Aeneis

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    <title>Aeneis</title>
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[[Fasciculus:Cristoforo Majorana - Leaf from Eclogues, Georgics and Aeneid - Walters W40055R - Open Obverse.jpg|thumb|[[Manuscriptum]] circa [[1470]], [[Christophorus Majorana]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Aeneas' Flight from Troy by Federico Barocci.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|'''Aeneas Troiam deflagrantem fugit.'' [[Pictura]] a [[Federicus Barocci|Federico Barocci]] (1598) facta. [[Galleria Borghesiana]] Romae.]]
[[Fasciculus:Aeneae exsilia.svg|right|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Tabula geographica|Tabula]] Aeneae [[iter|itineris]].]]

{{Ores|Aeneis}} ({{pns|idos|f|Aeneis}} vel {{pns|idis|f|Aeneis}}) est [[Publius Vergilius Maro|Publii Vergilii Maronis]] [[magnum opus|magnum praeclarumque opus]], unum ex optimis [[litterae Latinae|litterarum]] [[Lingua Latina|Latinarum]] et [[litterae|universarum]] operibus. 

''Aeneis'' [[poema]] heroicum, sive [[poesis epica|epicum]], ab [[Aeneas|Aenea]] [[Troia]]no, [[Venus (dea)|Veneris]] Anchisaeque filio, [[Priamus|Priami]] genero, nomen habet: non quod acta illius omnia comprehendat, sed unum inter omnia praecipuum, scilicet [[regnum]] in [[Italia]] constitutum. Scripta est a [[Vergilius|Vergilio]] in gratiam, tum [[Roma]]nae totius gentis, tum familiae imprimis [[gens Iulia|Iuliae]], quae originem referebat suam ad [[Iulus|Iulum]] sive [[Ascanius|Ascanium]], Aeneae [[filius|filium]] ex [[Creusa (filia Priami)|Creusa]], [[Priamus|Priami]] [[filia]]. In hanc porro [[familia]]m adscitus a [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Iulio Caesare]] avunculo fuerat [[G. Iulius Caesar Octavianus Augustus|Octavianus]], tunc rerum potens, atque [[Aegyptus|Aegypto]] subacta, [[Marcus Antonius|Marco Antonio]] et [[Cleopatra VII (regina Aegypti)|Cleopatra]] interfectis, unus [[orbis terrarum|orbis]] Romani dominus. Scribi coepta est, a.U.c. 724 exeunte, Vergilii quadragensi, Octaviani tricensimo tertio (id est, anno [[31 a.C.n.]]), cum Octavianus in [[Asia]] non longe ab [[Euphrates|Euphrate]] [[hiems|hiemaret]]; atque ita Virgilius post adhibitam ''[[Georgica (Vergilius)|Georgicis]]'' extremam manum, continuo animum Aeneidi videtur applicuisse, et in ea annos, ut habet [[Servius]], undecim collocasse, quot ab eo tempore ad mortem Virgilii omnino numerantur. Secutus est Virgilius, ut in ''[[Bucolica|Bucolicis]]'' [[Theocritus|Theocritum]] et in ''Georgicis'' [[Hesiodus|Hesiodum]], ita in ''Aeneide'' [[Homerus|Homerum]], cuius [[Odysseus|Odysseam]] sex prioribus libris, [[Ilias|Iliadem]] sex posterioribus, expressit.

== Contenta ==

=== Liber I ===
Propositione et invocatione praemissis, [[narratio]] incipit a septimo Aeneae profectionis anno, quo tempore, Troianis e [[Sicilia]] in Italiam solventibus, [[Iuno]] tempestatem excitat conciliato sibi [[Aeolus|Aeolo]]. Cohibet tempestatem [[Neptunus (deus)|Neptunus]]. Naves Aeneae septem in portum [[Africa]]e se recipiunt, ceteris aliis alio disiectis. [[Venus (dea)|Venus]] apud [[Iovis|Iovem]] de filii calamitate queritur.  Solatur eam [[Iuppiter]], praedicta Aeneae eiusque posteritatis futura felicitate. Mittitur [[Mercurius (deus)|Mercurius]], qui [[Karthago|Carthaginiensium]] animos Troianis placabiles reddat. Venus, specie venatricis sumpta, occurrit Aeneae, regionem [[Achates (mythologia)|Achate]] comite exploranti. Indicataque [[Dido]]nis et regionis conditione, utrumque nebula septum Carthaginem dimittit. Illic Aeneas, templum ingressus, primum in [[bellum Troianum|belli Troiani]] picturas incidit, deinde in Didonem, et in socios, quos fluctibus oppressos putaverat, Didone supplicantes. Dat se in conspectum Aeneas. A regina benigne excipitur. Accersitur per Achatem Ascanius, cuius in locum dolo Veneris [[Cupidus|Cupido]] suggeritur, ut Aeneae [[amor]]em erga [[Dido|Didonem]] instillet. Abeunt omnes in conclave ad convivium.

=== Liber II ===
[[Fasciculus:1875, Cézanne, Aeneas Meeting Dido at Carthage.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''Aeneas in Didonem Carthagini incidit.'' Pictura a [[Paulus Cézanne|Paulo Cézanne]] circa [[1875]] facta. [[Museum Artis Universitatis Princetoniensis]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Hawara Papyrus 24, with line of Virgil's Aeneid repeated 7 times, Book 2, line 601. Recto. Latin language. 1st century CE. From Hawara, Egypt. On display at the British Museum in London.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Hawara Papyrus 24, ubi quidam versus ex ''Aeneide'' septies scribitur.&lt;!--(probably a writing exercise) that translates: &quot;It is not the hated face of Spartan Helen.&quot;).--&gt; Ex {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Hawara||en|qid=Q26237}} in Aegypto, [[saeculum 1|saeculo primo]]. [[Museum Britannicum]] Londinii.]]
Narrat Didoni Aeneas Troiani excidii seriem extremumque discrimen. [[Graecia|Graeci]] [[Bellum Troianum|decennali bello]] paene fracti, dolo capere urbem constituunt. Fugam simulant; circa [[Tenedos|Tenedum]] insulam latent; [[equus|equum]] abietis materie confectum relinquunt in castris, refertum Achaeorum principibus; qui in urbem Troiam, per fraudem [[Sino]]nis, cui fidem exitium [[Laocoon]]tis faciebat, inducitur. Noctu reserata eius alvo Graeci erumpunt. Admissoque exercitu, Troiam ferro et igni populantur. Somnio ab [[Hector]]e admonetur Aeneas ut fuga sibi consulat, sed ille, cum ducat vitam pro patria amittere honestius quam fuga se morti subripere, coacta manu, agmine facto, Graecos aliquot caedit. Sumptisque eorum armis, propter simillimam hostium formam, suorum telis fere obruitur. At vastata regia, Priamo Pyrrhi manu interfecto, Aeneas domum revertitur, Anchisae patri sacra Penatesque committit, eumque suis imponit humeris; et cum Ascanio filio, Creusaque uxore, fugam capit. Mox amissa Creusa cum ex urbe exire conarentur, iter ad eam quaerendam relegit. Occurrit mortuae uxoris umbra, monetque se a [[Cybele]] in [[Phrygia]] detineri. Reddit ille in montem [[Ida (mons)|Ida]]m, et cum sociis [[mare|mari]] fugam parat.

=== Liber III ===
[[Fasciculus:Aeneis 3 147.jpeg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Penates]] Aeneam hortantur ut e [[Creta]] ad [[Italia]]m eat (Aen. 3.147 sqq.). Imago in manuscripto MS Vat. lat. 3225 ([[Bibliotheca Apostolica Vaticana]]).]]
Pergit Aeneas enarrare Didoni casus suos, quorum altera pars hoc libro continetur, nempe navigatio. Aeneas, incensa Troia, classe viginti {?} [[navis|navium]] ad urbem [[Antandros|Antandrum]] clam fabricata, [[Thracia]]m defertur, ubi cum urbem conderet, territus prodigio caesi a [[Polymnestor]]e rege [[Polydorus|Polydori]], navigat in insulam [[Delos|Delum]], consulturus oraculum [[Apollo|Apollinis]], a quo monitus ut antiquam matrem exquireret, Anchisae interpretatione [[Creta]]m esse insulam ratus, Troianae gentis originem, eo contendit, urbemque novam aedificat. At inde peste depulsus, somniis monitus a [[Penates|Diis Penatibus]], [[Italia]]m vera esse Troianorum cunabula, Italiam petit. In itinere iactactus tempestate in insulas [[Strophas|Strophades]], infestas habet [[Harpyae|Harpyias]], quarum ex una audit se non prius in Italia fixurum sedes, quam fame coactus fuerit mensas absumere. Hinc [[Actium]] [[promontorium]] delatus, ibi ludos celebrat. Tum in [[Epirus|Epirum]] appulsus, [[Andromache]]n repperit, iam [[Helena|Heleni]] uxorem, et mortuo [[Pyrrhus|Pyrrho]] in [[Chaonia]] Epiri parte regnantem. Audit ab Heleno, rege eodem ac vate, sedem sibi a Diis in Italia paratam: eo loco, ubi suam albam inveniret triginta fetus enixam. Admonetur ab eodem, ne in proxima [[Italia]]e parte considat [[Graecia|Graecorum]] metu, qui ventis eo disiecti fuerant; tum ne [[Siculus|Siculum]] traiiciat fretum, metu [[Scylla (monstrum marinum)|Scyllae]] et [[Charybdis]]; sed deflexo ad occasum cursu [[Siciliam]] circumeat. Relicta igitur Epiro, [[Tarentum]], quae in vicina Italiae ora est, et Siciliae partem [[Aetna]]e monti proximam praetervectus. Hinc supplicem recipit [[Achemenides|Achemenidem]], socium [[Ulysses|Ulyssis]], ab eoque de feritate [[Cyclops|Cyclopum]] edoctus, observatis omnibus Heleni praeceptis, tandem [[Deparnus|Deparnum]], occidentalem Siciliae portum, obtinet, ubi moritur [[Anchises]]; atque hinc media aestate solvens Aeneas in Italiam, tempestate in Africam eicitur. Et hic finis est narrationis.

=== Liber IV ===
[[Fasciculus:Death Dido Cayot Louvre MR1780.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''[[Dido (Regina Carthaginis)|Dido Regina mortua]]'' (liber 4). [[Sculptura]] a {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Claudius Augustinus Cayot|Claudio Augustino Cayot|fr|qid=Q2976668}} (1667–1722) facta. [[Museum Lupariense]].]]
[[Dido]] amores in Aenean suos  [[Anna (Aeneis)|Annae]] sorori aperit.  Eiusque consilio animum adiicit ad nuptias Iuno, ut Aeneam ab Italia avertat, agit cum Venere de conciliandis inter utrumque nuptiis.  Aeneas ac Dido venatum abeunt, subortaque Iunonis artibus tempestate, confugiunt in antrum.  Ibidemque falsum illud infaustumque coniugium perficitur.  Iarbas, Gaetulorum rex, Iovis Ammonis filius, Didonis procus, advenam sibi praeferri indignans, apud Iovem graviter queritur.  Iupiter, et eius precibus et fatis urgentibus adductus, Mercurium ad Aeneas mittit, qui eum abire in Italiam iubeat.  Parat clam Aeneas omnia ad navigationem necessaria;  quod suspicata Dido, precibus et lacrumis deterrere eum ab incepto, tum per se, tum per sororem conatur.  Aeneas, iterum a Mercurio in somnis admonitus,  [[nox|nocte]] intempesta vela ventis dedit.  Dido doloris impatiens, exstructam simulatione sacri magici pyram conscendens, ipso Aeneae gladio sibi vitam adimit.

=== Liber V ===
Aeneas, e Libya in Italiam navigans, deflectere in Siciliam vi tempestatis cogitur;  ubi ab Aceste Troiano benevole exceptus;  patri, quem illic superiore anno mors abstulerat, anniversarium celebrat sacrum, ludosque quattuor, cursum navalem, ac pedestrem, caestuum pugnam, sagittarum eiaculationem, quibus addit Ascanius equestrem decursum.  Interim Troianae mulieres, Iunonis impulsu, hortatu Iridis, taedio navigationis, incendunt naves;  quarum quattuor exuruntur, ceterae immissa a Iove pluvia servantur.  Quare suadet Aeneae Nautes, ut avecto secum iuvenum flore, senes ac mulieres in Sicilia relinquat.  Firmat id consilium Anchises in somnis.  Idemque suadet Aeneae ut appulsus in Italiam adeat Sibyllam;  eaque duce descendat ad inferos, ubi posterorum seriem et eventus docebitur.  Paret Aeneas patris monitis, et condita in Sicilia urbe Acesta, Neptuno per Venerem conciliato, solvit in Italiam;  quo in curso [[Palinurus]] navis gubernator dormiens in mare excutitur.  Delineatus est hic liber ad exemplum libri Iliad. 23 ubi ludi ab Achille ad tumulum Patrocli celebrantur.

=== Liber VI ===
Reppulsus Aeneas in Italiam ad Cumas, petit antrum [[Sibylla Cumana|Sibylla]] Deiphobes. Dumque varia Phoebo in [[templum|templo]] descripta contemplatur, iubetur victimas caedere. Peractisque sacrificiis, consulit Sibyllam de futuris eventibus, deque decensu ad inferos. Sibylla tria respondet: bellum ab Italis instare gravissimum; ramum aureum, inventu perdifficilem, adeunti inferos parandum esse;  denique unum ex amicis in litore mortem interim obisse. Redit Aeneas ad suos, mortuum Misenum reperit; huius extruendo rogo dum exciditur sylva, [[columba]]e, [[aves]] Veneris, ad auream arborem Aeneam deducunt. Hic igitur funere perfunctus, nocturnisque sacrificiis ad [[Avernus|Avernum]] antrum inferorum numina veneratus, ad [[inferi|inferos]] descendit, Sibylla duce. Vidit illic:

* I. In vestibulo, monstra varia. 
* II. In ripa fluviorum infernorum, umbras defunctorum aditum petentes; inque iis, Orontem, [[Palinurus|Palinurum]]. 
* III. In ipso flumine, Charonia portitorem, quem, secum de aditu rixantem, aurei rami conspectu demulcet. 
* IV. In limine, Cerberum, canem, quem sopit obiecta offa. 
* V. Ultra limen, sedes varias, quas incolebant: 
* Infantes 
* Iniusta morte damnati 
* Propria manu perempti 
* Amantes, in quibus Dido 
* Bellatores, inter quos [[Deiphobus]], alique Troiani et Graeci duces 
* VI. Ad sinistram, eminus carcerem vidit impiorum poenis destinatum, quem locum adire non possit;  a Sibylla varia variorum supplicia edocetur, Gigantum, Salmonei, Lapitharum, Ixionis, Thesei, &amp;c. 
* VII. Ad dextram verso itinere, pervenit ad Elysios campos, ubi multos heroum nactus, a Musaeo de loci incolarumque conditione, deque Anchisa, certior factus;  in ipsum Anchisen incidit. 
* VIII. Anchises multa de animarum natura iuxta Pythagorae documenta praefatus, clarissimum quemque posterorum ad usque Augustum ei ostendit. 
* IX. Denique perlustratis omnibus, per eburneam somni portam Aeneas ad suos revertitur, et e Cumano litore, ad Caietanum navigat.

=== Liber VII ===
Aeneas e Cumano litore ad occidentem provectus, tumulata in Auruncorum litore Caieta nutrice sua praetergressus montem Circaeum, Circes habitatione et veneficiis infamem, ad ostia Thybridis appellitur. Tunc Latinus illinc [[Aborigines (mythologia)|Aboriginibus]] imperabat.  Huic unica erat filia Lavinia, [[Faunus|Fauni]] oraculis destinata externo marito, Amatae tamen matris voluntate promissa Turno Rutulorum regi. Mittit Aeneas oratores Laurentum, in urbem Latini regiam.  Latinus Aeneam non modo in socium, sed, oraculi memor, in generum admittit. Interim Iuno, prosperis Troianorum rebus offensa, evocat Alecto ex inferis. Alecto promum Amatam Latini uxorem ita concitat, ut illa Bacchi sacra simulans filiam abscondat in montibus. Turnum deinde furiis iisdem agit in bellum; et Troianos Latinosque invicem committit, occiso per Ascanium cervo, qui Tyrrheni pastoris regii filiae erat in deliciis.  Omnibus bellum frementibus, Latinus unus obstitit;  tamen Iunone ipsa belli portas aperiente, rem fatis permittere cogitur.  Confluunt ad Turnum ex omnibus Italiae partibus auxilia:  Mezentius, eiusque filius Lausus, cum Agyllinus; Catillus et Coras, cum Tiburtinus; Caeculus cum Praenestinis; &amp;c.

=== Liber VIII ===
Turnus Venulum ad Diomedem mittit, ut eum ad belli societatem alliciat. Aeneas, Tyberini fluvii monitu, iter eodem consilio suscipit ad Evandrum, qui ex Arcadia profugus in Palation monte consederat.  Evander, sacris Herculis tum intentus, Aeneam iisdem adhibet. Eorum originem edocet, victoriam scilicet Herculis de Caco, regionis illius insigni olim praedone. Tum Aeneam quadringentorum equitum subsidio iuvat.  Iisdem Pallentem filium praeficit.  Aeneam ad Tyrrhenos, expulso Mezentio, regem poscentes, cum certa regni auxiliique spe dimittit.  Aeneas postridie parte altera copiarum secundo flumine ad suos remissa, cum altera Tyrrhenos adit.  Interim Venus arma Aenea suo defert, a Vulcano fabricata:  clypeum imprimis, in quo Aeneas res praeclare olim gerendas a Romanis posteris mira arte coelatas admiratur.  Praecipuus eo in opere locus est Augusto, cuius egregiam de Antonio et Cleopatra Aegypti regina vectoriam, triplicemque triumphum fulgentius poeta describit.

=== Liber IX ===
Aenea conquirendis auxiliis apud Arcadas ac Tuscos occupato, Turnus admonetur a Iunone per Iridem, ut in castrensia novae Troiae munimenta impetum faciat.  Troianis, ex Aeneae praescripto non egredientibus ad pugnam, Turnus eorum naves, oppidi lateri admotas, parat incendere;  sed illae, cum ex Idaeae sylvae materia fabricatae olim fuissent, Idaeae matris beneficio mutantur marinas in Nymphas.  Tum nocte imminente, circa oppidum excubiae disponuntur.  Interim Troiani, de revocando per nuntios Aenea soliciti, dum inter se consultant, [[Nisus et Euryalus]], par nobile amicorum, ultro suscipiunt hanc provinciam.  Laudati ab Ascanio, dimissique, caedem Rutulorum noctu magnam faciunt.  Eorumque spoliis induti dum pergunt porro, a Latinis equitibus obviis occiduntur.  Capita hastis affixa, et in castris erecta, agnoscuntur procul a Troianis, et ingentem in oppido luctum excitant, praesertim matris [[Nisus et Euryalus|Euryali]].  [[Turnus]] oppugnationem mane instaurat.  Ascanius Numanum insolentius illudentem, emissa e muris sagitta configit.  Quo successu elati, Pandarus et Bitias portas recludunt, et Rutulos subeuntes magna strage propellunt.  Turnus facto impetu tandem irrumpit, sed clausis portis, hostium multitudine circumventus, paulatim recedit in eam oppidi partem quam Tyberis alluebat, et ut erat armatus in flumen desiliens ad suos natatu revertitur.

=== Liber X ===
Iupiter advocato Deorum concilio, frustra conatus Iunonem ac Venerem in concordiam adducere, de Troianorum Rutulorumque rebus inter se dissidentes.  Pronunciat se neutrarum partium fore, sed fatis omnia permissurum.  Rutuli ad oppugnandum, Troiani ad defendendum urbem redeunt.  Aeneas, dies aliquot in Etruria commoratus, collectis inde auxiliis, ad suos redit, triginta navium classe auctus.  Nymphas, e suis navibus eam in speciem paulo ante transformatas in itinere obvias habet.  Ab iis de suorum periculo certior factus;  sub primam lucem provectus in conspectum hostium, exercitum in litus exponit.  Occurrunt Rutuli:  commissoque gravi certamine, Pallas a Turno occiditur;  cuius necem cum ulcisceretur Aeneas magna strage, et Ascanius eruptione facta copias paternis addiunxissit.  Iuno Turnum praesenti periculo eripit, obiecta illi falsa Aeneae imagine;  quam ille fugientem ad usque navem dum sequitur, retinaculis a Iunone ruptis, ad litora Ardeae proxima vi tempestatis abripitur.  Mezentius pugnae pro Turno succedens, et filius Mezentii Lausus, ab Aenea occiduntur. 

=== Liber XI ===
Postera die victor Aeneas de spoliis Mezentii trophaeum Marti erigit.  Pallantis mortui corpus magno apparatu ad Evandri urbem remittit, ubi summo patris luctu excipitur.  Latini oratores duodecim dierum inducias ab Aenea obtinent, et interim uterque exercitus cadavera suorum supremis honoribus prosequitur.  Venulus, e Diomedis urbe redux, nullum inde spem esse auxilii, Latinis refert.  Latinus rex, ea spe destitutus, convocato concilio, legatos ad Aeneam de pacis conditionibus mittendos censit.  Addit Drances huic regis sententiae multa in Turnum belli auctorem convitia;  quae [[Turnus]] amare, sed animose refellit.  Paratum se professus singulari cum Aenea certamine commune periculum redimere.  Iis ita rixantibus nuntiatur, Troiani exercitus expeditos equites planis itineribus Laurento imminere, Aeneam cum reliquis copiis per loca montibus impedita eodem contendere.  [[Turnus]] cognito Aeneae consilio suas etiam copias bifariam dividit.  Equites sub [[Camilla (persona Aeneidis)|Camilla]] et Messapo troianis equitibus opponit.  Ipse cum ceteris montium angustias occupat, ut Aeneam opprimat insidiis.  Diana mortem [[Camilla (persona Aeneidis)|Camillae]] praevidens, cum eam impedire non possit, saletm ultione providet:  dimissa e caelo Nympha Opi, quae percussorem illius interimat.  Commisso equestri proelio [[Camilla (persona Aeneidis)|Camilla]] ab Arunte occiditur, Aruns ab Opi.  [[Camilla (persona Aeneidis)|Camillae]] nece consternati Rutuli fugam arripiunt.  Cuius calamitatis nuntio ad Turnum perlato, is relictis, quas insederat, angustiis, auxilio suorum accurrit.  Eodem subsequitur Aeneas. Imminente iam nocte castra utrique ante urbem collocant.

=== Liber XII ===
Fractis gemina pugna Latinis, Turnus cum Aenea singulari certamine dimicare statuit. Solemni sacramento conditiones certaminis foedusque a Latino, Aenea, Turnoque sancitur. Foedus a Iuturna, Turni sorore, Iunonis impulsu disturbatur. Primusque Tolumnius, falso augurio victoriam suis pollicitus, Troianos invadit. Aeneas sagitta vulneratus excedere cogitur e proelio, quo absente maximam stragem Turnus edit. Venus dictamno oherba vulnus Aeneae sanat. Is, refectis viribus, reversus ad pugnam Turnum nominatim vocat. Sed cum Iuturna, excusso Turni auriga Metisco, currum eius moderaretur, et ab Aeneae occursu detorqueret, ne congredi simul possent. Aeneas admoto ad urbis moenia exercitu, in propugnacula ignem coniicit. Hinc Amata, Turnum occisum rata, laqueo vitam sibi adimit. Turnus, ne urbs in hostium potestatem veniret, ad singulare certamen redit. Pugnant Aeneas et Turnus. Aeneas victor, cum Turni iugulo immineret, iamque ipsius precibus motus ad misericordiam deflecteret: viso in eius humeris Pallantis balteo, repente exardescit, hostemque interficit.

Commentarii antiqui [[Maurus Servius Honoratus|Servii]] et [[Tiberius Claudius Donatus|Tiberii Donati]] nota sunt.

A [[Maphaeus Vegius|Maphaeo Vegio]] liber tredecimus Aeneidis compositus est.

==Fons==
Haec pagina textum incorporat ex [[Carolus Ruaeus|Caroli Ruaei]] &quot;[http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/ruaeus.html Argumentum Aeneidos cum XII librorum argumentis]&quot;

== Bibliographia ==
{{Vide-etiam|Publius Vergilius Maro#Bibliographia}}
; Editiones et versiones
*Perret, J. [[1977]]. ''Virgile: Énéide.'' Lutetiae: Les Belles Lettres.

; Eruditio
* Anderson, William S., et Lorina N. Quartarone. ''Approaches to Teaching Vergil's Aeneid.'' Novi Eboraci: Modern Language Association, 2002. ISBN 9780873527729.
* Anderson, William S. ''The Art of the Aeneid.'' Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1969. ISBN 0130471593.
* {{cite book |title=Classical Epic: Homer and Virgil |last=Jenkyns |first=Richard |year=[[2007]] |publisher=Duckworth |location=Londinii |isbn=1853991333}}
* Pöschl, Viktor. ''The Art of Vergil: Image and Symbol in the Aeneid.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1970. ISBN 0472047353.
* Putnam, Michael C. J. ''The Humanness of Heroes: Studies in the Conclusion of Virgil's Aeneid.'' Amstelodami: Amsterdam University Press, 2011. ISBN 9789089643476.
* Rébelliau, Alfred. ''De Vergilio in informandis muliebribus quae sunt in Aeneide personis inventore.'' Parisiis:  apud Hachette et socios, 1892.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Bibliotheca Nationalis Ucrainae Vernadskiana]]
* ''&quot;[[Facilis descensus Averno]]&quot;''

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|Aeneid|Aeneidem}}
{{Vicifons|Aeneis}}
{{Vicicitatio|Aeneis|Aeneidem}}
{{grc|Αἰνειάς}}
*http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/verg.html
*[http://www.skidmore.edu/classics/courses/metrica/graphics%20and%20sounds/sonkowsky.wav Magistrum Robertum Sonkowsky legentem Aeneidem audire]
** http://www.vox-latina-gottingensis.de/scripta/vergil/veraen01.htm Aeneis
*''[https://books.openedition.org/obp/1925 Virgil, Aeneid, 4.1–299 ːLatin text, study questions, commentary and interpretive essays]'', Cambridge, 2012 (Classics Textbooks)

[[Categoria:Aeneis|!]]
[[Categoria:Carmina epica]]
[[Categoria:Italiae scripta]]
[[Categoria:Libri imperfecti]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae aevi Augustani]]
[[Categoria:Mythologia Romana]]
{{Myrias|Ars}}</text>
      <sha1>n8sgm7nw4wtl205d7e1xd3u787rx0dp</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Dyme</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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'''Dyme''' (Δύμη) fuit urbs antiqua [[Achaia]]e ultima ad [[occasus|occasum]], in loco oppidi hodierni [[Cato Achaia|Cato Achaiam]], iuxta fines [[Elis|Eleas]] sita. Primo saeculo q.C.n. urbs et ager eius tunc deserta a [[Pompeius|Pompeio]] piratis [[Cilicia|Cilicibus]] quos vicerat colenda data sunt&lt;ref&gt;[[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 28.7. [[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Mithridatica'' 96. [[Cassius Dio|Dio Cassius]] XXXVI.37.6.&lt;/ref&gt;.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Cato Achaia]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://logeion.uchicago.edu/index.html#Dyme De Dyme] in lexicis Lewis et Short et ''Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography''

[[Categoria:Urbes Graecae antiquae]]
[[Categoria:Loci olim habitati Graeciae]]
[[Categoria:Elis]]</text>
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      <text bytes="868" sha1="3ozidn6s1pm4i5v8djodmjzrcky83ih" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Teixos Dymaion.JPG|thumb|Moenia Dymaea tempore [[Graecia Mycenaea|Mycenaeo]] structa.]]
'''Dyme''' (Δύμη) fuit urbs antiqua [[Achaia]]e ultima ad [[occasus|occasum]], in loco oppidi hodierni [[Cato Achaia|Cato Achaiam]], iuxta fines [[Elis|Eleas]] sita. Primo saeculo a.C.n. urbs et ager eius tunc deserta a [[Pompeius|Pompeio]] piratis [[Cilicia|Cilicibus]] quos vicerat colenda data sunt&lt;ref&gt;[[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 28.7. [[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Mithridatica'' 96. [[Cassius Dio|Dio Cassius]] XXXVI.37.6.&lt;/ref&gt;.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Cato Achaia]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://logeion.uchicago.edu/index.html#Dyme De Dyme] in lexicis Lewis et Short et ''Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography''

[[Categoria:Urbes Graecae antiquae]]
[[Categoria:Loci olim habitati Graeciae]]
[[Categoria:Elis]]</text>
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      <text bytes="891" sha1="76oqsgvfuoqfxz0fhvc6a9r8sdjnc6w" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Teixos Dymaion.JPG|thumb|Moenia Dymaea tempore [[Graecia Mycenaea|Mycenaeo]] structa.]]
'''Dyme''' (Δύμη) fuit urbs antiqua [[Achaia]]e ultima ad [[occasus|occasum]], in loco oppidi hodierni [[Cato Achaia|Cato Achaiam]], iuxta fines [[Elis|Eleas]] sita. Primo saeculo a.C.n. urbs cum agro tunc deserta a [[Pompeius|Pompeio]] piratis [[Cilicia|Cilicibus]] quos vicerat colenda data est&lt;ref&gt;[[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 28.7. [[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Mithridatica'' 96. [[Cassius Dio|Dio Cassius]] XXXVI.37.6.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Cato Achaia]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://logeion.uchicago.edu/index.html#Dyme De Dyme] in lexicis Lewis et Short et ''Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography''

[[Categoria:Urbes Graecae antiquae]]
[[Categoria:Loci olim habitati Graeciae]]
[[Categoria:Elis]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Terra Nova et Terra Laboratoria</title>
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      <minor />
      <comment>{{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}}</comment>
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      <text bytes="2136" sha1="ax7vsgpfo7d6zih962einvgg8gtvq32" xml:space="preserve">{{Videdis|Terra Nova (discretiva)}}
{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}

{{res|Terra Nova et Terra Laboratoria}}&lt;ref&gt;Vide [[Terra Nova]] et [[Terra Laboratoria]].&lt;/ref&gt; vel {{res|Terra Nova et Estotilandia}}{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1=De  Estotilandia v. [https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/20751/Estotilandia_et_Laboratoris_Terra/Wytfliet.html &quot;Estotilandia et Laboratoris terra&quot;], tabula {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Cornelis Wijtfliet||nl|qid=Q2997519}} anni 1597; [[Ioannes Georgius Theodorus Graesse|J. G. Th. Graesse]], ''[[Orbis Latinus]]'', [[Brunsvicum|Brunopoli]] 1972, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=41 vol. II, p. 39].|2=Q2997519}} ([[Lingua Anglica|Anglice]] ''Newfoundland and Labrador'', [[Francogallice]] ''Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador'') est [[provinciae Canadenses|provincia]] [[Canada|Canadensis]] in litore [[paeninsula Laboratoria]] ad litus [[mare Laboratorium|maris Laboratorii]] et in [[Terra Nova]] sita. Anno [[2001]] [[Terra Nova]] et [[Terra Laboratoria]] coniunctae sunt.

==Urbes==
*[[Urbs Sancti Ioannis Terrae Novae]] (caput)
*[[Urbs Estotilandiensis|Urbs Laboratoris]]
*[[Rivus Anguli]]
*[[Happy Valley-Goose Bay|Urbs Vallis Laetae et Sinus Anserini]]
*[[Gander]]
*[[Sanctus Antonius (Terra Nova)|Sanctus Antonius]] ''Saint Anthony''

==Flumina==
* [[Churchill (flumen Laboratoriae)|Churchill]]

==Sententia==
&quot;Quaerite primum regnum dei&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Evangelium secundum Matthaeum]], 6:33. Sed &quot;Quaerite prime ''(sic)''...&quot; [https://www.gov.nl.ca/exec/cabinet/protocol/emblems/ in situ gubernationis provinciae] et in aliis locis.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{fontes geographici}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080514221106/http://www.newfoundlandlabrador.com/ Situs periegeticus provinciae]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080514221106/http://www.newfoundlandlabrador.com/ Situs rectionis provincialis]

{{geo-stipula}}
{{Canada}}

[[Categoria:America Septentrionalis Britannica]]
[[Categoria:Canada Atlantica]]
[[Categoria:Terra Nova et Estotilandia|!]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>America Australis</title>
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      <text bytes="12628" sha1="id36jytn6g7jwrt8171zny1kyspde66" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:LocationSouthAmerica.png|thumb|Situs Americae Australis]]
[[Fasciculus:South america la.svg|thumb|Tabula Americae Australis.]]

{{res|America australis}},&lt;ref&gt;Thomas Garzonus, ''Piazza universale'' (Francofurti ad Moenum: 1619), [https://books.google.com/books?id=mA1fAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA273 p. 273].&lt;/ref&gt; seu {{res|plene=America meridiana|meridiana}}&lt;ref&gt;Christianus Xaverius Wabst, ''De hydrargyro tentamen physico-chemico-medicum'' (Vindobonae: 1754), [https://books.google.com/books?id=_LRUAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA18 p. 18].&lt;/ref&gt; seu {{res|plene=America meridionalis|meridionalis}},&lt;ref&gt;Philippus Ferrarius et Michael Baudrand, ''Lexicon geographicum'' (Patavii: 1675), [https://books.google.com/books?id=xH0bZ4hfUlsC&amp;pg=PA34&amp;q=america%20meridionalis vol. 2, p. 34].&lt;/ref&gt; est [[continens]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.bartleby.com/65/st/SthAmer.html South America]. ''[http://www.bartleby.com/65/ The Columbia Encyclopedia]'', ed. 6a. 2001–2006. Novi Eboraci: [[Columbia University Press]]&quot;: &quot;fourth largest continent . . . , the southern of the two continents of the Western Hemisphere.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://lanic.utexas.edu/subject/countries/ Situs civitatis LANIC.]&lt;/ref&gt; in [[Hemisphaerium Occidentale|Hemisphaerio Occidentali]] sita, plerumque in [[Hemisphaerium Australe|Hemisphaerio Australi]], parvā parte in [[Hemisphaerium Septentrionale|Hemisphaerio Septentrionali]] comprehensa. Continens etiam [[subcontinens]] [[America]]rum habetur.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bartleby.com/65/st/SthAmer.html South America,] ''[http://www.bartleby.com/65/ The Columbia Encyclopedia],'' ed. 6a (Novi Eboraci: Columbia University Press, 2001–2006): &quot;fourth largest continent . . . , the southern of the two continents of the Western Hemisphere.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://lanic.utexas.edu/subject/countries/ |title=LANIC country page |publisher=Lanic.utexas.edu |date= |accessdate=[[11 Maii]] [[2013]]}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Finitur ad [[occidens|occidentem]] versus ab [[Oceanus Pacificus|Oceano Pacifico]], ad [[septentrio]]nes [[oriens|orientemque]] ab [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Oceano Atlantico]], et ad septentriones occidentemque ab [[America Septentrionalis|America Septentrionali]] [[Mare Caribicum|Marique Caribico]]. [[Duodecim]] [[civitas sui iuris|civitates liberas]] ([[Aequatoria]]m, [[Argentina]]m, [[Bolivia]]m, [[Brasilia]]m, [[Columbia]]m, [[Guyana]]m, [[Paraguaia]]m, [[Peruvia]]m, [[Surinamia]]m, [[Chilia]]m, [[Uruguaia]]m, [[Venetiola]]m) et [[Guiana Francica|Guianam Francicam]], maritimam [[Francia]]e [[regio]]nem, comprehendit. Civitates Americae Australis quae Mare Caribicum finiunt (Columbia, Guiana Francica, Guyana, Surinamia, Venetiola) [[America Australis Caribica]] appellantur.

Americae Australi est [[area (geometria)|area]] 17 840 000 [[chiliometrum quadratum|chiliometrorum quadratorum]], paene 3.5 centesimae [[superficies|superficiei]] [[Tellus (planeta)|Telluris]]. Numerus [[homo|hominum]] anno [[2005]] fuit plus quam 371 090 000. America Australis per [[area (geometria)|aream]] geographicam est quarta (post [[Asia]]m, [[Africa]]m, et [[America Septentrionalis|Americam Septentrionalem]]) et per numerum hominum quinta (post Asiam, Africam, [[Europa]]m, et America, Septentrionalem).

[[Vocabulum]] ''America'' a [[Martinus Hylacomylus|Martino Hylacomylo]] (1470–1522) et [[Matthias Ringmann|Matthia Ringmann]] [[cartographia|chartographis]] anno [[1507]] excogitatum est, ex [[Americus Vespucius|Americo Vespucio]], primo [[homo|homine]] [[Europa]]eo qui subiecit terras novissme ab Europaeis inventis non fuisse [[India]]m, sed [[Novus Mundus|Novum Mundum]], ab Europaeis adhuc ignotum.

== Geographia ==
[[Fasciculus:South America - Blue Marble orthographic.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Americae Australis [[tabula geographica]] physicalis.]]
America Australis australem [[terrae emersae|terrarum emersarum]] [[America]]narum partem occupat. [[Continens]] ad septentriones et orientem ab [[Hiatus Darien|Hiatu Darien]]&lt;!--Darién Gap ~ watershed--&gt; secundum [[fines]] [[Colombia]]e et [[Panama]]e, aut ex nonnullis fontibus potius a [[Canalis Panamensis|Canali Panamensi]], ad summam definitur. Omnis quidem [[Panama]]—inter quam segmentum ad [[oriens|orientem]] Canalis Panamensis in [[isthmus|isthmo]]—in rebus {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Geopolitica|geopoliticis|en|qid=Q159385}} et [[geographia|geographicis]]&lt;ref&gt;Saul Bernard Cohen, [http://books.google.ca/books?id=QkMD8HKRlgoC&amp;pg=PA141&amp;lpg=PA141&amp;dq=geopolitical+north+america+panama&amp;source=web&amp;ots=UyJR5f_d7X&amp;sig=i9WFQeiLFUP8R0E8B_qJ8tPoeBw&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;resnum=1&amp;ct=result#PPA147,M1 &quot;North and Middle America&quot;] in ''Geopolitics of the World System'' (2003, ISBN 0-8476-9907-2), cap. 5.&lt;/ref&gt; solum in America Septentrionali,&lt;ref&gt;[http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm#americas &quot;Americas&quot;] ''Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications (M49)'', United Nations Statistics Division.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080303233306/http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/reference/international/north_america/referencemap_image_view &quot;North America&quot; ex ''Atlas of Canada,''] apud atlas.nrcan.gc.ca.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;North America Atlas&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20031024172731/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/atlas/index.html?Parent=nameri&amp;Rootmap=&amp;Mode=d&amp;SubMode=w ''North America Atlas,''] apud www.nationalgeographic.com.&lt;/ref&gt; atque inter [[Demographia Americae Mediae|civitates Americae Mediae]], refertur.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/440722/Panama &quot;Panama,&quot; ex ''Britannica Concise Encyclopedia,''] apud www.britannica.com.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20070612204948/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pm.html#Geo Geography: Panama] ''CIA World Factbook 2008''.&lt;/ref&gt; Paene omnis Americae Australis continens in {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Lamina Americana Australis|Lamina Americana Australi|en|qid=Q119490}} sedet. [[Triangulum|Triangularis]] massae terrestris forma brevissimum [[litus]], pro eius [[magnitudo|magnitudine]], ullius continentis efficit.

America Australis nonnullas [[insula]]s propinquas usitate comprehendere habetur. [[Aruba]], [[Insula Boni Aeris]], [[Insula Curacensis]], [[Trinitas (insula)|Trinitas]], [[Tabacum (insula)|Tabacum]], et [[provinciae foederales Venetiolae]], in septentrionali [[pluteus continentalis|plutei continentalis]] Americae Australis parte sedentes, saepe pars [[continens|continentis]] putantur.

== Praehistoria ==
[[Fasciculus:Ausangate-hillside-MT.jpg|thumb|left|[[Andes]] sunt longissimi [[Tellus|orbis terrarum]] [[cordillera|montes perpetui]] continentales.]]
[[Fasciculus:SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg|thumb|[[Praehistoria|Praehistorica]] [[Caverna Manuum]] ([[Hispanice]] ''Cueva de las Manos''), [[Argentina]]e sita.]]
[[Fasciculus:80 - Machu Picchu - Juin 2009 - edit.jpg|thumb|[[Machu Picchu]], praedium [[Inca]]rum, in [[mons|montibus]] [[Peruvia]]e situm.]]
America Australis cum [[Africa]] ab [[Aera Palaeozoica|Aevo Palaeozoico]] exeunte ad [[Aera Mesozoica|Aevum Mesozoicum]] iniens coniuncta est, donec [[supercontinens]] [[Pangaea]] abhinc annorum circa 225 [[decies centena milia|decies centenorum milium]] diffindi et dissolvi coepissit. Ergo, America Australis et Africa [[fossile|fossilia]] et strata [[saxum|saxorum]] similia habent.

America Australis putatur ab hominibus [[habitatio|habitari]] cum homines [[Beringia|Pontem Terrestrem Beringianum]] (nunc [[Fretum Beringianum]]) saltem abhinc annorum 15&amp;thinsp;000 ex terris quae nunc sunt [[Russia]] transirent. Qui ad [[meridies|meridiem]] per [[America Septentrionalis|Americam Septentrionalem]] migrabant, et deinde Americam Australem per [[Isthmus Panamensis|Isthmum Panamensem]] attigerunt. Nonnullis inventis [[archaeologia|archaeologicis]] hanc doctrinam non sustinentibus, eruditi alteram aboriginum prae-Siberianorum Americanorum [[theoria|dpctrinam]] proposuerunt.

Prima indicia [[homo sapiens|hominum sapientium]] in America Australi [[habitatio|habitantium]] ex circa 9000 a.C.n. supersunt, cum [[cucurbita]]e, [[capsicum|capsica]], et [[fabaceae]] [[cibus|cibo]] in altis [[Pelvis Amazonica]]e terris excoli coepissent. Indicia [[fictile|fictilis]] praeterea significant [[mandioca]]m, quae [[victus]] hodie manet, ab [[2000 a.C.n.]] excultam esse.&lt;ref name=&quot;OBrienP-Oxford_Atlas&quot;&gt;Patrick O'Brien, gen. ed, ''Oxford Atlas of World History'' (Novi Eboraci: Oxford University Press, 2005), p. 25.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Civitates ==
[[Civitas|Civitates]] Americae Australis sunt:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Civitas 
! Area (km²)
! Numerus civium&lt;ref&gt;Aestimatio [[1 Iulii]] [[2002]].&lt;/ref&gt;
! Densitas{{dubsig}} (km²)
|- 
| [[Aequatoria]] 
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 283 560 
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 13 447 494 
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 47.4 
|- 
| [[Argentina]] 
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2 766 890 
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 37 812 817 
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 13.7 
|- 
| [[Bolivia]] 
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1 098 580 
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8 445 134 
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7.7 
|- 
| [[Brasilia]] 
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8 543 404 
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 190 029 560 
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 20.6 
|- 
| [[Chilia]] 
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 756 950 
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 19.212.362
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 20.5 
|- 
| [[Columbia]] 
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1 138 910 
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 41 008 227 
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 36.0 
|- 
| [[Guyana]] 
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 214 970 
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 698 209 
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3.2 
|- 
| [[Guyana Francica]] ([[Francia|Fr]]) 
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 91 000 
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 182 333   
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2.0   
|- 
| [[Paraquaria]] 
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 406 750 
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 884 491 
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 14.5 
|- 
| [[Peruvia]] 
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1 285 220 
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 27 949 639 
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 21.7 
|- 
| [[Surinamia]] 
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 163 270 
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 436 494 
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2.7 
|- 
| [[Uraquaria]] 
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 176 220 
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 386 575  
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 19.2 
|- 
| [[Venetiola]] 
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 912 050 
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 24 287 670 
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 26.6 
|} 

{{NexInt}}
* [[America Latina]]
* [[America (terminologia)]]
* [[Capita Americae Australis]]
* [[Conus Australis]]
* [[Societas Civitatum Americanarum]]
* [[Unio Civitatum Americae Australis]]
* [[Vexilla Americae Australis]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
[[Fasciculus:Bariloche- Argentina2.jpg|thumb|Lacus prope Bariloche, in [[Argentina]].]]
* Adelaar, Wilhem. [[2004]]. ''The Language of the Andes.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-36275-7.
* Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y., et R. M. W. Dixon, eds. [[1999]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120111010714/http://assets.cambridge.org/97805215/70213/sample/9780521570213wsc00.pdf edición=1ª ''The Amazoninan Languages.''] Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-57021-2.
* Aubert, Hans-J., et Ulf-E. Müller. [[1981]]. ''Südamerika.'' Monaci: Bruckmann, 2. ISBN 3-7654-1732-7.
* Bernecker, Walther L., Horst Pietschmann, et Rüdiger Zoller. [[2000]]. ''Eine kleine Geschichte Brasiliens''. Edition Suhrkamp 2150. ISBN 3-518-12150-2.
* Civita, Victor. [[2007]]. ''Almanaque Abril: Geografia: Mundo: Continentes: América do Sul.'' Ed. 33a. Sancti Pauli: Abril.
* Fischer, Thomas. [[2006]]. &quot;Der Linksruck in Südamerika.&quot; ''Politorbis: Zeitschrift zur Außenpolitik'' 41 (2): 6–19.
* Kaufman, Terrence. [[1999]]. &quot;Language History in South America: What we know and how to know more.&quot; In ''Amazonian Linguistics,'' ed. David L. Payne. Austin Texiae: University of Texas Press.
* König, Hans-Joachim. [[2006]]. ''Kleine Geschichte Lateinamerikas.'' Bonnae: Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung. ISBN 3-89331-723-6.
* Tirico, José Domingos. [[1994]]. &quot;América do Sul.&quot; In ''Enciclopédia Barsa,'' 358–70. Sancti Pauli: Encyclopædia Britannica do Brasil Publicações.

== Nexus externi ==
{{Communia|Sudamérica - América do Sul|Americam Australem}}
{{Fontes geographici}}
* [http://www.geographicguide.com/south-america.htm America australis,] apud www.geographicguide.com
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130601063808/http://butler.cc.tut.fi/~fabre/BookInternetVersio/Alkusivu.html Alain Fabre, ''Diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pueblos indígenas sudamericanos'' (2005),] apud butler.cc.tut.fi
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120413140628/http://www.podermilitar.cl/ Situs] apud www.podermilitar.cl
* https://datosmacro.expansion.com/demografia/poblacion/chile

{{America}}
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[[Categoria:America Meridionalis|!]]
[[Categoria:Continentes]]</text>
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'''Thailandia'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Morgan}}. [[Ebbe Vilborg]]. ''Norstedts svensk-latinska ordbok''. Editio secunda anni 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Thai]] ประเทศไทย, ''Prathet Thai'' '[[regnum]] [[Thai]]orum'), olim '''Siamum'''&lt;ref&gt;Vide &quot;regni Siami caput&quot; s.v. [http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/hofmann/hof3/s0417a.html ''Odiaa''] in {{Hofmannus}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (สยาม&lt;ref&gt;{{dictionary.com|Siam|access-date=11 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Siam definition and meaning |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/siam |access-date=11 Ianuarii 2020 |website=Collins English Dictionary}}.&lt;/ref&gt;), et rite '''Regnum Thailandiae''', est [[civitas sui iuris]] in media [[Indosina|Indosinensi]] [[Asia austro-orientalis|Asiae austro-orientalis]] [[paeninsula]] sita, 513&amp;thinsp;120 [[chiliometrum quadratum|chiliometra quadrata]] comprehendens, cui anno [[2015]] erant 67&amp;thinsp;959&amp;thinsp;000 [[civis|civium]].&lt;ref name=&quot;macro&quot; /&gt; A [[Birmania]] [[Laotia]]que [[septentrio]]nalibus, a Laotia [[Cambosia]]que [[oriens|oriente]], a [[Sinus Siamensis|Sinu Siamensi]] [[Malaesia]]que [[meridies|meridie]], atque a [[Mare Andamanense|Mari Andamanensi]] Birmaniaque [[occidens|occidente]] finitur. Thailandia etiam [[fines]] maritimos cum [[Vietnamia]] meridie et oriente et cum [[Indonesia]] [[India]]que meridie et occidente habet. [[Rectio]] [[civilitas|civilis]] nonnullas [[interceptio regiminis|interceptiones]] [[dictatura]]sque [[res militaris|militares]] passa est. Ex anno [[2019]], Thailandia nomine est [[parliamentum|parliamentaria]] [[monarchia constitutionalis]]; loci autem opportunitatis in [[constitutio]]ne [[potestas (socialis et politicus)|potestatem]] militare confirmant.&lt;ref name=&quot;military rule&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Abuza |first1=Zachary |title=Thailand's Constitutional Dictatorship Weathers the Storm |url=https://thediplomat.com/2021/09/thailands-constitutional-dictatorship-weathers-the-storm/ |access-date=14 Martii 2022 |work=The Diplomat |date=27 Septembris [[2021]]}}.
*{{cite journal |last1=Glassman |first1=Jim |title=Lineages of the Authoritarian State in Thailand: Military Dictatorship, Lazy Capitalism and the Cold War Past as Post-Cold War Prologue |journal=Journal of Contemporary Asia |date=[[2020]] |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=571–92 |doi=10.1080/00472336.2019.1688378 |s2cid=211436855 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00472336.2019.1688378 |access-date=14 Martii 2022}}.
*{{cite news |last1=Bandow |first1=Doug |title=Thailand's Military Is Getting Ready for Another Crackdown |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/12/03/thailand-military-crackdown-protests-biden/ |access-date=14 Martii 2022 |work=Foreign Policy |date=3 Decembris [[2020]]}}.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Caput (urbs)|Caput]] et maxima [[urbs]] est [[Bancocum]].

[[Populi Taienses]] ex [[Sinae|Sinis]] meridianis et occidentalibus ad [[Asia Meridiorientalis|Asiam Meridiorientalem]] a [[saeculum 11|saeculo undecimo]] migrabant. [[Regnum|Regna]] [[India Maior|ab India impulsa]] sicut [[regna Mon]], [[Imperium Khmer|Khmer]], et [[monarchiae Malaesiae|civitates Malayanae]] [[regio]]nem regebant, cum [[civitas|civitatibus]] Thaiensibus sicut regnis [[Ngoenyang]], [[regna Sukhothai|Sukhothai]], [[Lan Na]], et [[Regnum Ayutthaya|Ayutthaya]] certantia, quae ipsae etiam inter se contendebant. Contactus [[Europa]]eus anno [[1511]] coepit, cum [[diplomatia|diplomatica]] [[Imperium|Imperii]] [[Imperium Portugallense|Portugallensis]] missio Ayutthayam attigit, regnum quod ante [[saeculum 15|saeculum quintum decimum]] [[potestas (socialis et politicus)|potestatem]] [[societas humana|socialem]] et [[civilitas|politicam]] adeptum erat. Ayutthaya summam potestatem assecuta est, cosmopolito [[Narai]] regnante, unde gradatim deficiebat usque ad [[bellum]] [[Bellum  (1765–1767)|Birmanio–Thailandicum]] annis [[1765]], [[1766]], et [[1767]], cum omnino everta est. Cito autem [[Taksin]], dux magnus, [[terra]]s Siamenses iterum coniungens, [[Regnum Thonburiense]] constituit, sed ipso capto supplicioque anno [[1782]] affecto, [[Rama I|Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke]] regnum excepit, primus [[monarcha]] [[domus Siacriensis]]&lt;!--Anglice Chakri--&gt; hodierni.

Inter magnas urbes praeter Bancocum numerantur [[Nonthaburi]], [[Pak Kret]], [[Nakhon Ratchasima]], [[Hat Yai]], [[Udon Thani]], [[Phitsanulok]].

In recentissima regiminis interceptione anno [[2014]], civitas a [[Concilium nationale pro pace et ordine|Concilio nationali pro pace et ordine]] subversa est.

== Historia ==
{{main|Historia Thailandiae}}

== Archaeologia ==
Loci [[archaeologia|archaeologici]] [[Spelunca Spirituum (Thailandia)|Spelunca Spirituum]], [[Khao Sam Kaeo]], [[Aiuthia]] intra fines Thailandiae iacent.

== Ecclesia Catholica ==
Dioeceses [[Ecclesia Catholica|Ecclesiae Catholicae]] constituuntur, [[Archidioecesis Bangkokensis|archidioecesi Bangkokensi]] (sede [[Bancocum|Bancoco]]) tributariae, quae sequuntur: [[Dioecesis Chanthaburiensis|Chanthaburiensis]] (sede [[Chonburi]]), [[Dioecesis Chiangmaiensis|Chiangmaiensis]] (sede [[Chiang Mai]]), [[Dioecesis Nakhonsauanensis|Nakhonsauanensis]] (sede [[Nakhon Sawan]]), [[Dioecesis Ratchaburensis|Ratchaburensis]] (sede [[Ratchaburi]]), [[Dioecesis Suratthanensis|Suratthanensis]] (sede [[Surat Thani]]). [[Archidioecesis Tharensis et Nonsengensis|Archidioecesi Tharensi et Nonsengensi]] (sede [[Sakon Nakhon]]) attribuuntur dioeceses [[Dioecesis Nakhonratchasimaensis|Nakhonratchasimaensis]] (sede [[Nakhon Ratchasima]]), [[Dioecesis Ubonratchathaniensis|Ubonratchathaniensis]] (sede [[Ubon Ratchathani]]), [[Dioecesis Udonthaniensis|Udonthaniensis]] (sede [[Udon Thani]]).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/country/dth2.html &quot;Thailand: current dioeceses&quot;] apud ''Catholic Hierarchy.''&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
[[Fasciculus:Thailand map CIA.png|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Tabula geographica]] Thailandiae.]]
* Baker, Chris, et Pasuk Phongpaichit. [[2005]]. ''A History of Thailand.'' Ed. secunda. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-75915-3.
* Chachavalpongpun, Pavin, ed. [[2020]]. ''Routledge Handbook Of Contemporary Thailand.''
* Cooper, Robert. [[2008]]. ''Culture Shock! Thailand: A Survival Guide to Customs and Etiquette.''
* Donner, Wolf. [[1996]].''Thailand: Land zwischen Tradition und Moderne.'' Monaci: C. H. Beck. ISBN 978-3406398629.
* Grabowsky, Volker. [[2011]]. ''Kleine Geschichte Thailands.'' Monaci: C. H. Beck. ISBN 978-3-406-60129-3.
* London, Ellen. [[2008]]. ''Thailand Condensed: 2000 Years of History &amp; Culture.''
* Lonely Planet. [[2020]]. ''Lonely Planet's Best of Thailand.''
* Mishra, Patit Paban. [[2010]]. ''The History of Thailand.'' Greenwood.
* Moore, Frank J. ed. [[1974]]. ''Thailand: Its People, Its Society, Its Culture.'' HRAF Press.
* Nartsupha, Chatthip, et Suthy Prasartset. [[1981]]. ''The Political Economy of Siam 1851-1910.'' Bangcoci: The Social Science Association of Thailand.
* Nartsupha, Chatthip, Suthy Prasartset, et Montri Chenvidyakarn. [[1981]]. ''The Political Economy of Siam 1910-1932.'' Bangcoci: Social Science Association of Thailand. 
* Stowe, Judith A.. [[1991]]. ''Siam Becomes Thailand: a story of intrigue.'' Londinii: Hurst. ISBN 1-85065-083-7 {{Google Books|YTgJ8aRwZkAC|Paginae selectae}}
* Terwiel, Barend Jan. [[2011]]. ''Thailand’s Political History: From the 13th Century to Recent Times.'' Bangcoci: River Books. ISBN 978-974-9863-96-1.
* Wyatt, David K.. [[2003]]. ''Thailand: A Short History.'' Ed. secunda. Portu Novo: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-08475-7.
* Zawacki, Benjamin. [[2021]]. ''Thailand: Shifting ground between the US and a rising China.'' Ed. secunda. Bloomsbury.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Bhumibol Adulyadej]], Rama [[rex]] IX
* [[Mare Andamanense]]
* [[Pumpuang Duangjan]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Thailand|Thailandiam}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

; Rectio
* [http://www.thaigov.go.th/ Thaigov.go.th,] rectio civitatis.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081210073951/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-t/thailand.html Caput civitatus et sodales consilii.]
* [http://www.mfa.go.th/ Mfa.go.th], ministerium rerum externarum.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220808073210/http://internet.nectec.or.th/webstats/internetmap.current.iir?Sec=internetmap_Data interretialia de Thailandia.]  National Electronics and Computer Technology Center.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150428064708/http://www.m-culture.go.th/english/ Ministerium culturae.]

; Data generalia&lt;!--
* {{curlie|Regional/Asia/Thailand}}* {{wikiatlas|Thailand}}--&gt;
* [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/thailand/ &quot;Thailand.&quot;] ''The World Factbook,'' Central Intelligence Agency.
* [http://countrystudies.us/thailand/ &quot;Thailand.&quot;] Library of Congress Country Studies, 1987.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090207001737/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/thailand.htm &quot;Thailand.&quot;] ''UCB Libraries GovPubs.''

* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-15581957 &quot;Thailand.&quot;] [[BBC News]].
* [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/589625/Thailand &quot;Thailand.&quot;] ''[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]].''

* [http://map.longdo.com/en &quot;Longdo Map.&quot;] [[Tabula geographica|Tabulae geographicae]] [[Anglice]] et [[Siamice]] scriptae.
* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=TH &quot;Key Development Forecasts for Thailand.&quot;] International Futures.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130116235916/http://popcensus.nso.go.th/file/popcensus-20-12-54.pdf 2010 Census Thailandiae ex Economic and Social Statistics Bureau.]

; Periegesis
* [http://www.tourismthailand.org/ Tourism Authority of Thailand.] Situs periegesis proprius.

; Aliae res
* [http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20140731093617/http://www.commonlanguageproject.net/?page_id%3D41#Thailand &quot;Thailand Country Fact Sheet.&quot;] Common Language Project.
* {{cite web |url=http://dlxs.library.cornell.edu/s/sea/browse_image/date/1900.php|title=Browse the Southeast Asia Visions Collection |author=Southeast Asia Visions |publisher=Cornell University Library }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101229000203/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/th.html Statisticae Thailandiae in ''CIA World Factbook'' ]{{ling|Anglice}}

{{Asia}}
{{Capsae collectae|Thailandia|politica|{{Reges Thailandiae}}{{Primi ministri Thailandiae}}{{Ministri rerum externarum Thailandenses}}}}

[[Categoria:Civitates sui iuris]]
[[Categoria:Monarchiae constitutionales]]
[[Categoria:Thailandia|!]]
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{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}

{{res|Carolus Marxius}},&lt;ref&gt;{{*Cfr}} {{Opus
	| cognomen 1 = Carolus
	| nomen 1 = Joannes
	| titulus = Joannes Carolus Nicolao suo salutem!
	| contextus = Epistulae Leoninae
	| volumen = 266
	| tempus = 2022-09-27
	| pagina = 106
	| domus editoria = Ephemeris
	| url = https://ephemerisnuntii.eu/leonina/EL%20266.pdf
	| retrospectio = 20240814135550
}}: “Vitae magistros optimos mihi selegi Lucretium, Erasmum, Spinozam, Vicum, Marxium, Heribertum Marcusium, Claudium Levis Strauss, Franciscum p.p.”&lt;/ref&gt; sive {{res|Carolus Marx}}&lt;ref&gt;In [http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/encyclicals/documents/hf_ben-xvi_enc_20071130_spe-salvi_lt.html “Spe salvi,”] encyclicis Benedicti Papae XVI litteris.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Karl Heinrich Marx,'' natus [[5 Maii]] [[1818]]; motuus [[14 Martii]] [[1883]]), fuit [[philosophus]], [[oeconomia|oeconomus]], [[sociologia|sociologus]], [[historia|historicus]], [[diurnarius]], ac [[socialismus|socialista]] [[Germania|Germanus]] [[res novae|rerum novarum]] cupidus, cuius [[dogma]]ta magnam [[vis|vim]] in [[oeconomica|scientia oeconomica]] et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Motus socialis|motibus socialibus|en|qid=Q49773}} habuerunt. Varios divulgavit [[liber|libros]], quorum notissimi sunt ''[[Praeconium Communisticum]]'' (1848) et ''[[Das Kapital|De Capitale]]'' (1867–1894); nonnulla praeterea opera cum [[Fridericus Engels|Friderico Engels]] scripsit. Eius [[dogma|doctrina]] [[placita marxiana]] nominatur.

Marxius [[Augusta Treverorum|Augustae Treverorum]] die [[5 Maii]] [[1818]] natus est. [[Pater]] fuit [[iuris consultus]] [[Ecclesia Lutherana|Lutheranus]], qui se a [[Iudaei|fide Iudaica]] converterat. Ab anno [[1835]] ad annum [[1841]], primum [[Universitas Bonnensis|Bonnae]] rebus “iuris et cameralium”&lt;ref&gt;[https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kameralwissenschaft?wprov=sfla1 In vicipaedia Theodisca].&lt;/ref&gt; tum [[historia|rebus gestis]] et [[Universitas Berolinensis|Berolinensi]] [[philosophia]]e studebat. Anno [[1842]] et posteriori anno, [[scriptor]] erat ''Diarii Rhenani'' (''Rheinische Zeitung''). Anno [[1843]], propter statum rei publicae e [[Germania]] emigravit, et [[Lutetia]]e consedit, quo loco [[liber|libros]] ad [[socialismus|socialismum]] pertinentes conscripsit. Postea [[Bruxellae|Bruxellis]] cum [[Fridericus Engels|Friderico Engels]] amico ''[[Praeconium Communisticum]]'' conscripsit. Rerum novarum studio in [[Germania]] impedito et suppresso, [[Londinium]] anno [[1849]] refugit, ubi habitabat ad finem vitae, et primum ex tribus librum operis ''De [[Capitale|Capitale]]'' constituit. Obiit [[Londinium|Londinii]] die [[14 Martii]] [[1883]].

== Scripta Latina Caroli Marxii ==
“An principatus Augusti merito inter feliciores reipublicae Romanae aetates numeretur?” Hoc Caroli Marxii scriptum [[schola]]e [[professor]] ita subscripsit: “Praeter ea, quae suis locis adnotavimus, et plura menda inprimis versus finem, et argumenti tractatione probataque in ea cognitione [[historia]]e, et [[Latinitas|Latinitatis]] studio in universum non contemnenda scriptura. Verum quam turpis litera!!!”

== Selecta Caroli Marxii opera ==
* ''Differenz der [[Democritus|demokritischen]] und [[Epicurus|epikurischen]] Naturphilosophie'' (1841)
* ''Das philosophische Manifest der historischen Rechtschule'' (1842)
* ''[[Zur Kritik der Hegelschen Rechtsphilosophie]]'', 1843
* ''[[Zur Judenfrage]]'', 1844
* ''[[Notes on James Mill]]'', 1844
* ''[[Ökonomisch-philosophische Manuskripte aus dem Jahre 1844]],'' 1844
* ''[[Die Heilige Familie]]'', 1845
* ''[[Thesen über Feuerbach]]'', 1845
* ''[[Die deutsche Ideologie]]'', 1845–1846
* ''[[Misère de la philosophie]]'', 1847
* ''[[Wage Labour and Capital]]'', 1847
* ''[[Praeconium Communisticum]]'', 1848
* ''[[Der achtzehnte Brumaire des Louis Bonaparte]]'', 1852
* ''[[Grundrisse der Kritik der politischen Ökonomie]]'', 1857
* ''[[Zur Kritik der politischen Ökonomie]] '', 1859
* ''[[Writings on the U.S. Civil War]]'', 1861
* ''Theorien über den Mehrwert'', 3 volumina, 1862 [[Fasciculus:Marx - Theorien über den Mehrwert, 1956 - 5708926.tif|thumb|''Theorien über den Mehrwert'', 1956]]
* ''[[Value, Price and Profit]]'', 1865
* [[Das Kapital, Volumen I]] (Series ''[[Das Kapital]]''), 1867
* ''[[The Civil War in France]]'', 1871
* ''[[Kritik des Gothaer Programms]]'', 1875
* ''Randglossen zu Adolph Wagners “Lehrbuch der politischen Ökonomie”'', 1883
* [[Das Kapital, Volumen II]] (ab Engels divulgatus), [[1885]]
* [[Das Kapital, Volumen III]] (ab Engels divulgatus), [[1894]]

{{NexInt}}
* [[Bibliotheca Memorialis Marxiana]]
* [[Karl-Marx-Haus|Domus Caroli Marxii]]
* [[Institutum Internationale Historiae Socialis]]
* [[Marxiana Classium Theoria]]
* [[Praeconium Communisticum]]
* [[Ratio Marxiana]]&lt;!--Marx’s method--&gt;
* [[Socialistae ante Marxium]]&lt;!-- + ex en:
*[[Marx's notebooks on the history of technology]]
*[[Mathematical manuscripts of Karl Marx]]--&gt;
* [[2807 Karl Marx]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

=== Bibliographia ===
;Liber bibliographica
* Bibliographia brevis Latine scripta invenitur apud [[Theodorus Meyer|Theodorum Meyer]]: ''Ius naturae speciale,'' pars 2. [[Friburgum Brisgoviae|Friburgi Brisgoviae]]: Herder; [[Vindobona]]e [[Argentoratum|Argentorati]], [[Monachium|Monachii]], [[Urbs Sancti Ludovici|S. Ludovi Americae]]. [[1900]], p. 144ff.

;Libri academici et populares
* {{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris = Calhoun
	| nomen auctoris = Craig J.
	| titulus = Classical Sociological Theory
	| annus = 2002
	| locus = Oxford
	| domus editoria = Wiley-Blackwell
	| isbn = 9780631213475
}}
*Callinicos, Alex. [1983] [[2010]]. ''The Revolutionary Ideas of Karl Marx.'' Bloomsburgi Londinii: Bookmarks. ISBN 9781905192687.
* {{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris = Hobsbawm
	| nomen auctoris = Ericus
	| commentatio de auctore = Ericus Hobsbawm
	| titulus = How to Change the World: Tales of Marx and Marxism
	| annus = 2011
	| locus = Londinii
	| domus editoria = Little, Brown
	| isbn = 9781408702871
}}
{{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris = Lenin
	| nomen auctoris = Vladimirus
	| commentatio de auctore = Vladimirus Lenin
	| titulus = Karl Marx: A Brief Biographical Sketch with an Exposition of Marxism
	| annus = 1967
	| annus primae editionis = 1913
	| locus = Pecini
	| domus editoria = Foreign Languages Press
	| url = http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1914/granat/index.htm
}}
* {{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris = Singer
	| nomen auctoris = Peter
	| titulus = Marx
	| annus = 1980
	| locus = Oxoniae
	| domus editoria = Oxford University Press
	| isbn = 9780192875105
}}
* {{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris = Stokes
	| nomen auctoris = Philip
	| titulus = Philosophy: 100 Essential Thinkers
	| annus = 2004
	| locus = Kettering
	| domus editoria = Index Books
	| ref = Sto04
	| nopp = 
	| isbn = 9780572029357
}}
* {{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris = Vygodsky
	| nomen auctoris = Vitaly
	| titulus = The Story of a Great Discovery: How Karl Marx wrote “Capital”
	| annus = 1973
	| domus editoria = Verlag Die Wirtschaft
	| url = http://www.marxists.org/archive/vygodsky/1965/discovery.htm
	| ref = Vyg73
	| nopp = 
	| isbn = 
}}
* {{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris = Wheen
	| nomen auctoris = Francia
	| titulus = Karl Marx
	| annus = 2001
	| locus = Londinii
	| domus editoria = Fourth Estate
	| isbn = 9781857026375
}}

;Bibliographia addita
* [[Ludovicus Althusser|Althusser, Louis]]. [[2005]]. ''For Marx''. Londinii: Verso.
* Althusser, Louis, et [[Stephanus Balibar|Étienne Balibar]]. [[2009]]. ''Reading Capital''. Londinii: Verso.
* Avineri, Shlomo. [[1968]]. ''The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-09619-7.
* Axelos, Kostas. [[1976]]. ''Alienation, Praxis, and Techne in the Thought of Karl Marx.'' Liver conversus a Ronald Bruzina. University of Texas Press.
* [[Vincentius Barnett|Barnett, Vincent]]. [[2009]]. ''Marx.'' Routledge.
* Blackledge, Paul. [[2006]]. ''Reflections on the Marxist Theory of History.'' Manchester University Press.
* Bottomore, Tom, ed. [[1998]]. ''A Dictionary of Marxist Thought.'' Oxoniae: Blackwell.
* [[Isaiah Berlin|Berlin, Isaiah]]. [[1963]]. ''Karl Marx: His Life and Environment.'' Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-520052-7.
* [[Geraldus Cohen|Cohen, G. A.]]. [[1978]]. ''Karl Marx's Theory of History: A Defence.'' Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-07068-7.
* Collier, Andrew. [[2004]]. ''Marx.'' Oneworld.
* [[Iacobus Derrida|Derrida, Jacques]]. [[1993]]. ''Specters of Marx.'' 
* [[Hal Draper|Draper, Hal]]. ''Karl Marx's Theory of Revolution.'' 4 voll, Monthly Review Press.
* Duncan, Ronald, et [[Colin Wilson]], eds. [[1987]]. ''Marx Refuted.'' Aquis Sulis Angliae. ISBN 0-906798-71-X.
* [[Beniaminus Fine|Fine, Ben]]. [[2010]]. ''Marx's Capital.'' Ed. 5a. Londinii: Pluto.
* [[Ioannes Bellamy Foster|Foster, John Bellamy]]. [[2000]]. ''Marx's Ecology: Materialism and Nature.'' Novi Eboraci: Monthly Review Press.
* [[Stephanus Jay Gould|Gould, Stephen Jay]]. [[1999]]. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20130726155808/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1134/is_7_108/ai_55698600/pg_1 A Darwinian Gentleman at Marx's Funeral – E. Ray Lankester]'', p. 1, [https://web.archive.org/web/20201112034636/https://findarticles.com/ Find Articles.com].
* [[David Harvey (geographus)|Harvey, David]]. [[2010]]. ''A Companion to Marx's Capital.'' Londinii: Verso.
* Harvey, David. [[2006]]. ''The Limits of Capital.'' Londinii: Verso.
* Iggers, Georg G. [[1997]], [[2005]]. ''Historiography: From Scientific Objectivity to the Postmodern Challenge.'' Middletown: Wesleyan University Press.
* [[Carolus Kautsky|Kautsky, Karl]]. ''Karl Marxs' ökomonische Lehre''. 1888.
* [[Leszek Kołakowski|Kołakowski, Leszek]]. [[1978]]. ''Main Currents of Marxism.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press.
* Little, Daniel. [[1986]]. ''The Scientific Marx.'' University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0-8166-1505-5.
* [[Rosa Luxemburg|Luxemburg, Rosa]]. [[1913]]. ''The Accumulation of Capital.''
* [[Ernestus Mandel|Mandel, Ernest]]. [[1970]]. ''Marxist Economic Theory.'' Novi Eboraci: Monthly Review Press.
* Mandel, Ernest. [[1977]]. ''The Formation of the Economic Thought of Karl Marx.'' Novi Eboraci: Monthly Review Press.
* [[David McLellan|McLellan, David]]. [[1973]]. ''Karl Marx: his Life and Thought.'' Novi Eboraci: Harper &amp; Row. ISBN 978-0-06-012829-6.
* [[David McLellan|McLellan, David]]. [[1980]]. ''Marx before Marxism.'' Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-27882-6.
* [[Franciscus Mehring|Mehring, Franz]]. [[2003]]. ''Karl Marx: The Story of His Life.'' Routledge.
* Miller, Richard W. [[1984]]. ''Analyzing Marx: Morality, Power, and History.'' Princetoniae: Princeton University Press.
* [[Boris Nicolaevsky|Nicolaevsky, Boris]]. [[1976]]. ''Karl Marx: Man and Fighter.'' Liber conversus ab [[Otto Maenchen-Helfen]]. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-021594-8.
* [[Postone, Moishe]]. [[1993]]. ''Time, Labour, and Social Domination: A Reinterpretation of Marx's Critical Theory.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press.
* [[Murray Rothbard|Rothbard, Murray]]. [[1995]]. ''An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought.'' Volumen 2: ''Classical Economics.'' Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd. ISBN 0-945466-48-X.
* [[Maximilianus Rubel|Rubel, Maximilien]]. [[1975]]. ''Marx Without Myth: A Chronological Study of his Life and Work.'' Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-15780-8.
* [[Alfredus Saad-Filho|Saad-Filho, Alfredo]]. [[2002]]. ''The Value of Marx: Political Economy for Contemporary Capitalism.'' Londinii: Routledge.
* [[Alfredus Schmidt|Schmidt, Alfred]]. [[1971]]. ''The Concept of Nature in Marx.'' Londinii: NLB.
* Seigel, Jerrold. [[1978]]. ''Marx's Fate: The Shape of a Life.'' Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-271-00935-7.
* [[Thomas T. Sekine|Sekine, Thomas T.]] [[1986]]. ''The Dialectic of Capital: A Study of the Inner Logic of Capitalism.'' 2 voll. Tokyo. ISBN 978-4-924750-44-9 (vol. 1), ISBN 4-924750-34-4 (vol. 2).
* [[Iosephus Schumpeter|Schumpeter, Joseph]]. [[1942]]. ''Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy'' 
* Strathern, Paul. [[2001]]. ''Marx in 90 Minutes.'' Ivan R. Dee.
* Thomas, Paul. [[1980]]. ''Karl Marx and the Anarchists.'' Londinii: Routledge &amp; Kegan Paul.
* Walker, Frank Thomas. [[2009]]. ''Karl Marx: a Bibliographic and Political Biography.'' bj.publications.
* Wendling, Amy. [[2009]]. ''Karl Marx on Technology and Alienation.'' LLondinii: Palgrave Macmillan.
* Wheen, Francis. [[1999]]. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20130410103159/http://pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk/isj85/morgan.htm Karl Marx: A Life].'' Fourth Estate. ISBN 1-85702-637-3.
* Wheen, Francis. [[2006]]. ''Marx's Das Kapital.'' Atlantic Books. ISBN 1-84354-400-8.

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Karl Marx|Carolum Marxium}}
* [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost19/Marx/mar_lat1.html “An principatus Augusti merito inter feliciores reipublicae Romanae aetates numeretur?” (Bibliotheca Augustana)]
* [[Bibliotheca Augustana]] [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost19/Marx/mar_lat2.html “De Hemsterhusii moribus”]

{{Lifetime|1818|1883|Marxius, Carolus}}
[[Categoria:Atheistae Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Latini recentiores]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Theodisci]]
[[Categoria:Diurnarii Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Eruditi Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Eruditi Britanniae]]
[[Categoria:Historici Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Angliae]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes]]
[[Categoria:Carolus Marx|!]]
[[Categoria:Oeconomi Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Philosophi Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Philosophi sociales]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Marxiani]]
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    <title>Celeritas lucis</title>
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{{Capsa tabellaria
	|; Celeritas lucis
	| Dimensiones: {{Dimensiones|1|0|−1}}
	| Magnitudo: {{val|299792458|u=[[metrum|m]]&amp;thinsp;[[secundum|s]]&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;}}
}}
[[Fasciculus:Speed of light from Earth to Moon.gif|thumb|Linea flava ab uno circulo ad alterum in 1.26 [[secundum|secundis]] it, sicut [[lux]] a [[Tellus (planeta)|Tellure]] ad [[Luna (satelles)|Lunam]].]]

'''Celeritas lucis''' sive '''velocitas lucis''' est [[velocitas]] qua [[lux]] in [[vacuum|vacuo]] progreditur, et a physicis [[littera]] ''c'' abbreviatur, propter litteram primam verbi ''celeritas''. Manifestum est celeritatem lucis habere magnitudinem 
:&lt;math&gt; c = 299 792 458 \;\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}&lt;/math&gt;;
quod est definitio neque ab experimentis mensuratam, quoniam [[metrum]] ex celeritate lucis anno [[1983]] definitum est.

== Historia ==
Notum est [[Galilaeus Galilaei|Galilaeum]] celeritatem lucis metiri velle, sed Galilaeus celeritatem illam esse ''permagnam'' affirmavit propterea, quod intervallum temporis, quo lux inter locos duos distantes iter facit, non metiri potuit, quoniam perexiguum erat.

Anno [[1676]] astronomus [[Olavus Rømer]] per caelestes observationes prosperas celeritatem lucis mensus est.

== Celeritas lucis ex aequationibus Maxwellianis ==
Cum [[aequationes Maxwellianae]] excogitatae fuissent, [[physicus|physici]] cito viderunt '''undae aequationem''' ex iis aequationibus sequi, exempli gratia:
:&lt;math&gt; \nabla^2\mathbf{E} -\frac{1}{c^2}\frac{\partial^2 \mathbf{E}}{\partial t^2} = 0 &lt;/math&gt;,
unde constans ''c'' exprimiri poterat ut
:&lt;math&gt;c= \frac {1} {\sqrt{\varepsilon_0\mu_0}}&lt;/math&gt;
atque magnitudo huius constantis erat aequalis celeritati lucis, quae iam in illo tempore mensa erat.
Attamen haec aequatio quaestionem generalem suscitavit: 
:''Huius undae propagationis velocitas quali ex referentiali mensa erat?''
Responsum a multis acceptum erat quod haec velocitas secundum universalem quientem referentialem ''aetherem'' vocatum mensa erat. Tunc experimentum ad aetherem detectandum factum est, sed evidentiam nullam obtinuit.

== Theoriae Relativitatis Specialis origo ==
Anno [[1905]] [[Albertus Einstein]] certum responsum omnibus ostendit, et principia [[relativitas specialis|relativitatis specialis]] accepta sunt, quae dicunt:
* Aether non est, et celeritas lucis in omnibus systematibus referentiae aequalis est. 

{{NexInt}}
* [[Aequationes Maxwellianae]]
* [[Annus luce mensus]]
* [[Celeritas soni]]
* [[Fluctus Gravitatis]]
* [[Metrum]]
* [[Energia cinetica]]
* [[Radiatio Čerenkoviana]]
* [[Tachion]]

== Bibliographia ==
* Rømer, O. [[1676]]. &quot;Démonstration touchant le mouvement de la lumière.&quot; [[''Journal des sçavans'']] &quot;223–236. https://web.archive.org/web/20070729214326/http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/webdocs/Chem-History/Roemer-1677/Roemer-1677.html. Conversus ut &quot;A Demonstration Concerning the Motion of Light.&quot; ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society'' [[1677]], (136): 893–894.  https://web.archive.org/web/20070729214326/http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/webdocs/Chem-History/Roemer-1677/Roemer-1677.html.
* Halley, E. [[1694]]. &quot;Monsieur Cassini, his New and Exact Tables for the Eclipses of the First Satellite of Jupiter, reduced to the Julian Stile and Meridian of London.&quot; ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society'' 18 (214): 237–56. doi:10.1098/rstl.1694.0048.
* Fizeau, H. L. [[1849]]. &quot;Sur une expérience relative à la vitesse de propagation de la lumière.&quot; &lt;!--???--&gt;29. 90–92, 132.  
* Foucault, J. L. [[1862]]. &quot;Détermination expérimentale de la vitesse de la lumière: parallaxe du Soleil.&quot; &lt;!--???--&gt; 55. 501–503, 792–796.
* Michelson, A. A. [[1878]]. &quot;Experimental Determination of the Velocity of Light&quot;. &lt;!--???--&gt; 27. 71–77. http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/11753.
* Newcomb, S. [[1886]]. &quot;The Velocity of Light.&quot; ''Nature'' 29–32.
* Perrotin, J. [[1900]]. &quot;Sur la vitesse de la lumière.&quot; ''Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences'' 131:731–734.
* Michelson, A. A., F. G. Pease, et F. Pearson. [[1935]]. &quot;Measurement of the Velocity of Light in a Partial Vacuum.&quot; ''Astrophysical Journal'' 82:26–61. doi:10.1086/143655.

[[Categoria:Lux]]
[[Categoria:Notiones in physica]]
&lt;!--melius: R. specialis--&gt;
[[Categoria:Velocitas]]&lt;!--melius: Unitates velocitatis--&gt;

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    <title>Eques Romanus</title>
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      <text bytes="11960" sha1="0258r46bx77jvv6v3rt7gkx7mr6b74r" xml:space="preserve">{{videdis|Eques (discretiva)}}
[[Fasciculus:Roman Museum 007.jpg|thumb|Simulacrum equitis.]]
'''Eques'''  apud [[Roma antiqua|Romanos]] appellabatur homo '''ordinis equestris''', qui media dignitate utebatur inter ordinem [[senatus Romanus|senatorum]] et [[plebs|plebem]]. An quis ad ordinem equestrem pertineret, et a [[pater|patre]] et a censu pendebat. [[Vocabulum]] ''equitis'' sane ab ''[[equus|equo]]'' originem trahit, cum equites aut equo publico donari aut censum talem habere deberent, ut equum possidere eoque vecti militare possent. In principio tantummodo [[Patricius|patricii]] in equitatu militabant, aliquanto tamen post [[rex|reges]] exactos etiam [[Plebs|plebei]] inter equites asciti sunt.

== Historia ==
=== In republica libera ===
Initio, a [[Servius Tullius|Servio Tullio]] si historiographiae Romanae credimus&lt;ref&gt;[[Titus Livius]] I.42.&lt;/ref&gt;, in [[Comitia centuriata|comitiis centuriatis]]  equites, qui plurimi inter cives censebantur, primas centurias 18 formabant et ob id ipsum bellum in equitatu gerebant. Equus publicus ut anulus aureus semper insigne equitum&lt;ref&gt;[[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 22.5.&lt;/ref&gt; fuit etiam tempore posteriore cum  nullam militarem significationem retinebat. Ita a quarto saeculo a.C.n. exeunte atque adhuc sub [[Imperator Romanus|imperatoribus]] die [[15 Iulii|15 iulii]] ([[Idus|Idibus]] [[Quinctilis|Quinctiliis]]) quotannis [[Transvectio equitum|equitum iuniorum transvectio]] per urbem fiebat, in sex turmas divisa quibus [[Sevir equitum Romanorum|seviri]] praeerant&lt;ref&gt;{{CIL|11|3718}}. {{CIL|11|3367}}. Carolus Fridericus Menser, 	''[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101071958043&amp;seq=1 Dissertatio de annua equitum Romanorum transvectione et de eorundem recognitione seu censura]'', Lipsiae, 1734&lt;/ref&gt;. Senatores antequam magistratus peterent atque in album senatus a [[censor|censoribus]] inscriberentur equites erant. Magistratus gesti senatores a ceteris equitibus distinguebant.

Secundo saeculo a.C.n. apparet praefiguratio ordinis equestris senatorio oppositi tum cum societates [[Publicani|publicanorum]] provinciarum [[Vectigal|vectigalia]] conducebant et ''lex Sempronia iudiciaria'' a [[Gaius Sempronius Gracchus|Gaio Graccho]] [[121 a.C.n.]] lata iudicia repetundarum senatoribus ademit atque equitibus tradidit&lt;ref&gt;Robert J. Rowland, Jr., &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/283738 C. Gracchus and the Equites]&quot;, ''Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association'', 1965: 361-73.&lt;/ref&gt;. Nam in provinciis diripiendis utilitates equitum et senatorum in diversum abibant. Certamen igitur de iudiciis inter eos fuit usque ad [[Lex Aurelia iudiciaria|legem Aureliam iudiciariam]] quae iudicis munus inter senatores et equites aequaliter divisit. Et anno incerto ante [[Sylla|Syllam]] [[Dictatura|dictatorem]] equus publicus senatoribus ademptus est qui non iam inter equites numerabantur. Consilium politicum Ciceronis semper fuit concordia duorum maiorum ordinum&lt;ref&gt;D. H. Berry, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3556492 Eqvester ordo tvvs est: Did Cicero Win His Cases Because of His Support for the Eqvites?]&quot;, ''The Classical Quarterly,'' 2003: 222-234 &lt;/ref&gt; contra [[optimates]] qui [[Privilegium|privilegia]] senatus tuebantur.

In summa senatores res publicas gerebant et nisi imperium provinciale acceperant non procul Roma manere debebant; econtra equites  in quinque iudicum decurias&lt;ref&gt; {{CIL|6|3539}}: ...  ''equo publico ex quinque decuriis'' ...&lt;/ref&gt; inscribebantur et iudicandi officio operam dare nonnumquam debebant; alioqui rebus privatis consulebant et saepe in provinciis negotiabantur ubi libenter considebant. Tempore quo agri divites faciebant equites fundos imprimis possidebant et ex eorum reditibus vivebant. Optimum exemplar equitis Romani fuit Ciceronis amicus [[Titus Pomponius Atticus]] qui a rebus publicis et [[bellum civile|bellis civilibus]] diligenter abstinebat et vitam otiosam et litteris deditam egit [[Athenae|Athenis]] et [[Buthrotum|Buthroti]].

=== Sub imperatoribus ===
Augustus duos primos ordines reipublicae, senatorium et equestrem, rursus ordinavit. Censum decies [[Sestertius|sestertium]] senatoribus,  quadringentorum milium sestertium equitibus adsignavit. Ipse imperator equites albo equestri inscribit post annuam recognitionem in qua mores et census candidatorum inspiciuntur ([[Senatusconsultum|senatusconsultum]] anni [[23]]). Simul certas [[praefectura|praefecturas]] a se creatas ([[Praefectus Aegypti|Aegypti]], [[Praefectus annonae|annonae]], [[Praefectus vigilum|vigilum]], [[praefectus praetorio|praetorii]]) equitibus reservavit. Alios equites in rebus [[Fiscum|fiscalibus]] et pecuniariis, item in bonorum suorum administratione adhibuit cum [[Procurator|procuratoris]] titulo&lt;ref&gt;[[Cassius Dio|Dio Cassius]], ''[[Historia Romana (Dio)|Historia Romana]]'' LII.19 et 25; LIII.15.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Claudius procurationes multiplicavit et equites palatii [[Tabularium|tabulariis]] praeposuit. Simul verum [[Cursus honorum|cursum honorum]] equestrem ordinavit a senatorio dissimilem: tribus militiis inchoabat, plerumque praefectura [[Cohors (pars legionis)|cohortis]], praefectura [[Ala (exercitus)|alae]] et [[Tribunus militum|tribunatu]] angusticlavio [[Legio Romana|legionis]] (tribunus laticlavius erat senator)&lt;ref&gt;[[Suetonius]], ''Divus Claudius'' 25: ''Equestris militias ita ordinavit, ut post cohortem alam, post alam tribunatum legionis daret''.&lt;/ref&gt;. Deinde procurationes et praefecturas equestres usque ad praefectum praetorio gerebant in quibus [[hierarchia]] per [[salarium]] indicabatur: ita procurationes sexagenariae, centenariae&lt;ref&gt; {{CIL|8|11174}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ducenariae&lt;ref&gt;[[Suetonius]], ''Divus Claudius'' 24.&lt;/ref&gt; (60 000[[HS]], 100 000HS, 200 000HS annua) fuerunt&lt;ref&gt;[[Cassius Dio|Dio Cassius]], ''[[Historia Romana (Dio)|Historia Romana]]'' LII.25; LIII.15.&lt;/ref&gt;. Eorum numerus usque ad tertium saeculum inflabatur sed minima pars totius ordinis equestris rebus publicis operam dabat. Paulatim dignitates equestris et senatoria [[Hereditas|hereditariae]] factae sunt. Nihil tamen obstabat quominus princeps aut [[centurio|centurionem]] bene meritum in equestrem ordinem aut equitem bene meritum ad [[magistratus]] senatorii honorum cursus promoveret.

A tertio saeculo medio legiones et exercitus ducendi equitibus dantur qui antea senatoribus dabantur. In provinciis legionibus praeditis praesides ordinis equestris inveniuntur ubi antea legati Augusti pro praetore e senatorio ordine fuerant&lt;ref&gt;{{AE|1915|00051}}:  διασημοτάτου = perfectissimi.&lt;/ref&gt;. Simul primores ordinis titulo &quot;viri perfectissimi&quot; honorantur.

