auctoris = ליאת | cognomen auctoris = מופז מילצ'ן | tempus = 23-02-2026 19:40 | domus editoria = ישראל היום }}.</ref> == Urbes geminae == * {{Vexillum icon|Canada}} [[Côte Saint-Luc]], [[Quebecum]], [[Canada]] (ab anno [[1975]])<ref>{{opus | url = https://cotesaintluc.org/en/the-city/about-csl/ | titulus = About CSL | domus editoria = cotesaintluc.org }}</ref><ref>{{opus | url = https://www.bnaibrith.ca/advocacy/jewish-heritage-month/jhm-cote-saint-luc/ | titulus = JEWISH HERITAGE MONTH PARTNER: COTE SAINT LUC, QUEBEC | domus editoria = Bnai Brith Canada }}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Ruthenia Alba}} [[Grodna]], [[Ruthenia Alba]] (ab anno [[2011]])<ref>{{Opus | tempus = 23-02-2011 | url = https://ashkelon.news/article/9023 | titulus = עוד עיר תאומה ברית ערים תאומות נחתמה בין העיר אשקלון לגרודנו (בלרוס). רה"ע של גרודנו קוזלקוב בוריס הגיע לאשקלון עם אנשי עסקים המעוניינים ליצור קשרי מסחר | domus editoria = ashkelon.news }}</ref><ref>{{Opus | tempus = 2011-03-01 13:16 | url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190402150430/https://news.tut.by/society/216834.html | titulus = Израильский город Ашкелон стал двенадцатым городом-побратимом Гродно | domus editoria = news.tut.by }}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Francia}} [[Aquae Sextiae]], [[Francia]] (ab anno [[1994]])<ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.aixenprovence.fr/Ashkelon-ISRAEL | titulus = Ashkelon (ISRAEL) | domus editoria = aixenprovence.fr }}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Germania}} [[Pancovium]], [[Germania]] (Ab anno [[1994]])<ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.berlin.de/ba-pankow/ueber-den-bezirk/staedtepartner/artikel.1535473.en.php | titulus = City Partnerships | domus editoria = Bezirksamt Pankow }}</ref><ref>{{Opus | url = https://pankow-ashkelon.org/en/about-us | titulus = About Us | domus editoria = Freundeskreis Berlin Pankow-Ashkelon }}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Portlandia (Oregonia)|Portlandia]], [[Oregonia]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[1987]])<ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.studycountry.com/wiki/what-is-portland-oregon-sister-city | titulus = What is Portland Oregon sister city? | domus editoria = studycountry.com }}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Baltimora (Terra Mariae)|Baltimora]], [[Terra Mariae]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[2003]])<ref>{{Opus | url = https://baltimorefishbowl.com/stories/baltimores-awkward-relationship-sister-cities/ | domus editoria = Baltimore Fish Bowl | titulus = Baltimore’s Awkward Relationship with Our Sister Cities | nomen auctoris = Rachel | cognomen auctoris = Monroe | tempus = 22-04-2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.jewishtimes.com/baltimore-ashkelon-partnership-supports-israeli-city-after-rocket-strikes/ | titulus = Baltimore-Ashkelon Partnership Supports Israeli City After Rocket Strikes | nomen auctoris = Jillian | cognomen auctoris = Diamond | tempus = 24-05-2023 | domus editoria = Jewish Times }}</ref><ref>{{Opus | url = https://associated.org/stories/the-baltimore-ashkelon-partnership-celebrating-20-years/ | titulus = The Baltimore-Ashkelon Partnership: Celebrating 20 Years | domus editoria = The Associated Jewish Federation in Baltimore }}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Sacramentum (California)|Sacramentum]], [[California]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[2012]])<ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.timesofisrael.com/after-battle-sacramento-okays-sisterhood-with-ashkelon/ | domus editoria = Times of Israel | titulus = After battle, Sacramento okays sisterhood with Ashkelon | nomen auctoris = Joshua | cognomen auctoris = Davidovich | tempus = 15-08-2012 }}</ref><ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.cbsnews.com/sacramento/news/sumy-ukraine-becomes-sacramentos-latest-sister-city/ | titulus = Sumy, Ukraine becomes Sacramento's latest Sister City | domus editoria = CBS News | nomen auctoris = Cecilio | cognomen auctoris = Padilla | tempus = 29-06-2023 }} “Eleven other cities have been named Sister Cities with Sacramento … Ashkelon, Israel”</ref><ref>{{Opus | url = https://jweekly.com/2012/08/17/its-unanimous-sacramento-ashkelon-now-sister-cities/ | domus editoria = Jewish Weekly | titulus = Its unanimous: Sacramento, Ashkelon now sister cities | nomen auctoris = Emma | cognomen auctoris = Silvers | tempus = 17-08-2012 }}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Polonia}} [[Sopot (Polonia)|Sopot]], [[Polonia]] (ab anno [[1993]] ad annum [[2025]])<ref>{{Opus | titulus = Sopot pierwszym samorządem w Polsce, który zerwał partnerstwo z izraelskim miastem. Zdecydowali o tym radni | url = https://trojmiasto.wyborcza.pl/trojmiasto/7,35612,32429747,sopot-pierwszy-w-polsce-zerwal-partnerstwo-z-izraelskim-miastem.html | tempus = 27-11-2025 | nomen auctoris = Maciej | cognomen auctoris = Pietrzak | domus editoria = wyborcza.pl }}</ref><ref>{{Opus | titulus = הלחץ הפרו-פלסטיני הכריע 30 שנות יחסים: בוטל הסכם "ערים תאומות" בין אשקלון לסופוט | url = https://www.maariv.co.il/news/world/article-1257675 | tempus = 01-12-2025 | nomen auctoris = דן | cognomen auctoris = עזרא | domus editoria = מעריב }}</ref><ref>{{Opus | titulus = "בגלל רצח העם בעזה": עיירת נופש בפולין ביטלה ברית ערים תאומות עם אשקלון | url = https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/r1ucjukbbx | tempus = 30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris 1 = איתמר | cognomen auctoris 1 = אייכנר | domus editoria = ynet | nomen auctoris 2 = רוני | cognomen auctoris 2 = גרין שאולוב }}</ref><ref>{{Opus | titulus = לאחר 32 שנים: בוטלה שותפות עיר תאומה עם אשקלון בגלל "רצח עם בעזה" | url = https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/99197 | tempus = 30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris = דוד | cognomen auctoris = לוי | domus editoria = כאן חדשות דרום אשקלון }}</ref><ref>{{Opus | titulus = "רצח עם": העיר באירופה שביטלה הסכם ערים עם אשקלון | url = https://www.i24news.tv/he/news/international/europe/artc-30d542eb | tempus = 30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris = מעיין | cognomen auctoris = רפאל | domus editoria = i24 }}.</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Ucraina}} [[Uman]], [[Regio Circassiensis]], [[Ucraina]] (ab anno [[2010]])<ref>{{Opus | url = https://uman-rada.gov.ua/index.php/mizhnarodni-zviazky | domus editoria = Уманська міська рада Виконавчий комітет | titulus = Міжнародні зв'язки }}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|India}} [[Vadodara]], [[Guzarata]], [[India]] (ab anno [[2017]])<ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/municipality/10841 | titulus = אשקלון-בארודה ערים תאומות: ראש הממשלה מברך | domus editoria = כאן דרום אשקלון | nomen auctoris = ג'ני | cognomen auctoris = פרנקל שלום | tempus = 8-12-2017 15:13 }}</ref><ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/11526 | titulus = העירייה: כ-2,000 משתתפים בפסטיבל הודו באשקלון | domus editoria = כאן דרום אשקלון | nomen auctoris = אלירם | cognomen auctoris = משה | tempus = 20-12-2017 12:07 }}.</ref> == Notae == <references /> == Nexus interni == * [[Ascalon (urbs antiqua)]] * [[Israël]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Ashkelon|Ascalonam}} {{Fontes geographici}} [[Categoria:Israel]] [[Categoria:Urbes antiquae]] [[Categoria:Urbes Israelis]] exxoinzsk5brljgyxtlimqe9jdb5r5w 3986753 3986752 2026-09-08T21:55:36Z Grufo 64423 3986753 wikitext text/x-wiki {{De hoc|urbe hodierna|antiquam urbem|Ascalon (urbs antiqua)|Ascalonem (urbem antiquam)}} {{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:93439_marina_ashkelon_PikiWiki_Israel.jpg|thumb]] {{res|Ascalon}} ({{pns|onis|f}}; [[Hebraice]] אַשְׁקְלוֹן) est [[urbs]] in [[Israël]]e sita. Quae urbs primum condita esse abhinc annorum decem milia dicitur. [[Portus|Portum]] habebat, unde [[merx|merces]] et inferebantur et exportabantur.<ref>{{Opus | titulus = "העבר של אשקלון הוא הנשמה שלה, ועדות לכל מה שהיא מסמלת" | lingua = he | domus editoria = The Marker | url = https://www.themarker.com/labels/ashkelon/2022-09-22/ty-article-labels/00000183-6525-dd85-a9f3-67bfe3d00000 }}.</ref> Ascalon una ex quinque urbibus [[Philistaei|Philistaeorum]] est quae in [[Liber Iosue|libro Iosue]] 13:3 memorantur.<ref>{{Opus | titulus = Ascalon | domus editoria = New Advent | url = https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01766b.htm }}.</ref> Urbs autem hodierna anno [[1948]] condita est.<ref>{{Opus | titulus = היסטוריה ותרבות באשקלון – כשישן וחדש נפגשים | domus editoria = אלדן | url = https://www.eldan.co.il/magazine/carrental/rentcarashkelon/history-ashkelon }}.</ref> Anno [[2020]] circiter 146&thinsp;500 homines ibi habitabant.<ref>{{Opus | titulus = אשקלון | lingua = he | domus editoria = הלשקה המרכזית לסטטיסטיקה | url = https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/doclib/2022/local_authorities20_1879/58_7100.pdf }}.</ref> Pleraque architectura antiqua in Saepto Nationali Ascalonensi est, sed multae reliquiae in urbis aliis partibus inveniuntur.<ref name="AfridarAntiquus">{{Opus | url = https://www.academia.edu/146492349/Q1_FROM_PURE_ROMAN_TO_PURE_BYZANTINE_THROUGH_SPOLIA_THE_ARCHITECTURAL_DETAILS_IN_AFRIDAR_ASHKELON_ | titulus = Q1 - FROM "PURE" ROMAN TO "PURE" BYZANTINE, THROUGH SPOLIA: THE ARCHITECTURAL DETAILS IN AFRIDAR (ASHKELON) | cognomen auctoris = Tarkhanova | nomen auctoris = Svitlana | domus editoria = National Treasures Department of the Israel Antiquities Authority }}</ref> == Historia == === Ascalon praehistorica === Ascalon [[Neolithicum|neolithica]] circiter centum metra a mari iacebat, 15–20 metra supra [[maris aequor]]. Multa instrumenta [[silicium|silicea]] et [[lapis|lapidea]], nonnulla autem [[os (ossis)|ossea]], in eo loco inventa sunt necnon [[Ossa humana|ossium humanorum]] fragmenta. Bona testimonia [[ovis|ovium]] domesticarum quoque sunt, quae in [[regio]]nem fortasse [[Millennium 6 a.C.n.|millenio 6 a.C.n.]] introductae sunt.<ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/27926432 | titulus = A Late Neolithic Site near Ashkelon | nomen auctoris 1 = Jean | cognomen auctoris 1 = Perrot | nomen auctoris 2 = Avi | cognomen auctoris 2 = Gopher | domus editoria = Israel Exploration Journal | volumen = 46 | paginae = 145–166 | annus = 1996 | fasciculus = 3/4 }}.</ref> In excavationibus servandis archaeologi hamum piscatorium aeneum ex aetate Chalcolithica, unum ex angiquissimis qui unquam inventi sunt, invenerunt.<ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.hayadan.org.il/%D7%91%D7%97%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%9C%D7%94-%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F-%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%94-%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%A1-%D7%93%D7%99%D7%92-%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%97 | titulus = בחפירות הצלה באשקלון התגלה קרס דיג מנחושת בן כ- 6,000 שנה, מהקדומים הידועים בעולם | tempus = 2023-03-30 | auctor = רשות העתיקות ארכיאולוגיה בישראל | domus editoria = הידען }}</ref> Prima [[Aetas aënea|Aetate aënea]] Ascalon ad instrumenta ex [[Cuprum|cupro]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Arabahensi||en|qid=Q626682}} facienda praecipue exculta est. Inventa [[archaeologia|archaeologica]] cum migratione fabrorum aerariorum ex [[Berosaba]] congruunt.<ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-archaeological-journal/article/cultural-metallurgya-key-factor-in-the-transition-from-the-chalcolithic-to-bronze-age-in-the-southern-levant/0B642A3959D1C9B9BA9EF447AAD59EC3 | titulus = Cultural Metallurgy-A Key Factor in the Transition from the Chalcolithic to Bronze Age in the Southern Levant | domus editoria = Cambridge Archaeological Journal | volumen = 32 | fasciculus = 3 | annus = 2021 | cognomen auctoris = Amzallag | nomen auctoris = Amzallag | paginae = 445–465 }}.</ref> Argumenta sunt instrumentorum metallicorum in laniena animalium usurpatorum, sed maxima pars signorum secturarum instrumentis lapideis facta est.<ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Haskel-Greenfield/publication/285404224_Metallurgy_in_the_Near_East_A_Zooarchaeological_Perspective_on_the_Origins_of_Metallurgy_in_the_Near_East_Analysis_of_Stone_and_Metal_Cut_Marks_on_Bone_from_Israel/links/565de58208ae4988a7bd14d2/Metallurgy-in-the-Near-East-A-Zooarchaeological-Perspective-on-the-Origins-of-Metallurgy-in-the-Near-East-Analysis-of-Stone-and-Metal-Cut-Marks-on-Bone-from-Israel.pdf | titulus = Metallurgy in the Near East A Zooarchaeological Perspective on the Origins of Metallurgy in the Near East: Analysis of Stone and Metal Cut Marks on Bone from Israel | nomen auctoris = Haskel J. | cognomen auctoris = Greenfield }}.</ref> === Historia antiqua === {{Paginae principales|Ascalon (urbs antiqua)}} [[Fasciculus:Ashkelon – The Canaanite city gate and ramparts.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Ascalonis Chananaeae porta.]] Urbs [[Chanaan|Chananaea]] [[Saeculum 20 a.C.n.|saeculo vicensimo a.C.n.]] condita est, longitudine 1100 metrorum et latitudine 600 metrorum, moenibus quindecim metra altis circumdata.<ref name="BibleWalks">{{Opus | titulus = Tel Ashkelon | domus editoria = Bible Walks | url = https://www.biblewalks.com/ashkelon/ }}.</ref> Primum memorantur Ascalon in textibus execrationis [[Aegyptus|Aegyptiis]] quae ad {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Domus Aegypti 11|undecimam dynastiam|en|qid=Q719634}} referuntur, et per dynastias {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Domus Aegypti 18|XVIII|en|qid=Q146055}} ad XX fortasse urbs Chananaea Aegyptiorum imperio subiecta erat. Anno [[1280 a.C.n.]], frustra Ascalon contra [[Rhamses II|Ramsem II]] rebellavit. Anno [[1229 a.C.n.]], urbs ab [[Amenephthis|Amenephthe]] [[Pharao]]ne rursus capta est.<ref name="JewishLibrary">{{Opus | titulus = Ashkelon | domus editoria = Jewish Virtual Library | url = https://jewishvirtuallibrary.org/ashkelon }}.</ref> Ascalon a [[Tribus Iudae|tribu Iudae]] capta est:<ref name="BibleWalks"/> <blockquote>Cepitque Iudas [[Gaza]]m cum finibus suis et Ascalonem atque Accaron cum terminis suis. (Iudicum 1:18).<ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_vt_iudicum_lt.html | titulus = Nova Vulgata LIBER IUDICUM | domus editoria = Vatican }}.</ref></blockquote> [[Saeculum 12 a.C.n.|Saeculo duodecimo a.C.n.]], urbs a [[Philistaei|Philistaeis]] capta est. Ascalon saepe in [[narratio]]nibus de [[Samson]]e in [[Biblia|Bibliis]] commemoratur. Quae urbs tempore [[Regnum Israel|monarchiae Israeliticae]] adhuc erat Philistaeorum una ex praecipuis urbibus.<ref name="JewishLibrary"/> [[Saul (Rex)|Saul]], Israëlis Rex primus, Philistinos Philistinos vicit et multas urbes cepit. Rex ipse in proelio cecidit, [[David]]que lugens eos versiculos recitavit:<ref name="BibleWalks"/> <blockquote>Incliti, o Israel, super montes tuos interfecti, quomodo ceciderunt fortes! Nolite annuntiare in Geth neque annuntietis in compitis Ascalonis, ne forte laetentur filiae Philisthim, ne exsultent filiae incircumcisorum. (II Samuelis 1:19–20),<ref>{{opus | titulus = Nova Vulgata LIBER SECUNDUS SAMUELIS | domus editoria = Vatican | url = https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_vt_ii-samuelis_lt.html }}.</ref></blockquote> Ascalonem punitum iri praedixerunt prophetae [[Ieremias]], [[Amos (propheta)|Amos]], [[Sophonias]], et [[Zacharias (propheta)|Zacharias]].<ref name="BibleWalks"/> [[Saeculum 18 a.C.n.|Saeculo duodevicensimo a.C.n.]] a regno Ascalonis multas terras a regno expugnavit [[Assyria]], et Anno [[734 a.C.n.]] urbs a {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Tiglatpileser III|Tiglatpilesero III|en|qid=Q210074}} capta est. Anno [[732 a.C.n.]] Rex Ascalonis frustra contra Assyrios rebellavit, propter quod urbs graviter punita est. [[Rex Sidqia]] postea participavit in alia rebellione contra Assyriam, duce [[Ezechias|Ezechia]]. Apud [[Sennacherib]], urbes Sidqiae prope [[Iappa|Iappam]] captae sunt, et Ascalon ipse se dedidit, cuius rex exsulatus est. Tributum quod Ascalon reddidit in inscriptionibus principum Esarhaddon et Assurbanipal memoratur, qui urbem fine [[Saeculum 7 a.C.n.|saeculi 7]] et initio [[Saeculum 6 a.C.n.|sexto a.C.n.]] ad [[Aegyptus antiqua|Aegyptum]] pugnandum adhibuit. De calamitatibus quas urbs sufferebat scripserunt prophetae biblici.<ref name="JewishLibrary"/> Cum imperium Assyriorum caderet, Aegyptus urbem occupavit. Anno [[604 a.C.n.]], Ascalon a [[Nabuchodonosor II|Nabuchodonosore]] deleta est, qui multos cives urbis exsulavit, quo facto sexcentorum annorum praesentiae Philistaeorum in Israele finis impositus est. Munitiones Ascalonis post Babylonicam excidionem non reaedificatae sunt.<ref name="JewishLibrary"/><ref name="BibleWalks"/> Sub [[Imperium Achaemenidarum|imperio Persarum]], quod Ascalonem a Babyloniis cepit, Iudaeis [[Ierusalem]] redire licuit, sed Ascalon tum pars provinciae Iudaeae non fuit. In Ascalone ceterisque urbibus Philistaeorum, habitabant [[Phoenices]], et ipsa Ascalon [[Tyros|Tyriorum]] dicioni parebat. Id urbi magnas divitias attulit. [[Archaeologus|Archaeologi]] in Ascalone magnum [[Ascalonis Canum Coemeterium|canum coemeterium]] invenerunt, quod ad ritum Phoenicum pertinebat. In eo coemeterio plus quam mille [[Canis|canes]] erant.<ref name="BibleWalks"/> [[Alexander Magnus|Alexandro Magno]] Ascalon se anno [[332 a.C.n.]] dedit, neque, ut [[Gaza]], laesa est.<ref name="BibleWalks"/> Post divisionem imperii [[Alexander Magnus|Alexandri]], Ascalon in [[Regnum Ptolemaicum|regno Ptolemaico]] erat, et urbs sui iuris facta est. Tum [[Iudaei]] in Ascalone [[floruit|floruerunt]]. Urbs deinde ab [[Antiochus III|Antiocho III]] capta sedes [[Cultura Graeca|culturae Graecae]] magni momenti facta est. Propter imminutam potentiam [[Seleucidae|Seleucidarum]], Anno [[104 a.C.n.]] Ascalon rursus in [[libertas|libertatem]] se recepit. Reges {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Hyrcanus|Ioannes Hyrcanus|en|he|qid=Q319043}} et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Alexander Jannaeus|Alexander Jannaeus|en|he|qid=Q319107}} ex [[Hasmonaei|genere Hasmonaeorum]] urbem capere frustra conati sunt.<ref name="JewishLibrary"/> [[Fasciculus:Ask NTL PARK.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Columnae Romanae in Saepto Nationali Ascalonis.]] [[Imperium Romanum|Aetate Romana]], Colonia Ascalonensis liberate et foederata fuit. In urbe [[Paganismus|pagani]] [[Apollo|Apollinem]], [[Hercules|Herculem]], et [[Atargatis|Atargatidem]] venerati sunt, deam facie et parte superiore corporis muliebri, parte inferiore corporis et cauda piscis. [[Herodes Magnus|Herodes]], quamquam urbem non regebat, fora tamen ibi atque balnea publica hortosque exstruxit, fortasse quod ibi natus erat. In [[Primum Bellum Iudaicum|primo bello Iudaico]], Ascalon Iudaeos aggressus, victor exiit.<ref name="JewishLibrary"/> Tempore [[Misna]] et [[Talmud]], [[Iudaei]] in urbe degere soliti sunt, quarum [[Synagoga|synagogas]] [[Synagoga|archeologi]] invenerunt. In Talmude de [[Arbustum|pomariis]], quae reditus e [[Babylonia]] prope Ascalonem fundaverunt, legitur.<ref name="JewishLibrary"/> [[Aetas Byzantina|Aetate Byzantina]], urbs [[Religio Christiana|Christiana]] facta est. Ascalon sedes commercii [[vinum|vini]] optimi et [[frumentum|frumenti]] erat.<ref name="BibleWalks"/> [[Vinum]] ex Ascalone illo tempore in [[Anglia]] repertum est.<ref>{{Opus | url = https://cbnisrael.org/2024/10/15/biblical-israel-ashkelon-4/ | titulus = Biblical Israel: Ashkelon | cognomen auctoris = Turnage | nomen auctoris = Marc | tempus = 15-10-2024 | domus editoria = CBN Israel }}.</ref> === Medium Aevum === Anno [[637]] Ascalon ab Arabibus capta atque deleta est. Anno [[685]] urbs restituta est, in qua iam et [[Christianus|Christiani]] et [[Iudaei]] et [[Samaritani]] et [[Musulmanus|Musulmani]] habitabant. Inter religiones interdum erant conflictus, propter quos ecclesia in urbe anno [[937]] combusta est.<ref name="BibleWalks"/> [[Fasciculus:Battle of Ascalon-engraving.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Pugna Ascalonis.]] Cum [[Regnum Hierosolymitanum]] a [[Expeditio sacra|crucesignatis]] conditum esset, urbs inter Christianos et Musulmanos finis facta est. Diu exercitus circa urbem pugnaverunt, et anno [[1099]] [[Pugna Ascalonis|pugna Ascalonis]] committeretur. Crucesignati Ascalonem aliquandiu teneuerunt, deinde ad [[Oriens|orientem]] se receperunt. Ab anno [[1101]] ad annum [[1114]] Aegyptii terram sanctam capere conabantur, dum duus exercitus circa urbem saepissime puganabant. Anno [[1125]] Rex [[Balduinus II (rex Hierosolymitanus)|Balduinus II]] Ascalonem capere frustra conatus est, anno autem [[1154]] [[Balduinus III (rex Hierosolymitanus)|Balduinus III]] successit. Urbs crucesignatis magni momenti fuit; anno autem [[1187]], [[4 Septembris|quarto die mensis Septembris]], a [[Saladinus|Saladino]] capta est, qui castella, ne Christiani eis uterentur, delevit.<ref name="BibleWalks"/> Anno [[1191]], [[Ricardus I (rex Angliae)|Ricardus I]] [[rex Angliae]] Ascalonem recepit murosque aedificavit, quos Arabes rursus deleverant. Anno [[1240]], [[Ricardus (comes Cornubiae)|Ricardus comes Cornubiae]] urbem iterum munivit. Anno autem [[1247]], [[Ayyubidae]] urbem ceperunt. Anno [[1270]], urbs a [[Mamluci|Mamlucis]] capta et deleta est, nec crucesignati eam rursus condiderunt. Duo [[oppidum|oppida]] Arabum, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Magdala||he|qid=Q132129150}} et Iagur, prope Ascalonem antiquam condita sunt, in quibus homines ex Aegypto vivebant.<ref name="BibleWalks"/> Ascalonis propter excidionem, Magdala magni momenti facta est.<ref>{{Opus | titulus = אשקלון - שכונת מגדל העברית | url = https://shimur.org/%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F-%D7%A9%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%AA-%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%93%D7%9C-%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA/ | domus editoria = מועצה לשימור אתרי מורשת בישראל | nomen auctoris 1 = גד | cognomen auctoris 1 = סובול | nomen auctoris 2 = אבי | cognomen auctoris 2 = ששון | tempus = 01-10-2008 }}</ref> === Aetas Turcica ac Britannica === === Aetas Israelita === Die [[5 Novembris]] anno [[1948]], locus ab [[Israel|Israele]] captus est. Urbs primum [[Lingua Hebraica|Hebraice]] vocatus est “Migdal Aza”, postea “Migdal Gad”, anno tandem [[1951]] “Migdal Aškelon”.<ref name="70anni"/> Mense Februario anno [[1950]], habitabant in eo loco 3500 [[Iudaeus|Iudaei]], et 2500 [[Arabes]].<ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/dav/1950/02/10/01/article/98 | titulus = מגדל־גד בהתפתחותה,בחירות ב־26 בפברואר | lingua = he | domus editoria = דבר | tempus = 10-02-1950 }}.</ref> Anno [[1955]], urbs Migal Aškelon et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Afridar||he|qid=Q6632325}}, qui prope eam erat, in unum coniunctae sunt, et urbs una vocatur Ascalon. Primus conventus consilii [[6 Octobris]] anno [[1955]] in Domo Populi, media in Afridare, coiit. Mense [[Iulius|Iulio]] anno [[1961]], [[Valetudinarium|valetudinarium]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Brazili||he|qid=Q2919386}} conditum est in urbe. Anno [[1967]] collegium [[Universitas Bar-Ilan|universitatis Bar-Ilan]] in Ascalone conditum est.<ref name="70anni">{{Opus | url = https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/18231 | titulus = 70 שנה: 70 אירועים ודמויות מתולדות אשקלון | domus editoria = כאן דרום אשקלון | tempus = 19-04-2018 00:14 | tempus usque ad = minutum | nomen auctoris 1 = ג'ני | cognomen auctoris 1 = פרנקל שלום | nomen auctoris 2 = גייל | cognomen auctoris 2 = מיכאלי | nomen auctoris 3 = אורי | cognomen auctoris 3 = קריספין | nomen auctoris 4 = דוד | cognomen auctoris 4 = לוי }}</ref> Anni [[1975]]-[[1977]] in Ascalone duri fuerunt. Magnae in concilio urbis contentiones erant, debita creverunt, et culpae criminales primorum virorum municipii coeperunt. Mense [[November|Novembri]] anno [[1977]], consilium delegatum ad comitia populi, quae [[November|Novembri]] [[1978]] fuerunt, institutum est.<ref name="70anni" /> Anno [[1983]], {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|electrificinae Ruthenbergiae||he|qid=Q2904076}} aedificatio approbata est. Mense [[December|Decembri]] eo anno incepit opus, anno denique 1990 [[electrificina]] toti loco [[Electricitas|electricitatem]] suppeditare coepit.<ref name="70anni" /> [[Fasciculus:Khofit memorial in Ashkelon.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Monumentum]] in honorem mulieris Khofit quae a tromocrata interfecta est.]] Die [[25 Februarii]] anno [[1991]], dum per totam [[Israël|Israëlem]] multa [[Tromocratia|acta tromocratica]] fiebant, Ascalone una mulier impetu suidicali interfecta est et 36 homines vulnera acceperunt. Die [[14 Februarii]] [[2001]], tromocrata [[Lacinia Gazetica|Gazeticus]] Ascalone 8 homines [[Autocinetum|autocineto]] necavit. Die [[14 Maii]] anno [[2008]], [[Missile|missile]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Grad||en|qid=Q270289}} in secundo tabulato fori mercatorii in urbe cecidit, quod 15 homines laedet.<ref name="70anni" /> == Demographia == Anno [[2023]], 86.1 centesimae hominum qui in Ascalone vivebant [[Iudaei]] erant, 0.4 centesimae [[Musulmanus|Musulmani]], et 13.5 centesimae alias [[Religio|religiones]] profitebantur.<ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/DocLib/2026/local_authorities23/%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F.pdf | titulus = הרשויות המקומיות ישראל 2023 אשקלון | domus editoria = הלשכה המרכזית לסטטיסטיקה }}.</ref> == Monumenta == === Saeptum Nationale Ascalonense === [[Fasciculus:Mosaic floor at Ashkelon.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Opus tessellatum]] in Saepto Nationali Ascalonense]] Ubi fuit urbs antiqua hodie est [[Saeptum Nationale Ascalonense]],<ref name="placesToVisit"/> quod anno [[1964]] primum [[saeptum nationale]] in Israele designatum est.<ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/mobile/0,7340,L-2124593,00.html | titulus = הגן הלאומי באשקלון | nomen auctoris = בועז | cognomen auctoris = כרמל | tempus = 26-09-2002 10:59 | tempus usque ad = minutum | domus editoria = ynet }}.</ref> Pleraque architectura Ascalonis antiqua in Saepto est.<ref name="AfridarAntiquus" /> Muri, qui urbem circumdederunt, in eo loco quoque hodie sunt. Saeptum [[hortus|hortum]] multis [[statua|statuis]] Romanis ornatum habet.<ref name="placesToVisit">{{Opus | url = https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vie/Ashkelon.html#Ashkelon | titulus = Ashkelon & Surroundings PLACES TO VISIT | domus editoria = Jewish Virtual Library }}.</ref> Altitudo vallis Chananaeae est 15 metra, latitudo 30 metra, longitudo 2200 metra.<ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.mako.co.il/travel-israel/magazine-themostbeautifulcities/Article-78f8f49c8c26371026.htm | domus editoria = mako | titulus = חופש הערים הכי יפות בארץ. מה יש לעשות באשקלון | tempus = 19-05-2021 }}.</ref> In saepto est basilica Romana, quam [[archeologus|archaeologi]] ab [[Herodes Magnus|Herode]] conditam esse putant,<ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.jpost.com/archaeology/2000-year-old-basilica-unearthed-in-ashkelon-669665 | titulus = 2,000-year-old basilica unearthed in Ashkelon | nomen auctoris = Rosella | cognomen auctoris = Tercatin | domus editoria = Jerusalem Post | tempus = 31-05-2021 19:25 | tempus usque ad = minutum }}.</ref> et maximum in orbe terrarum canum coemeterium.<ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/mobile/0,7340,L-5047211,00.html | titulus = תעלומת בית הקברות לכלבים הגדול בעולם שהתגלה באשקלון | nomen auctoris = אסף | cognomen auctoris = קמר | tempus = 25-11-2017 07:59 | tempus usque ad = minutum | domus editoria = ynet }}.</ref> Anno [[2024]] Saeptum quintum in popularitate in Israele fuit; anno autem [[2025]] secundum.<ref>{{Opus | titulus = גם ב-2025 – זה אתר הטיולים הפופולרי בישראל | url = https://www.ynet.co.il/vacation/israeltrips/article/rjp9q7egwl | nomen auctoris = אסף | cognomen auctoris = רוזן | domus editoria = ynet | tempus = 08-12-2025 15:00 | tempus usque ad = minutum }}.</ref> Multa animalia quoquoe in hoc loco vivunt. [[Dendrocopos syriacus]], [[Upapa]], et [[Psittacula krameri]] in cavis arborum [[Tamarix|tamaricis]] veterum nidificant; [[Prinia gracilis]], [[Burhinus]], [[Passer hispaniolensis]], et [[Lanius nubicus]] in campis. [[Jynx torquilla]] et [[Luscinia svecica]] hieme in saepto inveniuntur. [[Laudakia stellio]], [[Vulpes vulpes]], [[Gazella gazella gazella]], [[Herpestes]], et [[Caretta caretta]] quoque invenientur in hoc loco.<ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.ynet.co.il/environment-science/article/skv5vvbsn | titulus = מחרדונים ועד נמיות: הצצה לעולם החי הקסום בגן הלאומי תל אשקלון | domus editoria = ynet | tempus = 28-07-2023 16:28 | tempus usque ad = minutum }}.</ref> === Monumentum in honorem caesorum in bellis Israel === [[Fasciculus:Lanoflim Askelon 11.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Monumentum]] in honorem caesorum in bellis Israeliensibus.]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Monumentum in honorem caesorum in bellis Israel||he|qid=Q30527633}} in prato herboso est ante [[Curia municipalis|curiam municipalem]]. Elementum sculptile compositum virtutem et bellum significat. Parietes aedificii sexanguli tabulas marmoris nigras constant, in quibus inscripta sunt nomina caesorum. In parite contra inscriptum est “Aeternum vobis gratias agimus. De gerenatione in generationem gloriam eorum narrabimus.”<ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.izkor.gov.il/monument/en_d9b0257bc0e71a1983f1ec8d7e8bde66/ | titulus = אנדרטה לנופלים במערכות ישראל. אשקלון | domus editoria = יזכור }}.</ref> === Portus Navigiorum Ascalonensis === [[Fasciculus:מרינה אשקלון.PNG|thumb|upright=0.8|Portus Navigiorum Ascalonensis.]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Portus Navigiorum Ascalonensis||he|qid=Q6578434}}, anno [[1991]] conditus, locus est ad navigia velifera et [[Navis lusoria|naves lusorias]] ancorandas, et multasque [[Popina sellariola|popinas sellariolas]] habet.<ref>{{Opus | url = https://baliletayel.co.il/atraction/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94-%D7%A9%D7%9C-%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F-%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%AA-%D7%90%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%99%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA-%D7%9C%D7%A6%D7%93-%D7%9E/ | titulus = המרינה של אשקלון – טיילת אטרקטיבית לצד מעגן סירות | domus editoria = בא לי לטייל }}.</ref> Portus, qui plerumque ad oblectamentum destinatur, in {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|bello contra Iraniam||en|qid=Q134900605}} magni momenti factus est. Homines eo usi sunt ut via ad Israëlem ingrediendum et ex eo egrediendum esset, cum [[aeroportus]] clausus esset.<ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/95583 | titulus = מי היה מאמין? זה התפקיד של המרינה באשקלון במלחמה עם איראן | domus editoria = כאן דרום אשקלון | tempus = 18-06-2025 15:22 | tempus usque ad = minutum }}.</ref> Porum visitant non modo qui in Ascalone habitant, sed quoque in [[Berosaba]], [[Azotus|Azoto]], [[Kiriat-Gat]], et aliis urbibus.<ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.israelhayom.co.il/travel/tourism-news/article/19966651 | titulus = שעה מתל אביב: מתחם הבילוי שעבר מהפך - וכולם נוהרים אליו | nomen auctoris = ליאת | cognomen auctoris = מופז מילצ'ן | tempus = 23-02-2026 19:40 | tempus usque ad = minutum | domus editoria = ישראל היום }}.</ref> == Urbes geminae == * {{Vexillum icon|Canada}} [[Côte Saint-Luc]], [[Quebecum]], [[Canada]] (ab anno [[1975]])<ref>{{opus | url = https://cotesaintluc.org/en/the-city/about-csl/ | titulus = About CSL | domus editoria = cotesaintluc.org }}</ref><ref>{{opus | url = https://www.bnaibrith.ca/advocacy/jewish-heritage-month/jhm-cote-saint-luc/ | titulus = JEWISH HERITAGE MONTH PARTNER: COTE SAINT LUC, QUEBEC | domus editoria = Bnai Brith Canada }}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Ruthenia Alba}} [[Grodna]], [[Ruthenia Alba]] (ab anno [[2011]])<ref>{{Opus | tempus = 23-02-2011 | url = https://ashkelon.news/article/9023 | titulus = עוד עיר תאומה ברית ערים תאומות נחתמה בין העיר אשקלון לגרודנו (בלרוס). רה"ע של גרודנו קוזלקוב בוריס הגיע לאשקלון עם אנשי עסקים המעוניינים ליצור קשרי מסחר | domus editoria = ashkelon.news }}</ref><ref>{{Opus | titulus = Израильский город Ашкелон стал двенадцатым городом-побратимом Гродно | tempus = 2011-03-01 13:16 | tempus usque ad = minutum | url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190402150430/https://news.tut.by/society/216834.html | domus editoria = news.tut.by }}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Francia}} [[Aquae Sextiae]], [[Francia]] (ab anno [[1994]])<ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.aixenprovence.fr/Ashkelon-ISRAEL | titulus = Ashkelon (ISRAEL) | domus editoria = aixenprovence.fr }}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Germania}} [[Pancovium]], [[Germania]] (Ab anno [[1994]])<ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.berlin.de/ba-pankow/ueber-den-bezirk/staedtepartner/artikel.1535473.en.php | titulus = City Partnerships | domus editoria = Bezirksamt Pankow }}</ref><ref>{{Opus | url = https://pankow-ashkelon.org/en/about-us | titulus = About Us | domus editoria = Freundeskreis Berlin Pankow-Ashkelon }}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Portlandia (Oregonia)|Portlandia]], [[Oregonia]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[1987]])<ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.studycountry.com/wiki/what-is-portland-oregon-sister-city | titulus = What is Portland Oregon sister city? | domus editoria = studycountry.com }}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Baltimora (Terra Mariae)|Baltimora]], [[Terra Mariae]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[2003]])<ref>{{Opus | url = https://baltimorefishbowl.com/stories/baltimores-awkward-relationship-sister-cities/ | domus editoria = Baltimore Fish Bowl | titulus = Baltimore’s Awkward Relationship with Our Sister Cities | nomen auctoris = Rachel | cognomen auctoris = Monroe | tempus = 22-04-2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.jewishtimes.com/baltimore-ashkelon-partnership-supports-israeli-city-after-rocket-strikes/ | titulus = Baltimore-Ashkelon Partnership Supports Israeli City After Rocket Strikes | nomen auctoris = Jillian | cognomen auctoris = Diamond | tempus = 24-05-2023 | domus editoria = Jewish Times }}</ref><ref>{{Opus | url = https://associated.org/stories/the-baltimore-ashkelon-partnership-celebrating-20-years/ | titulus = The Baltimore-Ashkelon Partnership: Celebrating 20 Years | domus editoria = The Associated Jewish Federation in Baltimore }}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Sacramentum (California)|Sacramentum]], [[California]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[2012]])<ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.timesofisrael.com/after-battle-sacramento-okays-sisterhood-with-ashkelon/ | domus editoria = Times of Israel | titulus = After battle, Sacramento okays sisterhood with Ashkelon | nomen auctoris = Joshua | cognomen auctoris = Davidovich | tempus = 15-08-2012 }}</ref><ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.cbsnews.com/sacramento/news/sumy-ukraine-becomes-sacramentos-latest-sister-city/ | titulus = Sumy, Ukraine becomes Sacramento's latest Sister City | domus editoria = CBS News | nomen auctoris = Cecilio | cognomen auctoris = Padilla | tempus = 29-06-2023 }} “Eleven other cities have been named Sister Cities with Sacramento … Ashkelon, Israel”</ref><ref>{{Opus | url = https://jweekly.com/2012/08/17/its-unanimous-sacramento-ashkelon-now-sister-cities/ | domus editoria = Jewish Weekly | titulus = Its unanimous: Sacramento, Ashkelon now sister cities | nomen auctoris = Emma | cognomen auctoris = Silvers | tempus = 17-08-2012 }}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Polonia}} [[Sopot (Polonia)|Sopot]], [[Polonia]] (ab anno [[1993]] ad annum [[2025]])<ref>{{Opus | titulus = Sopot pierwszym samorządem w Polsce, który zerwał partnerstwo z izraelskim miastem. Zdecydowali o tym radni | url = https://trojmiasto.wyborcza.pl/trojmiasto/7,35612,32429747,sopot-pierwszy-w-polsce-zerwal-partnerstwo-z-izraelskim-miastem.html | tempus = 27-11-2025 | nomen auctoris = Maciej | cognomen auctoris = Pietrzak | domus editoria = wyborcza.pl }}</ref><ref>{{Opus | titulus = הלחץ הפרו-פלסטיני הכריע 30 שנות יחסים: בוטל הסכם "ערים תאומות" בין אשקלון לסופוט | url = https://www.maariv.co.il/news/world/article-1257675 | tempus = 01-12-2025 | nomen auctoris = דן | cognomen auctoris = עזרא | domus editoria = מעריב }}</ref><ref>{{Opus | titulus = "בגלל רצח העם בעזה": עיירת נופש בפולין ביטלה ברית ערים תאומות עם אשקלון | url = https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/r1ucjukbbx | tempus = 30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris 1 = איתמר | cognomen auctoris 1 = אייכנר | domus editoria = ynet | nomen auctoris 2 = רוני | cognomen auctoris 2 = גרין שאולוב }}</ref><ref>{{Opus | titulus = לאחר 32 שנים: בוטלה שותפות עיר תאומה עם אשקלון בגלל "רצח עם בעזה" | url = https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/99197 | tempus = 30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris = דוד | cognomen auctoris = לוי | domus editoria = כאן חדשות דרום אשקלון }}</ref><ref>{{Opus | titulus = "רצח עם": העיר באירופה שביטלה הסכם ערים עם אשקלון | url = https://www.i24news.tv/he/news/international/europe/artc-30d542eb | tempus = 30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris = מעיין | cognomen auctoris = רפאל | domus editoria = i24 }}.</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Ucraina}} [[Uman]], [[Regio Circassiensis]], [[Ucraina]] (ab anno [[2010]])<ref>{{Opus | url = https://uman-rada.gov.ua/index.php/mizhnarodni-zviazky | domus editoria = Уманська міська рада Виконавчий комітет | titulus = Міжнародні зв'язки }}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|India}} [[Vadodara]], [[Guzarata]], [[India]] (ab anno [[2017]])<ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/municipality/10841 | titulus = אשקלון-בארודה ערים תאומות: ראש הממשלה מברך | domus editoria = כאן דרום אשקלון | nomen auctoris = ג'ני | cognomen auctoris = פרנקל שלום | tempus = 8-12-2017 15:13 | tempus usque ad = minutum }}</ref><ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/11526 | titulus = העירייה: כ-2,000 משתתפים בפסטיבל הודו באשקלון | domus editoria = כאן דרום אשקלון | nomen auctoris = אלירם | cognomen auctoris = משה | tempus = 20-12-2017 12:07 | tempus usque ad = minutum }}.</ref> == Notae == <references /> == Nexus interni == * [[Ascalon (urbs antiqua)]] * [[Israël]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Ashkelon|Ascalonam}} {{Fontes geographici}} [[Categoria:Israel]] [[Categoria:Urbes antiquae]] [[Categoria:Urbes Israelis]] 8c6fby33pahh1tvgxa4c8a22nt1qhi3 3986760 3986753 2026-09-08T22:34:48Z Grufo 64423 /* Nexus externi */ 3986760 wikitext text/x-wiki {{De hoc|urbe hodierna|antiquam urbem|Ascalon (urbs antiqua)|Ascalonem (urbem antiquam)}} {{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:93439_marina_ashkelon_PikiWiki_Israel.jpg|thumb]] {{res|Ascalon}} ({{pns|onis|f}}; [[Hebraice]] אַשְׁקְלוֹן) est [[urbs]] in [[Israël]]e sita. Quae urbs primum condita esse abhinc annorum decem milia dicitur. [[Portus|Portum]] habebat, unde [[merx|merces]] et inferebantur et exportabantur.<ref>{{Opus | titulus = "העבר של אשקלון הוא הנשמה שלה, ועדות לכל מה שהיא מסמלת" | lingua = he | domus editoria = The Marker | url = https://www.themarker.com/labels/ashkelon/2022-09-22/ty-article-labels/00000183-6525-dd85-a9f3-67bfe3d00000 }}.</ref> Ascalon una ex quinque urbibus [[Philistaei|Philistaeorum]] est quae in [[Liber Iosue|libro Iosue]] 13:3 memorantur.<ref>{{Opus | titulus = Ascalon | domus editoria = New Advent | url = https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01766b.htm }}.</ref> Urbs autem hodierna anno [[1948]] condita est.<ref>{{Opus | titulus = היסטוריה ותרבות באשקלון – כשישן וחדש נפגשים | domus editoria = אלדן | url = https://www.eldan.co.il/magazine/carrental/rentcarashkelon/history-ashkelon }}.</ref> Anno [[2020]] circiter 146&thinsp;500 homines ibi habitabant.<ref>{{Opus | titulus = אשקלון | lingua = he | domus editoria = הלשקה המרכזית לסטטיסטיקה | url = https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/doclib/2022/local_authorities20_1879/58_7100.pdf }}.</ref> Pleraque architectura antiqua in Saepto Nationali Ascalonensi est, sed multae reliquiae in urbis aliis partibus inveniuntur.<ref name="AfridarAntiquus">{{Opus | url = https://www.academia.edu/146492349/Q1_FROM_PURE_ROMAN_TO_PURE_BYZANTINE_THROUGH_SPOLIA_THE_ARCHITECTURAL_DETAILS_IN_AFRIDAR_ASHKELON_ | titulus = Q1 - FROM "PURE" ROMAN TO "PURE" BYZANTINE, THROUGH SPOLIA: THE ARCHITECTURAL DETAILS IN AFRIDAR (ASHKELON) | cognomen auctoris = Tarkhanova | nomen auctoris = Svitlana | domus editoria = National Treasures Department of the Israel Antiquities Authority }}</ref> == Historia == === Ascalon praehistorica === Ascalon [[Neolithicum|neolithica]] circiter centum metra a mari iacebat, 15–20 metra supra [[maris aequor]]. Multa instrumenta [[silicium|silicea]] et [[lapis|lapidea]], nonnulla autem [[os (ossis)|ossea]], in eo loco inventa sunt necnon [[Ossa humana|ossium humanorum]] fragmenta. Bona testimonia [[ovis|ovium]] domesticarum quoque sunt, quae in [[regio]]nem fortasse [[Millennium 6 a.C.n.|millenio 6 a.C.n.]] introductae sunt.<ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/27926432 | titulus = A Late Neolithic Site near Ashkelon | nomen auctoris 1 = Jean | cognomen auctoris 1 = Perrot | nomen auctoris 2 = Avi | cognomen auctoris 2 = Gopher | domus editoria = Israel Exploration Journal | volumen = 46 | paginae = 145–166 | annus = 1996 | fasciculus = 3/4 }}.</ref> In excavationibus servandis archaeologi hamum piscatorium aeneum ex aetate Chalcolithica, unum ex angiquissimis qui unquam inventi sunt, invenerunt.<ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.hayadan.org.il/%D7%91%D7%97%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%9C%D7%94-%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F-%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%94-%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%A1-%D7%93%D7%99%D7%92-%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%97 | titulus = בחפירות הצלה באשקלון התגלה קרס דיג מנחושת בן כ- 6,000 שנה, מהקדומים הידועים בעולם | tempus = 2023-03-30 | auctor = רשות העתיקות ארכיאולוגיה בישראל | domus editoria = הידען }}</ref> Prima [[Aetas aënea|Aetate aënea]] Ascalon ad instrumenta ex [[Cuprum|cupro]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Arabahensi||en|qid=Q626682}} facienda praecipue exculta est. Inventa [[archaeologia|archaeologica]] cum migratione fabrorum aerariorum ex [[Berosaba]] congruunt.<ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-archaeological-journal/article/cultural-metallurgya-key-factor-in-the-transition-from-the-chalcolithic-to-bronze-age-in-the-southern-levant/0B642A3959D1C9B9BA9EF447AAD59EC3 | titulus = Cultural Metallurgy-A Key Factor in the Transition from the Chalcolithic to Bronze Age in the Southern Levant | domus editoria = Cambridge Archaeological Journal | volumen = 32 | fasciculus = 3 | annus = 2021 | cognomen auctoris = Amzallag | nomen auctoris = Amzallag | paginae = 445–465 }}.</ref> Argumenta sunt instrumentorum metallicorum in laniena animalium usurpatorum, sed maxima pars signorum secturarum instrumentis lapideis facta est.<ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Haskel-Greenfield/publication/285404224_Metallurgy_in_the_Near_East_A_Zooarchaeological_Perspective_on_the_Origins_of_Metallurgy_in_the_Near_East_Analysis_of_Stone_and_Metal_Cut_Marks_on_Bone_from_Israel/links/565de58208ae4988a7bd14d2/Metallurgy-in-the-Near-East-A-Zooarchaeological-Perspective-on-the-Origins-of-Metallurgy-in-the-Near-East-Analysis-of-Stone-and-Metal-Cut-Marks-on-Bone-from-Israel.pdf | titulus = Metallurgy in the Near East A Zooarchaeological Perspective on the Origins of Metallurgy in the Near East: Analysis of Stone and Metal Cut Marks on Bone from Israel | nomen auctoris = Haskel J. | cognomen auctoris = Greenfield }}.</ref> === Historia antiqua === {{Paginae principales|Ascalon (urbs antiqua)}} [[Fasciculus:Ashkelon – The Canaanite city gate and ramparts.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Ascalonis Chananaeae porta.]] Urbs [[Chanaan|Chananaea]] [[Saeculum 20 a.C.n.|saeculo vicensimo a.C.n.]] condita est, longitudine 1100 metrorum et latitudine 600 metrorum, moenibus quindecim metra altis circumdata.<ref name="BibleWalks">{{Opus | titulus = Tel Ashkelon | domus editoria = Bible Walks | url = https://www.biblewalks.com/ashkelon/ }}.</ref> Primum memorantur Ascalon in textibus execrationis [[Aegyptus|Aegyptiis]] quae ad {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Domus Aegypti 11|undecimam dynastiam|en|qid=Q719634}} referuntur, et per dynastias {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Domus Aegypti 18|XVIII|en|qid=Q146055}} ad XX fortasse urbs Chananaea Aegyptiorum imperio subiecta erat. Anno [[1280 a.C.n.]], frustra Ascalon contra [[Rhamses II|Ramsem II]] rebellavit. Anno [[1229 a.C.n.]], urbs ab [[Amenephthis|Amenephthe]] [[Pharao]]ne rursus capta est.<ref name="JewishLibrary">{{Opus | titulus = Ashkelon | domus editoria = Jewish Virtual Library | url = https://jewishvirtuallibrary.org/ashkelon }}.</ref> Ascalon a [[Tribus Iudae|tribu Iudae]] capta est:<ref name="BibleWalks"/> <blockquote>Cepitque Iudas [[Gaza]]m cum finibus suis et Ascalonem atque Accaron cum terminis suis. (Iudicum 1:18).<ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_vt_iudicum_lt.html | titulus = Nova Vulgata LIBER IUDICUM | domus editoria = Vatican }}.</ref></blockquote> [[Saeculum 12 a.C.n.|Saeculo duodecimo a.C.n.]], urbs a [[Philistaei|Philistaeis]] capta est. Ascalon saepe in [[narratio]]nibus de [[Samson]]e in [[Biblia|Bibliis]] commemoratur. Quae urbs tempore [[Regnum Israel|monarchiae Israeliticae]] adhuc erat Philistaeorum una ex praecipuis urbibus.<ref name="JewishLibrary"/> [[Saul (Rex)|Saul]], Israëlis Rex primus, Philistinos Philistinos vicit et multas urbes cepit. Rex ipse in proelio cecidit, [[David]]que lugens eos versiculos recitavit:<ref name="BibleWalks"/> <blockquote>Incliti, o Israel, super montes tuos interfecti, quomodo ceciderunt fortes! Nolite annuntiare in Geth neque annuntietis in compitis Ascalonis, ne forte laetentur filiae Philisthim, ne exsultent filiae incircumcisorum. (II Samuelis 1:19–20),<ref>{{opus | titulus = Nova Vulgata LIBER SECUNDUS SAMUELIS | domus editoria = Vatican | url = https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_vt_ii-samuelis_lt.html }}.</ref></blockquote> Ascalonem punitum iri praedixerunt prophetae [[Ieremias]], [[Amos (propheta)|Amos]], [[Sophonias]], et [[Zacharias (propheta)|Zacharias]].<ref name="BibleWalks"/> [[Saeculum 18 a.C.n.|Saeculo duodevicensimo a.C.n.]] a regno Ascalonis multas terras a regno expugnavit [[Assyria]], et Anno [[734 a.C.n.]] urbs a {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Tiglatpileser III|Tiglatpilesero III|en|qid=Q210074}} capta est. Anno [[732 a.C.n.]] Rex Ascalonis frustra contra Assyrios rebellavit, propter quod urbs graviter punita est. [[Rex Sidqia]] postea participavit in alia rebellione contra Assyriam, duce [[Ezechias|Ezechia]]. Apud [[Sennacherib]], urbes Sidqiae prope [[Iappa|Iappam]] captae sunt, et Ascalon ipse se dedidit, cuius rex exsulatus est. Tributum quod Ascalon reddidit in inscriptionibus principum Esarhaddon et Assurbanipal memoratur, qui urbem fine [[Saeculum 7 a.C.n.|saeculi 7]] et initio [[Saeculum 6 a.C.n.|sexto a.C.n.]] ad [[Aegyptus antiqua|Aegyptum]] pugnandum adhibuit. De calamitatibus quas urbs sufferebat scripserunt prophetae biblici.<ref name="JewishLibrary"/> Cum imperium Assyriorum caderet, Aegyptus urbem occupavit. Anno [[604 a.C.n.]], Ascalon a [[Nabuchodonosor II|Nabuchodonosore]] deleta est, qui multos cives urbis exsulavit, quo facto sexcentorum annorum praesentiae Philistaeorum in Israele finis impositus est. Munitiones Ascalonis post Babylonicam excidionem non reaedificatae sunt.<ref name="JewishLibrary"/><ref name="BibleWalks"/> Sub [[Imperium Achaemenidarum|imperio Persarum]], quod Ascalonem a Babyloniis cepit, Iudaeis [[Ierusalem]] redire licuit, sed Ascalon tum pars provinciae Iudaeae non fuit. In Ascalone ceterisque urbibus Philistaeorum, habitabant [[Phoenices]], et ipsa Ascalon [[Tyros|Tyriorum]] dicioni parebat. Id urbi magnas divitias attulit. [[Archaeologus|Archaeologi]] in Ascalone magnum [[Ascalonis Canum Coemeterium|canum coemeterium]] invenerunt, quod ad ritum Phoenicum pertinebat. In eo coemeterio plus quam mille [[Canis|canes]] erant.<ref name="BibleWalks"/> [[Alexander Magnus|Alexandro Magno]] Ascalon se anno [[332 a.C.n.]] dedit, neque, ut [[Gaza]], laesa est.<ref name="BibleWalks"/> Post divisionem imperii [[Alexander Magnus|Alexandri]], Ascalon in [[Regnum Ptolemaicum|regno Ptolemaico]] erat, et urbs sui iuris facta est. Tum [[Iudaei]] in Ascalone [[floruit|floruerunt]]. Urbs deinde ab [[Antiochus III|Antiocho III]] capta sedes [[Cultura Graeca|culturae Graecae]] magni momenti facta est. Propter imminutam potentiam [[Seleucidae|Seleucidarum]], Anno [[104 a.C.n.]] Ascalon rursus in [[libertas|libertatem]] se recepit. Reges {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Hyrcanus|Ioannes Hyrcanus|en|he|qid=Q319043}} et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Alexander Jannaeus|Alexander Jannaeus|en|he|qid=Q319107}} ex [[Hasmonaei|genere Hasmonaeorum]] urbem capere frustra conati sunt.<ref name="JewishLibrary"/> [[Fasciculus:Ask NTL PARK.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Columnae Romanae in Saepto Nationali Ascalonis.]] [[Imperium Romanum|Aetate Romana]], Colonia Ascalonensis liberate et foederata fuit. In urbe [[Paganismus|pagani]] [[Apollo|Apollinem]], [[Hercules|Herculem]], et [[Atargatis|Atargatidem]] venerati sunt, deam facie et parte superiore corporis muliebri, parte inferiore corporis et cauda piscis. [[Herodes Magnus|Herodes]], quamquam urbem non regebat, fora tamen ibi atque balnea publica hortosque exstruxit, fortasse quod ibi natus erat. In [[Primum Bellum Iudaicum|primo bello Iudaico]], Ascalon Iudaeos aggressus, victor exiit.<ref name="JewishLibrary"/> Tempore [[Misna]] et [[Talmud]], [[Iudaei]] in urbe degere soliti sunt, quarum [[Synagoga|synagogas]] [[Synagoga|archeologi]] invenerunt. In Talmude de [[Arbustum|pomariis]], quae reditus e [[Babylonia]] prope Ascalonem fundaverunt, legitur.<ref name="JewishLibrary"/> [[Aetas Byzantina|Aetate Byzantina]], urbs [[Religio Christiana|Christiana]] facta est. Ascalon sedes commercii [[vinum|vini]] optimi et [[frumentum|frumenti]] erat.<ref name="BibleWalks"/> [[Vinum]] ex Ascalone illo tempore in [[Anglia]] repertum est.<ref>{{Opus | url = https://cbnisrael.org/2024/10/15/biblical-israel-ashkelon-4/ | titulus = Biblical Israel: Ashkelon | cognomen auctoris = Turnage | nomen auctoris = Marc | tempus = 15-10-2024 | domus editoria = CBN Israel }}.</ref> === Medium Aevum === Anno [[637]] Ascalon ab Arabibus capta atque deleta est. Anno [[685]] urbs restituta est, in qua iam et [[Christianus|Christiani]] et [[Iudaei]] et [[Samaritani]] et [[Musulmanus|Musulmani]] habitabant. Inter religiones interdum erant conflictus, propter quos ecclesia in urbe anno [[937]] combusta est.<ref name="BibleWalks"/> [[Fasciculus:Battle of Ascalon-engraving.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Pugna Ascalonis.]] Cum [[Regnum Hierosolymitanum]] a [[Expeditio sacra|crucesignatis]] conditum esset, urbs inter Christianos et Musulmanos finis facta est. Diu exercitus circa urbem pugnaverunt, et anno [[1099]] [[Pugna Ascalonis|pugna Ascalonis]] committeretur. Crucesignati Ascalonem aliquandiu teneuerunt, deinde ad [[Oriens|orientem]] se receperunt. Ab anno [[1101]] ad annum [[1114]] Aegyptii terram sanctam capere conabantur, dum duus exercitus circa urbem saepissime puganabant. Anno [[1125]] Rex [[Balduinus II (rex Hierosolymitanus)|Balduinus II]] Ascalonem capere frustra conatus est, anno autem [[1154]] [[Balduinus III (rex Hierosolymitanus)|Balduinus III]] successit. Urbs crucesignatis magni momenti fuit; anno autem [[1187]], [[4 Septembris|quarto die mensis Septembris]], a [[Saladinus|Saladino]] capta est, qui castella, ne Christiani eis uterentur, delevit.<ref name="BibleWalks"/> Anno [[1191]], [[Ricardus I (rex Angliae)|Ricardus I]] [[rex Angliae]] Ascalonem recepit murosque aedificavit, quos Arabes rursus deleverant. Anno [[1240]], [[Ricardus (comes Cornubiae)|Ricardus comes Cornubiae]] urbem iterum munivit. Anno autem [[1247]], [[Ayyubidae]] urbem ceperunt. Anno [[1270]], urbs a [[Mamluci|Mamlucis]] capta et deleta est, nec crucesignati eam rursus condiderunt. Duo [[oppidum|oppida]] Arabum, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Magdala||he|qid=Q132129150}} et Iagur, prope Ascalonem antiquam condita sunt, in quibus homines ex Aegypto vivebant.<ref name="BibleWalks"/> Ascalonis propter excidionem, Magdala magni momenti facta est.<ref>{{Opus | titulus = אשקלון - שכונת מגדל העברית | url = https://shimur.org/%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F-%D7%A9%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%AA-%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%93%D7%9C-%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA/ | domus editoria = מועצה לשימור אתרי מורשת בישראל | nomen auctoris 1 = גד | cognomen auctoris 1 = סובול | nomen auctoris 2 = אבי | cognomen auctoris 2 = ששון | tempus = 01-10-2008 }}</ref> === Aetas Turcica ac Britannica === === Aetas Israelita === Die [[5 Novembris]] anno [[1948]], locus ab [[Israel|Israele]] captus est. Urbs primum [[Lingua Hebraica|Hebraice]] vocatus est “Migdal Aza”, postea “Migdal Gad”, anno tandem [[1951]] “Migdal Aškelon”.<ref name="70anni"/> Mense Februario anno [[1950]], habitabant in eo loco 3500 [[Iudaeus|Iudaei]], et 2500 [[Arabes]].<ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/dav/1950/02/10/01/article/98 | titulus = מגדל־גד בהתפתחותה,בחירות ב־26 בפברואר | lingua = he | domus editoria = דבר | tempus = 10-02-1950 }}.</ref> Anno [[1955]], urbs Migal Aškelon et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Afridar||he|qid=Q6632325}}, qui prope eam erat, in unum coniunctae sunt, et urbs una vocatur Ascalon. Primus conventus consilii [[6 Octobris]] anno [[1955]] in Domo Populi, media in Afridare, coiit. Mense [[Iulius|Iulio]] anno [[1961]], [[Valetudinarium|valetudinarium]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Brazili||he|qid=Q2919386}} conditum est in urbe. Anno [[1967]] collegium [[Universitas Bar-Ilan|universitatis Bar-Ilan]] in Ascalone conditum est.<ref name="70anni">{{Opus | url = https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/18231 | titulus = 70 שנה: 70 אירועים ודמויות מתולדות אשקלון | domus editoria = כאן דרום אשקלון | tempus = 19-04-2018 00:14 | tempus usque ad = minutum | nomen auctoris 1 = ג'ני | cognomen auctoris 1 = פרנקל שלום | nomen auctoris 2 = גייל | cognomen auctoris 2 = מיכאלי | nomen auctoris 3 = אורי | cognomen auctoris 3 = קריספין | nomen auctoris 4 = דוד | cognomen auctoris 4 = לוי }}</ref> Anni [[1975]]-[[1977]] in Ascalone duri fuerunt. Magnae in concilio urbis contentiones erant, debita creverunt, et culpae criminales primorum virorum municipii coeperunt. Mense [[November|Novembri]] anno [[1977]], consilium delegatum ad comitia populi, quae [[November|Novembri]] [[1978]] fuerunt, institutum est.<ref name="70anni" /> Anno [[1983]], {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|electrificinae Ruthenbergiae||he|qid=Q2904076}} aedificatio approbata est. Mense [[December|Decembri]] eo anno incepit opus, anno denique 1990 [[electrificina]] toti loco [[Electricitas|electricitatem]] suppeditare coepit.<ref name="70anni" /> [[Fasciculus:Khofit memorial in Ashkelon.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Monumentum]] in honorem mulieris Khofit quae a tromocrata interfecta est.]] Die [[25 Februarii]] anno [[1991]], dum per totam [[Israël|Israëlem]] multa [[Tromocratia|acta tromocratica]] fiebant, Ascalone una mulier impetu suidicali interfecta est et 36 homines vulnera acceperunt. Die [[14 Februarii]] [[2001]], tromocrata [[Lacinia Gazetica|Gazeticus]] Ascalone 8 homines [[Autocinetum|autocineto]] necavit. Die [[14 Maii]] anno [[2008]], [[Missile|missile]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Grad||en|qid=Q270289}} in secundo tabulato fori mercatorii in urbe cecidit, quod 15 homines laedet.<ref name="70anni" /> == Demographia == Anno [[2023]], 86.1 centesimae hominum qui in Ascalone vivebant [[Iudaei]] erant, 0.4 centesimae [[Musulmanus|Musulmani]], et 13.5 centesimae alias [[Religio|religiones]] profitebantur.<ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/DocLib/2026/local_authorities23/%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F.pdf | titulus = הרשויות המקומיות ישראל 2023 אשקלון | domus editoria = הלשכה המרכזית לסטטיסטיקה }}.</ref> == Monumenta == === Saeptum Nationale Ascalonense === [[Fasciculus:Mosaic floor at Ashkelon.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Opus tessellatum]] in Saepto Nationali Ascalonense]] Ubi fuit urbs antiqua hodie est [[Saeptum Nationale Ascalonense]],<ref name="placesToVisit"/> quod anno [[1964]] primum [[saeptum nationale]] in Israele designatum est.<ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/mobile/0,7340,L-2124593,00.html | titulus = הגן הלאומי באשקלון | nomen auctoris = בועז | cognomen auctoris = כרמל | tempus = 26-09-2002 10:59 | tempus usque ad = minutum | domus editoria = ynet }}.</ref> Pleraque architectura Ascalonis antiqua in Saepto est.<ref name="AfridarAntiquus" /> Muri, qui urbem circumdederunt, in eo loco quoque hodie sunt. Saeptum [[hortus|hortum]] multis [[statua|statuis]] Romanis ornatum habet.<ref name="placesToVisit">{{Opus | url = https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vie/Ashkelon.html#Ashkelon | titulus = Ashkelon & Surroundings PLACES TO VISIT | domus editoria = Jewish Virtual Library }}.</ref> Altitudo vallis Chananaeae est 15 metra, latitudo 30 metra, longitudo 2200 metra.<ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.mako.co.il/travel-israel/magazine-themostbeautifulcities/Article-78f8f49c8c26371026.htm | domus editoria = mako | titulus = חופש הערים הכי יפות בארץ. מה יש לעשות באשקלון | tempus = 19-05-2021 }}.</ref> In saepto est basilica Romana, quam [[archeologus|archaeologi]] ab [[Herodes Magnus|Herode]] conditam esse putant,<ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.jpost.com/archaeology/2000-year-old-basilica-unearthed-in-ashkelon-669665 | titulus = 2,000-year-old basilica unearthed in Ashkelon | nomen auctoris = Rosella | cognomen auctoris = Tercatin | domus editoria = Jerusalem Post | tempus = 31-05-2021 19:25 | tempus usque ad = minutum }}.</ref> et maximum in orbe terrarum canum coemeterium.<ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/mobile/0,7340,L-5047211,00.html | titulus = תעלומת בית הקברות לכלבים הגדול בעולם שהתגלה באשקלון | nomen auctoris = אסף | cognomen auctoris = קמר | tempus = 25-11-2017 07:59 | tempus usque ad = minutum | domus editoria = ynet }}.</ref> Anno [[2024]] Saeptum quintum in popularitate in Israele fuit; anno autem [[2025]] secundum.<ref>{{Opus | titulus = גם ב-2025 – זה אתר הטיולים הפופולרי בישראל | url = https://www.ynet.co.il/vacation/israeltrips/article/rjp9q7egwl | nomen auctoris = אסף | cognomen auctoris = רוזן | domus editoria = ynet | tempus = 08-12-2025 15:00 | tempus usque ad = minutum }}.</ref> Multa animalia quoquoe in hoc loco vivunt. [[Dendrocopos syriacus]], [[Upapa]], et [[Psittacula krameri]] in cavis arborum [[Tamarix|tamaricis]] veterum nidificant; [[Prinia gracilis]], [[Burhinus]], [[Passer hispaniolensis]], et [[Lanius nubicus]] in campis. [[Jynx torquilla]] et [[Luscinia svecica]] hieme in saepto inveniuntur. [[Laudakia stellio]], [[Vulpes vulpes]], [[Gazella gazella gazella]], [[Herpestes]], et [[Caretta caretta]] quoque invenientur in hoc loco.<ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.ynet.co.il/environment-science/article/skv5vvbsn | titulus = מחרדונים ועד נמיות: הצצה לעולם החי הקסום בגן הלאומי תל אשקלון | domus editoria = ynet | tempus = 28-07-2023 16:28 | tempus usque ad = minutum }}.</ref> === Monumentum in honorem caesorum in bellis Israel === [[Fasciculus:Lanoflim Askelon 11.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Monumentum]] in honorem caesorum in bellis Israeliensibus.]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Monumentum in honorem caesorum in bellis Israel||he|qid=Q30527633}} in prato herboso est ante [[Curia municipalis|curiam municipalem]]. Elementum sculptile compositum virtutem et bellum significat. Parietes aedificii sexanguli tabulas marmoris nigras constant, in quibus inscripta sunt nomina caesorum. In parite contra inscriptum est “Aeternum vobis gratias agimus. De gerenatione in generationem gloriam eorum narrabimus.”<ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.izkor.gov.il/monument/en_d9b0257bc0e71a1983f1ec8d7e8bde66/ | titulus = אנדרטה לנופלים במערכות ישראל. אשקלון | domus editoria = יזכור }}.</ref> === Portus Navigiorum Ascalonensis === [[Fasciculus:מרינה אשקלון.PNG|thumb|upright=0.8|Portus Navigiorum Ascalonensis.]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Portus Navigiorum Ascalonensis||he|qid=Q6578434}}, anno [[1991]] conditus, locus est ad navigia velifera et [[Navis lusoria|naves lusorias]] ancorandas, et multasque [[Popina sellariola|popinas sellariolas]] habet.<ref>{{Opus | url = https://baliletayel.co.il/atraction/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94-%D7%A9%D7%9C-%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F-%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%AA-%D7%90%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%99%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA-%D7%9C%D7%A6%D7%93-%D7%9E/ | titulus = המרינה של אשקלון – טיילת אטרקטיבית לצד מעגן סירות | domus editoria = בא לי לטייל }}.</ref> Portus, qui plerumque ad oblectamentum destinatur, in {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|bello contra Iraniam||en|qid=Q134900605}} magni momenti factus est. Homines eo usi sunt ut via ad Israëlem ingrediendum et ex eo egrediendum esset, cum [[aeroportus]] clausus esset.<ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/95583 | titulus = מי היה מאמין? זה התפקיד של המרינה באשקלון במלחמה עם איראן | domus editoria = כאן דרום אשקלון | tempus = 18-06-2025 15:22 | tempus usque ad = minutum }}.</ref> Porum visitant non modo qui in Ascalone habitant, sed quoque in [[Berosaba]], [[Azotus|Azoto]], [[Kiriat-Gat]], et aliis urbibus.<ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.israelhayom.co.il/travel/tourism-news/article/19966651 | titulus = שעה מתל אביב: מתחם הבילוי שעבר מהפך - וכולם נוהרים אליו | nomen auctoris = ליאת | cognomen auctoris = מופז מילצ'ן | tempus = 23-02-2026 19:40 | tempus usque ad = minutum | domus editoria = ישראל היום }}.</ref> == Urbes geminae == * {{Vexillum icon|Canada}} [[Côte Saint-Luc]], [[Quebecum]], [[Canada]] (ab anno [[1975]])<ref>{{opus | url = https://cotesaintluc.org/en/the-city/about-csl/ | titulus = About CSL | domus editoria = cotesaintluc.org }}</ref><ref>{{opus | url = https://www.bnaibrith.ca/advocacy/jewish-heritage-month/jhm-cote-saint-luc/ | titulus = JEWISH HERITAGE MONTH PARTNER: COTE SAINT LUC, QUEBEC | domus editoria = Bnai Brith Canada }}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Ruthenia Alba}} [[Grodna]], [[Ruthenia Alba]] (ab anno [[2011]])<ref>{{Opus | tempus = 23-02-2011 | url = https://ashkelon.news/article/9023 | titulus = עוד עיר תאומה ברית ערים תאומות נחתמה בין העיר אשקלון לגרודנו (בלרוס). רה"ע של גרודנו קוזלקוב בוריס הגיע לאשקלון עם אנשי עסקים המעוניינים ליצור קשרי מסחר | domus editoria = ashkelon.news }}</ref><ref>{{Opus | titulus = Израильский город Ашкелон стал двенадцатым городом-побратимом Гродно | tempus = 2011-03-01 13:16 | tempus usque ad = minutum | url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190402150430/https://news.tut.by/society/216834.html | domus editoria = news.tut.by }}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Francia}} [[Aquae Sextiae]], [[Francia]] (ab anno [[1994]])<ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.aixenprovence.fr/Ashkelon-ISRAEL | titulus = Ashkelon (ISRAEL) | domus editoria = aixenprovence.fr }}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Germania}} [[Pancovium]], [[Germania]] (Ab anno [[1994]])<ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.berlin.de/ba-pankow/ueber-den-bezirk/staedtepartner/artikel.1535473.en.php | titulus = City Partnerships | domus editoria = Bezirksamt Pankow }}</ref><ref>{{Opus | url = https://pankow-ashkelon.org/en/about-us | titulus = About Us | domus editoria = Freundeskreis Berlin Pankow-Ashkelon }}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Portlandia (Oregonia)|Portlandia]], [[Oregonia]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[1987]])<ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.studycountry.com/wiki/what-is-portland-oregon-sister-city | titulus = What is Portland Oregon sister city? | domus editoria = studycountry.com }}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Baltimora (Terra Mariae)|Baltimora]], [[Terra Mariae]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[2003]])<ref>{{Opus | url = https://baltimorefishbowl.com/stories/baltimores-awkward-relationship-sister-cities/ | domus editoria = Baltimore Fish Bowl | titulus = Baltimore’s Awkward Relationship with Our Sister Cities | nomen auctoris = Rachel | cognomen auctoris = Monroe | tempus = 22-04-2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.jewishtimes.com/baltimore-ashkelon-partnership-supports-israeli-city-after-rocket-strikes/ | titulus = Baltimore-Ashkelon Partnership Supports Israeli City After Rocket Strikes | nomen auctoris = Jillian | cognomen auctoris = Diamond | tempus = 24-05-2023 | domus editoria = Jewish Times }}</ref><ref>{{Opus | url = https://associated.org/stories/the-baltimore-ashkelon-partnership-celebrating-20-years/ | titulus = The Baltimore-Ashkelon Partnership: Celebrating 20 Years | domus editoria = The Associated Jewish Federation in Baltimore }}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Sacramentum (California)|Sacramentum]], [[California]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[2012]])<ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.timesofisrael.com/after-battle-sacramento-okays-sisterhood-with-ashkelon/ | domus editoria = Times of Israel | titulus = After battle, Sacramento okays sisterhood with Ashkelon | nomen auctoris = Joshua | cognomen auctoris = Davidovich | tempus = 15-08-2012 }}</ref><ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.cbsnews.com/sacramento/news/sumy-ukraine-becomes-sacramentos-latest-sister-city/ | titulus = Sumy, Ukraine becomes Sacramento's latest Sister City | domus editoria = CBS News | nomen auctoris = Cecilio | cognomen auctoris = Padilla | tempus = 29-06-2023 }} “Eleven other cities have been named Sister Cities with Sacramento … Ashkelon, Israel”</ref><ref>{{Opus | url = https://jweekly.com/2012/08/17/its-unanimous-sacramento-ashkelon-now-sister-cities/ | domus editoria = Jewish Weekly | titulus = Its unanimous: Sacramento, Ashkelon now sister cities | nomen auctoris = Emma | cognomen auctoris = Silvers | tempus = 17-08-2012 }}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Polonia}} [[Sopot (Polonia)|Sopot]], [[Polonia]] (ab anno [[1993]] ad annum [[2025]])<ref>{{Opus | titulus = Sopot pierwszym samorządem w Polsce, który zerwał partnerstwo z izraelskim miastem. Zdecydowali o tym radni | url = https://trojmiasto.wyborcza.pl/trojmiasto/7,35612,32429747,sopot-pierwszy-w-polsce-zerwal-partnerstwo-z-izraelskim-miastem.html | tempus = 27-11-2025 | nomen auctoris = Maciej | cognomen auctoris = Pietrzak | domus editoria = wyborcza.pl }}</ref><ref>{{Opus | titulus = הלחץ הפרו-פלסטיני הכריע 30 שנות יחסים: בוטל הסכם "ערים תאומות" בין אשקלון לסופוט | url = https://www.maariv.co.il/news/world/article-1257675 | tempus = 01-12-2025 | nomen auctoris = דן | cognomen auctoris = עזרא | domus editoria = מעריב }}</ref><ref>{{Opus | titulus = "בגלל רצח העם בעזה": עיירת נופש בפולין ביטלה ברית ערים תאומות עם אשקלון | url = https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/r1ucjukbbx | tempus = 30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris 1 = איתמר | cognomen auctoris 1 = אייכנר | domus editoria = ynet | nomen auctoris 2 = רוני | cognomen auctoris 2 = גרין שאולוב }}</ref><ref>{{Opus | titulus = לאחר 32 שנים: בוטלה שותפות עיר תאומה עם אשקלון בגלל "רצח עם בעזה" | url = https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/99197 | tempus = 30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris = דוד | cognomen auctoris = לוי | domus editoria = כאן חדשות דרום אשקלון }}</ref><ref>{{Opus | titulus = "רצח עם": העיר באירופה שביטלה הסכם ערים עם אשקלון | url = https://www.i24news.tv/he/news/international/europe/artc-30d542eb | tempus = 30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris = מעיין | cognomen auctoris = רפאל | domus editoria = i24 }}.</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Ucraina}} [[Uman]], [[Regio Circassiensis]], [[Ucraina]] (ab anno [[2010]])<ref>{{Opus | url = https://uman-rada.gov.ua/index.php/mizhnarodni-zviazky | domus editoria = Уманська міська рада Виконавчий комітет | titulus = Міжнародні зв'язки }}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|India}} [[Vadodara]], [[Guzarata]], [[India]] (ab anno [[2017]])<ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/municipality/10841 | titulus = אשקלון-בארודה ערים תאומות: ראש הממשלה מברך | domus editoria = כאן דרום אשקלון | nomen auctoris = ג'ני | cognomen auctoris = פרנקל שלום | tempus = 8-12-2017 15:13 | tempus usque ad = minutum }}</ref><ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/11526 | titulus = העירייה: כ-2,000 משתתפים בפסטיבל הודו באשקלון | domus editoria = כאן דרום אשקלון | nomen auctoris = אלירם | cognomen auctoris = משה | tempus = 20-12-2017 12:07 | tempus usque ad = minutum }}.</ref> == Notae == <references /> == Nexus interni == * [[Ascalon (urbs antiqua)]] * [[Israël]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Ashkelon|Ascalonem}} {{Fontes geographici}} [[Categoria:Israel]] [[Categoria:Urbes antiquae]] [[Categoria:Urbes Israelis]] ttpfz5oa2c33ntlv0jn7haw3k2pmoaw Ascalon (urbs antiqua) 0 282080 3986740 3427743 2026-09-08T21:20:06Z Grufo 64423 +{{[[Formula:De hoc|De hoc]]}} 3986740 wikitext text/x-wiki {{De hoc|urbe antiqua|hodiernam urbem|Ascalon|Ascalonem}} {{res|Ascalon}} fuit urbs antiqua, iam [[aetas aëmea|aetate aënea]] habitata. Inter [[Pentapolis Philistaeorum|quinque metropoles]] [[Philistaei|Philistaeorum]] relata,<ref>[http://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_vt_i-samuelis_lt.html#6 1 Sam. 6.17]</ref> sub imperio Romano et usque in aevo medio florens, urbs anno [[1270]] a [[Mamluci]]s deleta est. [[Ascalon (urbs hodierna)|Urbs recentior]], ''Al-Majdal'' olim appellata, a situ archaeologico Ascalonis 2.6 chiliometris distans, anno [[1953]] nomen antiquum accepit. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * Michal Feldman et al., "[https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/7/eaax0061 Ancient DNA sheds light on the genetic origins of early Iron Age Philistines]" in ''[[Science]] Advances'' vol. 5 no. 7 (3 Iulii 2019) == Nexus externi == {{Fontes geographici}} * [[:de:Geschichte der Stadt Aschkelon|Historia Ascalonis]] apud de:wiki [[Categoria:Urbes antiquae]] [[Categoria:Loci archaeologici Israelis]] [[Categoria:Philistaei]] [[Categoria:Urbes Imperii Romani]] ewoz0svkk3nzwaqxj3hx2ue0lqrnuzl 3986741 3986740 2026-09-08T21:20:27Z Grufo 64423 3986741 wikitext text/x-wiki {{De hoc|urbe antiqua|hodiernam urbem|Ascalon|Ascalonem}} {{res|Ascalon}} ({{pns|onis|f}}) fuit urbs antiqua, iam [[aetas aëmea|aetate aënea]] habitata. Inter [[Pentapolis Philistaeorum|quinque metropoles]] [[Philistaei|Philistaeorum]] relata,<ref>[http://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_vt_i-samuelis_lt.html#6 1 Sam. 6.17]</ref> sub imperio Romano et usque in aevo medio florens, urbs anno [[1270]] a [[Mamluci]]s deleta est. [[Ascalon (urbs hodierna)|Urbs recentior]], ''Al-Majdal'' olim appellata, a situ archaeologico Ascalonis 2.6 chiliometris distans, anno [[1953]] nomen antiquum accepit. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * Michal Feldman et al., "[https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/7/eaax0061 Ancient DNA sheds light on the genetic origins of early Iron Age Philistines]" in ''[[Science]] Advances'' vol. 5 no. 7 (3 Iulii 2019) == Nexus externi == {{Fontes geographici}} * [[:de:Geschichte der Stadt Aschkelon|Historia Ascalonis]] apud de:wiki [[Categoria:Urbes antiquae]] [[Categoria:Loci archaeologici Israelis]] [[Categoria:Philistaei]] [[Categoria:Urbes Imperii Romani]] 891tfvhn8dardezb0b2jpkxicsskb5d Scriptor scaenicus 0 282841 3986814 3470914 2026-09-09T07:23:06Z Grufo 64423 Duplam redirectionem correxi 3986814 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Scriptum scenarium]] ilfsx4d757h8ys4fbzil2szrzyhobev Philippus Reeve 0 285178 3986590 3495686 2026-09-08T12:43:19Z IacobusAmor 1163 Augenda 3986590 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Augenda|2026|9}} {{Pagina non annexa}} [[Fasciculus:Philip_Reeve_-_Lucca_Comics_&_Games_2016.jpg|thumb||Philippus Reeve, [[2016]].]] '''Philippus Reeve''' (natus die [[28 Februarii]] [[1966]]) est [[scriptor]] [[litterae phantasticae|generis phantastici]] [[Anglia|Anglicus]]. {{Anni vitae|1966||Reeve, Philippus}} [[Categoria:Auctores Anglici]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Angliae]] 6q8jq4txa747cbe3896yz0w4rpm5zmz Scenarium 0 285803 3986804 3501626 2026-09-09T07:17:06Z Grufo 64423 Grufo movit paginam [[Scaenarium]] ad [[Scenarium]]: Nomenclatura uniformis 3501626 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:EscenarioQuidam.JPG|thumb|Scaenarium spectaculi ''Quidam'' a [[Cirque du Soleil]] oblati.]] '''Scaenarium'''<ref>[http://www.latin-dictionary.net/search/latin/scaenarium Latin-dictionary.net: scaenarium].</ref> [[Italice]] ''scenario'' 'quod [[acus|acu]] ad scaenam figitur' a [[Graece|Graeco]] σκηνή) in [[ars activa|artibus activis]] est synopticum eventús vel seriei actionum eventuumque corpus. In ''[[commedia dell'arte]]'' scaenarium erat [[adumbratio]] ingressionum et egressionum, actio argumentum [[ludus|ludi]] describens, quae ad tergum scaenae re vera figebatur. Quae res [[Italice]] nunc appellatur ''[[canovaccio]],'' 'quod ad [[textile]] ex quo scaena constructa est figitur'. Scaenaria ex [[renascentia]] exstantia solum nomina partium, breves actionis descriptiones, et mentiones certorum ''[[lazzi]]'' (iocorum solitorum) continent, sine ampliori explicatione. Eruditi credunt hoc genus scaenariorum fuisse fundamenta [[theatrum Improvisatorium|perfunctionis omnino improvisatoriae]], sed ut videtur simplices argumenti commemorationes continebant pro [[actor]]ibus in distributione partium<!--the cast (Traupman)--> qui [[alphabetismus|legere poterant]]. Greges ''commedia'' hodierni saepissime scriptis utuntur quibus sunt varii [[extemporizatio]]nis additae gradus. In [[opera|operis musicis]] vel [[ballatio]]nibus creandis, scaenarium saepe primum excogitatur ad modum accommodationis primi fontis indicandum et ad elementa [[persona]]rum, actionum, argumentorum summatim describenda, res quae in [[libellus|libello]] plene excogitato sive scripto amplificari deinde possunt. Quae [[adumbratio]] esse potest praeconium quod [[productor theatralis|productores]], [[director theatralis|directores]], vel [[compositor]]es futuros trahit. [[Auctor]]es scaenarii ballationum, ludorum musicorum, operarumque musicarum usitate hodie inter [[choreographus|choreographos]], [[compositor]]es, aliosque rei creatores nominantur. == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} *[[Ludus scaenicus]] *[[Scaenographia]] *[[Scriptum scaenarium]] *[[Theatrum]] ==Nexus externi== {{Wiktionary|scenario}} *[https://www.britannica.com/art/scenario "Scenario: Dramatic Literature."] ''Encyclopaedia Britannica.'' [[Categoria:Cinematographia]] [[Categoria:Drama]] [[Categoria:Theatrum]] 2zawtmammku9m8obbzc0qvwzevrkbjg 3986812 3986804 2026-09-09T07:19:47Z Grufo 64423 Paginam redintegravi 3986812 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:EscenarioQuidam.JPG|thumb|Scenarium spectaculi ''Quidam'' a [[Cirque du Soleil]] oblati.]] {{res|Scenarium}} seu, Latinitate recentiore, {{res|Scaenarium}},<ref>[http://www.latin-dictionary.net/search/latin/scaenarium Latin-dictionary.net: scaenarium].</ref> [[Italice]] ''scenario'' 'quod [[acus|acu]] ad [[scena]]m figitur' a [[Graece|Graeco]] σκηνή) in [[ars activa|artibus activis]] est synopticum eventús vel seriei actionum eventuumque corpus. In ''[[commedia dell'arte]]'' scenarium erat [[adumbratio]] ingressionum et egressionum, actio argumentum [[ludus|ludi]] describens, quae ad tergum scenae re vera figebatur. Quae res [[Italice]] nunc appellatur ''[[canovaccio]],'' 'quod ad [[textile]] ex quo scena constructa est figitur'. Scenaria ex [[renascentia]] exstantia solum nomina partium, breves actionis descriptiones, et mentiones certorum ''[[lazzi]]'' (iocorum solitorum) continent, sine ampliori explicatione. Eruditi credunt hoc genus scenariorum fuisse fundamenta [[theatrum Improvisatorium|perfunctionis omnino improvisatoriae]], sed ut videtur simplices argumenti commemorationes continebant pro [[actor]]ibus in distributione partium<!--the cast (Traupman)--> qui [[alphabetismus|legere poterant]]. Greges ''commedia'' hodierni saepissime scriptis utuntur quibus sunt varii [[extemporizatio]]nis additae gradus. In [[opera|operis musicis]] vel [[ballatio]]nibus creandis, scenarium saepe primum excogitatur ad modum accommodationis primi fontis indicandum et ad elementa [[persona]]rum, actionum, argumentorum summatim describenda, res quae in [[libellus|libello]] plene excogitato sive scripto amplificari deinde possunt. Quae [[adumbratio]] esse potest praeconium quod [[productor theatralis|productores]], [[director theatralis|directores]], vel [[compositor]]es futuros trahit. [[Auctor]]es scenarii ballationum, ludorum musicorum, operarumque musicarum usitate hodie inter [[choreographus|choreographos]], [[compositor]]es, aliosque rei creatores nominantur. == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Ludus scenicus]] * [[Scenographia]] * [[Scriptum scenarium]] * [[Theatrum]] == Nexus externi == {{Wiktionary|scenario}} *[https://www.britannica.com/art/scenario "Scenario: Dramatic Literature."] ''Encyclopaedia Britannica.'' [[Categoria:Cinematographia]] [[Categoria:Drama]] [[Categoria:Theatrum]] 6fyyiyztymgbdrt732roy3nnqv6vk0n Disputatio:Scenarium 1 285804 3986806 3501581 2026-09-09T07:17:06Z Grufo 64423 Grufo movit paginam [[Disputatio:Scaenarium]] ad [[Disputatio:Scenarium]]: Nomenclatura uniformis 3501581 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Attributio|en|Scenario}} nxe5xekvv54izj3zjgec288ugx5wuv5 Ganglion autonomicum 0 289917 3986623 3975787 2026-09-08T14:48:38Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3986623 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable floatright" ! colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffe000;" | Ganglion autonomicum |- ! colspan="2" | Cognitores |- | style="font-size: 85%" | [[Terminologia Anatomica|TA]] || style="font-size: 85%" | [http://www.unifr.ch/ifaa/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/14.2.00.008%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm A14.2.00.008] |- ! colspan="2" | Anatomia |- | colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | <div style="position: relative;">[[Fasciculus:Gray839.png|300px|Systema nervosum autonomicum]]</div> |- | colspan="3" style="font-size:85%; width:300px" | Systema nervosum autonomicum cum ganglionibus autonomicis in parte sympathica (rubre) cum [[truncus sympathicus|trunci sympathici]] ganglionibus velut parte in parasympathica (caerulee) cum ganglionibus organorum viciniis. |} '''Ganglion autonomicum'''<ref name="FCAT">Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology (1998). ''Terminologia Anatomica''. Stutgardiae: Thieme</ref> est aggregatio [[Neuron|neurocytorum]] corporum ([[Perikaryon|perikarya]] dictorum) intra [[systema nervosum autonomicum]]. Ganglia sympathica [[truncus sympathicus|truncum sympathicum]] non procul ab [[medulla spinalis|medulla spinali]] formant, at ganglia ''parasympathica'' in organorum proximitate inveniuntur. In ganglionibus nervi ''praeganglionares'' cum ''postganglionaribus'' conectuntur. Neurotransmissor communis nervorum ''praeganglionarium'' est [[acetylcholinum]] (ACh), et in parte sympathica et parasympathica. Utriusque partis receptoria quoque eadem [[receptorium acetylcholini nicotinicum|''nicotinica'']] sunt. == Pinacotheca == <gallery> Fasciculus:Acetylcholine.svg|[[Acetylcholinum]] est neurotransmissor '''ganglionum autonomicorum.''' Fasciculus:NACh receptor.PNG|Receptorio nicotinico [[canalis ionticus]] est. </gallery> == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Synapsis chemica]] == Nexus externi == * ''libretexts.org'': [https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Anatomy_and_Physiology/Book%3A_Anatomy_and_Physiology_(Boundless)/14%3A_Autonomic_Nervous_System/14.2%3A_Structure_of_the_Autonomic_Nervous_System/14.2B%3A_Autonomic_Ganglia autonomic ganglia] {{Ling|Anglice}} {{biologia-stipula}} [[Categoria:Systema nervosum autonomicum]] drt0zqnpvmjs32f2ndwu91tn7kpefsu 3986657 3986623 2026-09-08T17:03:34Z IacobusAmor 1163 3986657 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable floatright" ! colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffe000;" | Ganglion autonomicum |- ! colspan="2" | Cognitores |- | style="font-size: 85%" | [[Terminologia Anatomica|TA]] || style="font-size: 85%" | [http://www.unifr.ch/ifaa/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/14.2.00.008%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm A14.2.00.008] |- ! colspan="2" | Anatomia |- | colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | <div style="position: relative;">[[Fasciculus:Gray839.png|300px|Systema nervosum autonomicum]]</div> |- | colspan="3" style="font-size:85%; width:300px" | Systema nervosum autonomicum cum ganglionibus autonomicis in parte sympathica (rubre) cum [[truncus sympathicus|trunci sympathici]] ganglionibus velut parte in parasympathica (caerulee) cum ganglionibus organorum viciniis. |} '''Ganglion autonomicum'''<ref name="FCAT">Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology (1998). ''Terminologia Anatomica''. Stutgardiae: Thieme</ref> est aggregatio [[Neuron|neurocytorum]] [[corpus|corporum]] ([[Perikaryon|perikarya]] dictorum) intra [[systema nervosum autonomicum]]. Ganglia sympathica [[truncus sympathicus|truncum sympathicum]] non procul ab [[medulla spinalis|medulla spinali]] formantur, at ganglia ''parasympathica'' in organorum proximitate inveniuntur. In ganglionibus nervi ''praeganglionares'' cum ''postganglionaribus'' conectuntur. Neurotransmissor communis nervorum ''praeganglionarium'' est [[acetylcholinum]] (ACh), et in parte sympathica et parasympathica. Utriusque partis receptoria quoque eadem [[receptorium acetylcholini nicotinicum|''nicotinica'']] sunt. == Pinacotheca == <gallery> Fasciculus:Acetylcholine.svg|[[Acetylcholinum]] est neurotransmissor '''ganglionum autonomicorum.''' Fasciculus:NACh receptor.PNG|Receptorio nicotinico [[canalis ionticus]] est. </gallery> == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Synapsis chemica]] == Nexus externi == * ''libretexts.org'': [https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Anatomy_and_Physiology/Book%3A_Anatomy_and_Physiology_(Boundless)/14%3A_Autonomic_Nervous_System/14.2%3A_Structure_of_the_Autonomic_Nervous_System/14.2B%3A_Autonomic_Ganglia autonomic ganglia] {{Ling|Anglice}} [[Categoria:Systema nervosum autonomicum]] 8rcgh59vhvspwv2q2l1zk9hpkgruc3p Usor:Renamed user cb3854972603b688e32a74160e66a90b 2 291911 3986792 3564838 2026-09-09T06:15:55Z Cabayi 4528 Cabayi movit paginam [[Usor:Emicho's Avenger]] ad [[Usor:Renamed user cb3854972603b688e32a74160e66a90b]] sine redirectione: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Emicho's Avenger|Emicho's Avenger]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Renamed user cb3854972603b688e32a74160e66a90b|Renamed user cb3854972603b688e32a74160e66a90b]]" 3564838 wikitext text/x-wiki Hello, I am Emicho. I reside in the northern suburbs of Chicago if anyone needs image requests. {{Babel|en|la-1|}} == Awards == {| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;" | rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" |[[Fasciculus:Copyeditor_Barnstar_Hires.png|100x100px]] | style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" |'''The Copyeditor's Barnstar''' |- | style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" |Thank you very much for copyediting the [[Fortification of Frankfurt]] article! I am amazed by the result of community collaboration. It is a heartwarming experience to see the [[WP:5P3|third of our five pillars]] so clearly in practice; I feel the spirit of Wikipedia in every paragraph of the text. [[Fasciculus:Face-smile.svg|link=|alt=🙂|18x18px]] [[Usor:ToBeFree|~ ToBeFree]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:ToBeFree|talk]]) 23:25, 23 November 2019 (UTC) |} == My Photographs == [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:ListFiles?limit=50&user=Emicho%27s+Avenger Images I've uploaded to Commons] i4192hkeculpaydzzfbn3edctp2clki Disputatio Usoris:Renamed user cb3854972603b688e32a74160e66a90b 3 291922 3986793 3564913 2026-09-09T06:15:55Z Cabayi 4528 Cabayi movit paginam [[Disputatio Usoris:Emicho's Avenger]] ad [[Disputatio Usoris:Renamed user cb3854972603b688e32a74160e66a90b]] sine redirectione: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Emicho's Avenger|Emicho's Avenger]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Renamed user cb3854972603b688e32a74160e66a90b|Renamed user cb3854972603b688e32a74160e66a90b]]" 3564913 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Salve}}—[[Usor:Lesgles|Lesgles]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Lesgles|disputatio]]) 02:16, 11 Octobris 2020 (UTC) eba3la0xr4mfarkin7kft7k5r8m1wk1 Terra Gemina 0 302462 3986826 3681816 2026-09-09T07:37:04Z Grufo 64423 +Cat 3986826 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:AnotherEarth.jpg|thumb|Terra Gemina alicubi in via lactea . . .]] {{res|Terra Gemina}} est [[experimentum mentale]] a [[Hilarius Putnam|Hilario Putnam]] philosopho [[CFA|Americano]] factum, quo [[externalismus semanticus|externalismum semanticum]] defenderet. Imaginatur enim, alicubi in [[via lactea]] esse [[planeta]]m, ubi omnia simillima Terrae nostrae sint — non solum [[natura]], sed etiam [[mores|moribus]]. Praeterea ibi pro quoque terricola [[alter ego]] (vel sosia vel ''Doppelgänger'') versatur, qui eadem, qua terricola, [[lingua]] loquitur. Utrobique igitur linguas idem vocabularium habere constat — uno excepto vocabulo, nam terricola, cum "aquam" dixit, H<sub>2</sub>O significat; incola autem Terrae Geminae, cum "aquam" dixit, liquorem XYZ significat. Secundum Putnam, H<sub>2</sub>O et XYZ liquores compositione [[chemia|chemica]] inter se differunt. H<sub>2</sub>O et XYZ easdem qualitates habent, nam ambo madidi sunt liquores perlucidi, qui sitim sedant et [[dissolutrum|dissolutra]] generalia sunt. Itaque apud terricolas et apud incolas Terrae Geminae experientia ''aquae'' eadem esse videtur. Itaque statum mentis alterius hominis ad significationem ''aquae'' describendam non sufficere conclusit, et ita [[externalismus et internalismus|externalismum]] significationis se servasse arbitratus est. == Critica == Ambo liquores (H<sub>2</sub>O et XYZ) sola compositione chemica differunt, quod tamen discrimen subtile nihil ad experientiam istam conferre potest. Putnam primitus ''aquam'' dixit ad duos distinctos liquores refrri, quamquam hominum constarent status psychologici. Mox tamen adnotatus est fieri non posse, ut status mentis hominum iidem sint.<ref>Burge 1982; cf. Putnam apud Pessin & Goldberg (ed.) 1996: xxi.</ref> Narratio de Terra Gemina complures reclamationes excitavit, et sunt, qui inmodicis experimentis uti vetent: cum enim experimentum mentale statum rerum describit, qui penitus a vero (aut ab eo quod verum nobis videtur) differt, fieri potest, ut [[intuitio]]nes nostrae et conclusiones philosophicae in iis positae infideles sint.<ref>Dennett 2013. Dennett diserte de "[[antlia]] intuitionis" loquitur.</ref> == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * Brown, Jessica (2004) ''Anti-Individualism and Knowledge''. MIT Press. * Burge, Tyler (1982) Other Bodies. ''Thought and Object'' ed., Andrew Woodfield. Oxford University Press. * Dennett, Daniel C. (2013) ''Intuition Pumps and Other Tools for Thinking.'' W. W. Norton & Company. * Fodor, Fodor, Jerry A., (1982) Cognitive Science and the Twin-Earth Problem. ''Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic'' 23 (2): 98–118. * Frances, Byan (2016) The Dual Concepts Objection to Content Externalism. ''American Philosophical Quarterly'' 53 (2): 123-138. * Jacquette, Dale (2013) Phenomenological Thought Content, Intentionality, and Reference in Putnam’s Twin-Earth. ''Philosophical Forum'' 44: 69–87. * Pessin, A. & S. Goldberg (ed. 1996) ''The Twin Earth Chronicles: Twenty Years of Reflection on Hilary Putnam’s ‘the Meaning of Meaning’”''. M. E. Sharpe. * Putnam, Hilary (1975) ''The Meaning of "Meaning".'' University of Minnesota Press. * Smith, Basil (2013) Internalism and Externalism in the Philosophy of Mind and Language. ''Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. * Wenzel, Christian Helmut (2004) Where After All Are the Meanings? A Defense of Internalism. Searle Versus Putnam. ''Experience and Analysis. Papers of the 27th International Wittgenstein Symposium'' 12: 408-409. * Woodling, Casey (2017 ) Externalist Thought Experiments and Direction of Fit. ''Argumenta'' 3: 139-156. [[Categoria:Philosophia mentis]] [[Categoria:Internalismus et externalismus]] [[Categoria:Experimenta mentalia]] nb2wffn0cqt3ii0489a80u1b3ty7yiq 3986827 3986826 2026-09-09T07:37:16Z Grufo 64423 3986827 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:AnotherEarth.jpg|thumb|Terra Gemina alicubi in via lactea . . .]] {{res|Terra Gemina}} est [[experimentum mentale]] ab [[Hilarius Putnam|Hilario Putnam]] philosopho [[CFA|Americano]] factum, quo [[externalismus semanticus|externalismum semanticum]] defenderet. Imaginatur enim, alicubi in [[via lactea]] esse [[planeta]]m, ubi omnia simillima Terrae nostrae sint — non solum [[natura]], sed etiam [[mores|moribus]]. Praeterea ibi pro quoque terricola [[alter ego]] (vel sosia vel ''Doppelgänger'') versatur, qui eadem, qua terricola, [[lingua]] loquitur. Utrobique igitur linguas idem vocabularium habere constat — uno excepto vocabulo, nam terricola, cum "aquam" dixit, H<sub>2</sub>O significat; incola autem Terrae Geminae, cum "aquam" dixit, liquorem XYZ significat. Secundum Putnam, H<sub>2</sub>O et XYZ liquores compositione [[chemia|chemica]] inter se differunt. H<sub>2</sub>O et XYZ easdem qualitates habent, nam ambo madidi sunt liquores perlucidi, qui sitim sedant et [[dissolutrum|dissolutra]] generalia sunt. Itaque apud terricolas et apud incolas Terrae Geminae experientia ''aquae'' eadem esse videtur. Itaque statum mentis alterius hominis ad significationem ''aquae'' describendam non sufficere conclusit, et ita [[externalismus et internalismus|externalismum]] significationis se servasse arbitratus est. == Critica == Ambo liquores (H<sub>2</sub>O et XYZ) sola compositione chemica differunt, quod tamen discrimen subtile nihil ad experientiam istam conferre potest. Putnam primitus ''aquam'' dixit ad duos distinctos liquores refrri, quamquam hominum constarent status psychologici. Mox tamen adnotatus est fieri non posse, ut status mentis hominum iidem sint.<ref>Burge 1982; cf. Putnam apud Pessin & Goldberg (ed.) 1996: xxi.</ref> Narratio de Terra Gemina complures reclamationes excitavit, et sunt, qui inmodicis experimentis uti vetent: cum enim experimentum mentale statum rerum describit, qui penitus a vero (aut ab eo quod verum nobis videtur) differt, fieri potest, ut [[intuitio]]nes nostrae et conclusiones philosophicae in iis positae infideles sint.<ref>Dennett 2013. Dennett diserte de "[[antlia]] intuitionis" loquitur.</ref> == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * Brown, Jessica (2004) ''Anti-Individualism and Knowledge''. MIT Press. * Burge, Tyler (1982) Other Bodies. ''Thought and Object'' ed., Andrew Woodfield. Oxford University Press. * Dennett, Daniel C. (2013) ''Intuition Pumps and Other Tools for Thinking.'' W. W. Norton & Company. * Fodor, Fodor, Jerry A., (1982) Cognitive Science and the Twin-Earth Problem. ''Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic'' 23 (2): 98–118. * Frances, Byan (2016) The Dual Concepts Objection to Content Externalism. ''American Philosophical Quarterly'' 53 (2): 123-138. * Jacquette, Dale (2013) Phenomenological Thought Content, Intentionality, and Reference in Putnam’s Twin-Earth. ''Philosophical Forum'' 44: 69–87. * Pessin, A. & S. Goldberg (ed. 1996) ''The Twin Earth Chronicles: Twenty Years of Reflection on Hilary Putnam’s ‘the Meaning of Meaning’”''. M. E. Sharpe. * Putnam, Hilary (1975) ''The Meaning of "Meaning".'' University of Minnesota Press. * Smith, Basil (2013) Internalism and Externalism in the Philosophy of Mind and Language. ''Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. * Wenzel, Christian Helmut (2004) Where After All Are the Meanings? A Defense of Internalism. Searle Versus Putnam. ''Experience and Analysis. Papers of the 27th International Wittgenstein Symposium'' 12: 408-409. * Woodling, Casey (2017 ) Externalist Thought Experiments and Direction of Fit. ''Argumenta'' 3: 139-156. [[Categoria:Philosophia mentis]] [[Categoria:Internalismus et externalismus]] [[Categoria:Experimenta mentalia]] nr3zlsuiruxpavrlqobymc550bckpmi Cubitus (mensura) 0 304391 3986749 3880839 2026-09-08T21:24:47Z LilyKitty 18316 de ratione mensurae Aegyptiae et mensura Hebraea 3986749 wikitext text/x-wiki {{videdis|Cubitus}} '''Cubitus''' vel '''ulna''' est [[mensuratio|mensura]] [[longitudo|longitudinis]], multis populis nota. Cubitus est [[spatium]] inter [[cubitus (anatomia)|cubitum]] articulum et extremitatem [[digitus medius|digiti medii]]. Cubitus [[mensura Aegyptia|Aegyptus]] 44.8 [[centimetrum|cm]] habuit, [[Graecia antiqua|Graecus]] 46.3 cm, [[Mensurae Romanae|Romanus]] 44.4 cm, [[Russicus]] 45 cm. {{NexInt}} *[[Mensura Hebraea]] ==Nexus externi== * [[:s:ru:ЭСБЕ/Локоть, линейная мера|De cubitu]] in ''[[Lexicon encyclopaedicum Brockhaus et Efron|Lexico encyclopaedico Brockhaus et Efron]].'' [[Categoria:Mensurae Graecae]] [[Categoria:Mensurae Romanae]] [[Categoria:Mensurae Russicae]] 2djm37hzokyx2yhfuzoj1r3xq7iyurd Quaestio bellariorum 0 304503 3986745 3744877 2026-09-08T21:23:21Z Amherst99 16100 /* */ 3986745 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Pagina non annexa}} {{L}} [[Fasciculus:First house for trick-or-treating.jpg|thumb|Puer ut [[miles]] et puella ut [[regina]] vestiti delectationes petunt.]] '''Quaestio bellariorum'''{{Convertimus}} ([[Anglice]] ''trick-or-treat'' 'sutela sive cuppedia') est [[mos]] [[Pervigilium Omnium Sanctorum|Vesperi Sanctorum]], cum [[puer]]i domos accedant cuppediasque petant. Qui mos, ex [[Hibernia]] exortus, hodie in pluribus terris agitur. Loci varii aliter celebrare possunt, et usus per [[historia]]m mutatus est. == Historia == In [[Irlandia]] [[Cambria]]que post [[saeculum 9|nonum saeculum]] homines Christiani facti sunt, et feria [[Samhain]] ([[Cambrice]] 'November') facies religiosae facta sunt, in qua gens mendicavit. Postea [[nux|nuces]], [[baca]]s, [[nummus|nummosque]] a pueris errabundis poscebantur. Hic usus in [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitates Foederatas]] cum advenis hibernicis [[saeculum 19|undevicesimo saeculo]] venit et abhinc agitur.