At anno [[326]] imperatore [[Constantinus I|Constantino Magno]] ordines senatorius et equester in unum coaluerunt et nomen equitis Romani abolevit.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*P. A. Brunt, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/300072 Princeps and Equites]&quot;, ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1983: 42-75 
*Mireille Cébeillac-Gervasoni,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/ccgg_1016-9008_2011_num_22_1_1752 L’ordre équestre et la méthode prosopographique]&quot;, ''Cahiers du Centre Gustave Glotz'', 2011: 69-83
*Benjamin Cohen, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/bude_0004-5527_1975_num_1_2_3319 La notion d' &quot;ordo&quot; dans la Rome antique]&quot;, ''Bulletin de l'Association Guillaume Budé'', 1975: 259-282
*Caillan Davenport, ''A History of the Roman Equestrian Order'', Cambridge University Press, 2019 [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2019/2019.10.16 Recensio critica] [https://books.google.fr/books?id=JsyCDwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*Ségolène Demougin,	''[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1992_ths_153_1 Prosopographie des chevaliers romains julio-claudiens (43 av. J.-C. - 70 ap. J.-C.)]'', [[Schola Francica Romae|Schola Gallica Romae]], 1992
**''[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1988_ths_108_1 L'ordre équestre sous les Julio-claudiens]'', [[Schola Francica Romae|Schola Gallica Romae]], 1988
*Claudius Nicolet, ''L'ordre équestre à l'époque républicaine (312-43 a. C). T. 1. Définitions juridiques et structures sociales'', de Boccard, 1966 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_1967_num_45_2_2685_t1_0504_0000_2 Recensio critica]
**T. 2. ''Prosopographie des chevaliers Romains'', de Boccard, 1974
*''[https://www.persee.fr/issue/efr_0223-5099_1999_act_257_1 L’ordre équestre. Histoire d’une aristocratie (IIe siècle av. J.-C. - IIIe siècle ap. J.-C.)] Actes du colloque international de Bruxelles-Leuven, 5-7 octobre 1995.   [[Schola Francica Romae|Schola Gallica Romae]], 1999. [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2001_num_79_1_6061_t1_0295_0000_3 Recensio critica]
*Hans-Georg Pflaum, ''[https://fr.scribd.com/document/806526844/Hans-Georg-Pflaum-Les-carrieres-procuratoriennes-equestres-sous-le-Haut-Empire-romain-P-Geuthner-1960 Les carrières procuratoriennes équestres sous le Haut-Empire romain]'', P. Geuthner, 1960

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Equites equites Romanos] pertinent

{{Roma antiqua}}&lt;!--
{{Hist-stipula}}
{{roma-stipula}}--&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
*Birley, Anthony. [[2002]]. ''Band of Brothers: Garrison Life at Vindolanda.''
{{Vicificanda}}
* Burton, G. (1987): Government and the Provinces. In J. Wacher ed. ''The Roman World'' Vol I
*{{cite book|author=Bury,J.B.|title=The History of the Roman Empire from its Foundation to the death of Marcus Aurelius (27 BC-180 AD)|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1898}} (Bury(1898)):
* Cornell, T. J. (1995): ''The Beginnings of Rome''
* Eck, Werner (2000): Emperor, Senate &amp; Magistrates. In ''Cambridge Ancient History'' 2nd Ed. Vol XI
* Goldsworthy, Adrian (2000): ''Roman Warfare''
* Goldsworthy, Adrian (2003): ''The Complete Roman Army''
* Heather, Peter (2005): ''Fall of the Roman Empire''
* Jones, A.H.M. (1964): ''Later Roman Empire''
* {{cite book |last=Keppie |first=Lawrence |title=&quot;The Army and the Navy&quot; in Cambridge Ancient History 2nd Ed Vol X (The Augustan Empire 30BC - 69 AD) |year=1996}}
* Ritner, R.K. (1998): Egypt Under Roman Rule: the Legacy of Ancient Egypt. In ''Cambridge History of Egypt, Vol I''. Ed. C.F. Petry. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
* Scheidel, Walter (2006): ''Population &amp; Demography'' (Princeton-Stanford Working Papers in Classics)
* Sidnell, Philip (2006): ''Warhorse''
* Smith W. (1890): ''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities''
* Talbert, Richard (1996): The Senate and Senatorial and Equestrian Posts. In ''Cambridge Ancient History, Vol X'' 2nd Edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
* {{cite book |last=Tomlin |first=R. S. O. |title=The Army of the Late Empire. In ''The Roman World'' (ed J. Wacher) |year=1988}}
* {{cite web|first=J.B. |last=Greenough |first2=G.L. |origyear=1902 |date=17 June 2005 |last2=Kittredge |url=http://www.uah.edu/society/texts/misc/romancon.html |title=The Roman Constitution|publisher=[http://www.uah.edu/society/about.html The Society for Ancient Languages] |accessdate=22 August 2012}} (&quot;This essay is reproduced in its entirety from 'Introduction: VI. The Roman Constitution', Select Orations and Letters of Cicero. ed. J.B. Greenough &amp; G.L. Kittredge. Boston: Ginn and Company, 1902.&quot;
* {{cite journal |last = Hill |first = H. |title = Equites and Celeres |url = https://archive.org/details/sim_classical-philology_1938-07_33_3/page/283 |journal = Classical Philology |volume = 33 |issue = 3 |pages = 283–290|date = July 1938|doi = 10.1086/362138 |jstor=265360}}
* {{cite web|year=2009 |url=http://www.vroma.org/~bmcmanus/socialclass.html |title=Roman Social Class and Public Display}}
* {{cite web|last=Lendering  |first=Jona |date=16 August 2012 |url=http://www.livius.org/ei-er/eques/eques.html Livius.org: |title=Eques (Knight)}}

[[Categoria:Roma antiqua]]
[[Categoria:Tituli dignitatis]]</text>
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[[Fasciculus:Roman Museum 007.jpg|thumb|Simulacrum equitis.]]
'''Eques'''  apud [[Roma antiqua|Romanos]] appellabatur homo '''ordinis equestris''', qui media dignitate utebatur inter ordinem [[senatus Romanus|senatorum]] et [[plebs|plebem]]. An quis ad ordinem equestrem pertineret, et a [[pater|patre]] et a censu pendebat. [[Vocabulum]] ''equitis'' sane ab ''[[equus|equo]]'' originem trahit, cum equites aut equo publico donari aut censum talem habere deberent, ut equum possidere eoque vecti militare possent. In principio tantummodo [[Patricius|patricii]] in equitatu militabant, aliquanto tamen post [[rex|reges]] exactos etiam [[Plebs|plebei]] inter equites asciti sunt.

== Historia ==
=== In republica libera ===
Initio, a [[Servius Tullius|Servio Tullio]] si historiographiae Romanae credimus&lt;ref&gt;[[Titus Livius]] I.42.&lt;/ref&gt;, in [[Comitia centuriata|comitiis centuriatis]]  equites, qui plurimi inter cives censebantur, primas centurias 18 formabant et ob id ipsum bellum in equitatu gerebant. Coram [[censor|censoribus]]  ''recognitio equitum'' fiebat  militias suas enumerabant. Equus publicus ut anulus aureus semper insigne equitum&lt;ref&gt;[[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 22.5-7.&lt;/ref&gt; fuit etiam tempore posteriore cum  nullam militarem significationem retinebat. Ita a quarto saeculo a.C.n. exeunte atque adhuc sub [[Imperator Romanus|imperatoribus]] die [[15 Iulii|15 iulii]] ([[Idus|Idibus]] [[Quinctilis|Quinctiliis]]) quotannis [[Transvectio equitum|equitum iuniorum transvectio]] per urbem fiebat, in sex turmas divisa quibus [[Sevir equitum Romanorum|seviri]] praeerant&lt;ref&gt;{{CIL|11|3718}}. {{CIL|11|3367}}. Carolus Fridericus Menser, 	''[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101071958043&amp;seq=1 Dissertatio de annua equitum Romanorum transvectione et de eorundem recognitione seu censura]'', Lipsiae, 1734&lt;/ref&gt;. Senatores antequam magistratus peterent atque in album senatus a [[censor|censoribus]] inscriberentur equites erant. Magistratus gesti senatores a ceteris equitibus distinguebant.

Secundo saeculo a.C.n. apparet praefiguratio ordinis equestris senatorio oppositi tum cum societates [[Publicani|publicanorum]] provinciarum [[Vectigal|vectigalia]] conducebant et ''lex Sempronia iudiciaria'' a [[Gaius Sempronius Gracchus|Gaio Graccho]] [[121 a.C.n.]] lata iudicia repetundarum senatoribus ademit atque equitibus tradidit&lt;ref&gt;Robert J. Rowland, Jr., &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/283738 C. Gracchus and the Equites]&quot;, ''Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association'', 1965: 361-73.&lt;/ref&gt;. Nam in provinciis diripiendis utilitates equitum et senatorum in diversum abibant. Certamen igitur de iudiciis inter eos fuit usque ad [[Lex Aurelia iudiciaria|legem Aureliam iudiciariam]] quae iudicis munus inter senatores et equites aequaliter divisit. Et anno incerto ante [[Sylla|Syllam]] [[Dictatura|dictatorem]] equus publicus senatoribus ademptus est qui non iam inter equites numerabantur. Consilium politicum Ciceronis semper fuit concordia duorum maiorum ordinum&lt;ref&gt;D. H. Berry, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3556492 Eqvester ordo tvvs est: Did Cicero Win His Cases Because of His Support for the Eqvites?]&quot;, ''The Classical Quarterly,'' 2003: 222-234 &lt;/ref&gt; contra [[optimates]] qui [[Privilegium|privilegia]] senatus tuebantur.

In summa senatores res publicas gerebant et nisi imperium provinciale acceperant non procul Roma manere debebant; econtra equites  in quinque iudicum decurias&lt;ref&gt; {{CIL|6|3539}}: ...  ''equo publico ex quinque decuriis'' ...&lt;/ref&gt; inscribebantur et iudicandi officio operam dare nonnumquam debebant; alioqui rebus privatis consulebant et saepe in provinciis negotiabantur ubi libenter considebant. Tempore quo agri divites faciebant equites fundos imprimis possidebant et ex eorum reditibus vivebant. Optimum exemplar equitis Romani fuit Ciceronis amicus [[Titus Pomponius Atticus]] qui a rebus publicis et [[bellum civile|bellis civilibus]] diligenter abstinebat et vitam otiosam et litteris deditam egit [[Athenae|Athenis]] et [[Buthrotum|Buthroti]].

=== Sub imperatoribus ===
Augustus duos primos ordines reipublicae, senatorium et equestrem, rursus ordinavit. Censum decies [[Sestertius|sestertium]] senatoribus,  quadringentorum milium sestertium equitibus adsignavit. Ipse imperator equites albo equestri inscribit post annuam recognitionem in qua mores et census candidatorum inspiciuntur ([[Senatusconsultum|senatusconsultum]] anni [[23]]). Simul certas [[praefectura|praefecturas]] a se creatas ([[Praefectus Aegypti|Aegypti]], [[Praefectus annonae|annonae]], [[Praefectus vigilum|vigilum]], [[praefectus praetorio|praetorii]]) equitibus reservavit. Alios equites in rebus [[Fiscum|fiscalibus]] et pecuniariis, item in bonorum suorum administratione adhibuit cum [[Procurator|procuratoris]] titulo&lt;ref&gt;[[Cassius Dio|Dio Cassius]], ''[[Historia Romana (Dio)|Historia Romana]]'' LII.19 et 25; LIII.15.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Claudius procurationes multiplicavit et equites palatii [[Tabularium|tabulariis]] praeposuit. Simul verum [[Cursus honorum|cursum honorum]] equestrem ordinavit a senatorio dissimilem: tribus militiis inchoabat, plerumque praefectura [[Cohors (pars legionis)|cohortis]], praefectura [[Ala (exercitus)|alae]] et [[Tribunus militum|tribunatu]] angusticlavio [[Legio Romana|legionis]] (tribunus laticlavius erat senator)&lt;ref&gt;[[Suetonius]], ''Divus Claudius'' 25: ''Equestris militias ita ordinavit, ut post cohortem alam, post alam tribunatum legionis daret''.&lt;/ref&gt;. Deinde procurationes et praefecturas equestres usque ad praefectum praetorio gerebant in quibus [[hierarchia]] per [[salarium]] indicabatur: ita procurationes sexagenariae, centenariae&lt;ref&gt; {{CIL|8|11174}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ducenariae&lt;ref&gt;[[Suetonius]], ''Divus Claudius'' 24.&lt;/ref&gt; (60 000[[HS]], 100 000HS, 200 000HS annua) fuerunt&lt;ref&gt;[[Cassius Dio|Dio Cassius]], ''[[Historia Romana (Dio)|Historia Romana]]'' LII.25; LIII.15.&lt;/ref&gt;. Eorum numerus usque ad tertium saeculum inflabatur sed minima pars totius ordinis equestris rebus publicis operam dabat. Paulatim dignitates equestris et senatoria [[Hereditas|hereditariae]] factae sunt. Nihil tamen obstabat quominus princeps aut [[centurio|centurionem]] bene meritum in equestrem ordinem aut equitem bene meritum ad [[magistratus]] senatorii honorum cursus promoveret.

A tertio saeculo medio legiones et exercitus ducendi equitibus dantur qui antea senatoribus dabantur. In provinciis legionibus praeditis praesides ordinis equestris inveniuntur ubi antea legati Augusti pro praetore e senatorio ordine fuerant&lt;ref&gt;{{AE|1915|00051}}:  διασημοτάτου = perfectissimi.&lt;/ref&gt;. Simul primores ordinis titulo &quot;viri perfectissimi&quot; honorantur.

At anno [[326]] imperatore [[Constantinus I|Constantino Magno]] ordines senatorius et equester in unum coaluerunt et nomen equitis Romani abolevit.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*P. A. Brunt, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/300072 Princeps and Equites]&quot;, ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1983: 42-75 
*Mireille Cébeillac-Gervasoni,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/ccgg_1016-9008_2011_num_22_1_1752 L’ordre équestre et la méthode prosopographique]&quot;, ''Cahiers du Centre Gustave Glotz'', 2011: 69-83
*Benjamin Cohen, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/bude_0004-5527_1975_num_1_2_3319 La notion d' &quot;ordo&quot; dans la Rome antique]&quot;, ''Bulletin de l'Association Guillaume Budé'', 1975: 259-282
*Caillan Davenport, ''A History of the Roman Equestrian Order'', Cambridge University Press, 2019 [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2019/2019.10.16 Recensio critica] [https://books.google.fr/books?id=JsyCDwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*Ségolène Demougin,	''[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1992_ths_153_1 Prosopographie des chevaliers romains julio-claudiens (43 av. J.-C. - 70 ap. J.-C.)]'', [[Schola Francica Romae|Schola Gallica Romae]], 1992
**''[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1988_ths_108_1 L'ordre équestre sous les Julio-claudiens]'', [[Schola Francica Romae|Schola Gallica Romae]], 1988
*Claudius Nicolet, ''L'ordre équestre à l'époque républicaine (312-43 a. C). T. 1. Définitions juridiques et structures sociales'', de Boccard, 1966 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_1967_num_45_2_2685_t1_0504_0000_2 Recensio critica]
**T. 2. ''Prosopographie des chevaliers Romains'', de Boccard, 1974
*''[https://www.persee.fr/issue/efr_0223-5099_1999_act_257_1 L’ordre équestre. Histoire d’une aristocratie (IIe siècle av. J.-C. - IIIe siècle ap. J.-C.)] Actes du colloque international de Bruxelles-Leuven, 5-7 octobre 1995.   [[Schola Francica Romae|Schola Gallica Romae]], 1999. [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2001_num_79_1_6061_t1_0295_0000_3 Recensio critica]
*Hans-Georg Pflaum, ''[https://fr.scribd.com/document/806526844/Hans-Georg-Pflaum-Les-carrieres-procuratoriennes-equestres-sous-le-Haut-Empire-romain-P-Geuthner-1960 Les carrières procuratoriennes équestres sous le Haut-Empire romain]'', P. Geuthner, 1960

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Equites equites Romanos] pertinent

{{Roma antiqua}}&lt;!--
{{Hist-stipula}}
{{roma-stipula}}--&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
*Birley, Anthony. [[2002]]. ''Band of Brothers: Garrison Life at Vindolanda.''
{{Vicificanda}}
* Burton, G. (1987): Government and the Provinces. In J. Wacher ed. ''The Roman World'' Vol I
*{{cite book|author=Bury,J.B.|title=The History of the Roman Empire from its Foundation to the death of Marcus Aurelius (27 BC-180 AD)|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1898}} (Bury(1898)):
* Cornell, T. J. (1995): ''The Beginnings of Rome''
* Eck, Werner (2000): Emperor, Senate &amp; Magistrates. In ''Cambridge Ancient History'' 2nd Ed. Vol XI
* Goldsworthy, Adrian (2000): ''Roman Warfare''
* Goldsworthy, Adrian (2003): ''The Complete Roman Army''
* Heather, Peter (2005): ''Fall of the Roman Empire''
* Jones, A.H.M. (1964): ''Later Roman Empire''
* {{cite book |last=Keppie |first=Lawrence |title=&quot;The Army and the Navy&quot; in Cambridge Ancient History 2nd Ed Vol X (The Augustan Empire 30BC - 69 AD) |year=1996}}
* Ritner, R.K. (1998): Egypt Under Roman Rule: the Legacy of Ancient Egypt. In ''Cambridge History of Egypt, Vol I''. Ed. C.F. Petry. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
* Scheidel, Walter (2006): ''Population &amp; Demography'' (Princeton-Stanford Working Papers in Classics)
* Sidnell, Philip (2006): ''Warhorse''
* Smith W. (1890): ''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities''
* Talbert, Richard (1996): The Senate and Senatorial and Equestrian Posts. In ''Cambridge Ancient History, Vol X'' 2nd Edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
* {{cite book |last=Tomlin |first=R. S. O. |title=The Army of the Late Empire. In ''The Roman World'' (ed J. Wacher) |year=1988}}
* {{cite web|first=J.B. |last=Greenough |first2=G.L. |origyear=1902 |date=17 June 2005 |last2=Kittredge |url=http://www.uah.edu/society/texts/misc/romancon.html |title=The Roman Constitution|publisher=[http://www.uah.edu/society/about.html The Society for Ancient Languages] |accessdate=22 August 2012}} (&quot;This essay is reproduced in its entirety from 'Introduction: VI. The Roman Constitution', Select Orations and Letters of Cicero. ed. J.B. Greenough &amp; G.L. Kittredge. Boston: Ginn and Company, 1902.&quot;
* {{cite journal |last = Hill |first = H. |title = Equites and Celeres |url = https://archive.org/details/sim_classical-philology_1938-07_33_3/page/283 |journal = Classical Philology |volume = 33 |issue = 3 |pages = 283–290|date = July 1938|doi = 10.1086/362138 |jstor=265360}}
* {{cite web|year=2009 |url=http://www.vroma.org/~bmcmanus/socialclass.html |title=Roman Social Class and Public Display}}
* {{cite web|last=Lendering  |first=Jona |date=16 August 2012 |url=http://www.livius.org/ei-er/eques/eques.html Livius.org: |title=Eques (Knight)}}

[[Categoria:Roma antiqua]]
[[Categoria:Tituli dignitatis]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus</title>
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{{videdis|Pompeius (nomen)}}
[[Fasciculus:Hw-pompey.jpg|thumb|Effigies Pompeii [[Holmia]]e ostentata.]]

'''Gnaeus Pompeius,''' appellatus '''Magnus,''' fuit [[generalis]] et [[vir publicus]] [[Roma Antiqua|Romae Antiquae]]. 

== Vita ==
Gnaeus Pompeius stirpis senatoriae adolescens, in bello civili se et patrem consilio servavit. [[Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo|Pompeii pater]] suo [[Exercitus|exercitui]] ob avaritiam erat invisus; itaque facta est in eum conspiratio. Terentius quidam, Gnaei Pompeii contubernalis, eum occidendum susceperat, dum alii tabernaculum patris incenderent. Quae res iuveni Pompeio cenanti nuntiata est. Ipse nihil periculo motus, solito hilarius bibit, et cum Terentio eadem, qua antea, comitate usus est. Deinde cubiculum ingressus, clam subduxit se tentorio, et firmam patri circumposuit custodiam. Terentius tum districtu ense, ad lectum Pompeii accessit, multisque ictibus stragula percussit. Orta mox seditione, Pompeius se in media coniecit agmina, militesque tumultuantes precibus et lacrimis placavit, ac suo duci reconciliavit. Pompeii consul sine collega a senatu nominatus, Caesari aemulus erat.

Pompeius eodem bello civili partes [[Sulla|Sullae]] secutus, ita egit ut ab eo maxime diligeretur. Annos tres et viginti natus, ut Sullae auxilio veniret, paterni exercitus reliquias collegit, statimque dux peritus exstitit. Illius magnus apud militem amor, magna apud omnes admiratio fuit; nullus ei labor taedio, nulla defatigatio molestiae erat. Cibi vinique temperans, somni parcus, inter milites corpus exercebat. Cum alacribus saltu, cum velocibus cursu, cum validis lucta certabat. Tum ad Sullam iter intendit, non per loca devia, sed palam incedens, tres hostium exercitus aut fudit, aut sibi adiunxit. Quem ubi Sulla ad se accedere audivit, egregiamque sub signis iuventutem aspexit, desiliit ex equo, Pompeiumque salutavit imperatorem: deinceps ei venienti solebat assurgere de sella et caput aperire; quem honorem nemini nisi Pompeio tribuebat.

Postea Pompeius in [[Sicilia|Siciliam]] profectus est, ut eam a Carbone Sullae inimico occupatam reciperet. Carbo comprehensus, et ad Pompeium ductus est. Quem Pompeius, postquam acerbe in eum invectus fuisset, ad supplicium duci iussit. Tunc ille, qui ter consul fuerat, demisse ac muliebriter mortem extimuit: voce flebili petiit ut sibi alvum levare liceret, sicque brevem miserrimae vitae usuram rapuit, donec miles morae impatiens caput in sordido loco sedentis amputavit. Longe moderatior fuit Pompeius erga Sthenium Siculae cuiusdam civitatis principem. Cum enim in eam civitatem animadvertere decrevisset qua sibi adversata fuerat, exclamavit Sthenius, eum inique facturum si ob culpam unius omnes plecteret. Interroganti Pompeio quisnam ille unus esset, &quot;Ego, inquit Sthenius, qui meos cives ad id induxi.&quot; Tam libera voce delectatus Pompeius, omnibus et Sthenio ipsi pepercit.

Transgressus inde in [[Africa|Africam]] Pompeius, Iarbam [[Numidia|Numidiae]] regem, qui [[Marius|Marii]] partibus favebat, bello persecutus est. Intra dies quadraginta hostem oppressit, et Africam subegit adolescens quattuor et viginti annorum. Tum ei litterae a Sulla redditae sunt, quibus iubebatur exercitum dimittere, et cum una tantum legione successorem exspectare. Id aegre tulit Pompeius paruit: tamen, et Romam reversus est. Revertenti incredibilis multitudo obviam ivit. Sulla quoque eum laetus excepit, et Magni cognomine appellavit: nihilominus Pompeio triumphum petenti restitit; neque ea re a proposito deterritus est Pompeius; aususque est dicere plures solem orientem adorare, quam occidentem: quo dicto innuebat Sullae potentiam minui, suam vero crescere. Ea voce audita, Sulla iuvenis constantiam admiratus, exclamavit: &quot;Triumphet, triumphet.&quot; A Pompeio militari triumpho perfecto, titulum Magnum accipit.

Metello iam seni et bellum in [[Hispania]] segnius gerenti collega datus est Pompeius, ibique adversus Sertorium vario eventu dimicavit. In quodam proelio maximum subiit periculum: cum enim in eum vir vasta corporis magnitudine impetum fecisset, Pompeius manum hostis amputavit, sed multis in eum concurrentibus, vulnus in femore accepit, et a suis fugientibus desertus in hostium potestate erat. At praeter spem evasit: illi scilicet equum Pompeii auro phalerisque eximiis instructum ceperant. Dum vero praedam inter se altercantes partiuntur, Pompeius illorum manus effugit. Altero proelio, cum [[Metellus]] Pompeio laboranti auxilio venisset, fususque esset Sertorii exercitus, is dixisse fertur: &quot;Nisi ista anus supervenisset, ego hunc puerum verberibus castigatum Romam dimisissem.&quot; Metellum anum appellabat, quia is iam senex ad mollem et effeminatam vitam deflexerat. Tandem Sortorio interfecto, Pompeius Hispaniam recepit.

Cum [[Pirata|piratae]] maria omnia infestarent, et quasdam etiam Italiae urbes diripuissent, ad eos opprimendos, cum imperio extraordinario missus est Pompeius. Nimiae viri potentiae obsistebant quidam ex optimatibus, et imprimis Quintus Catulus; qui cum in contione dixisset esse quidem praeclarum virum Gnaeum Pompeium, sed non esse uni omnia tribuenda, adiecissetque: &quot;Si quid ei acciderit, ecquemnam in eius locum substituetis?&quot;

Acclamavit universa contio: &quot;Te ipsum, Quinte Catule.&quot; Tam honorifico civium testimonio victus Catulus e contione discessit. Pompeius, disposito per omnes maris recessus navium praesidio, brevi terrarum orbem illa peste liberavit; praedones multis locis victos fudit; eosdem in deditionem acceptos in urbibus et agris procul a mari collocavit. Nihil hac victoria celerius; nam intra quadragesimum diem piratas toto mari expulit.

Confecto bello piratico, Gnaeus Pompeius contra [[Mithridates VI (rex Ponti)|Mithridatem]] profectus est, et in Asiam magna celeritate contendit. Proelium cum rege conserere cupiebat, neque opportuna dabatur pugnandi facultas, quia Mithridates interdiu castris se continebat, noctu vero haud tutum orat congredi cum hoste in locis ignotis. Quadam tamen noctu Mithridatem Pompeius aggressus est. Luna magno fuit Romanis adiumento: nam cum eam Romani a tergo haberent, umbrae corporum longius proiectae ad primos usque hostium ordines pertinebant; unde decepti regii milites, in umbras tanquam in propinquum hostem tela mittebant. Victus Mithridates in Pontum profugit. Adversus eum filius Pharnaces rebellavit, quia, occisis a patre fratribus, vitae suae ipse timebat. Mithridates a filio obsessus venenum sumpsit, quod cum tardius subiret, quia adversus venena multis antea medicaminibus corpus firmaverat, a milite Gallo volens interfectus est. 

Pompeius deinde Tigranem [[Armenia|Armeniae]] regem, qui Mithridatis partes secutus fuerat, ad deditionem compulit; quem tamen ad genua procumbentem erexit, benignis verbis recreavit, et in regnum restituit, aeque pulchrum esse iudicans et vincere reges et facere. Tandem rebus Asiae compositis in Italiam rediit. Ad urbem venit, non, ut plerique timuerant, armatus, sed demisso exercitu, et tertium triumphum biduo duxit. Insignis fuit multis novis inusitatisque ornamentis hic triumphus; sed nihil illustrius visum, quam quod tribus triumphis tres orbis partes devictae causam praebuerunt Pompeius enim, quod antea contigerat nemini, primo ex Africa, iterum ex Europa, tertio ex Asia triumphavit, felix opinione hominum futurus, si quem gloriae, eumdem vitae finem habuisset, neque adversam fortunam esset expertus iam senex. Pompeius effecit ut et magnitudinem et potentiam Senatus augeret.

A [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesare]] anno [[48 a.C.n.]] apud [[Pugna apud Pharsalum|Pharsalum]] victus in [[Aegyptus|Aeqyptum]] fugit, atque die [[28 Septembris]] eiusdem anni, [[Pelusium|Pelusii]] appulsus, necatus est. Inter interfectores et [[Lucius Septimius]] fuit.

== Fontes praecipui ==
* [[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Bella civilia''
*[[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesar]], ''De bello civili''
* [[Cicero]], Epistulae et orationes passim
*[[Dio Cassius]], ''[[Historia Romana (Dio)|Historia Romana]]''
*[[Lucanus]], ''[[Pharsalia]]''
*[[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]''
*[[Titus Livius]], ''Periochae''
*[[Velleius Paterculus]], ''[[Historiae (Velleius)|Historiae]]''

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*	Mathias Gelzer, ''Pompeius. Lebensbild eines Römers'', Stuttgart, Steiner, 2005 (prima editio 1948) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_2007_num_109_1_6738_t1_0400_0000_3 Recensio critica]
*John Leach,	''Pompey the Great'', Routledge, 1978 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=ASYiAwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*J. Van Ooteghem,  ''Pompée le Grand, bâtisseur d'Empire'', Bruxellis, 1954 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_1955_num_33_4_1970_t1_0952_0000_1 Recensio critica]
*Donata Villani, « [https://journals.openedition.org/pallas/1061#article-1061 Entre imitatio Alexandri et imitatio Herculis : Pompée et l’universalisme romain] », ''Pallas'', 2013: 335-350.

== Nexus externi ==
{{Vicicitatio|Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus}}
{{CommuniaCat|Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Gnaeum Pompeium Magnum }}
{{Viri Illustres}}
* &quot;[http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/acl3129.0003.001/485?page=root;rgn=full+text;size=100;view=image;q1=pompeius C. Pompeius Magnus]&quot; in {{Smith-bio}} vol. 3 pp. 477-488
{{Fontes biographici}}
{{Index consulum rei publicae|
praedecessores= [[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus]] et [[Lucius Marcius Philippus (consul 56 a.C.n.)|Lucius Marcius Philippus]]|
annus= 55 a.C.n.&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|Marco Licinio Crasso]] II|
successores= [[Appius Claudius Pulcher (consul 54 a.C.n.)|Appius Claudius Pulcher]] et [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 54 a.C.n.)|L. Domitius Ahenobarbus]]}} 
{{Index consulum rei publicae|
praedecessores=[[Marcus Valerius Messalla Rufus]] et [[Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus]]|
annus= 52 a.C.n.&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica|Quinto Caecilio Metello Pio Scipione Nasica]]|
successores=[[Marcus Claudius Marcellus (consul 51 a.C.n.)|M. Claudius Marcellus]] et [[Servius Sulpicius Rufus]]}} 

{{Lifetime|106 a.C.n.|48 a.C.n.|Pompeius Magnus, Gnaeus}}

[[Categoria:Consules]]
[[Categoria:Gens Pompeia|Magnus, Gnaeus]]
[[Categoria:Necati]]
[[Categoria:Participes bellorum Mithridaticorum]]
[[Categoria:Participes Belli Civilis (49-45 a.C.n.)]]
[[Categoria:Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|!]]
[[Categoria:Victimae Belli Civilis (49-45 a.C.n.)]]
{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
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[[Fasciculus:Hw-pompey.jpg|thumb|Effigies Pompeii [[Holmia]]e ostentata.]]

'''Gnaeus Pompeius,''' appellatus '''Magnus,''' fuit [[generalis]] et [[vir publicus]] [[Roma Antiqua|Romae Antiquae]]. 

== Vita ==
Gnaeus Pompeius stirpis senatoriae adolescens, in bello civili se et patrem consilio servavit. [[Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo|Pompeii pater]] suo [[Exercitus|exercitui]] ob avaritiam erat invisus; itaque facta est in eum conspiratio. Terentius quidam, Gnaei Pompeii contubernalis, eum occidendum susceperat, dum alii tabernaculum patris incenderent. Quae res iuveni Pompeio cenanti nuntiata est. Ipse nihil periculo motus, solito hilarius bibit, et cum Terentio eadem, qua antea, comitate usus est. Deinde cubiculum ingressus, clam subduxit se tentorio, et firmam patri circumposuit custodiam. Terentius tum districtu ense, ad lectum Pompeii accessit, multisque ictibus stragula percussit. Orta mox seditione, Pompeius se in media coniecit agmina, militesque tumultuantes precibus et lacrimis placavit, ac suo duci reconciliavit. Pompeii consul sine collega a senatu nominatus, Caesari aemulus erat.

Pompeius eodem bello civili partes [[Sulla|Sullae]] secutus, ita egit ut ab eo maxime diligeretur. Annos tres et viginti natus, ut Sullae auxilio veniret, paterni exercitus reliquias collegit, statimque dux peritus exstitit. Illius magnus apud militem amor, magna apud omnes admiratio fuit; nullus ei labor taedio, nulla defatigatio molestiae erat. Cibi vinique temperans, somni parcus, inter milites corpus exercebat. Cum alacribus saltu, cum velocibus cursu, cum validis lucta certabat. Tum ad Sullam iter intendit, non per loca devia, sed palam incedens, tres hostium exercitus aut fudit, aut sibi adiunxit. Quem ubi Sulla ad se accedere audivit, egregiamque sub signis iuventutem aspexit, desiliit ex equo, Pompeiumque salutavit imperatorem: deinceps ei venienti solebat assurgere de sella et caput aperire; quem honorem nemini nisi Pompeio tribuebat.

Postea Pompeius in [[Sicilia|Siciliam]] profectus est, ut eam a Carbone Sullae inimico occupatam reciperet. Carbo comprehensus, et ad Pompeium ductus est. Quem Pompeius, postquam acerbe in eum invectus fuisset, ad supplicium duci iussit. Tunc ille, qui ter consul fuerat, demisse ac muliebriter mortem extimuit: voce flebili petiit ut sibi alvum levare liceret, sicque brevem miserrimae vitae usuram rapuit, donec miles morae impatiens caput in sordido loco sedentis amputavit. Longe moderatior fuit Pompeius erga Sthenium Siculae cuiusdam civitatis principem. Cum enim in eam civitatem animadvertere decrevisset qua sibi adversata fuerat, exclamavit Sthenius, eum inique facturum si ob culpam unius omnes plecteret. Interroganti Pompeio quisnam ille unus esset, &quot;Ego, inquit Sthenius, qui meos cives ad id induxi.&quot; Tam libera voce delectatus Pompeius, omnibus et Sthenio ipsi pepercit.

Transgressus inde in [[Africa|Africam]] Pompeius, Iarbam [[Numidia|Numidiae]] regem, qui [[Marius|Marii]] partibus favebat, bello persecutus est. Intra dies quadraginta hostem oppressit, et Africam subegit adolescens quattuor et viginti annorum. Tum ei litterae a Sulla redditae sunt, quibus iubebatur exercitum dimittere, et cum una tantum legione successorem exspectare. Id aegre tulit Pompeius paruit: tamen, et Romam reversus est. Revertenti incredibilis multitudo obviam ivit. Sulla quoque eum laetus excepit, et Magni cognomine appellavit: nihilominus Pompeio triumphum petenti restitit; neque ea re a proposito deterritus est Pompeius; aususque est dicere plures solem orientem adorare, quam occidentem: quo dicto innuebat Sullae potentiam minui, suam vero crescere. Ea voce audita, Sulla iuvenis constantiam admiratus, exclamavit: &quot;Triumphet, triumphet.&quot; A Pompeio militari triumpho perfecto, titulum Magnum accipit.

Metello iam seni et bellum in [[Hispania]] segnius gerenti collega datus est Pompeius, ibique adversus Sertorium vario eventu dimicavit. In quodam proelio maximum subiit periculum: cum enim in eum vir vasta corporis magnitudine impetum fecisset, Pompeius manum hostis amputavit, sed multis in eum concurrentibus, vulnus in femore accepit, et a suis fugientibus desertus in hostium potestate erat. At praeter spem evasit: illi scilicet equum Pompeii auro phalerisque eximiis instructum ceperant. Dum vero praedam inter se altercantes partiuntur, Pompeius illorum manus effugit. Altero proelio, cum [[Metellus]] Pompeio laboranti auxilio venisset, fususque esset Sertorii exercitus, is dixisse fertur: &quot;Nisi ista anus supervenisset, ego hunc puerum verberibus castigatum Romam dimisissem.&quot; Metellum anum appellabat, quia is iam senex ad mollem et effeminatam vitam deflexerat. Tandem Sortorio interfecto, Pompeius Hispaniam recepit.

Cum [[Pirata|piratae]] maria omnia infestarent, et quasdam etiam Italiae urbes diripuissent, ad eos opprimendos, cum imperio extraordinario missus est Pompeius. Nimiae viri potentiae obsistebant quidam ex optimatibus, et imprimis Quintus Catulus; qui cum in contione dixisset esse quidem praeclarum virum Gnaeum Pompeium, sed non esse uni omnia tribuenda, adiecissetque: &quot;Si quid ei acciderit, ecquemnam in eius locum substituetis?&quot;

Acclamavit universa contio: &quot;Te ipsum, Quinte Catule.&quot; Tam honorifico civium testimonio victus Catulus e contione discessit. Pompeius, disposito per omnes maris recessus navium praesidio, brevi terrarum orbem illa peste liberavit; praedones multis locis victos fudit; eosdem in deditionem acceptos in urbibus et agris procul a mari collocavit. Nihil hac victoria celerius; nam intra quadragesimum diem piratas toto mari expulit.

Confecto bello piratico, Gnaeus Pompeius contra [[Mithridates VI (rex Ponti)|Mithridatem]] profectus est, et in Asiam magna celeritate contendit. Proelium cum rege conserere cupiebat, neque opportuna dabatur pugnandi facultas, quia Mithridates interdiu castris se continebat, noctu vero haud tutum orat congredi cum hoste in locis ignotis. Quadam tamen noctu Mithridatem Pompeius aggressus est. Luna magno fuit Romanis adiumento: nam cum eam Romani a tergo haberent, umbrae corporum longius proiectae ad primos usque hostium ordines pertinebant; unde decepti regii milites, in umbras tanquam in propinquum hostem tela mittebant. Victus Mithridates in Pontum profugit. Adversus eum filius Pharnaces rebellavit, quia, occisis a patre fratribus, vitae suae ipse timebat. Mithridates a filio obsessus venenum sumpsit, quod cum tardius subiret, quia adversus venena multis antea medicaminibus corpus firmaverat, a milite Gallo volens interfectus est. 

Pompeius deinde Tigranem [[Armenia|Armeniae]] regem, qui Mithridatis partes secutus fuerat, ad deditionem compulit; quem tamen ad genua procumbentem erexit, benignis verbis recreavit, et in regnum restituit, aeque pulchrum esse iudicans et vincere reges et facere. Tandem rebus Asiae compositis in Italiam rediit. Ad urbem venit, non, ut plerique timuerant, armatus, sed demisso exercitu, et tertium triumphum biduo duxit. Insignis fuit multis novis inusitatisque ornamentis hic triumphus; sed nihil illustrius visum, quam quod tribus triumphis tres orbis partes devictae causam praebuerunt Pompeius enim, quod antea contigerat nemini, primo ex Africa, iterum ex Europa, tertio ex Asia triumphavit, felix opinione hominum futurus, si quem gloriae, eumdem vitae finem habuisset, neque adversam fortunam esset expertus iam senex. Pompeius effecit ut et magnitudinem et potentiam Senatus augeret.

A [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesare]] anno [[48 a.C.n.]] apud [[Pugna apud Pharsalum|Pharsalum]] victus in [[Aegyptus|Aeqyptum]] fugit, atque die [[28 Septembris]] eiusdem anni, [[Pelusium|Pelusii]] appulsus, necatus est. Inter interfectores et [[Lucius Septimius]] fuit.

== Fontes praecipui ==
* [[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Bella civilia''
*[[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesar]], ''De bello civili''
* [[Cicero]], Epistulae et orationes passim
*[[Dio Cassius]], ''[[Historia Romana (Dio)|Historia Romana]]''
*[[Lucanus]], ''[[Pharsalia]]''
*[[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]''
*[[Titus Livius]], ''Periochae''
*[[Velleius Paterculus]], ''[[Historiae (Velleius)|Historiae]]''

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Henricus Antonius Cornelius Chais Van Buren,	''Dissertatio historico-juridica inauguralis de Cn. Pompeio Magno, et de legibus ab eo latis''..., Lugduni Batavorum, 1823 
*	Mathias Gelzer, ''Pompeius. Lebensbild eines Römers'', Stuttgart, Steiner, 2005 (prima editio 1948) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_2007_num_109_1_6738_t1_0400_0000_3 Recensio critica]
*John Leach,	''Pompey the Great'', Routledge, 1978 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=ASYiAwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*J. Van Ooteghem,  ''Pompée le Grand, bâtisseur d'Empire'', Bruxellis, 1954 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_1955_num_33_4_1970_t1_0952_0000_1 Recensio critica]
*Donata Villani, « [https://journals.openedition.org/pallas/1061#article-1061 Entre imitatio Alexandri et imitatio Herculis : Pompée et l’universalisme romain] », ''Pallas'', 2013: 335-350.

== Nexus externi ==
{{Vicicitatio|Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus}}
{{CommuniaCat|Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Gnaeum Pompeium Magnum }}
{{Viri Illustres}}
* &quot;[http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/acl3129.0003.001/485?page=root;rgn=full+text;size=100;view=image;q1=pompeius C. Pompeius Magnus]&quot; in {{Smith-bio}} vol. 3 pp. 477-488
{{Fontes biographici}}
{{Index consulum rei publicae|
praedecessores= [[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus]] et [[Lucius Marcius Philippus (consul 56 a.C.n.)|Lucius Marcius Philippus]]|
annus= 55 a.C.n.&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|Marco Licinio Crasso]] II|
successores= [[Appius Claudius Pulcher (consul 54 a.C.n.)|Appius Claudius Pulcher]] et [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 54 a.C.n.)|L. Domitius Ahenobarbus]]}} 
{{Index consulum rei publicae|
praedecessores=[[Marcus Valerius Messalla Rufus]] et [[Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus]]|
annus= 52 a.C.n.&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica|Quinto Caecilio Metello Pio Scipione Nasica]]|
successores=[[Marcus Claudius Marcellus (consul 51 a.C.n.)|M. Claudius Marcellus]] et [[Servius Sulpicius Rufus]]}} 

{{Lifetime|106 a.C.n.|48 a.C.n.|Pompeius Magnus, Gnaeus}}

[[Categoria:Consules]]
[[Categoria:Gens Pompeia|Magnus, Gnaeus]]
[[Categoria:Necati]]
[[Categoria:Participes bellorum Mithridaticorum]]
[[Categoria:Participes Belli Civilis (49-45 a.C.n.)]]
[[Categoria:Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|!]]
[[Categoria:Victimae Belli Civilis (49-45 a.C.n.)]]
{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
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{{videdis|Pompeius (nomen)}}
[[Fasciculus:Hw-pompey.jpg|thumb|Effigies Pompeii [[Holmia]]e ostentata.]]

'''Gnaeus Pompeius,''' appellatus '''Magnus,''' fuit [[generalis]] et [[vir publicus]] [[Roma Antiqua|Romae Antiquae]]. 

== Vita ==
Gnaeus Pompeius stirpis senatoriae adolescens, in bello civili se et patrem consilio servavit. [[Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo|Pompeii pater]] suo [[Exercitus|exercitui]] ob avaritiam erat invisus; itaque facta est in eum conspiratio. Terentius quidam, Gnaei Pompeii contubernalis, eum occidendum susceperat, dum alii tabernaculum patris incenderent. Quae res iuveni Pompeio cenanti nuntiata est. Ipse nihil periculo motus, solito hilarius bibit, et cum Terentio eadem, qua antea, comitate usus est. Deinde cubiculum ingressus, clam subduxit se tentorio, et firmam patri circumposuit custodiam. Terentius tum districtu ense, ad lectum Pompeii accessit, multisque ictibus stragula percussit. Orta mox seditione, Pompeius se in media coniecit agmina, militesque tumultuantes precibus et lacrimis placavit, ac suo duci reconciliavit. Pompeii consul sine collega a senatu nominatus, Caesari aemulus erat.

Pompeius eodem bello civili partes [[Sulla|Sullae]] secutus, ita egit ut ab eo maxime diligeretur. Annos tres et viginti natus, ut Sullae auxilio veniret, paterni exercitus reliquias collegit, statimque dux peritus exstitit. Illius magnus apud militem amor, magna apud omnes admiratio fuit; nullus ei labor taedio, nulla defatigatio molestiae erat. Cibi vinique temperans, somni parcus, inter milites corpus exercebat. Cum alacribus saltu, cum velocibus cursu, cum validis lucta certabat. Tum ad Sullam iter intendit, non per loca devia, sed palam incedens, tres hostium exercitus aut fudit, aut sibi adiunxit. Quem ubi Sulla ad se accedere audivit, egregiamque sub signis iuventutem aspexit, desiliit ex equo, Pompeiumque salutavit imperatorem: deinceps ei venienti solebat assurgere de sella et caput aperire; quem honorem nemini nisi Pompeio tribuebat.

Postea Pompeius in [[Sicilia|Siciliam]] profectus est, ut eam a Carbone Sullae inimico occupatam reciperet. Carbo comprehensus, et ad Pompeium ductus est. Quem Pompeius, postquam acerbe in eum invectus fuisset, ad supplicium duci iussit. Tunc ille, qui ter consul fuerat, demisse ac muliebriter mortem extimuit: voce flebili petiit ut sibi alvum levare liceret, sicque brevem miserrimae vitae usuram rapuit, donec miles morae impatiens caput in sordido loco sedentis amputavit. Longe moderatior fuit Pompeius erga Sthenium Siculae cuiusdam civitatis principem. Cum enim in eam civitatem animadvertere decrevisset qua sibi adversata fuerat, exclamavit Sthenius, eum inique facturum si ob culpam unius omnes plecteret. Interroganti Pompeio quisnam ille unus esset, &quot;Ego, inquit Sthenius, qui meos cives ad id induxi.&quot; Tam libera voce delectatus Pompeius, omnibus et Sthenio ipsi pepercit.

Transgressus inde in [[Africa|Africam]] Pompeius, Iarbam [[Numidia|Numidiae]] regem, qui [[Marius|Marii]] partibus favebat, bello persecutus est. Intra dies quadraginta hostem oppressit, et Africam subegit adolescens quattuor et viginti annorum. Tum ei litterae a Sulla redditae sunt, quibus iubebatur exercitum dimittere, et cum una tantum legione successorem exspectare. Id aegre tulit Pompeius paruit: tamen, et Romam reversus est. Revertenti incredibilis multitudo obviam ivit. Sulla quoque eum laetus excepit, et Magni cognomine appellavit: nihilominus Pompeio triumphum petenti restitit; neque ea re a proposito deterritus est Pompeius; aususque est dicere plures solem orientem adorare, quam occidentem: quo dicto innuebat Sullae potentiam minui, suam vero crescere. Ea voce audita, Sulla iuvenis constantiam admiratus, exclamavit: &quot;Triumphet, triumphet.&quot; A Pompeio militari triumpho perfecto, titulum Magnum accipit.

Metello iam seni et bellum in [[Hispania]] segnius gerenti collega datus est Pompeius, ibique adversus Sertorium vario eventu dimicavit. In quodam proelio maximum subiit periculum: cum enim in eum vir vasta corporis magnitudine impetum fecisset, Pompeius manum hostis amputavit, sed multis in eum concurrentibus, vulnus in femore accepit, et a suis fugientibus desertus in hostium potestate erat. At praeter spem evasit: illi scilicet equum Pompeii auro phalerisque eximiis instructum ceperant. Dum vero praedam inter se altercantes partiuntur, Pompeius illorum manus effugit. Altero proelio, cum [[Metellus]] Pompeio laboranti auxilio venisset, fususque esset Sertorii exercitus, is dixisse fertur: &quot;Nisi ista anus supervenisset, ego hunc puerum verberibus castigatum Romam dimisissem.&quot; Metellum anum appellabat, quia is iam senex ad mollem et effeminatam vitam deflexerat. Tandem Sortorio interfecto, Pompeius Hispaniam recepit.

Cum [[Pirata|piratae]] maria omnia infestarent, et quasdam etiam Italiae urbes diripuissent, ad eos opprimendos, cum imperio extraordinario missus est Pompeius. Nimiae viri potentiae obsistebant quidam ex optimatibus, et imprimis Quintus Catulus; qui cum in contione dixisset esse quidem praeclarum virum Gnaeum Pompeium, sed non esse uni omnia tribuenda, adiecissetque: &quot;Si quid ei acciderit, ecquemnam in eius locum substituetis?&quot;

Acclamavit universa contio: &quot;Te ipsum, Quinte Catule.&quot; Tam honorifico civium testimonio victus Catulus e contione discessit. Pompeius, disposito per omnes maris recessus navium praesidio, brevi terrarum orbem illa peste liberavit; praedones multis locis victos fudit; eosdem in deditionem acceptos in urbibus et agris procul a mari collocavit. Nihil hac victoria celerius; nam intra quadragesimum diem piratas toto mari expulit.

Confecto bello piratico, Gnaeus Pompeius contra [[Mithridates VI (rex Ponti)|Mithridatem]] profectus est, et in Asiam magna celeritate contendit. Proelium cum rege conserere cupiebat, neque opportuna dabatur pugnandi facultas, quia Mithridates interdiu castris se continebat, noctu vero haud tutum orat congredi cum hoste in locis ignotis. Quadam tamen noctu Mithridatem Pompeius aggressus est. Luna magno fuit Romanis adiumento: nam cum eam Romani a tergo haberent, umbrae corporum longius proiectae ad primos usque hostium ordines pertinebant; unde decepti regii milites, in umbras tanquam in propinquum hostem tela mittebant. Victus Mithridates in Pontum profugit. Adversus eum filius Pharnaces rebellavit, quia, occisis a patre fratribus, vitae suae ipse timebat. Mithridates a filio obsessus venenum sumpsit, quod cum tardius subiret, quia adversus venena multis antea medicaminibus corpus firmaverat, a milite Gallo volens interfectus est. 

Pompeius deinde Tigranem [[Armenia|Armeniae]] regem, qui Mithridatis partes secutus fuerat, ad deditionem compulit; quem tamen ad genua procumbentem erexit, benignis verbis recreavit, et in regnum restituit, aeque pulchrum esse iudicans et vincere reges et facere. Tandem rebus Asiae compositis in Italiam rediit. Ad urbem venit, non, ut plerique timuerant, armatus, sed demisso exercitu, et tertium triumphum biduo duxit. Insignis fuit multis novis inusitatisque ornamentis hic triumphus; sed nihil illustrius visum, quam quod tribus triumphis tres orbis partes devictae causam praebuerunt Pompeius enim, quod antea contigerat nemini, primo ex Africa, iterum ex Europa, tertio ex Asia triumphavit, felix opinione hominum futurus, si quem gloriae, eumdem vitae finem habuisset, neque adversam fortunam esset expertus iam senex. Pompeius effecit ut et magnitudinem et potentiam Senatus augeret.

A [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesare]] anno [[48 a.C.n.]] apud [[Pugna apud Pharsalum|Pharsalum]] victus in [[Aegyptus|Aeqyptum]] fugit, atque die [[28 Septembris]] eiusdem anni, [[Pelusium|Pelusii]] appulsus, necatus est. Inter interfectores et [[Lucius Septimius]] fuit.

== Fontes praecipui ==
* [[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Bella civilia''
*[[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesar]], ''De bello civili''
* [[Cicero]], Epistulae et orationes passim
*[[Dio Cassius]], ''[[Historia Romana (Dio)|Historia Romana]]''
*[[Lucanus]], ''[[Pharsalia]]''
*[[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]''
*[[Titus Livius]], ''Periochae''
*[[Velleius Paterculus]], ''[[Historiae (Velleius)|Historiae]]''

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Henricus Antonius Cornelius Chais Van Buren,	''Dissertatio historico-juridica inauguralis de Cn. Pompeio Magno, et de legibus ab eo latis''..., Lugduni Batavorum, 1823 
*	Mathias Gelzer, ''Pompeius. Lebensbild eines Römers'', Stuttgart, Steiner, 2005 (prima editio 1948) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_2007_num_109_1_6738_t1_0400_0000_3 Recensio critica]
*John Leach,	''Pompey the Great'', Routledge, 1978 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=ASYiAwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*Georg-Philipp Schietinger (curator), ''Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus : Ausnahmekarrierist, Netzwerker und Machtstratege : Beiträge zur Heidelberger Pompeius-Tagung am 24. September 2014'', Marie Leidorf, 2019
*J. Van Ooteghem,  ''Pompée le Grand, bâtisseur d'Empire'', Bruxellis, 1954 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_1955_num_33_4_1970_t1_0952_0000_1 Recensio critica]
*Donata Villani, « [https://journals.openedition.org/pallas/1061#article-1061 Entre imitatio Alexandri et imitatio Herculis : Pompée et l’universalisme romain] », ''Pallas'', 2013: 335-350.

== Nexus externi ==
{{Vicicitatio|Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus}}
{{CommuniaCat|Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Gnaeum Pompeium Magnum }}
{{Viri Illustres}}
* &quot;[http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/acl3129.0003.001/485?page=root;rgn=full+text;size=100;view=image;q1=pompeius C. Pompeius Magnus]&quot; in {{Smith-bio}} vol. 3 pp. 477-488
{{Fontes biographici}}
{{Index consulum rei publicae|
praedecessores= [[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus]] et [[Lucius Marcius Philippus (consul 56 a.C.n.)|Lucius Marcius Philippus]]|
annus= 55 a.C.n.&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|Marco Licinio Crasso]] II|
successores= [[Appius Claudius Pulcher (consul 54 a.C.n.)|Appius Claudius Pulcher]] et [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 54 a.C.n.)|L. Domitius Ahenobarbus]]}} 
{{Index consulum rei publicae|
praedecessores=[[Marcus Valerius Messalla Rufus]] et [[Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus]]|
annus= 52 a.C.n.&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica|Quinto Caecilio Metello Pio Scipione Nasica]]|
successores=[[Marcus Claudius Marcellus (consul 51 a.C.n.)|M. Claudius Marcellus]] et [[Servius Sulpicius Rufus]]}} 

{{Lifetime|106 a.C.n.|48 a.C.n.|Pompeius Magnus, Gnaeus}}

[[Categoria:Consules]]
[[Categoria:Gens Pompeia|Magnus, Gnaeus]]
[[Categoria:Necati]]
[[Categoria:Participes bellorum Mithridaticorum]]
[[Categoria:Participes Belli Civilis (49-45 a.C.n.)]]
[[Categoria:Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|!]]
[[Categoria:Victimae Belli Civilis (49-45 a.C.n.)]]
{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
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{{videdis|Pompeius (nomen)}}
[[Fasciculus:Hw-pompey.jpg|thumb|Effigies Pompeii [[Holmia]]e ostentata.]]

'''Gnaeus Pompeius,''' appellatus '''Magnus,''' fuit [[generalis]] et [[vir publicus]] [[Roma Antiqua|Romae Antiquae]]. 

== Vita ==
Gnaeus Pompeius stirpis senatoriae adolescens, in bello civili se et patrem consilio servavit. [[Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo|Pompeii pater]] suo [[Exercitus|exercitui]] ob avaritiam erat invisus; itaque facta est in eum conspiratio. Terentius quidam, Gnaei Pompeii contubernalis, eum occidendum susceperat, dum alii tabernaculum patris incenderent. Quae res iuveni Pompeio cenanti nuntiata est. Ipse nihil periculo motus, solito hilarius bibit, et cum Terentio eadem, qua antea, comitate usus est. Deinde cubiculum ingressus, clam subduxit se tentorio, et firmam patri circumposuit custodiam. Terentius tum districtu ense, ad lectum Pompeii accessit, multisque ictibus stragula percussit. Orta mox seditione, Pompeius se in media coniecit agmina, militesque tumultuantes precibus et lacrimis placavit, ac suo duci reconciliavit. Pompeii consul sine collega a senatu nominatus, Caesari aemulus erat.

Pompeius eodem bello civili partes [[Sulla|Sullae]] secutus, ita egit ut ab eo maxime diligeretur. Annos tres et viginti natus, ut Sullae auxilio veniret, paterni exercitus reliquias collegit, statimque dux peritus exstitit. Illius magnus apud militem amor, magna apud omnes admiratio fuit; nullus ei labor taedio, nulla defatigatio molestiae erat. Cibi vinique temperans, somni parcus, inter milites corpus exercebat. Cum alacribus saltu, cum velocibus cursu, cum validis lucta certabat. Tum ad Sullam iter intendit, non per loca devia, sed palam incedens, tres hostium exercitus aut fudit, aut sibi adiunxit. Quem ubi Sulla ad se accedere audivit, egregiamque sub signis iuventutem aspexit, desiliit ex equo, Pompeiumque salutavit imperatorem: deinceps ei venienti solebat assurgere de sella et caput aperire; quem honorem nemini nisi Pompeio tribuebat.

Postea Pompeius in [[Sicilia|Siciliam]] profectus est, ut eam a Carbone Sullae inimico occupatam reciperet. Carbo comprehensus, et ad Pompeium ductus est. Quem Pompeius, postquam acerbe in eum invectus fuisset, ad supplicium duci iussit. Tunc ille, qui ter consul fuerat, demisse ac muliebriter mortem extimuit: voce flebili petiit ut sibi alvum levare liceret, sicque brevem miserrimae vitae usuram rapuit, donec miles morae impatiens caput in sordido loco sedentis amputavit. Longe moderatior fuit Pompeius erga Sthenium Siculae cuiusdam civitatis principem. Cum enim in eam civitatem animadvertere decrevisset qua sibi adversata fuerat, exclamavit Sthenius, eum inique facturum si ob culpam unius omnes plecteret. Interroganti Pompeio quisnam ille unus esset, &quot;Ego, inquit Sthenius, qui meos cives ad id induxi.&quot; Tam libera voce delectatus Pompeius, omnibus et Sthenio ipsi pepercit.

Transgressus inde in [[Africa|Africam]] Pompeius, Iarbam [[Numidia|Numidiae]] regem, qui [[Marius|Marii]] partibus favebat, bello persecutus est. Intra dies quadraginta hostem oppressit, et Africam subegit adolescens quattuor et viginti annorum. Tum ei litterae a Sulla redditae sunt, quibus iubebatur exercitum dimittere, et cum una tantum legione successorem exspectare. Id aegre tulit Pompeius paruit: tamen, et Romam reversus est. Revertenti incredibilis multitudo obviam ivit. Sulla quoque eum laetus excepit, et Magni cognomine appellavit: nihilominus Pompeio triumphum petenti restitit; neque ea re a proposito deterritus est Pompeius; aususque est dicere plures solem orientem adorare, quam occidentem: quo dicto innuebat Sullae potentiam minui, suam vero crescere. Ea voce audita, Sulla iuvenis constantiam admiratus, exclamavit: &quot;Triumphet, triumphet.&quot; A Pompeio militari triumpho perfecto, titulum Magnum accipit.

Metello iam seni et bellum in [[Hispania]] segnius gerenti collega datus est Pompeius, ibique adversus Sertorium vario eventu dimicavit. In quodam proelio maximum subiit periculum: cum enim in eum vir vasta corporis magnitudine impetum fecisset, Pompeius manum hostis amputavit, sed multis in eum concurrentibus, vulnus in femore accepit, et a suis fugientibus desertus in hostium potestate erat. At praeter spem evasit: illi scilicet equum Pompeii auro phalerisque eximiis instructum ceperant. Dum vero praedam inter se altercantes partiuntur, Pompeius illorum manus effugit. Altero proelio, cum [[Metellus]] Pompeio laboranti auxilio venisset, fususque esset Sertorii exercitus, is dixisse fertur: &quot;Nisi ista anus supervenisset, ego hunc puerum verberibus castigatum Romam dimisissem.&quot; Metellum anum appellabat, quia is iam senex ad mollem et effeminatam vitam deflexerat. Tandem Sortorio interfecto, Pompeius Hispaniam recepit.

Cum [[Pirata|piratae]] maria omnia infestarent, et quasdam etiam Italiae urbes diripuissent, ad eos opprimendos, cum imperio extraordinario missus est Pompeius. Nimiae viri potentiae obsistebant quidam ex optimatibus, et imprimis Quintus Catulus; qui cum in contione dixisset esse quidem praeclarum virum Gnaeum Pompeium, sed non esse uni omnia tribuenda, adiecissetque: &quot;Si quid ei acciderit, ecquemnam in eius locum substituetis?&quot;

Acclamavit universa contio: &quot;Te ipsum, Quinte Catule.&quot; Tam honorifico civium testimonio victus Catulus e contione discessit. Pompeius, disposito per omnes maris recessus navium praesidio, brevi terrarum orbem illa peste liberavit; praedones multis locis victos fudit; eosdem in deditionem acceptos in urbibus et agris procul a mari collocavit. Nihil hac victoria celerius; nam intra quadragesimum diem piratas toto mari expulit.

Confecto bello piratico, Gnaeus Pompeius contra [[Mithridates VI (rex Ponti)|Mithridatem]] profectus est, et in Asiam magna celeritate contendit. Proelium cum rege conserere cupiebat, neque opportuna dabatur pugnandi facultas, quia Mithridates interdiu castris se continebat, noctu vero haud tutum orat congredi cum hoste in locis ignotis. Quadam tamen noctu Mithridatem Pompeius aggressus est. Luna magno fuit Romanis adiumento: nam cum eam Romani a tergo haberent, umbrae corporum longius proiectae ad primos usque hostium ordines pertinebant; unde decepti regii milites, in umbras tanquam in propinquum hostem tela mittebant. Victus Mithridates in Pontum profugit. Adversus eum filius Pharnaces rebellavit, quia, occisis a patre fratribus, vitae suae ipse timebat. Mithridates a filio obsessus venenum sumpsit, quod cum tardius subiret, quia adversus venena multis antea medicaminibus corpus firmaverat, a milite Gallo volens interfectus est. 

Pompeius deinde Tigranem [[Armenia|Armeniae]] regem, qui Mithridatis partes secutus fuerat, ad deditionem compulit; quem tamen ad genua procumbentem erexit, benignis verbis recreavit, et in regnum restituit, aeque pulchrum esse iudicans et vincere reges et facere. Tandem rebus Asiae compositis in Italiam rediit. Ad urbem venit, non, ut plerique timuerant, armatus, sed demisso exercitu, et tertium triumphum biduo duxit. Insignis fuit multis novis inusitatisque ornamentis hic triumphus; sed nihil illustrius visum, quam quod tribus triumphis tres orbis partes devictae causam praebuerunt Pompeius enim, quod antea contigerat nemini, primo ex Africa, iterum ex Europa, tertio ex Asia triumphavit, felix opinione hominum futurus, si quem gloriae, eumdem vitae finem habuisset, neque adversam fortunam esset expertus iam senex. Pompeius effecit ut et magnitudinem et potentiam Senatus augeret.

A [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesare]] anno [[48 a.C.n.]] apud [[Pugna apud Pharsalum|Pharsalum]] victus in [[Aegyptus|Aeqyptum]] fugit, atque die [[28 Septembris]] eiusdem anni, [[Pelusium|Pelusii]] appulsus, necatus est. Inter interfectores et [[Lucius Septimius]] fuit.

== Fontes praecipui ==
* [[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Bella civilia''
*[[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesar]], ''De bello civili''
* [[Cicero]], Epistulae et orationes passim
*[[Dio Cassius]], ''[[Historia Romana (Dio)|Historia Romana]]''
*[[Lucanus]], ''[[Pharsalia]]''
*[[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]''
*[[Titus Livius]], ''Periochae''
*[[Velleius Paterculus]], ''[[Historiae (Velleius)|Historiae]]''

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Henricus Antonius Cornelius Chais Van Buren,	''Dissertatio historico-juridica inauguralis de Cn. Pompeio Magno, et de legibus ab eo latis''..., Lugduni Batavorum, 1823 
*	Mathias Gelzer, ''Pompeius. Lebensbild eines Römers'', Stuttgart, Steiner, 2005 (prima editio 1948) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_2007_num_109_1_6738_t1_0400_0000_3 Recensio critica]
*John Leach,	''Pompey the Great'', Routledge, 1978 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=ASYiAwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*Nicole Schemmel, ''Rhōmaiōn kratistos : die Rezeption des Pompeius in der römischen Kaiserzeit'', Wellem Verlag, 2015
*Georg-Philipp Schietinger (curator), ''Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus : Ausnahmekarrierist, Netzwerker und Machtstratege : Beiträge zur Heidelberger Pompeius-Tagung am 24. September 2014'', Marie Leidorf, 2019
*J. Van Ooteghem,  ''Pompée le Grand, bâtisseur d'Empire'', Bruxellis, 1954 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_1955_num_33_4_1970_t1_0952_0000_1 Recensio critica]
*Donata Villani, « [https://journals.openedition.org/pallas/1061#article-1061 Entre imitatio Alexandri et imitatio Herculis : Pompée et l’universalisme romain] », ''Pallas'', 2013: 335-350.

== Nexus externi ==
{{Vicicitatio|Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus}}
{{CommuniaCat|Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Gnaeum Pompeium Magnum }}
{{Viri Illustres}}
* &quot;[http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/acl3129.0003.001/485?page=root;rgn=full+text;size=100;view=image;q1=pompeius C. Pompeius Magnus]&quot; in {{Smith-bio}} vol. 3 pp. 477-488
{{Fontes biographici}}
{{Index consulum rei publicae|
praedecessores= [[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus]] et [[Lucius Marcius Philippus (consul 56 a.C.n.)|Lucius Marcius Philippus]]|
annus= 55 a.C.n.&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|Marco Licinio Crasso]] II|
successores= [[Appius Claudius Pulcher (consul 54 a.C.n.)|Appius Claudius Pulcher]] et [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 54 a.C.n.)|L. Domitius Ahenobarbus]]}} 
{{Index consulum rei publicae|
praedecessores=[[Marcus Valerius Messalla Rufus]] et [[Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus]]|
annus= 52 a.C.n.&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica|Quinto Caecilio Metello Pio Scipione Nasica]]|
successores=[[Marcus Claudius Marcellus (consul 51 a.C.n.)|M. Claudius Marcellus]] et [[Servius Sulpicius Rufus]]}} 

{{Lifetime|106 a.C.n.|48 a.C.n.|Pompeius Magnus, Gnaeus}}

[[Categoria:Consules]]
[[Categoria:Gens Pompeia|Magnus, Gnaeus]]
[[Categoria:Necati]]
[[Categoria:Participes bellorum Mithridaticorum]]
[[Categoria:Participes Belli Civilis (49-45 a.C.n.)]]
[[Categoria:Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|!]]
[[Categoria:Victimae Belli Civilis (49-45 a.C.n.)]]
{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
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{{videdis|Pompeius (nomen)}}
[[Fasciculus:Hw-pompey.jpg|thumb|Effigies Pompeii [[Holmia]]e ostentata.]]

'''Gnaeus Pompeius,''' appellatus '''Magnus,''' fuit [[generalis]] et [[vir publicus]] [[Roma Antiqua|Romae Antiquae]]. 

== Vita ==
Gnaeus Pompeius stirpis senatoriae adolescens, in bello civili se et patrem consilio servavit. [[Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo|Pompeii pater]] suo [[Exercitus|exercitui]] ob avaritiam erat invisus; itaque facta est in eum conspiratio. Terentius quidam, Gnaei Pompeii contubernalis, eum occidendum susceperat, dum alii tabernaculum patris incenderent. Quae res iuveni Pompeio cenanti nuntiata est. Ipse nihil periculo motus, solito hilarius bibit, et cum Terentio eadem, qua antea, comitate usus est. Deinde cubiculum ingressus, clam subduxit se tentorio, et firmam patri circumposuit custodiam. Terentius tum districtu ense, ad lectum Pompeii accessit, multisque ictibus stragula percussit. Orta mox seditione, Pompeius se in media coniecit agmina, militesque tumultuantes precibus et lacrimis placavit, ac suo duci reconciliavit. Pompeii consul sine collega a senatu nominatus, Caesari aemulus erat.

Pompeius eodem bello civili partes [[Sulla|Sullae]] secutus, ita egit ut ab eo maxime diligeretur. Annos tres et viginti natus, ut Sullae auxilio veniret, paterni exercitus reliquias collegit, statimque dux peritus exstitit. Illius magnus apud militem amor, magna apud omnes admiratio fuit; nullus ei labor taedio, nulla defatigatio molestiae erat. Cibi vinique temperans, somni parcus, inter milites corpus exercebat. Cum alacribus saltu, cum velocibus cursu, cum validis lucta certabat. Tum ad Sullam iter intendit, non per loca devia, sed palam incedens, tres hostium exercitus aut fudit, aut sibi adiunxit. Quem ubi Sulla ad se accedere audivit, egregiamque sub signis iuventutem aspexit, desiliit ex equo, Pompeiumque salutavit imperatorem: deinceps ei venienti solebat assurgere de sella et caput aperire; quem honorem nemini nisi Pompeio tribuebat.

Postea Pompeius in [[Sicilia|Siciliam]] profectus est, ut eam a Carbone Sullae inimico occupatam reciperet. Carbo comprehensus, et ad Pompeium ductus est. Quem Pompeius, postquam acerbe in eum invectus fuisset, ad supplicium duci iussit. Tunc ille, qui ter consul fuerat, demisse ac muliebriter mortem extimuit: voce flebili petiit ut sibi alvum levare liceret, sicque brevem miserrimae vitae usuram rapuit, donec miles morae impatiens caput in sordido loco sedentis amputavit. Longe moderatior fuit Pompeius erga Sthenium Siculae cuiusdam civitatis principem. Cum enim in eam civitatem animadvertere decrevisset qua sibi adversata fuerat, exclamavit Sthenius, eum inique facturum si ob culpam unius omnes plecteret. Interroganti Pompeio quisnam ille unus esset, &quot;Ego, inquit Sthenius, qui meos cives ad id induxi.&quot; Tam libera voce delectatus Pompeius, omnibus et Sthenio ipsi pepercit.

Transgressus inde in [[Africa|Africam]] Pompeius, Iarbam [[Numidia|Numidiae]] regem, qui [[Marius|Marii]] partibus favebat, bello persecutus est. Intra dies quadraginta hostem oppressit, et Africam subegit adolescens quattuor et viginti annorum. Tum ei litterae a Sulla redditae sunt, quibus iubebatur exercitum dimittere, et cum una tantum legione successorem exspectare. Id aegre tulit Pompeius paruit: tamen, et Romam reversus est. Revertenti incredibilis multitudo obviam ivit. Sulla quoque eum laetus excepit, et Magni cognomine appellavit: nihilominus Pompeio triumphum petenti restitit; neque ea re a proposito deterritus est Pompeius; aususque est dicere plures solem orientem adorare, quam occidentem: quo dicto innuebat Sullae potentiam minui, suam vero crescere. Ea voce audita, Sulla iuvenis constantiam admiratus, exclamavit: &quot;Triumphet, triumphet.&quot; A Pompeio militari triumpho perfecto, titulum Magnum accipit.

Metello iam seni et bellum in [[Hispania]] segnius gerenti collega datus est Pompeius, ibique adversus Sertorium vario eventu dimicavit. In quodam proelio maximum subiit periculum: cum enim in eum vir vasta corporis magnitudine impetum fecisset, Pompeius manum hostis amputavit, sed multis in eum concurrentibus, vulnus in femore accepit, et a suis fugientibus desertus in hostium potestate erat. At praeter spem evasit: illi scilicet equum Pompeii auro phalerisque eximiis instructum ceperant. Dum vero praedam inter se altercantes partiuntur, Pompeius illorum manus effugit. Altero proelio, cum [[Metellus]] Pompeio laboranti auxilio venisset, fususque esset Sertorii exercitus, is dixisse fertur: &quot;Nisi ista anus supervenisset, ego hunc puerum verberibus castigatum Romam dimisissem.&quot; Metellum anum appellabat, quia is iam senex ad mollem et effeminatam vitam deflexerat. Tandem Sortorio interfecto, Pompeius Hispaniam recepit.

Cum [[Pirata|piratae]] maria omnia infestarent, et quasdam etiam Italiae urbes diripuissent, ad eos opprimendos, cum imperio extraordinario missus est Pompeius. Nimiae viri potentiae obsistebant quidam ex optimatibus, et imprimis Quintus Catulus; qui cum in contione dixisset esse quidem praeclarum virum Gnaeum Pompeium, sed non esse uni omnia tribuenda, adiecissetque: &quot;Si quid ei acciderit, ecquemnam in eius locum substituetis?&quot;

Acclamavit universa contio: &quot;Te ipsum, Quinte Catule.&quot; Tam honorifico civium testimonio victus Catulus e contione discessit. Pompeius, disposito per omnes maris recessus navium praesidio, brevi terrarum orbem illa peste liberavit; praedones multis locis victos fudit; eosdem in deditionem acceptos in urbibus et agris procul a mari collocavit. Nihil hac victoria celerius; nam intra quadragesimum diem piratas toto mari expulit.

Confecto bello piratico, Gnaeus Pompeius contra [[Mithridates VI (rex Ponti)|Mithridatem]] profectus est, et in Asiam magna celeritate contendit. Proelium cum rege conserere cupiebat, neque opportuna dabatur pugnandi facultas, quia Mithridates interdiu castris se continebat, noctu vero haud tutum orat congredi cum hoste in locis ignotis. Quadam tamen noctu Mithridatem Pompeius aggressus est. Luna magno fuit Romanis adiumento: nam cum eam Romani a tergo haberent, umbrae corporum longius proiectae ad primos usque hostium ordines pertinebant; unde decepti regii milites, in umbras tanquam in propinquum hostem tela mittebant. Victus Mithridates in Pontum profugit. Adversus eum filius Pharnaces rebellavit, quia, occisis a patre fratribus, vitae suae ipse timebat. Mithridates a filio obsessus venenum sumpsit, quod cum tardius subiret, quia adversus venena multis antea medicaminibus corpus firmaverat, a milite Gallo volens interfectus est. 

Pompeius deinde Tigranem [[Armenia|Armeniae]] regem, qui Mithridatis partes secutus fuerat, ad deditionem compulit; quem tamen ad genua procumbentem erexit, benignis verbis recreavit, et in regnum restituit, aeque pulchrum esse iudicans et vincere reges et facere. Tandem rebus Asiae compositis in Italiam rediit. Ad urbem venit, non, ut plerique timuerant, armatus, sed demisso exercitu, et tertium triumphum biduo duxit. Insignis fuit multis novis inusitatisque ornamentis hic triumphus; sed nihil illustrius visum, quam quod tribus triumphis tres orbis partes devictae causam praebuerunt Pompeius enim, quod antea contigerat nemini, primo ex Africa, iterum ex Europa, tertio ex Asia triumphavit, felix opinione hominum futurus, si quem gloriae, eumdem vitae finem habuisset, neque adversam fortunam esset expertus iam senex. Pompeius effecit ut et magnitudinem et potentiam Senatus augeret.

A [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesare]] anno [[48 a.C.n.]] apud [[Pugna apud Pharsalum|Pharsalum]] victus in [[Aegyptus|Aeqyptum]] fugit, atque die [[28 Septembris]] eiusdem anni, [[Pelusium|Pelusii]] appulsus, necatus est. Inter interfectores et [[Lucius Septimius]] fuit.

== Fontes praecipui ==
* [[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Bella civilia''
*[[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesar]], ''De bello civili''
* [[Cicero]], Epistulae et orationes passim
*[[Dio Cassius]], ''[[Historia Romana (Dio)|Historia Romana]]''
*[[Lucanus]], ''[[Pharsalia]]''
*[[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]''
*[[Titus Livius]], ''Periochae''
*[[Velleius Paterculus]], ''[[Historiae (Velleius)|Historiae]]''

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Henricus Antonius Cornelius Chais Van Buren,	''Dissertatio historico-juridica inauguralis de Cn. Pompeio Magno, et de legibus ab eo latis''..., Lugduni Batavorum, 1823 
*	 Matthias Dingmann, ''Pompeius Magnus : Machtgrundlagen eines spätrepublikanischen Politikers'', M. Leidorf, 2007 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2010_num_79_1_4002_t21_0656_0000_2 Recensio critica]
*	Mathias Gelzer, ''Pompeius. Lebensbild eines Römers'', Stuttgart, Steiner, 2005 (prima editio 1948) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_2007_num_109_1_6738_t1_0400_0000_3 Recensio critica]
*John Leach,	''Pompey the Great'', Routledge, 1978 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=ASYiAwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*Nicole Schemmel, ''Rhōmaiōn kratistos : die Rezeption des Pompeius in der römischen Kaiserzeit'', Wellem Verlag, 2015
*Georg-Philipp Schietinger (curator), ''Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus : Ausnahmekarrierist, Netzwerker und Machtstratege : Beiträge zur Heidelberger Pompeius-Tagung am 24. September 2014'', Marie Leidorf, 2019
*J. Van Ooteghem,  ''Pompée le Grand, bâtisseur d'Empire'', Bruxellis, 1954 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_1955_num_33_4_1970_t1_0952_0000_1 Recensio critica]
*Donata Villani, « [https://journals.openedition.org/pallas/1061#article-1061 Entre imitatio Alexandri et imitatio Herculis : Pompée et l’universalisme romain] », ''Pallas'', 2013: 335-350.

== Nexus externi ==
{{Vicicitatio|Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus}}
{{CommuniaCat|Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Gnaeum Pompeium Magnum }}
{{Viri Illustres}}
* &quot;[http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/acl3129.0003.001/485?page=root;rgn=full+text;size=100;view=image;q1=pompeius C. Pompeius Magnus]&quot; in {{Smith-bio}} vol. 3 pp. 477-488
{{Fontes biographici}}
{{Index consulum rei publicae|
praedecessores= [[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus]] et [[Lucius Marcius Philippus (consul 56 a.C.n.)|Lucius Marcius Philippus]]|
annus= 55 a.C.n.&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|Marco Licinio Crasso]] II|
successores= [[Appius Claudius Pulcher (consul 54 a.C.n.)|Appius Claudius Pulcher]] et [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 54 a.C.n.)|L. Domitius Ahenobarbus]]}} 
{{Index consulum rei publicae|
praedecessores=[[Marcus Valerius Messalla Rufus]] et [[Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus]]|
annus= 52 a.C.n.&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica|Quinto Caecilio Metello Pio Scipione Nasica]]|
successores=[[Marcus Claudius Marcellus (consul 51 a.C.n.)|M. Claudius Marcellus]] et [[Servius Sulpicius Rufus]]}} 

{{Lifetime|106 a.C.n.|48 a.C.n.|Pompeius Magnus, Gnaeus}}

[[Categoria:Consules]]
[[Categoria:Gens Pompeia|Magnus, Gnaeus]]
[[Categoria:Necati]]
[[Categoria:Participes bellorum Mithridaticorum]]
[[Categoria:Participes Belli Civilis (49-45 a.C.n.)]]
[[Categoria:Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|!]]
[[Categoria:Victimae Belli Civilis (49-45 a.C.n.)]]
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{{videdis|Pompeius (nomen)}}
[[Fasciculus:Hw-pompey.jpg|thumb|Effigies Pompeii [[Holmia]]e ostentata.]]

'''Gnaeus Pompeius,''' appellatus '''Magnus,''' fuit [[generalis]] et [[vir publicus]] [[Roma Antiqua|Romae Antiquae]]. 

== Vita ==
Gnaeus Pompeius stirpis senatoriae adolescens, in bello civili se et patrem consilio servavit. [[Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo|Pompeii pater]] suo [[Exercitus|exercitui]] ob avaritiam erat invisus; itaque facta est in eum conspiratio. Terentius quidam, Gnaei Pompeii contubernalis, eum occidendum susceperat, dum alii tabernaculum patris incenderent. Quae res iuveni Pompeio cenanti nuntiata est. Ipse nihil periculo motus, solito hilarius bibit, et cum Terentio eadem, qua antea, comitate usus est. Deinde cubiculum ingressus, clam subduxit se tentorio, et firmam patri circumposuit custodiam. Terentius tum districtu ense, ad lectum Pompeii accessit, multisque ictibus stragula percussit. Orta mox seditione, Pompeius se in media coniecit agmina, militesque tumultuantes precibus et lacrimis placavit, ac suo duci reconciliavit. Pompeii consul sine collega a senatu nominatus, Caesari aemulus erat.

Pompeius eodem bello civili partes [[Sulla|Sullae]] secutus, ita egit ut ab eo maxime diligeretur. Annos tres et viginti natus, ut Sullae auxilio veniret, paterni exercitus reliquias collegit, statimque dux peritus exstitit. Illius magnus apud militem amor, magna apud omnes admiratio fuit; nullus ei labor taedio, nulla defatigatio molestiae erat. Cibi vinique temperans, somni parcus, inter milites corpus exercebat. Cum alacribus saltu, cum velocibus cursu, cum validis lucta certabat. Tum ad Sullam iter intendit, non per loca devia, sed palam incedens, tres hostium exercitus aut fudit, aut sibi adiunxit. Quem ubi Sulla ad se accedere audivit, egregiamque sub signis iuventutem aspexit, desiliit ex equo, Pompeiumque salutavit imperatorem: deinceps ei venienti solebat assurgere de sella et caput aperire; quem honorem nemini nisi Pompeio tribuebat.

Postea Pompeius in [[Sicilia|Siciliam]] profectus est, ut eam a Carbone Sullae inimico occupatam reciperet. Carbo comprehensus, et ad Pompeium ductus est. Quem Pompeius, postquam acerbe in eum invectus fuisset, ad supplicium duci iussit. Tunc ille, qui ter consul fuerat, demisse ac muliebriter mortem extimuit: voce flebili petiit ut sibi alvum levare liceret, sicque brevem miserrimae vitae usuram rapuit, donec miles morae impatiens caput in sordido loco sedentis amputavit. Longe moderatior fuit Pompeius erga Sthenium Siculae cuiusdam civitatis principem. Cum enim in eam civitatem animadvertere decrevisset qua sibi adversata fuerat, exclamavit Sthenius, eum inique facturum si ob culpam unius omnes plecteret. Interroganti Pompeio quisnam ille unus esset, &quot;Ego, inquit Sthenius, qui meos cives ad id induxi.&quot; Tam libera voce delectatus Pompeius, omnibus et Sthenio ipsi pepercit.

Transgressus inde in [[Africa|Africam]] Pompeius, Iarbam [[Numidia|Numidiae]] regem, qui [[Marius|Marii]] partibus favebat, bello persecutus est. Intra dies quadraginta hostem oppressit, et Africam subegit adolescens quattuor et viginti annorum. Tum ei litterae a Sulla redditae sunt, quibus iubebatur exercitum dimittere, et cum una tantum legione successorem exspectare. Id aegre tulit Pompeius paruit: tamen, et Romam reversus est. Revertenti incredibilis multitudo obviam ivit. Sulla quoque eum laetus excepit, et Magni cognomine appellavit: nihilominus Pompeio triumphum petenti restitit; neque ea re a proposito deterritus est Pompeius; aususque est dicere plures solem orientem adorare, quam occidentem: quo dicto innuebat Sullae potentiam minui, suam vero crescere. Ea voce audita, Sulla iuvenis constantiam admiratus, exclamavit: &quot;Triumphet, triumphet.&quot; A Pompeio militari triumpho perfecto, titulum Magnum accipit.

Metello iam seni et bellum in [[Hispania]] segnius gerenti collega datus est Pompeius, ibique adversus Sertorium vario eventu dimicavit. In quodam proelio maximum subiit periculum: cum enim in eum vir vasta corporis magnitudine impetum fecisset, Pompeius manum hostis amputavit, sed multis in eum concurrentibus, vulnus in femore accepit, et a suis fugientibus desertus in hostium potestate erat. At praeter spem evasit: illi scilicet equum Pompeii auro phalerisque eximiis instructum ceperant. Dum vero praedam inter se altercantes partiuntur, Pompeius illorum manus effugit. Altero proelio, cum [[Metellus]] Pompeio laboranti auxilio venisset, fususque esset Sertorii exercitus, is dixisse fertur: &quot;Nisi ista anus supervenisset, ego hunc puerum verberibus castigatum Romam dimisissem.&quot; Metellum anum appellabat, quia is iam senex ad mollem et effeminatam vitam deflexerat. Tandem Sortorio interfecto, Pompeius Hispaniam recepit.

Cum [[Pirata|piratae]] maria omnia infestarent, et quasdam etiam Italiae urbes diripuissent, ad eos opprimendos, cum imperio extraordinario missus est Pompeius. Nimiae viri potentiae obsistebant quidam ex optimatibus, et imprimis Quintus Catulus; qui cum in contione dixisset esse quidem praeclarum virum Gnaeum Pompeium, sed non esse uni omnia tribuenda, adiecissetque: &quot;Si quid ei acciderit, ecquemnam in eius locum substituetis?&quot;

Acclamavit universa contio: &quot;Te ipsum, Quinte Catule.&quot; Tam honorifico civium testimonio victus Catulus e contione discessit. Pompeius, disposito per omnes maris recessus navium praesidio, brevi terrarum orbem illa peste liberavit; praedones multis locis victos fudit; eosdem in deditionem acceptos in urbibus et agris procul a mari collocavit. Nihil hac victoria celerius; nam intra quadragesimum diem piratas toto mari expulit.

Confecto bello piratico, Gnaeus Pompeius contra [[Mithridates VI (rex Ponti)|Mithridatem]] profectus est, et in Asiam magna celeritate contendit. Proelium cum rege conserere cupiebat, neque opportuna dabatur pugnandi facultas, quia Mithridates interdiu castris se continebat, noctu vero haud tutum orat congredi cum hoste in locis ignotis. Quadam tamen noctu Mithridatem Pompeius aggressus est. Luna magno fuit Romanis adiumento: nam cum eam Romani a tergo haberent, umbrae corporum longius proiectae ad primos usque hostium ordines pertinebant; unde decepti regii milites, in umbras tanquam in propinquum hostem tela mittebant. Victus Mithridates in Pontum profugit. Adversus eum filius Pharnaces rebellavit, quia, occisis a patre fratribus, vitae suae ipse timebat. Mithridates a filio obsessus venenum sumpsit, quod cum tardius subiret, quia adversus venena multis antea medicaminibus corpus firmaverat, a milite Gallo volens interfectus est. 

Pompeius deinde Tigranem [[Armenia|Armeniae]] regem, qui Mithridatis partes secutus fuerat, ad deditionem compulit; quem tamen ad genua procumbentem erexit, benignis verbis recreavit, et in regnum restituit, aeque pulchrum esse iudicans et vincere reges et facere. Tandem rebus Asiae compositis in Italiam rediit. Ad urbem venit, non, ut plerique timuerant, armatus, sed demisso exercitu, et tertium triumphum biduo duxit. Insignis fuit multis novis inusitatisque ornamentis hic triumphus; sed nihil illustrius visum, quam quod tribus triumphis tres orbis partes devictae causam praebuerunt Pompeius enim, quod antea contigerat nemini, primo ex Africa, iterum ex Europa, tertio ex Asia triumphavit, felix opinione hominum futurus, si quem gloriae, eumdem vitae finem habuisset, neque adversam fortunam esset expertus iam senex. Pompeius effecit ut et magnitudinem et potentiam Senatus augeret.

A [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesare]] anno [[48 a.C.n.]] apud [[Pugna apud Pharsalum|Pharsalum]] victus in [[Aegyptus|Aeqyptum]] fugit, atque die [[28 Septembris]] eiusdem anni, [[Pelusium|Pelusii]] appulsus, necatus est. Inter interfectores et [[Lucius Septimius]] fuit.

== Fontes praecipui ==
* [[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Bella civilia''
*[[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesar]], ''De bello civili''
* [[Cicero]], Epistulae et orationes passim
*[[Dio Cassius]], ''[[Historia Romana (Dio)|Historia Romana]]''
*[[Lucanus]], ''[[Pharsalia]]''
*[[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]''
*[[Titus Livius]], ''Periochae''
*[[Velleius Paterculus]], ''[[Historiae (Velleius)|Historiae]]''

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Henricus Antonius Cornelius Chais Van Buren,	''Dissertatio historico-juridica inauguralis de Cn. Pompeio Magno, et de legibus ab eo latis''..., Lugduni Batavorum, 1823 
*	 Matthias Dingmann, ''Pompeius Magnus : Machtgrundlagen eines spätrepublikanischen Politikers'', M. Leidorf, 2007 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2010_num_79_1_4002_t21_0656_0000_2 Recensio critica] [https://www.academia.edu/165291002/Matthias_Dingmann_Pompeius_Magnus_Machtgrundlagen_eines_sp%C3%A4trepublikanischen_Politikers Altera recensio critica]
*	Mathias Gelzer, ''Pompeius. Lebensbild eines Römers'', Stuttgart, Steiner, 2005 (prima editio 1948) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_2007_num_109_1_6738_t1_0400_0000_3 Recensio critica]
*John Leach,	''Pompey the Great'', Routledge, 1978 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=ASYiAwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*Nicole Schemmel, ''Rhōmaiōn kratistos : die Rezeption des Pompeius in der römischen Kaiserzeit'', Wellem Verlag, 2015
*Georg-Philipp Schietinger (curator), ''Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus : Ausnahmekarrierist, Netzwerker und Machtstratege : Beiträge zur Heidelberger Pompeius-Tagung am 24. September 2014'', Marie Leidorf, 2019
*J. Van Ooteghem,  ''Pompée le Grand, bâtisseur d'Empire'', Bruxellis, 1954 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_1955_num_33_4_1970_t1_0952_0000_1 Recensio critica]
*Donata Villani, « [https://journals.openedition.org/pallas/1061#article-1061 Entre imitatio Alexandri et imitatio Herculis : Pompée et l’universalisme romain] », ''Pallas'', 2013: 335-350.

== Nexus externi ==
{{Vicicitatio|Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus}}
{{CommuniaCat|Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Gnaeum Pompeium Magnum }}
{{Viri Illustres}}
* &quot;[http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/acl3129.0003.001/485?page=root;rgn=full+text;size=100;view=image;q1=pompeius C. Pompeius Magnus]&quot; in {{Smith-bio}} vol. 3 pp. 477-488
{{Fontes biographici}}
{{Index consulum rei publicae|
praedecessores= [[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus]] et [[Lucius Marcius Philippus (consul 56 a.C.n.)|Lucius Marcius Philippus]]|
annus= 55 a.C.n.&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|Marco Licinio Crasso]] II|
successores= [[Appius Claudius Pulcher (consul 54 a.C.n.)|Appius Claudius Pulcher]] et [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 54 a.C.n.)|L. Domitius Ahenobarbus]]}} 
{{Index consulum rei publicae|
praedecessores=[[Marcus Valerius Messalla Rufus]] et [[Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus]]|
annus= 52 a.C.n.&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica|Quinto Caecilio Metello Pio Scipione Nasica]]|
successores=[[Marcus Claudius Marcellus (consul 51 a.C.n.)|M. Claudius Marcellus]] et [[Servius Sulpicius Rufus]]}} 

{{Lifetime|106 a.C.n.|48 a.C.n.|Pompeius Magnus, Gnaeus}}

[[Categoria:Consules]]
[[Categoria:Gens Pompeia|Magnus, Gnaeus]]
[[Categoria:Necati]]
[[Categoria:Participes bellorum Mithridaticorum]]
[[Categoria:Participes Belli Civilis (49-45 a.C.n.)]]
[[Categoria:Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|!]]
[[Categoria:Victimae Belli Civilis (49-45 a.C.n.)]]
{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
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{{videdis|Pompeius (nomen)}}
[[Fasciculus:Hw-pompey.jpg|thumb|Effigies Pompeii [[Holmia]]e ostentata.]]

'''Gnaeus Pompeius,''' appellatus '''Magnus,''' fuit [[generalis]] et [[vir publicus]] [[Roma Antiqua|Romae Antiquae]]. 

== Vita ==
Gnaeus Pompeius stirpis senatoriae adolescens, in bello civili se et patrem consilio servavit. [[Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo|Pompeii pater]] suo [[Exercitus|exercitui]] ob avaritiam erat invisus; itaque facta est in eum conspiratio. Terentius quidam, Gnaei Pompeii contubernalis, eum occidendum susceperat, dum alii tabernaculum patris incenderent. Quae res iuveni Pompeio cenanti nuntiata est. Ipse nihil periculo motus, solito hilarius bibit, et cum Terentio eadem, qua antea, comitate usus est. Deinde cubiculum ingressus, clam subduxit se tentorio, et firmam patri circumposuit custodiam. Terentius tum districtu ense, ad lectum Pompeii accessit, multisque ictibus stragula percussit. Orta mox seditione, Pompeius se in media coniecit agmina, militesque tumultuantes precibus et lacrimis placavit, ac suo duci reconciliavit. Pompeii consul sine collega a senatu nominatus, Caesari aemulus erat.

Pompeius eodem bello civili partes [[Sulla|Sullae]] secutus, ita egit ut ab eo maxime diligeretur. Annos tres et viginti natus, ut Sullae auxilio veniret, paterni exercitus reliquias collegit, statimque dux peritus exstitit. Illius magnus apud militem amor, magna apud omnes admiratio fuit; nullus ei labor taedio, nulla defatigatio molestiae erat. Cibi vinique temperans, somni parcus, inter milites corpus exercebat. Cum alacribus saltu, cum velocibus cursu, cum validis lucta certabat. Tum ad Sullam iter intendit, non per loca devia, sed palam incedens, tres hostium exercitus aut fudit, aut sibi adiunxit. Quem ubi Sulla ad se accedere audivit, egregiamque sub signis iuventutem aspexit, desiliit ex equo, Pompeiumque salutavit imperatorem: deinceps ei venienti solebat assurgere de sella et caput aperire; quem honorem nemini nisi Pompeio tribuebat.

Postea Pompeius in [[Sicilia|Siciliam]] profectus est, ut eam a Carbone Sullae inimico occupatam reciperet. Carbo comprehensus, et ad Pompeium ductus est. Quem Pompeius, postquam acerbe in eum invectus fuisset, ad supplicium duci iussit. Tunc ille, qui ter consul fuerat, demisse ac muliebriter mortem extimuit: voce flebili petiit ut sibi alvum levare liceret, sicque brevem miserrimae vitae usuram rapuit, donec miles morae impatiens caput in sordido loco sedentis amputavit. Longe moderatior fuit Pompeius erga Sthenium Siculae cuiusdam civitatis principem. Cum enim in eam civitatem animadvertere decrevisset qua sibi adversata fuerat, exclamavit Sthenius, eum inique facturum si ob culpam unius omnes plecteret. Interroganti Pompeio quisnam ille unus esset, &quot;Ego, inquit Sthenius, qui meos cives ad id induxi.&quot; Tam libera voce delectatus Pompeius, omnibus et Sthenio ipsi pepercit.

Transgressus inde in [[Africa|Africam]] Pompeius, Iarbam [[Numidia|Numidiae]] regem, qui [[Marius|Marii]] partibus favebat, bello persecutus est. Intra dies quadraginta hostem oppressit, et Africam subegit adolescens quattuor et viginti annorum. Tum ei litterae a Sulla redditae sunt, quibus iubebatur exercitum dimittere, et cum una tantum legione successorem exspectare. Id aegre tulit Pompeius paruit: tamen, et Romam reversus est. Revertenti incredibilis multitudo obviam ivit. Sulla quoque eum laetus excepit, et Magni cognomine appellavit: nihilominus Pompeio triumphum petenti restitit; neque ea re a proposito deterritus est Pompeius; aususque est dicere plures solem orientem adorare, quam occidentem: quo dicto innuebat Sullae potentiam minui, suam vero crescere. Ea voce audita, Sulla iuvenis constantiam admiratus, exclamavit: &quot;Triumphet, triumphet.&quot; A Pompeio militari triumpho perfecto, titulum Magnum accipit.

Metello iam seni et bellum in [[Hispania]] segnius gerenti collega datus est Pompeius, ibique adversus Sertorium vario eventu dimicavit. In quodam proelio maximum subiit periculum: cum enim in eum vir vasta corporis magnitudine impetum fecisset, Pompeius manum hostis amputavit, sed multis in eum concurrentibus, vulnus in femore accepit, et a suis fugientibus desertus in hostium potestate erat. At praeter spem evasit: illi scilicet equum Pompeii auro phalerisque eximiis instructum ceperant. Dum vero praedam inter se altercantes partiuntur, Pompeius illorum manus effugit. Altero proelio, cum [[Metellus]] Pompeio laboranti auxilio venisset, fususque esset Sertorii exercitus, is dixisse fertur: &quot;Nisi ista anus supervenisset, ego hunc puerum verberibus castigatum Romam dimisissem.&quot; Metellum anum appellabat, quia is iam senex ad mollem et effeminatam vitam deflexerat. Tandem Sortorio interfecto, Pompeius Hispaniam recepit.

Cum [[Pirata|piratae]] maria omnia infestarent, et quasdam etiam Italiae urbes diripuissent, ad eos opprimendos, cum imperio extraordinario missus est Pompeius. Nimiae viri potentiae obsistebant quidam ex optimatibus, et imprimis Quintus Catulus; qui cum in contione dixisset esse quidem praeclarum virum Gnaeum Pompeium, sed non esse uni omnia tribuenda, adiecissetque: &quot;Si quid ei acciderit, ecquemnam in eius locum substituetis?&quot;

Acclamavit universa contio: &quot;Te ipsum, Quinte Catule.&quot; Tam honorifico civium testimonio victus Catulus e contione discessit. Pompeius, disposito per omnes maris recessus navium praesidio, brevi terrarum orbem illa peste liberavit; praedones multis locis victos fudit; eosdem in deditionem acceptos in urbibus et agris procul a mari collocavit. Nihil hac victoria celerius; nam intra quadragesimum diem piratas toto mari expulit.

Confecto bello piratico, Gnaeus Pompeius contra [[Mithridates VI (rex Ponti)|Mithridatem]] profectus est, et in Asiam magna celeritate contendit. Proelium cum rege conserere cupiebat, neque opportuna dabatur pugnandi facultas, quia Mithridates interdiu castris se continebat, noctu vero haud tutum orat congredi cum hoste in locis ignotis. Quadam tamen noctu Mithridatem Pompeius aggressus est. Luna magno fuit Romanis adiumento: nam cum eam Romani a tergo haberent, umbrae corporum longius proiectae ad primos usque hostium ordines pertinebant; unde decepti regii milites, in umbras tanquam in propinquum hostem tela mittebant. Victus Mithridates in Pontum profugit. Adversus eum filius Pharnaces rebellavit, quia, occisis a patre fratribus, vitae suae ipse timebat. Mithridates a filio obsessus venenum sumpsit, quod cum tardius subiret, quia adversus venena multis antea medicaminibus corpus firmaverat, a milite Gallo volens interfectus est. 

Pompeius deinde Tigranem [[Armenia|Armeniae]] regem, qui Mithridatis partes secutus fuerat, ad deditionem compulit; quem tamen ad genua procumbentem erexit, benignis verbis recreavit, et in regnum restituit, aeque pulchrum esse iudicans et vincere reges et facere. Tandem rebus Asiae compositis in Italiam rediit. Ad urbem venit, non, ut plerique timuerant, armatus, sed demisso exercitu, et tertium triumphum biduo duxit. Insignis fuit multis novis inusitatisque ornamentis hic triumphus; sed nihil illustrius visum, quam quod tribus triumphis tres orbis partes devictae causam praebuerunt Pompeius enim, quod antea contigerat nemini, primo ex Africa, iterum ex Europa, tertio ex Asia triumphavit, felix opinione hominum futurus, si quem gloriae, eumdem vitae finem habuisset, neque adversam fortunam esset expertus iam senex. Pompeius effecit ut et magnitudinem et potentiam Senatus augeret.

A [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesare]] anno [[48 a.C.n.]] apud [[Pugna apud Pharsalum|Pharsalum]] victus in [[Aegyptus|Aeqyptum]] fugit, atque die [[28 Septembris]] eiusdem anni, [[Pelusium|Pelusii]] appulsus, necatus est. Inter interfectores et [[Lucius Septimius]] fuit.

== Fontes praecipui ==
* [[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Bella civilia''
*[[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesar]], ''De bello civili''
* [[Cicero]], Epistulae et orationes passim
*[[Dio Cassius]], ''[[Historia Romana (Dio)|Historia Romana]]''
*[[Lucanus]], ''[[Pharsalia]]''
*[[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]''
*[[Titus Livius]], ''Periochae''
*[[Velleius Paterculus]], ''[[Historiae (Velleius)|Historiae]]''

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Henricus Antonius Cornelius Chais Van Buren,	''Dissertatio historico-juridica inauguralis de Cn. Pompeio Magno, et de legibus ab eo latis''..., Lugduni Batavorum, 1823 
*	Karl Christ, ''Pompeius : der Feldherr Roms ; eine Biographie'', C.H. Beck, 2004 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=IN-8tQcnJiEC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ViewAPI&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*	 Matthias Dingmann, ''Pompeius Magnus : Machtgrundlagen eines spätrepublikanischen Politikers'', M. Leidorf, 2007 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2010_num_79_1_4002_t21_0656_0000_2 Recensio critica] [https://www.academia.edu/165291002/Matthias_Dingmann_Pompeius_Magnus_Machtgrundlagen_eines_sp%C3%A4trepublikanischen_Politikers Altera recensio critica]
*	Mathias Gelzer, ''Pompeius. Lebensbild eines Römers'', Stuttgart, Steiner, 2005 (prima editio 1948) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_2007_num_109_1_6738_t1_0400_0000_3 Recensio critica]
*John Leach,	''Pompey the Great'', Routledge, 1978 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=ASYiAwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*Nicole Schemmel, ''Rhōmaiōn kratistos : die Rezeption des Pompeius in der römischen Kaiserzeit'', Wellem Verlag, 2015
*Georg-Philipp Schietinger (curator), ''Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus : Ausnahmekarrierist, Netzwerker und Machtstratege : Beiträge zur Heidelberger Pompeius-Tagung am 24. September 2014'', Marie Leidorf, 2019
*J. Van Ooteghem,  ''Pompée le Grand, bâtisseur d'Empire'', Bruxellis, 1954 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_1955_num_33_4_1970_t1_0952_0000_1 Recensio critica]
*Donata Villani, « [https://journals.openedition.org/pallas/1061#article-1061 Entre imitatio Alexandri et imitatio Herculis : Pompée et l’universalisme romain] », ''Pallas'', 2013: 335-350.

== Nexus externi ==
{{Vicicitatio|Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus}}
{{CommuniaCat|Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Gnaeum Pompeium Magnum }}
{{Viri Illustres}}
* &quot;[http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/acl3129.0003.001/485?page=root;rgn=full+text;size=100;view=image;q1=pompeius C. Pompeius Magnus]&quot; in {{Smith-bio}} vol. 3 pp. 477-488
{{Fontes biographici}}
{{Index consulum rei publicae|
praedecessores= [[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus]] et [[Lucius Marcius Philippus (consul 56 a.C.n.)|Lucius Marcius Philippus]]|
annus= 55 a.C.n.&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|Marco Licinio Crasso]] II|
successores= [[Appius Claudius Pulcher (consul 54 a.C.n.)|Appius Claudius Pulcher]] et [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 54 a.C.n.)|L. Domitius Ahenobarbus]]}} 
{{Index consulum rei publicae|
praedecessores=[[Marcus Valerius Messalla Rufus]] et [[Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus]]|
annus= 52 a.C.n.&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica|Quinto Caecilio Metello Pio Scipione Nasica]]|
successores=[[Marcus Claudius Marcellus (consul 51 a.C.n.)|M. Claudius Marcellus]] et [[Servius Sulpicius Rufus]]}} 

{{Lifetime|106 a.C.n.|48 a.C.n.|Pompeius Magnus, Gnaeus}}

[[Categoria:Consules]]
[[Categoria:Gens Pompeia|Magnus, Gnaeus]]
[[Categoria:Necati]]
[[Categoria:Participes bellorum Mithridaticorum]]
[[Categoria:Participes Belli Civilis (49-45 a.C.n.)]]
[[Categoria:Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|!]]
[[Categoria:Victimae Belli Civilis (49-45 a.C.n.)]]
{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
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{{videdis|Pompeius (nomen)}}
[[Fasciculus:Hw-pompey.jpg|thumb|Effigies Pompeii [[Holmia]]e ostentata.]]

'''Gnaeus Pompeius,''' appellatus '''Magnus,''' fuit [[generalis]] et [[vir publicus]] [[Roma Antiqua|Romae Antiquae]]. 

== Vita ==
Gnaeus Pompeius stirpis senatoriae adolescens, in bello civili se et patrem consilio servavit. [[Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo|Pompeii pater]] suo [[Exercitus|exercitui]] ob avaritiam erat invisus; itaque facta est in eum conspiratio. Terentius quidam, Gnaei Pompeii contubernalis, eum occidendum susceperat, dum alii tabernaculum patris incenderent. Quae res iuveni Pompeio cenanti nuntiata est. Ipse nihil periculo motus, solito hilarius bibit, et cum Terentio eadem, qua antea, comitate usus est. Deinde cubiculum ingressus, clam subduxit se tentorio, et firmam patri circumposuit custodiam. Terentius tum districtu ense, ad lectum Pompeii accessit, multisque ictibus stragula percussit. Orta mox seditione, Pompeius se in media coniecit agmina, militesque tumultuantes precibus et lacrimis placavit, ac suo duci reconciliavit. Pompeii consul sine collega a senatu nominatus, Caesari aemulus erat.

Pompeius eodem bello civili partes [[Sulla|Sullae]] secutus, ita egit ut ab eo maxime diligeretur. Annos tres et viginti natus, ut Sullae auxilio veniret, paterni exercitus reliquias collegit, statimque dux peritus exstitit. Illius magnus apud militem amor, magna apud omnes admiratio fuit; nullus ei labor taedio, nulla defatigatio molestiae erat. Cibi vinique temperans, somni parcus, inter milites corpus exercebat. Cum alacribus saltu, cum velocibus cursu, cum validis lucta certabat. Tum ad Sullam iter intendit, non per loca devia, sed palam incedens, tres hostium exercitus aut fudit, aut sibi adiunxit. Quem ubi Sulla ad se accedere audivit, egregiamque sub signis iuventutem aspexit, desiliit ex equo, Pompeiumque salutavit imperatorem: deinceps ei venienti solebat assurgere de sella et caput aperire; quem honorem nemini nisi Pompeio tribuebat.

Postea Pompeius in [[Sicilia|Siciliam]] profectus est, ut eam a Carbone Sullae inimico occupatam reciperet. Carbo comprehensus, et ad Pompeium ductus est. Quem Pompeius, postquam acerbe in eum invectus fuisset, ad supplicium duci iussit. Tunc ille, qui ter consul fuerat, demisse ac muliebriter mortem extimuit: voce flebili petiit ut sibi alvum levare liceret, sicque brevem miserrimae vitae usuram rapuit, donec miles morae impatiens caput in sordido loco sedentis amputavit. Longe moderatior fuit Pompeius erga Sthenium Siculae cuiusdam civitatis principem. Cum enim in eam civitatem animadvertere decrevisset qua sibi adversata fuerat, exclamavit Sthenius, eum inique facturum si ob culpam unius omnes plecteret. Interroganti Pompeio quisnam ille unus esset, &quot;Ego, inquit Sthenius, qui meos cives ad id induxi.&quot; Tam libera voce delectatus Pompeius, omnibus et Sthenio ipsi pepercit.

Transgressus inde in [[Africa|Africam]] Pompeius, Iarbam [[Numidia|Numidiae]] regem, qui [[Marius|Marii]] partibus favebat, bello persecutus est. Intra dies quadraginta hostem oppressit, et Africam subegit adolescens quattuor et viginti annorum. Tum ei litterae a Sulla redditae sunt, quibus iubebatur exercitum dimittere, et cum una tantum legione successorem exspectare. Id aegre tulit Pompeius paruit: tamen, et Romam reversus est. Revertenti incredibilis multitudo obviam ivit. Sulla quoque eum laetus excepit, et Magni cognomine appellavit: nihilominus Pompeio triumphum petenti restitit; neque ea re a proposito deterritus est Pompeius; aususque est dicere plures solem orientem adorare, quam occidentem: quo dicto innuebat Sullae potentiam minui, suam vero crescere. Ea voce audita, Sulla iuvenis constantiam admiratus, exclamavit: &quot;Triumphet, triumphet.&quot; A Pompeio militari triumpho perfecto, titulum Magnum accipit.

Metello iam seni et bellum in [[Hispania]] segnius gerenti collega datus est Pompeius, ibique adversus Sertorium vario eventu dimicavit. In quodam proelio maximum subiit periculum: cum enim in eum vir vasta corporis magnitudine impetum fecisset, Pompeius manum hostis amputavit, sed multis in eum concurrentibus, vulnus in femore accepit, et a suis fugientibus desertus in hostium potestate erat. At praeter spem evasit: illi scilicet equum Pompeii auro phalerisque eximiis instructum ceperant. Dum vero praedam inter se altercantes partiuntur, Pompeius illorum manus effugit. Altero proelio, cum [[Metellus]] Pompeio laboranti auxilio venisset, fususque esset Sertorii exercitus, is dixisse fertur: &quot;Nisi ista anus supervenisset, ego hunc puerum verberibus castigatum Romam dimisissem.&quot; Metellum anum appellabat, quia is iam senex ad mollem et effeminatam vitam deflexerat. Tandem Sortorio interfecto, Pompeius Hispaniam recepit.

Cum [[Pirata|piratae]] maria omnia infestarent, et quasdam etiam Italiae urbes diripuissent, ad eos opprimendos, cum imperio extraordinario missus est Pompeius. Nimiae viri potentiae obsistebant quidam ex optimatibus, et imprimis Quintus Catulus; qui cum in contione dixisset esse quidem praeclarum virum Gnaeum Pompeium, sed non esse uni omnia tribuenda, adiecissetque: &quot;Si quid ei acciderit, ecquemnam in eius locum substituetis?&quot;

Acclamavit universa contio: &quot;Te ipsum, Quinte Catule.&quot; Tam honorifico civium testimonio victus Catulus e contione discessit. Pompeius, disposito per omnes maris recessus navium praesidio, brevi terrarum orbem illa peste liberavit; praedones multis locis victos fudit; eosdem in deditionem acceptos in urbibus et agris procul a mari collocavit. Nihil hac victoria celerius; nam intra quadragesimum diem piratas toto mari expulit.

Confecto bello piratico, Gnaeus Pompeius contra [[Mithridates VI (rex Ponti)|Mithridatem]] profectus est, et in Asiam magna celeritate contendit. Proelium cum rege conserere cupiebat, neque opportuna dabatur pugnandi facultas, quia Mithridates interdiu castris se continebat, noctu vero haud tutum orat congredi cum hoste in locis ignotis. Quadam tamen noctu Mithridatem Pompeius aggressus est. Luna magno fuit Romanis adiumento: nam cum eam Romani a tergo haberent, umbrae corporum longius proiectae ad primos usque hostium ordines pertinebant; unde decepti regii milites, in umbras tanquam in propinquum hostem tela mittebant. Victus Mithridates in Pontum profugit. Adversus eum filius Pharnaces rebellavit, quia, occisis a patre fratribus, vitae suae ipse timebat. Mithridates a filio obsessus venenum sumpsit, quod cum tardius subiret, quia adversus venena multis antea medicaminibus corpus firmaverat, a milite Gallo volens interfectus est. 

Pompeius deinde Tigranem [[Armenia|Armeniae]] regem, qui Mithridatis partes secutus fuerat, ad deditionem compulit; quem tamen ad genua procumbentem erexit, benignis verbis recreavit, et in regnum restituit, aeque pulchrum esse iudicans et vincere reges et facere. Tandem rebus Asiae compositis in Italiam rediit. Ad urbem venit, non, ut plerique timuerant, armatus, sed demisso exercitu, et tertium triumphum biduo duxit. Insignis fuit multis novis inusitatisque ornamentis hic triumphus; sed nihil illustrius visum, quam quod tribus triumphis tres orbis partes devictae causam praebuerunt Pompeius enim, quod antea contigerat nemini, primo ex Africa, iterum ex Europa, tertio ex Asia triumphavit, felix opinione hominum futurus, si quem gloriae, eumdem vitae finem habuisset, neque adversam fortunam esset expertus iam senex. Pompeius effecit ut et magnitudinem et potentiam Senatus augeret.

A [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesare]] anno [[48 a.C.n.]] apud [[Pugna apud Pharsalum|Pharsalum]] victus in [[Aegyptus|Aeqyptum]] fugit, atque die [[28 Septembris]] eiusdem anni, [[Pelusium|Pelusii]] appulsus, necatus est. Inter interfectores et [[Lucius Septimius]] fuit.

== Fontes praecipui ==
* [[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Bella civilia''
*[[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesar]], ''De bello civili''
* [[Cicero]], Epistulae et orationes passim
*[[Dio Cassius]], ''[[Historia Romana (Dio)|Historia Romana]]''
*[[Lucanus]], ''[[Pharsalia]]''
*[[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]''
*[[Titus Livius]], ''Periochae''
*[[Velleius Paterculus]], ''[[Historiae (Velleius)|Historiae]]''

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Henricus Antonius Cornelius Chais Van Buren,	''Dissertatio historico-juridica inauguralis de Cn. Pompeio Magno, et de legibus ab eo latis''..., Lugduni Batavorum, 1823 
*	Karl Christ, ''Pompeius : der Feldherr Roms ; eine Biographie'', C.H. Beck, 2004 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=IN-8tQcnJiEC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ViewAPI&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*	 Matthias Dingmann, ''Pompeius Magnus : Machtgrundlagen eines spätrepublikanischen Politikers'', M. Leidorf, 2007 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2010_num_79_1_4002_t21_0656_0000_2 Recensio critica] [https://www.academia.edu/165291002/Matthias_Dingmann_Pompeius_Magnus_Machtgrundlagen_eines_sp%C3%A4trepublikanischen_Politikers Altera recensio critica]
*	Mathias Gelzer, ''Pompeius. Lebensbild eines Römers'', Stuttgart, Steiner, 2005 (prima editio 1948) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_2007_num_109_1_6738_t1_0400_0000_3 Recensio critica]
*John Leach,	''Pompey the Great'', Routledge, 1978 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=ASYiAwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*	Alessandro Moretti, ''Crescere nella discordia : la vita di Pompeo'', Bononiae, 2022 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=DRAEEQAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] 
*Nicole Schemmel, ''Rhōmaiōn kratistos : die Rezeption des Pompeius in der römischen Kaiserzeit'', Wellem Verlag, 2015
*Georg-Philipp Schietinger (curator), ''Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus : Ausnahmekarrierist, Netzwerker und Machtstratege : Beiträge zur Heidelberger Pompeius-Tagung am 24. September 2014'', Marie Leidorf, 2019
*J. Van Ooteghem,  ''Pompée le Grand, bâtisseur d'Empire'', Bruxellis, 1954 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_1955_num_33_4_1970_t1_0952_0000_1 Recensio critica]
*Donata Villani, « [https://journals.openedition.org/pallas/1061#article-1061 Entre imitatio Alexandri et imitatio Herculis : Pompée et l’universalisme romain] », ''Pallas'', 2013: 335-350.

== Nexus externi ==
{{Vicicitatio|Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus}}
{{CommuniaCat|Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Gnaeum Pompeium Magnum }}
{{Viri Illustres}}
* &quot;[http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/acl3129.0003.001/485?page=root;rgn=full+text;size=100;view=image;q1=pompeius C. Pompeius Magnus]&quot; in {{Smith-bio}} vol. 3 pp. 477-488
{{Fontes biographici}}
{{Index consulum rei publicae|
praedecessores= [[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus]] et [[Lucius Marcius Philippus (consul 56 a.C.n.)|Lucius Marcius Philippus]]|
annus= 55 a.C.n.&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|Marco Licinio Crasso]] II|
successores= [[Appius Claudius Pulcher (consul 54 a.C.n.)|Appius Claudius Pulcher]] et [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 54 a.C.n.)|L. Domitius Ahenobarbus]]}} 
{{Index consulum rei publicae|
praedecessores=[[Marcus Valerius Messalla Rufus]] et [[Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus]]|
annus= 52 a.C.n.&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica|Quinto Caecilio Metello Pio Scipione Nasica]]|
successores=[[Marcus Claudius Marcellus (consul 51 a.C.n.)|M. Claudius Marcellus]] et [[Servius Sulpicius Rufus]]}} 

{{Lifetime|106 a.C.n.|48 a.C.n.|Pompeius Magnus, Gnaeus}}

[[Categoria:Consules]]
[[Categoria:Gens Pompeia|Magnus, Gnaeus]]
[[Categoria:Necati]]
[[Categoria:Participes bellorum Mithridaticorum]]
[[Categoria:Participes Belli Civilis (49-45 a.C.n.)]]
[[Categoria:Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|!]]
[[Categoria:Victimae Belli Civilis (49-45 a.C.n.)]]
{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
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[[Fasciculus:Hw-pompey.jpg|thumb|Effigies Pompeii [[Holmia]]e ostentata.]]

'''Gnaeus Pompeius,''' appellatus '''Magnus,''' fuit [[generalis]] et [[vir publicus]] [[Roma Antiqua|Romae Antiquae]]. 

== Vita ==
Gnaeus Pompeius stirpis senatoriae adolescens, in bello civili se et patrem consilio servavit. [[Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo|Pompeii pater]] suo [[Exercitus|exercitui]] ob avaritiam erat invisus; itaque facta est in eum conspiratio. Terentius quidam, Gnaei Pompeii contubernalis, eum occidendum susceperat, dum alii tabernaculum patris incenderent. Quae res iuveni Pompeio cenanti nuntiata est. Ipse nihil periculo motus, solito hilarius bibit, et cum Terentio eadem, qua antea, comitate usus est. Deinde cubiculum ingressus, clam subduxit se tentorio, et firmam patri circumposuit custodiam. Terentius tum districtu ense, ad lectum Pompeii accessit, multisque ictibus stragula percussit. Orta mox seditione, Pompeius se in media coniecit agmina, militesque tumultuantes precibus et lacrimis placavit, ac suo duci reconciliavit. Pompeii consul sine collega a senatu nominatus, Caesari aemulus erat.

Pompeius eodem bello civili partes [[Sulla|Sullae]] secutus, ita egit ut ab eo maxime diligeretur. Annos tres et viginti natus, ut Sullae auxilio veniret, paterni exercitus reliquias collegit, statimque dux peritus exstitit. Illius magnus apud militem amor, magna apud omnes admiratio fuit; nullus ei labor taedio, nulla defatigatio molestiae erat. Cibi vinique temperans, somni parcus, inter milites corpus exercebat. Cum alacribus saltu, cum velocibus cursu, cum validis lucta certabat. Tum ad Sullam iter intendit, non per loca devia, sed palam incedens, tres hostium exercitus aut fudit, aut sibi adiunxit. Quem ubi Sulla ad se accedere audivit, egregiamque sub signis iuventutem aspexit, desiliit ex equo, Pompeiumque salutavit imperatorem: deinceps ei venienti solebat assurgere de sella et caput aperire; quem honorem nemini nisi Pompeio tribuebat.

Postea Pompeius in [[Sicilia|Siciliam]] profectus est, ut eam a Carbone Sullae inimico occupatam reciperet. Carbo comprehensus, et ad Pompeium ductus est. Quem Pompeius, postquam acerbe in eum invectus fuisset, ad supplicium duci iussit. Tunc ille, qui ter consul fuerat, demisse ac muliebriter mortem extimuit: voce flebili petiit ut sibi alvum levare liceret, sicque brevem miserrimae vitae usuram rapuit, donec miles morae impatiens caput in sordido loco sedentis amputavit. Longe moderatior fuit Pompeius erga Sthenium Siculae cuiusdam civitatis principem. Cum enim in eam civitatem animadvertere decrevisset qua sibi adversata fuerat, exclamavit Sthenius, eum inique facturum si ob culpam unius omnes plecteret. Interroganti Pompeio quisnam ille unus esset, &quot;Ego, inquit Sthenius, qui meos cives ad id induxi.&quot; Tam libera voce delectatus Pompeius, omnibus et Sthenio ipsi pepercit.

Transgressus inde in [[Africa|Africam]] Pompeius, Iarbam [[Numidia|Numidiae]] regem, qui [[Marius|Marii]] partibus favebat, bello persecutus est. Intra dies quadraginta hostem oppressit, et Africam subegit adolescens quattuor et viginti annorum. Tum ei litterae a Sulla redditae sunt, quibus iubebatur exercitum dimittere, et cum una tantum legione successorem exspectare. Id aegre tulit Pompeius paruit: tamen, et Romam reversus est. Revertenti incredibilis multitudo obviam ivit. Sulla quoque eum laetus excepit, et Magni cognomine appellavit: nihilominus Pompeio triumphum petenti restitit; neque ea re a proposito deterritus est Pompeius; aususque est dicere plures solem orientem adorare, quam occidentem: quo dicto innuebat Sullae potentiam minui, suam vero crescere. Ea voce audita, Sulla iuvenis constantiam admiratus, exclamavit: &quot;Triumphet, triumphet.&quot; A Pompeio militari triumpho perfecto, titulum Magnum accipit.

Metello iam seni et bellum in [[Hispania]] segnius gerenti collega datus est Pompeius, ibique adversus Sertorium vario eventu dimicavit. In quodam proelio maximum subiit periculum: cum enim in eum vir vasta corporis magnitudine impetum fecisset, Pompeius manum hostis amputavit, sed multis in eum concurrentibus, vulnus in femore accepit, et a suis fugientibus desertus in hostium potestate erat. At praeter spem evasit: illi scilicet equum Pompeii auro phalerisque eximiis instructum ceperant. Dum vero praedam inter se altercantes partiuntur, Pompeius illorum manus effugit. Altero proelio, cum [[Metellus]] Pompeio laboranti auxilio venisset, fususque esset Sertorii exercitus, is dixisse fertur: &quot;Nisi ista anus supervenisset, ego hunc puerum verberibus castigatum Romam dimisissem.&quot; Metellum anum appellabat, quia is iam senex ad mollem et effeminatam vitam deflexerat. Tandem Sortorio interfecto, Pompeius Hispaniam recepit.

Cum [[Pirata|piratae]] maria omnia infestarent, et quasdam etiam Italiae urbes diripuissent, ad eos opprimendos, cum imperio extraordinario missus est Pompeius. Nimiae viri potentiae obsistebant quidam ex optimatibus, et imprimis Quintus Catulus; qui cum in contione dixisset esse quidem praeclarum virum Gnaeum Pompeium, sed non esse uni omnia tribuenda, adiecissetque: &quot;Si quid ei acciderit, ecquemnam in eius locum substituetis?&quot;

Acclamavit universa contio: &quot;Te ipsum, Quinte Catule.&quot; Tam honorifico civium testimonio victus Catulus e contione discessit. Pompeius, disposito per omnes maris recessus navium praesidio, brevi terrarum orbem illa peste liberavit; praedones multis locis victos fudit; eosdem in deditionem acceptos in urbibus et agris procul a mari collocavit. Nihil hac victoria celerius; nam intra quadragesimum diem piratas toto mari expulit.

Confecto bello piratico, Gnaeus Pompeius contra [[Mithridates VI (rex Ponti)|Mithridatem]] profectus est, et in Asiam magna celeritate contendit. Proelium cum rege conserere cupiebat, neque opportuna dabatur pugnandi facultas, quia Mithridates interdiu castris se continebat, noctu vero haud tutum orat congredi cum hoste in locis ignotis. Quadam tamen noctu Mithridatem Pompeius aggressus est. Luna magno fuit Romanis adiumento: nam cum eam Romani a tergo haberent, umbrae corporum longius proiectae ad primos usque hostium ordines pertinebant; unde decepti regii milites, in umbras tanquam in propinquum hostem tela mittebant. Victus Mithridates in Pontum profugit. Adversus eum filius Pharnaces rebellavit, quia, occisis a patre fratribus, vitae suae ipse timebat. Mithridates a filio obsessus venenum sumpsit, quod cum tardius subiret, quia adversus venena multis antea medicaminibus corpus firmaverat, a milite Gallo volens interfectus est. 

Pompeius deinde Tigranem [[Armenia|Armeniae]] regem, qui Mithridatis partes secutus fuerat, ad deditionem compulit; quem tamen ad genua procumbentem erexit, benignis verbis recreavit, et in regnum restituit, aeque pulchrum esse iudicans et vincere reges et facere. Tandem rebus Asiae compositis in Italiam rediit. Ad urbem venit, non, ut plerique timuerant, armatus, sed demisso exercitu, et tertium triumphum biduo duxit. Insignis fuit multis novis inusitatisque ornamentis hic triumphus; sed nihil illustrius visum, quam quod tribus triumphis tres orbis partes devictae causam praebuerunt Pompeius enim, quod antea contigerat nemini, primo ex Africa, iterum ex Europa, tertio ex Asia triumphavit, felix opinione hominum futurus, si quem gloriae, eumdem vitae finem habuisset, neque adversam fortunam esset expertus iam senex. Pompeius effecit ut et magnitudinem et potentiam Senatus augeret.

A [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesare]] anno [[48 a.C.n.]] apud [[Pugna apud Pharsalum|Pharsalum]] victus in [[Aegyptus|Aeqyptum]] fugit, atque die [[28 Septembris]] eiusdem anni, [[Pelusium|Pelusii]] appulsus, necatus est. Inter interfectores et [[Lucius Septimius]] fuit.

== Fontes praecipui ==
* [[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Bella civilia''
*[[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesar]], ''De bello civili''
* [[Cicero]], Epistulae et orationes passim
*[[Dio Cassius]], ''[[Historia Romana (Dio)|Historia Romana]]''
*[[Lucanus]], ''[[Pharsalia]]''
*[[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]''
*[[Titus Livius]], ''Periochae''
*[[Velleius Paterculus]], ''[[Historiae (Velleius)|Historiae]]''

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Henricus Antonius Cornelius Chais Van Buren,	''Dissertatio historico-juridica inauguralis de Cn. Pompeio Magno, et de legibus ab eo latis''..., Lugduni Batavorum, 1823 
*	Karl Christ, ''Pompeius : der Feldherr Roms ; eine Biographie'', C.H. Beck, 2004 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=IN-8tQcnJiEC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ViewAPI&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*	 Matthias Dingmann, ''Pompeius Magnus : Machtgrundlagen eines spätrepublikanischen Politikers'', M. Leidorf, 2007 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2010_num_79_1_4002_t21_0656_0000_2 Recensio critica] [https://www.academia.edu/165291002/Matthias_Dingmann_Pompeius_Magnus_Machtgrundlagen_eines_sp%C3%A4trepublikanischen_Politikers Altera recensio critica]
*	Mathias Gelzer, ''Pompeius. Lebensbild eines Römers'', Stuttgart, Steiner, 2005 (prima editio 1948) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_2007_num_109_1_6738_t1_0400_0000_3 Recensio critica]
*John Leach,	''Pompey the Great'', Routledge, 1978 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=ASYiAwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*	Alessandro Moretti, ''Crescere nella discordia : la vita di Pompeo'', Bononiae, 2022 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=DRAEEQAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] 
*Nicole Schemmel, ''Rhōmaiōn kratistos : die Rezeption des Pompeius in der römischen Kaiserzeit'', Wellem Verlag, 2015
*Francesco Paolo Rizzo S. J., ''Le Fonti per la Storia della Conquista Pompeiana della Siria'', Banca di Sicilia, 1963 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1964_num_33_2_1428_t1_0551_0000_2 Recensio critica]
*Georg-Philipp Schietinger (curator), ''Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus : Ausnahmekarrierist, Netzwerker und Machtstratege : Beiträge zur Heidelberger Pompeius-Tagung am 24. September 2014'', Marie Leidorf, 2019
*J. Van Ooteghem,  ''Pompée le Grand, bâtisseur d'Empire'', Bruxellis, 1954 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_1955_num_33_4_1970_t1_0952_0000_1 Recensio critica]
*Donata Villani, « [https://journals.openedition.org/pallas/1061#article-1061 Entre imitatio Alexandri et imitatio Herculis : Pompée et l’universalisme romain] », ''Pallas'', 2013: 335-350.

== Nexus externi ==
{{Vicicitatio|Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus}}
{{CommuniaCat|Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Gnaeum Pompeium Magnum }}
{{Viri Illustres}}
* &quot;[http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/acl3129.0003.001/485?page=root;rgn=full+text;size=100;view=image;q1=pompeius C. Pompeius Magnus]&quot; in {{Smith-bio}} vol. 3 pp. 477-488
{{Fontes biographici}}
{{Index consulum rei publicae|
praedecessores= [[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus]] et [[Lucius Marcius Philippus (consul 56 a.C.n.)|Lucius Marcius Philippus]]|
annus= 55 a.C.n.&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|Marco Licinio Crasso]] II|
successores= [[Appius Claudius Pulcher (consul 54 a.C.n.)|Appius Claudius Pulcher]] et [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 54 a.C.n.)|L. Domitius Ahenobarbus]]}} 
{{Index consulum rei publicae|
praedecessores=[[Marcus Valerius Messalla Rufus]] et [[Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus]]|
annus= 52 a.C.n.&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica|Quinto Caecilio Metello Pio Scipione Nasica]]|
successores=[[Marcus Claudius Marcellus (consul 51 a.C.n.)|M. Claudius Marcellus]] et [[Servius Sulpicius Rufus]]}} 

{{Lifetime|106 a.C.n.|48 a.C.n.|Pompeius Magnus, Gnaeus}}

[[Categoria:Consules]]
[[Categoria:Gens Pompeia|Magnus, Gnaeus]]
[[Categoria:Necati]]
[[Categoria:Participes bellorum Mithridaticorum]]
[[Categoria:Participes Belli Civilis (49-45 a.C.n.)]]
[[Categoria:Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|!]]
[[Categoria:Victimae Belli Civilis (49-45 a.C.n.)]]
{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
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{{videdis|Pompeius (nomen)}}
[[Fasciculus:Hw-pompey.jpg|thumb|Effigies Pompeii [[Holmia]]e ostentata.]]

'''Gnaeus Pompeius,''' appellatus '''Magnus,''' fuit [[generalis]] et [[vir publicus]] [[Roma Antiqua|Romae Antiquae]]. 

== Vita ==
Gnaeus Pompeius stirpis senatoriae adolescens, in bello civili se et patrem consilio servavit. [[Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo|Pompeii pater]] suo [[Exercitus|exercitui]] ob avaritiam erat invisus; itaque facta est in eum conspiratio. Terentius quidam, Gnaei Pompeii contubernalis, eum occidendum susceperat, dum alii tabernaculum patris incenderent. Quae res iuveni Pompeio cenanti nuntiata est. Ipse nihil periculo motus, solito hilarius bibit, et cum Terentio eadem, qua antea, comitate usus est. Deinde cubiculum ingressus, clam subduxit se tentorio, et firmam patri circumposuit custodiam. Terentius tum districtu ense, ad lectum Pompeii accessit, multisque ictibus stragula percussit. Orta mox seditione, Pompeius se in media coniecit agmina, militesque tumultuantes precibus et lacrimis placavit, ac suo duci reconciliavit. Pompeii consul sine collega a senatu nominatus, Caesari aemulus erat.

Pompeius eodem bello civili partes [[Sulla|Sullae]] secutus, ita egit ut ab eo maxime diligeretur. Annos tres et viginti natus, ut Sullae auxilio veniret, paterni exercitus reliquias collegit, statimque dux peritus exstitit. Illius magnus apud militem amor, magna apud omnes admiratio fuit; nullus ei labor taedio, nulla defatigatio molestiae erat. Cibi vinique temperans, somni parcus, inter milites corpus exercebat. Cum alacribus saltu, cum velocibus cursu, cum validis lucta certabat. Tum ad Sullam iter intendit, non per loca devia, sed palam incedens, tres hostium exercitus aut fudit, aut sibi adiunxit. Quem ubi Sulla ad se accedere audivit, egregiamque sub signis iuventutem aspexit, desiliit ex equo, Pompeiumque salutavit imperatorem: deinceps ei venienti solebat assurgere de sella et caput aperire; quem honorem nemini nisi Pompeio tribuebat.

Postea Pompeius in [[Sicilia|Siciliam]] profectus est, ut eam a Carbone Sullae inimico occupatam reciperet. Carbo comprehensus, et ad Pompeium ductus est. Quem Pompeius, postquam acerbe in eum invectus fuisset, ad supplicium duci iussit. Tunc ille, qui ter consul fuerat, demisse ac muliebriter mortem extimuit: voce flebili petiit ut sibi alvum levare liceret, sicque brevem miserrimae vitae usuram rapuit, donec miles morae impatiens caput in sordido loco sedentis amputavit. Longe moderatior fuit Pompeius erga Sthenium Siculae cuiusdam civitatis principem. Cum enim in eam civitatem animadvertere decrevisset qua sibi adversata fuerat, exclamavit Sthenius, eum inique facturum si ob culpam unius omnes plecteret. Interroganti Pompeio quisnam ille unus esset, &quot;Ego, inquit Sthenius, qui meos cives ad id induxi.&quot; Tam libera voce delectatus Pompeius, omnibus et Sthenio ipsi pepercit.

Transgressus inde in [[Africa|Africam]] Pompeius, Iarbam [[Numidia|Numidiae]] regem, qui [[Marius|Marii]] partibus favebat, bello persecutus est. Intra dies quadraginta hostem oppressit, et Africam subegit adolescens quattuor et viginti annorum. Tum ei litterae a Sulla redditae sunt, quibus iubebatur exercitum dimittere, et cum una tantum legione successorem exspectare. Id aegre tulit Pompeius paruit: tamen, et Romam reversus est. Revertenti incredibilis multitudo obviam ivit. Sulla quoque eum laetus excepit, et Magni cognomine appellavit: nihilominus Pompeio triumphum petenti restitit; neque ea re a proposito deterritus est Pompeius; aususque est dicere plures solem orientem adorare, quam occidentem: quo dicto innuebat Sullae potentiam minui, suam vero crescere. Ea voce audita, Sulla iuvenis constantiam admiratus, exclamavit: &quot;Triumphet, triumphet.&quot; A Pompeio militari triumpho perfecto, titulum Magnum accipit.

Metello iam seni et bellum in [[Hispania]] segnius gerenti collega datus est Pompeius, ibique adversus Sertorium vario eventu dimicavit. In quodam proelio maximum subiit periculum: cum enim in eum vir vasta corporis magnitudine impetum fecisset, Pompeius manum hostis amputavit, sed multis in eum concurrentibus, vulnus in femore accepit, et a suis fugientibus desertus in hostium potestate erat. At praeter spem evasit: illi scilicet equum Pompeii auro phalerisque eximiis instructum ceperant. Dum vero praedam inter se altercantes partiuntur, Pompeius illorum manus effugit. Altero proelio, cum [[Metellus]] Pompeio laboranti auxilio venisset, fususque esset Sertorii exercitus, is dixisse fertur: &quot;Nisi ista anus supervenisset, ego hunc puerum verberibus castigatum Romam dimisissem.&quot; Metellum anum appellabat, quia is iam senex ad mollem et effeminatam vitam deflexerat. Tandem Sortorio interfecto, Pompeius Hispaniam recepit.

Cum [[Pirata|piratae]] maria omnia infestarent, et quasdam etiam Italiae urbes diripuissent, ad eos opprimendos, cum imperio extraordinario missus est Pompeius. Nimiae viri potentiae obsistebant quidam ex optimatibus, et imprimis Quintus Catulus; qui cum in contione dixisset esse quidem praeclarum virum Gnaeum Pompeium, sed non esse uni omnia tribuenda, adiecissetque: &quot;Si quid ei acciderit, ecquemnam in eius locum substituetis?&quot;

Acclamavit universa contio: &quot;Te ipsum, Quinte Catule.&quot; Tam honorifico civium testimonio victus Catulus e contione discessit. Pompeius, disposito per omnes maris recessus navium praesidio, brevi terrarum orbem illa peste liberavit; praedones multis locis victos fudit; eosdem in deditionem acceptos in urbibus et agris procul a mari collocavit. Nihil hac victoria celerius; nam intra quadragesimum diem piratas toto mari expulit.

Confecto bello piratico, Gnaeus Pompeius contra [[Mithridates VI (rex Ponti)|Mithridatem]] profectus est, et in Asiam magna celeritate contendit. Proelium cum rege conserere cupiebat, neque opportuna dabatur pugnandi facultas, quia Mithridates interdiu castris se continebat, noctu vero haud tutum orat congredi cum hoste in locis ignotis. Quadam tamen noctu Mithridatem Pompeius aggressus est. Luna magno fuit Romanis adiumento: nam cum eam Romani a tergo haberent, umbrae corporum longius proiectae ad primos usque hostium ordines pertinebant; unde decepti regii milites, in umbras tanquam in propinquum hostem tela mittebant. Victus Mithridates in Pontum profugit. Adversus eum filius Pharnaces rebellavit, quia, occisis a patre fratribus, vitae suae ipse timebat. Mithridates a filio obsessus venenum sumpsit, quod cum tardius subiret, quia adversus venena multis antea medicaminibus corpus firmaverat, a milite Gallo volens interfectus est. 

Pompeius deinde Tigranem [[Armenia|Armeniae]] regem, qui Mithridatis partes secutus fuerat, ad deditionem compulit; quem tamen ad genua procumbentem erexit, benignis verbis recreavit, et in regnum restituit, aeque pulchrum esse iudicans et vincere reges et facere. Tandem rebus Asiae compositis in Italiam rediit. Ad urbem venit, non, ut plerique timuerant, armatus, sed demisso exercitu, et tertium triumphum biduo duxit. Insignis fuit multis novis inusitatisque ornamentis hic triumphus; sed nihil illustrius visum, quam quod tribus triumphis tres orbis partes devictae causam praebuerunt Pompeius enim, quod antea contigerat nemini, primo ex Africa, iterum ex Europa, tertio ex Asia triumphavit, felix opinione hominum futurus, si quem gloriae, eumdem vitae finem habuisset, neque adversam fortunam esset expertus iam senex. Pompeius effecit ut et magnitudinem et potentiam Senatus augeret.

A [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesare]] anno [[48 a.C.n.]] apud [[Pugna apud Pharsalum|Pharsalum]] victus in [[Aegyptus|Aeqyptum]] fugit, atque die [[28 Septembris]] eiusdem anni, [[Pelusium|Pelusii]] appulsus, necatus est. Inter interfectores et [[Lucius Septimius]] fuit.

== Fontes praecipui ==
* [[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Bella civilia''
*[[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesar]], ''De bello civili''
* [[Cicero]], Epistulae et orationes passim
*[[Dio Cassius]], ''[[Historia Romana (Dio)|Historia Romana]]''
*[[Lucanus]], ''[[Pharsalia]]''
*[[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]''
*[[Titus Livius]], ''Periochae''
*[[Velleius Paterculus]], ''[[Historiae (Velleius)|Historiae]]''

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Henricus Antonius Cornelius Chais Van Buren,	''Dissertatio historico-juridica inauguralis de Cn. Pompeio Magno, et de legibus ab eo latis''..., Lugduni Batavorum, 1823 
*	Karl Christ, ''Pompeius : der Feldherr Roms ; eine Biographie'', C.H. Beck, 2004 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=IN-8tQcnJiEC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ViewAPI&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*	 Matthias Dingmann, ''Pompeius Magnus : Machtgrundlagen eines spätrepublikanischen Politikers'', M. Leidorf, 2007 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2010_num_79_1_4002_t21_0656_0000_2 Recensio critica] [https://www.academia.edu/165291002/Matthias_Dingmann_Pompeius_Magnus_Machtgrundlagen_eines_sp%C3%A4trepublikanischen_Politikers Altera recensio critica]
*	Mathias Gelzer, ''Pompeius. Lebensbild eines Römers'', Stuttgart, Steiner, 2005 (prima editio 1948) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_2007_num_109_1_6738_t1_0400_0000_3 Recensio critica]
*John Leach,	''Pompey the Great'', Routledge, 1978 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=ASYiAwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*	Alessandro Moretti, ''Crescere nella discordia : la vita di Pompeo'', Bononiae, 2022 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=DRAEEQAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] 
*Nicole Schemmel, ''Rhōmaiōn kratistos : die Rezeption des Pompeius in der römischen Kaiserzeit'', Wellem Verlag, 2015
*Francesco Paolo Rizzo S. J., ''Le Fonti per la Storia della Conquista Pompeiana della Siria'', Banca di Sicilia, 1963 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1964_num_33_2_1428_t1_0551_0000_2 Recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/reg_0035-2039_1964_num_77_364_3778_t1_0308_0000_1 Altera recensio critica]
*Georg-Philipp Schietinger (curator), ''Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus : Ausnahmekarrierist, Netzwerker und Machtstratege : Beiträge zur Heidelberger Pompeius-Tagung am 24. September 2014'', Marie Leidorf, 2019
*J. Van Ooteghem,  ''Pompée le Grand, bâtisseur d'Empire'', Bruxellis, 1954 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_1955_num_33_4_1970_t1_0952_0000_1 Recensio critica]
*Donata Villani, « [https://journals.openedition.org/pallas/1061#article-1061 Entre imitatio Alexandri et imitatio Herculis : Pompée et l’universalisme romain] », ''Pallas'', 2013: 335-350.

== Nexus externi ==
{{Vicicitatio|Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus}}
{{CommuniaCat|Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Gnaeum Pompeium Magnum }}
{{Viri Illustres}}
* &quot;[http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/acl3129.0003.001/485?page=root;rgn=full+text;size=100;view=image;q1=pompeius C. Pompeius Magnus]&quot; in {{Smith-bio}} vol. 3 pp. 477-488
{{Fontes biographici}}
{{Index consulum rei publicae|
praedecessores= [[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus]] et [[Lucius Marcius Philippus (consul 56 a.C.n.)|Lucius Marcius Philippus]]|
annus= 55 a.C.n.&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|Marco Licinio Crasso]] II|
successores= [[Appius Claudius Pulcher (consul 54 a.C.n.)|Appius Claudius Pulcher]] et [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 54 a.C.n.)|L. Domitius Ahenobarbus]]}} 
{{Index consulum rei publicae|
praedecessores=[[Marcus Valerius Messalla Rufus]] et [[Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus]]|
annus= 52 a.C.n.&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica|Quinto Caecilio Metello Pio Scipione Nasica]]|
successores=[[Marcus Claudius Marcellus (consul 51 a.C.n.)|M. Claudius Marcellus]] et [[Servius Sulpicius Rufus]]}} 

{{Lifetime|106 a.C.n.|48 a.C.n.|Pompeius Magnus, Gnaeus}}

[[Categoria:Consules]]
[[Categoria:Gens Pompeia|Magnus, Gnaeus]]
[[Categoria:Necati]]
[[Categoria:Participes bellorum Mithridaticorum]]
[[Categoria:Participes Belli Civilis (49-45 a.C.n.)]]
[[Categoria:Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|!]]
[[Categoria:Victimae Belli Civilis (49-45 a.C.n.)]]
{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
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{{videdis|Pompeius (nomen)}}
[[Fasciculus:Hw-pompey.jpg|thumb|Effigies Pompeii [[Holmia]]e ostentata.]]

'''Gnaeus Pompeius,''' appellatus '''Magnus,''' fuit [[generalis]] et [[vir publicus]] [[Roma Antiqua|Romae Antiquae]]. 

== Vita ==
Gnaeus Pompeius stirpis senatoriae adolescens, in bello civili se et patrem consilio servavit. [[Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo|Pompeii pater]] suo [[Exercitus|exercitui]] ob avaritiam erat invisus; itaque facta est in eum conspiratio. Terentius quidam, Gnaei Pompeii contubernalis, eum occidendum susceperat, dum alii tabernaculum patris incenderent. Quae res iuveni Pompeio cenanti nuntiata est. Ipse nihil periculo motus, solito hilarius bibit, et cum Terentio eadem, qua antea, comitate usus est. Deinde cubiculum ingressus, clam subduxit se tentorio, et firmam patri circumposuit custodiam. Terentius tum districtu ense, ad lectum Pompeii accessit, multisque ictibus stragula percussit. Orta mox seditione, Pompeius se in media coniecit agmina, militesque tumultuantes precibus et lacrimis placavit, ac suo duci reconciliavit. Pompeii consul sine collega a senatu nominatus, Caesari aemulus erat.

Pompeius eodem bello civili partes [[Sulla|Sullae]] secutus, ita egit ut ab eo maxime diligeretur. Annos tres et viginti natus, ut Sullae auxilio veniret, paterni exercitus reliquias collegit, statimque dux peritus exstitit. Illius magnus apud militem amor, magna apud omnes admiratio fuit; nullus ei labor taedio, nulla defatigatio molestiae erat. Cibi vinique temperans, somni parcus, inter milites corpus exercebat. Cum alacribus saltu, cum velocibus cursu, cum validis lucta certabat. Tum ad Sullam iter intendit, non per loca devia, sed palam incedens, tres hostium exercitus aut fudit, aut sibi adiunxit. Quem ubi Sulla ad se accedere audivit, egregiamque sub signis iuventutem aspexit, desiliit ex equo, Pompeiumque salutavit imperatorem: deinceps ei venienti solebat assurgere de sella et caput aperire; quem honorem nemini nisi Pompeio tribuebat.

Postea Pompeius in [[Sicilia|Siciliam]] profectus est, ut eam a Carbone Sullae inimico occupatam reciperet. Carbo comprehensus, et ad Pompeium ductus est. Quem Pompeius, postquam acerbe in eum invectus fuisset, ad supplicium duci iussit. Tunc ille, qui ter consul fuerat, demisse ac muliebriter mortem extimuit: voce flebili petiit ut sibi alvum levare liceret, sicque brevem miserrimae vitae usuram rapuit, donec miles morae impatiens caput in sordido loco sedentis amputavit. Longe moderatior fuit Pompeius erga Sthenium Siculae cuiusdam civitatis principem. Cum enim in eam civitatem animadvertere decrevisset qua sibi adversata fuerat, exclamavit Sthenius, eum inique facturum si ob culpam unius omnes plecteret. Interroganti Pompeio quisnam ille unus esset, &quot;Ego, inquit Sthenius, qui meos cives ad id induxi.&quot; Tam libera voce delectatus Pompeius, omnibus et Sthenio ipsi pepercit.

Transgressus inde in [[Africa|Africam]] Pompeius, Iarbam [[Numidia|Numidiae]] regem, qui [[Marius|Marii]] partibus favebat, bello persecutus est. Intra dies quadraginta hostem oppressit, et Africam subegit adolescens quattuor et viginti annorum. Tum ei litterae a Sulla redditae sunt, quibus iubebatur exercitum dimittere, et cum una tantum legione successorem exspectare. Id aegre tulit Pompeius paruit: tamen, et Romam reversus est. Revertenti incredibilis multitudo obviam ivit. Sulla quoque eum laetus excepit, et Magni cognomine appellavit: nihilominus Pompeio triumphum petenti restitit; neque ea re a proposito deterritus est Pompeius; aususque est dicere plures solem orientem adorare, quam occidentem: quo dicto innuebat Sullae potentiam minui, suam vero crescere. Ea voce audita, Sulla iuvenis constantiam admiratus, exclamavit: &quot;Triumphet, triumphet.&quot; A Pompeio militari triumpho perfecto, titulum Magnum accipit.

Metello iam seni et bellum in [[Hispania]] segnius gerenti collega datus est Pompeius, ibique adversus Sertorium vario eventu dimicavit. In quodam proelio maximum subiit periculum: cum enim in eum vir vasta corporis magnitudine impetum fecisset, Pompeius manum hostis amputavit, sed multis in eum concurrentibus, vulnus in femore accepit, et a suis fugientibus desertus in hostium potestate erat. At praeter spem evasit: illi scilicet equum Pompeii auro phalerisque eximiis instructum ceperant. Dum vero praedam inter se altercantes partiuntur, Pompeius illorum manus effugit. Altero proelio, cum [[Metellus]] Pompeio laboranti auxilio venisset, fususque esset Sertorii exercitus, is dixisse fertur: &quot;Nisi ista anus supervenisset, ego hunc puerum verberibus castigatum Romam dimisissem.&quot; Metellum anum appellabat, quia is iam senex ad mollem et effeminatam vitam deflexerat. Tandem Sortorio interfecto, Pompeius Hispaniam recepit.

Cum [[Pirata|piratae]] maria omnia infestarent, et quasdam etiam Italiae urbes diripuissent, ad eos opprimendos, cum imperio extraordinario missus est Pompeius. Nimiae viri potentiae obsistebant quidam ex optimatibus, et imprimis Quintus Catulus; qui cum in contione dixisset esse quidem praeclarum virum Gnaeum Pompeium, sed non esse uni omnia tribuenda, adiecissetque: &quot;Si quid ei acciderit, ecquemnam in eius locum substituetis?&quot;

Acclamavit universa contio: &quot;Te ipsum, Quinte Catule.&quot; Tam honorifico civium testimonio victus Catulus e contione discessit. Pompeius, disposito per omnes maris recessus navium praesidio, brevi terrarum orbem illa peste liberavit; praedones multis locis victos fudit; eosdem in deditionem acceptos in urbibus et agris procul a mari collocavit. Nihil hac victoria celerius; nam intra quadragesimum diem piratas toto mari expulit.

Confecto bello piratico, Gnaeus Pompeius contra [[Mithridates VI (rex Ponti)|Mithridatem]] profectus est, et in Asiam magna celeritate contendit. Proelium cum rege conserere cupiebat, neque opportuna dabatur pugnandi facultas, quia Mithridates interdiu castris se continebat, noctu vero haud tutum orat congredi cum hoste in locis ignotis. Quadam tamen noctu Mithridatem Pompeius aggressus est. Luna magno fuit Romanis adiumento: nam cum eam Romani a tergo haberent, umbrae corporum longius proiectae ad primos usque hostium ordines pertinebant; unde decepti regii milites, in umbras tanquam in propinquum hostem tela mittebant. Victus Mithridates in Pontum profugit. Adversus eum filius Pharnaces rebellavit, quia, occisis a patre fratribus, vitae suae ipse timebat. Mithridates a filio obsessus venenum sumpsit, quod cum tardius subiret, quia adversus venena multis antea medicaminibus corpus firmaverat, a milite Gallo volens interfectus est. 

Pompeius deinde Tigranem [[Armenia|Armeniae]] regem, qui Mithridatis partes secutus fuerat, ad deditionem compulit; quem tamen ad genua procumbentem erexit, benignis verbis recreavit, et in regnum restituit, aeque pulchrum esse iudicans et vincere reges et facere. Tandem rebus Asiae compositis in Italiam rediit. Ad urbem venit, non, ut plerique timuerant, armatus, sed demisso exercitu, et tertium triumphum biduo duxit. Insignis fuit multis novis inusitatisque ornamentis hic triumphus; sed nihil illustrius visum, quam quod tribus triumphis tres orbis partes devictae causam praebuerunt Pompeius enim, quod antea contigerat nemini, primo ex Africa, iterum ex Europa, tertio ex Asia triumphavit, felix opinione hominum futurus, si quem gloriae, eumdem vitae finem habuisset, neque adversam fortunam esset expertus iam senex. Pompeius effecit ut et magnitudinem et potentiam Senatus augeret.

A [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesare]] anno [[48 a.C.n.]] apud [[Pugna apud Pharsalum|Pharsalum]] victus in [[Aegyptus|Aeqyptum]] fugit, atque die [[28 Septembris]] eiusdem anni, [[Pelusium|Pelusii]] appulsus, necatus est. Inter interfectores et [[Lucius Septimius]] fuit.

== Fontes praecipui ==
* [[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Bella civilia''
*[[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesar]], ''De bello civili''
* [[Cicero]], Epistulae et orationes passim
*[[Dio Cassius]], ''[[Historia Romana (Dio)|Historia Romana]]''
*[[Lucanus]], ''[[Pharsalia]]''
*[[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]''
*[[Sallustius]], ''Historiae''
*[[Titus Livius]], ''Periochae''
*[[Velleius Paterculus]], ''[[Historiae (Velleius)|Historiae]]''

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Henricus Antonius Cornelius Chais Van Buren,	''Dissertatio historico-juridica inauguralis de Cn. Pompeio Magno, et de legibus ab eo latis''..., Lugduni Batavorum, 1823 
*	Karl Christ, ''Pompeius : der Feldherr Roms ; eine Biographie'', C.H. Beck, 2004 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=IN-8tQcnJiEC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ViewAPI&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*	 Matthias Dingmann, ''Pompeius Magnus : Machtgrundlagen eines spätrepublikanischen Politikers'', M. Leidorf, 2007 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2010_num_79_1_4002_t21_0656_0000_2 Recensio critica] [https://www.academia.edu/165291002/Matthias_Dingmann_Pompeius_Magnus_Machtgrundlagen_eines_sp%C3%A4trepublikanischen_Politikers Altera recensio critica]
*	Mathias Gelzer, ''Pompeius. Lebensbild eines Römers'', Stuttgart, Steiner, 2005 (prima editio 1948) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_2007_num_109_1_6738_t1_0400_0000_3 Recensio critica]
*John Leach,	''Pompey the Great'', Routledge, 1978 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=ASYiAwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*	Alessandro Moretti, ''Crescere nella discordia : la vita di Pompeo'', Bononiae, 2022 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=DRAEEQAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] 
*Nicole Schemmel, ''Rhōmaiōn kratistos : die Rezeption des Pompeius in der römischen Kaiserzeit'', Wellem Verlag, 2015
*Francesco Paolo Rizzo S. J., ''Le Fonti per la Storia della Conquista Pompeiana della Siria'', Banca di Sicilia, 1963 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1964_num_33_2_1428_t1_0551_0000_2 Recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/reg_0035-2039_1964_num_77_364_3778_t1_0308_0000_1 Altera recensio critica]
*Georg-Philipp Schietinger (curator), ''Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus : Ausnahmekarrierist, Netzwerker und Machtstratege : Beiträge zur Heidelberger Pompeius-Tagung am 24. September 2014'', Marie Leidorf, 2019
*J. Van Ooteghem,  ''Pompée le Grand, bâtisseur d'Empire'', Bruxellis, 1954 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_1955_num_33_4_1970_t1_0952_0000_1 Recensio critica]
*Donata Villani, « [https://journals.openedition.org/pallas/1061#article-1061 Entre imitatio Alexandri et imitatio Herculis : Pompée et l’universalisme romain] », ''Pallas'', 2013: 335-350.

== Nexus externi ==
{{Vicicitatio|Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus}}
{{CommuniaCat|Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Gnaeum Pompeium Magnum }}
{{Viri Illustres}}
* &quot;[http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/acl3129.0003.001/485?page=root;rgn=full+text;size=100;view=image;q1=pompeius C. Pompeius Magnus]&quot; in {{Smith-bio}} vol. 3 pp. 477-488
{{Fontes biographici}}
{{Index consulum rei publicae|
praedecessores= [[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus]] et [[Lucius Marcius Philippus (consul 56 a.C.n.)|Lucius Marcius Philippus]]|
annus= 55 a.C.n.&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|Marco Licinio Crasso]] II|
successores= [[Appius Claudius Pulcher (consul 54 a.C.n.)|Appius Claudius Pulcher]] et [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 54 a.C.n.)|L. Domitius Ahenobarbus]]}} 
{{Index consulum rei publicae|
praedecessores=[[Marcus Valerius Messalla Rufus]] et [[Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus]]|
annus= 52 a.C.n.&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica|Quinto Caecilio Metello Pio Scipione Nasica]]|
successores=[[Marcus Claudius Marcellus (consul 51 a.C.n.)|M. Claudius Marcellus]] et [[Servius Sulpicius Rufus]]}} 

{{Lifetime|106 a.C.n.|48 a.C.n.|Pompeius Magnus, Gnaeus}}

[[Categoria:Consules]]
[[Categoria:Gens Pompeia|Magnus, Gnaeus]]
[[Categoria:Necati]]
[[Categoria:Participes bellorum Mithridaticorum]]
[[Categoria:Participes Belli Civilis (49-45 a.C.n.)]]
[[Categoria:Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|!]]
[[Categoria:Victimae Belli Civilis (49-45 a.C.n.)]]
{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Carolina Meridiana</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>3991117</id>
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      <text bytes="3427" sha1="ef7wce45qspp0up6id2t36esh0jff14" xml:space="preserve">{{Movenda|Carolina Australis}}
{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}
'''Carolina Australis'''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Carolina Australis&quot;: Francis Glass, ''Life of George Washington in Latin Prose'' {{Google Books|ZjoFAAAAYAAJ|p. 232}}. Cf. titulum ''Disputatio medica inauguralis, de vitae humanae gradibus, quam ... eruditorum examini subjicit Richardus Bedon Screven, Carolinae Australis civis'' (1799) [https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/8045607 catalogus]. &quot;In solo pingui sylvarum Novæ Cæsareæ, Pennsylvaniæ, Ohionis, Virginiæ, usque ad Carolinam Australem et Texas&quot;: Asa Gray, ''Chloris Boreali-Americana'', 1846 {{Google Books|zeonAAAAYAAJ|p. 22}}. Ita saepe apud scriptores botanicos&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Cf. nomina [[universitas Carolinae Australis|Universitatis Carolinae Australis]] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20210927092406/http://ghs.galileo.usg.edu/ghs/view?docId=ead/MS%202551-ead.xml fons], anglice) et [[Societas Medica Carolinae Australis|Societatis Medicae Carolinae Australis]] ([https://archive.org/stream/2563019R.nlm.nih.gov/2563019R#page/n13/mode/2up fons] {{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, anglice)&lt;/ref&gt; seu '''Meridionalis'''&lt;ref&gt;Linnaei ''Systema naturae'' {{Google Books|9K5cgVL7kdsC|p. 569}}; ''Essai d'une flore de l'ile de Zante'' {{Google Books|rFFnAAAAcAAJ|p.282}}; ''Acta historico-ecclesiastica'' vol. 14 {{Google Books|VKIAAAAAcAAJ|p. 610}}; {{TraupmanConvLat|210}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Carolina Meridiana&quot;: ''Latinitas'', vol. 13–14, p. [http://books.google.com/books?ei=rpZOU-KED5azyASW1ICoCA&amp;id=nWVfAAAAMAAJ&amp;dq=%22Carolina 114].&lt;/ref&gt; seu '''Meridiana'''{{FD ref}} est civitas [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatum Foederatarum Americae]]. Caput et maxima urbs est [[Columbia (Carolina Meridiana)|Columbia]]. Civitas nomen [[Carolus II (rex Angliae)|Caroli Secundi]], regis Angliae, accipit. Cursualis abbreviatio: SC

== Historia brevis Carolinae Meridionalis ==
{{Pars vicificanda}}
Cum sint duae civitates in Civitatis Foederatae Americae hodie appellatae Carolina, antequam anno [[1729]] erat sola una. Cum [[Carolus I (rex Angliae)|Carolus Primus]], rex Angliae, anno [[1629]] [[Robertus Heath|Roberto Heath]] terram concessisset. . . .&lt;!--Computer error; sorry--&gt; Illo tempore, nomen provinciae mutatum est et Carolina factum est. Tantis advenis Hispanis et Gallis viventibus infra provinciam, advenae provinciae Carolinae timuerunt ne provincia sua facienda esset [[Ecclesia Catholica|Catholica]]. Tantus erat metus suus ut libertas religiosa constituretur ut advenae Protestantis et Iudaei ad provinciam venirent. Carolina divisa est anno [[1719]] et Carolina Meridiana facta est colonia Anglica. Accidit ut Carolina Meridiana esset prima civitas quae liberam Britannia se declaravit et prima civitas quae Articulos Confoederationis sanxit. Scripta Constitutione anno [[1787]], Carolina Meridiana fuit civitas octava quae eam sanxit. Rogatur quam ob rem Carolina Meridiana constituerit secedere patria anno [[1860]]. Secessit ut sibi servitutem sustineret.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{Porta Civitatum Foederatarum Americae}}
{{CommuniaCat|South Carolina|Carolinam Meridianam}}

* [http://www.sc.gov Civitatis pagina interretialis] 


{{Comitatus Carolinae Meridionalis}}
{{Civitates foederalis}}

[[Categoria:Carolina Meridionalis|!]]
[[Categoria:Carolus II (rex Angliae)]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1712]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1776]]</text>
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    <title>Python (lingua programmationis)</title>
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      <text bytes="9005" sha1="7qm0c2gym6ene20acus5h126m79o6v1" xml:space="preserve">{{Latinitas|-2}}

'''Python''' est [[Programma fontium apertorum|fontium apertorum]] [[lingua programmationis]] multum hodie usitata, anno MMXVI tertia solum post [[C (lingua programmandi)|C]] et [[Java (lingua programmandi)|Java]] &lt;ref&gt;http://spectrum.ieee.org/computing/software/the-2016-top-programming-languages&lt;/ref&gt;.

Brevitatem facilitatemque quaeret [[syntaxis|syntaxi]] lingua, et programmata saepe paucioribus in lineis scribi possunt quam aliis linguis, sicut C vel Java.

[[Paradigma programmandi|Programmandi paradigmata]] admittit varia, quarum imperativum et [[programmatura ad res directa|ad res directum]]. Multa instrumenta programmatoribus praebet, sicut dicta (inspiciendae tabulae), catalogui, lambda functiones, generatores classesque. Facile augetur lingua pernumerosis a bibliothecis programmaticis, etiam alias ad linguas adligantis.

== Salve, munde! ==
Infra programma minimum ostenditur, quod &quot;Salve, munde!&quot; ad monitorium mittit.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot;&gt;
print(&quot;Salve, munde!&quot;)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

==Historia==
Python circum annum [[MCMLXXX]] primum concepta est, sed ab [[Guido van Rossum]] anno [[MCMLXXXIX]] demum creata est. Van Rossum, cum esset auctor princeps Pythonis, postea ''Benevolens Dictator Perpetuo'' ([[Anglice]]: ''Benevolent Dictator for Life'') appellatus est.

Python 2.0 die XVI mensis Octobris anno MM divulgata est; Python 3.0 autem mense Decembri anno MMVIII.

== Nomen ==
Nomen ''Python'' derivatum est a titulo pelliculae ''Monty Python's Flying Circus''. Qua causa in programmatis nomina alia e hac pelliculae scaena saepe inveniuntur.

== Syntaxis ==
Python indentationibus, non ceruliis, utitur ut clausulas varias distinguat. Exempli gratia:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot;&gt;
def fib(n):
    if n &lt; 2:
        return n
    else:
        return fib(n - 1) + fib(n - 2)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

=== Declarationes ===
Absque modo linguae C, non necesse est genus variabilis scribere.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot;&gt;
num = 1
num2 = num * 3 + 456
nomen = &quot;Python&quot;
conditio = False
series = [1, 5, 12, 123]
series_immutabilis = (123, 345, 'salve!')
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

=== Sententiae ===
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&gt;print&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; est sententia quae textum ad monitorium mittit.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot;&gt;
print &quot;Salve!&quot;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&gt;if&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; (Latine ''si'')
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot;&gt;
if num &gt; 5:
    print &quot;num est maior quam quinque!&quot;
elif num &lt; 5:
    print &quot;num est minor quam quinque!&quot;
else:
    print &quot;num aequat quinque!&quot;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&gt;for&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; aliquoties iteratur.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot;&gt;
for i in range(10):
    print i
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&gt;while&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; (Latine ''dum'') iteratur dum conditio vera est.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot;&gt;
num = 2
while num &lt; 10:
    num += 1
    print num
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&gt;try&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; (Latine ''conor'') conatur partem ''try'' exsequi. Si error accidit, partem ''except'' exsequitur. Denique, partem ''finally'' semper exsequitur, si adest.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot;&gt;
try:
    num = 10 / 0 # malum!
except ZeroDivisionError:
    print &quot;illud facere non potes!&quot;
finally:
    print &quot;conficio!&quot;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&gt;class&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; rem novam definit.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot;&gt;
class Canis:
    def __init__(self, nomen):
        self.nomen = nomen

    def latra(self):
        print &quot;Woof!&quot;

    def dic_nomen(self):  # si canes loqui possint
        print &quot;mihi nomen est&quot;, self.nomen
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&gt;def&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; (Latine ''definio'') functionem definit.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot;&gt;
def add(num1, num2):
    return num1 + num2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&gt;with&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; (Latine ''cum'')
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot;&gt;
with open(&quot;data.txt&quot;) as fin:
    data = fin.read()
    # process data
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&gt;pass&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; est sententia quae nihil facit.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot;&gt;
def nihil_facio():
    pass
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&gt;assert&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; (Latine ''affirmo'')
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot;&gt;
num = 9 / 3
assert num == 3 # rectum
assert num == 4 # hic AssertionError provenit
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&gt;yield&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; (Latine ''cedo'')
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot;&gt;
def crea_generatorem():
    mealist = range(4)

    for i in mealist:
        yield i * i

gen = crea_generatorem()
for i in gen:
    print i
# eventus:
# 0
# 1
# 4
# 9
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&gt;exec&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; (Latine ''fungor'') seriem characterum codicis Pythonis exsequitur.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot;&gt;
code = &quot;print 'salve, munde!'&quot;
exec code   # &quot;salve, munde!&quot; ad monitorium mittit
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&gt;eval&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; expressionem aestimat.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot;&gt;
num = eval(3 * 5)
print num   # 15
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

=== Operatores ===
Python nonnullos operatores habet:
* Operatores arithmetici simplices: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&gt;+&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; (additio), &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&gt;-&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; (subtractio), &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&gt;*&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; (multiplicatio), &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&gt;/&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; (Python 2: divisio integra; Python 3: divisio decimalis), et &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&gt;**&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; (potentiatio)
* Operatores compositi: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&gt;+=&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&gt;-=&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&gt;*=&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&gt;/=&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&quot;&gt;**=&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
* Operatores comparativus: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&gt;&lt;&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&gt;&gt;&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&gt;&lt;=&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&gt;&gt;=&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&quot;&gt;==&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; (aequalitas valoris, non loci memoriae sicut in lingua C), et &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&quot;&gt;!=&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
* Operatores booliani: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&quot;&gt;and&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&quot;&gt;or&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&quot;&gt;not&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
* Operatores bitwise: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; (et), &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&quot;&gt;|&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; (vel), &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&quot;&gt;^&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; (aut exclusivum)
* Operator loci memoriae: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&quot;&gt;is&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
* Operator ternarius: &lt;code&gt;''pars-vera''&lt;/code&gt; &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&quot;&gt;if&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; &lt;code&gt;''conditio''&lt;/code&gt; &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&quot;&gt;else&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; &lt;code&gt;''pars-falsa''&lt;/code&gt;

=== Genera ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Genus
! Descriptio
! Exemplum
|-
| &lt;code&gt;str&lt;/code&gt;
| series immutabilis characterum
| &lt;code&gt;'Vicipaedia'&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;Vicipaedia&quot;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;&quot;&quot;Spanning&lt;br /&gt;multiple&lt;br /&gt;lines&quot;&quot;&quot;&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;byte&lt;/code&gt;
| series immutabilis bytorum
| &lt;code&gt;b'Some ASCII'&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;code&gt;b&quot;Some ASCII&quot;&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;list&lt;/code&gt;
| series mutabilis quae genera varia continere potest
| &lt;code&gt;[4.0, 'string', True]&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;tuple&lt;/code&gt;
| series immutabilis quae genera varia continere potest
| &lt;code&gt;(4.0, 'string', True)&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;set&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;frozenset&lt;/code&gt;
| inordinata collectio, nulla duplicata continens
| &lt;code&gt;{4.0, 'string', True}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;code&gt;frozenset([4.0, 'string', True])&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;dict&lt;/code&gt;
| collectio mutabilis clavis et valoris
| &lt;code&gt;{'key1': 1.0, 3: False}&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;int&lt;/code&gt;
| numerus immutabilis (integer) infinitae magnitudinis
| &lt;code&gt;42&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;float&lt;/code&gt;
| numerus immutabilis (decimalis)
| &lt;code&gt;3.141592654&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;complex&lt;/code&gt;
| numerus immutabilis (complexus) cum partibus realibus et imaginariis
| &lt;code&gt;3+2.7j&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;bool&lt;/code&gt;
| valor immutabilis veritatis (verus aut falsus)
| &lt;code&gt;True&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;code&gt;False&lt;/code&gt;
|}

== Implementationes ==
* CPython
* Unladen Swallow
* Jython (Java)
* IronPython ([[.NET]])
* Stackless Python
* ChinesePython

=== Compilatores ===
* Psyco (ad codicem machinae)
* Pyjamas (ad JavaScript)
* Shed Skin (ad C++)
* Pyrex (ad C)
* Cython (ad C)

{{NexInt}}
* [[Perl]]
* [[PHP]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{communia|Python (programming language)}}
* http://www.python.org/

[[Categoria:Linguae programmationis]]

{{Myrias|Technologia}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>3991098</id>
      <parentid>3991094</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T19:08:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fridericus Garcia Castrensis</username>
        <id>200712</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="9080" sha1="0crux1iqvscsi32c3i502e19mk2s9to" xml:space="preserve">{{Latinitas|-1}}

'''Python''' est [[Programma fontium apertorum|fontium apertorum]] [[lingua programmationis]] multum hodie usitata (anno MMXVI tertia solum post [[C (lingua programmandi)|C]] et [[Java (lingua programmandi)|Java]] &lt;ref&gt;http://spectrum.ieee.org/computing/software/the-2016-top-programming-languages&lt;/ref&gt;).

Brevitatem facilitatemque quaeret [[syntaxis]], et programmata in Pythone saepe paucioribus in lineis scribi possunt quam aliis linguis, sicut C vel Java.

[[Paradigma programmandi|Programmandi paradigmata]] admittit varia, quarum imperativum et [[programmatura ad res directa|ad res directum]]. Multa instrumenta programmatoribus praebet, sicut dicta (inspiciendae tabulae), catalogui, lambda functiones, generatores classesque. Facile augetur lingua pernumerosis a bibliothecis programmaticis, etiam alias ad linguas adligantis.

== Salve, munde! ==
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot;&gt;
print(&quot;Salve, munde!&quot;)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

==Historia==
Python circum annum [[MCMLXXX]] primum concepta est, sed ab [[Guido van Rossum]] anno [[MCMLXXXIX]] demum creata est. Van Rossum, cum esset auctor princeps Pythonis, postea ''Benevolens Dictator Perpetuo'' ([[Anglice]]: ''Benevolent Dictator for Life'') appellatus fuit.

Python 2.0 die XVI mensis Octobris anno MM divulgata est; Python 3.0 autem mense Decembri anno MMVIII.

== Nomen ==
Nominem ''Python'' lingua accipiet ex titulo pelliculae ''Monty Python's Flying Circus''. Qua causa in programmatis nomina aliae ex huic pellicula scaenae saepe inveniuntur.

Pythone programmatores periti ''pythonistae'' appellatur, et ''pythonicus'' est modo peculiaris recte programmata scribendi secundum linguae usui.

== Syntaxis ==
Python indentationibus, non ceruliis, utitur ut clausulas varias distinguat. Exempli gratia:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot;&gt;
def fib(n):
    if n &lt; 2:
        return n
    else:
        return fib(n - 1) + fib(n - 2)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

=== Declarationes ===
Absque modo linguae C, non necesse est genus variabilis scribere.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot;&gt;
num = 1
num2 = num * 3 + 456
nomen = &quot;Python&quot;
conditio = False
series = [1, 5, 12, 123]
series_immutabilis = (123, 345, 'salve!')
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

=== Sententiae ===
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&gt;print&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; est sententia quae textum ad monitorium mittit.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot;&gt;
print &quot;Salve!&quot;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&gt;if&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; (Latine ''si'')
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot;&gt;
if num &gt; 5:
    print &quot;num est maior quam quinque!&quot;
elif num &lt; 5:
    print &quot;num est minor quam quinque!&quot;
else:
    print &quot;num aequat quinque!&quot;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&gt;for&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; aliquoties iteratur.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot;&gt;
for i in range(10):
    print i
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&gt;while&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; (Latine ''dum'') iteratur dum conditio vera est.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot;&gt;
num = 2
while num &lt; 10:
    num += 1
    print num
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&gt;try&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; (Latine ''conor'') conatur partem ''try'' exsequi. Si error accidit, partem ''except'' exsequitur. Denique, partem ''finally'' semper exsequitur, si adest.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot;&gt;
try:
    num = 10 / 0 # malum!
except ZeroDivisionError:
    print &quot;illud facere non potes!&quot;
finally:
    print &quot;conficio!&quot;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&gt;class&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; rem novam definit.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot;&gt;
class Canis:
    def __init__(self, nomen):
        self.nomen = nomen

    def latra(self):
        print &quot;Woof!&quot;

    def dic_nomen(self):  # si canes loqui possint
        print &quot;mihi nomen est&quot;, self.nomen
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&gt;def&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; (Latine ''definio'') functionem definit.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot;&gt;
def add(num1, num2):
    return num1 + num2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&gt;with&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; (Latine ''cum'')
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot;&gt;
with open(&quot;data.txt&quot;) as fin:
    data = fin.read()
    # process data
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&gt;pass&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; est sententia quae nihil facit.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot;&gt;
def nihil_facio():
    pass
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&gt;assert&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; (Latine ''affirmo'')
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot;&gt;
num = 9 / 3
assert num == 3 # rectum
assert num == 4 # hic AssertionError provenit
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&gt;yield&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; (Latine ''cedo'')
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot;&gt;
def crea_generatorem():
    mealist = range(4)

    for i in mealist:
        yield i * i

gen = crea_generatorem()
for i in gen:
    print i
# eventus:
# 0
# 1
# 4
# 9
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&gt;exec&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; (Latine ''fungor'') seriem characterum codicis Pythonis exsequitur.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot;&gt;
code = &quot;print 'salve, munde!'&quot;
exec code   # &quot;salve, munde!&quot; ad monitorium mittit
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&gt;eval&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; expressionem aestimat.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot;&gt;
num = eval(3 * 5)
print num   # 15
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

=== Operatores ===
Python nonnullos operatores habet:
* Operatores arithmetici simplices: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&gt;+&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; (additio), &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&gt;-&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; (subtractio), &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&gt;*&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; (multiplicatio), &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&gt;/&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; (Python 2: divisio integra; Python 3: divisio decimalis), et &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&gt;**&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; (potentiatio)
* Operatores compositi: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&gt;+=&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&gt;-=&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&gt;*=&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&gt;/=&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&quot;&gt;**=&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
* Operatores comparativus: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&gt;&lt;&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&gt;&gt;&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&gt;&lt;=&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&gt;&gt;=&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&quot;&gt;==&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; (aequalitas valoris, non loci memoriae sicut in lingua C), et &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&quot;&gt;!=&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
* Operatores booliani: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&quot;&gt;and&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&quot;&gt;or&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&quot;&gt;not&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
* Operatores bitwise: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; (et), &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&quot;&gt;|&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; (vel), &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&quot;&gt;^&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; (aut exclusivum)
* Operator loci memoriae: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&quot;&gt;is&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
* Operator ternarius: &lt;code&gt;''pars-vera''&lt;/code&gt; &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&quot;&gt;if&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; &lt;code&gt;''conditio''&lt;/code&gt; &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot; inline&quot;&gt;else&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; &lt;code&gt;''pars-falsa''&lt;/code&gt;

=== Genera ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Genus
! Descriptio
! Exemplum
|-
| &lt;code&gt;str&lt;/code&gt;
| series immutabilis characterum
| &lt;code&gt;'Vicipaedia'&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;Vicipaedia&quot;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;&quot;&quot;Spanning&lt;br /&gt;multiple&lt;br /&gt;lines&quot;&quot;&quot;&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;byte&lt;/code&gt;
| series immutabilis bytorum
| &lt;code&gt;b'Some ASCII'&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;code&gt;b&quot;Some ASCII&quot;&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;list&lt;/code&gt;
| series mutabilis quae genera varia continere potest
| &lt;code&gt;[4.0, 'string', True]&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;tuple&lt;/code&gt;
| series immutabilis quae genera varia continere potest
| &lt;code&gt;(4.0, 'string', True)&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;set&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;frozenset&lt;/code&gt;
| inordinata collectio, nulla duplicata continens
| &lt;code&gt;{4.0, 'string', True}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;code&gt;frozenset([4.0, 'string', True])&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;dict&lt;/code&gt;
| collectio mutabilis clavis et valoris
| &lt;code&gt;{'key1': 1.0, 3: False}&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;int&lt;/code&gt;
| numerus immutabilis (integer) infinitae magnitudinis
| &lt;code&gt;42&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;float&lt;/code&gt;
| numerus immutabilis (decimalis)
| &lt;code&gt;3.141592654&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;complex&lt;/code&gt;
| numerus immutabilis (complexus) cum partibus realibus et imaginariis
| &lt;code&gt;3+2.7j&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;bool&lt;/code&gt;
| valor immutabilis veritatis (verus aut falsus)
| &lt;code&gt;True&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;code&gt;False&lt;/code&gt;
|}

== Implementationes ==
* CPython
* Unladen Swallow
* Jython (Java)
* IronPython ([[.NET]])
* Stackless Python
* ChinesePython

=== Compilatores ===
* Psyco (ad codicem machinae)
* Pyjamas (ad JavaScript)
* Shed Skin (ad C++)
* Pyrex (ad C)
* Cython (ad C)

{{NexInt}}
* [[Perl]]
* [[PHP]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{communia|Python (programming language)}}
* http://www.python.org/

[[Categoria:Linguae programmationis]]

{{Myrias|Technologia}}</text>
      <sha1>0crux1iqvscsi32c3i502e19mk2s9to</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Leo IX</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16882</id>
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-25T13:49:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Nexus externi */ +fontes +cat</comment>
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      <text bytes="1612" sha1="a8x50cy4wmck8l043kl5uwnl812kvi7" xml:space="preserve">{{Papa |
Imago =[[Fasciculus: Castelo-Condes-Eguisheim.jpg |thumb|center|Oppidum Eguisheim, locus natalis '''Leonis IX''']] |
Nomen papae= Leo IX |
Nomen = Bruno comes [[Eguisheim|Heginodomus]]-Dagsburgi |
Natus = [[21 Iunii]] [[1002|MII]]|	
Obit = [[19 Aprilis]] [[1054|MLIV]])|	
Predecessor = [[Damasus II]] |
Papa = [[1049|MXLIX]]–[[1054|MLIV]] |
Successor = [[Victor II]]
}}

Sanctus '''Leo IX''' (natus ''Bruno comes [[Eguisheim|Heginodomus]]-Dagsburgi'' in [[Elisatia]] nobili familia die [[21 Iunii]] [[1002]]; mortuus die [[19 Aprilis]] [[1054]]) fuit  [[Episcopus|episcopus]] [[Roma]]e et [[Papa|papa]] [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae]] a die [[12 Februarii]] [[1049]]. 

== Vita ==
Bruno erat propinquus [[imperator]]is [[Henricus III|Henrici III]]. Anno [[1026]], vicesimum-quartum annum agens, [[episcopus]] [[Tullum Leucorum|Tulli Leucorum]] urbis [[Francia]]e (hodie [[Francice]] ''[[:fr:Toul|Toul]]'') creatus est.

== Pontificatus ==
Leo IX decreta contra rerum divinarum mercatum et [[matrimonium (sacramentum)|nuptias]]  [[presbyter]]orum promulgavit. Ipso regnante, [[schisma]] inter [[ecclesia]]s [[Ecclesia Catholica|Catholicam]] et [[Ecclesiae Orthodoxae|Orthodoxam]] [[Constantinopolis]] coepit.

== Bibliographia ==
* Mittermaier, Karl. [[2006]]. ''Die deutschen Päpste: Benedikt XVI. und seine deutschen Vorgänger.''

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Leo IX|Leonem IX }}
{{Fontes biographici}}

{{papa-stipula}}
{{papae}}
{{Lifetime|1002|1054|Leo IX}}
[[Categoria:Incolae Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Papae]]
[[Categoria:Sancti]]
[[Categoria:Episcopi Tullenses]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Insulae Moluccae</title>
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      <minor />
      <comment>{{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}}</comment>
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      <text bytes="5274" sha1="5u5tabg2amzv98fsky7bb1pi9b4a9xf" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:IndonesiaMalukuIslands.png|thumb|Tabula Insularum Moluccarum (terrae [[viridis|virides]]).]]

{{res|Insulae Moluccae}},&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/hofmann/hof3/s0193a.html Fons nominis] apud {{Lexfons}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Brevius &quot;Moluccae&quot;; confer &quot;Samatra, Java utraque, Timora, Moluccae, Philippinae, Luconia&quot;: [http://www.sudoc.abes.fr/DB=2.1//SRCH?IKT=12&amp;TRM=194684946 tabula anni 1595] {{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Arabice]] ''Jazirat al Maluk'' 'Insulae Regum' ; [[Indonesice]] ''Maluku''), sunt [[archipelagus]] [[Indonesia]]e, qui pars [[insulae Sundanae|insularum Sundanarum]] est. Hae [[insula]]e per [[historia]]m a [[Sinae (regio)|Sinis]] [[Europa]]eisque {{res|insulae aromatum}} appellantur.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;''Molucche'': insulae aromatum&quot; {{Google Books|kMtSAAAAcAAJ|vide indicem ad initium libri}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Fasciculus:Sunset at Ternate and Tidore Islands, Maluku.jpg|thumb|Ternata et Tidor insulae iuxta sitae]]

==Res geographicae et geologicae==

Archipelagus in [[Asia Meridio-Orientalis Maritima|Asiae Meridio-Orientali Maritima]] [[regio]]ne situs est. Quod attinet ad [[tectonica laminarum]], eae in [[Lamina Halmahera]] intra [[Zona Concursus Maris Moluccensis|Zonam Concursus Maris Moluccensis]] sitae sunt; quod attinet at [[geographia]]m, eae ad [[oriens|orientem]] [[Sulavesia]]e (Celebes), ad [[occidens|occidentem]] [[Nova Guinea|Novae Guineae]], ad [[septentrio]]nes et [[oriens|orientem]] [[Timoria]]e patent. 

[[Fasciculus:Nusa Pombo Atas.jpg|thumb|Amboinia]]
Insula maxima est [[Halmahera]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.ru/books?id=eUBCUZU-FOIC&amp;q=halmahera+insula#v=snippet&amp;q=halmahera%20insula&amp;f=false ''Acta academiae scientiarum imperialis Petropolitanae'', vol. 1, Petropoli 1783, p. 209].&lt;/ref&gt;, sed [[Ternata]] et [[Tidor]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Tidor, is'', — [[Didericus Walterus Iacobus Carolus van Lijnden|Didericι Walterι Iacobι Carolι van Lijnden]] [https://books.google.ru/books?id=05tdAAAAcAAJ&amp;q=Tidoris#v=snippet&amp;q=Tidoris&amp;f=false ''Dissertatio ... de commercio Societatis Indiæ Orientalis'', Schoonhoviae 1839].&lt;/ref&gt; parvae prope Halmaheram sitae notiores sunt. Eodem modo [[Amboina]] parva prope ad [[Ceramia]]m&lt;ref&gt;[[Carolus Ludovicus Blume|Caroli Ludovici Blume]] [https://books.google.ru/books?id=W8kUAAAAIAAJ&amp;q=Ceramiae+insulae#v=snippet&amp;q=Ceramiae%20insulae&amp;f=false ''Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavum'', vol. I, Lugduni Batavorum 1849-51, p. 182].&lt;/ref&gt; maiorem sita multo potentior erat. [[Mare Moluccense|Mari Moluccensi]] Moluccae a [[Celebis|Celebis]] separatae sunt, [[Mare Ceramense]] Halmaheram a Ceramia separat. Meridiem versus a Ceramia et Amboina insulae Bandanae sitae sunt, quas ab [[insulae Sundanae minores|insulis Sundanis minoribus]] [[mare Bandanum]] separat. Alii insularum greges ad orientem et meridiem a Bandanis iacent, quarum litora [[Mare Arafuranum|mari Arafurano]] alluuntur.