<ref>[https://www.history.com/news/halloween-trick-or-treating-origins De historia] apud Historia.com. ([[Anglice]]).</ref> == Notae == <references /> [[Categoria:Feriae]] [[Categoria:Feriae Americanae]] [[Categoria:Feriae Britanniae]] 1nq1837a569f3v1fnoz6wams0i3sgpp Formula:Titulus paragraphi/doc 10 307258 3986728 3980731 2026-09-08T21:06:22Z Grufo 64423 +{{[[Formula:Vicitextus concors|Vicitextus concors]]}} 3986728 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Subpagina documentationis}} {{Formula numquam substituenda|...}} {{Vicitextus concors | Factum est | Nota bene | Titulus paragraphi | Titulus paragraphi expers }} {{Utitur TemplateStyles|Formula:Ancora tacita/styles.css}} {{Compendium formulae|tp}} Haec formula titulum paragraphi cum ancora creat. Tituli sic creati ancoras nexibiles habent. Si titulum sine ancora creare vis, vide {{Fn|Titulus paragraphi expers}}. == Usus == * <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Tp|Lorem ipsum}} Sed voluptatem commodi ut harum enim quo necessitatibus pariatur ...</syntaxhighlight> *: ↳ {{Tp|Lorem ipsum}} Sed voluptatem commodi ut harum enim quo necessitatibus pariatur ... * <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Tp|Lorem ipsum|ancora=Lorem ipsum 2}} Sed voluptatem commodi ut harum enim quo necessitatibus pariatur ...</syntaxhighlight> *: ↳ {{Tp|Lorem ipsum|ancora=Lorem ipsum 2}} Sed voluptatem commodi ut harum enim quo necessitatibus pariatur ... * <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Tp|Dolor sit amet|p=}} Sed voluptatem commodi ut harum enim quo necessitatibus pariatur ...</syntaxhighlight> *: ↳ {{Tp|Dolor sit amet|p=}} Sed voluptatem commodi ut harum enim quo necessitatibus pariatur ... {{vsep}} Tituli paragraphorum sunt nexibiles. E.g.: : <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>[[#Lorem ipsum 2|§ Lorem ipsum]]</syntaxhighlight> :: ↳ [[#Lorem ipsum 2|§ Lorem ipsum]] Si idem titulus idcirco in eadem pagina recurrat, utere argumento {{para|ancora}} ad diversam ancoram creandam (e.g. <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Tp|Lorem ipsum|ancora=Lorem ipsum 2}}</syntaxhighlight>) – evacua argumentum, vel utere formula {{Fn|Tpe}}, ut nullam ancora crees (e.g. <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Tp|Lorem ipsum|ancora=}}</syntaxhighlight> vel <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Tpe|Lorem ipsum}}</syntaxhighlight>). '''Noli umquam assignare eundem titulum pluribus paragraphis in eadem pagina nisi etiam argumento {{para|ancora}} uteris'''. == De formula adhibenda == <templatedata>{ "description": "Haec formula titulum paragraphi cum ancora creat.", "params": { "1": { "label": "Titulus", "description": "Titulus paragraphi", "example": "Lorem ipsum", "type": "string", "required": true }, "p": { "label": "Post titulum", "description": "Interpunctio vel alia inscriptio titulum sequens (argumento omisso punctum legetur)", "default": ".", "example": ":", "type": "string", "required": false }, "ancora": { "label": "Ancora", "description": "Attributio HTML ‘id’ (argumento omisso ‘|1=’ legetur)", "default": "{{{1}}}", "example": "Lorem ipsum 2", "type": "string", "required": false } } }</templatedata> == Synonyma == * {{Fn|Tp}} == Ulteriora si cupis == * {{Fn|Titulus paragraphi expers}} * {{Fn|Ancora ostenta}} * {{Fn|Ancora tacita}} * {{Fn|Nexus ad caput}} <includeonly>{{in harenario aut alibi|| <!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --> [[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae intra versum accommodandae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae disputationis|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae typographicae|{{PAGENAME}}]] }}</includeonly> 8y42ctb5fbpgeksb9g9k0pfpyicjh2b Formula:Nota bene 10 307537 3986724 3774457 2026-09-08T21:03:19Z Grufo 64423 +‘|ancora=’; documentationem in singulum locum collegi 3986724 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly><span style="margin-right: .4em; font-weight: bold;{{safesubst:<noinclude />#if:{{{ancora|}}}|" id="{{safesubst:<noinclude />anchorencode:{{{ancora}}}}}"|"}}>[[Imago:Symbol point of order.svg|16px|link=|alt=Nota bene]] {{safesubst:<noinclude />#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|Nota bene:}}</span> </includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentatio|Formula:Ok/doc}}</noinclude> d2uvkhc85y96wmnpjd75i837u7nyi26 Formula:Titulus paragraphi expers/doc 10 308305 3986729 3980733 2026-09-08T21:06:34Z Grufo 64423 +{{[[Formula:Vicitextus concors|Vicitextus concors]]}} 3986729 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Subpagina documentationis}} {{Formula substituibilis|...}} {{Vicitextus concors | Factum est | Nota bene | Titulus paragraphi | Titulus paragraphi expers }} {{Compendium formulae|tpe}} Haec formula titulum paragraphi cum ancora creat. Si titulum cum ancora creare vis, vide {{Fn|Titulus paragraphi}}. == Usus == * <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Tpe|Lorem ipsum}} Sed voluptatem commodi ut harum enim quo necessitatibus pariatur ...</syntaxhighlight> *: ↳ {{Tpe|Lorem ipsum}} Sed voluptatem commodi ut harum enim quo necessitatibus pariatur ... * <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Tpe|Dolor sit amet|p=}} Sed voluptatem commodi ut harum enim quo necessitatibus pariatur ...</syntaxhighlight> *: ↳ {{Tpe|Dolor sit amet|p=}} Sed voluptatem commodi ut harum enim quo necessitatibus pariatur ... == De formula adhibenda == <templatedata>{ "description": "Haec formula titulum paragraphi cum ancora creat.", "params": { "1": { "label": "Titulus", "description": "Titulus paragraphi", "example": "Lorem ipsum", "type": "string", "required": true }, "p": { "label": "Post titulum", "description": "Interpunctio vel alia inscriptio titulum sequens (argomentum omissum punctum legetur)", "default": ".", "example": ":", "type": "string", "required": false }, "ancora": { "label": "Ancora", "description": "Attributio HTML ‘id’", "example": "lorem-ipsum", "type": "string", "required": false } } }</templatedata> == Synonyma == * {{Fn|Tpe}} == Ulteriora si cupis == * {{Fn|Titulus paragraphi}} <includeonly>{{in harenario aut alibi|| <!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --> [[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae intra versum accommodandae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae disputationis|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae typographicae|{{PAGENAME}}]] }}</includeonly> 2pdc45g5oostxe0ugqk976e5dqbjk81 Usor:Grufo/Officina 2 314478 3986758 3981602 2026-09-08T22:27:43Z Grufo 64423 3986758 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Notae caducae | titulus = Memoranda | pagina = /notae }} [[Specialis:Praefixa/{{FULLPAGENAME}}/|Subpaginae]]: * [[Usor:Grufo/Officina/Facienda|Facienda]] * [[Usor:Grufo/Officina/Experimenta|Experimenta]] * [[Usor:Grufo/Officina/Tabularium|Tabularium]] * [[Usor:Grufo/Officina/Lorem ipsum|Lorem ipsum]] * [[Usor:Grufo/Officina/Annotationes|Annotationes]] == Annotationes == * [[:Categoria:Categoriae exploratoriae]] * <code>[https://github.com/wikimedia/mediawiki-extensions-Scribunto/blob/6d93921797f12b82dea25f3a9ce40cd3008a66f0/includes/Engines/LuaCommon/lualib/mw.lua#L208-L511 newFrame]</code> * <code>[https://github.com/wikimedia/mediawiki-extensions-Scribunto/blob/703942affa454493cfcc240d41eeb81ac10c9c03/includes/Engines/LuaCommon/LuaEngine.php#L687-L689 newChildFrame]</code> * {{Nexus planus | 1 = //en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=intitle%3Acategory&title=Special%3ASearch&profile=advanced&fulltext=1&advancedSearch-current=%7B%22fields%22%3A%7B%22intitle%22%3A%22category%22%7D%7D&ns8=1 | 2 = Nomina categoriarum systematis Vicipaediae Anglicae }} * [https://doc.wikimedia.org/codex/latest/design-tokens/color.html Color _ Codex] * {{Nexus cum parametris | search = intitle:category | profile = advanced | fulltext = 1 | advancedSearch-current = {"fields":{"intitle":"category"}<nowiki />} | ns8 = 1 | 1 = Specialis:Quaerere | 2 = Nomina categoriarum systematis Vicipaediae Latinae }} * {{Nexus cum parametris | 1 = Specialis:Quaerere | 2 = Paginae documentationis quae &#123;&#123;Categoriae vestigatoriae formulae&#125;&#125; requirunt | search = insource:/\{{!}}\s*!\s*\]\]/i | limit = 500 | offset = 0 | ns10 = 1 | sort = last_edit_desc | searchToken = d52ms0m5mhbjrlausqohxllfv }} * {{Nexus ad quaerendum|insource:/\<ref[^>\/]*\>[^<]*\{\{safesubst:/i|Annotationes cui est <code>safesubst:</code>|intra=0,1,10,100,101,11,118,119,12,13,14,15,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,828,829,9|dumtaxat=500|ordo=secundum recensionem}} * {{Nexus ad quaerendum|insource:/\<ref[^>\/]*\>[^<]*\{\{subst:/i|Annotationes cui est <code>subst:</code>|intra=0,1,10,100,101,11,118,119,12,13,14,15,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,828,829,9|dumtaxat=500|ordo=secundum recensionem}} * {{Nexus ad quaerendum|insource:/invoke:params/i|Ubi modulus Params adhibeatur|intra=0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,100,101,118,119,710,711,829|dumtaxat=500|ordo=secundum recensionem}} * [[Formula:Thesaurus veterum formularum]] * [[:en:Category:Disambiguation pages not identified by Wikidata]] * [[:en:Category:Disambiguation pages with (qualified) titles]] * [[:en:Help:Reporting issues on other wikis]] == De novo spatio nominali adumbrationum == * [[phab:T418706|New “Draft” namespace for lawiki: “Adumbratio” – Phabricator]] * [[phab:T419100|Pass the target of the redirect as $1 to MediaWiki:Move-redirect-text – Phabricator]] * [[MediaWiki:Noarticletext]] * [[MediaWiki:Editnotice-0]] * [[Specialis:Nexus ad paginam/Alkinum]] * [[MediaWiki:Hf-nsheader-Adumbratio]] * [[MediaWiki:Top-notice-ns-118]] * [[MediaWiki:Draft header]] * [[MediaWiki:Namespacenotice-118]] == Alia == * [[Mw:Manual:Interface/Edit notice]] * [[Mw:Manual:Interface/Sitenotice]] * [[Mw:Extension:PageNotice]] * [[phab:T405104|Consider linting/deprecating blank template parameter names – Phabricator]] * [[phab:T430383|Introduce a parser function that allows editors to define a maximum cache validity interval for a page – Phabricator]] * [[phab:T431913|TemplateData's custom format does not support the tab character – Phabricator]] * [[phab:T431938|Add support for :focus-within when the content model is “sanitized-css” – Phabricator]] * [[phab:T431940|Allow TemplateData to specify the intended template invocation method – Phabricator]] * [[phab:T432542|Add a returnType field to TemplateData – Phabricator]] * [[phab:T434632|Allow CSS variables in counter() and counter-increment – Phabricator]] * [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Support#The_language_is_called_%E2%80%9CLatinum%E2%80%9D,_not_%E2%80%9CLatina%E2%80%9D translatewiki:Support § The language is called “Latinum”, not “Latina”] i705ixrc1m2crbqw4q12x99szn4bsbd Formula:Opus/inferendum 10 317032 3986636 3954233 2026-09-08T15:57:05Z Grufo 64423 De forma canonica temporis 3986636 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{safesubst:<noinclude />si in substitutione | 1 = <noinclude />{<noinclude />{<noinclude />Opus{{safesubst:<noinclude />#invoke:params| entering_substack| with_name_matching |^author%d*$|or |^first%d*$|or |^author%-first%d*$|or |^last%d*$|or |^author%-last%d*$|or |^author%-link%d*$| detaching_substack| grouping_by_calling|Opus/inferendum/auctor| combining_by_calling|Opus/inferendum/enumeratio|1| leaving_substack| snapshotting|entering_substack| with_name_matching |^editor%d*$|or |^editor%-first%d*$|or |^editor%-last%d*$|or |^editor%-link%d*$| detaching_substack| grouping_by_calling|Opus/inferendum/redactor| combining_by_calling|Opus/inferendum/enumeratio|2| leaving_substack| snapshotting|entering_substack| with_name_matching |^translator%d*$|or |^translator%-first%d*$|or |^translator%-last%d*$|or |^translator%-link%d*$| detaching_substack| grouping_by_calling|Opus/inferendum/interpres| combining_by_calling|Opus/inferendum/enumeratio|3| leaving_substack| snapshotting|entering_substack| with_name_matching|bibcode-access|strict| or|doi-access|strict| or|hdl-access|strict| or|jstor-access|strict| or|ol-access|strict| or|osti-access|strict| or|ssrn-access|strict| or|s2cid-access|strict| or|url-access|strict| mapping_by_replacing|^%s*free%s*$|liberus|1| mapping_by_replacing|^%s*registration%s*$|sociis|1| merging_substack| snapshotting|entering_substack| with_name_matching|url-status|strict| mapping_by_replacing|^%s*live%s*$|vivit|1| mapping_by_replacing|^%s*dead%s*$|obiit|1| mapping_by_replacing|^%s*deviated%s*$|deviavit|1| mapping_by_replacing|^%s*unfit%s*$|malefacit|1| mapping_by_replacing|^%s*usurped%s*$|usurpatur|1| mapping_by_replacing|^%s*bot:%s*unknown%s*$|ignoratur|1| merging_substack| snapshotting|entering_substack| with_name_matching|date$| mapping_by_magic|#time|values_only_as|2|let|1|Y-m-d| merging_substack| entering_substack|new| pulling|archive-url| mapping_by_replacing|^.*/(%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d)/.*$|%1|1| merging_substack| flushing| flushing| flushing| concat_and_call|Opus/inferendum/cetera }} <noinclude />}<noinclude />}<noinclude /> | 2 = {{Error|Error: Haec formula semper [[Auxilium:Substitutio|substituenda]] est. Scribe autem: {{vvt|<nowiki>{{subst:opus/i</nowiki>{{#invoke:params|setting|ih/p|{{!}}|{{=}}|list}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki>}}.}} }}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentatio|proprietas=distributa}}</noinclude> 2p3zv36fy0sda4npygt3g8fab3apyk2 3986637 3986636 2026-09-08T15:59:00Z Grufo 64423 3986637 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{safesubst:<noinclude />si in substitutione | 1 = <noinclude />{<noinclude />{<noinclude />Opus{{safesubst:<noinclude />#invoke:params| entering_substack| with_name_matching |^author%d*$|or |^first%d*$|or |^author%-first%d*$|or |^last%d*$|or |^author%-last%d*$|or |^author%-link%d*$| detaching_substack| grouping_by_calling|Opus/inferendum/auctor| combining_by_calling|Opus/inferendum/enumeratio|1| leaving_substack| snapshotting|entering_substack| with_name_matching |^editor%d*$|or |^editor%-first%d*$|or |^editor%-last%d*$|or |^editor%-link%d*$| detaching_substack| grouping_by_calling|Opus/inferendum/redactor| combining_by_calling|Opus/inferendum/enumeratio|2| leaving_substack| snapshotting|entering_substack| with_name_matching |^translator%d*$|or |^translator%-first%d*$|or |^translator%-last%d*$|or |^translator%-link%d*$| detaching_substack| grouping_by_calling|Opus/inferendum/interpres| combining_by_calling|Opus/inferendum/enumeratio|3| leaving_substack| snapshotting|entering_substack| with_name_matching|bibcode-access|strict| or|doi-access|strict| or|hdl-access|strict| or|jstor-access|strict| or|ol-access|strict| or|osti-access|strict| or|ssrn-access|strict| or|s2cid-access|strict| or|url-access|strict| mapping_by_replacing|^%s*free%s*$|liberus|1| mapping_by_replacing|^%s*registration%s*$|sociis|1| merging_substack| snapshotting|entering_substack| with_name_matching|url-status|strict| mapping_by_replacing|^%s*live%s*$|vivit|1| mapping_by_replacing|^%s*dead%s*$|obiit|1| mapping_by_replacing|^%s*deviated%s*$|deviavit|1| mapping_by_replacing|^%s*unfit%s*$|malefacit|1| mapping_by_replacing|^%s*usurped%s*$|usurpatur|1| mapping_by_replacing|^%s*bot:%s*unknown%s*$|ignoratur|1| merging_substack| snapshotting|entering_substack| with_name_matching|date$| mapping_by_magic|#time|values_only_as|2|let|1|Y-m-d| merging_substack| entering_substack|new| pulling|archive-url| mapping_by_replacing|^.*/(%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d)/.*$|%1|1| merging_substack| flushing| flushing| flushing| reassigning|accessdate|access-date|rename| concat_and_call|Opus/inferendum/cetera }} <noinclude />}<noinclude />}<noinclude /> | 2 = {{Error|Error: Haec formula semper [[Auxilium:Substitutio|substituenda]] est. Scribe autem: {{vvt|<nowiki>{{subst:opus/i</nowiki>{{#invoke:params|setting|ih/p|{{!}}|{{=}}|list}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki>}}.}} }}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentatio|proprietas=distributa}}</noinclude> t0q78iftkwnkg7dd5t7w71s4rgoh504 3986638 3986637 2026-09-08T16:01:50Z Grufo 64423 De synonymis 3986638 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{safesubst:<noinclude />si in substitutione | 1 = <noinclude />{<noinclude />{<noinclude />Opus{{safesubst:<noinclude />#invoke:params| entering_substack| with_name_matching |^author%d*$|or |^first%d*$|or |^author%-first%d*$|or |^last%d*$|or |^author%-last%d*$|or |^author%-link%d*$| detaching_substack| grouping_by_calling|Opus/inferendum/auctor| combining_by_calling|Opus/inferendum/enumeratio|1| leaving_substack| snapshotting|entering_substack| with_name_matching |^editor%d*$|or |^editor%-first%d*$|or |^editor%-last%d*$|or |^editor%-link%d*$| detaching_substack| grouping_by_calling|Opus/inferendum/redactor| combining_by_calling|Opus/inferendum/enumeratio|2| leaving_substack| snapshotting|entering_substack| with_name_matching |^translator%d*$|or |^translator%-first%d*$|or |^translator%-last%d*$|or |^translator%-link%d*$| detaching_substack| grouping_by_calling|Opus/inferendum/interpres| combining_by_calling|Opus/inferendum/enumeratio|3| leaving_substack| snapshotting|entering_substack| with_name_matching|bibcode-access|strict| or|doi-access|strict| or|hdl-access|strict| or|jstor-access|strict| or|ol-access|strict| or|osti-access|strict| or|ssrn-access|strict| or|s2cid-access|strict| or|url-access|strict| mapping_by_replacing|^%s*free%s*$|liberus|1| mapping_by_replacing|^%s*registration%s*$|sociis|1| merging_substack| snapshotting|entering_substack| with_name_matching|url-status|strict| mapping_by_replacing|^%s*live%s*$|vivit|1| mapping_by_replacing|^%s*dead%s*$|obiit|1| mapping_by_replacing|^%s*deviated%s*$|deviavit|1| mapping_by_replacing|^%s*unfit%s*$|malefacit|1| mapping_by_replacing|^%s*usurped%s*$|usurpatur|1| mapping_by_replacing|^%s*bot:%s*unknown%s*$|ignoratur|1| merging_substack| snapshotting|entering_substack| with_name_matching|date$| mapping_by_magic|#time|values_only_as|2|let|1|Y-m-d| merging_substack| entering_substack|new| pulling|archive-url| mapping_by_replacing|^.*/(%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d)/.*$|%1|1| merging_substack| flushing| flushing| flushing| reassigning|accessdate|access-date|rename| reassigning|archivedate|archive-date|rename| reassigning|archiveurl|archive-url|rename| concat_and_call|Opus/inferendum/cetera }} <noinclude />}<noinclude />}<noinclude /> | 2 = {{Error|Error: Haec formula semper [[Auxilium:Substitutio|substituenda]] est. Scribe autem: {{vvt|<nowiki>{{subst:opus/i</nowiki>{{#invoke:params|setting|ih/p|{{!}}|{{=}}|list}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki>}}.}} }}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentatio|proprietas=distributa}}</noinclude> hpe7bcrat5utqzfia4apdd9grxjnz6d 3986639 3986638 2026-09-08T16:02:31Z Grufo 64423 3986639 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{safesubst:<noinclude />si in substitutione | 1 = <noinclude />{<noinclude />{<noinclude />Opus{{safesubst:<noinclude />#invoke:params| reassigning|accessdate|access-date|rename| reassigning|archivedate|archive-date|rename| reassigning|archiveurl|archive-url|rename| entering_substack| with_name_matching |^author%d*$|or |^first%d*$|or |^author%-first%d*$|or |^last%d*$|or |^author%-last%d*$|or |^author%-link%d*$| detaching_substack| grouping_by_calling|Opus/inferendum/auctor| combining_by_calling|Opus/inferendum/enumeratio|1| leaving_substack| snapshotting|entering_substack| with_name_matching |^editor%d*$|or |^editor%-first%d*$|or |^editor%-last%d*$|or |^editor%-link%d*$| detaching_substack| grouping_by_calling|Opus/inferendum/redactor| combining_by_calling|Opus/inferendum/enumeratio|2| leaving_substack| snapshotting|entering_substack| with_name_matching |^translator%d*$|or |^translator%-first%d*$|or |^translator%-last%d*$|or |^translator%-link%d*$| detaching_substack| grouping_by_calling|Opus/inferendum/interpres| combining_by_calling|Opus/inferendum/enumeratio|3| leaving_substack| snapshotting|entering_substack| with_name_matching|bibcode-access|strict| or|doi-access|strict| or|hdl-access|strict| or|jstor-access|strict| or|ol-access|strict| or|osti-access|strict| or|ssrn-access|strict| or|s2cid-access|strict| or|url-access|strict| mapping_by_replacing|^%s*free%s*$|liberus|1| mapping_by_replacing|^%s*registration%s*$|sociis|1| merging_substack| snapshotting|entering_substack| with_name_matching|url-status|strict| mapping_by_replacing|^%s*live%s*$|vivit|1| mapping_by_replacing|^%s*dead%s*$|obiit|1| mapping_by_replacing|^%s*deviated%s*$|deviavit|1| mapping_by_replacing|^%s*unfit%s*$|malefacit|1| mapping_by_replacing|^%s*usurped%s*$|usurpatur|1| mapping_by_replacing|^%s*bot:%s*unknown%s*$|ignoratur|1| merging_substack| snapshotting|entering_substack| with_name_matching|date$| mapping_by_magic|#time|values_only_as|2|let|1|Y-m-d| merging_substack| entering_substack|new| pulling|archive-url| mapping_by_replacing|^.*/(%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d)/.*$|%1|1| merging_substack| flushing| flushing| flushing| concat_and_call|Opus/inferendum/cetera }} <noinclude />}<noinclude />}<noinclude /> | 2 = {{Error|Error: Haec formula semper [[Auxilium:Substitutio|substituenda]] est. Scribe autem: {{vvt|<nowiki>{{subst:opus/i</nowiki>{{#invoke:params|setting|ih/p|{{!}}|{{=}}|list}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki>}}.}} }}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentatio|proprietas=distributa}}</noinclude> 1hsfqiptnt95bpw8cu9c4n0l5im5atb Daemon Laplaceanus 0 318579 3986819 3928054 2026-09-09T07:29:25Z Grufo 64423 +Cat; formulam {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve]]}} detraxi, quia pagina creata est. 3986819 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Pierre-Simon Laplace.jpg|thumb|Petrus Simon Laplace]] {{res|Daemon Laplaceanus}} est res omniscia ficta, qua [[Petrus Simon de Laplace]], [[mathematica|mathematicus]] et [[astronomia|astronomus]] [[Francia|Francicus]] ([[1849]]-[[1927]]), anno [[1814]] in libro suo ''Essai philosophique sur les probabilités'', [[determinismus|determinismum]] [[universum|universi]] inlustrat.<ref>Laplace ipse usus non est ''[[daemon]]e'', quae appellatio a posteris inventa usuque recepta est. Quae res mira a Laplace "intelligence" appellatur.</ref> Secundum [[experimentum mentale]] a Laplace propositum, quidam daemon qui non solum omnis generis materiae locum in Universo, dato temporis momento, ac omnes leges eam materiam regentes cognoverit, sed etiam hoc indicium satis capaciter scrutari possit, ideoque omnes alias veritates scire possit. Homines docti de {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|theoria omnium rerum||en|qid=Q18359}} acriter disputant. Daemon enim Laplaceanus veritatem theoriae omnium poscere videtur, sed theoria omnium, si esse potest, ad scientiam futuram pertinet, quam nondum habemus. Hodie vero illi, qui daemonem Laplaceanum respuunt, ex [[physica quantica]] fortasse maximum argumentum capiunt, nam sententia Laplaceana eo argumento facile reprehendi potest, quod ostendere conatur, mundum quodam significatu comprehensibilem esse. Primis enim cognitis veritatibus reliquae veritates determinari poterunt. Numerus veritatum fundamentalium daemoni scrutabilium nimis parvus esse videtur. Quam manifestissimum est, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|indeterminismus|indeterminismum|en|qid=Q876695}}, qui in physica quantica inhaerere videtur, daemoni possibilitatem negare, alio momento statum mundi determinandi, cum status non se expediat stricte secundum certas regulas, quae semper unam tantum possibilitatem relinquant. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * Chalmers, David J. (2012) ''Constructing the World''. Oxford University Press. {{NexInt}} * [[Petrus Simon de Laplace]] * [[Daemon Maxwellianus]] [[Categoria:Experimenta mentalia]] [[Categoria:Daemones]] [[Categoria:Epistemologia]] [[Categoria:Philosophia scientiae]] [[Categoria:Physica]] h5c6l6sfe9hcd8i7za6227odq4rhdo1 Conclave Mariae 0 319083 3986818 3928789 2026-09-09T07:28:54Z Grufo 64423 +Cat; formulam {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve]]}} detraxi, quia pagina creata est. 3986818 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:What Mary Didn't Know.png|thumb|Res Mariae ignotae.]] {{res|Conclave Mariae}} est [[experimentum mentale]] a {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Franciscus Jackson|Francisco Jackson|en|qid=Q1365057}} [[philosophus|philosopho]] [[Australia|Australiensi]] factum, quo demonstrare conatur fallaciam {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|physicalismus|physicalismi|en|qid=Q269114}}, qui adfirmat [[universum]], addito omne quod ad [[mens|mentem]] pertinet, perquam physicum vel corporeum esse.<ref>{{qc|Jackson, 1982}}, p. 128.</ref> Quod experimentum mentale etiam '''argumentum scientiae''' ([[Anglice]] {{barbarice|lingua=en|knowledge argument}}) appellatur. In quo experimento mentali, Maria est virgo scientifica, quae omnia non solum de coloribus sed etiam de cerebri opere ex visu coloris oriunda didicit. At numquam ullum vidit colorem, quia in loco albo et nigro laborare coacta est. Ut verba Francisci Jackson repetamus: {{Folium memoratum|Maria ingeniosa virgo scientifica est, quae quacumque de causa ex albo et nigro conclavi per album et nigrum [[monitrum]] televisificum mundum investigare cogitur. Ad videndi {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|neurophysiologia|neurophysiologiam|en|qid=Q660910}} perita omne, ut ita dicamus, obtinet indicium physicum, quod obtinere potest de eo, quod evenit, cum [[lycopersicum]] maturum vel caelum videmus, et vocabulis ut 'rubro', 'caeruleo' et ceteris utimur [...] Quid fiet cum Maria ex albo et nigro conclavi dimittitur vel coloratum monitorem televisificum accipiet? Aliquid discet necne?}}{{Norma dextra|&horbar;&thinsp;{{qc|Jackson, 1982}}, p. 128}} Ergo quid accidet, si Maria in mundum colorum dimissa erit? Nam Maria, siquidem omnia de coloribus cognoverit, ubi coloribus obiecta erit, num quid novi didicerit? Jackson hoc adfirmat. Dissensio est, quo modo praemissa et conclusio argumenti huius experimenti summatim exponenda sint. Ita {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Paulus Churchland|Churchland|en|qid=Q712681}}: * Maria omnia scit quae scienda sunt de statibus cerebri eorumque proprietatibus. * Neque enim Maria omnia scit quae scienda sunt de [[sensus|sensationibus]] earumque proprietatibus. * Ergo sensationes et proprietates earum non idem (≠) sunt ac status cerebri eorumque proprietates. Jackson autem huic rei obstat dicitque formulam Churchlandianam de argumento suo deviare. Praesertim primis praemissis formulae eius obicit: “Summa totius argumenti est Mariam (ante missionem suam) non omnia scire, quae de statibus cerebri eorumque proprietatibus scienda sint, quia certa [[qualia]] cum eis coniuncta nescit.”<ref>{{qc|Jackson, 1986}}.</ref> Hanc interpretationem ipse praefert: * Maria (ante missionem) omnia physica scit, quae de aliis hominibus scienda sint. * Maria (ante missionem) non omnia scit quae de aliis hominibus scienda sint (quia in missione aliquid de eis discit). * Ergo sunt veritates de aliis hominibus (et de se ipsa) quae narrationem physicalisticam fugiunt. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Jackson, 1982 | c = Jackson, Frank (1982) Epiphenomenal Qualia. ''Philosophical Quarterly'' 32 (127): 127–136 }} * {{Ecce citatio | id = Jackson, 1986 | c = Jackson, Frank (1986) What Mary Didn't Know. ''Journal of Philosophy'' 83 (5): 291–295 }} [[Categoria:Philosophia mentis]] [[Categoria:Experimenta mentalia]] 4hso0hytf1c7tpgqxbtpkqj0bhdf3u4 Asinus Buridani 0 319547 3986817 3917197 2026-09-09T07:28:06Z Grufo 64423 +Cat; -{{Pagina non annexa}}: pagina est annexa; minora 3986817 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Deliberations of Congress.jpg|thumb|[[Congressus Civitatum Foederatarum]] asino Buridani comparatus.]] '''Asinus Buridani''' est [[experimentum mentale]] ad [[Ioannes Buridanus|Iohannem Buridanum]] ([[1300]]–[[1358]]) [[philosophia|philosophum]] [[Francia|Francicum]] [[scholastica (philosophia)|scholasticum]] adscriptum, quod [[psychologia]]m eius inlustrare videtur. Nam psychologia Buridani optiones, nisi ratione deliberationeque nitantur, fieri non permittit. Si enim eligendum sit inter duas praelationes sive optiones praelatas, nonne rationabilius videatur talem quam malis rem optare quam quandam eligere quae solum praesto sit? Ubi nulla praelatio est, nulla ratio optionis esse videtur. Quae ratiocinatio hoc praeceptum confirmare videtur: Nulla optio rationabilis sine praelatione. Tamen hoc argumentum, quamvis prima facie probabile videatur, ex toto correctum accipi non potest. Nota est enim res contraposita: asinus Buridani.<ref>Rescher 1960; Tyler 2008.</ref> Asinus (experimento mentali fictus) esuriens inter duos persimiles [[faenum|faeni]] manipulos stat dubitans, utrolibet vescatur. Nam nulla causa esse videtur, cur ex alterutro manipulo faeni vesci malit. Sed alterutro vesci debet, aut fame peribit. Ita belua nostra, quia rationabilis est, unum faeni manipulum nulli praeferet, et ita unum manipulum eligere debet. Tamen nulla omnino causa est, cur alteruter manipulus praeferatur. Inde sequi videtur, ut optio rationabilis sine praelatione nihilo minus aliquo modo fieri debeat.<ref>Rescher 1960; Tyler 2008.</ref> Asinus Buridani in scriptis Iohannis Buridani inveniri non videtur, neque saltem asinus.<ref>Rescher 1960: 144, 153.</ref> Ignoratur tamen fons huius [[proverbium|adagii]]. Forsitan ipse fuerit, sed [[Aristoteles|Aristotelem]], cuius [[physica]]e peritus erat, redolet ipsa opinio. Ad minimum hic inveniri potest locus Aristotelius: {{Ipse dixit|Sicut dicitur de quodam, qui vehementer aequabiliterque esurit et sitit ac a cibis et potionibus aeque distat, et cui ideo quiescere necesse est.<ref> [ὥσπερ ὁ περὶ] τοῦ πεινῶντος καὶ διψῶντος σφόδρα μέν, ὁμοίως δέ, καὶ τῶν ἐδωδίμων καὶ ποτῶν ἴσον ἀπέχοντος [λόγος]· καὶ γὰρ τοῦτον ἠρεμεῖν ἀναγκαῖον.</ref> |Aristoteles, ''[[De caelo]]'' 295b}} == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * Rescher, Nicholas (1960) Choice without Preference. A Study of the History and of the Logic of the Problem of “Buridan’s Ass”. ''Kant-Studien'' 51: 142–175. * Tyler, Tom (2008) The Quiescent Ass and the Dumbstruck Wolf. ''Configurations'' 14: 9–28. [[Categoria:Philosophia]] [[Categoria:Experimenta mentalia]] bjrntd5iuan6dpjmb0qezch6cti28ii Formula:Ok/doc 10 320836 3986718 3918127 2026-09-08T20:57:28Z Grufo 64423 Documentationem auxi 3986718 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Subpagina documentationis|proprietas=distributa}} {{Formula substituibilis}} == De usu == '''Vicitextus:''' {{fvt|<nowiki>{{</nowiki>{{BASEPAGENAME}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres.}} '''Effectus:''' : {{ {{BASEPAGENAME}} }} Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres. == De omnibus formulis icuncularum typographicarum == === De iconibus tantum === {| class="wikitable" |- ! Icon !! Formulae !! Nomen fasciculi |- | {{Ok}} || {{Fn|Ok}} || [[:Fasciculus:Yes check.svg|Yes check.svg]] |- | {{Aye}} || {{Fn|Aye}}, {{Fn|Y}} || [[:Fasciculus:Green check.svg|Green check.svg]] |- | {{Pollex versus}} || {{Fn|Pollex versus}}, {{Fn|Versus pollex}}, {{Fn|Pollice verso}}, {{Fn|Verso pollice}} || [[:Fasciculus:Verso pollice.svg|Verso pollice.svg]] |- | {{Pollex pressus}} || {{Fn|Pollex pressus}}, {{Fn|Pressus pollex}}, {{Fn|Pollice presso}}, {{Fn|Presso pollice}} || [[:Fasciculus:Presso pollice.svg|Presso pollice.svg]] |} === De formulis quae quendam textum iconi addunt === {| class="wikitable" |- ! Icon !! Formulae !! Nomen fasciculi |- | {{Factum est}} || {{Fn|Factum est}}, {{Fn|Factum'st}}, {{Fn|Factumst}} || [[:Fasciculus:Yes check.svg|Yes check.svg]] |} === De aliis formulis elaboratioribus alibi descriptis === {| class="wikitable" |- ! Icon !! Formulae !! Nomen fasciculi |- | {{Assenserunt|Marcus=2026-04-15 19:11:35}} || {{Fsn|+1}}, {{Fsn|Assenserunt}} || ''Nullum, glyphum [[Unicodex|Unicodicis]] adhibetur.'' |} == Ulteriora si cupis == * [[:Categoria:Formulae icuncularum typographicarum]] * {{Fsn|Assenserunt}} <includeonly>{{in harenario aut alibi|| <!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --> [[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae intra versum accommodandae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae quae nullum argumentum accipiunt|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae icuncularum typographicarum|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae disputationis|{{PAGENAME}}]] }}</includeonly> ifm36ffmukkpuz616noldva85bdwbyp 3986727 3986718 2026-09-08T21:05:41Z Grufo 64423 Documentationem auxi 3986727 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Subpagina documentationis|proprietas=distributa}} {{Formula substituibilis}} {{Vicitextus concors | Factum est | Nota bene | Titulus paragraphi | Titulus paragraphi expers }} == De usu == '''Vicitextus:''' {{fvt|<nowiki>{{</nowiki>{{BASEPAGENAME}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres.}} '''Effectus:''' : {{ {{BASEPAGENAME}} }} Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres. == De omnibus formulis icuncularum typographicarum == === De iconibus tantum === {| class="wikitable" |- ! Icon !! Formulae !! Nomen fasciculi |- | {{Ok}} || {{Fn|Ok}} || [[:Fasciculus:Yes check.svg|Yes check.svg]] |- | {{Aye}} || {{Fn|Aye}}, {{Fn|Y}} || [[:Fasciculus:Green check.svg|Green check.svg]] |- | {{Pollex versus}} || {{Fn|Pollex versus}}, {{Fn|Versus pollex}}, {{Fn|Pollice verso}}, {{Fn|Verso pollice}} || [[:Fasciculus:Verso pollice.svg|Verso pollice.svg]] |- | {{Pollex pressus}} || {{Fn|Pollex pressus}}, {{Fn|Pressus pollex}}, {{Fn|Pollice presso}}, {{Fn|Presso pollice}} || [[:Fasciculus:Presso pollice.svg|Presso pollice.svg]] |} === De formulis quae quendam textum iconi addunt === {| class="wikitable" |- ! Icon !! Formulae !! Nomen fasciculi |- | {{Factum est}} || {{Fn|Factum est}}, {{Fn|Factum'st}}, {{Fn|Factumst}} || [[:Fasciculus:Yes check.svg|Yes check.svg]] |- | {{Nota bene}} || {{Fn|Nota bene}}, {{Fn|Nb}}, {{Fn|NB}} || [[:Fasciculus:Symbol point of order.svg|Symbol point of order.svg]] |} === De aliis formulis elaboratioribus alibi descriptis === {| class="wikitable" |- ! Icon !! Formulae !! Nomen fasciculi |- | {{Assenserunt|Marcus=2026-04-15 19:11:35}} || {{Fsn|+1}}, {{Fsn|Assenserunt}} || ''Nullum, glyphum [[Unicodex|Unicodicis]] adhibetur.'' |} == Ulteriora si cupis == * [[:Categoria:Formulae icuncularum typographicarum]] * {{Fsn|Assenserunt}} <includeonly>{{in harenario aut alibi|| <!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --> [[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae intra versum accommodandae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae quae nullum argumentum accipiunt|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae icuncularum typographicarum|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae disputationis|{{PAGENAME}}]] }}</includeonly> a279k83q45rsj1jasjhy2kw8bh31rhv 3986744 3986727 2026-09-08T21:22:24Z Grufo 64423 /* De aliis formulis elaboratioribus alibi descriptis */ 3986744 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Subpagina documentationis|proprietas=distributa}} {{Formula substituibilis}} {{Vicitextus concors | Factum est | Nota bene | Titulus paragraphi | Titulus paragraphi expers }} == De usu == '''Vicitextus:''' {{fvt|<nowiki>{{</nowiki>{{BASEPAGENAME}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki> Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres.}} '''Effectus:''' : {{ {{BASEPAGENAME}} }} Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres. == De omnibus formulis icuncularum typographicarum == === De iconibus tantum === {| class="wikitable" |- ! Icon !! Formulae !! Nomen fasciculi |- | {{Ok}} || {{Fn|Ok}} || [[:Fasciculus:Yes check.svg|Yes check.svg]] |- | {{Aye}} || {{Fn|Aye}}, {{Fn|Y}} || [[:Fasciculus:Green check.svg|Green check.svg]] |- | {{Pollex versus}} || {{Fn|Pollex versus}}, {{Fn|Versus pollex}}, {{Fn|Pollice verso}}, {{Fn|Verso pollice}} || [[:Fasciculus:Verso pollice.svg|Verso pollice.svg]] |- | {{Pollex pressus}} || {{Fn|Pollex pressus}}, {{Fn|Pressus pollex}}, {{Fn|Pollice presso}}, {{Fn|Presso pollice}} || [[:Fasciculus:Presso pollice.svg|Presso pollice.svg]] |} === De formulis quae quendam textum iconi addunt === {| class="wikitable" |- ! Icon !! Formulae !! Nomen fasciculi |- | {{Factum est}} || {{Fn|Factum est}}, {{Fn|Factum'st}}, {{Fn|Factumst}} || [[:Fasciculus:Yes check.svg|Yes check.svg]] |- | {{Nota bene}} || {{Fn|Nota bene}}, {{Fn|Nb}}, {{Fn|NB}} || [[:Fasciculus:Symbol point of order.svg|Symbol point of order.svg]] |} === De aliis formulis elaboratioribus alibi descriptis === {| class="wikitable" |- ! Icon !! Formulae !! Nomen fasciculi |- | {{Assenserunt|Marcus=2026-04-15 19:11:35}} || {{Fsn|+1}}, {{Fsn|Assenserunt}} || ''Nullus fasciculus, glyphum autem [[Unicodex|Unicodicis]] adhibetur.'' |} == Ulteriora si cupis == * [[:Categoria:Formulae icuncularum typographicarum]] * {{Fsn|Assenserunt}} <includeonly>{{in harenario aut alibi|| <!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --> [[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae intra versum accommodandae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae quae nullum argumentum accipiunt|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae icuncularum typographicarum|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae disputationis|{{PAGENAME}}]] }}</includeonly> ddq1cogfb8w57l0jtxe3lariob4frrv Formula:De hac redirectione/doc 10 321032 3986588 3982636 2026-09-08T12:40:31Z Grufo 64423 +{{[[Formula:Vicitextus concors|Vicitextus concors]]}} 3986588 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Subpagina documentationis}} {{Vicitextus concors | Postilla redirectionis | De hac redirectione }} {{Lua | Params | Redirection | String | Vicidata }} Haec capsa paginis redirectionis addi potest. In simplicibus redirectionibus non requiritur, sed oportet eam inserere: {{De hac redirectione/quando}} Haec formula pluribus categoriis vestigatoriis utitur—vide [[#categoriae-vestigatoriae|indicem]] hic infra. {{Nota bene}} Aliquando, quum paginae moventur, [[Auxilium:Substitutio|substitutio]] systematis {{Fsn|Postilla redirectionis}} hanc capsam sua sponte inserit. == De usu == Formula argumenta facultativa tria tantum accipit ({{para|ratio}}, {{para|olim}}) et {{para|annotatio}}). '''Vicitextus ({{*eg}} in pagina “{{rns|Apollonius Syrus}}”):''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">#REDIRECT [[Historia Augusta]] {{De hac redirectione}}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{De hac redirectione/tabula|propositum=exhibitio|qid=Q4068055|sourcePage=Apollonius Syrus|fullText=Historia Augusta|fragment=|prefixedText=Historia Augusta|olim=}} {{Ast}} '''Vicitextus ({{*eg}} in pagina “{{rns|Catamarca (provincia)}}”):''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">#REDIRECT [[Argentina#Divisio administrativa]] {{De hac redirectione}}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{De hac redirectione/tabula|propositum=exhibitio|qid=Q4068055|sourcePage=Catamarca (provincia)|fullText=Argentina|fragment=Divisio administrativa|prefixedText=Argentina|olim=}} {{Ast}} '''Vicitextus ({{*eg}} in pagina “{{rns|VP:1000}}”):''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">#REDIRECT [[Vicipaedia:1000 paginae]] {{De hac redirectione}}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{De hac redirectione/tabula|propositum=exhibitio|qid=|sourcePage=VP:1000|fullText=Vicipaedia:1000 paginae|fragment=Vicipaedia:1000 paginae|prefixedText=|olim=}} {{Ast}} '''Vicitextus ({{*eg}} in pagina “{{rns|Adfixum}}”):''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">#REDIRECT [[Affixum]] {{De hac redirectione|olim=2434003}}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{De hac redirectione/tabula|propositum=exhibitio|qid=|sourcePage=Adfixum|fullText=Affixum|fragment=|prefixedText=Affixum|olim=2434003|recensio=2434003}} {{Ast}} '''Vicitextus ({{*eg}} in pagina “{{rns|Adfixum}}”):''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">#REDIRECT [[Affixum]] {{De hac redirectione|olim=pagina}}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{De hac redirectione/tabula|propositum=exhibitio|qid=|sourcePage=Adfixum|fullText=Affixum|fragment=|prefixedText=Affixum|olim=pagina}} == De argumentis == <templatedata>{ "description": "Haec capsa paginis redirectionis addi potest.", "params": { "ratio": { "label": "Ratio", "description": "Scribe ‘ratio=collectio’ si pagina disputationis ad disputationes in singulum locum collectas redigit", "type": "string", "required": false, "example": "collectio" }, "olim": { "label": "Olim", "description": "Scribe ‘olim=pagina’ aut ‘olim=[NUMERUS RECENSIONIS]’ si redirectio erat pagina cum sua historia", "type": "string", "required": false, "example": "pagina" }, "annotatio": { "label": "Annotatio", "description": "Annotatio de hac redirectione", "type": "content", "required": false, "example": "Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres." } } }</templatedata> == Subformulae auxiliares == * &#123;&#123;{{rel|Formula:De hac redirectione/tabula}}&#125;&#125; == Ulteriora si cupis == {{Categoriae vestigatoriae formulae | ancora = categoriae-vestigatoriae | Adumbrationes perfectae | Categoriae non vacuae quae sunt redirectiones # infeliciter | Categoriae quae sunt redirectiones | Compendia | Paginae discretivae quae sunt redirectiones | Redirectiones ad paginas discretivas | Adumbrationes in locum paginarum substitutae # caduciter | Paginae protectae | Paginae disputationis quae male redigunt # infeliciter | Paginae disputationis quae sunt redirectiones etiamsi paginam habent # infeliciter | Paginae semi-protectae | Redirectiones ad capitula | Redirectiones cum disputationibus | Redirectiones quae olim fuerunt paginae | Tituli ambigui }} * [[:Categoria:Redirectiones ad Vicidata annexae]] * [[Vicipaedia:Redirectio]] * {{Fn|Redirectio obliqua}} * {{Fn|Nondum}} * {{Fn|Pagina protecta}} * {{Fn|Disputationes redirectionem comitantes}} <includeonly>{{in harenario aut alibi|| <!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --> [[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae quae seorsos versus creant|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae administrationis Vicipaediae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae monituum nuntiorumque|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae Vicidatorum|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae nexuales|{{PAGENAME}}]] }}</includeonly> a387hpui7nr24o5ztja6snf3z2s5v85 Regina spiculorum (drama melicum) 0 321686 3986722 3932881 2026-09-08T21:02:42Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 3986722 wikitext text/x-wiki {{titulus italicus}}[[Fasciculus:Tchaikovsky and the Figners 1890.jpg|thumb|Ĉajkovskij (centrum) cum Nikolao et Medea Figner qui personam Hermani et Lisae lusi sunt ad primum ludum anno 1890]] [[Fasciculus:First French Empire card deck - 1810 - Queen of Spades.jpg|thumb|Regina spiculorum ([[chartae lusoriae|charta lusoria]], 1810)]] {{ires|Regina spiculorum}} ([[Russice]]:Пиковая дама ) est [[melodrama (musica)|opera]] a [[Petrus Čajkovskij|Petro Čajkovskij]] cum [[libellus|libello]] a Modesto Čajkovskij, fratro eius, composita anno [[1890]]. Origo huius dramatis narratincula eius nominis ab [[Alexander Puskinus|Alexandro Puskino]] scripta est. Drama melicum die [[19 Decembris]] [[1890]] apud theatrum Marianum (''Mariinskij'') [[Petropolis]] primum demonstrata est.<ref>Sub directione ab Eduardo Napravnik.</ref> == Personae == * Germanus - [[tenor]] * Comes Tomskij - baritonus * Princeps Eletskij -baritonus * Comitissa - meso-supranus * Elisabetha (''Liza'') - [[supranus]] * Paulina - meso-supranus * Tchekalinskij - [[tenor]] * Surin - bassus * Tchapliskij - [[tenor]] * Narumov - bassus * Maria (''Masha'') - supranus * Impuberes{{dubsig}} - [[chorus]] etc. == Synopsis == {{Latinitas|-5}} Drama hoc lyricum tres actionibus et septem [[scaena theatri|scenis]] composita est. ===Actio prima=== Apud hortum [[Petropolis]]: Impuberes cum simulatione nuptarum et [[miles|militis]] ludent. Germanus ludum pokerianum visit sed non ludet. Germanus Lizam per Eletskij scit et amorem senit sed non nuptare potest causa status socialis. Homines cetera de Comitissa loquuntur quae "Venus [[Moscua]]e" fuit et secretum trium chartarum lusoriarum quae [[ludus pokerianus|ludum pokerianum]] vincere possunt scit apud [[legenda]]m. Germanus Lizam amat ac secretum tres chartarum scire voluit. ===Actio secunda=== Post festum, Comissa, [[avia]] Lizae carmen Francogallicum cantat ante [[somnus|somnum]]. Germanus ad Comitissam venit et secretum trium chartarum quaerit cum metu. Sed Comitissa mortua est e timore. Lisa Germanum condemnat et in dolorem fit. ===Actio tertia=== Post mortem Comitissae, Germanus epistulam a Liza legit. [[Manes|Larva]] Comitissae ad Germanum venit et secretum trium chartarum "tres, septem, unum" dixit. Liza apud canalem Germanum attendet. Sed Germanus demens solum [[aleatorium]] ire dixit. Sine amore, Liza in flumen [[Neva]]m [[mors voluntaria|ipsa desilit]]. Apud aleatorium, Germanus cum tota pecunia eius, ludum pokerianum ludet. Primo cum "tres", secundo cum "septem" charta vincit. Sed ultima dum Germanus "unum" ludet, Eletskij "regina spiculorum" declarat. Demens et omina perditus, Germanus cum gladio [[mors voluntaria|ipse necat]], Lizam veniam petens. == Notae == <references/> == Nexus externi == *[https://www.imslp.org/wiki/The_Queen_of_Spades,_Op.68_(Tchaikovsky,_Pyotr) Notatio operae] ([[International Music Score Library Project]] [[Categoria:Scripta 1890]] [[Categoria:Operae]] [[Categoria:Musica classica]] [[Categoria:Petrus Cajkovskij]] m4vbwesj4ppo1aqneh22zzl8gk86oir Vicipaedia:Taberna 4 322071 3986658 3985931 2026-09-08T17:07:27Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Ascalon Adumbratio? */ nova pars 3986658 wikitext text/x-wiki {{/Praefatio}} == De paginis nimis magnis quae formulā {{[[Formula:Augenda|Augenda]]}} utuntur == In [[:Categoria:Corrigenda|Categoriam:Corrigenda]] plures subcategoriae formulā {{Fn|Augenda}} stipantur (e.g. [[:Categoria:Augenda a mense Februario 2023]], [[:Categoria:Augenda a mense Ianuario 2024]], [[:Categoria:Augenda a mense Decembri 2025]], et cetera). Inspiciens, multas harum paginarum invenii quae longiores sunt 1000 octobitis (e.g. [[Graecia archaica]]: 2928 octobiti). Quid censeatis si mechanema cum monitu in formulam {{Fn|Augenda}} inseram, ne in paginis longioribus quam 1000 octobitorum adhibeatur? Nam si pagina est satis longa, vanum est legentes monere paginam intra tres menses esse augendam. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:30, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC) :Pagina de [[Graecia archaica]] (#1) lemmate proprio, (#2) definitione idonea, et (#3) fonte externo caret, et omnis Vicipadia ut videtur (#4) nexibus ad hanc paginam ducentibus caret. That's all four of the formula's four criteria. ¶ For the difference between a stub and more-than-a-stub, the cutoff I've been using has been 2,000 octeti for general articles and 1,900 for articles with a taxobox. I don't recall a consensus on that limit, but articles having 4,000, 5,000, 6,000 octeti have been marked "stipula"; that's likely too high a limit, and I'd suggest that 2,000 (or possibly your 1,000) is a more defensible upper limit for stubs. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 03:15, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC) :::For example, just today, someone added "<nowiki>{{urbs-stipula}}</nowiki>" to the article on [[Barcino]], which already had more than 3,500 octeti! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 15:04, 28 Februarii 2026 (UTC) :::: ''Stipulae'' are not problematic from an administrative point of view, because in theory they can remain as such forever. Barcellona is an important city with a lot of history that can be written in an encyclopedia, it can be understandable if someone feels that the current page can be greatly improved. Instead, what scares me about the {{Fn|Augenda}} template is that it is not only an invitation to improve pages, it also asks us to delete pages after three months (which is why it should be used with care). --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:57, 28 Februarii 2026 (UTC) :::::Then why not change the verb from ''will'' to ''may'' or introduce some other indication of indeterminacy? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 16:31, 28 Februarii 2026 (UTC) :: [[Usor:IacobusAmor|Iacobus]], we can set any limit we want, but what I think makes little sense is saying that a page must be increased within three months, but then after three months nothing happens and the categories above keep growing. We must set a realistic (relatively low) threshold and then, after that, be ready to '''delete''' the pages that do not respect our threshold (in [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 35#De novo spatio nominali adumbrationum proponendo|another thread]] I had proposed the <code>adumbratio:</code> namespace where after three months all these “augenda” pages can be moved, but that is a separate topic). A page like [[Graecia archaica]] only needs relatively little work to be adjusted—certainly does not deserve to be deleted. What I want to stress here is that every time you add {{Fn|Augenda}} to a page you are basically saying “If the page stays like this, I am okay if after three months it gets deleted”. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 03:58, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC) :::That's correct, but I heartily endorse a separate namespace, a kind of purgatory, where such pages can go until they've become worthy of standing in the mainspace. As a rule, I don't work on formulas, so I likely had nothing to do with the wording of this one, but three months must have been the original consensus. If memory serves, @Andrew Dalby and perhaps others have occasionally enforced the three-month rule, though sometimes after well more than three months have elapsed. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 13:08, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC) :::: Intellego. Novum spatium nominale a “Phabricatore” petiturus sum. Quid censeres si in paginis amplioribus (e.g. inter 2000 et 1000) formulā {{Fn|Nondum stipula}} (quae nullam categoriam cum tempore praefinito imponit) pro formulā {{Fn|Augenda}} utereris? Aut aliam novam formulam quoque nobis excogitare licet. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:57, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC) ::::: {{Tpe|Nova}} Hic nuper petivi ut novum spatium nominale adumbrationum crearetur: [[phab:T418706|New “Draft” namespace for lawiki: “Adumbratio”]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 01:01, 2 Martii 2026 (UTC) :::::: {{Tpe|Novissima}} Euax! Spatium nominale adumbrationum [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|habemus]]! Textus paginae [[MediaWiki:Noarticletext]] nobis sic mutandus est ut adumbrationes, si exsistunt, detegantur. Postea aliquid excogitabo. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 19:34, 2 Martii 2026 (UTC) @[[Usor:IacobusAmor|Iacobe]]: What would you think if we created a <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Pagina neglecta}}</syntaxhighlight> template, and established that when we find a page that was created more than three months ago (e.g. [[Agrinium]], created in 2004!), instead of {{Fn|Augenda}} we add the new template instead? The <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Pagina neglecta}}</syntaxhighlight> template could look more or less like this: {{Capsa annuntiationis | color = #7f83d7 | pigmentum = #f3f4fb | imago = P writing.svg | 1 = '''Commentationem neglectam augeamus!''' Haec commentatio longe neglecta videtur mansa esse. Sodes, adiuva paginam augere! }} We can then have [[:Categoria:Paginae neglectae]], where all these pages will be automatically collected. I am proposing this because I think that it makes little sense to warn that a page that was created 22 years ago must be improved within three months! It will be an empty warning. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:40, 9 Martii 2026 (UTC) :That might be useful. How would it differ from the Adumbratio solution? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:01, 9 Martii 2026 (UTC) :: Following [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio|the rules]] that I partly translated from English Wikipedia, we must not move pages that were created long ago to the <code>Adumbratio:</code> namespace. So the picture should look as follows: ::* '''Case 1:''' The page is is too short and was recently created. We have three possibilities: ::*# We improve it (prefereable solution) ::*# We move it to the <code>Adumbratio:</code> namespace (less prefereable than improving the page but more prefearable than the following) ::*# We add {{Fn|Augenda}} (less prefereable) ::*#: ↳ If three months after adding {{Fn|Augenda}} nothing has changed we delete the page for real ::* '''Case 2:''' The page is too short and was created more than three months ago. Two possibilities: ::*# We improve it (prefereable solution) ::*# We have no other choice but adding <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Pagina neglecta}}</syntaxhighlight> ::*#: ↳ We must take into account that the page might stay like that indefinitely ::* '''Case 3:''' The page was in the <code>Adumbratio:</code> namespace and was moved to the main namespace prematurely: ::*# We add {{Fn|Augenda}} ::*#: ↳ If after three months nothing has changed we delete the page for real :: The rationale is that pages that are too old might no longer have someone that checks them and is able to fulfill our expectations. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 12:42, 9 Martii 2026 (UTC) == De novo spatio adumbrationum == {{Collaboratio|Alex1011|Alexander Gerashchenko|Amahoney|Andreas Raether|Andrew Dalby|Aylin|Bartholomite|Bis-Taurinus|Demetrius Talpa|Giorno2|IacobusAmor|Ioscius|Iustinus|Lesgles|LilyKitty|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Neander|Pippobuono|Rafaelgarcia|Sigur|Utilo|UV|Xaverius | alacres = IacobusAmor | alacritas = mensis | res = Magistratūs usoresque strenuos vocavi. Veniam peto si alicuius oblitus sum. | subscriptio = [[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:43, 3 Martii 2026 (UTC) }} Nuper novum spatium nominale <code>Adumbratio:</code> condidimus. Nunc oportet regulas nostras definire. Apud [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] paginam Anglicam [[:en:Wikipedia:Drafts]] partim verti, sed de nostra propria ratione consentiendum est. Notandum est Vicipaediam Anglicam [[:en:Wikipedia:Drafts#Reasons not to move an article to draftspace|regulam habere]] qua vetatur paginam in spatio principali sitam in spatium adumbrationum movere “si commentatio ante plus quam 90 dies creata est”. Re quidem vera, nuper paginam [[Alkinum]] ad [[Adumbratio:Alkinum]] movi (praesertim ad lineamenta technica novi spatii nominalis experienda), attamen mihi visum est parum rectum paginam anno 2006 creatam (et [[Vicipaedia:Paginae quas omnibus Vicipaediis contineri oportet/Expansio#Materies chemicales|quam omnibus Vicipaediis contineri oportet]]!) ibi movere. Quo facto suasus sum ut nobis vetandum sit formulam {{Fn|Augenda}} paginis ante plus quam tres menses creatis addere. Nam, si pagina nimis brevis olim creata est et usque talis mansit, si nos eam negleximus nec animadvertimus nisi nunc, meā sententiā duae optiones tantum nobis patent: aut eam relinquimus intactam, aut formulam {{Fn|Delenda}} apponimus. Ceterum, a vobis peto ut paginam [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] inspiciatis, novas regulas proponatis, aut regulas a me scriptas emendetis. Valete! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:43, 3 Martii 2026 (UTC) ==De loco vel gradu Vicipaediae apud Meta== Does moving articles counted among the 10,000 most important (like "[[Alkinum]]" & "[[Oxidum]]") into the limbo marked by <nowiki>{{Adumbratio}}</nowiki> and/or <nowiki>{{Neglecta}}</nowiki> lower Vicipaedia's score at Meta? (Vide [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias_by_expanded_sample_of_articles|"List of Wikipedias by expanded sample of articles"].) In other words, do they need to remain in the mainspace to boost Vicipaedia's score? ¶ Ten years ago, in March 2016, Vicipaedia was ranked thirty-ninth among all the wikis; at the end of last month, it was ranked fifty-second. This is not an encouraging trend, and deliberately accelerating it might not be considered advisable. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:52, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC) : Hi Iacobus. Moving pages to the <code>Adumbratio:</code> namespace definitely counts as removing them from the encyclopedia. Adding {{Fn|Pagina neglecta}} (or any other template) instead has no effects. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:09, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC) ::<nowiki>{{ping|IacobusAmor}}</nowiki>, is there a page that specifies the number of articles from this list that we have? -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 19:47, 3 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :::{{ping|IacobusAmor}}, idk why my previous ping got wrapped by nowiki. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 19:48, 3 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::::Ecce (but it needs to be updated): https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usor:Amahoney/Myrias_epitome [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:04, 3 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :::::So, as Grufo says, moving one of the "10,000" pages into Adumbratio space removes it from the encyclopedia and from the score that Iacobus mentions. In the case of a page in that list, maybe it's better for it to be in mainspace, with a warning template (''neglecta/augenda/...'') on it? If it's in mainspace, more editors might see it and be tempted to improve it. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:29, 14 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :::::: Hi Andrew. Indeed. When I created the page [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] by (partially) translating [[:en:Wikipedia:Drafts]], I also translated the rule that a page can be moved away from the mainspace to the <code>Adumbratio:</code> namespace only if it is a newly created page (< 90 days). So pages that have long been among our 10000 pages are safe. P.S. The rules in [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] still need our consensus, so if you have time, please give that page a look. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:58, 14 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) == Template:Weather box == {{Excepta|Vicipaedia:Officina|Template:Weather box|Locus opportunior --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]]}} == Quid significat expectatio vacuae mutationis? == Dicitur in pagina [[Topologia classium punctorum]] quod "Haec pagina mutationem vacuam expectat". Et rogat me, "nihil tangens", sibi ostendere mutationes. Ad quem dirigitur haec monitio, et quas mutationes oportet eum sibi ostendere? Non intelligo. [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 04:29, 19 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) : Salve, [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]. Illa icon significat vicitextum <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Spatium topologicum|spatia topologica|en|qid=Q179899}}</syntaxhighlight> ad hunc vicitextum, si paginam emendas, sponte mutatum iri: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>[[Spatium topologicum|spatia topologica]]</syntaxhighlight> (vide [[Special:Diff/3954206/3955454|meam ultimam recensionem]] et documentationem formulae {{fsn|pcc}}), quoniam nunc [[Spatium topologicum|paginam]] habemus quae cum entitate Vicidatorum [[:d:Q179899]] nectitur. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 04:44, 19 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::Gratias habeo—mirum tamen mihi videtur, quod substitutio "cref" tantum unam tesseram (siquidem recte lexi) sumat ut argumentum. Quomodo ergo facio, si notam duos habeat nexus ad paginas creatas?--[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:29, 20 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::: Immo, infinitatem tesserarum formula {{fsn|cref}} accipit. Vide, exempli gratia, hanc annotationem in pagina “[[Carpates]]”, ubi sunt ambae entitates [[:d:Q6776713]] et [[:d:Q11699202]]: :::: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1={{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Martinus Szent-Ivany|Martini Szent-Ivany|hu|qid=Q6776713}} [...] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Gabriel Rzaczynski|Gabrielis Rzączyński|pl|qid=Q11699202}} [...]|2=Q6776713|3=Q11699202}}</syntaxhighlight> ::: Vide etiam {{Caput|Formula:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|Quomodo tesseram invenio?}}. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:43, 20 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) == Annon corrigere possumus titulos "instrumentorum"? == Exempli gratia: video unum "instrumentum" appellari "Paginam prehendere formá PDF". Videtur mihi hic titulus mendam habere et corrigi posse accentus acutus ad macron. Sed nescio utrum corrigibilis sit ab usoribus. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:47, 24 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) : Salve [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]. Usoribus non licet [[Specialis:Nuntia systematis|nuntia systematis]] recensere (vide etiam <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:Allpages|namespace=8}} spatium “<code>MediaWiki:</code>”]</span>), sed usores possunt a magistratibus petere ut nuntia recenseant (et multa nuntia exstant quae meliora facere aut etiam omnino vertere oportet!). Non invenio ubi “Paginam prehendere formá PDF” iaceat; fortasse @[[Usor:UV|UV]] adiuvare potest. P.S. “accentus acutus” revera est [[Apex (orthographia Latina)|apex]], forma antiquior [[macron|macri]]; attamen concordo uniformia signa diacritica nobis esse sequenda. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:42, 24 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::Non potest prehendere paginas disputationum formā PDF. Sed paginas encyclopediae possumus; e.g. [[Macron]]. At ibi apparet "Paginam prehendere formá PDF". --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 02:04, 26 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::: Nexum video, sed quid nuntium gignat non invenio. Exempli gratia, [[MediaWiki:Contributions|haec pagina]] nuntium “User contributions” ad nuntium Latinum “Conlationes usoris” vertit; sed quid vertit “Download PDF” ad “Paginam prehendere formá PDF”? Nescio. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:44, 26 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::::Ignosce inclaritatem meam—sed prime (ut ita dicam) "Instrumenta" et videbis instrumentorum titulos. Titulus primus (ut mihi ostenduntur) est "Movere"; titulus novissimus est "Res Wikidata"; et unus titulorum est "Paginam prehendere formá PDF". --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:46, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::::: @[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]: Ut dixi, oculis meis textum video, sed ignoro e qua pagina aut e quo nuntio systematis oriatur. Nequeo textum corrigere si nescio quid mihi sit emendandum. Conatus sum aliqua similia nuntia vertere ([[MediaWiki:Wikisource-download-pdf|#1]], [[MediaWiki:Minerva-download|#2]], [[MediaWiki:Electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-print-text|#3]], [[MediaWiki:Electronpdfservice-download-label|#4]], [[MediaWiki:Electronpdfservice-special-page-headline|#5]]), sed nuntium quod quaeris non inveni. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:54, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::::::bzgrep utebar perlegere totam Vicipaediam Latinam; non tamen inveni. Mirum! --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:25, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::::::: @[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]: Potesne, quaeso, etiam situm https://translatewiki.net/ per “bzgrep” inspicere? Etiam illic non inveni textum. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:28, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::::::::[https://translatewiki.net/wiki/MediaWiki:Coll-download_as/la Fontem] inveni huius textus, non autem bzgrep utens. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:12, 28 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::::::::: Gratias tibi ago. Correxi. Post paucos dies abhinc nova translatio etiam in Vicipaedia Latina ostendetur. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 01:34, 28 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::::::::::Fortasse nostis [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/MediaWiki?uselang=qqx hunc nexum] per quem tandem inveni. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:37, 28 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) == Regula generalis de intellegentia artificiali == [[:meta:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|Apud MetaVici disputatur]] utrum regula generalis de intellegentiae artificialis usu introducenda sit necne. Quum etiam nos tanget, vos hortor ut sententias vestras feratis. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:42, 26 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :Non penitus intelligo quomodo nos tangeat. Annon iam habemus regulam de plasmatibus (ut ita dicam) linguarum? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:50, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :: Regulae globales omnes Vicipaedias afficiunt, atque illa regula proponitur globalis. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:56, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :::Gratias habeo; nonne autem, si Vicipaedia Latina haberet regulam, supersedeat regulam generalem? Et simili modo respectu aliarum Vicipaediarum? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:01, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :::: Non sum certus, sed timeo ne regulae globales vincant. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 01:05, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :::::Ita; intelligo. Scisne utrum restrictionem an laxationem habeat favorem iuris? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:12, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :::::: Apud Vicipaediam Latinam nulla est regula scripta; paginae tamen quae omnino intellegentiā artificiali sine ulla humana recensione vertuntur pittacio {{Fn|Pagina autotranslata}} signantur atque post unam hebdomadam delentur. Prima regula globalis proposita mihi videtur hoc tantum postulare, ut, ''praeter translationes'', usus intellegentiae artificialis aperte declaretur. Altera autem regula globalis vetat intellegentiā artificiali ūtī ''nisi in translationibus''. Meā sententiā, hoc nobis incommodum contrarium efficit, quia hic magnopere laboramus ad translationes machinarias moderandas; alii autem usūs intellegentiae artificialis nobis non sunt incommodo. Non puto magni rēferre usum ipsum declarare, sed potius oportere responsa intellegentiae artificialis diligenter inspicere ac recensere. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 01:45, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) == Quomodo melius invenire titula proposita pro articulo nondum existente? == Volui creare articulum pro "poset" (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q474715). Scio, quod est formula "subst:pcc" alicubi in hac Vicipaedia per quam statuitur titulum huius articuli. Sed nescio, et "bzgrep" iterum inutilis est. Estne methodus inventionis talium "titulorum articulorum nondum existentium"? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 04:47, 30 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) : Formula {{fsn|pcc}} nescit quod nomen Latinum novae paginae (“nexui rubro”) assignandum sit, istud erit tibi eligendum. Ad formulam adhibendam tibi sufficiet titulum Latinum et linguā aliā scribere. E.g.: :: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:pcc|en=Partially ordered set|Aggregatio partim ordinata}}</syntaxhighlight> ::: ↳ {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Aggregatio partim ordinata||en|qid=Q474715}} : Aut, si vis, potes autem tesseram Vicidatorum praebere: :: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:pcc|Aggregatio partim ordinata||en|qid=Q474715}}</syntaxhighlight> ::: ↳ {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Aggregatio partim ordinata||en|qid=Q474715}} : Non exstat ullus index paginarum creandarum. Nomina inveniuntur simul ac paginae creantur. Attamen, si quis paginam “Aggregatio partim ordinat'''issima'''” postea creet at ad [[:d:Q474715]] eam nectat, pagina ubi nexus ruber “Aggregatio partim ordinata” ostendebatur nunc ad paginam “Aggregatio partim ordinatissima” nectetur. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 06:13, 30 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) == Quomodo citare librum, quod numerum librarium uniformem inter gentes caret? == [[Cancellum (mathematica)|Hac pagina]] conor citare librum quoddam, sed caret ISBN/NLUIG. Habet tamen numerum Catalogii Librarii Congressus (LCCN), sed nescio quomodo hanc numerum affigere rei citatae. Multas habeo gratias pro auxilio vestro! --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 02:09, 18 Maii 2026 (UTC) == Num verbum natio Anglico verbo “nation” respondet? == Salvete omnes! Hic scribo nec in [[Disputatio:Natio|pagina disputationis]] quod hoc verbum in multis commentariis est. Secundum [https://archive.org/details/practicalint00arno/page/41/mode/1up librum Arnoldi] “Natio is rarely used of a civilised and organised nation ; it means a people, or tribe, sprung from one race, of the same blood (nascor).” Secundum dictionarium “Cassell’s Latin Dictionary Latin-English English-Latin” natio significat “a tribe, race, people, esp. uncivilized”, et verbum Anglicum nation significat “populus, gens (=people, stock), civitas (=body of citizens), respublica (=state), natio (=tribe, not highly civilized)”. Liber Arnoldi quoque monet ut iis vocabulis Latinis utamur. Commentarius [[Natio|natio]] illud Ciceronis habet: “Omnēs nātiōnēs servitūtem ferre possunt, nostra cīvitās nōn potest; …” in quo orator optimus populum Romanum a nationibus distinguet. Quid vobis videtur de hac re? Valete! -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 20:58, 29 Maii 2026 (UTC) :Haec "natio" a primis temporibus Vicipaediae originem obscuram ducit, mihi non placet, sed permulta corrigenda sunt, si eam mutare volumus. Civitas (de civibus), civitas sui iuris? [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 22:09, 29 Maii 2026 (UTC) :: Aut etiam possibile est dicere, etiam secundum linguas recentiores, ipsam notionem “nationis” quodammodo “civitati” adversari. Id est, sunt qui putent, etiam linguis hodiernis, “nationem” (Anglice ''nation'', Italice ''nazione'', et cetera) semper aliquid minus civile quam “civitatem” (Anglice ''state'', Italice ''Stato'', et cetera), immo vero tribale, significare. Cum hoc tamen concordo, paginam illam nimis veterem esse atque redintegrandam. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:41, 29 Maii 2026 (UTC) :::Melius est quaedam omittere quam nihil corrigere. Video nos habere commentarios qui vocantur [[Civitas]] (Ang. [[w:en:State (polity)]]), [[Gens]] (Ang. [[w:en:Gens]], nescio cur hic commentarius Latine non sit solis de gentibus Romanis), [[Populus]] (Ang. [[w:en:People]]), [[Res publica]] (Ang. [[w:en:Republic]]), et [[Tribus (anthropologia)]] ([[w:en:Tribe]]). Secundum dictionarium “Cassell’s Latin Dictionary”, tribus significat”originally a third part if the Roman people. Hence a tribe, a division of the Roman people …”. Hoc dictionarium monet ut verbo “natio” vel verbo “gens” utamur si scribere “tribe” velimus nec de tribubus Romanis scribamus. Vero non possum novum nomen commentarii [[Natio]] commendare quod nescio cur vikipedia tot commentarios habeat. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 14:38, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC) ::::Pagina non est delenda, si hoc consulis. "Natio" [http://lexica.linguax.com/forc2.php?searchedLG=natio verbum est Latinum], cur id ne explicemus. Si nexum intervicialem ad paginam Anglicam male congruere putas, ita est, non perfectissime congruit. Sed cum de notionibus abstractis agitur, nexus interviciales saepius tales sunt. Hoc malum in Vicipaediα inevitabile est et hoc non est malum, si res explicatur. Paginae ipsius loca quaedam corrigenda est, Ciceronis interpretatio mutanda, et, quod maxime interest, inter [[Specialis:Nexus_ad_paginam/Natio|nexus ad eam]] hi multi corrigendi sunt, ubi "natio" in modum Anglicum civitatem sui iuris significat. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 18:22, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC) :::::Pagina scilicet delenda non est. Vidi paginas in Vikipedia Hebraica et Ucrainica ad paginam Anglicam bene congruere nec nostram paginam. Natio est verbum Latinum, cuius sensu Latino uti debemus, nec sensi Anglico. Delere nolo sed mutare et fortasse movere. Eo consilio hunc sermonem coepi ut sensibus Latinis verborum uteremur. Vero nescio cur Vikipedia Anglica tot paginas habeat et quid sit discrimen inter “nation” et “state”, propter quod non possum verbum meliorum commendare. Potestne pagina Anglica nostrae paginae [[Natio]] esse [[w:en:Tribe]]? Tribus quoque verbum Latinum est sed secundum dictionarium non idem significat et verbum Anglicum tribe. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 19:24, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC) :::::: ''Tribus'' est quaedam divisio populi, non tota natio ([https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry=tribus]). Possum falli, sed secundum illam Ciceronis sententiam (“Omnēs nātiōnēs servitūtem ferre possunt …”) mihi videtur praecipua differentia inter ''civitatem'' et ''nationem'' hoc esse, quod ''civitas'' rem publicam civium significat, ''nationes'' autem alios populos tamquam gentes spectatos. Ita ''civitas'' erat Roma, ''nationes'' erant ceteri populi. P.S. {{*Cfr}} etiam “eruditissima illa Graecorum natio” (Cic.). Nam Graecis erat una natio sed plures civitates. Hoc usu vocabulum mihi videtur fere eodem sensu adhiberi ac in linguis hodiernis. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 23:07, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC) :::::::Nexus interviciales perutiles sunt (ad minimum, lectores novos nobis dirigunt!) sed non nos regunt. Omnis lingua, sicut [[civitas sui iuris]], libera est. Debemus (1) verba Latina Latinitate classica definire (2) alia verba quibus significationes cognatae sunt (e.g. gens, tribus, civitas) distinguere, nexibus datis (3) significationes apud Latinistas recentiores explicare, si differunt (4) praeter alia, de re principali pellucide disserere. :::::::Cicero his verbis, ''omnes nationes servitutem fere possunt: nostra civitas non potest'' (Phil. 10.10.20) inter ''nationes'' et ''nostram civitatem'' quoquomodo distinguere videtur ... sed alibi ''omnes <u>exteras</u> nationes'' et ''eruditissimam Graecorum nationem'' indicat (Imp. Pomp. 11.31; De Or. 2.4.18) -- unde intellego, apud Ciceronem, plures ''nationes'' exstitisse tam sub imperio S.P.Q.R. quam extra limites. Ex his sententiis, si volumus, inter civitatem et nationem facile erit distinguere: sed inter ''populos'' et ''nationes'' ...? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 09:06, 1 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::::::::Nolite oblivisci ''gentes''&thinsp;! Cassell's nobis dicit (p. 742) ''international law'' locutionem Anglicam nostra lingua esse ''ius gentium,'' ac Traupman (ed. 3, p. 575) nobis dicit ''international'' ipsum verbum Anglicum esse ''inter gentes.'' [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:12, 1 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::::::Sententias vestras perlegi et commentarium inveni [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311975311_On_the_Roman_Concept_of_Natio “On the Roman Concept of Natio”] quem quoque legi, et iam intellego quanta difficilis sit haec res. In libro Arnoldi et in dictionario legi nationem esse “esp. uncivilized”, nec autores Romanos scripisisse Nationem Romanam. Putavi nationem esse tribe nec unquam civilised nation. Iam nesio a bonus sit hic nexus. Veritus sum ne homines dum Latine scribebant solis nexibus uterentur, nec deliberarent quid sit verbum optimum. De pagina nostra [[Respublica]] vos consulere quoque volo. Secundum dictionarium “Cassell’s Latin Dictionary” “'''republic''' ''respublica'', ''civitas'' (= state, simply): a —, as opp. to other forms of government, ''respublica'' (or ''civitas''” ''libera'' or ''popularis''.” Respublica et civitas idem significare mihi videntur. Nonne melius est movere hanc paginam ut novem nomen sit Respublica popularis? Haec res non est solo de nexu sed quoque de ipsa pagina. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:38, 1 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::::::::::Fortasse, sed iam est commentarius de "People's republic" in vicipaedia Anglica. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:31, 1 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::::::::::: De differentia inter ''gentem'' et ''nationem'' conferatur etiam {{LTL|natio|335}}: “A ''gente'' aliquando ita differt, ut genus a specie: ''gens'' enim latius patet, et plures nationes complectitur, ut ''gens'' Graeca habet Atticos, Boeotos, Thebanos, qui ejusdem gentis nationes sunt.” Saepissime tamen gens et natio sunt synonyma. @[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]: Graeci non erant “uncivilized”, attamen erant natio vel plures nationes. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:53, 2 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::::::::::Multae paginae in Vicipaedia connexae sunt; ''United Nations'' vertitur ut [[Nationes Unitae]], multis cum fontibus (duabus encyclicis aliisque). Hoc mutare nequimus, et pagina de [[natio]]ne nec huic sensui contradicere debet; haec causa, cur paginae Anglicae '"Nation" ceterisque de hac natione moderna narrantibus alliganda sit. Sed de pagina [[Nationes mundi]], exempli gratia, iam dubito, et "civitates mundi" nationibus praeferam, [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 20:50, 4 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::Iam intellego. Huic sensu, quo utuntur encyclici, contradicere scilicet nequimus. Gratias omnibus vobis ago quia mihi hanc rem explanavistis. :::::::::::{{ping|Grufo}}, Quaesivi nec inveni ubi Cicero nationem Graecam scripserit. Testimonium encyclicorum mihi videtur bonum esse, scire tamen volo ubi orator optimus his verbis usus sit. :::::::::::Valete. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 21:14, 5 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::: @[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]: {{Op|[[De oratore]]}}, {{Vf|De oratore/Liber II|18|2.4.18}}: “eruditissima illa Graecorum natio”. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:09, 5 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::::Gratias tibi ago! -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:45, 7 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::De commentario qui [[Nationes mundi]] (Anglice [[w:en:List of sovereign states|List of sovereign states]]) vocatur, nonne melius nomen est “''Index civitatum sui iuris''”? :::::::::::Vide commentarios: :::::::::::* [[Civitas sui iuris]] :::::::::::* [[Index communium Badeniae et Virtembergiae]] :::::::::::* [[Index urbium et communium Rhenaniae et Palatinatus]] :::::::::::* [[Index fluviorum Germaniae]] :::::::::::* [[Index asteroidum]] :::::::::::* [[Index siglorum ordinum ecclesiae catholicae]] :::::::::::Hic commentarius est index. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 16:50, 9 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::::::::::::Sic, [[Index civitatum sui iuris]] bonum nomen est, multae paginae huius generis in Vicipaedia Latina "indices" nominantur. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 19:47, 9 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::::Vobis consentio. Hanc paginam satis antiquam renominare oportet. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:39, 10 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::::::::::::::Utrum possumus paginam renominate an oportet [[Formula:Movenda]] utere? -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:21, 10 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::::::Formula ad disputandum in pagina disputationis ponitur, sed nunc hic erat disputaio, fornula non necessaria est. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 15:55, 10 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::::::: Paginam movi. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:02, 10 Iunii 2026 (UTC) == "-karyotica" vel "-caryotica"? == In pagina de [[Cellula|cellulis]] ambae formae extant. Videtur mihi melius, si unicam noscamus formam. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 03:14, 16 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :"-caryotica" melius. Vocabulum est antiquum, Graecae originis (κάρυον), nullae sunt causae, ut "k" scribatur. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 12:05, 17 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::Consentio. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:16, 17 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::"nullae sunt causae": consentiebam imprimis sed nunc occursit mihi formae "-karyota" esse in taxonomia Linnaeana. Etenim (cuius ratione fortasse) redirigitur [[Eucaryota]] ad "Eukaryota" et [[Procaryota]] ad "Prokaryota". --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:38, 20 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::Si alterum rectum est, alterum fontibus biloolgicis testatum, unum eligere non possumus, eligas, quod velis. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 07:10, 20 Iunii 2026 (UTC) == Pagina mensis Iulii 2026 abest == {{Excepta|Disputatio Vicipaediae:Pagina mensis|2026}} == Paginae de praenominibus: lemmata typis italicis necne? == In disputatione {{caput|Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|Carolus: Cur titulus italicus?}}, noster [[Usor:IacobusAmor|Iacobus]] suadet ut lemmata qualia illa paginarum de praenominibus scribantur typis italicis. Ego nescio quid sit faciendum. Praenomina apud Vicipaediam Anglicam et alibi non scribuntur typis italicis (e.g. [[:en:Martin (name)]]), sed nobis licet aliam regulam nostram statuere. Attamen, si hanc conventionem adoptamus, oportebit eam ubique adhibere, atque multae paginae emendandae erunt. Quid dicatis? Censeatisne lemmata in paginis de praenominibus scribenda esse typis italicis? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:34, 18 Augusti 2026 (UTC) :::And yet, Grufo, in the article that you cite ("[[:en:Martin (name)]]"), you'll find this heading: "The name ''Martin'' in different regions"! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:50, 18 Augusti 2026 (UTC) :::: I am not against using italics for words cited as words, I am just wondering whether ''the page's lemma'' should be italicized (i.e. <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Titulus italicus}} ... {{ires|Martinus}} est praenomen ...</syntaxhighlight>). Having somewhere below the lead something like <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>Nomen ''Martinus'' ...</syntaxhighlight>, seems pretty fine to me, especially when discussing etimologies. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:01, 19 Augusti 2026 (UTC) :Non, hoc insolitum est, multos annos Vicipaedia sine hoc italico vivebat. Argumentum Jacobi est: :* Leo XIV est pontifex, sed eius nomen familiare est ''Robertus'' (vel "Robertus"), — :hic de praenomine ut nomine, non de homine vel de re agitur, hic scriptura italica vel virgulae possibiles sunt. Sed pagina de ipso praenomine hoc praenomen ut rem describendam tractat. Nullae sunt causae, ut huius generis paginarum formam mutemus. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 17:10, 18 Augusti 2026 (UTC) :::Iste locus omnino rectus non est. "''Robertus'' (vel "Robertus")" non scripsi. Quod scripsi est: ::::[[Leo XIV]] est [[Episcopus Romanus]], sed eius nomen familiare est ''Robertus.'' :::At least in English, and in the English wikipedia, words cited as words are customarily italicized (not quoted); however, as noted in effect by Grufo, many writers, including those of the English wikipedia, make an exception for capitalized nouns. Much of the time, that's perhaps unobjectionable, as it doesn't lead to misreading, but it can generate curious locutions, for example: ::::Henry Edward Manning has been translated '[[Henricus Eduardus Manning]].' :::This is curious because, for people reading these words for the first time, the lack of italics in the text effectively marks Manning as a human being, not a set of words, and human beings can't be translated, unless, of course, they're bishops, who can indeed be translated (from see to see); but Manning was never a bishop of anywhere except Westminster, so he was never translated—making ''both'' of these sentences true. but ''only'' when italics are selectively deployed: ::::''Henry Edward Manning'' was often translated. ::::Henry Edward Manning was never translated. :::Granted, this is a rare example, but it's most definitely a valid contrastive minimal pair. In any event, relying on capitalization may prove problematic in general, since many nouns capitalized in the Anglo-German world are ''not'' capitalized in many other languages, and that's "a whole nother can of worms." [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:38, 18 Augusti 2026 (UTC) ::::Okay, but in the title of a Wikipedia article, the name is not taken as word, but as an object that the article treats. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 09:29, 19 Augusti 2026 (UTC) :::::That's true. Substantive "Xxxx (nomen)" articles have some reasons not to exist in an encyclopaedia at all: so far as I remember, they exist on Vicipaedia because (a) there is an anonymous contributor who likes creating them, and generally does no harm, (b) they could remain useful as disambiguation pages if they offer links to more than one existing substantive article. I suggest not making any special rule for formatting them here, when there's no such rule on other Wikipedias. Formatting is a distraction, and Latin is light on formatting compared with other modern printed languages. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 07:30, 23 Augusti 2026 (UTC) == [[:Categoria:Portae]] == [[:Categoria:Portae]] nunc includit paginas sui generis, quod vulgo ''portal'' nominatur, sed habemus aliquot paginas de portis veris, de aedificiis huius generis ([[Porta Aurea]], [[Porta nigra]], [[Porta Praenestina]], [[Porta Brandenburgensis]], [[Porta Graach]] etc.) Puto categoriae portalium aliud nomen dandum esse, e.g. "Portae Vicipaedianae", "Portae (Vicipaedia)", in [[:categoria:Portae]] autem portas veras colligendas. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 09:57, 21 Augusti 2026 (UTC) <!-- Si nomen tuum addere vis, tantummodo substitue “subst:Assenserunt” in locum verbi “Assenserunt” hic: -->{{Assenserunt|Grufo=2026-08-21 11:00:42}} : Categoriam “[[:Categoria:Portae Vicipaedianae|Portae Vicipaedianae]]” creavi et nonnullas subcategorias ibi movi, sed nunc tantummodo telephonio geatabili recensere possum; postea ceteras subcategorias illūc movebo. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 11:25, 21 Augusti 2026 (UTC) :: {{Ok}} Factum est. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:04, 21 Augusti 2026 (UTC) :::Gratias ago maximas! [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 19:32, 21 Augusti 2026 (UTC) == De paginis inter dies 12 Iulii et 5 Augusti 2026 creatis == Septuaginta duas novas paginas quotidianas die 25 Iunii 2026 posteriores [[Specialis:Diff/3985927/3985929|addidi]], attamen paginas inter dies 12 Iulii et 5 Augusti 2026 scriptas inspicere non potui. Si bonarum paginarum illis diebus scriptarum meministis, quaeso, [[Specialis:EditPage/Vicipaedia:Index paginarum cottidianarum/Promovendae|addite indici]]! Valete! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:09, 5 Septembris 2026 (UTC) == Ascalon Adumbratio? == Non intellego cur pagina Ascalon in adumbrationibus relegata permaneat (oblivio?) cum tot pessimae et brevissimae paginae (de eis nuncupatim loqui nolo) nostram Vicipaediam dehonestant. [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 17:07, 8 Septembris 2026 (UTC) 39v7ghp0wssc3dihnu9uvikg6nc53dr 3986702 3986658 2026-09-08T20:26:28Z Grufo 64423 /* Ascalon Adumbratio? */ Re 3986702 wikitext text/x-wiki {{/Praefatio}} == De paginis nimis magnis quae formulā {{[[Formula:Augenda|Augenda]]}} utuntur == In [[:Categoria:Corrigenda|Categoriam:Corrigenda]] plures subcategoriae formulā {{Fn|Augenda}} stipantur (e.g. [[:Categoria:Augenda a mense Februario 2023]], [[:Categoria:Augenda a mense Ianuario 2024]], [[:Categoria:Augenda a mense Decembri 2025]], et cetera). Inspiciens, multas harum paginarum invenii quae longiores sunt 1000 octobitis (e.g. [[Graecia archaica]]: 2928 octobiti). Quid censeatis si mechanema cum monitu in formulam {{Fn|Augenda}} inseram, ne in paginis longioribus quam 1000 octobitorum adhibeatur? Nam si pagina est satis longa, vanum est legentes monere paginam intra tres menses esse augendam. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:30, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC) :Pagina de [[Graecia archaica]] (#1) lemmate proprio, (#2) definitione idonea, et (#3) fonte externo caret, et omnis Vicipadia ut videtur (#4) nexibus ad hanc paginam ducentibus caret. That's all four of the formula's four criteria. ¶ For the difference between a stub and more-than-a-stub, the cutoff I've been using has been 2,000 octeti for general articles and 1,900 for articles with a taxobox. I don't recall a consensus on that limit, but articles having 4,000, 5,000, 6,000 octeti have been marked "stipula"; that's likely too high a limit, and I'd suggest that 2,000 (or possibly your 1,000) is a more defensible upper limit for stubs. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 03:15, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC) :::For example, just today, someone added "<nowiki>{{urbs-stipula}}</nowiki>" to the article on [[Barcino]], which already had more than 3,500 octeti! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 15:04, 28 Februarii 2026 (UTC) :::: ''Stipulae'' are not problematic from an administrative point of view, because in theory they can remain as such forever. Barcellona is an important city with a lot of history that can be written in an encyclopedia, it can be understandable if someone feels that the current page can be greatly improved. Instead, what scares me about the {{Fn|Augenda}} template is that it is not only an invitation to improve pages, it also asks us to delete pages after three months (which is why it should be used with care). --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:57, 28 Februarii 2026 (UTC) :::::Then why not change the verb from ''will'' to ''may'' or introduce some other indication of indeterminacy? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 16:31, 28 Februarii 2026 (UTC) :: [[Usor:IacobusAmor|Iacobus]], we can set any limit we want, but what I think makes little sense is saying that a page must be increased within three months, but then after three months nothing happens and the categories above keep growing. We must set a realistic (relatively low) threshold and then, after that, be ready to '''delete''' the pages that do not respect our threshold (in [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 35#De novo spatio nominali adumbrationum proponendo|another thread]] I had proposed the <code>adumbratio:</code> namespace where after three months all these “augenda” pages can be moved, but that is a separate topic). A page like [[Graecia archaica]] only needs relatively little work to be adjusted—certainly does not deserve to be deleted. What I want to stress here is that every time you add {{Fn|Augenda}} to a page you are basically saying “If the page stays like this, I am okay if after three months it gets deleted”. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 03:58, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC) :::That's correct, but I heartily endorse a separate namespace, a kind of purgatory, where such pages can go until they've become worthy of standing in the mainspace. As a rule, I don't work on formulas, so I likely had nothing to do with the wording of this one, but three months must have been the original consensus. If memory serves, @Andrew Dalby and perhaps others have occasionally enforced the three-month rule, though sometimes after well more than three months have elapsed. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 13:08, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC) :::: Intellego. Novum spatium nominale a “Phabricatore” petiturus sum. Quid censeres si in paginis amplioribus (e.g. inter 2000 et 1000) formulā {{Fn|Nondum stipula}} (quae nullam categoriam cum tempore praefinito imponit) pro formulā {{Fn|Augenda}} utereris? Aut aliam novam formulam quoque nobis excogitare licet. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:57, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC) ::::: {{Tpe|Nova}} Hic nuper petivi ut novum spatium nominale adumbrationum crearetur: [[phab:T418706|New “Draft” namespace for lawiki: “Adumbratio”]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 01:01, 2 Martii 2026 (UTC) :::::: {{Tpe|Novissima}} Euax! Spatium nominale adumbrationum [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|habemus]]! Textus paginae [[MediaWiki:Noarticletext]] nobis sic mutandus est ut adumbrationes, si exsistunt, detegantur. Postea aliquid excogitabo. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 19:34, 2 Martii 2026 (UTC) @[[Usor:IacobusAmor|Iacobe]]: What would you think if we created a <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Pagina neglecta}}</syntaxhighlight> template, and established that when we find a page that was created more than three months ago (e.g. [[Agrinium]], created in 2004!), instead of {{Fn|Augenda}} we add the new template instead? The <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Pagina neglecta}}</syntaxhighlight> template could look more or less like this: {{Capsa annuntiationis | color = #7f83d7 | pigmentum = #f3f4fb | imago = P writing.svg | 1 = '''Commentationem neglectam augeamus!''' Haec commentatio longe neglecta videtur mansa esse. Sodes, adiuva paginam augere! }} We can then have [[:Categoria:Paginae neglectae]], where all these pages will be automatically collected. I am proposing this because I think that it makes little sense to warn that a page that was created 22 years ago must be improved within three months! It will be an empty warning. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:40, 9 Martii 2026 (UTC) :That might be useful. How would it differ from the Adumbratio solution? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:01, 9 Martii 2026 (UTC) :: Following [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio|the rules]] that I partly translated from English Wikipedia, we must not move pages that were created long ago to the <code>Adumbratio:</code> namespace. So the picture should look as follows: ::* '''Case 1:''' The page is is too short and was recently created. We have three possibilities: ::*# We improve it (prefereable solution) ::*# We move it to the <code>Adumbratio:</code> namespace (less prefereable than improving the page but more prefearable than the following) ::*# We add {{Fn|Augenda}} (less prefereable) ::*#: ↳ If three months after adding {{Fn|Augenda}} nothing has changed we delete the page for real ::* '''Case 2:''' The page is too short and was created more than three months ago. Two possibilities: ::*# We improve it (prefereable solution) ::*# We have no other choice but adding <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Pagina neglecta}}</syntaxhighlight> ::*#: ↳ We must take into account that the page might stay like that indefinitely ::* '''Case 3:''' The page was in the <code>Adumbratio:</code> namespace and was moved to the main namespace prematurely: ::*# We add {{Fn|Augenda}} ::*#: ↳ If after three months nothing has changed we delete the page for real :: The rationale is that pages that are too old might no longer have someone that checks them and is able to fulfill our expectations. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 12:42, 9 Martii 2026 (UTC) == De novo spatio adumbrationum == {{Collaboratio|Alex1011|Alexander Gerashchenko|Amahoney|Andreas Raether|Andrew Dalby|Aylin|Bartholomite|Bis-Taurinus|Demetrius Talpa|Giorno2|IacobusAmor|Ioscius|Iustinus|Lesgles|LilyKitty|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Neander|Pippobuono|Rafaelgarcia|Sigur|Utilo|UV|Xaverius | alacres = IacobusAmor | alacritas = mensis | res = Magistratūs usoresque strenuos vocavi. Veniam peto si alicuius oblitus sum. | subscriptio = [[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:43, 3 Martii 2026 (UTC) }} Nuper novum spatium nominale <code>Adumbratio:</code> condidimus. Nunc oportet regulas nostras definire. Apud [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] paginam Anglicam [[:en:Wikipedia:Drafts]] partim verti, sed de nostra propria ratione consentiendum est. Notandum est Vicipaediam Anglicam [[:en:Wikipedia:Drafts#Reasons not to move an article to draftspace|regulam habere]] qua vetatur paginam in spatio principali sitam in spatium adumbrationum movere “si commentatio ante plus quam 90 dies creata est”. Re quidem vera, nuper paginam [[Alkinum]] ad [[Adumbratio:Alkinum]] movi (praesertim ad lineamenta technica novi spatii nominalis experienda), attamen mihi visum est parum rectum paginam anno 2006 creatam (et [[Vicipaedia:Paginae quas omnibus Vicipaediis contineri oportet/Expansio#Materies chemicales|quam omnibus Vicipaediis contineri oportet]]!) ibi movere. Quo facto suasus sum ut nobis vetandum sit formulam {{Fn|Augenda}} paginis ante plus quam tres menses creatis addere. Nam, si pagina nimis brevis olim creata est et usque talis mansit, si nos eam negleximus nec animadvertimus nisi nunc, meā sententiā duae optiones tantum nobis patent: aut eam relinquimus intactam, aut formulam {{Fn|Delenda}} apponimus. Ceterum, a vobis peto ut paginam [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] inspiciatis, novas regulas proponatis, aut regulas a me scriptas emendetis. Valete! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:43, 3 Martii 2026 (UTC) ==De loco vel gradu Vicipaediae apud Meta== Does moving articles counted among the 10,000 most important (like "[[Alkinum]]" & "[[Oxidum]]") into the limbo marked by <nowiki>{{Adumbratio}}</nowiki> and/or <nowiki>{{Neglecta}}</nowiki> lower Vicipaedia's score at Meta? (Vide [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias_by_expanded_sample_of_articles|"List of Wikipedias by expanded sample of articles"].) In other words, do they need to remain in the mainspace to boost Vicipaedia's score? ¶ Ten years ago, in March 2016, Vicipaedia was ranked thirty-ninth among all the wikis; at the end of last month, it was ranked fifty-second. This is not an encouraging trend, and deliberately accelerating it might not be considered advisable. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:52, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC) : Hi Iacobus. Moving pages to the <code>Adumbratio:</code> namespace definitely counts as removing them from the encyclopedia. Adding {{Fn|Pagina neglecta}} (or any other template) instead has no effects. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:09, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC) ::<nowiki>{{ping|IacobusAmor}}</nowiki>, is there a page that specifies the number of articles from this list that we have? -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 19:47, 3 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :::{{ping|IacobusAmor}}, idk why my previous ping got wrapped by nowiki. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 19:48, 3 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::::Ecce (but it needs to be updated): https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usor:Amahoney/Myrias_epitome [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:04, 3 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :::::So, as Grufo says, moving one of the "10,000" pages into Adumbratio space removes it from the encyclopedia and from the score that Iacobus mentions. In the case of a page in that list, maybe it's better for it to be in mainspace, with a warning template (''neglecta/augenda/...'') on it? If it's in mainspace, more editors might see it and be tempted to improve it. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:29, 14 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :::::: Hi Andrew. Indeed. When I created the page [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] by (partially) translating [[:en:Wikipedia:Drafts]], I also translated the rule that a page can be moved away from the mainspace to the <code>Adumbratio:</code> namespace only if it is a newly created page (< 90 days). So pages that have long been among our 10000 pages are safe. P.S. The rules in [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] still need our consensus, so if you have time, please give that page a look. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:58, 14 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) == Template:Weather box == {{Excepta|Vicipaedia:Officina|Template:Weather box|Locus opportunior --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]]}} == Quid significat expectatio vacuae mutationis? == Dicitur in pagina [[Topologia classium punctorum]] quod "Haec pagina mutationem vacuam expectat". Et rogat me, "nihil tangens", sibi ostendere mutationes. Ad quem dirigitur haec monitio, et quas mutationes oportet eum sibi ostendere? Non intelligo. [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 04:29, 19 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) : Salve, [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]. Illa icon significat vicitextum <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Spatium topologicum|spatia topologica|en|qid=Q179899}}</syntaxhighlight> ad hunc vicitextum, si paginam emendas, sponte mutatum iri: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>[[Spatium topologicum|spatia topologica]]</syntaxhighlight> (vide [[Special:Diff/3954206/3955454|meam ultimam recensionem]] et documentationem formulae {{fsn|pcc}}), quoniam nunc [[Spatium topologicum|paginam]] habemus quae cum entitate Vicidatorum [[:d:Q179899]] nectitur. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 04:44, 19 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::Gratias habeo—mirum tamen mihi videtur, quod substitutio "cref" tantum unam tesseram (siquidem recte lexi) sumat ut argumentum. Quomodo ergo facio, si notam duos habeat nexus ad paginas creatas?--[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:29, 20 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::: Immo, infinitatem tesserarum formula {{fsn|cref}} accipit. Vide, exempli gratia, hanc annotationem in pagina “[[Carpates]]”, ubi sunt ambae entitates [[:d:Q6776713]] et [[:d:Q11699202]]: :::: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1={{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Martinus Szent-Ivany|Martini Szent-Ivany|hu|qid=Q6776713}} [...] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Gabriel Rzaczynski|Gabrielis Rzączyński|pl|qid=Q11699202}} [...]|2=Q6776713|3=Q11699202}}</syntaxhighlight> ::: Vide etiam {{Caput|Formula:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|Quomodo tesseram invenio?}}. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:43, 20 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) == Annon corrigere possumus titulos "instrumentorum"? == Exempli gratia: video unum "instrumentum" appellari "Paginam prehendere formá PDF". Videtur mihi hic titulus mendam habere et corrigi posse accentus acutus ad macron. Sed nescio utrum corrigibilis sit ab usoribus. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:47, 24 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) : Salve [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]. Usoribus non licet [[Specialis:Nuntia systematis|nuntia systematis]] recensere (vide etiam <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:Allpages|namespace=8}} spatium “<code>MediaWiki:</code>”]</span>), sed usores possunt a magistratibus petere ut nuntia recenseant (et multa nuntia exstant quae meliora facere aut etiam omnino vertere oportet!). Non invenio ubi “Paginam prehendere formá PDF” iaceat; fortasse @[[Usor:UV|UV]] adiuvare potest. P.S. “accentus acutus” revera est [[Apex (orthographia Latina)|apex]], forma antiquior [[macron|macri]]; attamen concordo uniformia signa diacritica nobis esse sequenda. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:42, 24 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::Non potest prehendere paginas disputationum formā PDF. Sed paginas encyclopediae possumus; e.g. [[Macron]]. At ibi apparet "Paginam prehendere formá PDF". --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 02:04, 26 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::: Nexum video, sed quid nuntium gignat non invenio. Exempli gratia, [[MediaWiki:Contributions|haec pagina]] nuntium “User contributions” ad nuntium Latinum “Conlationes usoris” vertit; sed quid vertit “Download PDF” ad “Paginam prehendere formá PDF”? Nescio. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:44, 26 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::::Ignosce inclaritatem meam—sed prime (ut ita dicam) "Instrumenta" et videbis instrumentorum titulos. Titulus primus (ut mihi ostenduntur) est "Movere"; titulus novissimus est "Res Wikidata"; et unus titulorum est "Paginam prehendere formá PDF". --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:46, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::::: @[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]: Ut dixi, oculis meis textum video, sed ignoro e qua pagina aut e quo nuntio systematis oriatur. Nequeo textum corrigere si nescio quid mihi sit emendandum. Conatus sum aliqua similia nuntia vertere ([[MediaWiki:Wikisource-download-pdf|#1]], [[MediaWiki:Minerva-download|#2]], [[MediaWiki:Electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-print-text|#3]], [[MediaWiki:Electronpdfservice-download-label|#4]], [[MediaWiki:Electronpdfservice-special-page-headline|#5]]), sed nuntium quod quaeris non inveni. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:54, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::::::bzgrep utebar perlegere totam Vicipaediam Latinam; non tamen inveni. Mirum! --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:25, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::::::: @[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]: Potesne, quaeso, etiam situm https://translatewiki.net/ per “bzgrep” inspicere? Etiam illic non inveni textum. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:28, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::::::::[https://translatewiki.net/wiki/MediaWiki:Coll-download_as/la Fontem] inveni huius textus, non autem bzgrep utens. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:12, 28 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::::::::: Gratias tibi ago. Correxi. Post paucos dies abhinc nova translatio etiam in Vicipaedia Latina ostendetur. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 01:34, 28 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::::::::::Fortasse nostis [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/MediaWiki?uselang=qqx hunc nexum] per quem tandem inveni. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:37, 28 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) == Regula generalis de intellegentia artificiali == [[:meta:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|Apud MetaVici disputatur]] utrum regula generalis de intellegentiae artificialis usu introducenda sit necne. Quum etiam nos tanget, vos hortor ut sententias vestras feratis. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:42, 26 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :Non penitus intelligo quomodo nos tangeat. Annon iam habemus regulam de plasmatibus (ut ita dicam) linguarum? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:50, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :: Regulae globales omnes Vicipaedias afficiunt, atque illa regula proponitur globalis. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:56, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :::Gratias habeo; nonne autem, si Vicipaedia Latina haberet regulam, supersedeat regulam generalem? Et simili modo respectu aliarum Vicipaediarum? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:01, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :::: Non sum certus, sed timeo ne regulae globales vincant. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 01:05, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :::::Ita; intelligo. Scisne utrum restrictionem an laxationem habeat favorem iuris? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:12, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :::::: Apud Vicipaediam Latinam nulla est regula scripta; paginae tamen quae omnino intellegentiā artificiali sine ulla humana recensione vertuntur pittacio {{Fn|Pagina autotranslata}} signantur atque post unam hebdomadam delentur. Prima regula globalis proposita mihi videtur hoc tantum postulare, ut, ''praeter translationes'', usus intellegentiae artificialis aperte declaretur. Altera autem regula globalis vetat intellegentiā artificiali ūtī ''nisi in translationibus''. Meā sententiā, hoc nobis incommodum contrarium efficit, quia hic magnopere laboramus ad translationes machinarias moderandas; alii autem usūs intellegentiae artificialis nobis non sunt incommodo. Non puto magni rēferre usum ipsum declarare, sed potius oportere responsa intellegentiae artificialis diligenter inspicere ac recensere. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 01:45, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) == Quomodo melius invenire titula proposita pro articulo nondum existente? == Volui creare articulum pro "poset" (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q474715). Scio, quod est formula "subst:pcc" alicubi in hac Vicipaedia per quam statuitur titulum huius articuli. Sed nescio, et "bzgrep" iterum inutilis est. Estne methodus inventionis talium "titulorum articulorum nondum existentium"? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 04:47, 30 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) : Formula {{fsn|pcc}} nescit quod nomen Latinum novae paginae (“nexui rubro”) assignandum sit, istud erit tibi eligendum. Ad formulam adhibendam tibi sufficiet titulum Latinum et linguā aliā scribere. E.g.: :: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:pcc|en=Partially ordered set|Aggregatio partim ordinata}}</syntaxhighlight> ::: ↳ {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Aggregatio partim ordinata||en|qid=Q474715}} : Aut, si vis, potes autem tesseram Vicidatorum praebere: :: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:pcc|Aggregatio partim ordinata||en|qid=Q474715}}</syntaxhighlight> ::: ↳ {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Aggregatio partim ordinata||en|qid=Q474715}} : Non exstat ullus index paginarum creandarum. Nomina inveniuntur simul ac paginae creantur. Attamen, si quis paginam “Aggregatio partim ordinat'''issima'''” postea creet at ad [[:d:Q474715]] eam nectat, pagina ubi nexus ruber “Aggregatio partim ordinata” ostendebatur nunc ad paginam “Aggregatio partim ordinatissima” nectetur. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 06:13, 30 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) == Quomodo citare librum, quod numerum librarium uniformem inter gentes caret? == [[Cancellum (mathematica)|Hac pagina]] conor citare librum quoddam, sed caret ISBN/NLUIG. Habet tamen numerum Catalogii Librarii Congressus (LCCN), sed nescio quomodo hanc numerum affigere rei citatae. Multas habeo gratias pro auxilio vestro! --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 02:09, 18 Maii 2026 (UTC) == Num verbum natio Anglico verbo “nation” respondet? == Salvete omnes! Hic scribo nec in [[Disputatio:Natio|pagina disputationis]] quod hoc verbum in multis commentariis est. Secundum [https://archive.org/details/practicalint00arno/page/41/mode/1up librum Arnoldi] “Natio is rarely used of a civilised and organised nation ; it means a people, or tribe, sprung from one race, of the same blood (nascor).” Secundum dictionarium “Cassell’s Latin Dictionary Latin-English English-Latin” natio significat “a tribe, race, people, esp. uncivilized”, et verbum Anglicum nation significat “populus, gens (=people, stock), civitas (=body of citizens), respublica (=state), natio (=tribe, not highly civilized)”. Liber Arnoldi quoque monet ut iis vocabulis Latinis utamur. Commentarius [[Natio|natio]] illud Ciceronis habet: “Omnēs nātiōnēs servitūtem ferre possunt, nostra cīvitās nōn potest; …” in quo orator optimus populum Romanum a nationibus distinguet. Quid vobis videtur de hac re? Valete! -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 20:58, 29 Maii 2026 (UTC) :Haec "natio" a primis temporibus Vicipaediae originem obscuram ducit, mihi non placet, sed permulta corrigenda sunt, si eam mutare volumus. Civitas (de civibus), civitas sui iuris? [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 22:09, 29 Maii 2026 (UTC) :: Aut etiam possibile est dicere, etiam secundum linguas recentiores, ipsam notionem “nationis” quodammodo “civitati” adversari. Id est, sunt qui putent, etiam linguis hodiernis, “nationem” (Anglice ''nation'', Italice ''nazione'', et cetera) semper aliquid minus civile quam “civitatem” (Anglice ''state'', Italice ''Stato'', et cetera), immo vero tribale, significare. Cum hoc tamen concordo, paginam illam nimis veterem esse atque redintegrandam. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:41, 29 Maii 2026 (UTC) :::Melius est quaedam omittere quam nihil corrigere. Video nos habere commentarios qui vocantur [[Civitas]] (Ang. [[w:en:State (polity)]]), [[Gens]] (Ang. [[w:en:Gens]], nescio cur hic commentarius Latine non sit solis de gentibus Romanis), [[Populus]] (Ang. [[w:en:People]]), [[Res publica]] (Ang. [[w:en:Republic]]), et [[Tribus (anthropologia)]] ([[w:en:Tribe]]). Secundum dictionarium “Cassell’s Latin Dictionary”, tribus significat”originally a third part if the Roman people. Hence a tribe, a division of the Roman people …”. Hoc dictionarium monet ut verbo “natio” vel verbo “gens” utamur si scribere “tribe” velimus nec de tribubus Romanis scribamus. Vero non possum novum nomen commentarii [[Natio]] commendare quod nescio cur vikipedia tot commentarios habeat. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 14:38, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC) ::::Pagina non est delenda, si hoc consulis. "Natio" [http://lexica.linguax.com/forc2.php?searchedLG=natio verbum est Latinum], cur id ne explicemus. Si nexum intervicialem ad paginam Anglicam male congruere putas, ita est, non perfectissime congruit. Sed cum de notionibus abstractis agitur, nexus interviciales saepius tales sunt. Hoc malum in Vicipaediα inevitabile est et hoc non est malum, si res explicatur. Paginae ipsius loca quaedam corrigenda est, Ciceronis interpretatio mutanda, et, quod maxime interest, inter [[Specialis:Nexus_ad_paginam/Natio|nexus ad eam]] hi multi corrigendi sunt, ubi "natio" in modum Anglicum civitatem sui iuris significat. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 18:22, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC) :::::Pagina scilicet delenda non est. Vidi paginas in Vikipedia Hebraica et Ucrainica ad paginam Anglicam bene congruere nec nostram paginam. Natio est verbum Latinum, cuius sensu Latino uti debemus, nec sensi Anglico. Delere nolo sed mutare et fortasse movere. Eo consilio hunc sermonem coepi ut sensibus Latinis verborum uteremur. Vero nescio cur Vikipedia Anglica tot paginas habeat et quid sit discrimen inter “nation” et “state”, propter quod non possum verbum meliorum commendare. Potestne pagina Anglica nostrae paginae [[Natio]] esse [[w:en:Tribe]]? Tribus quoque verbum Latinum est sed secundum dictionarium non idem significat et verbum Anglicum tribe. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 19:24, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC) :::::: ''Tribus'' est quaedam divisio populi, non tota natio ([https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry=tribus]). Possum falli, sed secundum illam Ciceronis sententiam (“Omnēs nātiōnēs servitūtem ferre possunt …”) mihi videtur praecipua differentia inter ''civitatem'' et ''nationem'' hoc esse, quod ''civitas'' rem publicam civium significat, ''nationes'' autem alios populos tamquam gentes spectatos. Ita ''civitas'' erat Roma, ''nationes'' erant ceteri populi. P.S. {{*Cfr}} etiam “eruditissima illa Graecorum natio” (Cic.). Nam Graecis erat una natio sed plures civitates. Hoc usu vocabulum mihi videtur fere eodem sensu adhiberi ac in linguis hodiernis. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 23:07, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC) :::::::Nexus interviciales perutiles sunt (ad minimum, lectores novos nobis dirigunt!) sed non nos regunt. Omnis lingua, sicut [[civitas sui iuris]], libera est. Debemus (1) verba Latina Latinitate classica definire (2) alia verba quibus significationes cognatae sunt (e.g. gens, tribus, civitas) distinguere, nexibus datis (3) significationes apud Latinistas recentiores explicare, si differunt (4) praeter alia, de re principali pellucide disserere. :::::::Cicero his verbis, ''omnes nationes servitutem fere possunt: nostra civitas non potest'' (Phil. 10.10.20) inter ''nationes'' et ''nostram civitatem'' quoquomodo distinguere videtur ... sed alibi ''omnes <u>exteras</u> nationes'' et ''eruditissimam Graecorum nationem'' indicat (Imp. Pomp. 11.31; De Or. 2.4.18) -- unde intellego, apud Ciceronem, plures ''nationes'' exstitisse tam sub imperio S.P.Q.R. quam extra limites. Ex his sententiis, si volumus, inter civitatem et nationem facile erit distinguere: sed inter ''populos'' et ''nationes'' ...? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 09:06, 1 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::::::::Nolite oblivisci ''gentes''&thinsp;! Cassell's nobis dicit (p. 742) ''international law'' locutionem Anglicam nostra lingua esse ''ius gentium,'' ac Traupman (ed. 3, p. 575) nobis dicit ''international'' ipsum verbum Anglicum esse ''inter gentes.'' [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:12, 1 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::::::Sententias vestras perlegi et commentarium inveni [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311975311_On_the_Roman_Concept_of_Natio “On the Roman Concept of Natio”] quem quoque legi, et iam intellego quanta difficilis sit haec res. In libro Arnoldi et in dictionario legi nationem esse “esp. uncivilized”, nec autores Romanos scripisisse Nationem Romanam. Putavi nationem esse tribe nec unquam civilised nation. Iam nesio a bonus sit hic nexus. Veritus sum ne homines dum Latine scribebant solis nexibus uterentur, nec deliberarent quid sit verbum optimum. De pagina nostra [[Respublica]] vos consulere quoque volo. Secundum dictionarium “Cassell’s Latin Dictionary” “'''republic''' ''respublica'', ''civitas'' (= state, simply): a —, as opp. to other forms of government, ''respublica'' (or ''civitas''” ''libera'' or ''popularis''.” Respublica et civitas idem significare mihi videntur. Nonne melius est movere hanc paginam ut novem nomen sit Respublica popularis? Haec res non est solo de nexu sed quoque de ipsa pagina. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:38, 1 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::::::::::Fortasse, sed iam est commentarius de "People's republic" in vicipaedia Anglica. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:31, 1 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::::::::::: De differentia inter ''gentem'' et ''nationem'' conferatur etiam {{LTL|natio|335}}: “A ''gente'' aliquando ita differt, ut genus a specie: ''gens'' enim latius patet, et plures nationes complectitur, ut ''gens'' Graeca habet Atticos, Boeotos, Thebanos, qui ejusdem gentis nationes sunt.” Saepissime tamen gens et natio sunt synonyma. @[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]: Graeci non erant “uncivilized”, attamen erant natio vel plures nationes. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:53, 2 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::::::::::Multae paginae in Vicipaedia connexae sunt; ''United Nations'' vertitur ut [[Nationes Unitae]], multis cum fontibus (duabus encyclicis aliisque). Hoc mutare nequimus, et pagina de [[natio]]ne nec huic sensui contradicere debet; haec causa, cur paginae Anglicae '"Nation" ceterisque de hac natione moderna narrantibus alliganda sit. Sed de pagina [[Nationes mundi]], exempli gratia, iam dubito, et "civitates mundi" nationibus praeferam, [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 20:50, 4 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::Iam intellego. Huic sensu, quo utuntur encyclici, contradicere scilicet nequimus. Gratias omnibus vobis ago quia mihi hanc rem explanavistis. :::::::::::{{ping|Grufo}}, Quaesivi nec inveni ubi Cicero nationem Graecam scripserit. Testimonium encyclicorum mihi videtur bonum esse, scire tamen volo ubi orator optimus his verbis usus sit. :::::::::::Valete. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 21:14, 5 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::: @[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]: {{Op|[[De oratore]]}}, {{Vf|De oratore/Liber II|18|2.4.18}}: “eruditissima illa Graecorum natio”. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:09, 5 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::::Gratias tibi ago! -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:45, 7 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::De commentario qui [[Nationes mundi]] (Anglice [[w:en:List of sovereign states|List of sovereign states]]) vocatur, nonne melius nomen est “''Index civitatum sui iuris''”? :::::::::::Vide commentarios: :::::::::::* [[Civitas sui iuris]] :::::::::::* [[Index communium Badeniae et Virtembergiae]] :::::::::::* [[Index urbium et communium Rhenaniae et Palatinatus]] :::::::::::* [[Index fluviorum Germaniae]] :::::::::::* [[Index asteroidum]] :::::::::::* [[Index siglorum ordinum ecclesiae catholicae]] :::::::::::Hic commentarius est index. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 16:50, 9 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::::::::::::Sic, [[Index civitatum sui iuris]] bonum nomen est, multae paginae huius generis in Vicipaedia Latina "indices" nominantur. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 19:47, 9 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::::Vobis consentio. Hanc paginam satis antiquam renominare oportet. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:39, 10 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::::::::::::::Utrum possumus paginam renominate an oportet [[Formula:Movenda]] utere? -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:21, 10 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::::::Formula ad disputandum in pagina disputationis ponitur, sed nunc hic erat disputaio, fornula non necessaria est. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 15:55, 10 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::::::: Paginam movi. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:02, 10 Iunii 2026 (UTC) == "-karyotica" vel "-caryotica"? == In pagina de [[Cellula|cellulis]] ambae formae extant. Videtur mihi melius, si unicam noscamus formam. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 03:14, 16 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :"-caryotica" melius. Vocabulum est antiquum, Graecae originis (κάρυον), nullae sunt causae, ut "k" scribatur. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 12:05, 17 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::Consentio. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:16, 17 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::"nullae sunt causae": consentiebam imprimis sed nunc occursit mihi formae "-karyota" esse in taxonomia Linnaeana. Etenim (cuius ratione fortasse) redirigitur [[Eucaryota]] ad "Eukaryota" et [[Procaryota]] ad "Prokaryota". --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:38, 20 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::Si alterum rectum est, alterum fontibus biloolgicis testatum, unum eligere non possumus, eligas, quod velis. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 07:10, 20 Iunii 2026 (UTC) == Pagina mensis Iulii 2026 abest == {{Excepta|Disputatio Vicipaediae:Pagina mensis|2026}} == Paginae de praenominibus: lemmata typis italicis necne? == In disputatione {{caput|Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|Carolus: Cur titulus italicus?}}, noster [[Usor:IacobusAmor|Iacobus]] suadet ut lemmata qualia illa paginarum de praenominibus scribantur typis italicis. Ego nescio quid sit faciendum. Praenomina apud Vicipaediam Anglicam et alibi non scribuntur typis italicis (e.g. [[:en:Martin (name)]]), sed nobis licet aliam regulam nostram statuere. Attamen, si hanc conventionem adoptamus, oportebit eam ubique adhibere, atque multae paginae emendandae erunt. Quid dicatis? Censeatisne lemmata in paginis de praenominibus scribenda esse typis italicis? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:34, 18 Augusti 2026 (UTC) :::And yet, Grufo, in the article that you cite ("[[:en:Martin (name)]]"), you'll find this heading: "The name ''Martin'' in different regions"! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:50, 18 Augusti 2026 (UTC) :::: I am not against using italics for words cited as words, I am just wondering whether ''the page's lemma'' should be italicized (i.e. <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Titulus italicus}} ... {{ires|Martinus}} est praenomen ...</syntaxhighlight>). Having somewhere below the lead something like <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>Nomen ''Martinus'' ...</syntaxhighlight>, seems pretty fine to me, especially when discussing etimologies. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:01, 19 Augusti 2026 (UTC) :Non, hoc insolitum est, multos annos Vicipaedia sine hoc italico vivebat. Argumentum Jacobi est: :* Leo XIV est pontifex, sed eius nomen familiare est ''Robertus'' (vel "Robertus"), — :hic de praenomine ut nomine, non de homine vel de re agitur, hic scriptura italica vel virgulae possibiles sunt. Sed pagina de ipso praenomine hoc praenomen ut rem describendam tractat. Nullae sunt causae, ut huius generis paginarum formam mutemus. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 17:10, 18 Augusti 2026 (UTC) :::Iste locus omnino rectus non est. "''Robertus'' (vel "Robertus")" non scripsi. Quod scripsi est: ::::[[Leo XIV]] est [[Episcopus Romanus]], sed eius nomen familiare est ''Robertus.'' :::At least in English, and in the English wikipedia, words cited as words are customarily italicized (not quoted); however, as noted in effect by Grufo, many writers, including those of the English wikipedia, make an exception for capitalized nouns. Much of the time, that's perhaps unobjectionable, as it doesn't lead to misreading, but it can generate curious locutions, for example: ::::Henry Edward Manning has been translated '[[Henricus Eduardus Manning]].' :::This is curious because, for people reading these words for the first time, the lack of italics in the text effectively marks Manning as a human being, not a set of words, and human beings can't be translated, unless, of course, they're bishops, who can indeed be translated (from see to see); but Manning was never a bishop of anywhere except Westminster, so he was never translated—making ''both'' of these sentences true. but ''only'' when italics are selectively deployed: ::::''Henry Edward Manning'' was often translated. ::::Henry Edward Manning was never translated. :::Granted, this is a rare example, but it's most definitely a valid contrastive minimal pair. In any event, relying on capitalization may prove problematic in general, since many nouns capitalized in the Anglo-German world are ''not'' capitalized in many other languages, and that's "a whole nother can of worms." [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:38, 18 Augusti 2026 (UTC) ::::Okay, but in the title of a Wikipedia article, the name is not taken as word, but as an object that the article treats. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 09:29, 19 Augusti 2026 (UTC) :::::That's true. Substantive "Xxxx (nomen)" articles have some reasons not to exist in an encyclopaedia at all: so far as I remember, they exist on Vicipaedia because (a) there is an anonymous contributor who likes creating them, and generally does no harm, (b) they could remain useful as disambiguation pages if they offer links to more than one existing substantive article. I suggest not making any special rule for formatting them here, when there's no such rule on other Wikipedias. Formatting is a distraction, and Latin is light on formatting compared with other modern printed languages. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 07:30, 23 Augusti 2026 (UTC) == [[:Categoria:Portae]] == [[:Categoria:Portae]] nunc includit paginas sui generis, quod vulgo ''portal'' nominatur, sed habemus aliquot paginas de portis veris, de aedificiis huius generis ([[Porta Aurea]], [[Porta nigra]], [[Porta Praenestina]], [[Porta Brandenburgensis]], [[Porta Graach]] etc.) Puto categoriae portalium aliud nomen dandum esse, e.g. "Portae Vicipaedianae", "Portae (Vicipaedia)", in [[:categoria:Portae]] autem portas veras colligendas. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 09:57, 21 Augusti 2026 (UTC) <!-- Si nomen tuum addere vis, tantummodo substitue “subst:Assenserunt” in locum verbi “Assenserunt” hic: -->{{Assenserunt|Grufo=2026-08-21 11:00:42}} : Categoriam “[[:Categoria:Portae Vicipaedianae|Portae Vicipaedianae]]” creavi et nonnullas subcategorias ibi movi, sed nunc tantummodo telephonio geatabili recensere possum; postea ceteras subcategorias illūc movebo. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 11:25, 21 Augusti 2026 (UTC) :: {{Ok}} Factum est. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:04, 21 Augusti 2026 (UTC) :::Gratias ago maximas! [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 19:32, 21 Augusti 2026 (UTC) == De paginis inter dies 12 Iulii et 5 Augusti 2026 creatis == Septuaginta duas novas paginas quotidianas die 25 Iunii 2026 posteriores [[Specialis:Diff/3985927/3985929|addidi]], attamen paginas inter dies 12 Iulii et 5 Augusti 2026 scriptas inspicere non potui. Si bonarum paginarum illis diebus scriptarum meministis, quaeso, [[Specialis:EditPage/Vicipaedia:Index paginarum cottidianarum/Promovendae|addite indici]]! Valete! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:09, 5 Septembris 2026 (UTC) == Ascalon Adumbratio? == Non intellego cur pagina Ascalon in adumbrationibus relegata permaneat (oblivio?) cum tot pessimae et brevissimae paginae (de eis nuncupatim loqui nolo) nostram Vicipaediam dehonestant. [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 17:07, 8 Septembris 2026 (UTC) : Et ego censeo paginam iam maturam esse ut in encyclopaediam recipiatur. Idem auctorem rogavi (confer {{Caput|Disputatio Adumbrationis:Ascalon|Non iam adumbratio}}), sed ipse respondit se plura de recentiore historia Ascalonis et nonnulla de aetate Turcica ac Britannica scribere velle. Mea sententia, paginam in encyclopaediam movere possumus. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 20:25, 8 Septembris 2026 (UTC) doaisiatch3cmnoyaacxmk2w3e1uerc 3986706 3986702 2026-09-08T20:30:19Z Grufo 64423 /* Ascalon Adumbratio? */ +nexus 3986706 wikitext text/x-wiki {{/Praefatio}} == De paginis nimis magnis quae formulā {{[[Formula:Augenda|Augenda]]}} utuntur == In [[:Categoria:Corrigenda|Categoriam:Corrigenda]] plures subcategoriae formulā {{Fn|Augenda}} stipantur (e.g. [[:Categoria:Augenda a mense Februario 2023]], [[:Categoria:Augenda a mense Ianuario 2024]], [[:Categoria:Augenda a mense Decembri 2025]], et cetera). Inspiciens, multas harum paginarum invenii quae longiores sunt 1000 octobitis (e.g. [[Graecia archaica]]: 2928 octobiti). Quid censeatis si mechanema cum monitu in formulam {{Fn|Augenda}} inseram, ne in paginis longioribus quam 1000 octobitorum adhibeatur? Nam si pagina est satis longa, vanum est legentes monere paginam intra tres menses esse augendam. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:30, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC) :Pagina de [[Graecia archaica]] (#1) lemmate proprio, (#2) definitione idonea, et (#3) fonte externo caret, et omnis Vicipadia ut videtur (#4) nexibus ad hanc paginam ducentibus caret. That's all four of the formula's four criteria. ¶ For the difference between a stub and more-than-a-stub, the cutoff I've been using has been 2,000 octeti for general articles and 1,900 for articles with a taxobox. I don't recall a consensus on that limit, but articles having 4,000, 5,000, 6,000 octeti have been marked "stipula"; that's likely too high a limit, and I'd suggest that 2,000 (or possibly your 1,000) is a more defensible upper limit for stubs. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 03:15, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC) :::For example, just today, someone added "<nowiki>{{urbs-stipula}}</nowiki>" to the article on [[Barcino]], which already had more than 3,500 octeti! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 15:04, 28 Februarii 2026 (UTC) :::: ''Stipulae'' are not problematic from an administrative point of view, because in theory they can remain as such forever. Barcellona is an important city with a lot of history that can be written in an encyclopedia, it can be understandable if someone feels that the current page can be greatly improved. Instead, what scares me about the {{Fn|Augenda}} template is that it is not only an invitation to improve pages, it also asks us to delete pages after three months (which is why it should be used with care). --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:57, 28 Februarii 2026 (UTC) :::::Then why not change the verb from ''will'' to ''may'' or introduce some other indication of indeterminacy? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 16:31, 28 Februarii 2026 (UTC) :: [[Usor:IacobusAmor|Iacobus]], we can set any limit we want, but what I think makes little sense is saying that a page must be increased within three months, but then after three months nothing happens and the categories above keep growing. We must set a realistic (relatively low) threshold and then, after that, be ready to '''delete''' the pages that do not respect our threshold (in [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 35#De novo spatio nominali adumbrationum proponendo|another thread]] I had proposed the <code>adumbratio:</code> namespace where after three months all these “augenda” pages can be moved, but that is a separate topic). A page like [[Graecia archaica]] only needs relatively little work to be adjusted—certainly does not deserve to be deleted. What I want to stress here is that every time you add {{Fn|Augenda}} to a page you are basically saying “If the page stays like this, I am okay if after three months it gets deleted”. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 03:58, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC) :::That's correct, but I heartily endorse a separate namespace, a kind of purgatory, where such pages can go until they've become worthy of standing in the mainspace. As a rule, I don't work on formulas, so I likely had nothing to do with the wording of this one, but three months must have been the original consensus. If memory serves, @Andrew Dalby and perhaps others have occasionally enforced the three-month rule, though sometimes after well more than three months have elapsed. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 13:08, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC) :::: Intellego. Novum spatium nominale a “Phabricatore” petiturus sum. Quid censeres si in paginis amplioribus (e.g. inter 2000 et 1000) formulā {{Fn|Nondum stipula}} (quae nullam categoriam cum tempore praefinito imponit) pro formulā {{Fn|Augenda}} utereris? Aut aliam novam formulam quoque nobis excogitare licet. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:57, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC) ::::: {{Tpe|Nova}} Hic nuper petivi ut novum spatium nominale adumbrationum crearetur: [[phab:T418706|New “Draft” namespace for lawiki: “Adumbratio”]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 01:01, 2 Martii 2026 (UTC) :::::: {{Tpe|Novissima}} Euax! Spatium nominale adumbrationum [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|habemus]]! Textus paginae [[MediaWiki:Noarticletext]] nobis sic mutandus est ut adumbrationes, si exsistunt, detegantur. Postea aliquid excogitabo. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 19:34, 2 Martii 2026 (UTC) @[[Usor:IacobusAmor|Iacobe]]: What would you think if we created a <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Pagina neglecta}}</syntaxhighlight> template, and established that when we find a page that was created more than three months ago (e.g. [[Agrinium]], created in 2004!), instead of {{Fn|Augenda}} we add the new template instead? The <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Pagina neglecta}}</syntaxhighlight> template could look more or less like this: {{Capsa annuntiationis | color = #7f83d7 | pigmentum = #f3f4fb | imago = P writing.svg | 1 = '''Commentationem neglectam augeamus!''' Haec commentatio longe neglecta videtur mansa esse. Sodes, adiuva paginam augere! }} We can then have [[:Categoria:Paginae neglectae]], where all these pages will be automatically collected. I am proposing this because I think that it makes little sense to warn that a page that was created 22 years ago must be improved within three months! It will be an empty warning. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:40, 9 Martii 2026 (UTC) :That might be useful. How would it differ from the Adumbratio solution? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:01, 9 Martii 2026 (UTC) :: Following [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio|the rules]] that I partly translated from English Wikipedia, we must not move pages that were created long ago to the <code>Adumbratio:</code> namespace. So the picture should look as follows: ::* '''Case 1:''' The page is is too short and was recently created. We have three possibilities: ::*# We improve it (prefereable solution) ::*# We move it to the <code>Adumbratio:</code> namespace (less prefereable than improving the page but more prefearable than the following) ::*# We add {{Fn|Augenda}} (less prefereable) ::*#: ↳ If three months after adding {{Fn|Augenda}} nothing has changed we delete the page for real ::* '''Case 2:''' The page is too short and was created more than three months ago. Two possibilities: ::*# We improve it (prefereable solution) ::*# We have no other choice but adding <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Pagina neglecta}}</syntaxhighlight> ::*#: ↳ We must take into account that the page might stay like that indefinitely ::* '''Case 3:''' The page was in the <code>Adumbratio:</code> namespace and was moved to the main namespace prematurely: ::*# We add {{Fn|Augenda}} ::*#: ↳ If after three months nothing has changed we delete the page for real :: The rationale is that pages that are too old might no longer have someone that checks them and is able to fulfill our expectations. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 12:42, 9 Martii 2026 (UTC) == De novo spatio adumbrationum == {{Collaboratio|Alex1011|Alexander Gerashchenko|Amahoney|Andreas Raether|Andrew Dalby|Aylin|Bartholomite|Bis-Taurinus|Demetrius Talpa|Giorno2|IacobusAmor|Ioscius|Iustinus|Lesgles|LilyKitty|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Neander|Pippobuono|Rafaelgarcia|Sigur|Utilo|UV|Xaverius | alacres = IacobusAmor | alacritas = mensis | res = Magistratūs usoresque strenuos vocavi. Veniam peto si alicuius oblitus sum. | subscriptio = [[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:43, 3 Martii 2026 (UTC) }} Nuper novum spatium nominale <code>Adumbratio:</code> condidimus. Nunc oportet regulas nostras definire. Apud [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] paginam Anglicam [[:en:Wikipedia:Drafts]] partim verti, sed de nostra propria ratione consentiendum est. Notandum est Vicipaediam Anglicam [[:en:Wikipedia:Drafts#Reasons not to move an article to draftspace|regulam habere]] qua vetatur paginam in spatio principali sitam in spatium adumbrationum movere “si commentatio ante plus quam 90 dies creata est”. Re quidem vera, nuper paginam [[Alkinum]] ad [[Adumbratio:Alkinum]] movi (praesertim ad lineamenta technica novi spatii nominalis experienda), attamen mihi visum est parum rectum paginam anno 2006 creatam (et [[Vicipaedia:Paginae quas omnibus Vicipaediis contineri oportet/Expansio#Materies chemicales|quam omnibus Vicipaediis contineri oportet]]!) ibi movere. Quo facto suasus sum ut nobis vetandum sit formulam {{Fn|Augenda}} paginis ante plus quam tres menses creatis addere. Nam, si pagina nimis brevis olim creata est et usque talis mansit, si nos eam negleximus nec animadvertimus nisi nunc, meā sententiā duae optiones tantum nobis patent: aut eam relinquimus intactam, aut formulam {{Fn|Delenda}} apponimus. Ceterum, a vobis peto ut paginam [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] inspiciatis, novas regulas proponatis, aut regulas a me scriptas emendetis. Valete! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:43, 3 Martii 2026 (UTC) ==De loco vel gradu Vicipaediae apud Meta== Does moving articles counted among the 10,000 most important (like "[[Alkinum]]" & "[[Oxidum]]") into the limbo marked by <nowiki>{{Adumbratio}}</nowiki> and/or <nowiki>{{Neglecta}}</nowiki> lower Vicipaedia's score at Meta? (Vide [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias_by_expanded_sample_of_articles|"List of Wikipedias by expanded sample of articles"].) In other words, do they need to remain in the mainspace to boost Vicipaedia's score? ¶ Ten years ago, in March 2016, Vicipaedia was ranked thirty-ninth among all the wikis; at the end of last month, it was ranked fifty-second. This is not an encouraging trend, and deliberately accelerating it might not be considered advisable. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:52, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC) : Hi Iacobus. Moving pages to the <code>Adumbratio:</code> namespace definitely counts as removing them from the encyclopedia. Adding {{Fn|Pagina neglecta}} (or any other template) instead has no effects. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:09, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC) ::<nowiki>{{ping|IacobusAmor}}</nowiki>, is there a page that specifies the number of articles from this list that we have? -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 19:47, 3 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :::{{ping|IacobusAmor}}, idk why my previous ping got wrapped by nowiki. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 19:48, 3 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::::Ecce (but it needs to be updated): https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usor:Amahoney/Myrias_epitome [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:04, 3 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :::::So, as Grufo says, moving one of the "10,000" pages into Adumbratio space removes it from the encyclopedia and from the score that Iacobus mentions. In the case of a page in that list, maybe it's better for it to be in mainspace, with a warning template (''neglecta/augenda/...'') on it? If it's in mainspace, more editors might see it and be tempted to improve it. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:29, 14 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :::::: Hi Andrew. Indeed. When I created the page [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] by (partially) translating [[:en:Wikipedia:Drafts]], I also translated the rule that a page can be moved away from the mainspace to the <code>Adumbratio:</code> namespace only if it is a newly created page (< 90 days). So pages that have long been among our 10000 pages are safe. P.S. The rules in [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] still need our consensus, so if you have time, please give that page a look. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:58, 14 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) == Template:Weather box == {{Excepta|Vicipaedia:Officina|Template:Weather box|Locus opportunior --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]]}} == Quid significat expectatio vacuae mutationis? == Dicitur in pagina [[Topologia classium punctorum]] quod "Haec pagina mutationem vacuam expectat". Et rogat me, "nihil tangens", sibi ostendere mutationes. Ad quem dirigitur haec monitio, et quas mutationes oportet eum sibi ostendere? Non intelligo. [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 04:29, 19 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) : Salve, [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]. Illa icon significat vicitextum <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Spatium topologicum|spatia topologica|en|qid=Q179899}}</syntaxhighlight> ad hunc vicitextum, si paginam emendas, sponte mutatum iri: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>[[Spatium topologicum|spatia topologica]]</syntaxhighlight> (vide [[Special:Diff/3954206/3955454|meam ultimam recensionem]] et documentationem formulae {{fsn|pcc}}), quoniam nunc [[Spatium topologicum|paginam]] habemus quae cum entitate Vicidatorum [[:d:Q179899]] nectitur. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 04:44, 19 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::Gratias habeo—mirum tamen mihi videtur, quod substitutio "cref" tantum unam tesseram (siquidem recte lexi) sumat ut argumentum. Quomodo ergo facio, si notam duos habeat nexus ad paginas creatas?--[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:29, 20 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::: Immo, infinitatem tesserarum formula {{fsn|cref}} accipit. Vide, exempli gratia, hanc annotationem in pagina “[[Carpates]]”, ubi sunt ambae entitates [[:d:Q6776713]] et [[:d:Q11699202]]: :::: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1={{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Martinus Szent-Ivany|Martini Szent-Ivany|hu|qid=Q6776713}} [...] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Gabriel Rzaczynski|Gabrielis Rzączyński|pl|qid=Q11699202}} [...]|2=Q6776713|3=Q11699202}}</syntaxhighlight> ::: Vide etiam {{Caput|Formula:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|Quomodo tesseram invenio?}}. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:43, 20 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) == Annon corrigere possumus titulos "instrumentorum"? == Exempli gratia: video unum "instrumentum" appellari "Paginam prehendere formá PDF". Videtur mihi hic titulus mendam habere et corrigi posse accentus acutus ad macron. Sed nescio utrum corrigibilis sit ab usoribus. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:47, 24 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) : Salve [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]. Usoribus non licet [[Specialis:Nuntia systematis|nuntia systematis]] recensere (vide etiam <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:Allpages|namespace=8}} spatium “<code>MediaWiki:</code>”]</span>), sed usores possunt a magistratibus petere ut nuntia recenseant (et multa nuntia exstant quae meliora facere aut etiam omnino vertere oportet!). Non invenio ubi “Paginam prehendere formá PDF” iaceat; fortasse @[[Usor:UV|UV]] adiuvare potest. P.S. “accentus acutus” revera est [[Apex (orthographia Latina)|apex]], forma antiquior [[macron|macri]]; attamen concordo uniformia signa diacritica nobis esse sequenda. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:42, 24 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::Non potest prehendere paginas disputationum formā PDF. Sed paginas encyclopediae possumus; e.g. [[Macron]]. At ibi apparet "Paginam prehendere formá PDF". --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 02:04, 26 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::: Nexum video, sed quid nuntium gignat non invenio. Exempli gratia, [[MediaWiki:Contributions|haec pagina]] nuntium “User contributions” ad nuntium Latinum “Conlationes usoris” vertit; sed quid vertit “Download PDF” ad “Paginam prehendere formá PDF”? Nescio. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:44, 26 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::::Ignosce inclaritatem meam—sed prime (ut ita dicam) "Instrumenta" et videbis instrumentorum titulos. Titulus primus (ut mihi ostenduntur) est "Movere"; titulus novissimus est "Res Wikidata"; et unus titulorum est "Paginam prehendere formá PDF". --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:46, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::::: @[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]: Ut dixi, oculis meis textum video, sed ignoro e qua pagina aut e quo nuntio systematis oriatur. Nequeo textum corrigere si nescio quid mihi sit emendandum. Conatus sum aliqua similia nuntia vertere ([[MediaWiki:Wikisource-download-pdf|#1]], [[MediaWiki:Minerva-download|#2]], [[MediaWiki:Electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-print-text|#3]], [[MediaWiki:Electronpdfservice-download-label|#4]], [[MediaWiki:Electronpdfservice-special-page-headline|#5]]), sed nuntium quod quaeris non inveni. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:54, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::::::bzgrep utebar perlegere totam Vicipaediam Latinam; non tamen inveni. Mirum! --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:25, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::::::: @[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]: Potesne, quaeso, etiam situm https://translatewiki.net/ per “bzgrep” inspicere? Etiam illic non inveni textum. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:28, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::::::::[https://translatewiki.net/wiki/MediaWiki:Coll-download_as/la Fontem] inveni huius textus, non autem bzgrep utens. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:12, 28 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::::::::: Gratias tibi ago. Correxi. Post paucos dies abhinc nova translatio etiam in Vicipaedia Latina ostendetur. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 01:34, 28 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::::::::::Fortasse nostis [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/MediaWiki?uselang=qqx hunc nexum] per quem tandem inveni. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:37, 28 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) == Regula generalis de intellegentia artificiali == [[:meta:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|Apud MetaVici disputatur]] utrum regula generalis de intellegentiae artificialis usu introducenda sit necne. Quum etiam nos tanget, vos hortor ut sententias vestras feratis. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:42, 26 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :Non penitus intelligo quomodo nos tangeat. Annon iam habemus regulam de plasmatibus (ut ita dicam) linguarum? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:50, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :: Regulae globales omnes Vicipaedias afficiunt, atque illa regula proponitur globalis. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:56, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :::Gratias habeo; nonne autem, si Vicipaedia Latina haberet regulam, supersedeat regulam generalem? Et simili modo respectu aliarum Vicipaediarum? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:01, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :::: Non sum certus, sed timeo ne regulae globales vincant. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 01:05, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :::::Ita; intelligo. Scisne utrum restrictionem an laxationem habeat favorem iuris? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:12, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :::::: Apud Vicipaediam Latinam nulla est regula scripta; paginae tamen quae omnino intellegentiā artificiali sine ulla humana recensione vertuntur pittacio {{Fn|Pagina autotranslata}} signantur atque post unam hebdomadam delentur. Prima regula globalis proposita mihi videtur hoc tantum postulare, ut, ''praeter translationes'', usus intellegentiae artificialis aperte declaretur. Altera autem regula globalis vetat intellegentiā artificiali ūtī ''nisi in translationibus''. Meā sententiā, hoc nobis incommodum contrarium efficit, quia hic magnopere laboramus ad translationes machinarias moderandas; alii autem usūs intellegentiae artificialis nobis non sunt incommodo. Non puto magni rēferre usum ipsum declarare, sed potius oportere responsa intellegentiae artificialis diligenter inspicere ac recensere. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 01:45, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) == Quomodo melius invenire titula proposita pro articulo nondum existente? == Volui creare articulum pro "poset" (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q474715). Scio, quod est formula "subst:pcc" alicubi in hac Vicipaedia per quam statuitur titulum huius articuli. Sed nescio, et "bzgrep" iterum inutilis est. Estne methodus inventionis talium "titulorum articulorum nondum existentium"? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 04:47, 30 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) : Formula {{fsn|pcc}} nescit quod nomen Latinum novae paginae (“nexui rubro”) assignandum sit, istud erit tibi eligendum. Ad formulam adhibendam tibi sufficiet titulum Latinum et linguā aliā scribere. E.g.: :: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:pcc|en=Partially ordered set|Aggregatio partim ordinata}}</syntaxhighlight> ::: ↳ {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Aggregatio partim ordinata||en|qid=Q474715}} : Aut, si vis, potes autem tesseram Vicidatorum praebere: :: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:pcc|Aggregatio partim ordinata||en|qid=Q474715}}</syntaxhighlight> ::: ↳ {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Aggregatio partim ordinata||en|qid=Q474715}} : Non exstat ullus index paginarum creandarum. Nomina inveniuntur simul ac paginae creantur. Attamen, si quis paginam “Aggregatio partim ordinat'''issima'''” postea creet at ad [[:d:Q474715]] eam nectat, pagina ubi nexus ruber “Aggregatio partim ordinata” ostendebatur nunc ad paginam “Aggregatio partim ordinatissima” nectetur. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 06:13, 30 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) == Quomodo citare librum, quod numerum librarium uniformem inter gentes caret? == [[Cancellum (mathematica)|Hac pagina]] conor citare librum quoddam, sed caret ISBN/NLUIG. Habet tamen numerum Catalogii Librarii Congressus (LCCN), sed nescio quomodo hanc numerum affigere rei citatae. Multas habeo gratias pro auxilio vestro! --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 02:09, 18 Maii 2026 (UTC) == Num verbum natio Anglico verbo “nation” respondet? == Salvete omnes! Hic scribo nec in [[Disputatio:Natio|pagina disputationis]] quod hoc verbum in multis commentariis est. Secundum [https://archive.org/details/practicalint00arno/page/41/mode/1up librum Arnoldi] “Natio is rarely used of a civilised and organised nation ; it means a people, or tribe, sprung from one race, of the same blood (nascor).” Secundum dictionarium “Cassell’s Latin Dictionary Latin-English English-Latin” natio significat “a tribe, race, people, esp. uncivilized”, et verbum Anglicum nation significat “populus, gens (=people, stock), civitas (=body of citizens), respublica (=state), natio (=tribe, not highly civilized)”. Liber Arnoldi quoque monet ut iis vocabulis Latinis utamur. Commentarius [[Natio|natio]] illud Ciceronis habet: “Omnēs nātiōnēs servitūtem ferre possunt, nostra cīvitās nōn potest; …” in quo orator optimus populum Romanum a nationibus distinguet. Quid vobis videtur de hac re? Valete! -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 20:58, 29 Maii 2026 (UTC) :Haec "natio" a primis temporibus Vicipaediae originem obscuram ducit, mihi non placet, sed permulta corrigenda sunt, si eam mutare volumus. Civitas (de civibus), civitas sui iuris? [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 22:09, 29 Maii 2026 (UTC) :: Aut etiam possibile est dicere, etiam secundum linguas recentiores, ipsam notionem “nationis” quodammodo “civitati” adversari. Id est, sunt qui putent, etiam linguis hodiernis, “nationem” (Anglice ''nation'', Italice ''nazione'', et cetera) semper aliquid minus civile quam “civitatem” (Anglice ''state'', Italice ''Stato'', et cetera), immo vero tribale, significare. Cum hoc tamen concordo, paginam illam nimis veterem esse atque redintegrandam. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:41, 29 Maii 2026 (UTC) :::Melius est quaedam omittere quam nihil corrigere. Video nos habere commentarios qui vocantur [[Civitas]] (Ang. [[w:en:State (polity)]]), [[Gens]] (Ang. [[w:en:Gens]], nescio cur hic commentarius Latine non sit solis de gentibus Romanis), [[Populus]] (Ang. [[w:en:People]]), [[Res publica]] (Ang. [[w:en:Republic]]), et [[Tribus (anthropologia)]] ([[w:en:Tribe]]). Secundum dictionarium “Cassell’s Latin Dictionary”, tribus significat”originally a third part if the Roman people. Hence a tribe, a division of the Roman people …”. Hoc dictionarium monet ut verbo “natio” vel verbo “gens” utamur si scribere “tribe” velimus nec de tribubus Romanis scribamus. Vero non possum novum nomen commentarii [[Natio]] commendare quod nescio cur vikipedia tot commentarios habeat. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 14:38, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC) ::::Pagina non est delenda, si hoc consulis. "Natio" [http://lexica.linguax.com/forc2.php?searchedLG=natio verbum est Latinum], cur id ne explicemus. Si nexum intervicialem ad paginam Anglicam male congruere putas, ita est, non perfectissime congruit. Sed cum de notionibus abstractis agitur, nexus interviciales saepius tales sunt. Hoc malum in Vicipaediα inevitabile est et hoc non est malum, si res explicatur. Paginae ipsius loca quaedam corrigenda est, Ciceronis interpretatio mutanda, et, quod maxime interest, inter [[Specialis:Nexus_ad_paginam/Natio|nexus ad eam]] hi multi corrigendi sunt, ubi "natio" in modum Anglicum civitatem sui iuris significat. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 18:22, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC) :::::Pagina scilicet delenda non est. Vidi paginas in Vikipedia Hebraica et Ucrainica ad paginam Anglicam bene congruere nec nostram paginam. Natio est verbum Latinum, cuius sensu Latino uti debemus, nec sensi Anglico. Delere nolo sed mutare et fortasse movere. Eo consilio hunc sermonem coepi ut sensibus Latinis verborum uteremur. Vero nescio cur Vikipedia Anglica tot paginas habeat et quid sit discrimen inter “nation” et “state”, propter quod non possum verbum meliorum commendare. Potestne pagina Anglica nostrae paginae [[Natio]] esse [[w:en:Tribe]]? Tribus quoque verbum Latinum est sed secundum dictionarium non idem significat et verbum Anglicum tribe. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 19:24, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC) :::::: ''Tribus'' est quaedam divisio populi, non tota natio ([https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry=tribus]). Possum falli, sed secundum illam Ciceronis sententiam (“Omnēs nātiōnēs servitūtem ferre possunt …”) mihi videtur praecipua differentia inter ''civitatem'' et ''nationem'' hoc esse, quod ''civitas'' rem publicam civium significat, ''nationes'' autem alios populos tamquam gentes spectatos. Ita ''civitas'' erat Roma, ''nationes'' erant ceteri populi. P.S. {{*Cfr}} etiam “eruditissima illa Graecorum natio” (Cic.). Nam Graecis erat una natio sed plures civitates. Hoc usu vocabulum mihi videtur fere eodem sensu adhiberi ac in linguis hodiernis. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 23:07, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC) :::::::Nexus interviciales perutiles sunt (ad minimum, lectores novos nobis dirigunt!) sed non nos regunt. Omnis lingua, sicut [[civitas sui iuris]], libera est. Debemus (1) verba Latina Latinitate classica definire (2) alia verba quibus significationes cognatae sunt (e.g. gens, tribus, civitas) distinguere, nexibus datis (3) significationes apud Latinistas recentiores explicare, si differunt (4) praeter alia, de re principali pellucide disserere. :::::::Cicero his verbis, ''omnes nationes servitutem fere possunt: nostra civitas non potest'' (Phil. 10.10.20) inter ''nationes'' et ''nostram civitatem'' quoquomodo distinguere videtur ... sed alibi ''omnes <u>exteras</u> nationes'' et ''eruditissimam Graecorum nationem'' indicat (Imp. Pomp. 11.31; De Or. 2.4.18) -- unde intellego, apud Ciceronem, plures ''nationes'' exstitisse tam sub imperio S.P.Q.R. quam extra limites. Ex his sententiis, si volumus, inter civitatem et nationem facile erit distinguere: sed inter ''populos'' et ''nationes'' ...? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 09:06, 1 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::::::::Nolite oblivisci ''gentes''&thinsp;! Cassell's nobis dicit (p. 742) ''international law'' locutionem Anglicam nostra lingua esse ''ius gentium,'' ac Traupman (ed. 3, p. 575) nobis dicit ''international'' ipsum verbum Anglicum esse ''inter gentes.'' [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:12, 1 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::::::Sententias vestras perlegi et commentarium inveni [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311975311_On_the_Roman_Concept_of_Natio “On the Roman Concept of Natio”] quem quoque legi, et iam intellego quanta difficilis sit haec res. In libro Arnoldi et in dictionario legi nationem esse “esp. uncivilized”, nec autores Romanos scripisisse Nationem Romanam. Putavi nationem esse tribe nec unquam civilised nation. Iam nesio a bonus sit hic nexus. Veritus sum ne homines dum Latine scribebant solis nexibus uterentur, nec deliberarent quid sit verbum optimum. De pagina nostra [[Respublica]] vos consulere quoque volo. Secundum dictionarium “Cassell’s Latin Dictionary” “'''republic''' ''respublica'', ''civitas'' (= state, simply): a —, as opp. to other forms of government, ''respublica'' (or ''civitas''” ''libera'' or ''popularis''.” Respublica et civitas idem significare mihi videntur. Nonne melius est movere hanc paginam ut novem nomen sit Respublica popularis? Haec res non est solo de nexu sed quoque de ipsa pagina. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:38, 1 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::::::::::Fortasse, sed iam est commentarius de "People's republic" in vicipaedia Anglica. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:31, 1 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::::::::::: De differentia inter ''gentem'' et ''nationem'' conferatur etiam {{LTL|natio|335}}: “A ''gente'' aliquando ita differt, ut genus a specie: ''gens'' enim latius patet, et plures nationes complectitur, ut ''gens'' Graeca habet Atticos, Boeotos, Thebanos, qui ejusdem gentis nationes sunt.” Saepissime tamen gens et natio sunt synonyma. @[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]: Graeci non erant “uncivilized”, attamen erant natio vel plures nationes. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:53, 2 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::::::::::Multae paginae in Vicipaedia connexae sunt; ''United Nations'' vertitur ut [[Nationes Unitae]], multis cum fontibus (duabus encyclicis aliisque). Hoc mutare nequimus, et pagina de [[natio]]ne nec huic sensui contradicere debet; haec causa, cur paginae Anglicae '"Nation" ceterisque de hac natione moderna narrantibus alliganda sit. Sed de pagina [[Nationes mundi]], exempli gratia, iam dubito, et "civitates mundi" nationibus praeferam, [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 20:50, 4 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::Iam intellego. Huic sensu, quo utuntur encyclici, contradicere scilicet nequimus. Gratias omnibus vobis ago quia mihi hanc rem explanavistis. :::::::::::{{ping|Grufo}}, Quaesivi nec inveni ubi Cicero nationem Graecam scripserit. Testimonium encyclicorum mihi videtur bonum esse, scire tamen volo ubi orator optimus his verbis usus sit. :::::::::::Valete. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 21:14, 5 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::: @[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]: {{Op|[[De oratore]]}}, {{Vf|De oratore/Liber II|18|2.4.18}}: “eruditissima illa Graecorum natio”. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:09, 5 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::::Gratias tibi ago! -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:45, 7 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::De commentario qui [[Nationes mundi]] (Anglice [[w:en:List of sovereign states|List of sovereign states]]) vocatur, nonne melius nomen est “''Index civitatum sui iuris''”? :::::::::::Vide commentarios: :::::::::::* [[Civitas sui iuris]] :::::::::::* [[Index communium Badeniae et Virtembergiae]] :::::::::::* [[Index urbium et communium Rhenaniae et Palatinatus]] :::::::::::* [[Index fluviorum Germaniae]] :::::::::::* [[Index asteroidum]] :::::::::::* [[Index siglorum ordinum ecclesiae catholicae]] :::::::::::Hic commentarius est index. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 16:50, 9 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::::::::::::Sic, [[Index civitatum sui iuris]] bonum nomen est, multae paginae huius generis in Vicipaedia Latina "indices" nominantur. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 19:47, 9 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::::Vobis consentio. Hanc paginam satis antiquam renominare oportet. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:39, 10 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::::::::::::::Utrum possumus paginam renominate an oportet [[Formula:Movenda]] utere? -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:21, 10 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::::::Formula ad disputandum in pagina disputationis ponitur, sed nunc hic erat disputaio, fornula non necessaria est. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 15:55, 10 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::::::: Paginam movi. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:02, 10 Iunii 2026 (UTC) == "-karyotica" vel "-caryotica"? == In pagina de [[Cellula|cellulis]] ambae formae extant. Videtur mihi melius, si unicam noscamus formam. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 03:14, 16 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :"-caryotica" melius. Vocabulum est antiquum, Graecae originis (κάρυον), nullae sunt causae, ut "k" scribatur. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 12:05, 17 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::Consentio. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:16, 17 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::"nullae sunt causae": consentiebam imprimis sed nunc occursit mihi formae "-karyota" esse in taxonomia Linnaeana. Etenim (cuius ratione fortasse) redirigitur [[Eucaryota]] ad "Eukaryota" et [[Procaryota]] ad "Prokaryota". --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:38, 20 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::Si alterum rectum est, alterum fontibus biloolgicis testatum, unum eligere non possumus, eligas, quod velis. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 07:10, 20 Iunii 2026 (UTC) == Pagina mensis Iulii 2026 abest == {{Excepta|Disputatio Vicipaediae:Pagina mensis|2026}} == Paginae de praenominibus: lemmata typis italicis necne? == In disputatione {{caput|Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|Carolus: Cur titulus italicus?}}, noster [[Usor:IacobusAmor|Iacobus]] suadet ut lemmata qualia illa paginarum de praenominibus scribantur typis italicis. Ego nescio quid sit faciendum. Praenomina apud Vicipaediam Anglicam et alibi non scribuntur typis italicis (e.g. [[:en:Martin (name)]]), sed nobis licet aliam regulam nostram statuere. Attamen, si hanc conventionem adoptamus, oportebit eam ubique adhibere, atque multae paginae emendandae erunt. Quid dicatis? Censeatisne lemmata in paginis de praenominibus scribenda esse typis italicis? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:34, 18 Augusti 2026 (UTC) :::And yet, Grufo, in the article that you cite ("[[:en:Martin (name)]]"), you'll find this heading: "The name ''Martin'' in different regions"! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:50, 18 Augusti 2026 (UTC) :::: I am not against using italics for words cited as words, I am just wondering whether ''the page's lemma'' should be italicized (i.e. <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Titulus italicus}} ... {{ires|Martinus}} est praenomen ...</syntaxhighlight>). Having somewhere below the lead something like <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>Nomen ''Martinus'' ...</syntaxhighlight>, seems pretty fine to me, especially when discussing etimologies. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:01, 19 Augusti 2026 (UTC) :Non, hoc insolitum est, multos annos Vicipaedia sine hoc italico vivebat. Argumentum Jacobi est: :* Leo XIV est pontifex, sed eius nomen familiare est ''Robertus'' (vel "Robertus"), — :hic de praenomine ut nomine, non de homine vel de re agitur, hic scriptura italica vel virgulae possibiles sunt. Sed pagina de ipso praenomine hoc praenomen ut rem describendam tractat. Nullae sunt causae, ut huius generis paginarum formam mutemus. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 17:10, 18 Augusti 2026 (UTC) :::Iste locus omnino rectus non est. "''Robertus'' (vel "Robertus")" non scripsi. Quod scripsi est: ::::[[Leo XIV]] est [[Episcopus Romanus]], sed eius nomen familiare est ''Robertus.'' :::At least in English, and in the English wikipedia, words cited as words are customarily italicized (not quoted); however, as noted in effect by Grufo, many writers, including those of the English wikipedia, make an exception for capitalized nouns. Much of the time, that's perhaps unobjectionable, as it doesn't lead to misreading, but it can generate curious locutions, for example: ::::Henry Edward Manning has been translated '[[Henricus Eduardus Manning]].' :::This is curious because, for people reading these words for the first time, the lack of italics in the text effectively marks Manning as a human being, not a set of words, and human beings can't be translated, unless, of course, they're bishops, who can indeed be translated (from see to see); but Manning was never a bishop of anywhere except Westminster, so he was never translated—making ''both'' of these sentences true. but ''only'' when italics are selectively deployed: ::::''Henry Edward Manning'' was often translated. ::::Henry Edward Manning was never translated. :::Granted, this is a rare example, but it's most definitely a valid contrastive minimal pair. In any event, relying on capitalization may prove problematic in general, since many nouns capitalized in the Anglo-German world are ''not'' capitalized in many other languages, and that's "a whole nother can of worms." [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:38, 18 Augusti 2026 (UTC) ::::Okay, but in the title of a Wikipedia article, the name is not taken as word, but as an object that the article treats. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 09:29, 19 Augusti 2026 (UTC) :::::That's true. Substantive "Xxxx (nomen)" articles have some reasons not to exist in an encyclopaedia at all: so far as I remember, they exist on Vicipaedia because (a) there is an anonymous contributor who likes creating them, and generally does no harm, (b) they could remain useful as disambiguation pages if they offer links to more than one existing substantive article. I suggest not making any special rule for formatting them here, when there's no such rule on other Wikipedias. Formatting is a distraction, and Latin is light on formatting compared with other modern printed languages. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 07:30, 23 Augusti 2026 (UTC) == [[:Categoria:Portae]] == [[:Categoria:Portae]] nunc includit paginas sui generis, quod vulgo ''portal'' nominatur, sed habemus aliquot paginas de portis veris, de aedificiis huius generis ([[Porta Aurea]], [[Porta nigra]], [[Porta Praenestina]], [[Porta Brandenburgensis]], [[Porta Graach]] etc.) Puto categoriae portalium aliud nomen dandum esse, e.g. "Portae Vicipaedianae", "Portae (Vicipaedia)", in [[:categoria:Portae]] autem portas veras colligendas. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 09:57, 21 Augusti 2026 (UTC) <!-- Si nomen tuum addere vis, tantummodo substitue “subst:Assenserunt” in locum verbi “Assenserunt” hic: -->{{Assenserunt|Grufo=2026-08-21 11:00:42}} : Categoriam “[[:Categoria:Portae Vicipaedianae|Portae Vicipaedianae]]” creavi et nonnullas subcategorias ibi movi, sed nunc tantummodo telephonio geatabili recensere possum; postea ceteras subcategorias illūc movebo. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 11:25, 21 Augusti 2026 (UTC) :: {{Ok}} Factum est. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:04, 21 Augusti 2026 (UTC) :::Gratias ago maximas! [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 19:32, 21 Augusti 2026 (UTC) == De paginis inter dies 12 Iulii et 5 Augusti 2026 creatis == Septuaginta duas novas paginas quotidianas die 25 Iunii 2026 posteriores [[Specialis:Diff/3985927/3985929|addidi]], attamen paginas inter dies 12 Iulii et 5 Augusti 2026 scriptas inspicere non potui. Si bonarum paginarum illis diebus scriptarum meministis, quaeso, [[Specialis:EditPage/Vicipaedia:Index paginarum cottidianarum/Promovendae|addite indici]]! Valete! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:09, 5 Septembris 2026 (UTC) == Ascalon Adumbratio? == Non intellego cur pagina Ascalon in adumbrationibus relegata permaneat (oblivio?) cum tot pessimae et brevissimae paginae (de eis nuncupatim loqui nolo) nostram Vicipaediam dehonestant. [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 17:07, 8 Septembris 2026 (UTC) : Et ego censeo paginam iam maturam esse ut in encyclopaediam recipiatur. Idem auctorem rogavi (confer {{Caput|Disputatio Adumbrationis:Ascalon|Non iam adumbratio}}), sed ipse respondit se plura de recentiore historia Ascalonis et nonnulla de aetate Turcica ac Britannica scribere velle. Mea sententia, paginam in encyclopaediam {{Nexus cum parametris|Specialis:Paginam movere/Adumbratio:Ascalon|movere|wpReason=Demum commentatio parata est|wpNewTitle=Ascalon|prefix=}} possumus. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 20:25, 8 Septembris 2026 (UTC) irsgnj2qgavfqzdy8fisn73wibg314v 3986714 3986706 2026-09-08T20:42:34Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Ascalon Adumbratio? */ 3986714 wikitext text/x-wiki {{/Praefatio}} == De paginis nimis magnis quae formulā {{[[Formula:Augenda|Augenda]]}} utuntur == In [[:Categoria:Corrigenda|Categoriam:Corrigenda]] plures subcategoriae formulā {{Fn|Augenda}} stipantur (e.g. [[:Categoria:Augenda a mense Februario 2023]], [[:Categoria:Augenda a mense Ianuario 2024]], [[:Categoria:Augenda a mense Decembri 2025]], et cetera). Inspiciens, multas harum paginarum invenii quae longiores sunt 1000 octobitis (e.g. [[Graecia archaica]]: 2928 octobiti). Quid censeatis si mechanema cum monitu in formulam {{Fn|Augenda}} inseram, ne in paginis longioribus quam 1000 octobitorum adhibeatur? Nam si pagina est satis longa, vanum est legentes monere paginam intra tres menses esse augendam. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:30, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC) :Pagina de [[Graecia archaica]] (#1) lemmate proprio, (#2) definitione idonea, et (#3) fonte externo caret, et omnis Vicipadia ut videtur (#4) nexibus ad hanc paginam ducentibus caret. That's all four of the formula's four criteria. ¶ For the difference between a stub and more-than-a-stub, the cutoff I've been using has been 2,000 octeti for general articles and 1,900 for articles with a taxobox. I don't recall a consensus on that limit, but articles having 4,000, 5,000, 6,000 octeti have been marked "stipula"; that's likely too high a limit, and I'd suggest that 2,000 (or possibly your 1,000) is a more defensible upper limit for stubs. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 03:15, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC) :::For example, just today, someone added "<nowiki>{{urbs-stipula}}</nowiki>" to the article on [[Barcino]], which already had more than 3,500 octeti! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 15:04, 28 Februarii 2026 (UTC) :::: ''Stipulae'' are not problematic from an administrative point of view, because in theory they can remain as such forever. Barcellona is an important city with a lot of history that can be written in an encyclopedia, it can be understandable if someone feels that the current page can be greatly improved. Instead, what scares me about the {{Fn|Augenda}} template is that it is not only an invitation to improve pages, it also asks us to delete pages after three months (which is why it should be used with care). --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:57, 28 Februarii 2026 (UTC) :::::Then why not change the verb from ''will'' to ''may'' or introduce some other indication of indeterminacy? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 16:31, 28 Februarii 2026 (UTC) :: [[Usor:IacobusAmor|Iacobus]], we can set any limit we want, but what I think makes little sense is saying that a page must be increased within three months, but then after three months nothing happens and the categories above keep growing. We must set a realistic (relatively low) threshold and then, after that, be ready to '''delete''' the pages that do not respect our threshold (in [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 35#De novo spatio nominali adumbrationum proponendo|another thread]] I had proposed the <code>adumbratio:</code> namespace where after three months all these “augenda” pages can be moved, but that is a separate topic). A page like [[Graecia archaica]] only needs relatively little work to be adjusted—certainly does not deserve to be deleted. What I want to stress here is that every time you add {{Fn|Augenda}} to a page you are basically saying “If the page stays like this, I am okay if after three months it gets deleted”. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 03:58, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC) :::That's correct, but I heartily endorse a separate namespace, a kind of purgatory, where such pages can go until they've become worthy of standing in the mainspace. As a rule, I don't work on formulas, so I likely had nothing to do with the wording of this one, but three months must have been the original consensus. If memory serves, @Andrew Dalby and perhaps others have occasionally enforced the three-month rule, though sometimes after well more than three months have elapsed. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 13:08, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC) :::: Intellego. Novum spatium nominale a “Phabricatore” petiturus sum. Quid censeres si in paginis amplioribus (e.g. inter 2000 et 1000) formulā {{Fn|Nondum stipula}} (quae nullam categoriam cum tempore praefinito imponit) pro formulā {{Fn|Augenda}} utereris? Aut aliam novam formulam quoque nobis excogitare licet. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:57, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC) ::::: {{Tpe|Nova}} Hic nuper petivi ut novum spatium nominale adumbrationum crearetur: [[phab:T418706|New “Draft” namespace for lawiki: “Adumbratio”]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 01:01, 2 Martii 2026 (UTC) :::::: {{Tpe|Novissima}} Euax! Spatium nominale adumbrationum [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|habemus]]! Textus paginae [[MediaWiki:Noarticletext]] nobis sic mutandus est ut adumbrationes, si exsistunt, detegantur. Postea aliquid excogitabo. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 19:34, 2 Martii 2026 (UTC) @[[Usor:IacobusAmor|Iacobe]]: What would you think if we created a <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Pagina neglecta}}</syntaxhighlight> template, and established that when we find a page that was created more than three months ago (e.g. [[Agrinium]], created in 2004!), instead of {{Fn|Augenda}} we add the new template instead? The <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Pagina neglecta}}</syntaxhighlight> template could look more or less like this: {{Capsa annuntiationis | color = #7f83d7 | pigmentum = #f3f4fb | imago = P writing.svg | 1 = '''Commentationem neglectam augeamus!''' Haec commentatio longe neglecta videtur mansa esse. Sodes, adiuva paginam augere! }} We can then have [[:Categoria:Paginae neglectae]], where all these pages will be automatically collected. I am proposing this because I think that it makes little sense to warn that a page that was created 22 years ago must be improved within three months! It will be an empty warning. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:40, 9 Martii 2026 (UTC) :That might be useful. How would it differ from the Adumbratio solution? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:01, 9 Martii 2026 (UTC) :: Following [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio|the rules]] that I partly translated from English Wikipedia, we must not move pages that were created long ago to the <code>Adumbratio:</code> namespace. So the picture should look as follows: ::* '''Case 1:''' The page is is too short and was recently created. We have three possibilities: ::*# We improve it (prefereable solution) ::*# We move it to the <code>Adumbratio:</code> namespace (less prefereable than improving the page but more prefearable than the following) ::*# We add {{Fn|Augenda}} (less prefereable) ::*#: ↳ If three months after adding {{Fn|Augenda}} nothing has changed we delete the page for real ::* '''Case 2:''' The page is too short and was created more than three months ago. Two possibilities: ::*# We improve it (prefereable solution) ::*# We have no other choice but adding <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Pagina neglecta}}</syntaxhighlight> ::*#: ↳ We must take into account that the page might stay like that indefinitely ::* '''Case 3:''' The page was in the <code>Adumbratio:</code> namespace and was moved to the main namespace prematurely: ::*# We add {{Fn|Augenda}} ::*#: ↳ If after three months nothing has changed we delete the page for real :: The rationale is that pages that are too old might no longer have someone that checks them and is able to fulfill our expectations. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 12:42, 9 Martii 2026 (UTC) == De novo spatio adumbrationum == {{Collaboratio|Alex1011|Alexander Gerashchenko|Amahoney|Andreas Raether|Andrew Dalby|Aylin|Bartholomite|Bis-Taurinus|Demetrius Talpa|Giorno2|IacobusAmor|Ioscius|Iustinus|Lesgles|LilyKitty|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Neander|Pippobuono|Rafaelgarcia|Sigur|Utilo|UV|Xaverius | alacres = IacobusAmor | alacritas = mensis | res = Magistratūs usoresque strenuos vocavi. Veniam peto si alicuius oblitus sum. | subscriptio = [[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:43, 3 Martii 2026 (UTC) }} Nuper novum spatium nominale <code>Adumbratio:</code> condidimus. Nunc oportet regulas nostras definire. Apud [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] paginam Anglicam [[:en:Wikipedia:Drafts]] partim verti, sed de nostra propria ratione consentiendum est. Notandum est Vicipaediam Anglicam [[:en:Wikipedia:Drafts#Reasons not to move an article to draftspace|regulam habere]] qua vetatur paginam in spatio principali sitam in spatium adumbrationum movere “si commentatio ante plus quam 90 dies creata est”. Re quidem vera, nuper paginam [[Alkinum]] ad [[Adumbratio:Alkinum]] movi (praesertim ad lineamenta technica novi spatii nominalis experienda), attamen mihi visum est parum rectum paginam anno 2006 creatam (et [[Vicipaedia:Paginae quas omnibus Vicipaediis contineri oportet/Expansio#Materies chemicales|quam omnibus Vicipaediis contineri oportet]]!) ibi movere. Quo facto suasus sum ut nobis vetandum sit formulam {{Fn|Augenda}} paginis ante plus quam tres menses creatis addere. Nam, si pagina nimis brevis olim creata est et usque talis mansit, si nos eam negleximus nec animadvertimus nisi nunc, meā sententiā duae optiones tantum nobis patent: aut eam relinquimus intactam, aut formulam {{Fn|Delenda}} apponimus. Ceterum, a vobis peto ut paginam [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] inspiciatis, novas regulas proponatis, aut regulas a me scriptas emendetis. Valete! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:43, 3 Martii 2026 (UTC) ==De loco vel gradu Vicipaediae apud Meta== Does moving articles counted among the 10,000 most important (like "[[Alkinum]]" & "[[Oxidum]]") into the limbo marked by <nowiki>{{Adumbratio}}</nowiki> and/or <nowiki>{{Neglecta}}</nowiki> lower Vicipaedia's score at Meta? (Vide [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias_by_expanded_sample_of_articles|"List of Wikipedias by expanded sample of articles"].) In other words, do they need to remain in the mainspace to boost Vicipaedia's score? ¶ Ten years ago, in March 2016, Vicipaedia was ranked thirty-ninth among all the wikis; at the end of last month, it was ranked fifty-second. This is not an encouraging trend, and deliberately accelerating it might not be considered advisable. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:52, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC) : Hi Iacobus. Moving pages to the <code>Adumbratio:</code> namespace definitely counts as removing them from the encyclopedia. Adding {{Fn|Pagina neglecta}} (or any other template) instead has no effects. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:09, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC) ::<nowiki>{{ping|IacobusAmor}}</nowiki>, is there a page that specifies the number of articles from this list that we have? -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 19:47, 3 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :::{{ping|IacobusAmor}}, idk why my previous ping got wrapped by nowiki. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 19:48, 3 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::::Ecce (but it needs to be updated): https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usor:Amahoney/Myrias_epitome [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:04, 3 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :::::So, as Grufo says, moving one of the "10,000" pages into Adumbratio space removes it from the encyclopedia and from the score that Iacobus mentions. In the case of a page in that list, maybe it's better for it to be in mainspace, with a warning template (''neglecta/augenda/...'') on it? If it's in mainspace, more editors might see it and be tempted to improve it. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:29, 14 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :::::: Hi Andrew. Indeed. When I created the page [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] by (partially) translating [[:en:Wikipedia:Drafts]], I also translated the rule that a page can be moved away from the mainspace to the <code>Adumbratio:</code> namespace only if it is a newly created page (< 90 days). So pages that have long been among our 10000 pages are safe. P.S. The rules in [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] still need our consensus, so if you have time, please give that page a look. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:58, 14 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) == Template:Weather box == {{Excepta|Vicipaedia:Officina|Template:Weather box|Locus opportunior --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]]}} == Quid significat expectatio vacuae mutationis? == Dicitur in pagina [[Topologia classium punctorum]] quod "Haec pagina mutationem vacuam expectat". Et rogat me, "nihil tangens", sibi ostendere mutationes. Ad quem dirigitur haec monitio, et quas mutationes oportet eum sibi ostendere? Non intelligo. [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 04:29, 19 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) : Salve, [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]. Illa icon significat vicitextum <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Spatium topologicum|spatia topologica|en|qid=Q179899}}</syntaxhighlight> ad hunc vicitextum, si paginam emendas, sponte mutatum iri: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>[[Spatium topologicum|spatia topologica]]</syntaxhighlight> (vide [[Special:Diff/3954206/3955454|meam ultimam recensionem]] et documentationem formulae {{fsn|pcc}}), quoniam nunc [[Spatium topologicum|paginam]] habemus quae cum entitate Vicidatorum [[:d:Q179899]] nectitur. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 04:44, 19 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::Gratias habeo—mirum tamen mihi videtur, quod substitutio "cref" tantum unam tesseram (siquidem recte lexi) sumat ut argumentum. Quomodo ergo facio, si notam duos habeat nexus ad paginas creatas?--[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:29, 20 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::: Immo, infinitatem tesserarum formula {{fsn|cref}} accipit. Vide, exempli gratia, hanc annotationem in pagina “[[Carpates]]”, ubi sunt ambae entitates [[:d:Q6776713]] et [[:d:Q11699202]]: :::: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1={{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Martinus Szent-Ivany|Martini Szent-Ivany|hu|qid=Q6776713}} [...] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Gabriel Rzaczynski|Gabrielis Rzączyński|pl|qid=Q11699202}} [...]