[[Fasciculus:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM 'Myrmecodia in kajoe poetih boom ('mierenplant') op Ambon beneden aan de stam en boven in het midden kleine bladeren van Dischidia species.' TMnr 10006299.jpg|thumb|''[[Myrmecodia]]'' rabor Amboniae (photographema anni 1926)]]
==Natura==

Plurimis harum insularum sunt [[mons|montes]], atque adeo vivi [[mons ignifer|montes igniferi]], et [[clima]] omnino est humidum. [[Flora (summatio)|Flora]] insularum parvarum et angustarum, a [[mare|mari]] maxime circumsaeptarum, est luxuriosissima, inter quam [[silva pluvialis|silvae pluviales]]; ''[[Metroxylon sagu]], [[Cycas revoluta]],'' [[planta]]eque similes; [[Oryza (victus)|oryza]]; et [[condimentum|condimenta]] celeberrima ''[[Myristica fragrans]]'' et ''[[Syzygium aromaticum]].'' 

[[Fasciculus:Banda 1810.jpg|thumb|Naves prope Bandam insulam (1810)]]
==Historia==

Populus multarum insularum, quamquam primum [[Melanesiani]],&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20090414051629/http://www.irja.org/anthro/malmel.htm IRJA.org].&lt;/ref&gt; praecipue intra [[Insulae Bandanae|Insulas Bandanas]]{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1=[[Didericus Walterus Iacobus Carolus van Lijnden|Didericι Walterι Iacobι Carolι van Lijnden]] [https://books.google.ru/books?id=05tdAAAAcAAJ&amp;q=insulae+bandanae#v=snippet&amp;q=insulae%20bandanae&amp;f=false ''Dissertatio ... de commercio Societatis Indiæ Orientalis'', Schoonhoviae 1839, pp. 26, 32, 62]; {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Christophorus Bekmann|Ioannis Christophori Bekmann|de|qid=Q105443}} [https://books.google.ru/books?id=c4xaAAAAQAAJ&amp;q=insularum+bandanarum#v=snippet&amp;q=insularum%20bandanarum&amp;f=false ''Historia orbis terrarum, geographica et civilis,...'', Francofurti ad Oderam, 1685, p. 589].|2=Q105443}}, [[saeculum 17|saeculo septimo decimo]] per &quot;bella condimentorum&quot; enecati sunt; alter autem [[immigratio|immigrantium]] [[Austronesiani|Austronesianorum]] influx [[saeculum 20|saeculo vicensimo]] ineunte sub imperio [[Nederlandia|Nederlandico]] coepit et tempore Indonesiano persistit. 

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Nexus interni==
*[[Herbarium Amboinense]]
*[[Archipelagus Malaicus]]

==Nexus externi==
{{fontes geographici}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Moluccae, insulae}}

[[Categoria:Mare Moluccense]]
[[Categoria:Insulae Indonesiae]]
[[Categoria:Insulae Moluccae|!]]
{{Myrias|Geographia}}</text>
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    <title>Cuvaitum</title>
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      <text bytes="53286" sha1="isqdnubbjfa7kqh08c0cxucaxtbtejc" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa civitatis Vicidatorum}}

{{res|Cuvaitum}},&lt;ref&gt;{{Egger SL|14}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Cuvaitia; phylarchia Cuvaitensis; vbb. adiectt. Cuvaitensis, Cuvaitianus&quot; in [http://es.scribd.com/doc/13868355/Diccionario-EspanolLatin-Del-Col José Juan Del Col (2007) ''Diccionario auxiliar: español-latino para el uso moderno del Latín'', s.vv. ''Kuwait, kuwaití'']. Vb. adiect. &quot;Kuvaitensis&quot;: vide s.v. {{CathHierDiocese|nara|Vicariatus Apostolicus Arabiae Septentrionalis}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Arabice]] الكويت) plenius {{res|Emiratus Kuvaitensis}},&lt;ref&gt;&quot;... apud ipsam Nuntiaturam Apostolicam in Kuvaitensi Emiratu sitam, quin immo in urbe vulgo Kuwait City ...&quot;: ''[http://w2.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/la/apost_letters/1992/documents/hf_jp-ii_apl_19920326_suo-iam-pridem.pdf Litterae Apostolicae]''&lt;/ref&gt; est [[civitas]] in parte septentrionali [[paeninsula]]e [[Arabia|Arabicae]] ad litus [[sinus Persicus|sinus Persici]] sita, cui vicinae [[Arabia Saudiana]] et [[Iracia]] sunt. [[Numerus incolarum]] circiter 3&amp;thinsp;000&amp;thinsp;000 aut 3&amp;thinsp;500&amp;thinsp;000 hominum, e quibus circiter 2&amp;thinsp;000&amp;thinsp;000 hominum advenae sunt, praesertim [[Asia]]ni&lt;ref name=&quot;arabtimes&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.arabtimesonline.com/arabtimes/kuwait/Viewdet.asp?ID=7168&amp;cat=a|title=Kuwait population hits 2.992 m; Citizens up in number, down in percentage|work=Arab Times Online|accessdate=7 October 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Cuvaitum est civitas magna in [[petroleum|petroleo]] producendo. [[Consociatio Civitatum Petroleum Exportantium|Consociatiomis civitatum petroleum exportantium]] membrum est.

== Toponymia ==
''Cuvaitum'' a [[Verbum (generale)|voce]] [[Lingua Arabica|Arabica]] كويت 'oppidum ad aquam aedificatum' fictum est. [[Nomen substantivum|Nomen]] praeterea [[diminutivum]] secundum schema [[fuʿayl]] est. [[Pronuntiatio]] [[dialectos|dialectalis]] [kwɛɪt] est.

== Historia ==
[[Fasciculus:HistoricCoins.jpg|thumb|left|Historici nummi ex [[insula]] [[Icarus (insula Cuvaitensis)|Icaro]].]]
[[Saeculum 4 a.C.n.|Saeculo IV a.C.n.]] [[Graecia antiqua|Graeci antiqui]] [[colonia]]m in [[Insula]] [[Icarus (insula Cuvaitensis)|Icaro]] ([[Arabice]] جزيرة فيلكا) constituere. Anno [[123 a.C.n.]], regio sub [[Regnum Parthorum|Imperii Parthici]] pondere cecidit et ad urbem [[Anthemusias|Anthemusiam]], [[Mesopotamia]]e Meridiem, valde adscribebatur. Anno [[224|224 a.D.]] regio ab [[Regnum Sassanidarum|Imperio Sassanidico]] subiecta et [[Haiar]] nuncupata est. Vicissim [[saeculum 14|saeculo XIV]] area in praesenti Cuvaitum comprehendens [[calipha]]tus [[Islam]]ici partem formavit.
[[Fasciculus:MarinetimeMKuwaitAlshami.jpg|thumb|left|[[Hashimus II|Museum Maritimum Hashimi II]] [[Cuvaitum (urbs)|Cuvaiti]]. Quod Cuvaitum conditum [[portus|portum]] [[mare|maritimum]] mercatoris esse demonstrat.]]
Primi permanentes coloni in hac regione [[tribus]] [[tribus Banichalida|Banichalida]] ([[Arabice]]; ني خالد) [[Nadium|Nadii]] ([[Arabice]]; نجد) fuere et suam sedem in Civitate Cuvaitiana collocavere. Anno [[1756]] populus [[Saba I filius Geberi|Sabam I filium Geberi]] primum [[rex|monarcham]] Kuvaitensem elegit. Praesens familia regalis Cuvaitensis [[Domus Saba|Saba]] est [[Saba I filius Geberi|Sabae I]] descendens. [[Saba I filius Geberi|Saba I]] regente, Cuvaitum progressive [[commercium|commercii]] centrum factum est. Qui iam commercii centro inter [[India]]m, [[Cornu Africae]], [[Nadium]], [[Mesopotamia]]m et [[Levans]] profuerat. Usque ad [[Iaponia|Iaponicae]] [[margarita]]eculturae adventum, Cuvaitum aliquas ex opibus maritimis in [[Sinus Persicus|Sinus Persici]] regione et florentem [[margarita]]rum industriam habebat. Commercium usque ad illud tempus praecipue in [[margarita|margaritis]], [[lignum|ligno]], [[condimentum|condimentis]], [[dactylus (fructus)|dactylis]] et [[equus caballus|equis]] consistebat.

Exeunte [[saeculum 19|saeculo XIX]], maior [[Arabia|Paeninsulae Arabicae]] pars sub [[Imperium Ottomanicum|Imperii Ottomanici]] pondere cecidit. [[Imperium Ottomanicum|Ottomani]] [[dynastia]]e [[Domus Saba|Sabae]] [[autonomia]]m agnovere sed etiam [[suverenitas|suverenitatem]] Cuvaitianam vindicavere.
[[Fasciculus:Mubarak Al-Sabah of Kuwait.jpg|150px|thumb|left|[[Mubaracus Saba|Mubaracus Saba Magnus]] ([[Arabice]]; مبارك الصباح) autonomicam urbis [[Cuvaitum (urbs)|Cuvaiti]] et intestinorum [[caza]]m rexit.]]
Anno [[1899]], Cuvaitum foedus cum [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britanniarum Regno]] obsignavit quod [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britanniarum Regno]] dominium Cuvaitensis [[civilitas|civilitatis]] externae extensivum pro [[protectio]]ne et annuis subsidiis dedit. Hoc foedus praesertim incitatum est timore ne propositum [[Ferrivia inter Berolinum et Bagdatum|Ferriviae]] inter [[Berolinum]] et [[Bagdatum]] ad [[Germania|Germanici]] ponderis expansionem in [[Sinus Persicus|Sinu Persico]] adduceret. Post [[Conventio Anglo-Ottomanica anni 1913|Conventionis Anglo-Ottomanicae]] obsignationem anno [[1913]], [[Mubaracus Saba]] diplomatice ab [[Imperium Ottomanicum|Ottomanis]] et [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britannis]] autonomicae urbis [[Cuvaitum (urbs)|Cuvaiti]] et intestinorum [[caza]]e praepositus agnitus est. Attamen, post [[primum bellum mundanum]], [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britanni]] foedus sustulere et Cuvaitum [[principatus|principatum]] [[independentia|independentem]] sub [[Imperium Britannicum|Imperii Britannici]] protectione declaravere. [[Protocollum Gerrhae anni 1922|Protocollum Gerrhae]] ([[Arabice]] معاهدة العقير) anno [[1922]] limites inter Cuvaitum et [[Arabia Saudiana|Arabiam Saudianam]] et etiam [[Zona Neutra inter Cuvaitum et Arabiam Saudianam|zonam neutram]] inter Cuvaitum et Arabiam Saudianam, circiter 5 180 [[chiliometrum quadratum|km²]] longam in Meridionali Kuvaitensi limite, statuit.
[[Fasciculus:Former Saudi-Kuwaiti Neutral Zone en.svg|thumb|200px|right|&lt;center&gt;[[Zona Neutra inter Cuvaitum et Arabiam Saudianam|Zona Neutra]] inter Cuvaitum et [[Arabia Saudiana|Arabiam Saudianam]]&lt;br /&gt;
(Inter [[2 Decembris]] [[1922]] et [[18 Ianuarii]] [[1970]]).&lt;br /&gt;
(A [[Protocollum Gerrhae anni 1922|Protocollo Gerrhae]] diei [[2 Decembris]] [[1922]] statuta.)&lt;/center&gt;]]
Civitas [[19 Iunii]] [[1961]] [[independentia]]m a [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britanniarum Regno]] adepta est. [[Rupia Sinus]], ab [[Argentaria Centralis Indiae]] emissa, pro [[denarius Cuvaitensis|denario Cuvaitensi]] substituta est. Magnorum [[petroleum|petrolei]] camporum repertio, imprimis in campis [[Campus Burganensis|Burganensibus]], magnum peregrinarum [[collocatio pecuniae|collocationum pecuniariarum]] affluxum in Cuvaitum provocavit. Ingens petrolei incrementum industriale Cuvaitum e paupere communitate [[margarita]]rum productoria in unam [[civitas|civitatum]] divitissimarum in [[Arabica|Paeninsula Arabica]] vertit et, anno [[1952]], natio maxima petrolei exportatoria in [[Sinus Persico|Sinus Persici]] regione facta est. Hoc enorme incrementum multos peregrinos operarios, praesertim ex [[Aegyptus|Aegypto]] et [[India]], attraxit.

Cuvaitum suas controversias de limite cum [[Arabia Saudiana]] statuit cum qua etiam de [[petroleum|petroleosorum]] suppletoriorum condivisione et terrae et aquae in [[Zona Neutra inter Cuvaitum et Arabiam Saudianam|zona neutra]] consensit. Post brevem difficultatem de finibus, [[Iracum]] formaliter independentiam Kuvaitensem et eius fines [[October|Octobri]] [[1963]] agnovit. [[Anni 1970|Annis 1970]] gubernatio societates petrolearias [[Kuwait Oil Company]] nationalizavit, finiendis consortiis cum [[Gulf Oil]] et [[British Petroleum]].

Anno [[1982]] Cuvaitum magnum [[discrimen oeconomicum]] passum est post [[bursa]]e [[Mercatus Sedis Cameli]] ([[Arabice]]; سوق المناخ) collapsionem et petrolei pretium deminutum. Nihilo minus discrimen periculi paulum duravit, quia productio petrolei Cuvaitensis continuo crevit ad implendam defectionem deminuta [[Iracum|Iracensi]] et [[Irania]]na productione [[primum bellum sinus Persici|primo bello Persici sinus]] partam. Anno [[1983]], sex diruptionum series in Cuvaito quinque homines necans evenit. Impetus a [[Secta Siitica|Siitica]] factione [[Factio Islamica Dava|Dava]] ([[Arabice]]; الدعوة) factus est, partim ad remunerandum Cuvaitense adiumentum pecuniae [[Iracum|Iraco]] [[primumo bellum sinus Persici|eius bellum contra Iraniam]].

Cuvaitum multam pecuniam [[Iracum|Iraco]] per octo annos [[Bellum Sinus Persici Primum|eius belli contra Iraniam]] collocaverat. Hoc bello finito, Cuvaitum [[Iracum|Iracensem]] petitionem recusavit ut debitum 65 000 [[millio]]num [[dollarium (CFA)|dollariorum]] remitteretur. [[Oeconomia|Oeconomicum]] bellum inter duas nationes crevit postquam Cuvaitum suam [[petroleum|petrolei]] productionem 40% augeret. Tensiones inter duas civitates adhuc magis crevere postquam [[Iracum]] Cuvaitum suis iuribus terebrandi campi petroleosi [[Campus petroleosus Rumaila|Rumailae]] ([[Arabice]]; حقل الرميلة) abusum esse argueret.
[[Fasciculus:USAF F-16A F-15C F-15E Desert Storm edit2.jpg|thumb|250px|left|[[Aëroplanum|Aëroplana]] [[Classis Aëria Civitatum Foederatarum]] ([[Anglice]] ''United States Air Force'') ab [[Iracum|Iracensibus]] copiis incensos Cuvaitenses campos [[petroleum|petroleosos]] supervolantia per [[Bellum Sinus Persici Alterum]] anno [[1991]].]]
Die [[2 Augusti]] [[1990]] Cuvaitum a copiis [[Iracum|Iracensibus]] occupatum et annexum est. [[Saddamus Hussein]], in illo tempore Iracensis [[praeses]], illius temporis [[amiralis|amiralem]] [[Geber Saba|Geberem Sabam]] deiecit et [[Ali Ahmedus Almadzid|Ali Ahmedum Almadzid]] novum Cuvaitianum gubernatorem imposuit. Per Iracensem occupationem, circiter mille civium Cuvaitensium interfecti sunt et amplius 300&amp;thinsp;000 incolarum e Cuvaito effugerunt. Postquam diplomaticarum negotiationum series frustrum esset, 34 nationum coalitio, a [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitatibus Foederatis]] ducta, in [[Bellum Sinus Persici Alterum|Bello Sinus Persici Altero]] conflixit ut vires Iracenses e Cuvaito eiicerentur. Die [[26 Februarii]] [[1991]], coalitio vires Iracenses expellere et [[amiralis|amiralem]] Cuvaitensem in potestate reponere assecuta est. Cuvaitum 17 milliones [[dollarium (CFA)|dollariorum Statunitensium]] coalitionis viribus propter earum conatus in bello solvit.
[[Fasciculus:BrennendeOelquellenKuwait1991.jpg|thumb|Incendia facta petrolei ab viribus armatis Iracensibus [[terra usta|terrae ustae]] actus effectus fuit ab viribus armatis Iracensibus e Cuvaito recedentibus.]]
Coalitione progressa, vires armatae Iracenses [[terra usta|terrae ustae]] actum fecerunt, quod 737 Cuvaitensibus [[puteus petroleosus|puteis petroleosis]] nocuit, e quibus propemodum 600 incensa sunt. Aestimantur usque a illud momentum circiter quinque aut sex milliones [[Dolium (mensura)|doliorum]] (950 000 [[metrum cubicum|m³]]) [[petroleum|petroleorum]] usta sunt uno die horum incendiorum causā.

[[Oleum|Olei]] et [[fuligo|fuliginis]] accumulatio totam [[Sinus Persicus|Sinus Persici]] regionem affecit et ingentes [[petroleum|petroleosi]] lacus creati sunt circiter cum 25 aut 50 [[millio]]nibus [[Dolium (mensura)|doliorum]] (7,9 millionibus [[metrum cubicum|m³]]), 5% Cuvaitensis [[area]]e tegentes. Summatim, circiter 11 milliones doliorum (1,7 milliones m³) olei in [[Sinus Persicus|Sinu Persico]] affusi sunt et additae 2 centesimae 96&amp;thinsp;000 doliorum (1,53 × 1010 m³) Cuvaitensium petroleosorum suppletoriorum crematae sunt donec incendia constricta sunt. Incendia menses novem duravere dum exstincta sunt omnino et fecerunt ut Cuvaitum amplius biennium ac amplius 50 [[billio]]nes [[dollarium (CFA)|dollariorum Civitatum Foederatarum]] sumeret in denuo construenda infrastructura quae petrolei productionem ante invasionem attingeret. Cuvaitum, ex illo tempore, plerasque sociooeconomicas, ambitales consequentias et publicae salutis effectus e [[Bellum Sinus Persici Alterum|Bello Sinus Persici Altero]] ortos superavit.

Anno [[2003]], Cuvaitum praecipuae stationi temporariae prodest ut coalitionis vires, a Civitatibus Foederatis ductae, in [[Iracum]] [[Bellum Iracense Alterum|invadant]].

[[Nawāf al-Aḥmad al-Sabāh]] post mortem [[Ṣabāḥ al-Aḥmad al-Ṣabāḥ]] [[Amiralis]] Cuvaitensis [[September|Septemberis]] [[2020]] factus est.

== Geographia ==
[[Fasciculus:Satellite image of Kuwait in November 2001.jpg|thumb|[[Satelles artificialis|Satellitale]] Cuvaiti [[photographema]].]]
Boreorientali [[Arabia|Paeninsulae Arabicae]] angulo situm, Cuvaitum est una inter minimas nationes in toto orbe terrarum secundum [[terra|terrestrem]] [[area]]m. Inter [[Latitudo geographica|latitudines]] 28º et 31º [[Septemtrio]]ne et [[Longitudo geographica|longitudinem]] 46º et 49º [[Oriens|Oriente]]. Planum et [[harena|harenosum]] [[Deserta|Desertum]] [[Arabia Deserta|Arabicum]] maximam Cuvaiti partem tegit. Natio generatim demissa est, cum altissimo loco 306 [[metrum|m]] (1 004 [[Pes (mensura)|p]]) super aequore maris. Novem insulas habet, quarum omnes, excepto [[Icarus (insula Cuvaitensis)|Icaro]] ([[Arabice]]; فيلكا), incolis carent. 860 [[chiliometrum quadratum|km²]] (330 [[mille passus quadratus|m.q.]]) lata, [[insula]] [[Bubiyan]] ([[Arabice]]; بوبيان) maxima in Cuvaito est et conexa est reliquae nationi per [[pons|pontem]] 2 380 [[metrum|m]] (7 808 [[Pes (mensura)|p]]) longum. Terrestris [[area]] arabilis putatur et dispersa [[vegetatio]] iuxta longum 499 [[chiliometrum quadratum|km²]] litus invenitur. [[Cuvaitum (urbs)|Urbs Cuvaitum]] apud [[Sinus Cuvaitensis|Sinum Cuvaitensem]], naturalem aquarum profundarum portum, sita est.

Cuvaitum copiosorum [[campus petroleosus|camporum petroleosorum]] aliquos in toto orbe terrarum habet, cum [[Campus Burganensis|Campo Burganensi]] totam 70 [[billio]]num [[Dolium (mensura)|doliorum]] (1,1×1010 m3) capacitatem e confirmatis petroleosis suppletoriis habente. Per Kuvaitensium camporum petroleosorum incendia anni [[1991]], amplius 500 petroleosi lacus creati sunt aream 35,7 [[chiliometrum quadratum|km²]] (13,8 [[mille passus quadratus|m.q.]]) latam tegentes. Consectaria soli contaminatio propter petrolei ac fuliginis accumulationem Orientalem ac Austrorientalem Cuvaiti partes inhabitabiles fecere. `[[Harena]] et petroleosum residuum magnas Kuvaitensis [[desertum|deserti]] portiones deminuere pro semibituminatis superficiebus. Petroleum per [[Bellum Sinus Persici Alterum]] affusum etiam asperiter [[mare|marinas]] Cuvaiti opes affecit.

=== Clima ===
[[Fasciculus:Kuwait.A2003106.0805.250m.jpg|200px|thumb|[[Tempestas harenae]] in Cuvaito et Meridionali [[Iracum|Iraco]] die [[16 Aprilis]] [[2003]].]]
[[Tempora anni|Tempus]] [[ver]] [[Martius|Martio]] tepidum et blandum est cum occasionalibus [[tempestas harenae|tempestatibus harenae]]. Crebri Boreoccidentales [[ventus|venti]] frigidi [[hiems|hieme]] ac [[ver]]e et calidi [[aestas|aestate]] sunt. Austrorientales venti, plerumque calidi umidique, inter [[Iulius|Iulium]] et [[October|Octobrem]] surgunt, dum calidi et sicci venti [[ver]]e ac ineunte [[aestas|aestate]] praevalent. [[Samal (ventus)|Samal]] ([[Arabice]] شمال), Boreoccidentalis ventus inter [[Iunius|Iunium]] et [[Iulius|Iulium]] communis, ingentes [[tempestas harenae|tempestates harenae]] adfert. [[Temperatura]] in Cuvaito [[aestas|aestate]] 25&amp;nbsp;°C (77&amp;nbsp;°F) superat. Perscripta maxima temperatura 54,4&amp;nbsp;°C (129,9&amp;nbsp;°F) fuit quae est maxima in omnibus [[Oriens Medius|Mesanatolicis]] nationibus.

=== Oecologia ===
[[Fasciculus:Ecoregion PA1303.svg|thumb|left|110px|[[deserta et mons xerophilus Arabiae et Sinai|Desertorum et montis xerophili Arabiae et Sinai]] [[oecoregio]]nis locus.]]
Intra [[deserta|deserticum]] [[bioma]] totum Cuvaiti territorium occupans, [[Ordo Mundi Naturae Tuendae|Ordo Mundi Naturae Tuendae seu WWF]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://areena.yle.fi/1-1931339 nuntii latini yle]&lt;/ref&gt; inter duas [[oecoregio]]nes distinguit quae sunt [[deserta et mons xerophilus Arabiae et Sinai]] Occidentali extremo; et [[deserta et semideserta Sinus Persici]] reliqua natione.

== Civilitas ==

Cuvaitum [[monarchia constitutionalis]] est. A [[primus minister|primo ministro]], [[parlamentum|Parlamento]] coram responsali, regitur, quod a 50 [[deputatus|deputatis]] electis et [[minister|ministris]] in munere etiam cum iure suffragii componitur.

Antiquus [[primus minister]], [[saechus]] [[Saba Ahmedus Geber Saba]] ([[Arabice]]; صباح الأحمد الجابر الصباح) [[amiralis]] Saba IV die [[29 Ianuarii]] [[2006]] factus est, succedens amirali [[Saadus Abdalla Salimus Saba|Saado Abdallae Salimo Sabae]] ([[Arabice]]; سعد العبد الله السالم الصباح), qui die 24 a Parlamento propter salutis problemata dimissus erat et qui solum dies quattuor rexit quia [[Geber Ahmedus Saba|Gebere III]], die [[15 Ianuarii]] mortuo, successerat.

Usque ad [[Maius|Maium]] [[2005]], 15% incolarum [[ius suffragii]] habebant; [[femina]]e excludebantur civico militarique e corpore. Aetas minima [[suffragium|suffragandi]] 21 est. Die [[16 Maii]] [[2005]] Parlamentum legis [[comitia]]lis emendationi suffragatum est quae ius suffragii feminis dabat. Cantonis Ndlabulallensis articulus primus legis comitialis, originem trahentis a [[1962]], ante emendationem, ius suffragii et eligibilitatis [[vir]]ibus restringebat, quamquam [[Constitutio]] Cuvaitensis pro aequalitate inter [[sexus]] spondet. Quod electorum numerum e 145 000 hominum ad 350 000 amplius, scilicet 37% e 956 000 incolarum auticthonum augebit.

=== Rationes externae ===
[[Fasciculus:Diplomatic missions of Kuwait.png|thumb|400px|Cuvaitianarum [[Missio diplomatica|missionum diplomaticarum]] loca:
{{legend|#ED1C24|Cuvaitum}}
{{legend|#000080|Ambasciata}}]]
Civitas Cuvaitensis socia [[civitas]] 111 [[Consociatio Nationum|Consociationis Nationum]] [[11 Maii|pridie Idus Maias]] [[1963]] facta est. Est longaevum [[Foedus Arabicum|Foederis Arabici]] et [[Organizatio Cooperationis Islamicae|Organizationis Cooperationis Islamicae]] ([[Arabice]] منظمة التعاون الإسلامي, [[Francice]] ''Organisation de la Coopération Islamique'' sive ''OCI'' et [[Anglice]] ''Organisation of Islamic Cooperation'' sive ''OIC'') membrum. Etiam praecipuum membrum est [[Consilium Cooperationis Civitatum Arabicarum Sinus|Consilii Cooperationis Civitatum Arabicarum Sinus]] ([[Arabice]] مجلس التعاون لدول الخليج العربية), etiam Consilii Cooperationis Sinus nuncupati, iuxta cum [[Baharina]], [[Quataria]], [[Phylarchiarum Arabicarum Confoederatio]]ne, [[Omania]] et [[Arabia Saudiana]]. Ad instar [[Unio Europaea|Unionis Europaeae]], civitates sociae [[commercium liberum|commercio libero]] fruuntur et [[Consilium Cooperationis Civitatum Arabicarum Sinus|Consilii Cooperationis Civitatum Arabicarum Sinus]] cives in alias [[Consilium Cooperationis Civitatum Arabicarum Sinus|Consilii Cooperationis Civitatum Arabicarum Sinus]] nationes cum suam civilem identificationem sine requisitis visis peregrinari possunt.

Cuvaitianae relationes cum suis vicinis ab [[Arabes|Arabo]]-[[Irania]]no conflictu affectae sunt. Post anni [[1979]] [[Seditio Islamica|Seditionem Iranianam]], Cuavitia [[Arabes|Arabico]] [[Iracum|Iracensi]] [[Saddamus Hussein|Saddami Hussein]] regimini favere coepit in eius subsequenti [[Bellum Sinus Persici Primum|octo annorum bello]] contra firmum [[Irania]]num regimen. Quamquam priores tensiones, Cuvaitum et [[Arabia Saudiana]] considerabile [[pecunia]]rium adiumentum [[Saddamus Hussein|Saddami Hussein]] [[Iracum|Iraco]] praebuere. Cuvaitensia vincula cum [[Iracum|Iraco]] dirrupta sunt post anni [[1991]][[Bellum Sinus Persici Alterum]] usque ad [[Bellum Iracense Alterum|Saddami Hussein regimen casum]]. Cuvaitum arctis conexionibus cum [[Arabia Saudiana]] fruitur, quae considerabile adiumentum demissae regali familia Cuvaitianae praebuit.

Cuvaitum et [[Irania]] plenas [[diplomatia|diplomaticas]] et [[commercium|commerciales]] relationes habent, quamquam tensio per [[Bellum Sinus Persici Primum|Bellum inter Iraniam et Iracum]] fuit. Cuvaitiana vincula cum civitatibus [[Saddamus Hussein|Saddami Hussein]] invasioni faventibus, tali [[Iemenia]]e et [[Consociatio pro Liberatione Palaestinae|Consociationi pro Liberatione Palaestinae]], acridula manent, etsi Cuvaitia vincula cum [[Israel (civitas)|Israele]] statuere semper recusavit.

Cuvaitum forti relatione cum [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatibus Foederatis]] fruitur, hospitio praecipuis [[Civitates Foederatae|Americanis]] stationibus militaribus accipiens. Quia Civitates Foederatae velut dux Cuvaitum liberare enisae sunt, ambae nationes [[civilitas|politicas]] et [[oeconomia|oeconomicas]] relationes finxere. Quamquam pleraeque [[Arabes|Arabicae]] nationes in [[Iracum]] [[Bellum Iracense Alterum|invasioni]] a Civitatibus Foederatis ductae anno [[2003]] repugnavere, Cuvaitum eas adiuvit et suum territorium eis mensam ad falaricam librandam per invasionem suppeditavit.

=== Vires armatae ===
[[Fasciculus:Kuwaiti main battle tanks.JPEG|thumb|left|Cuvaitenses [[M-84]] [[Autocurrus armatus|covini]].]]
Civitas Cuvaitensis circiter quinque [[billio]]nes [[dollarium (CFA)|dollariorum]] [[defensio]]ni erogavit. Eius vires armatae in [[Exercitus Cuvaitensis|Exercitu Cuvaitensi]], cum aestimata vi 15 000 hominum; in [[Classis Cuvaitensis|Classi Cuvaitensi]] cum 2 000 classiariorum et 400 militibus litoreis; et in [[Classis Aëria Cuvaitensis|Classi Aëria Cuvaitensi]], cum aestimata vi 2 500 hominum consistunt. [[Custodes Nationales Cuvaitenses]] sunt praecipua intestina vis securitatis. Propter eius [[demographia]] et paucos incolas, Cuvaitia magnas vires armatas struere nequivit, quamobrem magnopere cum peregrinis nationibus ad servandam suam securitatem cooperatur. Cum liberatum esset ex [[Iracum|Iraco]], Cuvaitum diuturna defensivae collaborationis foedera cum Civitatibus Foederatis, [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britanniarum Regno]] ac [[Francia]] obsignavit et apparatus militares ex [[Aegyptus|Aegypto]], [[Russia]] ac [[Res Publica Popularis Sinarum|Republica Populari Sinarum]] etiam emit.

== Divisio administrativa ==
Cuvaitum divisum est in [[muhafaza]]s ([[Arabice]] محافظة) sex. Vicissim muhafazae in [[districtus|districtibus]] subdivisae sunt.

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-  style=&quot;text-align:center; ;&quot;
! No.
! [[Muhafaza]] [[Latine]]
! [[Muhafaza]] [[Arabice]]
! [[Caput (urbs)|Caput]] [[Latine]]
! [[Area]]&lt;br /&gt;km²
! [[Numerus incolarum|Incolae]] &lt;br /&gt;Census&lt;br /&gt;[[2005]]
| rowspan=&quot;8&quot; style=&quot;background:#fff;&quot;| [[Fasciculus:Kuwait, administrative divisions - Nmbrs - colored.svg|400px|Districtus Cuvaiti]]
|-
| 1 || [[Muhafaza Dzahra|Dzahra]]&lt;sup&gt;a&lt;/sup&gt; || جهراء || [[Dzahra]] ||  12 130 || 272 373
|-
| 2 || [[Muhafaza Capitalis|Caput]] &lt;sup&gt;b&lt;/sup&gt;  || العاصمه || [[Cuvaitum (urbs)|Cuvaitum]] || 200 || 261 013
|-
| 3 || [[Muhafaza Farvania|Farvania]] || الفروانية || [[Farvania]] || 190 || 622 123
|-
| 4 || [[Muhazafa Havalli|Havalli]] || حولي || [[Districtus Havalli]] || 84 || 487 514
|-
| 5 || [[Muhazafa Mubaraci Magni|Mubaracus Magnus]] || مبارك الكبير || [[Mubaracus Magnus (urbs)|Mubaracus Magnus]] || 94 || 176 519
|-
| 6 || [[Muhazafa Ahmedopolitania]] || الاحمدي || [[Ahmedopolis]] || 5 120 || 393 861
|- style=&quot;background: #CCC;&quot;
! TOTUM || || || || 17 818 || 2 213 403
|-
| &lt;small&gt; &lt;sup&gt; a &lt;/sup&gt; inclusae insulae [[Varba (insula)|Varba]] et [[Bubiyan]] &lt;/small&gt; || &lt;small&gt; &lt;sup&gt; b &lt;/sup&gt; inclusae insulae [[Icarus (insula Cuvaitensis)|Icarus]], [[Miscan]] et [[Auha]] &lt;/small&gt;
|}

== Demographia ==
[[Fasciculus:The Avenues Kuwait (cropped).jpg|thumb|Emptores in locali emporio [[The Avenues (Cuvaitum)|The Avenues]].]]
Anno [[2013]], Cuvaitenses [[numerus incolarum|incolae]] 2,7 [[millio]]nes esse aestimabantur, inter quos sunt 1,3 milliones haud nationalium. Gubernatio rare [[municipatus|municipatum]] advenis concedit ad servandum eorum statum. Cuvaitensis [[index migratorius certus]] 16,01 est, tertius maximus in toto orbe terrarum.

=== Ethnē ===
Octoginta centesimae [[numerus incolarum|Kuwaitensium incolarum]] [[Arabes]], 9 centesimae [[Asia|Meridiani et Orientales Asiani]] et 4 centesimae [[Irania]]ni sunt. Anno [[2009]], 580&amp;thinsp;000 [[India|Indi]] in Cuvaito vivebant, quod eos maxima exsul communitas ibi faciebat. Anno [[2003]] etiam aestimabantur 250&amp;thinsp;000 [[Pacistania|Pachistaniani]], 260&amp;thinsp;000 [[Aegyptus|Aegyptii]], 100&amp;thinsp;000 [[Syria]]ci et 80&amp;thinsp;000 [[Irania]]ni in Cuvaitia. Postquam Cuvaitum ex [[Iracum|Iracensi]] invasione occupationeque a coalitionis viribus, a Civitatibus Foederatis ductis, liberatum sit, plerique [[Palaestina|Palaestini]] Cuvaitum incolentes eiecti sunt, quia [[Consociatio pro Liberatione Palaestinae]] aperte Iracensibus viribus faverat. Anno [[2012]] 80&amp;thinsp;000 Palaestini in Cuvaito habitabant.

=== Linguae ===
Cuvaitensis [[lingua officialis]] [[lingua Arabica|lingua Arabica litterarum]] est. [[Dialectos Arabica Cuvaitensis|Lingua Arabica Cuvaitensis]], [[Dialectos Arabica Sinus|Arabicae Sinus]] subdialectos, Cuvaiti [[lingua Arabica|dialectos colloquialis]] est. [[Lingua Anglica]] ample intellegitur et crebro in usu est velut lingua commercialis.

=== Religio ===

Plerique Cuvaitenses cives [[Musulmanus|Musulmani]] sunt; officiales numeri non sunt, sed aestimantur inter 60 ac 70% [[Secta Sunnitica|Sunnitae]] et inter 30 ac 40% [[Secta Siitica|Siitae]] esse. Plerique [[Secta Siitica|Siitae]] [[Siimus Duodecimanus|Duodecimanam]] scholam ([[Arabice]] شيعة اثنا عشرية) sequuntur. Cuvaitum autochthonicam [[Christianus|Christianam]] communitatem circiter 200 hominum habet. Exsules [[Christianus|Christiani]] plerosque Christianos in Cuvaito constituunt, dum Cuvaitenses Christiani autochthones minorem communitatem constituunt. Etiam sunt parvus numerus civium Cuvaitensium [[Religio Baha'i|Bahaistarum]]. Quamquam [[Religio Islamica]] [[religio civitatis]] est, natio etiam magnam exsulum [[Hinduismus|Hinduistarum]] (600 000 aestimatorum), [[Christianus|Christianorum]] (450 000 aestimatorum), [[Buddhismus|Buddhistarum]] (100 000 aestimatorum) et [[Sichismus|Sichistarum]] (10 000) communitatem habet.

Cristiani ad circulos a Gubernatione agnitos pertinentes cultus loca construere possunt, quamquam restrictiones sunt, nihilominus [[Hinduismus|Hinduistae]], [[Sichismus|Sichistae]] et [[Buddhismus|Buddhistae]] nequiunt. Gubernatio de clericorum et synergorum numero partes imponit quos circuli religiosi agniti in nationem afferre possunt. Non refert agnitarum congregationum asseclas se colere posse guberno se non immiscente, dummodo suos vicinos non turbent aut leges quae ad coetum et proselytismum attineant non violent.

== Oeconomia ==
[[Fasciculus:LiberationTower.jpg|right|250px|thumb|[[Cuvaitum (urbs)|Urbs Cuvaitum]] unum pecuniariorum et negotii centrorum activissimorum in [[Oriens Medius|Oriente Medio]] est.]]
Cuvaitum parva, opulenta et relative aperta [[oeconomia]] est, securis cum [[petroleum|petrolei]] suppletoriis 94 milium [[millio]]num [[Dolium (mensura)|doliorum]] (15 [[chiliometrum cubicum|km³]]) - 10% mundanorum suppletoriorum. [[Petroleum]] paene dimidium [[PDG]], 90% [[exportatio]]num et 75% gubernativorum redituum repraesentat. Attamen, anno [[1990]] natio magis pecuniae peregrinis e collocationibus quam e petrolei exportatione pecuniae assecuta est.

Impensae [[Bellum Sinus Persici Alterum|Bello Sinus Persici Altero]] generatae et postbellica reconstructio magnum oeconomicum onus nationi fuit. Nihilominus, circa medium [[decennium 200]] Cuvaitum suam prosperitatem recuperaverat.

Petrolei pretia redundantiam 1,7 milium [[millio]]num [[euro]]num (2 [[millio]]num [[dollarium (CFA)|dollariorum]]) anno fiscali 99/00 produxere. Annus fiscalis 00/01 solum novem menses propter anni fiscalis mutationem habuit. Dispensatio oeconomica anni fiscalis 01/02 maiores salariorum, constructionis et aliarum categoriarum sumptus praevidebat. [[Productus Nationalis Grossus]] anno [[2003]] 4,6 milium millionum [[euro]]num (41,7 [[millio]]num [[dollarium (CFA)|dollariorum]]) cum PNG per capita 14 166 [[euro]]num (17 420 [[millio]]num [[dollarium (CFA)|dollariorum]]) erat.

Societas [[Kuwait Petroleum Corporation]] sive KPC societas petrolearia nationalis responsalis omnium ad rudis, gasii et purgatorum productorum effectionem attinentium est.

[[Facultas laborandi]] 1 073 115 hominum habet, e quibus solum quarta pars Cuvaitenses cives sunt.

[[Clima]] [[agricultura]]lem progressionem restringit, quamobrem, exceptis [[piscis|piscibus]], omnino ex [[importatio]]nibus pendent ad manducandum. 75% [[aqua]]rum [[destillatio|destillari]] aut importari debent.

[[Argentaria Centralis Cuvaitensis]] [[Cuvaitum (urbs)|urbe Cuvaitensi]] [[Denarius Cuvaitensis|denarium Cuvaitensem]], localem [[moneta]]m, emittit. [[Denarius Cuvaitensis]] ad 2,60678 [[euro]]num et ad 3,58616 [[dollarium (CFA)|dollariorum]] aequivalet, quod eum faciunt monetam praesentem altissimam in toto orbe terrarum.

== Infrastructura ==
=== Vectura ===
[[Fasciculus:Kuwait highway.jpg|thumb|left|[[Autovia]] in [[Cuvaitum (urbs)|urbe Cuvaiti]].]]
Cuaitum extensum, modernum et bene servatum [[autovia]]rum rete habet. Viae 5 749 [[chiliometrum|km]] panduntur, e quibus 4 887 km bituminata sunt. Anno [[2000]] circa 552 400 [[autocinetum|autocineta]] et 167 800 commerciales [[taxiraeda]]e, [[autocinetum onerarium|autocineta oneraria]] ac [[laophorium|laophoria]] in usu erant. Praecipuis autoviis maxima velocitas 120 km/h est. Quia non est [[ferrivia]] in natione, plerique homines autocineto iter faciunt. Gubernatio in animo undecim [[millio]]num [[dollarium (CFA)|dollariorum Statunitensium]] rete ferriviarium construere habet, incluso Incepto Systematis [[Ferrivia metropolitana|Transitus Rapidi Metropolitani]] [[Cuvaitum (urbs)|Cuvaitensis]] [[caput (urbs)|capiti]]. Diaconia [[laophorium|laophorica]] a privata societate Citybus et publica societate Kuwait Public Transportation Corporation praebetur.

Cuvaitum [[photomachinula vigilantiae viariae|photomachinulas viarias]] in totis praecipuis [[autovia|autoviis]] et [[semaphorum|semaphora]] habet quae autocineta propèrantia aut semaphorum colore rubro transeuntia photographant. Gubernatio Cuvaitensis circiter 450 milliones dollariorum Statunitensium photomachinulis viariis [[vigil]]es viatorios adiuvans erogavit. Solum est unus [[aëroportus]] civilis in Cuvaito, [[Aëroportus Internationalis Cuvaitensis]] ([[Arabice]] مطار الكويت الدولي), qui praecipuo internationalium itinerum aëriorum centro prodest. Publica societas aëronautica [[Kuwait Airways]] ([[Arabice]] الخطوط الجوية الكويتية) maxima in natione est. Societas aëronautica anno [[2001]] 2 084 600 viatorum domesticis et internationalibus in volatibus portavit. Anno [[2004]], prima privata aërolinea Cuvaitensis, [[Jazeera Airways]] ([[Arabice]] طيران الجزيرة) condita est. Alia privata societas aëronautica, [[Wataniya Airways]] ([[Arabice]] الخطوط الوطنية) Cuvaitensis, anno [[2005]] condita est et suas operationes [[Martius|Martio]] [[2011]] constitit.

Cuvaitum unum inter maxima societates nauticas in regione [[Sinus Persicus|Sinu Persico]] habet. [[Auctoritas Publica Portuum Cuvaitensium]] [[portus]] in Cuvaito gerit et operatur. Cuvaitenses praecipui portus maritimi commerciales [[Portus Suvaichensis]] ([[Arabice]] لميناء شويخ) et [[Portus Suaiba]] sunt qui anno [[2006]] collativum onus 753 334 [[TEU (mensura)|teuum]] tractavere. Portus Ahmedopolitanus ([[Arabice]] الاحمدي لميناء), maximus portus in natione, plerasque Cuvaitenses [[petroleum|petrolei]] exportationes tractat. Alius praecipui portus, in insula [[Bubiyan]]e siti, aedificatio anno [[2005]] coepit. Portus 1,3 milliones [[TEU (mensura)|teuum]] tractaturus esse exspectatur cum operationes incipiant anno [[2008]].

=== Media communicationis ===
 
Cuvaitum liberrima et perlucidissima [[Media communicationis socialis|media communicationis]] in [[Orbis Arabicus|Orbe Arabico]] habet. Anno [[2007]] Cuvaitum primo loco intra [[Oriens Medius|Orientem Medium]] et [[Foedus Arabicum]] a [[Relatores sine finibus|Relatoribus Sine Finibus]] in [[Libertas imprimendi|libertatis imprimendi]] indice collocatum est. Quamquam Gubernatio pecuniam nonnullis praecipuis [[diarium|diariis]] et [[trames televisionis|tramitibus]] [[Satelles artificialis|satellitalibus]] suppeditat, Cuvaitenses diurnarii maiore libertate quam sui regionales homologi fruuntur. Publica societas nuntiis divulgandis [[Kuwait News Agency]] sive KUNA ([[Arabice]]; وكالة الأنباء الكويتية sive كونا) maxima societas nuntiis divulgandis in natione est. [[Ministerium Informationis Cuvaitense|Ministerium Informationis]] industriam mediorum et communicationis in Cuvaito moderatur. Anno [[2013]], Cuvaitum loco 77 inter liberrimas nationes a [[Relatores sine finibus|Relatoribus Sine Finibus]] in libertatis imprimendi indice inter 179 nationes positum est, quod id facit cum maxima libertate imprimendi nationem intra [[Oriens Medius|Orientem Medium]] regionem.

Anno [[1998]] fuere stationes [[Media communicationis socialis|mediorum]] quindecim, quae sex [[AM]] et [[Frequentiae Modulatio|FM]] stationes [[radiophonia|radiophonicae]] undecim et tramites [[televisio|televisifici]] tredecim sunt. Anno [[2000]] 624 [[radiophonia]] et 486 [[televisorium|televisoria]] pro milibus hominum erant. Anno [[2011]], erant 514 700 linearum [[telephonium|telephonicarum]] terrestium et 4 935 [[millio]]nes [[Telephonum gestabile|telephonulorum]] subnotatorum. Anno [[2009]], erant 1,1 milliones [[Interrete|Interretis]] subnotatorum tribus praebitris diaconiae praeministrantur. Cuvaitum tramites televisifici [[satelles artificialis|satellitales]] decem habet e quibus quattuor a Ministerio Informationis temperantur. Publicus trames [[Kuwait Television]] ([[Arabice]]; تلفزيون الكويت) primam multicolorem divulgationem anno [[1974]] obtulit et tramites televisificos quinque operatur. A Gubernatione condita statio radiophonica [[Radio Kuwait]] offert etiam quotidiana programmata informativa linguis peregrinis quattuor; [[Arabice]], [[Urdu]], [[Philippine]] et [[Anglice]] in [[AM]] et [[Unda brevis|unda brevi]].

Anno [[2009]], Cuvaitum [[diarium|diariorum]] societates septemdecim circulantes habebat. Cuvaitum tribus diariis [[Anglice]] repraesentatur; [[Kuwait Times]], [[Arab Times]] et [[Al-Watan Daily]]. Sunt [[Arabice]] diaria iuxta cum diariis Anglice sexdecim. Preli lex contumeliosas mentiones in [[Deus|Deum]] et [[propheta]]m [[Religio Islamica|Islamicum]] [[Mahometus|Mahometum]] vetat. Alia lex quae praecipua diaria eligibilia gravibus multis propter improbandam regnantem familiam faciebat sublata est anno [[1992]]. Praecipua diaria se frena imponere pergunt [[amiralis|amiralem]] non improbantia. Nihilominus frenum non observatur ut gubernatio improbatur.

=== Educatio ===
[[Fasciculus:Qeblya.jpg|300px|thumb|Femineae Scholae Tribualis ([[Arabice]] المدرسة القبلية) aditus.]]
Index [[alphabetismus|alphabetismi]] inter adultos 93,9% anno [[2008]] erat. Cuvaitum suam attentionem ad [[Educatio]]nem Inclusivam dirigit, quae opportunitatem omnibus pueris praebet, neglecto ordine sociali, inclusis pueris cum specialibus necessitatibus. Systema educativum Cuvaitense nonnullis factis notatur recentibus annis. Ex annis [[2005]] et [[2006]] Cuvaitum 13% impendii publici educationi erogat, quod est comparabile cum pecunia publica eucatione in multis nationibus apud [[Organizatio Cooperationis Oeconomicae et Evolutionis|Organizationem Cooperationis Oeconomicae et Evolutionis]] erogata sed minus quam in aliis [[Arabes|Arabicis]] nationibus. Eisdem annis impendium publicum educationis secundum [[percentatio]]nem [[PDG]] 3,9% inter [[2005]] et [[2012]] erat quod est bene infra percentationem [[PDG]] ab [[Organizatio Cooperationis Oeconomicae et Evolutionis|OCOE]] nationibus educationi erogatam.

Cuvaitum problemata oppetit in melioranda educativa qualitate omnibus gradibus et in struendis studentium capacitatibus ex iuvenilibus aetatibus. Ministerium Educationis etiam [[femina]]s incorporare inter educatos operarios laborat per varia programmata, verbi gratia, per anni [[1989]] propositum statuendorum diurnorum clinicorum alphabetismi feminis. Gubernatio Cuvaitensis etiam stipendia alumnis a Civitatibus Foederatis, [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britannicis]] [[universitas|universitatibus]] et ab aliis peregrinis institutis acceptis offert.

Secundum [[Classificatio Cybermetrica Universitatum Mundanarum|Classificationem Cybermetricam Universitatum Mundanarum]], universitates Cuvaitenses maximis locis [[Universitas Cuvaitensis]] (loco mundano 187), [[Collegium Studiorum Technologicorum]] (loco 3769) et [[Universitas Aperta Arabica|Universitas Aperta Arabica Cuvaitensis]] sunt.

=== Salus ===
Cuvaitum publicum systema [[salus|valetudinarium]] habet, quod tractationem gratis [[syngraphus|syngraphum]] Cuvaitensem tenentibus praebet. Est publicum assecurationis programma ad praebendum reductum valetudinarium sumptum haud civibus. Privati valetudinarii praebitores etiam apparatus medicos in natione gerit, promptos ad socios programmatum assecuratoriorum.

[[Obesitas]] crescens occupatio in Cuvaito est, cum officialibus valetudinariis eam unam praecipuarum causarum inter impedibiles mortes in Cuvaito esse asserentibus. Secundum [[Forbes]], Cuvaitum octavo loco anno [[2007]] apud crassissimarum nationum catalogum classificabatur cum [[percentatio]]ne 74,2% civium insalubre pondus habentium. Anno [[2011]], Cuvaitensium curam corporis exonerandi expertorum numerus 5 000 superabat.

== Cultura ==
[[Religio Islamica|Islamicae]] et [[Arabes|Arabicae]] [[cultura]]e pondus super [[architectura]], [[musica]], [[vestimenta|vestimentis]], [[gastronomia|coquina]] et modo vivendi prominet. Distinctivissimus localis Cuvaitensis culturae character est [[devania]], quae magna conclavia receptoria ad masculinos sociales conventus praesertim a cognatis et arctis amicis frequentatos implicat.

=== Architectura ===
Cuvaitensis [[architectura]] [[Religio Islamica|Islamicā]] architecturā valde inspirata est. Emblematissimum aedificium in natione [[Turres Cuvaitenses]] ([[Arabice]] أبراج الكويت) sunt, quae a [[Suecia|Sueco]] architecto [[Suneus Lindström|Suneo Lindström]] designatae sunt et sunt unica mixtura [[traditio]]nalis [[minaretum|minareti]] et modernarum architectonicarum designationum. [[Aedificium Conventus Nationalis Cuvaitensis]], aliud celebre emblematicum aedificium, a claro [[Dania|Dano]] architecto [[Georgius Utzon|Georgio Utzon]] designatum est et anno [[1982]] perfectum est.

=== Cinematographia ===
[[Cinematographia]] in Cuvaito adhuc minor est.

Prima [[Pellicula diutina|diutina]] Cuvaitensis [[Bas Ya Bahar]] anno [[1972]] facta est.

==== Cinematea ====
Unica societas auctorizata ad diffundendas palam [[pellicula]]s in [[cinemateum|cinemateo]] societas [[Cinescape]], ex anno [[1956]], est. Quae amplius cinematea decem in emporiis habet, e quibus praecipua [[360 Mall]] et [[The Avenues (Cuvaitum)|Avenues Mall]] sunt.

Omnes pelliculae [[censura]]e subiectae et scaenis privatae sunt quae pueros aut adultos perturbare possint.

Cuvaitum numerosas totius orbis terrarum pelliculas aliquas hebdomades post suam primam actionem in Civitatibus Foederatis proponit. Aliquae pelliculae adhuc unum diem ante suam primam actionem in Civitates Foederatas exeunt.

==== Pelliculae in Cuvaito cinematographatae ====
* [[Bas Ya Bahar]] (Cuvaitensis pellicula; [[1972]])
* [[Shabab Cool]] (Cuvaitensis pellicula; [[2002]])
* [[Cute]] (Cuvaitensis pellicula; [[2008]])
* [[Sedra (pellicula)|Sedra]] (Cuvaitensis pellicula; [[2001]])
* [[Al Denjewana]] (Cuvaitensis pellicula; [[2009]])
* [[Kahin Na Kahin Milenge]] ([[India|Indica]] pellicula; [[2009]])
* [[365 Boots on Ground]] ([[Civitates Foederatae|Civitatum Foederatarum]] documentaria; [[2005]])
* [[Baraka (pellicula)|Baraka]] ([[Civitates Foederatae|Civitatum Foederatarum]] documentaria; [[1982]])
* [[Desert Sky]] ([[Civitates Foederatae|Civitatum Foederatarum]] documentaria; [[2005]])
* [[Fires of Kuwait]] ([[Civitates Foederatae|Civitatum Foederatarum]] brevis documentaria; [[1992]])
* [[Les Anges (pellicula 1984)|Les Anges]] ([[Tunesia|Tunesiensis]] pellicula; [[1984]])
* [[Lektionen in Finsternis]] ([[Germania|Germanica]] brevis documentaria; [[1992]])
* [[Losing Ahmad]] ([[2006]])
* [[VeTool]] (brevis documentaria; [[2004]])
* [[Ahmad Al Sane's Life]] ([[Africa]] documentaria; [[1976]])

==== Moderatores Cuvaitenses ====
Inter praecipuos [[Moderator cinematographicus|moderatores]] Cuvaitenses [[Chalidus Al-Sidiq]], [[Ziadus Al-Husaini]], [[Abdulla Bushehri]], [[Validus Al-Avadi]], [[Abderama AL-Khalifi]], [[Mecdadus Al-Kut]], [[Mahometus Al-Sanusi]] et [[Taric Al-Zamel]] sunt.

=== Musica ===
[[Fasciculus:Kuwaititabla.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Tabla|Tablista]] [[Ustadus Munavar Chan]] in Octavo Festo Musico Internationali in Cuvaito.]]
[[Sautum]] ([[Arabice]] صوت) prominentissimus stylus [[musica|musicus]] Cuvaitensis est et [[Testudo Arabica|testudine Arabica]] et [[tympanum|tympano]] [[mirvāsum|mirvāso]] ([[Arabice]] مرواس) agitur, [[violina]] postea compositionem adaugente. [[Beduini]] noti sunt ob [[instrumentum musicum|instrumentum]] [[rubaba]]m nuncupatum, dum [[Testudo Arabica|testudinis Arabicae]], instrumenti intensi [[tambara]]e et [[gaita]]e [[habbānum|habbāni]] ([[Arabice]] حبان) usus etiam pervulgatus est.

=== Vestimenta ===
[[Traditio]]nale [[vir]]ile [[vestimenta|vestimentum]] [[thaubum]] ([[Arabice]] ثَوب), indumentum usque ad talum longum et [[lana]] ac [[xylinon|xylino]] textum, est. Hoc vestimentum praesertim idoneum Cuvaitensi calido ac sicco [[clima]]ti. Traditionale virile discriminale ricinium [[cufia]]m ([[Arabice]] وفية) et anulum [[iqual]] ([[Arabice]] عقال) involvit, crebro cum calota [[taquia]] ([[Arabice]] طاقية) infra quae ricinium eius loco maneat. [[Cufia]] ([[Arabice]] وفية) quadrum ricinium e [[xylinon|xylino]] factum est; quae dissimiliter secundum situationem texi potest, sed communissime triangulari modo plicatur et medio capite collocatur ut pariter super [[umerus|umeros]] pendeat. [[Iqual]] ([[Arabice]] عقال) duplex nigrae chordae anulus, in cufia ad manendam eam in eius loco textus, est.

[[Femina]]e aliquando [[abāia]]m ([[Arabice]] عباية), nigrum amictum plerasque corporis partes tegentem, induunt super veste; traditionali [[daraa]] aut festiviore [[thaubum|thaubo]]. Cum quo ricinium [[hidzabum]] ([[Arabice]] حجاب‎), cum aliquibis oris velum [[busia]]m addentibus aut magis oris veli portionem [[burqua]]e induentibus.

[[Civilizatio Occidentalis|Occidentalis]] styli vestimenta valde popularia inter Cuvaitenses iuvenes sunt.

=== Coquina ===
[[Gastronomia|Coquina]] Cuvaitensis culturae Cuvaitensi praecipua est. Cuvaitense ferculum nationale [[cabsa]] ([[Arabice]]; مكبوس) nuncupatum praecipue in [[agnina]], [[gallus|gallo]] aut [[piscis|pisci]] collocato aut mixto in magna bene coctae et paratae [[oryza]]e massa consistit. Cibus fere semper magnis quantitatibus paratur et apponitur et [[familia|familiis]] valde commune est hospites ad conividendos cibos invitare. Coquina Cuvaitensis [[India|Indicae]], [[Irania|Persicae]], [[Mare Mediterraneum|Mediterraneae]], [[Nadium|Nadiensis]] sive Meso-[[Arabia|Arabicae]] coquinarum infusio est. Denique, cibus Cuvaitensis numquam perficitur donec [[dactyli (fructus)|dactyli]] aut [[iogurtum]] aut [[tahīna]] ([[Arabice]] هرده) eum comitetur.

==== Fercula ====
[[Fasciculus:Kabsa.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Cabsa]] ([[Arabice]]; مجبوس).]]
[[Fasciculus:Ghorabiyeh.JPG|300px|thumb|[[Alienum|Aliena]] ([[Arabice]] غرّيبة).]]
* [[Quouzium]] ([[Arabice]] قوزي); Cuvaitense ferculum ex assa agnina cum [[oryza]]e, [[caro|carnis]], [[ovum|ovorum]] et aliorum elementorum expletione consistens.
* [[Cabsa]] ([[Arabice]] مجبوس); nationale ferculum ex [[agnina]], [[gallus|gallo]] aut [[piscis|pisce]] factum quod odorifera [[oryza]] in galli aut agninae bene condito [[ius (cibus)|iure]] cocta comitatur.
* [[Mutabbaxamacum]] ([[Arabice]] مطبق سمك); [[piscis]] super [[oryza]] apponitur. Oryza in bene condito iuscello e pisce coquitur.
* [[Lac serosum]] ([[Arabice]] لبن).
* [[Discus Aquīli]] ([[Arabice]] قرص عقيلي); [[traditio]]nale [[libum]] ex [[ovum|ovis]], [[farina]], [[zaccharum|zaccharo]], [[Elettaria cardamomum|cardamomo]] et [[safranum|safrano]] factum. Traditionaliter cum [[thea]] apponitur.
* [[Harissa]] ([[Arabice]] هريس); [[triticum]] cum [[caro|carne]] tunc contrita coctum, plerumque [[saccharum cinnameum|saccharo cinnameo]] tectum.
* [[Plumosum]] ([[Arabice]] يريش); coctae [[triticum spelta|speltae]] [[pulticula]] cum [[gallus|gallo]] aut [[agnina]], [[lycopersicum|lycopersicis]] et aliquibus [[condimentum|condimentis]].
* [[Quabūtum]] ([[Arabice]] قبوط); farti [[farina]]e [[globulus (cibus)|globuli]] in dense [[minutal|comminuta carne]].
* [[Marquūquum]] ([[Arabice]] مرقوق); [[holus|vegetabile]] [[minutal]], plerumque [[cucurbita]]m et [[melongena]]m continens, coctum cum tenuibus complanatae [[conspersio]]nis portionibus.
* [[Birianium]] ([[Arabice]] برياني); valde condita oryza cum gallo aut agnina. Originaliter [[India|Indicum]] ferculum. Popularissimum in Cuvaito.
* [[Mumavăsum]] ([[Arabice]] مموش); oryza cum nigris [[lens culinaris|lentibus]] cocta et siccā [[squilla|squillā]] tecta.
* [[Balālītum]] ([[Arabice]] بلاليط); dulcis [[safrani]] [[collyra]]e cum superiore condita [[intrita]] appositae.
* [[Alienum]] ([[Arabice]] غريبة); fragosa [[crustulum|crustula]] e [[farina]], [[butyrum|butyro]], [[saccharum|saccharo pulvereo]] et [[Elettaria cardamomum|cardamomo]] facta. Plerumque cum [[coffeum|coffeo Arabico]] apponitur.
* [[Globuli (Oriens Medius)|Globulus]] ([[Arabice]] زلابية); fricta conspersio [[sirupus|sirupo]] ([[saccharum|saccharo]], [[limon]]e et [[safranum|safrano]]) imbuta.
* [[Morsūs (cibus)|Morsūs]] ([[Arabice]] لقيمات); fricti [[fermentum|fermentati]] [[globulus (cibus)|globuli]] [[sirupus|sirupo]] [[safranum|safrani]] ([[saccharum|saccharo]], [[limon]]e et [[safranum|safrano]]) imbuta.
* [[Ova pteroclis coronati]] ([[Arabice]] بيض القطا); frictum [[crustulum]] nucum terrestrium mixturā fartum et cum saccharo pulvereo sparso. E [[Pterocles coronatus|pteroclis coronati]], in hac area communis, ovo propter suam similem formam nominatur.
* [[Turbamentum]] ([[Arabice]] خبيص); dulce ferculum e farina et [[oleum|oleo]] factum.

=== Celebrationes ===
[[Eidulfitrum]] ([[Arabice]]; عيد الفطر) et [[Festum Sacrificii]] ([[Arabice]]; عيد الأضحى) praecipua festa in Cuvaito sunt. Quotannis populus Cuvaitensis diebus [[25 Februarii|25]] et [[26 Februarii]] diem nationalem et liberationis respective celebrat. Die [[10 Novembris]] [[2012]], Cuvaitum suae [[constitutio]]nis iubilaeum aureum spectaculari [[ignes artificiosi|pyrotechnico]] 4,06 [[millio]]num [[Denarius Cuvaitensis|denariorum Cuvaitensium]] sive 15 millionum [[dollarium (CFA)|dollariorum Civitatum Foederatarum]] ostentu notavit, ubi 77&amp;thinsp;282 [[ignes artificiosi]] coniecti sunt, quod Cuvaitum locum intra [[Liber Guinness Summorum Mundi|Librum Guinness Summorum Mundi]] dedit.

== Disportus ==

[[Pediludium]] in Cuvaito popularissimus [[disportus`]] est. [[Consociatio Pedilusoria Cuvaitensis]] ([[Arabice]]; الاتحاد الكويتي لكرة القدم) in Cuvaito [[pediludium]] regens corpus est. [[Consociatio Pedilusoria Cuvaitensis]] et [[Turma Nationalis Pedilusoria|masculinam]], [[Turma Feminea Nationalis Pedilusoria|femineam]] et [[Turma Nationalis Pediludii Aularis|pediludii aularis]] turmas nationales instruit. [[Turma Nationalis Pedilusoria|Turma masculina]] limitatum successum in disportu adepta est, cum turma nationalis in octo [[Certamen Asianum Pedilusorium|Certaminis Asiani Pedilusorii]] competitionibus et in [[Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium (1982)|Certamine Mundano Pedilusorio]] anni [[1982]] contendisset. [[Campionatus Pedilusorius Cuvaitensis]] ([[Arabice]] الدوري الكويتي) maxima Cuvaitensis pediludii liga est, cum turmis duodeviginti. Cuvaitum domus est compluribus societatibus pedilusoriis inter quas [[Al-Arabi SC (Cuvaitum)|Al-Arabi]], [[Fahahil (societas pedilusoria)|Al-Fahahil]], [[Al Dzahra (societas pedilusoria)|Al-Dzahra]], [[Al Kuwait Kaifan|Al-Kuwait]], [[Societas Disportiva Al Nasir|Al-Nasir]], [[Societas Al-Salmiya|Al-Salmiya]], [[Al-Shabab (Cuvaitum)|Al-Shabab]], [[Al-Qadsia (Cuvaitum)|Al-Qadsia]], [[Al-Yarmuk (societas pedilusoria)|Al-Yarmuk]], [[Al-Kazma (Cuvaitum)|Kazma]], [[Societas Disportiva Khaitan|Khaitan]], [[Sulaibikhat (societas disportiva)|Sulaibikhat]], [[Sahil (societas pedilusoria Cuvaitensis)|Sahil]] et [[Tadamun (Cuvaitum)|Tadamun]]. Cuvaitum est una [[Asia]]narum nationum prosperrimarum pediludium. Fuit [[Certamen Asianum Pedilusorium (1980)|Certaminis Asiani Pedilusorii]] campio anno [[1980]], [[Certamen Asianum Pedilusorium (1976)|Certaminis Asiani Pedilusorii]] subcampio et tertium locum in [[Certamen Asianum Pedilusorium (1984)|Certamine Asiano Pedilusorio]] obtinuit. Cuvaitum etiam in [[Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium (1982)|Certamine Mundano Pedilusorio]] anni [[1982]] fuit, sed nullo certamine vicit sed aequato certamine 1-1 discessit cum [[Cechoslovacia]] congressu primo.

[[Canistriludium]] est unus inter popularissimos disportus in Cuvaito. Canistriludium Cuvaitense a [[Consociatio Canistrilusoria Cuvaitensis|Consociatione Canistrilusoria Cuvaitensi]] regitur. Nec [[Turma Nationalis Canistrilusoria Cuvaitensis|turma nationalis]] unquam in [[Certamen Mundanum Canistrilusorium|Certamine Mundano Canistrilusorio]] nec unquam in [[Olympia (certamina)|Olympiis]] fuit, sed fuit in [[Certamen Asianum Canistrilusorium|Certamine Asiano Canistrilusorio]] undeciens, sed adeptum est nullum [[medalia|clipeum]]. Cuvaitum est una nationum properrimarum{{dubsig}} canistriludium in [[Oriens Medius|Oriente Medio]].

In [[Criccetius lusus|criccetio]] Cuvaitum [[Concilium Criccetium Internationale|Concilii Criccetii Internationalis]] membrum socium e [[2005]] est, antea membrum affiliatum e [[1998]]. [[Turma Nationalis Criccetia Cuvaitensis|Turma nationalis]] in praesenti decimo loco inter [[Asia]]nas turmas haud probationis collocatur.

Etiam est in Cuvaito [[Turma Nationalis Manufollii Cuvaitensis|Turma Nationalis]] [[Manufollium|Manufollii]] et [[Turma Nationalis Harpasti XV Cuvaitensis|Turma Nationalis]] [[Harpastum XV|Harpasti XV]].

== Codex ==
Cuvaito codices sunt:
* [[9K]], secundum [[Catalogus praefixorum codicum notaculi aëronavium quibus ICAO utitur|catalogum praefixorum codicum notaculi aëronavium quibus ICAO utitur]],
* [[KU]], secundum [[Catalogus codicum nationum quibus OTAN utitur|catalogum codicum nationum quibus OTAN utitur]], codex alpha-2,
* [[KUW]], secundum [[Catalogus codicum nationum Consilii Olympici Internationalis|catalogum codicum nationum Consilii Olympici Internationalis]],
* [[KW]], secundum normam [[ISO 3166-1]] (catalogum codicum rerum publicarum), codex alpha-2 (catalogus codicum civitatis),
* [[KWT]], secundum normam [[ISO 3166-1]] alpha-3 (catalogi codicum nationum),
* [[KWT]], secundum [[Catalogus codicum internationalium notaculi autocineti|catalogi codicum internationalium notaculi autocineti]],
* [[KWT]], secundum [[Catalogus codicum nationum quibus OTAN utitur|catalogum codicum nationum quibus OTAN utitur]] codex alpha-3.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Kuwait|Cuvaitum}}
{{Fontes geographici}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070107182423/http://www.da.gov.kw/eng/ Grapheum Amiralis Cuvaitensis]
* [http://www.cpd.gov.kw/ Grapheum Coronae Principis Civitatis Cuvaitensis]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110902045314/http://www.askq8.com/ De Cuvaito Directorum]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14644252 Cuvaiti lineamenta] e [[BBC News]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130727040034/http://www.fedbrain.com/world-economy/kuwait/index.html Oeconomia Cuvaitensis] in FedBrain
* [http://www.wkuwait.com/ Pagina interretialis responsorum de Cuvaito]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131213044450/http://www.pakq8.com/ Portale informationis de Cuvaito]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130117013549/http://www.connect.pakq8.com/ Rete Sociale Cuvaitense]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130117013549/http://www.buynsell.pakq8.com/ Directorium Cuvaitense Classificatorum Gratuitorum et Negotiorum]
* [http://www.newint.org/columns/country/2003/09/01/kuwait/ Nationis lineamenta] e [[New Internationalist]]
* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=KW Praecipua de progressione praedicta Cuvaiti] ex [[International Futures]]

{{Asia}}
{{Capsae collectae|Cuvaitum|politica|{{Emiri Cuvaiti}}{{Primi ministri Cuvaiti}}{{Ministri rerum externarum Cuvaitenses}}}}

{{Myrias|Geographia}}

[[Categoria:Arabia]]
[[Categoria:Cuvaitum|!]]
[[Categoria:Sinus Persicus]]
[[Categoria:Monarchiae constitutionales]]
[[Categoria:Condita 1961]]
[[Categoria:Civitates sui iuris]]</text>
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    <title>Fictio scientifica</title>
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      <text bytes="8123" sha1="npazntmj9jk4ken1c6xob37hzs4hkua" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:War-of-the-worlds-tripod.jpg|thumb|[[Incursio alienorum]] in ''[[The War of the Worlds]],'' [[mythistoria]] [[H. G. Wells|Wellsiana]] ([[1897]]), depingitur.]]
'''Fictio scientifica'''&lt;ref&gt;[[Christianus Helfer|Christiani Helfer]] ''Lexicon auxiliare''; {{Morgan}} Vel '''scientia fabularis''' ([[Ebbe Vilborg]], ''Norstedts svensk-latinska ordbok'', editio secunda, 2009),  '''scientia ficticia''' ([http://ephemeris.alcuinus.net/archi2008/nuntius1.php?id=481 ''Ephemeris'' 1 Augusti 2008]), '''commenticia scientia futurorum''' (Vilborg, ibidem; {{DAEL|Ciencia|219}}), '''commenticia rerum futurarum scientia''' (del Col).&lt;/ref&gt; est [[mythistoria]]rum [[imaginatio|imaginariarum]] genus, quod [[scientia (ratio)|scientiae]] [[ars ingeniaria|artisque ingeniariae]] in [[societas humana|societate humana]] [[vis|vim]] et effectum tractat. Saepissime de [[Fabula|fabulis]] commenticiis [[studia futurorum|res futuras]] [[narratio|narrantibus]] agitur.
[[Fasciculus:William Strang spider battle in 1894 True History.svg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Adumbratio]] ab [[Aubrey Beardsley]] pro ''[[Vera Historia]]'' [[Lucianus Samosatensis|Luciani Samosatensis]] facta.]]

Iam dudum eiusmodi litterae sunt, sed in [[saeculum 19|saeculo 19]] et [[saeculum 20|20]] plurimae eiusmodi fabulae scribebantur. Forsitan id illis saeculis fiebat quia multae res technicae inveniebantur quae antea ignotae erant. Quamobrem tempora rapide mutabantur. [[Litterae]] ea causa etiam utopicae nominantur quia [[Thomas Morus]] librum celebrum de insula sive re publica commenticia scripsit, qui liber denique &quot;[[Utopia]]&quot; inscriptus est. Quod verbum [[lingua Latina|Latino sermone]] &quot;Nusquamia&quot; dicat. 

Plurima genera [[litterae de rebus futuris|litterarum de rebus futuris]] sunt:
[[Fasciculus:Imagination 195808.jpg|thumb|[[Exploratio spatii]] mense Augusto 1958 in ''[[Imagination (magazina)|Imagination]],'' [[magazina]] fictionis scientificae, praedicta est.]]

* Plures scriptores [[Scientia (ratio)|scientia]] contemporanea utuntur, ut credibiliter de rebus futuris narrent. Hae litterae sermone Anglico ''science fiction'', sermone Latino forsitan &quot;commenticia scientia futurorum&quot; vel &quot;cosmica fictaque ars&quot; vel similiter appellari possunt. Exempli gratia [[Isaac Asimov]], [[Georgius Orwell]], [[Raimundus Bradbury]] aut [[Tanith Lee]] fuerunt celebres scriptores eius generis.
* Alii phantasia utuntur ut lectores historiis prorsus inventis delectent.

[[Fasciculus:Frontispiece to Frankenstein 1831.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Engraving showing a naked man awaking on the floor and another man fleeing in horror. A skull and a book are next to the naked man and a window, with the moon shining through it, is in the background |[[Adumbratio]] a [[Theodorus von Holst|Theodoro von Holst]] pro editio ''[[Frankenstein]]'' [[Maria Shelley|Mariae Shelley]] ([[1831]])&lt;ref&gt;Max Browne, &quot;Holst, Theodor Richard Edward von (1810–1844)&quot; in {{ODNB}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

==Exempla multiserierum Americanarum fictionis scientificae==
{{div col|2}}
* ''[[F-Zero]]''
* ''[[Halo (series)|Halo]]''
* ''[[Mass Effect]]''
* ''[[Metroid]]''
* ''[[Star Trek]]''
* ''[[Star Wars]]''
* ''[[Stargate]]''
* ''[[Transformers]]''
* ''[[Terminator (series)|Terminator]]''
{{div col end}}
[[Fasciculus:H G Wells pre 1922.jpg|thumb|upright|[[H. G. Wells]].]]

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Aldiss, Brian. [[1973]]. ''Billion Year Spree: The True History of Science Fiction.'' Garden City Novi Eboraci: Doubleday. ISBN 0385088876.
*Aldiss, Brian, cum David Wingrove. [[1986]]. ''Trillion Year Spree: The History of Science Fiction.'' Ed retractata. Novi Eboraci: Atheneum. ISBN 0689118392.
*Amis, Kingsley. [[1960]] (1975). ''New Maps of Hell: A Survey of Science Fiction.'' Novi Eboraci: Arno Press. ISBN 0405063210.
*Barron, Neil, ed. [[2004]]. ''Anatomy of Wonder: A Critical Guide to Science Fiction.'' Ed. 5a. Westport Connecticutae: Libraries Unlimited. ISBN 1-59158-171-0.
*Broderick, Damien. [[1995]]. ''Reading by Starlight: Postmodern Science Fiction.'' Londinii: Routledge.
*Clute, John. [[1995]]. ''Science Fiction: The Illustrated Encyclopedia.'' Londinii: Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 0-7513-0202-3.
*Clute, John, et Peter Nicholls, eds. [[1979]]. ''The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction.'' St Albans, Herts: Granada Publishing, 1979. ISBN 0-586-05380-8.
*Clute, John, et Peter Nicholls, eds. [[1995]]. ''The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction.'' Novi Eboraci: St Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-13486-X.
*Disch, Thomas M. [[1998]]. ''The Dreams Our Stuff Is Made Of.'' Novi Eboraci: The Free Press. ISBN 978-0-684-82405-5.
*Gomel, Elana. [[2010]]. ''Postmodern science fiction and temporal imagination.'' Novi Eboraci: Continuum. ISBN 9781441123954, ISBN 1441123954.
*Jameson, Fredric. [[2005]]. ''Archaeologies of the Future: This Desire Called Utopia and Other Science Fictions.'' Londinii et Novi Eboraci: Verso.
*Milner, Andrew. [[2012]]. ''Locating Science Fiction.'' Liverpolii: Liverpool University Press. ISBN 9781781381168, ISBN 178138116X.
*Raja, Masood Ashraf, Jason W. Ellis, et Swaralipi Nandi, eds. [[2011]]. ''The Postnational Fantasy: Essays on Postcolonialism, Cosmopolitics and Science Fiction.'' McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-6141-7.
*Reginald, Robert. [[1992]]. ''Science Fiction and Fantasy Literature, 1975–1991.'' Detroiti, Vasingtoniae, et Londinii: Gale Research. ISBN 0-8103-1825-3.
*Scholes, Robert E., et Eric S. Rabkin. [[1977]]. ''Science fiction: history, science, vision.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-502174-5.
*Suvin, Darko. [[1979]]. ''Metamorphoses of Science Fiction: On the Poetics and History of a Literary Genre.'' Portu Novo: Yale University Press.
*Weldes, Jutta, ed. [[2003]]. '' To Seek Out New Worlds: Exploring Links between Science Fiction and World Politics.'' Novi Eboraci: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-312-29557-X.
*Westfahl, Gary, ed. [[2005]]. ''The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy: Themes, Works, and Wonders.'' 3 voll. Westport Connecticutae: Greenwood Press.
*Wolfe, Gary K. [[1986]]. ''Critical Terms for Science Fiction and Fantasy: A Glossary and Guide to Scholarship.'' Novi Eboraci: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-22981-3.

==Nexus interni==
{{div col|3}}
*[[Crystallum energeticum]]
*[[Doctor Who]]
*[[Fictio]]
*[[Robertus A. Heinlein]]
*''[[The Handmaid's Tale]]''
*[[Hypercosmos|Superspatium]]
*[[Litterae phantasticae]]
*[[Litterae mysticae]]
*[[Machina temporis]]
*''[[Nicolai Klimii iter subterraneum]]''
*[[Olavus Stapledon]]
*[[Oracula Sibyllina]]
*[[Phantasia (genus)]]
*[[Sibylla]]
*''[[Somnium (Keplerus)|Somnium]]''
*[[Steampunk]]
*[[Studia futurorum]]
*[[Technologia opinabilis]]
*[[Telecinesis]]
*[[Telepathia]]
*[[Teleportatio]]
*[[Transhumanismus]]
{{div col end}}

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|Science fiction|scientiam ficticiam}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061214162232/http://www.gutenberg.org/wiki/Science_Fiction_%2528Bookshelf%2529 Science Fiction (Bookshelf).] Propositum Gutenbergianum.
*[http://www.liv.ac.uk/library/sca/science-fiction/research/ SF Hub.] University of Liverpool Library.
*[http://www.efanzines.com &quot;Science fiction fanzines (current and historical) online.&quot;]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160726150759/http://www.sfwa.org/forum/index.php?app=readinglist SFWA &quot;Suggested Reading.&quot;]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110202162530/http://www.empsfm.org/ Science Fiction Museum &amp; Hall of Fame.]
*[http://www.sfra.org/ Science Fiction Research Association]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20230618115843/https://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/themes/visions-of-the-future Commentarii a Mike Ashley, Iain Sinclair, et aliis de saeculo undevicensimo scripti.] ''Discovering Literature.'' British Library.
*[https://www.torontopubliclibrary.ca/merril/ Merril Collection of Science Fiction, Speculation and Fantasy.] Toronto Public Library.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20220725144524/https://www.depauw.edu/sfs/biblio.htm Science Fiction Studies' Chronological Bibliography of Science Fiction History, Theory, and Criticism.]

[[Categoria:Litterae rerum futurarum|!]]
[[Categoria:Fictio scientifica|!]]

{{Myrias|Ars}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Acetum</title>
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      <comment>{{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}}</comment>
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[[Fasciculus:Vinegar and cheese.jpg|thumb|Binae [[ampulla]]e eiusdem aceti et duae [[patella]]e cum [[caseus|caseo]] aceto sparso.]]
[[Fasciculus:18-alimenti, aceto,Taccuino Sanitatis, Casanatense 4182..jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Mulier]] urceum aceto ex cupa implet. [[Pictura]] est de{{dubsig}} ''[[Tacuinum sanitatis|Tacuino sanitatis]]''.]]
[[Fasciculus:Barrels vinegar.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Aliquot aceta in cupas fusa.]]

{{res|Acetum}}&lt;ref&gt;Lewis, C.T. &amp; Short, C. (1879). ''A Latin dictionary founded on Andrews' edition of Freund's Latin dictionary.'' Oxoniae: Clarendon Press; Kraus, L.A. (1844). ''Kritisch-etymologisches medicinisches Lexikon'' (ed. 3). Gottingae: Verlag der Deuerlich- und Dieterichschen Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Latinitate mediaevali etiam &quot;[https://logeion.uchicago.edu/vinacrum vinacrum]&quot;, &quot;[https://logeion.uchicago.edu/vinegra vinegra]&quot;; ita &quot;[https://logeion.uchicago.edu/vinagrerium vinagrerium]&quot; = acetabulum&lt;/ref&gt; est {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Solutio aquosa||en|qid=Q906356}} [[acidum aceticum|acidi acetici]] et compositorum vestigialium quae [[sapor]]es comprehendere possunt. Qui [[acidum]] ex [[aethanol]]i [[fermentatio]]ne [[manus|manu]] et [[natura]] fit. Per quinquaginta saecula vel plura,&lt;ref name=&quot;wondrugpag2&quot;&gt;[http://www.lacetoleather.com/wondrugpag2.html ''APPLE CIDER VINEGAR, The Wonder Drug of Yesterday and Today, page 2'' apud www.lacetoleather.com]&lt;/ref&gt; homines acetum faciunt, ut in rebus [[culinaria|culinariis]] et [[medicina|medicis]] adhibeatur.

Summa acidi in aceto solet stare inter 4 et 8 centesimas, saepissime fere 5 centesimas per copiam in aceto edendo et ad 18 centesimas in aceto quod adhibetur ad res in [[muria]] condendas.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20070308042526/http://www.fda.gov/ora/compliance_ref/cpg/cpgfod/cpg525-825.html FDA: Sec. 525.825 Vinegar, Definitions - Adulteration with Vinegar Eels (CPG 7109.22)].&lt;/ref&gt; In acetis naturalibus praeter acidum aceticum insunt etiam quantitates minores [[acidus tartaricus|acidi tartarici]], [[acidus citricus|acidi citrici]], et aliorum.

== Proprietates ==
=== Valor pH ===
Aceti [[pH]] solet stare inter 2 - 3.5. Aceta, quae ad edendum venduntur, habent valorem pH circum 2.4.

=== Densitas ===
Aceti [[densitas]] est fere 0.96 [[g]]/[[Litrum|mL]]. Aceta cum valoribus pH maioribus sunt minore densitate.

== Historia ==
Primum acetum ab hominibus factum nobis notum in [[Aegyptus|Aegypto]] abhinc annorum 5000 fere effectum est, ubi [[archaeologus|archaeologi]] vestigia aceti in urceis invenerunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;wondrugpag2&quot; /&gt;

In [[Biblia|Bibliis Sacris]] acetum commemoratur ut res minus iucunda ([[Psalmi|Ps.]] 69:21, [[Liber Proverbiorum|Prov.]] 25:20). [[Iesus Christus|Iesu Christo]] in [[crucifixio|cruce pendenti]] acetum offertum esse dicitur ([[Evangelium secundum Ioannem|Ioh.]] 19:29).

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
; Fontes antiquiores
*[[Grimod de la Reynière|de la Reynière, Grimod]], et al. [[1804]]. ''[[Almanach des gourmands]]'' vol. 2, secunda ed. [http://www.archive.org/details/almanachdesgour00costgoog Textus, pp. 235-242]; vol. 7, pp. 76-80; vol. 8, pp. 120-124, 279-281.

[[Categoria:Condimenta]]
[[Categoria:Medicina]]
{{Myrias|Anthropologia}}</text>
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    <title>Brändö</title>
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{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Ahvenanmaa kunnat 2.png|left|200px|thumb|Tabula regionis Alandiae, quae communia monstrat. Brändö est numerus unus]]
'''Brändö''' seu '''Insula Sancti Iacobi'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam]&lt;/ref&gt; (Nomen [[Lingua Suecica|Suecicum]] 'insulam ignitam' significat) est commune orientalissimum [[Alandia]]e. Plerumque est commune Brändö aquosa (88.6%). 516 homines ibi habitant, quo fit, ut stet in ordine magnitudinum urbium [[Finnia|Finnicarum]] 423. [[Suecice|Suecica]] est lingua usitatissima, qua 91% incolarum loquuntur.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://www.brandoaland.fi Situs interretialis communis Brändö] {{Ling|Suecice|Finnice|Anglice|Theodisce}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060518022623/http://www.brandoaland.fi/imgs/brando_kommun.jpg Tabula communis Brändö]

{{urbs-stipula}}
{{Finnia-stipula}}
{{Alandia}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Brando}}
[[Categoria:Urbes Finniae]]</text>
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    <title>Foundation and Empire</title>
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{{L}}
'''''Foundation and Empire''''' (scil. [[Latine]]: ''De opere fundato et imperio Galactico'') est liber quem [[Isaac Asimov]] [[Mythistoriae rerum futurarum|de rebus futuris scripsit]]. Liber est secundus trium librorum quibus res in [[Galaxias|Galaxia]] gesturae narrantur. Primus trilogiae liber est ''[[Foundation (mythistoria)|Foundation]]''. Liber editus est anno [[1952]], sed partes duae inscriptae sunt primo in libellis ''Astounding Science Fiction'' appellatis anno [[1945]]. Ita, pars prima nominatur ''The General'' (seu &quot;De magistro militum&quot;) et altera ''The Mule'' (quod est &quot;De Mulo&quot;).

==Personae==
*[[Bel Riose]], dux classis Imperialis, qui Terminum capere vult.&lt;ref&gt;Huius legati persona ab Isaac Asimov secundum exemplum illius [[Flavius Belisarius|Flavii Belisarii]] excogitata est cui [[imperatores Romani|imperatore]] [[Iustinianus|Iustiniano]] regnante paene contigit ut [[imperium Romanum]] antiquum restitueret.&lt;/ref&gt;
*Cleon II, imperator Galaxiae.
*Ammel Brodrig, secretarius imperialis.
*''Mulus'', vir arcanus qui Seldonis Opus fundatum vicit.
*Magnifico Giganticus, [[maccus]] circensis.
*Toran Darell et uxor Bayta, mercatores Operis fundati.
*Ebling Mis, psychohistoricus.
*Dagobertus IX, unus ex imperatoribus ultimis [[Trantor]]is.


==De argumento narrationis== 
''CAVE: Singularia et occulta argumenti palam sequuntur''

In tomo secundo trilogiae de [[Opus fundatum (Assimov)|opere fundato]] agentis magister militum [[Bel Riose]] imperatore Galactico Cleone regnante territoria amissa de novo primum magno cum successu capit.

===Prima pars: de bello galactico===
Ut Bel Riose non nescat quod pluribus saeculis ante Hari Seldon rerum mathematicarum peritus ope methodi psychohistoricae praedixit [[imperium Galacticum]] periturum esse, tamen in foedus operis fundati impetum facit ut imperio Galactico priscum territorium restituat. &quot;Vivus qui agit&quot;, contumax ait, &quot;plus valet quam mortuus qui cogitaverat.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Confer Latinum &quot;Vivus asinus melior est quam philosophus mortuus.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; 

Re vera etiam imperiali legato Bel Riose valido discendum est operis fundati foederationem, quae plus plusque territoriorum prisci imperii in margine Viae Lacteae sitorum expugnat, non iam expugnari posse.

Hi sunt eventus ut fieri possunt: 
#Si et in planeta [[Trantor]]e imperii capite imperator invalidus regnat et magister militum invalidus est, opus fundatum non periclitatur. 
#Si in planeta Trantore imperator validus regnat, magister militum autem invalidus est, iterum opus fundatum non periclitatur quia imperator validus imperio declinante Trantorem relinquere non potest.
#Si in planeta Trantore imperator invalidus regnat, magister militum autem validus est, hic non opus fundatum sed imperatorem suum expugnabit, quia plus est imperium habere quam regionem barbaram velut planetas foederis operis fundati.
#Si et in planeta Trantore imperator validus et ad imperii marginem magister militum validus est foedus operis fundati periclitari videtur. Magister militum non planetam Trantorem in medio Galaxia situm expugnare, sed territoria prisci imperii amissa recuperare conabitur. Nunc autem cur imperator validus est? Quia omnes aemulatores ad tempus vincit. Si ergo magister militum potestate crescit, imperatori ad tempus debellandus est. 

Ita fiebat cum magistro militum [[Bel Riose]] foedus operis fundati debellaturo. Bellum in [[Opus fundatum]] consummaturus magister militum subito ad [[Trantor]]em revocatus proditionis crimine nescio qua causa accusatus supplicio damnatus est opere fundato servato.

Leges [[psychohistoria]]e a Hari Seldon inventae ita comprobatae sunt. Cogitationes mortui actiones vivi vicerunt.

===Pars secunda: de Mulo===
Centum annis post nova pericula operi fundato imminent. Operis fundati foederatio divisa est in partes duas, in partem dictatura dominatam circum planetam Terminum et partem liberam ubi mercatores regnant. Quam ob rem bellum civile imminet inter duas partes. 

Praeterea homo novus ex nihilo apparuit Mulus cognominatus qui parva classi planetam Kalganem sine pugna occupavit quamquam planetae imperator minatus erat se prius totam planetam disicturum esse quam se traditurum. Mulus ibi rector factus celerrime suum regnum augebat et operis fundati foederationi imminebat. 

Nonnulli ex liberis foederationis civitatibus Mulum quaerebant ut fortasse eo socio bellum in dictaturam Terminensem facerent. Coniunx Bayta et maritus Toran, cives planetae Haven, Kalganem, ubi Mulus nunc sedem habet, visitant. Sed nihil bonum de Mulo inveniunt. Crudelis homo esse videtur mira in homines potestate praeditus. Id, exempli gratia, eis narrat scurra cui ad litus maris occurrunt. Ille, deformi figura et immenso naso, nomine Magnificus Giganticus cohortem Muli fugerat et nunc a Mulo persecutus est. Bayta misericors est in scurram et maritum instigat ut animosissimus eum servet cum Muli aediles eum in custodiam dare volunt. Tum una cum Magnifico ad Terminum fugiunt ut crudelem Mulum evitent. 

In planeta Termino omnes reapparitionem Harii Seldon impatientes expectant qui diebus constitutis semel fere per centum annos hologrammatice in aula temporis ut dicitur in Termino planeta apparet. Adhuc haec apparitio semper plus de statu rerum politicarum oeconomicarum socialium cuiuscumque aetatis narraverat quam vivi ipsi de suo tempore noverant. Hari Seldon enim res futuras psychohistorice semper accurate praenoverat. 

Nunc apparitio Harii Seldon de bello civile consummato narrat et de operis fundati progressione in interiores partes Galaxiae futura. Sed bellum civile, ut imminuerit, tamen nondum fuit quia omnes plus Mulum timebant! Et Hari Seldon de Mulo nihilum dixit! Cives foederationis exhorrescunt. Omnes tristissimi facti sunt, cum subito ad arma vocatur. Classis Muli Termino appropinquat. Omnium autem animus tam abiectus est ut sine pugno planetam legatis Muli tradant. Solum Bayta et Toran et Magnificus fugere possunt. Eos Ebling Mis comitabatur [[Psychologia|psychologus]] operis fundati. 