|2=Q6776713|3=Q11699202}}</syntaxhighlight> ::: Vide etiam {{Caput|Formula:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|Quomodo tesseram invenio?}}. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:43, 20 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) == Annon corrigere possumus titulos "instrumentorum"? == Exempli gratia: video unum "instrumentum" appellari "Paginam prehendere formá PDF". Videtur mihi hic titulus mendam habere et corrigi posse accentus acutus ad macron. Sed nescio utrum corrigibilis sit ab usoribus. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:47, 24 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) : Salve [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]. Usoribus non licet [[Specialis:Nuntia systematis|nuntia systematis]] recensere (vide etiam <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:Allpages|namespace=8}} spatium “<code>MediaWiki:</code>”]</span>), sed usores possunt a magistratibus petere ut nuntia recenseant (et multa nuntia exstant quae meliora facere aut etiam omnino vertere oportet!). Non invenio ubi “Paginam prehendere formá PDF” iaceat; fortasse @[[Usor:UV|UV]] adiuvare potest. P.S. “accentus acutus” revera est [[Apex (orthographia Latina)|apex]], forma antiquior [[macron|macri]]; attamen concordo uniformia signa diacritica nobis esse sequenda. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:42, 24 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::Non potest prehendere paginas disputationum formā PDF. Sed paginas encyclopediae possumus; e.g. [[Macron]]. At ibi apparet "Paginam prehendere formá PDF". --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 02:04, 26 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::: Nexum video, sed quid nuntium gignat non invenio. Exempli gratia, [[MediaWiki:Contributions|haec pagina]] nuntium “User contributions” ad nuntium Latinum “Conlationes usoris” vertit; sed quid vertit “Download PDF” ad “Paginam prehendere formá PDF”? Nescio. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:44, 26 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::::Ignosce inclaritatem meam—sed prime (ut ita dicam) "Instrumenta" et videbis instrumentorum titulos. Titulus primus (ut mihi ostenduntur) est "Movere"; titulus novissimus est "Res Wikidata"; et unus titulorum est "Paginam prehendere formá PDF". --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:46, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::::: @[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]: Ut dixi, oculis meis textum video, sed ignoro e qua pagina aut e quo nuntio systematis oriatur. Nequeo textum corrigere si nescio quid mihi sit emendandum. Conatus sum aliqua similia nuntia vertere ([[MediaWiki:Wikisource-download-pdf|#1]], [[MediaWiki:Minerva-download|#2]], [[MediaWiki:Electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-print-text|#3]], [[MediaWiki:Electronpdfservice-download-label|#4]], [[MediaWiki:Electronpdfservice-special-page-headline|#5]]), sed nuntium quod quaeris non inveni. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:54, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::::::bzgrep utebar perlegere totam Vicipaediam Latinam; non tamen inveni. Mirum! --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:25, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::::::: @[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]: Potesne, quaeso, etiam situm https://translatewiki.net/ per “bzgrep” inspicere? Etiam illic non inveni textum. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:28, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::::::::[https://translatewiki.net/wiki/MediaWiki:Coll-download_as/la Fontem] inveni huius textus, non autem bzgrep utens. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:12, 28 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::::::::: Gratias tibi ago. Correxi. Post paucos dies abhinc nova translatio etiam in Vicipaedia Latina ostendetur. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 01:34, 28 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::::::::::Fortasse nostis [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/MediaWiki?uselang=qqx hunc nexum] per quem tandem inveni. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:37, 28 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) == Regula generalis de intellegentia artificiali == [[:meta:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|Apud MetaVici disputatur]] utrum regula generalis de intellegentiae artificialis usu introducenda sit necne. Quum etiam nos tanget, vos hortor ut sententias vestras feratis. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:42, 26 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :Non penitus intelligo quomodo nos tangeat. Annon iam habemus regulam de plasmatibus (ut ita dicam) linguarum? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:50, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :: Regulae globales omnes Vicipaedias afficiunt, atque illa regula proponitur globalis. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:56, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :::Gratias habeo; nonne autem, si Vicipaedia Latina haberet regulam, supersedeat regulam generalem? Et simili modo respectu aliarum Vicipaediarum? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:01, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :::: Non sum certus, sed timeo ne regulae globales vincant. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 01:05, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :::::Ita; intelligo. Scisne utrum restrictionem an laxationem habeat favorem iuris? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:12, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :::::: Apud Vicipaediam Latinam nulla est regula scripta; paginae tamen quae omnino intellegentiā artificiali sine ulla humana recensione vertuntur pittacio {{Fn|Pagina autotranslata}} signantur atque post unam hebdomadam delentur. Prima regula globalis proposita mihi videtur hoc tantum postulare, ut, ''praeter translationes'', usus intellegentiae artificialis aperte declaretur. Altera autem regula globalis vetat intellegentiā artificiali ūtī ''nisi in translationibus''. Meā sententiā, hoc nobis incommodum contrarium efficit, quia hic magnopere laboramus ad translationes machinarias moderandas; alii autem usūs intellegentiae artificialis nobis non sunt incommodo. Non puto magni rēferre usum ipsum declarare, sed potius oportere responsa intellegentiae artificialis diligenter inspicere ac recensere. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 01:45, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) == Quomodo melius invenire titula proposita pro articulo nondum existente? == Volui creare articulum pro "poset" (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q474715). Scio, quod est formula "subst:pcc" alicubi in hac Vicipaedia per quam statuitur titulum huius articuli. Sed nescio, et "bzgrep" iterum inutilis est. Estne methodus inventionis talium "titulorum articulorum nondum existentium"? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 04:47, 30 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) : Formula {{fsn|pcc}} nescit quod nomen Latinum novae paginae (“nexui rubro”) assignandum sit, istud erit tibi eligendum. Ad formulam adhibendam tibi sufficiet titulum Latinum et linguā aliā scribere. E.g.: :: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:pcc|en=Partially ordered set|Aggregatio partim ordinata}}</syntaxhighlight> ::: ↳ {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Aggregatio partim ordinata||en|qid=Q474715}} : Aut, si vis, potes autem tesseram Vicidatorum praebere: :: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:pcc|Aggregatio partim ordinata||en|qid=Q474715}}</syntaxhighlight> ::: ↳ {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Aggregatio partim ordinata||en|qid=Q474715}} : Non exstat ullus index paginarum creandarum. Nomina inveniuntur simul ac paginae creantur. Attamen, si quis paginam “Aggregatio partim ordinat'''issima'''” postea creet at ad [[:d:Q474715]] eam nectat, pagina ubi nexus ruber “Aggregatio partim ordinata” ostendebatur nunc ad paginam “Aggregatio partim ordinatissima” nectetur. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 06:13, 30 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) == Quomodo citare librum, quod numerum librarium uniformem inter gentes caret? == [[Cancellum (mathematica)|Hac pagina]] conor citare librum quoddam, sed caret ISBN/NLUIG. Habet tamen numerum Catalogii Librarii Congressus (LCCN), sed nescio quomodo hanc numerum affigere rei citatae. Multas habeo gratias pro auxilio vestro! --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 02:09, 18 Maii 2026 (UTC) == Num verbum natio Anglico verbo “nation” respondet? == Salvete omnes! Hic scribo nec in [[Disputatio:Natio|pagina disputationis]] quod hoc verbum in multis commentariis est. Secundum [https://archive.org/details/practicalint00arno/page/41/mode/1up librum Arnoldi] “Natio is rarely used of a civilised and organised nation ; it means a people, or tribe, sprung from one race, of the same blood (nascor).” Secundum dictionarium “Cassell’s Latin Dictionary Latin-English English-Latin” natio significat “a tribe, race, people, esp. uncivilized”, et verbum Anglicum nation significat “populus, gens (=people, stock), civitas (=body of citizens), respublica (=state), natio (=tribe, not highly civilized)”. Liber Arnoldi quoque monet ut iis vocabulis Latinis utamur. Commentarius [[Natio|natio]] illud Ciceronis habet: “Omnēs nātiōnēs servitūtem ferre possunt, nostra cīvitās nōn potest; …” in quo orator optimus populum Romanum a nationibus distinguet. Quid vobis videtur de hac re? Valete! -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 20:58, 29 Maii 2026 (UTC) :Haec "natio" a primis temporibus Vicipaediae originem obscuram ducit, mihi non placet, sed permulta corrigenda sunt, si eam mutare volumus. Civitas (de civibus), civitas sui iuris? [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 22:09, 29 Maii 2026 (UTC) :: Aut etiam possibile est dicere, etiam secundum linguas recentiores, ipsam notionem “nationis” quodammodo “civitati” adversari. Id est, sunt qui putent, etiam linguis hodiernis, “nationem” (Anglice ''nation'', Italice ''nazione'', et cetera) semper aliquid minus civile quam “civitatem” (Anglice ''state'', Italice ''Stato'', et cetera), immo vero tribale, significare. Cum hoc tamen concordo, paginam illam nimis veterem esse atque redintegrandam. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:41, 29 Maii 2026 (UTC) :::Melius est quaedam omittere quam nihil corrigere. Video nos habere commentarios qui vocantur [[Civitas]] (Ang. [[w:en:State (polity)]]), [[Gens]] (Ang. [[w:en:Gens]], nescio cur hic commentarius Latine non sit solis de gentibus Romanis), [[Populus]] (Ang. [[w:en:People]]), [[Res publica]] (Ang. [[w:en:Republic]]), et [[Tribus (anthropologia)]] ([[w:en:Tribe]]). Secundum dictionarium “Cassell’s Latin Dictionary”, tribus significat”originally a third part if the Roman people. Hence a tribe, a division of the Roman people …”. Hoc dictionarium monet ut verbo “natio” vel verbo “gens” utamur si scribere “tribe” velimus nec de tribubus Romanis scribamus. Vero non possum novum nomen commentarii [[Natio]] commendare quod nescio cur vikipedia tot commentarios habeat. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 14:38, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC) ::::Pagina non est delenda, si hoc consulis. "Natio" [http://lexica.linguax.com/forc2.php?searchedLG=natio verbum est Latinum], cur id ne explicemus. Si nexum intervicialem ad paginam Anglicam male congruere putas, ita est, non perfectissime congruit. Sed cum de notionibus abstractis agitur, nexus interviciales saepius tales sunt. Hoc malum in Vicipaediα inevitabile est et hoc non est malum, si res explicatur. Paginae ipsius loca quaedam corrigenda est, Ciceronis interpretatio mutanda, et, quod maxime interest, inter [[Specialis:Nexus_ad_paginam/Natio|nexus ad eam]] hi multi corrigendi sunt, ubi "natio" in modum Anglicum civitatem sui iuris significat. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 18:22, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC) :::::Pagina scilicet delenda non est. Vidi paginas in Vikipedia Hebraica et Ucrainica ad paginam Anglicam bene congruere nec nostram paginam. Natio est verbum Latinum, cuius sensu Latino uti debemus, nec sensi Anglico. Delere nolo sed mutare et fortasse movere. Eo consilio hunc sermonem coepi ut sensibus Latinis verborum uteremur. Vero nescio cur Vikipedia Anglica tot paginas habeat et quid sit discrimen inter “nation” et “state”, propter quod non possum verbum meliorum commendare. Potestne pagina Anglica nostrae paginae [[Natio]] esse [[w:en:Tribe]]? Tribus quoque verbum Latinum est sed secundum dictionarium non idem significat et verbum Anglicum tribe. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 19:24, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC) :::::: ''Tribus'' est quaedam divisio populi, non tota natio ([https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry=tribus]). Possum falli, sed secundum illam Ciceronis sententiam (“Omnēs nātiōnēs servitūtem ferre possunt …”) mihi videtur praecipua differentia inter ''civitatem'' et ''nationem'' hoc esse, quod ''civitas'' rem publicam civium significat, ''nationes'' autem alios populos tamquam gentes spectatos. Ita ''civitas'' erat Roma, ''nationes'' erant ceteri populi. P.S. {{*Cfr}} etiam “eruditissima illa Graecorum natio” (Cic.). Nam Graecis erat una natio sed plures civitates. Hoc usu vocabulum mihi videtur fere eodem sensu adhiberi ac in linguis hodiernis. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 23:07, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC) :::::::Nexus interviciales perutiles sunt (ad minimum, lectores novos nobis dirigunt!) sed non nos regunt. Omnis lingua, sicut [[civitas sui iuris]], libera est. Debemus (1) verba Latina Latinitate classica definire (2) alia verba quibus significationes cognatae sunt (e.g. gens, tribus, civitas) distinguere, nexibus datis (3) significationes apud Latinistas recentiores explicare, si differunt (4) praeter alia, de re principali pellucide disserere. :::::::Cicero his verbis, ''omnes nationes servitutem fere possunt: nostra civitas non potest'' (Phil. 10.10.20) inter ''nationes'' et ''nostram civitatem'' quoquomodo distinguere videtur ... sed alibi ''omnes <u>exteras</u> nationes'' et ''eruditissimam Graecorum nationem'' indicat (Imp. Pomp. 11.31; De Or. 2.4.18) -- unde intellego, apud Ciceronem, plures ''nationes'' exstitisse tam sub imperio S.P.Q.R. quam extra limites. Ex his sententiis, si volumus, inter civitatem et nationem facile erit distinguere: sed inter ''populos'' et ''nationes'' ...? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 09:06, 1 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::::::::Nolite oblivisci ''gentes''&thinsp;! Cassell's nobis dicit (p. 742) ''international law'' locutionem Anglicam nostra lingua esse ''ius gentium,'' ac Traupman (ed. 3, p. 575) nobis dicit ''international'' ipsum verbum Anglicum esse ''inter gentes.'' [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:12, 1 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::::::Sententias vestras perlegi et commentarium inveni [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311975311_On_the_Roman_Concept_of_Natio “On the Roman Concept of Natio”] quem quoque legi, et iam intellego quanta difficilis sit haec res. In libro Arnoldi et in dictionario legi nationem esse “esp. uncivilized”, nec autores Romanos scripisisse Nationem Romanam. Putavi nationem esse tribe nec unquam civilised nation. Iam nesio a bonus sit hic nexus. Veritus sum ne homines dum Latine scribebant solis nexibus uterentur, nec deliberarent quid sit verbum optimum. De pagina nostra [[Respublica]] vos consulere quoque volo. Secundum dictionarium “Cassell’s Latin Dictionary” “'''republic''' ''respublica'', ''civitas'' (= state, simply): a —, as opp. to other forms of government, ''respublica'' (or ''civitas''” ''libera'' or ''popularis''.” Respublica et civitas idem significare mihi videntur. Nonne melius est movere hanc paginam ut novem nomen sit Respublica popularis? Haec res non est solo de nexu sed quoque de ipsa pagina. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:38, 1 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::::::::::Fortasse, sed iam est commentarius de "People's republic" in vicipaedia Anglica. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:31, 1 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::::::::::: De differentia inter ''gentem'' et ''nationem'' conferatur etiam {{LTL|natio|335}}: “A ''gente'' aliquando ita differt, ut genus a specie: ''gens'' enim latius patet, et plures nationes complectitur, ut ''gens'' Graeca habet Atticos, Boeotos, Thebanos, qui ejusdem gentis nationes sunt.” Saepissime tamen gens et natio sunt synonyma. @[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]: Graeci non erant “uncivilized”, attamen erant natio vel plures nationes. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:53, 2 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::::::::::Multae paginae in Vicipaedia connexae sunt; ''United Nations'' vertitur ut [[Nationes Unitae]], multis cum fontibus (duabus encyclicis aliisque). Hoc mutare nequimus, et pagina de [[natio]]ne nec huic sensui contradicere debet; haec causa, cur paginae Anglicae '"Nation" ceterisque de hac natione moderna narrantibus alliganda sit. Sed de pagina [[Nationes mundi]], exempli gratia, iam dubito, et "civitates mundi" nationibus praeferam, [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 20:50, 4 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::Iam intellego. Huic sensu, quo utuntur encyclici, contradicere scilicet nequimus. Gratias omnibus vobis ago quia mihi hanc rem explanavistis. :::::::::::{{ping|Grufo}}, Quaesivi nec inveni ubi Cicero nationem Graecam scripserit. Testimonium encyclicorum mihi videtur bonum esse, scire tamen volo ubi orator optimus his verbis usus sit. :::::::::::Valete. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 21:14, 5 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::: @[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]: {{Op|[[De oratore]]}}, {{Vf|De oratore/Liber II|18|2.4.18}}: “eruditissima illa Graecorum natio”. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:09, 5 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::::Gratias tibi ago! -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:45, 7 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::De commentario qui [[Nationes mundi]] (Anglice [[w:en:List of sovereign states|List of sovereign states]]) vocatur, nonne melius nomen est “''Index civitatum sui iuris''”? :::::::::::Vide commentarios: :::::::::::* [[Civitas sui iuris]] :::::::::::* [[Index communium Badeniae et Virtembergiae]] :::::::::::* [[Index urbium et communium Rhenaniae et Palatinatus]] :::::::::::* [[Index fluviorum Germaniae]] :::::::::::* [[Index asteroidum]] :::::::::::* [[Index siglorum ordinum ecclesiae catholicae]] :::::::::::Hic commentarius est index. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 16:50, 9 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::::::::::::Sic, [[Index civitatum sui iuris]] bonum nomen est, multae paginae huius generis in Vicipaedia Latina "indices" nominantur. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 19:47, 9 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::::Vobis consentio. Hanc paginam satis antiquam renominare oportet. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:39, 10 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::::::::::::::Utrum possumus paginam renominate an oportet [[Formula:Movenda]] utere? -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:21, 10 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::::::Formula ad disputandum in pagina disputationis ponitur, sed nunc hic erat disputaio, fornula non necessaria est. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 15:55, 10 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::::::: Paginam movi. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:02, 10 Iunii 2026 (UTC) == "-karyotica" vel "-caryotica"? == In pagina de [[Cellula|cellulis]] ambae formae extant. Videtur mihi melius, si unicam noscamus formam. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 03:14, 16 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :"-caryotica" melius. Vocabulum est antiquum, Graecae originis (κάρυον), nullae sunt causae, ut "k" scribatur. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 12:05, 17 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::Consentio. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:16, 17 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::"nullae sunt causae": consentiebam imprimis sed nunc occursit mihi formae "-karyota" esse in taxonomia Linnaeana. Etenim (cuius ratione fortasse) redirigitur [[Eucaryota]] ad "Eukaryota" et [[Procaryota]] ad "Prokaryota". --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:38, 20 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::Si alterum rectum est, alterum fontibus biloolgicis testatum, unum eligere non possumus, eligas, quod velis. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 07:10, 20 Iunii 2026 (UTC) == Pagina mensis Iulii 2026 abest == {{Excepta|Disputatio Vicipaediae:Pagina mensis|2026}} == Paginae de praenominibus: lemmata typis italicis necne? == In disputatione {{caput|Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|Carolus: Cur titulus italicus?}}, noster [[Usor:IacobusAmor|Iacobus]] suadet ut lemmata qualia illa paginarum de praenominibus scribantur typis italicis. Ego nescio quid sit faciendum. Praenomina apud Vicipaediam Anglicam et alibi non scribuntur typis italicis (e.g. [[:en:Martin (name)]]), sed nobis licet aliam regulam nostram statuere. Attamen, si hanc conventionem adoptamus, oportebit eam ubique adhibere, atque multae paginae emendandae erunt. Quid dicatis? Censeatisne lemmata in paginis de praenominibus scribenda esse typis italicis? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:34, 18 Augusti 2026 (UTC) :::And yet, Grufo, in the article that you cite ("[[:en:Martin (name)]]"), you'll find this heading: "The name ''Martin'' in different regions"! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:50, 18 Augusti 2026 (UTC) :::: I am not against using italics for words cited as words, I am just wondering whether ''the page's lemma'' should be italicized (i.e. <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Titulus italicus}} ... {{ires|Martinus}} est praenomen ...</syntaxhighlight>). Having somewhere below the lead something like <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>Nomen ''Martinus'' ...</syntaxhighlight>, seems pretty fine to me, especially when discussing etimologies. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:01, 19 Augusti 2026 (UTC) :Non, hoc insolitum est, multos annos Vicipaedia sine hoc italico vivebat. Argumentum Jacobi est: :* Leo XIV est pontifex, sed eius nomen familiare est ''Robertus'' (vel "Robertus"), — :hic de praenomine ut nomine, non de homine vel de re agitur, hic scriptura italica vel virgulae possibiles sunt. Sed pagina de ipso praenomine hoc praenomen ut rem describendam tractat. Nullae sunt causae, ut huius generis paginarum formam mutemus. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 17:10, 18 Augusti 2026 (UTC) :::Iste locus omnino rectus non est. "''Robertus'' (vel "Robertus")" non scripsi. Quod scripsi est: ::::[[Leo XIV]] est [[Episcopus Romanus]], sed eius nomen familiare est ''Robertus.'' :::At least in English, and in the English wikipedia, words cited as words are customarily italicized (not quoted); however, as noted in effect by Grufo, many writers, including those of the English wikipedia, make an exception for capitalized nouns. Much of the time, that's perhaps unobjectionable, as it doesn't lead to misreading, but it can generate curious locutions, for example: ::::Henry Edward Manning has been translated '[[Henricus Eduardus Manning]].' :::This is curious because, for people reading these words for the first time, the lack of italics in the text effectively marks Manning as a human being, not a set of words, and human beings can't be translated, unless, of course, they're bishops, who can indeed be translated (from see to see); but Manning was never a bishop of anywhere except Westminster, so he was never translated—making ''both'' of these sentences true. but ''only'' when italics are selectively deployed: ::::''Henry Edward Manning'' was often translated. ::::Henry Edward Manning was never translated. :::Granted, this is a rare example, but it's most definitely a valid contrastive minimal pair. In any event, relying on capitalization may prove problematic in general, since many nouns capitalized in the Anglo-German world are ''not'' capitalized in many other languages, and that's "a whole nother can of worms." [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:38, 18 Augusti 2026 (UTC) ::::Okay, but in the title of a Wikipedia article, the name is not taken as word, but as an object that the article treats. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 09:29, 19 Augusti 2026 (UTC) :::::That's true. Substantive "Xxxx (nomen)" articles have some reasons not to exist in an encyclopaedia at all: so far as I remember, they exist on Vicipaedia because (a) there is an anonymous contributor who likes creating them, and generally does no harm, (b) they could remain useful as disambiguation pages if they offer links to more than one existing substantive article. I suggest not making any special rule for formatting them here, when there's no such rule on other Wikipedias. Formatting is a distraction, and Latin is light on formatting compared with other modern printed languages. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 07:30, 23 Augusti 2026 (UTC) == [[:Categoria:Portae]] == [[:Categoria:Portae]] nunc includit paginas sui generis, quod vulgo ''portal'' nominatur, sed habemus aliquot paginas de portis veris, de aedificiis huius generis ([[Porta Aurea]], [[Porta nigra]], [[Porta Praenestina]], [[Porta Brandenburgensis]], [[Porta Graach]] etc.) Puto categoriae portalium aliud nomen dandum esse, e.g. "Portae Vicipaedianae", "Portae (Vicipaedia)", in [[:categoria:Portae]] autem portas veras colligendas. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 09:57, 21 Augusti 2026 (UTC) <!-- Si nomen tuum addere vis, tantummodo substitue “subst:Assenserunt” in locum verbi “Assenserunt” hic: -->{{Assenserunt|Grufo=2026-08-21 11:00:42}} : Categoriam “[[:Categoria:Portae Vicipaedianae|Portae Vicipaedianae]]” creavi et nonnullas subcategorias ibi movi, sed nunc tantummodo telephonio geatabili recensere possum; postea ceteras subcategorias illūc movebo. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 11:25, 21 Augusti 2026 (UTC) :: {{Ok}} Factum est. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:04, 21 Augusti 2026 (UTC) :::Gratias ago maximas! [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 19:32, 21 Augusti 2026 (UTC) == De paginis inter dies 12 Iulii et 5 Augusti 2026 creatis == Septuaginta duas novas paginas quotidianas die 25 Iunii 2026 posteriores [[Specialis:Diff/3985927/3985929|addidi]], attamen paginas inter dies 12 Iulii et 5 Augusti 2026 scriptas inspicere non potui. Si bonarum paginarum illis diebus scriptarum meministis, quaeso, [[Specialis:EditPage/Vicipaedia:Index paginarum cottidianarum/Promovendae|addite indici]]! Valete! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:09, 5 Septembris 2026 (UTC) == Ascalon Adumbratio? == Non intellego cur pagina Ascalon in adumbrationibus relegata permaneat (oblivio?) cum tot pessimae et brevissimae paginae (de eis nuncupatim loqui nolo) nostram Vicipaediam dehonestant. [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 17:07, 8 Septembris 2026 (UTC) : Et ego censeo paginam iam maturam esse ut in encyclopaediam recipiatur. Idem auctorem rogavi (confer {{Caput|Disputatio Adumbrationis:Ascalon|Non iam adumbratio}}), sed ipse respondit se plura de recentiore historia Ascalonis et nonnulla de aetate Turcica ac Britannica scribere velle. Mea sententia, paginam in encyclopaediam {{Nexus cum parametris|Specialis:Paginam movere/Adumbratio:Ascalon|movere|wpReason=Demum commentatio parata est|wpNewTitle=Ascalon|prefix=}} possumus. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 20:25, 8 Septembris 2026 (UTC) : Nihil impedit enim quominus paginam emendet in Vicipaedia iusta ut omnes quotidie facimus. Praeterea iam duos menses pagina non iam aucta est et ex aliis Vicipaediis invisibilis iacet. Censeo et ipse movendam esse.--[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 20:42, 8 Septembris 2026 (UTC) ht5nwbqd4ebjb50pmf7kv9dz0j0wbgb 3986738 3986714 2026-09-08T21:15:16Z Grufo 64423 /* Ascalon Adumbratio? */ Factum est 3986738 wikitext text/x-wiki {{/Praefatio}} == De paginis nimis magnis quae formulā {{[[Formula:Augenda|Augenda]]}} utuntur == In [[:Categoria:Corrigenda|Categoriam:Corrigenda]] plures subcategoriae formulā {{Fn|Augenda}} stipantur (e.g. [[:Categoria:Augenda a mense Februario 2023]], [[:Categoria:Augenda a mense Ianuario 2024]], [[:Categoria:Augenda a mense Decembri 2025]], et cetera). Inspiciens, multas harum paginarum invenii quae longiores sunt 1000 octobitis (e.g. [[Graecia archaica]]: 2928 octobiti). Quid censeatis si mechanema cum monitu in formulam {{Fn|Augenda}} inseram, ne in paginis longioribus quam 1000 octobitorum adhibeatur? Nam si pagina est satis longa, vanum est legentes monere paginam intra tres menses esse augendam. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:30, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC) :Pagina de [[Graecia archaica]] (#1) lemmate proprio, (#2) definitione idonea, et (#3) fonte externo caret, et omnis Vicipadia ut videtur (#4) nexibus ad hanc paginam ducentibus caret. That's all four of the formula's four criteria. ¶ For the difference between a stub and more-than-a-stub, the cutoff I've been using has been 2,000 octeti for general articles and 1,900 for articles with a taxobox. I don't recall a consensus on that limit, but articles having 4,000, 5,000, 6,000 octeti have been marked "stipula"; that's likely too high a limit, and I'd suggest that 2,000 (or possibly your 1,000) is a more defensible upper limit for stubs. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 03:15, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC) :::For example, just today, someone added "<nowiki>{{urbs-stipula}}</nowiki>" to the article on [[Barcino]], which already had more than 3,500 octeti! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 15:04, 28 Februarii 2026 (UTC) :::: ''Stipulae'' are not problematic from an administrative point of view, because in theory they can remain as such forever. Barcellona is an important city with a lot of history that can be written in an encyclopedia, it can be understandable if someone feels that the current page can be greatly improved. Instead, what scares me about the {{Fn|Augenda}} template is that it is not only an invitation to improve pages, it also asks us to delete pages after three months (which is why it should be used with care). --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:57, 28 Februarii 2026 (UTC) :::::Then why not change the verb from ''will'' to ''may'' or introduce some other indication of indeterminacy? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 16:31, 28 Februarii 2026 (UTC) :: [[Usor:IacobusAmor|Iacobus]], we can set any limit we want, but what I think makes little sense is saying that a page must be increased within three months, but then after three months nothing happens and the categories above keep growing. We must set a realistic (relatively low) threshold and then, after that, be ready to '''delete''' the pages that do not respect our threshold (in [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 35#De novo spatio nominali adumbrationum proponendo|another thread]] I had proposed the <code>adumbratio:</code> namespace where after three months all these “augenda” pages can be moved, but that is a separate topic). A page like [[Graecia archaica]] only needs relatively little work to be adjusted—certainly does not deserve to be deleted. What I want to stress here is that every time you add {{Fn|Augenda}} to a page you are basically saying “If the page stays like this, I am okay if after three months it gets deleted”. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 03:58, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC) :::That's correct, but I heartily endorse a separate namespace, a kind of purgatory, where such pages can go until they've become worthy of standing in the mainspace. As a rule, I don't work on formulas, so I likely had nothing to do with the wording of this one, but three months must have been the original consensus. If memory serves, @Andrew Dalby and perhaps others have occasionally enforced the three-month rule, though sometimes after well more than three months have elapsed. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 13:08, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC) :::: Intellego. Novum spatium nominale a “Phabricatore” petiturus sum. Quid censeres si in paginis amplioribus (e.g. inter 2000 et 1000) formulā {{Fn|Nondum stipula}} (quae nullam categoriam cum tempore praefinito imponit) pro formulā {{Fn|Augenda}} utereris? Aut aliam novam formulam quoque nobis excogitare licet. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:57, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC) ::::: {{Tpe|Nova}} Hic nuper petivi ut novum spatium nominale adumbrationum crearetur: [[phab:T418706|New “Draft” namespace for lawiki: “Adumbratio”]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 01:01, 2 Martii 2026 (UTC) :::::: {{Tpe|Novissima}} Euax! Spatium nominale adumbrationum [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|habemus]]! Textus paginae [[MediaWiki:Noarticletext]] nobis sic mutandus est ut adumbrationes, si exsistunt, detegantur. Postea aliquid excogitabo. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 19:34, 2 Martii 2026 (UTC) @[[Usor:IacobusAmor|Iacobe]]: What would you think if we created a <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Pagina neglecta}}</syntaxhighlight> template, and established that when we find a page that was created more than three months ago (e.g. [[Agrinium]], created in 2004!), instead of {{Fn|Augenda}} we add the new template instead? The <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Pagina neglecta}}</syntaxhighlight> template could look more or less like this: {{Capsa annuntiationis | color = #7f83d7 | pigmentum = #f3f4fb | imago = P writing.svg | 1 = '''Commentationem neglectam augeamus!''' Haec commentatio longe neglecta videtur mansa esse. Sodes, adiuva paginam augere! }} We can then have [[:Categoria:Paginae neglectae]], where all these pages will be automatically collected. I am proposing this because I think that it makes little sense to warn that a page that was created 22 years ago must be improved within three months! It will be an empty warning. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:40, 9 Martii 2026 (UTC) :That might be useful. How would it differ from the Adumbratio solution? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:01, 9 Martii 2026 (UTC) :: Following [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio|the rules]] that I partly translated from English Wikipedia, we must not move pages that were created long ago to the <code>Adumbratio:</code> namespace. So the picture should look as follows: ::* '''Case 1:''' The page is is too short and was recently created. We have three possibilities: ::*# We improve it (prefereable solution) ::*# We move it to the <code>Adumbratio:</code> namespace (less prefereable than improving the page but more prefearable than the following) ::*# We add {{Fn|Augenda}} (less prefereable) ::*#: ↳ If three months after adding {{Fn|Augenda}} nothing has changed we delete the page for real ::* '''Case 2:''' The page is too short and was created more than three months ago. Two possibilities: ::*# We improve it (prefereable solution) ::*# We have no other choice but adding <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Pagina neglecta}}</syntaxhighlight> ::*#: ↳ We must take into account that the page might stay like that indefinitely ::* '''Case 3:''' The page was in the <code>Adumbratio:</code> namespace and was moved to the main namespace prematurely: ::*# We add {{Fn|Augenda}} ::*#: ↳ If after three months nothing has changed we delete the page for real :: The rationale is that pages that are too old might no longer have someone that checks them and is able to fulfill our expectations. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 12:42, 9 Martii 2026 (UTC) == De novo spatio adumbrationum == {{Collaboratio|Alex1011|Alexander Gerashchenko|Amahoney|Andreas Raether|Andrew Dalby|Aylin|Bartholomite|Bis-Taurinus|Demetrius Talpa|Giorno2|IacobusAmor|Ioscius|Iustinus|Lesgles|LilyKitty|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Neander|Pippobuono|Rafaelgarcia|Sigur|Utilo|UV|Xaverius | alacres = IacobusAmor | alacritas = mensis | res = Magistratūs usoresque strenuos vocavi. Veniam peto si alicuius oblitus sum. | subscriptio = [[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:43, 3 Martii 2026 (UTC) }} Nuper novum spatium nominale <code>Adumbratio:</code> condidimus. Nunc oportet regulas nostras definire. Apud [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] paginam Anglicam [[:en:Wikipedia:Drafts]] partim verti, sed de nostra propria ratione consentiendum est. Notandum est Vicipaediam Anglicam [[:en:Wikipedia:Drafts#Reasons not to move an article to draftspace|regulam habere]] qua vetatur paginam in spatio principali sitam in spatium adumbrationum movere “si commentatio ante plus quam 90 dies creata est”. Re quidem vera, nuper paginam [[Alkinum]] ad [[Adumbratio:Alkinum]] movi (praesertim ad lineamenta technica novi spatii nominalis experienda), attamen mihi visum est parum rectum paginam anno 2006 creatam (et [[Vicipaedia:Paginae quas omnibus Vicipaediis contineri oportet/Expansio#Materies chemicales|quam omnibus Vicipaediis contineri oportet]]!) ibi movere. Quo facto suasus sum ut nobis vetandum sit formulam {{Fn|Augenda}} paginis ante plus quam tres menses creatis addere. Nam, si pagina nimis brevis olim creata est et usque talis mansit, si nos eam negleximus nec animadvertimus nisi nunc, meā sententiā duae optiones tantum nobis patent: aut eam relinquimus intactam, aut formulam {{Fn|Delenda}} apponimus. Ceterum, a vobis peto ut paginam [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] inspiciatis, novas regulas proponatis, aut regulas a me scriptas emendetis. Valete! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:43, 3 Martii 2026 (UTC) ==De loco vel gradu Vicipaediae apud Meta== Does moving articles counted among the 10,000 most important (like "[[Alkinum]]" & "[[Oxidum]]") into the limbo marked by <nowiki>{{Adumbratio}}</nowiki> and/or <nowiki>{{Neglecta}}</nowiki> lower Vicipaedia's score at Meta? (Vide [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias_by_expanded_sample_of_articles|"List of Wikipedias by expanded sample of articles"].) In other words, do they need to remain in the mainspace to boost Vicipaedia's score? ¶ Ten years ago, in March 2016, Vicipaedia was ranked thirty-ninth among all the wikis; at the end of last month, it was ranked fifty-second. This is not an encouraging trend, and deliberately accelerating it might not be considered advisable. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:52, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC) : Hi Iacobus. Moving pages to the <code>Adumbratio:</code> namespace definitely counts as removing them from the encyclopedia. Adding {{Fn|Pagina neglecta}} (or any other template) instead has no effects. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:09, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC) ::<nowiki>{{ping|IacobusAmor}}</nowiki>, is there a page that specifies the number of articles from this list that we have? -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 19:47, 3 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :::{{ping|IacobusAmor}}, idk why my previous ping got wrapped by nowiki. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 19:48, 3 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::::Ecce (but it needs to be updated): https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usor:Amahoney/Myrias_epitome [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:04, 3 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :::::So, as Grufo says, moving one of the "10,000" pages into Adumbratio space removes it from the encyclopedia and from the score that Iacobus mentions. In the case of a page in that list, maybe it's better for it to be in mainspace, with a warning template (''neglecta/augenda/...'') on it? If it's in mainspace, more editors might see it and be tempted to improve it. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:29, 14 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :::::: Hi Andrew. Indeed. When I created the page [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] by (partially) translating [[:en:Wikipedia:Drafts]], I also translated the rule that a page can be moved away from the mainspace to the <code>Adumbratio:</code> namespace only if it is a newly created page (< 90 days). So pages that have long been among our 10000 pages are safe. P.S. The rules in [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] still need our consensus, so if you have time, please give that page a look. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:58, 14 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) == Template:Weather box == {{Excepta|Vicipaedia:Officina|Template:Weather box|Locus opportunior --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]]}} == Quid significat expectatio vacuae mutationis? == Dicitur in pagina [[Topologia classium punctorum]] quod "Haec pagina mutationem vacuam expectat". Et rogat me, "nihil tangens", sibi ostendere mutationes. Ad quem dirigitur haec monitio, et quas mutationes oportet eum sibi ostendere? Non intelligo. [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 04:29, 19 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) : Salve, [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]. Illa icon significat vicitextum <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Spatium topologicum|spatia topologica|en|qid=Q179899}}</syntaxhighlight> ad hunc vicitextum, si paginam emendas, sponte mutatum iri: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>[[Spatium topologicum|spatia topologica]]</syntaxhighlight> (vide [[Special:Diff/3954206/3955454|meam ultimam recensionem]] et documentationem formulae {{fsn|pcc}}), quoniam nunc [[Spatium topologicum|paginam]] habemus quae cum entitate Vicidatorum [[:d:Q179899]] nectitur. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 04:44, 19 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::Gratias habeo—mirum tamen mihi videtur, quod substitutio "cref" tantum unam tesseram (siquidem recte lexi) sumat ut argumentum. Quomodo ergo facio, si notam duos habeat nexus ad paginas creatas?--[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:29, 20 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::: Immo, infinitatem tesserarum formula {{fsn|cref}} accipit. Vide, exempli gratia, hanc annotationem in pagina “[[Carpates]]”, ubi sunt ambae entitates [[:d:Q6776713]] et [[:d:Q11699202]]: :::: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1={{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Martinus Szent-Ivany|Martini Szent-Ivany|hu|qid=Q6776713}} [...] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Gabriel Rzaczynski|Gabrielis Rzączyński|pl|qid=Q11699202}} [...]|2=Q6776713|3=Q11699202}}</syntaxhighlight> ::: Vide etiam {{Caput|Formula:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|Quomodo tesseram invenio?}}. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:43, 20 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) == Annon corrigere possumus titulos "instrumentorum"? == Exempli gratia: video unum "instrumentum" appellari "Paginam prehendere formá PDF". Videtur mihi hic titulus mendam habere et corrigi posse accentus acutus ad macron. Sed nescio utrum corrigibilis sit ab usoribus. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:47, 24 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) : Salve [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]. Usoribus non licet [[Specialis:Nuntia systematis|nuntia systematis]] recensere (vide etiam <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:Allpages|namespace=8}} spatium “<code>MediaWiki:</code>”]</span>), sed usores possunt a magistratibus petere ut nuntia recenseant (et multa nuntia exstant quae meliora facere aut etiam omnino vertere oportet!). Non invenio ubi “Paginam prehendere formá PDF” iaceat; fortasse @[[Usor:UV|UV]] adiuvare potest. P.S. “accentus acutus” revera est [[Apex (orthographia Latina)|apex]], forma antiquior [[macron|macri]]; attamen concordo uniformia signa diacritica nobis esse sequenda. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:42, 24 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::Non potest prehendere paginas disputationum formā PDF. Sed paginas encyclopediae possumus; e.g. [[Macron]]. At ibi apparet "Paginam prehendere formá PDF". --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 02:04, 26 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::: Nexum video, sed quid nuntium gignat non invenio. Exempli gratia, [[MediaWiki:Contributions|haec pagina]] nuntium “User contributions” ad nuntium Latinum “Conlationes usoris” vertit; sed quid vertit “Download PDF” ad “Paginam prehendere formá PDF”? Nescio. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:44, 26 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::::Ignosce inclaritatem meam—sed prime (ut ita dicam) "Instrumenta" et videbis instrumentorum titulos. Titulus primus (ut mihi ostenduntur) est "Movere"; titulus novissimus est "Res Wikidata"; et unus titulorum est "Paginam prehendere formá PDF". --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:46, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::::: @[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]: Ut dixi, oculis meis textum video, sed ignoro e qua pagina aut e quo nuntio systematis oriatur. Nequeo textum corrigere si nescio quid mihi sit emendandum. Conatus sum aliqua similia nuntia vertere ([[MediaWiki:Wikisource-download-pdf|#1]], [[MediaWiki:Minerva-download|#2]], [[MediaWiki:Electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-print-text|#3]], [[MediaWiki:Electronpdfservice-download-label|#4]], [[MediaWiki:Electronpdfservice-special-page-headline|#5]]), sed nuntium quod quaeris non inveni. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:54, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::::::bzgrep utebar perlegere totam Vicipaediam Latinam; non tamen inveni. Mirum! --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:25, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::::::: @[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]: Potesne, quaeso, etiam situm https://translatewiki.net/ per “bzgrep” inspicere? Etiam illic non inveni textum. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:28, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::::::::[https://translatewiki.net/wiki/MediaWiki:Coll-download_as/la Fontem] inveni huius textus, non autem bzgrep utens. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:12, 28 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::::::::: Gratias tibi ago. Correxi. Post paucos dies abhinc nova translatio etiam in Vicipaedia Latina ostendetur. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 01:34, 28 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::::::::::Fortasse nostis [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/MediaWiki?uselang=qqx hunc nexum] per quem tandem inveni. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:37, 28 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) == Regula generalis de intellegentia artificiali == [[:meta:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|Apud MetaVici disputatur]] utrum regula generalis de intellegentiae artificialis usu introducenda sit necne. Quum etiam nos tanget, vos hortor ut sententias vestras feratis. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:42, 26 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :Non penitus intelligo quomodo nos tangeat. Annon iam habemus regulam de plasmatibus (ut ita dicam) linguarum? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:50, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :: Regulae globales omnes Vicipaedias afficiunt, atque illa regula proponitur globalis. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:56, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :::Gratias habeo; nonne autem, si Vicipaedia Latina haberet regulam, supersedeat regulam generalem? Et simili modo respectu aliarum Vicipaediarum? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:01, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :::: Non sum certus, sed timeo ne regulae globales vincant. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 01:05, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :::::Ita; intelligo. Scisne utrum restrictionem an laxationem habeat favorem iuris? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:12, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :::::: Apud Vicipaediam Latinam nulla est regula scripta; paginae tamen quae omnino intellegentiā artificiali sine ulla humana recensione vertuntur pittacio {{Fn|Pagina autotranslata}} signantur atque post unam hebdomadam delentur. Prima regula globalis proposita mihi videtur hoc tantum postulare, ut, ''praeter translationes'', usus intellegentiae artificialis aperte declaretur. Altera autem regula globalis vetat intellegentiā artificiali ūtī ''nisi in translationibus''. Meā sententiā, hoc nobis incommodum contrarium efficit, quia hic magnopere laboramus ad translationes machinarias moderandas; alii autem usūs intellegentiae artificialis nobis non sunt incommodo. Non puto magni rēferre usum ipsum declarare, sed potius oportere responsa intellegentiae artificialis diligenter inspicere ac recensere. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 01:45, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) == Quomodo melius invenire titula proposita pro articulo nondum existente? == Volui creare articulum pro "poset" (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q474715). Scio, quod est formula "subst:pcc" alicubi in hac Vicipaedia per quam statuitur titulum huius articuli. Sed nescio, et "bzgrep" iterum inutilis est. Estne methodus inventionis talium "titulorum articulorum nondum existentium"? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 04:47, 30 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) : Formula {{fsn|pcc}} nescit quod nomen Latinum novae paginae (“nexui rubro”) assignandum sit, istud erit tibi eligendum. Ad formulam adhibendam tibi sufficiet titulum Latinum et linguā aliā scribere. E.g.: :: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:pcc|en=Partially ordered set|Aggregatio partim ordinata}}</syntaxhighlight> ::: ↳ {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Aggregatio partim ordinata||en|qid=Q474715}} : Aut, si vis, potes autem tesseram Vicidatorum praebere: :: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:pcc|Aggregatio partim ordinata||en|qid=Q474715}}</syntaxhighlight> ::: ↳ {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Aggregatio partim ordinata||en|qid=Q474715}} : Non exstat ullus index paginarum creandarum. Nomina inveniuntur simul ac paginae creantur. Attamen, si quis paginam “Aggregatio partim ordinat'''issima'''” postea creet at ad [[:d:Q474715]] eam nectat, pagina ubi nexus ruber “Aggregatio partim ordinata” ostendebatur nunc ad paginam “Aggregatio partim ordinatissima” nectetur. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 06:13, 30 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) == Quomodo citare librum, quod numerum librarium uniformem inter gentes caret? == [[Cancellum (mathematica)|Hac pagina]] conor citare librum quoddam, sed caret ISBN/NLUIG. Habet tamen numerum Catalogii Librarii Congressus (LCCN), sed nescio quomodo hanc numerum affigere rei citatae. Multas habeo gratias pro auxilio vestro! --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 02:09, 18 Maii 2026 (UTC) == Num verbum natio Anglico verbo “nation” respondet? == Salvete omnes! Hic scribo nec in [[Disputatio:Natio|pagina disputationis]] quod hoc verbum in multis commentariis est. Secundum [https://archive.org/details/practicalint00arno/page/41/mode/1up librum Arnoldi] “Natio is rarely used of a civilised and organised nation ; it means a people, or tribe, sprung from one race, of the same blood (nascor).” Secundum dictionarium “Cassell’s Latin Dictionary Latin-English English-Latin” natio significat “a tribe, race, people, esp. uncivilized”, et verbum Anglicum nation significat “populus, gens (=people, stock), civitas (=body of citizens), respublica (=state), natio (=tribe, not highly civilized)”. Liber Arnoldi quoque monet ut iis vocabulis Latinis utamur. Commentarius [[Natio|natio]] illud Ciceronis habet: “Omnēs nātiōnēs servitūtem ferre possunt, nostra cīvitās nōn potest; …” in quo orator optimus populum Romanum a nationibus distinguet. Quid vobis videtur de hac re? Valete! -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 20:58, 29 Maii 2026 (UTC) :Haec "natio" a primis temporibus Vicipaediae originem obscuram ducit, mihi non placet, sed permulta corrigenda sunt, si eam mutare volumus. Civitas (de civibus), civitas sui iuris? [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 22:09, 29 Maii 2026 (UTC) :: Aut etiam possibile est dicere, etiam secundum linguas recentiores, ipsam notionem “nationis” quodammodo “civitati” adversari. Id est, sunt qui putent, etiam linguis hodiernis, “nationem” (Anglice ''nation'', Italice ''nazione'', et cetera) semper aliquid minus civile quam “civitatem” (Anglice ''state'', Italice ''Stato'', et cetera), immo vero tribale, significare. Cum hoc tamen concordo, paginam illam nimis veterem esse atque redintegrandam. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:41, 29 Maii 2026 (UTC) :::Melius est quaedam omittere quam nihil corrigere. Video nos habere commentarios qui vocantur [[Civitas]] (Ang. [[w:en:State (polity)]]), [[Gens]] (Ang. [[w:en:Gens]], nescio cur hic commentarius Latine non sit solis de gentibus Romanis), [[Populus]] (Ang. [[w:en:People]]), [[Res publica]] (Ang. [[w:en:Republic]]), et [[Tribus (anthropologia)]] ([[w:en:Tribe]]). Secundum dictionarium “Cassell’s Latin Dictionary”, tribus significat”originally a third part if the Roman people. Hence a tribe, a division of the Roman people …”. Hoc dictionarium monet ut verbo “natio” vel verbo “gens” utamur si scribere “tribe” velimus nec de tribubus Romanis scribamus. Vero non possum novum nomen commentarii [[Natio]] commendare quod nescio cur vikipedia tot commentarios habeat. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 14:38, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC) ::::Pagina non est delenda, si hoc consulis. "Natio" [http://lexica.linguax.com/forc2.php?searchedLG=natio verbum est Latinum], cur id ne explicemus. Si nexum intervicialem ad paginam Anglicam male congruere putas, ita est, non perfectissime congruit. Sed cum de notionibus abstractis agitur, nexus interviciales saepius tales sunt. Hoc malum in Vicipaediα inevitabile est et hoc non est malum, si res explicatur. Paginae ipsius loca quaedam corrigenda est, Ciceronis interpretatio mutanda, et, quod maxime interest, inter [[Specialis:Nexus_ad_paginam/Natio|nexus ad eam]] hi multi corrigendi sunt, ubi "natio" in modum Anglicum civitatem sui iuris significat. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 18:22, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC) :::::Pagina scilicet delenda non est. Vidi paginas in Vikipedia Hebraica et Ucrainica ad paginam Anglicam bene congruere nec nostram paginam. Natio est verbum Latinum, cuius sensu Latino uti debemus, nec sensi Anglico. Delere nolo sed mutare et fortasse movere. Eo consilio hunc sermonem coepi ut sensibus Latinis verborum uteremur. Vero nescio cur Vikipedia Anglica tot paginas habeat et quid sit discrimen inter “nation” et “state”, propter quod non possum verbum meliorum commendare. Potestne pagina Anglica nostrae paginae [[Natio]] esse [[w:en:Tribe]]? Tribus quoque verbum Latinum est sed secundum dictionarium non idem significat et verbum Anglicum tribe. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 19:24, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC) :::::: ''Tribus'' est quaedam divisio populi, non tota natio ([https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry=tribus]). Possum falli, sed secundum illam Ciceronis sententiam (“Omnēs nātiōnēs servitūtem ferre possunt …”) mihi videtur praecipua differentia inter ''civitatem'' et ''nationem'' hoc esse, quod ''civitas'' rem publicam civium significat, ''nationes'' autem alios populos tamquam gentes spectatos. Ita ''civitas'' erat Roma, ''nationes'' erant ceteri populi. P.S. {{*Cfr}} etiam “eruditissima illa Graecorum natio” (Cic.). Nam Graecis erat una natio sed plures civitates. Hoc usu vocabulum mihi videtur fere eodem sensu adhiberi ac in linguis hodiernis. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 23:07, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC) :::::::Nexus interviciales perutiles sunt (ad minimum, lectores novos nobis dirigunt!) sed non nos regunt. Omnis lingua, sicut [[civitas sui iuris]], libera est. Debemus (1) verba Latina Latinitate classica definire (2) alia verba quibus significationes cognatae sunt (e.g. gens, tribus, civitas) distinguere, nexibus datis (3) significationes apud Latinistas recentiores explicare, si differunt (4) praeter alia, de re principali pellucide disserere. :::::::Cicero his verbis, ''omnes nationes servitutem fere possunt: nostra civitas non potest'' (Phil. 10.10.20) inter ''nationes'' et ''nostram civitatem'' quoquomodo distinguere videtur ... sed alibi ''omnes <u>exteras</u> nationes'' et ''eruditissimam Graecorum nationem'' indicat (Imp. Pomp. 11.31; De Or. 2.4.18) -- unde intellego, apud Ciceronem, plures ''nationes'' exstitisse tam sub imperio S.P.Q.R. quam extra limites. Ex his sententiis, si volumus, inter civitatem et nationem facile erit distinguere: sed inter ''populos'' et ''nationes'' ...? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 09:06, 1 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::::::::Nolite oblivisci ''gentes''&thinsp;! Cassell's nobis dicit (p. 742) ''international law'' locutionem Anglicam nostra lingua esse ''ius gentium,'' ac Traupman (ed. 3, p. 575) nobis dicit ''international'' ipsum verbum Anglicum esse ''inter gentes.'' [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:12, 1 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::::::Sententias vestras perlegi et commentarium inveni [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311975311_On_the_Roman_Concept_of_Natio “On the Roman Concept of Natio”] quem quoque legi, et iam intellego quanta difficilis sit haec res. In libro Arnoldi et in dictionario legi nationem esse “esp. uncivilized”, nec autores Romanos scripisisse Nationem Romanam. Putavi nationem esse tribe nec unquam civilised nation. Iam nesio a bonus sit hic nexus. Veritus sum ne homines dum Latine scribebant solis nexibus uterentur, nec deliberarent quid sit verbum optimum. De pagina nostra [[Respublica]] vos consulere quoque volo. Secundum dictionarium “Cassell’s Latin Dictionary” “'''republic''' ''respublica'', ''civitas'' (= state, simply): a —, as opp. to other forms of government, ''respublica'' (or ''civitas''” ''libera'' or ''popularis''.” Respublica et civitas idem significare mihi videntur. Nonne melius est movere hanc paginam ut novem nomen sit Respublica popularis? Haec res non est solo de nexu sed quoque de ipsa pagina. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:38, 1 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::::::::::Fortasse, sed iam est commentarius de "People's republic" in vicipaedia Anglica. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:31, 1 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::::::::::: De differentia inter ''gentem'' et ''nationem'' conferatur etiam {{LTL|natio|335}}: “A ''gente'' aliquando ita differt, ut genus a specie: ''gens'' enim latius patet, et plures nationes complectitur, ut ''gens'' Graeca habet Atticos, Boeotos, Thebanos, qui ejusdem gentis nationes sunt.” Saepissime tamen gens et natio sunt synonyma. @[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]: Graeci non erant “uncivilized”, attamen erant natio vel plures nationes. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:53, 2 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::::::::::Multae paginae in Vicipaedia connexae sunt; ''United Nations'' vertitur ut [[Nationes Unitae]], multis cum fontibus (duabus encyclicis aliisque). Hoc mutare nequimus, et pagina de [[natio]]ne nec huic sensui contradicere debet; haec causa, cur paginae Anglicae '"Nation" ceterisque de hac natione moderna narrantibus alliganda sit. Sed de pagina [[Nationes mundi]], exempli gratia, iam dubito, et "civitates mundi" nationibus praeferam, [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 20:50, 4 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::Iam intellego. Huic sensu, quo utuntur encyclici, contradicere scilicet nequimus. Gratias omnibus vobis ago quia mihi hanc rem explanavistis. :::::::::::{{ping|Grufo}}, Quaesivi nec inveni ubi Cicero nationem Graecam scripserit. Testimonium encyclicorum mihi videtur bonum esse, scire tamen volo ubi orator optimus his verbis usus sit. :::::::::::Valete. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 21:14, 5 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::: @[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]: {{Op|[[De oratore]]}}, {{Vf|De oratore/Liber II|18|2.4.18}}: “eruditissima illa Graecorum natio”. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:09, 5 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::::Gratias tibi ago! -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:45, 7 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::De commentario qui [[Nationes mundi]] (Anglice [[w:en:List of sovereign states|List of sovereign states]]) vocatur, nonne melius nomen est “''Index civitatum sui iuris''”? :::::::::::Vide commentarios: :::::::::::* [[Civitas sui iuris]] :::::::::::* [[Index communium Badeniae et Virtembergiae]] :::::::::::* [[Index urbium et communium Rhenaniae et Palatinatus]] :::::::::::* [[Index fluviorum Germaniae]] :::::::::::* [[Index asteroidum]] :::::::::::* [[Index siglorum ordinum ecclesiae catholicae]] :::::::::::Hic commentarius est index. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 16:50, 9 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::::::::::::Sic, [[Index civitatum sui iuris]] bonum nomen est, multae paginae huius generis in Vicipaedia Latina "indices" nominantur. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 19:47, 9 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::::Vobis consentio. Hanc paginam satis antiquam renominare oportet. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:39, 10 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::::::::::::::Utrum possumus paginam renominate an oportet [[Formula:Movenda]] utere? -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:21, 10 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::::::Formula ad disputandum in pagina disputationis ponitur, sed nunc hic erat disputaio, fornula non necessaria est. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 15:55, 10 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::::::: Paginam movi. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:02, 10 Iunii 2026 (UTC) == "-karyotica" vel "-caryotica"? == In pagina de [[Cellula|cellulis]] ambae formae extant. Videtur mihi melius, si unicam noscamus formam. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 03:14, 16 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :"-caryotica" melius. Vocabulum est antiquum, Graecae originis (κάρυον), nullae sunt causae, ut "k" scribatur. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 12:05, 17 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::Consentio. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:16, 17 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::"nullae sunt causae": consentiebam imprimis sed nunc occursit mihi formae "-karyota" esse in taxonomia Linnaeana. Etenim (cuius ratione fortasse) redirigitur [[Eucaryota]] ad "Eukaryota" et [[Procaryota]] ad "Prokaryota". --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:38, 20 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::Si alterum rectum est, alterum fontibus biloolgicis testatum, unum eligere non possumus, eligas, quod velis. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 07:10, 20 Iunii 2026 (UTC) == Pagina mensis Iulii 2026 abest == {{Excepta|Disputatio Vicipaediae:Pagina mensis|2026}} == Paginae de praenominibus: lemmata typis italicis necne? == In disputatione {{caput|Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|Carolus: Cur titulus italicus?}}, noster [[Usor:IacobusAmor|Iacobus]] suadet ut lemmata qualia illa paginarum de praenominibus scribantur typis italicis. Ego nescio quid sit faciendum. Praenomina apud Vicipaediam Anglicam et alibi non scribuntur typis italicis (e.g. [[:en:Martin (name)]]), sed nobis licet aliam regulam nostram statuere. Attamen, si hanc conventionem adoptamus, oportebit eam ubique adhibere, atque multae paginae emendandae erunt. Quid dicatis? Censeatisne lemmata in paginis de praenominibus scribenda esse typis italicis? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:34, 18 Augusti 2026 (UTC) :::And yet, Grufo, in the article that you cite ("[[:en:Martin (name)]]"), you'll find this heading: "The name ''Martin'' in different regions"! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:50, 18 Augusti 2026 (UTC) :::: I am not against using italics for words cited as words, I am just wondering whether ''the page's lemma'' should be italicized (i.e. <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Titulus italicus}} ... {{ires|Martinus}} est praenomen ...</syntaxhighlight>). Having somewhere below the lead something like <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>Nomen ''Martinus'' ...</syntaxhighlight>, seems pretty fine to me, especially when discussing etimologies. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:01, 19 Augusti 2026 (UTC) :Non, hoc insolitum est, multos annos Vicipaedia sine hoc italico vivebat. Argumentum Jacobi est: :* Leo XIV est pontifex, sed eius nomen familiare est ''Robertus'' (vel "Robertus"), — :hic de praenomine ut nomine, non de homine vel de re agitur, hic scriptura italica vel virgulae possibiles sunt. Sed pagina de ipso praenomine hoc praenomen ut rem describendam tractat. Nullae sunt causae, ut huius generis paginarum formam mutemus. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 17:10, 18 Augusti 2026 (UTC) :::Iste locus omnino rectus non est. "''Robertus'' (vel "Robertus")" non scripsi. Quod scripsi est: ::::[[Leo XIV]] est [[Episcopus Romanus]], sed eius nomen familiare est ''Robertus.'' :::At least in English, and in the English wikipedia, words cited as words are customarily italicized (not quoted); however, as noted in effect by Grufo, many writers, including those of the English wikipedia, make an exception for capitalized nouns. Much of the time, that's perhaps unobjectionable, as it doesn't lead to misreading, but it can generate curious locutions, for example: ::::Henry Edward Manning has been translated '[[Henricus Eduardus Manning]].' :::This is curious because, for people reading these words for the first time, the lack of italics in the text effectively marks Manning as a human being, not a set of words, and human beings can't be translated, unless, of course, they're bishops, who can indeed be translated (from see to see); but Manning was never a bishop of anywhere except Westminster, so he was never translated—making ''both'' of these sentences true. but ''only'' when italics are selectively deployed: ::::''Henry Edward Manning'' was often translated. ::::Henry Edward Manning was never translated. :::Granted, this is a rare example, but it's most definitely a valid contrastive minimal pair. In any event, relying on capitalization may prove problematic in general, since many nouns capitalized in the Anglo-German world are ''not'' capitalized in many other languages, and that's "a whole nother can of worms." [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:38, 18 Augusti 2026 (UTC) ::::Okay, but in the title of a Wikipedia article, the name is not taken as word, but as an object that the article treats. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 09:29, 19 Augusti 2026 (UTC) :::::That's true. Substantive "Xxxx (nomen)" articles have some reasons not to exist in an encyclopaedia at all: so far as I remember, they exist on Vicipaedia because (a) there is an anonymous contributor who likes creating them, and generally does no harm, (b) they could remain useful as disambiguation pages if they offer links to more than one existing substantive article. I suggest not making any special rule for formatting them here, when there's no such rule on other Wikipedias. Formatting is a distraction, and Latin is light on formatting compared with other modern printed languages. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 07:30, 23 Augusti 2026 (UTC) == [[:Categoria:Portae]] == [[:Categoria:Portae]] nunc includit paginas sui generis, quod vulgo ''portal'' nominatur, sed habemus aliquot paginas de portis veris, de aedificiis huius generis ([[Porta Aurea]], [[Porta nigra]], [[Porta Praenestina]], [[Porta Brandenburgensis]], [[Porta Graach]] etc.) Puto categoriae portalium aliud nomen dandum esse, e.g. "Portae Vicipaedianae", "Portae (Vicipaedia)", in [[:categoria:Portae]] autem portas veras colligendas. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 09:57, 21 Augusti 2026 (UTC) <!-- Si nomen tuum addere vis, tantummodo substitue “subst:Assenserunt” in locum verbi “Assenserunt” hic: -->{{Assenserunt|Grufo=2026-08-21 11:00:42}} : Categoriam “[[:Categoria:Portae Vicipaedianae|Portae Vicipaedianae]]” creavi et nonnullas subcategorias ibi movi, sed nunc tantummodo telephonio geatabili recensere possum; postea ceteras subcategorias illūc movebo. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 11:25, 21 Augusti 2026 (UTC) :: {{Ok}} Factum est. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:04, 21 Augusti 2026 (UTC) :::Gratias ago maximas! [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 19:32, 21 Augusti 2026 (UTC) == De paginis inter dies 12 Iulii et 5 Augusti 2026 creatis == Septuaginta duas novas paginas quotidianas die 25 Iunii 2026 posteriores [[Specialis:Diff/3985927/3985929|addidi]], attamen paginas inter dies 12 Iulii et 5 Augusti 2026 scriptas inspicere non potui. Si bonarum paginarum illis diebus scriptarum meministis, quaeso, [[Specialis:EditPage/Vicipaedia:Index paginarum cottidianarum/Promovendae|addite indici]]! Valete! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:09, 5 Septembris 2026 (UTC) == Ascalon Adumbratio? == Non intellego cur pagina Ascalon in adumbrationibus relegata permaneat (oblivio?) cum tot pessimae et brevissimae paginae (de eis nuncupatim loqui nolo) nostram Vicipaediam dehonestant. [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 17:07, 8 Septembris 2026 (UTC) : Et ego censeo paginam iam maturam esse ut in encyclopaediam recipiatur. Idem auctorem rogavi (confer {{Caput|Disputatio Adumbrationis:Ascalon|Non iam adumbratio}}), sed ipse respondit se plura de recentiore historia Ascalonis et nonnulla de aetate Turcica ac Britannica scribere velle. Mea sententia, paginam in encyclopaediam {{Nexus cum parametris|Specialis:Paginam movere/Adumbratio:Ascalon|movere|wpReason=Demum commentatio parata est|wpNewTitle=Ascalon|prefix=}} possumus. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 20:25, 8 Septembris 2026 (UTC) :: Nihil impedit enim quominus paginam emendet in Vicipaedia iusta ut omnes quotidie facimus. Praeterea iam duos menses pagina non iam aucta est et ex aliis Vicipaediis invisibilis iacet. Censeo et ipse movendam esse.--[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 20:42, 8 Septembris 2026 (UTC) ::: {{Factum est}} --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:15, 8 Septembris 2026 (UTC) dv1iipyr7y2vvaji9j141k7dq5l1i1c Formula:Postilla redirectionis/doc 10 323806 3986589 3981863 2026-09-08T12:41:13Z Grufo 64423 +{{[[Formula:Vicitextus concors|Vicitextus concors]]}} 3986589 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Subpagina documentationis}} {{Formula in nuntiis systematis adhibita|custodes=usores | r3946509 = MediaWiki:Move-redirect-text | Sin secus verbatim | Mora substitutionis cautae | P1 | P2 | Postilla redirectionis/arbiter | Si in substitutione }} {{Substitutio quae suam transclusionem protrahit|$1}} {{Formula solitaria|MediaWiki:Move-redirect-text}} {{Vicitextus concors | Postilla redirectionis | De hac redirectione }} Haec est [[Vicipaedia:Substitutio|substitutio]] peculiaris tantummodo in pagina [[MediaWiki:Move-redirect-text]] adhibita. Usoribus non est eā utendum. == De usu == <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{subst:Postilla redirectionis|$1}}</syntaxhighlight> (Sed formula [[MediaWiki:Move-redirect-text|iam adhibita est]].) == Quando postilla addatur == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Casus ! Condicio ! Vicitextus insertus |- | ''Diversum [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|spatium nominale]]'' | Vetus et novum nomen ad diversa spatia nominalia pertinent. | rowspan="3" | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{De hac redirectione}}</syntaxhighlight> |- | ''[[Vicipaedia:Discretio|Pagina discretiva]]'' | Vetus et novum nomen ad idem spatium nominale pertinent, non sunt in spatio nominali disputationis, et vetus vel novum nomen uno ex his verbis terminatur: <code>(discretiva)</code>, <code>(discretio)</code> aut <code>(nomen)</code>. |- | ''Spatium disputationis'' | Vetus nomen est in spatio nominali disputationis et non est subpagina novi nominis. |- | ''Disputationes alibi collectae'' | Vetus et novum nomen ad idem spatium nominale disputationis pertinent et vetus nomen est subpagina novi nominis. | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{De hac redirectione|ratio=collectio}}</syntaxhighlight> |- | ''Redirectio redundans'' | Vetus nomen est in spatio nominali [[Vicipaedia:De categoriis|categoriarum]]; aut vetus et novum nomen sunt in spatio nominali [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio|adumbrationum]] (<code>Adumbratio:</code>); aut vetus nomen est subpagina in spatio nominali [[Auxilium:Formulae|formularum]] (<code>Formula:</code>) et eius nomen est <code>doc</code>. | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Confestim delenda|Redirectio redundans. <small>(Pittacium [[Formula:Postilla redirectionis/arbiter|systemate]] additum.)</span>}}</syntaxhighlight> |- | ''Ceterum'' | Vetus et novum nomen ad idem spatium nominale pertinent; vetus nomen non est pagina disputationis; nec vetus neque novum nomen uno ex his verbis terminatur: <code>(discretiva)</code>, <code>(discretio)</code> aut <code>(nomen)</code>. | '''Nihil additur.''' |} == Subformulae machinariae == * {{relfn|Formula:Postilla redirectionis/arbiter}} == Ulteriora si cupis == * [[MediaWiki:Move-redirect-text]] * [[phab:T419100|Pass the target of the redirect as $1 to MediaWiki:Move-redirect-text – Phabricator]] * {{Fn|De hac redirectione}} <includeonly>{{in harenario aut alibi|| <!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --> [[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae quae seorsos versus creant|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae administrationis Vicipaediae|{{PAGENAME}}]] }}</includeonly> 0esk2j2bvnan9pqd6927st1v5z4sp9s 3986591 3986589 2026-09-08T12:43:25Z Grufo 64423 +nota 3986591 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Subpagina documentationis}} {{Formula in nuntiis systematis adhibita|custodes=usores | r3946509 = MediaWiki:Move-redirect-text | Sin secus verbatim | Mora substitutionis cautae | P1 | P2 | Postilla redirectionis/arbiter | Si in substitutione }} {{Substitutio quae suam transclusionem protrahit|$1}} {{Formula solitaria|MediaWiki:Move-redirect-text}} {{Vicitextus concors | Postilla redirectionis | De hac redirectione }} Haec est [[Vicipaedia:Substitutio|substitutio]] peculiaris tantummodo in pagina [[MediaWiki:Move-redirect-text]] adhibita. Usoribus non est eā utendum. {{Nota bene}} Condiciones quae efficiunt ut post redirectionem postilla quaedam addatur formlulae {{Fn|De hac redirectione}} congruendae sunt. == De usu == <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{subst:Postilla redirectionis|$1}}</syntaxhighlight> (Sed formula [[MediaWiki:Move-redirect-text|iam adhibita est]].) == Quando postilla addatur == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Casus ! Condicio ! Vicitextus insertus |- | ''Diversum [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|spatium nominale]]'' | Vetus et novum nomen ad diversa spatia nominalia pertinent. | rowspan="3" | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{De hac redirectione}}</syntaxhighlight> |- | ''[[Vicipaedia:Discretio|Pagina discretiva]]'' | Vetus et novum nomen ad idem spatium nominale pertinent, non sunt in spatio nominali disputationis, et vetus vel novum nomen uno ex his verbis terminatur: <code>(discretiva)</code>, <code>(discretio)</code> aut <code>(nomen)</code>. |- | ''Spatium disputationis'' | Vetus nomen est in spatio nominali disputationis et non est subpagina novi nominis. |- | ''Disputationes alibi collectae'' | Vetus et novum nomen ad idem spatium nominale disputationis pertinent et vetus nomen est subpagina novi nominis. | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{De hac redirectione|ratio=collectio}}</syntaxhighlight> |- | ''Redirectio redundans'' | Vetus nomen est in spatio nominali [[Vicipaedia:De categoriis|categoriarum]]; aut vetus et novum nomen sunt in spatio nominali [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio|adumbrationum]] (<code>Adumbratio:</code>); aut vetus nomen est subpagina in spatio nominali [[Auxilium:Formulae|formularum]] (<code>Formula:</code>) et eius nomen est <code>doc</code>. | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Confestim delenda|Redirectio redundans. <small>(Pittacium [[Formula:Postilla redirectionis/arbiter|systemate]] additum.)</span>}}</syntaxhighlight> |- | ''Ceterum'' | Vetus et novum nomen ad idem spatium nominale pertinent; vetus nomen non est pagina disputationis; nec vetus neque novum nomen uno ex his verbis terminatur: <code>(discretiva)</code>, <code>(discretio)</code> aut <code>(nomen)</code>. | '''Nihil additur.''' |} == Subformulae machinariae == * {{relfn|Formula:Postilla redirectionis/arbiter}} == Ulteriora si cupis == * [[MediaWiki:Move-redirect-text]] * [[phab:T419100|Pass the target of the redirect as $1 to MediaWiki:Move-redirect-text – Phabricator]] * {{Fn|De hac redirectione}} <includeonly>{{in harenario aut alibi|| <!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --> [[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae quae seorsos versus creant|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae administrationis Vicipaediae|{{PAGENAME}}]] }}</includeonly> 9283jvzl9rzv42i0ntgfd2w85g0cmks 3986592 3986591 2026-09-08T12:45:15Z Grufo 64423 3986592 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Subpagina documentationis}} {{Formula in nuntiis systematis adhibita|custodes=usores | r3946509 = MediaWiki:Move-redirect-text | Sin secus verbatim | Mora substitutionis cautae | P1 | P2 | Postilla redirectionis/arbiter | Si in substitutione }} {{Substitutio quae suam transclusionem protrahit|$1}} {{Formula solitaria|MediaWiki:Move-redirect-text}} {{Vicitextus concors | Postilla redirectionis | De hac redirectione }} Haec est [[Vicipaedia:Substitutio|substitutio]] peculiaris tantummodo in pagina [[MediaWiki:Move-redirect-text]] adhibita. Usoribus non est eā utendum. {{Nota bene}} Condiciones quae efficiunt ut post redirectionem vicitextus quidam addatur formlulae {{Fn|De hac redirectione}} congruendae sunt. == De usu == <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{subst:Postilla redirectionis|$1}}</syntaxhighlight> (Sed formula [[MediaWiki:Move-redirect-text|iam adhibita est]].) == Quando postilla addatur == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Casus ! Condicio ! Vicitextus insertus |- | ''Diversum [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|spatium nominale]]'' | Vetus et novum nomen ad diversa spatia nominalia pertinent. | rowspan="3" | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{De hac redirectione}}</syntaxhighlight> |- | ''[[Vicipaedia:Discretio|Pagina discretiva]]'' | Vetus et novum nomen ad idem spatium nominale pertinent, non sunt in spatio nominali disputationis, et vetus vel novum nomen uno ex his verbis terminatur: <code>(discretiva)</code>, <code>(discretio)</code> aut <code>(nomen)</code>. |- | ''Spatium disputationis'' | Vetus nomen est in spatio nominali disputationis et non est subpagina novi nominis. |- | ''Disputationes alibi collectae'' | Vetus et novum nomen ad idem spatium nominale disputationis pertinent et vetus nomen est subpagina novi nominis. | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{De hac redirectione|ratio=collectio}}</syntaxhighlight> |- | ''Redirectio redundans'' | Vetus nomen est in spatio nominali [[Vicipaedia:De categoriis|categoriarum]]; aut vetus et novum nomen sunt in spatio nominali [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio|adumbrationum]] (<code>Adumbratio:</code>); aut vetus nomen est subpagina in spatio nominali [[Auxilium:Formulae|formularum]] (<code>Formula:</code>) et eius nomen est <code>doc</code>. | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Confestim delenda|Redirectio redundans. <small>(Pittacium [[Formula:Postilla redirectionis/arbiter|systemate]] additum.)</span>}}</syntaxhighlight> |- | ''Ceterum'' | Vetus et novum nomen ad idem spatium nominale pertinent; vetus nomen non est pagina disputationis; nec vetus neque novum nomen uno ex his verbis terminatur: <code>(discretiva)</code>, <code>(discretio)</code> aut <code>(nomen)</code>. | '''Nihil additur.''' |} == Subformulae machinariae == * {{relfn|Formula:Postilla redirectionis/arbiter}} == Ulteriora si cupis == * [[MediaWiki:Move-redirect-text]] * [[phab:T419100|Pass the target of the redirect as $1 to MediaWiki:Move-redirect-text – Phabricator]] * {{Fn|De hac redirectione}} <includeonly>{{in harenario aut alibi|| <!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --> [[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae quae seorsos versus creant|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae administrationis Vicipaediae|{{PAGENAME}}]] }}</includeonly> g04gzplwiv9w4x6ljjqp5shguvyx405 Disputatio:Ascalon 1 323908 3986735 3969889 2026-09-08T21:12:41Z Grufo 64423 Grufo movit paginam [[Disputatio Adumbrationis:Ascalon]] ad [[Disputatio:Ascalon]]: Demum commentatio parata est 3969889 wikitext text/x-wiki == Adumbratio == Haec pagina ex anno 2019 est. Nimisne vetus est ut sit Adumbratio? [[Usor:Bartholomite|Bartholomite]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bartholomite|disputatio]]) 22:34, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC) : @[[Usor:Bartholomite|Bartholomite]]: Ita, sed vetus pagina [[Specialis:PermanentLink/3427721|erat redirectio]]. Attamen bonum est quod hoc indicavisti! Veteres redirectiones factae paginae nostris regulis tractandae sunt. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:37, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC) :: {{tpe|Nova}} [[Specialis:Diff/3947776/3948345|Factum est]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:42, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC) == Nomina oppidorum == Quomodo Latine scribenda sunt nomina Arabica quae Anglice “Majdal” et “Jurah” dicuntur? -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 10:51, 10 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) : Mihi videtur nomina quae quaeris esse {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Magdala||en|qid=Q4880851}} et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Iagur||en|qid=Q2380265}} (-uris, ''n.''? [https://palquest.palestine-studies.org/en/place/16824/al-jura-gaza fons]). --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:44, 11 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::Magdala autem in parte septentrionali Israelis sita est, nec prope Ascalonem in parte meridionali. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 08:05, 11 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :::Unum nomen, multa loca? (Quod nomen nostra lingua '[[Turris]]' legi dicitur?) [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:31, 11 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::::Mihi sic videtur. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 13:06, 11 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) == Non iam adumbratio == Pagina mihi videtur iam satis parata ut ad spatium encyclopaedicum transferatur. [[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]], quid censeas? Et quid censeant alii? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 23:00, 3 Iulii 2026 (UTC) :Vellim magis scribere de hodierna historia Ascalonis, et nonnula de aetate Turcica ac Britannica. Mihi fontes inveniendi sunt. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 07:57, 4 Iulii 2026 (UTC) :: Sic fiat. Aut si vis etiam commentationem augere potes in spatium encyclopaedicum translatam; nam numquam paginae vero perfectae sunt. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:12, 4 Iulii 2026 (UTC) 14dty6b8whgr23o1kqs4qwtcafcz3d4 Cupido mentem gyrat 0 324445 3986794 3955276 2026-09-09T06:53:12Z Grufo 64423 Minora 3986794 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}} {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum | titulus = | imago = | descriptio = | categoria = | numerus = | auctor = | argumenta = | tempus = | lingua = | contextus = | praecedens = | sequens = }} {{lres|Cupido mentem gyrat}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero LXa reperitur.<ref name="Carminamatoria56-70">{{Opus | titulus = Carmina amatoria 56–70 | url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cam1.html }}.</ref> == Textus == {{Versus numerati| {{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|1.}}Cupido mentem gyrat telumque minans vibrat, Favonius aspirat nectar, quo venas inflat {{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|2.}}Medullitus; id teneris pergratum est in feminis, quas alit affabilitas atque cordis simplicitas. {{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|3a.}}Semel, opto, basia michi quod offerat, quam sorte de infantia Natura venustat. {{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|3b.}}Post hanc nulla complacet, quam sic assumpserim, cum potius amabiles te propter spreverim. {{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|4a.}}Iam odorus noster torus demoratur; inscia {{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|4b.}}Es optata, sed vocata non occurris, intima. {{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|5a.}}Gaude, proles regia, que vite privilegia gestas! ecce Venerea collegia per te floruerunt. {{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|5b.}}Si iam detur optio, tuo quod utar osculo et membris in crepuscolo sub otio, aspera non erunt. {{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|6a.}}Matutini sideris iubar preis, et lilium rosaque periere. {{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|6b.}}Micat ebur dentium per labium, ut Sirium credat quis enitere. {{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|7.}}Si Menalus fatidicus virginibus michi det omne fari, Etna, mons occiduus, Ponto ferat minas prius, quam desinat, virgo, tuus honor laudari. {{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|8.}}Amores ergo fidibus canendi sunt his rudibus, cibentur ut his fructibus: stipendium erit Venus, {{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|9.}}Furores quando lenit Venus, que corda ferit. incitamentum Veneris fastidium est ceteris. quod laudis michi titulum clarumque det obsequium! {{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|10.}}Intemerata virginum, serena respice et generosa supplicis iam vota perfice!<ref name="Carminamatoria56-70"/> }} == Descriptio == Hoc carmen, quod ad sectionem amatoriam pertinet, de virtute [[Cupido|Cupidinis]] et de pulchritudine puellae canit. [[Poëta]] describit quomodo deus amoris animum vulneret et quomodo [[Zephyrus|Favonius]], ventus vernalis, venas ardore impleat. In versibus multa elogia de formositate virginis inveniuntur, quae “proles regia” appellatur et cuius dentes sicut ebur vel stella [[Sirius]] micant.<ref name="Carminamatoria56-70"/> Argumentum ad delectationes amandi et ad desiderium osculorum spectat, ubi natura et mythologia (velut mons [[Aetna]] et [[Venus (dea)|Venus]]) adhibentur ad vigorem affectūs demonstrandum. Carmen denique precationem ad virginem ita continet ut vota supplicantis perficiat, item ut mos est in traditione {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Litterae Latinae mediaevales|lyricae medii aevi|it|qid=Q1361756}} amatoriae.<ref name="Carminamatoria56-70"/> == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Lehtonen, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Lehtonen | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy | annus = 1995 | lingua = en | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]] | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4 }} }} {{Carmina Burana}} [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] kmtpsr11v8s9nz4e9ohn0pk4jbixrwo Christiernus Henriksén 0 327287 3986831 3977279 2026-09-09T10:04:34Z Torstanus 212901 Torstanus movit paginam [[Christer Henriksén]] ad [[Christiernus Henriksén]]: Titulus male scriptus 3977279 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Christiernus Henriksén''' ([[Lingua Suecica|suetice]] ''Christer Henriksén'') (24 novembris 1967 natus) est professor linguae Latinae Suecus in [[Universitas Upsaliensis|Universitate Upsaliense]]. Expertus epigrammatum est et [[praeses vicarius]] [[Institutum Romanum Regni Sueticae|Instituti Romani Regni Sueticae]] ([[Lingua Suecica|suetice]] ''Svenska institutet i Rom'', ''[[Lingua Italiana|italice]]'' Istituto Svedese di studi classici a Roma). == Selectio operum Christierni Henriksén == * 2019, ''A Companion to Ancient Epigram'' ([[Hobocen|Hoboceni]]: Wiley-Blackwell) (editor). * 2018, "Inside Epigram: Intratextuality in Martial's Epigrams, Book 10," in ''Intratextuality and Latin Literature'', [[Stephen Harrison]], [[Stavros Frangoulidis]], [[Theodore D. Papanghelis]] editores ([[Berolinum|Berolini]] et [[Bostonia|Bostoniae]]: Walter de Gruyter). * 2013, ''Sylloge incriptionum Graecarum et Latinarum Upsaliensis'' / ''The Greek and Latin Inscriptions in the Collections of Uppsala University'' ([[Holmia|Holmiae]]: [[Institutum Romanum Regni Sueticae]]). * 2012, ''A Commentary on Martial,'' Epigrams ''Book 9'' ([[Oxonia|Oxoniae]]: Oxford University Press). * 2007, ''Miraculum Eruditionis: Neo-Latin Studies in Honour of Hans Helander'' ([[Upsalia|Uppsaliae]]: Act Universitatis Upsaliensis) (editor, cum [[Maria Berggren]]). * 2006, "Martial's Modes of Mourning: Sepulchral Epitaphs in the Epigrams," in ''Flavian Poetry'', [[Ruud R. Nauta]], [[Johannes J. L. Smolenaars]], [[Harm-Jan van Dam]] editores ([[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]: Brill), pp. 349-67. * 2004, "Memoriae feliciter: A Rediscovered Inscription in the Sala delle Muse and Four Roman Women," ''Bolletino'' 24, pp. 55-70. * 1998, "Martial, Book IX: A Commentary," PhD dissertatio, in Universitate Upsaliense. * 1997. "Earinus: An Imperial Eunuch in the Light of the Poems of Martial and Statius," ''Mnemosyne'' 50, pp. 281-94. == Nexus externi == * [https://isvroma.org/ Institutum Romanum Regni Sueticae] * [https://www.uu.se/kontakt-och-organisation/personal?query=N94-1870 Situs Christierni Henriksén Upsaliensis] [[Categoria:Professores linguae Latinae]] [[Categoria:Academici Sueciae]] g5s6vc8vs4yjrwcnkkpnyupr4qhhdzw 3986834 3986831 2026-09-09T10:31:43Z Torstanus 212901 "Universitate Upsaliensi" pro "Universitate Upsaliense" scripsi 3986834 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Christiernus Henriksén''' ([[Lingua Suecica|suetice]] ''Christer Henriksén'') (24 novembris 1967 natus) est professor linguae Latinae Suecus in [[Universitas Upsaliensis|Universitate Upsaliensi]]. Expertus epigrammatum est et [[praeses vicarius]] [[Institutum Romanum Regni Sueticae|Instituti Romani Regni Sueticae]] ([[Lingua Suecica|suetice]] ''Svenska institutet i Rom'', ''[[Lingua Italiana|italice]]'' Istituto Svedese di studi classici a Roma). == Selectio operum Christierni Henriksén == * 2019, ''A Companion to Ancient Epigram'' ([[Hobocen|Hoboceni]]: Wiley-Blackwell) (editor). * 2018, "Inside Epigram: Intratextuality in Martial's Epigrams, Book 10," in ''Intratextuality and Latin Literature'', [[Stephen Harrison]], [[Stavros Frangoulidis]], [[Theodore D. Papanghelis]] editores ([[Berolinum|Berolini]] et [[Bostonia|Bostoniae]]: Walter de Gruyter). * 2013, ''Sylloge incriptionum Graecarum et Latinarum Upsaliensis'' / ''The Greek and Latin Inscriptions in the Collections of Uppsala University'' ([[Holmia|Holmiae]]: [[Institutum Romanum Regni Sueticae]]). * 2012, ''A Commentary on Martial,'' Epigrams ''Book 9'' ([[Oxonia|Oxoniae]]: Oxford University Press). * 2007, ''Miraculum Eruditionis: Neo-Latin Studies in Honour of Hans Helander'' ([[Upsalia|Uppsaliae]]: Act Universitatis Upsaliensis) (editor, cum [[Maria Berggren]]). * 2006, "Martial's Modes of Mourning: Sepulchral Epitaphs in the Epigrams," in ''Flavian Poetry'', [[Ruud R. Nauta]], [[Johannes J. L. Smolenaars]], [[Harm-Jan van Dam]] editores ([[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]: Brill), pp. 349-67. * 2004, "Memoriae feliciter: A Rediscovered Inscription in the Sala delle Muse and Four Roman Women," ''Bolletino'' 24, pp. 55-70. * 1998, "Martial, Book IX: A Commentary," PhD dissertatio, in Universitate Upsaliense. * 1997. "Earinus: An Imperial Eunuch in the Light of the Poems of Martial and Statius," ''Mnemosyne'' 50, pp. 281-94. == Nexus externi == * [https://isvroma.org/ Institutum Romanum Regni Sueticae] * [https://www.uu.se/kontakt-och-organisation/personal?query=N94-1870 Situs Christierni Henriksén Upsaliensis] [[Categoria:Professores linguae Latinae]] [[Categoria:Academici Sueciae]] 4aw6lgaeobz6ohboewfkwi6iuz3p0ek Formula:Assenserunt/doc 10 327581 3986721 3980511 2026-09-08T20:59:09Z Grufo 64423 /* Ulteriora si cupis */ 3986721 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Subpagina documentationis}} {{Formula substituibilis|...}} {{Hic TemplateStyles adhibentur|Formula:Assenserunt/styles.css}} {{Lua|Params}} {{Compendia substitutionis|+1}} Haec formula est tantummodo via celeris ad approbationem in paginis disputationis dandam. == De usu == Si approbationem tuam celeriter dare vis, tibi sufficiet post verba alterius usoris hoc addere: : <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:+1}}</syntaxhighlight> :: ↳ {{Assenserunt|Marcus=2026-04-15 19:11:35}} {{Ast}} Haec formula infinita argumenta accipit, sed '''numquam oportet argumenta manu scribere'''. Exempli gratia, concede usorem “UsorExemplaris” haec verba scripsisse: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">:: Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres --[[Usor:UsorExemplaris|UsorExemplaris]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:UsorExemplaris|disputatio]]) 18:57, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</syntaxhighlight> [[Auxilium:Substitutio|Substitutio]] <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:Assenserunt}}</syntaxhighlight> seu <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:+1}}</syntaxhighlight> post verba <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</syntaxhighlight> tibi scribenda erit: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">...|disputatio]]) 18:57, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) {{subst:+1}}</syntaxhighlight> Concede nomen tuum esse “Marcus” et horas esse 19:11:35 15 diei Aprilis 2026; tum hoc eveniet: : <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>... 18:57, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) {{subst:+1}}</syntaxhighlight> :: ↳ (Vicitextus divulgatus:) <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>... 18:57, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) <!-- Si nomen tuum addere vis, tantummodo substitue “subst:Assenserunt” in locum verbi “Assenserunt” hic: -->{{Assenserunt|Marcus=2026-04-15 19:11:35}}</syntaxhighlight> ::: ↳ ... 18:57, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) <!-- Si nomen tuum addere vis, tantummodo substitue “subst:Assenserunt” in locum verbi “Assenserunt” hic: -->{{Assenserunt|Marcus=2026-04-15 19:11:35}} Nunc autem concede iam alii sententiam usoris exemplaris approbaverunt; si etiam nomen tuum addere vis, tibi sufficiet tantummodo in locum verbi “Assenserunt” verba “subst:Assenserunt” (vel “subst:+1”) substituere: : <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>... 18:57, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) <!-- Si nomen tuum addere vis, tantummodo substitue “subst:Assenserunt” in locum verbi “Assenserunt” hic: -->{{subst:Assenserunt|Alexander=2026-04-10 01:16:11|Lavinia=2026-04-10 10:57:08|Flavia1966=2026-04-10 13:31:44|Alix99=2026-04-11 01:16:23}}</syntaxhighlight> :: ↳ (Vicitextus divulgatus:) <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>... 18:57, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) <!-- Si nomen tuum addere vis, tantummodo substitue “subst:Assenserunt” in locum verbi “Assenserunt” hic: -->{{Assenserunt|Alexander=2026-04-10 01:16:11|Lavinia=2026-04-10 10:57:08|Flavia1966=2026-04-10 13:31:44|Alix99=2026-04-11 01:16:23|Marcus=2026-04-15 19:11:35}}</syntaxhighlight> ::: ↳ ... 18:57, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) <!-- Si nomen tuum addere vis, tantummodo substitue “subst:Assenserunt” in locum verbi “Assenserunt” hic: -->{{Assenserunt|Alexander=2026-04-10 01:16:11|Lavinia=2026-04-10 10:57:08|Flavia1966=2026-04-10 13:31:44|Alix99=2026-04-11 01:16:23|Marcus=2026-04-15 19:11:35}} == Ulteriora si cupis == {{Categoriae vestigatoriae formulae|Error usu formularum}} * [[:Categoria:Formulae disputationis]] * {{Fn|Ok}} * {{Fn|Annotatio intra versum accommodata}} * {{Fn|Scholium}} <includeonly>{{in harenario aut alibi|| <!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --> [[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae variadicae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae intra versum accommodandae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae quae annotationes superpositas creant|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae disputationis|{{PAGENAME}}]] }}</includeonly> aaz2uy2dwdner3om605dqlv0ajldt54 3986730 3986721 2026-09-08T21:08:40Z Grufo 64423 /* Ulteriora si cupis */ +Cat 3986730 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Subpagina documentationis}} {{Formula substituibilis|...}} {{Hic TemplateStyles adhibentur|Formula:Assenserunt/styles.css}} {{Lua|Params}} {{Compendia substitutionis|+1}} Haec formula est tantummodo via celeris ad approbationem in paginis disputationis dandam. == De usu == Si approbationem tuam celeriter dare vis, tibi sufficiet post verba alterius usoris hoc addere: : <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:+1}}</syntaxhighlight> :: ↳ {{Assenserunt|Marcus=2026-04-15 19:11:35}} {{Ast}} Haec formula infinita argumenta accipit, sed '''numquam oportet argumenta manu scribere'''. Exempli gratia, concede usorem “UsorExemplaris” haec verba scripsisse: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">:: Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres --[[Usor:UsorExemplaris|UsorExemplaris]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:UsorExemplaris|disputatio]]) 18:57, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</syntaxhighlight> [[Auxilium:Substitutio|Substitutio]] <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:Assenserunt}}</syntaxhighlight> seu <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:+1}}</syntaxhighlight> post verba <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</syntaxhighlight> tibi scribenda erit: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">...|disputatio]]) 18:57, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) {{subst:+1}}</syntaxhighlight> Concede nomen tuum esse “Marcus” et horas esse 19:11:35 15 diei Aprilis 2026; tum hoc eveniet: : <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>... 18:57, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) {{subst:+1}}</syntaxhighlight> :: ↳ (Vicitextus divulgatus:) <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>... 18:57, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) <!-- Si nomen tuum addere vis, tantummodo substitue “subst:Assenserunt” in locum verbi “Assenserunt” hic: -->{{Assenserunt|Marcus=2026-04-15 19:11:35}}</syntaxhighlight> ::: ↳ ... 18:57, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) <!-- Si nomen tuum addere vis, tantummodo substitue “subst:Assenserunt” in locum verbi “Assenserunt” hic: -->{{Assenserunt|Marcus=2026-04-15 19:11:35}} Nunc autem concede iam alii sententiam usoris exemplaris approbaverunt; si etiam nomen tuum addere vis, tibi sufficiet tantummodo in locum verbi “Assenserunt” verba “subst:Assenserunt” (vel “subst:+1”) substituere: : <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>... 18:57, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) <!-- Si nomen tuum addere vis, tantummodo substitue “subst:Assenserunt” in locum verbi “Assenserunt” hic: -->{{subst:Assenserunt|Alexander=2026-04-10 01:16:11|Lavinia=2026-04-10 10:57:08|Flavia1966=2026-04-10 13:31:44|Alix99=2026-04-11 01:16:23}}</syntaxhighlight> :: ↳ (Vicitextus divulgatus:) <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>... 18:57, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) <!-- Si nomen tuum addere vis, tantummodo substitue “subst:Assenserunt” in locum verbi “Assenserunt” hic: -->{{Assenserunt|Alexander=2026-04-10 01:16:11|Lavinia=2026-04-10 10:57:08|Flavia1966=2026-04-10 13:31:44|Alix99=2026-04-11 01:16:23|Marcus=2026-04-15 19:11:35}}</syntaxhighlight> ::: ↳ ... 18:57, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) <!-- Si nomen tuum addere vis, tantummodo substitue “subst:Assenserunt” in locum verbi “Assenserunt” hic: -->{{Assenserunt|Alexander=2026-04-10 01:16:11|Lavinia=2026-04-10 10:57:08|Flavia1966=2026-04-10 13:31:44|Alix99=2026-04-11 01:16:23|Marcus=2026-04-15 19:11:35}} == Ulteriora si cupis == {{Categoriae vestigatoriae formulae|Error usu formularum}} * [[:Categoria:Formulae disputationis]] * {{Fn|Ok}} * {{Fn|Annotatio intra versum accommodata}} * {{Fn|Scholium}} <includeonly>{{in harenario aut alibi|| <!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --> [[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae variadicae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae intra versum accommodandae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae quae annotationes superpositas creant|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae disputationis|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae icuncularum typographicarum|{{PAGENAME}}]] }}</includeonly> m4lt0e2l2iufz5qw5dgf3m5vimqicmg Merobaudes 0 327776 3986597 3985959 2026-09-08T12:50:00Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Vita */ 3986597 wikitext text/x-wiki {{videdis|Merobaudes (discretiva)}}{{capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Flavius Merobaudes}}, vel {{res|Merobaudes Scholasticus}}, qui saeculo V floruit, fuit poeta et dux militum Romanus originis [[Franci|Francae]]. ==Vita== [[Sidonius Apollinaris]]<ref>Carmina IX 298.</ref> dicit in [[Hispania]] eum vixisse; memorat eum et [[Hydatius]]<ref>''Chronicon'' ad annum 443.</ref>. Anno 435 iam [[Ravenna]]e ad aulam [[Valentinianus III|Valentiniani III]] erat, ubi cito gratiam Aetii, potentissimi [[Magister militum|magistri militum]], obtinuit. Titulos [[vir clarissimus|viri clarissimi]] et [[vir spectabilis|viri spectabilis]] accepit, [[comes consistorii]] fuit. Anno [[435]], die 30 Iulii, [[senatus]] ei statuam in [[Forum Traianum|Foro Traiano]] posuit, cuius basis anno [[1813]] inventa est. Inscriptio ({{CIL|6|1724}}) eum laudat ob res gestas bellicas et artes poeticas, titulosque commemorat. Anno [[443]] [[Magister militum|magister utriusque militiae]] factus est. [[Flavius Aetius|Aetio]] duce contra [[Bagaudae|Bagaudas]] in ripis [[Hiberus|Hiberi]] pugnavit. ==Opera== Usque ad saeculum XIX, operum Merobaudis solum carmen ''De Christo'' notum erat. Anno 1823 [[Bartholdus Georgius Niebuhrius]] in [[palimpsestus|palimpsesto]] [[Monasterium Principale Sancti Galli|monasterii Sancti Galli ]](codex Sangallensis 908) octo folia invenit, quae fragmenta carminum quattuor et panegyricorum Aetium laudantium a Merobaude compositorum continebant. ==Notae== <references /> ==Bibliographia== * Fl. Merobaudis Carminum et Orationis Reliquiae / ed. B.G. Niebuhr. Berolini, 1824. * Flavii Merobaudis Reliquiae / ed. F. Vollmer, in: [[Monumenta Germaniae Historica]], Auctores antiquissimi XIV. Berolini: Weidmann, 1905. * Clover, F. M. (1971). "Flavius Merobaudes: A Translation and Historical Commentary'', in: Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, New Series, 61 (1): 1–78. * Bruzzone, A., ed. (1998). ''Flavio Merobaude: Panegirico in versi'’, in: Bibliotheca Scriptorum Latinorum 6. Romae: Herder. * Clover, F. M. (2024). "Toward an Understanding of Merobaudes' Panegyric I", in: Studies in Latin Literature and Roman History. * Bruzzone, A. (2023). "In te mundi amor consonat. Aezio paradigma di virtù in Merobaude", in: Classica et Christiana 18 (2): 319–338. {{fontes biographici}} {{Anni vitae|saeculo 5|saeculo 5|Merobaudes}} [[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]] [[Categoria:Poetae Latini Romae antiquae]] [[Categoria:Milites Romani antiqui]] 6eglwn5ua9y5g6m6oecne7z8yk4sxtw 3986603 3986597 2026-09-08T13:01:59Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Bibliographia */ 3986603 wikitext text/x-wiki {{videdis|Merobaudes (discretiva)}}{{capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Flavius Merobaudes}}, vel {{res|Merobaudes Scholasticus}}, qui saeculo V floruit, fuit poeta et dux militum Romanus originis [[Franci|Francae]]. ==Vita== [[Sidonius Apollinaris]]<ref>Carmina IX 298.</ref> dicit in [[Hispania]] eum vixisse; memorat eum et [[Hydatius]]<ref>''Chronicon'' ad annum 443.</ref>. Anno 435 iam [[Ravenna]]e ad aulam [[Valentinianus III|Valentiniani III]] erat, ubi cito gratiam Aetii, potentissimi [[Magister militum|magistri militum]], obtinuit. Titulos [[vir clarissimus|viri clarissimi]] et [[vir spectabilis|viri spectabilis]] accepit, [[comes consistorii]] fuit. Anno [[435]], die 30 Iulii, [[senatus]] ei statuam in [[Forum Traianum|Foro Traiano]] posuit, cuius basis anno [[1813]] inventa est. Inscriptio ({{CIL|6|1724}}) eum laudat ob res gestas bellicas et artes poeticas, titulosque commemorat. Anno [[443]] [[Magister militum|magister utriusque militiae]] factus est. [[Flavius Aetius|Aetio]] duce contra [[Bagaudae|Bagaudas]] in ripis [[Hiberus|Hiberi]] pugnavit. ==Opera== Usque ad saeculum XIX, operum Merobaudis solum carmen ''De Christo'' notum erat. Anno 1823 [[Bartholdus Georgius Niebuhrius]] in [[palimpsestus|palimpsesto]] [[Monasterium Principale Sancti Galli|monasterii Sancti Galli ]](codex Sangallensis 908) octo folia invenit, quae fragmenta carminum quattuor et panegyricorum Aetium laudantium a Merobaude compositorum continebant. ==Notae== <references /> ==Bibliographia== * Fl. Merobaudis Carminum et Orationis Reliquiae / ed. B.G. Niebuhr. Berolini, 1824. * Flavii Merobaudis Reliquiae / ed. F. Vollmer, in: [[Monumenta Germaniae Historica]], Auctores antiquissimi XIV. Berolini: Weidmann, 1905. * Clover, F. M. (1971). "Flavius Merobaudes: A Translation and Historical Commentary'', in: Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, New Series, 61 (1): 1–78. *Loyen A. [[1972]]. "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1972_num_74_1_3921 L'œuvre de Flavius Merobaudes et l'histoire de l'Occident de 430 à 450]", ''Revue des Études Anciennes'': 153-174 Revue des Études Anciennes Année 1972 74-1-4 pp. 153-174 * Bruzzone, A., ed. (1998). ''Flavio Merobaude: Panegirico in versi'’, in: Bibliotheca Scriptorum Latinorum 6. Romae: Herder. * Clover, F. M. (2024). "Toward an Understanding of Merobaudes' Panegyric I", in: Studies in Latin Literature and Roman History. * Bruzzone, A. (2023). "In te mundi amor consonat. Aezio paradigma di virtù in Merobaude", in: Classica et Christiana 18 (2): 319–338. {{fontes biographici}} {{Anni vitae|saeculo 5|saeculo 5|Merobaudes}} [[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]] [[Categoria:Poetae Latini Romae antiquae]] [[Categoria:Milites Romani antiqui]] stte7sd2aibcvhgmu11fzpl4qpllx2n 3986604 3986603 2026-09-08T13:02:12Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Bibliographia */ 3986604 wikitext text/x-wiki {{videdis|Merobaudes (discretiva)}}{{capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Flavius Merobaudes}}, vel {{res|Merobaudes Scholasticus}}, qui saeculo V floruit, fuit poeta et dux militum Romanus originis [[Franci|Francae]]. ==Vita== [[Sidonius Apollinaris]]<ref>Carmina IX 298.</ref> dicit in [[Hispania]] eum vixisse; memorat eum et [[Hydatius]]<ref>''Chronicon'' ad annum 443.</ref>. Anno 435 iam [[Ravenna]]e ad aulam [[Valentinianus III|Valentiniani III]] erat, ubi cito gratiam Aetii, potentissimi [[Magister militum|magistri militum]], obtinuit. Titulos [[vir clarissimus|viri clarissimi]] et [[vir spectabilis|viri spectabilis]] accepit, [[comes consistorii]] fuit. Anno [[435]], die 30 Iulii, [[senatus]] ei statuam in [[Forum Traianum|Foro Traiano]] posuit, cuius basis anno [[1813]] inventa est. Inscriptio ({{CIL|6|1724}}) eum laudat ob res gestas bellicas et artes poeticas, titulosque commemorat. Anno [[443]] [[Magister militum|magister utriusque militiae]] factus est. [[Flavius Aetius|Aetio]] duce contra [[Bagaudae|Bagaudas]] in ripis [[Hiberus|Hiberi]] pugnavit. ==Opera== Usque ad saeculum XIX, operum Merobaudis solum carmen ''De Christo'' notum erat. Anno 1823 [[Bartholdus Georgius Niebuhrius]] in [[palimpsestus|palimpsesto]] [[Monasterium Principale Sancti Galli|monasterii Sancti Galli ]](codex Sangallensis 908) octo folia invenit, quae fragmenta carminum quattuor et panegyricorum Aetium laudantium a Merobaude compositorum continebant. ==Notae== <references /> ==Bibliographia== * Fl. Merobaudis Carminum et Orationis Reliquiae / ed. B.G. Niebuhr. Berolini, 1824. * Flavii Merobaudis Reliquiae / ed. F. Vollmer, in: [[Monumenta Germaniae Historica]], Auctores antiquissimi XIV. Berolini: Weidmann, 1905. * Clover, F. M. (1971). "Flavius Merobaudes: A Translation and Historical Commentary'', in: Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, New Series, 61 (1): 1–78. *Loyen A. [[1972]]. "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1972_num_74_1_3921 L'œuvre de Flavius Merobaudes et l'histoire de l'Occident de 430 à 450]", ''Revue des Études Anciennes'': 153-174 * Bruzzone, A., ed. (1998). ''Flavio Merobaude: Panegirico in versi'’, in: Bibliotheca Scriptorum Latinorum 6. Romae: Herder. * Clover, F. M. (2024). "Toward an Understanding of Merobaudes' Panegyric I", in: Studies in Latin Literature and Roman History. * Bruzzone, A. (2023). "In te mundi amor consonat. Aezio paradigma di virtù in Merobaude", in: Classica et Christiana 18 (2): 319–338. {{fontes biographici}} {{Anni vitae|saeculo 5|saeculo 5|Merobaudes}} [[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]] [[Categoria:Poetae Latini Romae antiquae]] [[Categoria:Milites Romani antiqui]] 4wajsfn1uqh186bnb69cwl5s3yelj43 3986605 3986604 2026-09-08T13:06:07Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Bibliographia */ 3986605 wikitext text/x-wiki {{videdis|Merobaudes (discretiva)}}{{capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Flavius Merobaudes}}, vel {{res|Merobaudes Scholasticus}}, qui saeculo V floruit, fuit poeta et dux militum Romanus originis [[Franci|Francae]]. ==Vita== [[Sidonius Apollinaris]]<ref>Carmina IX 298.</ref> dicit in [[Hispania]] eum vixisse; memorat eum et [[Hydatius]]<ref>''Chronicon'' ad annum 443.</ref>. Anno 435 iam [[Ravenna]]e ad aulam [[Valentinianus III|Valentiniani III]] erat, ubi cito gratiam Aetii, potentissimi [[Magister militum|magistri militum]], obtinuit. Titulos [[vir clarissimus|viri clarissimi]] et [[vir spectabilis|viri spectabilis]] accepit, [[comes consistorii]] fuit. Anno [[435]], die 30 Iulii, [[senatus]] ei statuam in [[Forum Traianum|Foro Traiano]] posuit, cuius basis anno [[1813]] inventa est. Inscriptio ({{CIL|6|1724}}) eum laudat ob res gestas bellicas et artes poeticas, titulosque commemorat. Anno [[443]] [[Magister militum|magister utriusque militiae]] factus est. [[Flavius Aetius|Aetio]] duce contra [[Bagaudae|Bagaudas]] in ripis [[Hiberus|Hiberi]] pugnavit. ==Opera== Usque ad saeculum XIX, operum Merobaudis solum carmen ''De Christo'' notum erat. Anno 1823 [[Bartholdus Georgius Niebuhrius]] in [[palimpsestus|palimpsesto]] [[Monasterium Principale Sancti Galli|monasterii Sancti Galli ]](codex Sangallensis 908) octo folia invenit, quae fragmenta carminum quattuor et panegyricorum Aetium laudantium a Merobaude compositorum continebant. ==Notae== <references /> ==Bibliographia== * Fl. Merobaudis Carminum et Orationis Reliquiae / ed. B.G. Niebuhr. Berolini, 1824. * Flavii Merobaudis Reliquiae / ed. F. Vollmer, in: [[Monumenta Germaniae Historica]], Auctores antiquissimi XIV. Berolini: Weidmann, 1905. * Clover, F. M. (1971). "Flavius Merobaudes: A Translation and Historical Commentary'', in: Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, New Series, 61 (1): 1–78. *Loyen A. [[1972]]. "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1972_num_74_1_3921 L'œuvre de Flavius Merobaudes et l'histoire de l'Occident de 430 à 450]", ''Revue des Études Anciennes'': 153-174 * Bruzzone, A., ed. (1998). ''Flavio Merobaude: Panegirico in versi'’, in: Bibliotheca Scriptorum Latinorum 6. Romae: Herder. *Bruzzone, A. [[2007]]. "[https://www.academia.edu/37949876/Pour_une_explication_de_M%C3%A9robaude_Pan%C3%A9gyrique_en_prose_frg_IB_l_19_ss_L_essence_des_actes_et_leur_repr%C3%A9sentation_in_Revue_d_%C3%A9tudes_augustiniennes_et_patristiques_53_2007_pp_141_157 Pour une explication de Mérobaude, Panégyrique en prose, frg. IB, l. 19 ss. L’essence des actes et leur représentation]", «Revue d’études augustiniennes et patristiques»: 141-157. * Clover, F. M. (2024). "Toward an Understanding of Merobaudes' Panegyric I", in: Studies in Latin Literature and Roman History. * Bruzzone, A. (2023). "In te mundi amor consonat. Aezio paradigma di virtù in Merobaude", in: Classica et Christiana 18 (2): 319–338. {{fontes biographici}} {{Anni vitae|saeculo 5|saeculo 5|Merobaudes}} [[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]] [[Categoria:Poetae Latini Romae antiquae]] [[Categoria:Milites Romani antiqui]] bfkqm8hqtk7rikhe6dhmcxt45zwqbje 3986606 3986605 2026-09-08T13:08:51Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Bibliographia */ 3986606 wikitext text/x-wiki {{videdis|Merobaudes (discretiva)}}{{capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Flavius Merobaudes}}, vel {{res|Merobaudes Scholasticus}}, qui saeculo V floruit, fuit poeta et dux militum Romanus originis [[Franci|Francae]]. ==Vita== [[Sidonius Apollinaris]]<ref>Carmina IX 298.</ref> dicit in [[Hispania]] eum vixisse; memorat eum et [[Hydatius]]<ref>''Chronicon'' ad annum 443.</ref>. Anno 435 iam [[Ravenna]]e ad aulam [[Valentinianus III|Valentiniani III]] erat, ubi cito gratiam Aetii, potentissimi [[Magister militum|magistri militum]], obtinuit. Titulos [[vir clarissimus|viri clarissimi]] et [[vir spectabilis|viri spectabilis]] accepit, [[comes consistorii]] fuit. Anno [[435]], die 30 Iulii, [[senatus]] ei statuam in [[Forum Traianum|Foro Traiano]] posuit, cuius basis anno [[1813]] inventa est. Inscriptio ({{CIL|6|1724}}) eum laudat ob res gestas bellicas et artes poeticas, titulosque commemorat. Anno [[443]] [[Magister militum|magister utriusque militiae]] factus est. [[Flavius Aetius|Aetio]] duce contra [[Bagaudae|Bagaudas]] in ripis [[Hiberus|Hiberi]] pugnavit. ==Opera== Usque ad saeculum XIX, operum Merobaudis solum carmen ''De Christo'' notum erat. Anno 1823 [[Bartholdus Georgius Niebuhrius]] in [[palimpsestus|palimpsesto]] [[Monasterium Principale Sancti Galli|monasterii Sancti Galli ]](codex Sangallensis 908) octo folia invenit, quae fragmenta carminum quattuor et panegyricorum Aetium laudantium a Merobaude compositorum continebant. ==Notae== <references /> ==Bibliographia== * Fl. Merobaudis Carminum et Orationis Reliquiae / ed. B.G. Niebuhr. Berolini, 1824. * Flavii Merobaudis Reliquiae / ed. F. Vollmer, in: [[Monumenta Germaniae Historica]], Auctores antiquissimi XIV. Berolini: Weidmann, 1905. * Clover, F. M. (1971). "Flavius Merobaudes: A Translation and Historical Commentary'', in: Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, New Series, 61 (1): 1–78. *Loyen A. [[1972]]. "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1972_num_74_1_3921 L'œuvre de Flavius Merobaudes et l'histoire de l'Occident de 430 à 450]", ''Revue des Études Anciennes'': 153-174 * Bruzzone, A., ed. (1998). ''Flavio Merobaude: Panegirico in versi'’, in: Bibliotheca Scriptorum Latinorum 6. Romae: Herder. [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2006_num_84_1_7280_t1_0149_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Bruzzone, A. [[2007]]. "[https://www.academia.edu/37949876/Pour_une_explication_de_M%C3%A9robaude_Pan%C3%A9gyrique_en_prose_frg_IB_l_19_ss_L_essence_des_actes_et_leur_repr%C3%A9sentation_in_Revue_d_%C3%A9tudes_augustiniennes_et_patristiques_53_2007_pp_141_157 Pour une explication de Mérobaude, Panégyrique en prose, frg. IB, l. 19 ss. L’essence des actes et leur représentation]", «Revue d’études augustiniennes et patristiques»: 141-157. * Clover, F. M. (2024). "Toward an Understanding of Merobaudes' Panegyric I", in: Studies in Latin Literature and Roman History. * Bruzzone, A. (2023). "In te mundi amor consonat. Aezio paradigma di virtù in Merobaude", in: Classica et Christiana 18 (2): 319–338. {{fontes biographici}} {{Anni vitae|saeculo 5|saeculo 5|Merobaudes}} [[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]] [[Categoria:Poetae Latini Romae antiquae]] [[Categoria:Milites Romani antiqui]] 5sd9ra4qlsm23quix8s8k2dfobw3d4p 3986607 3986606 2026-09-08T13:09:41Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Bibliographia */ 3986607 wikitext text/x-wiki {{videdis|Merobaudes (discretiva)}}{{capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Flavius Merobaudes}}, vel {{res|Merobaudes Scholasticus}}, qui saeculo V floruit, fuit poeta et dux militum Romanus originis [[Franci|Francae]]. ==Vita== [[Sidonius Apollinaris]]<ref>Carmina IX 298.</ref> dicit in [[Hispania]] eum vixisse; memorat eum et [[Hydatius]]<ref>''Chronicon'' ad annum 443.</ref>. Anno 435 iam [[Ravenna]]e ad aulam [[Valentinianus III|Valentiniani III]] erat, ubi cito gratiam Aetii, potentissimi [[Magister militum|magistri militum]], obtinuit. Titulos [[vir clarissimus|viri clarissimi]] et [[vir spectabilis|viri spectabilis]] accepit, [[comes consistorii]] fuit. Anno [[435]], die 30 Iulii, [[senatus]] ei statuam in [[Forum Traianum|Foro Traiano]] posuit, cuius basis anno [[1813]] inventa est. Inscriptio ({{CIL|6|1724}}) eum laudat ob res gestas bellicas et artes poeticas, titulosque commemorat. Anno [[443]] [[Magister militum|magister utriusque militiae]] factus est. [[Flavius Aetius|Aetio]] duce contra [[Bagaudae|Bagaudas]] in ripis [[Hiberus|Hiberi]] pugnavit. ==Opera== Usque ad saeculum XIX, operum Merobaudis solum carmen ''De Christo'' notum erat. Anno 1823 [[Bartholdus Georgius Niebuhrius]] in [[palimpsestus|palimpsesto]] [[Monasterium Principale Sancti Galli|monasterii Sancti Galli ]](codex Sangallensis 908) octo folia invenit, quae fragmenta carminum quattuor et panegyricorum Aetium laudantium a Merobaude compositorum continebant. ==Notae== <references /> ==Bibliographia== * Fl. Merobaudis Carminum et Orationis Reliquiae / ed. B.G. Niebuhr. Berolini, 1824. * Flavii Merobaudis Reliquiae / ed. F. Vollmer, in: [[Monumenta Germaniae Historica]], Auctores antiquissimi XIV. Berolini: Weidmann, 1905. * Clover, F. M. (1971). "Flavius Merobaudes: A Translation and Historical Commentary'', in: Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, New Series, 61 (1): 1–78. *Loyen A. [[1972]]. "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1972_num_74_1_3921 L'œuvre de Flavius Merobaudes et l'histoire de l'Occident de 430 à 450]", ''Revue des Études Anciennes'': 153-174 * Bruzzone, A., ed. (1998). ''Flavio Merobaude: Panegirico in versi'’, in: Bibliotheca Scriptorum Latinorum 6. Romae: Herder. [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2006_num_84_1_7280_t1_0149_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Bruzzone, A. [[2007]]. "[https://www.academia.edu/37949876/Pour_une_explication_de_M%C3%A9robaude_Pan%C3%A9gyrique_en_prose_frg_IB_l_19_ss_L_essence_des_actes_et_leur_repr%C3%A9sentation_in_Revue_d_%C3%A9tudes_augustiniennes_et_patristiques_53_2007_pp_141_157 Pour une explication de Mérobaude, Panégyrique en prose, frg. IB, l. 19 ss. L’essence des actes et leur représentation]", «Revue d’études augustiniennes et patristiques»: 141-157. * Clover, F. M. (2024). "Toward an Understanding of Merobaudes' Panegyric I", in: ''Studies in Latin Literature and Roman History''. * Bruzzone, A. (2023). "In te mundi amor consonat. Aezio paradigma di virtù in Merobaude", in: ''Classica et Christiana'' 18 (2): 319–338. {{fontes biographici}} {{Anni vitae|saeculo 5|saeculo 5|Merobaudes}} [[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]] [[Categoria:Poetae Latini Romae antiquae]] [[Categoria:Milites Romani antiqui]] 60mo96ekwi2q3n3nt05b73w2wflvquw 3986608 3986607 2026-09-08T13:10:24Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Bibliographia */ 3986608 wikitext text/x-wiki {{videdis|Merobaudes (discretiva)}}{{capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Flavius Merobaudes}}, vel {{res|Merobaudes Scholasticus}}, qui saeculo V floruit, fuit poeta et dux militum Romanus originis [[Franci|Francae]]. ==Vita== [[Sidonius Apollinaris]]<ref>Carmina IX 298.</ref> dicit in [[Hispania]] eum vixisse; memorat eum et [[Hydatius]]<ref>''Chronicon'' ad annum 443.</ref>. Anno 435 iam [[Ravenna]]e ad aulam [[Valentinianus III|Valentiniani III]] erat, ubi cito gratiam Aetii, potentissimi [[Magister militum|magistri militum]], obtinuit. Titulos [[vir clarissimus|viri clarissimi]] et [[vir spectabilis|viri spectabilis]] accepit, [[comes consistorii]] fuit. Anno [[435]], die 30 Iulii, [[senatus]] ei statuam in [[Forum Traianum|Foro Traiano]] posuit, cuius basis anno [[1813]] inventa est. Inscriptio ({{CIL|6|1724}}) eum laudat ob res gestas bellicas et artes poeticas, titulosque commemorat. Anno [[443]] [[Magister militum|magister utriusque militiae]] factus est. [[Flavius Aetius|Aetio]] duce contra [[Bagaudae|Bagaudas]] in ripis [[Hiberus|Hiberi]] pugnavit. ==Opera== Usque ad saeculum XIX, operum Merobaudis solum carmen ''De Christo'' notum erat. Anno 1823 [[Bartholdus Georgius Niebuhrius]] in [[palimpsestus|palimpsesto]] [[Monasterium Principale Sancti Galli|monasterii Sancti Galli ]](codex Sangallensis 908) octo folia invenit, quae fragmenta carminum quattuor et panegyricorum Aetium laudantium a Merobaude compositorum continebant. ==Notae== <references /> ==Bibliographia== * Fl. Merobaudis Carminum et Orationis Reliquiae / ed. B.G. Niebuhr. Berolini, 1824. * Flavii Merobaudis Reliquiae / ed. F. Vollmer, in: [[Monumenta Germaniae Historica]], Auctores antiquissimi XIV. Berolini: Weidmann, 1905. * Clover, F. M. (1971). "Flavius Merobaudes: A Translation and Historical Commentary'', in: Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, New Series, 61 (1): 1–78. *Loyen A. [[1972]]. "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1972_num_74_1_3921 L'œuvre de Flavius Merobaudes et l'histoire de l'Occident de 430 à 450]", ''Revue des Études Anciennes'': 153-174 * Bruzzone, A., ed. (1998). ''Flavio Merobaude: Panegirico in versi'’, in: Bibliotheca Scriptorum Latinorum 6. Romae: Herder. [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2006_num_84_1_7280_t1_0149_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Bruzzone, A. [[2007]]. "[https://www.academia.edu/37949876/Pour_une_explication_de_M%C3%A9robaude_Pan%C3%A9gyrique_en_prose_frg_IB_l_19_ss_L_essence_des_actes_et_leur_repr%C3%A9sentation_in_Revue_d_%C3%A9tudes_augustiniennes_et_patristiques_53_2007_pp_141_157 Pour une explication de Mérobaude, Panégyrique en prose, frg. IB, l. 19 ss. L’essence des actes et leur représentation]", ''Revue d’études augustiniennes et patristiques'': 141-157. * Clover, F. M. (2024). "Toward an Understanding of Merobaudes' Panegyric I", in: ''Studies in Latin Literature and Roman History''. * Bruzzone, A. (2023). "In te mundi amor consonat. Aezio paradigma di virtù in Merobaude", in: ''Classica et Christiana'' 18 (2): 319–338. {{fontes biographici}} {{Anni vitae|saeculo 5|saeculo 5|Merobaudes}} [[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]] [[Categoria:Poetae Latini Romae antiquae]] [[Categoria:Milites Romani antiqui]] p19fv6slytfmbmksbm2gxhpsvj5l8hn Schola Superior Farmingtonensis (Arkansas) 0 328136 3986640 3984835 2026-09-08T16:09:08Z Grufo 64423 Paginam partim vicificavi; +{{Vicificanda}}; +{{Pagina polienda}}; etc. 3986640 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vicificanda}} {{Pagina polienda}} [[Fasciculus:Farmington High School, Arkansas 001.jpg|thumb|Schola Superior Farmingtonensis]] {{res|Schola Superior Farmingtonensis}} est schola publica superior comprehensiva in oppido Farmington, Arkansas, Civitatibus Foederatis Americae sita. Schola educationem secundariam discipulis a decimo ad duodecimum gradum praebet. Una est ex novem scholis publicis superioribus in [[Washington Comitatus (Arcansia)|Comitatu Washington, Arkansas]], et sola schola superior a Districtu Scholarum Farmington administrata. Finis scholae superioris maximam partem Farmingtoniae et partes Fayetteville comprehendit.<ref name="Censusschoolmap">{{Opus | titulus = 2020 CENSUS – SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Washington County, AR | domus editoria = [[U.S. Census Bureau]] | url = https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st05_ar/schooldistrict_maps/c05143_washington/DC20SD_C05143.pdf | tempus inspectionis = 2022-09-17 }}.</ref> Anno [[1924]], schola superior latericia erecta est et fere centum discipulos post consolidationem districtus fovit. [[Decennium 197|Decennio 197]], hoc aedificium incendio deletum est, sed aliis aedificiis substitutum est. Districtus scholasticus magnum opus anno [[2014]] incepit, quod novum centrum artium scaenicarum, scholam superiorem, stadium pediludii et campum athleticum effecit.<ref>{{Opus | titulus = Farmington (Washington County) | domus editoria = The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture | url = http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?search=1&entryID=1005 | tempus inspectionis = 2012-11-19 }}.</ref> == Academici == Schola Superior Farmingtonensis Arkansas Department of Education (ADE) comprobata est et ab AdvancED ab anno [[1997]] comprobata fuit. Curriculum principale nititur in ratione Smart Core, ab ADE evoluta, quae discipulos requirit ut saltem 22 unitates studiorum ante graduationem absolvant. Discipuli cursus ordinarios atque examina absolvunt et etiam cursus Advanced Placement (AP) sequi possunt. Examinibus AP superatis facultas dari potest ut discipuli credita collegialia obtineant. == Athletica == Mascota et insigne athleticum scholae est cardinalis, dum colores scholae sunt coccineus et albus. Farmington Cardinals certaminibus interscholasticis participant sub classificatione 5A, in conventu 5A West, administrantibus normis Arkansas Activities Association. Turmae Cardinalium contendunt in his ludis: * pediludio Americano * pila canistra masculina et feminina * baseball * softball * golf masculino et feminino * tennis masculino et feminino * athletica campestri masculina et feminina * cheerleading === Res athletica notabiles === Inter annos [[1972]] et [[1974]], turma pediludii Americani Farmington Cardinals seriem invictam 34–0–0 habuit. Turma fastpitch softball tres titulos civitatis inter annos [[2000]] et [[2011]] vicit. Anno [[2020]], turma feminina pilae canistrae titulum civitatis vicit, eum titulo communi cum Star City habens propter pandemiam COVID-19. Anno [[2023]], turma feminina pilae canistrae iterum titulum civitatis in classificatione 4A vicit et anno [[2024]] titulum suum defendit. Turma masculina pilae canistrae primum in historia scholae ad certamen finale civitatis anno [[2024]] pervenit. Turma a Layne Taylor ducta est, filio magistri principalis turmae Johnny Taylor. Taylor plus quam 3,000 puncta in cursu suo scholastico obtinuit et tertius est in tabulis omnium temporum. In pediludio Americano anno [[2024]], Farmington sub moderatione diuturni magistri Arkansasiani Tommy Tice, qui e secessu redierat, usque ad certamen finale civitatis 5A pervenit. In ultimo certamine tamen a Parkview Arts and Science Magnet High School victa est. Primo anno quo Farmington in classificatione 5A basketball certavit, turma feminina pilae canistrae championship vicit, 54–44 contra Greene County Tech. Turma sub ductu magistri Brad Johnson sex annos continuos ad certamen finale civitatis pervenit. Cardinales Farmingtonenses in actionibus interscholasticis intra classificationem 5A in conferentia 5A Occidentali certant, ut administratur Consociatio Actionum Arkansasensis . Cardinales turmas in campis pediludii, golf (pueri/puellae), tennis (pueri/puellae), canistriludii (pueri/puellae), baseballi, pilae mollis, athleticae (pueri/puellae), et acclamationis exercent.<ref>{{Opus | titulus = School Profile, Farmington High School | domus editoria = Arkansas Activities Association | url = http://www.ahsaa.org/schools?id=131&school= | tempus inspectionis = 2012-11-19 }}.</ref> Inter annos [[1972]] et [[1974]], turma pediludii Farmington Cardinals invicta mansit cum indice 34-0-0. Turma pilae mollis celeris tres campionatus civitatis inter annos [[2000]] et [[2011]] vicit. Anno [[2020]], turma puellarum pilae canistrariae titulum campionum civitatis vicit, cum Star City communicatum, propter [[COVID-19 pandemia|pandemiam COVID-19]].<ref name="records">{{Opus | titulus = 2012–13 Arkansas High School Sports Record Book | domus editoria = Arkansas Activities Association | url = http://members.ahsaa.org/public/userfiles/Media/recordbook12.pdf | retrospectio = 20130531080716 | tempus inspectionis = 2012-11-19 }}.</ref> Anno [[2023]], turma puellarum pilae canistrariae iterum campionatum civitatis Classis IVA vicit et anno [[2024]] iterum ut campiones vicerunt. Turma puerorum pilae canistrariae primum in ludo campionatus civitatis anno [[2024]] apparuit, ducta a Layne Taylor, filio principis exercitoris Ioannis Taylor. Taylor plus quam tria milia punctorum in cursu suo praeparatorio acquisivit, et nunc tertius omnium temporum in libris recordorum est.<ref>{{Opus | titulus = Reliving Taylor's 3,000 career points &#124; Washington County Enterprise-Leader | url = https://wcel.nwaonline.com/news/2024/feb/07/reliving-taylors-3000-career-points/ }}.</ref> Farmington ad ludum finalem civitatis 5A in pediludio anno [[2024]] pervenit sub ductu Tommy Tice, ducis Arkansas diuturni, qui e otio rediit ut Cardinales duceret. Tandem a Parkview in certamine pro titulo victi sunt. Primo anno in quinta A in ludo canistri, turma puellarum canistri victoriam reportavit, 54–44 contra Greene County Tech. Sex annos continuos sub ductu Brad Johnson in ludo campionatus civitatis fuerunt. == Referentiae == <references /> == Nexus externi == * [https://highschool.farmcards.org/o/fhs Situs interretialis] [[Categoria:Scholae]] 5c39m4mjw3pbgwyqbrejzwqyj6970ai 3986641 3986640 2026-09-08T16:10:17Z Grufo 64423 +Cat 3986641 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vicificanda}} {{Pagina polienda}} [[Fasciculus:Farmington High School, Arkansas 001.jpg|thumb|Schola Superior Farmingtonensis]] {{res|Schola Superior Farmingtonensis}} est schola publica superior comprehensiva in oppido Farmington, Arkansas, Civitatibus Foederatis Americae sita. Schola educationem secundariam discipulis a decimo ad duodecimum gradum praebet. Una est ex novem scholis publicis superioribus in [[Washington Comitatus (Arcansia)|Comitatu Washington, Arkansas]], et sola schola superior a Districtu Scholarum Farmington administrata. Finis scholae superioris maximam partem Farmingtoniae et partes Fayetteville comprehendit.<ref name="Censusschoolmap">{{Opus | titulus = 2020 CENSUS – SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Washington County, AR | domus editoria = [[U.S. Census Bureau]] | url = https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st05_ar/schooldistrict_maps/c05143_washington/DC20SD_C05143.pdf | tempus inspectionis = 2022-09-17 }}.</ref> Anno [[1924]], schola superior latericia erecta est et fere centum discipulos post consolidationem districtus fovit. [[Decennium 197|Decennio 197]], hoc aedificium incendio deletum est, sed aliis aedificiis substitutum est. Districtus scholasticus magnum opus anno [[2014]] incepit, quod novum centrum artium scaenicarum, scholam superiorem, stadium pediludii et campum athleticum effecit.<ref>{{Opus | titulus = Farmington (Washington County) | domus editoria = The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture | url = http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?search=1&entryID=1005 | tempus inspectionis = 2012-11-19 }}.</ref> == Academici == Schola Superior Farmingtonensis Arkansas Department of Education (ADE) comprobata est et ab AdvancED ab anno [[1997]] comprobata fuit. Curriculum principale nititur in ratione Smart Core, ab ADE evoluta, quae discipulos requirit ut saltem 22 unitates studiorum ante graduationem absolvant. Discipuli cursus ordinarios atque examina absolvunt et etiam cursus Advanced Placement (AP) sequi possunt. Examinibus AP superatis facultas dari potest ut discipuli credita collegialia obtineant. == Athletica == Mascota et insigne athleticum scholae est cardinalis, dum colores scholae sunt coccineus et albus. Farmington Cardinals certaminibus interscholasticis participant sub classificatione 5A, in conventu 5A West, administrantibus normis Arkansas Activities Association. Turmae Cardinalium contendunt in his ludis: * pediludio Americano * pila canistra masculina et feminina * baseball * softball * golf masculino et feminino * tennis masculino et feminino * athletica campestri masculina et feminina * cheerleading === Res athletica notabiles === Inter annos [[1972]] et [[1974]], turma pediludii Americani Farmington Cardinals seriem invictam 34–0–0 habuit. Turma fastpitch softball tres titulos civitatis inter annos [[2000]] et [[2011]] vicit. Anno [[2020]], turma feminina pilae canistrae titulum civitatis vicit, eum titulo communi cum Star City habens propter pandemiam COVID-19. Anno [[2023]], turma feminina pilae canistrae iterum titulum civitatis in classificatione 4A vicit et anno [[2024]] titulum suum defendit. Turma masculina pilae canistrae primum in historia scholae ad certamen finale civitatis anno [[2024]] pervenit. Turma a Layne Taylor ducta est, filio magistri principalis turmae Johnny Taylor. Taylor plus quam 3,000 puncta in cursu suo scholastico obtinuit et tertius est in tabulis omnium temporum. In pediludio Americano anno [[2024]], Farmington sub moderatione diuturni magistri Arkansasiani Tommy Tice, qui e secessu redierat, usque ad certamen finale civitatis 5A pervenit. In ultimo certamine tamen a Parkview Arts and Science Magnet High School victa est. Primo anno quo Farmington in classificatione 5A basketball certavit, turma feminina pilae canistrae championship vicit, 54–44 contra Greene County Tech. Turma sub ductu magistri Brad Johnson sex annos continuos ad certamen finale civitatis pervenit. Cardinales Farmingtonenses in actionibus interscholasticis intra classificationem 5A in conferentia 5A Occidentali certant, ut administratur Consociatio Actionum Arkansasensis . Cardinales turmas in campis pediludii, golf (pueri/puellae), tennis (pueri/puellae), canistriludii (pueri/puellae), baseballi, pilae mollis, athleticae (pueri/puellae), et acclamationis exercent.<ref>{{Opus | titulus = School Profile, Farmington High School | domus editoria = Arkansas Activities Association | url = http://www.ahsaa.org/schools?id=131&school= | tempus inspectionis = 2012-11-19 }}.</ref> Inter annos [[1972]] et [[1974]], turma pediludii Farmington Cardinals invicta mansit cum indice 34-0-0. Turma pilae mollis celeris tres campionatus civitatis inter annos [[2000]] et [[2011]] vicit. Anno [[2020]], turma puellarum pilae canistrariae titulum campionum civitatis vicit, cum Star City communicatum, propter [[COVID-19 pandemia|pandemiam COVID-19]].<ref name="records">{{Opus | titulus = 2012–13 Arkansas High School Sports Record Book | domus editoria = Arkansas Activities Association | url = http://members.ahsaa.org/public/userfiles/Media/recordbook12.pdf | retrospectio = 20130531080716 | tempus inspectionis = 2012-11-19 }}.</ref> Anno [[2023]], turma puellarum pilae canistrariae iterum campionatum civitatis Classis IVA vicit et anno [[2024]] iterum ut campiones vicerunt. Turma puerorum pilae canistrariae primum in ludo campionatus civitatis anno [[2024]] apparuit, ducta a Layne Taylor, filio principis exercitoris Ioannis Taylor. Taylor plus quam tria milia punctorum in cursu suo praeparatorio acquisivit, et nunc tertius omnium temporum in libris recordorum est.<ref>{{Opus | titulus = Reliving Taylor's 3,000 career points &#124; Washington County Enterprise-Leader | url = https://wcel.nwaonline.com/news/2024/feb/07/reliving-taylors-3000-career-points/ }}.</ref> Farmington ad ludum finalem civitatis 5A in pediludio anno [[2024]] pervenit sub ductu Tommy Tice, ducis Arkansas diuturni, qui e otio rediit ut Cardinales duceret. Tandem a Parkview in certamine pro titulo victi sunt. Primo anno in quinta A in ludo canistri, turma puellarum canistri victoriam reportavit, 54–44 contra Greene County Tech. Sex annos continuos sub ductu Brad Johnson in ludo campionatus civitatis fuerunt. == Referentiae == <references /> == Nexus externi == * [https://highschool.farmcards.org/o/fhs Situs interretialis] [[Categoria:Scholae]] [[Categoria:Scholae Civitatum Foederatarum]] orxyb7eezws94y02vrr6odzhg8kk3xf Fridericus Ozanam 0 328343 3986656 3986561 2026-09-08T17:02:02Z IacobusAmor 1163 ~ 3986656 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} [[Beatus]] {{res|Antonius Fridericus Ozanam}} (natus [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] die [[23 Aprilis]] [[1813]]; mortuus [[Massilia]]e die [[8 Septembris]] [[1853]]) fuit [[litterae|litterarum]] peritus, [[iuris consultus]], [[diurnarius]], et iurum aequalium defensor [[Francia|Francicus]]. {{Creanda|en|Society of Saint Vincent de Paul|Societas Sancti Vincentii|Societatem Sancti Vincentii a Paulo}} condidit. [[Professor]] [[Universitas Parisiensis|Universitatis Parisiensis]] fuit. Quadraginta annos natus e [[phthisis|phthisi]] mortuus est. A [[Ioannes Paulus II|Ioanne Paulo Papa II]] anno [[1997]] [[Ecclesia Cathedralis Nostrae Dominae Parisiensis|ecclesiae cathedralis Nostrae Dominae Parisiensis]] beatus est. Eius [[dies festus]] est [[9 Septembris]]. == Opera == * — (1836). ''Deux chanceliers d'Angleterre, Bacon de Verulam et Saint Thomas de Cantorbéry''. * — (1839). ''Dante et la philosophie catholique au XIIIeme siècle''. * — (1847–1849). ''Études germanique''s. * — (1850). ''Documents Inédits pour servir a l'histoire de l'Italie depuis le VIIIeme siècle jusqu'au XIIeme''. * — (1852). ''Les Poètes franciscains en Italie au XIIIme siècle''. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Frédéric Ozanam|Fridericum Ozanam}} {{Fontes biographici}} {{beatus-stipula}} {{Anni vitae|1813|1853|Ozanam, Fridericus}} [[Categoria:Beati]] [[Categoria:Causidici]] [[Categoria:Diurnarii Franciae]] [[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Parisiensis]] d8ucic7usdaeiln8z85ykfelfc59srm Adumbratio:Nathaniel stern 118 328346 3986593 2026-09-08T12:46:23Z ~2026-48822-03 214513 Paginam instituit, scribens ''''Natanael Stern''' (Hebraice: '''נתנאל שטרן''') est programmator et investigator Israelis in campo [[securitas informatica|securitatis informaticae]], praesertim in securitate [[Active Directory]], penetrationis probationibus, automatione investigationum securitatis atque evolutione instrumentorum fontis aperti. == Vita et educatio == Stern in Israel educatus est. In curriculo suo ad technologiam informationis, programmationem et securitatem inform...' 3986593 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Natanael Stern''' (Hebraice: '''נתנאל שטרן''') est programmator et investigator Israelis in campo [[securitas informatica|securitatis informaticae]], praesertim in securitate [[Active Directory]], penetrationis probationibus, automatione investigationum securitatis atque evolutione instrumentorum fontis aperti. == Vita et educatio == Stern in Israel educatus est. In curriculo suo ad technologiam informationis, programmationem et securitatem informaticam operam dedit. == Actio professionalis == Stern praecipue ut programmator [[Python (programmatio)|Python]] et investigator securitatis informaticae laboravit. Inter campos quibus operam dedit sunt penetrationis probationes, investigatio vulnerabilitatum, [[Red team|Red Team]], securitas applicationum interretialium, retiaria computatrorum et automatio instrumentorum securitatis. == Securitas Active Directory == Praecipuum locum in operibus Stern habet investigatio securitatis systematum [[Microsoft Active Directory]]. Inter argumenta eius sunt [[Kerberos (protocollum)|Kerberos]], [[LDAP]], inventarium dominiorum, usores et greges, privilegia atque configurationes securitatis. Stern instrumenta fontis aperti ad aestimationem securitatis Active Directory evolvit, inter quae incepta nomine '''AdPentestAI''' et '''AdPentestWeb''' nota sunt. == AdPentestAI == '''AdPentestAI''' est inceptum fontis aperti ad automationem aestimationis securitatis Active Directory. Propositum instrumentorum est investigationes technicas ordinare, inventa securitatis colligere atque relationes structuras producere. Instrumenta huius generis adhiberi possunt ad: * investigationem dominiorum et moderatorum dominiorum; * analysim authenticationis [[Kerberos]]; * interrogationes [[LDAP]]; * analysim usorum et gregum; * investigationem privilegiorum; * detectionem configurationum securitatis debilium; * generationem relationum; * automationem processuum auditandi. == Intelligentia artificialis == Stern etiam in usu [[intelligentia artificialis|intelligentiae artificialis]] ad investigationem et automationem securitatis laboravit. Incepta huius generis coniungere possunt instrumenta securitatis, processus automationis et agentia programmatica ad investigationes repetibiles et relationes structuras efficiendas. == Opera selecta == * '''AdPentestAI''' — instrumenta fontis aperti ad aestimationem securitatis Active Directory. * '''AdPentestWeb''' — instrumenta interretialia ad investigationem et aestimationem securitatis. * Incepta ad automationem penetrationis probationum et securitatis auditum. * Investigationes de usu intelligentiae artificialis in technologia et securitate informatica. == Vide etiam == * [[Securitas informatica]] * [[Active Directory]] * [[Kerberos (protocollum)]] * [[LDAP]] * [[Penetrationis probatio]] * [[Red team]] * [[Intelligentia artificialis]] * [[Python (programmatio)]] * [[Fons apertus]] == Nexus externi == * [https://www.linkedin.com/in/netanel-stern-00293b90/ Profilum publicum Natanaelis Stern in LinkedIn] * [https://github.com/netanelcyber Repositoriae publicae Natanaelis Stern in GitHub] == Notae == {{Reflist}} [[Categoria:Programmatores]] [[Categoria:Investigatores securitatis informaticae]] [[Categoria:Programmatores Israelis]] [[Categoria:Securitas informatica]] 209jrjlv08ftngnl2spblq88y1kdolk 3986650 3986593 2026-09-08T16:50:31Z IacobusAmor 1163 ~ 3986650 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Natanael Stern''' ([[Hebraice]] נתנאל שטרן) est [[programma computatrale|programmator]] et investigator [[Israel]]is in campo [[securitas informatica|securitatis informaticae]], praesertim in securitate [[Active Directory]], penetrationis probationibus, automatione investigationum securitatis atque evolutione instrumentorum fontis aperti. == Vita et educatio == Stern in Israel educatus est. In curriculo suo ad technologiam informationis, programmationem et securitatem informaticam operam dedit. == Actio professionalis == Stern praecipue ut programmator [[Python (programmatio)|Python]] et investigator securitatis informaticae laboravit. Inter campos quibus operam dedit sunt penetrationis probationes, investigatio vulnerabilitatum, [[Red team|Red Team]], securitas applicationum interretialium, retiaria computatrorum et automatio instrumentorum securitatis. == Securitas Active Directory == Praecipuum locum in operibus Stern habet investigatio securitatis systematum [[Microsoft Active Directory]]. Inter argumenta eius sunt [[Kerberos (protocollum)|Kerberos]], [[LDAP]], inventarium dominiorum, usores et greges, privilegia atque configurationes securitatis. Stern instrumenta fontis aperti ad aestimationem securitatis Active Directory evolvit, inter quae incepta nomine '''AdPentestAI''' et '''AdPentestWeb''' nota sunt. == AdPentestAI == '''AdPentestAI''' est inceptum fontis aperti ad automationem aestimationis securitatis Active Directory. Propositum instrumentorum est investigationes technicas ordinare, inventa securitatis colligere atque relationes structuras producere. Instrumenta huius generis adhiberi possunt ad: * investigationem dominiorum et moderatorum dominiorum; * analysim authenticationis [[Kerberos]]; * interrogationes [[LDAP]]; * analysim usorum et gregum; * investigationem privilegiorum; * detectionem configurationum securitatis debilium; * generationem relationum; * automationem processuum auditandi. == Intelligentia artificialis == Stern etiam in usu [[intelligentia artificialis|intelligentiae artificialis]] ad investigationem et automationem securitatis laboravit. Incepta huius generis coniungere possunt instrumenta securitatis, processus automationis et agentia programmatica ad investigationes repetibiles et relationes structuras efficiendas. == Opera selecta == * '''AdPentestAI''' — instrumenta fontis aperti ad aestimationem securitatis Active Directory. * '''AdPentestWeb''' — instrumenta interretialia ad investigationem et aestimationem securitatis. * Incepta ad automationem penetrationis probationum et securitatis auditum. * Investigationes de usu intelligentiae artificialis in technologia et securitate informatica. {{NexInt}} * [[Securitas informatica]] * [[Active Directory]] * [[Kerberos (protocollum)]] * [[LDAP]] * [[Penetrationis probatio]] * [[Red team]] * [[Intelligentia artificialis]] * [[Python (programmatio)]] * [[Fons apertus]] == Nexus externi == * [https://www.linkedin.com/in/netanel-stern-00293b90/ Profilum publicum Natanaelis Stern in LinkedIn] * [https://github.com/netanelcyber Repositoriae publicae Natanaelis Stern in GitHub] == Notae == <references/> [[Categoria:Investigatores securitatis informaticae]] [[Categoria:Programmatores]] [[Categoria:Programmatores Israelis]] [[Categoria:Securitas informatica]] 4ki5w1btbqfbxoxxd7c768wzndeyhi3 Securitas informatica 0 328347 3986599 2026-09-08T12:52:23Z ~2026-48822-03 214513 Paginam instituit, scribens ''''Securitas informatica''' est disciplina quae ad [[Computatrum|computatra]], [[Retis computatrales|retia computatralia]], programmata et notitias contra usum illicitum, interceptionem, alterationem, deletionem atque alias minas tuetur. Propositum eius praecipuum est [[Confidentialitas|confidentialitatem]], [[Integritas|integritatem]] et [[Praesto habitas|praesto habitatem]] informationis servare. == Principia == Securitas informatica saepe tribus principiis...' 3986599 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Securitas informatica''' est disciplina quae ad [[Computatrum|computatra]], [[Retis computatrales|retia computatralia]], programmata et notitias contra usum illicitum, interceptionem, alterationem, deletionem atque alias minas tuetur. Propositum eius praecipuum est [[Confidentialitas|confidentialitatem]], [[Integritas|integritatem]] et [[Praesto habitas|praesto habitatem]] informationis servare. == Principia == Securitas informatica saepe tribus principiis fundamentalibus describitur: * '''Confidentialitas''' — notitiae tantum personis vel systematibus auctoritate praeditis pateant. * '''Integritas''' — notitiae sine auctoritate non mutentur aut corrumpantur. * '''Praesto habitas''' — systemata et notitiae usoribus legitimis tempore necessario praesto sint. Haec tria principia interdum una cum aliis proprietatibus, ut [[authenticatio]] et [[non-repudiatio]], considerantur. == Minarum genera == Systemata informatica multis generibus minarum obnoxia sunt. Inter praecipua sunt: * [[malware]], inter quae [[Virus computatrale|virus]], [[Troianus (informatica)|Troiani]] et programmata maligna alia; * [[phishing]], quo homines decipiuntur ut secreta indicia tradant; * furtum vel divulgatio non auctoritate facta [[Notitia personalis|notitiarum personalium]]; * oppugnationes contra retia et servitia informatica; * usus vulnerabilitatum in programmatibus vel configurationibus; * [[Denial-of-service attack|impetus qui servitia praesto esse impediunt]]; * furtum vel abusus rationum usorum et credentialium. Gravitas minae pendet a natura systematis, valore notitiarum, probabilitate oppugnationis et effectibus eventus. == Modi defensionis == Securitas informatica pluribus rationibus technicis et administrativis utitur. Inter eas sunt: * [[cryptographia]] ad notitias tuendas; * [[Firewall|parietes igniferi]] ad communicationes retiales moderandas; * [[Antivirus|programmata contra malware]]; * [[authenticatio]] et [[imperium accessus]]; * [[Multifactor authentication|authenticatio multifactorialis]]; * renovatio regularis systematum et programmatum; * [[Backup|exemplaria subsidiaria]] notitiarum; * observatio et investigatio eventuum retialium; * consilia ad eventus securitatis tractandos. Effectiva securitas plerumque non ex uno instrumento, sed ex pluribus mensuris inter se connexis constat. == Securitas retialium == [[Retis computatralis|Retia computatralia]] contra interceptionem, usum illicitum et perturbationem muniri possunt. Inter mensuras communes sunt segmentatio retis, moderatio portuum et servitiorum, encryption communicationum, systemata detectionis intrusionum atque monitorium. In magnis institutionibus securitas retialium saepe cum administratione identitatum, instrumentis observationis et consiliis responsionis ad eventus coniungitur. == Securitas systematum et programmatum == Securitas programmatum spectat ad vulnerabilitates quae durante consilio, programmatione, probatione, distributione et sustentatione apparere possunt. [[Software development lifecycle|Processus evolutionis programmatum]] securitati destinatus vulnerabilitates citius invenire et corrigere potest. Inter rationes adhibitas sunt revisio codicis, probationes securitatis, analysis dependentiarum, administratio configurationum et renovationes securitatis. == Cryptographia == [[Cryptographia]] est pars magni momenti securitatis informaticae. Algorithmi cryptographici ad [[Encryption|encryptionem]], authenticandam identitatem, integritatem notitiarum et alias proprietates securitatis adhibentur. Systemata cryptographica moderna fundamenta habent in principiis mathematicis et saepe clavibus secretis vel publicis utuntur. == Securitas identitatum et accessus == Administratio identitatum determinat quis ad systema vel ad certam informationem accedere possit. [[Password|Tesserae]] validae, authentificatio multifactorialis, certificata digitalia et principium minimum privilegii inter praecipua instrumenta huius disciplinae sunt. Principium minimum privilegii significat unicuique usori vel processui tantum privilegiorum concedenda esse quantum ad munus suum exsequendum necessarium est. == Audit et probatio securitatis == Institutiones securitatem systematum suorum per [[audit]] et probationes technicas aestimare possunt. Inter has probationes sunt analysi configurationum, inventarium bonorum informaticorum, examinatio vulnerabilitatum et [[Penetration testing|probatio penetrationis]]. Probatio penetrationis, si rite et cum auctoritate instituta est, conatur vulnerabilitates invenire modo moderato, ut defensiones systematis meliorari possint. == Securitas informationis == Securitas informatica pars latioris notionis [[Securitas informationis|securitatis informationis]] haberi potest. Securitas informationis non solum systemata computatralia, sed etiam processus, documenta, personas et alias formas informationis complectitur. In multis institutionibus securitas technica una cum consiliis internis, educatione usorum, administratione periculorum et obligationibus legalibus componitur. == Cybersecuritas == Vocabulum '''cybersecuritas''' late adhibetur ad securitatem systematum digitalium, reticulorum et infrastructurae quae inter se coniunguntur. Termini ''securitas informatica'' et ''cybersecuritas'' saepe quasi synonyma adhibentur, quamquam usus eorum secundum contextum variare potest. Cybersecuritas hodie ad res privatas, societates, instituta publica et infrastructuras criticas pertinet. == Vide etiam == * [[Cryptographia]] * [[Retis computatralis|Retia computatralia]] * [[Malware]] * [[Phishing]] * [[Securitas informationis]] * [[Cybersecuritas]] * [[Firewall]] * [[Authenticatio]] == Nexus externi == * [https://www.nist.gov/cybersecurity National Institute of Standards and Technology — Cybersecurity] * [https://www.cisa.gov/ Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency] 22hu15usjc30mr9zzosbozfsh2gh5yg 3986652 3986599 2026-09-08T16:52:42Z IacobusAmor 1163 ~ 3986652 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Securitas informatica''' est [[disciplina]] quae ad [[Computatrum|computatra]], [[Retis computatrales|retia computatralia]], [[programma computatrale|programmata]], et notitias contra usum illicitum, interceptionem, alterationem, deletionem, atque alias minas tuetur. Propositum eius praecipuum est [[Confidentialitas|confidentialitatem]], [[Integritas|integritatem]], et [[Praesto habitas|praesto habitatem]] informationis servare. == Principia == Securitas informatica saepe tribus principiis fundamentalibus describitur: * '''Confidentialitas''' — notitiae tantum personis vel systematibus auctoritate praeditis pateant. * '''Integritas''' — notitiae sine auctoritate non mutentur aut corrumpantur. * '''Praesto habitas''' — systemata et notitiae usoribus legitimis tempore necessario praesto sint. Haec tria principia interdum una cum aliis proprietatibus, ut [[authenticatio]] et [[non-repudiatio]], considerantur. == Minarum genera == Systemata informatica multis generibus minarum obnoxia sunt. Inter praecipua sunt: * [[malware]], inter quae [[Virus computatrale|virus]], [[Troianus (informatica)|Troiani]] et programmata maligna alia; * [[phishing]], quo homines decipiuntur ut secreta indicia tradant; * furtum vel divulgatio non auctoritate facta [[Notitia personalis|notitiarum personalium]]; * oppugnationes contra retia et servitia informatica; * usus vulnerabilitatum in programmatibus vel configurationibus; * [[Denial-of-service attack|impetus qui servitia praesto esse impediunt]]; * furtum vel abusus rationum usorum et credentialium. Gravitas minae pendet a natura systematis, valore notitiarum, probabilitate oppugnationis et effectibus eventus. == Modi defensionis == Securitas informatica pluribus rationibus technicis et administrativis utitur. Inter eas sunt: * [[cryptographia]] ad notitias tuendas; * [[Firewall|parietes igniferi]] ad communicationes retiales moderandas; * [[Antivirus|programmata contra malware]]; * [[authenticatio]] et [[imperium accessus]]; * [[Multifactor authentication|authenticatio multifactorialis]]; * renovatio regularis systematum et programmatum; * [[Backup|exemplaria subsidiaria]] notitiarum; * observatio et investigatio eventuum retialium; * consilia ad eventus securitatis tractandos. Effectiva securitas plerumque non ex uno instrumento, sed ex pluribus mensuris inter se connexis constat. == Securitas retialium == [[Retis computatralis|Retia computatralia]] contra interceptionem, usum illicitum et perturbationem muniri possunt. Inter mensuras communes sunt segmentatio retis, moderatio portuum et servitiorum, encryption communicationum, systemata detectionis intrusionum atque monitorium. In magnis institutionibus securitas retialium saepe cum administratione identitatum, instrumentis observationis et consiliis responsionis ad eventus coniungitur. == Securitas systematum et programmatum == Securitas programmatum spectat ad vulnerabilitates quae durante consilio, programmatione, probatione, distributione et sustentatione apparere possunt. [[Software development lifecycle|Processus evolutionis programmatum]] securitati destinatus vulnerabilitates citius invenire et corrigere potest. Inter rationes adhibitas sunt revisio codicis, probationes securitatis, analysis dependentiarum, administratio configurationum et renovationes securitatis. == Cryptographia == [[Cryptographia]] est pars magni momenti securitatis informaticae. Algorithmi cryptographici ad [[Encryption|encryptionem]], authenticandam identitatem, integritatem notitiarum et alias proprietates securitatis adhibentur. Systemata cryptographica moderna fundamenta habent in principiis mathematicis et saepe clavibus secretis vel publicis utuntur. == Securitas identitatum et accessus == Administratio identitatum determinat quis ad systema vel ad certam informationem accedere possit. [[Password|Tesserae]] validae, authentificatio multifactorialis, certificata digitalia et principium minimum privilegii inter praecipua instrumenta huius disciplinae sunt. Principium minimum privilegii significat unicuique usori vel processui tantum privilegiorum concedenda esse quantum ad munus suum exsequendum necessarium est. == Audit et probatio securitatis == Institutiones securitatem systematum suorum per [[audit]] et probationes technicas aestimare possunt. Inter has probationes sunt analysi configurationum, inventarium bonorum informaticorum, examinatio vulnerabilitatum et [[Penetration testing|probatio penetrationis]]. Probatio penetrationis, si rite et cum auctoritate instituta est, conatur vulnerabilitates invenire modo moderato, ut defensiones systematis meliorari possint. == Securitas informationis == Securitas informatica pars latioris notionis [[Securitas informationis|securitatis informationis]] haberi potest. Securitas informationis non solum systemata computatralia, sed etiam processus, documenta, personas et alias formas informationis complectitur. In multis institutionibus securitas technica una cum consiliis internis, educatione usorum, administratione periculorum et obligationibus legalibus componitur. == Cybersecuritas == Vocabulum '''cybersecuritas''' late adhibetur ad securitatem systematum digitalium, reticulorum et infrastructurae quae inter se coniunguntur. Termini ''securitas informatica'' et ''cybersecuritas'' saepe quasi synonyma adhibentur, quamquam usus eorum secundum contextum variare potest. Cybersecuritas hodie ad res privatas, societates, instituta publica et infrastructuras criticas pertinet. {{NexInt}} * [[Authenticatio]] * [[Cryptographia]] * [[Retis computatralis|Retia computatralia]] * [[Malware]] * [[Phishing]] * [[Securitas informationis]] * [[Cybersecuritas]] * [[Firewall]] == Nexus externi == * [https://www.nist.gov/cybersecurity National Institute of Standards and Technology — Cybersecurity] * [https://www.cisa.gov/ Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency] fu19wnfroqb07lqv3csmfq1n9sf6tli Red team 0 328348 3986615 2026-09-08T13:37:40Z ~2026-48659-14 214515 Paginam instituit, scribens ''''Red team''' est grex personarum peritarum quae, mandato ipsius instituti, personam hostis vel adversarii simulat, ut defensiones verae instituti periclitentur. Postquam actionem perfecit, relationem scribit qua institutum defensiones suas emendare potest. Labor eius legalis est et auctoritate instituti fit, quamquam interdum ii qui in eodem instituto laborant rem nesciunt — ita responsio eorum quoque sincere probari potest. == Genera turmarum == Praeter '...' 3986615 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Red team''' est grex personarum peritarum quae, mandato ipsius instituti, personam hostis vel adversarii simulat, ut defensiones verae instituti periclitentur. Postquam actionem perfecit, relationem scribit qua institutum defensiones suas emendare potest. Labor eius legalis est et auctoritate instituti fit, quamquam interdum ii qui in eodem instituto laborant rem nesciunt — ita responsio eorum quoque sincere probari potest. == Genera turmarum == Praeter '''Red team''' ipsum, tres aliae turmae in hac disciplina saepe nominantur. '''Blue team''' ea turma est quae systemata retiaque instituti contra impugnationes tueri debet; plerumque nescit num et quando '''Red team''' agere incipiat, ut responsio eius quam simillima responsioni verae maneat. Ubi utraque turma — rubra et caerulea — simul et aperte collaborat, potius quam altera alteram fallere conatur, exercitium '''Purple team''' vocatur; hoc modo periti utriusque partis statim inter se scientiam communicant. Denique '''White team''' est grex qui exercitium moderatur: regulas et fines (Anglice: ''rules of engagement'') ante actionem constituit, ipsam actionem gubernat, ac post finem observationes obiectivas praebet. Saepe soli in instituto sunt qui exercitium fieri sciant. == Historia == Ars quae '''Red team''' vocatur nomen suum a ludis bellicis accepit, ubi copiae fictae hostium exercitum proprium impugnant, ut duces ante [[bellum]] verum de periculis discant; talis exercitatio in re militari iam diu usitata est. Ipsum autem nomen "Red team" inde a decennio 1960 in [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatibus Foederatis Americae]] adhiberi coepit. Postea, systematibus [[Computatrum|computatoriis]] magis magisque per instituta diffusis, methodus ad securitatem [[Informatica|informaticam]] quoque translata est: periti systemata ipsa impugnare inceperunt ut vulnerabilitates, antequam ab hostibus veris invenirentur, ipsi primi invenirent. == Differentia a probatione penetrationis == '''Red team''' saepe cum probatione penetrationis (Anglice: ''penetration test'', vulgo ''pentest'') confunditur, quamquam ambae disciplinae differunt. Probatio penetrationis fines definitos habet et quam plurima vitia technica intra eos fines invenire conatur; methodo systematica et repetibili utitur, et instituto plerumque nota est, ita ut intra unam vel duas hebdomades perfici possit. '''Red team''' autem non omnia vitia invenire studet, sed obiectiva pauca (saepe unum tantum) — exempli gratia, ad data quaedam secreta pervenire, vel nuntios praesidis instituti legere — quam simillime methodo hostis veri persequitur. Exercitium diutius durat, saepe per plures hebdomades vel etiam menses, quia impugnatores tempus et clandestinitatem (furtive procedendi rationem) requirunt, sicut hostes veri saepe faciunt. Praeter vitia technica, '''Red team''' etiam artem socialem fallendi, phishing (litteras deceptorias), et ingressum physicum adhibere potest. Quam ob rem haec methodus institutis quae iam gradum altiorem securitatis attigerunt magis prodest, cum obiectivum re vera sit responsionem instituti, non tantum vitia eius, probare. == Ordo actionis == Exercitium plerumque per gradus sequentes procedit, qui late respondent iis quos "MITRE ATT&CK" (vide infra) describit: # '''Exploratio''' (Anglice: ''reconnaissance''): periti de instituto, personis, et systematibus publice notitias colligunt. # '''Ingressus primus''' (Anglice: ''initial access''): via aliqua — exempli gratia litteris deceptoriis, vel vitio technico invento — intra rete perveniunt; hic locus "beachhead" vocatur. # '''Persistentia''': accessum retinere conantur etiam si systema semel deinde reficiatur vel usor exeat. # '''Motus lateralis''' et '''ascensus auctoritatis''' (Anglice: ''privilege escalation''): ex uno instrumento occupato ad alia intra idem rete pergunt, potestates ampliores quaerentes. # '''Obiectivum''': demum id quod mandatum erat efficiunt — data auferunt, systema quoddam interrumpunt, vel quidquid conventum est. # '''Relatio''': omnia acta et inventa in charta ordinata instituto praebent, cum consiliis ad defensiones emendandas. == Genera exercitationis == Duo praecipua genera '''Red team''' distingui possunt. Exercitatio technica in impugnandis retibus et systematibus computatoriis versatur. Periti primum viam ingressus (Anglice: ''attack vector'') quaerunt; deinde, postquam in rete penetraverunt, exploratione uti pergunt ut alia instrumenta intra idem rete inveniant quae quoque occupare possint. Saepe quoque signa auctoritatis quaerunt — verba secreta et signa sessionis, quae Anglice ''passwords'' et ''cookies'' vocantur — quibus inventis ad plura systemata pergere possunt. Exercitatio physica obiectiva certa habet: exempli gratia, in conclave instrumentorum retialium (''server room'') ingredi et instrumentum quoddam auferre, vel in tabulinum praesidis ingredi et documenta secreta auferre. == Instrumenta et normae == Complures normae et instrumenta hodie exercitationes '''Red team''' dirigunt. '''MITRE ATT&CK''' maxima congeries publica notitiarum est de methodis quas hostes veri adhibent; a societate MITRE anno 2013 primum divulgata, methodos in "tactica" (obiectiva generalia, ut ingressus primus vel motus lateralis) et "technicas" (media specifica ad obiectiva illa attingenda) dividit. Periti '''Red team''' hanc notitiam saepe adhibent ut exercitium suum quam simillimum veris impugnationibus faciant. In Europa, institutiones nummariae (bancae, mercatus pecuniarum) saepe methodo '''TIBER-EU''' (id est "Threat Intelligence-based Ethical Red Teaming") utuntur, quam Argentaria Centralis Europaea et bancae nationales, exemplum Nederlandicum anni 2016 secutae, constituerunt. Haec methodus prius notitias veras de minis (Anglice: ''threat intelligence'') colligit, deinde secundum eas notitias exercitium proprium instituto singulo aptat. == Usus == '''Red team''' methodus hodie in pluribus campis adhibetur, praesertim in securitate informatica, sed etiam in [[Res militaris|re militari]] et [[Administratio publica|administratione publica]], ubi consilia et suppositiones institutorum provocantur ne nimius et acriticus consensus (Anglice: ''groupthink'') eis noceat. Nonnullae definitiones latiores hunc morem ad quemlibet coetum extendunt cui mandatum est ut scaenaria alternativa minus probabilia consideret, quod praesidium bonum contra suppositiones falsas praebet. In eventibus in quibus institutum a vero hoste impugnatur, '''Red team''' interdum cum Blue team cooperatur, ut auxilium in defendendo praebeat. n8zashouhf6mj5w58iie6shastusaaj 3986653 3986615 2026-09-08T16:55:46Z IacobusAmor 1163 3986653 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Pagina fontibus carens}} '''Red team''' est grex personarum peritarum quae, mandato ipsius instituti, personam hostis vel adversarii simulat, ut defensiones verae instituti periclitentur. Postquam actionem perfecit, relationem scribit qua institutum defensiones suas emendare potest. Labor eius legalis est et auctoritate instituti fit, quamquam interdum ii qui in eodem instituto laborant rem nesciunt; ita responsio eorum quoque sincere probari potest. == Genera turmarum == Praeter '''Red team''' ipsum, tres aliae turmae in hac disciplina saepe nominantur. '''Blue team''' ea turma est quae systemata retiaque instituti contra impugnationes tueri debet; plerumque nescit num et quando '''Red team''' agere incipiat, ut responsio eius quam simillima responsioni verae maneat. Ubi utraque turma — rubra et caerulea — simul et aperte collaborat, potius quam altera alteram fallere conatur, exercitium '''Purple team''' vocatur; hoc modo periti utriusque partis statim inter se scientiam communicant. Denique '''White team''' est grex qui exercitium moderatur: regulas et fines (Anglice: ''rules of engagement'') ante actionem constituit, ipsam actionem gubernat, ac post finem observationes obiectivas praebet. Saepe soli in instituto sunt qui exercitium fieri sciant. == Historia == Ars quae '''Red team''' vocatur nomen suum a ludis bellicis accepit, ubi copiae fictae hostium exercitum proprium impugnant, ut duces ante [[bellum]] verum de periculis discant; talis exercitatio in re militari iam diu usitata est. Ipsum autem nomen "Red team" inde a decennio 1960 in [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatibus Foederatis Americae]] adhiberi coepit. Postea, systematibus [[Computatrum|computatoriis]] magis magisque per instituta diffusis, methodus ad securitatem [[Informatica|informaticam]] quoque translata est: periti systemata ipsa impugnare inceperunt ut vulnerabilitates, antequam ab hostibus veris invenirentur, ipsi primi invenirent. == Differentia a probatione penetrationis == '''Red team''' saepe cum probatione penetrationis (Anglice: ''penetration test'', vulgo ''pentest'') confunditur, quamquam ambae disciplinae differunt. Probatio penetrationis fines definitos habet et quam plurima vitia technica intra eos fines invenire conatur; methodo systematica et repetibili utitur, et instituto plerumque nota est, ita ut intra unam vel duas hebdomades perfici possit. '''Red team''' autem non omnia vitia invenire studet, sed obiectiva pauca (saepe unum tantum) — exempli gratia, ad data quaedam secreta pervenire, vel nuntios praesidis instituti legere — quam simillime methodo hostis veri persequitur. Exercitium diutius durat, saepe per plures hebdomades vel etiam menses, quia impugnatores tempus et clandestinitatem (furtive procedendi rationem) requirunt, sicut hostes veri saepe faciunt. Praeter vitia technica, '''Red team''' etiam artem socialem fallendi, phishing (litteras deceptorias), et ingressum physicum adhibere potest. Quam ob rem haec methodus institutis quae iam gradum altiorem securitatis attigerunt magis prodest, cum obiectivum re vera sit responsionem instituti, non tantum vitia eius, probare. == Ordo actionis == Exercitium plerumque per gradus sequentes procedit, qui late respondent iis quos "MITRE ATT&CK" (vide infra) describit: # '''Exploratio''' (Anglice: ''reconnaissance''): periti de instituto, personis, et systematibus publice notitias colligunt. # '''Ingressus primus''' (Anglice: ''initial access''): via aliqua — exempli gratia litteris deceptoriis, vel vitio technico invento — intra rete perveniunt; hic locus "beachhead" vocatur. # '''Persistentia''': accessum retinere conantur etiam si systema semel deinde reficiatur vel usor exeat. # '''Motus lateralis''' et '''ascensus auctoritatis''' (Anglice: ''privilege escalation''): ex uno instrumento occupato ad alia intra idem rete pergunt, potestates ampliores quaerentes. # '''Obiectivum''': demum id quod mandatum erat efficiunt — data auferunt, systema quoddam interrumpunt, vel quidquid conventum est. # '''Relatio''': omnia acta et inventa in charta ordinata instituto praebent, cum consiliis ad defensiones emendandas. == Genera exercitationis == Duo praecipua genera '''Red team''' distingui possunt. Exercitatio technica in impugnandis retibus et systematibus computatoriis versatur. Periti primum viam ingressus (Anglice: ''attack vector'') quaerunt; deinde, postquam in rete penetraverunt, exploratione uti pergunt ut alia instrumenta intra idem rete inveniant quae quoque occupare possint. Saepe quoque signa auctoritatis quaerunt — verba secreta et signa sessionis, quae Anglice ''passwords'' et ''cookies'' vocantur — quibus inventis ad plura systemata pergere possunt. Exercitatio physica obiectiva certa habet: exempli gratia, in conclave instrumentorum retialium (''server room'') ingredi et instrumentum quoddam auferre, vel in tabulinum praesidis ingredi et documenta secreta auferre. == Instrumenta et normae == Complures normae et instrumenta hodie exercitationes '''Red team''' dirigunt. '''MITRE ATT&CK''' maxima congeries publica notitiarum est de methodis quas hostes veri adhibent; a societate MITRE anno 2013 primum divulgata, methodos in "tactica" (obiectiva generalia, ut ingressus primus vel motus lateralis) et "technicas" (media specifica ad obiectiva illa attingenda) dividit. Periti '''Red team''' hanc notitiam saepe adhibent ut exercitium suum quam simillimum veris impugnationibus faciant. In Europa, institutiones nummariae (bancae, mercatus pecuniarum) saepe methodo '''TIBER-EU''' (id est "Threat Intelligence-based Ethical Red Teaming") utuntur, quam Argentaria Centralis Europaea et bancae nationales, exemplum Nederlandicum anni 2016 secutae, constituerunt. Haec methodus prius notitias veras de minis (Anglice: ''threat intelligence'') colligit, deinde secundum eas notitias exercitium proprium instituto singulo aptat. == Usus == '''Red team''' methodus hodie in pluribus campis adhibetur, praesertim in securitate informatica, sed etiam in [[Res militaris|re militari]] et [[Administratio publica|administratione publica]], ubi consilia et suppositiones institutorum provocantur ne nimius et acriticus consensus (Anglice: ''groupthink'') eis noceat. Nonnullae definitiones latiores hunc morem ad quemlibet coetum extendunt cui mandatum est ut scaenaria alternativa minus probabilia consideret, quod praesidium bonum contra suppositiones falsas praebet. In eventibus in quibus institutum a vero hoste impugnatur, '''Red team''' interdum cum Blue team cooperatur, ut auxilium in defendendo praebeat.{{dubcat}} o77tx1vjh73gr5mz6tlgv7btgvryj05 Laar 0 328350 3986660 2026-09-08T18:37:39Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Laar]] ad [[Lare]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam 3986660 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Lare]] 65fj9p1c39a7lzdbirqiwaau04j5q4g TensorFlow 0 328351 3986662 2026-09-08T19:14:48Z נתנאל שטרן 175178 Paginam instituit, scribens '{{Latinitas|0}} {{videdis|TensorFlow (systema programmationis)}} '''TensorFlow''' est [[libraria programmationis]] libera et aperti fontis, a [[Google]] anno MMXV creata, quae ad [[machina discens|machinas discentes]] et calculos numericos latos apta est. TensorFlow in tertio loco manet inter librarias populares ad [[rete neurale profundum|retia neuralia profunda]] construenda et ad processum [[artificialis intelligentia|intelligentiae artificialis]] administra...' 3986662 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|0}} {{videdis|TensorFlow (systema programmationis)}} '''TensorFlow''' est [[libraria programmationis]] libera et aperti fontis, a [[Google]] anno MMXV creata, quae ad [[machina discens|machinas discentes]] et calculos numericos latos apta est. TensorFlow in tertio loco manet inter librarias populares ad [[rete neurale profundum|retia neuralia profunda]] construenda et ad processum [[artificialis intelligentia|intelligentiae artificialis]] administrandum. Nomen TensorFlow derivatum est a principiis fundatricibus systematis: ''tensores'' (structurae datorum multidimensionales) fluxu graphico transeunt. Libraria [[Syntaxis|design]] consilio dat facilitati usu et velocitati computationis, praecipue per calculum parallelum in [[Unitas processus graphici|unitatibus processus graphicis (GPUs)]] et [[Unitas processus tensoris|unitatibus processus tensoris (TPUs)]]. == Exordium == TensorFlow a Google Brain team anno [[MMXV]] principio creatum est, ut innumerae machinae discentes in infrastructura Googliana optimizarentur. Liber factum est mense Novembri anno MMXV, ut communitas scientiae datorum et machinae discentes id adhibere possint. Versionum signa: * TensorFlow 1.0: mensis September anno MMXVI * TensorFlow 2.0: mensis September anno MMXIX (maior reformatio cum Keras integratione) * TensorFlow 2.x: inde hodiernum (acta ac optimizationes continuae) == Architectura == TensorFlow tribus partibus principalibus composita est: === Tensores === Tensor est structura datorum multidimensionalis: * ''Scataria'' (0-dimensionalis): numerus singularis * ''Vector'' (1-dimensionalis): series numerorum * ''Matrix'' (2-dimensionalis): tabula numerorum * ''Tensor'' (3+ dimensionalis): structurae complexae === Graphicum Computationis === TensorFlow calculos per graphicum computationis reprasentat, ubi: * ''Nodi'' operationes mathematicas significant * ''Arci'' fluxum tensorum inter nodos ostendunt Hoc design parallelizationem et optimizationem facit facilem. === Sessio === Sessio TensorFlow graphicum computationis exsequit et calculos reales efficit. == Conceptiones Principales == * '''Tensor''': Structura fundamentalis datorum * '''Variable''': Variabilis quae mutari potest in exercitio * '''Operation''': Functio mathematica in tensoribus * '''Placeholder''': Locus ubi externa data inseruntur * '''Session''': Ambitus ubi graphicum computationis exsequitur * '''Graph''': Representatio omnium operationum et tensorium == Usus Fundamentalis == Infra exemplum minimum ostenditur, quod tensoris summam computat: <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> import tensorflow as tf # Tensores creare a = tf.constant([[1.0, 2.0], [3.0, 4.0]]) b = tf.constant([[1.0, 2.0], [3.0, 4.0]]) # Operationes definire c = tf.add(a, b) d = tf.matmul(a, b) # Multiplicatio matrices # Eventum imprimere print(c) # [[2. 4.] [6. 8.]] print(d) # [[7. 10.] [15. 22.]] </syntaxhighlight> == Exemplum: Rete Neurale Simplex == Sequens exemplum exemplum retis neuralis simplicis dat: <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> import tensorflow as tf from tensorflow import keras # Modum construere model = keras.Sequential([ keras.layers.Dense(128, activation='relu', input_shape=(784,)), keras.layers.Dropout(0.2), keras.layers.Dense(10, activation='softmax') ]) # Modum compilare model.compile( optimizer='adam', loss='sparse_categorical_crossentropy', metrics=['accuracy'] ) # Modum exercere model.fit(x_train, y_train, epochs=10) # Modum aestimare loss, accuracy = model.evaluate(x_test, y_test) print(f"Accuratio: {accuracy}") </syntaxhighlight> == Paradigmata Programmationis == === Eager Execution === TensorFlow 2.x ''eager execution'' per defectum habet, quae operationes statim exsequuntur: <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> import tensorflow as tf a = tf.constant(3.0) b = tf.constant(4.0) c = tf.sqrt(a**2 + b**2) print(c) # 5.0 </syntaxhighlight> === Automatica Differentiatio === TensorFlow gradientes automatice calculat: <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> import tensorflow as tf x = tf.Variable(3.0) with tf.GradientTape() as tape: y = x**2 dy_dx = tape.gradient(y, x) print(dy_dx) # 6.0 </syntaxhighlight> === Custom Training Loop === Customatum exercitii recursus construere possum: <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> import tensorflow as tf # Datam et modum definire data = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices((x_train, y_train)) data = data.shuffle(1000).batch(32) @tf.function def train_step(x, y): with tf.GradientTape() as tape: predictions = model(x, training=True) loss = loss_fn(y, predictions) gradients = tape.gradient(loss, model.trainable_variables) optimizer.apply_gradients(zip(gradients, model.trainable_variables)) return loss for epoch in range(10): for x_batch, y_batch in data: train_step(x_batch, y_batch) </syntaxhighlight> == Optimizatores == TensorFlow nonnullos optimizatores celeberrime adhibitos continet: * '''Adam''' (Adaptive Moment Estimation): Popularis et efficax pluribus problematis * '''SGD''' (Stochastic Gradient Descent): Classicus et fundamentalis * '''RMSprop''': Opportunus pro retibus recursivis * '''Adagrad''': Aptus pro datam sparsam == Structurae Datorum == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Nomen ! Descriptio ! Exemplum |- | <code>tf.constant</code> | Tensor immutabilis | <code>tf.constant([1, 2, 3])</code> |- | <code>tf.Variable</code> | Tensor mutabilis | <code>tf.Variable([1.0, 2.0])</code> |- | <code>tf.Tensor</code> | Tensor generalis | Eventus operationis |- | <code>tf.SparseTensor</code> | Tensor sparsus | <code>tf.SparseTensor(indices, values, shape)</code> |- | <code>tf.RaggedTensor</code> | Tensor irregularis | Data varia longitudinis |- | <code>tf.data.Dataset</code> | Collectio datae | <code>tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices(data)</code> |} == Extensiones et Libraria Connexae == * '''Keras''': Interface altius nivelis facile usu (iam integrata) * '''TensorFlow Lite''': Versio levis pro dispositibus mobilibus * '''TensorFlow.js''': Executio in navigatoribus retis * '''TensorFlow Serving''': Systema de productione ad modulos praebere * '''TensorFlow Extended (TFX)''': Pipeline machinae discentes productionem * '''TensorFlow Hub''': Repositorium de modelis praeconstuctis * '''TensorFlow Quantum''': Computatio quantica == Casus Usum == * '''Visio Computatrix''': Agnitio imaginis, detentio obiecti, segmentatio * '''Processus Linguae Naturalis''': Traductio, summa, et questio-responsio * '''Praedictio''': Prognosticatio, regressio temporalis * '''Reinforcement Learning''': Ioci et robotica * '''Generativa Modela''': Imagines novae, sermo genericus == Comparatio cum Aliis Librariis == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Libraria ! Linguae ! Velocitas ! Popularitas |- | TensorFlow | Python, JavaScript, Swift | Maxima | Altissima |- | PyTorch | Python | Aequalis | Valde alta |- | JAX | Python | Aequalis | Crescens |- | Caffe | C++, Python | Alta | Minui |- | MXNet | Multae | Alta | Modesta |} == Causa Nominis == Nomen "TensorFlow" significat fluxum tensorum per graphicum computationis. Tensores sunt fundamentum systematis, et "flow" repraesentat modum quo datae transeunt et computationes fiunt. == Nexus Externi == {{communia|TensorFlow}} * https://www.tensorflow.org/ * https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow * https://www.tensorflow.org/tutorials * https://www.tensorflow.org/learn == Bibliotheca == * Abadi et al. (2016). "TensorFlow: A System for Large-Scale Machine Learning". ''USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation''. [[Categoria:Libraria programmationis]] [[Categoria:Machina discens]] [[Categoria:Google]] [[Categoria:Artificialis intelligentia]] {{Myrias|Technologia}} lopmd2hgqgg01mev6y690zau6o1ypls 3986780 3986662 2026-09-09T00:38:49Z Bartholomite 116968 3986780 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Pagina autotranslata}} {{videdis|TensorFlow (systema programmationis)}} '''TensorFlow''' est [[libraria programmationis]] libera et aperti fontis, a [[Google]] anno MMXV creata, quae ad [[machina discens|machinas discentes]] et calculos numericos latos apta est. TensorFlow in tertio loco manet inter librarias populares ad [[rete neurale profundum|retia neuralia profunda]] construenda et ad processum [[artificialis intelligentia|intelligentiae artificialis]] administrandum. Nomen TensorFlow derivatum est a principiis fundatricibus systematis: ''tensores'' (structurae datorum multidimensionales) fluxu graphico transeunt. Libraria [[Syntaxis|design]] consilio dat facilitati usu et velocitati computationis, praecipue per calculum parallelum in [[Unitas processus graphici|unitatibus processus graphicis (GPUs)]] et [[Unitas processus tensoris|unitatibus processus tensoris (TPUs)]]. == Exordium == TensorFlow a Google Brain team anno [[MMXV]] principio creatum est, ut innumerae machinae discentes in infrastructura Googliana optimizarentur. Liber factum est mense Novembri anno MMXV, ut communitas scientiae datorum et machinae discentes id adhibere possint. Versionum signa: * TensorFlow 1.0: mensis September anno MMXVI * TensorFlow 2.0: mensis September anno MMXIX (maior reformatio cum Keras integratione) * TensorFlow 2.x: inde hodiernum (acta ac optimizationes continuae) == Architectura == TensorFlow tribus partibus principalibus composita est: === Tensores === Tensor est structura datorum multidimensionalis: * ''Scataria'' (0-dimensionalis): numerus singularis * ''Vector'' (1-dimensionalis): series numerorum * ''Matrix'' (2-dimensionalis): tabula numerorum * ''Tensor'' (3+ dimensionalis): structurae complexae === Graphicum Computationis === TensorFlow calculos per graphicum computationis reprasentat, ubi: * ''Nodi'' operationes mathematicas significant * ''Arci'' fluxum tensorum inter nodos ostendunt Hoc design parallelizationem et optimizationem facit facilem. === Sessio === Sessio TensorFlow graphicum computationis exsequit et calculos reales efficit. == Conceptiones Principales == * '''Tensor''': Structura fundamentalis datorum * '''Variable''': Variabilis quae mutari potest in exercitio * '''Operation''': Functio mathematica in tensoribus * '''Placeholder''': Locus ubi externa data inseruntur * '''Session''': Ambitus ubi graphicum computationis exsequitur * '''Graph''': Representatio omnium operationum et tensorium == Usus Fundamentalis == Infra exemplum minimum ostenditur, quod tensoris summam computat: <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> import tensorflow as tf # Tensores creare a = tf.constant([[1.0, 2.0], [3.0, 4.0]]) b = tf.constant([[1.0, 2.0], [3.0, 4.0]]) # Operationes definire c = tf.add(a, b) d = tf.matmul(a, b) # Multiplicatio matrices # Eventum imprimere print(c) # [[2. 4.] [6. 8.]] print(d) # [[7. 10.] [15. 22.]] </syntaxhighlight> == Exemplum: Rete Neurale Simplex == Sequens exemplum exemplum retis neuralis simplicis dat: <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> import tensorflow as tf from tensorflow import keras # Modum construere model = keras.Sequential([ keras.layers.Dense(128, activation='relu', input_shape=(784,)), keras.layers.Dropout(0.2), keras.layers.Dense(10, activation='softmax') ]) # Modum compilare model.compile( optimizer='adam', loss='sparse_categorical_crossentropy', metrics=['accuracy'] ) # Modum exercere model.fit(x_train, y_train, epochs=10) # Modum aestimare loss, accuracy = model.evaluate(x_test, y_test) print(f"Accuratio: {accuracy}") </syntaxhighlight> == Paradigmata Programmationis == === Eager Execution === TensorFlow 2.x ''eager execution'' per defectum habet, quae operationes statim exsequuntur: <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> import tensorflow as tf a = tf.constant(3.0) b = tf.constant(4.0) c = tf.sqrt(a**2 + b**2) print(c) # 5.0 </syntaxhighlight> === Automatica Differentiatio === TensorFlow gradientes automatice calculat: <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> import tensorflow as tf x = tf.Variable(3.0) with tf.GradientTape() as tape: y = x**2 dy_dx = tape.gradient(y, x) print(dy_dx) # 6.0 </syntaxhighlight> === Custom Training Loop === Customatum exercitii recursus construere possum: <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> import tensorflow as tf # Datam et modum definire data = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices((x_train, y_train)) data = data.shuffle(1000).batch(32) @tf.function def train_step(x, y): with tf.GradientTape() as tape: predictions = model(x, training=True) loss = loss_fn(y, predictions) gradients = tape.gradient(loss, model.trainable_variables) optimizer.apply_gradients(zip(gradients, model.trainable_variables)) return loss for epoch in range(10): for x_batch, y_batch in data: train_step(x_batch, y_batch) </syntaxhighlight> == Optimizatores == TensorFlow nonnullos optimizatores celeberrime adhibitos continet: * '''Adam''' (Adaptive Moment Estimation): Popularis et efficax pluribus problematis * '''SGD''' (Stochastic Gradient Descent): Classicus et fundamentalis * '''RMSprop''': Opportunus pro retibus recursivis * '''Adagrad''': Aptus pro datam sparsam == Structurae Datorum == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Nomen ! Descriptio ! Exemplum |- | <code>tf.constant</code> | Tensor immutabilis | <code>tf.constant([1, 2, 3])</code> |- | <code>tf.Variable</code> | Tensor mutabilis | <code>tf.Variable([1.0, 2.0])</code> |- | <code>tf.Tensor</code> | Tensor generalis | Eventus operationis |- | <code>tf.SparseTensor</code> | Tensor sparsus | <code>tf.SparseTensor(indices, values, shape)</code> |- | <code>tf.RaggedTensor</code> | Tensor irregularis | Data varia longitudinis |- | <code>tf.data.Dataset</code> | Collectio datae | <code>tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices(data)</code> |} == Extensiones et Libraria Connexae == * '''Keras''': Interface altius nivelis facile usu (iam integrata) * '''TensorFlow Lite''': Versio levis pro dispositibus mobilibus * '''TensorFlow.js''': Executio in navigatoribus retis * '''TensorFlow Serving''': Systema de productione ad modulos praebere * '''TensorFlow Extended (TFX)''': Pipeline machinae discentes productionem * '''TensorFlow Hub''': Repositorium de modelis praeconstuctis * '''TensorFlow Quantum''': Computatio quantica == Casus Usum == * '''Visio Computatrix''': Agnitio imaginis, detentio obiecti, segmentatio * '''Processus Linguae Naturalis''': Traductio, summa, et questio-responsio * '''Praedictio''': Prognosticatio, regressio temporalis * '''Reinforcement Learning''': Ioci et robotica * '''Generativa Modela''': Imagines novae, sermo genericus == Comparatio cum Aliis Librariis == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Libraria ! Linguae ! Velocitas ! Popularitas |- | TensorFlow | Python, JavaScript, Swift | Maxima | Altissima |- | PyTorch | Python | Aequalis | Valde alta |- | JAX | Python | Aequalis | Crescens |- | Caffe | C++, Python | Alta | Minui |- | MXNet | Multae | Alta | Modesta |} == Causa Nominis == Nomen "TensorFlow" significat fluxum tensorum per graphicum computationis. Tensores sunt fundamentum systematis, et "flow" repraesentat modum quo datae transeunt et computationes fiunt. == Nexus Externi == {{communia|TensorFlow}} * https://www.tensorflow.org/ * https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow * https://www.tensorflow.org/tutorials * https://www.tensorflow.org/learn == Bibliotheca == * Abadi et al. (2016). "TensorFlow: A System for Large-Scale Machine Learning". ''USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation''. [[Categoria:Libraria programmationis]] [[Categoria:Machina discens]] [[Categoria:Google]] [[Categoria:Artificialis intelligentia]] {{Myrias|Technologia}} rmtbowssaibuegqopef0ahz2f0gdk1v Bibliotheca (informatica) 0 328352 3986663 2026-09-08T19:16:30Z נתנאל שטרן 175178 Paginam instituit, scribens '{{Latinitas|0}} {{videdis|Libraria programmationis}} '''Libraria programmationis''' est collectio praeconstuctorum codicis et instrumentorum quae programmatores in applicationes suas integrare possunt, sine necessitatibus ab initio componendi. Libraria fundamentales sunt ad developmentum programmationis modernae, quod velocitate developi et qualitate codicum eminentiam praebet. Libraria constet ex functionibus, classibus, modulis, et constantibus quae solution...' 