Postquam Terminus sine pugno cecidit ad planetam Haven patriam Toranis fugiunt. Sed classis Muli iam prope est. Iterum civium animi demissi sunt. Etiam planeta Haven sine pugno traditur Torane furore incenso. Illi quattuor fugere pergunt. Radiophono in navi audiunt quod etiam aliae civitates foederationis ut desperate in Mulum repugnantes tamen omnes debellati sunt.

Plane constat Harium Seldon Mulum non praevidisse. Id significat quod Mulus homo genetice mutatus est quia eiusmodi casus scientia psychohistorica praevidi non possunt. Psychohistoria ad permaximas hominum multitudines solum spectat et de singulis hominibus nihil docere potest. Casu ergo homo genetice mutatus factus est superhumanis potestatibus praeditus et nunc toti humanitati imminet et magnum ut dicitur consilium Harii Seldon perturbat. 

Sed adhuc alterum est opus fundatum quia Hari Seldon olim duo condidit „ad oppositas partes Galaxiae“, ut aiebat, sita. Cum primum opus fundatum in primis ad res naturales et technicas spectaret, alterum ad res psychologicas et sociologicas et humaniores. Illud opus fundatum iis scientiis praeditum valeat ut Mulum vincat. Opus fundatum alterum ergo quam celerrime inveniendum et praemonendum est. 

Quattuor sodales [[navis spatialis|navi spatiali]] per [[hypercosmos|hypercosmum]] saltanti per Galaxiam planetam [[Trantor]]em versus iter faciunt quia, ubi olim caput imperii Galactici fuit, ibi adhuc bibliotheca Galactica est ubi invenire volunt quo loco opus fundatum alterum est. Ut navis spatialis per hypercosmum saltans diffilis sit persecutu, tamen inveniunt ut Muli agentes in rebus, ipsos quoque opus fundatum alterum quaerentes, se persequantur. 

Denique in planetam Neotrantorem appellant ubi imperator Galacticus atque dux [[Universum|universi]] Dagobertus eius nominis IX una cum regni here viginti planetas frumentarios regnat. Id omne est quod de pristino et antiquo imperio Galactico reliquum est. Sed necesse est ut ille imperator animi debecilli permissionem det visitandi bibliothecam antiquam in Trantori sitam. Bayta tandem imperatori explanat in Trantori planeta iterum seditiosum Gilmer qui re vera pluribus decenniis mortuus est in imperatorem iterum insurrecturum debellandum esse. Imperator expergefactus eos salutat, qui ex sua, ut ait, provincia Anacreoni, quod pristinum nomen regionis operis fundati fuerat, advenerint, et chartam subsignat qua auspiciis imperialibus Trantorem visitare permissi sunt. Retrorsum ut debet aulam imperatoris relinquunt, et illico a militibus regni heris in vincula coniciuntur. Ille regni heres non solum eis vetat ut Trantorem adeant sed etiam cupiditate impudica in Baytam inflammatus est. 

Saltem Magnifico illi scurrae eius instrumentum musicum visisonarium dat ut canat. Magnificus tristissimo modo instrumento visisonario canit. Etiam Bayta cantatione mirifica Magnifici maestus et tristis fit. Magnificus tandem canere desinit. Regni heres autem mortuus iacet. Cantatio eum interfecit. Sodales ad Trantorem pergere possunt.

In Trantori maximas parietinas pristini capitis imperialis inveniunt. Mirum est his in parietinibus bibliothecam Galacticam per tam multa saecula superfuisse. Ebling Mis ille psychologus tandem in tabulis publicis inquirere potest ubi opus fundatum alterum locatum sit. Sed adhuc agentes in rebus Muli apparent. Quidam ex numero illorum eis obit et narrat se olim in foederatione operis fundati centurionem fuisse. Elatus referre pergit se nunc esse tribunum apud Mulum quamquam olim Mulum necare conatus sit. Mulum suum animum convertisse, dicit, et eos hortatur ut item sodales Muli fiant qui omnium animos sibi conciliare possit. II autem foederationis cives perhorrescunt et condicionem aspernantur. 

Ebling Mis miro studio inflammatus et excitatus pergit inquirere locum alteri operis fundati. Postremo omnes convocat ad bibliothecae tabulas. Se illos de aliqua re maximi momenti certiores facturum esse. Eum ad tabulas inveniunt miro modo stupefactum. Bayta Magnificum demittere vult, ille autem Eblingum Mis respicit qui eum revocat. &quot;Egomet&quot; ait Ebling Mis, &quot;locum operis fundati alteri inveni. Ille locus est...&quot; Pergere non potest quia subito Bayta sclopeto minore radianti eum petit et dimidia corporis pars arrepta est lacuna in pariete posteriore hiante.

Toran exhorrescit. &quot;Et tu&quot; inquit &quot;sodalis est Muli partium!&quot; Bayta reclamat. &quot;Insanin’? Respice! Cur Muli agentes in rebus nos semper invenire potuerunt etiam iter per hypercosmum facientes? Cur semper nobis contigit ut efugeremus sive de Kalgani sive de Termino sive de planeta Haven? Cur Terminus et Haven sine pugna traditi sunt, cum aliae operis fundati civitates acri proelio Mulo depugnandae fuerint? Estne casus si et Muli agens in rebus narrat Mulum animos convertere posse et Magnificus instrumento vivisonario ita animum regni heris mutavit ut ille necaretur? Et quid de hac tristitia quam et in Termino et in Haven et Magnifico canente sensimus? Magnificus est Mulus! Magnificum autem interficere non potui quia animum legere potest et ilico sensisset si illum necare voluissem. Ergo Ebling Mis mihi necandus erat antequam locum alteri operis fundati eloqueret.&quot;

Toran adhuc dubitavit sed nunc Magnificus loqui coepit: &quot;Ita est. Mulus sum. In multis autem rebus erravi. Primum numquam animum Baytae moderavi. Illa olim in planeta Kalgano in me misericors fuit et eius modi sympathiam naturalem numquam ante senseram speciei causa. Hunc ergo animum naturalem Baytae perturbare nolui. Deinde cantando regni herem necavi quia illius odiosa cupiditas in Baytam me taeduit. Tum meum tribunum non intermisi cum vobis de mea potestate narraverit ut bene volens. Quoddam modo victus sum, alium Eblingum Mis mox non inventurus. Sed adhuc potissimus homo in tota Galaxia sum et pergibo alterum opus fundatum invenire.&quot;

Bayta exclamat: &quot;Num ‚quoddam modo’? Totus victus es! Hari Seldon opus fundatum primum non creavit ut tibi similes vincerentur. Ad tui modi casus opus fundatum alterum spectat quod nunc mea et Toranis gratia non invenisti. Ambo nunc in pace moriamur.&quot;

Magnificus autem dixit: &quot;Vos non necabo cum non iam mihi adiuvaret. Vadite in pace! Egomet opus fundatum alterum quaerebo et inveniebo.&quot; Et eos inretorto oculo reliquit.

== Nota ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{TrilogiaFundationis}}

[[Categoria:Civitatum Foederatarum scripta]]
[[Categoria:Litterae rerum futurarum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Anglicae]]
[[Categoria:Scripta 1952]]
[[Categoria:Isaac Asimov]]

[[sv:Stiftelseserien#Stiftelsen och imperiet]]</text>
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    <title>David Petraeus</title>
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      <text bytes="5817" sha1="ltg7pgwymv25rndxgf1v0qrc5m4mm24" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''David Howell Petraeus''' (natus die [[7 Novembris]] [[1952]]) est miles [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatum Foederatarum]]. Dux supremus {{Creanda|en|Multi-National Force – Iraq|Copiae multinationales (Iracum)|copiarum multinationalium}} in [[Iracum|Iraco]] militantium atque rector [[Procuratio Nuntiorum Centralis|procurationis nuntiorum centralis]] Civitatum Foederatarum meruit.

David Petraeus alumnus est [[academia Militaris Civitatum Foederatarum|academiae militaris Civitatum Foederatarum]] iuxta [[Promontorium Occidentale]], ubi professor fuit eodem quo apud scholam rerum internationalium [[universitas Princetoniensis|universitatis Princetoniensis]] studia superiora prosequebatur. Ibi anno [[1987]] gradum doctoris ascendit. 

Annis [[2001]] et 2002 in [[Bosnia]], ab anno [[2003]] in Iraco militavit. Ibi die [[26 Ianuarii]] [[2007]] dux supremus factus est copiarum multinationalium quae pro regimine Iracensi pugnabant. Quo officio usque in annum insequentem fuctus est. Die [[31 Octobris]] [[2008]] dux directionis centralis exercitus Civitatum Foederatarum, deinde die [[23 Iunii]] [[2010]] dux supremus copiarum in [[Afgania]] militantium, denuo a die [[6 Septembris]] [[2011]] rector [[Procuratio Nuntiorum Centralis|procurationis nuntiorum centralis]] factus est. Mox die [[9 Novembris]] [[2012]], documentorum secretorum ad amasiam [[Paula Broadwell|Paulam Broadwell]] diurnariam (quae vitam eius scribebat) patefactorum accusatus, id munus renuntiare coactus est.

== Scripta Davidis Petraeus ==
[[Fasciculus:Defense.gov photo essay 101207-F-6655M-022.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Robertus Gates]] secretarius a munitione et David Petraeus [[Cabura]]e anno 2010 colloquentes (imago ab Ieremia Morrison milite facta)]]
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20070911120719/http://usacac.army.mil/CAC/Repository/Materials/COIN-FM3-24.pdf &quot;FM 3-24 New Army/Marine Counterinsurgency Manual]'' (Decembri 2006), praefatione a Davide Petraeus scripta
* Rachel Dry, &quot;[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/12/AR2007011201955_pf.html Petraeus on Vietnam's Legacy]&quot; (e dissertatione Davidis Petraeus ''The American Military and the Lessons of Vietnam'') in ''[[Washington Post]]'' (14 Ianuarii 2007)

== Bibliographia ==
[[Fasciculus:Allen Petraeus Panetta cropped.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Ioannes Allen]] dux exercitus (ad sinistram), David Petraeus (media imagine), [[Leo Panetta]] qui olim rector [[Procuratio Nuntiorum Centralis|procurationis nuntiorum centralis]], recentissime secretarius a munitione merebat, in aerodromo iuxta [[Bagram]] [[Afgania]]e anno 2011 congressi (imago ab Iosua Treadwell milite classiario facta)]]
* Steven Alvarez, &quot;[https://archive.today/20121217172418/http://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/opinion/orl-alvarez2807jan28,0,3172287.story?coll=orl-opinion-headlines David and Goliath, and Petraeus]&quot; in ''Orlando Sentinel'' (28 Ianuarii 2007)
* Rick Atkinson, &quot;[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/06/AR2007010601185_pf.html Iraq Will be Petraeus' Knot to Untie]&quot; in ''[[Washington Post]]'' (6 Ianuarii 2007)
* Rick Atkinson, ''In the Company of Soldiers: A Chronicle of Combat''. Novi Eboraci: Henry Holt, 2004. ISBN 0-641-78803-7
* Julian E. Barnes, &quot;[http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/051031/31petraeus.htm An Open Mind For A New Army]&quot; in ''U.S. News &amp; World Report'' (31 Octobris 2005)
* Christopher Dickey, &quot;[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9902E5DF1230F937A35757C0A9629C8B63 The Story of O]&quot; in ''[[New York Times]]'' (4 Aprilis 2004)
* Dexter Filkins, &quot;[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/21/world/middleeast/21general.html Exiting Iraq, Petraeus Says Gains Are Fragile]&quot; in ''[[New York Times]]'' (20 Augusti 2008)
* Michael R. Gordon, &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080519231352/http://www.iraqfoundation.org/news/2003/isept/4_airborne.html 101st Airborne Scores Success in Reconstruction of Northern Iraq]&quot; in ''[[New York Times]]'' (4 Septembris 2003)
* Michael R. Gordon, &quot;[http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/05/world/middleeast/05military.html?em&amp;ex=1168146000&amp;en=eb7b05220e1d4448&amp;ei=5087%0A Bush To Name A New General To Oversee Iraq]&quot; in ''[[New York Times]]'' (5 Ianuarii 2006)
* Scott Shane, Charlie Savage, &quot;[http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/12/us/us-officials-say-petraeuss-affair-known-in-summer.html Officials Say F.B.I. Knew of Petraeus Affair in the Summer]&quot; in ''[[New York Times]]'' (11 Novembris 2012)

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|David Petraeus|Davidem Petraeus}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070911204237/http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=23&amp;Itemid=16 Biographia officialis]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080507234929/http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-8757649066985328357&amp;q=tvshow%3ACharlie_Rose Programma televisionale Charlie Rose: ''An hour with General David Petraeus''] Videographia facta [[26 Aprilis]] [[2007]]
* [http://www.wws.princeton.edu/qzalumni/testimonials/petraeus.html Biographia] apud ''Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs'' universitatis Princetoniensis
* &quot;[http://www.cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/01/26/iraq.general.ap/index.html Senate confirms new top general for Iraq]&quot; (26 Ianuarii 2007) apud ''CNN''
* &quot;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6285156.stm US Iraq chief warns of long war]&quot; (9 Iulii 2007) apud ''BBC News''
* Tom Bowman, &quot;[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6730560 Leader of the Fabled 101st to Command in Iraq]&quot; (5 Ianuarii 2007)

{{Rectores procurationis nuntiorum centralis Civitatum Foederatarum}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Petraeus, David Howell}}

[[Categoria:Nati 1952]]
[[Categoria:Homines vivi]]
[[Categoria:Professores Academiae Militaris Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Praefecti generales Exercitus Civitatum Foederatarum]]</text>
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      <text bytes="105430" sha1="5qmwu06f6bb69wgghrq8rabv7v8axc3" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Battle of Cedar Mountain.png|thumb|325px|[[Proelium Montis Cedri]] die [[9 Aprilis]] [[1862]]: Unionis Legio Crawford (dextra, copiae caeruleae) impetum in hostes Confoederationis (laeva, copias caesias) facit. Impressio a [[Currier &amp; Ives]] inter 1862 et 1872 divulgata.]]

'''Bellum Civile Americanum,''' rite '''Bellum Seditionis''' ([[Anglice]]: ''War of the Rebellion''), vulgo '''Bellum Secessionale,''' et saepissime in civitatibus Meridianis '''Bellum inter Civitates,'''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Bellum enim inter Civitates Gestum Americanum (quod interdum falso 'civile' dicitur)&quot; (Meier 1998: 131).&lt;/ref&gt; fuit [[bellum civile]] in [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitatibus Foederatis Americae]] gestum, fere a die [[12 Aprilis]] [[1861]] praecipue ad paene eundem diem anno [[1865]]. Undecim [[civitas servilis|civitates serviles]]—[[Civitatum Foederatarum civitas|civitates]] in [[Civitates Foederatae Meridianae|Civitatibus Foederatis Meridianis]] [[servitus|servitutem]] sinentis—suam [[secessio]]nem a Civitatibus Foederatis declaraverunt, [[Civitates Confoederatae Americae|Civitates Confoederatas Americae]]&lt;ref&gt;Etiam ''Civitates Confoederatas'' appellatas (Meier 1998: 131), vel ''Confoederationem'' tantum.&lt;/ref&gt; constituerunt, et [[Jefferson Davis]] duce, cum foederali Civitatum Foederatarum gubernatione ([[Unio (CFA)|Unionem]] tum dicta) bellaverunt, quam omnes [[civitas servilis|civitates liberae]]&lt;!--free states ~ free-soil states--&gt; (quae servitutem interdixerunt) et quinque [[civitas finitima (Bellum Civile Americanum)|civitates finitimae]] (quae servitutem siverunt) in Septentrionalibus sustinuerunt.

In [[Comitia praesidentialia Civitatum Foederatarum anni 1860|praesidentialibus Civitatum Foederatarum comitiis anni 1860]], [[Factio Republicana (CFA)|Factio Republicana]], [[Abrahamus Lincoln|Abrahamo Lincoln]] duce, servitutis propagationi obstiterat praeter civitates ubi ea iam existebat. Republicanis his in comitiis victoribus, septem civitates Meridionales, etiam antequam Lincoln praeses inauguratus est (die [[4 Martii]] [[1861]]), suam secessionem ab Unione declaraverunt. Exeuntes ineuntesque Unionis gubernationes secessionem reicierunt, quam eae [[seditio]]nem habuerunt.
[[Fasciculus:ElectoralCollege1860.svg|thumb|left|300px|Eventus comitiorum praesidentialium anni 1860 (Anglice): &lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF0000;&quot;&gt;'''rubrae'''&lt;/span&gt; sunt civitates a Lincoln/Hamlin victae, &lt;span style=&quot;color:#37C837;&quot;&gt;'''virides'''&lt;/span&gt; civitates a Breckinridge/Lane victae, &lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF7F2A;&quot;&gt;'''subrubrae'''&lt;/span&gt; civitates a Bell/Everett victae, et &lt;span style=&quot;color:#698DC5;&quot;&gt;'''caerulea'''&lt;/span&gt; civitas a Douglas/Johnson victa. Numeri sunt suffragiorum cuiusque civitatis numeri electorales.]]

Bellum factum est die [[12 Aprilis]] [[1861]], cum milites Confoederati [[Proelium Castelli Sumter|praesidium Civitatum Foederatarum]] apud [[Castellum Sumter]] in [[Carolina Meridionalis|Carolina Meridionali]] oppugnarent. Lincoln ergo postulavit exercitum voluntariorum ex quaque civitate conligi; quo facto, quattuor additae civitates secessionem declaraverunt. Ambae partes exercitus conlegerunt dum civitates finitimae mox in dicione Unionis fuerunt et naves Unionis [[obsidio navalis Belli Civilis Americani|obsidionem portuum meridianorum]] constituerunt. Mense Septembri [[1862]], [[Manumissionis Edictum]] a Lincoln effectum, finem servitutis propositum belli faciens, [[Regnum Britanniarum|Britannicos]] a dimicatione deterruit. [[Robertus Eduardus Lee]], dux [[Exercitus Virginiae Septentrionalis]] et ex [[23 Ianuarii]] [[1865]] principalis [[Exercitus Civitatum Confoederatarum]] praefectus, proelia gravia in oriente vicit; sed aestate [[1863]], eius progressus in Septentrionalem ad [[Proelium Gettysburgi|Gettysburgum]] impeditus est, et in occidente, Unioni iterum post [[Obsidio Vicksburgi|Obsidionem Vicksburgi]] fuit singulare [[Mississippius Fluvius|Fluminis Mississippiensis]] imperium. Confoederatione nunc diffissa, Septentrionales hominum copiarumque opportunitates multum valere coeperunt anno [[1864]], dum [[Ulixes S. Grant]], imperator [[Exercitus Unionis]], proelia terendi [[Expeditio Terrestris|Expeditionem Terrestrem]] appellata contra Lee commisit, et [[Gulielmus Tecumseh Sherman]], alter Unionis dux, [[Atlanta]] [[Georgia (CFA)|Georgiae]] occupata, [[domus]], [[ferrivia]]s, et omnes belli copias omnino destruens, [[Iter Shermanianum ad mare|iter ad mare]] fecit. Postquam Lee, die [[9 Aprilis]] [[1865]], se ad Grant apud [[Appomattox Court House]] dediderat, plurimi milites Confoederationis pugnare desierunt. Praeses [[Andreas Johnson]] seditionis finem in universum declaravit die [[2 Aprilis]] [[1866]], et in [[Texia]] die [[20 Augusti]] [[1866]] (Long 1971: 696–97).

Bellum Civile Americanum fuit bellum funestissimum rei publicae: fere 620&amp;thinsp;000 [[miles|militum]] mortui sunt, ignotis non militum numeris vulneratis aut necatis. Principales belli consequentiae fuerunt refectio Unionis, finis [[servitus|servitutis]] in Civitatibus Foederatis, et auctus potestatis [[gubernatio Civitatum Foederatarum|gubernationis foederalis]]. [[Societas hominum|Sociales]], [[civilitas|politicae]], [[oeconomia|oeconomicae]], [[phyle]]ticaeque [[Rationes Belli Civile Americani|belli rationes]] [[Aetas Reconstructionis|Aetatem Reconstructionis]], ad annum [[1877]] durantem, vehementer conformaverunt, et commutationes quae rempublicam creaverunt coniunctam mundi [[superpotentia]]m confecerunt.

==Secessionis causae==&lt;!--
{{Vide-etiam|Origines Belli Civilis Americani}}--&gt;
{{Vide-etiam|Temporale eventuum qui ad Bellum Civile Americanum adduxerunt index}}
Simul in una republica praesentia Meridionalis qui servitutem sinebat et Septentrionalis qui servitutem repugnabat fecit ut veri simile atque adeo necessarium esset certamen erumpere internecivum. Lincoln [[lex|leges]] foederales contra servitutem ubi servitus iam erat non posuit, sed in [[Oratio Domus Divisae|Oratione Domus Divisae]], anno [[1858]] facta et mox late lecta, spem habuerat ut &quot;sistatur addita [servitutis] expansio, et ponatur ubi animus hominum poterit requiescere in fide cursui ultimae eius exstinctionis.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Abrahami Lincoln &quot;Oratio Domus Divisae,&quot; apud Springfield Illinoesiae die [[16 Iunii]] [[1858]] habita.&lt;/ref&gt; Multum civilis disputationis annis 1850 expansionem servitutis in [[territorium (pars administrativa)|territoria]] novissime creata vehementius dixebat.&lt;ref&gt;Foote 1974: 1: 34.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Prevent, as far as possible, any of our friends from demoralizing themselves, and our cause, by entertaining propositions for compromise of any sort, on slavery extension. There is no possible compromise upon it, but which puts us under again, and leaves all our work to do over again. Whether it be a Mo. Line, or Eli Thayer's Pop. Sov. It is all the same. Let either be done, &amp; immediately filibustering and extending slavery recommences. On that point hold firm, as with a chain of steel&quot; (Abrahamus Lincoln ad [[Elihu B. Washburne]], 13 Decembris 1860, in 
[http://books.google.com/books?id=F20ZsA5ZeeEC&amp;pg=PA184&amp;lpg=PA184&amp;dq=Prevent+%22any+of+our+friends+from+demoralizing+themselves%22&amp;source=web&amp;ots=-Gel_R70_T&amp;sig=6dQstqsFPcVDPiWeImsbzp_8Gbg&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;resnum=1&amp;ct=result#PPA183,M1 Glenn M. Linden, ''Voices from the Gathering Storm: The Coming of the American Civil War'' [2001], p. 236).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Let there be no compromise on the question of extending slavery. If there be, all our labor is lost, and, ere long, must be done again. The dangerous ground—that into which some of our friends have a hankering to run—is Pop. Sov. Have none of it. Stand firm. The tug has to come, &amp; better now, than any time hereafter&quot; (Abrahamus Lincoln ad Lyman Trumbull, 10 Decembris 1860).&lt;/ref&gt; Veri simile erat omnia territoria ordinata fieri civitates liberae (eo tempore saepe ''free-soil states'' appellatae)—quod motum Meridionalem ad secessionem auxit. Viri politicae periti amborum Septentrionalis Meridionalisque sumpserunt servitutem, si expandere non potuit, marcescere et mori.&lt;ref&gt;McPherson 1988: 241, 253.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Declarationes Causarum [[Georgia (CFA)|Georgiae]], 29 Ianuarii 1861 constitutae; [[Mississippia]]e, anno 1861 (die ignoto); [[Carolina Meridionalis|Carolinae Meridionalis]], 24 Decembris 1860 constitutae; [[Texia]]e, 2 Februarii 1861 constututae.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The New Heresy&quot; in ''Southern Punch,'' ab John Wilford Overall editum die 19 Septembris 1864, fuit unus ex multis fontibus qui dixerunt Republicanam servitutis finitae spem esse metum Meridionalem: &quot;Dogma nostrum est hoc: ''Pro libertatem pugnamus, ut nostra magna necessariaque servitutis institutio domestica conservetur.''&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

Meridionales metuerant ne se vim amissuri essent gubernationis foederalis ad eos qui servitutem repugnabant, et Septentrionales moleste tulerant vim quam Meridionales in gubernatione iam tractabant. Hae anxietates discrimen annis 1850 exeuntibus amplificabant. Discrepantiae regionales [[Abolitionismus|moribus servitutis]], significatione [[democratia]]e, et meritis oeconomicis [[Factio Soli Liberi|laboris liberi]] [[plantatio]]numque servitutis effecerunt ut factiones [[Factio Whig (CFA)|Whig]] et &quot;[[Nihil Scire]]&quot; conciderent et novae factiones—inter quas [[Factio Soli Liberi]] ([[1848]]), [[Factio Republicana (CFA)|Factio Republicana]] ([[1854]]), et [[Factio Unionis Constitutionalis (CFA)|Factio Unionis Constitutionalis]] ([[1860]])—surgerent. Anno [[1860]], ultimae totius reipublicae partes, [[Factio Democratica (CFA)|Factio Democratica]], secundum fines regionales diffidit.
[[Fasciculus:Alexander Stephens.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Alexander Hamiltonius Stephens]]

Septentrionales Meridionalesque a notionibus [[Thomas Jefferson|Thomae Jefferson]] pariter moti sunt. Meridionales vehementius dixerunt, quod attinuit ad servitutem, notiones [[iura civitatum|iurum civitatum]],&lt;ref&gt;Potter 1976: 33–50. Potter arguit dogma iurum civitatum de causis (pagina 33) et variae &quot;causae&quot; culturales oeconomicaeque non posse separarari de quaestione servitutis.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Resolved, That the union of these States rests on the equality of rights and privileges among its members, and that it is especially the duty of the Senate, which represents the States in their sovereign capacity, to resist all attempts to discriminate either in relation to person or property, so as, in the Territories—which are the common possession of the United States—to give advantages to the citizens of one State which are not equally secured to those of every other State&quot; (&quot;Jefferson Davis' Resolutions on the Relations of States, Senate Chamber, U.S. Capitol, February 2, 1860,&quot; ''The Papers of Jefferson Davis,'' 6: 273–76).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;J. L. M. Curry, &quot;The Perils and Duty of the South,&quot; oratio Talladegae Alabamae habita die 26 Novembris 1860; unum ex plurimarum civitatum Meridionalium argumentis pro servitute defensa.&lt;/ref&gt; quas Jefferson in [[Decreta de Kentuckia et Virginia|Decretis de Kentuckia]] (''Kentucky Resolutions'') mentionem fecerat. Septentrionales vicissim, non exclusis [[Gulielmus Lloyd Garrison|Gulielmo Lloyd Garrison]], feroce abolitionista, et [[Abrahamus Lincoln|Abrahamo Lincoln]], moderato duce Republicano,&lt;ref&gt;In oratione [[Sicagum|Sicagi]] die 10 Decembris 1856 habita, Lincoln inquit: &quot;We shall again be able not to declare, that 'all States as States, are equal,' nor yet that 'all citizens as citizens are equal,' but to renew the broader, better declaration, including both these and much more, that 'all men are created equal.'&quot; Vide etiam epistulam Lincoln ad Henricum L. Pierce, 6 Aprilis 1859.&lt;/ref&gt; declarationem Ieffersonianam &quot;[[omnes homines aequi creantur|omnes homines aequos creari]]&quot; vehementius dixerunt; Lincoln etenim hanc sententiam in [[Oratio Gettysburgensis|Oratione Gettysburgensi]] commemoravit.

[[Alexander Hamiltonius Stephens]], futurus Vicarius Confoederationis Praeses, in [[Oratio Lapis Angularis|Oratione Lapis Angularis]] apud Athenaeum [[Savanna (Georgia)|Savannae]] [[Georgia (CFA)|Georgiae]] habita die [[21 Martii]] [[1861]], paulum ante bellum, dixit&lt;ref&gt;[[s:en:Cornerstone Speech]] Locus ex oratione: 'The new constitution has put at rest, forever, all the agitating questions relating to our peculiar institution—African slavery as it exists amongst us—the proper status of the negro in our form of civilization. This was the immediate cause of the late rupture and present revolution. Jefferson in his forecast, had anticipated this, as the &quot;rock upon which the old Union would split.&quot; He was right. What was conjecture with him, is now a realized fact. But whether he fully comprehended the great truth upon which that rock stood and stands, may be doubted. The prevailing ideas entertained by him and most of the leading statesmen at the time of the formation of the old constitution, were that the enslavement of the African was in violation of the laws of nature; that it was wrong in principle, socially, morally, and politically. It was an evil they knew not well how to deal with, but the general opinion of the men of that day was that, somehow or other in the order of Providence, the institution would be evanescent and pass away. This idea, though not incorporated in the constitution, was the prevailing idea at that time. The constitution, it is true, secured every essential guarantee to the institution while it should last, and hence no argument can be justly urged against the constitutional guarantees thus secured, because of the common sentiment of the day. Those ideas, however, were fundamentally wrong. They rested upon the assumption of the equality of races. This was an error. It was a sandy foundation, and the government built upon it fell when the &quot;storm came and the wind blew.&quot; ¶ Our new government is founded upon exactly the opposite idea; its foundations are laid, its corner- stone rests upon the great truth, that the negro is not equal to the white man; that slavery—subordination to the superior race—is his natural and normal condition. [Applause.] '&lt;/ref&gt; servitutem fuisse principalem secessionis causam.&lt;ref&gt;Stampp, ''The Causes of the Civil War,'' pp. 152–53 ([[Oratio Lapis Angularis]]). Stampp dixit hanc orationem fuisse &quot;in striking contrast to his postwar constitutional interpretation.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Post cladem autem Confoederatorum, Stephens fuit unus ex ardentissimis [[Causa Amissa|Causae Amissae]] defensoribus.&lt;ref&gt;Stampp 1981:63–65 (&quot;A Constitutional View of the Late War Between the States&quot;). Stampp used the following quote to illustrate the fact that, after Confederate defeat, Stephens argued that the war was caused not by slavery but by states' rights controversies: &quot;It is a postulate, with many writers of this day, that the late War was the result of two opposing ideas, or principles, upon the subject of African Slavery. Between these, according to their theory, sprung the 'irrepressible conflict,' in principle, which ended in the terrible conflict in arms. Those who assume this postulate, and so theorize upon it, are but superficial observers. ¶ That the war had its origin in opposing principles, which in their action upon the conduct of men, produced the ultimate conflict of arms, may be assumed as an unquestionable fact. But the opposing principles which produced these results in physical action were of a very different character from those assumed in the postulate. They lay in the organic Structure of the Government of the States . . . between the supporters of a strictly Federative Government, on the one side, and a thoroughly National one, on the other.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Conspicua fuit discrepantia&lt;ref&gt;Inquit James McPherson in libro ''This Mighty Scourge'': &quot;After the war, however, Davis and Stephens changed their tune. By the time they wrote their histories of the Confederacy, slavery was gone with the wind—a dead and discredited institution. To concede that the Confederacy had broken up the United States and launched a war that killed 620,000 Americans in a vain attempt to keep four million people in bondage would not confer honor on their lost cause&quot; (p. 4).&lt;/ref&gt; inter argumentum Orationis Lapis Angularis et eius argumentum post bellum—quod servitus ''non'' fuit secessionis causa. Jefferson Davis quoque, Praeses Confoederationis, argumentum commutavit, a propositione belli a servitute, ad propositionem belli ab [[iura civitatum|iuribus civitatum]] effecti. Cum Meridionales saepissime argumentis de iuribus civitatum usi sunt ut servitutem defenderent, ei nonnumquam postulaverunt ut leges totius reipublicae eorum res in [[Petitiones contra Servitutem in Congressu Civitatum Foederatarum Rogatae, 1831-1844|Regulis Lintei in Os Iniecti]]&lt;!--gag rules--&gt; et [[Lex Servorum Fugitivorum anni 1850|Lege Servorum Fugitivorum anni 1850]] sustinerent. Quod attinet ad has quaestiones, Septentrionales iura eorum civitatum vicissim defendere voluerunt.&lt;ref&gt;De aliis secessionis explanationibus, James McPherson inquit &quot;While one or more of these interpretations remain popular among the Sons of Confederate Veterans and other Southern heritage groups, few professional historians now subscribe to them. Of all these interpretations, the state's-rights argument is perhaps the weakest. It fails to ask the question, state's rights for what purpose? State's rights, or sovereignty, was always more a means than an end, an instrument to achieve a certain goal more than a principle&quot; (''This Mighty Scourge,'' p. 7).&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fasciculus:Simon Legree and Uncle Tom - A scene from the abolitionist novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin.png|thumb|upright=1.2|Simon Legree et Uncle Tom: scaena in ''[[Uncle Tom's Cabin]],'' celeberrima [[mythistoria]] [[abolitionismus|abolitionista]]]]

Paene omnia inter regiones discrimina ad servitutem pertinuerunt.&lt;!--, starting with debates on the [[three-fifths compromise|three-fifths clause]] and a twenty year extension of the [[African slave trade]] in [[Conventus Constitutionalis anni 1787|Conventu Constitutionali anni 1787]].--&gt; Exitus controversiae de [[Missuria]], civitate servili, in Unionem admissa fuerunt [[Compromissum Missuriense]] anni [[1820]], [[Discrimen Nullificationis]] de [[Formula anni 1828]]&lt;!--Tariff of 1828--&gt; (quamquam vectigalia fuerunt parva post [[1846]],&lt;ref&gt;Allan Nevins, Ordeal of the Union: A House Dividing: 1852–1857, pp. 267–69.&lt;/ref&gt; et etiam res vectigales ad servitutem pertinuerunt&lt;ref&gt;Freehling 1965: 297; Willentz 388.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Die 13 Martii 1833, Rhett inquit: &quot;A people, owning slaves, are mad, or worse than mad, who do not hold their destinies in their own hands. . . . Every stride of this Government, over your rights, brings it nearer and nearer to your peculiar policy. . . . The whole world are in arms against your institutions. . . . Let Gentlemen not be deceived. It is not the Tariff—not Internal Improvement—nor yet the Force bill, which constitutes the great evil against which we are contending. . . . These are but the forms in which the despotic nature of the government is evinced—but it is the despotism which constitutes the evil: and until this Government is made a limited Government . . . there is no liberty—no security for the South.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Iam anno [[1830]], in medio Discrimine Nullificationis, Calhoun ius servorum habitorum appellavit principale ius minoris partis meridionalis quod denuntiabatur: &quot;I consider the tariff act as the occasion, rather than the real cause of the present unhappy state of things. The truth can no longer be disguised, that the peculiar domestick [''sic''] institution of the Southern States and the consequent direction which that and her soil have given to her industry, has placed them in regard to taxation and appropriations in opposite relation to the majority of the Union, against the danger of which, if there be no protective power in the reserved rights of the states they must in the end be forced to rebel, or, submit to have their paramount interests sacrificed, their domestic institutions subordinated by Colonization and other schemes, and themselves and children reduced to wretchedness&quot; (Ellis 1987: 193). Vide etiam Freehling 1965: 257.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;John Niven, de Calhouniana discriminis vectigalis descriptione, inquit: &quot;Finally, the root of the nullification crisis was exposed. What had begun as a reaction to a depression in the cotton states, a slump that had been particularly severe in South Carolina, had rapidly resolved itself into an all-encompassing fear on the part of a majority of the planter elite class that the growing industrialization of the North, expressing itself politically through the majority will, would eventually demand emancipation, heedless of the social consequences&quot; (''John C. Calhoun and the Price of Union,'' 197).&lt;/ref&gt;), regula lintei in os iniecti (quae in Congressu ab [[1835]] ad [[1844]] disputationes de fine servitutis prohibuit), acceptio [[Texia]]e [[civitas servilis|civitatis servilis]] anno [[1845]], et [[Fatum Manifestum]], argumentum novorum territoriorum acceptorum ubi servitus esset quaestio post [[Bellum Mexicanum|Bellum Mexicorum et Americanorum]] ([[1846]]–[[1848]]), quod [[Compromissum anni 1850]] consecutum est.&lt;ref&gt;Gienapp n.d.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Provisum Wilmotianum]] fuit virorum politicae peritorum septentrionalium conatus ad servitutem ex territoriis a [[Mexicum|Mexico]] captis excludendam. ''[[Uncle Tom's Cabin|Uncle Tom’s Cabin]],'' [[mythistoria]] a [[Harriet Beecher Stowe]] anno [[1851]] divulgata et mox in vulgus gratissima, Septentrionale odium in [[Lex Servorum Fugitivorum anni 1850|Legem Servorum Fugitivorum anni 1850]] magnopere auxit.&lt;ref&gt;McPherson 1988: 88–91.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt; Plurimi eius domini servorum sunt &quot;viri decori honestique, ipsi victimae&quot; servitutis. Multum eius descriptionis suam notationem et memorias Meridionalium retulit. Ipsa dominos (cum Legree) appellat typos variorum generum erorum (Gerson, ''Harriet Beecher Stowe'', 68; Stowe, ''Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin'' (1953: 39)).&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Edictum Ostendianum]] anni [[1854]] fuit improsper Septentrionalis conatus ad [[Cuba]]m civitatem servilem in dicionem Civitatum Foederatarum redigendam. [[Systema Factionis Alterae]]&lt;!--Second-Party System--&gt; eodem anno defectum est postquam Congressus sanxit [[Lex Kansiae-Nebraskae|Legem Kansiae-Nebraskae]], qui Compromissi Missuriensis interdictum servitutis substituit pro
[[dominatus populi|dominatu populi]], ut cives territorii legem servitutis statutae suffragio sciscant aut repugnent. Controversia [[Kansia Cruda|Kansiae Crudae]], de statu servitutis in [[Kansia Territorium|Kansia Territorio]], evolvit in grave suffragii fraude a [[Scelerati Finium|Sceleratis Finium]] commissa, qui servitutem in Missuria sustinere voluerunt. Propter suffragiorum fraudem, praesides [[Franklinus Pierce]] et [[Iacobus Buchanan]], qui Meridionali et [[Constitutio Lecompton|Constitutioni Lecompton]] ut videtur faverunt, conati sunt admittere [[Kansia]]m civitatem servilem ad Unionem.&lt;ref&gt;Potter 1976: 201–04, 299–327.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fasciculus:Marais-massacre.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|left|[[Internecio Paludis Cygnorum]] habetur ultimus gravis violentiae casus in [[Kansia Cruda]] ante initium Belli Civilis Americani.]]

Erupit etiam violentia ad statum servitutis in Kansia attingens in [[Bellum Wakarusae|Bello Wakarusae]],&lt;ref&gt;Potter 1976: 208.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Direptio Laurentii|Direptione Laurentii]],&lt;ref&gt;Potter 1976: 208–09.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Preston Brooks#Impetus in Sumner|ferula verberatione Republicani Caroli Sumner a Preston Brooks in Senatu]],&lt;ref&gt;Potter 1976: 210–11; Fox Butterfield, ''All God's Children'' p. 17.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Internecio Pottawatomiae|Internecione Pottawatomiae]],&lt;ref&gt;Potter 1976: 212–13.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Proelium Atri Iacobi|Proelio Atri Iacobi]], [[Proelium Osawatomiae|Proelio Osawatomiae]], et [[Internecio Paludis Cygnorum|Internecione Paludis Cygnorum]]. Praeterea, [[Dred Scott v. Sandford|Diiudicatio Dred Scott]] Iudicii Supremi anno [[1857]] servitutem in territoriis sivit, etiam ubi maior populi numerus servituti adversatus est, Kansia non excepta. [[Disceptationes Lincoln-Douglas anni 1858]] mentionem aliquando fecerunt [[Dogma Freeport|Dogmatis Freeport]], a [[Stephanus A. Douglas|Stephano A. Douglas]] duce Democratico Septentrionali propositi ut Diiudicatio Dred Scott impedita esset—dogmatis quod, cum Douglas Constitutionem Lecompton in inritum redegerit, Factionem Democraticam Meriodionalem a Septentrionali disiunxit. Incursus [[Ioannes Brown (abolitionista)|Ioannis Brown]], abolitionistae Septentrionalis, ad [[Incursus ad armamentarium apud Harpers Ferry|armamentarium apud Harpers Ferry]] anno [[1859]] fuit conatus ad rebellionem servorum instigandam.&lt;ref&gt;Potter 1976:356–384.&lt;/ref&gt; Fissura in [[Factio Democratica (CFA)|Factione Democratica]] anno [[1860]], Democratis Meridionalibus servitutem in territoriis postulantibus, separationem reipublicae complevit inter Septentrionalem et Meridionalem.

Aliae causae fuerunt sectionalismus, ab auctu servitutis in Meridionali amplificatus dum servitus in civitatibus Septentrionalibus deminuebatur, et varietates [[cultura]]rum Septentrionalis et Meridionalis; sed plurimi historici hodierni, extremum [[Carolus A. Beard|Caroli Beard]] historici [[determinismus oeconomicus|determinismum oeconomicum]] reicientes, oeconomias Septentrionalis et Meridionalis plerumque fuisse complementarias ponunt.&lt;ref&gt;Hofstadter 1969; Stampp 1981: 198; Woodworth 1996: 145, 151, 505, 512, 554, 557, 684.&lt;/ref&gt; Separans servitutis effectus maximas denominationes religiosas (sectas [[Methodismus|Methodistam]], [[Ecclesia Baptista|Baptistam]], et [[Presbyterianismus|Presbyterianam]]) scidit,&lt;ref&gt;McPherson 1996: 11.&lt;/ref&gt; et pessimae servitutis crudelitates—verberatio, mutilatio, separatio familiarum—acerbas effecerunt controversias. Quod septem advenarum partes se in Septentrionali conlocabant&lt;!--, et twice as many whites left the South for the North as vice versa,--&gt; Meridionalem auxit anxietatem.&lt;ref&gt;McPherson 1983.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Comitia praesidentialia Civitatum Foederatarum anni 1860|Electio Abrahami Lincoln anno 1860]] omnem concordiae spem rescidit.&lt;ref&gt;Potter 1976: 485.&lt;/ref&gt; Novi conatus compromissi, [[Emendatio Corwiniana|Emendatione Corwiniana]] et [[Compromissum Crittendenianum|Compromisso Crittendeniano]] non exclusis, defecerunt. Duces Meridionales metuebant ne Lincoln servitutis incrementum impediret et eam adversus exstinctionis cursum dirigeret. Civitates serviles, quae iam fuerunt minor Camerae Repraesentativorum pars, se nunc perpetuum habebantur numerum minorem in Senatu et [[Conlegium Electorale|Conlegio Electorale]], contra Septentrionalem qui opes viresque consequebatur.

===Servitus===&lt;!--
{{Vide-etiam|Servitus in Civitatibus Foederatis}}--&gt;
[[Fasciculus:Roger Taney - Healy.jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[Rogerius Brooke Taney]], quintus [[Summus Iudex Civitatum Foederatarum]] ([[1836]]–[[1864]]).]]
Favor [[secessio]]nis ad rationem [[plantatio]]num in regione valide pertinebat. Primum igitur secesserunt civitates [[Meridionalis Inferior]]is&lt;!--Deep South--&gt; quibus fuerunt maximi plantationum numeri. In [[Meridionalis Superior]]e&lt;!--Upper South--&gt;, [[civitas servilis|civitates serviles]] pauciores plantationes habentes—[[Arcansia|Arkansia]], [[Carolina Septentrionalis]], [[Tennesia]], [[Virginia]]—secessionem reiciebant donec discrimen [[Proelium Castelli Sumter|Castelli Sumter]] eas partes eligere coegit. [[Civitas finitima (Bellum Civile Americanum)|Civitates finitimae]] habebant iam pauciores plantationes et numquam secesserunt.&lt;ref&gt;McPherson 1988: 242, 255, 282–83; Potter 1976: 503–5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Freehling 1965: 17-19. Freehling addit viginti unam centesimas nigrorum in civitatibus finitimis anno [[1850]] fuisse liberas, sed duas centesimas in Meridionale Inferiori et plusquam dimidium Meridionalis bonarum manu factarum in civitatibus finitimis factum fuisse, dum minus quam quintam in Meridionale Inferiori productam esse.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Tabulae in McPherson 1988: 101 de oeconomia Meridionali et 1988: 236 de progressu secessionis etiam ad rem spectant.&lt;/ref&gt;

Anno [[1850]], ratio Meridionalium alborum in [[familia|familiis]] habitantium quae servos possidebant fuit quadriginta tres centesimae in Meridionali Inferiori, triginta sex centesimae in Meridionali Superiore, et viginti duae centesimae in civitibus finitimis quae plerumque pro Unione pugaverunt. In Meridionali Inferiori habitabant octoginta quinque centesimae dominorum qui centum vel plurimos servos possidebant, sed una centesima in civitatibus finitimis.&lt;ref&gt;Freehling 1965.&lt;/ref&gt; Nonaginta quinque centesimae nigrorum in Meridionali habitabant, ubi ei erant tertia pars multitudinis, sed una centesima multitudinis Septentrionalis. Itaque, [[timor]] [[manumissio]]nis erat maior in Meridionali quam in Septentrionali.&lt;ref&gt;McPherson 1996: 15.&lt;/ref&gt;

Diiudicatio [[Iudicium Summum Civitatum Foederatarum|Summi Iudicii]] in re [[Dred Scott v. Sandford|''Dred Scott v. Sandford'']] (1857) controversiam inflammavit. Verba diiudicationis, a [[Rogerius Brooke Taney|Rogerio B. Taney]] [[Summus Iudex Civitatum Foederatarum|Summo Iudice]] scripta, dixerunt servos esse &quot;tam inferiores quam eis non sunt iura ab homine albo observanda,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Potter 1976: 275.&lt;/ref&gt; et [[servitus|servitutem]] igitur posse in [[territorium (pars administrativa)|territoria]] extendi. Lincoln monuit &quot;proximam diiudicationem ''Dred Scott''&lt;ref&gt;Prima Lincoln-Douglas disceptio [[Ottava (Illinoesia)|Ottavae]] [[Illinoesia]]e die [[21 Augusti]] [[1858]].&lt;/ref&gt; posse servitutem civitatibus septentrionalibus minitari.&quot;

== Secessio incipit ==
&lt;!--[[Imago:US Secession map 1861.svg|thumb|Status civitatum anno 1861 {{legend|#A40000|Civitates quae ante 15 Aprilis 1861 secesserunt}}
{{legend|#EF2929|Civitates quae post 15 Aprilis 1861 secesserunt}}{{legend|#FCE94F| [[Unio (CFA)|Unionis] civitates quae servitutem siverunt}}
{{legend|#204A87| [[Unio (CFA)|Unionis] civitates quae servitutem vitaverunt}}
{{legend|#D3D7CF| Territoria}}]]
[[Image:US Secession map 1865.svg|thumb|&lt;center&gt;Fines civitatum territoriorumque, annis 1864–1865.&lt;/center&gt;
{{legend|#204A87| [[Union (Bellum Civile Americanum)|Unionis]] civitates}}
{{legend|#729FCF| [[Union (Bellum Civile Americanum)|Unionis] territoria}}
{{legend|#D3D7CF| [[Kansia Cruda]], civitas quae Unionem coniuncta est [[civitas libera]]}}
{{legend|#FFFF00| Finitimae Unionis civitates quae servitutem siverunt}}
{{legend|#EF2929| [[Civitates Confoederatae Americae|Confoederationis civitates]]}}
{{legend|#FFD700| Unionis territoria quae servitutem siverunt}}]]--&gt;

=== Secessio Carolinae Meridianae ===
Praestans in auxilio [[nullificatio]]nis et [[secessio]]nis civitas fuit [[Carolina Meridionalis]], cuius legislatura ''[[Declaratio Praesentium Causarum Quae Secessionem Carolinae Meridionalis ex Unione Foederali Impellunt et Purgant|Declarationem Praesentium Causarum Quae Secessionem Carolinae Meridionalis ex Unione Foederali Impellunt et Purgant]]'' die [[24 Decembris]] [[1860]] sanxit. Haec opinionis professio [[iura civitatum]] meridianis servorum possessoribus reservavit dum iura civitatum septentrionalium conquesta esset quia civitates septentrionales, [[Lex Servorum Fugitivorum anni 1850|Lege Servorum Fugitivorum anni 1850]] repugnata, eorum officia foederalia sub [[Constitutio Civitatum Foederatarum Americae|Constitutione]] rite non exsecutabant. Omnes praetentae iurum civitatum meridianarum violationes ad servitutem pertinuerunt.

=== Hiems secessionis ===
[[Fasciculus:Abraham Lincoln seated, Feb 9, 1864.jpg|thumb|upright|200px|left|[[Abrahamus Lincoln]], sextus decimus [[Praeses Civitatum Foederatarum]] ([[1861]]–[[1865]]), die [[9 Februarii]] [[1864]]]]
Antequam Lincoln praeses inauguratus est, septem civitates secessionem ex Unione declaraverant. Die [[4 Februarii]] [[1861]], gubernationem Meridionalem, [[Civitates Confoederatae Americae|Civitates Confoederatas Americae]], statuerunt.&lt;ref&gt;McPherson 1988:254.&lt;/ref&gt; Castra foederalia et alias proprietates inter eorum fines occupaverunt sine efficaci oppositione Praesidis [[Iacobus Buchanan|Iacobi Buchanan]], cuius tempus muneris die [[4 Martii]] [[1861]] finiturum erat. Buchanan enim dixit diiudicationem ''[[Dred Scott v. Sandford]]'' docuisse quod Meridionali non fuit secessionis causa, et Unionem &quot;habitam esse perpetuam,&quot; sed putavit &quot;potestatem viribus armorum ad civitatem cogendam ut in [[Unio (CFA)|Unione]] maneret&quot; non fuisse inter &quot;enumeratas potestates ad Congressum concessas.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29501 Praesidis Iacobi Buchanan nuntius diei] [[8 Decembris]] [[1860]].&lt;/ref&gt; Omne praesidium in [[Texia]]—quinta [[Exercitus Unionis]] pars—se copiis civitatis a [[David Emanuel Twiggs|Davide E. Twiggs]] imperatore dedita est, qui se ad Confoederationem subinde iunxit.

Muneribus Meridionalibus in [[Congressus Civitatum Foederatarum|Congressu]] relictis, secessio Republicanis licuit [[lex|leges]] sancire consiliorum quae ante bellum Senatores Meridionales obstruxerant, inter ea [[Formula Morrilliana]]&lt;!--Morrill Tariff--&gt;, collegia terrae concessae ([[Lex Collegiorum Terrae Concessae Morrilliana|Lege Morrilliana]]), [[Lex Fundorum]]&lt;!--Homestead Act--&gt;, ferrivia trans continentem ([[Leges Ferriviarum Pacificarum]])&lt;!--Pacific Railway Acts--&gt;, [[Lex Argentariarum Publicarum]]&lt;!--National Banking Act--&gt;, et confirmatio [[Nota Civitatum Foederatarum|notarum Civitatum Foederatarum]]&lt;!--U.S. notes--&gt; a [[Lex Monetae Legitimae|Lege Monetae Legitimae]] anni [[1862]]. Praeterea, [[Lex Vectigalium anni 1861]] [[vectigal in reditum]]&lt;!--income tax--&gt; ad [[pecunia]]s bello capiendas ut bellum persolveretur imposuit.

=== Civitates Unionis ===
{{Vide-etiam|Unio (CFA)}}
Viginti tres civitates in [[Unio (CFA)|Unione]] remanserunt: [[California]], [[Cenomannica]], [[Connecticuta]], [[Delavaria]], [[Illinoesia]], [[Indiana]], [[Iova]], [[Kansia]], [[Kentuckia]], [[Massachusetta]], [[Michigania]], [[Minnesota]], [[Missuria]], [[Mons Viridis]], [[Nova Hantescira]], [[Nova Caesarea]], [[Novum Eboracum]], [[Ohium]], [[Oregonia]], [[Pennsilvania]], [[Rhodensis Insula]], [[Terra Maria]], et [[Visconsinia]]. Per bellum, [[Nivata]] et [[Virginia Occidentalis]] factae sunt novae Unionis civitates. [[Tennesia]] et [[Ludoviciana]] in militarem Unionis dicionem non multo post belli initium redditae sunt. Territoria [[Coloratum Territorium|Coloratum]], [[Dakota Territorium|Dakota]], [[Nebraska Territorium|Nebraska]], [[Nivata Territorium|Nivata]], [[Novum Mexicum Territorium|Novum Mexicum]], [[Uta Territorium|Uta]], et [[Vasingtonia Territorium|Vasingtonia]] pro Unione pugnaverunt. Nonnullae [[Indi Americani|Indorum Americanorum]] tribus Confoederationi faverunt, ut [[Indianum Territorium|Indiano Territorio]] (nunc [[Oclahoma|Oklahomae]]) fuit suum parvum bellum civile.

=== Civitates Confoederatae ===
{{Vide-etiam|Civitates Confoederatae Americae}}
[[Fasciculus:USA Map 1864 including Civil War Divisions.png|thumb|300px|[[Ruber|Rubrae]] pictae [[Civitates Confoederatae Americae]], [[Caeruleus|caeruleae]] pictae [[CFA|Civitates Foederatae Americae]] et [[Caesius|caesiae]] pictae [[CFA|Civitates Foederatas Americae]] quae tamen [[servitus|servituti]] favebant.]]
Secesserant ante Februarium [[1861]] septem civitates quae [[gossypium]] in [[Meridionalis Inferior|Meridionali Inferiori]] colebant: primum [[Carolina Meridionalis]], et tum [[Mississippia]], [[Florida]], [[Alabama]], [[Georgia (CFA)|Georgia]], [[Ludoviciana]], et [[Texia]]. Hae civitates [[Civitates Confoederatae Americae|Civitates Confoederatas Americae]] die [[4 Februarii]] [[1861]] creaverunt, [[Jefferson Davis]] praeside, et [[Constitutio Civitatum Confoederatarum Americae|structuram gubernationis]] simillima [[Constitutio Civitatum Foederatarum Americae|structurae gubernationis Civitatum Foederatarum]] sanxerunt. Post [[Proelium Castelli Sumter|oppugnationem Castelli Sumter]], Praeses Lincoln exercitum voluntariorum ex quaque civitate poposcit. Duobus mensibus, secessionem declaraverunt et Confoederationem inierunt quattuor novae civitates Meridionales: [[Virginia]], [[Arcansia|Arkansia]], [[Carolina Septentrionalis]], et [[Tennesia]]. Anno 1861 exeunte, [[Missuria]] et [[Kentuckia]] divisae sunt, quaque gubernationem pro Meridionali et pro Septentrionali habenti. Postea, die [[20 Iunii]] [[1863]], Septentrionalis et occidentalis Virginiae pars ex Virginia secessit, et se ad Unionem iunxit, nova civitas [[Virginia Occidentalis]] nominata.

===Civitates finitimae===&lt;!--
{{Vide-etiam|Civitates finitimae (Bellum Civile Americanum)}}--&gt;
[[Civitas finitima (Bellum Civile Americanum)|Civitates finitimae]] in [[Unio (CFA)|Unione]] fuerunt [[Virginia Occidentalis]] (quae ex [[Virginia]] exsecata facta est nova civitas), et quattuor ex quinque septentrionalissimis [[civitas servilis|civitatibus servilibus]] ([[Terra Mariae]], [[Delavaria]], [[Missuria]], et [[Kentuckia]]). [[Terra Mariae|Terrae Mariae]] erant permulti magistratus qui, Confoederationi faventes, [[Tumultus Baltimorae anni 1861|tumultum Baltimorae]] contra Unionem et [[pons|pontes]] combustos tolerabant. [[Ius belli|Iuribus belli]] a Lincoln declaratis et voluntariis postulatis, [[Vasingtonia]]m [[Baltimora]]mque properaverunt cives hostem propulsandum armati qui in Septentrionale exercuerant (McPherson 1988:284–287). Priusquam gubernatio Confoederationis quod accidebat intellexit, Lincoln, omnibus Terrae Mariae magistratibus in custodiam datis et sine iudicio retentis, totam Terram Mariae (et Vasingtoniam, separatam reipublicae formam), in dicionem potestatemque Unionis redegit.
[[Fasciculus:President-Jefferson-Davis.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Jefferson Finis Davis|Jefferson Davis]], primus et solus Civitatum Confoederatarum Americae Praeses]]

In Missuria, [[Constitutionalis Missuriae Conventus (1861-63)|constitutionalis de secessione conventus electus]] vehementer sententiam tulit ut civitas in Unione remaneret. Cum enim [[Claiborne Fox Jackson|Claiborne F. Jackson]] [[gubernator]], Confoederationi favens, cives armatos poposcit, oppugnati sunt a copiis foederalibus, [[Nathaniel Lyon|Nathaniele Lyon]] duce, et post [[Res Castrorum Jackson|Rem Castrorum Jackson]], Lyon gubernatorem reliquumque Praesidii Civitatis ad meridianam et occidentalem civitatis [[regio]]nem eiecerunt. (Vide etiam [[Secessio Missuriae]].) Conventus constitutionalis iterum convocatus, [[vacuum]] quod evenerat implens ut potestatem capiret, Unionista Missuriae administratio ad tempus factus est.&lt;ref&gt;McPherson 1988:290–293.&lt;/ref&gt;
 
Kentuckia non secessit, sed in tempus medium se gerere declaravit. Cum copiae Confoederationis civitatem intrarent, mense Septembri 1861, hic status exitum habuit, et civitas Unioni fidelitatem adfirmavit dum servitutem retinere conata est. Per incursum breve a copiis Confoederatis factum, homines Confoederationi consentientes conventum pro secessione ordinaverunt, gubernatorem inauguraverunt, et a Confoederatione accepti sunt; seditiosa autem administratio mox exsulata abiit, et numquam civitati moderata est (McPherson 1988:293–297).

Cum Virginia secederet, nova gubernatio Unionista [[Wheeling]] in urbe quadraginta novem comitatus rogavit ut die [[24 Octobris]] [[1861]] edicto ad novam civitatem creandam suffragarentur. Quadgraginta unus comitatus paruerunt,&lt;ref&gt;Curry, Richard O. &quot;A House Divided&quot;, pp. 149–150.&lt;/ref&gt; et quamquam minor civium numerus suffragium inierunt,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Now, Mr. President, to show you—and it needs but to look at the figures to satisfy the mind of every member-that even a majority of the people within the district of the thirty-nine counties have never come to the polls and expressed their sentiments in favor of a new State. In a voting population of some 40,000 or 50,000 we see a poll of only 17,627—and even some of them were in the [Union] army.&quot; Judge Chapman J. Stuart, Wheeling, 10 December 1861, &quot;Debates and Proceedings of the First Constitutional Convention of West Virginia,&quot; 1:376.&lt;/ref&gt; nova civitas, primo appellata &quot;Kanawha,&quot; sed postremo &quot;[[Virginia Occidentalis]],&quot; ad Unionem die [[20 Iunii]] [[1863]] admissa est. Comitatus [[Ieffersonius Comitatus (Virginia Occidentalis)|Ieffersonius]] et [[Berkeleia Comitatus (Virginia Occidentalis)|Berkeleia]] ad civitatem eodem anno exeunte adiunctae sunt.&lt;ref&gt;Virgil Lewis, &quot;History and Government of West Virginia,&quot; 1973:191.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Prospectus==&lt;!--
{{Vide-etiam|Index proeliorum Belli Civilis Americani}}
{{Vide-etiam|Ductus militaris in Bello Civili Americani}}--&gt;
[[Fasciculus:American Civil War Chaplain.JPG|thumb|350px|Presbyter [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Catholicus Romanus]] in [[Exercitus Unionis|Exercitu Unionis]] [[missa]]m celebrat.]]
Plusquam 10,000 concursus utriusque exercitus per bellum acciderunt, quorum quattuor decimae in [[Virginia]] et [[Tennesia]] (Boritt 1995: 247). Quia commentarii separati quodque proelium grave et multa proelia levia memorant, hoc summarium meram praebet adumbrationem.

=== Bellum inceptum ===
{{Vide-etiam|Proelium Castelli Sumter}}
Victoria Republicana in [[Comitia praesidentialia Civitatum Foederatarum anni 1860|praesidentialibus Civitatum Foederatarum comitiis anni 1860]] Carolinae Meridionalis declarationem secessionis ex Unione cito excitavit. Ante Februarium 1861, sex plures civitates Meridionales secessionem declaraverant. Die [[7 Februarii]], hae septem civitates constitutionem in tempus pro Confoederatis Americae Civitatibus tulerunt, cuius caput apud [[Mons Gomerici (Alabama)|Montem Gomerici]] [[Alabama]]e statuerunt. [[Conventus Pacis anni 1861]] ut discrimen dissolveretur [[Vasintonia]]e convenit, sed negotium male gessit. Octo aliae civitates serviles obtestationes ut se ad Confoederationem coniungerent reicierunt. Copiae Confoederatae plures [[castella]]s foederatas intus in suis finibus ceperunt. [[Iacobus Buchanan|Praeses Buchanan]] has mollestias recusavit, sed responsum militarem non fecit, quamquam auxilium Castelli Sumter ex [[navis|navi]] ''[[Stella Occidentis]]'' suppeditare conatus est, quae navis, a copiis Carolinae Meridionalis bombardata, antequam ad castellam advenire potuerat reverta est&lt;ref&gt;McPherson 1988: 234–66&lt;/ref&gt;; [[gubernator]]es autem [[Massachusetta]]e, [[Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]], et [[Pennsilvania]]e [[telum|tela]] coemere et cives ad hostem propulsandem armatos exercere tacite coeperunt.

Die [[4 Martii]] [[1861]], [[Abrahamus Lincoln]] inauguratus est [[Praeses Civitatum Foederatarum Americae|praeses]]. In [[Inauguratio|oratione aditiali]], arguit Constitutionem esse &quot;[[Praeambulum Constitutionis Civitatum Foederatarum|perfectiorem coniunctionem]]&quot; quam [[Capita Confoederationis]]&lt;!--Articles of Confederation--&gt;, pactum revera obligans; unde appellavit quamlibet secessionem &quot;iure inritam.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Abrahami Lincoln &quot;Prima Oratio Aditialis,&quot; Die Lunae, 4 Martii 1861.&lt;/ref&gt; Dixit se noluisse bellum civitatibus meridionalibus inferre, neque in animo habuisse [[servitus|servitutem]] terminare ubi iam esset, sed se vim adhibere ut possessionem rerum foederatarum conservet. Peroratio refectionem vinculorum coniunctionis oravit.

Civitates Meridionales legationes Vasintoniam miserunt qui solutionem rerum foederatarum foedusque pacis cum Civitatibus Foederatis facere obtulerunt; Lincoln autem, habens Confederationem esse gubernationem non legitimam, et foedus cum ea reapse confessionem eam esse gubernationem sui iuris, conloquia cum legatis Confoederatis reiecit,&lt;ref&gt;Potter 1976: 572–73.&lt;/ref&gt; sed [[Gulielmus H. Seward]], [[Secretarius Civitatis]], attamen conloquiis inconcessis obliquisque interfuit, quae improspere gesta sunt.
[[Fasciculus:Fort sumter harpers weekly 02 retouched.jpg|thumb|250px|left|[[Castellum Sumter]] ante proelium et initium belli civilis.]]
[[Fasciculus:US 33 Star Fort Sumter Flag.svg|thumb|150px|[[Vexillum]] Unionis apud Castellum Sumter per proelium sublatum.]]

[[Castellum Sumter]], prope urbe [[Carolopolis (Carolina Meridionalis)|Carolopolitem]] Carolinae Meridionalis, [[Castellum Pickens]], et [[Castellum Zachary Taylor]] fuerunt reliqua Unionis castella intus in finibus Confederationis, et Lincoln Castellum Sumter defensum constanter requisiit. Copiae administrationis Confoederatae, a [[Jefferson Davis]] Praeside Confoederato iussae et [[Petrus Gustavus Toutant Beauregard|P. G. T. Beauregard]] imperatore ductae, castellum die [[12 Aprilis]] bombardaverunt; quo facto, castelli praesidium proximo die indutias fecit et die [[14 Aprilis]] se dedidit. Seditione ut videtur hactenus parva, Lincoln septuaginta quinque milia voluntariorum nonaginta dies poposcit ut ei castella recapiant Unionemque conservent.&lt;ref&gt;McPherson 1988: 274.&lt;/ref&gt; Homines Septentrionales postulationi ardenter obsecuti sunt. Nonnullos menses ante, nonnulli gubernatores Septentrionales suos milites publicos prudenter exercuerant, atque adeo copias movere proximo die coeperunt.&lt;ref&gt;William Schouler, ''Massachusetts in the Civil War'' (1868); iterum divulgatus a Digital Scanning Inc., 2003. Vide librum in [http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN1582180016&amp;id=ub8cqVKoXwgC&amp;pg=PA35&amp;lpg=PA34&amp;vq=baltimore&amp;dq=schouler+massachusetts+civil&amp;sig=g5za9rXjH9ttx1vzmWNN39F3YFQ Google Books].&lt;/ref&gt; [[Armamentarium Libertatis]] attamen in [[Libertas (Missuria)|Libertate]] [[Missuria]]e octo dies post [[Proelium Castelli Sumter]] a copiis Confoederatis captum est.

Quattuor [[Civitatum Foederatarum civitas|civitates]] in Meridionale Superiori ([[Tennesia]], [[Arcansia|Arkansia]], [[Carolina Septentrionalis]], [[Virginia]]), quae iterum atque iterum proposita Confoederata reicierant, nunc recusaverunt ne eae copias contra vicinos mitterent, secessionem declaverunt, et sese ad Confoederationem coniunxerunt. Ut Virginia compensaretur, [[caput (urbs)|caput]] Confoederationis [[Ricmondia]]m translatum est, in [[urbs|urbem]] quae mox signum Confoederationis facta esset. Urbs attamen locum tenebat quod facile vulnerari poterat, prope [[ferrivia]]le rerum frumentariarum terminum.&lt;ref&gt;McPherson 1988:276–307.&lt;/ref&gt; Quamquam Ricmondia circummunita erat, urbis commeatus imminuerentur postquam Sherman [[Atlanta]]m capiret, et paene omnino interdicerentur cum Grant, [[Petersburgum (Virginia)|Petersburgum]] obsidens, ferrivias quae capiti Meridionali suppeditabant intercluderet.

=== Consilium Anacondae et Obsidio Confoederationis, 1861 ===
[[Fasciculus:Scott-anaconda.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Adumbratio]] de Scott [[Consilium Anacondae|Consilio Anacondae]] anni 1861 (Anglice).]]&lt;!--
{{Vide-etiam|Classis Civitatum Confoederatarum}}
{{Vide-etiam|Navalia Belli Civilis Americani Proelia}}
{{Vide-etiam|Obsidio Confoederationis}}--&gt;
[[Winfield Scott]], [[Glossarium militare|Generalis]] et Imperator [[Exercitus Civitatum Foederatarum]], [[Consilium Anacondae]] ad Meridionalem sanguine quam minimum fundendo subigendam excogitavit.&lt;ref&gt;McPherson 1988: 333–35.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Obsidio navalis Belli Civilis Americani|Obsidionem]] putavit praecipuorum Confoederationis [[portus|portuum]] [[oeconomia|res oeconomicas]] debilitare; inde [[Mississippius Fluvius|Flumen Mississippium]] captum Meridionalem diffundere. Lincoln consilium ascivit, sed monitionem de praesenti [[Ricmondia]]e oppugnationem negavit.

Mense Maio [[1861]], Lincoln [[obsidio navalis Belli Civilis Americani|obsidionem]] omnium [[portus|portuum]] Meridionalium confirmavit, et itaque ordinaria navigia ab regionibus externis ad Confoederationem terminavit. Captae violatorum [[navis|naves]] oneraque vendebantur et lucra [[nauta|nautis]] Unionis dabantur, sed nautae [[Regnum Britanniarum|Britannici]] liberabantur. Anno [[1861]] exeunte, obsidio plurimas naves intra Confoederationem prohibebat, et &quot;[[Rex Gossypium|Regem Gossypium]]&quot; occlusens, oeconomiam Meridionalem pessum dabat.
[[Fasciculus:The Monitor and Merrimac.jpg|thumb|left|Proelium Hampton Roads. Chromolithographum.]]

Mercatores Britannici parvas velocesque naves &quot;[[cursor obsidionis|cursores obsidionis]]&quot; appellatas mox construebant, quae belli apparatus resque luxuriosas ex [[Insulae Bahamenses|Bahamis]], [[Bermuda]], et [[Cuba]] intra Confoederationem vendebant et [[gossypium]] [[tabaccum]]que ibi emebant.&lt;ref&gt;McPherson 1988:378–380.&lt;/ref&gt; Ad extremum, inopia frumenti et aliorum bonorum ab obsidio effecta, [[pabulatio]] [[Exercitus Unionis|exercituum Septentrionalium]], et fruges ab exercitibus Meridionalibus imperatae [[hyperinflatio]]nem et [[panicea turba|paniceas turbas]]&lt;!--bread riots--&gt; in Confederatione communiter movebant.&lt;ref&gt;Heidler 2002:1651–1653.&lt;/ref&gt;

Die [[8 Martii]] [[1862]], [[Classis Civitatum Confoederatarum|Classis Confoederationis]] aggressa est [[Classis Unionis|Classem Unionis]] cum [[Virginia (navis CCA)|''Virginia'']], [[ferrata navis bellica]], obsidionem oppugnaret; contra naves ligneas videbatur invicta. Proximo die eae necesse fuit proelium committere cum nova navi bellica [[USS Monitor|''Monitor'']] in [[Proelium ante Hampton Roads|Proelio Ferratarum]].&lt;ref&gt;McPherson 1988:373–377.&lt;/ref&gt; Quo facto, concursus aequo marte finivit, sed Unioni reapse fuit victoria belli rationis bonae quia obsidio portuum durabat. Ultroque amisit Confoederatio ''Virginiam'' cum navis ne caperetur cogitate perforata summersaque est. Unio multa exempla ''Monitor'' construxit; Confoederatio autem, arte efficacium navium constructarum carens, [[navis bellica|naves bellicas]] ex [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britannia]] adipisci conata est. Victoria Unionis in [[Proelium Castelli Fisher Alterum|Proelio Castelli Fisher Altero]] mense Ianuario 1865 ultimum Meridionalis portum utilem inclusit, et tandem cursores obsidionis re non verbo superavit.

===Theatrum Orientale, 1861–1863===&lt;!--
{{Vide-etiam|Orientale Belli Civilis Americani Theatrum}}--&gt;
[[Fasciculus:CivilWarFifeandDrum.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Cohortales [[Exercitus Unionis]] musici.]]
Copiis Confoederationis apud [[Manassas (Virginia)|Manassas]] [[Virginia]]e mense Iulio 1861 ferociter resistentibus, iter copiarum Unionis, [[Irvinus McDowell|Irvino McDowell]] [[Glossarium militare|legionis praefecto]] duce, in [[Proelium Bull Run Primum|Proelio Bull Run Primo]],{{dubsig}} vel ''Primo Manassas,''{{dubsig}} reiectum est.&lt;ref&gt;McPherson 1988:339–345&lt;/ref&gt; Quo facto, ei [[Vasintonia]]m adacti sunt a copiis Confoederatis, [[Iosephus Eggleston Johnston|Iosepho E. Johnston]] et [[Petrus Gustavus Toutant Beauregard|P. G. T. Beauregard]] ducibus. Quo in proelio [[Thomas Jackson (Stonewall)|Thomas Jackson]] [[Glossarium militare|Generalis]] [[agnomen]] ''Muri Lapidei'' ([[Anglice]] ''Stonewall'') accepit, quia contra copias Unionis ut videbatur quasi murus [[lapis|lapideus]] stetit.&lt;ref&gt;McPherson 1988:342.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Congressus Civitatum Foederatarum]], clade conturbatus, ne plures [[civitas servilis|civitates serviles]] ab Unione abscederent, [[Sententia Crittenden-Johnson|Sententiam Crittenden-Johnson]] die [[25 Iulii]] eiusdem anni sanxit, quae adfirmavit bellum pugnatum esse ut [[Unio (CFA)|Unio]] conservaretur, non ut [[servitus]] finiretur.
[[Fasciculus:GeorgeMcClellan.jpeg|thumb|200px|[[Georgius Brinton McClellan|Georgius B. McClellan]] [[Glossarium militare|Legionis Praefectus]] [[Exercitus Potomaci|Exercitum Potomaci]].]]

[[Georgius Brinton McClellan|Georgio B. McClellan]] [[Glossarium militare|legionis praefecto]] [[Exercitus Potomaci|Exercitum Potomaci]] a die [[26 Iulii]] imperante et conformante,&lt;ref&gt;Qui breve fuit omnium Unionis exercituum imperator, sed pro eo [[Henricus Wager Halleck|Henricus W. Halleck]] legionis praefectus mox substitutus est.&lt;/ref&gt; bellum anno [[1862]] serio coepit. Ipse, a Lincoln vehementer impulsus ut bellum inferretur, [[Virginia]]m primo [[ver]]e 1862 per [[Paeninsula Virginiana|paeninsulam]] inter flumina [[Eboracum Flumen (Virginia)|Eboracum]] et [[Iacobus Flumen (Virginia)|Iacobum]] inter meridiem et solis ortum [[Ricmondia]]e oppugnavit. Quamquam exercitus McClellan portas [[Ricmondia]]e in [[Expeditio Paeninsularis|Expeditione Paeninsulari]] attigit,&lt;ref&gt;McPherson 1988:424–427&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[Shelby Foote]], ''The Civil War: Fort Sumter to Perryville,'' 464–519.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[Bruce Catton]], ''Terrible Swift Sword,'' 263–296.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Iosephus Eggleston Johnston|Johnston]] eius progressum in [[Proelium Septem Pinorum|Proelio Septem Pinorum]] repressit; quo facto, [[Robertus Eduardus Lee|Robertus E. Lee]] generalis et ministri [[Iacobus Longstreet]] Murusque Lapideus Jackson in [[Proelia Septem Dierum|Proeliis Septem Dierum]] fecerunt ut McClellan se recipiat. [[Expeditio Virginiae Septentrionalis]], quae [[Proelium Bull Run Alterum]] continuit, exitum in etiam alia Confoederationis victoria habuit.&lt;ref&gt;McPherson 1988:528–544.&lt;/ref&gt; McClellan imperatum Halleckianum ut se [[Ioannes Pope (praefectus)|Ioannis Pope]] [[Exercitus Virginiae|Exercitum Virginiae]] augeret.&lt;!-- which made it easier for Lee's Confederates to defeat twice the number of combined enemy troops.--&gt;

Confoederatio, a victoria Proelii Bull Run Alteri confirmata, primam [[Civitates Foederatae Septentrionales|Septentrionalium]] incursionem fecit cum Lee quadraginta quinque milia militum [[Exercitus Virginiae Septentrionalis]] trans [[Flumen Potomacum]] in Terram Mariae die [[5 Septembris]] transduxit, [[Expeditio Terrae Mariae|Expeditionem Terrae Mariae]] incipiens. &lt;!--Lincoln then restored Pope's troops to McClellan.--&gt; Commiserunt McClellan et Lee [[Proelium Antietamense]] prope [[Sharpsburgum (Terra Mariae)|Sharpsburgum]] [[Terra Maria|Terrae Mariae]] die [[17 Septembris]] [[1862]], cruentissimo in militari [[historia Civitatum Foederatarum|Civitatum Foederatarum historia]] die. Exercitus Leeanus, iam primum repressus, ad Virginiam pedem rettulit antequam McClellan eum delere potesset. Antietam late habetur victoria Unionis cum septentrionalem Lee incursionem contineret, et esset occasioni ut Lincoln [[Manumissionis Edictum]] nuntiaret.&lt;ref&gt;McPherson 1988:543–558.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fasciculus:Conf dead chancellorsville edit1.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Mortui Confoederationis milites prope murum lapidem apud Altitudines Marye (''Marye's Heights'') [[Fredericksburgum|Fredericksburgi]] [[Virginia]]e, post [[Proelium Chancellorsvillae|Proelio Chancellorsvillae]], mense Maio [[1863]], necati.]]

Cautissimo McClellan post Proelium Antietam non profecto, [[Ambrosius Burnside]] legionis praefectus pro eo substitutus est, qui mox in [[Proelium Fredericksburgi|Proelio Fredericksburgi]] ad inritum redactus est,&lt;ref&gt;McPherson 1988:571–574&lt;/ref&gt; die [[13 Decembris]] [[1862]], quando plus quam duodecim milia militum Unionis necati vel vulnerati sunt cum frustra milites Burnside hostes adversos apud Altitudines Marye identidem adgressi sint. Post hanc pugnam, [[Iosephus Hooker]] legionis praefectus pro Burnside substitutus est, qui quoque non potuit superare exercitum Lee, et&lt;!--; despite outnumbering the Confederates by more than two to one,--&gt; se in [[Proelium Chancellorsvillae|Proelio Chancellorsvillae]] mense Maio [[1863]] dedecoravit.&lt;ref&gt;McPherson 1988:639–645.&lt;/ref&gt;

Pro Hooker mense Iunio, Lee incursionem in fines Septentrionalis iterum facienti, [[Georgius Gordon Meade|Georgius Meade]] legionis praefectus substitutus est, qui in tridui pugna, [[Proelium Gettysburgi|Proelio Gettysburgi]], a die [[1 Iulii]] ad diem [[3 Iulii]] [[1863]], invadentem Lee exercitum tandem superavit.&lt;ref&gt;McPherson 1988:653–663.&lt;/ref&gt; Hoc fuit cruentissimum belli proelium, aliquando habitum belli [[Punctum commutationis Belli Civilis Americani|punctum commutationis]], cuius ultimus impetus grandis desperatissimusque, [[Impetus Pickettianus]], die [[3 Iulii]], saepe memoratur [[plurimus Confoederationis aestus accessus]]&lt;!--Anglice: &quot;the Confederacy's high-water mark&quot;--&gt;, non solum quia fuit finis propositi Lee ad Vasintoniam ex septentrionali premendam, sed etiam quia [[Vicksburgum]] [[Mississippia]]e, arx potentiae fluviatilis, proximo die—die libertatis Civitatum Foederatarum—expugnatum est. Exercitus Virginiae Septentrionalis viginti octo milia casualitatum accepit; exercitus Unionis, viginti tres milia.&lt;ref&gt;McPherson 1988:664.&lt;/ref&gt; Lincoln autem iratus est quod Meade recessum Meridionalem intercludere non potuerat, et post eius expeditionem [[autumnus|autumnalem]], quo nihil effectum est, ipse novos ex Theatro Occidentali duces petere statuit.

===Theatrum Occidentale, 1861–1863===&lt;!--
{{Vide-etiam|Theatrum Occidentale Belli Civilis Americani}}--&gt;
[[Fasciculus:Battle of Pea Ridge.png|thumb|300px|left|''Proelium Iugi Pisorum Arcansiae,'' [[lithographia|lithogramma]] a Kurz et Allison factum.]]
Licet copiae [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Confoederationis]] multos in Theatro Orientali successus haberent, in Occidentali saepe superatae sunt. Post [[Proelium Iugi Pisorum]]&lt;!--Anglice: Battle of Pea Ridge--&gt; in [[Arcansia]], eae ex [[Missuria]] primis belli mensibus coacti sunt.&lt;ref&gt;McPherson 1988:404–405.&lt;/ref&gt; Incursio [[Columbus (Kentukia)|Columbi]] [[Kentukiae]] ab exercitu Confoederationis, [[Leonidas Polk|Leonida Polk]] duce, finivit Kentukiae neutralitatem, et populum se contra Confoederationem convertit. [[Nasvilla (Tennesia)|Nasvilla]] et media [[Tennesia]] ad [[Unio (CFA)|Unionem]] anno [[1862]] ineunte ceciderunt.&lt;!--, leading to attrition of local food supplies and livestock and a breakdown in social organization.--&gt;

Plurimum [[Mississippium Flumen|Mississippii Fluminis]] navibus Unionis apertum est cum copiae Unionis [[Proelium Insulae Decimae|Insulam Decimam]] et [[Matritum Novum (Missuria)|Matritum Novum]] [[Missuria]]e et tunc [[Memphis (Tennesia)|Memphidem]] Tennesiae capirent. Mense Maio 1862, [[Classis Unionis]] [[Nova Aurelia|Novam Aureliam]] sine difficultate cepit.&lt;ref&gt;McPherson 1988:418–420.&lt;/ref&gt; Quo facto, copiae Unionis Mississippium Flumen usurpare poterant; solum [[Vicksburgum (Mississippia)|Vicksburgum]] [[Mississippia]]e, [[urbs]] et arx militaris, Unionis imperia et potestates in omnem flumen impediebat.
[[Fasciculus:Chickamauga.jpg|thumb|300px|''Proelium Chickamaugae,'' [[lithographia|lithogramma]] a Kurz et Allison anno 1890 factum.]]

Exercitus Meridionalis, [[Braxton Bragg]] duce, alteram Kentuckiae incursionem fecit, ubi [[Dominus Carolus Buell|Dominum Carolum Buell]] Legionis Praefectum in [[Proelium Perryvillae|Proelio Perryvillae]] superavit&lt;ref&gt;McPherson 1988:419–420&lt;/ref&gt;; victoria autem fuit inutilis, nam Bragg, populo civitatis Confoederationem non iam suffragante, necesse fuit suum conatum liberationis Kentukiae continere. Ipse postremum a [[Gulielmus Rosecrans|Gulielmo Rosecrans]] Legionis Praefecto in [[Proelium Fluminis Lapidum|Proelio Fluminis Lapidum]]&lt;!--Anglice: Battle of Stones River--&gt; in [[Tennesia]] aegre victus est.&lt;ref&gt;McPherson 1988:480–483.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fasciculus:ACW Western Overview.png|left|300px|thumb|Prospectus Theatri Occidentalis (Anglice).]]

Clara Confoederationis victoria in regione occidentali fuit [[Proelium Chickamaugae]]. Bragg, cum novis copiis a [[Iacobus Longstreet|Iacobo Longstreet]] Legionis Praefecto ductis ex exercitu Lee in regione orientali, adversus heroicam [[Georgius Henricus Thomas|Georgii Henrici Thomas]] Legionis Praefecti resistentiam, Rosecrans superavit, qui se [[Chattanooga (Tennesia)|Chattanoogam]] recepit, quam Bragg extemplo obsedit.

[[Ulixes S. Grant]], gravissimus Unionis dux prudens reique militaris peritus in regione occidentali, insignes castrorum [[Proelium Castri Henry|Henry]] et [[Proelium Castri Donelson|Donelson]] victorias reportavit, quibus Unio imperium in flumina [[Tennesia Flumen|Tennesiam]] et [[Cumberland Flumen|Cumberland]] adepta est. Proelia [[Proelium Shiloh|Shiloh]]&lt;ref&gt;McPherson 1988:405–413.&lt;/ref&gt; et in maius [[Obsidio Vicksburgi|Vicksburgi]]&lt;ref&gt;McPherson 1988:637–638.&lt;/ref&gt; imperium Unionis in Flumen Mississippium confirmaverunt, et posterior pugna ergo habetur unum ex belli [[Punctum commutationis Belli Civilis Americani|punctis commutationis]]. Grant, itinere ad Rosecrans succurrendum facto, Bragg in [[Expeditio Chattanoogae|Proelio Chattanoogae Tertio]] devicit, copias Confoederationis ex Tennesia tandem expulit, et viam ad [[Atlanta]]m ipsaque Confoederationis interiora aperuit.&lt;ref&gt;McPherson 1988:677–680).&lt;/ref&gt;

===Theatrum Trans-Mississippiense, 1861–1865===&lt;!--
{{Vide-etiam|Theatrum Trans-Mississippiense Belli Civilis Americani}}--&gt;
Bellum [[Bellum a tumultuariis factum|tumultuarium]] fecit ut multum [[Missuria]]e sit locus pugnae; Missuria revera fuit tertia in ordine numeri proeliorum in quavis civitate per bellum.&lt;ref&gt;[http://home.usmo.com/~momollus/mofacts.htm Res Belli Civilis in Missuria, 1998].&lt;/ref&gt; Aliae occidentis civitates, quamquam remotae ab expeditionibus et proeliis in oriente, expertae sunt multa proelia levia. Proelia in regione occidentali bonam fidem erga Unionem confirmaverunt [[Missuria in Bello Civili Americano|Missuriae]], [[Territorium Indorum in Bello Civili Americano|Territorii Indorum]], et [[Territorium Novum Mexicum in Bello Civili Americano|Territorii Novi Mexici]]. Incursiones Confoederationis in [[Territorium Novum Mexicum]] repulsae sunt anno [[1862]], et expeditio Unionis ad [[Territorium Indorum]] muniendum anno [[1863]] bene processit; prope belli finem attamen, Unionis [[Expeditio Fluminis Rubri]] ad inritum cecidit. [[Texia]] in dicione Confoederationis per bellum mansit, sed postquam expugnatio [[Vicksburgum|Vicksburgi]] ([[4 Iulii]] [[1863]]) imperia et potestates in Flumen Mississippium Unioni dederat, est ab aliis Confoederationis partibus omnino seiuncta.

=== Bellum confectum, 1864–1865 ===
[[Fasciculus:William-Tecumseh-Sherman.jpg|thumb|left|225px|[[Gulielmus Tecumseh Sherman]], Legionis Praefectus, mense Maio [[1865]]. Atrum in lacerto laevo redimiculum est mortis [[Abrahamus Lincoln|Lincoln Praesidis]] vestis lugubris. Imago a [[Matthaeus Brady|Matthaeo Brady]] facta.]][[Fasciculus:Nathaniel banks by mathew brady.png|thumb|175px|[[Nathaniel Prentice Banks|Nathaniel P. Banks]] Legionis Praefectus. Adumbratio in ''Harper's Weekly'' [[6 Decembris]] [[1862]] divulgata, de photographemate a [[Matthaeus Brady|Matthaeo Brady]] facto.]]
Anno [[1864]] ineunte, Lincoln omnibus Unionis exercitibus praefecit imperatorem Grant, qui suum praesidium cum [[Exercitus Potomaci|Exercitu Potomaci]] locavit, et Grant vicissim [[Gulielmus Tecumseh Sherman|Gulielmum Tecumseh Sherman]] Legionis Praefectum plurimis occidentis exercitibus praefecit. Grant notionem [[totum bellum|totius belli]] plene intellegebat, et cum Lincoln et Sherman putabat solum summam copiarum Confoederatarum et eorum radicum oeconomicorum cladem finire posse bellum.&lt;ref&gt;Neely 2004:434ff.&lt;/ref&gt; Eorum bellum erat totum, non tantum proeliatorum interfectorum, sed praediorum, pontum, ferriviarum, urbium, et domuum dirutarum.

Grant late patentem rei gerendae ordinem composuit; ille commune excogitavit consilium quo Confoederatio quoquoversum incursa esset: iussit [[Georgius Gordon Meade|Georgium Meade]] et [[Beniaminus Franklinus Butler|Beniaminum Butler]] duces movere contra Lee prope Ricmondia; [[Franciscus Sigel|Franciscum Sigel]] (et deinde [[Philippus Sheridan|Philippum Sheridan]]) [[Expeditiones Vallis anni 1864|Vallem Shenandoah oppugnare]]; Sherman [[Atlanta]]m capere et [[iter Shermanianum ad mare|iter ad mare]] ([[Oceanus Atlanticus|Oceanum Atlanticum]]) facere; [[Georgius Crook|Georgium Crook]] et [[Gulielmus W. Averell|Gulielmum W. Averell]] duces vexare ferrivias commeatus in [[Virginia Occidentalis|Virginia Occidentali]]; et [[Nathaniel Prentice Banks|Nathanielem P. Banks]] Legionis Praefectum capere [[Mobile (Alabama)|Mobile]] [[Alabama]]e.

Copiae Unionis in orientali decursum facere circum Lee conabantur, et nonnulla proelia pugnabant per illam decursus partem ([[Expeditio Terrestris|Expeditionem Terrestrem]]). Consequentiae [[Bellum terendi|belli terendi]] in [[Proelium Vastitatis|Proelio Vastitatis]], [[Proelium Basilicae Spotsilvaniae|Proelio Basilicae Spotsilvaniae]], et [[Proelium Portus Frigidi|Proelio Portus Frigidi]]&lt;ref&gt;McPherson 1988:724–735.&lt;/ref&gt; erant diras Unionis casualitates, sed impetus Unionis copias Confoederationis iterum atque iterum recidere cogebat. Conatus autem circumire Lee a meridionali deficiebat sub Butler, intra fluviatilem [[Expeditio Bermudae Centum|Bermudae Centum]] ([[Anglice]]: ''Bermuda Hundred'') flexum inretito. Grant tenax, adversus damna mirabilia (plusquam sexaginta quinque milia casualitatum per fere quinquaginta dies).&lt;ref&gt;McPherson 1988:741–742.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Exercitus Virginiae Septentrionalis|Exercitum Virginiae Septentrionalis]] [[Ricmondia]]m versus premebat, quem ad [[Obsidio Petersburgi|Obsidionem Petersburgi]] compellebat, ubi hi [[duo|bini]] [[exercitus]] grandes inter se [[bellum fossarum|bello fossarum]]&lt;!--Anglice: trench warfare--&gt; plusquam novem menses confligebant.

=== Confoederatio se dedit ===
[[Fasciculus:Grant+Lee.jpg|thumb|Imperatores [[Ulixes S. Grant]] (laeva) et [[Robertus Eduardus Lee|Robertus E. Lee]] (dextra), ingeniosissimi belli adversarii.]]
Grant tandem invenit [[Philippus Sheridan|Philippum Sheridan]] [[Glossarium militare|Generalem]], ducem satis infensum in [[Expeditiones Vallis anni 1864|Expeditionibus Vallis anni 1864]] vincere, qui [[Iubal Anderson Early|Iubalem A. Early]] Legationis Praefectum in serie proeliorum superavit, inter quas ultima et summa victoria apud [[Proelium Rivi Cedrorum|Rivum Cedrorum]]&lt;!--Anglice: &quot;Cedar Creek--&gt;; inde Sheridan fecit ut destruere rustica [[Valles Shenandoah|Vallis Shenandoah]] fundamenta—belli ratio similis belli rationis quae Sherman in [[Georgia (CFA)|Georgia]] mox adhiberet.&lt;ref&gt;McPherson 1988:778–779.&lt;/ref&gt;

Sherman ipse [[Chattanooga]] [[Atlanta]]m iter faciens, [[Iosephus Eggleston Johnston|Iosephum E. Johnston]] et [[Ioannes Bell Hood|Ioannem Bell Hood]] generales vicit. [[Proelium Atlanta|Casus Atlantae]], die [[2 Septembris]] [[1864]], auxilium in [[Comitia praesidentialia anni 1864|comitiis praesidentialibus mensis Novembris]] Lincoln Praesidi dedit.&lt;ref&gt;McPherson 1988:773–776.&lt;/ref&gt; Hood urbis regione excessit ad Sherman commeatus minitandos et [[Tennesia]]m invadendam in [[Expeditio Franklini et Nasvillae|Expeditione Franklini et Nasvillae]] ([[Anglice]]: ''Franklin-Nashville Campaign''),&lt;ref&gt;McPherson 1988:812–815.&lt;/ref&gt; sed [[Ioannes M. Schofield]] [[res militaris|legionis praefectus]] eum in [[Proelium Franklini Alterum|Proelio Franklini Altero]] vicit, et [[Georgius Henricus Thomas]] in [[Proelium Nasvillae|Proelio Nasvillae]] eum devicit et reapse eius exercitum destruxit.
[[Fasciculus:Dead_soldier_(American_Civil_War_-_Siege_of_Petersburg,_April_1_1865)_(2).jpg|thumb|left|Miles mortuus Petersburgi Virginiae anno 1865; photographema a [[Thomas C. Roche|Thoma C. Roche]] factum.]]