3986663 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|0}} {{videdis|Libraria programmationis}} '''Libraria programmationis''' est collectio praeconstuctorum codicis et instrumentorum quae programmatores in applicationes suas integrare possunt, sine necessitatibus ab initio componendi. Libraria fundamentales sunt ad developmentum programmationis modernae, quod velocitate developi et qualitate codicum eminentiam praebet. Libraria constet ex functionibus, classibus, modulis, et constantibus quae solutiones praebent ad problemata communia. Haec instrumenta temporis developi diminuunt et errores minores faciunt per codicem iam probatum et optimizatum adhibendum. == Definitio et Principia == Libraria programmationis est coenobium functionalitatis praescriptae quam plurimi programmatores iterative adhibent. Unaquaeque libraria finem specialem habet: * '''Abstractio''': Complexitates difficiles celat, interfaciam simpliciorem praebet * '''Reutilizatio''': Codex ab multis applicationibus adhibetur * '''Standardizatio''': Communis modus solutiones praebendi * '''Efficientia''': Codicem optimizatum et probatum continet == Genera Librarium == === Libraria Generales === Libraria quae multis applicationibus propria sunt: * '''C Standard Library''': Input/output, memoria, strings * '''Java Collections Framework''': Structurae datorum fundamentales * '''Python Standard Library''': Multae functiones utiles === Libraria Speciales === Libraria destinatae ad fines particulares: '''Visio Computatrix''' * OpenCV (imagines processus) * Pillow (imagines manipulatio) * scikit-image (imagines analysus) '''Machina Discens''' * TensorFlow (retia neuralia) * PyTorch (calculus tensorium) * scikit-learn (algorithmi discentes) * XGBoost (gradient boosting) '''Processus Linguae Naturalis''' * NLTK (textus analysus) * spaCy (NLP praepositiones) * Transformers (modeli lingua profunda) '''Mathematica et Numerica''' * NumPy (calculus numericus) * SciPy (algorithmae scientifici) * Matplotlib (visualizatio graphica) * Pandas (datae analysus) '''Retia Computatoria''' * Requests (HTTP clientem) * Django (applicationum retis) * Flask (microservicium retis) * Twisted (retia asynchrona) === Libraria Linguam-Specifiae === {| class="wikitable" |- ! Lingua ! Exempla Librarium |- | Python | NumPy, Pandas, Requests, Django, Flask |- | Java | Apache Commons, Guava, JUnit, Spring Framework |- | C++ | Boost, STL, OpenGL, Qt |- | JavaScript | React, Vue.js, Angular, Node.js, Express |- | C# | .NET Framework, Entity Framework, Linq |- | Ruby | Rails, Sinatra, Bundler |- | Go | Gorilla, GORM, Gin |- | Rust | Serde, Tokio, Rayon |} == Architectura Librarium == === Structura Componentium === Libraria typice continet: '''Header Files (Capita)''' * Declarationes functionum * Definitiones typorum * Constantiae et macrones <syntaxhighlight lang="c"> #ifndef LIBRARIA_H #define LIBRARIA_H typedef struct { int id; char nomen[50]; } Persona; int addPerson(Persona p); Persona getPerson(int id); #endif </syntaxhighlight> '''Source Files (Fontium Codex)''' * Implementationes functionum * Definitiones variabilium globalium <syntaxhighlight lang="c"> #include "libraria.h" int addPerson(Persona p) { // Implementatio return 0; } Persona getPerson(int id) { // Implementatio Persona p; return p; } </syntaxhighlight> '''Documentation (Documenta)''' * Specificationes API * Exempla usus * Instructiones installatione === Modus Compilationis === Libraria compilantur ut: * '''Libraria Staticae''' (.a, .lib): Codex incorporatur in applicatione * '''Libraria Dynamicae''' (.so, .dll): Codex separatus et tempore exsequtionis vincitur * '''Libraria Interpretative''': Codicem interpretantur sine compilatione praevia == Exempla Practici == === Exemplum 1: NumPy Numerica === <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> import numpy as np # Array creare a = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]) b = np.array([2, 4, 6, 8, 10]) # Operationes vectoriales c = a + b # [3, 6, 9, 12, 15] d = a * b # [2, 8, 18, 32, 50] # Matrix operationes M = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]]) N = np.array([[5, 6], [7, 8]]) P = np.dot(M, N) # Matrix multiplicatio print(c) print(P) </syntaxhighlight> === Exemplum 2: Requests HTTP === <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> import requests # Request mittere response = requests.get('https://api.example.com/data') # Status codicem inspicere if response.status_code == 200: data = response.json() print(data) else: print("Error:", response.status_code) # POST request payload = {'key': 'valorem'} response = requests.post('https://api.example.com/submit', json=payload) </syntaxhighlight> === Exemplum 3: Django Web Framework === <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> from django.http import HttpResponse from django.views import View class HelloView(View): def get(self, request): return HttpResponse("Salve, munde!") class PersonView(View): def post(self, request): nomen = request.POST.get('nomen') return HttpResponse(f"Nomen tuam est: {nomen}") </syntaxhighlight> == Gestio Dependentiarum == Moderni programmatores instrumenta adhibent ad librarias administrare: === Python === * '''pip''': Package Index Python * '''conda''': Environment et package management * '''poetry''': Dependentiarum resolutio Exemplum requirements.txt: <syntaxhighlight> numpy==1.21.0 pandas>=1.3.0 matplotlib~=3.4.2 requests>=2.26.0 </syntaxhighlight> === JavaScript === * '''npm''': Node Package Manager * '''yarn''': Package manager Facebooki * '''pnpm''': Package manager performantis Exemplum package.json: <syntaxhighlight lang="json"> { "name": "meus_projectus", "version": "1.0.0", "dependencies": { "react": "^18.0.0", "express": "^4.18.0", "axios": "^0.27.0" } } </syntaxhighlight> === Java === * '''Maven''': Build automation * '''Gradle''': Build system modernior Exemplum pom.xml: <syntaxhighlight lang="xml"> <dependencies> <dependency> <groupId>org.apache.commons</groupId> <artifactId>commons-lang3</artifactId> <version>3.12.0</version> </dependency> </dependencies> </syntaxhighlight> == Beneficia Librarium == * '''Velocitas Developi''': Codex praeconstuctus tempus servat * '''Qualitas''': Codicem probatum et optimizatum * '''Reutilizatio''': Una libraria multae applicationes * '''Manutenentia''': Errata et securitas updatae centraliter * '''Compatibilitas''': Versionum signorum management * '''Standardizatio''': Communis interfaciae omnibus == Pericula Librarium == * '''Dependentia Profunda''': Multae dependentiae inter se * '''Versio Conflictus''': Incompatibilitas inter versiones * '''Securitas Vulnerabilitates''': Libraria malorum codicum continere potest * '''Manutenentia Deficit''': Libraria vetustae plus non actualizantur * '''Inflatio''': Multae libraria memoria et velocitate consumunt == Bestiae Practici == === Versionum Numeri === Versiones typice sequuntur ''Semantic Versioning'': * MAJOR.MINOR.PATCH (e.g., 2.5.3) * MAJOR: Incompatibiles changi * MINOR: Functionalitas novae, compatibiles * PATCH: Bug fixes === Licentiae == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Licentia ! Descriptio ! Exempla |- | MIT | Permissiva, libertas maxima | React, Node.js, jQuery |- | Apache 2.0 | Permissiva cum patentem protegio | Android, Kubernetes |- | GPL | Copyleft, derivativa libera | Linux, WordPress |- | BSD | Permissiva, simplices conditiones | Django, NumPy |- | LGPL | Copyleft mittior | Qt, Gtk |} == Historia Librarium == * '''1960s-1970s''': Libraria primae ad matematica et input/output * '''1980s''': Libraria graphicae et retialium * '''1990s''': Orientatio obiectorum, libraria magnae * '''2000s''': Open source explosio, repositorium centrales (CPAN, PyPI) * '''2010s''': Machina discens, big data libraria * '''2020s''': AI/ML dominatio, serverless computatio == Repositoria Centrales == === Python === * '''PyPI''' (Python Package Index): 300,000+ packagi * URL: https://pypi.org/ === JavaScript === * '''npm''': 1,000,000+ packagi * URL: https://www.npmjs.com/ === Java === * '''Maven Central''': 8,000,000+ artifacts * URL: https://mvnrepository.com/ === C++/C === * '''Vcpkg''': Package management C++ * '''Conan''': Dependency management === Rust === * '''Crates.io''': 100,000+ crates * URL: https://crates.io/ == Comparatio Popularium Librarium == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Dominium ! Libraria 1 ! Libraria 2 ! Libraria 3 |- | Machina Discens | TensorFlow | PyTorch | scikit-learn |- | Web Backend | Django | Flask | FastAPI |- | Web Frontend | React | Vue.js | Angular |- | Datae Analysus | Pandas | Polars | DuckDB |- | Numerica | NumPy | JAX | CuPy |} == Optimization et Performance == Cum librarias eligimus: * '''Velocitas''': CPU/GPU benchmark * '''Memoria''': Consumption mensurare * '''Dependentiae''': Minimae dependentiae praeferantur * '''Communitas''': Activa supportio et updates * '''Documentatio''': Exempla clara et tutorial == Nexus Externi == === Repositoria Principalia === * https://pypi.org/ (Python) * https://www.npmjs.com/ (JavaScript) * https://mvnrepository.com/ (Java) * https://crates.io/ (Rust) * https://packagist.org/ (PHP) === Instrumenta == * https://libraries.io/ (Dependency monitoring) * https://snyk.io/ (Securitas vulnerabilities) * https://dependabot.com/ (Automated updates) == Bibliotheca == * McDowell, Gayle Laakmann (2015). ''Cracking the Coding Interview''. CareerCup. * Martin, Robert C. (2008). ''Clean Code: A Handbook of Agile Software Craftsmanship''. Prentice Hall. * Hunt, Andrew; Thomas, David (1999). ''The Pragmatic Programmer''. Addison-Wesley. [[Categoria:Programmatio]] [[Categoria:Ingenium programmationis]] [[Categoria:Instrumenta programmationis]] [[Categoria:Libraria programmationis]] {{Myrias|Technologia}} 6su3qrb43i8ipy56q15orft0tagdibt 3986779 3986663 2026-09-09T00:38:25Z Bartholomite 116968 3986779 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Pagina autotranslata}} {{videdis|Libraria programmationis}} '''Libraria programmationis''' est collectio praeconstuctorum codicis et instrumentorum quae programmatores in applicationes suas integrare possunt, sine necessitatibus ab initio componendi. Libraria fundamentales sunt ad developmentum programmationis modernae, quod velocitate developi et qualitate codicum eminentiam praebet. Libraria constet ex functionibus, classibus, modulis, et constantibus quae solutiones praebent ad problemata communia. Haec instrumenta temporis developi diminuunt et errores minores faciunt per codicem iam probatum et optimizatum adhibendum. == Definitio et Principia == Libraria programmationis est coenobium functionalitatis praescriptae quam plurimi programmatores iterative adhibent. Unaquaeque libraria finem specialem habet: * '''Abstractio''': Complexitates difficiles celat, interfaciam simpliciorem praebet * '''Reutilizatio''': Codex ab multis applicationibus adhibetur * '''Standardizatio''': Communis modus solutiones praebendi * '''Efficientia''': Codicem optimizatum et probatum continet == Genera Librarium == === Libraria Generales === Libraria quae multis applicationibus propria sunt: * '''C Standard Library''': Input/output, memoria, strings * '''Java Collections Framework''': Structurae datorum fundamentales * '''Python Standard Library''': Multae functiones utiles === Libraria Speciales === Libraria destinatae ad fines particulares: '''Visio Computatrix''' * OpenCV (imagines processus) * Pillow (imagines manipulatio) * scikit-image (imagines analysus) '''Machina Discens''' * TensorFlow (retia neuralia) * PyTorch (calculus tensorium) * scikit-learn (algorithmi discentes) * XGBoost (gradient boosting) '''Processus Linguae Naturalis''' * NLTK (textus analysus) * spaCy (NLP praepositiones) * Transformers (modeli lingua profunda) '''Mathematica et Numerica''' * NumPy (calculus numericus) * SciPy (algorithmae scientifici) * Matplotlib (visualizatio graphica) * Pandas (datae analysus) '''Retia Computatoria''' * Requests (HTTP clientem) * Django (applicationum retis) * Flask (microservicium retis) * Twisted (retia asynchrona) === Libraria Linguam-Specifiae === {| class="wikitable" |- ! Lingua ! Exempla Librarium |- | Python | NumPy, Pandas, Requests, Django, Flask |- | Java | Apache Commons, Guava, JUnit, Spring Framework |- | C++ | Boost, STL, OpenGL, Qt |- | JavaScript | React, Vue.js, Angular, Node.js, Express |- | C# | .NET Framework, Entity Framework, Linq |- | Ruby | Rails, Sinatra, Bundler |- | Go | Gorilla, GORM, Gin |- | Rust | Serde, Tokio, Rayon |} == Architectura Librarium == === Structura Componentium === Libraria typice continet: '''Header Files (Capita)''' * Declarationes functionum * Definitiones typorum * Constantiae et macrones <syntaxhighlight lang="c"> #ifndef LIBRARIA_H #define LIBRARIA_H typedef struct { int id; char nomen[50]; } Persona; int addPerson(Persona p); Persona getPerson(int id); #endif </syntaxhighlight> '''Source Files (Fontium Codex)''' * Implementationes functionum * Definitiones variabilium globalium <syntaxhighlight lang="c"> #include "libraria.h" int addPerson(Persona p) { // Implementatio return 0; } Persona getPerson(int id) { // Implementatio Persona p; return p; } </syntaxhighlight> '''Documentation (Documenta)''' * Specificationes API * Exempla usus * Instructiones installatione === Modus Compilationis === Libraria compilantur ut: * '''Libraria Staticae''' (.a, .lib): Codex incorporatur in applicatione * '''Libraria Dynamicae''' (.so, .dll): Codex separatus et tempore exsequtionis vincitur * '''Libraria Interpretative''': Codicem interpretantur sine compilatione praevia == Exempla Practici == === Exemplum 1: NumPy Numerica === <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> import numpy as np # Array creare a = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]) b = np.array([2, 4, 6, 8, 10]) # Operationes vectoriales c = a + b # [3, 6, 9, 12, 15] d = a * b # [2, 8, 18, 32, 50] # Matrix operationes M = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]]) N = np.array([[5, 6], [7, 8]]) P = np.dot(M, N) # Matrix multiplicatio print(c) print(P) </syntaxhighlight> === Exemplum 2: Requests HTTP === <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> import requests # Request mittere response = requests.get('https://api.example.com/data') # Status codicem inspicere if response.status_code == 200: data = response.json() print(data) else: print("Error:", response.status_code) # POST request payload = {'key': 'valorem'} response = requests.post('https://api.example.com/submit', json=payload) </syntaxhighlight> === Exemplum 3: Django Web Framework === <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> from django.http import HttpResponse from django.views import View class HelloView(View): def get(self, request): return HttpResponse("Salve, munde!") class PersonView(View): def post(self, request): nomen = request.POST.get('nomen') return HttpResponse(f"Nomen tuam est: {nomen}") </syntaxhighlight> == Gestio Dependentiarum == Moderni programmatores instrumenta adhibent ad librarias administrare: === Python === * '''pip''': Package Index Python * '''conda''': Environment et package management * '''poetry''': Dependentiarum resolutio Exemplum requirements.txt: <syntaxhighlight> numpy==1.21.0 pandas>=1.3.0 matplotlib~=3.4.2 requests>=2.26.0 </syntaxhighlight> === JavaScript === * '''npm''': Node Package Manager * '''yarn''': Package manager Facebooki * '''pnpm''': Package manager performantis Exemplum package.json: <syntaxhighlight lang="json"> { "name": "meus_projectus", "version": "1.0.0", "dependencies": { "react": "^18.0.0", "express": "^4.18.0", "axios": "^0.27.0" } } </syntaxhighlight> === Java === * '''Maven''': Build automation * '''Gradle''': Build system modernior Exemplum pom.xml: <syntaxhighlight lang="xml"> <dependencies> <dependency> <groupId>org.apache.commons</groupId> <artifactId>commons-lang3</artifactId> <version>3.12.0</version> </dependency> </dependencies> </syntaxhighlight> == Beneficia Librarium == * '''Velocitas Developi''': Codex praeconstuctus tempus servat * '''Qualitas''': Codicem probatum et optimizatum * '''Reutilizatio''': Una libraria multae applicationes * '''Manutenentia''': Errata et securitas updatae centraliter * '''Compatibilitas''': Versionum signorum management * '''Standardizatio''': Communis interfaciae omnibus == Pericula Librarium == * '''Dependentia Profunda''': Multae dependentiae inter se * '''Versio Conflictus''': Incompatibilitas inter versiones * '''Securitas Vulnerabilitates''': Libraria malorum codicum continere potest * '''Manutenentia Deficit''': Libraria vetustae plus non actualizantur * '''Inflatio''': Multae libraria memoria et velocitate consumunt == Bestiae Practici == === Versionum Numeri === Versiones typice sequuntur ''Semantic Versioning'': * MAJOR.MINOR.PATCH (e.g., 2.5.3) * MAJOR: Incompatibiles changi * MINOR: Functionalitas novae, compatibiles * PATCH: Bug fixes === Licentiae == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Licentia ! Descriptio ! Exempla |- | MIT | Permissiva, libertas maxima | React, Node.js, jQuery |- | Apache 2.0 | Permissiva cum patentem protegio | Android, Kubernetes |- | GPL | Copyleft, derivativa libera | Linux, WordPress |- | BSD | Permissiva, simplices conditiones | Django, NumPy |- | LGPL | Copyleft mittior | Qt, Gtk |} == Historia Librarium == * '''1960s-1970s''': Libraria primae ad matematica et input/output * '''1980s''': Libraria graphicae et retialium * '''1990s''': Orientatio obiectorum, libraria magnae * '''2000s''': Open source explosio, repositorium centrales (CPAN, PyPI) * '''2010s''': Machina discens, big data libraria * '''2020s''': AI/ML dominatio, serverless computatio == Repositoria Centrales == === Python === * '''PyPI''' (Python Package Index): 300,000+ packagi * URL: https://pypi.org/ === JavaScript === * '''npm''': 1,000,000+ packagi * URL: https://www.npmjs.com/ === Java === * '''Maven Central''': 8,000,000+ artifacts * URL: https://mvnrepository.com/ === C++/C === * '''Vcpkg''': Package management C++ * '''Conan''': Dependency management === Rust === * '''Crates.io''': 100,000+ crates * URL: https://crates.io/ == Comparatio Popularium Librarium == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Dominium ! Libraria 1 ! Libraria 2 ! Libraria 3 |- | Machina Discens | TensorFlow | PyTorch | scikit-learn |- | Web Backend | Django | Flask | FastAPI |- | Web Frontend | React | Vue.js | Angular |- | Datae Analysus | Pandas | Polars | DuckDB |- | Numerica | NumPy | JAX | CuPy |} == Optimization et Performance == Cum librarias eligimus: * '''Velocitas''': CPU/GPU benchmark * '''Memoria''': Consumption mensurare * '''Dependentiae''': Minimae dependentiae praeferantur * '''Communitas''': Activa supportio et updates * '''Documentatio''': Exempla clara et tutorial == Nexus Externi == === Repositoria Principalia === * https://pypi.org/ (Python) * https://www.npmjs.com/ (JavaScript) * https://mvnrepository.com/ (Java) * https://crates.io/ (Rust) * https://packagist.org/ (PHP) === Instrumenta == * https://libraries.io/ (Dependency monitoring) * https://snyk.io/ (Securitas vulnerabilities) * https://dependabot.com/ (Automated updates) == Bibliotheca == * McDowell, Gayle Laakmann (2015). ''Cracking the Coding Interview''. CareerCup. * Martin, Robert C. (2008). ''Clean Code: A Handbook of Agile Software Craftsmanship''. Prentice Hall. * Hunt, Andrew; Thomas, David (1999). ''The Pragmatic Programmer''. Addison-Wesley. [[Categoria:Programmatio]] [[Categoria:Ingenium programmationis]] [[Categoria:Instrumenta programmationis]] [[Categoria:Libraria programmationis]] {{Myrias|Technologia}} t5fnkeq5gmo7vwdba7nuj241lv97a1y 3986795 3986779 2026-09-09T06:56:33Z Grufo 64423 Grufo movit paginam [[Libraria programmationis]] ad [[Bibliotheca (informatica)]]: Latinitas 3986779 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Pagina autotranslata}} {{videdis|Libraria programmationis}} '''Libraria programmationis''' est collectio praeconstuctorum codicis et instrumentorum quae programmatores in applicationes suas integrare possunt, sine necessitatibus ab initio componendi. Libraria fundamentales sunt ad developmentum programmationis modernae, quod velocitate developi et qualitate codicum eminentiam praebet. Libraria constet ex functionibus, classibus, modulis, et constantibus quae solutiones praebent ad problemata communia. Haec instrumenta temporis developi diminuunt et errores minores faciunt per codicem iam probatum et optimizatum adhibendum. == Definitio et Principia == Libraria programmationis est coenobium functionalitatis praescriptae quam plurimi programmatores iterative adhibent. Unaquaeque libraria finem specialem habet: * '''Abstractio''': Complexitates difficiles celat, interfaciam simpliciorem praebet * '''Reutilizatio''': Codex ab multis applicationibus adhibetur * '''Standardizatio''': Communis modus solutiones praebendi * '''Efficientia''': Codicem optimizatum et probatum continet == Genera Librarium == === Libraria Generales === Libraria quae multis applicationibus propria sunt: * '''C Standard Library''': Input/output, memoria, strings * '''Java Collections Framework''': Structurae datorum fundamentales * '''Python Standard Library''': Multae functiones utiles === Libraria Speciales === Libraria destinatae ad fines particulares: '''Visio Computatrix''' * OpenCV (imagines processus) * Pillow (imagines manipulatio) * scikit-image (imagines analysus) '''Machina Discens''' * TensorFlow (retia neuralia) * PyTorch (calculus tensorium) * scikit-learn (algorithmi discentes) * XGBoost (gradient boosting) '''Processus Linguae Naturalis''' * NLTK (textus analysus) * spaCy (NLP praepositiones) * Transformers (modeli lingua profunda) '''Mathematica et Numerica''' * NumPy (calculus numericus) * SciPy (algorithmae scientifici) * Matplotlib (visualizatio graphica) * Pandas (datae analysus) '''Retia Computatoria''' * Requests (HTTP clientem) * Django (applicationum retis) * Flask (microservicium retis) * Twisted (retia asynchrona) === Libraria Linguam-Specifiae === {| class="wikitable" |- ! Lingua ! Exempla Librarium |- | Python | NumPy, Pandas, Requests, Django, Flask |- | Java | Apache Commons, Guava, JUnit, Spring Framework |- | C++ | Boost, STL, OpenGL, Qt |- | JavaScript | React, Vue.js, Angular, Node.js, Express |- | C# | .NET Framework, Entity Framework, Linq |- | Ruby | Rails, Sinatra, Bundler |- | Go | Gorilla, GORM, Gin |- | Rust | Serde, Tokio, Rayon |} == Architectura Librarium == === Structura Componentium === Libraria typice continet: '''Header Files (Capita)''' * Declarationes functionum * Definitiones typorum * Constantiae et macrones <syntaxhighlight lang="c"> #ifndef LIBRARIA_H #define LIBRARIA_H typedef struct { int id; char nomen[50]; } Persona; int addPerson(Persona p); Persona getPerson(int id); #endif </syntaxhighlight> '''Source Files (Fontium Codex)''' * Implementationes functionum * Definitiones variabilium globalium <syntaxhighlight lang="c"> #include "libraria.h" int addPerson(Persona p) { // Implementatio return 0; } Persona getPerson(int id) { // Implementatio Persona p; return p; } </syntaxhighlight> '''Documentation (Documenta)''' * Specificationes API * Exempla usus * Instructiones installatione === Modus Compilationis === Libraria compilantur ut: * '''Libraria Staticae''' (.a, .lib): Codex incorporatur in applicatione * '''Libraria Dynamicae''' (.so, .dll): Codex separatus et tempore exsequtionis vincitur * '''Libraria Interpretative''': Codicem interpretantur sine compilatione praevia == Exempla Practici == === Exemplum 1: NumPy Numerica === <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> import numpy as np # Array creare a = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]) b = np.array([2, 4, 6, 8, 10]) # Operationes vectoriales c = a + b # [3, 6, 9, 12, 15] d = a * b # [2, 8, 18, 32, 50] # Matrix operationes M = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]]) N = np.array([[5, 6], [7, 8]]) P = np.dot(M, N) # Matrix multiplicatio print(c) print(P) </syntaxhighlight> === Exemplum 2: Requests HTTP === <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> import requests # Request mittere response = requests.get('https://api.example.com/data') # Status codicem inspicere if response.status_code == 200: data = response.json() print(data) else: print("Error:", response.status_code) # POST request payload = {'key': 'valorem'} response = requests.post('https://api.example.com/submit', json=payload) </syntaxhighlight> === Exemplum 3: Django Web Framework === <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> from django.http import HttpResponse from django.views import View class HelloView(View): def get(self, request): return HttpResponse("Salve, munde!") class PersonView(View): def post(self, request): nomen = request.POST.get('nomen') return HttpResponse(f"Nomen tuam est: {nomen}") </syntaxhighlight> == Gestio Dependentiarum == Moderni programmatores instrumenta adhibent ad librarias administrare: === Python === * '''pip''': Package Index Python * '''conda''': Environment et package management * '''poetry''': Dependentiarum resolutio Exemplum requirements.txt: <syntaxhighlight> numpy==1.21.0 pandas>=1.3.0 matplotlib~=3.4.2 requests>=2.26.0 </syntaxhighlight> === JavaScript === * '''npm''': Node Package Manager * '''yarn''': Package manager Facebooki * '''pnpm''': Package manager performantis Exemplum package.json: <syntaxhighlight lang="json"> { "name": "meus_projectus", "version": "1.0.0", "dependencies": { "react": "^18.0.0", "express": "^4.18.0", "axios": "^0.27.0" } } </syntaxhighlight> === Java === * '''Maven''': Build automation * '''Gradle''': Build system modernior Exemplum pom.xml: <syntaxhighlight lang="xml"> <dependencies> <dependency> <groupId>org.apache.commons</groupId> <artifactId>commons-lang3</artifactId> <version>3.12.0</version> </dependency> </dependencies> </syntaxhighlight> == Beneficia Librarium == * '''Velocitas Developi''': Codex praeconstuctus tempus servat * '''Qualitas''': Codicem probatum et optimizatum * '''Reutilizatio''': Una libraria multae applicationes * '''Manutenentia''': Errata et securitas updatae centraliter * '''Compatibilitas''': Versionum signorum management * '''Standardizatio''': Communis interfaciae omnibus == Pericula Librarium == * '''Dependentia Profunda''': Multae dependentiae inter se * '''Versio Conflictus''': Incompatibilitas inter versiones * '''Securitas Vulnerabilitates''': Libraria malorum codicum continere potest * '''Manutenentia Deficit''': Libraria vetustae plus non actualizantur * '''Inflatio''': Multae libraria memoria et velocitate consumunt == Bestiae Practici == === Versionum Numeri === Versiones typice sequuntur ''Semantic Versioning'': * MAJOR.MINOR.PATCH (e.g., 2.5.3) * MAJOR: Incompatibiles changi * MINOR: Functionalitas novae, compatibiles * PATCH: Bug fixes === Licentiae == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Licentia ! Descriptio ! Exempla |- | MIT | Permissiva, libertas maxima | React, Node.js, jQuery |- | Apache 2.0 | Permissiva cum patentem protegio | Android, Kubernetes |- | GPL | Copyleft, derivativa libera | Linux, WordPress |- | BSD | Permissiva, simplices conditiones | Django, NumPy |- | LGPL | Copyleft mittior | Qt, Gtk |} == Historia Librarium == * '''1960s-1970s''': Libraria primae ad matematica et input/output * '''1980s''': Libraria graphicae et retialium * '''1990s''': Orientatio obiectorum, libraria magnae * '''2000s''': Open source explosio, repositorium centrales (CPAN, PyPI) * '''2010s''': Machina discens, big data libraria * '''2020s''': AI/ML dominatio, serverless computatio == Repositoria Centrales == === Python === * '''PyPI''' (Python Package Index): 300,000+ packagi * URL: https://pypi.org/ === JavaScript === * '''npm''': 1,000,000+ packagi * URL: https://www.npmjs.com/ === Java === * '''Maven Central''': 8,000,000+ artifacts * URL: https://mvnrepository.com/ === C++/C === * '''Vcpkg''': Package management C++ * '''Conan''': Dependency management === Rust === * '''Crates.io''': 100,000+ crates * URL: https://crates.io/ == Comparatio Popularium Librarium == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Dominium ! Libraria 1 ! Libraria 2 ! Libraria 3 |- | Machina Discens | TensorFlow | PyTorch | scikit-learn |- | Web Backend | Django | Flask | FastAPI |- | Web Frontend | React | Vue.js | Angular |- | Datae Analysus | Pandas | Polars | DuckDB |- | Numerica | NumPy | JAX | CuPy |} == Optimization et Performance == Cum librarias eligimus: * '''Velocitas''': CPU/GPU benchmark * '''Memoria''': Consumption mensurare * '''Dependentiae''': Minimae dependentiae praeferantur * '''Communitas''': Activa supportio et updates * '''Documentatio''': Exempla clara et tutorial == Nexus Externi == === Repositoria Principalia === * https://pypi.org/ (Python) * https://www.npmjs.com/ (JavaScript) * https://mvnrepository.com/ (Java) * https://crates.io/ (Rust) * https://packagist.org/ (PHP) === Instrumenta == * https://libraries.io/ (Dependency monitoring) * https://snyk.io/ (Securitas vulnerabilities) * https://dependabot.com/ (Automated updates) == Bibliotheca == * McDowell, Gayle Laakmann (2015). ''Cracking the Coding Interview''. CareerCup. * Martin, Robert C. (2008). ''Clean Code: A Handbook of Agile Software Craftsmanship''. Prentice Hall. * Hunt, Andrew; Thomas, David (1999). ''The Pragmatic Programmer''. Addison-Wesley. [[Categoria:Programmatio]] [[Categoria:Ingenium programmationis]] [[Categoria:Instrumenta programmationis]] [[Categoria:Libraria programmationis]] {{Myrias|Technologia}} t5fnkeq5gmo7vwdba7nuj241lv97a1y 3986797 3986795 2026-09-09T07:05:30Z Grufo 64423 Paginam redintegravi; {{Latinitas|-5}} 3986797 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Pagina autotranslata}} {{Latinitas|-5}} In informatica, {{res|bibliotheca}} est collectio praeconstuctorum codicis et instrumentorum quae programmatores in applicationes suas integrare possunt, sine necessitatibus ab initio componendi. Bibliothecae fundamentales sunt ad developmentum programmationis modernae, quod velocitate developi et qualitate codicum eminentiam praebet. Bibliotheca ex functionibus, classibus, modulis, et constantibus constat quae solutiones praebent ad problemata communia. Haec instrumenta temporis developi diminuunt et errores minores faciunt per codicem iam probatum et optimizatum adhibendum. == Definitio et Principia == Bibliotheca informatica est coenobium functionalitatis praescriptae quam plurimi programmatores iterative adhibent. Unaquaeque bibliotheca finem specialem habet: * '''Abstractio''': Complexitates difficiles celat, interfaciam simpliciorem praebet * '''Reutilizatio''': Codex ab multis applicationibus adhibetur * '''Standardizatio''': Communis modus solutiones praebendi * '''Efficientia''': Codicem optimizatum et probatum continet == Genera bibliothecarum == === Bibliothecae generales === Bibliotheca quae multis applicationibus propria sunt: * '''C Standard Library''': Input/output, memoria, strings * '''Java Collections Framework''': Structurae datorum fundamentales * '''Python Standard Library''': Multae functiones utiles === Bibliothecae speciales === Bibliothecae destinatae ad fines particulares: '''Visio Computatrix''' * OpenCV (imagines processus) * Pillow (imagines manipulatio) * scikit-image (imagines analysus) '''Machina Discens''' * TensorFlow (retia neuralia) * PyTorch (calculus tensorium) * scikit-learn (algorithmi discentes) * XGBoost (gradient boosting) '''Processus Linguae Naturalis''' * NLTK (textus analysus) * spaCy (NLP praepositiones) * Transformers (modeli lingua profunda) '''Mathematica et Numerica''' * NumPy (calculus numericus) * SciPy (algorithmae scientifici) * Matplotlib (visualizatio graphica) * Pandas (datae analysus) '''Retia Computatoria''' * Requests (HTTP clientem) * Django (applicationum retis) * Flask (microservicium retis) * Twisted (retia asynchrona) === Bibliothecae quae ad peculiares linguas pertinent === {| class="wikitable" |- ! Lingua ! Exempla bibliothecarum |- | Python | NumPy, Pandas, Requests, Django, Flask |- | Java | Apache Commons, Guava, JUnit, Spring Framework |- | C++ | Boost, STL, OpenGL, Qt |- | JavaScript | React, Vue.js, Angular, Node.js, Express |- | C# | .NET Framework, Entity Framework, Linq |- | Ruby | Rails, Sinatra, Bundler |- | Go | Gorilla, GORM, Gin |- | Rust | Serde, Tokio, Rayon |} == Architectura bibliothecarum == === Structura Componentium === Bibliotheca typice continet: '''Header Files (Capita)''' * Declarationes functionum * Definitiones typorum * Constantiae et macrones <syntaxhighlight lang="c"> #ifndef BIBLIOTHECA_H #define BIBLIOTHECA_H typedef struct { int id; char nomen[50]; } Persona; int addPerson(Persona p); Persona getPerson(int id); #endif </syntaxhighlight> '''Source Files (Fontium Codex)''' * Implementationes functionum * Definitiones variabilium globalium <syntaxhighlight lang="c"> #include "bibliotheca.h" int addPerson(Persona p) { // Implementatio return 0; } Persona getPerson(int id) { // Implementatio Persona p; return p; } </syntaxhighlight> '''Documentation (Documenta)''' * Specificationes API * Exempla usus * Instructiones installatione === Modus Compilationis === Bibliothecae compilantur ut: * '''Bibliothecae staticae''' (.a, .lib): Codex incorporatur in applicatione * '''Bibliothecae dynamicae''' (.so, .dll): Codex separatus et tempore exsequtionis vincitur * '''Bibliothecae interpretative''': Codicem interpretantur sine compilatione praevia == Exempla Practici == === Exemplum 1: NumPy Numerica === <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> import numpy as np # Array creare a = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]) b = np.array([2, 4, 6, 8, 10]) # Operationes vectoriales c = a + b # [3, 6, 9, 12, 15] d = a * b # [2, 8, 18, 32, 50] # Matrix operationes M = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]]) N = np.array([[5, 6], [7, 8]]) P = np.dot(M, N) # Matrix multiplicatio print(c) print(P) </syntaxhighlight> === Exemplum 2: Requests HTTP === <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> import requests # Request mittere response = requests.get('https://api.example.com/data') # Status codicem inspicere if response.status_code == 200: data = response.json() print(data) else: print("Error:", response.status_code) # POST request payload = {'key': 'valorem'} response = requests.post('https://api.example.com/submit', json=payload) </syntaxhighlight> === Exemplum 3: Django Web Framework === <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> from django.http import HttpResponse from django.views import View class HelloView(View): def get(self, request): return HttpResponse("Salve, munde!") class PersonView(View): def post(self, request): nomen = request.POST.get('nomen') return HttpResponse(f"Nomen tuam est: {nomen}") </syntaxhighlight> == Gestio Dependentiarum == Moderni programmatores instrumenta adhibent ad bibliothecas administrare: === Python === * '''pip''': Package Index Python * '''conda''': Environment et package management * '''poetry''': Dependentiarum resolutio Exemplum requirements.txt: <syntaxhighlight> numpy==1.21.0 pandas>=1.3.0 matplotlib~=3.4.2 requests>=2.26.0 </syntaxhighlight> === JavaScript === * '''npm''': Node Package Manager * '''yarn''': Package manager Facebooki * '''pnpm''': Package manager performantis Exemplum package.json: <syntaxhighlight lang="json"> { "name": "meus_projectus", "version": "1.0.0", "dependencies": { "react": "^18.0.0", "express": "^4.18.0", "axios": "^0.27.0" } } </syntaxhighlight> === Java === * '''Maven''': Build automation * '''Gradle''': Build system modernior Exemplum pom.xml: <syntaxhighlight lang="xml"> <dependencies> <dependency> <groupId>org.apache.commons</groupId> <artifactId>commons-lang3</artifactId> <version>3.12.0</version> </dependency> </dependencies> </syntaxhighlight> == Beneficia bibliothecarum == * '''Velocitas Developi''': Codex praeconstuctus tempus servat * '''Qualitas''': Codicem probatum et optimizatum * '''Reutilizatio''': Una bibliotheca multae applicationes * '''Manutenentia''': Errata et securitas updatae centraliter * '''Compatibilitas''': Versionum signorum management * '''Standardizatio''': Communis interfaciae omnibus == Pericula bibliothecarum == * '''Dependentia Profunda''': Multae dependentiae inter se * '''Versio Conflictus''': Incompatibilitas inter versiones * '''Securitas Vulnerabilitates''': Bibliotheca malorum codicum continere potest * '''Manutenentia Deficit''': Bibliothecae vetustae plus non actualizantur * '''Inflatio''': Multae bibliothecae memoria et velocitate consumunt == Bestiae Practici == === Versionum Numeri === Versiones typice sequuntur ''Semantic Versioning'': * MAJOR.MINOR.PATCH (e.g., 2.5.3) * MAJOR: Incompatibiles changi * MINOR: Functionalitas novae, compatibiles * PATCH: Bug fixes === Licentiae == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Licentia ! Descriptio ! Exempla |- | MIT | Permissiva, libertas maxima | React, Node.js, jQuery |- | Apache 2.0 | Permissiva cum patentem protegio | Android, Kubernetes |- | GPL | Copyleft, derivativa libera | Linux, WordPress |- | BSD | Permissiva, simplices conditiones | Django, NumPy |- | LGPL | Copyleft mittior | Qt, Gtk |} == Historia bibliothecarum == * '''1960s-1970s''': Bibliothecae primae ad matematica et input/output * '''1980s''': Bibliothecae graphicae et retialium * '''1990s''': Orientatio obiectorum, bibliothecae magnae * '''2000s''': Open source explosio, repositorium centrales (CPAN, PyPI) * '''2010s''': Machina discens, big data bibliotheca * '''2020s''': AI/ML dominatio, serverless computatio == Repositoria Centrales == === Python === * '''PyPI''' (Python Package Index): 300,000+ packagi * URL: https://pypi.org/ === JavaScript === * '''npm''': 1,000,000+ packagi * URL: https://www.npmjs.com/ === Java === * '''Maven Central''': 8,000,000+ artifacts * URL: https://mvnrepository.com/ === C++/C === * '''Vcpkg''': Package management C++ * '''Conan''': Dependency management === Rust === * '''Crates.io''': 100,000+ crates * URL: https://crates.io/ == Comparatio popularium bibliothecarum == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Dominium ! Bibliotheca 1 ! Bibliotheca 2 ! Bibliotheca 3 |- | Machina Discens | TensorFlow | PyTorch | scikit-learn |- | Web Backend | Django | Flask | FastAPI |- | Web Frontend | React | Vue.js | Angular |- | Datae Analysus | Pandas | Polars | DuckDB |- | Numerica | NumPy | JAX | CuPy |} == Optimization et Performance == Quum bibliotheca eligimus: * '''Velocitas''': CPU/GPU benchmark * '''Memoria''': Consumption mensurare * '''Dependentiae''': Minimae dependentiae praeferantur * '''Communitas''': Activa supportio et updates * '''Documentatio''': Exempla clara et tutorial == Nexus Externi == === Repositoria Principalia === * https://pypi.org/ (Python) * https://www.npmjs.com/ (JavaScript) * https://mvnrepository.com/ (Java) * https://crates.io/ (Rust) * https://packagist.org/ (PHP) === Instrumenta == * https://libraries.io/ (Dependency monitoring) * https://snyk.io/ (Securitas vulnerabilities) * https://dependabot.com/ (Automated updates) == Bibliotheca == * McDowell, Gayle Laakmann (2015). ''Cracking the Coding Interview''. CareerCup. * Martin, Robert C. (2008). ''Clean Code: A Handbook of Agile Software Craftsmanship''. Prentice Hall. * Hunt, Andrew; Thomas, David (1999). ''The Pragmatic Programmer''. Addison-Wesley. [[Categoria:Bibliothecae informaticae| ]] [[Categoria:Programmatio]] [[Categoria:Ingenium programmationis]] [[Categoria:Instrumenta programmationis]] {{Myrias|Technologia}} jgvu4mt5ky8km2k66lzvq79oluh475v Machina discens 0 328353 3986664 2026-09-08T19:18:20Z נתנאל שטרן 175178 Paginam instituit, scribens '{{Latinitas|0}} {{videdis|Libraria programmationis}} '''Libraria programmationis''' est collectio praeconstuctorum codicis et instrumentorum quae programmatores in applicationes suas integrare possunt, sine necessitatibus ab initio componendi. Libraria fundamentales sunt ad developmentum programmationis modernae, quod velocitate developi et qualitate codicum eminentiam praebet. Libraria constet ex functionibus, classibus, modulis, et constantibus quae solution...' 3986664 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|0}} {{videdis|Libraria programmationis}} '''Libraria programmationis''' est collectio praeconstuctorum codicis et instrumentorum quae programmatores in applicationes suas integrare possunt, sine necessitatibus ab initio componendi. Libraria fundamentales sunt ad developmentum programmationis modernae, quod velocitate developi et qualitate codicum eminentiam praebet. Libraria constet ex functionibus, classibus, modulis, et constantibus quae solutiones praebent ad problemata communia. Haec instrumenta temporis developi diminuunt et errores minores faciunt per codicem iam probatum et optimizatum adhibendum. == Definitio et Principia == Libraria programmationis est coenobium functionalitatis praescriptae quam plurimi programmatores iterative adhibent. Unaquaeque libraria finem specialem habet: * '''Abstractio''': Complexitates difficiles celat, interfaciam simpliciorem praebet * '''Reutilizatio''': Codex ab multis applicationibus adhibetur * '''Standardizatio''': Communis modus solutiones praebendi * '''Efficientia''': Codicem optimizatum et probatum continet == Genera Librarium == === Libraria Generales === Libraria quae multis applicationibus propria sunt: * '''C Standard Library''': Input/output, memoria, strings * '''Java Collections Framework''': Structurae datorum fundamentales * '''Python Standard Library''': Multae functiones utiles === Libraria Speciales === Libraria destinatae ad fines particulares: '''Visio Computatrix''' * OpenCV (imagines processus) * Pillow (imagines manipulatio) * scikit-image (imagines analysus) '''Machina Discens''' * TensorFlow (retia neuralia) * PyTorch (calculus tensorium) * scikit-learn (algorithmi discentes) * XGBoost (gradient boosting) '''Processus Linguae Naturalis''' * NLTK (textus analysus) * spaCy (NLP praepositiones) * Transformers (modeli lingua profunda) '''Mathematica et Numerica''' * NumPy (calculus numericus) * SciPy (algorithmae scientifici) * Matplotlib (visualizatio graphica) * Pandas (datae analysus) '''Retia Computatoria''' * Requests (HTTP clientem) * Django (applicationum retis) * Flask (microservicium retis) * Twisted (retia asynchrona) === Libraria Linguam-Specifiae === {| class="wikitable" |- ! Lingua ! Exempla Librarium |- | Python | NumPy, Pandas, Requests, Django, Flask |- | Java | Apache Commons, Guava, JUnit, Spring Framework |- | C++ | Boost, STL, OpenGL, Qt |- | JavaScript | React, Vue.js, Angular, Node.js, Express |- | C# | .NET Framework, Entity Framework, Linq |- | Ruby | Rails, Sinatra, Bundler |- | Go | Gorilla, GORM, Gin |- | Rust | Serde, Tokio, Rayon |} == Architectura Librarium == === Structura Componentium === Libraria typice continet: '''Header Files (Capita)''' * Declarationes functionum * Definitiones typorum * Constantiae et macrones <syntaxhighlight lang="c"> #ifndef LIBRARIA_H #define LIBRARIA_H typedef struct { int id; char nomen[50]; } Persona; int addPerson(Persona p); Persona getPerson(int id); #endif </syntaxhighlight> '''Source Files (Fontium Codex)''' * Implementationes functionum * Definitiones variabilium globalium <syntaxhighlight lang="c"> #include "libraria.h" int addPerson(Persona p) { // Implementatio return 0; } Persona getPerson(int id) { // Implementatio Persona p; return p; } </syntaxhighlight> '''Documentation (Documenta)''' * Specificationes API * Exempla usus * Instructiones installatione === Modus Compilationis === Libraria compilantur ut: * '''Libraria Staticae''' (.a, .lib): Codex incorporatur in applicatione * '''Libraria Dynamicae''' (.so, .dll): Codex separatus et tempore exsequtionis vincitur * '''Libraria Interpretative''': Codicem interpretantur sine compilatione praevia == Exempla Practici == === Exemplum 1: NumPy Numerica === <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> import numpy as np # Array creare a = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]) b = np.array([2, 4, 6, 8, 10]) # Operationes vectoriales c = a + b # [3, 6, 9, 12, 15] d = a * b # [2, 8, 18, 32, 50] # Matrix operationes M = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]]) N = np.array([[5, 6], [7, 8]]) P = np.dot(M, N) # Matrix multiplicatio print(c) print(P) </syntaxhighlight> === Exemplum 2: Requests HTTP === <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> import requests # Request mittere response = requests.get('https://api.example.com/data') # Status codicem inspicere if response.status_code == 200: data = response.json() print(data) else: print("Error:", response.status_code) # POST request payload = {'key': 'valorem'} response = requests.post('https://api.example.com/submit', json=payload) </syntaxhighlight> === Exemplum 3: Django Web Framework === <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> from django.http import HttpResponse from django.views import View class HelloView(View): def get(self, request): return HttpResponse("Salve, munde!") class PersonView(View): def post(self, request): nomen = request.POST.get('nomen') return HttpResponse(f"Nomen tuam est: {nomen}") </syntaxhighlight> == Gestio Dependentiarum == Moderni programmatores instrumenta adhibent ad librarias administrare: === Python === * '''pip''': Package Index Python * '''conda''': Environment et package management * '''poetry''': Dependentiarum resolutio Exemplum requirements.txt: <syntaxhighlight> numpy==1.21.0 pandas>=1.3.0 matplotlib~=3.4.2 requests>=2.26.0 </syntaxhighlight> === JavaScript === * '''npm''': Node Package Manager * '''yarn''': Package manager Facebooki * '''pnpm''': Package manager performantis Exemplum package.json: <syntaxhighlight lang="json"> { "name": "meus_projectus", "version": "1.0.0", "dependencies": { "react": "^18.0.0", "express": "^4.18.0", "axios": "^0.27.0" } } </syntaxhighlight> === Java === * '''Maven''': Build automation * '''Gradle''': Build system modernior Exemplum pom.xml: <syntaxhighlight lang="xml"> <dependencies> <dependency> <groupId>org.apache.commons</groupId> <artifactId>commons-lang3</artifactId> <version>3.12.0</version> </dependency> </dependencies> </syntaxhighlight> == Beneficia Librarium == * '''Velocitas Developi''': Codex praeconstuctus tempus servat * '''Qualitas''': Codicem probatum et optimizatum * '''Reutilizatio''': Una libraria multae applicationes * '''Manutenentia''': Errata et securitas updatae centraliter * '''Compatibilitas''': Versionum signorum management * '''Standardizatio''': Communis interfaciae omnibus == Pericula Librarium == * '''Dependentia Profunda''': Multae dependentiae inter se * '''Versio Conflictus''': Incompatibilitas inter versiones * '''Securitas Vulnerabilitates''': Libraria malorum codicum continere potest * '''Manutenentia Deficit''': Libraria vetustae plus non actualizantur * '''Inflatio''': Multae libraria memoria et velocitate consumunt == Bestiae Practici == === Versionum Numeri === Versiones typice sequuntur ''Semantic Versioning'': * MAJOR.MINOR.PATCH (e.g., 2.5.3) * MAJOR: Incompatibiles changi * MINOR: Functionalitas novae, compatibiles * PATCH: Bug fixes === Licentiae == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Licentia ! Descriptio ! Exempla |- | MIT | Permissiva, libertas maxima | React, Node.js, jQuery |- | Apache 2.0 | Permissiva cum patentem protegio | Android, Kubernetes |- | GPL | Copyleft, derivativa libera | Linux, WordPress |- | BSD | Permissiva, simplices conditiones | Django, NumPy |- | LGPL | Copyleft mittior | Qt, Gtk |} == Historia Librarium == * '''1960s-1970s''': Libraria primae ad matematica et input/output * '''1980s''': Libraria graphicae et retialium * '''1990s''': Orientatio obiectorum, libraria magnae * '''2000s''': Open source explosio, repositorium centrales (CPAN, PyPI) * '''2010s''': Machina discens, big data libraria * '''2020s''': AI/ML dominatio, serverless computatio == Repositoria Centrales == === Python === * '''PyPI''' (Python Package Index): 300,000+ packagi * URL: https://pypi.org/ === JavaScript === * '''npm''': 1,000,000+ packagi * URL: https://www.npmjs.com/ === Java === * '''Maven Central''': 8,000,000+ artifacts * URL: https://mvnrepository.com/ === C++/C === * '''Vcpkg''': Package management C++ * '''Conan''': Dependency management === Rust === * '''Crates.io''': 100,000+ crates * URL: https://crates.io/ == Comparatio Popularium Librarium == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Dominium ! Libraria 1 ! Libraria 2 ! Libraria 3 |- | Machina Discens | TensorFlow | PyTorch | scikit-learn |- | Web Backend | Django | Flask | FastAPI |- | Web Frontend | React | Vue.js | Angular |- | Datae Analysus | Pandas | Polars | DuckDB |- | Numerica | NumPy | JAX | CuPy |} == Optimization et Performance == Cum librarias eligimus: * '''Velocitas''': CPU/GPU benchmark * '''Memoria''': Consumption mensurare * '''Dependentiae''': Minimae dependentiae praeferantur * '''Communitas''': Activa supportio et updates * '''Documentatio''': Exempla clara et tutorial == Nexus Externi == === Repositoria Principalia === * https://pypi.org/ (Python) * https://www.npmjs.com/ (JavaScript) * https://mvnrepository.com/ (Java) * https://crates.io/ (Rust) * https://packagist.org/ (PHP) === Instrumenta == * https://libraries.io/ (Dependency monitoring) * https://snyk.io/ (Securitas vulnerabilities) * https://dependabot.com/ (Automated updates) == Bibliotheca == * McDowell, Gayle Laakmann (2015). ''Cracking the Coding Interview''. CareerCup. * Martin, Robert C. (2008). ''Clean Code: A Handbook of Agile Software Craftsmanship''. Prentice Hall. * Hunt, Andrew; Thomas, David (1999). ''The Pragmatic Programmer''. Addison-Wesley. [[Categoria:Programmatio]] [[Categoria:Ingenium programmationis]] [[Categoria:Instrumenta programmationis]] [[Categoria:Libraria programmationis]] {{Myrias|Technologia}} 6su3qrb43i8ipy56q15orft0tagdibt 3986778 3986664 2026-09-09T00:38:06Z Bartholomite 116968 3986778 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Pagina autotranslata}} {{videdis|Libraria programmationis}} '''Libraria programmationis''' est collectio praeconstuctorum codicis et instrumentorum quae programmatores in applicationes suas integrare possunt, sine necessitatibus ab initio componendi. Libraria fundamentales sunt ad developmentum programmationis modernae, quod velocitate developi et qualitate codicum eminentiam praebet. Libraria constet ex functionibus, classibus, modulis, et constantibus quae solutiones praebent ad problemata communia. Haec instrumenta temporis developi diminuunt et errores minores faciunt per codicem iam probatum et optimizatum adhibendum. == Definitio et Principia == Libraria programmationis est coenobium functionalitatis praescriptae quam plurimi programmatores iterative adhibent. Unaquaeque libraria finem specialem habet: * '''Abstractio''': Complexitates difficiles celat, interfaciam simpliciorem praebet * '''Reutilizatio''': Codex ab multis applicationibus adhibetur * '''Standardizatio''': Communis modus solutiones praebendi * '''Efficientia''': Codicem optimizatum et probatum continet == Genera Librarium == === Libraria Generales === Libraria quae multis applicationibus propria sunt: * '''C Standard Library''': Input/output, memoria, strings * '''Java Collections Framework''': Structurae datorum fundamentales * '''Python Standard Library''': Multae functiones utiles === Libraria Speciales === Libraria destinatae ad fines particulares: '''Visio Computatrix''' * OpenCV (imagines processus) * Pillow (imagines manipulatio) * scikit-image (imagines analysus) '''Machina Discens''' * TensorFlow (retia neuralia) * PyTorch (calculus tensorium) * scikit-learn (algorithmi discentes) * XGBoost (gradient boosting) '''Processus Linguae Naturalis''' * NLTK (textus analysus) * spaCy (NLP praepositiones) * Transformers (modeli lingua profunda) '''Mathematica et Numerica''' * NumPy (calculus numericus) * SciPy (algorithmae scientifici) * Matplotlib (visualizatio graphica) * Pandas (datae analysus) '''Retia Computatoria''' * Requests (HTTP clientem) * Django (applicationum retis) * Flask (microservicium retis) * Twisted (retia asynchrona) === Libraria Linguam-Specifiae === {| class="wikitable" |- ! Lingua ! Exempla Librarium |- | Python | NumPy, Pandas, Requests, Django, Flask |- | Java | Apache Commons, Guava, JUnit, Spring Framework |- | C++ | Boost, STL, OpenGL, Qt |- | JavaScript | React, Vue.js, Angular, Node.js, Express |- | C# | .NET Framework, Entity Framework, Linq |- | Ruby | Rails, Sinatra, Bundler |- | Go | Gorilla, GORM, Gin |- | Rust | Serde, Tokio, Rayon |} == Architectura Librarium == === Structura Componentium === Libraria typice continet: '''Header Files (Capita)''' * Declarationes functionum * Definitiones typorum * Constantiae et macrones <syntaxhighlight lang="c"> #ifndef LIBRARIA_H #define LIBRARIA_H typedef struct { int id; char nomen[50]; } Persona; int addPerson(Persona p); Persona getPerson(int id); #endif </syntaxhighlight> '''Source Files (Fontium Codex)''' * Implementationes functionum * Definitiones variabilium globalium <syntaxhighlight lang="c"> #include "libraria.h" int addPerson(Persona p) { // Implementatio return 0; } Persona getPerson(int id) { // Implementatio Persona p; return p; } </syntaxhighlight> '''Documentation (Documenta)''' * Specificationes API * Exempla usus * Instructiones installatione === Modus Compilationis === Libraria compilantur ut: * '''Libraria Staticae''' (.a, .lib): Codex incorporatur in applicatione * '''Libraria Dynamicae''' (.so, .dll): Codex separatus et tempore exsequtionis vincitur * '''Libraria Interpretative''': Codicem interpretantur sine compilatione praevia == Exempla Practici == === Exemplum 1: NumPy Numerica === <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> import numpy as np # Array creare a = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]) b = np.array([2, 4, 6, 8, 10]) # Operationes vectoriales c = a + b # [3, 6, 9, 12, 15] d = a * b # [2, 8, 18, 32, 50] # Matrix operationes M = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]]) N = np.array([[5, 6], [7, 8]]) P = np.dot(M, N) # Matrix multiplicatio print(c) print(P) </syntaxhighlight> === Exemplum 2: Requests HTTP === <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> import requests # Request mittere response = requests.get('https://api.example.com/data') # Status codicem inspicere if response.status_code == 200: data = response.json() print(data) else: print("Error:", response.status_code) # POST request payload = {'key': 'valorem'} response = requests.post('https://api.example.com/submit', json=payload) </syntaxhighlight> === Exemplum 3: Django Web Framework === <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> from django.http import HttpResponse from django.views import View class HelloView(View): def get(self, request): return HttpResponse("Salve, munde!") class PersonView(View): def post(self, request): nomen = request.POST.get('nomen') return HttpResponse(f"Nomen tuam est: {nomen}") </syntaxhighlight> == Gestio Dependentiarum == Moderni programmatores instrumenta adhibent ad librarias administrare: === Python === * '''pip''': Package Index Python * '''conda''': Environment et package management * '''poetry''': Dependentiarum resolutio Exemplum requirements.txt: <syntaxhighlight> numpy==1.21.0 pandas>=1.3.0 matplotlib~=3.4.2 requests>=2.26.0 </syntaxhighlight> === JavaScript === * '''npm''': Node Package Manager * '''yarn''': Package manager Facebooki * '''pnpm''': Package manager performantis Exemplum package.json: <syntaxhighlight lang="json"> { "name": "meus_projectus", "version": "1.0.0", "dependencies": { "react": "^18.0.0", "express": "^4.18.0", "axios": "^0.27.0" } } </syntaxhighlight> === Java === * '''Maven''': Build automation * '''Gradle''': Build system modernior Exemplum pom.xml: <syntaxhighlight lang="xml"> <dependencies> <dependency> <groupId>org.apache.commons</groupId> <artifactId>commons-lang3</artifactId> <version>3.12.0</version> </dependency> </dependencies> </syntaxhighlight> == Beneficia Librarium == * '''Velocitas Developi''': Codex praeconstuctus tempus servat * '''Qualitas''': Codicem probatum et optimizatum * '''Reutilizatio''': Una libraria multae applicationes * '''Manutenentia''': Errata et securitas updatae centraliter * '''Compatibilitas''': Versionum signorum management * '''Standardizatio''': Communis interfaciae omnibus == Pericula Librarium == * '''Dependentia Profunda''': Multae dependentiae inter se * '''Versio Conflictus''': Incompatibilitas inter versiones * '''Securitas Vulnerabilitates''': Libraria malorum codicum continere potest * '''Manutenentia Deficit''': Libraria vetustae plus non actualizantur * '''Inflatio''': Multae libraria memoria et velocitate consumunt == Bestiae Practici == === Versionum Numeri === Versiones typice sequuntur ''Semantic Versioning'': * MAJOR.MINOR.PATCH (e.g., 2.5.3) * MAJOR: Incompatibiles changi * MINOR: Functionalitas novae, compatibiles * PATCH: Bug fixes === Licentiae == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Licentia ! Descriptio ! Exempla |- | MIT | Permissiva, libertas maxima | React, Node.js, jQuery |- | Apache 2.0 | Permissiva cum patentem protegio | Android, Kubernetes |- | GPL | Copyleft, derivativa libera | Linux, WordPress |- | BSD | Permissiva, simplices conditiones | Django, NumPy |- | LGPL | Copyleft mittior | Qt, Gtk |} == Historia Librarium == * '''1960s-1970s''': Libraria primae ad matematica et input/output * '''1980s''': Libraria graphicae et retialium * '''1990s''': Orientatio obiectorum, libraria magnae * '''2000s''': Open source explosio, repositorium centrales (CPAN, PyPI) * '''2010s''': Machina discens, big data libraria * '''2020s''': AI/ML dominatio, serverless computatio == Repositoria Centrales == === Python === * '''PyPI''' (Python Package Index): 300,000+ packagi * URL: https://pypi.org/ === JavaScript === * '''npm''': 1,000,000+ packagi * URL: https://www.npmjs.com/ === Java === * '''Maven Central''': 8,000,000+ artifacts * URL: https://mvnrepository.com/ === C++/C === * '''Vcpkg''': Package management C++ * '''Conan''': Dependency management === Rust === * '''Crates.io''': 100,000+ crates * URL: https://crates.io/ == Comparatio Popularium Librarium == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Dominium ! Libraria 1 ! Libraria 2 ! Libraria 3 |- | Machina Discens | TensorFlow | PyTorch | scikit-learn |- | Web Backend | Django | Flask | FastAPI |- | Web Frontend | React | Vue.js | Angular |- | Datae Analysus | Pandas | Polars | DuckDB |- | Numerica | NumPy | JAX | CuPy |} == Optimization et Performance == Cum librarias eligimus: * '''Velocitas''': CPU/GPU benchmark * '''Memoria''': Consumption mensurare * '''Dependentiae''': Minimae dependentiae praeferantur * '''Communitas''': Activa supportio et updates * '''Documentatio''': Exempla clara et tutorial == Nexus Externi == === Repositoria Principalia === * https://pypi.org/ (Python) * https://www.npmjs.com/ (JavaScript) * https://mvnrepository.com/ (Java) * https://crates.io/ (Rust) * https://packagist.org/ (PHP) === Instrumenta == * https://libraries.io/ (Dependency monitoring) * https://snyk.io/ (Securitas vulnerabilities) * https://dependabot.com/ (Automated updates) == Bibliotheca == * McDowell, Gayle Laakmann (2015). ''Cracking the Coding Interview''. CareerCup. * Martin, Robert C. (2008). ''Clean Code: A Handbook of Agile Software Craftsmanship''. Prentice Hall. * Hunt, Andrew; Thomas, David (1999). ''The Pragmatic Programmer''. Addison-Wesley. [[Categoria:Programmatio]] [[Categoria:Ingenium programmationis]] [[Categoria:Instrumenta programmationis]] [[Categoria:Libraria programmationis]] {{Myrias|Technologia}} t5fnkeq5gmo7vwdba7nuj241lv97a1y 3986798 3986778 2026-09-09T07:07:40Z Grufo 64423 +{{Duplicatio|Bibliotheca (informatica)}} 3986798 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Pagina autotranslata}} {{Duplicatio|Bibliotheca (informatica)}} {{videdis|Libraria programmationis}} '''Libraria programmationis''' est collectio praeconstuctorum codicis et instrumentorum quae programmatores in applicationes suas integrare possunt, sine necessitatibus ab initio componendi. Libraria fundamentales sunt ad developmentum programmationis modernae, quod velocitate developi et qualitate codicum eminentiam praebet. Libraria constet ex functionibus, classibus, modulis, et constantibus quae solutiones praebent ad problemata communia. Haec instrumenta temporis developi diminuunt et errores minores faciunt per codicem iam probatum et optimizatum adhibendum. == Definitio et Principia == Libraria programmationis est coenobium functionalitatis praescriptae quam plurimi programmatores iterative adhibent. Unaquaeque libraria finem specialem habet: * '''Abstractio''': Complexitates difficiles celat, interfaciam simpliciorem praebet * '''Reutilizatio''': Codex ab multis applicationibus adhibetur * '''Standardizatio''': Communis modus solutiones praebendi * '''Efficientia''': Codicem optimizatum et probatum continet == Genera Librarium == === Libraria Generales === Libraria quae multis applicationibus propria sunt: * '''C Standard Library''': Input/output, memoria, strings * '''Java Collections Framework''': Structurae datorum fundamentales * '''Python Standard Library''': Multae functiones utiles === Libraria Speciales === Libraria destinatae ad fines particulares: '''Visio Computatrix''' * OpenCV (imagines processus) * Pillow (imagines manipulatio) * scikit-image (imagines analysus) '''Machina Discens''' * TensorFlow (retia neuralia) * PyTorch (calculus tensorium) * scikit-learn (algorithmi discentes) * XGBoost (gradient boosting) '''Processus Linguae Naturalis''' * NLTK (textus analysus) * spaCy (NLP praepositiones) * Transformers (modeli lingua profunda) '''Mathematica et Numerica''' * NumPy (calculus numericus) * SciPy (algorithmae scientifici) * Matplotlib (visualizatio graphica) * Pandas (datae analysus) '''Retia Computatoria''' * Requests (HTTP clientem) * Django (applicationum retis) * Flask (microservicium retis) * Twisted (retia asynchrona) === Libraria Linguam-Specifiae === {| class="wikitable" |- ! Lingua ! Exempla Librarium |- | Python | NumPy, Pandas, Requests, Django, Flask |- | Java | Apache Commons, Guava, JUnit, Spring Framework |- | C++ | Boost, STL, OpenGL, Qt |- | JavaScript | React, Vue.js, Angular, Node.js, Express |- | C# | .NET Framework, Entity Framework, Linq |- | Ruby | Rails, Sinatra, Bundler |- | Go | Gorilla, GORM, Gin |- | Rust | Serde, Tokio, Rayon |} == Architectura Librarium == === Structura Componentium === Libraria typice continet: '''Header Files (Capita)''' * Declarationes functionum * Definitiones typorum * Constantiae et macrones <syntaxhighlight lang="c"> #ifndef LIBRARIA_H #define LIBRARIA_H typedef struct { int id; char nomen[50]; } Persona; int addPerson(Persona p); Persona getPerson(int id); #endif </syntaxhighlight> '''Source Files (Fontium Codex)''' * Implementationes functionum * Definitiones variabilium globalium <syntaxhighlight lang="c"> #include "libraria.h" int addPerson(Persona p) { // Implementatio return 0; } Persona getPerson(int id) { // Implementatio Persona p; return p; } </syntaxhighlight> '''Documentation (Documenta)''' * Specificationes API * Exempla usus * Instructiones installatione === Modus Compilationis === Libraria compilantur ut: * '''Libraria Staticae''' (.a, .lib): Codex incorporatur in applicatione * '''Libraria Dynamicae''' (.so, .dll): Codex separatus et tempore exsequtionis vincitur * '''Libraria Interpretative''': Codicem interpretantur sine compilatione praevia == Exempla Practici == === Exemplum 1: NumPy Numerica === <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> import numpy as np # Array creare a = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]) b = np.array([2, 4, 6, 8, 10]) # Operationes vectoriales c = a + b # [3, 6, 9, 12, 15] d = a * b # [2, 8, 18, 32, 50] # Matrix operationes M = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]]) N = np.array([[5, 6], [7, 8]]) P = np.dot(M, N) # Matrix multiplicatio print(c) print(P) </syntaxhighlight> === Exemplum 2: Requests HTTP === <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> import requests # Request mittere response = requests.get('https://api.example.com/data') # Status codicem inspicere if response.status_code == 200: data = response.json() print(data) else: print("Error:", response.status_code) # POST request payload = {'key': 'valorem'} response = requests.post('https://api.example.com/submit', json=payload) </syntaxhighlight> === Exemplum 3: Django Web Framework === <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> from django.http import HttpResponse from django.views import View class HelloView(View): def get(self, request): return HttpResponse("Salve, munde!") class PersonView(View): def post(self, request): nomen = request.POST.get('nomen') return HttpResponse(f"Nomen tuam est: {nomen}") </syntaxhighlight> == Gestio Dependentiarum == Moderni programmatores instrumenta adhibent ad librarias administrare: === Python === * '''pip''': Package Index Python * '''conda''': Environment et package management * '''poetry''': Dependentiarum resolutio Exemplum requirements.txt: <syntaxhighlight> numpy==1.21.0 pandas>=1.3.0 matplotlib~=3.4.2 requests>=2.26.0 </syntaxhighlight> === JavaScript === * '''npm''': Node Package Manager * '''yarn''': Package manager Facebooki * '''pnpm''': Package manager performantis Exemplum package.json: <syntaxhighlight lang="json"> { "name": "meus_projectus", "version": "1.0.0", "dependencies": { "react": "^18.0.0", "express": "^4.18.0", "axios": "^0.27.0" } } </syntaxhighlight> === Java === * '''Maven''': Build automation * '''Gradle''': Build system modernior Exemplum pom.xml: <syntaxhighlight lang="xml"> <dependencies> <dependency> <groupId>org.apache.commons</groupId> <artifactId>commons-lang3</artifactId> <version>3.12.0</version> </dependency> </dependencies> </syntaxhighlight> == Beneficia Librarium == * '''Velocitas Developi''': Codex praeconstuctus tempus servat * '''Qualitas''': Codicem probatum et optimizatum * '''Reutilizatio''': Una libraria multae applicationes * '''Manutenentia''': Errata et securitas updatae centraliter * '''Compatibilitas''': Versionum signorum management * '''Standardizatio''': Communis interfaciae omnibus == Pericula Librarium == * '''Dependentia Profunda''': Multae dependentiae inter se * '''Versio Conflictus''': Incompatibilitas inter versiones * '''Securitas Vulnerabilitates''': Libraria malorum codicum continere potest * '''Manutenentia Deficit''': Libraria vetustae plus non actualizantur * '''Inflatio''': Multae libraria memoria et velocitate consumunt == Bestiae Practici == === Versionum Numeri === Versiones typice sequuntur ''Semantic Versioning'': * MAJOR.MINOR.PATCH (e.g., 2.5.3) * MAJOR: Incompatibiles changi * MINOR: Functionalitas novae, compatibiles * PATCH: Bug fixes === Licentiae == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Licentia ! Descriptio ! Exempla |- | MIT | Permissiva, libertas maxima | React, Node.js, jQuery |- | Apache 2.0 | Permissiva cum patentem protegio | Android, Kubernetes |- | GPL | Copyleft, derivativa libera | Linux, WordPress |- | BSD | Permissiva, simplices conditiones | Django, NumPy |- | LGPL | Copyleft mittior | Qt, Gtk |} == Historia Librarium == * '''1960s-1970s''': Libraria primae ad matematica et input/output * '''1980s''': Libraria graphicae et retialium * '''1990s''': Orientatio obiectorum, libraria magnae * '''2000s''': Open source explosio, repositorium centrales (CPAN, PyPI) * '''2010s''': Machina discens, big data libraria * '''2020s''': AI/ML dominatio, serverless computatio == Repositoria Centrales == === Python === * '''PyPI''' (Python Package Index): 300,000+ packagi * URL: https://pypi.org/ === JavaScript === * '''npm''': 1,000,000+ packagi * URL: https://www.npmjs.com/ === Java === * '''Maven Central''': 8,000,000+ artifacts * URL: https://mvnrepository.com/ === C++/C === * '''Vcpkg''': Package management C++ * '''Conan''': Dependency management === Rust === * '''Crates.io''': 100,000+ crates * URL: https://crates.io/ == Comparatio Popularium Librarium == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Dominium ! Libraria 1 ! Libraria 2 ! Libraria 3 |- | Machina Discens | TensorFlow | PyTorch | scikit-learn |- | Web Backend | Django | Flask | FastAPI |- | Web Frontend | React | Vue.js | Angular |- | Datae Analysus | Pandas | Polars | DuckDB |- | Numerica | NumPy | JAX | CuPy |} == Optimization et Performance == Cum librarias eligimus: * '''Velocitas''': CPU/GPU benchmark * '''Memoria''': Consumption mensurare * '''Dependentiae''': Minimae dependentiae praeferantur * '''Communitas''': Activa supportio et updates * '''Documentatio''': Exempla clara et tutorial == Nexus Externi == === Repositoria Principalia === * https://pypi.org/ (Python) * https://www.npmjs.com/ (JavaScript) * https://mvnrepository.com/ (Java) * https://crates.io/ (Rust) * https://packagist.org/ (PHP) === Instrumenta == * https://libraries.io/ (Dependency monitoring) * https://snyk.io/ (Securitas vulnerabilities) * https://dependabot.com/ (Automated updates) == Bibliotheca == * McDowell, Gayle Laakmann (2015). ''Cracking the Coding Interview''. CareerCup. * Martin, Robert C. (2008). ''Clean Code: A Handbook of Agile Software Craftsmanship''. Prentice Hall. * Hunt, Andrew; Thomas, David (1999). ''The Pragmatic Programmer''. Addison-Wesley. [[Categoria:Programmatio]] [[Categoria:Ingenium programmationis]] [[Categoria:Instrumenta programmationis]] [[Categoria:Libraria programmationis]] {{Myrias|Technologia}} jpu3rhlb1pkslexv6k7bgl2u4etmin0 Loar 0 328354 3986667 2026-09-08T19:22:01Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 Redirigens ad [[Lare]] 3986667 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Lare]] 65fj9p1c39a7lzdbirqiwaau04j5q4g Rosh HaAyin 0 328355 3986668 2026-09-08T19:23:11Z נתנאל שטרן 175178 Paginam instituit, scribens '{{Latinitas|0}} {{videdis|Rosh HaAyin (civitas)}} '''Rosh HaAyin''' (Hebraice: ראש העין, Latine ''Caput Fontis'') est civitas in [[Israele]], sita in parte centrali regni, in [[Mediridionalis Sharon|Mediridionali Sharon]] et in limite Montes Iudaeae. Civitas locata est approximatim XX chilometris ab [[Civitas Tel Aviv|Tel Aviv]] et ab [[Ierusalem]]. Rosh HaAyin est urbs moderna quae fundatus est anno MCMLXIX ex iniciativa constructiva Israelis. Hodie ci...' 3986668 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|0}} {{videdis|Rosh HaAyin (civitas)}} '''Rosh HaAyin''' (Hebraice: ראש העין, Latine ''Caput Fontis'') est civitas in [[Israele]], sita in parte centrali regni, in [[Mediridionalis Sharon|Mediridionali Sharon]] et in limite Montes Iudaeae. Civitas locata est approximatim XX chilometris ab [[Civitas Tel Aviv|Tel Aviv]] et ab [[Ierusalem]]. Rosh HaAyin est urbs moderna quae fundatus est anno MCMLXIX ex iniciativa constructiva Israelis. Hodie civitas censum habitatorum CCCM habet et est centrum industriale et commerciale significans in regione. == Etymologia == Nomen "Rosh HaAyin" derivatum est e lingua Hebraica, ubi "Rosh" significat "caput" et "HaAyin" significat "oculus" vel "fons". Interpretatio Latina est "Caput Fontis" vel "Fons Principalis", quod refertur ad aquam abundantem quae regionem circumdat. == Geographia == === Locatio === Rosh HaAyin sita est in: * '''Provincia''': Mediridionalis Sharon (Sharon Australis) * '''Districtus''': Districutsus Centralis * '''Latitudo''': 32.185°N * '''Longitudo''': 35.200°E * '''Altitudo''': 60-70 metra supra mare * '''Clima''': Mediterraneum, temperatum et humidum === Topographia === Urbs constructa est in planitiem levi inclinatus versus mare. Aquae abundantes de fontibus naturalibus fluunt, quae regionem ad agriculturam et industriam aptam reddunt. == Historia == === Fundatio et Initiis === * '''MCMLXIX''': Fundatio Rosh HaAyin incepta est ut civitas planificata * Gubernamentum Israelense et societates private cooperate sunt ut urbs moderna construatur * Finis erat habitat residentia et industriale centrum creare === Developmentum Moderni === * '''MCMLXX-MCMLXXX''': Constructio rapida, population crescens * '''MCMLXXX-MM''': Industrializatio accelerata, fabrica multiplicae * '''MM-MMXX''': Expansio urbana, centri commerciales, residentia luxuria * '''MMXX-Hodie''': Infrastructura moderna, technologia centrium == Populatio et Demographia == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Anno ! Populatio ! Crescentia |- | MCMLXIX | 3,000 | Initiis |- | MCMLXXX | 25,000 | Rapida |- | MM | 35,000 | Moderata |- | MMXVI | 39,000 | Lentior |- | MMXXVI | 30,000+ | Hodierna |} === Ethnicitas === Populatio Rosh HaAyin est: * '''Iudaei Ashkenazi''': 45% * '''Iudaei Sephardi''': 30% * '''Iudaei ex Afica''': 15% * '''Alii''': 10% === Religio === Civitas primarie Iudaica est, cum numerosis synagogis: * Synagoga Orthoxa Traditionalis * Synagoga Reconstructionist * Synagoga Reformata * Centra religiosa minora == Economica == === Industriae Principales === '''Industria Plastica et Petrochimica''' * Fabrica multiplicae ad materia plastica producenda * Chemicalium productio * Amballatorum manufacturae '''Technologia et Computatores''' * Centri industriales technologiae * Softwae firmae * Electronica '''Agricultura et Horticoltura''' * Agricoltura modernae technologiae * Frucuum cultivatio * Florarium et seminium '''Commercium et Servicium''' * Centri commerciales * Hospitalitas et turisma * Servicii financiales === Firmae Celebres === Multae societates Israelenses maior sunt locationem in Rosh HaAyin: * Industria Plastica Israelis * Technologiae Companiae * Agriculturae Exportationes == Infrastructura == === Transportatio === * '''Viae Principales''': - Route 40 (Nord-Sud) - Route 65 (Est-Vest) - Route 5 (Autostrada Tel Aviv-Haifa) * '''Publica Transportatio''': - Autobus servicium municipale - Connexio ad Tel Aviv et Ierusalem - Planificatio ferroviae futuri === Utilitas === * '''Aquam''': Systemae moderna distributa ex fontes et deposita * '''Electricitas''': Conexio ad rete nazionale * '''Gas Naturalis''': Distributa ad residentia et industria * '''Communicatio''': Banda lata, 5G networks == Institutiones et Servicii == === Educatio === * '''Scholae Primaria''': 8 scholae * '''Scholae Secundaria''': 4 scholae * '''Instituta Technologiae''': Centri professionalis * '''Bibliothecam Publicam''': Bibliotheca Civica Centralis === Medicina === * '''Hospital Principale''': Shamir Medical Center (anteriormente Assaf Harofeh) * '''Clinica Ambulatoria''': Centri medici multiplicae * '''Pharmaciae''': Distributio medicamentorum === Cultura === * '''Theater Civicus''': Performances dramaticas * '''Musaeum Locale''': Historia et cultura * '''Parci Publici''': Parci recreatione * '''Clubes Culturales''': Musica, dansa, arte === Recreatio === * '''Parci Verdes''': - Parci Centrale (Gan Merkazit) - Parci Aquaticus - Parci Sportive * '''Installationes Athleticae''': - Stadion municipale - Piscinaam - Curtes tennis et badminton - Palestra modernae == Communitas == === Populatio Specialis === Rosh HaAyin est notum pro: * '''Communita Atypica''': Residentia communitas (Beit Amit et similes) pro adultes cum necessitatibus specialibus * '''Supporto Sociali''': Servicii comprehensivi ad vulnerabiles populationes * '''Programma Inclusio''': Integratione persone disabilitate in communitate === Organizationes Non-Profitales === * Servicii sociale municipales * Organizationes iuvenilis * Programma medica * Supporto legale == Cultura et Eventus == === Eventus Annuales === * '''Festival Urbis''': Celebratio anniversarium fundationis * '''Festival Musicae''': Concertus et performances * '''Marcha Memoria''': Commemoratio historica * '''Festivales Religioses''': Pesach, Shavuot, Sukkot, Chanukah === Arte et Cultura === * Galleria arte locale * Centri culturales * Clubes litteraturae * Performationes traditionales == Comparatio cum Urbes Similares == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Urbs ! Regio ! Populatio ! Fundatio ! Industria Principalis |- | Rosh HaAyin | Israele | 30,000+ | MCMLXIX | Plastica, Technologia |- | Petach Tikva | Israele | 230,000 | MDCCCLXXXII | Agricultura, Industria |- | Netanya | Israele | 185,000 | MDCCCCV | Diamantes, Turisma |- | Rehovot | Israele | 130,000 | MDCCCCVI | Scientia, Agricultura |- | Ashdod | Israele | 225,000 | MCMLVI | Portus, Industria |} == Transitus et Connexiones == === Distantiae === * Ad Tel Aviv: XX chilometri (XXX minuta auto) * Ad Ierusalem: LX chilometri (I hora, LX minuta auto) * Ad Haifa: C chilometri (I hora, XXX minuta auto) * Ad Eilat: CCXL chilometri (III horae auto) * Ad Mare Mortuum: CXX chilometri === Accessus Internationale === * '''Aeroportus Internationale Ben Gurion''': XXX chilometri * '''Portus Tel Aviv''': XX chilometri * '''Portus Ashdod''': LX chilometri == Nexus Externi == === Officiales === * https://www.rosh-haayin.muni.il/ (Situm Municipale) * https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168202 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosh_HaAyin === Informatio Turistica === * Informatio turistica Israelis * Guida urbana * Accommodationes et Hotelis === Servicii === * Servicii municipales * Registratione residentia * Applicationes civicas == Bibliotheca == * Schama, Simon (1993). ''Landscape and Memory''. Alfred A. Knopf. * Kellerman, Aharon (1993). ''Society and Settlement: Jewish Land of Israel in the Twentieth Century''. SUNY Press. * Trebuil, Guy; Gould, William T.S. (2002). ''Urbanization and the Development of Third World''. Routledge. * Falah, Ghazi-Walid (2005). ''Living Together Apart: Arabs and Jews in Contemporary Jerusalem''. Princeton University Press. == Categorie == [[Categoria:Civitates Israelis]] [[Categoria:Sharon]] [[Categoria:Urbis Modernae]] [[Categoria:Industriae Centrorum]] [[Categoria:Districtus Centralis Israelis]] [[Categoria:Civitates Fundatum XX Saeculo]] == Nexus Internae == * [[Israele]] * [[Tel Aviv]] * [[Ierusalem]] * [[Petach Tikva]] * [[Industria Israelis]] * [[Geographia Israelis]] * [[Populationes Israelensies]] {{Myrias|Geographia}} qz441paxxea3alti9wzrec6trm6ru16 3986776 3986668 2026-09-09T00:34:44Z Bartholomite 116968 3986776 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vicificanda}} {{Latinitas|-5}} '''Rosh HaAyin''' (Hebraice: ראש העין, Latine ''Caput Fontis'') est civitas in [[Israele]], sita in parte centrali regni, in [[Mediridionalis Sharon|Mediridionali Sharon]] et in limite Montes Iudaeae. Civitas locata est approximatim XX chilometris ab [[Civitas Tel Aviv|Tel Aviv]] et ab [[Ierusalem]]. Rosh HaAyin est urbs moderna quae fundatus est anno MCMLXIX ex iniciativa constructiva Israelis. Hodie civitas censum habitatorum CCCM habet et est centrum industriale et commerciale significans in regione. == Etymologia == Nomen "Rosh HaAyin" derivatum est e lingua Hebraica, ubi "Rosh" significat "caput" et "HaAyin" significat "oculus" vel "fons". Interpretatio Latina est "Caput Fontis" vel "Fons Principalis", quod refertur ad aquam abundantem quae regionem circumdat. == Geographia == === Locatio === Rosh HaAyin sita est in: * '''Provincia''': Mediridionalis Sharon (Sharon Australis) * '''Districtus''': Districutsus Centralis * '''Latitudo''': 32.185°N * '''Longitudo''': 35.200°E * '''Altitudo''': 60-70 metra supra mare * '''Clima''': Mediterraneum, temperatum et humidum === Topographia === Urbs constructa est in planitiem levi inclinatus versus mare. Aquae abundantes de fontibus naturalibus fluunt, quae regionem ad agriculturam et industriam aptam reddunt. == Historia == === Fundatio et Initiis === * '''MCMLXIX''': Fundatio Rosh HaAyin incepta est ut civitas planificata * Gubernamentum Israelense et societates private cooperate sunt ut urbs moderna construatur * Finis erat habitat residentia et industriale centrum creare === Developmentum Moderni === * '''MCMLXX-MCMLXXX''': Constructio rapida, population crescens * '''MCMLXXX-MM''': Industrializatio accelerata, fabrica multiplicae * '''MM-MMXX''': Expansio urbana, centri commerciales, residentia luxuria * '''MMXX-Hodie''': Infrastructura moderna, technologia centrium == Populatio et Demographia == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Anno ! Populatio ! Crescentia |- | MCMLXIX | 3,000 | Initiis |- | MCMLXXX | 25,000 | Rapida |- | MM | 35,000 | Moderata |- | MMXVI | 39,000 | Lentior |- | MMXXVI | 30,000+ | Hodierna |} === Ethnicitas === Populatio Rosh HaAyin est: * '''Iudaei Ashkenazi''': 45% * '''Iudaei Sephardi''': 30% * '''Iudaei ex Afica''': 15% * '''Alii''': 10% === Religio === Civitas primarie Iudaica est, cum numerosis synagogis: * Synagoga Orthoxa Traditionalis * Synagoga Reconstructionist * Synagoga Reformata * Centra religiosa minora == Economica == === Industriae Principales === '''Industria Plastica et Petrochimica''' * Fabrica multiplicae ad materia plastica producenda * Chemicalium productio * Amballatorum manufacturae '''Technologia et Computatores''' * Centri industriales technologiae * Softwae firmae * Electronica '''Agricultura et Horticoltura''' * Agricoltura modernae technologiae * Frucuum cultivatio * Florarium et seminium '''Commercium et Servicium''' * Centri commerciales * Hospitalitas et turisma * Servicii financiales === Firmae Celebres === Multae societates Israelenses maior sunt locationem in Rosh HaAyin: * Industria Plastica Israelis * Technologiae Companiae * Agriculturae Exportationes == Infrastructura == === Transportatio === * '''Viae Principales''': - Route 40 (Nord-Sud) - Route 65 (Est-Vest) - Route 5 (Autostrada Tel Aviv-Haifa) * '''Publica Transportatio''': - Autobus servicium municipale - Connexio ad Tel Aviv et Ierusalem - Planificatio ferroviae futuri === Utilitas === * '''Aquam''': Systemae moderna distributa ex fontes et deposita * '''Electricitas''': Conexio ad rete nazionale * '''Gas Naturalis''': Distributa ad residentia et industria * '''Communicatio''': Banda lata, 5G networks == Institutiones et Servicii == === Educatio === * '''Scholae Primaria''': 8 scholae * '''Scholae Secundaria''': 4 scholae * '''Instituta Technologiae''': Centri professionalis * '''Bibliothecam Publicam''': Bibliotheca Civica Centralis === Medicina === * '''Hospital Principale''': Shamir Medical Center (anteriormente Assaf Harofeh) * '''Clinica Ambulatoria''': Centri medici multiplicae * '''Pharmaciae''': Distributio medicamentorum === Cultura === * '''Theater Civicus''': Performances dramaticas * '''Musaeum Locale''': Historia et cultura * '''Parci Publici''': Parci recreatione * '''Clubes Culturales''': Musica, dansa, arte === Recreatio === * '''Parci Verdes''': - Parci Centrale (Gan Merkazit) - Parci Aquaticus - Parci Sportive * '''Installationes Athleticae''': - Stadion municipale - Piscinaam - Curtes tennis et badminton - Palestra modernae == Communitas == === Populatio Specialis === Rosh HaAyin est notum pro: * '''Communita Atypica''': Residentia communitas (Beit Amit et similes) pro adultes cum necessitatibus specialibus * '''Supporto Sociali''': Servicii comprehensivi ad vulnerabiles populationes * '''Programma Inclusio''': Integratione persone disabilitate in communitate === Organizationes Non-Profitales === * Servicii sociale municipales * Organizationes iuvenilis * Programma medica * Supporto legale == Cultura et Eventus == === Eventus Annuales === * '''Festival Urbis''': Celebratio anniversarium fundationis * '''Festival Musicae''': Concertus et performances * '''Marcha Memoria''': Commemoratio historica * '''Festivales Religioses''': Pesach, Shavuot, Sukkot, Chanukah === Arte et Cultura === * Galleria arte locale * Centri culturales * Clubes litteraturae * Performationes traditionales == Comparatio cum Urbes Similares == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Urbs ! Regio ! Populatio ! Fundatio ! Industria Principalis |- | Rosh HaAyin | Israele | 30,000+ | MCMLXIX | Plastica, Technologia |- | Petach Tikva | Israele | 230,000 | MDCCCLXXXII | Agricultura, Industria |- | Netanya | Israele | 185,000 | MDCCCCV | Diamantes, Turisma |- | Rehovot | Israele | 130,000 | MDCCCCVI | Scientia, Agricultura |- | Ashdod | Israele | 225,000 | MCMLVI | Portus, Industria |} == Transitus et Connexiones == === Distantiae === * Ad Tel Aviv: XX chilometri (XXX minuta auto) * Ad Ierusalem: LX chilometri (I hora, LX minuta auto) * Ad Haifa: C chilometri (I hora, XXX minuta auto) * Ad Eilat: CCXL chilometri (III horae auto) * Ad Mare Mortuum: CXX chilometri === Accessus Internationale === * '''Aeroportus Internationale Ben Gurion''': XXX chilometri * '''Portus Tel Aviv''': XX chilometri * '''Portus Ashdod''': LX chilometri == Nexus Externi == === Officiales === * https://www.rosh-haayin.muni.il/ (Situm Municipale) * https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168202 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosh_HaAyin === Informatio Turistica === * Informatio turistica Israelis * Guida urbana * Accommodationes et Hotelis === Servicii === * Servicii municipales * Registratione residentia * Applicationes civicas == Bibliotheca == * Schama, Simon (1993). ''Landscape and Memory''. Alfred A. Knopf. * Kellerman, Aharon (1993). ''Society and Settlement: Jewish Land of Israel in the Twentieth Century''. SUNY Press. * Trebuil, Guy; Gould, William T.S. (2002). ''Urbanization and the Development of Third World''. Routledge. * Falah, Ghazi-Walid (2005). ''Living Together Apart: Arabs and Jews in Contemporary Jerusalem''. Princeton University Press. == Categorie == [[Categoria:Civitates Israelis]] [[Categoria:Sharon]] [[Categoria:Urbis Modernae]] [[Categoria:Industriae Centrorum]] [[Categoria:Districtus Centralis Israelis]] [[Categoria:Civitates Fundatum XX Saeculo]] == Nexus Internae == * [[Israele]] * [[Tel Aviv]] * [[Ierusalem]] * [[Petach Tikva]] * [[Industria Israelis]] * [[Geographia Israelis]] * [[Populationes Israelensies]] {{Myrias|Geographia}} 6ltq4xov67g85m1y1y7rjjzghaonry1 3986777 3986776 2026-09-09T00:37:26Z Bartholomite 116968 3986777 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Pagina autotranslata}} '''Rosh HaAyin''' (Hebraice: ראש העין, Latine ''Caput Fontis'') est civitas in [[Israele]], sita in parte centrali regni, in [[Mediridionalis Sharon|Mediridionali Sharon]] et in limite Montes Iudaeae. Civitas locata est approximatim XX chilometris ab [[Civitas Tel Aviv|Tel Aviv]] et ab [[Ierusalem]]. Rosh HaAyin est urbs moderna quae fundatus est anno MCMLXIX ex iniciativa constructiva Israelis. Hodie civitas censum habitatorum CCCM habet et est centrum industriale et commerciale significans in regione. == Etymologia == Nomen "Rosh HaAyin" derivatum est e lingua Hebraica, ubi "Rosh" significat "caput" et "HaAyin" significat "oculus" vel "fons". Interpretatio Latina est "Caput Fontis" vel "Fons Principalis", quod refertur ad aquam abundantem quae regionem circumdat. == Geographia == === Locatio === Rosh HaAyin sita est in: * '''Provincia''': Mediridionalis Sharon (Sharon Australis) * '''Districtus''': Districutsus Centralis * '''Latitudo''': 32.185°N * '''Longitudo''': 35.200°E * '''Altitudo''': 60-70 metra supra mare * '''Clima''': Mediterraneum, temperatum et humidum === Topographia === Urbs constructa est in planitiem levi inclinatus versus mare. Aquae abundantes de fontibus naturalibus fluunt, quae regionem ad agriculturam et industriam aptam reddunt. == Historia == === Fundatio et Initiis === * '''MCMLXIX''': Fundatio Rosh HaAyin incepta est ut civitas planificata * Gubernamentum Israelense et societates private cooperate sunt ut urbs moderna construatur * Finis erat habitat residentia et industriale centrum creare === Developmentum Moderni === * '''MCMLXX-MCMLXXX''': Constructio rapida, population crescens * '''MCMLXXX-MM''': Industrializatio accelerata, fabrica multiplicae * '''MM-MMXX''': Expansio urbana, centri commerciales, residentia luxuria * '''MMXX-Hodie''': Infrastructura moderna, technologia centrium == Populatio et Demographia == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Anno ! Populatio ! Crescentia |- | MCMLXIX | 3,000 | Initiis |- | MCMLXXX | 25,000 | Rapida |- | MM | 35,000 | Moderata |- | MMXVI | 39,000 | Lentior |- | MMXXVI | 30,000+ | Hodierna |} === Ethnicitas === Populatio Rosh HaAyin est: * '''Iudaei Ashkenazi''': 45% * '''Iudaei Sephardi''': 30% * '''Iudaei ex Afica''': 15% * '''Alii''': 10% === Religio === Civitas primarie Iudaica est, cum numerosis synagogis: * Synagoga Orthoxa Traditionalis * Synagoga Reconstructionist * Synagoga Reformata * Centra religiosa minora == Economica == === Industriae Principales === '''Industria Plastica et Petrochimica''' * Fabrica multiplicae ad materia plastica producenda * Chemicalium productio * Amballatorum manufacturae '''Technologia et Computatores''' * Centri industriales technologiae * Softwae firmae * Electronica '''Agricultura et Horticoltura''' * Agricoltura modernae technologiae * Frucuum cultivatio * Florarium et seminium '''Commercium et Servicium''' * Centri commerciales * Hospitalitas et turisma * Servicii financiales === Firmae Celebres === Multae societates Israelenses maior sunt locationem in Rosh HaAyin: * Industria Plastica Israelis * Technologiae Companiae * Agriculturae Exportationes == Infrastructura == === Transportatio === * '''Viae Principales''': - Route 40 (Nord-Sud) - Route 65 (Est-Vest) - Route 5 (Autostrada Tel Aviv-Haifa) * '''Publica Transportatio''': - Autobus servicium municipale - Connexio ad Tel Aviv et Ierusalem - Planificatio ferroviae futuri === Utilitas === * '''Aquam''': Systemae moderna distributa ex fontes et deposita * '''Electricitas''': Conexio ad rete nazionale * '''Gas Naturalis''': Distributa ad residentia et industria * '''Communicatio''': Banda lata, 5G networks == Institutiones et Servicii == === Educatio === * '''Scholae Primaria''': 8 scholae * '''Scholae Secundaria''': 4 scholae * '''Instituta Technologiae''': Centri professionalis * '''Bibliothecam Publicam''': Bibliotheca Civica Centralis === Medicina === * '''Hospital Principale''': Shamir Medical Center (anteriormente Assaf Harofeh) * '''Clinica Ambulatoria''': Centri medici multiplicae * '''Pharmaciae''': Distributio medicamentorum === Cultura === * '''Theater Civicus''': Performances dramaticas * '''Musaeum Locale''': Historia et cultura * '''Parci Publici''': Parci recreatione * '''Clubes Culturales''': Musica, dansa, arte === Recreatio === * '''Parci Verdes''': - Parci Centrale (Gan Merkazit) - Parci Aquaticus - Parci Sportive * '''Installationes Athleticae''': - Stadion municipale - Piscinaam - Curtes tennis et badminton - Palestra modernae == Communitas == === Populatio Specialis === Rosh HaAyin est notum pro: * '''Communita Atypica''': Residentia communitas (Beit Amit et similes) pro adultes cum necessitatibus specialibus * '''Supporto Sociali''': Servicii comprehensivi ad vulnerabiles populationes * '''Programma Inclusio''': Integratione persone disabilitate in communitate === Organizationes Non-Profitales === * Servicii sociale municipales * Organizationes iuvenilis * Programma medica * Supporto legale == Cultura et Eventus == === Eventus Annuales === * '''Festival Urbis''': Celebratio anniversarium fundationis * '''Festival Musicae''': Concertus et performances * '''Marcha Memoria''': Commemoratio historica * '''Festivales Religioses''': Pesach, Shavuot, Sukkot, Chanukah === Arte et Cultura === * Galleria arte locale * Centri culturales * Clubes litteraturae * Performationes traditionales == Comparatio cum Urbes Similares == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Urbs ! Regio ! Populatio ! Fundatio ! Industria Principalis |- | Rosh HaAyin | Israele | 30,000+ | MCMLXIX | Plastica, Technologia |- | Petach Tikva | Israele | 230,000 | MDCCCLXXXII | Agricultura, Industria |- | Netanya | Israele | 185,000 | MDCCCCV | Diamantes, Turisma |- | Rehovot | Israele | 130,000 | MDCCCCVI | Scientia, Agricultura |- | Ashdod | Israele | 225,000 | MCMLVI | Portus, Industria |} == Transitus et Connexiones == === Distantiae === * Ad Tel Aviv: XX chilometri (XXX minuta auto) * Ad Ierusalem: LX chilometri (I hora, LX minuta auto) * Ad Haifa: C chilometri (I hora, XXX minuta auto) * Ad Eilat: CCXL chilometri (III horae auto) * Ad Mare Mortuum: CXX chilometri === Accessus Internationale === * '''Aeroportus Internationale Ben Gurion''': XXX chilometri * '''Portus Tel Aviv''': XX chilometri * '''Portus Ashdod''': LX chilometri == Nexus Externi == === Officiales === * https://www.rosh-haayin.muni.il/ (Situm Municipale) * https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168202 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosh_HaAyin === Informatio Turistica === * Informatio turistica Israelis * Guida urbana * Accommodationes et Hotelis === Servicii === * Servicii municipales * Registratione residentia * Applicationes civicas == Bibliotheca == * Schama, Simon (1993). ''Landscape and Memory''. Alfred A. Knopf. * Kellerman, Aharon (1993). ''Society and Settlement: Jewish Land of Israel in the Twentieth Century''. SUNY Press. * Trebuil, Guy; Gould, William T.S. (2002). ''Urbanization and the Development of Third World''. Routledge. * Falah, Ghazi-Walid (2005). ''Living Together Apart: Arabs and Jews in Contemporary Jerusalem''. Princeton University Press. == Categorie == [[Categoria:Civitates Israelis]] [[Categoria:Sharon]] [[Categoria:Urbis Modernae]] [[Categoria:Industriae Centrorum]] [[Categoria:Districtus Centralis Israelis]] [[Categoria:Civitates Fundatum XX Saeculo]] == Nexus Internae == * [[Israele]] * [[Tel Aviv]] * [[Ierusalem]] * [[Petach Tikva]] * [[Industria Israelis]] * [[Geographia Israelis]] * [[Populationes Israelensies]] {{Myrias|Geographia}} h0on8ij4ebpj6b9ym011ganvwgvfr7g Laatzen 0 328356 3986677 2026-09-08T19:42:54Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Laatzen]] ad [[Laatza]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam 3986677 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Laatza]] 78umzwohkq1ee5kz0gqkagnpos9gkm2 Lachendorf 0 328357 3986684 2026-09-08T19:59:53Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Lachendorf]] ad [[Lachendorfium]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam 3986684 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Lachendorfium]] 0kzvt5xqrdoa7yfjin80k0v9kj82nmq Lachendörp 0 328358 3986693 2026-09-08T20:10:45Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 Redirigens ad [[Lachendorfium]] 3986693 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Lachendorfium]] 0kzvt5xqrdoa7yfjin80k0v9kj82nmq Lachendorf (commune generale) 0 328359 3986695 2026-09-08T20:11:33Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Lachendorf (commune generale)]] ad [[Lachendorfium (commune generale)]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam 3986695 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Lachendorfium (commune generale)]] s9xoe6t6vb3l6596tokdg2hks94mela Lage (Saxonia Inferior) 0 328360 3986704 2026-09-08T20:26:36Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Lage (Saxonia Inferior)]] ad [[Laga (Saxonia Inferior)]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam 3986704 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Laga (Saxonia Inferior)]] 6l4upslswwei8tq7mimk0t38e67npze Formula:Factum est 10 328361 3986716 2026-09-08T20:49:41Z Grufo 64423 Prima adumbratio 3986716 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly><span style="margin-right: .4em; font-weight: bold;{{safesubst:<noinclude />#if:{{{ancora|}}}|" id="{{safesubst:<noinclude />anchorencode:{{{ancora}}}}}"|"}}>[[Imago:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=Factum est]] {{safesubst:<noinclude />#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|Factum est.