Atlanta excessa et commeatu relicto, exercitus Shermanianus [[Iter Shermanianum ad mare|iter ad mare]] fecit, quo copiae Unionis circa viginti centesimae praediorum in [[Georgia (CFA)|Georgia]] vastavit. Sherman [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Oceanum Atlanticum]] [[Savanna (Georgia)|Savannae]] [[Georgia (CFA)|Georgiae]] mense Decembri 1864 attigit. Milia [[servus|servorum]] liberatorum eius exercitum subsecuta sunt. Non fuerunt proelia maiora per iter. Sherman tum ad septentrionalem per [[Carolina Meridionalis|Carolinam Meridionalem]] et [[Carolina Septentrionalis|Carolinam Septentrionalem]] advertit ut ad lineas Confoederationis accederat et exercitum Lee a meridionali premeret.&lt;ref&gt;McPherson 1988:825–830.&lt;/ref&gt;

Interea exercitus Lee, casualitatibus transitionibusque magnopere imminutus, nunc erat multum minor quam exercitus Grant. Copiae Unionis victoriam magni momenti reportaverunt apud [[Proelium Quinque Furcarum|Quinque Furcas]] die [[1 Aprilis]]; quo facto, Lee necesse fuit [[Petersburgum]] et [[Ricmondia]]m vacuefacere. Caput Confoederationis expugnatum est ab Unionis [[Corpus XXV (Unio)|Corpore XXV]], quod in copiis Aethiopibus consistebat.&lt;ref&gt;McPherson 1988:846–847.&lt;/ref&gt; Reliquae Confoederationis copiae ad occidentem fugebant, et post cladem apud [[Proelium Rivi Sayler|Rivum Sayler]], bene intellexit Lee continuum cum [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitatibus Foederatis]] certamen nec belli ratione nec apparatu belli posse.

===Deditiones Copiarum Confoederationis===&lt;!--
{{Vide-etiam|Conclusio Belli Civilis Americani}}--&gt;
[[Fasciculus:Lee Surrenders to Grant at Appomattox.jpg|thumb|left|350px|Robertus E. Lee eius exercitum Ulixi Grant in [[Domus McLeaniana|Domo McLeaniano]] ad [[Appomattox Court House]] dedit. Domus primum a Carolo Raine anno 1848 [[aedificium|aedificata]] erat.&lt;!--&lt;ref name=&quot;nrhpinv2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=National Register of Historic Places Registration: Appomattox Court House / Appomattox Court House National Historical Park (version from Virginia Department of Historic Resources, including maps)|url=http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/registers/Counties/Appomattox/006-0033_Appomattox_Courthouse_National_Historical_Park_1966_Final_Nomination.pdf |format=pdf|date=May 8, 1989 |author=Jon B. Montgomery, Reed Engle, and Clifford Tobias |publisher=National Park Service}} et {{PDFlink|[http://pdfhost.focus.nps.gov/docs/NRHP/Photos/66000827.pdf ''Accompanying 12 photos, undated (version from Federal website)'']|32&amp;nbsp;KB}} et [http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/registers/Counties/Appomattox/Court_House_photo.htm one photo, undated, at Virginia DHR] Note Federal text version at http://pdfhost.focus.nps.gov/docs/NRHP/Text/66000827.pdf is incomplete: does not include Section 11 or maps&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt;]]

Dedidit Lee [[Exercitus Virginiae Septentrionalis|Exercitum Virginiae Septentrionalis]] die [[9 Aprilis]] [[1865]] apud [[Domus McLeaniana|Domum McLeanianam]] in vico [[Appomattox Court House]]. Signo honoris et spe Confoederationis in Unionem cum bona pace reductae, Grant concessit ut Lee eius [[gladius|gladium]] praefecti et [[Viator (equus)|Viatorem]] equum&lt;!--Traveller--&gt; retineret. [[Nox|Nocte]] [[14 Aprilis]] [[1865]], Lincoln Praeses [[sclopetum|sclopeto]] [[Caedes Abrahami Lincoln|percussus est]]; mane ipso obito, [[Andreas Johnson]] factus est praeses.

Inter res quae ad deditionem Lee duxerant fuit comprehensio praefectorum [[Ricardus S. Ewell|Ricardi S. Ewell]] et [[Ricardus H. Anderson|Ricardi H. Anderson]] die [[6 Aprilis]], post clades Meridionalem apud [[Proelium Rivi Sayler|Rivum Sayler]]; insuper die [[8 Aprilis]], equitatus Unionis, [[Georgius Armstrong Custer|Georgio Armstrong Custer]] Legionis Praefecto duce, tres ferriviales frumenti apparatusque militaris series apud [[Statio Appomattox|Stationem Appomattox]]{{dubsig}} ceperat.&lt;ref&gt;Davis, ''To Appomattox: Nine April Days, 1865'', pp. 298, 322, 331-333, 359.&lt;/ref&gt; Etiam die 9 Aprilis in [[Alabama]], post damnum Confoederationis munimentorum in [[Proelium Castellae Hispanicae|Proelio Castellae Hispanicae]], exercitus [[Sanctus Ioannes Richardson Liddell|Sancti Ioannis Richardson Liddell]] ducis se dedidit.

Die [[21 Aprilis]], [[Ioannes S. Mosby|Ioannis S. Mosby]] incursores [[Cohors Quadragensima Tertia Equitatus Virginia|Cohortis Quadragensimae Tertiae Equitatus Virginiae]] se exauctoraverunt. Die [[26 Aprilis]], [[Iosephus Eggleston Johnston|Iosephus E. Johnston]] [[Glossarium militare|Generalis]] suum exercitum ad Sherman dedidit apud [[Locus Bennett|Locum Bennett]] [[Dunelmum (Carolina Septentrionalis)|Dunelmi]] [[Carolina Septentrionalis|Carolinae Septentrionalis]]. Se dederunt diebus 4 et 5 Maii partes&lt;!--Anglice: &quot;departments&quot;--&gt; Confoederationis [[Alabama]]e et [[Mississippia]]e, occidentales [[Ludoviciana]]e legiones, et Districtus Sinus. Praeses Confoederationis captus est die [[10 Maii]], cum partes [[Florida]]e et [[Georgia Meridionalis|Georgiae Meridionalis]] quoque se dederunt. [[M. Geoffrius Thompson|Geoffrius Meriwether Thompson]] [[Glossarium militare|Cohortis Praefectus]] suam cohortem proximo die dedidit. Die [[12 Maii]], copiae [[Georgia]]e septentrionalis se dederunt. 

Die [[23 Iunii]] [[1865]], apud [[Castrum Towson]] in regione [[Natio Choctaw|Nationis Choctaw]] [[Territorium Oklahoma|Territorii Oklahomae]], [[Stand Watie]] Dux concordiam cum procuratoribus Unionis confirmavit, ultimus Confoederationis dux in campo pugnans. [[Shenandoah (navis)|''Shenandoah'']], ultima Confoederationis navis, dedita est die [[6 Novembris]] [[1865]] in [[Liverpolium|Liverpolio]] [[Anglia]]e. Hae deditiones fuerunt [[Conclusio Belli Civilis Americani|conclusio belli]].

==Servitus per bellum==&lt;!--
{{Vide-etiam|Servitus in Civitatibus Foederatis}}--&gt;
[[Fasciculus:Cicatrices de flagellation sur un esclave.jpg|thumb|175px|Petrus, vir in servitutem [[Rubribaculum|Rubribaculi]] [[Ludoviciana]]e redactus, cuius [[cicatrix|cicatrices]] perversum custodis usum consecutae sunt. Photographema anno [[1863]] factum. In [http://www.nara.gov U.S. National Archives and Records Administration].]]

Bello ineunte, aliqui [[Unio]]nis imperatores putabant sese necesse esse [[servus|servos]] effugientis eorum dominis reddere. Ante annum [[1862]], cum apparebat bellum esse longinquum, quaestio [[servitus|servitutis]] est longe lateque diffusa, nam ex labore servorum [[oeconomia]] Meridionale et conatus militaris pependerunt. Coepit videri non iustum servitutem tueri sed [[commercium]] Meridionale obsidere et productionem Meridionalem destruere. [[Georgius Washingtonius Julian]], delegatus [[Congressus Civitatum Foederatarum|Congressionalis]], dixit servos &quot;non posse neutrales. Operarios, si non milites, esse socios aut hominum seditiosorum aut Unionis.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;McPherson 1988:495.&lt;/ref&gt; Is et eius socii inter [[Republicani Radicales|Republicanos Radicales]] Lincoln Praesidem urserunt ad servos cito manumittendos, cum [[Factio Republicana (CFA)|Republicani]] moderati [[manumissio]]nem gradualem compensatamque et [[colonizatio]]nem accipiebant&lt;ref&gt;McPherson 1988:355, 494–6&lt;/ref&gt;; attamen [[Capita Aenea (politica)|Capita Aenea]] ([[Anglice]] ''Copperheads''), [[civitas finitima (Bellum Civile Americanum)|civitates finitimae]], et [[Democrati Bellicosi]]&lt;!--Anglice: War Democrats--&gt; manumissioni repugnabant, sed civitates finitimae et Democrati Bellicosi post nonnullos menses eam acceperunt, partem [[totum bellum|totius belli]], rei necessariae ut Unio conservaretur.

Anno 1861, Lincoln fasus est se metuere ne praematuri ad manumissionem conficiendam conatus defectionem civitatum finitimarum efficerent, et &quot;amittere [[Kentuckia]]m esse paene eadem res ut totum amittere ludum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Epistola ad O. H. Browning, 22 Septembris 1861.&lt;/ref&gt; Idcirco is mox contudit inceptum ad manumissionem factum a [[Simon Cameron|Simone Cameron]] Secretario Belli et ducibus [[Ioannes C. Fremont|Ioanne C. Frémont]] (in [[Missuria]]) et [[David Hunter|Davide Hunter]] (in [[Carolina Meridionalis|Carolina Meridionali]], [[Georgia (CFA)|Georgia]], et [[Florida]]) ut fidelitatem civitatum finitimarum et Democratorum Bellicosorum retinerent.

Lincoln finitimas monuit civitates fieri extremum manumissionis genus si suum consilium—manumissionis compensatae colonizationisque voluntariae—reiceretur.&lt;ref&gt;James McPherson, &quot;The Gettysburg Lectures,&quot; in ''Lincoln the War President,'' ed. Gabor S. Boritt (n.d.), pp. 52-54; Gettysburg Civil War Institute Books.&lt;/ref&gt; Solum [[Vasingtonia (D.C.)|Districtus Columbianus]] hoc consilium accepit. Lincoln [[Manumissionis Edictum]] ad consiliarios&lt;!--cabinet members--&gt; primum commemoravit die [[21 Iulii]] [[1862]], cui [[Gulielmus Henricus Seward|Gulielmus H. Seward]], Secretarius Civitatis, dixit victoriae praestolari ante edictum divulgatum, quia aliter facere visum fuisse &quot;noster extremus fugae ululatus.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Stephen B. Oates, Abraham Lincoln: The Man Behind the Myths, page 106&lt;/ref&gt; Septembere 1862, [[Proelium Antietamense]] occasionem dedit, et [[Conventus Gubernationum Belli]] adiumentum edicti adiecit.&lt;ref&gt;Anne Francis Pulling, ''Images of America: Altoona'' (2001), p. 10.&lt;/ref&gt; Lincoln iam divulgaverat epistolam—ad [[Horatius Greeley|Horatium Greeley]] 22 Augusti 1862 scriptam—qua civitates finitimas adhortatus est eorum acceptionem manumissionis esse necessariam ut Unio conservaretur. Lincoln deinde dixit servitutem fuisse &quot;nescio quomodo causam belli&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Abrahamus Lincoln, [[Oratio Aditialis Altera]], 4 Martii 1865. &quot;One-eighth of the whole population were colored slaves, not distributed generally over the Union, but localized in the southern part of it. These slaves constituted a peculiar and powerful interest. All knew that this interest was somehow the cause of the war. To strengthen, perpetuate, and extend this interest was the object for which the insurgents would rend the Union even by war, while the Government claimed no right to do more than to restrict the territorial enlargement of it.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

Lincoln adumbrationem sui [[Manumissionis Edictum|Manumissionis Edicti]] die [[22 Septembris]] [[1862]] inter suos, et ultima eius verba in publico die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[1863]] dispersit. In epistola ad A. G. Hodges, ipse suam opinionem exposuit: &quot;Si servitus non sit iniusta, nihil est iniustum. . . . Verum tamen ego numquam accepi quod praefectura solutum ius publice agere ex hoc iudicio sensuque mihi contulit. . . . Nego me eventus temperavisse, sed aperte confiteor eventus me temperavisse.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Epistola ad A. G. Hodges, Aprili 1864.&lt;/ref&gt; Manumissionis Edictum, cum de praesidis potentia belli deduceretur, solum terras a Confoederatione eo tempore tentas comprehendit; edictum autem videbatur signum Unionis arbitrium manumissionis ad [[libertas|libertatem]] definitam additae.&lt;ref&gt;James McPherson, ''The War that Never Goes Away.''&lt;/ref&gt; Lincoln etiam partes egit ut [[Congressus Civitatum Foederatarum|Congressus]] suffragatus esset [[Emendatio 13 (Constitutionis CFA)|Emendationi Tertiae Decimae]],&lt;ref&gt;James McPherson, &quot;Who Freed the Slaves?&quot; in ''Drawn With the Sword.''&lt;/ref&gt; quae manumissionem communem perennemque fecit.

Americani Africani [[servitus|servitute]] habiti actionem Lincoln non opperti sunt antequam fugierunt ut libertatem pone acies Unionis peterent. Initio belli, multi centum milia [[servus|servorum]] ad exercitus Unionis effugierunt, praecipue in regionibus occupatis, sicut [[Nasvilla (Tennesia)|Nasvilla]], [[Norfolk (Virginia)|Norfolcia]], et [[Hampton Roads]] anno [[1862]] et postea [[Tennesia]], linea itineris Sherman, etc. Tot Americani Africani ad regiones Unionis fugiebant ut imperatores militares castra et schola eis statuerent, ubi adulti et liberi—omnes legitime habiti [[merces vetitae]] ([[Anglice]]: ''contrabands'')—legere et scribere discerent. [[Societas Missionariorum Americanorum]] auxilium dedit, ad Meridionalem praeceptores mittendo ut scholas Norfolciae et apud plantationes propinquas statuerent. Insuper, paene 200 000 Americanorum Africanorum pedibus classique stipendia merebant una cum copiis Unionis; plurimi fuerant servi.
[[Fasciculus:Battle of Fort Pillow.png|thumb|left|&quot;Bellum in [[Tennesia]]: internecio nigrorum Unionis militum post deditionem apud [[Proelium Castri Pulvini|Castrum Pulvinum]], die [[12 Aprilis]] [[1864]].&quot;]]

Milites Meridionales ex contrario in servitutem redigebant nigros Exercitus Unionis captivos; glandibus flagitiose percutiebant milites nigros qui se in [[Proelium Castri Pulvini|Proelio Castri Pulvini]]&lt;!--Battle of Fort Pillow--&gt; dedere conabantur.&lt;ref&gt;Catton 2001:335.&lt;/ref&gt; Hae res fecerunt ut ambae partes pactum captivorum permutatorum dirimerent,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20090507133129/http://www.dce.k12.wi.us/historyday/Topics/CivilWar.htm Res Belli Civilis]&lt;/ref&gt; et adduxerunt Confoederationem ut numerum augeret carcerum sicut [[Carcer Andersonvillensis]] in [[Georgia (CFA)|Georgia]], ubi paene tredecim milia captivorum Unionis [[fames|fame]] [[morbus|morboque]] interfecti sunt.&lt;ref&gt;McPherson 1988:791–798.&lt;/ref&gt;

Contra inopia hominum, plurimi Confoederationis duces ante 1865 servis armatis ut [[miles|militarent]] repugnabant, nam ei, ut bellum traherent, servis dumtaxat operariis abusi sunt. [[Howell Cobb]] ait, &quot;Si servi bene militare possunt, nostra tota servitutis doctrina se fallit.&quot; Anno 1865, [[Patricius Cleburne]] et [[Robertus Eduardus Lee|Robertus E. Lee]] generales Meridionales proposuerunt ut servi armarentur, et [[Jefferson Davis]] ad extremum persuasus est accipere consilia servorum armatorum ut clades militaris vitata esset. Maximus autem Confoederationis exercitus sese apud [[Appomattox Court House]] dedidit antequam hoc consilium confieri potuisset.&lt;ref&gt;McPherson 1988:831-837.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Manumissionis Edictum]] Meridionalem auxilii ex [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britannia]] et [[Francia]] spem in inritum redegit. Clementia Lincoln civitates finitimas, Democratos Belli, et servos manumissos induxit ut pro Unione pugnarent.&lt;ref&gt;McPherson 1988:557–558, 563.&lt;/ref&gt; Civitates finitimae in dicione Unionis—[[Kentukia]], [[Missuria]], [[Terra Mariae]], [[Delavaria]], et [[Virginia Occidentalis]]—a Manumissionis Edicto non comprehensae sunt, sed omnes, Kentukia et Delavaria exceptis, servitutem sua sponte aboleverunt.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.slavenorth.com/delaware.htm Douglas Harper, ''Slavery in Delaware'' (2003)].&lt;/ref&gt; Maxima pars 4 millionum servorum a Manumissionis Edicto paulatim liberata est, cum [[Exercitus Unionis]] ad meridiem progrediret. &lt;!--The [[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|13th amendment]] (McPherson 1988:840–842) ratified 6 Decembris 1865, finally freed the remaining slaves in Kentukia, Delavaria, et [[Nova Caesarea]], that numbered 225&amp;thinsp;000 for Kentukia, 1800 in Delavaria, et duodeviginti in Nova Caesarea anno 1860.&lt;ref&gt;U. S. Census of 1860.&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt;

== Minae interventionis aliarum civitatum ==
[[Fasciculus:William Seward, Secretary of State, bw photo portrait circa 1860-1865.jpg|thumb|[[Gulielmus Henricus Seward|Gulielmus H. Seward]], [[Secretarius Civitatis Civitatum Foederatarum]], 1861–1869. Photographema circa 1861–1865.]]
Si [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britannia]] et [[Francia]] pro Confoederatione [[bellum]] gessissent, civitatum meridionalium potestas libertatis ab [[Unio (CFA)|Unione]] captae valde auxisset. Lincoln ergo et [[Gulielmus Henricus Seward|Gulielmus H. Seward]], Secretarius Civitatis, hunc eventum avertere strenue conabantur: ne quaelibet respublica Confoederatas Civitates Americae publice novisset, bellum movere minitabantur. Anno 1861, duces meridionales, oeconomicam in [[Europa]] [[depressio oeconomica|depressionem]] incipere sperantes quae fecisset ut Britannia bellum ad [[gossypium]] obtinendum gereret, [[navis|naves]] gossypii sua voluntate vetabant. Haec &quot;[[diplomatia gossypiii]]&quot; improsper evenit: Europae praeterea erat gossypium, sed frugum defectiones in Europa annis [[1860]], [[1861]], et [[1862]] significatio [[frumentum|frumenti]] exportationis ex civitatibus septentrionalibus magnopere amplificabat. Importatione frumenti ex civitatibus septentrionalibus a quarta summae parte paene ad dimidiam aucta, &quot;[[Zea]] Rex&quot; habebatur &quot;esse [[Gossypium Rex|Gossypio Rege]] potentior.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;McPherson 1988:386.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fasciculus:Charles Francis Adams.jpg|thumb|left|225px|[[Carolus Franciscus Adams Maior|Carolus Franciscus Adams]], [[legatus (civilitas)|legatus]] Civitatum Foederatarum ad Britanniam missus.]]

Cum Britanniae inopia [[gossypium|gossypii]] usu venit, rerum status solum ad tempus fuit, cultu aucto in [[Aegyptus|Aegypto]] et [[India]] substituto. Bellum interea novam praebuit occasionem armamentariis, ferrariis, navibusque Britannicis quae arma transportabant.&lt;ref&gt;Allen Nevins, ''War for the Union 1862–1863,'' pp. 263–264.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Carolus Franciscus Adams Maior|Carolus Franciscus Adams]], [[legatus (civilitas)|legatus]] Civitatum Foederatarum ad Britanniam, fuit calidissumus ad causam [[Unio (CFA)|Unionis]] promotam, et duces Britannici obsidionem provocare nolebant. Confoederatio nihilominus nonnullas [[navis bellica|naves bellicas]] ab structoribus navium in Britannia emit, quarum celeberrima, [[Alabama (navis)|''Alabama'']], conspicuam effecit noxam, et ad graves [[Postulationes Alabamae|controversias post bellum]] duxit. Omnium tamen opinio contra [[servitus|servitutem]] viros politicae peritos Europaeos, praecipue in Britannia, compellebat. In conspectum e longinquo, dabatur bellum anno 1861 exeunte inter Civitates Foederatas et Britanniam de [[Res Trent|Re Trent]] ([[Anglice]]: ''Trent Affair''), quia nautae [[Classis Unionis]] Britannicam litterarum [[navis vaporaria postalis|navem vaporariam postalem]]&lt;!--mail steamer--&gt; conscenderant et duos Confoederationis legatos ceperant; [[Londinium]] autem, et [[Vasingtonia]], legatis a Lincoln liberatis, haec impedimenta exoneraverunt.

Anno [[1862]], Britanni de [[pax|pace]] conciliata deliberabant—quamquam etiam arbitrium subicere amicitiam cum Civitatibus Foederatis in periculum adduceret. Tradebatur [[Henricus Ioannes Temple, Vicecomes Palmerston Tertius|Dominus Palmerston]], hanc quaestionem considerans, librum ''[[Uncle Tom's Cabin]]'' ter legisse.&lt;ref&gt;Stephen B. Oates, ''The Approaching Fury: Voices of the Storm 1820–1861,'' p. 125.&lt;/ref&gt; Unionis victoria in [[Proelium Antietamense|Proelio Antietamensi]] fecit ut homines Britannici hanc sententiam tardarent. [[Manumissionis Edictum]] porro Confoederationis adiutae periculum firmavit. Contra Confoederationis adfectum, [[Interventus Francicus in Mexico|comprehensio Mexici]] Franciam a bellando cum Unione deterruit. Post nonnullos belli annos, Civitates Confoederatae servitutem finitam obtulerunt si Britannia et Francia Confoederationem per diplomatiam probavissent, sed [[Londinium]] et [[Lutetia]] hanc sententiam serio deliberaverunt numquam.

== Victoria et postea ==
Sunt inter [[Historia|rerum gestarum scriptores]] disceptatio contentioque num [[Civitates Confoederatae Americae|Confoederatio]] bellum conficere posset. Plurimi eruditi vehementius dicunt Unionem industriae numerique hominum opportunitatem habuisse quod superari non potuit. Actiones Confoederatas, argumentantur, cladem tantum tardavisse. [[Shelby Foote]], [[historicus]] Meridianus, censuit: &quot;Septentrionalis bellum solum una manu pugnavit. Si fuissent plures victoriae Meridianae, et multo plures, Septentrionalis ambabus manibus pugnavisset. Nego Meridianis umquam fuisse belli conficiendi facultas.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ward 1990:272.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Confoederatio libertatem adsequi diutius durando quam Lincoln conata est; [[Atlanta]] autem casa, et [[Georgius Brinton McClellan|McClellan]] in [[Comitia praesidentialia anni 1864|comitiis anni 1864]] devicto, Meridionalis victoriae civilis spes finem habuit. Eo tempore, Lincoln auxilium [[civitas finitima (Bellum Civile Americanum)|civitatum finitarum]], [[Democrati Belli|Democratorum Belli]], [[servus|servorum]] manumissorum, et [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britanniae]] [[Francia]]eque adeptus erat. Democratis et McClellan victis, [[Aenearii (politica)|Aenearios]]&lt;!--Copperheads--&gt; et eorum consilium pacis superavit.&lt;ref&gt;McPherson 1988:771–772.&lt;/ref&gt; Invenit is praeterhac duces militares, praecipue inter eos [[Ulixes S. Grant|Grant]] et [[Gulielmus Tecumseh Sherman|Sherman]], qui numerorum opportunitatem adhibebant. Praefecti generales [[sanguis|sanguinem]] neglectentes bellum confecerunt. Ab anno 1864 exeunte, Meridionalis [[spes|spe]] plerumque carebat.
{| align=right class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; margin:2em&quot;
|+ Comparatio Unionis et Confoederationis
! !! Unio !! Confoederatio
|-
| Numerus incolarum || 22&amp;thinsp;100&amp;thinsp;000 (71%) || 9&amp;thinsp;100&amp;thinsp;000 (29%)
|-
| Homines liberi || 21&amp;thinsp;700&amp;thinsp;000 || 5&amp;thinsp;600&amp;thinsp;000
|-
| Servi in civitatibus finitimis, 1860 || 400&amp;thinsp;000 || Ignotum
|-
| Servi Meridionales, 1860 || Nil || 3&amp;thinsp;500&amp;thinsp;000
|-
| Milites || 2&amp;thinsp;100&amp;thinsp;000 (67%) || 1&amp;thinsp;064&amp;thinsp;000 (33%)
|-
| Milia passuum ferrivialia|| 21&amp;thinsp;788 (71%) || 8838 (29%) 
|-
| Res manu factae || 90% || 10%
|-
| Productio armarum incendiarium || 97% || 3%
|-
| Fasces&lt;!--bales--&gt; gossypii, 1860|| Minimum || 4&amp;thinsp;500&amp;thinsp;000 
|-
| Fasces gossypii, 1864|| Minimum || 300&amp;thinsp;000 
|-
| Exportatae CFA merces ante bellum|| 30% || 70%
|}

[[Iacobus M. McPherson]] historicus arguit opportunitatem hominibus facultatibusque victoriam Septentrionalem probabilem sed non inevitabilem fecisse. Confoederationi, ut vinceret, non necesse fuit territorium hostis invadere et capere, sed solum necesse fuit bellum defendendi gerere, ut Septentrionali pretium victoriae esse nimium magnum suaderet; Septentrionali autem necesse fuit magnos territorii hostis tractus devincere et idem tenere, exercitusque Confoederationis superare, ut [[Unio (CFA)|Unio]] vinceret.&lt;ref&gt;James McPherson, ''Why did the Confederacy Lose?''&lt;/ref&gt;

Etiam gravis fuit Praesidis Lincoln eloquentia propositum reipublicae definiendi et eius sollertia [[civitas finitima (Bellum Civile Americanum)|civitates finitimas]] commovendi ut eae in causa Unionis perseverarent. Etsi tamen Lincoln ad [[manumissio]]nem lente movebat, [[Manumissionis Edictum]] fuit efficax praesidis potentiarum belli usus.&lt;ref&gt;Don Fehrenbacher, ''Lincoln's Wartime Leadership: The First Hundred Days'' (University of Illinois 2004), https://web.archive.org/web/20060513052953/http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jala/9/fehrenbacher.html%7Cdate%3D2004%7Cpublisher%3DUniversity of Illinois.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Oeconomia]] Septentrionalis, amplius industrializata quam Meridionalis, productionem [[arma|armorum]], munitionum, copiarum, et in rebus pecuniariis et transportatione adiuvit. Tabula has proprietates initio belli monstrat.&lt;ref&gt;Milia passuum [[ferrivia]]lia ex [[Chauncey Depew]], ed., ''One Hundred Years of American Commerce 1795–1895,'' p. 111. Pro aliis datis, vide [http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1860c-01.pdf 1860 US census] et Susan B. Carter, ed., ''The Historical Statistics of the United States: Millennial Edition'' (5 vol.), 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; Varietates per bellum rapide crescebant, dum oeconomia Septentrionalis augebat, et terra Confoederationis se contrahens, oeconomia Meridionalis attenuebatur. Anno 1861, numerus incolarum Unionis fuit fere viginti duo millionae, et Confoederationis novem millionae; inter autem homines Meridionales fuerunt plusquam 3.5 millionae servorum et 5.5 millionae albi&lt;!--, thus leaving the South's white population outnumbered by a ratio of more than four to one compared with that of the North--&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Crocker 2006: 162.&lt;/ref&gt;

Augebatur dissimilitudo dum Unio magis et magis terram Meridionalem praesidiis cohibebat, et Trans-Mississippiensem Confoederationis partem abscidit. Initio belli, Unio plusquam 80 centesimas navalium, [[navis vaporaria|navium vaporarium]], [[navis fluminis|navium fluminis]], et classium cohibebat, quas magno navium structarum consilio amplificabat—quod Unioni facultatem fecit systematum fluviatilium regnatorum omniumque litorum Meridionalium obsessorum.&lt;ref&gt;McPherson 1988: 313–16, 392–93.&lt;/ref&gt; Excellentes [[urbs|urbium]] Unionis nexus ferriviarii copias commeatusque rapide et viliter moveri sinebant. [[Transportatio]] erat multum tardior et difficilior in civitatibus Meridionalibus, qui non poterant suum rete ferriviarium augere, damnum reficere, etiam conservationem usitatam moliri.&lt;ref&gt;Heidler 2002:1591–1598.&lt;/ref&gt;

Quoniam [[Jefferson Davis]] efficientis sustinere coniunctiones cum [[gubernator]]ibus civitatum (praecipue [[Iosephus E. Brown|Iosepho E. Brown]] [[Georgia (CFA)|Georgiae]] et [[Zebulon Baird Vance]] [[Carolina Septentrionalis|Carolinae Septentrionalis]]) non potuit, sua potestas facultatum regionum eductarum impediabatur.&lt;ref&gt;McPherson 1988:432–444.&lt;/ref&gt; Confoederationis opinio quod oeconomia mundi a &quot;[[Gossypium Rex|Gossypio Rege]]&quot; regebatur malum legationum opus generavit, sicut recusationem imponere gossypium in naves ante initium obsidionis.&lt;ref&gt;Heidler 2002:598–603.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Manumissionis Edictum]] Americanos-Africanos—nigros liberos servosque effugientis—se cum [[Exercitus Unionis|Exercitu Unionis]] coniungere sivit, et fere 190 000 causam ultro susceperunt.&lt;ref&gt;''Black Regiments'' (http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USACWcolored.htm).%3C&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;!--, further enhancing the numerical advantage the Union armies enjoyed over the Confederates, who did not dare allow blacks to enlist for fear of undermining the legitimacy of slavery.--&gt; Servi manumissi officia praesidiorum plerumque faciebant, qui autem multa proelia annis 1864 et 1865 vere pugnabant.&lt;ref&gt;Ira Berlin et al., eds. ''Freedom's Soldiers: The Black Military Experience in the Civil War'' (1998).&lt;/ref&gt; Permulti [[Immigratio ad Civitates Foederatas|advenae]] ex [[Europa]] se cum Exercitu Unionis coniungebant, fere 177&amp;thinsp;000 hominum in [[Germania]] natorum,&lt;ref&gt;Albert Bernhardt Faust, ''The German Element in the United States'' (1909) [http://books.google.com/books?id=4xgOAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA522&amp;lpg=PA522&amp;dq=germans+AND+civil+AND+war+AND+gould&amp;source=web&amp;ots=KhtwwD2mGo&amp;sig=7rs7jopLtN3azHzg0pBDsKVlTf4&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;resnum=1&amp;ct=result#PPA523,M1 p. 523].&lt;/ref&gt; et 144&amp;thinsp;000 in [[Hibernia]].

=== Reconstructio ===
{{Vide-etiam|Aetas Reconstructionis}}
Duces Septentrionales victoriam requirere plus quam intermissionem dimicationis consentiebant, et eam conficere duo belli consilia: secessionem omnino repudiari, et omnia [[servitus|servitutis]] genera aboleri. Ei inter se acriter discrepabant de normis&lt;!--Unclear what :en: means by &quot;criteria&quot; (=normae)--&gt; horum consiliorum.&lt;!--, the degree of federal control that should be imposed on the South, and the process by which Southern states should be reintegrated into the Union.--&gt; Reconstructio—bello ineunte coepta, anno [[1877]] finita—multiplices et cito commutantes rei publicae gerendae rationes requisiit. Stabilis eventus fuit tres [[Emendationes Reconstructionis|emendationes]] [[Constitutio CFA|Constitutionis Civitatum Foederatarum]]: [[Emendatio Tredecima]], quae servitutem abolevit; [[Emendatio Quarta Decima]], quae fides publicas civibus sine generis respectu aeque concessit; et [[Emendatio Quinta Decima]], quae suffragii onera genere condita abolevit. Reconstructio in variis civitatibus variis temporibus finem habuit, in ultimis tribus a [[Compromissum anni 1877|Compromisso anni 1877]] confirmata.

Pro singulis de eversione fidum publicarum ab emendationibus [[Emendatio Quarta Decima Constitutionis CFA|Quarta Decima]] et [[Emendatio Quinta Decima Constitutionis CFA|Quinta Decima]], vide:
* [[Aetas Reconstructionis]]&lt;ref&gt;Eric Foner, ''Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution 1863-1877,'' Harper &amp; Row, 1988.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Causae publicae
** ''[[United States v. Cruikshank]]'' (1875) 
** ''[[Causae Iurum Civilium]]'' (1883)
** ''[[Plessy v. Ferguson]]'' (1896)
** ''[[Williams v. Mississippi]]'' (1898) 
** ''[[Giles v. Harris]]'' (1903)
* [[Leges Iacobuli Corvi]]&lt;!--Jim Crow laws--&gt; 
* [[Motus pro civilibus Africanorum-Americanorum iuribus]]
* [[Redemptio (historia CFA)]]
* [[Suffragii privatio post Aetatem Reconstructionis in Civitatibus Foederatis]]

{{NexInt}}
*[[Index rerum Belli Civilis Americani]]
*[[Harrietta Tubman]]&lt;!--
*[[Adversaria ad Bellum Civile Americanum]]
*&quot;[[American Civil War reenactment]]&quot;
*[[Canada in Bello Civili Americano]]
*[[Cinema et televisio de Bello Civili Americano]]
*''[[The Civil War (series televisifica)|The Civil War]]'' (series televisifica)
*[[Coloniae Confederatae]]
*&quot;[[Confederados]]&quot;
*[[Germani-Americani in Bello Civili]]
*[[Index bellorum et cladum per mortes]]
*[[Index ludorum de Bello Civili Americano]]
*[[Index quorum Clipeum Honoris abstulerunt]]
*[[Militaris Africanorum Americanorum in Bello Civili historia]]
*[[Museum Civitatis de Bello Civili]]
*[[Tempora actionum militarium CFA]]
*[[United States casualties of war]]--&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
=== Libri generales ===
* Beringer, Richard E., Archer Jones, et Herman Hattaway. [[1986]]a. ''The Elements of Confederate Defeat: Nationalism, War Aims, and Religion.'' Versio abbreviata.
* Beringer, Richard E., Archer Jones, et Herman Hattaway. [[1986]]b. ''Why the South Lost the Civil War.''
* Boritt, Gabor S., ed. [[1995]]. ''War Comes Again.'' Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-508845-8.
* [[Bruce Catton|Catton, Bruce]]. [[1960]]. ''The Civil War.'' American Heritage. ISBN 0-8281-0305-4.
* [[Bruce Catton|Catton, Bruce]]. [[2001]]. ''Never Call Retreat.'' Londinii: Phoenix Press. ISBN 1-84212-291-6.
* Crocker, H. W. III. [[2006]]. ''Don't Tread on Me.'' Novi Eboraci: Crown Forum. ISBN 978-1-4000-5363-6.
* Davis, William C. [[1983]]. ''The Imperiled Union, 1861–1865.'' 3 vol.
* Donald, David, et al. [[2001]]. ''The Civil War and Reconstruction.''
* Eicher, David J. [[2001]]. ''The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War.'' ISBN 0-684-84944-5.
* Ellis, Richard E. [[1987]]. ''The Union at Risk: Jacksonian Democracy, States' Rights, and the Nullification Crisis.''
* Fellman, Michael, et al. [[2007]]. ''This Terrible War: The Civil War and Its Aftermath.'' 2a ed.
* Foote, Shelby. [[1974]]. ''The Civil War: A Narrative.'' 3 vol. ISBN 0-394-74913-8.
* Freehling, William W. [[1965]]. ''Prelude to Civil War: The Nullification Crisis in South Carolina 1816–1836.''
* Gienapp, William E. N.d. &quot;The Crisis of American Democracy: The Political System and the Coming of the Civil War.&quot; In ''Why the Civil War Came.'' Edidit Boritt.
* [[James M. McPherson|McPherson, James M.]] [[1983]]. Antebellum Southern Exceptionalism: A New Look at an Old Question. ''Civil War History'' 29.
* [[James M. McPherson|McPherson, James M.]] [[1988]]. ''Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era.'' Oxford History of the United States. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-503863-0.
* [[James M. McPherson|McPherson, James M.]] [[1992]]. ''Ordeal By Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction.'' Ed. 2a
* [[James M. McPherson|McPherson, James M.]] [[1996]]. ''Drawn with the Sword: Reflections on the American Civil War.'' Novi Eboraci: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509679-7.
* Neely, Mark E. Jr. [[2004]]. Was the Civil War a Total War? ''Civil War History'' 50:434ff.
* Nevins, Allan. [[1947]]–[[1971]] ''Ordeal of the Union.'' 8 vol. 1, ''Fruits of Manifest Destiny, 1847–1852.'' 2, ''A House Dividing, 1852–1857.'' 3, ''Douglas, Buchanan, and Party Chaos, 1857–1859.'' 4, ''Prologue to Civil War, 1859–1861.'' 5, ''The Improvised War, 1861–1862.'' 6, ''War Becomes Revolution, 1862–1863.'' 7, ''The Organized War, 1863–1864.'' 8, ''The Organized War to Victory, 1864–1865.''
* Potter, David Morris. [[1976]]. ''The Impending Crisis: 1848–1861.'' Edidit Don E. Fehrenbacher. Novi Eboraci: Harper &amp; Rowe. ISBN 0-06-013403-8.
* Rhodes, James Ford. [[1918]]. [http://www.bartleby.com/252/ ''History of the Civil War, 1861–1865]. Versio abbreviata.
* Stampp, Kenneth M. [[1981]]. ''The Imperiled Union: Essays on the Background of the Civil War.''
* Ward, Geoffrey C. [[1990]]. ''The Civil War.'' [De serie televisifica a Ken Burns facta.]
* Weigley, Russell Frank. [[2004]]. ''A Great Civil War: A Military and Political History, 1861–1865.''

=== Libri referentiae et bibliographiae ===
* Blair, Jayne E. [[2006]]. ''The Essential Civil War: A Handbook to the Battles, Armies, Navies And Commanders.''
* Carter, Alice E., et Richard Jensen. [[2003]]. ''The Civil War on the Web: A Guide to the Very Best Sites.'' 2a ed.
* Current, Richard N., et al., eds. [[1993]]. ''Encyclopedia of the Confederacy.'' 4 vol. ISBN 0-13-275991-8.
* Esposito, Vincent J. [[1995]]. ''West Point Atlas of American Wars.''
* Faust, Patricia L., ed. [[1986]]. ''Historical Times Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Civil War.'' ISBN 0-06-181261-7.
* Heidler, David Stephen, ed. [[2002]]. ''Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History.''
* Long, E. B., cum Barbara Long. [[1971]]. ''The Civil War Day by Day: An Almanac 1861–1865.'' Novi Eboraci: Doubleday. 
* Resch, John P., et al. [[2005]]. ''Americans at War: Society, Culture and the Homefront, vol 2: 1816–1900.''
* Tulloch, Hugh. [[1999]]. ''The Debate on the American Civil War Era.''
* Wagner, Margaret E., Gary W. Gallagher, et Paul Finkelman, eds. [[2002]]. ''The Library of Congress Civil War Desk Reference.''
* Woodworth, Steven E., ed. [[1996]]. ''American Civil War: A Handbook of Literature and Research.'' ISBN 0-313-29019-9.[http://www.questia.com/read/14877569?title=The%20American%20Civil%20War%3a%20A%20Handbook%20of%20Literature%20and%20Research].

=== Biographiae ===
* [http://www.anb.org/aboutanb.html ''American National Biography.''] [[1999]]. 24 vol.
* McHenry, Robert, ed. [[1978]]. ''Webster's American Military Biographies.''
* Warner, Ezra J. [[1959]]. ''Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders.'' ISBN 0-8071-0823-5.
* Warner, Ezra J. [[1964]]. ''Generals in Blue: Lives of the Union Commanders.'' ISBN 0-8071-0822-7.

=== Historiographia ===
* Hofstadter, Richard. [[1969]]. ''The Progressive Historians: Turner, Beard, Parrington.''

=== Milites ===
* Berlin, Ira, et al., eds. [[1998]]. ''Freedom's Soldiers: The Black Military Experience in the Civil War.''
* Hess, Earl J. [[1997]]. ''The Union Soldier in Battle: Enduring the Ordeal of Combat.''
* McPherson, James. [[1998]]. ''For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War.''
* Wiley, Bell Irvin. [[1952]]. ''Life of Billy Yank: The Common Soldier of the Union.'' ISBN 0-8071-0476-0.
* Wiley, Bell Irvin. [[1962]]. ''The Life of Johnny Reb: The Common Soldier of the Confederacy.'' ISBN 0-8071-0475-2.

=== Proelia ===
* Sears, Stephen W. [[1983]]. ''Landscape Turned Red: The Battle of Antietam.'' Ticknor &amp; Fields / Houghton Mifflin Co.

=== Fontes primarii ===
* Commager, Henry Steele. [[1950]]. ''The Blue and the Gray: The Story of the Civil War as Told by Participants.''
* Hesseltine, William B., ed. [[1962]]. ''The Tragic Conflict: The Civil War and Reconstruction.'' Novi Eboraci: G. Braziller.
* Linden, Glenn M. [[2001]]. ''Voices from the Gathering Storm: The Coming of the American Civil War.'' Rowman &amp; Littlefield. ISBN 0-8420-2999-0. [http://books.google.com/books?id=F20ZsA5ZeeEC&amp;pg=PA184&amp;lpg=PA184&amp;dq=Prevent+%22any+of+our+friends+from+demoralizing+themselves%22&amp;source=web&amp;ots=-Gel_R70_T&amp;sig=6dQstqsFPcVDPiWeImsbzp_8Gbg&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;resnum=1&amp;ct=result#PPA183,M1. liber apud books.google.com]
* Woodward, C. Vann, ed. [[1981]]. ''Mary Chesnut's Civil War.'' Portus Novus: Yale University Press.
===Miscellanea===
*Meier, Martin. [[1998]]. &quot;De iubilaeis hoc anno celebrandis: Quo modo Civitates Unitae Americae anno 1848&lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/small&gt; magnarum hodierni territorii sui partium potitae sint.&quot; ''Rumor Varius'' 21, no. 126 (5+6, 13 Decembris): 129–132. [http://www.eclectica.ch/pdf/rumor_varius_126.pdf PDF.]

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101027121919/http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1429 Bellum Civile in Alabama, Encyclopedia Alabamae]
* https://web.archive.org/web/20140903021112/http://www.nps.gov/history/NR/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/11andersonville/11andersonville.htm ''Andersonvilla: Carcer captivorum'']
* [http://www.vlib.us/eras/civil_war.html Bellum Civile Americanum, 1855–1865 (WWW-VL: Historia)]
* [http://cwba.blogspot.com/ Blog librorum et scriptorum de Bello Civili]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070703201217/http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/73morgan/73morgan.htm ''Castella Morgan et Proelium Sinu Mobilis'']
* [http://civilwarcauses.org/ Causae Belli Civilis]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081024053430/http://www.pbs.org/civilwar/ ''The Civil War''], documentarium [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]] a [[Ken Burns]] factum
* [http://cwbn.blogspot.com/ &quot;Civil War Bookshelf&quot;]
* [http://www.civilwar.org Civil War Preservation Trust]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100328222138/http://www.gvsu.edu/library/digitalcollections/index.cfm?id=9A240EF6-E2F4-52AB-1F9B01D680D9DCFB Conlectio digitalis de Bello Civili Universitatis Civitatis Vallis Grandis]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090811064152/http://www.gettysburg.edu/library/gettdigital/civil_war/civilwar.htm Conlectio digitalis temporis Belli Civilis apud Collegium Gettysburgi]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/19980128034930/http://sunsite.utk.edu/civil-war/reasons.html Declarationes Secessionis Causarum]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110813160107/http://civil.war-letters.com/ Epistolae Belli Civilis], fontes primari&lt;!-- et First Person Accounts.--&gt;
* [http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?documentprint=76 Oratio Lapis Anguli ab Alexandro Hamiltonio Stephens habita]
* [http://www.archives.gov/research/civil-war/photos/index.html Photographemata Belli Civilis] apud National Archives and Records Administration
* [http://www.civilwarhome.com/lincolntroops.htm Postulatio militum ab Abrahamo Lincoln facta]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080102180529/http://www.civil-war.net/ Publicus Belli Civilis situs]
* [http://www.cnn.com/2009/LIVING/06/12/mf.civil.war/index.html Septem Belli Civilia Fabulae Quas Magister Numquam Tibi Dixit], ab Erico Johnson scriptae, ''CNN'', 12 Iunii 2009
* [http://www.brettschulte.net/CWBlog TOCWOC blog de Bello Civili]
* [http://sunsite.utk.edu/civil-war/generals.html Universitas Tennessiae: Duces Belli Civilis CFA]

{{Bellum 1861 Civile}}
{{FA stella}}
{{1000 paginae}}
{{Myrias|Historia}}

[[Categoria:Bellum Civile Americanum|!]]
[[Categoria:Bella civilia]]
[[Categoria:Historia Civitatum Foederatarum]]</text>
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    <title>Cirrhosis hepatis</title>
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{{cautio}}
[[Fasciculus:Hepaticfailure.jpg|thumb|Abdomen hominis aegroti molem cumulans fluidi ([[ascites]]) et [[vena]]s crassescentes portans]]
[[Fasciculus:Liver Cirrhosis.png|thumb|upright=1.4|Ad laevam iecur sanum, ad dexteram iecur '''cirrhosi''' corrugatum]]
'''Cirrhosis hepatis'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Arnaudov&quot;&gt;Arnaudov, G. D. (1964), ''Terminologia medica polyglotta. Latinum-Bulgarski-Russkij-English-Français-Deutsch'' (Serdicae: Editio medicina et physcultura).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pinkhof2012&quot;&gt;Everdingen, J. J. E. van, Eerenbeemt, A. M. M. van den (2012), ''Pinkhof Geneeskundig woordenboek,'' editio 12 (Holtenii: Bohn Stafleu Van Loghum).&lt;/ref&gt; (a [[verbum (generale)|verbo]] [[Lingua Graeca antiqua|Graeco]] ''κίρρος'' ob [[color]]em in fulvum et gilvum vergentem iecoris hoc morbo aegri) ([[ICD-10]]: K74) est [[morbus]] chronicus [[iecur|iecoris]], in quo pro [[textum (biologia)|texto]] iecoris substituuntur texta [[cicatrix|cicatricosa]] propter [[virus|vira]] aut immodicum [[alcohol|alcoholis]] aut aliorum [[venenum|venenorum]] usum facta. Hic morbus insanabilis est et ad [[cancer|cancrum]] [[Carcinoma hepatocellulare|iecoris]] ducere potest, nisi per translationem iecoris alieni curatur. Cirrhosis hepatica primum a [[pathologia|pathologo]] [[Ioannes Baptista Morgagni|Ioanne Baptista Morgagni]] in libro ''De sedibus, et causis morborum per anatomen indagatis'' (edito Venetiae, anno 1761) descripta est.

== Causae (aetiologia) ==
* [[Alcoholismus]]
* [[Carcinoma hepatocellulare]]
* Cirrhosis biliaris
* [[Hepatitis B]]
* [[Hepatitis C]]
* [[Morbus Wilson]]
* [[Haemochromatosis]]

== Rationes clinicae ==
Praesentia cirrhosis hepaticae perito [[pharmacologia]]e obstringit detrimento iecoris cavere. Igitur commendationes medicamenta adhibendi pernecesse sunt&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Weersink R. A., Bouma M., Burger D. M., Drenth J. P. H., Harkes-Idzinga S. F., Hunfeld N. G. M., Metselaar H. J., Monster-Simons M. H., Taxis K., Borgsteede S. D. |title=Evidence-Based Recommendations to Improve the Safe Use of Drugs in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis |journal=Drug safety |year=2018 |month=Iun |volume=41 |issue=6 |pages=603-13 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29330714}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Fibrosis]]
* [[Hepatocytus]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/cirrhosis/ De cirrhose iecoris].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160705053741/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cirrhosis.html De cirrhose iecoris].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160311015524/http://ctcases.net/ct-cases-database/4%20abdomen%20and%20pelvis/1%20liver/4.1.7%20cirrhotic%20liver%20 Cirrhosis hepatis] - CT Cases.net

[[Categoria:Gastroenterologia]]
[[Categoria:Hepatologia]]
[[Categoria:Morbi]]

{{Myrias|Biologia}}</text>
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    <title>Censorinus</title>
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      <text bytes="3807" sha1="3sol31kygayezeyc77l7uizeprluymm" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Censorinus, De die natali, Cologne, Ms. 166.jpg|thumb|Censorini operis pagina manu scripta nunc in bibliotheca cathedrali Coloniae reperta, 166, fol. 232r (octavi saeculi)]]

'''Censorinus''' fuit [[scriptor]] Latinus eruditus, qui floruit medio fere saeculo tertio post Christum natum. De eo paucas notitias nobis tradidit [[Priscianus]] [[Grammatica|grammaticus]], qui vixit inter quartum et quintum saeculum post Christum natum. Censorinus fuit vir poligraphus, idest auctor plurium operum, in quibus divulgavit doctrinas auctorum Graecorum et Latinorum antiquiorum, quae tamen nobis traditae non sunt. Inter eius li-bros Priscianus laudat, exempli gratia, librum De accentibus, qui nobis non est traditus. Proditus est autem liber De die natali ad Quintum Caerellium, quem habemus quamquam imperfectum, attamen utilissimum. Hanc autem operam Censorinus scripsit ad honorandum Quintum Caerellium, munificum amicum nonum et quadragesimum annum vitae complentem. 

Liber autem constat ex viginti quattuor capitula, quae pertinent non solum ad diem natalem Caerellii, sed etiam ad aliquas quaestiones de vita hominis eiusque diuturnitate. Operis forma apparet rationaliter delineata: prima sectio est introductio generalis, quae pertinet ad Genium, idest ad divinitatem quae vitam hominis tutelat; sequuntur duae sectiones declarativae, in quibus tractantur aliquot quaestiones, quaeque connectuntur secundum rationem propriam, anthropologicam vel chronologicam. In sectione anthropologica agitur de origine speciei humanae, de partus gerendi tempus, de origine seminis, de incremento embrionis, de legibus musicae, quae regunt gestationes et initium nascendi, de doctrina embriologica, de temporibus et de spatio vitae, de annis climactericis, idest periculosis, de longaevitate. In sectione chronologica scriptor explanat notionem temporis, distinguit inter tempus absolutun (tempus) et tempus relativum (aevum); illustrat temporis computationem, nec non partitionem (saeculum naturale, saeculum civile, annum naturalem, annum solarem, magnos annos, annos civiles variorum populorum, seriem astronomorum, olympiades, lustra, annum primitivum Romanorum, cum correctionibus nec non reformationibus, eras distinctas a doctis viris et erarum magnitudo, menses naturales et menses civiles, dies naturales et dies civiles variorum populorum, discos solares, antiquas partitiones noctis et diei apud Romanos). Hoc loco desinit opusculum, ut mea sententia verisimile est, quia ignoramus alia documenta eiusdem scripti.
	
Notabilis est digressio, in qua scriptor, loquens de eris distinctis a viris doctis et de earum spatio, sequens rationem et viam Marci Terentii Varronis Reatini, multa diligentia et subtilitate, qua nemo scriptor antiquus usus est, explicat annum in quo ipse scribit, idest annum [[238]] post Christum natum. Id tantum notabile est, quod aevo antiquo et [[Medium aevum|aevo medio]] nemo servabat tabulas censorias indicantes diem natalem uniuscuiusque civium. Exempli gratia in aetate media omnes ignorabant diem natalem [[Carolus Magnus|Caroli Magni]] imperatoris, sicut testatur [[Einhardus]], qui Caroli Magni vitam accurate narravit.

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Censorinus/home.html ''de Die natali''] apud [[LacusCurtius]]

== Bibliographia ==
* Lege, si vis, hunc librum: Censorini De die natali liber ad Q. Caerellium, prefazione, testo critico, traduzione e commento a cura di Carmelo A. Rapisarda, Pàtron Editore (Collana “Edizioni e saggi universitari di filologia classica”), [[Bononia]]e, anno [[1991]].
* {{Fabricius Latina}} pp. 537-540

[[Categoria:Philologi Romani antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Imperii Romani]]
[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 3]]
[[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 3]]</text>
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    <title>Nicolaus II Franciscus</title>
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      <text bytes="1570" sha1="p7h66yxtg1rsmxdp0hmp8jvbicrqqd4" xml:space="preserve">{{Cardinalis Ecclesiae Catholicae|
|nomen=Nicolaus II Franciscus Lorraine-Vaudémont|
|titulus= |
|munus=    |
|imago=Nicolas-François-duc-de-Lorraine.jpg
|descriptio=|
|natus= [[6 Decembris]] [[1609]] |
|ordinatus= |
|episcopus= [[14 Septembris]] [[1624]]|
|consacratus= |
|promulgatus= ([[19 Ianuarii]] [[1626]])|
|a papa=[[Urbanus VIII|Urbano VIII]]|
|mortuus= [[25 Ianuarii]] [[1670]] |
|vexillum=COA Cardinal de Lorraine.svg|
|va=
|ch=
|cr=
}}
'''Nicolaus II Franciscus''' (natus ''Nicolas François de Lorraine-Vaudémont'' die [[6 Decembris]] [[1609]] - mortuus est die [[25 Ianuarii]] [[1670]]) fuit [[episcopus]], [[cardinalis]] ac breviter [[Ducatus Lotharingiae|dux Lotharingiae]]  [[19 Ianuarii]] usque ad [[1 Aprilis]] [[1634]].

== Vita ==

Nicolaus II Franciscus numquam [[diaconia]]m accepit. Anno [[1634]] post [[mors|mortem]] [[frater|fratris]] sui dux Lotharingiae factus est et se a cardinalatum die [[4 Martii]] [[1634]] removit, quia die [[17 Februarii]] 1634 consobrina sua Claudia Francisca de Lorraine in uxorem duxerat. Die [[8 Martii]] [[papa]] eum &quot;in nullo e  [[Sacri Ordines|sacris ordinis]] constitutum&quot; declaravit.

== Nexus externus ==
{{CommuniaCat|Nicholas Francis, Duke of Lorraine|Nicolaum II Franciscum}}
{{Fontes biographici}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080227090237/http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1626.htm Curriculum vitae]

{{bio-stipula}}
{{Lifetime|1609|1670|Nicolaus II Franciscus}}
[[Categoria:Duces Lotharingiae]]
[[Categoria:Episcopi Ecclesiae Catholicae]]
[[Categoria:Cardinales]]
[[Categoria:Episcopi Tullenses]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Berceria</title>
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      <text bytes="3185" sha1="j319k3s9d8hd5y7atpx2fbyl0hka2mg" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:BerkshireBrit5.PNG|thumb|Berceriae situs inter comitatus geographicos [[Britanniarum Regnum|regni Britanniarum]]]]

'''Comitatus Berceriensis''' seu '''Berceria''' (Anglice: ''Berkshire'') est comitatus [[Anglia]]e. Oppida comitatus geographici et historici Berceriae potiora sunt [[Bracknell]], [[Hungerford]], [[Lambourn]], [[Maidenhead]], [[Neubiria]], [[Radinga]], [[Windesoria]] et [[Vetus Windesoria]], [[Wokingham]]. Inter oppida et vici modestiora sunt [[Aldermaston]], [[Ascot]], [[Basildon (Berceria)|Basildon]], [[Bray (Berceria)|Bray]], [[Catmore]], [[Cookham]], [[Crowthorne]], [[East Garston]], [[East Hendred|East]] et [[West Hendred]], [[East Ilsley|East]] et [[West Ilsley]], [[Finchampstead]], [[Kintbury]], [[Marsh Benham]], [[Pangbourne]], [[Sandhurst]], [[Sonning]], [[Spinae]], [[Stradleia]], [[Sunningdale]], [[Thatcham]], [[Tilehurst]], [[Twyford (Berceria)|Twyford]], [[Wargrave]], [[Wickham (Berceria)|Wickham]], [[Wideneia]], [[Yattendon]]. Locus huius comitatús excelsissimus est ''[[Walbury Hill]]''.

Oppida nonnulla comitatus geographici et historici Berceriae anno [[1974]] in comitatu sollemni [[Oxoniensis comitatus|Oxoniensi]] transposita sunt: potiora [[Abingdon]] (oppidum antiquissimum, olim Berceriae caput), [[Didcot]], [[Faringdon]], [[Shrivenham]], [[Wallingford]], [[Wantage]]; minora [[Baulking]], [[Hinton Waldrist]], [[Kingston Lisle]], [[Radelea]], [[Shellingford]], [[Stanford in the Vale]], [[Uffington]]. Montes qui olim [[Anglosaxonice]] ''Æscesdun'' (ut qui diceret &quot;mons fraxini&quot;) appellabantur, hodie ''[[Montes Bercerienses|Berkshire Downs]]'' (&quot;montes Bercerienses&quot;), olim intra limites Berceriae comprehensi, hodie ex maiore parte in comitatu Oxoniensi iacent.
 
[[Fasciculus:Berkshire UK locator map 2010.svg|thumb|left|upright=0.75|Berceriae situs inter comitatus sollemnes [[Anglia]]e]]

== Bibliographia ==
* &quot;[http://www.philological.bham.ac.uk/cambrit/barkslat.html#berks1 Barkshire]&quot; in {{Camden Britannia}} {{Ling|Latine|Anglice}}
* &quot;[http://www.archive.org/stream/historyofworthie01full#page/110/mode/2up Barkshire or Berkshire]&quot; in {{Fuller}} vol. 1 pp. 110-163
* &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110916092313/http://british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=50794#s5 Berkshire]&quot; in {{Lewis England}}
* [[Gualterus Gulielmus Skeat|W. W. Skeat]], ''The Place-Names of Berkshire''. Oxonii: Clarendon Press, 1911 [http://www.archive.org/details/placenamesofberk00skea Textus apud archive.org]
* F. M. Stenton, ''The Place-Names of Berkshire: an essay''. Radingae, 1911 [http://www.archive.org/details/placenamesofberk00sten Textus apud archive.org]
* {{VCH}} Berkshire. 4 voll. [[s:en:Index:VCH Berkshire 1.djvu|1]] [http://www.archive.org/details/victoriahistoryo02pageuoft 2] [https://web.archive.org/web/20131031010322/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/source.aspx?pubid=300 3] [https://web.archive.org/web/20100905135613/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/source.aspx?pubid=517 4]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Berkshire|Berceriam}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060814005312/http://www.bbc.co.uk/berkshire/ Pagina Berceriae dicata]


{{geo-stipula}}

{{Comitatus Angliae}}

[[Categoria:Berceria|!]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Andalusia</title>
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      <text bytes="9765" sha1="kf78dgfdrstee6do706tfl9ob24882e" xml:space="preserve">{{latinitas}}
:''Si regionem hodiernam quaeris, vide paginam de [[Vandalitia]].''
[[Fasciculus:Map of expansion of Caliphate.svg|thumb|Aetas caliphatuum: {{legend|#a1584e|[[Muhammad]], 622–632}} {{legend|#ef9070|[[Caliphatus Rashidun]], 632–661}} {{legend|#fad07d|[[Caliphatus Omayadarum]], 661–750}}]]
[[Fasciculus:Map Iberian Peninsula 750-en.svg|thumb|[[Provincia]] al-Andalus anno [[750]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Mezquita-Catedral de Cordoba 01.JPG|thumb|upright|Interiores [[Meschita–Cathedralis Cordubensis|Meschitae–Cathedralis Cordubensis]] partes, olim Maximae Meschitae [[Corduba]]e. Primum [[meschita]] super locum basilicae Sancti Vincentii [[Visigothi|Visigothorum]] anni [[600]] anno [[742]] [[aedificium|aedificatum est]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Spain Andalusia Cordoba BW 2015-10-27 13-54-14.jpg|Corduba|thumb]][[Fasciculus:Al-Andalus-de-910.jpg|thumb|Andalusia anno 910]]

'''Andalusia'''{{FD ref}} ([[Hispanice]] ''al-Ándalus''; [[Arabice]] {{lang|ar|الأندلس}} ''al-ʾAndalus'') fuit [[Paeninsula Iberica]] in dicione [[Musulmanus|Musulmanorum]]. Hoc [[vocabulum]] prioribus [[civitates Islamicae|civitatibus Islamicis]] in [[Iberia]] ab [[historicus|historicis]] hodiernis adhibetur.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gómez-Rivas2014&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Camilo Gómez-Rivas|title=Law and the Islamization of Morocco under the Almoravids: The Fatwās of Ibn Rushd al-Jadd to the Far Maghrib|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eCWeBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1|date=21 Novembris [[2014]]|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-27984-1|pages=1, note 3}}.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Terra]]e huius [[regio]]nis tempore maximi [[spatium|spatii]] [[geographia|geographici]] plurimam [[paeninsula]]e partem&lt;ref name=&quot;FrydeReitz2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Fernando Luis Corral|editor1=Natalie Fryde|editor2=Dirk Reitz|title=Walls, Ramparts, and Lines of Demarcation: Selected Studies from Antiquity to Modern Times|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X9_moud2DyQC&amp;pg=PA67|year=[[2009]]|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=978-3-8258-9478-8|page=67|chapter=The Christian Frontier against al-Andalus (Muslim Spain): concept and politics during the reigns of King Fernando I of Castile and Leon and his successors until 1230}},&lt;/ref&gt; et [[Septimania]]m, partem [[Francia]]e [[meridies|meridianae]] hodiernae, [[saeculum 8|saeculo octavo]] occupaverunt, ac paene uno [[saeculum|saeculo]] (inter saecula [[saeculum 9|nonum]] et [[saeculum 10|decimum]]) dicionem a [[Fraxinet]] per [[transitus]] [[Alpes|alpinos]] quae [[Italia]]m [[Europa Occidentalis|Europamque Occidentalem]] coniungebant extenderunt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Versteegh|first=Kees|date=1 Ianuarii [[1990]]|title=The Arab Presence in France and Switzerland in the 10Th Century|journal=Arabica|language=en|volume=37|issue=3|pages=359–388|doi=10.1163/157005890X00041|issn=1570-0585|jstor=4057147}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wenner|first=Manfred W.|date=Augustus [[1980]]|title=The Arab/Muslim Presence in Medieval Central Europe|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-middle-east-studies_1980-08_12_1/page/59|journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies|language=en|volume=12|issue=1|pages=59–79|doi=10.1017/S0020743800027136|issn=1471-6380|jstor=163627}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Litterae]], [[medicina]], [[poesis]], [[mathematica]] sub imperium [[calipha]]rum et [[rex|regum]] [[floruit|floruerunt]]. 

{{NexInt}}
{{div col|2}}
* [[Alhambra]]
* [[Arabes]]
* [[Granata (Hispania)]]
* [[Mauri]]
* [[Mazaces]]
* [[Recuperatio Hispanica]]
* [[Regnum Granatae]]
* [[Vandalitia]]
{{div col end}}

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliographia==
* Alfonso, Esperanza. [[2007]]. ''Islamic Culture Through Jewish Eyes: al-Andalus from the Tenth to Twelfth Century.'' Novi Eboraci: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-43732-5.
* Al-Djazairi, Salah Eddine. [[2005]]. ''The Hidden Debt to Islamic Civilisation.'' Mancuniae: Bayt Al-Hikma Press. ISBN 0-9551156-1-2.
* Bossong, Georg. [[2002]]. &quot;Der Name ''Al-Andalus'': Neue Überlegungen zu einem alten Problem.&quot; In ''Sounds and Systems: Studies in Structure and Change: A Festschrift for Theo Vennemann,'' ed. David Restle et Dietmar Zaefferer, 149–64. Berolini: Mouton de Gruyter.
* Calderwood, Eric. [[2018]]. ''Colonial al-Andalus: Spain and the making of modern Moroccan culture.'' Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: Harvard University Press
* Cohen, Mark. [[1994]]. ''Under Crescent and Cross: The Jews in the Middle Ages.'' Princetoniae Novae Caesareae: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-01082-X.
* Collins, Roger. [[1989]]. ''The Arab Conquest of Spain, 710–797.'' Oxoniae: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19405-3.
* Dodds, Jerrilynn D. [[1992]]. ''Al-Andalus: the art of Islamic Spain.'' Novi Eboraci: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 9780870996368. [http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/45966/rec/1 Editio interretialis.]
* Fernandez-Morera, Dario. [[2016]]. ''The Myth of the Andalusian Paradise: Muslims, Christians, and Jews under Islamic Rule in Medieval Spain.'' Novi Eboraci: Intercollegiate Studies Institute. ISBN 978-1610170956.
* Frank, Daniel H., et Oliver Leaman. [[2003]]. ''The Cambridge Companion to Medieval Jewish Philosophy.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-65574-9.
* Gerli, E. Michael, ed. [[2003]]. ''Medieval Iberia: An Encyclopedia.'' Novi Eboraci: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-93918-6.
* Halm, Heinz. [[1989]]. &quot;Al-Andalus und Gothica Sors.&quot; [https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/islm.1989.66.2.252/html ''Der Islam''] 66: 252–63.
* Hamilton, Michelle M., Sarah J. Portnoy, et David A. Wacks, eds. [[2004]]. ''Wine, Women, and Song: Hebrew and Arabic Literature in Medieval Iberia.'' Newark Delavariea: Juan de la Cuesta Hispanic Monographs.
* Harzig, Christiane, Dirk Hoerder, ry Adrian Shubert. [[2003]]. ''The Historical Practice in Diversity.'' Berghahn Books. ISBN 1-57181-377-2.
* Jayyusi, Salma Khadra. [[1992]]. ''The Legacy of Muslim Spain.'' 2 vol. Lugduni Batavorum, Novi Eboraci, et Coloniae: Brill.
* Kennedy, Hugh. [[1996]]. ''Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus.'' Londinii: Longman. ISBN 0-582-49515-6.
* Kraemer, Joel. [[1997]]. &quot;Comparing Crescent and Cross.'' [Libri recognitio.] ''The Journal of Religion'' 77 (3): 449–54.
* Kraemer, Joel. [[2005]]. &quot;Moses Maimonides: An Intellectual Portrait.&quot; In ''The Cambridge Companion to Maimonides'', ed. Kenneth Seeskin. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-81974-1.
* Kraemer, Joel. [[2008]]. ''Maimonides: the Life and World of One of Civilization's Greatest Minds.'' Novi Eboraci: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-51199-X.
* Lafuente y Alcántara, Emilio, conv. [[1867]]. ''Akhbār majmūʿa|Ajbar Machmua (colección de tradiciones: crónica anónima del siglo XI, dada a luz por primera vez, traducida y anotada.'' Matriti: Real Academia de la Historia y Geografía.
* Luscombe, David, et Jonathan Riley-Smith, eds. [[2004]]. ''The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 4, c. 1024{{Snd}} c. 1198, Part 1.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-41411-3.
* Marcus, Ivan G. [[1985]]. &quot;Beyond the Sephardic mystique.&quot; ''Orim'' 1: 35–53.
* Marín, Manuela, ed. [[1998]]. ''The Formation of Al-Andalus,'' vol. 1: ''History and Society.'' Aldershot: Ashgate. ISBN|0-86078-708-7.
* Menocal, Maria Rosa. [[2002]]. ''Ornament of the World: How Muslims, Jews, and Christians Created a Culture of Tolerance in Medieval Spain.'' Bostoniae: Little, Brown and Company; Londinii: Back Bay Books. ISBN 0-316-16871-8.
* Monroe, James T. [[1970]]. ''Islam and the Arabs in Spanish scholarship: Sixteenth century to the present.'' Lugduni Batavorum: Brill.
* Monroe, James T. [[1974]]. ''Hispano-Arabic Poetry: A Student Anthology.'' Berkeleiae Californiae: University of California Press.
* Netanyahu, Benzion. [[1995]]. ''The Origins Of The Inquisition in Fifteenth Century Spain.'' Novi Eboraci: Random House. ISBN 0-679-41065-1.
* O'Callaghan, Joseph F. [[1975]]. ''A History of Medieval Spain.'' Ithacae Novi Eboraci: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-9264-5.
* Reilly, Bernard F. [[1993]]. ''The Medieval Spains.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN|0-521-39741-3.
* Roth, Norman. [[1994]]. ''Jews, Visigoths and Muslims in Medieval Spain: Cooperation and Conflict.'' Lugduni Batavorum: Brill. ISBN 90-04-06131-2.
* Sanchez-Albornoz, Claudio. (1965) [[1974]]. ''El Islam de España y el Occidente.'' Matriti: Espasa-Calpe. Colección Austral; 1560. In ''L'occidente e l'islam nell'alto medioevo: 2-8 aprile 1964'', 2 vol. Spoleto: Centro Italiano di studi sull'Alto Medioevo. Series: Settimane di studio del Centro Italiano di studi sull'Alto Medioevo; 12 (1): 149–308.
* Schorsch, Ismar. [[1989]]. &quot;The myth of Sephardic supremacy.&quot; ''The Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook'' 34: 47–66.
* Stavans, Ilan. [[2003]]. ''The Scroll and the Cross: 1,000 Years of Jewish-Hispanic Literature.'' Londinii: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-92930-X.
* Metropolitan Museum of Art. [[1993]]. ''The Art of medieval Spain, A.D. 500–1200.'' Novi Eboraci: Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 0870996851. [http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/45966/rec/1 Editio interretialis.]
* Wasserstein, David J. [[1995]]. &quot;Jewish élites in Al-Andalus.&quot; In ''The Jews of Medieval Islam: Community, Society and Identity,'' ed. Daniel Frank. Lugduni Batavorum: Brill. ISBN|90-04-10404-6.

==Nexus externi==
* Omaar, Rageh. [[2005]]. '[https://web.archive.org/web/20111103143328/http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/documentaries/features/islamic-history-europe.shtml ''An Islamic History of Europe.]'' Pellicula documentaria, [[BBC]] 4, Augustus 2005.

[[Categoria:Andalusia]]
[[Categoria:Arabes]]
[[Categoria:Religio Islamica]]
[[Categoria:Medium Aevum Hispanicum]]
{{Myrias|Historia}}</text>
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    <title>Fundamentalismus</title>
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      <text bytes="6132" sha1="5b95cpuw7qicul8kty8nyd7egvokgpr" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:KingJamesBible1612-1613.jpg|thumb|Inter eos qui fundamentalismo studeant, plures credunt [[Biblia]] Sacra, et praecipue versionem [[Bibliorum versio regis Iacobi|Regis Iacobi]] dictam, esse a [[Deus|Deo]] ipso pactam, in omnibus [[verbum (grammatica generalis)|verbis]] ad verbum veram.]]
'''Fundamentalismus''' ([[Anglice]] ''fundamentalism,'' [[vocabulum]] anno [[1922]] primum invento) est [[schola]] quae primum inter [[Protestans|Protestantes]] [[America]]nos qui rigidam angustamque fundamentis [[religio]]sis fidem [[Christianitas|Christianam]] professi sunt, praecipue contra [[modernismus|modernismum]], [[saeculum 20|saeculo vicensimo]] ineunte orta est.

{{NexInt}}
*[[Conservatismus#Conservatismus religiosus|Conservatismus religiosus]]
*[[Christianitas Fundamentorum]]
*[[Dogma]]
*[[Ecclesia Diei Septimi Adventistarum]]&lt;!--
*[[Fundamentalisma-Modernisma Controversia]]--&gt;
*[[Evangelicalismus]]&lt;!--
*''[[Faith-sufferer]]''
*''[[Fundie]]''
*[[Ratio generis historici-grammatici]]
*[[Haredi Judaismus]]--&gt;
*[[Ideologia]]&lt;!--
*[[Indoctrinatio]]--&gt;
*[[Fundamentalismus Christianus]]
*[[Hetaeria devians]]{{dubsig}}
*[[Islamismus]]&lt;!--
*''[[Jesus Camp]]'' (pellicula)--&gt;
*[[Pentecostalismus]]
*[[Sectarianismus]]
*[[Taliban]]

==Bibliographia==
*Appleby, R. Scott, Gabriel Abraham Almond, et Emmanuel Sivan. [[2003]]. ''Strong Religion.'' Sicagi: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226014975.
*Armstrong, Karen. [[2001]]. ''The Battle for God: A History of Fundamentalism.'' Novi Eboraci: Ballantine Books. ISBN 0345391691.
*Brasher, Brenda E. [[2001]]. ''The Encyclopedia of Fundamentalism.'' Novi Eboraci: Routledge. ISBN 0415922445.
*Caplan, Lionel. [[1987]]. ''Studies in Religious Fundamentalism.'' Londinii: MacMillan. 
*Dorff, Elliot N., et Arthur Rosett. [[1988]]. ''A Living Tree; The Roots and Growth of Jewish Law.'' SUNY Press.
*Gorenberg, Gershom. [[2000]]. ''The End of Days: Fundamentalism and the Struggle for the Temple Mount.'' Novi Eboraci: The Free Press.
*Hindery, Roderick. [[2001]]. ''Indoctrination and Self-deception or Free and Critical Thought?'' Mellen Press.&lt;!--aspects of fundamentalism, pp. 69–74.--&gt;
*Lawrence, Bruce B. [[1989]]. ''Defenders of God: The Fundamentalist Revolt against the Modern Age.'' San Francisco: Harper &amp; Row.
*Marsden; George M. [[1980]]. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&amp;d=98828304 ''Fundamentalism and American Culture: The Shaping of Twentieth Century Evangelicalism, 1870–1925.''] Oxford University Press.
*Marty, Martin E., et R. Scott Appleby, eds. The Fundamentalism Project. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
**[[1991]]. ''Volumen 1: Fundamentalisms Observed.'' ISBN 0226508781.
**[[1993]]. ''Volumen 2: Fundamentalisms and Society.'' ISBN 0226508803. 
**[[1993]]. ''Volumen 3: Fundamentalisms and the State.'' ISBN 0226508838.
**[[1994]]. ''Volumen 4: Accounting for Fundamentalisms.'' ISBN 0226508854. 
**[[1995]]. ''Volumen 5: Fundamentalisms Comprehended.'' ISBN 0226508870.
*Ruthven, Malise. [[2005]]. ''Fundamentalism: The Search for Meaning.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0192806068.
*Torrey, R. A., ed. [[1909]]. ''The Fundamentals.'' Los Angeles: The Bible Institute of Los Angeles (B.I.O.L.A. nunc [[Biola University]]). ISBN 0801012643.
*&quot;Religious Movements: Fundamentalist.&quot; [[2003]]. In ''The Associated Press Stylebook and Briefing on Media Law 2003'' (ed. 38), ed. Norm Goldstein, p. 218. Novi Eboraci: The Associated Press. ISBN 0917360222.

==Nexus externi==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071015133135/http://www.adventistreview.org/issue.php?issue=2006-1530&amp;page=8 The Appeal—and Peril—of Fundamentalism,] a Doctore [[Herbertus B. Beach|Herberto B. Beach]] scriptum, apud www.adventistreview.org
* [http://www.xmission.com/~fidelis/ ''The Fundamentals,''] apud www.xmission.com
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150202123620/http://lecturesoncentralasia.blogspot.com/2005/08/thoughts-on-religious-fundamentalism_22.html Thoughts on &quot;Religious Fundamentalism&quot; Identity,] apud https://web.archive.org/web/20060426162053/http://lecturesoncentralasia.blogspot.com/
* [http://www.csmonitor.com/2001/1004/p25s1-wosc.html Q &amp; A on Islamic Fundamentalism,] apud www.csmonitor.com (''Christian Science Monitor'')
* [http://www.rawa.org Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan (RAWA),] apud www.rawa.org
* [http://www.ntpi.org No to Political Islam,] apud www.ntpi.orf
* [http://home.earthlink.net/%7Ejcmmsm/article/index.html Psychological Issues of Former Members of Restrictive Religious Groups,] apud https://web.archive.org/web/20010307224757/http://home.earthlink.net/
* [http://www.blessedquietness.com/ Situs] apud www.blessedquietness.com
* [http://www.biblicaladvancedbasics.com/Topical.htm Mid-Acts Dispensational Fundamentals,] apud www.biblicaladvancedbasics.com
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050404143953/http://www.geocities.com/realitywithbite/index.htm Reality With Bite,] apud www.geocities.com
* [http://repositories.cdlib.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1024&amp;context=gis The Rise of Religious Violence,] apud http://repositories.cdlib.org
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080327054042/http://www.lifetothefullchurch.com/ Fundamentalism,] apud www.lifetothefullchurch.com
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040217183505/http://www.geocities.com/dexlox/Fundy.html An investigation into the original meaning of the term,] apud www.geocities.com
* [http://www.fas.harvard.edu/home/news_and_events/releases/fundamentalism_11072007.html Roots of Fundamentalism Found], apud www.fas.harvard.edu ([[Universitas Harvardiana]], [[7 Novembris]] [[2007]])
* [http://e-blogules.blogspot.com/2007/08/universal-declaration-of-independence.html Universal Declaration of Independence from Fundamentalism,] apud http://e-blogules.blogspot.com
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050829035533/http://waf.gn.apc.org/ Women Against Fundamentalism (UK),] apud waf.gn.apc.org
* [http://www.montrealmuslimnews.net/fundamentalism.htm Yahya Abdul Rahman's Take On Fundamentalists And Fundamentalism,] apud www.montrealmuslimnews.net

{{1000 paginae}}
{{Myrias|Philosophia}}

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|image       = [[Fasciculus:Bruce Crandall's UH-1D.jpg|300px|[[Bell UH-1 Iroquois|UH-1D helicopterum]] a Maj. [[Bruce P. Crandall]] conductum  per missionem [[quaerere et destruere|quaerendi et destruendi]] ascendit.]]
|caption     = [[Bell UH-1 Iroquois|UH-1D helicopterum]] a Maj. [[Bruce P. Crandall]] conductum  per missionem [[quaerere et destruere|quaerendi et destruendi]] ascendit.
|date        = [[1 Novembris]] [[1955]] – [[30 Aprilis]] [[1975]]
|place       = [[Vietnamia Meridiana]], [[Vietnamia Septentrionalis]], [[Cambodia]], [[Laotia]]
|causes      = Reunificatio Vietnamiae (Vietnam Septentrionalis)&lt;br /&gt;[[Ratio Comprehensionis]]&lt;!--Containment Policy--&gt; et [[Doctrina Ludi Domini]] ([[Anglice]] ''Domino Theory''), [[Casus Sinus Tonkin]]&lt;!--Gulf of Tonkin Incident--&gt; (Civitates Foederatae)
|territory   = Unificatio Vietnamiarum Septentrionalis et Meridianae in [[Socialistica Vietnamiae Res Publica|Socialisticam Vietnamiae Rem Publicam]].
|result      = Summa victoria [[Vietnam Septentrionalis|Vietnamiae Septentrionalis]] et [[Viet Cong]]
* Recessus [[Vires Armatae Civitatum Foederatarum|Virium Americanarum]] ex [[Indosina]]
* Dissolutio [[Vietnamia Meridiana|Vietnamiae Meridianae]]
* Gubernationes communisticae dominationem in [[Vietnamia]], [[Cambodia]], et [[Laotia]] capiunt
|strength1   = '''~1&amp;thinsp;830&amp;thinsp;000 (1968)'''&lt;br /&gt;
Vietnamia Meridiana: 850&amp;thinsp;000&lt;br /&gt;
Civitates Foederatae: 536&amp;thinsp;100&lt;br /&gt;
[[Vires Militares Mundi Liberi]]: 65&amp;thinsp;000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/mrc/reader/vvmcr.htm |title=Facts about the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Collection |publisher=nps.gov}} De primis copiis terrestribus pugnantibus Americanis in [[Vietnamia Septentrionalis|Vietnamiam Septentrionalem]] per Martium 1965 expositis, diserte Regimento Tertio Classiariorum CFA, Divisionis Tertiae Classiariorum, ad Vietnamiam ab [[Okinawa]] ad defendendum aeroportum apud Da Nang Vietnamiae missis. &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Res Publica Coreae: 50&amp;thinsp;000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TGJ9V06p0BQC&amp;pg=PA16 |title=Vietnam Marines 1965–73 |publisher=Books.google.co.uk |date=1965-03-08 |accessdate=2011-04-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Australia]]: 7672&lt;br /&gt;
[[Thailandia]], [[Philippinae]]: 10&amp;thinsp;450&lt;br /&gt;
[[Nova Zelandia]]: 552
|strength2   = ~'''461&amp;thinsp;000'''&lt;br /&gt;
Vietnamia Septentrionalis: 287&amp;thinsp;465 (Jan 1968)&lt;ref&gt;Vietnam War After Action Reports, BACM Research, 2009, p. 430.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
PRC: 170&amp;thinsp;000 (1969)&lt;br /&gt;
[[Unio Sovietica]]: 3000&lt;br /&gt;
[[DPR Corea]]: 300–600
'''Summa mortuorum: 315&amp;thinsp;384 – 412&amp;thinsp;000'''&lt;br /&gt;'''Summa vulneratorum: ~1&amp;thinsp;490&amp;thinsp;000+'''
|casualties3 = &lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
'''Civiles Vietnamienses mortui''': ~200&amp;thinsp;000–2&amp;thinsp;000&amp;thinsp;000&lt;ref name=&quot;afp1995&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=20 Years After Victory, Vietnamese Communists Ponder How to Celebrate |author=Philip Shenon|first=Philip |last=Shenon |url=http://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/23/world/20-years-after-victory-vietnamese-communists-ponder-how-to-celebrate.html |date=23 Aprilis 1995 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=24 February 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
'''Civiles Cambodienses mortui''': 200&amp;thinsp;000–300&amp;thinsp;000*&lt;ref name=&quot;Heuveline, Patrick 2001&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Marek Sliwinski 1995&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Banister, Judith 1993&quot;/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
'''Civiles Laotiani mortui''': ~20&amp;thinsp;000–200&amp;thinsp;000*&lt;br /&gt;
'''Summa civilium mortuorum: ~420&amp;thinsp;000–2&amp;thinsp;500&amp;thinsp;000'''&lt;br /&gt;
'''Summa mortuorum: ~1&amp;thinsp;912&amp;thinsp;846–3&amp;thinsp;992&amp;thinsp;846'''

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; indicat approximationes}}
'''Bellum Vietnamiense,''' etiam '''bellum Indosinense II''' et '''certamen Vietnamiense''' appellatum, et nunc in ipsa regione pertinente '''bellum Americanum''' et '''bella contra Americanos ad conservandam civitatem,'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110429011017/http://vietnamnews.vnagency.com.vn/Social-Isssues/193440/Two-250kg-wartime-bombs-defused.html &quot;Official news source use of the name,&quot;] apud situm vietnamnews.vnagency.com.cn (29 Octobris 2009).&lt;/ref&gt; fuit [[Bellum vicarium|certamen militare]] aevi [[Bellum Frigidum|Belli Frigidi]] quod in [[Paeninsula Indosinensis|Paeninsula Indosinensi]], praecipue [[Vietnamia]], [[Laotia]], et [[Cambodia]], a [[1 Novembris]] [[1955]] ad [[casus Saigoniae|casum Saigoniae]] (hodie [[Hochiminhopolis]]) die [[30 Aprilis]] [[1975]] pugnatum est. Hoc certamen [[Bellum Indosinense I]] secutum est, pugnatum inter [[Vietnamia Septentrionalis|Vietnamiam Septentrionalem]], a suis sociis [[communismus|communisticis]], et [[gubernatio]]nem [[Vietnamia Meridiana|Vietnamiae Meridianae]], a [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitatibus Foederatis]] et aliis [[civitas|civitatibus]] [[anticommunismus|anticommunisticis]] sustentam.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |title=Vietnam War |quote=''Meanwhile, the United States, its military demoralized and its civilian electorate deeply divided, began a process of coming to terms with defeat in its longest and most controversial war'' |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/628478/Vietnam-War |accessdate=5 March 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Viet Cong]], [[organizatio]] Frons Liberationis Reipublicae quoque appellata, [[frons communis]] Vietnamiensis Meridiana leviter armata et a [[communismus|communistis]] coacta, [[bellum irregulare|bellum plerumque irregulare]] contra vires anticommunisticas in regione gessit. Praeterea, [[Exercitus Populorum Vietnamiensis]] [[bellum translaticium|bellum plerumque translaticium]] ausus est, aliquando cum multis copiis proelia iusta committens. Vires [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatum Foederatarum]] et [[Vietnamia Meridionalis|Vietnamiae Meridianae]] [[Dominatio aeria|dominationi aeriae]] et obruentibus [[arma ignifera|armis igniferis]] ad administrandas effectiones [[quaerere et destruere|quaerendi et destruendi]] confisae sunt, inter quas [[Exercitus|vires terrestriales]], [[bombardamentum|bombardamenta]], et [[ictus ex aëre]].

Gubernatio [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatum Foederatarum]], pro parte latioris artis [[inclusio]]nis,&lt;!--containment--&gt; Vietnamiam Meridianam adiuvabat, ne [[communismus|communistae]] victoriam reportarent; gubernatio autem Vietnamiae Septentrionalis et Viet Cong certamen habebantur [[bellum colonicum]], primum contra [[Francia]]m gestum, a Civitatibus Foederatis sustentum, et deinde contra Vietnamiam Meridianam, quam [[civitas pupalis|civitatem pupalem]]&lt;!--puppet state--&gt; exsistimabant.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Digital History, Steven Mintz |url=http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/modules/vietnam/index.cfm |title=The Vietnam War |publisher=Digitalhistory.uh.edu|accessdate=2011-10-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Suasor militaris|Suasores militares]] Americani in civitatem quae tum erat [[Indosina Francica]] anno [[1950]] advenerunt. Implicatio&lt;!--involvement--&gt; Civitatum Foederatarum [[decennium 197|decennio 197]] ineunte crescebat, numeris copiarum anno [[1961]] triplicatis, atque iterum triplicatis anno [[1962]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20091006085906/http://25thaviation.org/facts/id430.htm Vietnam War Statistics and Facts, 1], apud situm 25th Aviation Batallion.&lt;/ref&gt; Americanae [[organizatio militaris|unitates bellandi]]&lt;!--combat units--&gt; anno [[1965]] committi coeperunt. Rationes&lt;!--Operations--&gt; fines inter civitates transgressae sunt, Laotia et Cambodia magnopere bombardatis. Implicatio Americana apicem anno [[1968]], tempore [[Concursus Tet]]&lt;!--Tet Offensive--&gt;, attigit. Quo facto, terrestres Civitatum Foederatarum copiae secundum consilia [[Vietnamizatio]] appellata gradatim revocabantur, sed contra [[Conventa Pacificatoria Lutetiae]]&lt;!--Paris Peace Accords--&gt;, ab omnibus partibus Ianuario [[1973]] consignata, certamen persistebat.

Finivit militaris Civitatum Foederatarum implicatio&lt;!--involvement--&gt; die [[15 Augusti]] [[1973]] propter [[Emendatio Case–Church|Emendationem Case–Church]], partem rogationis a Congressu Civitatum Foederatarum sanctam.&lt;ref&gt;Gabriel Kolko, ''Anatomy of War,'' pp. 457, 461 ff.; ISBN 1-898876-67-3.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Casus Saigoniae|Comprehensio Saigoniae]] ab Exercitu Populi Vietnamiensi Aprili [[1975]] finem belli significavit, atque insequente anno Vietnamia Septentrionalis et Meridiana in unam dicionem rite redactae sunt. Bellum permultas effecit neces humanas (vide [[Casus Belli Vietnamiensis]]&lt;!--Vietnam War casualties--&gt;). Iudicia numerorum [[miles|militum]] Vietnamiensium et civilianorum{{dubsig}} interfectorum inter minus quam una milliona&lt;ref&gt;Charles Hirschman et al., &quot;Vietnamese Casualties During the American War: A New Estimate,&quot; Population and Development Review, Decembri 1995.&lt;/ref&gt; et plus quam tres millionae variantur.&lt;ref&gt;Associated Press, 3 Aprilis 1995, &quot;Vietnam Says 1.1 Million Died Fighting For North.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Fere 200&amp;thinsp;000–300&amp;thinsp;000 [[Populus Khmer|Cambodiani]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Heuveline, Patrick 2001&quot;&gt;Patrick Heuveline (2001). &quot;The Demographic Analysis of Mortality in Cambodia,&quot; in ''Forced Migration and Mortality,'' ed. Holly E. Reed et Charles B. Keely (Vasingtoniae: National Academy Press, 2001).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Marek Sliwinski 1995&quot;&gt;Marek Sliwinski, ''Le Génocide Khmer Rouge: Une Analyse Démographique'' (Lutetiae: L’Harmattan, 1995).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Banister, Judith 1993&quot;&gt;Judith Banister et Paige Johnson (1993). &quot;After the Nightmare: The Population of Cambodia,&quot; in ''Genocide and Democracy in Cambodia: The Khmer Rouge, the United Nations and the International Community,'' ed. Ben Kiernan (Portu Novo: Yale University Southeast Asia Studies, 1993).&lt;/ref&gt; 20&amp;thinsp;000–200&amp;thinsp;000 [[Populus Lao|Laotiani]],&lt;ref&gt;Roger Warner, ''Shooting at the Moon (1996), p. 366, 30,000 Hmong aestimat.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Obermeyer, &quot;Fifty years of violent war deaths from Vietnam to Bosnia&quot;, ''British Medical Journal'' (2008), 60&amp;thinsp;000 in summa aestimat.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;T. Lomperis, ''From People's War to People's Rule,'' (1996), 35&amp;thinsp;000 in summa aestimat.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Melvin Small et Joel David Singer, ''Resort to Arms: International and Civil Wars 1816-1980'' (1982), 20&amp;thinsp;000 in summa aestimant.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Charles Lewis Taylor, ''The World Handbook of Political and Social Indicators,'' 20&amp;thinsp;000 in summa aestimat.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Martin Stuart-Fox, ''A History of Laos,'' 200&amp;thinsp;000 ante 1973 aestimat.&lt;/ref&gt; et 58&amp;thinsp;220 bellatores Civitatum Foederatarum in certamine mortui sunt.

== Nomina belli ==
Varia [[nomen proprium|nomina]] ad certamen adhibita sunt. '''Bellum Vietnamiense''' ([[Anglice]] ''Vietnam War'') est usitata notio in Civitatibus Foederatis; certamen etiam '''Bellum Indosinense Alterum,''' '''Certamen Vietnamiense'''&lt;!--Vietnam Conflict--&gt;, et '''Certamen in Vietnamia''' appellatur.

Quia sunt multa certamina militaria in regione Indosinensi, hoc certamen saepe ex nomine principalis adversarii appellatur ut ab aliis distinguatur.&lt;ref&gt;Harold G. Moore et Joseph L. Galloway, ''We Are Soldiers Still: A Journey Back to the Battlefields of Vietnam'' (p. 57).&lt;/ref&gt; Ergo, bellum [[Lingua Vietnamiensis|Vietnamice]] '''Chiến tranh Việt Nam''' (''Bellum Vietnamiense'') atque '''Kháng chiến chống Mỹ''' (''Bellum Americae Resistendae,'' sensu lato ''Bellum Americanum'') appellatur.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Asian-Nation: Asian American History, Demographics, &amp;amp; Issues:: The American / Viet Nam War|quote=The Viet Nam War is also called 'The American War' by the Vietnamese |url=http://www.asian-nation.org/vietnam-war.shtml |accessdate=18 Augusti 2008}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Principales [[organizatio]]nes militares quae bellum gerebant in alio latere [[Exercitus Respublicae Vietnamiae]] et militares Civitatum Foederatarum vires, et in alio latere [[Exercitus Populorum Vietnamiae]] (etiam Exercitus Vietnamiensis Septentrionalis appellatus), et [[Viet Cong]], rite Frons Nationalis pro Vietnamia Meridiana Liberata, [[communismus|communisticae]] Vietnamiae Meridianae vires tumultuariae&lt;!--guerrilla--&gt; erant.

== Scaena usque ad 1949 ==
&lt;!--{{Vide etiam|Historia Vietnamiae|Expeditio Cochinsinae{{dubsig}}|Can Vuong|Viet Nam Quoc Dan Dang|Seditio Yen Bai}}--&gt;
Francia [[Indosina]]m [[decennium 186|decennio 186]] exeunte vincere coepit, et pacificationem ante [[1893]] confecit.&lt;ref&gt;Keat Gin Ooi, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC Southeast Asia: a historical encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor]''. ABC-CLIO; 2004. ISBN 978-1-57607-770-2, p. [http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&amp;pg=PA520 520].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Lajpat Rai, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=QQ_nS6pTlDgC Social Science]{{Nexus deficitur|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}''. FK Publications; ISBN 978-81-89611-12-5, p. [http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=QQ_nS6pTlDgC&amp;pg=PA22 22]{{Nexus deficitur|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Arthur J. Dommen, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=MauWlUjuWNsC The Indochinese experience of the French and the Americans: nationalism and communism in Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam]'' (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001), ISBN 978-0-253-33854-9, p. [http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=MauWlUjuWNsC&amp;pg=PA4 4–19].&lt;/ref&gt; [[Pactio Huế (1884)|Pactio Huế]], anno [[1884]] facta, decennia [[septem]] fuit fundamenta dominationis Francicae. Contra homines qui resistebant, notissime [[Can Vuong]] ex [[Phan Dinh Phung]], regio hodiernarum civitatum [[Cambodia]]e et [[Vietnamia]]e ante [[1888]] facta est [[colonialismus|colonia]] [[Indosina Francica]] ([[Laotia]] deinde addita).&lt;ref&gt;Jonathan Neale, ''The American War'', p. 3, ISBN 1-898876-67-3.&lt;/ref&gt; Varii motus Vietnamienses qui dominatui Francico repugnabant illo tempore exsistebant, sicut [[Viet Nam Quoc Dan Dang]], qui [[seditio Yen Bai|seditionem Yen Bai]] conatum improsperum anno [[1930]] concitaverunt, sed nulli fuerunt tam felices quam [[frons communis]] [[Việt Minh]] appellatus, anno [[1941]] conditus, a [[Factio Communista Vietnamiae|Factione Communista Indosinensi]] temperatus, atque a [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitatibus Foederatis]] et [[Kuomintang|Factione Nationalista Sinensi]] subsidiis [[pecunia]]e fultus in contentionibus cum imperio [[Iaponia|Iaponiensi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Neale, Jonathan page 17&quot;&gt;Jonathan Neale, ''The American War'', p. 17, ISBN 1-898876-67-3.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Francia]] his annis a [[Germania|Germanos]] debellata, [[regimen Viciacense|regimine Viciacensi]] Germanorum Nazistarum [[cliens (civitas)|cliente]] instaurata, gubernatores Indosinae Francici se ad id regimen submiserunt [[Iaponia|Iaponensibusque]], Germanorum sociis, mense Septembri 1940 Indosinam oppugnantibus, magna parte collaborabant, administrationem harum regionum sub hoc imperio absolventes. Societas ergo [[Việt Minh]], libertatem contra Francicos a principio postulans, contra Iaponenses etiam militabat. Quo tempore Germani e Francia recedere coeperunt, Francici in Indosina manentes se cum regimine [[Francia libera|libero Francico]] (duce [[Carolus de Gaulle|de Gaulle]]) coniungere conati sunt. Qua re suspecta Iaponenses a die [[9 Martii]] [[1945]] gubernatores Francicos detinuerunt novumque regimen sibi fidele erexerunt, praeposito imperatore [[Bảo Đại]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Aeroportus Internationalis Da Nang]]
* [[Bellum Pacificum]]
* [[Contracultura annorum 1960]]
* [[Cuniculus Cu Chi]]
* [[Discrimen Buddhisticum anni 1963]]
* [[Monumentum Veteranorum Vietnamensium]]
* [[Yui Chunoshin]]

== Annotationes ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references group=&quot;A&quot;/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
[[Fasciculus:Southvietmap.jpg|thumb|Tabula Vietnamiae Meridianae]]

=== Fontes secundarii ===
* Anderson, David L. [[2004]]. ''Columbia Guide to the Vietnam War.''
* Baker, Kevin. [[2006]]. &quot;Stabbed in the Back! The past and future of a right-wing myth&quot;, ''Harper's Magazine'' (Iunio) {{cite web|url = http://www.harpers.org/archive/2006/06/0081080 |title = Stabbed in the back! The past and future of a right-wing myth (Harper's Magazine) |accessdate = 11 June 2008}}
* Angio, Joe. [[2007]]. ''Nixon a Presidency Revealed.'' The History Channel television documentary.
* Berman, Larry. [[1991]]. ''Lyndon Johnson's War: The Road to Stalemate.''
* Blaufarb, Douglas. [[1977]]. ''The Counterinsurgency Era.''
* Brigham, Robert K. ''Battlefield Vietnam: A Brief History.'' Situs interretialis PBS.
* Brocheux, Pierre. [[2007]]. ''Ho Chi Minh: A Biography.'' Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-85062-9.[http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=fJtqjYiVbUAC&amp;pg=PA198 Google.]
* Buckley, Kevin. [[1972]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20120510130004/http://chss.montclair.edu/english/furr/Vietnam/buckley.html &quot;Pacification’s Deadly Price&quot;], ''Newsweek'', 19 Iuni.
* Buzzanco, Bob. [[2000]]. &quot;25 Years After End of Vietnam War: Myths Keep Us From Coming To Terms With Vietnam.&quot; ''The Baltimore Sun'' (17 Aprilis) {{cite web|url = http://www.commondreams.org/views/041700-106.htm |title = 25 Years After End Of Vietnam War Myths Keep Us From Coming To Terms With Vietnam |accessdate =11 June 2008}}
* Church, Peter, ed. [[2006]]. ''A Short History of South-East Asia.''
* Cooper, Chester L. [[1970]]. ''The Lost Crusade: America in Vietnam.''
* Courtwright, David T. [[2005]]. ''Sky as Frontier: Adventure, Aviation, and Empire.'' Texas A&amp;M University Press. ISBN 1-58544-419-7.
* Demma, Vincent H. [[1989]]. &quot;The U.S. Army in Vietnam.&quot; ''American Military History.'' &lt;!--the official history of the United States Army. Available [http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/academic/history/marshall/military/vietnam/short.history/chap_28.txt online]--&gt;
* Dennis, Peter, et al. [[2008]]. ''The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History.'' Ed. 2a. Melbourni: Oxford University Press Australia &amp; New Zealand. ISBN 978-0-19-551784-2.
* {{cite web|ref=harv|last=DoD|date= 6 November 1998|url = http://www.defense.gov/releases/release.aspx?releaseid=1902|title = Name of Technical Sergeant Richard B. Fitzgibbon to be added to the Vietnam Veterans Memorial|publisher = [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense (DoD)]]| accessdate = 31 March 2010 |quote=}}
* Duiker, William J. [[1996]]. ''The Communist Road to Power in Vietnam.''
* Duncanson, Dennis J. [[1968]]. ''Government and Revolution in Vietnam.''
* Fincher, Ernest Barksdale. [[1980]]. ''The Vietnam War.''
* Ford, Harold P. [[1998]]. ''CIA and the Vietnam Policymakers: Three Episodes, 1962–1968.''
* Gerdes, Louise I. ed. [[2005]]. ''Examining Issues Through Political Cartoons: The Vietnam War.''
* Gettleman, Marvin E., Jane Franklin, Marilyn Young. [[1995]]. ''Vietnam and America: A Documented History.''
* Hammond, William. [[1987]]. ''Public Affairs: The Military and the Media, 1962–1968.'' + [[1995]]. ''Public Affairs: The Military and the Media, 1068–1973.''
* Herring, George C. [[2001]]. ''America's Longest War: The United States and Vietnam, 1950–1975.'' Ed. 4a.
* Hitchens, Christopher. ''The Vietnam Syndrome.''
* Karnow, Stanley. [[1991]]. ''Vietnam: A History.'' [[Penguin Books|Viking Press]]. ISBN 0-670-84218-4.
* Kutler, Stanley ed. [[1996]]. ''Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War.''
* Lawrence, A. T. [[2009]]. ''Crucible Vietnam: Memoir of an Infantry Lieutenant.'' McFarland. ISBN 0-7864-4517-3.
* Leepson, Marc ed. [[1999]]. ''Dictionary of the Vietnam War.'' Novi Eboraci:: Webster's New World.
* Lewy, Guenter. [[1978]]. ''America in Vietnam.''
* Logevall, Fredrik. [[2001]]. ''The Origins of the Vietnam War.'' Seminar Studies in History. Longman.
* McMahon, Robert J. [[1995]]. ''Major Problems in the History of the Vietnam War: Documents and Essays.''
* McNamara, Robert, James Blight, Robert Brigham, Thomas Biersteker, Herbert Schandler. [[1999]]. ''Argument Without End: In Search of Answers to the Vietnam Tragedy.'' Public Affairs.
* McGibbon, Ian. [[2000]]. ''The Oxford Companion to New Zealand Military History.'' Aucopolis: Oxford University Press ISBN 01955837600
* McNeill, Ian. [[1993]]. ''To Long Tan: The Australian Army and the Vietnam War 1950–1966.'' St Leonards: Allen &amp; Unwin ISBN 1-86373-282-9.
* Milne, David. [[2008]]. ''America's Rasputin: Walt Rostow and the Vietnam War.'' Hill &amp; Wang.
* Moise, Edwin E. [[2002]]. ''Historical Dictionary of the Vietnam War.''
* Moïse,Edwin E. [[1996]]. ''Tonkin Gulf and the escalation of the Vietnam War.'' UNC Press. ISBN 0-8078-2300-7.
* Moss, George D. [[2002]]. ''Vietnam.'' Ed. 4a.
* Moyar, Mark. [[2006]]. ''Triumph Forsaken: The Vietnam War, 1954–1965.'' Cambridge University Press
* Major General [[Spurgeon Neel]]. [[1991]]. ''Medical Support of the U.S. Army in Vietnam 1965–1970.'' Department of the Army.
* Nulty, Bernard. [[1998]]. ''The Vietnam War.'' Novi Eboraci: Barnes and Noble.
* Osborn, Terry A. [[2002]]. ''The Future of Foreign Language Education in the United States.'' Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-89789-719-8.
* Palmer, Bruce, Jr. [[1984]]. ''The Twenty-Five Year War.''
* Schell, Jonathan. [[1976]]. ''The Time of Illusion.''
* Schulzinger, Robert D. [[1997]]. ''A Time for War: The United States and Vietnam, 1941–1975.''
* Sorley, Lewis. [[1999]]. ''A Better War: The Unexamined Victories and Final Tragedy of America's Last Years in Vietnam.'' ISBN 0-15-601309-6.
* Spector, Ronald. [[1992]]. ''After Tet: The Bloodiest Year in Vietnam.''
* Stanton, Shelby L. [[2003]]. ''Vietnam Order of Battle.'' Stackpole Books. ISBN 0-8117-0071-2.
* Summers, Harry G. [[1982]]. [http://books.google.com/books?id=-Z4l-ZySVWwC ''On Strategy: A Critical Analysis of the Vietnam War.''] Presidio Press. ISBN 0-89141-563-7.
* Tucker, Spencer, ed. [[1998]]. ''Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War.'' 3 vol.
* Wells, Tom. 1994. ''The War Within: America's battle over Vietnam.'' Berkeleiae: University of California Press. ISBN 0 520 08367 9 {{Google Books|gR8iHRUaOsIC|Paginae selectae}}
* Willbanks, James H. [[2009]]. [http://books.google.com/books?id=X5WWklFB5O4C ''Vietnam War Almanac.''] Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8160-7102-9
* Witz, James J. [[1991]]. ''The Tet Offensive: Intelligence Failure in War.''
* Young, Marilyn, B. [[1991]]. ''The Vietnam Wars: 1945–1990.''
* Xiaoming, Zhang. [[2005]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160820015246/http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online &quot;China's 1979 War With Vietnam: A Reassessment.&quot;] ''China Quarterly'' 184(Decembris).

=== Fontes primarii ===
* Carter, Jimmy. [[1977]]. ''[http://www.usdoj.gov/pardon/carter_proclamation.htm &quot;By The President Of The United States Of America, A Proclamation Granting Pardon For Violations Of The Selective Service Act], 4 August 1964 To 28 March 1973,'' die 21 Ianuarii edicta.
* Central Intelligence Agency. &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20101229000748/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/la.html#history Laos]&quot;, ''CIA World Factbook''
* Kolko, Gabriel. [https://web.archive.org/web/20071012020407/http://counterpunch.org/kolko04292005.html The End of the Vietnam War, 30 Years Later.]
* Eisenhower, Dwight D. [[1963]]. ''Mandate for Change.''
* Ho, Chi Minh. [[1960]]-[[1962]]. &quot;Vietnam Declaration of Independence&quot;, ''Selected Works.'' Scripturae dilectae.
* LeMay, General Curtis E., et MacKinlay Kantor. [[1965]]. ''Mission with LeMay.''
* Kissinger, United States Secretary of State Henry A. [[1975]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070609093415/http://www.ford.utexas.edu/library/exhibits/vietnam/750512a.htm &quot;Lessons on Vietnam.&quot; memoranda secreta ad Praesidem Ford]
* Kim A. O'Connell, ed. [[2006]]. ''Primary Source Accounts of the Vietnam War.''
* McCain, John. [[1999]]. ''Faith of My Fathers: A Family Memoir.''
* Marshall, Kathryn. [[1987]]. ''In the Combat Zone: An Oral History of American Women in Vietnam, 1966–1975.''
* Martin, John Bartlow. [[1964]]. ''Was Kennedy Planning to Pull out of Vietnam?'' &lt;!--Oral history for the John F. Kennedy Library, tape V, reel 1.--&gt;
* Myers, Thomas. [[1966]]. ''Walking Point: American Narratives of Vietnam.''
* ''Public Papers of the Presidents, 1965.'' [[1966]].&lt;!-- official documents of U.S. presidents.--&gt;
* Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr. [[1978]]. ''Robert Kennedy and His Times.''
* Sinhanouk, Prince Norodom. &quot;Cambodia Neutral: The Dictates of Necessity.&quot;&lt;!-- ''Foreign Affairs.'' [[1958]]. describes the geopolitical situation of Cambodia--&gt;
* Tang, Truong Nhu. [[1985]]. ''A Vietcong Memoir.''
* Terry, Wallace, ed. [[1984]]. ''Bloods: An Oral History of the Vietnam War by Black Veterans.''
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last =Truong|first= Nhu T?ng; David Chanoff, Van Toai Doan| authorlink = Truong Nhu T?ng| title = A Vietcong memoir|url=https://archive.org/details/vietcongmemoir00trng|edition=1985|year=1985| publisher = [[Harcourt Brace Jovanovich]]| isbn= 9780151936366}} Total pages: 350&lt;!--
*The landmark series Vietnam: A Television History, first broadcast in 1983, is a special presentation of the award-winning PBS history series, American Experience. --&gt;
* ''The Pentagon Papers.'' [[1971]]. 5 vol. Gravel ed. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180818075800/http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pentagon/pent1.html excerpts] &lt;!--
*U.S. Department of State. ''Foreign Relations of the United States'' (multivolume collection of official secret documents) [http://www.state.gov/www/about_state/history/vol_i/index.html vol 1: 1964]; [http://www.state.gov/www/about_state/history/vol_ii/index.html vol 2: 1965]; [http://www.state.gov/www/about_state/history/vol_ii/index.html vol 3: 1965]; [http://www.state.gov/www/about_state/history/vol_iv/index.html vol 4: 1966].
*U.S. Department of Defense and the House Committee on Armed Services. ''U.S.-Vietnam Relations, 1945–1967.'' Washington, D.C. Department of Defense and the House Committee on Armed Services, 1971, 12 volumes.--&gt;
* Vann, John Paul. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110429011907/http://www.answers.com/topix/john-paul-vann-44k ''Quotes from Answers.com''] De Lt. Colonel, U.S. Army, DFC, DSC, advisor to the ARVN 7th Division&lt;!--, early critic of the conduct of the war--&gt;

=== Historiographia ===
* Hall, Simon. [[2009]]. &quot;Scholarly Battles over the Vietnam War.&quot; ''Historical Journal'' 52 (Sept.): 813–829.

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120716230751/http://www.vietnam.ttu.edu/virtualarchive/ Archivum virtuale Vietnamiae] apud situm www.vietnam.ttu.edu (Texas Tech University)
* [http://www.pbs.org/battlefieldvietnam/history/index.html &quot;Battlefield Vietnam,&quot;] apud situm pbs.org
* [http://www.rjsmith.com/kia_tbl.html Casualties – U.S. vs NVA/VC]
* [http://www.globalissues.org/article/402/media-propaganda-and-vietnam Bellum, propaganda, media: Vietnamia,] apud situm globalissues.org
* [http://www.history.com/topics/vietnam-war Bellum Vietnamiense in &quot;The History Channel,&quot;] apud situm history.com
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130117082341/http://tigger.uic.edu/~rjensen/vietnam.html Bibliographia Belli Vietnamiensis,] apud situm tigger.uic.edu
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120813005227/http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/vietnam.htm Documenta de Propositis Externis CFA de Vietnamia,] apud situm mtholyoke.edu
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120612065456/http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/vietnam/vietnamization/default.aspx Effectus Vietnamizationis in Copias Armatas Vietnamiae, 1969–1972,] apud situm militaryhistoryonline.com
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304190342/http://cdm164001.cdmhost.com/krogh/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=%2Fp164001coll21&amp;CISOPTR=116&amp;CISOBOX=1&amp;REC=1 &quot;Fallout of the War,&quot;] apud situm cdm164001.cdmhost.com
* [http://www.americanethnography.com/article.php?id=63 &quot;On collecting engraved Zippos from the Vietnam War,&quot;] apud situm americanethnography.com (American Ethnography)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180818075800/http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pentagon/pent1.html Texts editionis Gravel &quot;Pentagon Papers&quot;] apud situm mtholyoke.edu
* [http://www2.iath.virginia.edu/sixties/HTML_docs/Resources/Glossary/Sixties_Term_Gloss_K_P.html Glossarium terminorum militarium et ''slang'' ex bello,] apud situm iath.virginia.edu
* [http://www.historycommons.org/project.jsp?project=US_interventions_project Historia interventionum CFA, a Mitchell Derek scripta,] apud situm historycommons.org
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110430050258/http://content.library.ccsu.edu/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=%2FVHP&amp;CISOPTR=5558&amp;CISOBOX=1&amp;REC=1 Impressiones Vietnamiae et descriptiones vitae quotidianae militis Elliott Gardner, Exercitus CFA,] apud situm content.library.ccsu.edu
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120218035724/http://www.vietfederation.ca/30-4-00/TonThatThien.htm Cogitationes severae de 30 Aprilis: &quot;The South Vietnam Liberation Front and Hanoi, Myth and Reality,&quot;] oratio a priore Administro Informationis Reipublicae Vietnamiensis,] apud situm vietfederation.ca
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121024150216/http://www.gettysburg.edu/special_collections/collections/manuscripts/collections/ms044.dot Stephen H. Warner, Congeries Photogrammatum Asiae Meridio-Orientalis apud Collegium Gettysburgense,] apud situm gettysburg.edu
* [http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/academic/history/marshall/military/vietnam/short.history/chap_28.txt ''The U.S. Army in Vietnam,'' historia publica Exercitus Civitatum Foederatarum,] apud situm ibiblio.org
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050403230616/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/vietnam/timeline/ Tempus Belli Vietnamiensis,] apud situm pbs.org
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110501134722/http://www.historycommons.org/timeline.jsp?timeline=vietnam Tempus: CFA–Vietnamia (1947–2001)] in &quot;Open-Content Project,&quot; apud situm historycommons.org
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20230703102427/http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/MRC/pacificaviet/ &quot;UC Berkeley Library Social Activism Sound Recording Project: Anti-Vietnam War Protests,&quot;] apud situm lib.lberkeley.edu
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120812102745/http://www.gisearch.com/ &quot;Vietnam Casualties database searchable by first name, last name and location,&quot;] apud situm gisearch.com
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120716230751/http://www.vietnam.ttu.edu/virtualarchive/ Virtuale Vietnamiae Archivum,] apud vietnam.ttu.edu

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    <title>Carola Del Ponte</title>
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      <text bytes="1092" sha1="rvnli4bqsq5uj4uzbd7zays3fcg4svo" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Carla del Ponte 4.jpg|thumb|Carola Del Ponte inter lectionem magistralem apud [[universitas|universitatem]] [[Lausonium|Lausonii]] mense Aprili [[2005]]]]

'''Carola Del Ponte''' (nata die [[9 Februarii]] [[1947]] in ''[[Bignasco]]'' in pago Helvetiae [[Ticinum (pagus)|Ticino]]) est iuris consultus et nuntius [[Helvetia]]e in [[Argentina]]. Del Ponte multos annos ut procurator antea Confoederationis Helveticae [[1994]]–[[1998]]) et postea apud [[Tribunal Penale]] de criminibus in antiqua [[Iugoslavia]] ([[1999]]–[[2007]]) operam dedit.

== Nexus externi ==

{{Communia|Carla Del Ponte|Carolam del Ponte}}

* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/1809185.stm BBC De Carola Del Ponte apud BBC] 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101205003013/http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/documentaries/profile/profile_del_ponte.shtml De Carola Del Ponte BBC Radio 4 ]

{{bio-stipula}}

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    <title>Hermolaus Barbarus</title>
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      <text bytes="12280" sha1="fy3ptsqlip9ggdre3o4glw039f8navs" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}

{{res|Hermolaus Barbarus}} ([[Venetiae|Venetiis]] die [[21 Maii]] anni 1453 seu [[1454]] natus; [[Roma]]e die [[14 Iunii]] anno [[1493]] mortuus) fuit [[eruditus]] et [[legatus (civilitas)|legatus]] [[Venetiae|Venetus]], [[philologia|recensor]] [[textus (ratio litteraria)|textuum]] [[Latine|Latinorum]], [[interpretatio|interpres]] textuum [[lingua Graeca antiqua|Graecorum]].
[[Fasciculus:Hermolaus Barbarus oratio.jpg|thumb|''Oratio ad Federicum imperatorem'' (c. 1487): exordium.]]

Filius fuit legati Zachariae Barbari uxorisque Clarae Vendramin. Ab anno fere 1460 apud germanum [[Hermolaus Barbarus (episcopus Veronensis)|homonymum]], episcopum [[Verona|Veronensem]], studia Latina et Graeca coepit. [[Roma]]e ab [[1462]], ubi cum patre morabatur, [[acroasis|acroases]] [[Pomponius Laetus|Pomponii Laeti]] et [[Theodorus Gazes|Theodori Gazae]] auscultaverit. Veronae die [[3 Decembris]] [[1468]] poeta ab imperatore [[Fridericus III|Friderico III]] laureatus est, atque die [[26 Septembris]] [[1471]] in {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Consilium Maius||it|qid=Q583190}} Venetum receptus est. Apud [[universitas Patavina|universitatem Patavinam]], quam ab anno [[1471]] frequentabat, [[gradus academicus|gradum]] doctoris in artibus et in utroque iure ascendit. Opera ibi docebat [[Aristoteles|Aristotelis]] commentumque in Aristotelem [[Themistius|Themistii]]. Versiones Latinas confecit huius ''Paraphrasis in Posteriora analytica Aristotelis'' (1481) illiusque ''Artis Rhetoricae'' (non ante 1544 editam) necnon compendia tam ''[[Ethica Nicomachea|Ethicorum Nicomacheorum]]'' quam operum scientiae naturalis eiusdem philosophi, quae compendia annis 1544 et 1545 divulgata erunt. Commentaria in [[Gaius Plinius Secundus|Plinii]] ''[[Naturalis historia (Plinius)|Naturalem historiam]]'' et [[Pomponius Mela|Melae]] ''[[De situ orbis (Mela)|Cosmographiam]]'' mense Februario [[1493]] paulo ante mortem, versio et annotatio ''[[Materia medica (Dioscorides)|Materiae medicae]]'' [[Dioscorides|Dioscoridis]] non ante [[1516]] proderunt. Opera ''De coelibatu'' et ''De officio legati'', annis fere 1482 et 1491 conscripta, usque in saeculum XX inedita manebant.

Eisdem annis, [[Res publica Venetae|rei publicae Venetae]] legatus, Romae, [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]], [[Neapolis|Neapoli]], [[Florentia]]e, etiam [[Brugae|Brugis]] iuxta imperatorem Fridericum III filiumque [[Maximilianus I (imperator)|Maximilianum]] missus est. Domi senator ab anno [[1483]], officialis{{dubsig}} rationum veterum anno [[1484]], copiarum praefectus anno [[1485]], praefectus ad continentem et bella anno [[1488]] nominatus est. Sed papa [[Innocentius VIII]] die [[6 Martii]] [[1491]] eum [[motu proprio]] [[patriarchatus Aquileiae|patriarcham]] [[Aquileia]]e creavit, nolentibus urbis nativae {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Senatores Veneti|Senatoribus|it|qid=Q767590}}, qui, titulo legati rei publicae serenissimae ablato, [[Roma]]m fugere coëgerunt. Ibi anno [[1493]], fortasse mense Iulio, [[pestis|pesti]] mortuus est. &lt;!--

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt; --&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
[[Fasciculus:Hermolaus Barbarus Dioscorides tp.jpg|thumb|[[Dioscorides]] versione Hermolai Barbari (1516): titulus]]
[[Fasciculus:Hermolaus Barbarus Corollarii 1530 tp.jpg|thumb|Hermolai Barbari ''in Dioscoridem corollariorum libri V''. Editio 1530]]
[[Fasciculus:Barbaro, Ermolao – In Caii Plinii Naturalis historiae libros castigationes, 1534 – BEIC 8791029.jpg|thumb|''In Caii Plinii Naturalis historiae libros castigationes'' (1534)]]

; Editiones operum
* 1481 : ''Themistii ... Paraphrasis in Posteriora analytica Aristotelis, interprete Hermolao Barbaro''. Tarvisii [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k582830 Textus] apud ''Gallica''
* c. 1487 : ''Oratio Hermolai Barbari Zac. f. legati Veneti ad Federicum imperatorem et Maximilianum regem Romanorum principes invictissimos''. Romae?&lt;ref group=&quot;b&quot; name=&quot;BCT&quot;&gt;[[Bibliotheca centralis Turicensis]]&lt;/ref&gt; [https://web.archive.org/web/20190423114404/https://www.e-rara.ch/zuz/content/titleinfo/18815964 Textus] apud ''e-Rara'' [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k608023 Textus] apud ''Gallica''
* 1492-1493 : ''Plinianae castigationes; item Aeditio in Plinium secunda; item Emendatio in Melam Pomponium; item Obscurae cum expositionibus suis voces in Pliniano codice''. Romae: impressit formis Eucharius Argenteus Germanus&lt;ref group=&quot;b&quot; name=&quot;Glasgua&quot;&gt;[[Bibliotheca universitatis Glasguensis]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20190422204043/https://www.gla.ac.uk/myglasgow/incunabula/a-zofauthorsa-j/bh8-d.4/ Catalogus]&lt;/ref&gt;
** 1494? : ''Castigationes Plinii ... Castigationes in Melam Pomponium''. Sine loco {{Google Books|6uxat-zh0qAC}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20161011235224/http://alfama.sim.ucm.es/dioscorides/consulta_libro.asp?ref=x531648000 Textus] apud Dioscoridem
** 1495 : ''Castigationes Hermolai in Plinium castigatissimae ...'' Cremonae: per chalcographum Carolum a Darleriis {{Google Books|vmB_K8WQ1TsC}} [https://archive.org/details/castigationespl00barbgoog Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
** 1533 : ''Hermolai Barbari ... In C. Plinii Naturalis historiae libros castigationes''. Basileae: apud Ioannem Valderum&lt;ref group=&quot;b&quot; name=&quot;BPB&quot;&gt;[[Bibliotheca publica Bavarica]]&lt;/ref&gt; {{Google Books|QBJTAAAAcAAJ}}
* 1505 : ''Orationes praelectiones et praefationes et quaedam mithicae historiae Philippi Beroaldi; item plusculae Angeli Politiani, Hermolai Barbari ...'' Parrhisiis: Jehan Petit&lt;ref group=&quot;b&quot; name=&quot;BCT&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref group=&quot;b&quot; name=&quot;Complutensis&quot; /&gt; {{Google Books|A6DEpohzQeYC}} [https://www.e-rara.ch/zuz/content/titleinfo/17417595 Textus] {{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} apud ''e-Rara''
** 1517 : ''Orationes prelectiones et praefationes et quaedam mythicae historiae Philippi Beroaldi; item plusculae Angeli Politiani, Hermolai Barbari ...''. Parisiis: Denis Roce&lt;ref group=&quot;b&quot; name=&quot;Complutensis&quot;&gt;[[Bibliotheca Complutensis]]&lt;/ref&gt; {{Google Books|7e-iKKb2AT4C}}
* 1508 : ''Margarita facetiarum Alfonsi Aragonum regis; Proverbia Sigismundi et Friderici tertii; Scomata Ioannis Keisersberg; Marsilii Ficini Florentini De sole opusculum; Hermolai Barbari Orationes; Facetiae Adelphinae''. Argentorati [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k71812v Textus] apud ''Gallica''
* 1516 : ''Ioannis Baptistae Egnatii ... in Dioscoridem ab Hermolao Barbaro tralatum annotamenta; Pedacii Dioscoridis Anazarbei De medicinali materia ab eodem Barbaro Latinitate primum donati; ... Hermolai Barbari ... Corollarium libris quinque absolutum''. Venetiis&lt;ref group=&quot;b&quot; name=&quot;BPB&quot; /&gt; [http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb11199160-1 Textus] apud Monacenses
** 1530 : ''Hermolai Barbari ... in Dioscoridem corollariorum libri quinque''. Coloniae {{Google Books|6sdCAAAAcAAJ}}
* 1533 : ''Paraphrasis Themistii peripatetici acutissimi in Aristotelis Posteriora et Physica, in libros item De anima, memoria et reminiscentia, somno et vigilia, insomniis, et divinatione per somnum, Hermolao Barbaro patritio Veneto interprete''. Basileae: apud Ioan. Valderum&lt;ref group=&quot;b&quot; name=&quot;Basilea&quot;&gt;[[Bibliotheca universitatis Basiliensis]]&lt;/ref&gt; [https://web.archive.org/web/20220506003809/https://www.e-rara.ch/bau_1/content/titleinfo/1908876 Textus] apud ''e-Rara''
* 1541 : ''Gilberti Porretani liber de sex principiis sive ult. praedicamentis ad Aristotelis categorias utilissimus, Hermolao Barbaro interprete''. Parisiis: ex officina P. Calvarin&lt;ref group=&quot;b&quot; name=&quot;BNF&quot;&gt;[[Bibliotheca nationalis Francica]] [https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb305062901 Catalogus]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1544 : ''Rhetoricorum Aristotelis libri tres, interprete Hermolai Barbaro P. V.; commentaria in eosdem Danielis Barbari''. Venetiis [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k838565 Textus] apud ''Gallica''
* 1544 : ''Compendium ethicorum librorum Hermolai Barbari''. Venetiis: apud Cominum de Tridino Montisferrati&lt;ref group=&quot;b&quot; name=&quot;BNCF&quot;&gt;[[Bibliotheca nationalis centralis Florentina]]&lt;/ref&gt; {{Google Books|tHQxY4N4kCUC}}
** 1545 : ''Aristotelis Ethicorum, sive De moribus, ad Nicomachum filium libri X ... a Ioachimo Perionio Cormoeriacheno Latinite donati ... his adiecimus ... epitomen, Hermolao Barbaro ... autore''. Basileae: ex officina Barptholomaei Vesthemeri&lt;ref group=&quot;b&quot; name=&quot;Basilea&quot;&gt;[[Bibliotheca universitatis Basiliensis]]&lt;/ref&gt; [https://www.e-rara.ch/bau_1/ch16/content/titleinfo/1813100 Textus] {{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} apud ''e-Rara''
** 1546 : ''Compendium ethicorum librorum Hermolai Barbari''.&lt;ref group=&quot;b&quot; name=&quot;BB&quot;&gt;[[Bibliotheca Britannica]]&lt;/ref&gt; Parisiis: apud Ioannem Roigny {{Google Books|kBNlAAAAcAAJ}}
* 1545 : ''Hermolai Barbari ... Compendium scientiae naturalis ex Aristotele''. Venetiis: apud Cominum de Tridino Montisferrati&lt;ref group=&quot;b&quot; name=&quot;BNA&quot;&gt;[[Bibliotheca nationalis Austriaca]]&lt;/ref&gt; {{Google Books|9o5XAAAAcAAJ}}
** 1547 : ''Hermolai Barbari ... Compendium scientiae naturalis ex Aristotele''. Lutetiae: apud Ioannem Roigny&lt;ref group=&quot;b&quot; name=&quot;Alexandrina&quot;&gt;[[Bibliotheca Alexandrina (Roma)|Bibliotheca Alexandrina]]&lt;/ref&gt; {{Google Books|7glS48_tdSsC}}
** 1548 : ''Naturalis scientiae totius compendium ex Aristotele et aliis philosophis, Hermolao Barbaro ... autore, mendis ... Conradi Gesneri ... opera ac studio purgatum''. Basileae: ex officina Iohannis Oporini&lt;ref group=&quot;b&quot; name=&quot;Turicensis&quot;&gt;Bibliotheca [[schola polytechnica Turicensis|scholae polytechnicae Turicensis]]&lt;/ref&gt; [https://www.e-rara.ch/zut/content/titleinfo/7132965 Textus] apud ''e-Rara''
** 1579 : ''Hermolai Barbari Compendium scientiae naturalis, ex Aristotele et aliis philosophis collectum, et a mendis recens repurgatum''. Lausannae : excudebat Franciscus Le Preux&lt;ref group=&quot;b&quot; name=&quot;Berna&quot;&gt;[[Bibliotheca universitatis Bernensis]]&lt;/ref&gt; [https://web.archive.org/web/20190423114407/https://www.e-rara.ch/bes_1/content/titleinfo/770926 Textus] apud ''e-Rara''
* 1943 : V. Branca, ed., ''Ermolao Barbaro, Epistolae, orationes, carmina''. 2 voll. Florentiae: Bibliopolis (''Nuova collezione di testi umanistici inediti o rari'', 5-6)
* 1969 : V. Branca, ed., ''Ermolao Barbaro, De coelibatu; De officio legati''. Florentiae: Olschki (''Nuova collezione di testi umanistici inediti o rari'', 14)

; Eruditio
* {{DBI|http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/ermolao-barbaro_(Dizionario-Biografico)/|Barbaro, Ermolao|Emilio Bigi|1964}}
* Vittore Branca, &quot;Un trattato inedito di Ermolao Barbaro: il De coelibatu libri&quot; in ''Bibliothèque d'Humanisme et Renaissance'' vol. 14 (1952) pp. 83-98
* &quot;[http://www.summagallicana.it/lessico/b/Barbaro%20Ermolao.htm Hermolaus Barbarus]&quot; in Dominicus Antonius Gandolfus, ''Dissertatio historica de ducentis celeberrimis augustinianis scriptoribus ex illis qui obierunt post magnam unionem ordinis eremitici usque ad finem Tridentini Concilii''. Romae, 1704
* Paolo Pellegrini, &quot;Marcantonio Sabellico, Bonifacio Bembo, Ermolao Barbaro. Un'attribuzione per le «Annotationes in Plinium» (Goff S-6)&quot; in ''La Bibliofilía'' vol. 103 (2001) pp. 107-136
* Luigi Robuschi, Marco Rinaldi, &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190423174042/https://www.academia.edu/8710333/L._ROBUSCHI_Il_De_officio_legati_di_Ermolao_Barbaro_ed_il_pensiero_politico_nella_Venezia_di_fine_400._Appendice_a_cura_di_M._RINALDI Il De officio legati di Ermolao Barbaro ed il pensiero politico nella Venezia di fine ’400]&quot; in ''Atti dell' Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti'' vol. 172 (2013/2014) pp. 257-301
* T. Stickney, ''De Hermolai Barbari vita atque ingenio''. Lutetiae: Société nouvelle de librairie et d'édition, 1903 (dissertatio universitatis Parisiensis) [https://archive.org/details/dehermolaibarbar00stic Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''

; Notae librariae
&lt;references group=&quot;b&quot; /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Ermolao Barbaro|Hermolaum Barbarum}}
{{fontes biographici}}

{{Lifetime|1454|1493|Barbarus, Hermolaus}}
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Patavinae]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Latini Renascentiae]]
[[Categoria:Biologi Italiae]]
[[Categoria:Botanistae Italiae]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Dioscoridis]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Graeco-Latini]]
[[Categoria:Legati rei publicae Venetae]]
[[Categoria:Recensores]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Italiae]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Basilius Kandinsky</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>50666</id>
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      <text bytes="1334" sha1="gjm4ve80zv489pok0ut175njo7euuc7" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
 

'''Basilius Basilii filius Kandinsky''' ([[Russice]] Василий Васильевич Кандинский, ''Vasilij Vasil'evič Kandinskij''; natus [[16 Decembris]] [[1866]]; mortuus [[13 Decembris]] [[1944]]) fuit [[pictor]], [[adumbratio|adumbrator]] [[graphica|graphicus]] [[ars|artis]] studiosus [[Russia|Russicus]], qui etiam in [[Germania]] et [[Francia]] vixit et [[ars abstracta|arti abstractae]] operam dedit, sub specie{{dubsig}} [[expressionismus (musica)|expressionismo]].

== Bibliographia ==
* Jelena Hahl-Koch, ''Kandinsky''. Londinii: Thames and Hudson, 1993

{{NexInt}}
*[[2662 Kandinsky]]
== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Wassily Kandinsky|Basilium Kandinsky}}

* [http://www.wassilykandinsky.de Biographia et opera Basilii Kandinsky]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080113103714/http://www.guggenheimcollection.org/site/artist_works_71_0.html Imagines apud Guggenheim Museum in Urbe Novo Eboraco]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110315094929/http://www.famousartistsgallery.com/gallery/kandinsky.html Basilius Kandinsky: Pinacotheca virtualis]

{{bio-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kandinsky, Basilius}}

[[Categoria:Pictores Russiae]]
[[Categoria:Pictores Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Moscuensis]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1866]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1944]]

{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Eduardus Beneš</title>
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      <text bytes="1910" sha1="7bk24876rpjy40u5nj5jk8c6wjb0upd" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Edvard Beneš.jpg|thumb|Eduardus Beneš (1884-1948)]]

''' Eduardus Beneš''' (natus die [[28 Maii]] [[1884]] in '' [[Kožlany]]'', olim [[urbs|urbe]] ad [[Imperium Austro-Hungaricum]] pertinenti – mortuus est die [[3 Septembris]] [[1948]] in ''[[Sezimovo Ústí]]'') fuit [[Cechoslovacia]]e conditor (una cum [[Thomas Masaryk|Thoma Masaryk]])&lt;ref&gt;Preclík, Vratislav. Masaryk a legie (Masaryk and legions), váz. kniha, 219 pages, first issue vydalo nakladatelství Paris Karviná, Žižkova 2379 (734 01 Karviná - Mizerov, Czech Republic) ve spolupráci s Masarykovým demokratickým hnutím (Masaryk Democratic Movement, Prague), 2019, ISBN 978-80-87173-47-3, pages 15 - 30, 36 - 39, 41 - 42, 106 - 107, 111-112, 124–125, 128, 129, 132, 140–148, 184–199.&lt;/ref&gt; , minister primus et negotiorum externorum et bis praeses ab anno [[1935]] usque ad annum [[1938]] et ab anno [[1945]] usque ad annum 1948. 


Ex anno 1940 studuit compatriotis omnibus, quibus sermo patrius aut Theodiscus aut Hungaricus, patriam fortunasque adimere.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.1000dokumente.de/index.html?c=dokument_de&amp;dokument=0095_ben&amp;l=de mille documenta pensa Europaea]&lt;/ref&gt; Ea crimina anno 1945 commissa hodie a multitudine criticantur.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20090717055437/http://www.mzv.cz/jnp/cz/zahranicni_vztahy/neverejne/druha_svetova_valka_a_jeji_dusledky/dokumenty/cesko_nemecka_deklarace_o_vzajemnych.html &quot;Česko-německá deklarace o vzájemných vztazích a jejich budoucím rozvoji&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20221223050814/https://english.radio.cz/visegrad-four-dispute-over-benes-decrees-8058543 &quot;Visegrad four dispute over Benes-decrees&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;
==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;
{{bio-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Benes, Eduardus}}
[[Categoria:Politici Cechiae]]
[[Categoria:Politici Slovaciae]]
[[Categoria:Praesides Cechoslovaciae]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1884]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1948]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Georgius Tupou V</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>54643</id>
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      <text bytes="2013" sha1="1u2qp60uqh59mj2jxe6yk0hyml74qnd" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}


'''Georgius Tupou V,''' [[Lingua Tongana|Tongane]] '''Siaosi Tupou V,''' plenissime '''Siaosi Tāufaʻāhau Manumataongo Tukuʻaho Tupou V''' (natus [[4 Maii]] [[1948]]; mortuus [[18 Martii]] [[2012]]), alumnus [[Schola Leysiana|scholae Leysianae]] et [[Academia Regalis Militaris (Sandhurst)|Academiae Militaris iuxta Sandhurst]] in [[Anglia]], fuit a die [[10 Septembris]] [[2006]] ad [[mors|mortem]] [[Rex]] [[Tonga]]e, primus regis [[Tāufa'ahau Tupou IV]] [[filius]].

Tupou V iureiurando adfirmatus est rex die [[11 Septembris]] [[2006]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pmo.gov.to/artman/publish/article_170.shtml Tongan Government Gazette Publication 20] et [http://www.pmo.gov.to/artman/publish/article_172.shtml Gazette Publication 19].&lt;/ref&gt; 

Die [[24 Februarii]] [[2012]] [[Benedictus XVI|papam Benedictum XVI]] in [[Civitas Vaticana|Vaticano]] visitavit&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.zenit.org/it/articles/benedetto-xvi-riceve-in-udienza-il-re-di-tonga ''Benedetto XVI riceve in udienza il re di Tonga'']&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.gloria.tv/?media=260991 ''Benedetto XVI riceve il re di Tonga'']&lt;/ref&gt;.

Mortuus est [[Hongcongum|Hongcongi]] die [[18 Martii]] [[2012]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-17420114 Tonga King George Tupou V dies in Hong Kong] (BBC).&lt;/ref&gt; Cum autem non habuit uxorem et filios successor est rex [[Tupou VI]], [[frater]] minor natu.

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7535950.stm King George Tupou V in conloquio cum [[BBC]], [[31 Iulii]] [[2008]],] apud news.bbc.co.uk
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110225210744/http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2008/08/the_new_king_of_tonga.html Pinacotheca Novi Regis Tongae,] www.boston.com

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Reges Tongae}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tupou V, Siaosi}}

[[Categoria:Nati 1948]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 2012]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Collegii et Academiae Sandhurst]]
[[Categoria:Reges Tongae]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Scholae Leysianae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Asteroidea</title>
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        <username>IacobusAmor</username>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Categoria:Subphyla animalium</comment>
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      <text bytes="11583" sha1="j6rg6oygc76q84shtxx01hv3yqnackf" xml:space="preserve">:''Pro subfamilia plantarum florentium, vide &quot;[[Asteroideae]]&quot;.

{{Taxobox
| name = Asteroidea vel stellae marinae
| fossil_range = [[Aevum Ordovicicum]]–praesens
| image = Haeckel Asteridea.jpg
| image_caption = Imago asteroideum ex [[Ernestus Haeckel|Ernesti Haeckel]] opere [[Formae artis naturae|Formis Artis Naturae]], ei [[Annus|anno]] [[1904]] factis
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Echinodermata]]
| subphylum = [[Asterozoa]]
| classis = '''Asteroidea'''
| classis_authority = [[Henricus Maria Ducrotay de Blainville|De Blainville]], 1830
| subdivision_ranks = [[Ordo (biologia)|Ordines]]
| subdivision =
[[Brisingida]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Forcipulatida]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Notomyotida]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Paxillosida]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Spinulosida]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Valvatida]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Velatida]]
[[Calliasterellidae]] †&lt;br&gt;
[[Trichasteropsida]] †
}}

'''Asteroidea''', vulgo aliquando '''stellae marinae''',&lt;ref&gt;[[Georgius Everardus Rumphius|Georgius Everhardus Rumphius]], ''D'Amboinsche Rariteitkamer, behelzende eene beschryvinge van allerhande zoo weeke als harde schaalvisschen, te weeten raare krabben, krefften, en diergelyke zeedieren, als mede allerhande hoorntjes en schulpen, die men in d'Amboinsche Zee vindt: daar benevens zommige mineraalen, gesteenten, en soorten van aarde, die in d'Amboinsche en zommige omleggende Eilanden gevonden worden,'' ed. 2a (Amstelodami: Jan Roman de Jonge, 1741), prima editio, 1705. Vide [http://www.amazon.com/Antique-Print-ASTEROIDEA-STARFISH-SEA-STAR-Rumphius-Maria-Sybilla-Merian-1741/dp/B00DL0GYP6 Plate XV: Stella Marina, Zeesterren (Asteroidea, Starfish, Sea Star species).]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;''Chapter 34. Of the Stella Marina. Bintang Laut.'' 1. I translated Rumphius' Latin name as 'Sea Stars,' a locution once just as common as 'Starfish' is now. . . . In Malay it means the same thing: ''bintang'' = star, and ''laut'' = sea.&quot; Georgius Everhardus Rumphius, ''The Ambonese Curiosity Cabinet,'' liber in Anglicum conversus, editus, adnotatus ab E. M. Beekman (Portu Novi: Yale University Press, 1999), p. 412.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The first reference Weber could find to the starfish was made by Rumphius in 1705, who referred to it as ''Stella marina quindecium'' [sic] ''radiorum''&quot;---Jan Sapp, ''What Is Natural? Coral Reef Crisis'' (Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 219.&lt;/ref&gt; sunt [[animalia]] [[mare|marina]] [[subphylum|subphyli]] [[Asterozoa|Asterozoorum]] [[phylum|phyli]] [[Echinodermata|Echindermatorum]].&lt;ref&gt;Rich Mooi, [http://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/classify.htm &quot;Classification of the Extant Echinodermata.&quot;] California Academy of Sciences.&lt;/ref&gt; 

==Descriptio==
Asteroidea aspectu [[stella]]e similia sunt, itaque his duobus nominibus appellantur. Sunt circa 1800 [[species (taxinomia)|species]] [[vita|vivae]], quae in omnibus orbis terrarum [[oceanus|oceanis]] inveniuntur, inter quos oceani [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Atlanticus]], [[Oceanus Pacificus|Pacificus]], [[Oceanus Indicus|Indicus]], et regiones oceanorum [[Oceanus Arcticus|Arctici]] et [[Oceanus Australis|Australis]] (h.e., ante [[Antarctica]]m). Asteroidea fiunt trans latam profunditatis varietatem, a zona inter [[aestus]]&lt;!--tidal zone--&gt; ad [[zona abyssalis|zonam abyssalem]]{{dubsig}} (plus 6000 m).

Asteroidea sunt inter familiarissima [[animal]]ium [[mare|marinorum]], quibus sunt aliquae proprietates late notae, inter quas [[regeneratio]] atque [[Mytilidae]] comesae. Eis sunt permultae [[corpus (physica)|corporis]] formae et rationes edendi. Gradus quo Asteroidea se regenerare possunt [[species (taxinomia)|specie]] variatur. Sensu lato, asteroidea commoditatis gratia [[victus|vescuntur]],&lt;!--are opportunistic feeders--&gt; et nonnullis speciebus sunt peculiares vescendi mores, inter quos [[pascendum suspendendi]]{{dubsig}} ([[Anglice]] ''suspension feeding'') et [[praedator|praedatio]] praedae propriae.

Asteroidea nonnullas personas graves in [[oecologia]] et [[biologia]] agunt. ''[[Pisaster ochraceus]]'' et species similes ut exemplum notionis [[species clavis]] in oecologia late cognitae sunt. ''[[Acanthaster planci]]'' [[zona tropica|tropicus]] est edax [[curalium|curalii]] [[praedator]] per regionem [[Regio Indo-Pacifica|Indo-Pacificam]]. Alia asteroidea, sicut [[genus (taxinomia)|genera]] [[Asterinidae|Asterinidarum]], saepe in biologia [[evolutio|evolutionis]]&lt;!--developmental biology--&gt; adhibentur.

==Classificatio==
* Infraclassis [[Concentricycloidea]]
** ordo [[Peripodida]]
*** familia [[Xyloplacidae]] &lt;small&gt;Baker, Rowe &amp; Clark, 1986&lt;/small&gt;
* Superordo [[Forcipulatacea]]
** ordo [[Brisingida]]
*** familia [[Brisingidae]] &lt;small&gt;G.O. Sars, 1875&lt;/small&gt;
*** familia [[Freyellidae]] &lt;small&gt;Downey, 1986&lt;/small&gt;
** ordo [[Forcipulatida]]
*** familia [[Asteriidae]] &lt;small&gt;Gray, 1840&lt;/small&gt;
*** familia [[Heliasteridae]] &lt;small&gt;Viguier, 1878&lt;/small&gt;
*** familia [[Pedicellasteridae]] &lt;small&gt;Perrier, 1884&lt;/small&gt;
*** familia [[Pycnopodiidae]] &lt;small&gt;Fisher, 1928&lt;/small&gt;
*** familia [[Stichasteridae]]
*** familia [[Zoroasteridae]] &lt;small&gt;Sladen, 1889&lt;/small&gt;
* Superordo [[Spinulosacea]]
** ordo [[Spinulosida]]
*** familia [[Echinasteridae]] &lt;small&gt;Verrill, 1870&lt;/small&gt;
* Superordo [[Valvatacea]]
** ordo [[Notomyotida]]
*** familia [[Benthopectinidae]] &lt;small&gt;Verrill, 1899&lt;/small&gt;
** ordo [[Paxillosida]]
*** familia [[Astropectinidae]] &lt;small&gt;Gray, 1840&lt;/small&gt;
*** familia [[Ctenodiscidae]] &lt;small&gt;Sladen, 1889&lt;/small&gt;
*** familia [[Goniopectinidae]] &lt;small&gt;Verrill, 1889&lt;/small&gt;
*** familia [[Luidiidae]] &lt;small&gt;Sladen, 1889&lt;/small&gt;
*** familia [[Porcellanasteridae]] &lt;small&gt;Sladen, 1883&lt;/small&gt;
*** familia [[Pseudarchasteridae]]
*** familia [[Radiasteridae]] &lt;small&gt;Fisher, 1916&lt;/small&gt;
** ordo [[Valvatida]]
*** familia [[Acanthasteridae]] &lt;small&gt;[Sladen, 1889]&lt;/small&gt;
*** familia [[Archasteridae]] &lt;small&gt;Viguier, 1878&lt;/small&gt;
*** familia [[Asterinidae]] &lt;small&gt;Gray, 1840&lt;/small&gt;
*** familia [[Asterodiscididae]] &lt;small&gt;Rowe, 1977&lt;/small&gt;
*** familia [[Asteropseidae]] &lt;small&gt;Hotchkiss &amp; Clark, 1976&lt;/small&gt;
*** familia [[Chaetasteridae]] &lt;small&gt;Sladen, 1889&lt;/small&gt;
*** familia [[Ganeriidae]] &lt;small&gt;Sladen, 1889&lt;/small&gt;
*** familia [[Goniasteridae]] &lt;small&gt;Forbes, 1841&lt;/small&gt;
*** familia [[Leilasteridae]] &lt;small&gt;Jangoux &amp; Aziz, 1988&lt;/small&gt;
*** familia [[Mithrodiidae]] &lt;small&gt;Viguier, 1878&lt;/small&gt;
*** familia [[Odontasteridae]] &lt;small&gt;Verrill, 1899&lt;/small&gt;
*** familia [[Ophidiasteridae]] &lt;small&gt;Verrill, 1870&lt;/small&gt;
*** familia [[Oreasteridae]] &lt;small&gt;Fisher, 1911&lt;/small&gt;
*** familia [[Podosphaerasteridae]] &lt;small&gt;Fujita &amp; Rowe, 2002&lt;/small&gt;
*** familia [[Poraniidae]] &lt;small&gt;Perrier, 1875&lt;/small&gt;
*** familia [[Solasteridae]] &lt;small&gt;Viguier, 1878&lt;/small&gt;
** ordo [[Velatida]]
*** familia [[Caymanostellidae]] &lt;small&gt;Belyaev, 1974&lt;/small&gt;
*** familia [[Korethrasteridae]] &lt;small&gt;Danielssen &amp; Koren, 1884&lt;/small&gt;
*** familia [[Myxasteridae]] &lt;small&gt;Perrier, 1885&lt;/small&gt;
*** familia [[Pterasteridae]] &lt;small&gt;Perrier, 1875&lt;/small&gt;

==Pinacotheca==
&lt;gallery style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
Fasciculus:Starfish red komodo.jpg|Magnum asteroideum [[ruber|rubrum]] in [[Komodo National Park]] [[Indonesia]]e
Fasciculus:Starfish komodo.jpg|Asteroideum in [[Komodo National Park]] [[Indonesia]]e
Fasciculus:Crown of Thorns-jonhanson.jpg|''[[Acanthaster planci]]'' in [[Timoria Orientalis|Timoria Orientali]]
Fasciculus:Sun flower sea star in tide pools.jpg|''[[Pycnopodia helianthoides]]'', maxima stella marina [[Orbis terrarum|orbe terrarum]], hic in [[piscina inter aestus]]&lt;!--tide pool--&gt; in [[California]] sita visa
Fasciculus:Starfish, Mauritius.jpg|''[[Fromia monilis]]'' [[Mauritia]]e
Fasciculus:Eleven-Armed Sea Star.jpg|''[[Coscinasterias calamaria]]''
Fasciculus:White Sea StarFish, Russia.jpg|Asteroideum in [[Mare Album|Mari Albo]] [[Russia]]e
Fasciculus:Sculpin is eating Leptasterias hexactis.jpg|In [[piscina inter aestus]]&lt;!-- TIDE POOL --&gt; ubi [[Scorpaeniformes|scorpaeniformis]] ''[[Leptasterias hexactis|Leptasteridem hexactis]]'' comedit
Fasciculus:Blue starfish in Papua New Guinea.jpg|''[[Linckia laevigata ]]'' in [[Papua Nova Guinea]]
Fasciculus:Ochre sea star on beach, Olympic National Park USA.jpg|''[[Pisaster ochraceus]]'' in [[litus|litore]] in [[Olympic National Park]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitatum Foederatarum]]
Fasciculus:Orange ochre star.jpg|''[[Pisaster ochraceus]]'' in [[Bamfield]] [[Canada]]e
Fasciculus:Purple and Orange Starfish on the Beach (2884079538).jpg|''[[Astropecten articulatus]]'' in [[litus|litore]]
Fasciculus:Guildings's sea star.jpg|''[[Linckia guildingi]]'' in [[Meedhupparu]] ''house reef''&lt;!--?--&gt; in [[Insulae Maldivae|Insulis Maldivis]]
Fasciculus:Sandstar 300.jpg|''[[Pisaster giganteus]]''
Fasciculus:starfish.jpg|[[Pes|Pedes]] tubiformes hic videri possunt
Fasciculus:Oreaster reticulatus201905mx.jpg|''[[Oreaster reticulatus]]'', Cancun, [[Mexico]]
Fasciculus:Starfishes.jpg|[[Oceanus Pacificus]], Cannon Beach, [[Oregonia]]e [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitatum Foederatarum]]
Fasciculus:Schmedelian pin-cushion sea star.jpg|''[[Culcita schmideliana]]'' super [[Meedhupparu]] [[scopulus curalii|scopulum curalii]] in [[Insulae Maldivae|Insulis Maldivis]]
Fasciculus:red-knobbed.starfish.arp.jpg|''[[Protoreaster linckii]]'', stella marina ex [[Oceanus Indicus|Oceano Indico]]
Fasciculus:Starfish closeup.jpg|[[Cutis]] stellae marinae
Fasciculus:Starfish scorpions seahorse skewers.jpg|Verua&lt;!--skewers--&gt; asteroideorum, ''[[Hippocampus|Hippocamporum]]'', et [[Scorpiones|scorpionum]] ut [[cibus viarius]]&lt;!--street food--&gt; in [[Sinae (regio)|Sinis]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Stella]]

==Notae==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

==Bibliographia==
* Blake, D. B.,  et T. E. Guensburg. [[2005]]. Implications of a new early Ordovician asteroid (Echinodermata) for the phylogeny of Asterozoans. ''Journal of Paleontology'' 79(2):395-399.
* Gilbertson, Lance. [[1999]].  ''Zoology Lab Manual.'' Ed. 4a. Novi Eboraci: McGraw Hill Companies. ISBN 007237716X.
* Shackleton, Juliette D. [[2005]]. Skeletal homologies, phylogeny and classification of the earliest asterozoan echinoderms. ''Journal of Systematic Palaeontology'' 3(1):29-114.
* Solomon, E. P., L. R. Berg, et D. W. Martin. [[2002]]. ''Biology.'' Ed. 6a.
* Sutton M.D., D. E. G. Briggs, D. J. Siveter, D. J. Gladwell. [[2005]] A starfish with three-dimensionally preserved soft parts from the Silurian of England. ''Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences'' 272(1567):1001-1006.
* Hickman C. P, L. S. Roberts, A. Larson, H. l'Anson, et D. J. Eisenhour. [[2006]]. ''Integrated Principles of Zoology.'' Ed. 13a. Novi Eboraci: McGraw Hill. ISBN 0071115935.

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|Asteroidea|asteroidea}}
{{Wikispecies|Asteroidea|asteroidea}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060709155408/http://www.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/classify.htm Classificatio Echinodermatum Exstantium] apud situm calacademy.org
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110806062654/http://www.users.on.net/~jamesmosby/starfish/index.html De Asteroideis] apud situm users.on.net (Starfish–Sea Stars)
*[http://ocean.si.edu/blog/invisible-loss-impacts-oil-you-do-not-see De detrimento Echinodermatibus a pollutione olei effecto] apud ocean.si.edu
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071225203510/http://tolweb.org/Asteroidea/19238 De ordine] apud situm tolweb.org (Propositum Arboris Vitae)
*[http://www.starfish.ch/c-invertebrates/seesterne.html Photographemata Asteroideorum] apud situm starfish.ch.c-invertebrates/seesterne.html

[[Categoria:Asteroidea|!]]
[[Categoria:Palaeontologia]]
[[Categoria:Subphyla animalium]]
[[Categoria:Taxa Blainville]]
[[Categoria:Taxa 1830]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Grimod de la Reynière</title>
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      <comment>{{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}}</comment>
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{{res|Grimod de la Reynière}} ([[Francice]] ''Alexandre Balthazar Laurent Grimod de La Reynière''; natus die [[20 Novembris]] [[1758]];&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Desnoiresterres (1877)}} p. 4&lt;/ref&gt; mortuus die [[25 Decembris]] [[1837]]) fuit [[iuris consultus]], ganeo, et [[scriptor]] in [[lingua Francogallica]] de rebus convivalibus.

== Iuventus ==
Balthazar Grimod de la Reynière [[Lutetia]]e anno 1758 natus est, matre {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Susanna de Jarente||d|qid=Q111071809}} e nobilitate orta, patre [[Laurentius Grimod de la Reynière|Laurentio]] publicano divitissimo (''fermier général''); {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Antonius Casparus Grimod de La Reynière|publicani iam divitis|fr|qid=Q2853975}} nepos fuit, macellariorum pronepos [[Lugdunum|Lugdunensium]] seu potius [[Givortium|Givortii]] nativorum. Manibus fere carentibus,&lt;ref&gt;''Né sans mains'' ait ipse in epistula privata: {{qc|id=Desnoiresterres (1877)}} p. 43. De difformitate variis modis a biographis descripta vide {{qc|id=Desnoiresterres (1877)}} pp. 3-5&lt;/ref&gt; a parentibus (quamquam e matrimonio ortus) haeres non constitutus est.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Abramson (2003)}} pp. 106-107&lt;/ref&gt;

Balthasar digitabula prosthetica gerere solebat quorum gratia faciliter scribere et, si necesse sit, delineare potuit. Annum agens undecimum in {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Collegium Plessaeum||fr|qid=Q1027755}} [[universitas Parisiensis|universitatis Parisiensis]], post quattuor annos in {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Collegium Remense||fr|qid=Q16540881}} intravit, unde in [[Lyceum Ludovici Magni]] translatus est.

[[Fasciculus:Antoine-Gaspard Grimod de La Reynière (original replica) by Maurice Quentin de La Tour.jpg|thumb|Avus {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Antonius Casparus||fr|qid=Q2853975}} publicanus et ganeo]]
A parentibus (qui filium rarius visitaverunt) aut potius ab amitae marito {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Christianus de Malesherbes|Christiano de Malesherbes|fr|qid=Q551456}} mense Augusto [[1775]] peregrinatio iuveni Balthazare praescripta est in [[Borboniensis|Borboniensem]], [[Lugdunensis|Lugdunensem]], [[Delphinatus Viennensis|Delphinatum]], [[Helvetia]]m, [[Sabaudia]]m. Ibi [[Lausanna]]e &quot;annum vitae meae iucundissimum&quot; degit &quot;liber, nemini cliens, acceptus, requisitus, amore captus eo usque ne tristis fiam ... studiisque cupitis quae ego solus elegerat devotus&quot;: sic se sensisse post duodecim annos meminit.&lt;ref&gt;''Cette année fut la plus heureuse de ma vie. Libre, indépendant, fêté, recherché, amoureus autant qu'il le fallait pour n'être pas malheureus ... livré à des études agréables et purement de mon chois'': &quot;Lettre, 7 mai 1787&quot; apud {{qc|id=Restif de la Bretonne (1793)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k29923p/f268.item p. 1252]; {{qc|id=Desnoiresterres (1877)}} pp. 27-33&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Fasciculus:Laurent Grimod de La Reynière.jpg|thumb|Pater [[Laurentius Grimod de la Reynière|Laurentius]] publicanus et ganeo]]
Pater his annis {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Villa Grimod de La Reynière|villam urbanam|fr|qid=Q966355}} luxuosam sibi aedificari iusserat, eodem loco ubi hodie [[legatio Civitatum Foederatarum (Lutetia)|legatio Civitatum Foederatarum]] stat, [[Campi Elysii (via)|Campis Elysiis]] adiacentem et a convivis ''hôtel des Champs-Elysées'' (&quot;villam Camporum Elysiorum&quot;) nuncupata. Balthazar ergo, Lutetiam mense Octobri [[1776]] reditus, interdum hic, interdum [[Clipiacum (Alta Sequanae)|Clipiaci]] in villa familiae suburbana habitabat: pater rarius, mater cum amasiis suis crebrius aderant. Binas in domos cenae Lucullianae optimatibus offerebantur.

[[Fasciculus:Suzanne-Elisabeth-Françoise de Jarente de La Reynière MET 143158.jpg|thumb|{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Susanna de Jarente||d|qid=Q111071809}} Balthasaris mater]]
Anno 1777, studia iuris persequens, habitationem prope universitatem ad viam Inferni (''rue Denfert'') sibi nactus est. Ab eodem anno recensiones fabularum scaenicarum scripsit quae usque in 1778 in ''Journal des théâtres'' Lutetiae,&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Desnoiresterres (1877)}} pp. 31-33&lt;/ref&gt; ab 1780 in ''[[Mercure suisse|Nouveau journal helvétique]]'' [[Novicastrum (urbs)|Novicastri]] in Helvetia divulgatae erunt;&lt;ref&gt;Postea ''Journal de Neuchâtel''. {{LHH|39081}}&lt;/ref&gt; amicitiam cultivabat {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioanna Quinault|Ioannae Quinault|fr|qid=Q3175927}}, sociae ''{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Societas du Bout-du-Banc|du Bout-du-Banc|fr|qid=Q3488230}}'', actricumque iuvenum inter quas [[Dorothea Dorinville|Dorotheae &quot;de Luzy&quot;]] cuius delicias se esse praetendit; socius [[Academia Arcadum|Academiae Arcadum]] [[Roma]]nae iam annum aetatis vigesimum agens convocatus est.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Desnoiresterres (1877)}} pp. 31-34&lt;/ref&gt; Ab 1778 munere iuris consulti functus est.

== Filius matris inimicus; hospes ganeoque praecox ==
[[Fasciculus:Jeanne-Françoise Quinault by Pirodon after Quentin de La Tour.jpg|thumb|{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioanna Quinault||fr|qid=Q3175927}}, amica a matre oblita, ad cuius memoriam &quot;cena-collatio&quot; anno [[1783]] celebrata erit]]
Mater eius postulationem matrimonii cum Angelica de Bessi (Mitoire) germana, anno fere 1779 factam, modo secreto frustrari conspiravit. Quo acto ille &quot;matrem non iam honoravit&quot;, ait amicus [[Nicolaus Restif de la Bretonne|Restif de la Bretonne]], qui historiam huius coniurationis postea forma mythistorica divulgaverit.&lt;ref&gt;''Il cessa d'honorer sa mère'': [[Nicolaus Restif de la Bretonne|Restif de la Bretonne]], ''Les Françaises: La fille à la bonne mère'' (1787) vol. 1 pp. 23-28; {{qc|id=Desnoiresterres (1877)}} pp. 37-40; [https://www.gazette-drouot.com/en/lots/9669433 epistula de hac re]&lt;/ref&gt; Anno [[1780]] vituperationes palam in matrem {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Iacobus de Breteuil|Iacobumque de Breteuil|fr|qid=Q16034290}} matris amasium iecit. Deinde matrem patremque rarissime viderit.

Anno circiter 1781 vel [[1782]] &quot;societatem dierum Mercurii&quot; (''Société du mercredi'' vel ''des mercredis'') amici septemdecim condiderunt; dicitur Balthasar iam ab initio membrum fuisse. Illi cenam hebdomadariam sumpserunt a principio apud Villain ad viam Crucis Camporum Parvorum (''rue Croix-des-Petits-Champs''), deinde apud Le Gacque ad viam de Rivoli&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id= Dinaux (1867)}} vol. 2 pp. 32-36; {{qc|Desnoiresterres (1877)}} pp. 227-228; Matthieu Aussudre, &quot;[https://www.cairn.info/revue-romantisme-2019-4-page-11.htm#no32 Le Rocher de Cancale, lieu symbolique du nouveau discours gourmand]&quot; in ''Romantisme'' no. 186 (2019) pp. 11-19; {{qc|id= Hashimoto (2019)}} [https://books.openedition.org/pufr/26712 § 25-27]&lt;/ref&gt; cum amicis [[Carolus, marchio de Aigrefeuille|Aigrefeuille]],&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Almanach des gourmands}} vol. 1 (2a ed. Lutetiae, 1803) [https://archive.org/details/gri_33125008532588 pp. vii-viii]; plenius {{GB|Wr06AAAAcAAJ|pp. vi-viii et p. 172 editionis 3ae}}; vol. 2 (2a ed. 1804) p. vii; Eugène Woestyn, &quot;Physiologie du dîneur&quot; in [[Carolus Monselet|Charles Monselet]] et al., ''La Cuisinière poétique'' (Lutetiae: Lévy, 1859) [https://archive.org/details/b28062346/page/n175/mode/2up p. 171]&lt;/ref&gt; {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Iulianus Ludovicus Geoffroy|Iuliano Ludovico Geoffroy|fr|qid=Q557109}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Renatus de Chazet|Renato de Chazet|fr|qid=Q18012095}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Albouis d'Azincourt|D'Azincourt|fr|qid=Q3019401}}. Societatem non sine interruptionibus usque in annum 1810 (vel etiam 1812) continuit. Annis ulterioribus hanc societatem crebriter in paginis ''[[Almanach des gourmands]]'' commemoraverit,&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Almanach des gourmands}} vol. 1 (3a ed. 1803) p. 186; vol. 2 (2a ed. 1804) [http://www.archive.org/details/almanachdesgour00costgoog p. 265 ff.]; vol. 4 (1806) [https://archive.org/details/b21525250_0004/page/n3/mode/2up pp. v-x]; vol. 5 (1807) pp. 188-189; vol. 8 (1812) pp. 233-234&lt;/ref&gt; hisque verbis in dedicatione voluminis quartae descripserit:
:''Dix-sept personnes qui, depuis vingt-quatre années, exercent chaque semaine, en commun, leurs facultés dégustatrices; à qui, dans ce long espace de temps, il n’est rien échappé de tout ce qui peut honorer davantage le palais, et stimuler plus dignement la sensualité; dont les appétits dans tous les genres ne se sont jamais arrêtés ni même ralentis; dont le goût constamment pur, n’a jamais dévié; dont l’admirable tact est devenu la règle de conduite des plus grands cuisiniers; et dont les opinions font tellement loi dans tout ce qui tient à la table, que le recueil des décisions de la Société des Mercredis, forme aujourd'hui la meilleure jurisprudence gourmande de l’Europe''.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Almanach des gourmands}} vol. 4 (1806) pp. 6-7&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Fasciculus:Charles-Louis Trudaine de Montigny.jpg|thumb|{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Carolus Ludovicus Trudaine||d|qid=Q58231181}} iuris consultus et conviva]]
Parodicam &quot;cenam collationem nocturnam&quot; (''souper-collation'') in villa Camporum Elysiorum, patre et matre absentibus, die [[1 Februarii]] [[1783]] celebravit. Convivae verbis peremptoriis convocati sunt, titulis officiusque et muneribus positis rite enumeratis: &quot;Te secundum meritis tuis recipere conabitur; haud praetenditur tibi plenam satisfactionem reddere nisi quod omne a te desideratum in re olei carnisque porcinae suppeditabitur&quot; (sic ad proavos Grimod tabernarios macellariosque allusum est): &quot;nec cane nec servo comiteris, nam ministeria ancillae ad tempus conductae perficient&quot; (vilitas divitiamque familiae Grimod sic expressum est).&lt;ref&gt;''Vous êtes prié d'assister au souper-collation de Me Alexandre-Balthazar-Laurent Grimod de La Reynière, écuyer, avocat au Parlement, membre de l'Académie des Arcades de Rome, associé libre du Musée de Paris, et rédacteur de la partie dramatique du ''Journal de Neufchâtel''; qui se fera en son domicile, rue des Champs-Elysées, paroisse de la Madeleine-de-la-Ville-l'Evéque, le [premier] jour du mois d[e février] 178[3]. On fera son possible pour vous recevoir selon vos mérites; et, sans se flatter encore que vous soyez pleinement satisfait, on ose vous assurer dès aujourd'hui que du côté de l'huile et du cochon vous n'aurez rien à désirer. On s'assemblera à neuf heures et demie, pour souper à dix. Vous êtes instamment supplié de n'amener ni chien ni valet, le service devant être fait par des servantes ad hoc''.''Correspondance littéraire, philosophique et critique de Grimm'' vol. 11, 1782/1783 (1830) [https://archive.org/details/correspondancel02chaugoog/page/n380/mode/2up p. 364]; {{qc|id=Lettres à un Lyonnais (1857)}} p. 317; {{qc|id=Desnoiresterres (1877)}} pp. 73-74&lt;/ref&gt; Convivae ergo septemdecim adfuerunt, videlicet ipse hospes quintem et vigesimum annum agens; Carolus Brisson de Montalin regius consiliarius parlamentarius; Andreas Paulus Rodier consiliarius curiae adiutoriae; [[Ludovicus de Richebourg de Champcenetz|Champcenetz]] miles, [[Alphonsus de Fortia de Piles|Fortia de Piles]] miles scriptorque parodicus; [[Stephanus Vigée|Vigée]] et [[Petrus Ulricus Dubuisson|Dubuisson]] scriptores; Neveu pictor; {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Albouis d'Azincourt|D'Azincourt|fr|qid=Q3019401}} comoedus;&lt;ref&gt;Cf. &quot;Epître dédicatoire aux manes de Jh. Albouis d'Azincourt&quot; in ''{{qc|id=Almanach des gourmands}}'' vol. 7 (1810) [https://archive.org/details/b21525250_0007/page/n3/mode/2up pp. v-x]&lt;/ref&gt; {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Adrianus Ludovicus de Bonnières|Bonnières|fr|qid=Q376637}}, Rimbert,&lt;ref&gt;An ''Gabriel-François de la Roche-Négly''?&lt;/ref&gt; de Lisle de Norvan, [[Carolus de Villette|Villette]], Popelin,&lt;ref&gt;An ''Popelin, garde des titres et sceaux du Grand Orient de France''?&lt;/ref&gt; Vivien iuris consulti; domina de Nozoyl in travestito; Barth qui a secretis Balthasari merebat.&lt;ref&gt;Enumerationem convivarum habes {{qc|id=Lettres à un Lyonnais (1857)}} p. 317; {{qc|id=Desnoiresterres (1877)}} p. 79&lt;/ref&gt; Adstabat Aze, macellarii filius, philosophus a Grimod admiratus.&lt;ref&gt;De Aze vide {{qc|id=Desnoiresterres (1877)}} pp. 63-72, 80&lt;/ref&gt;

De qua cena multi scripserunt,&lt;ref&gt;''[[Correspondance littéraire, philosophique et critique]] de Grimm'' vol. 11, 1782/1783 (1830) [https://archive.org/details/correspondancel02chaugoog/page/n378/mode/2up pp. 363-366]; ''Mémoires secrets'' vol. 22 (1783) {{Google Books|ol8HAAAAQAAJ|pp. 72-73, 76-79, 81-83}}; ''Correspondance secrète, politique et littéraire'' vol. 14 (Londinii: John Adamson, 1783) {{Google Books|uzsVAAAAQAAJ|pp. 137-138}}; Pierre-Jean-Baptiste Nougaret, ''Tableau mouvant de Paris ou Variétés amusantes'' (Londinii, 1787) vol. 1 [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6438400v/f315 pp. 295-297]&lt;/ref&gt; inter quos citari debet Barth conviva et secretarius: ille ad epistulam parodicam &quot;Caillot-Duval&quot; verbis honestioribus respondit.&lt;ref&gt;Petrus de Boisgelin de Kerdu, [[Alphonsus de Fortia de Piles]], ''Correspondance philosophique de Caillot-Duval'' (1795) no. 8 et 18, pp. [https://archive.org/details/correspondanceph00fort/page/12/mode/2up 13-15] et [https://archive.org/details/correspondanceph00fort/page/30/mode/2up 31-38]&lt;/ref&gt; Posteriores nonnulli e fontibus primariis (inter se contradicentibus) veram historiam cenae-collationis elucidare temptaverunt.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lacroix (1856)}} {{GB|4B0PAAAAQAAJ|fasc. 1 pp. 110-118}}; {{qc|id=Desnoiresterres (1877)}} pp. 73-95&lt;/ref&gt; De vera ratione vel occasione cenae nihil pro certo habemus nisi quod ipse hospes (fide ''[[Mémoires secrets]]'') se mortem Ioannae Quinault commemorare praetendit, quae die [[18 Ianuarii]] [[1783|eius anni]] obierat, a matre Balthasaris olim amicissima aliisque fere omnibus oblitam.&lt;ref&gt;''[[Mémoires secrets]]'' vol. 22 (1783) p. 94, cf. ''{{qc|id=Almanach des gourmands}}'' vol. 5 [https://archive.org/details/b21525250_0005/page/240/mode/2up pp. 240-241 nota]; {{qc|id=Desnoiresterres (1877)}} p. 85; {{qc|id=Downie (2017)}} pp. 191-192&lt;/ref&gt;

Tam hac nocturna cena pleniter porcina, quam prandiis &quot;seminutritivis&quot; hebdomadalibus (''déjeuners semi-nutritifs'') quae die [[11 Iulii]] [[1784]] instituit et usque in diem [[8 Aprilis]] [[1786]] continuavit, iuvenis callidus generositatem hospitalem in rigiditatem semisatiricam convertit. Quibus prandiis (a principio ''Académie des déjeuners'' &quot;academia prandiorum&quot; nuncupatis) verbis formalibus convitavit&lt;ref&gt;''Monsieur, en conséquence de la délibération prise le 11 juillet dernier et à laquelle vous avez adhéré, vous êtes instamment prié de vous trouver, mercredi prochain, 5 novembre 1784, à midi précis, à l'ouverture de l'Académie des déjeuners, qui se fera à la manière accoutumée, rue des Champs-Elysées, paroisse de la Madeleine-de-la-Ville-l'Évèque. — P. S. Il y aura des lectures intéressantes et un discours de rentrée, que vous voudrez bien écouter avec indulgence. F. G. S. A. V. A. Paris, ce 28 octobre 1784'': {{qc|id=Lettres à un Lyonnais (1857)}} 1855 pp. 298-299; {{qc|id=Lorgnette}} pars 2 pp. 31, 121; {{qc|id=Censeur}} vol. 2 p. 443; {{qc|id=Almanach des gourmands}} vol. 2 (2a ed. 1804) [http://www.archive.org/details/almanachdesgour00costgoog p. 216]; vol. 8 pp. 55-56; &quot;Déjeuners&quot; in [[Alphonsus de Fortia de Piles]], ''Nouveau dictionnaire français'' pp. 101-102; [[Restif de la Bretonne]], ''Les Contemporaines'' vol. 109 ad fin., ''Les Contemporaines: vogues contemporaines'' vol. 11 p. 539; ''Mémoires secrets'' vol. 32 pp. 225-227; {{qc|id=Desnoiresterres (1877)}} pp. 97-106&lt;/ref&gt; amicos scriptores histrionesque maiori parte pauperes, cibis haud variis sed sufficientibus, vino omisso, coffeo inevitabili, lecturis disputationibusque litterariis longioribus. Convenerunt , {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Carolus Palissot de Montenoy|Carolus Palissot|fr|qid=Q965322}}, [[Franciscus Andrieux]], [[Petrus Beaumarchais]], [[Maria Iosephus Chénier]], {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ludovicus de Fontanes||fr|qid=Q1296217}}, Vigée, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Franciscus Collin d'Harleville|Collin d'Harleville|fr|qid=Q715955}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Pons de Verdun||fr|qid=Q3396304}}, Duchosal,&lt;ref&gt;Vide {{qc|id=Mémoire}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Carolus Ludovicus Trudaine||d|qid=Q58231181}} fraterque Carolus Michael iuris consulti, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ludovicus Michael Le Peletier des Forts||fr|qid=Q1283616}}, Fortia de Piles, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Rochon de Chabannes||fr|qid=Q3287628}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Franciscus Cailhava||fr|qid=Q3165511}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Antonius Le Bailly||fr|qid=Q2854136}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ludovicus (comes de Narbone)|Ludovicus comes de Narbone|fr|qid=Q977533}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Ludovicus Soulavie|abbas Soulavie|fr|qid=Q3166791}}, comoedi {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Larive||fr|qid=Q354161}} et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Saint-Prix||fr|qid=Q3463233}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Raimundus de Verninac||fr|qid=Q3421243}} poeta atque postea politicus sub rebus novis), [[Nicolaus Restif de la Bretonne|Restif de la Bretonne]].&lt;ref&gt;Enumerationem convivarum horum aliorumque habes {{qc|id=Lettres à un Lyonnais (1857)}} p. 298; {{qc|id=Desnoiresterres (1877)}} p. 97&lt;/ref&gt;

Cenam collationem famosam, qua neque convivas illustres neque parentes suas placuerat, die [[9 Martii]] [[1786]] repetivit, instantibus amicis recentioribus quos ad novum epulum convocavit: fuerunt [[Restif de la Bretonne]] amicus intimus (quem die [[22 Novembris]] [[1782]] apud dominam Duchesne primum incurrerat)&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Desnoiresterres (1877)}} pp. 88-94&lt;/ref&gt;, domina Mitoire (quam olim in matrimonium postulaverat), domina Chardon, Trudaine, Le Peletier des Forts, [[Ludovicus Sebastianus Mercier]], Fontanes, [[Maria Iosephus Chénier]], Baïard, Aze.&lt;ref&gt;[[Restif de la Bretonne]], ''Le Drame de la vie'' vol. 3 pp. 1161-1169, ''Nuits de Paris'' vol. 7 p. 2931, ''Monsieur Nicolas'' vol. 6 pars 2 pp. 3077-3081; {{qc|id=Desnoiresterres (1877)}} pp. 111-116&lt;/ref&gt;

== Exsul vagansque ==
Patre praesertimque matre postulantibus, litteris secretis rex [[Ludovicus XVI]] Balthasarem die [[19 Aprilis]] [[1786]] e [[Lutetia]] excludit et in incarcerationem misit apud {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|abbatia Sancti Salvatoris (Tullum)|abbatiam Sancti Salvatoris|fr|qid=Q2820705}} prope [[Villa ad Domnum Aprum|Domnum Aprum]].&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Desnoiresterres (1877)}} pp. 133-150; &quot;[http://www.blamont.info/textes111.html Lettre de cachet et exil à l'abbaye de Domèvre]&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Ibi aestate 1787 venerunt et aliquot dies morabant domina Feuchère filiaque Adelais Theresa actrix, quam Lugduni in matrimonium duxerit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Desnoiresterres (1877)}} pp. 137, 171-176&lt;/ref&gt;

Annis 1787 et 1788 commentationes nonnullas ad libellos clandestinos ''[[Correspondance litteraire secrète]]'' contribuit. [[Ludovicus Sebastianus Mercier|Ludovico Sebastiano Mercier]] amico, celeberrimae &quot;tabulae Parisiensis&quot; auctore, anno [[1788]] tabellam Lugdunensem dicavit sub titulo ''Lettre à M. Mercier, ou réflexions philosophiques sur la ville de Lyon''.

Ad [[Lausanna]]m ante mensem Iulium [[1788]] revenit.&lt;ref&gt;De [[merenda|merendis]] vide infra&lt;/ref&gt; Deinde [[Lugdunum|Lugduni]], anno autem [[1789]] [[Turicum|Turici]] apud [[Ioannes Casparus Lavater|Lavater]], mox ad Domnum Aprum, rursus Lugduni morabat:&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Desnoiresterres (1877)}} pp. 151-160; {{qc|id=Almanach des gourmands}} vol. 2 (2a ed. 1804) [https://archive.org/details/b21525250_0002/page/60/mode/2up p. 61 nota]&lt;/ref&gt; hac in urbe tabernam vel pantopolium constituit cenasque nonnumquam dabat.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Desnoiresterres (1877)}} pp. 160-163&lt;/ref&gt; [[Baeterrae|Baeterris]] apud amitam aliquot tempus habitabat,&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Desnoiresterres (1877)}} pp. 163-169&lt;/ref&gt; unde Lugduni reditus de morte patris, die [[26 Decembris]] [[1793]] obita, certior factus est, quibus diebus etiam avunculus materque sub revolutione incarcerati sunt. Haec liberata, ille interfectus erit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Desnoiresterres (1877)}} pp. 176-186&lt;/ref&gt; Balthasar ergo anno [[1794]] Lutetiam revenit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Desnoiresterres (1877)}} p. 186.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gastronomia et senectus ==
Libellos annales gastronomicos, titulo ''[[Almanach des gourmands]]'', ab anno [[1803]] usque in [[1812]] divulgari iussit, magna parte a se scriptos. Ibi volumine primo adventum Lutetiam [[solanum lycopersicon|lycopersicorum]] narravit et explicavit, praecepto [[lycopersica farta|lycopersicorum fartorum]] (antea non divulgato) curiose dato.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Almanach des gourmands}} vol. 1 (1803) [https://archive.org/details/gri_33125008532588/page/n163/mode/2up pp. 152-153 editionis 2ae]&lt;/ref&gt; Ibi etiam ab anno 1804 itineraria nutritiva redigebantur ope [[Almanach des gourmands#Iuratores gastronomici|iuratorum quorundam]] qui sub aegide Balthasaris congredi solebant ad illas delicias aestimandas quas tabernarii Lutetiae submiserant.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Almanach des gourmands}} vol. 5 (1807) pp. 78-85, vol. 6 pp. 169-173, 223-226 et alibi&lt;/ref&gt; Inter iuratores enumerantur [[Bartholomaeus Andreas Camerani|Camerani]] ([[potagium Camerani|potagii Camerani]] primus inventor), Alexis Balaine (popinae ''[[Le Rocher de Cancale]]'' patronus), [[Ludovicus de Cussy|marchio de Cussy]], histrio {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Albouis d'Azincourt|D'Azincourt|fr|qid=Q3019401}} iam diu amicus, mulieresque Mézeray,&lt;ref&gt;De qua vide {{qc|id=Desnoiresterres (1877)}} [https://archive.org/details/grimoddelareyni00desn/page/374/mode/2up pp. 375-376]&lt;/ref&gt; Augusta et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Minette||fr|qid=Q94757516}} Ménestrier.

&quot;Obsequia sua&quot; (sic nuncupavit ipse) Lutetiae die [[7 Iulii]] [[1812]], amicis rite convitatis, celebravit; poste [[Villaris ad Urbiam|Villari ad Urbiam]] in villam rusticam se retraxit. Ibi anno [[1837]] mortuus est.