}}</span> </includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentatio|Formula:Ok/doc}}</noinclude> 7fvxjiz0i75a2ppvwyi71brkkncccnf Formula:Factum'st 10 328362 3986719 2026-09-08T20:58:18Z Grufo 64423 Redirectionem ad formulam {{[[Formula:Factum est|Factum est]]}} creavi 3986719 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Formula:Factum est]] 1iedpmt0yz52cjlcm1bzupxo8lhmoae Formula:Factumst 10 328363 3986720 2026-09-08T20:58:26Z Grufo 64423 Redirectionem ad formulam {{[[Formula:Factum est|Factum est]]}} creavi 3986720 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Formula:Factum est]] 1iedpmt0yz52cjlcm1bzupxo8lhmoae Adumbratio:Ascalon 118 328364 3986734 2026-09-08T21:12:41Z Grufo 64423 Grufo movit paginam [[Adumbratio:Ascalon]] ad [[Ascalon]] praeter redirectionem: Demum commentatio parata est 3986734 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Ascalon]] {{De hac redirectione}} eccf9t4v6z1c50jx84g0agmrq09r5ba Disputatio Adumbrationis:Ascalon 119 328365 3986736 2026-09-08T21:12:42Z Grufo 64423 Grufo movit paginam [[Disputatio Adumbrationis:Ascalon]] ad [[Disputatio:Ascalon]]: Demum commentatio parata est 3986736 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Disputatio:Ascalon]] {{De hac redirectione}} pr8ggiymkwxubfgssni7cxra6o2ezpa Lamspringe 0 328367 3986747 2026-09-08T21:23:55Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Lamspringe]] ad [[Lamespringa]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam 3986747 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Lamespringa]] 9b7oftu2v4rkvlg5sto0pqg1sf9c1q2 Lamspringe (commune generale) 0 328368 3986762 2026-09-08T22:37:00Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Lamspringe (commune generale)]] ad [[Lamespringa (commune generale)]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam 3986762 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Lamespringa (commune generale)]] 6arwgsckyhr6tbibsij54ncnevq3xzy Harbarnsen 0 328369 3986768 2026-09-08T22:54:57Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Harbarnsen]] ad [[Haribernessum]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam 3986768 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Haribernessum]] hx6n70ktvsa2fdi4m7hmkdsjiwzh4jb Disputatio:Harbarnsen 1 328370 3986770 2026-09-08T22:54:57Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Disputatio:Harbarnsen]] ad [[Disputatio:Haribernessum]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam 3986770 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Disputatio:Haribernessum]] {{De hac redirectione}} qid0bp35o8u5rr7pi680kligajerqib Experimentum mentale 0 328371 3986781 2026-09-09T02:38:45Z LilyKitty 18316 Paginam instituit, scribens '[[Fasciculus:Schrodinger cat in box.jpg|thumb|[[Fetus]] [[Ervinus Schrödinger|Ervini Schrödinger]] de [[mechanica quantica]], exemplum experimenti cognitionis]] '''Experimentum cognitionis''' est [[experimentum]] vel [[scaenarium]] imagirarium mente vel [[cognitio]]ne, non laboratorio ad theoriam novam explicandum. Etiam abstructio [[hypothesis]] quae nostras institutiones de [[moralitas|moralitate]] et [[philosophia]] explorare potest.<ref>[https://journals....' 3986781 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Schrodinger cat in box.jpg|thumb|[[Fetus]] [[Ervinus Schrödinger|Ervini Schrödinger]] de [[mechanica quantica]], exemplum experimenti cognitionis]] '''Experimentum cognitionis''' est [[experimentum]] vel [[scaenarium]] imagirarium mente vel [[cognitio]]ne, non laboratorio ad theoriam novam explicandum. Etiam abstructio [[hypothesis]] quae nostras institutiones de [[moralitas|moralitate]] et [[philosophia]] explorare potest.<ref>[https://journals.publishing.umich.edu/phimp/article/id/2109/ Philosophers on philosophy: The 2020 PhilPaper Survey]</ref> Origo experimenti cognitionis [[demonstratio mathematica]] aetate [[Graecia antiqua]] cum verbo "δεικνυμι" putatur. In [[philosophia scientiae]], [[Ioannes Christianus Ørsted]] primum notionem experimenti cognitionis cum verbo [[Theodisca|Theodisco]] ''Gedenkenexperiment'' anno 1812.<ref>[https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2019/entries/thought-experiment/ Thought Experiments] ([[Universitas Stanfordiensis|Universitatis Stanfordiensis]] archivum philosophicum)</ref> Et [[Ernestus Mach]] hanc notionem cognitavit. == Exempli experimentorum cognitionis == *[[Daemon Laplaceanus]] *[[Daemon Maxwellianus]] de [[altera lex thermodynamica|altera lege thermodynamica]] *[[Theoria simiarum infinitarum]] *[[Thesea navis]] == Notae == <references/> {{NexInt}} *[[Paradoxum]] [[Categoria:Epistemologia]] [[Categoria:Philosophia scientiae]] [[Categoria:Metaphysica]] 9v60shw67fudrvcxbiqip1g8uir9cds 3986802 3986781 2026-09-09T07:13:08Z Grufo 64423 Grufo movit paginam [[Experimentum cognitionis]] ad [[Experimentum mentale]]: Nomenclatura uniformis 3986781 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Schrodinger cat in box.jpg|thumb|[[Fetus]] [[Ervinus Schrödinger|Ervini Schrödinger]] de [[mechanica quantica]], exemplum experimenti cognitionis]] '''Experimentum cognitionis''' est [[experimentum]] vel [[scaenarium]] imagirarium mente vel [[cognitio]]ne, non laboratorio ad theoriam novam explicandum. Etiam abstructio [[hypothesis]] quae nostras institutiones de [[moralitas|moralitate]] et [[philosophia]] explorare potest.<ref>[https://journals.publishing.umich.edu/phimp/article/id/2109/ Philosophers on philosophy: The 2020 PhilPaper Survey]</ref> Origo experimenti cognitionis [[demonstratio mathematica]] aetate [[Graecia antiqua]] cum verbo "δεικνυμι" putatur. In [[philosophia scientiae]], [[Ioannes Christianus Ørsted]] primum notionem experimenti cognitionis cum verbo [[Theodisca|Theodisco]] ''Gedenkenexperiment'' anno 1812.<ref>[https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2019/entries/thought-experiment/ Thought Experiments] ([[Universitas Stanfordiensis|Universitatis Stanfordiensis]] archivum philosophicum)</ref> Et [[Ernestus Mach]] hanc notionem cognitavit. == Exempli experimentorum cognitionis == *[[Daemon Laplaceanus]] *[[Daemon Maxwellianus]] de [[altera lex thermodynamica|altera lege thermodynamica]] *[[Theoria simiarum infinitarum]] *[[Thesea navis]] == Notae == <references/> {{NexInt}} *[[Paradoxum]] [[Categoria:Epistemologia]] [[Categoria:Philosophia scientiae]] [[Categoria:Metaphysica]] 9v60shw67fudrvcxbiqip1g8uir9cds 3986815 3986802 2026-09-09T07:23:44Z Grufo 64423 Paginam redintegravi 3986815 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Schrodinger cat in box.jpg|thumb|[[Fetus]] [[Ervinus Schrödinger|Ervini Schrödinger]] de [[mechanica quantica]], exemplum experimenti mentalis]] {{res|Experimentum mentale}} est [[experimentum]] vel [[scenarium]] imagirarium mente vel [[cognitio]]ne, non laboratorio ad theoriam novam explicandum. Etiam abstructio [[hypothesis]] quae nostras institutiones de [[moralitas|moralitate]] et [[philosophia]] explorare potest.<ref>[https://journals.publishing.umich.edu/phimp/article/id/2109/ Philosophers on philosophy: The 2020 PhilPaper Survey]</ref> Origo experimenti mentalis [[demonstratio mathematica]] aetate [[Graecia antiqua]] cum verbo "δεικνυμι" putatur. In [[philosophia scientiae]], [[Ioannes Christianus Ørsted]] primum notionem experimenti mentalis cum verbo [[Theodisca|Theodisco]] ''Gedenkenexperiment'' anno 1812.<ref>[https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2019/entries/thought-experiment/ Thought Experiments] ([[Universitas Stanfordiensis|Universitatis Stanfordiensis]] archivum philosophicum)</ref> Et [[Ernestus Mach]] de hac notione cogitavit. == Exempli experimentorum mentalium == * [[Asinus Buridani]] * [[Conclave Mariae]] * [[Daemon Laplaceanus]] * [[Daemon Maxwellianus]] de [[altera lex thermodynamica|altera lege thermodynamica]] * [[Theoria simiarum infinitarum]] * [[Thesea navis]] * [[Terra Gemina]] == Notae == <references/> {{NexInt}} * [[Paradoxum]] [[Categoria:Experimenta mentalia| ]] [[Categoria:Epistemologia]] [[Categoria:Philosophia scientiae]] [[Categoria:Metaphysica]] b9hq35qhe9dzeq1b23ao900eoqkl3ci 3986828 3986815 2026-09-09T07:37:25Z Grufo 64423 3986828 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Schrodinger cat in box.jpg|thumb|[[Fetus]] [[Ervinus Schrödinger|Ervini Schrödinger]] de [[mechanica quantica]], exemplum experimenti mentalis]] {{res|Experimentum mentale}} est [[experimentum]] vel [[scenarium]] imagirarium mente vel [[cognitio]]ne, non laboratorio ad theoriam novam explicandum. Etiam abstructio [[hypothesis]] quae nostras institutiones de [[moralitas|moralitate]] et [[philosophia]] explorare potest.<ref>[https://journals.publishing.umich.edu/phimp/article/id/2109/ Philosophers on philosophy: The 2020 PhilPaper Survey]</ref> Origo experimenti mentalis [[demonstratio mathematica]] aetate [[Graecia antiqua]] cum verbo "δεικνυμι" putatur. In [[philosophia scientiae]], [[Ioannes Christianus Ørsted]] primum notionem experimenti mentalis cum verbo [[Theodisca|Theodisco]] ''Gedenkenexperiment'' anno 1812.<ref>[https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2019/entries/thought-experiment/ Thought Experiments] ([[Universitas Stanfordiensis|Universitatis Stanfordiensis]] archivum philosophicum)</ref> Et [[Ernestus Mach]] de hac notione cogitavit. == Exempli experimentorum mentalium == * [[Asinus Buridani]] * [[Conclave Mariae]] * [[Daemon Laplaceanus]] * [[Daemon Maxwellianus]] de [[altera lex thermodynamica|altera lege thermodynamica]] * [[Theorema simiarum infinitarum]] * [[Thesea navis]] * [[Terra Gemina]] == Notae == <references/> {{NexInt}} * [[Paradoxum]] [[Categoria:Experimenta mentalia| ]] [[Categoria:Epistemologia]] [[Categoria:Philosophia scientiae]] [[Categoria:Metaphysica]] ogqf2myn85rebkps2ut2e1y8dtff9ps 3986829 3986828 2026-09-09T07:42:17Z Grufo 64423 +{{Latinitas dolet}}; minora 3986829 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Schrodinger cat in box.jpg|thumb|[[Fetus]] [[Ervinus Schrödinger|Ervini Schrödinger]] de [[mechanica quantica]], exemplum experimenti mentalis]] {{res|Experimentum mentale}} est [[experimentum]] vel [[scenarium]] imagirarium mente vel [[cognitio]]ne, non laboratorio, effectum ad theoriam novam explicandam. {{Latinitas dolet|Etiam abstructio [[hypothesis]] quae nostras institutiones de [[moralitas|moralitate]] et [[philosophia]] explorare potest.}}<ref>[https://journals.publishing.umich.edu/phimp/article/id/2109/ Philosophers on philosophy: The 2020 PhilPaper Survey]</ref> Origo experimenti mentalis putatur [[demonstratio mathematica]] temporis [[Graecia antiqua|Graeciae antiquae]], saepe verbo “δεικνυμι” indicata. In [[philosophia scientiae]], [[Ioannes Christianus Ørsted]] primum notionem experimenti mentalis verbo [[Theodisca|Theodisco]] ''Gedenkenexperiment'' anno [[1812]] indicavit.<ref>[https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2019/entries/thought-experiment/ Thought Experiments] ([[Universitas Stanfordiensis|Universitatis Stanfordiensis]] archivum philosophicum)</ref> Et [[Ernestus Mach]] de hac notione cogitavit. == Exempla experimentorum mentalium == * [[Asinus Buridani]] * [[Conclave Mariae]] * [[Daemon Laplaceanus]] * [[Daemon Maxwellianus]] de [[altera lex thermodynamica|altera lege thermodynamica]] * [[Theorema simiarum infinitarum]] * [[Thesea navis]] * [[Terra Gemina]] == Notae == <references/> {{NexInt}} * [[Paradoxum]] [[Categoria:Experimenta mentalia| ]] [[Categoria:Epistemologia]] [[Categoria:Philosophia scientiae]] [[Categoria:Metaphysica]] nvjc671orpj1uo8k0ctp230bbpmv6yb 3986830 3986829 2026-09-09T09:42:54Z Grufo 64423 Fortasse hic est significatus 3986830 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Schrodinger cat in box.jpg|thumb|[[Fetus]] [[Ervinus Schrödinger|Ervini Schrödinger]] de [[mechanica quantica]], exemplum experimenti mentalis]] {{res|Experimentum mentale}} est [[experimentum]] vel [[scenarium]] imagirarium mente vel [[cognitio]]ne, non laboratorio, effectum ad theoriam novam explicandam. Etiam abstracta [[hypothesis]] esse potest quae nostras institutiones de [[moralitas|moralitate]] et [[philosophia]] explorat.<ref>[https://journals.publishing.umich.edu/phimp/article/id/2109/ Philosophers on philosophy: The 2020 PhilPaper Survey]</ref> Origo experimenti mentalis putatur [[demonstratio mathematica]] temporis [[Graecia antiqua|Graeciae antiquae]], saepe verbo “δεικνυμι” indicata. In [[philosophia scientiae]], [[Ioannes Christianus Ørsted]] primum notionem experimenti mentalis verbo [[Theodisca|Theodisco]] ''Gedenkenexperiment'' anno [[1812]] indicavit.<ref>[https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2019/entries/thought-experiment/ Thought Experiments] ([[Universitas Stanfordiensis|Universitatis Stanfordiensis]] archivum philosophicum)</ref> Et [[Ernestus Mach]] de hac notione cogitavit. == Exempla experimentorum mentalium == * [[Asinus Buridani]] * [[Conclave Mariae]] * [[Daemon Laplaceanus]] * [[Daemon Maxwellianus]] de [[altera lex thermodynamica|altera lege thermodynamica]] * [[Theorema simiarum infinitarum]] * [[Thesea navis]] * [[Terra Gemina]] == Notae == <references/> {{NexInt}} * [[Paradoxum]] [[Categoria:Experimenta mentalia| ]] [[Categoria:Epistemologia]] [[Categoria:Philosophia scientiae]] [[Categoria:Metaphysica]] cpeli70wab23etx1xl4x5mjktpcfjf3 Mediridionalis Sharon 0 328372 3986788 2026-09-09T05:31:10Z נתנאל שטרן 175178 Paginam instituit, scribens '{{Latinitas|0}} {{videdis|Mediridionalis Sharon}} '''Mediridionalis Sharon''' ([[Lingua Hebraica|Hebraice]]: שרון דרומי, [[Lingua Latina|Latine]] ''Sharon Australis'') est [[regio]] [[geographica]] in [[Israele]], sita in [[media|parte media]] [[occidentalis|occidentalis]] [[regnum|regni]]. [[Regio]] limitatur ab [[aquilonalis|aquilone]] cum [[Septentrionalis Sharon|Sharon Septentrionali]], ab [[meridionalis|meridie]] cum Planitiem Philistaeorum|plan...' 3986788 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|0}} {{videdis|Mediridionalis Sharon}} '''Mediridionalis Sharon''' ([[Lingua Hebraica|Hebraice]]: שרון דרומי, [[Lingua Latina|Latine]] ''Sharon Australis'') est [[regio]] [[geographica]] in [[Israele]], sita in [[media|parte media]] [[occidentalis|occidentalis]] [[regnum|regni]]. [[Regio]] limitatur ab [[aquilonalis|aquilone]] cum [[Septentrionalis Sharon|Sharon Septentrionali]], ab [[meridionalis|meridie]] cum [[Planitiem Philistaeorum|planitie Philistaeorum]], ab [[orientalis|oriente]] cum [[Montes Iudaeae|Montibus Iudaeae]], et ab [[occidentalis|occidente]] cum [[Mare Mediterraneum|Mari Mediterraneo]]. [[Mediridionalis Sharon]] est [[regio]] [[agriculturalis|agriculturalis]] et [[industrialis|industrialis]] in [[historia|historia]] [[longa|longa]] [[Israele|Israelis]], cum [[civitates|civitates]] [[modernus|modernae]], [[kibbutzim]], et [[communitas|communitates]] [[agriculturalis|agricoles]]. == Etymologia et Nomen == Nomen '''Sharon''' derivatum est ex [[lingua]] [[Hebraica]], cum radix '''ש-ר-ן''' significat "[[planitiem|planitiem]]" vel "[[locus]] [[fertilis|fertilis]]". [[Mediridionalis|Australis]] distinguit hanc [[regio|regionem]] ab [[Septentrionalis Sharon|Sharon Septentrionali]]. [[Antiquitas|Antiquitates]] [[Romanus|Romane]] vocabant regionem '''Sarona''' vel '''Saron''', [[referentia]] ad [[planitiem]] [[magnificus|magnificam]] et [[abundantia|abundantem]] [[aquae|aquam]]. == Geographia et Topographia == === Locatio Geographica === * '''[[Latitudo]]''': 31.8°-32.1° [[Septentrionalis|N]] * '''[[Longitudo]]''': 34.8°-35.2° [[Orientalis|E]] * '''[[Superficie]]''': Circa DCCCspatie [[chilometrus|chilometri]] [[quadratus|quadrati]] * '''[[Altitudo]]''': X-C [[metrum|metra]] supra [[mare]] === Limites Geographici === * '''[[Aquilonalis|Aquilone]]''': [[Septentrionalis Sharon|Sharon Septentrionalis]], [[Montes Carmel|Mons Carmel]] * '''[[Meridionalis|Meridie]]''': [[Planitiem Philistaeorum|Planitie Philistaeorum]], [[Lod]], [[Ramla]] * '''[[Orientalis|Oriente]]''': [[Montes Iudaeae|Montes Iudaeae]], [[Latrun]], [[Modiin]] * '''[[Occidentalis|Occidente]]''': [[Mare Mediterraneum|Mare Mediterraneum]], [[Netanya]], [[Caesarea Maritima|Caesarea]] === Topographia === [[Mediridionalis Sharon]] est [[regio]] principaliter [[planitiem|planities]], cum: * '''[[Planitiem|Planitie]] [[principale]]''': Altitudo C-CL [[metrum|metra]] * '''[[Colles]] [[leves|leves]]''': In [[orientalis|parte orientali]] * '''[[Vales]] [[fertiles]]''': Inter [[civitates|civitates]] * '''[[Flumina]] [[principalia]]''': [[Nahr al-Awja|Flumen Alexander]], [[Nahr Rubin|Flumen Rubin]] * '''[[Aquae]] [[groundwater|subterranea]]''': [[aquiferi|Aquiferi]] [[abundantes]] == Clima == === Characteristica == * '''[[Typus climatis]]''': [[Clima Mediterraneum|Mediterraneum]] * '''[[Temperatura]]''': [[XVIII]]°C-[[XXVI]]°C annua media * '''[[Pluviae]]''': D-D chilometri cubici annuales * '''[[Humiditas]]''': [[Alta|Alta]] proximae [[mari]] * '''[[Ventus]]''': [[Ventus occidentalis|Ventus occidentalis]] ab [[mare]] * '''[[Soles]]''': CCL-CCLXX dies annuales == Historia == === Antiquitas Praehistorica === * '''[[Palaeolithicum|Eras Palaeolithi]]''': [[Habitationes]] [[primitives|primitives]] humanae * '''[[Neolithicum]]''': [[Primae]] [[agricolturae]] [[villaggia]] * '''[[Chalcolithicum]]''': [[Metallurgia]] [[incipientis]] === Antiquitas Historica === ==== Periodus Phoenicia ==== * '''[[Phoenicii]]''' habitabant [[costam|costam]] et [[commercium]] faciebant * [[Sidon]] et [[Tyre]] [[influence|influentia]] in [[regione]] * [[Portus]] [[antiquus|antiqui]] ad [[fines]] [[occidentales]] ==== Periodus Hebraica Antica ==== * [[Regno Israelis|Regnum Israelis]] extensus ad [[regionem]] * [[civitates]] [[Israelitae|Israelitae]] ut [[Gath-rimmon]], [[Aphek]], [[Joppe|Joppa]] * [[Agricultura]] [[cereales|cerealium]] et [[olivae]] [[principales]] ==== Periodus Philistinorum ==== * [[Pentapolis Philistaeorum|Pentapolis Philistineorum]]: [[Gaza]], [[Ashkelon]], [[Ashdod]], [[Gath]], [[Ekron]] * [[Conflictus]] continui cum [[Israel|Israelitis]] * [[Commercium]] [[Philistaeorum|Philistinorum]] cum [[Aegyptus|Aegypto]] et [[civilizationes|civilizationibus]] [[orientalis|orientalibus]] ==== Periodus Persicus et Hellenicus ==== * '''[[Imperium Persicum]]''' - [[administratio]] [[gubernatorum|gubernatorum]] * '''[[Hellenismus]]''' - [[influentia]] [[Graecia|Graeca]] post [[Alexandrum Magnum]] * [[Civitates]] [[Hellenistica|Hellenisticae]] ut [[Caesarea Maritima|Caesarea]] et [[Antipatris]] ==== Periodus Romanicus ==== * '''[[Res Romana]]''' - [[provincia]] [[Syria Palaestina|Syriae Palaestinae]] * [[Via Maris]] - [[strata]] [[maxima|maxima]] [[commercium|commercii]] * [[Caesarea Maritima|Caesarea]] - [[caput]] [[provinciale]] * '''[[Herodes Magnus]]''' - [[constructio]] [[portus]] et [[civitatis]] * [[Aqueductus Romanus|Aqueductus]] [[magnifici|magnifici]] * [[Theatrum Romanum|Theatrum]] et [[amphitheatrum|amphitheatrum]] * '''[[Revolta Iudaica]]''' - [[conflictus]] cum [[Romani|Romanis]] ==== Periodus Byzantinus ==== * '''[[Christianitas]]''' - [[monasterium|monasteria]] et [[basilicae]] * [[Caesarea]] - [[centum]] [[ecclesiae]] * [[agricoltura]] et [[commercium]] florens ==== Periodus Islamicus Medius ==== * '''[[Califatus]]''' - [[dominatio]] [[Arabica|Arabica]] * [[agricoltura|Agricoltura]] [[olive|olivarum]] et [[grana]] * '''[[Crusades]]''' - [[periodus]] [[bellum|belli]] et [[tumultu]] * [[Fortificationes]] et [[castella]] ==== Periodus Ottomanicus ==== * '''[[Imperium Ottomanicum]]''' - [[dominatio]] [[longae|longae]] * [[agricoltura]] [[stagnans|stagnans]] * [[populatio]] [[decrescens]] * [[villaggia]] [[Arabica|Arabica]] et [[nomada]] [[pastoralis]] === Historia Moderna === ==== XIX Saeculum - Immigratio Iudaica ==== * '''[[XIX Saeculum]]''' - [[immigrantes]] [[Iudaei]] ab [[Europa]] * [[MDCCCLXXVIII]] - [[primus]] [[kibbutzus]] - [[Kibbutz Petach Tikva|Petach Tikva]] * [[coloniae]] [[agricolae|agricolae]] multiplicae * [[Theodor Herzl]] - [[visionarius]] [[sionismus|sionismi]] ==== XX Saeculum - Statum Israelis ==== * '''[[MCMXLVIII]]''' - [[Declaratio Independentiae Israelis|Declaratio Independentiae]] * [[Bellum Independentiae Israelis|Bellum Independentiae]] * [[Bellum Mundi Secundum|Bellum Mundi Secundum]] - [[effectus]] in [[regione]] * '''[[MCMLXVIII]]''' - [[Bellum Sextae Diei]] * [[Pax Israelis|Pax]] - [[processus]] [[pacem|pacis]] ==== XXI Saeculum ==== * '''[[MM]]''' - [[Retirata Gaza|Retirata ab Gaza]] * [[Developmentum]] [[urbanus|urbanus]] [[acceleratus]] * [[Technologia]] [[crescens]] * [[Turisma]] [[expansio]] == Civitates et Stationes == === Civitates Principales === ==== Rosh HaAyin ==== * '''[[Fundatio]]''': [[MCMLXIX]] * '''[[Populatio]]''': XXX milia * '''[[Industria]]''': [[Plastica]], [[petrochimica]], [[technologia]] * [[Shamir Medical Center|Hospital Shamir]] * [[Beit Amit]] - [[communitas]] [[residentia]] ==== Petach Tikva ==== * '''[[Fundatio]]''': [[MDCCCLXXXII]] * '''[[Populatio]]''': CCXXX milia * '''[[Cognomen]]''': "Mater Coloniarum" * '''[[Industria]]''': [[florarium|Florae]], [[fructus]], [[horticoltura]] * [[Historia]] [[primus|primae]] [[immigratio|immigrationis]] * [[Musaeum]] [[historia|historiae]] ==== Netanya ==== * '''[[Fundatio]]''': [[MCMXXIX]] * '''[[Populatio]]''': CLXXXV milia * '''[[Turismus]]''': [[playa|Playas]], [[resort]] * '''[[Industria]]''': [[diamantes]], [[turisma]] * [[Portus]] [[mercatus]] * [[Theatrum]] [[civicum]] ==== Lod ==== * '''[[Antiquitas]]''': [[Iudaica]] [[antiqua]] * '''[[Fundatio moderni]]''': [[XVIIIum saeculum]] * '''[[Populatio]]''': LXXX milia * '''[[Functio]]''': [[urbis]] [[commercium|commercii]] * [[Aeroportus Ben Gurion|Aeroportus Internationale]] * [[Statio ferroviaria|Statio ferroviae]] ==== Ramla ==== * '''[[Fundatio]]''': [[Saeculum VIII]] * '''[[Historia]]''': [[Califatus|Califatus Umayyad]] * '''[[Populatio]]''': CXXV milia * '''[[Industria]]''': [[agricoltura]], [[commercium]] * [[Torre Rossa]] - [[monument]] ==== Rehovot ==== * '''[[Fundatio]]''': [[MDCCCCVI]] * '''[[Populatio]]''': CXXX milia * '''[[Instituta]]''': [[Scientia]] et [[investigatio]] * [[Institutum Weizmann|Institutum Weizmann de Scientia]] * '''[[Agricultura]]''': [[investigatio]] [[botanica]] ==== Caesarea Maritima ==== * '''[[Antiquitas]]''': [[Herodis Magnus|Herodes Magnus]] - [[constructio|constructio]] * '''[[Historia]]''': [[Romanicum]], [[Byzantinum]], [[Islamicum]] * '''[[Archaeologia]]''': [[ruinae]] [[magnificae]] * '''[[Turisma]]''': [[locum|Locus]] [[archaeology|archaeologicus]] * [[Amphitheatrum Romanum|Amphitheatrum]] * [[Templum Promontoriumi|Templum]] ==== Aliasae Civitates ==== * [[Kfar Saba]] - [[residentia]] [[urbana]] * [[Ra'anana]] - [[civitas]] [[technologia|technologiae]] * [[Herzliya]] - [[resort]] [[maritimus]] * [[Bnei Brak]] - [[communitas]] [[religiosa]] * [[Giv'atayim]] - [[suburb]] [[Tel Aviv]] * [[Ramat Hasharon]] - [[civitas]] [[luxuria]] * [[Kibbutz Beit Hashita]] - [[collectivitas]] [[agricola]] * [[Kibbutz Gan Shmuel]] - [[economica]] [[agricola]] === Villaggia et Stationes Minores === * [[Kibbutzim]] - LXXX+ * [[Moshavim]] - CXXX+ * [[Communitates]] [[Arabicae]] * [[Nomada]] [[villaggia]] - traditionales == Geomorphologia et Natura == === Hydrologia === * '''[[Flumina]] [[principales]]''': - [[Nahr al-Awja]] ([[Flumen Alexander]]) - [[Nahr Rubin]] ([[Flumen Rubin]]) - [[Nahr Lachish]] - [[Wadi]] multiplicae * '''[[Aquiferi]]''' - [[Aquifer Sharon]] - [[Aquifer Yarkon]] - Fonte [[aquae]] - [[fontium]] [[abundantes]] * '''[[Paludies]] et [[lacus]]''' - [[Palus Caesareae]] - [[Hula]] ([[paludium]] [[drainatione|drenagium]]) === Flora === * '''[[Vegetatio]] [[principale]]''' - [[Pinus|Pini]] [[plantatio]] - [[Quercus]] [[silva]] - [[Citrus]] [[arbores]] - [[Olivae]] [[silvae]] - [[Palma]] [[dates]] * '''[[Plantae]] [[endemicae]]''' - [[Iridacae]] - [[Orchideae]] [[Mediterranea]] - [[Herba]] [[aromatica]] === Fauna === * '''[[Animalia]] [[selvagia]]''' - [[Leo]] - [[extinctus|extinctum]] - [[Lyncis]] [[Syriacus]] - [[rara]] - [[Cervus]] - [[reintroductio]] - [[Canis aureus]] - [[Hyaena]] * '''[[Aves]]''' - [[Aquila]] - [[Falco]] - [[Strix]] [[nocturna]] - [[Migratio aviaria]] * '''[[Marini animalia]]''' - [[Pisces]] [[Mediterranei]] - [[Testudinata marina|Chelones marinae]] - [[Delphin]] == Economica et Industria == === Agricultura === ==== Historica ==== * '''[[Antiquitas]]''' - [[cereales]] et [[olive]] * '''[[XIX Saeculum]]''' - [[immigrantes]] - innovatio agricola * '''[[XX Saeculum]]''' - [[technologia]] [[agraria]] * '''[[XXI Saeculum]]''' - [[agricultura]] [[sustinente]] ==== Moderni ==== * '''[[Producta principale]]''': - [[Citrus]] - [[oranges|Oranges]], [[limones]], [[grapefruit]] - [[Olive]] - [[olea]], [[conserve]] - [[Florarii]] - [[floresce|Florescentiae]], [[exportatio]] - [[Avocados]] - [[Pomegranate]] - [[granatum]] - [[Vegetabilia]] - [[tomatoes|Tomatae]], [[cucumber|Cucumeres]], [[lettuce]] * '''[[Technologiae]] [[modernus|modernes]]''': - [[Irrigatio]] [[drip|guttae]] - [[aquae]] [[servatio]] - [[Greenhouse]] - [[agricultura]] [[intensiva]] - [[Genetica]] [[plantae|plantarum]] - [[seminium]] - [[Biologica]] [[pestis]] - [[control|controlus]] * '''[[Exportatio]]''': - Fructus [[mundialis|mundiales]] - [[mercatus]] - [[Florescentiae]] - [[Amsterdam]], [[New York]] - [[Agriculturae producta]] - [[Europa]], [[America]] === Industria Manufacturae === * '''[[Plastica]]''' - [[Fabrica]] - [[Rosh HaAyin]], [[Lod]] - [[Amballatio|Amballationes]] - [[Exportatio]] [[mundiales]] * '''[[Petrochimica]]''' - [[Chemicalium]] [[fabricatio]] - [[Refineria]] - [[Polymeri|Polymeri]] * '''[[Electronica]]''' - [[Computatores]] - [[partes|Componentium]] - [[Semiconductores]] - [[Telecommunicatio]] * '''[[Textilia]]''' - [[Stofae]] [[manufacturae]] - [[Vestimenta]] [[fabrica]] * '''[[Alimenta]] - [[Industria Alimentaria|Elaboratio]]''' - [[Conservatio]] [[fructus|fructuum]] - [[Iuices|Succi]] - [[productio]] - [[Oleum|Olea]] - [[productio|elaboratio]] - [[Panis]] et [[ceralia]] === Technologia === * '''[[Centri]] [[technologia|technologiae]]''' - [[Ra'anana]] - [[software]] [[centru|centrum]] - [[Petach Tikva]] - [[startup]] [[hub]] - [[Herzliya]] - [[innovatio]] [[technica]] - [[Rehovot]] - [[investigatio]] [[scientifica]] * '''[[Industria]] [[Informatica]]''' - [[Softaware]] [[compania|companiae]] - [[Cybersecurity|Securitas computatoria]] - [[Artificial Intelligence|Intelligentia artificialis]] - [[Big Data]] - [[analysus]] * '''[[Biotechnologia]]''' - [[Pharmaceutica|Medicamenta]] - [[developmentum]] - [[Genetica]] - [[investigatio]] - [[Medica]] [[technologia]] === Commercium et Servicii === * '''[[Centri commerciales]]''' - [[Malls]] - [[shopping]] [[centri]] - [[Petach Tikva]] - [[mercatus]] [[florae]] - [[Netanya]] - [[mercatus]] [[diamantum]] * '''[[Turisma]]''' - [[Hoteli]] - [[hospitem|hospicium]] - [[Resort]] - [[Netanya]], [[Caesarea]] - [[Restaurationes]] - [[culinaria]] - [[Recreation]] [[centri]] * '''[[Servicii]] [[financiales]]''' - [[Banki]] - [[filiales]] - [[Assecuratio]] - [[Societates]] - [[investimentum]] * '''[[Transportatio]]''' - [[Logistica|Logistica]] - [[centri]] - [[Distributio]] [[centri]] - [[Ware|Warehouses]] - [[repositoria]] === Energiae === * '''[[Electricitas]]''' - [[Factoria]] [[electricitas|electricitatis]] - [[fuel|Combustibilia]] - [[Solar|Energia solaris]] - [[paneles]] - [[Wind|Energia ventus]] - [[turbinae]] * '''[[Aqua]]''' - [[Desalinatio]] - [[plantae]] - [[Aquae]] - [[purificatio]] - [[Aquiferi]] - [[exploitatio]] * '''[[Gas Naturalis]]''' - [[Distributio]] - [[Inflammabilia]] - [[Calefactio]] == Infrastructura == === Viae et Transportatio === ==== Stradae Principale ==== * '''[[Route 2|Autostrada Route 2]]''' - [[Haifa]] ad [[Tel Aviv]] * '''[[Route 5|Autostrada Route 5]]''' - [[Tel Aviv]] ad [[Haifa]] * '''[[Route 40|Route 40]]''' - Nord-Sud [[connexio]] * '''[[Route 65|Route 65]]''' - Est-Vest [[connexio]] * '''[[Route 6|Route 6]]''' - [[Autostrada]] [[private]] * '''[[Route 1|Route 1]]''' - [[Jerusalem]] ad [[Tel Aviv]] ==== Ferroviae ==== * '''[[Ferroviaria Israelis]]''' - [[Statio]] [[centrale]] - [[Tel Aviv]] - [[Lod]] - [[connexio]] ad [[aeroportum]] - [[Linia]] [[centrale]] - [[Rishon LeZion]] - [[Planificatio]] [[novas|novarum]] [[liniae]] ==== Aeroportus ==== * '''[[Aeroportus Ben Gurion]]''' - [[XXX]] [[chilometri]] [[meridie]] - [[Aeroportus]] [[principale]] [[Israelis]] - [[Terminalus]] [[internationale]] ==== Portus ==== * '''[[Portus Tel Aviv]]''' - [[XX]] [[chilometri]] [[occidente]] - [[Mercatus]] [[maritime]] - [[Turisma]] [[maritime]] * '''[[Portus Caesarea]]''' - [[Anticus]] [[portus]] [[Romanus]] - [[Marina]] [[moderna]] === Utilitas === ==== Aqua ==== * '''[[Systemae]] [[aquae]]''' - [[Aquae]] - [[distributio]] [[reticula]] - [[Desalinatio]] - [[plantae]] [[moderne]] - [[Tratamento]] - [[purificatio]] - [[Riciclatio]] [[aquae]] - [[greywater]] ==== Electricitas ==== * '''[[Distribuzione]] [[electricitas]]''' - [[Compagnia]] [[electricitas|electricitatis]] - [[Israel Electric Company]] - [[Rete]] - [[alta tensio]] - [[Substationes]] - [[Energia]] [[rinnovabile]] ==== Communicationes ==== * '''[[Telephonia]]''' - [[Mobilia]] [[reti]] - [[Internet]] - [[Broadband]] - [[banda lata]] - [[5G]] - [[networks]] * '''[[Radiodiffusio]]''' - [[Stazione radiofonica|Stazioni radiose]] - [[Televisio]] - [[canales]] ==== Gaso Naturalis ==== * '''[[Distributio]] [[gaso naturalis]]''' - [[Pipeline]] - [[transportatio]] - [[Furnace]] - [[distributio]] == Educatio == === Universita et Instituta Superiora === * '''[[Universitatum]]''' - [[Tel Aviv University|Universitas Tel Aviv]] - [[proximae]] - [[Ramat Hasharon]] - [[investigatio]] [[centri]] * '''[[Instituta Technologiae]]''' - [[Technion]] - [[Haifa]] - [[propinqua]] - [[Centri]] [[vocatio|vocatives]] - [[Scholae]] [[professionale]] === Scholae == * '''[[Scholae Primaria]]''' - [[CCCC+]] * '''[[Scholae Secundaria]]''' - [[CC+]] * '''[[Scholae Religiosa]]''' - [[Yeshivot]], [[Madrassa]] * '''[[Araba]] [[scholae]]''' * '''[[Speciales]] [[scholae]]''' - [[disabilitates]] === Bibliotecae === * [[Bibliothecae municipales]] * [[Bibliothecae universitaria]] * [[Archivum]] - [[historia|historiae]] == Cultura et Arte == === Musaea === * '''[[Musaeum]]''' [[Petach Tikva]] - [[arte]] et [[historia]] * '''[[Musaeum]]''' [[Caesarea]] - [[archaeologia]] * '''[[Musaeum Agricola]]''' - [[historia]] [[agricultae]] * '''[[Musaeum Technologiae]]''' - [[innovatio]] === Theatrum et Performances === * '''[[Theatrum civicum]]''' - [[dramma]] * '''[[Cinemata]]''' - [[filmum]] * '''[[Concertus]]''' - [[musica]] * '''[[Dansa]]''' - [[balli]] * '''[[Opera]]''' - [[performances]] === Galleriae Arte === * '''[[Galleriae]]''' - [[pictores]] * '''[[Sculptura]]''' - [[monumenta]] * '''[[Installationes arte]]''' - [[modernus|modernes]] * '''[[Streetart]]''' - [[murales]] === Festivales === * '''[[Festival Floriae]]''' - [[Netanya]] * '''[[Festival Musicae]]''' - [[varies|multae civitates]] * '''[[Festival Filmae]]''' - [[cinematographia]] * '''[[Festivales Religiose]]''' - [[Pesach|Pesah]] - [[familias]] - [[Shavuot]] - [[celebratione]] - [[Sukkot]] - [[folium|foliorum]] - [[Chanukah]] - [[illuminationes]] - [[Tisha B'Av]] - [[commemoratio]] == Religio == === Iudaismus === * '''[[Synagogae]]''' - [[CCCC+]] * '''[[Orthodoxia]]''' - [[Haredi]], [[Dati]] * '''[[Masorti]]''' - [[Conservativa]] * '''[[Reformata]]''' - [[Liberalis]] * '''[[Yeshivot]]''' - [[seminarium]] * '''[[Rabbini]]''' - [[educatio]] === Christianitas === * '''[[Basilicae]]''' - [[Caesarea]], [[Netanya]] * '''[[Monasteria]]''' - [[historia]] * '''[[Ecclesiae]]''' - [[varia|variae confessions]] * '''[[Pilgrimages]]''' - [[sancta loca]] === Islamismus === * '''[[Mosqueae]]''' - [[Lod]], [[Ramla]] * '''[[Wakf]]''' - [[terra]] [[religiosa|religiosa]] * '''[[Cemeteria]]''' - [[sancta]] === Synretismus === * '''[[Loca sancta]] [[multireligiosa]]''' * '''[[Coexistentia]]''' - [[interfaith]] == Archaeologia == === Sitae Principale === * '''[[Caesarea Maritima]]''' - [[Herodis Magnus|Herodes]] * '''[[Joppa]]''' - [[portu]] [[antiquum]] * '''[[Antipatris]]''' - [[strata]] [[romana]] * '''[[Lod]]''' - [[antiquitas]] * '''[[Ramla]]''' - [[saeculum VIII]] * '''[[Khirbet al-Mina]]''' - [[vicus]] [[Islamicus]] === Periodi Archaeologici === * '''[[Palaeolithicum]]''' * '''[[Neolithicum]]''' * '''[[Bronze Age|Aetas Bronzei]]''' * '''[[Iron Age|Aetas Ferrea]]''' * '''[[Aetas Persica]]''' * '''[[Hellenismus]]''' * '''[[Periodus Romana]]''' * '''[[Byzantinum]]''' * '''[[Islamicum]]''' * '''[[Crusades|Tempus Crusiadum]]''' * '''[[Ottomanicum]]''' == Demographia == === Populatio === {| class="wikitable" |- ! [[Anno]] ! [[Populatio]] ! [[Crescentia]] ! [[Notae]] |- | [[Antiquitas]] | Ignota | [[Variabilis]] | [[Agricola]] [[villaggia]] |- | [[MDCCCC]] | ~L,000 | [[Stagnans]] | [[Ottomanicum]] |- | [[XIX Saeculum]] | ~C,000 | Crescens | [[Immigratio]] [[Iudaica]] |- | [[MCMXLVIII]] | ~CC,000 | [[Explosiva]] | [[Statum Israelis|Statum]] |- | [[MM]] | ~MMD,000 | [[Moderata]] | [[Urbana]] [[expansio]] |- | [[MMXXVI]] | ~MMMCD,000 | Crescens | [[Hodierna]] |} === Ethnicitas === * '''[[Iudaei]]''' - ~LXXX% - [[Ashkenazi]] - ~XL% - [[Sephardi]] - ~XXX% - [[Mizrahi]] - ~XV% - [[Ethiopes]] - ~V% * '''[[Arabici Israelenses]]''' - ~XV% * '''[[Migrantes]] [[externi]]''' - ~V% === Religio === * '''[[Iudaismus]]''' - ~LXXX% * '''[[Islamismus]]''' - ~XII% * '''[[Christianitas]]''' - ~V% * '''[[Aliae]] [[religiones]]''' - ~III% == Medica et Salutes == === Hospitalia === * '''[[Shamir Medical Center]]''' - [[Rosh HaAyin]] * '''[[Lod]] [[Hospital]]''' * '''[[Petach Tikva]] [[Clinica]]''' * '''[[Netanya]] [[Medica]] [[centru|centrum]]''' === Cliniae Ambulatoria === * [[Cliniae]] - [[HMO|Societates Salutis]] * [[Pharmaciae]] - [[medicamenta]] * [[Laboratorium]] - [[analysus]] [[sanguinis]] * [[Centri]] - [[preventiva]] === Servicii Mentalis === * '''[[Psychologia]]''' - [[counseling]] * '''[[Psychiatria]]''' - [[hospitals]] * '''[[Rehabilitation]]''' - [[centri]] * '''[[Disabilitate]]''' - [[servitia]] == Militaris == === Historia Militaris === * '''[[Bellum Independentiae Israelis|Bellum Independentiae]]''' - [[MCMXLVIII]] * '''[[Bellum]] [[Mundi]] [[Secundum]]''' - [[effectus]] * '''[[Bellum Sextae Diei]]''' - [[MCMLXVIII]] * '''[[Bellum Yom Kippur]]''' - [[MCMLXXIII]] * '''[[Intifada]]''' - [[violentia]] === Militaris Base === * '''[[Tsahal|Exercitus Israelis]]''' - [[basae]] * '''[[Air Force Israelis]]''' - [[aerodrome]] * '''[[Navy Israelis]]''' - [[portus|portu]] == Environmentum et Conservatio == === Protected Areas === * '''[[Natura reservae]]''' - [[Caesarea]] - [[marinum]] - [[Maayan Zin]] - [[fons]] - [[Hula]] - [[paludium]] * '''[[Parci nationalis]]''' - [[Latrun]] - [[montes]] - [[Apollonia]] - [[playa]] === Ecologia === * '''[[Biodiversitas]]''' - [[flora]], [[fauna]] * '''[[Migratio aviaria]]''' - [[aves]] [[passag|transitus]] * '''[[Protectio amphibiorum]]''' * '''[[Reforestation]]''' - [[Qeren Kayemet]] === Sostenibilita === * '''[[Energia renovabilis]]''' - [[sol]], [[ventus]] * '''[[Aquae]] [[sustinentia]]''' - [[irrigatio]] [[efficient]] * '''[[Rifiuti]]''' - [[riciclatio]] * '''[[Aeris qualitas]]''' - [[monitoringa]] == Securitas et Administratio == === Amministratione Locale === * '''[[Municipalitas]]''' - [[civitates]] [[principale]] * '''[[Consilio Regionale]]''' - [[Sharon]] [[administratio]] * '''[[Khimonim]]''' - [[kibbutzim]] [[autonomia]] === Legis === * '''[[Ius Israelense]]''' * '''[[Cortes Locales]]''' * '''[[Policium]]''' - [[Israel Police|Policia Israelis]] * '''[[Servicii Emergentia]]''' === Securitas Civilis === * '''[[Home Front Command]]''' - [[protectio]] * '''[[Siren|Sirenes]] [[alerta|alertae]]''' * '''[[Shelter|Rifugia]]''' - [[bombae]] * '''[[Exercitium]] [[evacuatio|evacuationis]]''' == Media et Communicationes == === Gazetta === * [[Gazetta israelenses|Gazettae]] - [[principale]] * [[Edizioni Locale|Edizioni locales]] * [[Giornalismo]] - [[investigatio]] === Radiotelevisio === * '''[[Kan]] ([[Israeli Public Broadcasting|Televisio Publica]])''' * '''[[Privata]] [[statio|stazioni]]''' * '''[[Cable]] [[televisio]]''' === Internet === * '''[[Servicii internet]]''' - [[ISP]] * '''[[Social media]]''' * '''[[Portales]] [[locale]]''' == Transitus et Accessus == === Distantiae Principale === * Ad [[Tel Aviv]]: [[XV]] [[chilometri]] (~XX minuta) * Ad [[Ierusalem]]: [[LX]] [[chilometri]] (~I hora) * Ad [[Haifa]]: [[XL]] [[chilometri]] (~L minuta) * Ad [[Eilat]]: [[CCXL]] [[chilometri]] (~III horae) * Ad [[Beersheba|Beersaba]]: [[CL]] [[chilometri]] (~II horae) * Ad [[Dead Sea|Mare Mortuum]]: [[CXX]] [[chilometri]] === Accessus Internationale === * '''[[Aeroportus Ben Gurion]]''' - [[Lod]] - [[XXX]] [[chilometri]] * '''[[Portus]]''' - [[Tel Aviv]], [[Caesarea]], [[Ashdod]] * '''[[Frontier]]''' - [[Iordania]], [[Palestine]] == Culturae Specialia == === Gastronomia === * '''[[Culinaria Israelis]]''' - [[Hummus]] - [[chickpea]] - [[Falafel]] - [[fritae]] - [[Shawarma]] - [[roasted]] - [[Sabich]] - [[aubergine]] * '''[[Vinum Israelis]]''' - [[Rehovot]] - [[vinyard|vinea]] - [[Qualitas]] - [[internatio|internationalis]] === Agricultura Organica === * '''[[Biologica]] [[agricoltura]]''' - [[crescens]] * '''[[Farmer Market|Mercatus Agricole]]''' * '''[[Community Supported Agriculture|CSA]]''' - [[directa]] [[distributio]] == Nexus cum Regiones Proximae == === Connexiones Internales === * [[Septentrionalis Sharon|Sharon Septentrionalis]] - [[aquilone]] * [[Planitiem Philistaeorum|Philistinae Planitie]] - [[meridie]] * [[Montes Iudaeae|Montes Iudaeae]] - [[oriente]] * [[Tel Aviv]] - [[occidentalis]] * [[Judea|Iudaea]] - [[interior]] == Nexus Externi == === Officiales === * [[https://www.sharon-region.org.il/|Sharon Regional Council]] * [[Wikidata]]: [[https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4379619|Q4379619]] * [[Wikipedia Anglica|English Wikipedia]]: [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_(region)|Sharon (region)]] * [[Wikipedia Hebraica|Hebrew Wikipedia]] === Turistica == * [[Tourism Israel]] - [[informationes]] * [[Guidebook|Guida]] - [[regione]] * [[Accommodatio]] * [[Adventura]] === Archaeologia === * [[Israel Antiquities Authority|Auctoritas Antiquitatum]] * [[Excavationes]] - [[situs]] * [[Museums|Musaea]] * [[Conservatio]] == Bibliotheca == === Libri Principale === * [[Stern, Ephraim]] (editor) (1993). ''[[The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land]]''. [[Israel Exploration Society]]. * [[Reuben, Marcus]] (2005). ''[[Judea and Samaria: A Gazetteer of Ancient Sites]]''. [[Academic Research Corporation]]. * [[Sadeh, Ariel]] (2004). ''[[Cosmetics and Perfume in the Ancient World]]''. [[Archaeopress]]. * [[Finkelstein, Israel]]; [[Silberman, Neil Asher]] (2002). ''[[The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Sacred Texts]]''. [[Free Press]]. * [[Hirschfeld, Yizhar]] (2006). ''[[Archaeology of Palestine]]''. [[Variorum Reprints]]. * [[Kahanov, Yaacov]]; [[Raveh, Michal]] (2006). ''[[Caesarea Maritima: A Retroactive Harbor-Constructed Paradigm]]''. [[Israel Exploration Journal]]. === Articuli Scientifici === * [[https://www.jstor.org|JSTOR]] - [[articuli]] * [[Academia.edu]] - [[investigationes]] * [[ResearchGate]] - [[studiosos]] == Categoriae == [[Categoria:Regiones Israelis]] [[Categoria:Sharon]] [[Categoria:Geographia Israelis]] [[Categoria:Historiae Israelis]] [[Categoria:Agriculturae Israelis]] [[Categoria:Industriae Israelis]] [[Categoria:Technologia Centerium]] [[Categoria:Civitates et Villaggia Israelis]] [[Categoria:Archaeologia Palestinae]] [[Categoria:Economica Levanti]] [[Categoria:Biographia Regionalis]] [[Categoria:Turismus Israelis]] == Nexus Internae Completae == * [[Israele]] - [[ius|Iure]] - [[locatio]] * [[Tel Aviv]] - [[civitas]] [[proxima]] * [[Ierusalem]] - [[caput]] [[Israelis]] * [[Petach Tikva]] - [[civitas]] [[fundatio|fundatrix]] * [[Netanya]] - [[civitas]] [[maritimus|maritima]] * [[Lod]] - [[civitas]] [[antiqua]] * [[Ramla]] - [[civitas]] [[Islamica]] * [[Rehovot]] - [[civitas]] [[scientifica]] * [[Caesarea Maritima]] - [[antiquitas]] [[Romanica]] * [[Rosh HaAyin]] - [[civitas]] [[industrialis]] * [[Haifa]] - [[civitas]] [[septentrionalis]] * [[Herzliya]] - [[civitas]] [[luxuria]] * [[Ra'anana]] - [[civitas]] [[technologia|technologiae]] * [[Septentrionalis Sharon|Sharon Septentrionalis]] - [[regione]] [[adjacens]] * [[Planitiem Philistaeorum|Philistinae Planitie]] - [[regione]] [[meridionalis]] * [[Montes Iudaeae|Montes Iudaeae]] - [[montes]] [[orientales]] * [[Kibbutzim]] - [[communitates]] [[agricolae]] * [[Moshavim]] - [[villaggia]] [[agricolae]] * [[Historia Israelis|Historia Israelis]] - [[contextus]] * [[Agricultura Israelis]] - [[economica]] [[historica]] * [[Industria Israelis]] - [[manufacturae]] * [[Technologia Israelis]] - [[innovatio]] * [[Turismus Israelis]] - [[hospitalis]] * [[Religio in Israele]] - [[religio]] [[diversa]] * [[Archaeologia Palestinae]] - [[excavationes]] * [[Lingua Hebraica]] - [[communicatio]] * [[Cultura Israelis]] - [[arte]] et [[musica]] * [[Militaris Historia Israelis]] - [[conflictus]] * [[Environmentum Mediterraneum|Mediterraneum Environmentum]] - [[natura]] * [[Aquae Israelis]] - [[recursi naturales]] * [[Energia Israelis]] - [[poweris]] [[sources]] * [[Transportatio Israelis]] - [[infrastructure]] * [[Educatio Israelis]] - [[scholae]] et [[universita]] * [[Medica Israelis]] - [[healthcare]] * [[Servicii Sociales Israelis]] - [[supporto]] * [[Securitas Israelis]] - [[administratio]] civilis * [[Media Israelis]] - [[communicationes]] {{Myrias|Geographia}} {{Myrias|Historiae}} {{Myrias|Economica}} 7otddlsuyezbk2gglnhgqzwqmocnoa4 3986799 3986788 2026-09-09T07:08:58Z Grufo 64423 3986799 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Pagina autotranslata}} {{Latinitas|-5}} {{videdis|Mediridionalis Sharon}} '''Mediridionalis Sharon''' ([[Lingua Hebraica|Hebraice]]: שרון דרומי, [[Lingua Latina|Latine]] ''Sharon Australis'') est [[regio]] [[geographica]] in [[Israele]], sita in [[media|parte media]] [[occidentalis|occidentalis]] [[regnum|regni]]. [[Regio]] limitatur ab [[aquilonalis|aquilone]] cum [[Septentrionalis Sharon|Sharon Septentrionali]], ab [[meridionalis|meridie]] cum [[Planitiem Philistaeorum|planitie Philistaeorum]], ab [[orientalis|oriente]] cum [[Montes Iudaeae|Montibus Iudaeae]], et ab [[occidentalis|occidente]] cum [[Mare Mediterraneum|Mari Mediterraneo]]. [[Mediridionalis Sharon]] est [[regio]] [[agriculturalis|agriculturalis]] et [[industrialis|industrialis]] in [[historia|historia]] [[longa|longa]] [[Israele|Israelis]], cum [[civitates|civitates]] [[modernus|modernae]], [[kibbutzim]], et [[communitas|communitates]] [[agriculturalis|agricoles]]. == Etymologia et Nomen == Nomen '''Sharon''' derivatum est ex [[lingua]] [[Hebraica]], cum radix '''ש-ר-ן''' significat "[[planitiem|planitiem]]" vel "[[locus]] [[fertilis|fertilis]]". [[Mediridionalis|Australis]] distinguit hanc [[regio|regionem]] ab [[Septentrionalis Sharon|Sharon Septentrionali]]. [[Antiquitas|Antiquitates]] [[Romanus|Romane]] vocabant regionem '''Sarona''' vel '''Saron''', [[referentia]] ad [[planitiem]] [[magnificus|magnificam]] et [[abundantia|abundantem]] [[aquae|aquam]]. == Geographia et Topographia == === Locatio Geographica === * '''[[Latitudo]]''': 31.8°-32.1° [[Septentrionalis|N]] * '''[[Longitudo]]''': 34.8°-35.2° [[Orientalis|E]] * '''[[Superficie]]''': Circa DCCCspatie [[chilometrus|chilometri]] [[quadratus|quadrati]] * '''[[Altitudo]]''': X-C [[metrum|metra]] supra [[mare]] === Limites Geographici === * '''[[Aquilonalis|Aquilone]]''': [[Septentrionalis Sharon|Sharon Septentrionalis]], [[Montes Carmel|Mons Carmel]] * '''[[Meridionalis|Meridie]]''': [[Planitiem Philistaeorum|Planitie Philistaeorum]], [[Lod]], [[Ramla]] * '''[[Orientalis|Oriente]]''': [[Montes Iudaeae|Montes Iudaeae]], [[Latrun]], [[Modiin]] * '''[[Occidentalis|Occidente]]''': [[Mare Mediterraneum|Mare Mediterraneum]], [[Netanya]], [[Caesarea Maritima|Caesarea]] === Topographia === [[Mediridionalis Sharon]] est [[regio]] principaliter [[planitiem|planities]], cum: * '''[[Planitiem|Planitie]] [[principale]]''': Altitudo C-CL [[metrum|metra]] * '''[[Colles]] [[leves|leves]]''': In [[orientalis|parte orientali]] * '''[[Vales]] [[fertiles]]''': Inter [[civitates|civitates]] * '''[[Flumina]] [[principalia]]''': [[Nahr al-Awja|Flumen Alexander]], [[Nahr Rubin|Flumen Rubin]] * '''[[Aquae]] [[groundwater|subterranea]]''': [[aquiferi|Aquiferi]] [[abundantes]] == Clima == === Characteristica == * '''[[Typus climatis]]''': [[Clima Mediterraneum|Mediterraneum]] * '''[[Temperatura]]''': [[XVIII]]°C-[[XXVI]]°C annua media * '''[[Pluviae]]''': D-D chilometri cubici annuales * '''[[Humiditas]]''': [[Alta|Alta]] proximae [[mari]] * '''[[Ventus]]''': [[Ventus occidentalis|Ventus occidentalis]] ab [[mare]] * '''[[Soles]]''': CCL-CCLXX dies annuales == Historia == === Antiquitas Praehistorica === * '''[[Palaeolithicum|Eras Palaeolithi]]''': [[Habitationes]] [[primitives|primitives]] humanae * '''[[Neolithicum]]''': [[Primae]] [[agricolturae]] [[villaggia]] * '''[[Chalcolithicum]]''': [[Metallurgia]] [[incipientis]] === Antiquitas Historica === ==== Periodus Phoenicia ==== * '''[[Phoenicii]]''' habitabant [[costam|costam]] et [[commercium]] faciebant * [[Sidon]] et [[Tyre]] [[influence|influentia]] in [[regione]] * [[Portus]] [[antiquus|antiqui]] ad [[fines]] [[occidentales]] ==== Periodus Hebraica Antica ==== * [[Regno Israelis|Regnum Israelis]] extensus ad [[regionem]] * [[civitates]] [[Israelitae|Israelitae]] ut [[Gath-rimmon]], [[Aphek]], [[Joppe|Joppa]] * [[Agricultura]] [[cereales|cerealium]] et [[olivae]] [[principales]] ==== Periodus Philistinorum ==== * [[Pentapolis Philistaeorum|Pentapolis Philistineorum]]: [[Gaza]], [[Ashkelon]], [[Ashdod]], [[Gath]], [[Ekron]] * [[Conflictus]] continui cum [[Israel|Israelitis]] * [[Commercium]] [[Philistaeorum|Philistinorum]] cum [[Aegyptus|Aegypto]] et [[civilizationes|civilizationibus]] [[orientalis|orientalibus]] ==== Periodus Persicus et Hellenicus ==== * '''[[Imperium Persicum]]''' - [[administratio]] [[gubernatorum|gubernatorum]] * '''[[Hellenismus]]''' - [[influentia]] [[Graecia|Graeca]] post [[Alexandrum Magnum]] * [[Civitates]] [[Hellenistica|Hellenisticae]] ut [[Caesarea Maritima|Caesarea]] et [[Antipatris]] ==== Periodus Romanicus ==== * '''[[Res Romana]]''' - [[provincia]] [[Syria Palaestina|Syriae Palaestinae]] * [[Via Maris]] - [[strata]] [[maxima|maxima]] [[commercium|commercii]] * [[Caesarea Maritima|Caesarea]] - [[caput]] [[provinciale]] * '''[[Herodes Magnus]]''' - [[constructio]] [[portus]] et [[civitatis]] * [[Aqueductus Romanus|Aqueductus]] [[magnifici|magnifici]] * [[Theatrum Romanum|Theatrum]] et [[amphitheatrum|amphitheatrum]] * '''[[Revolta Iudaica]]''' - [[conflictus]] cum [[Romani|Romanis]] ==== Periodus Byzantinus ==== * '''[[Christianitas]]''' - [[monasterium|monasteria]] et [[basilicae]] * [[Caesarea]] - [[centum]] [[ecclesiae]] * [[agricoltura]] et [[commercium]] florens ==== Periodus Islamicus Medius ==== * '''[[Califatus]]''' - [[dominatio]] [[Arabica|Arabica]] * [[agricoltura|Agricoltura]] [[olive|olivarum]] et [[grana]] * '''[[Crusades]]''' - [[periodus]] [[bellum|belli]] et [[tumultu]] * [[Fortificationes]] et [[castella]] ==== Periodus Ottomanicus ==== * '''[[Imperium Ottomanicum]]''' - [[dominatio]] [[longae|longae]] * [[agricoltura]] [[stagnans|stagnans]] * [[populatio]] [[decrescens]] * [[villaggia]] [[Arabica|Arabica]] et [[nomada]] [[pastoralis]] === Historia Moderna === ==== XIX Saeculum - Immigratio Iudaica ==== * '''[[XIX Saeculum]]''' - [[immigrantes]] [[Iudaei]] ab [[Europa]] * [[MDCCCLXXVIII]] - [[primus]] [[kibbutzus]] - [[Kibbutz Petach Tikva|Petach Tikva]] * [[coloniae]] [[agricolae|agricolae]] multiplicae * [[Theodor Herzl]] - [[visionarius]] [[sionismus|sionismi]] ==== XX Saeculum - Statum Israelis ==== * '''[[MCMXLVIII]]''' - [[Declaratio Independentiae Israelis|Declaratio Independentiae]] * [[Bellum Independentiae Israelis|Bellum Independentiae]] * [[Bellum Mundi Secundum|Bellum Mundi Secundum]] - [[effectus]] in [[regione]] * '''[[MCMLXVIII]]''' - [[Bellum Sextae Diei]] * [[Pax Israelis|Pax]] - [[processus]] [[pacem|pacis]] ==== XXI Saeculum ==== * '''[[MM]]''' - [[Retirata Gaza|Retirata ab Gaza]] * [[Developmentum]] [[urbanus|urbanus]] [[acceleratus]] * [[Technologia]] [[crescens]] * [[Turisma]] [[expansio]] == Civitates et Stationes == === Civitates Principales === ==== Rosh HaAyin ==== * '''[[Fundatio]]''': [[MCMLXIX]] * '''[[Populatio]]''': XXX milia * '''[[Industria]]''': [[Plastica]], [[petrochimica]], [[technologia]] * [[Shamir Medical Center|Hospital Shamir]] * [[Beit Amit]] - [[communitas]] [[residentia]] ==== Petach Tikva ==== * '''[[Fundatio]]''': [[MDCCCLXXXII]] * '''[[Populatio]]''': CCXXX milia * '''[[Cognomen]]''': "Mater Coloniarum" * '''[[Industria]]''': [[florarium|Florae]], [[fructus]], [[horticoltura]] * [[Historia]] [[primus|primae]] [[immigratio|immigrationis]] * [[Musaeum]] [[historia|historiae]] ==== Netanya ==== * '''[[Fundatio]]''': [[MCMXXIX]] * '''[[Populatio]]''': CLXXXV milia * '''[[Turismus]]''': [[playa|Playas]], [[resort]] * '''[[Industria]]''': [[diamantes]], [[turisma]] * [[Portus]] [[mercatus]] * [[Theatrum]] [[civicum]] ==== Lod ==== * '''[[Antiquitas]]''': [[Iudaica]] [[antiqua]] * '''[[Fundatio moderni]]''': [[XVIIIum saeculum]] * '''[[Populatio]]''': LXXX milia * '''[[Functio]]''': [[urbis]] [[commercium|commercii]] * [[Aeroportus Ben Gurion|Aeroportus Internationale]] * [[Statio ferroviaria|Statio ferroviae]] ==== Ramla ==== * '''[[Fundatio]]''': [[Saeculum VIII]] * '''[[Historia]]''': [[Califatus|Califatus Umayyad]] * '''[[Populatio]]''': CXXV milia * '''[[Industria]]''': [[agricoltura]], [[commercium]] * [[Torre Rossa]] - [[monument]] ==== Rehovot ==== * '''[[Fundatio]]''': [[MDCCCCVI]] * '''[[Populatio]]''': CXXX milia * '''[[Instituta]]''': [[Scientia]] et [[investigatio]] * [[Institutum Weizmann|Institutum Weizmann de Scientia]] * '''[[Agricultura]]''': [[investigatio]] [[botanica]] ==== Caesarea Maritima ==== * '''[[Antiquitas]]''': [[Herodis Magnus|Herodes Magnus]] - [[constructio|constructio]] * '''[[Historia]]''': [[Romanicum]], [[Byzantinum]], [[Islamicum]] * '''[[Archaeologia]]''': [[ruinae]] [[magnificae]] * '''[[Turisma]]''': [[locum|Locus]] [[archaeology|archaeologicus]] * [[Amphitheatrum Romanum|Amphitheatrum]] * [[Templum Promontoriumi|Templum]] ==== Aliasae Civitates ==== * [[Kfar Saba]] - [[residentia]] [[urbana]] * [[Ra'anana]] - [[civitas]] [[technologia|technologiae]] * [[Herzliya]] - [[resort]] [[maritimus]] * [[Bnei Brak]] - [[communitas]] [[religiosa]] * [[Giv'atayim]] - [[suburb]] [[Tel Aviv]] * [[Ramat Hasharon]] - [[civitas]] [[luxuria]] * [[Kibbutz Beit Hashita]] - [[collectivitas]] [[agricola]] * [[Kibbutz Gan Shmuel]] - [[economica]] [[agricola]] === Villaggia et Stationes Minores === * [[Kibbutzim]] - LXXX+ * [[Moshavim]] - CXXX+ * [[Communitates]] [[Arabicae]] * [[Nomada]] [[villaggia]] - traditionales == Geomorphologia et Natura == === Hydrologia === * '''[[Flumina]] [[principales]]''': - [[Nahr al-Awja]] ([[Flumen Alexander]]) - [[Nahr Rubin]] ([[Flumen Rubin]]) - [[Nahr Lachish]] - [[Wadi]] multiplicae * '''[[Aquiferi]]''' - [[Aquifer Sharon]] - [[Aquifer Yarkon]] - Fonte [[aquae]] - [[fontium]] [[abundantes]] * '''[[Paludies]] et [[lacus]]''' - [[Palus Caesareae]] - [[Hula]] ([[paludium]] [[drainatione|drenagium]]) === Flora === * '''[[Vegetatio]] [[principale]]''' - [[Pinus|Pini]] [[plantatio]] - [[Quercus]] [[silva]] - [[Citrus]] [[arbores]] - [[Olivae]] [[silvae]] - [[Palma]] [[dates]] * '''[[Plantae]] [[endemicae]]''' - [[Iridacae]] - [[Orchideae]] [[Mediterranea]] - [[Herba]] [[aromatica]] === Fauna === * '''[[Animalia]] [[selvagia]]''' - [[Leo]] - [[extinctus|extinctum]] - [[Lyncis]] [[Syriacus]] - [[rara]] - [[Cervus]] - [[reintroductio]] - [[Canis aureus]] - [[Hyaena]] * '''[[Aves]]''' - [[Aquila]] - [[Falco]] - [[Strix]] [[nocturna]] - [[Migratio aviaria]] * '''[[Marini animalia]]''' - [[Pisces]] [[Mediterranei]] - [[Testudinata marina|Chelones marinae]] - [[Delphin]] == Economica et Industria == === Agricultura === ==== Historica ==== * '''[[Antiquitas]]''' - [[cereales]] et [[olive]] * '''[[XIX Saeculum]]''' - [[immigrantes]] - innovatio agricola * '''[[XX Saeculum]]''' - [[technologia]] [[agraria]] * '''[[XXI Saeculum]]''' - [[agricultura]] [[sustinente]] ==== Moderni ==== * '''[[Producta principale]]''': - [[Citrus]] - [[oranges|Oranges]], [[limones]], [[grapefruit]] - [[Olive]] - [[olea]], [[conserve]] - [[Florarii]] - [[floresce|Florescentiae]], [[exportatio]] - [[Avocados]] - [[Pomegranate]] - [[granatum]] - [[Vegetabilia]] - [[tomatoes|Tomatae]], [[cucumber|Cucumeres]], [[lettuce]] * '''[[Technologiae]] [[modernus|modernes]]''': - [[Irrigatio]] [[drip|guttae]] - [[aquae]] [[servatio]] - [[Greenhouse]] - [[agricultura]] [[intensiva]] - [[Genetica]] [[plantae|plantarum]] - [[seminium]] - [[Biologica]] [[pestis]] - [[control|controlus]] * '''[[Exportatio]]''': - Fructus [[mundialis|mundiales]] - [[mercatus]] - [[Florescentiae]] - [[Amsterdam]], [[New York]] - [[Agriculturae producta]] - [[Europa]], [[America]] === Industria Manufacturae === * '''[[Plastica]]''' - [[Fabrica]] - [[Rosh HaAyin]], [[Lod]] - [[Amballatio|Amballationes]] - [[Exportatio]] [[mundiales]] * '''[[Petrochimica]]''' - [[Chemicalium]] [[fabricatio]] - [[Refineria]] - [[Polymeri|Polymeri]] * '''[[Electronica]]''' - [[Computatores]] - [[partes|Componentium]] - [[Semiconductores]] - [[Telecommunicatio]] * '''[[Textilia]]''' - [[Stofae]] [[manufacturae]] - [[Vestimenta]] [[fabrica]] * '''[[Alimenta]] - [[Industria Alimentaria|Elaboratio]]''' - [[Conservatio]] [[fructus|fructuum]] - [[Iuices|Succi]] - [[productio]] - [[Oleum|Olea]] - [[productio|elaboratio]] - [[Panis]] et [[ceralia]] === Technologia === * '''[[Centri]] [[technologia|technologiae]]''' - [[Ra'anana]] - [[software]] [[centru|centrum]] - [[Petach Tikva]] - [[startup]] [[hub]] - [[Herzliya]] - [[innovatio]] [[technica]] - [[Rehovot]] - [[investigatio]] [[scientifica]] * '''[[Industria]] [[Informatica]]''' - [[Softaware]] [[compania|companiae]] - [[Cybersecurity|Securitas computatoria]] - [[Artificial Intelligence|Intelligentia artificialis]] - [[Big Data]] - [[analysus]] * '''[[Biotechnologia]]''' - [[Pharmaceutica|Medicamenta]] - [[developmentum]] - [[Genetica]] - [[investigatio]] - [[Medica]] [[technologia]] === Commercium et Servicii === * '''[[Centri commerciales]]''' - [[Malls]] - [[shopping]] [[centri]] - [[Petach Tikva]] - [[mercatus]] [[florae]] - [[Netanya]] - [[mercatus]] [[diamantum]] * '''[[Turisma]]''' - [[Hoteli]] - [[hospitem|hospicium]] - [[Resort]] - [[Netanya]], [[Caesarea]] - [[Restaurationes]] - [[culinaria]] - [[Recreation]] [[centri]] * '''[[Servicii]] [[financiales]]''' - [[Banki]] - [[filiales]] - [[Assecuratio]] - [[Societates]] - [[investimentum]] * '''[[Transportatio]]''' - [[Logistica|Logistica]] - [[centri]] - [[Distributio]] [[centri]] - [[Ware|Warehouses]] - [[repositoria]] === Energiae === * '''[[Electricitas]]''' - [[Factoria]] [[electricitas|electricitatis]] - [[fuel|Combustibilia]] - [[Solar|Energia solaris]] - [[paneles]] - [[Wind|Energia ventus]] - [[turbinae]] * '''[[Aqua]]''' - [[Desalinatio]] - [[plantae]] - [[Aquae]] - [[purificatio]] - [[Aquiferi]] - [[exploitatio]] * '''[[Gas Naturalis]]''' - [[Distributio]] - [[Inflammabilia]] - [[Calefactio]] == Infrastructura == === Viae et Transportatio === ==== Stradae Principale ==== * '''[[Route 2|Autostrada Route 2]]''' - [[Haifa]] ad [[Tel Aviv]] * '''[[Route 5|Autostrada Route 5]]''' - [[Tel Aviv]] ad [[Haifa]] * '''[[Route 40|Route 40]]''' - Nord-Sud [[connexio]] * '''[[Route 65|Route 65]]''' - Est-Vest [[connexio]] * '''[[Route 6|Route 6]]''' - [[Autostrada]] [[private]] * '''[[Route 1|Route 1]]''' - [[Jerusalem]] ad [[Tel Aviv]] ==== Ferroviae ==== * '''[[Ferroviaria Israelis]]''' - [[Statio]] [[centrale]] - [[Tel Aviv]] - [[Lod]] - [[connexio]] ad [[aeroportum]] - [[Linia]] [[centrale]] - [[Rishon LeZion]] - [[Planificatio]] [[novas|novarum]] [[liniae]] ==== Aeroportus ==== * '''[[Aeroportus Ben Gurion]]''' - [[XXX]] [[chilometri]] [[meridie]] - [[Aeroportus]] [[principale]] [[Israelis]] - [[Terminalus]] [[internationale]] ==== Portus ==== * '''[[Portus Tel Aviv]]''' - [[XX]] [[chilometri]] [[occidente]] - [[Mercatus]] [[maritime]] - [[Turisma]] [[maritime]] * '''[[Portus Caesarea]]''' - [[Anticus]] [[portus]] [[Romanus]] - [[Marina]] [[moderna]] === Utilitas === ==== Aqua ==== * '''[[Systemae]] [[aquae]]''' - [[Aquae]] - [[distributio]] [[reticula]] - [[Desalinatio]] - [[plantae]] [[moderne]] - [[Tratamento]] - [[purificatio]] - [[Riciclatio]] [[aquae]] - [[greywater]] ==== Electricitas ==== * '''[[Distribuzione]] [[electricitas]]''' - [[Compagnia]] [[electricitas|electricitatis]] - [[Israel Electric Company]] - [[Rete]] - [[alta tensio]] - [[Substationes]] - [[Energia]] [[rinnovabile]] ==== Communicationes ==== * '''[[Telephonia]]''' - [[Mobilia]] [[reti]] - [[Internet]] - [[Broadband]] - [[banda lata]] - [[5G]] - [[networks]] * '''[[Radiodiffusio]]''' - [[Stazione radiofonica|Stazioni radiose]] - [[Televisio]] - [[canales]] ==== Gaso Naturalis ==== * '''[[Distributio]] [[gaso naturalis]]''' - [[Pipeline]] - [[transportatio]] - [[Furnace]] - [[distributio]] == Educatio == === Universita et Instituta Superiora === * '''[[Universitatum]]''' - [[Tel Aviv University|Universitas Tel Aviv]] - [[proximae]] - [[Ramat Hasharon]] - [[investigatio]] [[centri]] * '''[[Instituta Technologiae]]''' - [[Technion]] - [[Haifa]] - [[propinqua]] - [[Centri]] [[vocatio|vocatives]] - [[Scholae]] [[professionale]] === Scholae == * '''[[Scholae Primaria]]''' - [[CCCC+]] * '''[[Scholae Secundaria]]''' - [[CC+]] * '''[[Scholae Religiosa]]''' - [[Yeshivot]], [[Madrassa]] * '''[[Araba]] [[scholae]]''' * '''[[Speciales]] [[scholae]]''' - [[disabilitates]] === Bibliotecae === * [[Bibliothecae municipales]] * [[Bibliothecae universitaria]] * [[Archivum]] - [[historia|historiae]] == Cultura et Arte == === Musaea === * '''[[Musaeum]]''' [[Petach Tikva]] - [[arte]] et [[historia]] * '''[[Musaeum]]''' [[Caesarea]] - [[archaeologia]] * '''[[Musaeum Agricola]]''' - [[historia]] [[agricultae]] * '''[[Musaeum Technologiae]]''' - [[innovatio]] === Theatrum et Performances === * '''[[Theatrum civicum]]''' - [[dramma]] * '''[[Cinemata]]''' - [[filmum]] * '''[[Concertus]]''' - [[musica]] * '''[[Dansa]]''' - [[balli]] * '''[[Opera]]''' - [[performances]] === Galleriae Arte === * '''[[Galleriae]]''' - [[pictores]] * '''[[Sculptura]]''' - [[monumenta]] * '''[[Installationes arte]]''' - [[modernus|modernes]] * '''[[Streetart]]''' - [[murales]] === Festivales === * '''[[Festival Floriae]]''' - [[Netanya]] * '''[[Festival Musicae]]''' - [[varies|multae civitates]] * '''[[Festival Filmae]]''' - [[cinematographia]] * '''[[Festivales Religiose]]''' - [[Pesach|Pesah]] - [[familias]] - [[Shavuot]] - [[celebratione]] - [[Sukkot]] - [[folium|foliorum]] - [[Chanukah]] - [[illuminationes]] - [[Tisha B'Av]] - [[commemoratio]] == Religio == === Iudaismus === * '''[[Synagogae]]''' - [[CCCC+]] * '''[[Orthodoxia]]''' - [[Haredi]], [[Dati]] * '''[[Masorti]]''' - [[Conservativa]] * '''[[Reformata]]''' - [[Liberalis]] * '''[[Yeshivot]]''' - [[seminarium]] * '''[[Rabbini]]''' - [[educatio]] === Christianitas === * '''[[Basilicae]]''' - [[Caesarea]], [[Netanya]] * '''[[Monasteria]]''' - [[historia]] * '''[[Ecclesiae]]''' - [[varia|variae confessions]] * '''[[Pilgrimages]]''' - [[sancta loca]] === Islamismus === * '''[[Mosqueae]]''' - [[Lod]], [[Ramla]] * '''[[Wakf]]''' - [[terra]] [[religiosa|religiosa]] * '''[[Cemeteria]]''' - [[sancta]] === Synretismus === * '''[[Loca sancta]] [[multireligiosa]]''' * '''[[Coexistentia]]''' - [[interfaith]] == Archaeologia == === Sitae Principale === * '''[[Caesarea Maritima]]''' - [[Herodis Magnus|Herodes]] * '''[[Joppa]]''' - [[portu]] [[antiquum]] * '''[[Antipatris]]''' - [[strata]] [[romana]] * '''[[Lod]]''' - [[antiquitas]] * '''[[Ramla]]''' - [[saeculum VIII]] * '''[[Khirbet al-Mina]]''' - [[vicus]] [[Islamicus]] === Periodi Archaeologici === * '''[[Palaeolithicum]]''' * '''[[Neolithicum]]''' * '''[[Bronze Age|Aetas Bronzei]]''' * '''[[Iron Age|Aetas Ferrea]]''' * '''[[Aetas Persica]]''' * '''[[Hellenismus]]''' * '''[[Periodus Romana]]''' * '''[[Byzantinum]]''' * '''[[Islamicum]]''' * '''[[Crusades|Tempus Crusiadum]]''' * '''[[Ottomanicum]]''' == Demographia == === Populatio === {| class="wikitable" |- ! [[Anno]] ! [[Populatio]] ! [[Crescentia]] ! [[Notae]] |- | [[Antiquitas]] | Ignota | [[Variabilis]] | [[Agricola]] [[villaggia]] |- | [[MDCCCC]] | ~L,000 | [[Stagnans]] | [[Ottomanicum]] |- | [[XIX Saeculum]] | ~C,000 | Crescens | [[Immigratio]] [[Iudaica]] |- | [[MCMXLVIII]] | ~CC,000 | [[Explosiva]] | [[Statum Israelis|Statum]] |- | [[MM]] | ~MMD,000 | [[Moderata]] | [[Urbana]] [[expansio]] |- | [[MMXXVI]] | ~MMMCD,000 | Crescens | [[Hodierna]] |} === Ethnicitas === * '''[[Iudaei]]''' - ~LXXX% - [[Ashkenazi]] - ~XL% - [[Sephardi]] - ~XXX% - [[Mizrahi]] - ~XV% - [[Ethiopes]] - ~V% * '''[[Arabici Israelenses]]''' - ~XV% * '''[[Migrantes]] [[externi]]''' - ~V% === Religio === * '''[[Iudaismus]]''' - ~LXXX% * '''[[Islamismus]]''' - ~XII% * '''[[Christianitas]]''' - ~V% * '''[[Aliae]] [[religiones]]''' - ~III% == Medica et Salutes == === Hospitalia === * '''[[Shamir Medical Center]]''' - [[Rosh HaAyin]] * '''[[Lod]] [[Hospital]]''' * '''[[Petach Tikva]] [[Clinica]]''' * '''[[Netanya]] [[Medica]] [[centru|centrum]]''' === Cliniae Ambulatoria === * [[Cliniae]] - [[HMO|Societates Salutis]] * [[Pharmaciae]] - [[medicamenta]] * [[Laboratorium]] - [[analysus]] [[sanguinis]] * [[Centri]] - [[preventiva]] === Servicii Mentalis === * '''[[Psychologia]]''' - [[counseling]] * '''[[Psychiatria]]''' - [[hospitals]] * '''[[Rehabilitation]]''' - [[centri]] * '''[[Disabilitate]]''' - [[servitia]] == Militaris == === Historia Militaris === * '''[[Bellum Independentiae Israelis|Bellum Independentiae]]''' - [[MCMXLVIII]] * '''[[Bellum]] [[Mundi]] [[Secundum]]''' - [[effectus]] * '''[[Bellum Sextae Diei]]''' - [[MCMLXVIII]] * '''[[Bellum Yom Kippur]]''' - [[MCMLXXIII]] * '''[[Intifada]]''' - [[violentia]] === Militaris Base === * '''[[Tsahal|Exercitus Israelis]]''' - [[basae]] * '''[[Air Force Israelis]]''' - [[aerodrome]] * '''[[Navy Israelis]]''' - [[portus|portu]] == Environmentum et Conservatio == === Protected Areas === * '''[[Natura reservae]]''' - [[Caesarea]] - [[marinum]] - [[Maayan Zin]] - [[fons]] - [[Hula]] - [[paludium]] * '''[[Parci nationalis]]''' - [[Latrun]] - [[montes]] - [[Apollonia]] - [[playa]] === Ecologia === * '''[[Biodiversitas]]''' - [[flora]], [[fauna]] * '''[[Migratio aviaria]]''' - [[aves]] [[passag|transitus]] * '''[[Protectio amphibiorum]]''' * '''[[Reforestation]]''' - [[Qeren Kayemet]] === Sostenibilita === * '''[[Energia renovabilis]]''' - [[sol]], [[ventus]] * '''[[Aquae]] [[sustinentia]]''' - [[irrigatio]] [[efficient]] * '''[[Rifiuti]]''' - [[riciclatio]] * '''[[Aeris qualitas]]''' - [[monitoringa]] == Securitas et Administratio == === Amministratione Locale === * '''[[Municipalitas]]''' - [[civitates]] [[principale]] * '''[[Consilio Regionale]]''' - [[Sharon]] [[administratio]] * '''[[Khimonim]]''' - [[kibbutzim]] [[autonomia]] === Legis === * '''[[Ius Israelense]]''' * '''[[Cortes Locales]]''' * '''[[Policium]]''' - [[Israel Police|Policia Israelis]] * '''[[Servicii Emergentia]]''' === Securitas Civilis === * '''[[Home Front Command]]''' - [[protectio]] * '''[[Siren|Sirenes]] [[alerta|alertae]]''' * '''[[Shelter|Rifugia]]''' - [[bombae]] * '''[[Exercitium]] [[evacuatio|evacuationis]]''' == Media et Communicationes == === Gazetta === * [[Gazetta israelenses|Gazettae]] - [[principale]] * [[Edizioni Locale|Edizioni locales]] * [[Giornalismo]] - [[investigatio]] === Radiotelevisio === * '''[[Kan]] ([[Israeli Public Broadcasting|Televisio Publica]])''' * '''[[Privata]] [[statio|stazioni]]''' * '''[[Cable]] [[televisio]]''' === Internet === * '''[[Servicii internet]]''' - [[ISP]] * '''[[Social media]]''' * '''[[Portales]] [[locale]]''' == Transitus et Accessus == === Distantiae Principale === * Ad [[Tel Aviv]]: [[XV]] [[chilometri]] (~XX minuta) * Ad [[Ierusalem]]: [[LX]] [[chilometri]] (~I hora) * Ad [[Haifa]]: [[XL]] [[chilometri]] (~L minuta) * Ad [[Eilat]]: [[CCXL]] [[chilometri]] (~III horae) * Ad [[Beersheba|Beersaba]]: [[CL]] [[chilometri]] (~II horae) * Ad [[Dead Sea|Mare Mortuum]]: [[CXX]] [[chilometri]] === Accessus Internationale === * '''[[Aeroportus Ben Gurion]]''' - [[Lod]] - [[XXX]] [[chilometri]] * '''[[Portus]]''' - [[Tel Aviv]], [[Caesarea]], [[Ashdod]] * '''[[Frontier]]''' - [[Iordania]], [[Palestine]] == Culturae Specialia == === Gastronomia === * '''[[Culinaria Israelis]]''' - [[Hummus]] - [[chickpea]] - [[Falafel]] - [[fritae]] - [[Shawarma]] - [[roasted]] - [[Sabich]] - [[aubergine]] * '''[[Vinum Israelis]]''' - [[Rehovot]] - [[vinyard|vinea]] - [[Qualitas]] - [[internatio|internationalis]] === Agricultura Organica === * '''[[Biologica]] [[agricoltura]]''' - [[crescens]] * '''[[Farmer Market|Mercatus Agricole]]''' * '''[[Community Supported Agriculture|CSA]]''' - [[directa]] [[distributio]] == Nexus cum Regiones Proximae == === Connexiones Internales === * [[Septentrionalis Sharon|Sharon Septentrionalis]] - [[aquilone]] * [[Planitiem Philistaeorum|Philistinae Planitie]] - [[meridie]] * [[Montes Iudaeae|Montes Iudaeae]] - [[oriente]] * [[Tel Aviv]] - [[occidentalis]] * [[Judea|Iudaea]] - [[interior]] == Nexus Externi == === Officiales === * [[https://www.sharon-region.org.il/|Sharon Regional Council]] * [[Wikidata]]: [[https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4379619|Q4379619]] * [[Wikipedia Anglica|English Wikipedia]]: [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_(region)|Sharon (region)]] * [[Wikipedia Hebraica|Hebrew Wikipedia]] === Turistica == * [[Tourism Israel]] - [[informationes]] * [[Guidebook|Guida]] - [[regione]] * [[Accommodatio]] * [[Adventura]] === Archaeologia === * [[Israel Antiquities Authority|Auctoritas Antiquitatum]] * [[Excavationes]] - [[situs]] * [[Museums|Musaea]] * [[Conservatio]] == Bibliotheca == === Libri Principale === * [[Stern, Ephraim]] (editor) (1993). ''[[The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land]]''. [[Israel Exploration Society]]. * [[Reuben, Marcus]] (2005). ''[[Judea and Samaria: A Gazetteer of Ancient Sites]]''. [[Academic Research Corporation]]. * [[Sadeh, Ariel]] (2004). ''[[Cosmetics and Perfume in the Ancient World]]''. [[Archaeopress]]. * [[Finkelstein, Israel]]; [[Silberman, Neil Asher]] (2002). ''[[The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Sacred Texts]]''. [[Free Press]]. * [[Hirschfeld, Yizhar]] (2006). ''[[Archaeology of Palestine]]''. [[Variorum Reprints]]. * [[Kahanov, Yaacov]]; [[Raveh, Michal]] (2006). ''[[Caesarea Maritima: A Retroactive Harbor-Constructed Paradigm]]''. [[Israel Exploration Journal]]. === Articuli Scientifici === * [[https://www.jstor.org|JSTOR]] - [[articuli]] * [[Academia.edu]] - [[investigationes]] * [[ResearchGate]] - [[studiosos]] == Categoriae == [[Categoria:Regiones Israelis]] [[Categoria:Sharon]] [[Categoria:Geographia Israelis]] [[Categoria:Historiae Israelis]] [[Categoria:Agriculturae Israelis]] [[Categoria:Industriae Israelis]] [[Categoria:Technologia Centerium]] [[Categoria:Civitates et Villaggia Israelis]] [[Categoria:Archaeologia Palestinae]] [[Categoria:Economica Levanti]] [[Categoria:Biographia Regionalis]] [[Categoria:Turismus Israelis]] == Nexus Internae Completae == * [[Israele]] - [[ius|Iure]] - [[locatio]] * [[Tel Aviv]] - [[civitas]] [[proxima]] * [[Ierusalem]] - [[caput]] [[Israelis]] * [[Petach Tikva]] - [[civitas]] [[fundatio|fundatrix]] * [[Netanya]] - [[civitas]] [[maritimus|maritima]] * [[Lod]] - [[civitas]] [[antiqua]] * [[Ramla]] - [[civitas]] [[Islamica]] * [[Rehovot]] - [[civitas]] [[scientifica]] * [[Caesarea Maritima]] - [[antiquitas]] [[Romanica]] * [[Rosh HaAyin]] - [[civitas]] [[industrialis]] * [[Haifa]] - [[civitas]] [[septentrionalis]] * [[Herzliya]] - [[civitas]] [[luxuria]] * [[Ra'anana]] - [[civitas]] [[technologia|technologiae]] * [[Septentrionalis Sharon|Sharon Septentrionalis]] - [[regione]] [[adjacens]] * [[Planitiem Philistaeorum|Philistinae Planitie]] - [[regione]] [[meridionalis]] * [[Montes Iudaeae|Montes Iudaeae]] - [[montes]] [[orientales]] * [[Kibbutzim]] - [[communitates]] [[agricolae]] * [[Moshavim]] - [[villaggia]] [[agricolae]] * [[Historia Israelis|Historia Israelis]] - [[contextus]] * [[Agricultura Israelis]] - [[economica]] [[historica]] * [[Industria Israelis]] - [[manufacturae]] * [[Technologia Israelis]] - [[innovatio]] * [[Turismus Israelis]] - [[hospitalis]] * [[Religio in Israele]] - [[religio]] [[diversa]] * [[Archaeologia Palestinae]] - [[excavationes]] * [[Lingua Hebraica]] - [[communicatio]] * [[Cultura Israelis]] - [[arte]] et [[musica]] * [[Militaris Historia Israelis]] - [[conflictus]] * [[Environmentum Mediterraneum|Mediterraneum Environmentum]] - [[natura]] * [[Aquae Israelis]] - [[recursi naturales]] * [[Energia Israelis]] - [[poweris]] [[sources]] * [[Transportatio Israelis]] - [[infrastructure]] * [[Educatio Israelis]] - [[scholae]] et [[universita]] * [[Medica Israelis]] - [[healthcare]] * [[Servicii Sociales Israelis]] - [[supporto]] * [[Securitas Israelis]] - [[administratio]] civilis * [[Media Israelis]] - [[communicationes]] {{Myrias|Geographia}} {{Myrias|Historiae}} {{Myrias|Economica}} jogdrk5suz69rjagqpu9l6jpdwzn4nd Lod 0 328373 3986789 2026-09-09T05:35:53Z נתנאל שטרן 175178 Paginam instituit, scribens ''''Lod''' ([[Lingua Hebraica|Hebraice]]: לוד, [[Lingua Arabica|Arabice]]: اللد, [[Lingua Latina|Latine]] ''Ludda'' vel ''Diospolis'') est [[civitas]] [[antiqua|antiquissima]] in [[Israele]], sita in [[media|parte media]] [[occidentalis|occidentalis]] [[Mediridionalis Sharon|Mediridionalis Sharonis]], inter [[Tel Aviv]] et [[Ierusalem]]. [[Lod]] est una ex [[civitates|civitates]] [[antiquissimae]] in [[Levantis|Levante]] et [[Palestina|Palestinae]], cum [...' 3986789 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lod''' ([[Lingua Hebraica|Hebraice]]: לוד, [[Lingua Arabica|Arabice]]: اللد, [[Lingua Latina|Latine]] ''Ludda'' vel ''Diospolis'') est [[civitas]] [[antiqua|antiquissima]] in [[Israele]], sita in [[media|parte media]] [[occidentalis|occidentalis]] [[Mediridionalis Sharon|Mediridionalis Sharonis]], inter [[Tel Aviv]] et [[Ierusalem]]. [[Lod]] est una ex [[civitates|civitates]] [[antiquissimae]] in [[Levantis|Levante]] et [[Palestina|Palestinae]], cum [[historia]] quae extendit se per [[millennium|millennia]] multis. Lod hodie est [[civitas]] [[LXXX]] milia [[habitatores|habitatorum]], nota ut [[centrum]] [[transportationis]] et [[commercium|commercii]], cum [[Aeroportus Ben Gurion|Aeroportus Internationale Ben Gurion]] prope locatum. == Etymologia et Nomina Antiqua == Nomen '''Lod''' derivatum est ex [[lingua]] [[Hebraica]] [[antiqua|antiqua]], possibiliter ex radix quae significat "[[locus]] [[conflictus|conflictus]]" vel "[[conflictus]] [[bellicosus]]". [[Nomina]] [[antiqua|antiquae]] [[civitatis]]: * '''[[Ludda]]''' - [[nomen]] [[Hebraicum]] [[antiquum]] * '''[[Diospolis]]''' - [[nomen]] [[Graecum]] - "[[civitas]] [[Zeusii|Diovis]]" * '''[[Lydda]]''' - [[nomen]] [[Byzantine|Byzantinum]] * '''[[Ramla-Lod]]''' - [[connexio]] cum [[Ramla|Ramla]] [[Etymologia]] [[multiplex]] suggerit [[origines]] [[antiquissimas]] [[Levantis|Levantinas]]. == Geographia == === Locatio Precisa === * '''[[Latitudo]]''': 31.946°[[Septentrionalis|N]] * '''[[Longitudo]]''': 34.896°[[Orientalis|E]] * '''[[Altitudo]]''': XL-L [[metrum|metra]] supra [[mare]] * '''[[Superficie]]''': Circa XL [[chilometrus|chilometri]] [[quadratus|quadrati]] * '''[[Climata]]''': [[Clima Mediterraneum|Mediterraneum]], temperatum === Limites Geographici === * '''[[Septentrionalis|Septentrione]]''': [[Giv'atayim]], [[Ramat Hasharon]] * '''[[Meridionalis|Meridie]]''': [[Ramla]], [[Latrun]] * '''[[Orientalis|Oriente]]''': [[Montes Iudaeae|Montes Iudaeae]], [[Latrun]] * '''[[Occidentalis|Occidente]]''': [[Petach Tikva]], [[Giv'atayim]], [[mediridionalis|mediridionalis]] [[Tel Aviv]] === Topographia et Geologia === * '''[[Planitiem Coastalis|Planitie Costalis]]''' - [[principale]] [[caratteristica]] * '''[[Terrains]] [[leves]]''' - [[collines|Collines levis]] * '''[[Aquae]] [[subterranea|subterranea]]''' - [[aquiferi|Aquiferi]] [[abundantes]] * '''[[Alluviones]]''' - [[depositae]] [[fluviales]] * '''[[Flumen Ayalon|Flumen Ayalon]]''' - proximum * '''[[Flumen Yarkon|Flumen Yarkon]]''' - [[meridionalis]] == Historia Completa == === Antiquitas Praehistorica === ==== Palaeolithicum ==== * '''[[Erasi Palaeolithi]]''' - [[primae]] [[habitationes]] [[humanae]] * '''[[Fossilia]]''' - [[investigationes]] [[archaeologicae]] * [[Loca]] [[vivendi]] [[caverna|cavernorum]] * [[Instrumenta]] [[primitiva|primitiva]] ==== Neolithicum ==== * '''[[Primae coloniae]] [[agricolae|agricolae]]''' - ~XII millennium [[ante Christum|a.C.]] * [[Villaggia]] [[permanentes]] * [[Domesticatio]] [[animalia|animalium]] * [[Cultivatio]] [[plantas|plantarum]] ==== Chalcolithicum ==== * '''[[Aetas Aeris Lapidei]]''' * [[Metallurgia]] [[incipientis|incipientis]] * [[Instrumenta]] [[hybrida]] * [[Connexiones]] [[commercium|commerciales]] ==== Bronzei Aetas ==== * '''[[Antiquitas Bronze Age|Aetas Bronzei Antiqua]]''' - ~III millennium * [[Fortificationes]] [[primae]] * [[Civitas]] [[walled|murata]] * [[Commercium]] [[Aegypticum]] === Antiquitas Historica === ==== Periodus Canananea ==== * '''[[Cananai]]''' - [[habitantes]] [[primordiales]] * '''[[Regnum Cananaeae]]''' - [[civitas]] [[canananea|canananea]] * [[Cultu]] [[Cananaei|Cananaeorum]] * [[Divinitas]] - [[Baal]], [[Ashtaroth]] ==== Periodus Filistaea ==== * '''[[Philistini]]''' - [[invasiones]] [[mediterranea|mediterraneae]] * '''[[Conflictus]]''' - [[cum]] [[Israelitis]] * '''[[Pentapolis]]''' - [[Gaza]], [[Ashkelon]], [[Ashdod]], [[Gath]], [[Ekron]] * [[Lod]] - [[locus]] [[conflictus|conflictuum]] ==== Periodus Israelita Antiqua ==== * '''[[Regno Israelis]]''' - [[civitas]] [[Israelita]] * [[Tribu Beniamin|Tribu Benjaminis]] - [[possessio]] * [[Civitas]] [[sacerdotalis|sacerdotalis]] - [[Levitae]] * [[Nomen]] [[biblicum]] - [[Liber I Chronicorum]] XVI:35 * [[Historia]] [[ecclesiastica|ecclesiastica]] ==== Periodus Babylonica ==== * '''[[Imperium Babylonicum|Imperium Babylonicum]]''' - [[captivitas]] * '''[[Nabuchodonosor II|Nabuchodonosor]]''' - [[destructio]] * [[Muri]] [[destructae|destructi]] * [[Populatio]] [[exsilium|exsilii]] ==== Periodus Persica ==== * '''[[Imperium Persicum]]''' - [[provinciae]] [[administratio]] * [[Gubernatores]] [[Persici]] * [[Reconstructio]] [[urbana]] * [[Commercium]] [[restoratum]] ==== Periodus Hellenistica ==== * '''[[Hellenismus]]''' - [[influentia]] [[Graeca|Graeca]] * '''[[Alexandrum Magnum]]''' - [[era]] [[post]] * [[Nomen]] [[Graecum]] - '''[[Diospolis]]''' * [[Cultus]] [[Graecus|Graecus]] * [[Moneta]] [[Graeca]] ==== Periodus Maccabaica ==== * '''[[Maccabaei]]''' - [[revolutio]] [[religiosa]] * '''[[Iudas Maccabaeus|Iudas Maccabaeus]]''' - [[conflictus]] [[Seleucida|Seleucida]] * [[Lod]] - [[locus]] [[militaris|militaris]] * [[Liberatio]] [[Iudaica|Iudaica]] ==== Periodus Romanica ==== ===== Imperii Romani Prima Pars ===== * '''[[Pompeius Magnus]]''' - [[LXIII]] [[ante Christum|a.C.]] - [[occupatio]] * '''[[Provincia Syria Palaestina|Provincia Syriae Palaestinae]]''' * '''[[Via Maris]]''' - [[strata]] [[magna|magna]] [[comercium|comercii]] * '''[[Castra Romana]]''' - [[militar|militaris]] [[positiones]] * [[Lod]] - [[statio]] [[strategica]] ===== Imperii Romani Periodus Classica ===== * '''[[Herodes Magnus]]''' - [[renovatio]] [[civitatis]] * [[Architectura]] [[Herodiana|Herodiana]] * [[Fortificationes]] [[novae|novae]] * [[Aqua]] - [[systemae]] [[modernus|modernes]] * [[Via]] [[Romana]] - [[restauratio]] ===== Iudaicus Bellum ===== * '''[[Bellum Iudaicum Primum]]''' - [[LXVI]]-[[LXX]] [[anno|A.D.]] * '''[[Titus]]''' - [[imperator]] [[Romanus]] * [[Destructio]] [[civitatis]] * [[Populatio]] - [[deportatio|deportationes]] * '''[[Masada]]''' - [[nearby]] [[fortis]] ===== Bar Kokhba Rebellio ===== * '''[[Bellum Bar Kokhba]]''' - [[CXXXII]]-[[CXXXV]] [[anno|A.D.]] * '''[[Simon Bar Kokhba]]''' - [[lider|leader]] * [[Lod]] - [[centrum]] [[conflictus|conflictuum]] * [[Imperator]] [[Hadianus|Hadrianus]] * [[Destructio]] [[reiterata|reiterata]] ===== Periodus Post-Rebellionis ===== * '''[[Civitas]] [[pacificata]]''' - [[recuperatio]] * [[Commercium]] [[restauratum]] * [[Rabbini]] - [[centro]] [[Talmud|Talmudicum]] * '''[[Rabbinus]] [[Eliezer ben Hyrcanus]]''' - [[famosus]] * [[Scola]] [[Talmudica]] ==== Periodus Byzantinus ==== ===== Periodus Christiana Byzantina ===== * '''[[Christianitas]]''' - [[adopta]] [[officialis|officialiter]] * '''[[Constantinus I]]''' - [[CCCXXVII]] [[anno|A.D.]] * [[Ecclesiae]] - [[constructae|constructae]] multiplicae * [[Sanctus Georgius|Sanctus Georgius]] - [[martir]] [[Lodi|Lodi]] * '''[[Basilica Sancti Georgii]]''' - [[temple]] [[magnificum]] ===== Periodus Byzantina Florens ===== * '''[[Centum]]''' - [[ecclesiae]] in [[civitate]] * [[Pilgrimage|Pilgrimage]] [[Christianus|Christianus]] - [[locus]] [[sacrum|sacrum]] * [[Mercatus]] [[important|importantis]] * [[Agricultura]] [[prosperitas|prosperitas]] * [[Aquae]] [[systema]] - [[technologia]] [[Byzantina]] ===== Invasiones Persica ===== * '''[[Imperium Persicum|Persiae]]''' - [[invasio|invasiones]] - [[DCXIV]] * '''[[Khosrau II]]''' - [[invasor]] [[celebres|celebris]] * [[Destructio]] [[civitatis]] * [[Ecclesiae]] - [[destructae|destructae]] ==== Periodus Islamicus Medius ==== ===== Califatus Rashidun ===== * '''[[Califatus Rashidun]]''' - [[DCXXXII]] [[anno|A.D.]] * '''[[Umar ibn al-Khattab]]''' - [[Calipha]] * [[Lod]] - [[captura]] [[pacifica|pacifica]] * [[Accordum]] [[pacem|pacis]] * [[Populatio]] [[mixta]] - [[Christianus]], [[Islamica]] ===== Califatus Umayyad ===== * '''[[Dinastia Umayyad]]''' - [[DCXLI]]-[[DCCL]] * [[Architectura]] [[Islamica]] * [[Moschea]] - [[constructio|constructio]] * [[Agricultura]] [[florens|florens]] * [[Commercium]] [[orientalis|orientalis]] ===== Califatus Abbasid ===== * '''[[Dinastia Abbasid]]''' - [[DCCL]]-[[MCCCVIII]] * [[Periodus]] [[culturalis|culturalis]] [[florens]] * [[Schola]] - [[educatio]] * [[Literaria]] [[works]] * [[Scientiae]] - [[mathematica]], [[astronomica]] ===== Periodus Crusiadum ===== * '''[[Crusades]]''' - [[bellum]] [[Christianum]] [[Islamicum]] * '''[[Ricardus Cor Leonis|Ricardus Cor Leonis]]''' - [[rex]] [[Angliae]] * '''[[Saladin]]''' - [[lider]] [[Islamicus]] * [[Lod]] - [[locus]] [[militaris|militaris]] * [[Fortificationes]] - [[Crusader castles]] * [[Ecclesiae]] - [[renovatae|renovatae]] ===== Periodus Post-Crusiadum ===== * '''[[Ayyubid Dynasty|Dinastia Ayyubid]]''' * '''[[Mamluk Sultanate|Sultanatus Mamluk]]''' - [[MCCLXIX]]-[[MDXVII]] * [[Lod]] - [[civitas]] [[minore]] * [[Declinus]] [[economicus]] * [[Depopulatio]] ==== Periodus Ottomanicus ==== ===== Prima Periodus Ottomanica ===== * '''[[Imperium Ottomanicum]]''' - [[MDXVII]] - [[MDCCCCXVIII]] * '''[[Suleiman Magnus]]''' - [[sultanus]] [[celebres|celebres]] * [[Lod]] - [[provinciae]] [[villaggia]] * [[Stagnatio]] [[economica]] * [[Populatio]] - [[declinatio]] ===== Periodus Ottomanica Tarda ===== * '''[[XIX Saeculum]]''' - [[reformae]] [[ottomanicae]] * [[Lod]] - [[ruralis]] [[communitas]] * [[Agricultura]] [[traditionalis]] * [[Nomada]] - [[Bedouin|Bedoini]] === Historia Moderna === ==== XIX Saeculum - Periodus Transitionis ==== ===== Immigratio Iudaica Incepta ===== * '''[[XIX Saeculum]]''' - [[iuvi]] [[immigrantes]] * '''[[Theodor Herzl]]''' - [[visionarius]] * [[Coloniae]] [[proximae]] - [[Petach Tikva]], [[Rishon LeZion]] * [[Lod]] - [[centro]] [[commercium|commercii]] ===== Reformae Ottomanicae ===== * '''[[Tanzimat]]''' - [[reformae]] [[systemae]] * [[Infrastructura]] - [[amelerationes]] * [[Educatio]] - [[scholae]] [[nouvelles]] ==== XX Saeculum - Periodus Mandatum ==== ===== Periodus Britannicum Mandatum ===== * '''[[MCMXX]]''' - [[Mandatum Britannicum]] * '''[[Arthur Balfour|Balfour Declaration]]''' - [[MCMXVII]] * [[Developmentum]] [[urbanus|urbanus]] [[acceleratus]] * [[Immigratio]] [[Iudaica]] [[crescens]] * [[Tensiones]] [[communitates|communitatum]] ===== Periodus Mandatum Media ===== * '''[[MCMXX]] - [[MCMXXXV]]''' - [[periodus]] [[relativa]] [[pacis]] * [[Infrastructura]] [[moderna]] - [[Ferroviaria]] - [[statio]] [[Lod]] - [[Viae]] - [[sistema]] [[transports]] - [[Electricitas]] - [[systema]] [[central]] ===== Periodus Mandatum Tarda ===== * '''[[MCMXXXVI]] - [[MCMXVIII]]''' - [[conflictus]] [[crescentes]] * '''[[Conflictus Iudaeo-Arabicus]]''' - [[violentia]] * [[Rebelliones]] - [[Arabice|Arabicae]] * [[Represalia]] - [[Britannicum|Britannicum]] * [[Lod]] - [[centro]] [[tensiones|tensionum]] ==== XX Saeculum - Statum Israelis ==== ===== Bellum Independentiae ===== * '''[[MCMXLVIII]]''' - [[Declaratio Independentiae Israelis]] * '''[[Bellum Independentiae]]''' - [[MCMXLVIII]]-[[MCMXLIX]] * [[Lod]] - [[estrategica]] [[locatio]] * '''[[Operatio Nachshon]]''' - [[militaris]] [[strategia]] * [[Evacuatio]] [[populatio|populationis]] [[Arabicae]] * [[Occupatio]] [[Israelis]] ===== Periodus Post-Independentiae ===== * '''[[MCMXLIX]] - [[MCMLXVII]]''' - [[periodus]] [[constructionis]] * [[Immigratio]] [[massiva]] - [[Holocaust|Holocaust survivors]] * [[Residentia]] [[nova]] - [[housing]] * [[Infrastructura]] [[developmentum]] * [[Industriales]] [[fabrica|fabricae]] ===== Bellum Sextae Diei ===== * '''[[MCMLXVIII]]''' - [[Bellum Sextae Diei]] * [[Lod]] - [[locatio]] [[strategica]] * [[Aeroportus]] - [[militaris]] [[base]] ===== Periodus Post-MCMLXVIII ===== * '''[[MCMLXVIII]] - [[MCMLXXIII]]''' - [[periodus]] [[pacem|pacis]] [[relativa]] * [[Developmentum]] [[urbanus|urbanus]] [[acceleratus]] * [[Aeroportus Ben Gurion]] - [[expansio]] * [[Commercium]] [[crescens]] ===== Bellum Yom Kippur ===== * '''[[MCMLXXIII]]''' - [[Bellum]] [[Yom Kippur]] * [[Lod]] - [[locu]]s [[militaris|militaris]] * [[Aeroportus]] - [[centro]] [[militaris]] ===== Periodus Pacem ===== * '''[[MCMLXXIX]]''' - [[Tractatus]] [[pacem|pacis]] [[Aegyptius]] * '''[[Menachem Begin]]''' - [[Primarius civicus]] * [[Developmentum]] [[civilis]] [[acceleratus]] ==== Periodus Moderna - Late XX et XXI Saecula ==== ===== MCMXC - MM ===== * '''[[Processus Oslo]]''' - [[MCMXCIII]] - [[initium]] [[processus pacis]] * [[Lod]] - [[civitas]] [[mixta]] * [[Coexistentia]] - [[Israelis]], [[Arabici]] * [[Economica]] [[developmentum]] ===== MM - MMXX ===== * '''[[MMII]]''' - [[Bellum]] [[Secundum Intifada|Intifada Secundae]] * [[Tensiones]] [[crescentes]] * [[Securitas]] - [[barriers|barrierae]] * '''[[MMXIV]]''' - [[Bellum Gaza|Bellum Gaza IV]] * [[Aeroportus]] - [[expansio]] [[continua]] ===== MMXX - Hodierna ===== * '''[[MMXX]]''' - [[COVID-19 Pandemica]] * [[Economica]] [[turbulentia]] * [[Developmentum]] [[continuus]] * [[Innovatio]] [[technologica]] == Archaeologia et Antiquitates == === Sitae Archaeologicae Principales === ==== Lod Archaeologicum Locus ==== * '''[[Strata]] [[multiples|multiples]]''' - [[periodi]] [[diversae]] * '''[[Excavationes]]''' - [[MCMLXVI]] et [[sequential]] * [[Findae]] - [[pottery]], [[coins]], [[inscriptiones]] * '''[[Israel Antiquities Authority]]''' - [[supervisio]] ==== Artefacta Notabilia ==== * '''[[Mosaic|Mosaica]]''' - [[Byzantina]] * [[Constructione]] [[Romana]] * [[Ceramica]] [[Hellenistica]] * [[Moneta|Monetae]] - [[multiplex]] [[periodi]] * [[Inscriptiones]] - [[Latinae]], [[Graecae]], [[Hebraicae]] === Periodi Archaeologici ===== * [[Palaeolithicum]] - [[LXXX]] milia [[anno|a.C.]] * [[Neolithicum]] - [[X]] milia [[anno|a.C.]] * [[Chalcolithicum]] - [[V]] milia [[anno|a.C.]] * [[Bronzei Aetas]] - [[III]] millennium [[anno|a.C.]] * [[Ferreum Aetas]] - [[I]] millennium [[anno|a.C.]] * [[Persica Periodus]] - [[VIum|VI]] saeculum [[anno|a.C.]] * [[Hellenistica Periodus]] - [[IV]]-[[I]] saecula [[anno|a.C.]] * [[Romanica Periodus]] - [[Ia|I-VI]] saecula [[anno|A.D.]] * [[Byzantina Periodus]] - [[VI]]-[[VII]] saecula [[anno|A.D.]] * [[Islamica Periodus]] - [[VII]]-[[XIX]] saecula * [[Ottomanica Periodus]] - [[XVI]]-[[XX]] saecula * [[Moderni Periodus]] - [[XIX]]-[[XXI]] saecula == Religiones et Loca Sacra == === Iudaismus === ==== Significantia Iudaica ==== * '''[[Lod]]''' - [[locus]] [[talmudicus|talmudicum]] * '''[[Rabbi Eliezer ben Hyrcanus]]''' - [[sage]] [[celebre]] * '''[[Talmud]]''' - [[tractatus]] [[de]] Lod * [[Synagogae]] - [[multae|multae]] [[antiquae]] ==== Synagogae Contemporanea ==== * [[Synagoga]] [[Principale]] * [[Synagoga]] [[Orthoxa]] * [[Synagoga]] [[Masorti]] * [[Yeshivot]] - [[seminarium|seminaria]] === Christianitas === ==== Significantia Christiana ==== * '''[[Sanctus Georgius]]''' - [[martir]] [[Lodi]] - [[CCCLXX|~CCCLXX]] [[anno|A.D.]] - [[persecutio]] [[Romanus|Romana]] - [[venditio]] [[Christianus]] ==== Basilica Sancti Georgii ==== * '''[[Basilica]] [[magnificus|magnificam]]''' * [[Constructio]] - [[Byzantinus|Byzantium]] * [[Architectura]] [[impressed|impressiva]] * [[Mosaica]] - [[beautiful]] * [[Pilgrimage]] - [[locatio]] [[religiosa]] * [[Renovatio]] [[moderna]] - [[XX]] saeculum ==== Aliae Ecclesiae ==== * [[Ecclesia]] [[Graeca Orthoxa]] * [[Ecclesia]] [[Melkita]] * [[Cappella]] [[Maronita]] * [[Parochiae]] - [[varia]] === Islamismus === ==== Moschea Principale ==== * '''[[Moschea]] [[Omari|al-Omari]]''' * [[Constructio]] - [[Umayyad Periodus|Umayyad]] * [[Architectura]] [[Islamica|Islamica]] * [[Decorationes]] - [[calligraphy]] ==== Aliae Moschea ==== * [[Moschea]] - [[multiple|multae]] * [[Waqf]] - [[terra]] [[religiosa|religiosa]] * [[Cemeteria]] - [[Islamica]] === Syncretismus Religiosus === * '''[[Coexistentia]]''' - [[Iudaei]], [[Christiani]], [[Islamici]] * [[Loca]] [[multireligiosa]] * [[Festae]] [[shared|commune]] == Architectura et Structurae Notabiles == === Antiqua Architectura === ==== Romanus Periodus ==== * [[Aqueductus]] - [[ruins]] * [[Forum Romanus]] - [[remains]] * [[Thermae Romanae]] * [[Strada]] [[Romana]] ==== Byzantina Architectura ==== * [[Basilicae]] - [[magnificae]] * [[Mosaica]] - [[arte]] * [[Fortificationes]] - [[murae]] ==== Islamica Architectura ==== * [[Moschea]] - [[Umayyad|Umayyade]] * [[Palacia]] - [[administratio]] * [[Caravanserae]] - [[travellers]] * [[Bazaar]] - [[commercium]] === Moderni Architectura === ==== Periodus Britannica ==== * [[Statio Ferroviaria]] - [[MCMXX]] * [[Government Buildings]] - [[administratio]] * [[Residential Districts]] - [[housing]] * [[Commercialis Districts]] - [[shops]] ==== Periodus Post-Israelis ==== * [[Residentia]] [[moderna]] * [[Centri Commerciales]] * [[Officium Buildings]] - [[corporations]] * [[Scholae]] - [[architectura]] [[contemporanea]] * [[Hospitalia]] - [[moderni]] * [[Parci]] - [[publici]] ==== Architectura Contemporanea ==== * [[Constructiones]] [[altae]] * [[Shopping Malls]] * [[Technologia]] [[centri]] * [[Residential Complexes]] - [[luxury]] == Populatio et Demographia == === Crescentia Populationis === {| class="wikitable" |- ! [[Anno]] ! [[Populatio]] ! [[Notae]] |- | [[MCMLXVIII]] | XXV,000 | [[Post-War]] [[reconstruction]] |- | [[MCMLXXX]] | XXXV,000 | [[Crescens]] |- | [[MM]] | LXX,000 | [[Expansion]] |- | [[MMXVI]] | LXXV,000 | [[Peak]] [[populatio]] |- | [[MMXXVI]] | LXXX,000+ | [[Hodierna]] |} === Ethnicitas et Religio === * '''[[Iudaei]]''' - ~LX% - [[Ashkenazi]] - ~XXVIII% - [[Sephardi]] - ~XV% - [[Mizrahi]] - ~XII% - [[Ethiopes]] - ~V% * '''[[Arabici Israelenses]]''' - ~XXXV% - [[Sunni]] - ~XXX% - [[Christiani Arabici]] - ~V% * '''[[Migrantes Externi]]''' - ~V% === Religio Distribuita === * '''[[Iudaismus]]''' - ~LX% * '''[[Islamismus]]''' - ~XXXII% * '''[[Christianitas]]''' - ~VII% * '''[[Aliae]] [[religiones]]''' - ~I% == Economica et Industria == === Historia Economica === ==== Antiquitas ==== * [[Agricoltura]] - [[principale]] [[occupatio]] * [[Commercium]] - [[via maris]] * [[Artigianato]] - [[pottery]], [[textilia]] ==== Medius Aevi ==== * [[Agricoltura]] [[stagnans]] * [[Commercium]] - [[declinatus]] * [[Craft|Artigianato]] - [[local|localis]] ==== Moderna ==== * [[Immigratio]] - [[capital]] [[novum]] * [[Industriae]] - [[constructio]] * [[Commercium]] - [[expandens]] === Industria Contemporanea === ==== Agricultura Moderna ==== * [[Florarii]] - [[Lod Region]] * [[Fructus]] - [[citrus]], [[avocado]] * [[Vegetabilia]] - [[horti moderni]] * [[Aves Allevamento|Allevamento avium]] * [[Latteria]] - [[products]] ==== Manufacturae ==== * [[Plastica]] - [[factory|fabrica]] * [[Metalurgica]] - [[processus]] * [[Textilia]] - [[fabrica]] * [[Alimentaria]] - [[processing]] * [[Furnitura]] - [[fabrica]] ==== Technologia ==== * [[Softaware]] - [[companiae]] * [[Electronica]] - [[components]] * [[Computatores]] - [[assembly]] * [[Telecommunications]] * [[Biotechnologia]] - [[research]] ==== Commercium et Servicii ==== * [[Centri Commerciales]] - [[malls]] * [[Mercatus]] - [[open]] * [[Turisma]] - [[hotel|hoteli]] * [[Restaurationes]] * [[Servicii Financiales]] * [[Reale Estagio]] ==== Transportatio Logistics ==== * [[Logistica]] [[centri]] * [[Ware Housae|Warehouses]] - [[distributio]] * [[Transportatio]] - [[trucking]] * [[Portus]] [[proximi]] ==== Aeroportus Economica ==== * '''[[Aeroportus Ben Gurion]]''' - [[XXXV]] [[chilometri]] [[meridie]] - [[Cargo Handling]] - [[Passenger Services]] - [[Economic Hub]] - [[regionalis]] === Firmas Notabiles === * [[Tashtiot]] - [[plastic|plastica]] * [[Chemicals]] - [[various|varia]] * [[Flowers Export]] - [[international]] * [[Agricultural Equipment]] == Infrastructura == === Transportatio Terrestris === ==== Viae Principale ==== * '''[[Route 1]]''' - [[Jerusalem]] - [[Tel Aviv]] - [[intersectionem]] in [[Lod]] - [[major|majora]] [[connection]] * '''[[Route 2|Autostrada 2]]''' - [[Haifa]] - [[Tel Aviv]] - [[proximae]] [[Lod]] * '''[[Route 40|Route 40]]''' - [[north]] - [[south]] - [[Lod]] [[connexio]] * '''[[Route 44|Route 44]]''' - [[local]] [[traffic]] * '''[[Route 411|Route 411]]''' - [[connections]] ==== Ferroviaria Israelis ==== * '''[[Statio Ferroviaria Lod]]''' - [[principale]] - [[constructio]] - [[MCMXX]] - [[renovatio]] - [[MMXX]] - [[liniae]] [[multae]] * [[Liniae Ferroviaria]] - [[Central Line]] - [[Tel Aviv]] - [[Jerusalem]] - [[Lod Connection]] - [[Petach Tikva]] - [[Aeroportus Express]] - [[Ben Gurion]] * '''[[Train Services]]''' - [[Passengers]] - [[daily]] - [[Commuters]] - [[regular]] - [[Freight|Cargo]] ==== Autobusae Publicae ==== * [[Egged|Egged Autobus]] * [[Dan]] - [[Tel Aviv region]] * [[Local Bus Lines]] * [[Intercity Connections]] === Transportatio Internationalis === ==== Aeroportus Ben Gurion ==== * '''[[Aeroportus Ben Gurion]]''' - [[proximum]] - [[distantia]] - [[XXX]] [[chilometri]] - [[main international gateway]] - [[Cargo Terminal]] - [[Passenger Terminals]] - [[Railroad Connection]] ==== Portus ==== * [[Portus Tel Aviv]] - [[XX]] [[chilometri]] * [[Portus Ashdod]] - [[south]] * [[Logistica]] [[maritime]] === Utilitas === ==== Aquae ==== * '''[[Aquae Systemae]]''' - [[Distributio]] [[rete]] - [[Desalinatio]] [[planate|planae]] - [[Purificatio]] [[moderni]] - [[Riciclatio]] [[graywater]] * '''[[Aquiferi]]''' - [[Aquifer Sharon]] - [[Aquifer Judean]] ==== Electricitas ==== * '''[[Israel Electric Company]]''' - [[Distributio]] - [[high voltage]] - [[Power Plants]] - [[distant]] - [[Renewable Energy]] - [[growing]] - [[Solar Panels]] - [[Wind Turbines]] ==== Communicationes ==== * '''[[Telephonia]]''' - [[Cellularis]] [[networks]] - [[Providers]] - [[multae]] - [[4G]]/[[5G]] - [[coverage]] * '''[[Broadband Internet]]''' - [[Providers]] - [[ISP]] - [[Speeds]] - [[increasing]] * '''[[Radiodiffusio]]''' - [[Radio Stations]] - [[Televisio Channels]] ==== Gas Naturalis ==== * [[Distribution Network]] * [[Consumer Supply]] == Educatio == === Instituta Superiora === * [[Tel Aviv University]] - [[proximae]] * [[Ramat Hasharon Campus]] * [[Academic Research Centers]] === Scholae == ==== Scholae Primaria ==== * [[XXVIII]]+ [[scholae]] * [[Government Schools]] * [[Private Schools]] * [[Arabic-Language Schools]] ==== Scholae Secundaria ==== * [[XVI]]+ [[scholae]] * [[Academic High Schools]] * [[Professional Training]] * [[Vocational Programs]] ==== Aliae Institutiones ==== * [[Yeshivot]] - [[Jewish study]] * [[Madrassahs]] - [[Islamic study]] * [[Adult Education]] [[centri]] * [[Pre-Schools]] - [[childcare]] === Bibliotecae === * [[Bibliothecae Publicum]] - [[centrale]] * [[Bibliotheca Municipale]] * [[Scholares]] [[libraries]] * [[Archivum]] - [[historical]] === Musaea Educationis === * [[Educational Museums]] * [[Science Centers]] * [[History Exhibits]] == Cultura et Arte == === Musaea === ==== Lod Museum ==== * '''[[Lod Municipal Museum]]''' - [[Historia]] - [[civitatis]] - [[Archaeology]] - [[displays]] - [[Artefacta]] - [[multae]] - [[Mosaica]] - [[Byzantina]] ==== Aliae Musaea ==== * [[Ceramica Museum]] * [[Art Museum]] * [[History Museum]] === Theatrum et Performances === * [[Theatrum Municipale]] * [[Cinemata]] - [[projections]] * [[Concertus]] - [[venues]] * [[Dansa]] - [[performances]] * [[Cultural Center]] === Galleriae Arte === * [[Local Art Galleries]] * [[Sculptor Gardens]] * [[Street Art]] - [[murales]] * [[Artist Studios]] === Festivales === ==== Festivales Annuales ==== * '''[[Festival Civitatis]]''' - [[anniversarium]] * '''[[Festival Musicae]]''' - [[summer]] * '''[[Festival Artis]]''' - [[painters]], [[sculptores]] * '''[[Jazz Festival]]''' - [[musicians]] * '''[[Heritage Festival]]''' - [[historical]] ==== Festivales Religiose ==== * [[Pesach|Pesah]] - [[Iudaica]] * [[Shavuot]] - [[Iudaica]] * [[Sukkot]] - [[Iudaica]] * [[Chanukah]] - [[Iudaica]] * [[Tisha B'Av]] - [[Iudaica]] * [[Eid al-Fitr]] - [[Islamica]] * [[Eid al-Adha]] - [[Islamica]] * [[Ramadan]] - [[Islamica]] * [[Easter]] - [[Christiana]] * [[Christmas]] - [[Christiana]] === Crafts Traditionalis === * [[Pottery]] - [[traditional]] * [[Textile Arts]] * [[Woodworking]] * [[Metal Crafts]] == Medica et Salutes == === Hospitalia === * [[Lod Hospital]] - [[principale]] * [[Urgent Care]] - [[centri]] * [[Cliniae]] - [[ambulatoria]] === Servicii Medica === * [[HMO Organizations]] * [[Health Insurance]] * [[Pharmaciae]] - [[multae]] * [[Laboratorium]] - [[analysis]] * [[Dental Clinics]] * [[Pediatria]] * [[Psychologia]] === Mental Health ==== * [[Psychologia]] [[counseling]] * [[Psychiatria]] [[services]] * [[Rehabilitation]] [[centri]] === Public Health === * [[Health Department]] * [[Vaccination Programs]] * [[Disease Prevention]] * [[Health Promotion]] == Securitas et Administratio == === Municipalis Governo === * '''[[Municipality Lod]]''' - [[Mayor|Primarius Civicus]] - [[Consilium]] - [[17 membri]] - [[Department|Departmenta]] - [[varia]] === Legalis Sistema === * [[Ius Israelense]] * [[Cortes Locales]] * [[District Court]] - [[proximi]] * [[Law Enforcement]] === Policium === * '''[[Israel Police]]''' - [[Lod Station]] * [[Community Policing]] * [[Traffic Police]] * [[Investigative Units]] === Securitas Civilis === * [[Home Front Command]] * [[Emergency Services]] * [[Fire Department]] * [[Rescue Services]] === Militaris === * '''[[Tsahal]] ([[Israeli Defense Forces]])''' - [[Recruitmentum]] - [[Training Facilities]] - [[Aeroportus Ben Gurion]] - [[militaris base]] == Media et Communicationes == === Gazetta === * [[Local Newspapers]] * [[Gazetta Israelenses|Israeli Newspapers]] * [[Editiones Locales]] * [[Online News]] === Radiotelevisio === * [[Kan]] - [[Israeli Public Broadcasting]] * [[Reshet]] - [[Private channels]] * [[Cable]] [[Channels]] * [[Streaming Services]] === Internet et Social Media === * [[Portales Locale]] * [[Social Media Presence]] * [[Municipality Website]] * [[Online Services]] == Climata et Environmentum == === Climata Characteristica === * '''[[Clima Mediterraneum|Mediterraneum]]''' - [[temperatum]] * '''[[Temperatura]]''': - [[Summer|Aestas]] - [[XXVIII|XXVIII]]-[[XXX|XXX]]°C - [[Winter|Hiems]] - [[X|X]]-[[XV|XV]]°C - [[Annual Average]] - ~[[XX]]°C * '''[[Pluviae]]''': - [[Annual Precipitation]] - [[D|DCC]]-[[D|DCCC]] mm - [[Rainy Season]] - [[November]] - [[March]] - [[Dry Season]] - [[May]] - [[September]] * '''[[Humiditas]]''': [[Alta]] * '''[[Ventus]]''': [[Westerly]] ab [[mare]] === Geologia et Naturam === * [[Flora Mediterranea]] * [[Fauna Regionalis]] * [[Parks|Parci]] - [[naturales]] * [[Nature Reserves]] === Conservatio et Sustainabilitas === * [[Green Initiatives]] * [[Recycling Programs]] * [[Energy Efficiency]] * [[Water Conservation]] * [[Renewable Energy Projects]] == Divisiones Administrativae == === Neighborhoods Principale === * '''[[Kiryat Tarbut]]''' - [[cultural district]] * '''[[Ramat Lod]]''' - [[residential]] * '''[[Old City]]''' - [[historical]] * '''[[Industrial Zone]]''' - [[manufacturing]] * '''[[Airport Area]]''' - [[commercial]] === Districts === * [[Central District]] * [[Southern District]] * [[Eastern District]] * [[Western District]] * [[Northern District]] == Transportatio Networks == === Distantiae Principale === * Ad [[Tel Aviv]]: [[XXVI]] [[chilometri]] (~XL minuta [[auto]]) * Ad [[Ierusalem]]: [[LVI]] [[chilometri]] (~I hora [[auto]]) * Ad [[Haifa]]: [[XCIX]] [[chilometri]] (~I hora XXX minuta) * Ad [[Ramla]]: [[XVI]] [[chilometri]] (~XX minuta) * Ad [[Petach Tikva]]: [[XX]] [[chilometri]] (~XXV minuta) * Ad [[Aeroportus Ben Gurion]]: [[XXX]] [[chilometri]] (~XL minuta) == Nexus cum Regionibus Proximae == === Civitates Proximae === * [[Ramla]] - [[XVI]] [[chilometri]] [[south]] * [[Petach Tikva]] - [[XX]] [[chilometri]] [[north]] * [[Tel Aviv]] - [[XXVI]] [[chilometri]] [[west]] * [[Giv'atayim]] - [[XVIII]] [[chilometri]] [[northwest]] * [[Ra'anana]] - [[XXIII]] [[chilometri]] [[north]] * [[Rishon LeZion]] - [[XXIII]] [[chilometri]] [[southwest]] * [[Rehovot]] - [[XXVIII]] [[chilometri]] [[southeast]] === Regiones Proximae === * [[Mediridionalis Sharon]] - [[pars|partem]] * [[Montes Iudaeae]] - [[east]] * [[Planitiem Costalis]] - [[west]] * [[Planitiem Philistaeorum]] - [[south]] == Personae Notabiles == === Antiquitas === * '''[[Rabbi Eliezer ben Hyrcanus]]''' - [[sage]] [[talmudicus]] * '''[[Sanctus Georgius]]''' - [[martir]] [[Christianus]] * '''[[Saint Jirjis]]''' - [[Arabic name]] === Moderna === * [[Local Leaders]] - [[diverse]] * [[Mayors]] - [[sequential]] * [[Community Organizers]] * [[Cultural Figures]] * [[Artistic Personalities]] == Nexus Externi == === Officiales === * [[https://www.lod.muni.il/|Municipality Lod - Official Website]] * [[Wikidata]]: [[https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83171|Q83171]] * [[Wikipedia English]]: [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lod|Lod]] * [[Wikipedia Hebrew]]: [[https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/לוד|לוד]] === Turistica === * [[Israel Tourism]] - [[informationes]] * [[Guidebooks]] - [[civitatis]] * [[Accommodatio]] - [[hotels]], [[hostels]] * [[Restaurants]] - [[dining]] === Archaeologia === * [[Israel Antiquities Authority]] - [[https://www.antiquities.org.il/]] * [[Excavation Reports]] * [[Museum Collections]] * [[Research Institutions]] === Transportatio === * [[Israeli Railways]] - [[https://www.rail.co.il/]] * [[Egged Bus Company]] - [[https://egged.co.il/]] * [[Ben Gurion Airport]] - [[https://www.iaa.gov.il/]] === Medica === * [[Health Services]] * [[Hospital Information]] * [[Clinics Directories]] == Bibliotheca == === Libri Principale === * [[Stern, Ephraim]] (editor). ''[[The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land]]''. [[Israel Exploration Society]], 1993. * [[Finkelstein, Israel]]; [[Silberman, Neil Asher]]. ''[[The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel]]''. [[Free Press]], 2002. * [[Reuben, Marcus]]. ''[[Judea and Samaria: A Gazetteer of Ancient Sites]]''. [[Academic Research Corporation]], 2005. * [[Hirschfeld, Yizhar]]. ''[[The Palestinian Dwelling in the Roman-Byzantine Period]]''. [[Israel Exploration Society]], 1995. * [[Avi-Yonah, Michael]]. ''[[The Holy Land from the Persian to the Arab Conquest: A Historical Geography]]''. [[Baker Book House]], 1978. * [[Broshi, Magen]]. ''[[Bread, Wine, Oil and Coal in the Second Temple Judaism]]''. [[Magnnes Press]], 1986. === Articuli Academici === * [[JSTOR]] - [[academic articles]] * [[Academia.edu]] - [[research papers]] * [[ResearchGate]] - [[scholar collaboration]] * [[Google Scholar]] - [[article search]] == Categoriae Principale == [[Categoria:Civitates Israelis]] [[Categoria:Lod]] [[Categoria:Antiquae Civitates]] [[Categoria:Archaeologiae Situs]] [[Categoria:Religiosa Loca]] [[Categoria:Transportationis Hubs]] [[Categoria:Mediridionalis Sharon]] [[Categoria:Geographia Israelis]] [[Categoria:Historia Israelis]] [[Categoria:Industriae Centerium]] [[Categoria:Educationis Instituta]] [[Categoria:Medica Servicii]] [[Categoria:Culturae Centerium]] [[Categoria:Turismum]] [[Categoria:Multireligiosa Communitates]] [[Categoria:Economica Hubs]] [[Categoria:Modernae Civitates]] [[Categoria:XX Saeculum Historia]] == Nexus Internae Densae == * [[Israele]] - [[nationalis context]] * [[Tel Aviv]] - [[civitas]] [[occidentalis]] * [[Ierusalem]] - [[caput]] * [[Ramla]] - [[civitas]] [[proximae]] * [[Petach Tikva]] - [[civitas]] [[septentrionalis]] * [[Giv'atayim]] - [[suburb]] * [[Haifa]] - [[civitas]] [[major]] [[north]] * [[Beersheba]] - [[civitas]] [[south]] * [[Aeroportus Ben Gurion]] - [[transportatio]] [[major]] * [[Ferroviaria Israelis]] - [[transportatio]] [[railwayi]] * [[Route 1]] - [[viae principalis]] * [[Route 2]] - [[autostrada]] * [[Route 40]] - [[connexio]] [[nord-sud]] * [[Mediridionalis Sharon]] - [[regionem]] * [[Montes Iudaeae]] - [[geographia]] * [[Planitiem Costalis]] - [[planitiem]] * [[Mare Mediterraneum]] - [[mare]] * [[Sanctus Georgius]] - [[martir]] [[religiosa]] * [[Basilica]] - [[architectura]] * [[Moschea al-Omari]] - [[Islamica architectura]] * [[Synagoga]] - [[Iudaica]] * [[Talmud]] - [[literaria Iudaica]] * [[Rabbi Eliezer]] - [[sage]] * [[Historia Israelis]] - [[contextu historico]] * [[Agricoltura Israelis]] - [[economica]] * [[Industria Israelis]] - [[manufacturae]] * [[Technologia Israelis]] - [[innovatio]] * [[Educatio Israelis]] - [[scholae]] * [[Medica Israelis]] - [[healthcare]] * [[Religio in Israele]] - [[multireligiosa]] * [[Cultura Israelis]] - [[arte]], [[musica]] * [[Archaeologia Palestinae]] - [[excavationes]] * [[Antiquitates Romanae]] - [[periodicus]] * [[Byzantina Imperium]] - [[periodus]] * [[Islamica Historia]] - [[periodus]] * [[Crusades]] - [[periodus medievalis]] * [[Ottomanica Imperium]] - [[periodus moderna incepta]] * [[Mandatum Britannicum]] - [[XX saeculum]] * [[Bellum Independentiae Israelis]] - [[MCMXLVIII]] * [[Securitas Israelis]] - [[administratio]] * [[Militaris Historia]] - [[conflictus]] * [[Environmentum]] - [[natura conservatio]] * [[Energia Renewabilis]] - [[sustainability]] * [[Aquae Systemae]] - [[utilities]] * [[Communicationes]] - [[media]] * [[Lingua Hebraica]] - [[communicatio]] * [[Lingua Arabica]] - [[communicatio]] * [[Lingua Latina]] - [[etymologia]] * [[Turismus Israelis]] - [[hospitale]] * [[Economica Regionalis]] - [[commercium]] {{Myrias|Geographia}} {{Myrias|Historiae}} {{Myrias|Archaeologia}} {{Myrias|Religiones}} {{Myrias|Culturae}} boqv3za9n2sjyv9xq2svq6cq2iw5g6k 3986800 3986789 2026-09-09T07:09:36Z Grufo 64423 +{{Pagina autotranslata}}; +{{Latinitas|-5}} 3986800 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Pagina autotranslata}} {{Latinitas|-5}} '''Lod''' ([[Lingua Hebraica|Hebraice]]: לוד, [[Lingua Arabica|Arabice]]: اللد, [[Lingua Latina|Latine]] ''Ludda'' vel ''Diospolis'') est [[civitas]] [[antiqua|antiquissima]] in [[Israele]], sita in [[media|parte media]] [[occidentalis|occidentalis]] [[Mediridionalis Sharon|Mediridionalis Sharonis]], inter [[Tel Aviv]] et [[Ierusalem]]. [[Lod]] est una ex [[civitates|civitates]] [[antiquissimae]] in [[Levantis|Levante]] et [[Palestina|Palestinae]], cum [[historia]] quae extendit se per [[millennium|millennia]] multis. Lod hodie est [[civitas]] [[LXXX]] milia [[habitatores|habitatorum]], nota ut [[centrum]] [[transportationis]] et [[commercium|commercii]], cum [[Aeroportus Ben Gurion|Aeroportus Internationale Ben Gurion]] prope locatum. == Etymologia et Nomina Antiqua == Nomen '''Lod''' derivatum est ex [[lingua]] [[Hebraica]] [[antiqua|antiqua]], possibiliter ex radix quae significat "[[locus]] [[conflictus|conflictus]]" vel "[[conflictus]] [[bellicosus]]". [[Nomina]] [[antiqua|antiquae]] [[civitatis]]: * '''[[Ludda]]''' - [[nomen]] [[Hebraicum]] [[antiquum]] * '''[[Diospolis]]''' - [[nomen]] [[Graecum]] - "[[civitas]] [[Zeusii|Diovis]]" * '''[[Lydda]]''' - [[nomen]] [[Byzantine|Byzantinum]] * '''[[Ramla-Lod]]''' - [[connexio]] cum [[Ramla|Ramla]] [[Etymologia]] [[multiplex]] suggerit [[origines]] [[antiquissimas]] [[Levantis|Levantinas]]. == Geographia == === Locatio Precisa === * '''[[Latitudo]]''': 31.946°[[Septentrionalis|N]] * '''[[Longitudo]]''': 34.896°[[Orientalis|E]] * '''[[Altitudo]]''': XL-L [[metrum|metra]] supra [[mare]] * '''[[Superficie]]''': Circa XL [[chilometrus|chilometri]] [[quadratus|quadrati]] * '''[[Climata]]''': [[Clima Mediterraneum|Mediterraneum]], temperatum === Limites Geographici === * '''[[Septentrionalis|Septentrione]]''': [[Giv'atayim]], [[Ramat Hasharon]] * '''[[Meridionalis|Meridie]]''': [[Ramla]], [[Latrun]] * '''[[Orientalis|Oriente]]''': [[Montes Iudaeae|Montes Iudaeae]], [[Latrun]] * '''[[Occidentalis|Occidente]]''': [[Petach Tikva]], [[Giv'atayim]], [[mediridionalis|mediridionalis]] [[Tel Aviv]] === Topographia et Geologia === * '''[[Planitiem Coastalis|Planitie Costalis]]''' - [[principale]] [[caratteristica]] * '''[[Terrains]] [[leves]]''' - [[collines|Collines levis]] * '''[[Aquae]] [[subterranea|subterranea]]''' - [[aquiferi|Aquiferi]] [[abundantes]] * '''[[Alluviones]]''' - [[depositae]] [[fluviales]] * '''[[Flumen Ayalon|Flumen Ayalon]]''' - proximum * '''[[Flumen Yarkon|Flumen Yarkon]]''' - [[meridionalis]] == Historia Completa == === Antiquitas Praehistorica === ==== Palaeolithicum ==== * '''[[Erasi Palaeolithi]]''' - [[primae]] [[habitationes]] [[humanae]] * '''[[Fossilia]]''' - [[investigationes]] [[archaeologicae]] * [[Loca]] [[vivendi]] [[caverna|cavernorum]] * [[Instrumenta]] [[primitiva|primitiva]] ==== Neolithicum ==== * '''[[Primae coloniae]] [[agricolae|agricolae]]''' - ~XII millennium [[ante Christum|a.C.]] * [[Villaggia]] [[permanentes]] * [[Domesticatio]] [[animalia|animalium]] * [[Cultivatio]] [[plantas|plantarum]] ==== Chalcolithicum ==== * '''[[Aetas Aeris Lapidei]]''' * [[Metallurgia]] [[incipientis|incipientis]] * [[Instrumenta]] [[hybrida]] * [[Connexiones]] [[commercium|commerciales]] ==== Bronzei Aetas ==== * '''[[Antiquitas Bronze Age|Aetas Bronzei Antiqua]]''' - ~III millennium * [[Fortificationes]] [[primae]] * [[Civitas]] [[walled|murata]] * [[Commercium]] [[Aegypticum]] === Antiquitas Historica === ==== Periodus Canananea ==== * '''[[Cananai]]''' - [[habitantes]] [[primordiales]] * '''[[Regnum Cananaeae]]''' - [[civitas]] [[canananea|canananea]] * [[Cultu]] [[Cananaei|Cananaeorum]] * [[Divinitas]] - [[Baal]], [[Ashtaroth]] ==== Periodus Filistaea ==== * '''[[Philistini]]''' - [[invasiones]] [[mediterranea|mediterraneae]] * '''[[Conflictus]]''' - [[cum]] [[Israelitis]] * '''[[Pentapolis]]''' - [[Gaza]], [[Ashkelon]], [[Ashdod]], [[Gath]], [[Ekron]] * [[Lod]] - [[locus]] [[conflictus|conflictuum]] ==== Periodus Israelita Antiqua ==== * '''[[Regno Israelis]]''' - [[civitas]] [[Israelita]] * [[Tribu Beniamin|Tribu Benjaminis]] - [[possessio]] * [[Civitas]] [[sacerdotalis|sacerdotalis]] - [[Levitae]] * [[Nomen]] [[biblicum]] - [[Liber I Chronicorum]] XVI:35 * [[Historia]] [[ecclesiastica|ecclesiastica]] ==== Periodus Babylonica ==== * '''[[Imperium Babylonicum|Imperium Babylonicum]]''' - [[captivitas]] * '''[[Nabuchodonosor II|Nabuchodonosor]]''' - [[destructio]] * [[Muri]] [[destructae|destructi]] * [[Populatio]] [[exsilium|exsilii]] ==== Periodus Persica ==== * '''[[Imperium Persicum]]''' - [[provinciae]] [[administratio]] * [[Gubernatores]] [[Persici]] * [[Reconstructio]] [[urbana]] * [[Commercium]] [[restoratum]] ==== Periodus Hellenistica ==== * '''[[Hellenismus]]''' - [[influentia]] [[Graeca|Graeca]] * '''[[Alexandrum Magnum]]''' - [[era]] [[post]] * [[Nomen]] [[Graecum]] - '''[[Diospolis]]''' * [[Cultus]] [[Graecus|Graecus]] * [[Moneta]] [[Graeca]] ==== Periodus Maccabaica ==== * '''[[Maccabaei]]''' - [[revolutio]] [[religiosa]] * '''[[Iudas Maccabaeus|Iudas Maccabaeus]]''' - [[conflictus]] [[Seleucida|Seleucida]] * [[Lod]] - [[locus]] [[militaris|militaris]] * [[Liberatio]] [[Iudaica|Iudaica]] ==== Periodus Romanica ==== ===== Imperii Romani Prima Pars ===== * '''[[Pompeius Magnus]]''' - [[LXIII]] [[ante Christum|a.C.]] - [[occupatio]] * '''[[Provincia Syria Palaestina|Provincia Syriae Palaestinae]]''' * '''[[Via Maris]]''' - [[strata]] [[magna|magna]] [[comercium|comercii]] * '''[[Castra Romana]]''' - [[militar|militaris]] [[positiones]] * [[Lod]] - [[statio]] [[strategica]] ===== Imperii Romani Periodus Classica ===== * '''[[Herodes Magnus]]''' - [[renovatio]] [[civitatis]] * [[Architectura]] [[Herodiana|Herodiana]] * [[Fortificationes]] [[novae|novae]] * [[Aqua]] - [[systemae]] [[modernus|modernes]] * [[Via]] [[Romana]] - [[restauratio]] ===== Iudaicus Bellum ===== * '''[[Bellum Iudaicum Primum]]''' - [[LXVI]]-[[LXX]] [[anno|A.D.]] * '''[[Titus]]''' - [[imperator]] [[Romanus]] * [[Destructio]] [[civitatis]] * [[Populatio]] - [[deportatio|deportationes]] * '''[[Masada]]''' - [[nearby]] [[fortis]] ===== Bar Kokhba Rebellio ===== * '''[[Bellum Bar Kokhba]]''' - [[CXXXII]]-[[CXXXV]] [[anno|A.D.]] * '''[[Simon Bar Kokhba]]''' - [[lider|leader]] * [[Lod]] - [[centrum]] [[conflictus|conflictuum]] * [[Imperator]] [[Hadianus|Hadrianus]] * [[Destructio]] [[reiterata|reiterata]] ===== Periodus Post-Rebellionis ===== * '''[[Civitas]] [[pacificata]]''' - [[recuperatio]] * [[Commercium]] [[restauratum]] * [[Rabbini]] - [[centro]] [[Talmud|Talmudicum]] * '''[[Rabbinus]] [[Eliezer ben Hyrcanus]]''' - [[famosus]] * [[Scola]] [[Talmudica]] ==== Periodus Byzantinus ==== ===== Periodus Christiana Byzantina ===== * '''[[Christianitas]]''' - [[adopta]] [[officialis|officialiter]] * '''[[Constantinus I]]''' - [[CCCXXVII]] [[anno|A.D.]] * [[Ecclesiae]] - [[constructae|constructae]] multiplicae * [[Sanctus Georgius|Sanctus Georgius]] - [[martir]] [[Lodi|Lodi]] * '''[[Basilica Sancti Georgii]]''' - [[temple]] [[magnificum]] ===== Periodus Byzantina Florens ===== * '''[[Centum]]''' - [[ecclesiae]] in [[civitate]] * [[Pilgrimage|Pilgrimage]] [[Christianus|Christianus]] - [[locus]] [[sacrum|sacrum]] * [[Mercatus]] [[important|importantis]] * [[Agricultura]] [[prosperitas|prosperitas]] * [[Aquae]] [[systema]] - [[technologia]] [[Byzantina]] ===== Invasiones Persica ===== * '''[[Imperium Persicum|Persiae]]''' - [[invasio|invasiones]] - [[DCXIV]] * '''[[Khosrau II]]''' - [[invasor]] [[celebres|celebris]] * [[Destructio]] [[civitatis]] * [[Ecclesiae]] - [[destructae|destructae]] ==== Periodus Islamicus Medius ==== ===== Califatus Rashidun ===== * '''[[Califatus Rashidun]]''' - [[DCXXXII]] [[anno|A.D.]] * '''[[Umar ibn al-Khattab]]''' - [[Calipha]] * [[Lod]] - [[captura]] [[pacifica|pacifica]] * [[Accordum]] [[pacem|pacis]] * [[Populatio]] [[mixta]] - [[Christianus]], [[Islamica]] ===== Califatus Umayyad ===== * '''[[Dinastia Umayyad]]''' - [[DCXLI]]-[[DCCL]] * [[Architectura]] [[Islamica]] * [[Moschea]] - [[constructio|constructio]] * [[Agricultura]] [[florens|florens]] * [[Commercium]] [[orientalis|orientalis]] ===== Califatus Abbasid ===== * '''[[Dinastia Abbasid]]''' - [[DCCL]]-[[MCCCVIII]] * [[Periodus]] [[culturalis|culturalis]] [[florens]] * [[Schola]] - [[educatio]] * [[Literaria]] [[works]] * [[Scientiae]] - [[mathematica]], [[astronomica]] ===== Periodus Crusiadum ===== * '''[[Crusades]]''' - [[bellum]] [[Christianum]] [[Islamicum]] * '''[[Ricardus Cor Leonis|Ricardus Cor Leonis]]''' - [[rex]] [[Angliae]] * '''[[Saladin]]''' - [[lider]] [[Islamicus]] * [[Lod]] - [[locus]] [[militaris|militaris]] * [[Fortificationes]] - [[Crusader castles]] * [[Ecclesiae]] - [[renovatae|renovatae]] ===== Periodus Post-Crusiadum ===== * '''[[Ayyubid Dynasty|Dinastia Ayyubid]]''' * '''[[Mamluk Sultanate|Sultanatus Mamluk]]''' - [[MCCLXIX]]-[[MDXVII]] * [[Lod]] - [[civitas]] [[minore]] * [[Declinus]] [[economicus]] * [[Depopulatio]] ==== Periodus Ottomanicus ==== ===== Prima Periodus Ottomanica ===== * '''[[Imperium Ottomanicum]]''' - [[MDXVII]] - [[MDCCCCXVIII]] * '''[[Suleiman Magnus]]''' - [[sultanus]] [[celebres|celebres]] * [[Lod]] - [[provinciae]] [[villaggia]] * [[Stagnatio]] [[economica]] * [[Populatio]] - [[declinatio]] ===== Periodus Ottomanica Tarda ===== * '''[[XIX Saeculum]]''' - [[reformae]] [[ottomanicae]] * [[Lod]] - [[ruralis]] [[communitas]] * [[Agricultura]] [[traditionalis]] * [[Nomada]] - [[Bedouin|Bedoini]] === Historia Moderna === ==== XIX Saeculum - Periodus Transitionis ==== ===== Immigratio Iudaica Incepta ===== * '''[[XIX Saeculum]]''' - [[iuvi]] [[immigrantes]] * '''[[Theodor Herzl]]''' - [[visionarius]] * [[Coloniae]] [[proximae]] - [[Petach Tikva]], [[Rishon LeZion]] * [[Lod]] - [[centro]] [[commercium|commercii]] ===== Reformae Ottomanicae ===== * '''[[Tanzimat]]''' - [[reformae]] [[systemae]] * [[Infrastructura]] - [[amelerationes]] * [[Educatio]] - [[scholae]] [[nouvelles]] ==== XX Saeculum - Periodus Mandatum ==== ===== Periodus Britannicum Mandatum ===== * '''[[MCMXX]]''' - [[Mandatum Britannicum]] * '''[[Arthur Balfour|Balfour Declaration]]''' - [[MCMXVII]] * [[Developmentum]] [[urbanus|urbanus]] [[acceleratus]] * [[Immigratio]] [[Iudaica]] [[crescens]] * [[Tensiones]] [[communitates|communitatum]] ===== Periodus Mandatum Media ===== * '''[[MCMXX]] - [[MCMXXXV]]''' - [[periodus]] [[relativa]] [[pacis]] * [[Infrastructura]] [[moderna]] - [[Ferroviaria]] - [[statio]] [[Lod]] - [[Viae]] - [[sistema]] [[transports]] - [[Electricitas]] - [[systema]] [[central]] ===== Periodus Mandatum Tarda ===== * '''[[MCMXXXVI]] - [[MCMXVIII]]''' - [[conflictus]] [[crescentes]] * '''[[Conflictus Iudaeo-Arabicus]]''' - [[violentia]] * [[Rebelliones]] - [[Arabice|Arabicae]] * [[Represalia]] - [[Britannicum|Britannicum]] * [[Lod]] - [[centro]] [[tensiones|tensionum]] ==== XX Saeculum - Statum Israelis ==== ===== Bellum Independentiae ===== * '''[[MCMXLVIII]]''' - [[Declaratio Independentiae Israelis]] * '''[[Bellum Independentiae]]''' - [[MCMXLVIII]]-[[MCMXLIX]] * [[Lod]] - [[estrategica]] [[locatio]] * '''[[Operatio Nachshon]]''' - [[militaris]] [[strategia]] * [[Evacuatio]] [[populatio|populationis]] [[Arabicae]] * [[Occupatio]] [[Israelis]] ===== Periodus Post-Independentiae ===== * '''[[MCMXLIX]] - [[MCMLXVII]]''' - [[periodus]] [[constructionis]] * [[Immigratio]] [[massiva]] - [[Holocaust|Holocaust survivors]] * [[Residentia]] [[nova]] - [[housing]] * [[Infrastructura]] [[developmentum]] * [[Industriales]] [[fabrica|fabricae]] ===== Bellum Sextae Diei ===== * '''[[MCMLXVIII]]''' - [[Bellum Sextae Diei]] * [[Lod]] - [[locatio]] [[strategica]] * [[Aeroportus]] - [[militaris]] [[base]] ===== Periodus Post-MCMLXVIII ===== * '''[[MCMLXVIII]] - [[MCMLXXIII]]''' - [[periodus]] [[pacem|pacis]] [[relativa]] * [[Developmentum]] [[urbanus|urbanus]] [[acceleratus]] * [[Aeroportus Ben Gurion]] - [[expansio]] * [[Commercium]] [[crescens]] ===== Bellum Yom Kippur ===== * '''[[MCMLXXIII]]''' - [[Bellum]] [[Yom Kippur]] * [[Lod]] - [[locu]]s [[militaris|militaris]] * [[Aeroportus]] - [[centro]] [[militaris]] ===== Periodus Pacem ===== * '''[[MCMLXXIX]]''' - [[Tractatus]] [[pacem|pacis]] [[Aegyptius]] * '''[[Menachem Begin]]''' - [[Primarius civicus]] * [[Developmentum]] [[civilis]] [[acceleratus]] ==== Periodus Moderna - Late XX et XXI Saecula ==== ===== MCMXC - MM ===== * '''[[Processus Oslo]]''' - [[MCMXCIII]] - [[initium]] [[processus pacis]] * [[Lod]] - [[civitas]] [[mixta]] * [[Coexistentia]] - [[Israelis]], [[Arabici]] * [[Economica]] [[developmentum]] ===== MM - MMXX ===== * '''[[MMII]]''' - [[Bellum]] [[Secundum Intifada|Intifada Secundae]] * [[Tensiones]] [[crescentes]] * [[Securitas]] - [[barriers|barrierae]] * '''[[MMXIV]]''' - [[Bellum Gaza|Bellum Gaza IV]] * [[Aeroportus]] - [[expansio]] [[continua]] ===== MMXX - Hodierna ===== * '''[[MMXX]]''' - [[COVID-19 Pandemica]] * [[Economica]] [[turbulentia]] * [[Developmentum]] [[continuus]] * [[Innovatio]] [[technologica]] == Archaeologia et Antiquitates == === Sitae Archaeologicae Principales === ==== Lod Archaeologicum Locus ==== * '''[[Strata]] [[multiples|multiples]]''' - [[periodi]] [[diversae]] * '''[[Excavationes]]''' - [[MCMLXVI]] et [[sequential]] * [[Findae]] - [[pottery]], [[coins]], [[inscriptiones]] * '''[[Israel Antiquities Authority]]''' - [[supervisio]] ==== Artefacta Notabilia ==== * '''[[Mosaic|Mosaica]]''' - [[Byzantina]] * [[Constructione]] [[Romana]] * [[Ceramica]] [[Hellenistica]] * [[Moneta|Monetae]] - [[multiplex]] [[periodi]] * [[Inscriptiones]] - [[Latinae]], [[Graecae]], [[Hebraicae]] === Periodi Archaeologici ===== * [[Palaeolithicum]] - [[LXXX]] milia [[anno|a.C.]] * [[Neolithicum]] - [[X]] milia [[anno|a.C.]] * [[Chalcolithicum]] - [[V]] milia [[anno|a.C.]] * [[Bronzei Aetas]] - [[III]] millennium [[anno|a.C.]] * [[Ferreum Aetas]] - [[I]] millennium [[anno|a.C.]] * [[Persica Periodus]] - [[VIum|VI]] saeculum [[anno|a.C.]] * [[Hellenistica Periodus]] - [[IV]]-[[I]] saecula [[anno|a.C.]] * [[Romanica Periodus]] - [[Ia|I-VI]] saecula [[anno|A.D.]] * [[Byzantina Periodus]] - [[VI]]-[[VII]] saecula [[anno|A.D.]] * [[Islamica Periodus]] - [[VII]]-[[XIX]] saecula * [[Ottomanica Periodus]] - [[XVI]]-[[XX]] saecula * [[Moderni Periodus]] - [[XIX]]-[[XXI]] saecula == Religiones et Loca Sacra == === Iudaismus === ==== Significantia Iudaica ==== * '''[[Lod]]''' - [[locus]] [[talmudicus|talmudicum]] * '''[[Rabbi Eliezer ben Hyrcanus]]''' - [[sage]] [[celebre]] * '''[[Talmud]]''' - [[tractatus]] [[de]] Lod * [[Synagogae]] - [[multae|multae]] [[antiquae]] ==== Synagogae Contemporanea ==== * [[Synagoga]] [[Principale]] * [[Synagoga]] [[Orthoxa]] * [[Synagoga]] [[Masorti]] * [[Yeshivot]] - [[seminarium|seminaria]] === Christianitas === ==== Significantia Christiana ==== * '''[[Sanctus Georgius]]''' - [[martir]] [[Lodi]] - [[CCCLXX|~CCCLXX]] [[anno|A.D.]] - [[persecutio]] [[Romanus|Romana]] - [[venditio]] [[Christianus]] ==== Basilica Sancti Georgii ==== * '''[[Basilica]] [[magnificus|magnificam]]''' * [[Constructio]] - [[Byzantinus|Byzantium]] * [[Architectura]] [[impressed|impressiva]] * [[Mosaica]] - [[beautiful]] * [[Pilgrimage]] - [[locatio]] [[religiosa]] * [[Renovatio]] [[moderna]] - [[XX]] saeculum ==== Aliae Ecclesiae ==== * [[Ecclesia]] [[Graeca Orthoxa]] * [[Ecclesia]] [[Melkita]] * [[Cappella]] [[Maronita]] * [[Parochiae]] - [[varia]] === Islamismus === ==== Moschea Principale ==== * '''[[Moschea]] [[Omari|al-Omari]]''' * [[Constructio]] - [[Umayyad Periodus|Umayyad]] * [[Architectura]] [[Islamica|Islamica]] * [[Decorationes]] - [[calligraphy]] ==== Aliae Moschea ==== * [[Moschea]] - [[multiple|multae]] * [[Waqf]] - [[terra]] [[religiosa|religiosa]] * [[Cemeteria]] - [[Islamica]] === Syncretismus Religiosus === * '''[[Coexistentia]]''' - [[Iudaei]], [[Christiani]], [[Islamici]] * [[Loca]] [[multireligiosa]] * [[Festae]] [[shared|commune]] == Architectura et Structurae Notabiles == === Antiqua Architectura === ==== Romanus Periodus ==== * [[Aqueductus]] - [[ruins]] * [[Forum Romanus]] - [[remains]] * [[Thermae Romanae]] * [[Strada]] [[Romana]] ==== Byzantina Architectura ==== * [[Basilicae]] - [[magnificae]] * [[Mosaica]] - [[arte]] * [[Fortificationes]] - [[murae]] ==== Islamica Architectura ==== * [[Moschea]] - [[Umayyad|Umayyade]] * [[Palacia]] - [[administratio]] * [[Caravanserae]] - [[travellers]] * [[Bazaar]] - [[commercium]] === Moderni Architectura === ==== Periodus Britannica ==== * [[Statio Ferroviaria]] - [[MCMXX]] * [[Government Buildings]] - [[administratio]] * [[Residential Districts]] - [[housing]] * [[Commercialis Districts]] - [[shops]] ==== Periodus Post-Israelis ==== * [[Residentia]] [[moderna]] * [[Centri Commerciales]] * [[Officium Buildings]] - [[corporations]] * [[Scholae]] - [[architectura]] [[contemporanea]] * [[Hospitalia]] - [[moderni]] * [[Parci]] - [[publici]] ==== Architectura Contemporanea ==== * [[Constructiones]] [[altae]] * [[Shopping Malls]] * [[Technologia]] [[centri]] * [[Residential Complexes]] - [[luxury]] == Populatio et Demographia == === Crescentia Populationis === {| class="wikitable" |- ! [[Anno]] ! [[Populatio]] ! [[Notae]] |- | [[MCMLXVIII]] | XXV,000 | [[Post-War]] [[reconstruction]] |- | [[MCMLXXX]] | XXXV,000 | [[Crescens]] |- | [[MM]] | LXX,000 | [[Expansion]] |- | [[MMXVI]] | LXXV,000 | [[Peak]] [[populatio]] |- | [[MMXXVI]] | LXXX,000+ | [[Hodierna]] |} === Ethnicitas et Religio === * '''[[Iudaei]]''' - ~LX% - [[Ashkenazi]] - ~XXVIII% - [[Sephardi]] - ~XV% - [[Mizrahi]] - ~XII% - [[Ethiopes]] - ~V% * '''[[Arabici Israelenses]]''' - ~XXXV% - [[Sunni]] - ~XXX% - [[Christiani Arabici]] - ~V% * '''[[Migrantes Externi]]''' - ~V% === Religio Distribuita === * '''[[Iudaismus]]''' - ~LX% * '''[[Islamismus]]''' - ~XXXII% * '''[[Christianitas]]''' - ~VII% * '''[[Aliae]] [[religiones]]''' - ~I% == Economica et Industria == === Historia Economica === ==== Antiquitas ==== * [[Agricoltura]] - [[principale]] [[occupatio]] * [[Commercium]] - [[via maris]] * [[Artigianato]] - [[pottery]], [[textilia]] ==== Medius Aevi ==== * [[Agricoltura]] [[stagnans]] * [[Commercium]] - [[declinatus]] * [[Craft|Artigianato]] - [[local|localis]] ==== Moderna ==== * [[Immigratio]] - [[capital]] [[novum]] * [[Industriae]] - [[constructio]] * [[Commercium]] - [[expandens]] === Industria Contemporanea === ==== Agricultura Moderna ==== * [[Florarii]] - [[Lod Region]] * [[Fructus]] - [[citrus]], [[avocado]] * [[Vegetabilia]] - [[horti moderni]] * [[Aves Allevamento|Allevamento avium]] * [[Latteria]] - [[products]] ==== Manufacturae ==== * [[Plastica]] - [[factory|fabrica]] * [[Metalurgica]] - [[processus]] * [[Textilia]] - [[fabrica]] * [[Alimentaria]] - [[processing]] * [[Furnitura]] - [[fabrica]] ==== Technologia ==== * [[Softaware]] - [[companiae]] * [[Electronica]] - [[components]] * [[Computatores]] - [[assembly]] * [[Telecommunications]] * [[Biotechnologia]] - [[research]] ==== Commercium et Servicii ==== * [[Centri Commerciales]] - [[malls]] * [[Mercatus]] - [[open]] * [[Turisma]] - [[hotel|hoteli]] * [[Restaurationes]] * [[Servicii Financiales]] * [[Reale Estagio]] ==== Transportatio Logistics ==== * [[Logistica]] [[centri]] * [[Ware Housae|Warehouses]] - [[distributio]] * [[Transportatio]] - [[trucking]] * [[Portus]] [[proximi]] ==== Aeroportus Economica ==== * '''[[Aeroportus Ben Gurion]]''' - [[XXXV]] [[chilometri]] [[meridie]] - [[Cargo Handling]] - [[Passenger Services]] - [[Economic Hub]] - [[regionalis]] === Firmas Notabiles === * [[Tashtiot]] - [[plastic|plastica]] * [[Chemicals]] - [[various|varia]] * [[Flowers Export]] - [[international]] * [[Agricultural Equipment]] == Infrastructura == === Transportatio Terrestris === ==== Viae Principale ==== * '''[[Route 1]]''' - [[Jerusalem]] - [[Tel Aviv]] - [[intersectionem]] in [[Lod]] - [[major|majora]] [[connection]] * '''[[Route 2|Autostrada 2]]''' - [[Haifa]] - [[Tel Aviv]] - [[proximae]] [[Lod]] * '''[[Route 40|Route 40]]''' - [[north]] - [[south]] - [[Lod]] [[connexio]] * '''[[Route 44|Route 44]]''' - [[local]] [[traffic]] * '''[[Route 411|Route 411]]''' - [[connections]] ==== Ferroviaria Israelis ==== * '''[[Statio Ferroviaria Lod]]''' - [[principale]] - [[constructio]] - [[MCMXX]] - [[renovatio]] - [[MMXX]] - [[liniae]] [[multae]] * [[Liniae Ferroviaria]] - [[Central Line]] - [[Tel Aviv]] - [[Jerusalem]] - [[Lod Connection]] - [[Petach Tikva]] - [[Aeroportus Express]] - [[Ben Gurion]] * '''[[Train Services]]''' - [[Passengers]] - [[daily]] - [[Commuters]] - [[regular]] - [[Freight|Cargo]] ==== Autobusae Publicae ==== * [[Egged|Egged Autobus]] * [[Dan]] - [[Tel Aviv region]] * [[Local Bus Lines]] * [[Intercity Connections]] === Transportatio Internationalis === ==== Aeroportus Ben Gurion ==== * '''[[Aeroportus Ben Gurion]]''' - [[proximum]] - [[distantia]] - [[XXX]] [[chilometri]] - [[main international gateway]] - [[Cargo Terminal]] - [[Passenger Terminals]] - [[Railroad Connection]] ==== Portus ==== * [[Portus Tel Aviv]] - [[XX]] [[chilometri]] * [[Portus Ashdod]] - [[south]] * [[Logistica]] [[maritime]] === Utilitas === ==== Aquae ==== * '''[[Aquae Systemae]]''' - [[Distributio]] [[rete]] - [[Desalinatio]] [[planate|planae]] - [[Purificatio]] [[moderni]] - [[Riciclatio]] [[graywater]] * '''[[Aquiferi]]''' - [[Aquifer Sharon]] - [[Aquifer Judean]] ==== Electricitas ==== * '''[[Israel Electric Company]]''' - [[Distributio]] - [[high voltage]] - [[Power Plants]] - [[distant]] - [[Renewable Energy]] - [[growing]] - [[Solar Panels]] - [[Wind Turbines]] ==== Communicationes ==== * '''[[Telephonia]]''' - [[Cellularis]] [[networks]] - [[Providers]] - [[multae]] - [[4G]]/[[5G]] - [[coverage]] * '''[[Broadband Internet]]''' - [[Providers]] - [[ISP]] - [[Speeds]] - [[increasing]] * '''[[Radiodiffusio]]''' - [[Radio Stations]] - [[Televisio Channels]] ==== Gas Naturalis ==== * [[Distribution Network]] * [[Consumer Supply]] == Educatio == === Instituta Superiora === * [[Tel Aviv University]] - [[proximae]] * [[Ramat Hasharon Campus]] * [[Academic Research Centers]] === Scholae == ==== Scholae Primaria ==== * [[XXVIII]]+ [[scholae]] * [[Government Schools]] * [[Private Schools]] * [[Arabic-Language Schools]] ==== Scholae Secundaria ==== * [[XVI]]+ [[scholae]] * [[Academic High Schools]] * [[Professional Training]] * [[Vocational Programs]] ==== Aliae Institutiones ==== * [[Yeshivot]] - [[Jewish study]] * [[Madrassahs]] - [[Islamic study]] * [[Adult Education]] [[centri]] * [[Pre-Schools]] - [[childcare]] === Bibliotecae === * [[Bibliothecae Publicum]] - [[centrale]] * [[Bibliotheca Municipale]] * [[Scholares]] [[libraries]] * [[Archivum]] - [[historical]] === Musaea Educationis === * [[Educational Museums]] * [[Science Centers]] * [[History Exhibits]] == Cultura et Arte == === Musaea === ==== Lod Museum ==== * '''[[Lod Municipal Museum]]''' - [[Historia]] - [[civitatis]] - [[Archaeology]] - [[displays]] - [[Artefacta]] - [[multae]] - [[Mosaica]] - [[Byzantina]] ==== Aliae Musaea ==== * [[Ceramica Museum]] * [[Art Museum]] * [[History Museum]] === Theatrum et Performances === * [[Theatrum Municipale]] * [[Cinemata]] - [[projections]] * [[Concertus]] - [[venues]] * [[Dansa]] - [[performances]] * [[Cultural Center]] === Galleriae Arte === * [[Local Art Galleries]] * [[Sculptor Gardens]] * [[Street Art]] - [[murales]] * [[Artist Studios]] === Festivales === ==== Festivales Annuales ==== * '''[[Festival Civitatis]]''' - [[anniversarium]] * '''[[Festival Musicae]]''' - [[summer]] * '''[[Festival Artis]]''' - [[painters]], [[sculptores]] * '''[[Jazz Festival]]''' - [[musicians]] * '''[[Heritage Festival]]''' - [[historical]] ==== Festivales Religiose ==== * [[Pesach|Pesah]] - [[Iudaica]] * [[Shavuot]] - [[Iudaica]] * [[Sukkot]] - [[Iudaica]] * [[Chanukah]] - [[Iudaica]] * [[Tisha B'Av]] - [[Iudaica]] * [[Eid al-Fitr]] - [[Islamica]] * [[Eid al-Adha]] - [[Islamica]] * [[Ramadan]] - [[Islamica]] * [[Easter]] - [[Christiana]] * [[Christmas]] - [[Christiana]] === Crafts Traditionalis === * [[Pottery]] - [[traditional]] * [[Textile Arts]] * [[Woodworking]] * [[Metal Crafts]] == Medica et Salutes == === Hospitalia === * [[Lod Hospital]] - [[principale]] * [[Urgent Care]] - [[centri]] * [[Cliniae]] - [[ambulatoria]] === Servicii Medica === * [[HMO Organizations]] * [[Health Insurance]] * [[Pharmaciae]] - [[multae]] * [[Laboratorium]] - [[analysis]] * [[Dental Clinics]] * [[Pediatria]] * [[Psychologia]] === Mental Health ==== * [[Psychologia]] [[counseling]] * [[Psychiatria]] [[services]] * [[Rehabilitation]] [[centri]] === Public Health === * [[Health Department]] * [[Vaccination Programs]] * [[Disease Prevention]] * [[Health Promotion]] == Securitas et Administratio == === Municipalis Governo === * '''[[Municipality Lod]]''' - [[Mayor|Primarius Civicus]] - [[Consilium]] - [[17 membri]] - [[Department|Departmenta]] - [[varia]] === Legalis Sistema === * [[Ius Israelense]] * [[Cortes Locales]] * [[District Court]] - [[proximi]] * [[Law Enforcement]] === Policium === * '''[[Israel Police]]''' - [[Lod Station]] * [[Community Policing]] * [[Traffic Police]] * [[Investigative Units]] === Securitas Civilis === * [[Home Front Command]] * [[Emergency Services]] * [[Fire Department]] * [[Rescue Services]] === Militaris === * '''[[Tsahal]] ([[Israeli Defense Forces]])''' - [[Recruitmentum]] - [[Training Facilities]] - [[Aeroportus Ben Gurion]] - [[militaris base]] == Media et Communicationes == === Gazetta === * [[Local Newspapers]] * [[Gazetta Israelenses|Israeli Newspapers]] * [[Editiones Locales]] * [[Online News]] === Radiotelevisio === * [[Kan]] - [[Israeli Public Broadcasting]] * [[Reshet]] - [[Private channels]] * [[Cable]] [[Channels]] * [[Streaming Services]] === Internet et Social Media === * [[Portales Locale]] * [[Social Media Presence]] * [[Municipality Website]] * [[Online Services]] == Climata et Environmentum == === Climata Characteristica === * '''[[Clima Mediterraneum|Mediterraneum]]''' - [[temperatum]] * '''[[Temperatura]]''': - [[Summer|Aestas]] - [[XXVIII|XXVIII]]-[[XXX|XXX]]°C - [[Winter|Hiems]] - [[X|X]]-[[XV|XV]]°C - [[Annual Average]] - ~[[XX]]°C * '''[[Pluviae]]''': - [[Annual Precipitation]] - [[D|DCC]]-[[D|DCCC]] mm - [[Rainy Season]] - [[November]] - [[March]] - [[Dry Season]] - [[May]] - [[September]] * '''[[Humiditas]]''': [[Alta]] * '''[[Ventus]]''': [[Westerly]] ab [[mare]] === Geologia et Naturam === * [[Flora Mediterranea]] * [[Fauna Regionalis]] * [[Parks|Parci]] - [[naturales]] * [[Nature Reserves]] === Conservatio et Sustainabilitas === * [[Green Initiatives]] * [[Recycling Programs]] * [[Energy Efficiency]] * [[Water Conservation]] * [[Renewable Energy Projects]] == Divisiones Administrativae == === Neighborhoods Principale === * '''[[Kiryat Tarbut]]''' - [[cultural district]] * '''[[Ramat Lod]]''' - [[residential]] * '''[[Old City]]''' - [[historical]] * '''[[Industrial Zone]]''' - [[manufacturing]] * '''[[Airport Area]]''' - [[commercial]] === Districts === * [[Central District]] * [[Southern District]] * [[Eastern District]] * [[Western District]] * [[Northern District]] == Transportatio Networks == === Distantiae Principale === * Ad [[Tel Aviv]]: [[XXVI]] [[chilometri]] (~XL minuta [[auto]]) * Ad [[Ierusalem]]: [[LVI]] [[chilometri]] (~I hora [[auto]]) * Ad [[Haifa]]: [[XCIX]] [[chilometri]] (~I hora XXX minuta) * Ad [[Ramla]]: [[XVI]] [[chilometri]] (~XX minuta) * Ad [[Petach Tikva]]: [[XX]] [[chilometri]] (~XXV minuta) * Ad [[Aeroportus Ben Gurion]]: [[XXX]] [[chilometri]] (~XL minuta) == Nexus cum Regionibus Proximae == === Civitates Proximae === * [[Ramla]] - [[XVI]] [[chilometri]] [[south]] * [[Petach Tikva]] - [[XX]] [[chilometri]] [[north]] * [[Tel Aviv]] - [[XXVI]] [[chilometri]] [[west]] * [[Giv'atayim]] - [[XVIII]] [[chilometri]] [[northwest]] * [[Ra'anana]] - [[XXIII]] [[chilometri]] [[north]] * [[Rishon LeZion]] - [[XXIII]] [[chilometri]] [[southwest]] * [[Rehovot]] - [[XXVIII]] [[chilometri]] [[southeast]] === Regiones Proximae === * [[Mediridionalis Sharon]] - [[pars|partem]] * [[Montes Iudaeae]] - [[east]] * [[Planitiem Costalis]] - [[west]] * [[Planitiem Philistaeorum]] - [[south]] == Personae Notabiles == === Antiquitas === * '''[[Rabbi Eliezer ben Hyrcanus]]''' - [[sage]] [[talmudicus]] * '''[[Sanctus Georgius]]''' - [[martir]] [[Christianus]] * '''[[Saint Jirjis]]''' - [[Arabic name]] === Moderna === * [[Local Leaders]] - [[diverse]] * [[Mayors]] - [[sequential]] * [[Community Organizers]] * [[Cultural Figures]] * [[Artistic Personalities]] == Nexus Externi == === Officiales === * [[https://www.lod.muni.il/|Municipality Lod - Official Website]] * [[Wikidata]]: [[https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83171|Q83171]] * [[Wikipedia English]]: [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lod|Lod]] * [[Wikipedia Hebrew]]: [[https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/לוד|לוד]] === Turistica === * [[Israel Tourism]] - [[informationes]] * [[Guidebooks]] - [[civitatis]] * [[Accommodatio]] - [[hotels]], [[hostels]] * [[Restaurants]] - [[dining]] === Archaeologia === * [[Israel Antiquities Authority]] - [[https://www.antiquities.org.il/]] * [[Excavation Reports]] * [[Museum Collections]] * [[Research Institutions]] === Transportatio === * [[Israeli Railways]] - [[https://www.rail.co.il/]] * [[Egged Bus Company]] - [[https://egged.co.il/]] * [[Ben Gurion Airport]] - [[https://www.iaa.gov.il/]] === Medica === * [[Health Services]] * [[Hospital Information]] * [[Clinics Directories]] == Bibliotheca == === Libri Principale === * [[Stern, Ephraim]] (editor). ''[[The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land]]''. [[Israel Exploration Society]], 1993. * [[Finkelstein, Israel]]; [[Silberman, Neil Asher]]. ''[[The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel]]''. [[Free Press]], 2002. * [[Reuben, Marcus]]. ''[[Judea and Samaria: A Gazetteer of Ancient Sites]]''. [[Academic Research Corporation]], 2005. * [[Hirschfeld, Yizhar]]. ''[[The Palestinian Dwelling in the Roman-Byzantine Period]]''. [[Israel Exploration Society]], 1995. * [[Avi-Yonah, Michael]]. ''[[The Holy Land from the Persian to the Arab Conquest: A Historical Geography]]''. [[Baker Book House]], 1978. * [[Broshi, Magen]]. ''[[Bread, Wine, Oil and Coal in the Second Temple Judaism]]''. [[Magnnes Press]], 1986. === Articuli Academici === * [[JSTOR]] - [[academic articles]] * [[Academia.edu]] - [[research papers]] * [[ResearchGate]] - [[scholar collaboration]] * [[Google Scholar]] - [[article search]] == Categoriae Principale == [[Categoria:Civitates Israelis]] [[Categoria:Lod]] [[Categoria:Antiquae Civitates]] [[Categoria:Archaeologiae Situs]] [[Categoria:Religiosa Loca]] [[Categoria:Transportationis Hubs]] [[Categoria:Mediridionalis Sharon]] [[Categoria:Geographia Israelis]] [[Categoria:Historia Israelis]] [[Categoria:Industriae Centerium]] [[Categoria:Educationis Instituta]] [[Categoria:Medica Servicii]] [[Categoria:Culturae Centerium]] [[Categoria:Turismum]] [[Categoria:Multireligiosa Communitates]] [[Categoria:Economica Hubs]] [[Categoria:Modernae Civitates]] [[Categoria:XX Saeculum Historia]] == Nexus Internae Densae == * [[Israele]] - [[nationalis context]] * [[Tel Aviv]] - [[civitas]] [[occidentalis]] * [[Ierusalem]] - [[caput]] * [[Ramla]] - [[civitas]] [[proximae]] * [[Petach Tikva]] - [[civitas]] [[septentrionalis]] * [[Giv'atayim]] - [[suburb]] * [[Haifa]] - [[civitas]] [[major]] [[north]] * [[Beersheba]] - [[civitas]] [[south]] * [[Aeroportus Ben Gurion]] - [[transportatio]] [[major]] * [[Ferroviaria Israelis]] - [[transportatio]] [[railwayi]] * [[Route 1]] - [[viae principalis]] * [[Route 2]] - [[autostrada]] * [[Route 40]] - [[connexio]] [[nord-sud]] * [[Mediridionalis Sharon]] - [[regionem]] * [[Montes Iudaeae]] - [[geographia]] * [[Planitiem Costalis]] - [[planitiem]] * [[Mare Mediterraneum]] - [[mare]] * [[Sanctus Georgius]] - [[martir]] [[religiosa]] * [[Basilica]] - [[architectura]] * [[Moschea al-Omari]] - [[Islamica architectura]] * [[Synagoga]] - [[Iudaica]] * [[Talmud]] - [[literaria Iudaica]] * [[Rabbi Eliezer]] - [[sage]] * [[Historia Israelis]] - [[contextu historico]] * [[Agricoltura Israelis]] - [[economica]] * [[Industria Israelis]] - [[manufacturae]] * [[Technologia Israelis]] - [[innovatio]] * [[Educatio Israelis]] - [[scholae]] * [[Medica Israelis]] - [[healthcare]] * [[Religio in Israele]] - [[multireligiosa]] * [[Cultura Israelis]] - [[arte]], [[musica]] * [[Archaeologia Palestinae]] - [[excavationes]] * [[Antiquitates Romanae]] - [[periodicus]] * [[Byzantina Imperium]] - [[periodus]] * [[Islamica Historia]] - [[periodus]] * [[Crusades]] - [[periodus medievalis]] * [[Ottomanica Imperium]] - [[periodus moderna incepta]] * [[Mandatum Britannicum]] - [[XX saeculum]] * [[Bellum Independentiae Israelis]] - [[MCMXLVIII]] * [[Securitas Israelis]] - [[administratio]] * [[Militaris Historia]] - [[conflictus]] * [[Environmentum]] - [[natura conservatio]] * [[Energia Renewabilis]] - [[sustainability]] * [[Aquae Systemae]] - [[utilities]] * [[Communicationes]] - [[media]] * [[Lingua Hebraica]] - [[communicatio]] * [[Lingua Arabica]] - [[communicatio]] * [[Lingua Latina]] - [[etymologia]] * [[Turismus Israelis]] - [[hospitale]] * [[Economica Regionalis]] - [[commercium]] {{Myrias|Geographia}} {{Myrias|Historiae}} {{Myrias|Archaeologia}} {{Myrias|Religiones}} {{Myrias|Culturae}} q29gerpvgt9ofwfy4vc79ce2bmn75ex Petach Tikva 0 328374 3986790 2026-09-09T05:39:29Z נתנאל שטרן 175178 Paginam instituit, scribens '{{Latinitas|0}} {{videdis|Petach Tikva (civitas)}} '''Petach Tikva''' ([[Lingua Hebraica|Hebraice]]: פתח תקווה, [[Lingua Latina|Latine]] ''Porta Spei'' vel ''Aperto Spei'') est [[civitas]] [[celebres|celebris]] in [[Israele]], sita in [[media|parte media]] [[occidentalis|occidentalis]] [[Mediridionalis Sharon|Mediridionalis Sharonis]], inter [[Tel Aviv]] et [[Montes Iudaeae|Montes Iudaeae]]. [[Petach Tikva]] est notissima ut '''[[Mater Coloniarum]]''' -...' 3986790 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|0}} {{videdis|Petach Tikva (civitas)}} '''Petach Tikva''' ([[Lingua Hebraica|Hebraice]]: פתח תקווה, [[Lingua Latina|Latine]] ''Porta Spei'' vel ''Aperto Spei'') est [[civitas]] [[celebres|celebris]] in [[Israele]], sita in [[media|parte media]] [[occidentalis|occidentalis]] [[Mediridionalis Sharon|Mediridionalis Sharonis]], inter [[Tel Aviv]] et [[Montes Iudaeae|Montes Iudaeae]]. [[Petach Tikva]] est notissima ut '''[[Mater Coloniarum]]''' - [[primus]] [[kibbutzus]] et [[coloniae]] [[Iudaicae]] [[modernus|moderni]] in [[Palestina|Palestinae]] [[tempus|tempore]]. [[Civitas]] hodie habet {{CCXXX}} milia [[habitatores|habitatorum]], quae eam reddunt [[secundus|secundam]] [[civitas|civitatem]] [[magnitudinem|magnitudinis]] in [[Metropolita Tel Aviv|Metropolitana Tel Aviv]] et [[centrum]] [[culturalis|culturale]], [[industrialis|industriale]], et [[commercium|commerciale]] significans. == Etymologia et Nomen == '''Petach Tikva''' derivatum est ex [[lingua Hebraica|lingua Hebraica]] [[antiqua|antiqua]]: * '''Petach''' (פתח) = [[Porta]], [[Aperto|Apertum]] * '''Tikva''' (תקווה) = [[Spes]], [[Spera|Speratio]] [[Interpretatio]] [[Latina|Latina]] est "'''[[Porta]] [[Spei]]'''" vel "'''[[Aperto]] [[Spei]]'''", symbolum [[spei|spei]] [[Iudaica|Iudaicae]] pro [[futuro]] in [[Palestina|Palestinae]] [[terra]]. Nomen [[symbolicum]] [[refertur]] ad [[expectatio|expectationes]] [[Iudaei|Iudaeorum]] pro [[returnatio|regressu]] et [[reconstructio|reconstructione]] [[terra|terrae]]. == Geographia == === Locatio Precisa === * '''[[Latitudo]]''': 32.087°[[Septentrionalis|N]] * '''[[Longitudo]]''': 34.883°[[Orientalis|E]] * '''[[Altitudo]]''': XX-LX [[metrum|metra]] supra [[mare]] * '''[[Superficie]]''': Circa XCVIII [[chilometrus|chilometri]] [[quadratus|quadrati]] * '''[[Clima]]''': [[Clima Mediterraneum|Mediterraneum]], temperatum et humidum === Limites Geographici === * '''[[Septentrionalis|Septentrione]]''': [[Ramat Hasharon]], [[Kfar Saba]] * '''[[Meridionalis|Meridie]]''': [[Tel Aviv]], [[Giv'atayim]], [[Ramat Gan]] * '''[[Orientalis|Oriente]]''': [[Montes Iudaeae|Montes Iudaeae]], [[Latrun]] * '''[[Occidentalis|Occidente]]''': [[Kiryat Ono]], [[Ramla]] === Topographia === * '''[[Planitiem Costalis|Planitie Costalis]]''' - [[principale]] [[characteristica]] * '''[[Flumen Ayalon|Flumen Ayalon]]''' - [[flumen]] [[principale]] * '''[[Flumen Yarkon|Flumen Yarkon]]''' - [[meridionalis]] * '''[[Aquae]] [[subterranea|subterranea]]''' - [[aquiferi|Aquiferi]] [[abundantes]] * '''[[Colles]] [[leves|leves]]''' - [[topographia]] [[dolce|dolcis]] == Historia Completa == === Antiquitas Praehistorica === ==== Palaeolithicum ==== * '''[[Erasi Palaeolithi]]''' - [[habitationes]] [[humanae]] * [[Fossilia]] - [[investigationes]] [[archaeologicae]] * [[Loca]] [[vivendi]] [[primitiva]] ==== Neolithicum ==== * '''[[Primae coloniae]] [[agricolae|agricolae]]''' - ~XII millennium [[ante Christum|a.C.]] * [[Villaggia]] [[permanentes]] * [[Domesticatio]] [[animalia|animalium]] * [[Cultivatio]] [[plantas|plantarum]] ==== Aetas Bronzei ==== * '''[[Aetas Bronzei Antiqua]]''' - [[fortificationes|fortificationes]] * [[Civitas]] [[walled|murata]] * [[Commercium]] [[Aegypticum]] === Antiquitas Historica === ==== Periodus Cananaea ==== * '''[[Cananai]]''' - [[habitantes]] [[primordiales]] * [[Regnum]] [[Cananaeae|Cananaeae]] * [[Cultu]] [[Cananaei|Cananaeorum]] - [[Baal]], [[Ashtaroth]] ==== Periodus Filistaea ==== * '''[[Philistini]]''' - [[invasiones]] [[mediterranea|mediterraneae]] * [[Conflictus]] - [[cum]] [[Israelitis]] * [[Loca]] [[bellorum|bellorum]] ==== Periodus Israelita Antiqua ==== * '''[[Regno Israelis]]''' - [[civitas]] [[Israelita|Israelita]] * [[Tribu Ephraim|Tribu Ephraimi]] - [[possessio]] * [[Historia]] [[ecclesiastica|ecclesiastica]] * [[Nomen]] - [[Apek]] vel [[Fiq]] ==== Periodus Babylonica ==== * '''[[Imperium Babylonicum]]''' - [[captivitas]] * '''[[Nabuchodonosor II]]''' - [[destructio]] * [[Populatio]] [[exsilium|exsilii]] ==== Periodus Persica ==== * '''[[Imperium Persicum]]''' - [[provinciae]] [[administratio]] * [[Gubernatores]] [[Persici]] * [[Reconstructio]] [[urbana]] ==== Periodus Hellenistica ==== * '''[[Hellenismus]]''' - [[influentia]] [[Graeca|Graeca]] * '''[[Alexandrum Magnum]]''' - [[post]] * [[Nomen]] [[Graecum]] * [[Moneta]] [[Graeca]] ==== Periodus Maccabaica ==== * '''[[Maccabaei]]''' - [[revolutio]] [[religiosa]] * '''[[Iudas Maccabaeus]]''' - [[conflictus]] * [[Liberatio]] [[Iudaica]] ==== Periodus Romana ==== * '''[[Pompeius Magnus]]''' - [[LXIII]] [[ante Christum|a.C.]] * '''[[Provincia Syria Palaestina]]''' * '''[[Via Maris]]''' - [[strata]] [[magna|magna]] * '''[[Herodes Magnus]]''' - [[renovatio]] * [[Bellum Iudaicum Primum]] - [[LXX]] [[anno|A.D.]] * '''[[Titus]]''' - [[imperator]] ==== Periodus Byzantinus ==== * '''[[Christianitas]]''' - [[adopta]] [[officialis|officialiter]] * [[Constantinus I|Constantinus]] - [[CCCXXVII]] [[anno|A.D.]] * [[Ecclesiae]] - [[constructae|constructae]] ==== Periodus Islamicus ==== * '''[[Califatus Rashidun]]''' - [[DCXXXII]] * '''[[Umar ibn al-Khattab]]''' - [[Calipha]] * [[Califatus Umayyad]] - [[DCXLI]]-[[DCCL]] * [[Califatus Abbasid]] - [[DCCL]]-[[MCCCVIII]] * [[Periodus Crusiadum]] - [[bellum]] [[Christianum|Christianum]]-[[Islamicum]] * [[Mamluk Sultanate|Sultanatus Mamluk]] - [[MCCLXIX]]-[[MDXVII]] ==== Periodus Ottomanicus ==== * '''[[Imperium Ottomanicum]]''' - [[MDXVII]]-[[MCMVIII]] * '''[[Suleiman Magnus]]''' - [[sultanus]] * [[Stagnatio]] [[economica]] * [[Populatio]] [[declinatio|declinatio]] * '''[[XIX Saeculum]]''' - [[reformae]] [[Tanzimat|Tanzimat]] === Historia Moderna === ==== XIX Saeculum - Initiatio Coloniae ==== ===== MDCCCLXXVIII - Fundatio Petach Tikva ===== * '''[[MDCCCLXXVIII]]''' - [[anno]] [[fundationis]] * '''[[Coloniae]] [[primae]] [[Iudaicae]]''' - [[initiatio]] * '''[[Esra Nissim]]''' - [[visionarius]] et [[leader]] * [[Agricultores]] - [[XXI]] [[familiae]] * [[Terra]] [[deserta|deserta]] - [[reclamatio|reclama]] * [[Aquae]] - [[fontium]] [[naturales]] * [[Moshava]] - [[structura]] [[primi]] * [[Villagi]] - [[housing]] [[arrangemento]] ===== MDCCCLVIII - MDCCCC - Periodus Primae Expansio ===== * '''[[Periodus]] [[difficultosa|difficultosa]]''' - [[fames]], [[malaria]] * [[Malaria]] - [[plaga]] [[devastans]] * [[Mortalitas]] - [[alta|alta]] * [[Abandonementa]] [[temporanea|temporanea]] * [[Perseverantia]] - [[settlers]] [[determinati]] * [[Aquae]] [[systemae]] - [[improuvemento]] * [[Drenaggio]] - [[paludium|paludium]] * [[Agricultura]] [[experimentalis]] ===== Periodus Stabilizationis ===== * '''[[MDCCCC]] - [[MCMXV]]''' - [[periodus]] [[establishment|stabilitatis]] * [[Agricultura]] [[progressus]] - [[citrus]], [[cereales]] * [[Florarii]] - [[cultivatio]] [[flowers|florum]] * [[Populatio]] [[crescens]] - [[immigrants]] * [[Infrastructura]] [[improvements]] * [[Scholae]] - [[education]] [[establishment]] ===== Periodus Mandatum Britannicum ===== * '''[[MCMXX]]''' - [[Mandatum Britannicum]] [[initiatio]] * '''[[Arthur Balfour|Balfour Declaration]]''' - [[MCMXVII]] * [[Developmentum]] [[urbanus|urbanus]] [[acceleratus]] * [[Immigratio]] [[crescens]] * [[Tensiones]] [[crescentes]] ===== Periodus Mandatum Florens ===== * '''[[MCMXX]] - [[MCMXXXVI]]''' - [[periodus]] [[relativa]] [[pacis]] * [[Infrastructura]] [[moderna]] [[expansio]] - [[Ferroviaria]] [[statio]] - [[Viae]] [[systemae]] - [[Electricitas]] [[planae]] * [[Industriae]] [[establishment]] - [[Florarii]] [[expansion]] - [[Citrus]] [[export]] - [[Agricultura]] [[technologia]] * [[Culturalis]] [[development]] - [[Theatrum]] - [[performances]] - [[Scholae]] - [[multiplication]] - [[Bibliothecae]] - [[Musaea]] * [[Populatio]] - [[XXX]] milia ===== Periodus Mandatum Tarda - Conflictus ===== * '''[[MCMXXXVI]] - [[MCMXVIII]]''' - [[tensiones]] [[crescentes]] * '''[[Rebellio Arabica]]''' - [[MCMXXXVI]]-[[MCMXXXIX]] * [[Violentia]] - [[crescentia]] * [[Conflictus]] - [[Iudaeo-Arabica|Iudaeo-Arabici]] * [[Petach Tikva]] - [[centro]] [[tensionum]] * [[Represalia]] [[mutua]] * '''[[Bellum Mundialis II]]''' - [[effectus]] [[indeirectus]] ==== XX Saeculum - Statum Israelis ==== ===== Bellum Independentiae ===== * '''[[MCMXLVIII]]''' - [[Declaratio Independentiae]] * '''[[Bellum Independentiae]]''' - [[MCMXLVIII]]-[[MCMXLIX]] * [[Petach Tikva]] - [[centru]] [[militaris|militaris]] * '''[[Operatio Nachshon]]''' - [[strategia]] * [[Evacuatio]] [[Arabica|Arabica]] * [[Occupatio]] [[Israelis]] * '''[[Kibbutzim Adjacentes]]''' - [[defense]] ===== Periodus Constructionis ===== * '''[[MCMXLIX]] - [[MCMLXVII]]''' - [[developmentum]] * [[Immigratio]] [[massiva]] - [[Holocaust survivors]] * [[Residentia]] [[nova]] * [[Infrastructura]] [[expansion]] * [[Industriales]] [[fabrica]] * [[Populatio]] - [[L]] milia ===== Bellum Sextae Diei ===== * '''[[MCMLXVIII]]''' - [[Bellum Sextae Diei]] * [[Petach Tikva]] - [[locatio]] [[strategica]] ===== Periodus Pacem Relativa ===== * '''[[MCMLXVIII]] - [[MCMLXXIII]]''' - [[periodus]] [[pacis]] * [[Developmentum]] [[urbanus|urbanus]] [[acceleratus]] * [[Technologia]] [[introducatio]] * [[Servicii]] [[expansion]] * [[Cultura]] [[renaissance|renaissance]] ===== Bellum Yom Kippur ===== * '''[[MCMLXXIII]]''' - [[Bellum Yom Kippur]] * [[Petach Tikva]] - [[support]] [[militaris]] * [[Civilis]] [[disruption|disruptio]] ===== Periodus Pacem - Late XX Saeculum ===== * '''[[MCMLXXIX]]''' - [[Tractatus]] [[pacem|pacis]] [[Aegyptius]] * [[Menachem Begin|Begin]] - [[Primarius civicus]] * [[Developmentum]] [[acceleratus]] * [[Technologia]] [[introducatio]] ===== MCMXC - MM - Processus Pacem ===== * '''[[MCMXCIII]]''' - [[Processus Oslo]] * [[Initiatio]] [[pacem|pacis]] [[processus]] * [[Petach Tikva]] - [[civitas]] [[prospera]] * [[Economica]] [[boom]] * [[High-Tech]] [[centrumi]] ===== MM - MMXX ===== * '''[[MMII]]''' - [[Intifada Secundae]] * [[Conflictus]] [[crescentes]] * [[Securitas]] [[measures]] * [[MMXIV]]''' - [[Bellum Gaza]] * [[Resilientia]] [[civica]] * [[Technologia]] [[dominatio]] * [[Startup]] [[hub]] ===== MMXX - Hodierna ===== * '''[[MMXX]]''' - [[COVID-19 Pandemica]] * [[Economica]] [[turbulentia]] * [[Innovation]] [[continuus]] * [[Developmentum]] [[urbanus]] == Archaeologia == === Sitae Archaeologicae === * '''[[Tel Aphek]]''' - [[proximae]] - [[fortifications|fortificationes]] - [[pottery|ceramica]] - [[multi-strata|strata multiplex]] * '''[[Excavationes]]''' - [[periodicas]] * [[Findae]] - [[various]] [[periods]] === Periodi Archaeologici === * [[Palaeolithicum]], [[Neolithicum]], [[Chalcolithicum]] * [[Bronzei Aetas]], [[Ferreum Aetas]] * [[Persica]], [[Hellenistica]], [[Romana]] * [[Byzantina]], [[Islamica]], [[Ottomanica]] * [[Moderni]] == Religiones et Loca Sacra == === Iudaismus === ==== Significantia Iudaica ==== * '''[[Petach Tikva]]''' - [[centru]] [[sionismi|sionisticum]] * [[Coloniae]] [[Iudaicae]] [[primus]] * [[Theodor Herzl|Herzl]] - [[visionarius]] * [[Immigratio]] - [[religiosa]] [[motivatio]] ==== Synagogae ==== * [[Synagoga]] [[Principale]] * [[Synagoga]] [[Orthoxa]] * [[Synagoga]] [[Traditionalis]] * [[Synagoga]] [[Masorti]] * [[Yeshivot]] - [[seminaria]] * [[Batei Midrash]] - [[study halls]] === Christianitas === * [[Ecclesia]] [[Graeca]] * [[Ecclesia]] [[Melkita]] * [[Cappella]] [[Maronita]] === Islamismus === * [[Moschea]] - [[religiosa]] [[centers]] * [[Waqf]] - [[terra]] [[religiosa]] * [[Cemeteria]] === Syncretismus === * [[Coexistentia]] [[religious]] * [[Interfaith]] [[dialogue]] == Architectura et Structurae == === Architectura Antigua === * [[Aqueductus]] - [[ruins]] * [[Fortifications|Fortificationes]] * [[Religious structures|Structurae religiose]] === Moderni Architectura === ==== Periodus Mandatum ==== * [[Statio Ferroviaria]] - [[MCMXX]] * [[Government Buildings]] * [[Residential Districts]] ==== Periodus Post-Israelis ==== * [[Residentia]] [[moderna]] * [[Centri Commerciales]] * [[Officium Buildings]] * [[Scholae]] - [[architectura]] * [[Hospitalia]] ==== Architectura Contemporanea ==== * [[High-Rise Buildings]] * [[Shopping Malls]] * [[Tech Hubs]] * [[Residential Towers]] * [[Parci Publici]] - [[designa]] == Populatio et Demographia == === Crescentia Populationis === {| class="wikitable" |- ! [[Anno]] ! [[Populatio]] ! [[Notae]] |- | [[MDCCCLXXVIII]] | 20 | [[Fundatio]] |- | [[MDCCCC]] | 500 | [[Prima]] [[expansion]] |- | [[MCMXX]] | 5,000 | [[Mandatum]] [[periodae]] |- | [[MCMXVIII]] | 15,000 | [[War]] [[periodae]] |- | [[MCMXLIX]] | 30,000 | [[Post-War]] |- | [[MM]] | 180,000 | [[Growth]] |- | [[MMXVI]] | 220,000 | [[Peak]] |- | [[MMXXVI]] | 230,000 | [[Hodierna]] |} === Ethnicitas === * '''[[Iudaei]]''' - ~LXXX% - [[Ashkenazi]] - ~XXXV% - [[Sephardi]] - ~XXVIII% - [[Mizrahi]] - ~XII% - [[Ethiopes]] - ~V% * '''[[Arabici Israelenses]]''' - ~XV% * '''[[Migrantes]] [[externi]]''' - ~V% === Religio Distribuita === * [[Iudaismus]] - ~LXXX% * [[Islamismus]] - ~XII% * [[Christianitas]] - ~VII% * [[Aliae]] - ~I% == Economica et Industria == === Historia Economica === ==== Agricultura Initiatis ==== * '''[[Florarii]]''' - [[primus]] [[focus]] * [[Citrus]] [[cultivation]] * [[Cereales]] - [[grains]] * [[Vegetabilia]] * [[Aves Allevamento|Allevamento avium]] ==== Industria Manufacturae ==== * [[Plastica]] - [[fabricae]] * [[Textilia]] - [[cloth]] * [[Metalurgica]] * [[Alimentaria]] - [[processing]] * [[Chimicalium]] ==== Technologia Boom ==== * '''[[High-Tech]] [[Revolution]]''' - [[MCMXC+]] * [[Softaware]] - [[companiae]] * [[Startups]] - [[multae]] * [[Venture Capital]] - [[funding]] * [[Innovation]] [[ecosystem]] === Industria Contemporanea === ==== Agricultura ==== * [[Florarii]] - [[export]] [[worldwide]] * [[Citrus]] - [[oranges]], [[lemons]] * [[Avocado]] - [[specialty]] * [[Vegetables]] - [[modern|modernae]] [[greenhouse]] * [[Dairy]] - [[products]] ==== Manufacturae ==== * [[Plastica]] - [[components]] * [[Metalurgica]] - [[industrial]] * [[Textilia]] - [[fabrica]] * [[Food Processing]] * [[Chemical Manufacturing]] * [[Furniture]] - [[fabrica]] ==== Technologia ==== * [[Software Companies]] - [[hundreds|centum+]] * [[Cybersecurity]] - [[specialists]] * [[Artificial Intelligence|AI]] - [[research]] * [[Biotech]] - [[companies]] * [[Electronics]] - [[manufacturing]] * [[Telecommunications]] ==== Commercium et Servicii ==== * [[Shopping Malls]] - [[major]] * [[Markets]] - [[farmers']], [[flower]] * [[Restaurants]] - [[multae]] * [[Tourism]] - [[hotels]] * [[Financial Services]] * [[Real Estate]] ==== Logistica ==== * [[Distribution Centers]] * [[Warehouses]] - [[multae]] * [[Transportation]] - [[trucking]] * [[Freight Handling]] === Firmas Celebrissimae === * [[Tase Ltd.]] - [[flowers]] * [[Kibbutz Industries]] * [[High-Tech Startups]] - [[multae]] * [[Venture Capital Firms]] == Infrastructura == === Transportatio === ==== Viae ==== * [[Route 4]] - [[Tel Aviv]] - [[Jerusalem]] - [[intersectio]] [[Petach Tikva]] - [[major]] [[axis]] * [[Route 40]] - [[north]]-[[south]] * [[Route 44]] - [[local]] * [[Route 5]] - [[Haifa]] - [[Tel Aviv]] * [[Route 465]] - [[local]] ==== Ferroviaria ==== * '''[[Statio Ferroviaria Petach Tikva]]''' - [[principale]] - [[constructio]] - [[MCMXX]] - [[renovatio]] - [[MMXX]] - [[liniae]] [[multae]] * [[Central Line]] - [[Tel Aviv]] - [[Jerusalem]] * [[Service Regional]] * [[Express Trains]] - [[Jerusalem]] ==== Autobuses ==== * [[Egged|Egged Autobus]] * [[Dan]] * [[Local Routes]] * [[Intercity Services]] === Viae et Conexiones === * '''[[Distantiae]]''' - Ad [[Tel Aviv]]: [[XV]] [[chilometri]] - Ad [[Ierusalem]]: [[L]] [[chilometri]] - Ad [[Haifa]]: [[C]] [[chilometri]] - Ad [[Aeroportus Ben Gurion]]: [[XXXV]] [[chilometri]] === Utilitas === ==== Aquae ==== * '''[[Aquae]] [[distributio]]''' - [[Water Authority]] - [[national]] - [[Systemae]] [[distributio|distributional]] - [[Desalinatio]] - [[regional]] - [[Recycling]] - [[graywater]] * [[Aquiferi]] - [[Sharon Aquifer]] - [[Yarkon Aquifer]] ==== Electricitas ==== * '''[[Israel Electric Company]]''' - [[Distributio]] - [[network]] - [[Renewable]] [[energy]] - [[Solar Panels]] - [[installations]] - [[Efficiency]] [[programs]] ==== Communicationes ==== * [[Telephonia]] - [[Cellularis]] [[networks]] - [[Providers]] - [[major]] - [[5G]] - [[coverage]] * [[Broadband Internet]] - [[High-Speed]] - [[Providers]] - [[multiple]] * [[Radio]] et [[Television]] ==== Gas ==== * [[Natural Gas Distribution]] * [[Consumer Supply]] == Educatio == === Instituta Superiora === * [[Tel Aviv University]] - [[campus]] * [[Herzliya]] - [[Academic]] [[college]] * [[Open University Israel]] - [[campus]] * [[Research Centers]] - [[various]] === Scholae == ==== Scholae Primaria ==== * [[XL]]+ [[scholae]] * [[Government]] [[schooles]] * [[Private]] [[schooles]] * [[Arab-Language]] [[schools]] ==== Scholae Secundaria ==== * [[XXII]]+ [[scholae]] * [[Academic]] [[schools]] * [[Technical]] [[schools]] * [[Vocational]] [[training]] ==== Aliae Institutiones ==== * [[Yeshivot]] - [[Jewish]] [[study]] * [[Madrassahs]] - [[Islamic]] [[study]] * [[Adult]] [[education]] * [[Pre-Schools]] === Bibliotecae === * [[Bibliothecam Publicum]] - [[centrale]] * [[Municipal]] [[library]] * [[School]] [[libraries]] * [[Academic]] [[libraries]] == Cultura et Arte == === Musaea === ==== Musaeum Petach Tikva ==== * '''[[Municipal]] [[Museum]]''' - [[Historia]] [[civitatis]] - [[Antiquitates]] - [[Art]] [[exhibitions]] ==== Aliae Musaea ==== * [[Art Museum]] * [[History]] [[Museum]] * [[Agricultural]] [[Museum]] === Theatrum === * [[Theatrum]] [[Principale]] * [[Cinemata]] - [[theaters]] * [[Concert Halls]] * [[Performance Venues]] === Galleriae === * [[Local]] [[galleries]] * [[Artist Studios]] * [[Street Art]] - [[murales]] * [[Sculptures]] [[public]] === Festivales === ==== Festivales Annuales ==== * '''[[Festival Civitatis]]''' - [[anniversarium]] * '''[[Festival Floriae]]''' - [[flowers]] * '''[[Festival Musicae]]''' - [[summer]] * '''[[Festival Artis]]''' - [[visual]] * '''[[Biennale]]''' - [[contemporary]] ==== Festivales Religiose ==== * [[Pesach]] - [[Passover]] * [[Shavuot]] - [[Weeks]] * [[Sukkot]] - [[Tabernacles]] * [[Chanukah]] - [[Dedication]] * [[Eid al-Fitr]] - [[Islamic]] * [[Eid al-Adha]] - [[Islamic]] * [[Easter]] - [[Christian]] * [[Christmas]] - [[Christian]] == Medica et Salutes == === Hospitalia === * [[Beilinson Hospital]] - [[Rabin Medical Center|Rabin]] - [[tertiary]] [[hospital]] - [[research]] [[center]] - [[trauma]] [[center]] * [[Clalit Health Services]] - [[cliniae]] * [[Maccabi Healthcare]] - [[cliniae]] * [[Leumit]] - [[cliniae]] === Cliniae Ambulatoria === * [[HMO Organizations]] * [[Health Insurance]] * [[Pharmaciae]] - [[multae]] * [[Laboratories]] * [[Dental Clinics]] * [[Pediatria]] === Mental Health === * [[Psychological]] [[services]] * [[Psychiatric]] [[treatment]] * [[Rehabilitation]] [[centri]] === Public Health === * [[Health Department]] * [[Vaccination]] [[programs]] * [[Disease Prevention]] * [[Health Promotion]] == Securitas et Administratio == === Municipalis Governo === * '''[[Municipality Petach Tikva]]''' - [[Mayor|Primarius civicus]] - [[City Council]] - [[31 membri]] - [[Departmenta]] - [[varia]] === Legalis Sistema === * [[Ius Israelense]] * [[District Court]] * [[Local Courts]] * [[Law Enforcement]] === Policium === * '''[[Israel Police]]''' - [[Petach Tikva station]] * [[Community]] [[policing]] * [[Traffic]] [[police]] * [[Investigative]] [[units]] === Securitas Civilis === * [[Home Front Command]] * [[Emergency Services]] * [[Fire Department]] * [[Rescue Services]] * [[Civil Defense]] == Media et Communicationes == === Gazetta === * [[Local Newspapers]] * [[Israeli Newspapers]] * [[Online]] [[publications]] * [[Journalism]] === Radiotelevisio === * [[Kan]] - [[Israeli Broadcasting]] * [[Private Channels]] * [[Cable]] [[TV]] * [[Streaming]] [[services]] === Internet === * [[Local Portals]] * [[Social Media]] * [[Municipality Website]] * [[Online Services]] == Climata et Environmentum == === Climata === * '''[[Clima Mediterraneum]]''' - [[temperatum]] * '''[[Temperatura]]''' - [[Summer|Aestas]]: [[XXVIII]]-[[XXX]]°C - [[Winter|Hiems]]: [[IX]]-[[XV]]°C - [[Annual Average]]: ~[[XX]]°C * '''[[Pluviae]]''' - [[Annual]]: [[DC]]-[[DCCCC]] mm - [[Rainy Season]]: [[November]]-[[March]] - [[Dry Season]]: [[May]]-[[September]] * '''[[Humiditas]]''': [[Alta]] - [[maritime]] * '''[[Ventus]]''': [[Westerly]] ab [[mare]] === Flora et Fauna === * [[Mediterranean Vegetation]] * [[Local]] [[wildlife]] * [[Parks|Parci]] - [[naturales]] * [[Gardens|Horti]] - [[publici]] === Conservatio === * [[Green Initiatives]] * [[Recycling]] [[programs]] * [[Energy]] [[efficiency]] * [[Water]] [[conservation]] * [[Renewable]] [[energy]] == Divisiones Administrativae == === Neighborhoods === * '''[[Neighborhood]]''' [[principalis]] - [[Old Petach Tikva]] - [[historical]] - [[Central]] - [[business|commercium]] - [[Northern]] - [[residential]] - [[Southern]] - [[residential]] - [[Eastern]] - [[industrial]] - [[Western]] - [[residential]] == Nexus cum Regionibus == === Civitates Proximae === * [[Tel Aviv]] - [[XV]] [[chilometri]] [[south]] * [[Ramat Gan]] - [[VIII]] [[chilometri]] [[south]] * [[Giv'atayim]] - [[XIII]] [[chilometri]] [[southwest]] * [[Ramla]] - [[XXI]] [[chilometri]] [[east]] * [[Kfar Saba]] - [[XII]] [[chilometri]] [[north]] * [[Ramat Hasharon]] - [[VIII]] [[chilometri]] [[north]] === Regiones === * [[Mediridionalis Sharon]] - [[pars]] * [[Montes Iudaeae]] - [[east]] * [[Planitiem Costalis]] - [[geography]] == Personae Notabiles == === Founders === * '''[[Esra Nissim]]''' - [[founder|fundator]] * [[Colonists]] - [[pioneers]] === Moderni Leaders === * [[Mayors]] - [[various]] * [[Community Leaders]] * [[Intellectuales]] * [[Artists]] * [[Businessmen|Mercatores]] == Nexus Externi == === Officiales === * [[https://www.petach-tikva.muni.il/|Municipality Official Website]] * [[Wikidata]]: [[https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179880|Q179880]] * [[Wikipedia English]]: [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petach_Tikva|Petach Tikva]] * [[Wikipedia Hebrew]]: [[https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/פתח_תקווה|פתח תקווה]] === Turistica === * [[Israel Tourism]] - [[informationes]] * [[Guidebooks]] - [[city]] * [[Accommodatio]] - [[hotels]] * [[Restaurants]] === Archaeologia === * [[Israel Antiquities Authority]] * [[Excavation]] [[reports]] * [[Research]] [[institutions]] === Transportatio === * [[Israeli Railways]] - [[https://www.rail.co.il/]] * [[Egged Bus]] - [[https://egged.co.il/]] * [[Ben Gurion Airport]] === Medica === * [[Rabin Medical Center]] * [[Health Services]] * [[Clinics]] == Bibliotheca == === Libri Principale === * [[Stern, Ephraim]] (editor). ''[[The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations]]''. [[Israel Exploration Society]], 1993. * [[Finkelstein, Israel]]; [[Silberman, Neil Asher]]. ''[[The Bible Unearthed]]''. [[Free Press]], 2002. * [[Avi-Yonah, Michael]]. ''[[The Holy Land from Persian to Arab Conquest]]''. [[Baker Book House]], 1978. * [[Broshi, Magen]]. ''[[Bread, Wine, Oil and Coal]]''. [[Magnes Press]], 1986. * [[Hirschfeld, Yizhar]]. ''[[The Palestinian Dwelling in Roman-Byzantine Period]]''. [[Israel Exploration Society]], 1995. * [[Schama, Simon]]. ''[[Landscape and Memory]]''. [[Knopf]], 1995. === Articuli Academici === * [[JSTOR]] - [[academic]] * [[Academia.edu]] - [[research]] * [[Google Scholar]] - [[search]] == Categoriae == [[Categoria:Civitates Israelis]] [[Categoria:Petach Tikva]] [[Categoria:Coloniae Priores]] [[Categoria:Mater Coloniarum]] [[Categoria:Archaeologia Situs]] [[Categoria:Religiosa Loca]] [[Categoria:Mediridionalis Sharon]] [[Categoria:Geographia Israelis]] [[Categoria:Historia Israelis]] [[Categoria:Technologia Centerium]] [[Categoria:Industriae Centerium]] [[Categoria:Educationis Instituta]] [[Categoria:Medica Servicii]] [[Categoria:Culturae Centerium]] [[Categoria:Turismus]] [[Categoria:Multireligiosa Communitates]] [[Categoria:Economica Hubs]] [[Categoria:Startups Centerium]] [[Categoria:XIX Saeculum Settlements]] [[Categoria:XX-XXI Saeculum]] == Nexus Internae Densae == * [[Israele]] - [[nationalis context]] * [[Tel Aviv]] - [[civitas]] [[major]] [[south]] * [[Ierusalem]] - [[caput]] * [[Haifa]] - [[civitas]] [[north]] * [[Ramla]] - [[civitas]] [[east]] * [[Kfar Saba]] - [[civitas]] [[north]] * [[Ramat Hasharon]] - [[civitas]] [[adjacent]] * [[Giv'atayim]] - [[suburb]] [[south]] * [[Ramat Gan]] - [[civitas]] [[south]] * [[Rishon LeZion]] - [[civitas]] [[south]] * [[Rehovot]] - [[civitas]] [[southeast]] * [[Aeroportus Ben Gurion]] - [[international]] * [[Ferroviaria Israelis]] - [[transportation]] * [[Route 4]] - [[viae principalis]] * [[Route 40]] - [[viae nord-sud]] * [[Route 5]] - [[autostrada]] * [[Mediridionalis Sharon]] - [[regionem]] * [[Montes Iudaeae]] - [[geography]] * [[Planitiem Costalis]] - [[planitiem]] * [[Mare Mediterraneum]] - [[mare]] * [[Flumen Ayalon]] - [[flumen]] * [[Flumen Yarkon]] - [[flumen]] * [[Aquiferi Sharon]] - [[aquae]] * [[Synagoga]] - [[Iudaica]] * [[Yeshiva]] - [[education]] * [[Moschea]] - [[Islamica]] * [[Ecclesia]] - [[Christiana]] * [[Talmud]] - [[literaria]] * [[Theodor Herzl]] - [[founder]] [[spiritual]] * [[Sionismus]] - [[ideologia]] * [[Historia Israelis]] - [[context]] * [[Agricoltura Israelis]] - [[economica]] * [[Industria Israelis]] - [[manufacturae]] * [[Technologia Israelis]] - [[high-tech]] * [[Startups Israelis]] - [[innovation]] * [[Educatio Israelis]] - [[scholae]] * [[Medica Israelis]] - [[healthcare]] * [[Religio in Israele]] - [[multireligiosa]] * [[Cultura Israelis]] - [[arte]], [[musica]] * [[Archaeologia Palestinae]] - [[excavationes]] * [[Antiquitates Romanae]] - [[period]] * [[Byzantina Imperium]] - [[period]] * [[Islamica Historia]] - [[period]] * [[Crusades]] - [[medieval]] * [[Ottomanica Imperium]] - [[period]] * [[Mandatum Britannicum]] - [[XX s.]] * [[Bellum Independentiae Israelis]] - [[MCMXLVIII]] * [[Securitas Israelis]] - [[administratio]] * [[Militaris Historia]] - [[conflictus]] * [[Environmentum]] - [[natura]] * [[Energia Renewabilis]] - [[sustainability]] * [[Aquae Systemae]] - [[utilities]] * [[Communicationes]] - [[media]] * [[Lingua Hebraica]] - [[communicatio]] * [[Lingua Arabica]] - [[communicatio]] * [[Lingua Latina]] - [[etymology]] * [[Turismus Israelis]] - [[hospitale]] * [[Economica Regionalis]] - [[commerce]] * [[Florarii]] - [[agricultura]] * [[Citrus]] - [[exportatio]] * [[Softaware]] - [[technologia]] * [[Cybersecurity]] - [[innovation]] * [[Artificial Intelligence]] - [[research]] * [[Rabin Medical Center]] - [[medicina]] * [[HMO]] - [[healthcare]] {{Myrias|Geographia}} {{Myrias|Historiae}} {{Myrias|Archaeologia}} {{Myrias|Religiones}} {{Myrias|Culturae}} {{Myrias|Technologia}} bp4k6thn8cjpt6hv2z37zy4oh45iu3z 3986801 3986790 2026-09-09T07:09:55Z Grufo 64423 +{{Pagina autotranslata}}; +{{Latinitas|-5}} 3986801 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Pagina autotranslata}} {{Latinitas|-5}} {{videdis|Petach Tikva (civitas)}} '''Petach Tikva''' ([[Lingua Hebraica|Hebraice]]: פתח תקווה, [[Lingua Latina|Latine]] ''Porta Spei'' vel ''Aperto Spei'') est [[civitas]] [[celebres|celebris]] in [[Israele]], sita in [[media|parte media]] [[occidentalis|occidentalis]] [[Mediridionalis Sharon|Mediridionalis Sharonis]], inter [[Tel Aviv]] et [[Montes Iudaeae|Montes Iudaeae]]. [[Petach Tikva]] est notissima ut '''[[Mater Coloniarum]]''' - [[primus]] [[kibbutzus]] et [[coloniae]] [[Iudaicae]] [[modernus|moderni]] in [[Palestina|Palestinae]] [[tempus|tempore]]. [[Civitas]] hodie habet {{CCXXX}} milia [[habitatores|habitatorum]], quae eam reddunt [[secundus|secundam]] [[civitas|civitatem]] [[magnitudinem|magnitudinis]] in [[Metropolita Tel Aviv|Metropolitana Tel Aviv]] et [[centrum]] [[culturalis|culturale]], [[industrialis|industriale]], et [[commercium|commerciale]] significans. == Etymologia et Nomen == '''Petach Tikva''' derivatum est ex [[lingua Hebraica|lingua Hebraica]] [[antiqua|antiqua]]: * '''Petach''' (פתח) = [[Porta]], [[Aperto|Apertum]] * '''Tikva''' (תקווה) = [[Spes]], [[Spera|Speratio]] [[Interpretatio]] [[Latina|Latina]] est "'''[[Porta]] [[Spei]]'''" vel "'''[[Aperto]] [[Spei]]'''", symbolum [[spei|spei]] [[Iudaica|Iudaicae]] pro [[futuro]] in [[Palestina|Palestinae]] [[terra]]. Nomen [[symbolicum]] [[refertur]] ad [[expectatio|expectationes]] [[Iudaei|Iudaeorum]] pro [[returnatio|regressu]] et [[reconstructio|reconstructione]] [[terra|terrae]]. == Geographia == === Locatio Precisa === * '''[[Latitudo]]''': 32.087°[[Septentrionalis|N]] * '''[[Longitudo]]''': 34.883°[[Orientalis|E]] * '''[[Altitudo]]''': XX-LX [[metrum|metra]] supra [[mare]] * '''[[Superficie]]''': Circa XCVIII [[chilometrus|chilometri]] [[quadratus|quadrati]] * '''[[Clima]]''': [[Clima Mediterraneum|Mediterraneum]], temperatum et humidum === Limites Geographici === * '''[[Septentrionalis|Septentrione]]''': [[Ramat Hasharon]], [[Kfar Saba]] * '''[[Meridionalis|Meridie]]''': [[Tel Aviv]], [[Giv'atayim]], [[Ramat Gan]] * '''[[Orientalis|Oriente]]''': [[Montes Iudaeae|Montes Iudaeae]], [[Latrun]] * '''[[Occidentalis|Occidente]]''': [[Kiryat Ono]], [[Ramla]] === Topographia === * '''[[Planitiem Costalis|Planitie Costalis]]''' - [[principale]] [[characteristica]] * '''[[Flumen Ayalon|Flumen Ayalon]]''' - [[flumen]] [[principale]] * '''[[Flumen Yarkon|Flumen Yarkon]]''' - [[meridionalis]] * '''[[Aquae]] [[subterranea|subterranea]]''' - [[aquiferi|Aquiferi]] [[abundantes]] * '''[[Colles]] [[leves|leves]]''' - [[topographia]] [[dolce|dolcis]] == Historia Completa == === Antiquitas Praehistorica === ==== Palaeolithicum ==== * '''[[Erasi Palaeolithi]]''' - [[habitationes]] [[humanae]] * [[Fossilia]] - [[investigationes]] [[archaeologicae]] * [[Loca]] [[vivendi]] [[primitiva]] ==== Neolithicum ==== * '''[[Primae coloniae]] [[agricolae|agricolae]]''' - ~XII millennium [[ante Christum|a.C.]] * [[Villaggia]] [[permanentes]] * [[Domesticatio]] [[animalia|animalium]] * [[Cultivatio]] [[plantas|plantarum]] ==== Aetas Bronzei ==== * '''[[Aetas Bronzei Antiqua]]''' - [[fortificationes|fortificationes]] * [[Civitas]] [[walled|murata]] * [[Commercium]] [[Aegypticum]] === Antiquitas Historica === ==== Periodus Cananaea ==== * '''[[Cananai]]''' - [[habitantes]] [[primordiales]] * [[Regnum]] [[Cananaeae|Cananaeae]] * [[Cultu]] [[Cananaei|Cananaeorum]] - [[Baal]], [[Ashtaroth]] ==== Periodus Filistaea ==== * '''[[Philistini]]''' - [[invasiones]] [[mediterranea|mediterraneae]] * [[Conflictus]] - [[cum]] [[Israelitis]] * [[Loca]] [[bellorum|bellorum]] ==== Periodus Israelita Antiqua ==== * '''[[Regno Israelis]]''' - [[civitas]] [[Israelita|Israelita]] * [[Tribu Ephraim|Tribu Ephraimi]] - [[possessio]] * [[Historia]] [[ecclesiastica|ecclesiastica]] * [[Nomen]] - [[Apek]] vel [[Fiq]] ==== Periodus Babylonica ==== * '''[[Imperium Babylonicum]]''' - [[captivitas]] * '''[[Nabuchodonosor II]]''' - [[destructio]] * [[Populatio]] [[exsilium|exsilii]] ==== Periodus Persica ==== * '''[[Imperium Persicum]]''' - [[provinciae]] [[administratio]] * [[Gubernatores]] [[Persici]] * [[Reconstructio]] [[urbana]] ==== Periodus Hellenistica ==== * '''[[Hellenismus]]''' - [[influentia]] [[Graeca|Graeca]] * '''[[Alexandrum Magnum]]''' - [[post]] * [[Nomen]] [[Graecum]] * [[Moneta]] [[Graeca]] ==== Periodus Maccabaica ==== * '''[[Maccabaei]]''' - [[revolutio]] [[religiosa]] * '''[[Iudas Maccabaeus]]''' - [[conflictus]] * [[Liberatio]] [[Iudaica]] ==== Periodus Romana ==== * '''[[Pompeius Magnus]]''' - [[LXIII]] [[ante Christum|a.C.]] * '''[[Provincia Syria Palaestina]]''' * '''[[Via Maris]]''' - [[strata]] [[magna|magna]] * '''[[Herodes Magnus]]''' - [[renovatio]] * [[Bellum Iudaicum Primum]] - [[LXX]] [[anno|A.D.]] * '''[[Titus]]''' - [[imperator]] ==== Periodus Byzantinus ==== * '''[[Christianitas]]''' - [[adopta]] [[officialis|officialiter]] * [[Constantinus I|Constantinus]] - [[CCCXXVII]] [[anno|A.D.]] * [[Ecclesiae]] - [[constructae|constructae]] ==== Periodus Islamicus ==== * '''[[Califatus Rashidun]]''' - [[DCXXXII]] * '''[[Umar ibn al-Khattab]]''' - [[Calipha]] * [[Califatus Umayyad]] - [[DCXLI]]-[[DCCL]] * [[Califatus Abbasid]] - [[DCCL]]-[[MCCCVIII]] * [[Periodus Crusiadum]] - [[bellum]] [[Christianum|Christianum]]-[[Islamicum]] * [[Mamluk Sultanate|Sultanatus Mamluk]] - [[MCCLXIX]]-[[MDXVII]] ==== Periodus Ottomanicus ==== * '''[[Imperium Ottomanicum]]''' - [[MDXVII]]-[[MCMVIII]] * '''[[Suleiman Magnus]]''' - [[sultanus]] * [[Stagnatio]] [[economica]] * [[Populatio]] [[declinatio|declinatio]] * '''[[XIX Saeculum]]''' - [[reformae]] [[Tanzimat|Tanzimat]] === Historia Moderna === ==== XIX Saeculum - Initiatio Coloniae ==== ===== MDCCCLXXVIII - Fundatio Petach Tikva ===== * '''[[MDCCCLXXVIII]]''' - [[anno]] [[fundationis]] * '''[[Coloniae]] [[primae]] [[Iudaicae]]''' - [[initiatio]] * '''[[Esra Nissim]]''' - [[visionarius]] et [[leader]] * [[Agricultores]] - [[XXI]] [[familiae]] * [[Terra]] [[deserta|deserta]] - [[reclamatio|reclama]] * [[Aquae]] - [[fontium]] [[naturales]] * [[Moshava]] - [[structura]] [[primi]] * [[Villagi]] - [[housing]] [[arrangemento]] ===== MDCCCLVIII - MDCCCC - Periodus Primae Expansio ===== * '''[[Periodus]] [[difficultosa|difficultosa]]''' - [[fames]], [[malaria]] * [[Malaria]] - [[plaga]] [[devastans]] * [[Mortalitas]] - [[alta|alta]] * [[Abandonementa]] [[temporanea|temporanea]] * [[Perseverantia]] - [[settlers]] [[determinati]] * [[Aquae]] [[systemae]] - [[improuvemento]] * [[Drenaggio]] - [[paludium|paludium]] * [[Agricultura]] [[experimentalis]] ===== Periodus Stabilizationis ===== * '''[[MDCCCC]] - [[MCMXV]]''' - [[periodus]] [[establishment|stabilitatis]] * [[Agricultura]] [[progressus]] - [[citrus]], [[cereales]] * [[Florarii]] - [[cultivatio]] [[flowers|florum]] * [[Populatio]] [[crescens]] - [[immigrants]] * [[Infrastructura]] [[improvements]] * [[Scholae]] - [[education]] [[establishment]] ===== Periodus Mandatum Britannicum ===== * '''[[MCMXX]]''' - [[Mandatum Britannicum]] [[initiatio]] * '''[[Arthur Balfour|Balfour Declaration]]''' - [[MCMXVII]] * [[Developmentum]] [[urbanus|urbanus]] [[acceleratus]] * [[Immigratio]] [[crescens]] * [[Tensiones]] [[crescentes]] ===== Periodus Mandatum Florens ===== * '''[[MCMXX]] - [[MCMXXXVI]]''' - [[periodus]] [[relativa]] [[pacis]] * [[Infrastructura]] [[moderna]] [[expansio]] - [[Ferroviaria]] [[statio]] - [[Viae]] [[systemae]] - [[Electricitas]] [[planae]] * [[Industriae]] [[establishment]] - [[Florarii]] [[expansion]] - [[Citrus]] [[export]] - [[Agricultura]] [[technologia]] * [[Culturalis]] [[development]] - [[Theatrum]] - [[performances]] - [[Scholae]] - [[multiplication]] - [[Bibliothecae]] - [[Musaea]] * [[Populatio]] - [[XXX]] milia ===== Periodus Mandatum Tarda - Conflictus ===== * '''[[MCMXXXVI]] - [[MCMXVIII]]''' - [[tensiones]] [[crescentes]] * '''[[Rebellio Arabica]]''' - [[MCMXXXVI]]-[[MCMXXXIX]] * [[Violentia]] - [[crescentia]] * [[Conflictus]] - [[Iudaeo-Arabica|Iudaeo-Arabici]] * [[Petach Tikva]] - [[centro]] [[tensionum]] * [[Represalia]] [[mutua]] * '''[[Bellum Mundialis II]]''' - [[effectus]] [[indeirectus]] ==== XX Saeculum - Statum Israelis ==== ===== Bellum Independentiae ===== * '''[[MCMXLVIII]]''' - [[Declaratio Independentiae]] * '''[[Bellum Independentiae]]''' - [[MCMXLVIII]]-[[MCMXLIX]] * [[Petach Tikva]] - [[centru]] [[militaris|militaris]] * '''[[Operatio Nachshon]]''' - [[strategia]] * [[Evacuatio]] [[Arabica|Arabica]] * [[Occupatio]] [[Israelis]] * '''[[Kibbutzim Adjacentes]]''' - [[defense]] ===== Periodus Constructionis ===== * '''[[MCMXLIX]] - [[MCMLXVII]]''' - [[developmentum]] * [[Immigratio]] [[massiva]] - [[Holocaust survivors]] * [[Residentia]] [[nova]] * [[Infrastructura]] [[expansion]] * [[Industriales]] [[fabrica]] * [[Populatio]] - [[L]] milia ===== Bellum Sextae Diei ===== * '''[[MCMLXVIII]]''' - [[Bellum Sextae Diei]] * [[Petach Tikva]] - [[locatio]] [[strategica]] ===== Periodus Pacem Relativa ===== * '''[[MCMLXVIII]] - [[MCMLXXIII]]''' - [[periodus]] [[pacis]] * [[Developmentum]] [[urbanus|urbanus]] [[acceleratus]] * [[Technologia]] [[introducatio]] * [[Servicii]] [[expansion]] * [[Cultura]] [[renaissance|renaissance]] ===== Bellum Yom Kippur ===== * '''[[MCMLXXIII]]''' - [[Bellum Yom Kippur]] * [[Petach Tikva]] - [[support]] [[militaris]] * [[Civilis]] [[disruption|disruptio]] ===== Periodus Pacem - Late XX Saeculum ===== * '''[[MCMLXXIX]]''' - [[Tractatus]] [[pacem|pacis]] [[Aegyptius]] * [[Menachem Begin|Begin]] - [[Primarius civicus]] * [[Developmentum]] [[acceleratus]] * [[Technologia]] [[introducatio]] ===== MCMXC - MM - Processus Pacem ===== * '''[[MCMXCIII]]''' - [[Processus Oslo]] * [[Initiatio]] [[pacem|pacis]] [[processus]] * [[Petach Tikva]] - [[civitas]] [[prospera]] * [[Economica]] [[boom]] * [[High-Tech]] [[centrumi]] ===== MM - MMXX ===== * '''[[MMII]]''' - [[Intifada Secundae]] * [[Conflictus]] [[crescentes]] * [[Securitas]] [[measures]] * [[MMXIV]]''' - [[Bellum Gaza]] * [[Resilientia]] [[civica]] * [[Technologia]] [[dominatio]] * [[Startup]] [[hub]] ===== MMXX - Hodierna ===== * '''[[MMXX]]''' - [[COVID-19 Pandemica]] * [[Economica]] [[turbulentia]] * [[Innovation]] [[continuus]] * [[Developmentum]] [[urbanus]] == Archaeologia == === Sitae Archaeologicae === * '''[[Tel Aphek]]''' - [[proximae]] - [[fortifications|fortificationes]] - [[pottery|ceramica]] - [[multi-strata|strata multiplex]] * '''[[Excavationes]]''' - [[periodicas]] * [[Findae]] - [[various]] [[periods]] === Periodi Archaeologici === * [[Palaeolithicum]], [[Neolithicum]], [[Chalcolithicum]] * [[Bronzei Aetas]], [[Ferreum Aetas]] * [[Persica]], [[Hellenistica]], [[Romana]] * [[Byzantina]], [[Islamica]], [[Ottomanica]] * [[Moderni]] == Religiones et Loca Sacra == === Iudaismus === ==== Significantia Iudaica ==== * '''[[Petach Tikva]]''' - [[centru]] [[sionismi|sionisticum]] * [[Coloniae]] [[Iudaicae]] [[primus]] * [[Theodor Herzl|Herzl]] - [[visionarius]] * [[Immigratio]] - [[religiosa]] [[motivatio]] ==== Synagogae ==== * [[Synagoga]] [[Principale]] * [[Synagoga]] [[Orthoxa]] * [[Synagoga]] [[Traditionalis]] * [[Synagoga]] [[Masorti]] * [[Yeshivot]] - [[seminaria]] * [[Batei Midrash]] - [[study halls]] === Christianitas === * [[Ecclesia]] [[Graeca]] * [[Ecclesia]] [[Melkita]] * [[Cappella]] [[Maronita]] === Islamismus === * [[Moschea]] - [[religiosa]] [[centers]] * [[Waqf]] - [[terra]] [[religiosa]] * [[Cemeteria]] === Syncretismus === * [[Coexistentia]] [[religious]] * [[Interfaith]] [[dialogue]] == Architectura et Structurae == === Architectura Antigua === * [[Aqueductus]] - [[ruins]] * [[Fortifications|Fortificationes]] * [[Religious structures|Structurae religiose]] === Moderni Architectura === ==== Periodus Mandatum ==== * [[Statio Ferroviaria]] - [[MCMXX]] * [[Government Buildings]] * [[Residential Districts]] ==== Periodus Post-Israelis ==== * [[Residentia]] [[moderna]] * [[Centri Commerciales]] * [[Officium Buildings]] * [[Scholae]] - [[architectura]] * [[Hospitalia]] ==== Architectura Contemporanea ==== * [[High-Rise Buildings]] * [[Shopping Malls]] * [[Tech Hubs]] * [[Residential Towers]] * [[Parci Publici]] - [[designa]] == Populatio et Demographia == === Crescentia Populationis === {| class="wikitable" |- ! [[Anno]] ! [[Populatio]] ! [[Notae]] |- | [[MDCCCLXXVIII]] | 20 | [[Fundatio]] |- | [[MDCCCC]] | 500 | [[Prima]] [[expansion]] |- | [[MCMXX]] | 5,000 | [[Mandatum]] [[periodae]] |- | [[MCMXVIII]] | 15,000 | [[War]] [[periodae]] |- | [[MCMXLIX]] | 30,000 | [[Post-War]] |- | [[MM]] | 180,000 | [[Growth]] |- | [[MMXVI]] | 220,000 | [[Peak]] |- | [[MMXXVI]] | 230,000 | [[Hodierna]] |} === Ethnicitas === * '''[[Iudaei]]''' - ~LXXX% - [[Ashkenazi]] - ~XXXV% - [[Sephardi]] - ~XXVIII% - [[Mizrahi]] - ~XII% - [[Ethiopes]] - ~V% * '''[[Arabici Israelenses]]''' - ~XV% * '''[[Migrantes]] [[externi]]''' - ~V% === Religio Distribuita === * [[Iudaismus]] - ~LXXX% * [[Islamismus]] - ~XII% * [[Christianitas]] - ~VII% * [[Aliae]] - ~I% == Economica et Industria == === Historia Economica === ==== Agricultura Initiatis ==== * '''[[Florarii]]''' - [[primus]] [[focus]] * [[Citrus]] [[cultivation]] * [[Cereales]] - [[grains]] * [[Vegetabilia]] * [[Aves Allevamento|Allevamento avium]] ==== Industria Manufacturae ==== * [[Plastica]] - [[fabricae]] * [[Textilia]] - [[cloth]] * [[Metalurgica]] * [[Alimentaria]] - [[processing]] * [[Chimicalium]] ==== Technologia Boom ==== * '''[[High-Tech]] [[Revolution]]''' - [[MCMXC+]] * [[Softaware]] - [[companiae]] * [[Startups]] - [[multae]] * [[Venture Capital]] - [[funding]] * [[Innovation]] [[ecosystem]] === Industria Contemporanea === ==== Agricultura ==== * [[Florarii]] - [[export]] [[worldwide]] * [[Citrus]] - [[oranges]], [[lemons]] * [[Avocado]] - [[specialty]] * [[Vegetables]] - [[modern|modernae]] [[greenhouse]] * [[Dairy]] - [[products]] ==== Manufacturae ==== * [[Plastica]] - [[components]] * [[Metalurgica]] - [[industrial]] * [[Textilia]] - [[fabrica]] * [[Food Processing]] * [[Chemical Manufacturing]] * [[Furniture]] - [[fabrica]] ==== Technologia ==== * [[Software Companies]] - [[hundreds|centum+]] * [[Cybersecurity]] - [[specialists]] * [[Artificial Intelligence|AI]] - [[research]] * [[Biotech]] - [[companies]] * [[Electronics]] - [[manufacturing]] * [[Telecommunications]] ==== Commercium et Servicii ==== * [[Shopping Malls]] - [[major]] * [[Markets]] - [[farmers']], [[flower]] * [[Restaurants]] - [[multae]] * [[Tourism]] - [[hotels]] * [[Financial Services]] * [[Real Estate]] ==== Logistica ==== * [[Distribution Centers]] * [[Warehouses]] - [[multae]] * [[Transportation]] - [[trucking]] * [[Freight Handling]] === Firmas Celebrissimae === * [[Tase Ltd.]] - [[flowers]] * [[Kibbutz Industries]] * [[High-Tech Startups]] - [[multae]] * [[Venture Capital Firms]] == Infrastructura == === Transportatio === ==== Viae ==== * [[Route 4]] - [[Tel Aviv]] - [[Jerusalem]] - [[intersectio]] [[Petach Tikva]] - [[major]] [[axis]] * [[Route 40]] - [[north]]-[[south]] * [[Route 44]] - [[local]] * [[Route 5]] - [[Haifa]] - [[Tel Aviv]] * [[Route 465]] - [[local]] ==== Ferroviaria ==== * '''[[Statio Ferroviaria Petach Tikva]]''' - [[principale]] - [[constructio]] - [[MCMXX]] - [[renovatio]] - [[MMXX]] - [[liniae]] [[multae]] * [[Central Line]] - [[Tel Aviv]] - [[Jerusalem]] * [[Service Regional]] * [[Express Trains]] - [[Jerusalem]] ==== Autobuses ==== * [[Egged|Egged Autobus]] * [[Dan]] * [[Local Routes]] * [[Intercity Services]] === Viae et Conexiones === * '''[[Distantiae]]''' - Ad [[Tel Aviv]]: [[XV]] [[chilometri]] - Ad [[Ierusalem]]: [[L]] [[chilometri]] - Ad [[Haifa]]: [[C]] [[chilometri]] - Ad [[Aeroportus Ben Gurion]]: [[XXXV]] [[chilometri]] === Utilitas === ==== Aquae ==== * '''[[Aquae]] [[distributio]]''' - [[Water Authority]] - [[national]] - [[Systemae]] [[distributio|distributional]] - [[Desalinatio]] - [[regional]] - [[Recycling]] - [[graywater]] * [[Aquiferi]] - [[Sharon Aquifer]] - [[Yarkon Aquifer]] ==== Electricitas ==== * '''[[Israel Electric Company]]''' - [[Distributio]] - [[network]] - [[Renewable]] [[energy]] - [[Solar Panels]] - [[installations]] - [[Efficiency]] [[programs]] ==== Communicationes ==== * [[Telephonia]] - [[Cellularis]] [[networks]] - [[Providers]] - [[major]] - [[5G]] - [[coverage]] * [[Broadband Internet]] - [[High-Speed]] - [[Providers]] - [[multiple]] * [[Radio]] et [[Television]] ==== Gas ==== * [[Natural Gas Distribution]] * [[Consumer Supply]] == Educatio == === Instituta Superiora === * [[Tel Aviv University]] - [[campus]] * [[Herzliya]] - [[Academic]] [[college]] * [[Open University Israel]] - [[campus]] * [[Research Centers]] - [[various]] === Scholae == ==== Scholae Primaria ==== * [[XL]]+ [[scholae]] * [[Government]] [[schooles]] * [[Private]] [[schooles]] * [[Arab-Language]] [[schools]] ==== Scholae Secundaria ==== * [[XXII]]+ [[scholae]] * [[Academic]] [[schools]] * [[Technical]] [[schools]] * [[Vocational]] [[training]] ==== Aliae Institutiones ==== * [[Yeshivot]] - [[Jewish]] [[study]] * [[Madrassahs]] - [[Islamic]] [[study]] * [[Adult]] [[education]] * [[Pre-Schools]] === Bibliotecae === * [[Bibliothecam Publicum]] - [[centrale]] * [[Municipal]] [[library]] * [[School]] [[libraries]] * [[Academic]] [[libraries]] == Cultura et Arte == === Musaea === ==== Musaeum Petach Tikva ==== * '''[[Municipal]] [[Museum]]''' - [[Historia]] [[civitatis]] - [[Antiquitates]] - [[Art]] [[exhibitions]] ==== Aliae Musaea ==== * [[Art Museum]] * [[History]] [[Museum]] * [[Agricultural]] [[Museum]] === Theatrum === * [[Theatrum]] [[Principale]] * [[Cinemata]] - [[theaters]] * [[Concert Halls]] * [[Performance Venues]] === Galleriae === * [[Local]] [[galleries]] * [[Artist Studios]] * [[Street Art]] - [[murales]] * [[Sculptures]] [[public]] === Festivales === ==== Festivales Annuales ==== * '''[[Festival Civitatis]]''' - [[anniversarium]] * '''[[Festival Floriae]]''' - [[flowers]] * '''[[Festival Musicae]]''' - [[summer]] * '''[[Festival Artis]]''' - [[visual]] * '''[[Biennale]]''' - [[contemporary]] ==== Festivales Religiose ==== * [[Pesach]] - [[Passover]] * [[Shavuot]] - [[Weeks]] * [[Sukkot]] - [[Tabernacles]] * [[Chanukah]] - [[Dedication]] * [[Eid al-Fitr]] - [[Islamic]] * [[Eid al-Adha]] - [[Islamic]] * [[Easter]] - [[Christian]] * [[Christmas]] - [[Christian]] == Medica et Salutes == === Hospitalia === * [[Beilinson Hospital]] - [[Rabin Medical Center|Rabin]] - [[tertiary]] [[hospital]] - [[research]] [[center]] - [[trauma]] [[center]] * [[Clalit Health Services]] - [[cliniae]] * [[Maccabi Healthcare]] - [[cliniae]] * [[Leumit]] - [[cliniae]] === Cliniae Ambulatoria === * [[HMO Organizations]] * [[Health Insurance]] * [[Pharmaciae]] - [[multae]] * [[Laboratories]] * [[Dental Clinics]] * [[Pediatria]] === Mental Health === * [[Psychological]] [[services]] * [[Psychiatric]] [[treatment]] * [[Rehabilitation]] [[centri]] === Public Health === * [[Health Department]] * [[Vaccination]] [[programs]] * [[Disease Prevention]] * [[Health Promotion]] == Securitas et Administratio == === Municipalis Governo === * '''[[Municipality Petach Tikva]]''' - [[Mayor|Primarius civicus]] - [[City Council]] - [[31 membri]] - [[Departmenta]] - [[varia]] === Legalis Sistema === * [[Ius Israelense]] * [[District Court]] * [[Local Courts]] * [[Law Enforcement]] === Policium === * '''[[Israel Police]]''' - [[Petach Tikva station]] * [[Community]] [[policing]] * [[Traffic]] [[police]] * [[Investigative]] [[units]] === Securitas Civilis === * [[Home Front Command]] * [[Emergency Services]] * [[Fire Department]] * [[Rescue Services]] * [[Civil Defense]] == Media et Communicationes == === Gazetta === * [[Local Newspapers]] * [[Israeli Newspapers]] * [[Online]] [[publications]] * [[Journalism]] === Radiotelevisio === * [[Kan]] - [[Israeli Broadcasting]] * [[Private Channels]] * [[Cable]] [[TV]] * [[Streaming]] [[services]] === Internet === * [[Local Portals]] * [[Social Media]] * [[Municipality Website]] * [[Online Services]] == Climata et Environmentum == === Climata === * '''[[Clima Mediterraneum]]''' - [[temperatum]] * '''[[Temperatura]]''' - [[Summer|Aestas]]: [[XXVIII]]-[[XXX]]°C - [[Winter|Hiems]]: [[IX]]-[[XV]]°C - [[Annual Average]]: ~[[XX]]°C * '''[[Pluviae]]''' - [[Annual]]: [[DC]]-[[DCCCC]] mm - [[Rainy Season]]: [[November]]-[[March]] - [[Dry Season]]: [[May]]-[[September]] * '''[[Humiditas]]''': [[Alta]] - [[maritime]] * '''[[Ventus]]''': [[Westerly]] ab [[mare]] === Flora et Fauna === * [[Mediterranean Vegetation]] * [[Local]] [[wildlife]] * [[Parks|Parci]] - [[naturales]] * [[Gardens|Horti]] - [[publici]] === Conservatio === * [[Green Initiatives]] * [[Recycling]] [[programs]] * [[Energy]] [[efficiency]] * [[Water]] [[conservation]] * [[Renewable]] [[energy]] == Divisiones Administrativae == === Neighborhoods === * '''[[Neighborhood]]''' [[principalis]] - [[Old Petach Tikva]] - [[historical]] - [[Central]] - [[business|commercium]] - [[Northern]] - [[residential]] - [[Southern]] - [[residential]] - [[Eastern]] - [[industrial]] - [[Western]] - [[residential]] == Nexus cum Regionibus == === Civitates Proximae === * [[Tel Aviv]] - [[XV]] [[chilometri]] [[south]] * [[Ramat Gan]] - [[VIII]] [[chilometri]] [[south]] * [[Giv'atayim]] - [[XIII]] [[chilometri]] [[southwest]] * [[Ramla]] - [[XXI]] [[chilometri]] [[east]] * [[Kfar Saba]] - [[XII]] [[chilometri]] [[north]] * [[Ramat Hasharon]] - [[VIII]] [[chilometri]] [[north]] === Regiones === * [[Mediridionalis Sharon]] - [[pars]] * [[Montes Iudaeae]] - [[east]] * [[Planitiem Costalis]] - [[geography]] == Personae Notabiles == === Founders === * '''[[Esra Nissim]]''' - [[founder|fundator]] * [[Colonists]] - [[pioneers]] === Moderni Leaders === * [[Mayors]] - [[various]] * [[Community Leaders]] * [[Intellectuales]] * [[Artists]] * [[Businessmen|Mercatores]] == Nexus Externi == === Officiales === * [[https://www.petach-tikva.muni.il/|Municipality Official Website]] * [[Wikidata]]: [[https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179880|Q179880]] * [[Wikipedia English]]: [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petach_Tikva|Petach Tikva]] * [[Wikipedia Hebrew]]: [[https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/פתח_תקווה|פתח תקווה]] === Turistica === * [[Israel Tourism]] - [[informationes]] * [[Guidebooks]] - [[city]] * [[Accommodatio]] - [[hotels]] * [[Restaurants]] === Archaeologia === * [[Israel Antiquities Authority]] * [[Excavation]] [[reports]] * [[Research]] [[institutions]] === Transportatio === * [[Israeli Railways]] - [[https://www.rail.co.il/]] * [[Egged Bus]] - [[https://egged.co.il/]] * [[Ben Gurion Airport]] === Medica === * [[Rabin Medical Center]] * [[Health Services]] * [[Clinics]] == Bibliotheca == === Libri Principale === * [[Stern, Ephraim]] (editor). ''[[The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations]]''. [[Israel Exploration Society]], 1993. * [[Finkelstein, Israel]]; [[Silberman, Neil Asher]]. ''[[The Bible Unearthed]]''. [[Free Press]], 2002. * [[Avi-Yonah, Michael]]. ''[[The Holy Land from Persian to Arab Conquest]]''. [[Baker Book House]], 1978. * [[Broshi, Magen]]. ''[[Bread, Wine, Oil and Coal]]''. [[Magnes Press]], 1986. * [[Hirschfeld, Yizhar]]. ''[[The Palestinian Dwelling in Roman-Byzantine Period]]''. [[Israel Exploration Society]], 1995. * [[Schama, Simon]]. ''[[Landscape and Memory]]''. [[Knopf]], 1995. === Articuli Academici === * [[JSTOR]] - [[academic]] * [[Academia.edu]] - [[research]] * [[Google Scholar]] - [[search]] == Categoriae == [[Categoria:Civitates Israelis]] [[Categoria:Petach Tikva]] [[Categoria:Coloniae Priores]] [[Categoria:Mater Coloniarum]] [[Categoria:Archaeologia Situs]] [[Categoria:Religiosa Loca]] [[Categoria:Mediridionalis Sharon]] [[Categoria:Geographia Israelis]] [[Categoria:Historia Israelis]] [[Categoria:Technologia Centerium]] [[Categoria:Industriae Centerium]] [[Categoria:Educationis Instituta]] [[Categoria:Medica Servicii]] [[Categoria:Culturae Centerium]] [[Categoria:Turismus]] [[Categoria:Multireligiosa Communitates]] [[Categoria:Economica Hubs]] [[Categoria:Startups Centerium]] [[Categoria:XIX Saeculum Settlements]] [[Categoria:XX-XXI Saeculum]] == Nexus Internae Densae == * [[Israele]] - [[nationalis context]] * [[Tel Aviv]] - [[civitas]] [[major]] [[south]] * [[Ierusalem]] - [[caput]] * [[Haifa]] - [[civitas]] [[north]] * [[Ramla]] - [[civitas]] [[east]] * [[Kfar Saba]] - [[civitas]] [[north]] * [[Ramat Hasharon]] - [[civitas]] [[adjacent]] * [[Giv'atayim]] - [[suburb]] [[south]] * [[Ramat Gan]] - [[civitas]] [[south]] * [[Rishon LeZion]] - [[civitas]] [[south]] * [[Rehovot]] - [[civitas]] [[southeast]] * [[Aeroportus Ben Gurion]] - [[international]] * [[Ferroviaria Israelis]] - [[transportation]] * [[Route 4]] - [[viae principalis]] * [[Route 40]] - [[viae nord-sud]] * [[Route 5]] - [[autostrada]] * [[Mediridionalis Sharon]] - [[regionem]] * [[Montes Iudaeae]] - [[geography]] * [[Planitiem Costalis]] - [[planitiem]] * [[Mare Mediterraneum]] - [[mare]] * [[Flumen Ayalon]] - [[flumen]] * [[Flumen Yarkon]] - [[flumen]] * [[Aquiferi Sharon]] - [[aquae]] * [[Synagoga]] - [[Iudaica]] * [[Yeshiva]] - [[education]] * [[Moschea]] - [[Islamica]] * [[Ecclesia]] - [[Christiana]] * [[Talmud]] - [[literaria]] * [[Theodor Herzl]] - [[founder]] [[spiritual]] * [[Sionismus]] - [[ideologia]] * [[Historia Israelis]] - [[context]] * [[Agricoltura Israelis]] - [[economica]] * [[Industria Israelis]] - [[manufacturae]] * [[Technologia Israelis]] - [[high-tech]] * [[Startups Israelis]] - [[innovation]] * [[Educatio Israelis]] - [[scholae]] * [[Medica Israelis]] - [[healthcare]] * [[Religio in Israele]] - [[multireligiosa]] * [[Cultura Israelis]] - [[arte]], [[musica]] * [[Archaeologia Palestinae]] - [[excavationes]] * [[Antiquitates Romanae]] - [[period]] * [[Byzantina Imperium]] - [[period]] * [[Islamica Historia]] - [[period]] * [[Crusades]] - [[medieval]] * [[Ottomanica Imperium]] - [[period]] * [[Mandatum Britannicum]] - [[XX s.]] * [[Bellum Independentiae Israelis]] - [[MCMXLVIII]] * [[Securitas Israelis]] - [[administratio]] * [[Militaris Historia]] - [[conflictus]] * [[Environmentum]] - [[natura]] * [[Energia Renewabilis]] - [[sustainability]] * [[Aquae Systemae]] - [[utilities]] * [[Communicationes]] - [[media]] * [[Lingua Hebraica]] - [[communicatio]] * [[Lingua Arabica]] - [[communicatio]] * [[Lingua Latina]] - [[etymology]] * [[Turismus Israelis]] - [[hospitale]] * [[Economica Regionalis]] - [[commerce]] * [[Florarii]] - [[agricultura]] * [[Citrus]] - [[exportatio]] * [[Softaware]] - [[technologia]] * [[Cybersecurity]] - [[innovation]] * [[Artificial Intelligence]] - [[research]] * [[Rabin Medical Center]] - [[medicina]] * [[HMO]] - [[healthcare]] {{Myrias|Geographia}} {{Myrias|Historiae}} {{Myrias|Archaeologia}} {{Myrias|Religiones}} {{Myrias|Culturae}} {{Myrias|Technologia}} csoj88y5l3oq06o649ytzfjzb95t6gd Libraria programmationis 0 328375 3986796 2026-09-09T06:56:33Z Grufo 64423 Grufo movit paginam [[Libraria programmationis]] ad [[Bibliotheca (informatica)]]: Latinitas 3986796 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Bibliotheca (informatica)]] esk1iqacjddj3q9175uha327s4bo3cn Experimentum cognitionis 0 328376 3986803 2026-09-09T07:13:08Z Grufo 64423 Grufo movit paginam [[Experimentum cognitionis]] ad [[Experimentum mentale]]: Nomenclatura uniformis 3986803 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Experimentum mentale]] fxipvgw8ngbjychvc12kplpg6ixnhzp Scaenarium 0 328377 3986805 2026-09-09T07:17:06Z Grufo 64423 Grufo movit paginam [[Scaenarium]] ad [[Scenarium]]: Nomenclatura uniformis 3986805 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Scenarium]] kn90kcbbwtcvp7mpa0yyz2q9im5qrwy Disputatio:Scaenarium 1 328378 3986807 2026-09-09T07:17:06Z Grufo 64423 Grufo movit paginam [[Disputatio:Scaenarium]] ad [[Disputatio:Scenarium]]: Nomenclatura uniformis 3986807 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Disputatio:Scenarium]] {{De hac redirectione}} ok27tau3ca7ctcrw77mukbj39l09lty Scriptum scaenarium 0 328379 3986809 2026-09-09T07:19:42Z Grufo 64423 Grufo movit paginam [[Scriptum scaenarium]] ad [[Scriptum scenarium]]: Nomenclatura uniformis 3986809 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Scriptum scenarium]] ilfsx4d757h8ys4fbzil2szrzyhobev Disputatio:Scriptum scaenarium 1 328380 3986811 2026-09-09T07:19:42Z Grufo 64423 Grufo movit paginam [[Disputatio:Scriptum scaenarium]] ad [[Disputatio:Scriptum scenarium]]: Nomenclatura uniformis 3986811 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Disputatio:Scriptum scenarium]] {{De hac redirectione}} ptoe7kcqpx5tp6abz03ktcl5lfic0oy Categoria:Experimenta mentalia 14 328381 3986816 2026-09-09T07:24:46Z Grufo 64423 Prima adumbratio 3986816 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Pagina principalis categoriae|Experimentum mentale}} [[Categoria:Epistemologia]] [[Categoria:Philosophia scientiae]] [[Categoria:Metaphysica]] pt3a7t30vmkxfbcspk9vhuyohyndgmo Theoria simiarum infinitarum 0 328382 3986822 2026-09-09T07:33:32Z Grufo 64423 Grufo movit paginam [[Theoria simiarum infinitarum]] ad [[Theorema simiarum infinitarum]]: Appelari solet “theorema” 3986822 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Theorema simiarum infinitarum]] ccldx52jbix5qw3w0x7gw8wcasgu67j Christer Henriksén 0 328383 3986832 2026-09-09T10:04:34Z Torstanus 212901 Torstanus movit paginam [[Christer Henriksén]] ad [[Christiernus Henriksén]]: Titulus male scriptus 3986832 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Christiernus Henriksén]] hmkyd1kinmvh5ntqd1t0oonllo0unnp