== Indoles et fortuna ==
[[Fasciculus:Le Tambour et la Vivandière, vaudeville de Jules-Joseph-Gabriel.jpg|thumb|{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Minette Ménestrier||fr|qid=Q94757516}} actrix (ad sinistram partem imaginis) cui anecdota plura voluminum VII et VIII (1810-1812) seriei ''[[Almanach des gourmands]]'' dedicata sunt]]
:''Le Rédacteur ... fils d'un père qui passait pour tenir l'une des tables les plus recherchées de Paris, et descendant d'un aïeul mort au champ d'honneur, c'est-à-dire, des suites d'une indigestion de pâté de foies gras'' (&quot;Scriba ... filius patris qui mensam tenebat inter omnes Lutetiae desideratissimas reputatam prolesque proavi ipso proelii campo mortui, i.e. post indigestionem pastilli saginatorum iecurum anserinorum&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;''{{qc|id=Almanach des gourmands}}'' vol. 1 (1803) [https://archive.org/details/gri_33125008532588/page/n17/mode/2up pp. vii-viii]&lt;/ref&gt;
Balthasar culturam gastronomicam artemque convivalem imbiberit a cenis generosis quae iussu patris convivis illustrissimis praebebantur,&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Desnoiresterres (1877)}} pp. 18-25&lt;/ref&gt; atque a coquo paterno Morillion, &quot;inter optimos saeculi duodevicesimi coquinarios&quot; a iuveni nuncupato.&lt;ref&gt;''L'un des plus grands cuisiniers du dix-huitième siècle'': {{qc|id=Almanach des gourmands}} vol. 6 (1808) [https://archive.org/details/b21525250_0006/page/132/mode/2up pp. 133], [https://archive.org/details/b21525250_0006/page/324/mode/2up 324]; {{qc|id=Desnoiresterres (1877)}} pp. 24-25 (qui &quot;Mérillon&quot; scripsit)&lt;/ref&gt; Adiutorium huius in re culinaria [[Voltarius]] olim postulaverat:
:''Le tres-oblige et tres-malade Voltaire, Monsieur, vous demande deux graces ... la seconde, que mon cuisinier puisse servir d'aide au votre pendant quelques jours. Ce n'est pas que je pretende faire aussi bonne chere que vous. Mais un cuisinier se rouille chez un malade ... et il faut proteger les beaux arts.''&lt;ref&gt;[[Voltarius]], epistula ad Grimod de la Reynière (Balthasaris avum), 17 Nov. 1745, in ''Lettres inedites'' (Lutetiae: Didier, 1857) vol. 1 pp. 159-160; {{qc|id=Desnoiresterres (1877)}} p. 8&lt;/ref&gt;
Neque {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Antonius Casparus Grimod de La Reynière|avi|fr|qid=Q2853975}} oblivisci licet, ganeonis famosi, qui, saepe ob indigestionem morte periculatus, ante nepotem natum die [[10 Februarii]] [[1754]] propter [[ficatum anserinum pastillatum]] avidius sumptum mortem obierat.&lt;ref&gt;Edmond-Jean-François Barbier, ''Chronique de la régence et du règne de Louis XV'' (ed. 1866) [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2039424/f10.item vol. 6 p. 7]&lt;/ref&gt; Nihilominus per incarcerationes et vagationes ad veram gastronomiam conversus est, apud Domnum Aprum,&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Desnoiresterres (1877)}} pp. 165-167&lt;/ref&gt; inter [[merenda]]s [[Helvetia|Helveticas]],&lt;ref&gt;''[[Almanach des gourmands]]'' vol. 2 (2a ed. 1804) [https://archive.org/details/b21525250_0002/page/58/mode/2up pp. 59-61]&lt;/ref&gt; et [[Lugdunum|Lugduni]] in urbe quae posteriores &quot;[[gastronomia Lugdunensis|caput mundi gastronomicum]]&quot; nuncupaverint. Ironiam saepe inter laudes ciborum luxuosorum immiscuit, sicut in praecepto &quot;assaturae incomparabilis&quot; (''rôti sans pareil'').&lt;ref&gt;''{{qc|id=Almanach des gourmands}}'' vol. 5 (1807) [https://archive.org/details/b21525250_0005/page/238/mode/2up pp. 239-245], vol. 6 [https://archive.org/details/b21525250_0006/page/66/mode/2up pp. 66-67]&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Misogynia]], quam in variis scriptis suis lectores percipiunt, fortasse ope virginis cuiusdam Lausoniae vano in coniugium postulatae orta, praecipue inculcata est ope matris suae quae matrimonium anno 1779 temptum modo secreto frustravit. Postea nullam in matrimonium duxit, sed mulieres frequentare minime recusabat, tam seniores, sicut Ioannam Quinault, quam iuniores, sicut Dorotheam &quot;de Luzy&quot; cuius delicias se esse praetendit. Venustatem virginum (quamquam gastronomiae submissarum) haud reiecit:
:''Ces sortes de ragoûts qui s'exécutent ainsi sur table raniment la joie et l'appétit des amateurs, surtout lorsque la main succulente et fraîche d'une jeune et jolie femme se charge de les apprêter'' (&quot;Talia obsonia, quae ad ipsam mensam perficiuntur, gaudium gulamque appetentium redanimant, praesertim si manu vegeta suculentaque iuvenis mulieris formosae apparari debeant&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;''{{qc|id=Almanach des gourmands}}'' vol. 1 (1803) [https://archive.org/details/gri_33125008532588/page/n105/mode/2up p. 94]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Opera ==
=== Libri et libelli ===
[[Fasciculus:Almanach-des-Gourmands.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Tomus II seriei ''[[Almanach des gourmands]]'' (1804) ([[Bibliotheca Ganearia]] [[Hermalle-sous-Huy]])]]
* 1783 : ''Réflexions philosophiques sur le plaisir'' par un célibataire {{Google Books|pXq70B7KPtYC}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1040578z apud ''Gallica'']
* 1785 : {{ec|id=Lorgnette|c=''Lorgnette philosophique, trouvée par un R. P. capucin sous les arcades du Palais-Royal, et présentée au public par un célibataire''. &quot;Londinii&quot; [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9664557p pars 1] [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k96645568 pars 2] apud Gallica}}
* 1786 : {{ec|id=Mémoire|c=''Mémoire a consulter et consultation pour Me Marie-Emilie-Guillaume Duchosal, avocat en la Cour, demandeur, contre le sieur Ange Fariau de Saint-Ange''}}
* 1788 : ''Peu de chose: idées sur Molière, Racine, Crébillon, Piron, etc. Hommage à l'académie de Lyon'' {{Google Books|MPVaAAAAQAAJ}}
* 1788 : ''Lettre à M. Mercier, ou réflexions philosophiques sur la ville de Lyon''. Lutetiae {{Google Books|MJwv0lQrW7YC|editio 1843}}
* 1790 : ''Les miniatures, ou Recherches sur les trois grands spectacles'' [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5821928z Textus apud ''Gallica'']
* 1792 : ''Lettre d’un voyageur à son ami, ou réflexions philosophiques sur la ville de Marseille'' [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k857675x 2a ed. apud Gallica]
* 1793 : ''Moins que rien'' {{Google Books|NfVaAAAAQAAJ}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9606936v apud ''Gallica'']
* anno incerto, auctore incerto : ''Le Songe d'Athalie, par M. G. R. I. M. De La R. E. Y. N., avocat au Parlement'' [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5833833t Textus apud ''Gallica'']
* anno incerto, auctore incerto : ''Désaveu du sieur Grimod de La Reynière, touchant la parodie d'Athalie'' {{Google Books|ZzLI_SoH184C}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k58218936 apud ''Gallica'']
* 1803 : ''Visions d’un bon homme. Première vision'' [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k30408184 Textus apud ''Gallica'']
* 1808 : ''[[Manuel des amphitryons]]: contenant un traité de la dissection des viandes à table, la nomenclature des menus les plus nouveaux pour chaque saison, et des élémens de politesse gourmande''. Lutetiae: Capelle et Renand [https://archive.org/details/b28521985/page/n9/mode/2up Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1511814r apud ''Gallica'']

=== Commentationes periodicae ===
* 1797-1798 : {{ec|id=Censeur|c=''Le censeur dramatique, ou journal des principaux théâtres de Paris et des départements'' [http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008396632 Textus apud Hathi Trust] {{Google Books|i_7qC9jrPRMC|Vol. 2, 1797}}}}
* 1803 : ''L'alambic littéraire'' [https://archive.org/details/lalambiclittra01grimuoft vol. 1] [http://www.archive.org/details/lalambiclittra02grimuoft vol. 2] apud ''Internet Archive''
* {{ec|id=Almanach des gourmands|c=1803-1808, 1810, 1812 : ''[[Almanach des gourmands]], ou calendrier nutritif, servant de guide dans les moyens de faire excellente chère'' par un vieux amateur (a Grimod et J. F. Coste scripta. Lutetiae: Maradan, 1803-1808; continuata ibidem: Chaumerot, 1810 et 1812}}
* 1806-1807 (auctoribus variis) : ''Journal des gourmands et des belles''. Lutetiae: Capelle et Renand, 1806-1807 [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1423549k/f17.image Ian.-Mar. 1806] {{GB|OFrFC-1xcDAC|Apr.-Iun. 1806}} {{GB|_24R4-ISdtkC|Iul.-Sep. 1806}} {{GB|-SKiOdAZPt0C|Oct.-Dec. 1806}} [http://www.archive.org/details/journaldesgourm01unkngoog Ian.-Mar. 1807] [http://www.archive.org/details/journaldesgourm00unkngoog Apr.-Iun. 1807] [http://www.archive.org/details/journaldesgourm02unkngoog Iul.-Sep. 1807] {{GB|KowBAAAAYAAJ|Oct.-Dec. 1807}}
* 1807-1808 (cum Fabiano Pillet aliisque) : ''Revue des comédiens''. Lutetiae, 1807-1808 {{Google Books|frJAAAAAYAAJ|Vol. 1}} [http://www.archive.org/details/revuedescomdie02grimuoft Vol. 2 apud ''Internet Archive'']
* 1808-1815 (auctoribus variis) : ''L'Epicurien français''. Lutetiae: Capelle et Renand {{GB|Va3JL6IwfAsC|Ian.-Mar. 1808}} {{GB|cy0AT4u3SUkC|Apr.-Iun. 1808}} {{GB|z9itqIHZXHEC|Iul.-Sep. 1808}} {{GB|pj1tf3aM39AC|Oct.-Dec. 1808}} {{GB|Mhj6AVjrHlIC|Ian.-Mar. 1809}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb32768227m/date18090101 1809] [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb32768227m/date18100101 Series imperfecta 1810] [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb32768227m/date18110101 Series imperfecta 1811] [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb32768227m/date18120101 1812] [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb32768227m/date18130101 1813] [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb32768227m/date18140101 1814] [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb32768227m/date18150101 Ian.-Iun. 1815]

=== Editiones operum miscellaneae ===
* {{ec|id=Restif de la Bretonne (Contemporaines)|c=Epistulae Grimod in [[Nicolaus Restif de la Bretonne|Restif de la Bretonne]], ''Les Contemporaines'' vol. 27; vol. 28-29 (3a epistula 20 Nov. 1786); vol. 30 (4a epistula 23/27 Ian. 1787); vol. 42 p. 539 de cena}}
* {{ec|id=Restif de la Bretonne (1793)|c=Epistulae Grimod aliorumque in [[Nicolaus Restif de la Bretonne|Restif de la Bretonne]], ''Le Drame de la vie'' vol. 5 (1793) [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k29923p/f254 pp. 1238-1327] {{Google Books|gjpOAAAAcAAJ|pp. 1238-1327}}}}
* ''Le gastronome français, ou l'art de bien vivre'' par les anciens auteurs du ''Journal des gourmands'', mm. G.D.L.R. [etc.] Lutetiae, 1828 {{Google Books|pHoEAAAAYAAJ}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k64847550 apud ''Gallica'']
* {{ec|id=Lettres à un Lyonnais (1857)|c=&quot;Lettres inédites de Grimod de la Reynière à un Lyonnais de ses amis&quot; in ''Revue du Lyonnais'' vol. 10 (1855) {{Google Books|KU4WAAAAYAAJ|pp. 284-309}}, vol. 15, 1857 {{Google Books|P08WAAAAYAAJ|pp. 315-325}}}}
* &quot;Avantages de la bonne chère chez les femmes&quot; [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k61198468/f204 Textus editionis 1870]
* ''Le censeur dramatique'' (Genavae: Minkoff Reprint, 1973. ISBN 2-8266-0043-5)
* ''Ecrits gastronomiques'' (ex ''Almanach des gourmands'' anno primo [1803] et ''Manuel des amphitryons'' commentationes selectas) ed. Jean-Claude Bonnet (Lutetiae: Union Générale d’Editions, 1978. ISBN 2-264-00935-7)
* ''Manuel des amphitryons''; préface et notes de Misette Godard (Lutetiae: A.M. Métailié, 1983. ISBN 2-86424-025-4)
* ''Almanach des gourmands'' (8 voll. Lutetiae: Valmer, 1984)
* ''Almanach des gourmands'' (ex anno octavo [1812] commentationes selectas) ed. Allen S. Weiss (Lutetiae: Mercure de France, 2003. ISBN 2-7152-2404-4)

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
; Fontes fere coaevi
* 1817 : &quot;[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6420565s/f276 De la gastronomie]&quot; in Jean-Pierre Gallais, ''Mœurs et caractères du dix-neuvième siècle'' vol. 1. Lutetiae: Belin-Le Prieur
* 1838 : &quot;[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k54538372/f332 Grimod de la Reynière]&quot; in ''La France littéraire'' ser. 2a vol. 5 (1838) pp. 323-330

; Eruditio
* &quot;Calendrier nutritif de Grimod de la Reynière&quot; in ''Les Cahiers de la gastronomie'' n° 9 (2011?)
* {{ec|id=Abramson (2003)|c=Julia Abramson, &quot;Legitimacy and Nationalism in the Almanach des Gourmands (1803-1812)&quot; in ''Journal for Early Modern Cultural Studies'' vol. 3 (2003) pp. 101-135 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/27793769 JSTOR]}}
* Régis Confavreux, ''Le Dictionnaire gourmand de Monsieur de La Reynière''. Lutetiae: Edilivre, 2018
* {{ec|id=Desnoiresterres (1877)|c=Gustave Desnoiresterres, ''Grimod de la Reynière et son groupe''. Paris, Didier, 1877 [https://archive.org/details/grimoddelareyni00desn Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''}}
* {{ec|id= Dinaux (1867)|c=Arthur Dinaux, ''Les sociétés badines, bachiques, littéraires et chantantes: leur histoire et leurs travaux'' (Lutetiae, 1867) [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k8198t vol. 1] [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k81994 2] }}
* {{ec|id=Downie (2017)|c=David Downie, ''A Taste of Paris'' (Novi Eboraci: St Martin's Press, 2017) pp. 184-201}}
* Priscilla Parkhurst Ferguson, &quot;A Cultural Field in the Making: Gastronomy in 19th‐Century France&quot; in ''American Journal of Sociology'' vol. 104 (1998) pp. 597-641 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/210082 JSTOR], praecipue pp. 612-613
* Jean Haechler, ''Balthazar Grimod de la Reynière: un gastronome à la table des Lumières''. Lutetiae: Editions Séguier, 2016
* Jacqueline Hellegouarc'h, ''L'Esprit de société: cercles et salons parisiens au XVIIIe siècle''. {{Google Books|7nNYDwAAQBAJ|Paginae selectae}}
* Chikako Hashimoto, &quot;[https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/39323123.pdf La tradition des almanachs et l'invention de la critique gastronomique de Grimod]&quot; in ''Etudes de Langue et Littérature Françaises'' vol. 44 (2013) pp. 31-47
* {{ec|id=Hashimoto (2019)|c= Chikako Hashimoto, ''La Naissance du gourmand. Grimod de La Reynière et la Révolution française''. Turonis: Presses universitaires François-Rabelais, 2019 [https://books.openedition.org/pufr/26652 Textus] }}
* {{ec|id=Lacroix (1856)|c=Paul Lacroix, ''Histoire des mystificateurs et des mystifiés''. Bruxellis: Lebègue, 1856 {{Google Books|4B0PAAAAQAAJ|fasc. 1 pp. 93-127}}}}
* {{ec|id=MacDonogh (1987)|c=Giles MacDonogh, ''A Palate in Revolution: Grimod de la Reynière and the Almanach des Gourmands''. Londinii: Robin Clark, 1987}}
* &quot;Of Gastronomes and Guides&quot; in Stephen Mennell, &quot;All Manners of Food&quot; (Oxoniae: Blackwell, 1985) pp. 266-290
* Edouard-Marie Oettinger, ''Un Agathopède de l’Empire, ou Essai sur la vie et les travaux gastronomico-littéraires de feu Grimod de la Reynière''. Bruxellis: Kiessling, 1854 [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k63720526 Textus] apud Gallica, [https://web.archive.org/web/20210508082420/https://www.menufretin.fr/2020/03/un-agathopede-de-lempire/ recensio interretialis]
* {{ec|id=Rival (1983)|c=Ned Rival, ''Grimod de La Reynière: Le Gourmand Gentilhomme''. Lutetiae: Le Pré aux Clercs, 1983}}
* Rebecca Spang, ''The Invention of the Restaurant: Paris and Modern Gastronomic Culture'' (2a ed. Cantabrigiae Massachusettensium: Harvard University Press, 2020) pp. 88-91, 150-169, 189-205 et alibi
* {{ec|id=Wheaton (1983)|c=&quot;Rousseau and Grimod de la Reynière&quot; in Barbara Ketcham Wheaton, ''Savouring the Past'' (Londinii: Chatto &amp; Windus, 1983) pp. 224-228}}

; Aliae encyclopaediae
* {{ec|id=Abramson (2006)|c=Julia Luisa Abramson, &quot;Alexandre Balthazar Laurent Grimod de la Reynière&quot; in {{Arndt}} pp. 190-193}}
* {{ec|id=Hyman et Hyman (1999)|c=Philip Hyman, Mary Hyman, &quot;Grimod de la Reynière, Alexandre-Balthazar-Laurent&quot; in [[Alanus Davidson|Alan Davidson]], ''The Oxford Companion to Food'' (Oxonii: Oxford University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-19-211579-0) pp. 354-355; [[Thomas Jaine|Tom Jaine]], ed., 2a ed. 2006; 3a ed. 2014}}
* {{ec|id=Montagné (1938)|c=&quot;Grimod de la Reynière&quot; in [[Prosper Montagné]], ''[[Larousse gastronomique]]'' (Lutetiae: Larousse, 1938) p. 558}}
* {{ec|id=Vicaire (1890)|c=&quot;Grimod de la Reynière, Alexandre-Balthazar-Laurent&quot; in Georges Vicaire, ''Bibliographie gastronomique''. Lutetiae: Rouquette, 1890 {{Google Books|FZY9AAAAYAAJ|coll. 424-428}}}}

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928144413/http://editore.slowfood.com/editore/riviste/slow/EN/23/moncherini.html Olga Perla, &quot;Stumps and knives&quot;, 2001] {{Ling|Anglice}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080820135121/http://chefsimon.com/grimod-de-la-reyniere.htm De Grimod apud] Chef Simon {{Ling|Francogallice}}
* &quot;[https://www.napoleon.org/histoire-des-2-empires/biographies/grimod-de-la-reyniere-alexandre-1758-1837-gastronome/ Grimod de la Reynière, Alexandre]&quot; apud ''Napoleon.org'' {{Ling|Francogallice}}
* Régis Confavreux, &quot;[https://lareyniere.blogspot.com/p/vie-de-grimod-de-la-reyniere.html La vie extraordinaire d'Alexandre Balthasar Grimod de La Reynière]
** [https://lareyniere.blogspot.com/2020/06/en-exclusivite-un-document-en-premiere.html#more De libro ''Journal intime de 1794'']
* &quot;[https://www.cuisine-lucullus.com/histoire-de-la-cuisine/12-les-personnages/536-grimod-de-la-reyniere Reynière - Grimond de la]&quot; apud ''La Confrérie des Amis de Lucullus''
* [https://cdn.drouot.com/d/catalogue?path=69/105413/LF_AUTOGRAPHE_bd.pdf Epistulae Grimod aliorumque] (vide no. 210-213)
** [https://www.gazette-drouot.com/en/lots/9669433 Epistula Grimod ad Angelicam Mitoire]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220302112149/https://www.christies.com/lot/lot-grimod-de-la-reyniere-alexandre-balthazar-laurent-5560249/ Epistula Grimod]
* [https://www.akg-images.co.uk/archive/Souper-dit-des-Funerailles-donne-par-Alexandre-Balthazar-Grimod-de-la-Reyniere---Gravure-18e-siecle-2UMEBMYU829I1.html Imago cenae 1783]{{Nexus deficit|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{Lifetime|1758|1837|Grimod de La Reyniere}}

[[Categoria:Academici Arcadum]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Francogallici]]
[[Categoria:Diurnarii Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Grimod de la Reynière| ]]
[[Categoria:Ganeones]]
[[Categoria:Iuris consulti]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Franciae]]
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    <title>Aulus Gabinius</title>
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      <text bytes="14825" sha1="751eg1z86b04c5o4f3p38rwlewxf33m" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Aulus Gabinius.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Drachma|Tetrachmum]] ab Aulo Gabinio [[Antiochia ad Orontem|Antiochiae]] in [[Syria (provincia Romana)|Syria]] percussum. A [[Nummi|nummis]] regis Syriae [[Philippus I Philadelphus|Philippi Philadelphi]] nihil aliud differt nisi quod ante crura Iovis monogramma e litteris Graecis AYΓΒ compositum et Aulum Gabinium designans additum est.]]
In [[Respublica Romana|republica Romana]] '''Aulus Gabinius''' (incertum quo anno natus, mortuus [[48 a.C.n.|48]] vel [[47 a.C.n.]]) fuit legatus et amicus [[Pompeius|Pompei]] ; [[consul]]atum anno [[58 a.C.n.]] gessit cum [[Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus (Consul 58 a.C.n.)|Lucio Calpurnio Pisone]].

== De familia et adulescentia ==
Nomen ipsum indicare videtur gentem Gabiniam [[Gabii]]s Romam venisse. Iam tertio saeculo a.C.n. nobis nota est, secundo vero [[Senatus Romanus|senatum]] ingressa est. Hic Aulus Gabinius in ea gente notissimus est (quam famam magna ex parte inimico [[Cicero]]ni debet), sed [[Imperium Romanum|imperatorum Romanorum]] temporibus quoque nonnulli Gabinii [[consul]]atum gesserunt.

Adulescens moribus dissolutis fuisse Aulus Gabinius videtur : certe [[Cicero]], qui eum oderat, in orationibus coram senatu habitis, contendit eum non tantum unum e satellitibus, sed etiam delicias [[Catilina]]e fuisse. Itaque eum [[Semiramis|Semiramin]] vel etiam saltatricem appellat, effeminatos mores exprobrans. Re vera Lolliam quandam uxorem duxit quae adulterium cum [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesare]] commisisse dicebatur&lt;ref&gt;[[Suetonius]], ''Caes''. 50.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== De cursu honorum. ==
* [[67 a.C.n.]] [[Tribunus plebis]]. Lex Gabinia.
* [[66 a.C.n.|66]] - [[63 a.C.n.]] Legatus Pompei in bello [[Mithridates VI (rex Ponti)|Mithridatico]].
* [[61 a.C.n.]] [[Praetor]]
* [[58 a.C.n.]] [[Consul]]
* [[57 a.C.n.|57]] - [[54 a.C.n.]] [[Proconsul]] in [[Syria]].
* [[54 a.C.n.]] Accusatus de maiestate et repetundarum, damnatus [[Exsilium|exsilio]] poenam fugit.
* [[49 a.C.n.]] Exsilio revocatus a [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesare]], in [[Illyricum]] mittitur ad bellum gerendum.

Anno [[67 a.C.n.]] [[tribunus plebis]] factus est, in quo magistratu [[Pompeius|Pompei]] consiliis favit. Duas praecipuas leges ad populum tulit : altera [[Bithynia et Pontus|provinciam Pontum-Bithyniam]] et bellum [[Mithridates VI (rex Ponti)|Mithridaticum]] a [[Lucius Lucullus|Lucio Lucullo]] ad [[consul]]em Acilium Glabrionem traduxit, altera [[Pompeius|Gnaeo Pompeio]] imperium extraordinarium et infinitum conferebat, ad piratas coercendos qui ex [[Cilicia]] vel [[Creta]] mare Romanum infestabant. Ex ea lege Pompeio idem ius et imperium erat quod [[proconsul]]ibus in omnibus provinciis quae non longius quinquaginta milibus a mari aberant. Praeterea dilectus militum, ubicumque et in quantum volebat numerum, ei facere licebat necnon pecunias arbitrio suo e publico erogare. Cui secundae legi cum maxima pars [[Senatus Romanus|senatus]], tum praecipue [[Optimatium Partes|optimates]] summa contentione obstabant, timentes ne [[Pompeius]], magna gloria bellica iam parta, hac lege fretus solus imperium Romanum gubernare vellet. [[Quintus Lutatius Catulus (consul 78 a.C.n.)|Quintus Lutatius Catulus]], dux optimatium, nobilissimam contionem apud plebem habuit, non omnia uni viro tribuenda esse&lt;ref&gt;[[Dio Cassius]] XXXVI,30-36. [[Plutarchus]] ''Pompeius'' 25. Valerius Maximus VIII,15,9. Velleius Paterculus II,32. [[Cicero]] ''Leg Man'' 59.&lt;/ref&gt;. Nihilominus Gabinius rogationem suam pertulit, dum intercessionem collegae Lucii Trebellii infringit. Eadem enim fecit quae olim [[Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus|Tiberius Gracchus]] erga Octavium : statim [[Tribus (divisio populi Romani)|tribus]] rogavit ut Trebellio [[Tribunus plebis|tribunatum]] abrogarent. Septemdecim tribus iam uti rogaverat suffragium tulerant cum Trebellius ab intercessione sua desistere quam [[Magistratus|magistratum]] amittere maluit&lt;ref&gt;[[Asconius|Asconius Pedianus]], ''Ad Cornelianam'' 72[https://archive.org/details/qasconiipedianic00ascouoft]. [[Dio Cassius]] XXXVI.30.&lt;/ref&gt;. Paucis mensibus cum [[Pompeius]] piratas ad deditionem redegisset, lege Manilia, ab alio tribuno, Manilio nomine, ad populum anno [[66 a.C.n.]] lata, bellum Mithridaticum magno imperatori mandatum est. Cicero et ipse orationem ''Pro lege Manilia'' habuit, quam hodieque legere licet. Tum Pompeius Gabinium, bene de se meritum, legatum sibi elegit ac in provinciam secum duxit, ubi Gabinius res [[Iudaea]]s maxime curavit.

Romam reversus, suffragio Pompei promotus, [[praetor]] anno [[61 a.C.n.]] creatus est, ac mox [[consul]] anno [[58 a.C.n.]]. Tum enim [[Triumviratus|triumviri]]&lt;ref&gt;Id est Caesar, Pompeius et Crassus.&lt;/ref&gt; potentia sua [[Respublica Romana|rempublicam]] regebant. Gabinio consule [[tribunus plebis]] [[Publius Clodius Pulcher]] multas leges triumviris placentes, optimatibus vero displicentes, ad populum ferebat. Gabinius [[consul]] suo imperio eum adiuvit, inter cetera contra [[Cicero]]nem qui in exsilium proficisci coactus est. Ex eo tempore Cicero Gabinio inimicissimus fuit, eo magis quod Gabinius etiam fautores Ciceronis in [[Ordo equester|equestri ordine]], ut Lamiam, ex urbe expulit&lt;ref&gt;[[Dio Cassius]] 38.16.4&lt;/ref&gt;. Clodius Gabinio beneficium rependit : nam legem tulit qua [[Syria (provincia Romana)|provincia Syria]] Gabinio a populo decreta est (nihil enim habebat quod a [[Senatus Romanus|senatu]] sperare posset). Iam aestate eiusdem anni Clodius et [[Pompeius]] dissentire de re publica coeperunt ac Gabinius, Pompeio omnibus aliis praelato, seditioso turbulentiorique tribuno restitit. Usque adeo controversiae acerbitas conflagravit ut satellites Clodii [[fasces]] Gabinii confregerint et tribunus bona omnia consulis consecrarit&lt;ref&gt;[[Dio Cassius]] 38.30.2.&lt;/ref&gt;. Mox tamen in provinciam profectus est.

In [[Syria (provincia Romana)|Syria]] primo [[Iudaea|Iudaeorum]] seditionem repressit ab Alexandro filio [[Aristobulus II|Aristobuli]] motam, qui [[Hyrcanus II|Hyrcanum]], regem a Pompeio electum, regno pellere conabatur. Mox ipse Aristobulus cum altero filio Antigono e captivitate Romana profugus in Iudaeam rediit atque fautoribus accitis proelium cum Gabinio commisit sed victus est&lt;ref&gt;[[Flavius Iosephus]], ''[[De bello Iudaico|Bell. Iud.]]'' I.160-174.
 [[Plutarchus|Plut]]., ''Ant''. 3. Tum enim [[Marcus Antonius]] primam militiam suam sub Gabinio militavit (cf. [[Cassius Dio]], XLV.26)&lt;/ref&gt;. Gabinius eum vinctum rursus Romam  remisit.  Gabinius Hyrcanum Hierosolyma reduxit quidem, sed summum sacerdotium tantum, non regnum reddidit. Nam [[Oligarchia|oligarchicam]] rempublicam instituere maluit et Iudaeam omnem in quinque circumscriptiones divisit&lt;ref&gt;[[Flavius Iosephus]], ''[[De bello Iudaico|Bell. Iud.]]'' I.168-170&lt;/ref&gt;. Litteras de rebus gestis ad senatum misit, sperans si non [[Triumphus|triumphum]], at saltem supplicationem sibi decerni posse. Sed senatus Gabinio infestus erat, quod per tribunum plebis et populum, invito senatu, provinciam obtinuerat : itaque omnes honores ei denegavit, exultante [[Cicero]]ne ignominia inimici sui.

Circa idem tempus publicanorum iram movit, dum multa vectigalia per ministros suos exigit nec secundum societates publicanorum contra provinciales iudicia dari consentit. Postremo regem [[Aegyptus|Aegyptiorum]] [[Ptolemaeus XII|Ptolemaeum XII Auleten]] in regnum restituit, e quo ab [[Alexandria Magna|Alexandrinis]] anno [[58 a.C.n.]] expulsus fuerat. Tum Ptolemaeus auxilium petitum Romam venerat, ac magnas pecunias omnibus potentibus ibi viris pollicitus erat. Magnae contentiones inter senatores fuerunt : nam alii [[Pompeius|Pompeium]] in Aegyptum mittendum censebant, alii rem [[Publius Cornelius Lentulus Spinther|Cornelio Lentulo]] tum [[proconsul]]i [[Cilicia]]e mandare volebant (exempli gratia [[Cicero]]) ; postremo [[Quindecimviri Sacris Faciundis|quindecimviri sacris faciundis]] 
[[Libri Sibyllini|Sibyllinos libros]] consuluerunt et ad senatum rettulerunt in versus sese incidisse qui cavere ne Ptolemaeus magno exercitu restitueretur monerent&lt;ref&gt;[[Dio Cassius]] 39.15.&lt;/ref&gt;. Tum res dilata est. Nihilominus anno [[55 a.C.n.]] Gabinius cum exercitu Romano, auctore quidem Pompeio sed contra voluntatem [[Senatus Romanus|senatus]], sponte sua [[Aegyptus|Aegyptum]] ingressus est&lt;ref&gt;[[Plutarchus|Plut]]., ''Ant''. 3. [[Cassius Dio]], XLV.26.&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Alexandria Magna|Alexandrinos]] et reginam Berenicen vicit&lt;ref&gt;[[Dio Cassius]] 39.58.&lt;/ref&gt; ac decem milibus talentis acceptis praesidium militum Romanorum regi Ptolemaeo reliquit&lt;ref&gt;[[Dio Cassius]] 42.3 et 5.&lt;/ref&gt;. Illi milites sunt qui postea anno [[50 a.C.n.]] duos filios [[Syria (provincia Romana)|proconsulis Syriae]] [[Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus|Marci Calpurni Bibuli]], eos in provinciam Romanam redire iubentes, necaverunt atque praefectus eorum [[Lucius Septimius]] Pompeium post [[Pharsalia|Pharsalicam pugnam]] fugientem et auxilium a [[Ptolemaei|Ptolomaeis]] sperantem quia eos in regnum restituerat in insidias allexit atque eius neci interfuit ([[48 a.C.n.]])&lt;ref&gt;[[Dio Cassius]] 42.3-4&lt;/ref&gt;.

Post reditum tripliciter ab inimicis accusatus est, ita ut [[Cicero]] quamvis ei inimicus, eum defendere a [[Pompeius|Pompeio]] coactus sit&lt;ref&gt; [[Cassius Dio]], 39.63 et 46.8&lt;/ref&gt;. Primo de maiestate, quod iniussu populi aut senatus exercitum extra [[provincia]]m duxerat et milites Romanos regi externo tradiderat : in quo iudicio Pompei opera&lt;ref&gt;''Ad Quintum'' III.3.3 : ''Pompeius vehemens in iudicibus rogandis''&lt;/ref&gt; et auctoritate vix absolutus est. Deinde repetundarum, quod pecunias indebitas sibi extorserat, in quo iudicio invidiae ordinis equestris et publicanorum succubuit. Damnatus est, quamquam a Cicerone defensus, et in [[exsilium]] proficisci coactus est. Quod si absolutus esset, etiam de ambitu causam dicere oportuit&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''Ad Quintum'' III.3.2. A Publio Sylla postulabatur.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Bello civili Caesar eum exsilio revocavit et provinciam [[Illyricum]] ei mandavit in quam longo circuitu terra iter fecit&lt;ref&gt;[[Plutarchus|Plut]]., ''Ant'' 7.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ita non adversus ipsum Pompeium bellum gessit Gabinius, sed a legatis Pompeianis victus et [[Salona]]e obsessus, morbo obiit&lt;ref&gt;[[Dio Cassius]] 42.11. ''[[Bellum Alexandrinum]]'' 42-43&lt;/ref&gt;. Magna pars eius copiarum in itinere per Illyriam deletae erant.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
* [[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], libro secundo ''Bellorum civilium'' 24 et 58-59 et libro quinto 33.
** ''Syriaca'', 257-258.
** ''Illyrica'' cap. XII et XXVII-XXVIII
* ''[[Bellum Alexandrinum]]'' 42-43
* [[Caesar]], tertio libro ''De Bello civili'', capitulis 4 et 103.
* [[Cicero]] ''Pro lege Manilia'' sive ''de Imperio Cn. Pompei''.
** ''Pro Domo'' 23 et 55.
** ''Pro Sestio'' 18-20, 71 et 93.
** ''De provinciis consularibus''
** ''In Pisonem'' 27-28, 41, 48-51.
** secunda ''Philippica'' capitulo 48.
** libro secundo ''Epistularum ad Atticum'', epistula 5, necnon libro quarto ep. 17-19.
** libro undecimo ''Epistularum ad familiares'' epistola 16 necnon libro duodecimo ep.29.
** libro tertio ''Epistularum ad Quintum fratrem'', epistulae 1-4 (necnon libro primo ep.2 et libro secundo ep.6).
* [[Dio Cassius]] libro XXXVI ''[[Historia Romana (Dio)|Historiae Romanae]]'' cap. 23-36 necnon libro XXXVII cap. 5 et libro XXXVIII 15-16 et 30 et libro XXXIX cap. 55-63 et libro XLII cap. 3, 5, 11.
*[[Flavius Iosephus]], libro primo [[De bello Iudaico|de Bello Iudaico]] 160-178 necnon libro septimo 171.
**̽libro quarto decimo ''[[Antiquitates Iudaicae|Antiquitatum Iudaicarum]]'' 37, 55-56, 82-104
* [[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Pompeius]]'' 25 et 48 et ''Cato minor'' 33 et ''[[Vita Ciceronis (Plutarchus)|Cicero]]'' 31 et ''[[Vita Marci Antonii (Plutarchus)|Antonius]]'' 3 et 7.
* {{Strabo}} XII.3.33 et XVII.1.11
* [[Titus Livius]], Periochae 99 et 105.
* [[Velleius Paterculus]], libro secundo ''Historiae Romanae,'' capitulis 31-32.

== Plura legere si cupis ==
* [[Ernestus Badian|Ernst Badian]], 'The early career of Aulus Gabinius', ''Philologus'' 1959(103) : 87-99.
* Edouard Cuq, 'La loi Gabinia contre la piraterie de l'an 67 avant J.-C.', ''Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres'', 1923(67) : 129-150 [http://www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_1923_num_67_2_74739 Hic legere potes]
* E. Fantham, '[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4435455 The trials of Aulus Gabinius in 54 BC]', ''Historia'' 1975(24) : 425-443
*Micheline Fasciato,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-4874_1947_num_59_1_7337 En marge de l'acquittement de Gabinius. Le procès d'Antiochus Gabinius]&quot;, ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 1947ː 83-88 
* Jean-Louis Ferrary. &quot;Loi Gabinia créant un commandement extraordinaire contre les pirates et le confiant à Pompée (pl. sc.)&quot;, in ''Lepor. Leges Populi Romani'', curantibus Jean-Louis Ferrary et Philippe Moreau. [http://www.cn-telma.fr/lepor/notice404/?para=Gabinia&amp;searchType=occ Hic legere potes]{{Nexus deficit|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* ''Insula Sacra. La loi Gabinia-Calpurnia de Délos (58 av. J.-C.)'' : [editio et commentarius a Claudio Nicolet curatus], Publications de l'École française de Rome Année 1980(45). [http://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1980_mon_45_1 Hic legere potes] [http://www.persee.fr/doc/ahess_0395-2649_1982_num_37_5_282910_t1_0914_0000_001 Recensio critica]
* Eva Matthews Sanford, 'The Career of Aulus Gabinius', ''Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association'', 1939(70) : 64-92 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/283077?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents]
* Maria Siani-Davies, '[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436474 Ptolemy XII Auletes and the Romans]', ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 1997(46) : 306-340 
* Frederik Juliaan Vervaet, &quot;[https://docslib.org/doc/3044465/a-forgotten-gabinian-law-of-67-bce-fj-vervaet-i Reducing Senatorial Control over Provincial Commanders: A Forgotten Gabinian Law of 67 BCE]&quot;, Brill, 2009ː 65-90
* Richard S. Williams, ''Aulus Gabinius : a political biography'', Ann Arbour, UMI, 1973 (Dissertatio academica)

== Nexus externi ==
*[https://droitromain.univ-grenoble-alpes.fr/Leges/Gabinia_piratis.gr.html Lex Gabinia de piratis persequendis]

{{Index consulum rei publicae|
praedecessores= [[Gaius Iulius Caesar]] et [[Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus]] |
annus= 58 a.C.n.&lt;br /&gt;cum [[Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus (Consul 58 a.C.n.)|Lucio Calpurnio Pisone Caesonino]]&lt;br /&gt;|
successores= [[Publius Cornelius Lentulus Spinther]] et [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Nepos (consul 57 a.C.n.)|Quintus Caecilius Metellus Nepos]]}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gabinius, Aulus}}

[[Categoria:Consules]]
[[Categoria:Proconsules Syriae]]
[[Categoria:Tribuni plebis]]
[[Categoria:Gens Gabinia]]
[[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 1 a.C.n.]]
[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 2 aut 1 a.C.n.]]</text>
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      <text bytes="1071" sha1="62k0q4r2x6l39pb3s45zf7c60tyuxu2" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Coat of arms of Georges Darboy.svg|thumb]]
'''Georgius Darboy''' (natus in [[Fayl-Billot]] die [[16 Ianuarii]] [[1813]] - necatus est [[Lutetia]]e in [[carcer]]e inter Res Novas Parisienses die [[24 Maii]] [[1871]]) fuit ab anno [[1859]] usque ad annum [[1863]] [[Dioecesis Nanceiensis-Tullensis|Nanceii]] [[episcopus]] et postea usque ad mortem Lutetiae [[archiepiscopus]].

== Opera ==
* ''Les femmes de la Bible'' (8. ed., Lutetiae 1876)
* ''Les saintes femmes'' (4. ed. 1877)
* ''La vie de Saint-Thomas Becket (1860)
* ''Œuvres pastorales'' (1876, 2 vol.)

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Georges Darboy|Georgium Darboy}}
{{Fontes biographici}}
* {{CathHierBishop|darboy}}
* {{BBKL|d/darbory_g|auctor=Friedrich Wilhelm Bautz|commentatio=DARBOY, Georges|tomus=1|columna=1223}}

{{bio-stipula}}
{{Archiepiscopi Lutetienses}}
{{Lifetime|1813|1871|Darboy, Georgius}}

[[Categoria:Episcopi Ecclesiae Catholicae]]
[[Categoria:Archiepiscopi Parisienses]]
[[Categoria:Morte damnati]]
[[Categoria:Dioecesis Nanceiensis-Tullensis]]</text>
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'''Georgius Darboy''' (natus in [[Fayl-Billot]] die [[16 Ianuarii]] [[1813]] - necatus est [[Lutetia]]e in [[carcer]]e inter Res Novas Parisienses die [[24 Maii]] [[1871]]) fuit ab anno [[1859]] usque ad annum [[1863]] [[Dioecesis Nanceiensis-Tullensis|Nanceii]] [[episcopus]] et postea usque ad mortem Lutetiae [[archiepiscopus]].

== Opera ==
* ''Les femmes de la Bible'' (8. ed., Lutetiae 1876)
* ''Les saintes femmes'' (4. ed. 1877)
* ''La vie de Saint-Thomas Becket (1860)
* ''Œuvres pastorales'' (1876, 2 vol.)

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Georges Darboy|Georgium Darboy}}
{{Fontes biographici}}
* {{CathHierBishop|darboy}}
* {{BBKL|d/darbory_g|auctor=Friedrich Wilhelm Bautz|commentatio=DARBOY, Georges|tomus=1|columna=1223}}

{{bio-stipula}}
{{Archiepiscopi Lutetienses}}
{{Lifetime|1813|1871|Darboy, Georgius}}

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[[Categoria:Archiepiscopi Parisienses]]
[[Categoria:Morte damnati]]
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  <page>
    <title>Ganges</title>
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      <text bytes="17435" sha1="bl7yelzm7cnewqm8s3fxbqeirpeg3md" xml:space="preserve">'''Ganges''' {{victio|Ganges|is|m}} ([[Devanagari]]: {{lang|sa|गङ्गा}} {{IAST|Gaṅgā}} in plerisque [[Index linguarum sollemnium Indiae|linguis Indiae]]) est unus ex maximis [[flumen|fluviis]] [[subcontinens Indicus|subcontinentis Indicae]], qui in [[longitudo|longitudinem]] [[chiliometrum|chiliometrorum]] 2510 decurrit. Cursus praecipuus ad [[oriens|orientem]] per [[India]]e [[septentrio]]nalis [[Planities Gangetica|planitiem Gangeticam]] ad [[Bangladesa]]m profluit. Fluvius in [[Uttarakhanda]], [[civitas|civitate]] Indica in [[Himalaia]] [[occidens|occidentali]] sita, ortus, in [[Sunderbansa]]m [[delta]] apud [[sinus Bengalensis|sinum Bengalensem]] influit. Ab [[Hinduismus|Hinduistis]] amnis [[sacer]] iam dudum habetur, et [[Ganga (dea)|Ganga]] [[dea]] fluminis in [[Hinduismus|Hinduismo]] colitur. Ganges cum amnibus suis influentibus [[regio]]nem fertilem reddit, quae ingentem multitudinem et frequentiam hominum sustinet. [[Altitudo]] media fluminis 17 metrorum est, maxima autem 33 metrorum.

[[Fasciculus:Varanasi, India, Ganges before sunset.jpg|thumb|Ganges fluvius.]]

Significationes [[cultura]]e Gangis fluvii ab [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] in libro ''[[The Discovery of India]]'' ([[1946]]) descriptae sunt:
&lt;blockquote&gt;Ganges, super omnia, est amnis Indicus, Indiae qui corde capto innumerabilia decies centena milia ad suas post primam [[historia]]e lucem ripas traxit. [[Fabula]] Gangis, a [[caput|capite]] ad [[mare]], ab [[antiquitas|antiquitate]] ad praesentem, est historia [[civilizatio]]nis [[cultura]]eque Indicarum, ortus casusque [[imperium|imperiorum]], [[urbs|urbium]] magnarum superbarumque, facinorum humanorum.&lt;/blockquote&gt; 
 
Mense Novembri anno [[2008]], [[Administratio Indiae]] flumen esse Indicum Civitatis Flumen declarare statuit.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?newsid=1203353.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cursus ==
[[Fasciculus:Bhagirathi alaknanda ganges devprayag2008.jpg|thumb|left|Turbulentum [[Bhagirathi]] Flumen (propinqua parte) et sedimentosum [[Alaknanda]] Flumen (ad laevam), apud [[Devprayag]] in [[Uttarakhanda]] [[India]]e confluuntur, et una Ganges defluuntur.]]
 
Multi rivi parvi capita Gangis comprehendunt, sed [[geographia]] [[cultura]]que [[sex]] maxima flumina et [[quinque]] confluentes vehementius dicunt: [[Alaknanda (flumen)|Alaknanda]], [[Dhauliganga (flumen)|Dhauliganga]] in urbe [[Vishnuprayaga]], [[Nandakini (flumen)|Nandakini]] in urbe [[Nandprayaga]], [[Pindar (flumen)|Pindar]] in urbe [[Karnaprayaga]], [[Mandakini (flumen)|Mandakini]] in urbe [[Rudraprayag]], et deinde [[Bhagirathi (flumen)|Bhagirathi]] in urbe [[Devprayaga]] coeunt, ut praecipuam Gangis profluentem componant. Bhagirathi, verus fons, ex radicibus [[Gangotri Glacies|Gangotri Glaciei]] apud [[Gaumukha]]m, altitudine 3892 metribus oritur. Capita Alaknandae a [[nix|nivibus]] [[liquidum|liquefactis]] ex [[Nanda Devi]]s, [[Trisula]], [[Kameta]], et aliis cacuminibus componuntur.

Ganges, post 200 chiliometra trans artam vallem Himalaianum praeterfluxit, ex [[Faux (geographia)|faucibus]] emergit in [[Planities Gangetica|Planitiem Gangeticam]] apud [[Haridwara]]m, urbem [[periegesis|peregrinationis]], ubi moles [[aqua]]s deducit ex flumine in [[Ganges Canalis|Gangem Canalem]], qui [[Doaba]]m regionem [[Uttar Pradesha]]e [[inrigatio|inrigat]]. Ganges ipsa, cuius cursus
hactenus fuit circa inter occasum solis et meridiem, nunc inter [[meridies|meridiem]] et solis ortum per planities Indiae septentrionalis defluere incipit. Flumen cursum contortum 800 chiliometra sequens per urbem [[Kanpura]]m transit, et mox ex occasu solis et meridie cum [[Iamuna]] [[Allahabadum|Allahabado]] commiscitur. Hic locus, [[Sangama]] appellatus, est sacer in Hinduismo situs. Secundum antiquas scripturas Hinduanas, [[tres|tertium]] flumen, [[Sarasvati Flumen|Sarasvati]], hoc in loco alios amnes olim coniunxit.

[[Fasciculus:Bend in ganges garhwal2008a.jpg|thumb|Flexus in Gange Flumine ad [[Garhwala Colles]] in [[Uttarakhandia]] [[India]]e]]
Hinc a [[Kosi Flumen|Kosis]], [[Sona Flumen|Sona]], [[Gandaki Flumen|Gandakis]], [[Ghaghara Flumen|Ghaghra]], et plurimis fluminibus aliis coniunctum, Ganges inter Allahabadum et [[Malda]]m in [[Bengalia Occidentalis|Bengalia Occidentali]] fit flumen grave, quod, urbes [[Mirzapura]]m, [[Buxara]]m, [[Varanasi|Varanasos]], [[Patna]]m, et [[Bhagalpura]]m transiens, flexuoso cursu praeter [[Rajmahal Colles]] fluit, et ad meridiem nunc fluit. Apud [[oppidum]] [[Pakura]]m, flumen se terere incipit, cum suus primus distributarius, [[Hooghly|Bhagirathi-Hooghly]], se erumpit et [[Hooghly]] fit. Prope fines [[Bangladesha]]e, [[Farakka Moles]], anno [[1974]] [[aedificium|aedificata]], fluxionem Gangis temperat cum aliquas aquarum divertit in [[canalis|canalem]] qui Hooghly et Gangem nectit ut huius fluxio a [[limus|limo]] aliquantum sit libera.
 
[[Bangladesha|Bangladeshá]] intratá, praecipuus Gangis ramus appellatur [[Padma (flumen)|Padma]]. Interdum putatur Padmae initium est prima Gangis bifurcatio, ubi [[Hooghly]] flumen ad meridiem a Gange abest, alveus autem principalis (&quot;Padma&quot;) ad orientem continuatur, ut cum [[Iamuna (Bangladesa)|Iamuna flumine]], maximo [[Brahmaputra]]e bracchio, coeatur. Interdum autem solum post confluentia cum Iamuna amnis Iamunae et Gangis communis Padma nominari habetur. Inferius haec Padma cum [[Meghna]] coniungitur et [[aestuarium Meghnae]] intrans [[nomen proprium|nomen]] Meghnae sumit. [[Delta Gangis]] omnis 350 chiliometra latum est et ad extremum in [[Sinus Bengalicus|Sinum Bengalicum]] exhauritur. Duo tantum orbis terrarum flumina, [[Amazonum flumen|Amazonum]] et [[Congo (flumen)|Congo]], plures emittunt aquas quam coniuncta Gangis, Brahmaputrae, et Meghnae fluxio.

&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:River Ganges and tributaries.png|Cursus Gangis.
Fasciculus:Embouchure du Gange.jpg|Os Gangis.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Significatio religiosa ==
[[Fasciculus:Rhesus ganges rishikesh2008.jpg|thumb|left|[[Langur Hanuman]] urbem circumiectam ad ripas Gangis [[Rishikesha]]e contemplatur.]]
[[Varanasi]], situs ad ripas Gangis Fluminis, a multis habetur sanctissima in Hinduismo [[urbs]]. Ganga in [[Rigveda]], prima [[scriptura]] Hinduana, commemoratur. Primum apparet in ''nadistuti'' (Rigveda 10.75), quod flumina perscribit ab oriente ad occidente; etiam in Rigveda, verbum ''Ganga'' commemoratur (6.45.31), sed hodie ignotum est an hoc nomen flumen significet. Homines cinerem eis carorum hic spargunt.
 
Secundum [[religio Hinduica|religionem Hinduanam]], [[Bhagiratha]] celeberrimus [[rex]] adsidue multos annos ad fluminis ripas austeritatem voluntariam passus est (&quot;''[[tapasia]]m'' fecit&quot;), tunc in [[caelum|caelis]] habitantem, &lt;!--something missing here?--&gt; ad [[tellus (planeta)|terram]] delatum ut parentibus, quos vates exsecrati erat, salutem inveniret. Ganga igitur ad terram pilo [[Shiva]]e dei, ut totam terram piam et fecundam faceret purgaretque peccata hominum, descendit. Hinduibus in India, Ganges non est merum flumen, sed mater, [[dea]], memoria, [[cultura]], et aliae res multae.
[[Fasciculus:Haridwar india ganges leaving mountains2008.jjpg.JPG|thumb|Ganges montes [[Haridwara]]e relinquens [[Planities Gangetica|Planitiem Gangeticam]] petit]]

Plurimi Indi [[vita]]m sine lavatione in Gange esse imperfectam putant, et multae familiae ampullam aquae Gangeticae domi servant, cum praesentia aquae ex flumine gloriam inter homines habeat sinatque morientem bibere aquam. Multi homines credunt aquam Gangeticam animo posse peccata purgare sanareque aegros. Scripturae antiquae dicunt aquas Gangis benedictiones pedum [[Vishnu]]s ferre; inde Mater Ganges appellatur ''Vishnupadi,'' quod significat 'Ex [[Nelumbo|loti]] pedibus [Domini Supremi] Vishnus'.

Nonnullae ex maximi momenti feriis Hinduanis et congressibus religiosis hic factae sunt. Congressus sicut [[Kumbh Mela]] ad ripas Gangis duodeciens annos [[Media Allahabada|Mediae Allahabadae]] et [[Chhath Puia]]e celebrantur. Varanasiis sunt centum [[templum|templorum]] ad ripas Gangis quae per [[pluvia]]s saepe inundantur. Haec urbs, praecipue ad ripas Gangis, Hinduibus est gravis rituum locus terraque cremationis.
 
Secundum [[mythologia Indica|mythologiam Indicam]], Ganga, Himavanae Regis Montium filia, poterat quidquid eam contingeret purgare. Ea ab caelis defluens homines Indiae emendavit. Hodie post funera, Indi cadavera in Gange ad eorum peccata purganda saepe submergunt.

== Historia ==
Per primas aetates Vedicas, [[Indus]] [[Sarasvati]]que flumina, non Ganges, erant maiora Indiae flumina, sed ultimae [[tres]] Vedae ut fit Gangem maiorem aestimant, quod eius mentionem crebro movent. Fortasse primus homo Occidentalis qui Gangem commemorat fuit [[Megasthenes]], qui flumen interdum in libro ''[[Indika]]'' nominat:
&lt;blockquote&gt;India, iterum, possedit multa flumina magna et navigabilia, quae, capita in montibus qui praeter confinia septentrionalia patent habentia, fines planas peragrant, et nonnulli eorum, postquam inter se coiunt, in flumen Ganges appellatum incidunt. Nam hoc flumen, quod capite est 30 stadia latum, ab septentrionalem ad meridionalem fluit, et [[aqua]]s in mare exhaurit ut componat finem orientalem [[Gangaridai]], civitatis quae possedit vastum vim maximorum [[elephas|elephantium]]. (Diodorus II.37)&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;!--somebody get the original text--&gt;
 
''[[Fons Quattuor Fluminum]],'' insignis [[sculptura]] a [[Ioannes Laurentius Bernini|Ioanne Laurentio Bernini]] descripta et in [[Area Agonalis|Area Agonali]] [[Roma]]e anno [[1651]] [[aedificium|aedificata]], [[quattuor]] orbis terrarum maximorum fluminum—Gangem, [[Nilus|Nilum]], [[Danuvius|Danuvium]], [[Flumen Argenti]]que—effingens, [[quattuor]] continentes tunc ab [[Europa]]eis scitos repraesentat.

== [[Oeconomia]] ==
[[Fasciculus:Ramjhula - bridge over the Ganga.jpg|thumb|[[Pons]] super flumen [[Ramjhula]]e]]
Feraces [[Gangis Regio]]nis agri reipublicae administrationes Indiae et Bangladeshae sustinent. Ganges et sui tributarii sunt [[regio]]ni lato perennes [[irrigatio]]nis fontes. Praecipuae fruges in regione cultae sunt [[oryza (genus)|oryza]], [[Saccharum officinarum|saccharum]], [[Fabaceae|legumina]], [[semen|semina]] olearia, [[patata]]e, et [[triticum]]. [[Palus|Paludes]] [[lacus]]que secundum ripas fluminis sunt efficientes [[Fabaceae|leguminum]], [[Capsicum (genus)|capsicorum]], [[Brassicaceae|sinapis]], [[Sesamum indicum|sesami]], [[Saccharum officinarum|sacchari]], [[Corchorus (genus)|corchori]], et aliarum frugium. Sunt etiam in flumine, quamquam inquinato, multae [[piscatus]] occasiones.

[[Periegesis]] quoque est [[industria]] finitima. Tres [[urbs|urbes]] [[Hinduismus|Hinduismo]] sanctae—[[Haridwara]], [[Allahabada]], [[Varanasi]]—milia peregrinatorum quotannis ad se trahunt. Milia Hinduum qui ad has urbes veniunt in aquis fluminis lavantur ut se, peccatis delictisque expurgatis, [[salus|salutem]] adsequantur. Vertices Gangis sunt in vulgus pro [[ratis|ratibus innatione]]&lt;!--Habemus unum verbum pro 'rafting'?--&gt; in flumine vivo accepti; multi praeterea talia facinora petentes mensibus aestivis adveniunt. [[Musulmani]] ex India et Bangladesha saepe &quot;[[vudu]] faciunt,&quot; religiosam corporis purgationem ante in aquis fluminis precantur.
 
== Oecologia ==
[[Fasciculus:Kolkata Bagbazar Ghat.jpg|thumb|left|Homines in Gange [[Kolkata]]e lavantur.]]
Extrema [[pollutio Gangis|Gangis pollutio]] 400 decies centena milia hominum qui prope flumen habitant attingit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20090518135014/http://www.cleanganga.com/newsletter/index.php ''CLEAN GANGA: June 2003 Newsletter'' apud www.cleanganga.com].&lt;/ref&gt; Aquae amnis ex capitibus ipsis inquinari incipiunt. [[Commercium|Commercio]] auxit usus fluminis dum regio frequentiá crevit. [[Gangotri]]&lt;ref&gt;Sundaranand 2001.&lt;/ref&gt; et [[Uttarkashi]] sunt exempla: Gangotris fuerunt solum pauca [[sadhu]]um tuguria ad annum fere [[1970]],&lt;ref&gt;Sundaranand 2001:252.&lt;/ref&gt; sed Uttrakashi recentioribus annis frequentiá crevit. Ganges, dum per regiones frequentissimas defluit, permultis conluviebus humanis (exempli gratia, ''[[Schistosoma mansoni|Schistosomis mansoni]]'') et [[coliformes faecales|coliformibus faecalibus]].&lt;!--
and drinking and bathing in its waters therefore carries a high risk of contagio=infection.--&gt; Multa proposita pro hoc statu ameliorato exstant, sed progressus est lentus et tardus.

[[Fasciculus:Ganges ceremony.jpg|thumb|Ritus Hinduanus Varanasis prope urbem]]

Secundum autem famam opinionemque omnium, aquae fluminis homines expurgare possunt, et haec persuasio ut fit ab [[Scientia (ratio)|scientia]] probata est: hae aquae [[oxygenium|oxygenum]] unice et mirifice conservant. Programma retis [[Publicum Civitatis Radiophonum|Publici Civitatis Radiophoni]]&lt;!--National Public Radio--&gt; eas [[dysenteria]]m [[cholera]]mque e medio tollere nuntiavit, ergo lues retardare.&lt;ref&gt;Hollick n.d.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nuntium de caelo a [[Consociatio Nationum|Consociatione Nationum]] prolatum anno [[2007]] indicat [[mons glaciei|montes glacies]] Himalaianas quae Gangem alunt evanescere ante annum [[2030]] posse, postquam accidant accessus amnis ad tempus, a [[typhon]]is quotannis temperati.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20090703224857/http://www.boston.com/news/world/asia/articles/2007/06/24/global_warming_threatens_to_dry_up_ganges/ ''The Boston Globe'']&lt;/ref&gt;

==Variae res culturales== &lt;!--omnes ex fr: --&gt;
In vico Mahaballipuram in [[Tamil Nadu]] civitate invenitur maximum mundi ''bas-relief,'' saepe depictio descensús Gangis habitum.

In palatio [[Iaipura]]e, in [[caput (urbs)|capite]] [[Raiasthana]]e civitatis, videntur duo ingentes [[urna]]e, maximae mundi, utraque 243 [[chiliogramma]]tibus [[argentum|argenti]] facta, quibus transportata sunt plusquam 30000 [[litrum|litra]] aquae ex Gange per [[navigatio]]nem [[Madho Singh II]] [[maharaia]]e ad [[Britanniarum Regnum]] anno [[1902]].

Anno [[1950]], [[Ioannes Renoir]], [[pellicularum moderator]] [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Americanus]], ''[[Flumen (pellicula)|Flumen]],'' suam primam [[color]]ibus [[pellicula]]m, fecit; quae Praemium Internationale Criticismi&lt;!--fr:de la critique--&gt; in feriis [[Venetiae]] anno [[1951]] abstulit.
 
== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Cursus Gangæ fluvi Indiæ maximi, inde Priaga seu Elahbado Calcuttam usque ope acus magneticæ exploratus atque litteris mandatus a [[Iosephus Tiefenthaler|J. T. S. J.]]
* Alley, Kelly D. [[2002]]. ''On the Banks of the Ganga: When Wastewater Meets a Sacred River.'' University of Michigan. ISBN 0-472-06808-3.
* Alter, Stephen. [[2001]]. ''Sacred Waters: A Pilgrimage up the Ganges River to the Source of Hindu Culture.'' Harcourt. ISBN 0-15-100585-0.
* Berwick, Dennison. ''A Walk Along the Ganges.''
* Cumming, David. [[1994]]. ''The Ganges Delta and Its People.'' [[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]]: Thomson Learning. ISBN 1-56847-168-8.
* Darian, Steven G. [[1978]]. ''The Ganges in Myth and History.'' [[Honolulu]]: University Press of Hawaii. ISBN 0-8248-0509-7. 
* Hillary, Edmund. [[1980]]. ''From the Ocean to the Sky: Jet Boating Up the Ganges.'' Ulverscroft Large Print Books Ltd. ISBN 0-7089-0587-0.
* Hollick, Julian Crandall. N.d. &quot;Self-purification effect of bacteriophagus, oxygen retention mystery.&quot; [http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=17134270 &quot;Mystery Factor Gives Ganges a Clean Reputation]. Publicum Civitatis Radiophonum.
* Misra, Subhash. [[2005]]. ''Gangasmriti &amp; Other Poems.'' Writers Workshop. ISBN 81-8157-331-5.
* [[Iavaharlal Nehru|Nehru, Jawaharlal]]. [[1946]]. ''The Discovery of India.'' Calcutta: Signet Press.
* Newby, Eric. [[1966]]. ''Slowly down the Ganges.'' ISBN 0-86442-631-3.
* Sundaranand, Swami. [[2001]]. ''Himalaya: Through the Lens of a Sudu.'' ISBN 81-901326-0-1.

== Nexus externi ==
{{Victionarium|Ganges}}
* [http://www.ppl.nl/index.php?option=com_wrapper&amp;view=wrapper&amp;Itemid=82 Bibliographia de Facultatibus Aquarum et Legibus inter Civitates &quot;Peace Palace Library,&quot;] apud www.ppl.nl
* [http://www.ecofriends.org/ Ecofriends,] qapud www.ecofriends.org
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20210210185543/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V12_138.gif Ganga in ''Imperial Gazetteer of India'' anni 1909,] apud dsal.uchicago.edu
* [http://www.indiantemples.com/Ganga/ganga.html Ganges Flumen,] apud www.indiantemples.com
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090218140928/http://www.cs.albany.edu/~amit/ganges.html Ganges (Ganga),] apud www.cs.albany.edu
* [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/photo/gallery/070607/GAL-07Jun07-77064/index.html Glacies Liquefactae Gangem Minitantur,] apud www.washingtonpost.com
* [http://www.hitxp.com/in/31012008.htm Sacra Gangae Arcana,]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} apud www.hitxp.com
* [http://books.google.de/books?id=XNYBAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA137&amp;lpg=PA137&amp;dq=latitudo+geographica&amp;source=web&amp;ots=RlKOIK8itQ&amp;sig=eLDWjpTDcIrIY8701Zhtl0RyRes&amp;hl=de ''Des Pater Joseph Tieffenthalers d. Ges. Jesu. und apost. Missionarius in Indien historisch-geographische Beschreibung von Hindustan . . .'' (3 vol., quarto, [[Berolinum|Berlin]]-[[Gota|Gotha]], 1785–1787),] apud books.google.de

{{1000 paginae}}
{{Myrias|Geographia}}
{{FA stella}}

[[Categoria:Ganges|!]]
[[Categoria:Bihara]]
[[Categoria:Bengala Occidentalis]]
[[Categoria:Jharakhanda]]
[[Categoria:Loci Vedici]]
[[Categoria:Systema Gangis fluminis|!]]
[[Categoria:Uttarakhanda]]
[[Categoria:Uttara Pradesa]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Beyoncé</title>
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      <text bytes="14794" sha1="diw5g7kmpanac7odtcmzl8ty62q2kmp" xml:space="preserve">{{Latinitas|-2}}
{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Beyoncé Giselle Knowles-Carter''' ('''Beyoncé Giselle Knowles''' die [[4 Septembris]] [[1981]] [[Hustonia (Texia)|Hustoniae]] nata), nomine '''Beyoncé Knowles''' et sola '''Beyoncé''' ([[pronuntiatio Anglica]]: [biˈjɒnseɪ]) etiam nota, est [[cantrix]], [[saltatrix]] [[actrix]]que. Ut cantrix maxime est, cuius generibus musicis [[musica rythm and blues|musica ''rhythm and blues'']], [[musica popularis|popularis]], [[musica pectoralis|pectoralis]], et [[musica hiphop|''hiphop'']] comprehendit. Ut cantrix efficacissima fit, et multos ictus musicos per tempus habuit, et apud [[homo|hominem]] notissima est. Eius [[discus|disci]] venditi [[orbis terrarum|orbe terrarum]] 118 [[millio]]nes est. In eius [[curriculum vitae|curriculo vitae]] ut socia et prima cantrix in ''[[Destiny's Child]]'' ('Fati Puer') primum coepebat, deinde ut cantrix sola. In pluribus [[pellicula|pelliculis]] etiam egit.

== Vita ==
Beyoncé Hustoniae in urbe nascebatur, [[filia]] [[Matthaeus Knowles|Matthaei Knowles]], [[princeps ventitionis|principis ventitionis]] societatis mercatoriae ''[[Xerox]]'', et [[Caelestis Knowles]], [[capillorum concinnatrix|capillorum concinnatricis]] et [[possestrix salutatorii|possestricis salutatorii]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140907214159/http://www.mtv.com/bands/p/parent_managers_041115/index3.jhtml ''The Family Business''] in ''[[MTV]]'' ([http://www.mtv.com/ www.mtv.com]). Creatio indictum. {{ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-2194043/Beyonc-s-mother-Tina-Knowles-sells-Houston-home-nearly-3million.html ''Beyoncé's mother Tina Knowles sells Houston home for nearly $3million''] in ''[[Male Online]]'' ([http://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/index.html www.dailymail.co.uk/home/index.html]). Creata die 27 Augusti 2012, appraesentiata die 28 Augusti 2012. {{ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt; De origine atque natione originis, Matthaeus est Afroamericanus, et Caelestis [[Populus creolus Ludovicianensis|Creola Ludovicianensis]] et habet origines Africanam, Francogallicam, Hibernicam, et [[Indi Americani|aboriginalem]], atque quae ab duce [[Acadia|Acadiensi]] [[Iosephus Broussard|Iosepho Broussard]] orta est.&lt;ref name=&quot;FOX&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130330073323/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,204978,00.html?sPage=fnc%2Fentertainment%2Fbeyonce ''Beyonce Knowles' Biography''] apud ''[[Fox News]]'' ([http://www.foxnews.com/ www.foxnews.com]). Creata die 15 Aprilis 2008. {{ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/megan-smolenyak-smolenyak/a-peek-into-blue-ivy-cart_b_1200346.html ''A Peek into Blue Ivy Carter's Past''] in ''[[HuffPost Celebrity]]'' ([http://www.huffingtonpost.com/celebrity/ www.huffingtonpost.com/celebrity]). Creata die 1 Decembris 2012.{{ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt; Etiam soror vetustior [[Solange Knowles]] est, opere cantrix, [[scriba carminum]], et actrix. Beyoncé nomen est cultus ad suae matris cognomen.&lt;ref name=&quot;FOX&quot;/&gt;

Beyoncé instituta est in [[Schola Catholica Sanctae Mariae]] in urbe ''[[Fredericksburg (Texia)|Fredericksburg]]'', ubi in classibus saltationis rei socii signabat. Eius ingenii facultas canora inventa est quando eius praeceptrix saltatoria carmen secum canere incipiebat et id finiebat, ferit notas frequentiarum altarum.&lt;ref name=&quot;E!&quot;&gt;Pellicula ''Beyoncé: All New'' apud ''[[E! Online]]'' ([http://uk.eonline.com/ uk.eonline.com,]) creatio indictum. {{ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt; Beyoncé studium musicae et actus persequibatur post vincebat spectaculum scholasticum ingenii facultatis aetate 7, canit [[Ioannes Lennon|Ioannis Lennon]] carmen ''[[Imagine (carmen)|Imagine]]'' ('Cogitatio Finge').&lt;ref name=&quot;Biography Today&quot;&gt;''Biography Today'' (liber) ab ''Omnigraphics'' anni 2010. Pagina 10. ISBN 978-0-7808-1058-7. {{ling|Anglice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;People&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130531173017/http://www.people.com/people/beyonce_knowles/biography ''A Standing Ovation''] apud ''[[People (commentarii)|People]]'' ([https://web.archive.org/web/20190514064605/https://people.com/people www.people.com/people]). Creatio indictum. {{ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Autumnus|Autumno]] anno [[1990]], incipiebat Beyoncé in [[Schola Obligatoria Parkerana]], [[schola musica]] [[urbs|urbis]] natalis, et ibi cum scholae choro canentium agebat.&lt;ref name=&quot;E!&quot;/&gt; Post tempus scholae obligatoriae in ''[[High School for the Performing and Visual Arts]]'' incipiebat, et tum [[Schola Superior Alief Elsik]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20141006072304/http://www.life123.com/arts-culture/pop-stars/beyonce/beyonce-knowles-childhood.shtml ''Beyonce Knowles Childhood''] apud ''[[Life123]]'' ([http://www.life123.com/ www.life123.com]). Creatio indictum. {{ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FOX&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120112060551/http://elsikalumni.com/FamousAlumni.asp ''Famous Alumni - Elsik High School'']in ''[[Alief Elsik High School|Elsik High School Classmates Website]]'' ([http://elsikalumni.com/ elsikalumni.com]) per ''[[WebCite]]'' ([https://web.archive.org/web/20110727190413/http://webcitation.org/ www.webcitation.org]). {{ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt; Etiam erat socia chori in [[Ecclesia Methodistica Unita Sancti Ioannis]] annis duobus, quo ut solam cantricem agebat.&lt;ref name=&quot;E!&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/2008022408162/http://www.mtv.com/onair/moviehouse/cameo/16/index.jhtml ''Cameo - Fat Joe Interviews Beyoncé And Mike Epps''] in ''[[MTV]]'' ([http://www.mtv.com/ www.mtv.com]). Creata die 24 Februarii 2008. {{ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Octo aetate nata, Beyoncé et amica pueritiae [[Kelly Rowland]] [[LaTavia Roberson]] occurrebant dum in auditus pro globo oblectationis puellarum.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kaufman&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140209094113/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1504044/destinys-childs-long-road-fame.jhtml ''Destiny's Child's Long Road To Fame (The Song Isn't Called 'Survivor' For Nothing)''] in ''[[MTV]]'' ([http://www.mtv.com/ www.mtv.com]). Creata die 13 Iunii 2005. {{ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt; In globo cum aliis puellis tribus ut ''[[Girl's Tyme]]'' ('Puellae Tempus') ponebantur, et agebat [[Recitatio rapiana|recitationem rapianam]] et [[saltatio]]nem in spectaculo ingenii facultatis ''Circuit in Houston''.&lt;ref name=&quot;E!&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;People&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160306100144/http://edition.cnn.com/2006/TRAVEL/02/27/houston.kellyrowland/index.html?_s=PM:TRAVEL ''Kelly Rowland''] apud ''[[CNN]]'' ([http://edition.cnn.com/ edition.cnn.com]). Creata die 4 Octobris 2006. {{ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt; Post creatorem musicum musicae rhythmicae caelestisque [[Arne Frager]] gregem musicum vidistit, eas ducebat ad officinam suam et eas ponebat in ''[[Star Search]]'' ('Requisitio Stellarum'), maximum spectaculum ingenii facultatis in televisione in [[CFA|America]] in eo tempore.&lt;ref name=&quot;E!&quot;/&gt; ''Girl's Tyme'' ad vincere non succedebantur.&lt;ref name=&quot;Farley&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130823123837/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,998976,00.html ''Music: Call Of The Child''] in ''[[Time]]'' ([https://web.archive.org/web/20130622061453/http://www.time.com/time/magazine www.time.com/time/magazine]). Creata die 15 Ianuarii 2001. {{ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;J.R.&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20081216031102/http://music.yahoo.com/read/interview/12027658 ''All Grown Up'']in ''[[Yahoo! Music]]'' ([http://music.yahoo.com/ music.yahoo.com]) per ''[[Internet Archive: Wayback Machine]]'' ([http://archive.org/web/web.php archive.org/web/web.php]). Creata die 3 Martii 1998. {{ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anno [[1995]] absolvebat Beyoncé pater laborem suum ad gregem tractandum, et consequentiis ducebat ad reditum Beyoncé familiae dimidio deminuebatur, atque nam parentes suae in separata domicilia movere coacti sunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120130074739/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1005114,00.html ''Destiny's Adult'']in ''[[Time]]'' (). Creata die 30 Iunii 2003. {{ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FOX&quot;/&gt; Matthaeus minuebat socias gregis ad quattuor, et gregem agere persequibatur ut primum actum aliis gregibus musicis musicae rhythmicae caelestisque institutis.&lt;ref name=&quot;E!&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kaufman&quot;/&gt; Caelestis formabat sociarum [[vestimenta]] actuum usque ad gregem musicum concludebat. Puellae auditum faciebant usque ad signatas sunt a societate creationis musicae ''[[Elektra Records]]'' ('Electrae Opus Musicum'), et breviter deinde ad ''[[Atlanta Records]]'' ('Opus Musicum Atlantensis') ad laborare in eorum prima creatione musica.&lt;ref name=&quot;FOX&quot;/&gt; Hoc quaestiones ad familiam dabatur, et Beyoncé parentes inter se separabant.&lt;ref name=&quot;Biography Today&quot;/&gt; Die [[5 Octobris]] [[1995]], [[Dwayne Wiggins]] ''[[Grass Roots Entertainment]]'' ('Oblectatio Radicis Graminis') gregem signabat, et anno [[1996]] puellae incidere incipiebant eorum primum [[album musicum]] per pactum cum ''[[Sony Music]]'' ('Musica Sonus'), quoque Beyoncé parentes inter se reunibantur, et sensim grex contractum cum ''[[Columbia Records]]'' ('Opus Musicum Columbianum') accipebat.&lt;ref name=&quot;Biography Today&quot;/&gt;

== Discographia ==
[[Fasciculus:BEYONCE CONCERT IN CENTRAL PARK 2011 Good Morning America's Summer Concert Series - Central Park, Manhattan NYC - 070111.jpg|thumb|Beyoncé Knowles in [[concentus musicus|concentu musico]] agit in [[Viridarium Medium|Viridario Medio]] [[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]] anno [[2011]].]]
;Alba musica officinalia cum singularibus editis suis
* [[2003]]: ''Dangerously in Love'' ('Periculose Carus'); die 22 Iunii 2003, divulgatore Columbia Records
** [[2003]]: ''[[Crazy in Love (carmen Beyoncé Knowles)|Crazy in Love]]'' ('Dementer Carus')
** [[2003]]: ''[[Baby Boy (carmen Beyoncé Knowles)|Baby Boy]]'' ('Vir Formosus')
** [[2003]]: ''[[Me, Myself and I (carmen Beyoncé Knowles)|Me, Myself and I]]'' ('Me, Egomet, Et Ego')
** [[2004]]: ''[[Naughty Girl (carmen Beyoncé Knowles)|Naughty Girl]]'' ('Mulier Improba')
** [[2004]]: ''[[The Closer I Get to You]]'' ('Proprior Tibi Venio')
* [[2006]]: ''[[B'Day]]'' ('B'Dies' vel 'B-Dies')
** [[2006]]: ''[[Déjà Vu (carmen Beyoncé Knowles)|Déjà Vu]]'' ('Iam Visum')
** [[2006]]: ''[[Ring the Alarm]]'' ('Monitorium Tinnitum Voca')
** [[2006]]: ''[[Irreplaceable]]'' ('Insupplebilis')
** [[2007]]: ''[[Beautiful Liar]]'' ('Homo Mendax Pulcher')
** [[2007]]: ''[[Get Me Bodied]]'' ('Res Corporis Me Accipe')
** [[2007]]: ''[[Green Light (carmen Beyoncé Knowles)|Green Light]]'' ('Lux Viridis')
* [[2008]]: ''I Am... Sasha Fierce'' ('Ego Sum... Sasha Fierce'). Die 14 Novembris 2008, divulgatoribus Music World Entertainment et Columbia Records
** [[2008]]: ''[[If I Were a Boy]]'' ('Si Vir Eram')
** [[2008]]: ''[[Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)]]'' ('Dominae Singulares (Anulus Eo Impone)')
** [[2009]]: ''[[Diva (carmen Beyoncé Knowles)|Diva]]'' ('Mulier Clara Et Gravis')
** [[2009]]: ''[[Halo (carmen Beyoncé Knowles)|Halo]]'' ('Halos')
** [[2009]]: ''[[Ego (carmen Beyoncé Knowles)|Ego]]'' ('Ego')
** [[2009]]: ''[[Sweet Dreams (carmen Beyoncé Knowles)|Sweet Dreams]]'' ('Somnia Bella')
** [[2009]]: ''[[Broken-Hearted Girl]]'' ('Mulier Corde Fracta')
** [[2009]]: ''[[Video Phone (carmen Beyoncé Knowles)]]'' ('Pelliculaphonum')
* [[2011]]: ''4''; die 24 Iunii 2011, divulgatore Columbia Records
** [[2011]]: ''[[Run the World (Girls)]]'' ('Mundus Rege (Mulieres)')
** [[2011]]: ''[[Best Thing I Never Had]]'' ('Res Optima Numquam Habui')
** [[2011]]: ''[[Party (carmen Beyoncé Knowles)|Party]]'' ('Festum')
** [[2011]]: ''[[Love on Top]]'' ('Amor In Cacumine')
** [[2011]]: ''[[Countdown (carmen Beyoncé Knowles)|Countdown]]'' ('Numeratio Inversa')
** [[2012]]: ''[[I Care (carmen Beyoncé Knowles)|I Care]]'' ('Curo')
** [[2012]]: ''[[End of Time (carmen Beyoncé Knowles)|End of Time]]'' ('Finis Temporis')
* [[2013]]: ''[[Beyoncé (album musicum Beyoncé Knowles)|Beyoncé]]'' ('Beyoncé')
** [[2013]]: ''[[XO]]'' ('XO')
** [[2013]]: ''[[Drunk in Love]]'' ('Ebria in Amore')
** [[2013]]: ''[[Partition(carmen Beyoncé Knowles)|Partition]]'' ('Divisor')
** [[2014]]: ''[[Pretty Hurts]]'' ('Pulchra Dolet')
** [[2014]]: ''[[Flawless (carmen Beyoncé Knowles)|Flawless]]'' ('Acenteta')

* &lt;!--[[2013|2016]]: ??? --&gt; ''Lemonade'' ('Limonata')
** 2016: ''Formation'' ('Formatio')
** 2016: ''Sorry'' ('Paenitet')
** 2016: ''Hold Up'' ('Salve')
** 2016: ''Freedom'' ('Libertas')
** 2016: ''All Night'' ('Nox Omnino')

== Circumcursiones ==

[[Fasciculus:Beyonce - Montreal 2013 (3) crop.jpg|thumb|200px|Beyonce Knowles [[Mons Regius|Monte Regio]] agit [[Annus|anno]] [[2013]] in circumcursione recentissima ''[[The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour]]'' ('Circumcursio Mundi Spectaculum Dominae Carter').]]

* [[2003]]: ''[[Dangerously in Love Tour]]'' ('Circumcursio Periculose Carus')
* [[2004]]: ''[[Verizon Ladies First Tour]]'' ('Circumcursio Dominae Verizonicae Primum')
* [[2007]]: ''[[The Beyoncé Experience]]'' ('Peritia Beyoncé')
* [[2009]]-[[2010]]: ''[[I Am... World Tour]]'' ('Circumcursio Mundi Ego Sum...')
* [[2013]]: ''[[The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour]]'' ('Circumcursio Mundi Spectaculum Dominae Carter')

== ''Revue shows'' ==
* [[2009]]: ''[[I Am... Yours]]'' ('Ego Sum... Tua')
* [[2011]]: ''[[4 Intimate Nights with Beyoncé]]'' ('4 Noces Intimae Cum Beyoncé')
* [[2012]]: ''[[Revel Presents: Beyoncé Live]]'' ('Revel Ostendit: Beyoncé In Vivo')

[[Fasciculus:Beyonce Dreamgirls cropped.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Beyoncé Knowles in prima actione [[pellicula]]e ''[[Dreamgirls (film)|Dreamgirls]]'' ('Puellae Somniorum') [[Annus|anno]] [[2007]].]]

== Cinematographia ==
{|
|'''Annus'''
|
|'''Pellicula'''
|
|'''Persona'''
|-
|[[2001]]
|
|''[[Carmen: A Hip Hopera]]''
|
|Carmen Brown
|-
|[[2002]]
|
|''[[Austin Powers in Goldmember]]''
|
|[[Foxxy Cleopatra]]
|-
|[[2003]]
|
|''[[The Fighting Temptations]]''
|
|Lilly
|-
|[[2006]]
|
|''[[The Pink Panther (pellicula anni 2006)|The Pink Panther]]''
|
|Xania
|-
|[[2006]]
|
|''[[Dreamgirls (pellicula)|Dreamgirls]]''
|
|Deena Jones
|-
|[[2008]]
|
|''[[Cadillac Records]]''
|
|[[Etta James]]
|-
|[[2009]]
|
|''[[Wow! Wow! Wubbzy!: Wubb Idol]]''
|
|Shine &lt;small&gt;(vocis persona)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|[[2009]]
|
|''[[Obsessed (pellicula anni 2009)|Obsessed]]''
|
|Sharon Charles
|-
|[[2013]]
|
|''[[Life Is But a Dream]]''
|
|Ipsa &lt;small&gt;(persona biographica)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|[[2013]]
|
|''[[Epic (pellicula)|Epic]]''
|
|Regina Tara &lt;small&gt;(vocis persona)&lt;/small&gt;
|}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Beyoncé Knowles}}
* [http://www.beyonce.com/ Situs interretialis officialis] {{ling|Anglice}}
* {{IMDb name|0461498|Beyoncé Knowles}}

{{Lifetime|1981||Knowles, Beyonce}}

[[Categoria:Cantores Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Actores Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Texiae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Afroamericani]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ioannes Ludovicus Papin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+capsa et cat et fontes</comment>
      <origin>3991023</origin>
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      <text bytes="650" sha1="qqgtlpmmhudxei0bcqqf9hi3qf3b15y" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}
'''Ioannes Ludovicus Papin''' (natus in ''[[Chemillé]]'' die [[14 Septembris]] [[1947]]) fuit [[Nanceium|Nanceii]] et [[Tullum|Tulli]] ([[Dioecesis Nanceiensis-Tullensis]]) [[episcopus]] a [[1999]] usque ad annum [[2023]].

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Jean-Louis Papin}}
{{Fontes biographici}}
* {{CathHierBishop|papin}}
* [http://www.cef.fr/catho/personnalites/papin.php Biographia] in pagina [[Conferentia Episcopalis Francica]]

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Lifetime|1947||Papin, Ioannes Ludovicus}}

[[Categoria:Incolae Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Episcopi Ecclesiae Catholicae]]
[[Categoria:Dioecesis Nanceiensis-Tullensis]]</text>
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      <id>3991029</id>
      <parentid>3991023</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T13:37:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
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      <comment>episcopi</comment>
      <origin>3991029</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="649" sha1="ip3w4pmp4dpmbcwxnn9c0yu6r78ugc2" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}
'''Ioannes Ludovicus Papin''' (natus in ''[[Chemillé]]'' die [[14 Septembris]] [[1947]]) fuit [[Nanceium|Nanceii]] et [[Tullum|Tulli]] ([[Dioecesis Nanceiensis-Tullensis]]) [[episcopus]] a [[1999]] usque ad annum [[2023]].

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Jean-Louis Papin}}
{{Fontes biographici}}
* {{CathHierBishop|papin}}
* [http://www.cef.fr/catho/personnalites/papin.php Biographia] in pagina [[Conferentia Episcopalis Francica]]

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Lifetime|1947||Papin, Ioannes Ludovicus}}

[[Categoria:Incolae Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Episcopi Ecclesiae Catholicae]]
[[Categoria:Episcopi Nanceienses-Tullenses]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Castellum Sumter</title>
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[[Imago:Ftsumter.GJLee.jpg|frame|Castellum Sumter: despectus de &quot;webcam&quot; super cupola Aedium Calhoun, 5 Decembris 2007]]
'''Castellum Sumter'''&lt;ref&gt;Saeculo undevicensimo, nomen saepe scriptum est ''Sumpter.''&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Anglice]] ''Fort Sumter'') est maritimum structurae munimentum [[Systema Tertium|Systematis Tertii]] in portu [[Carolopolis (Carolina Meridionalis)|Carolopolitano]] [[Carolina Meridionalis|Carolinae Meridionalis]] sita. Castellum notissimum est locus quo emissa sunt tela missilia quae [[Bellum Civile Americanum]] coeperunt, apud [[Proelium Castelli Sumter]]. 
 
==Aedificatio==
Nominata pro [[Thomas Sumter|Thoma Sumter]], fortissimo [[Res Novae Americanae|Rerum Novarum Americanarum ]] duce, Castellum Sumter post [[Bellum Anni 1812]] aedificatum est, ut sit unum nonnullorum munimentorum praeter meridionale CFA litus. Aedificatio anno [[1827]] coepit, sed moles non iam est parata anno [[1861]], cum certamen accidit.&lt;!-- Seventy thousand tons of granite were imported from [[Nova Anglia]] to build up a sand bar in the entrance to Charleston harbor, which the site dominates.--&gt; Castellum est latericium opus quinque lateribus, 170 ad 190 pedes longum, muris quinque pedes crassis, quod quinquaginta pedes super signum [[aestus marinus|aestus]] recedentis stat.&lt;!-- It was designed to house 650 men and 135 guns in three tiers of gun emplacements, although it was never filled near its full capacities.--&gt;

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;
 
==Bibliographia== 
*Detzer, David R. [[2001]]. ''Allegiance: Fort Sumter, Charleston and the Beginning of the Civil War.'' Novi Eboraci: Harcourt.
*[http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/moa/browse.monographs/ofre.html Elliott, Stephen, Jr. [[1902]]. &quot;Detailed report, September 12, 1863.&quot; ''Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion, Series I.'' Vol. 14:637–639. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.]
*Ripley, Warren. [[1984]]. ''Artillery and Ammunition of the Civil War.'' Charleston, S.C.: The Battery Press.
*[http://0-cdl.library.cornell.edu.source.unco.edu/moa/browse.monographs/waro.html Scott, Robert N. [[1890]]. &quot;Return of Casualties in the Confederate forces at Fort Sumter, August 12–December 11 (1863).&quot; ''The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series I.'' Vol. 28 (pars 1):650. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.]
*[http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/moa/browse.monographs/ofre.html Stevens, Thomas H.. (1902). &quot;Delayed report, September 28, 1865&quot;. Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion, Series I. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office) 14: 633.]
*[http://0-cdl.library.cornell.edu.source.unco.edu/moa/browse.monographs/waro.html  Turner, John W. [[1890]]. &quot;Reports.&quot; ''The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series I.'' Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 28 (pars 1):212–225.]
*Wise, Stephen R. [[1994]]. ''Gate of Hell: Campaign for Charleston Harbor, 1863.'' Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press.

==Nexus externi==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101010143639/http://www.nps.gov/fosu/ Situs publicus National Park Service de Arce Sumter]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070625085924/http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/Charleston/ Historic Charleston's Religious and Community Buildings, a National Park Service ''Discover Our Shared Heritage'' Travel Itinerary]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081202235716/http://www.footnote.com/image/4346744 Major Robert Anderson's telegram announcing the surrender of Fort Sumter]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20201212074102/http://www.tulane.edu/~sumter/ Discrimen apud Arcem Sumter]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070211134734/http://www.charlestoninsidersguide.com/fort-sumter.php Charleston, SC Insider's Guide]
* [http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/hhh.sc0247 Extensive collection of photos and drawings from The Library of Congress]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071015040443/http://civilwarfortifications.com/index.html Situs de munimentis Belli Civilis]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080311193118/http://www.charlestonscrealestate.us./ Charleston SC Real Estate]

[[Categoria:Carolina Meridionalis]]
[[Categoria:Castella Belli Civilis Americani|Sumter, Castellum]]
[[Categoria:Musea Belli Civilis Americani]]
[[Categoria:Loci archaeologici Civitatum Foederatarum]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Bellum anni 1812</title>
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      <text bytes="9173" sha1="27gdzfbiq5kykshfdns4xjaomjtm3ls" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Push on, brave York volunteers.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Proelium Altitudinum Queenston]].]]
[[Fasciculus:USS Constitution vs Guerriere.jpg|thumb|''[[Constitutio]]'' navis Americana ''[[Guerriere]]'' navem Britannicam vincit (gravis belli eventus).]]

{{res|Bellum anni 1812}} fuit [[bellum]] a [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitatibus Foederatis Americae]] cum sociis [[Indi Americani|indigenis]] earum contra [[Imperium Britannicum]] (praecipue [[Regnum Britanniarum]] sociosque eius) in {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|America Septentrionalis Britannica|America Septentrionali Britannica|en|qid=Q248452}}) inter annos [[1812]] et [[1815]] pugnatum, [[Hispania]] in [[Florida]] rei haud interente.&lt;!--There were several immediate stated causes for the U.S. declaration of war: first, a series of trade restrictions introduced by Britain to impede American trade with [[First French Empire|France]], a country with which Britain was at war (the U.S. contested these restrictions as illegal under international law);&lt;ref&gt;Caffery, pp.56-58&lt;/ref&gt; second, the [[impressment]] (forced recruitment) of U.S. citizens into the [[Classis Regalis]]; third, the British military support for [[Indi Americani]] who were offering armed resistance to the expansion of the American frontier to the Northwest.&lt;ref&gt;Caffery, pp.101-104.&lt;/ref&gt;  An unstated but powerful motivation for the Americans was the desire to uphold national honor in the face of what they considered to be British insults (such as [[Chesapeake-Leopard Affair|the ''Chesapeake'' affair]]).&lt;ref&gt;Norman K. Risjord (1961), “1812: Conservatives, War Hawks, and the Nation's Honor,” ''William and Mary Quarterly'' 18 (2): 196-210. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1918543 JSTOR.]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Expeditio Chesepiooc et “Vexillum Stellis Punctatum” ==
The location of the Chesapeake Bay, near America's capital, made it a prime target for the British. Starting in March 1813, a squadron under Rear Admiral [[George Cockburn]] began a blockade of the bay and raided towns along the bay from [[Norfolk, Virginia|Norfolk]] to [[Havre de Grace, Maryland|Havre de Grace]].
[[Fasciculus:Ft. Henry bombardement 1814.jpg|thumb|An artist's rendering of the battle at [[Fort McHenry]], where [[Francis Scott Key]] was inspired to write “[[The Star-Spangled Banner]].”]]
[[Fasciculus:Battle erie.jpg|right|thumb|[[Oliver Hazard Perry]]'s message to William Henry Harrison after the [[Battle of Lake Erie]] began with what would become one of the most famous sentences in American military history: “We have met the enemy and they are ours.” This 1865 painting by William H. Powell shows Perry transferring to a different ship during the battle.]]--&gt;

[[Fasciculus:Six Nations survivors of War of 1812.jpg|thumb|Sakawarton ([[Ioannes Smoke Johnson]]), Ioannes Tutela, et Young Warner, tres [[Iroquois|Nationum Sex]] belli veterani.]]

{{NexInt}}
* “[[Vexillum Stellis Punctatum]]”&lt;!--

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;--&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Bowler, W. Arthur. [[1988]]. “Propaganda in Upper Canada in the War of 1812.” ''American Review of Canadian Studies'' 28:11-32
* Caffrey, Kate. [[1977]]. ''The Twilight's Last Gleaming: Britain vs. America 1812–1815.'' Novi Eboraci: Stein and Day. ISBN 0-8128-1920-9.
* Egan, Clifford L. [[1974]]. “The Origins of the War of 1812: Three Decades of Historical Writing.” ''Military Affairs'' 38 (2): 72–75.
* Forester, C. S. N.d. ''The Age of Fighting Sail.'' New English Library. ISBN 0-939218-06-2.
* Gardner, Robert, ed. [[1996]]. ''The Naval War of 1812: Caxton Pictorial History.'' Caxton Editions. ISBN 1-84067-360-5.
* [http://www.biographi.ca/EN/ShowBio.asp?BioId=36806&amp;query=tecumseh Goltz, Herbert C. W. N.d. “Tecumseh.” ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online.'']
* Heidler, Donald,{{dubsig}} et Jeanne T. Heidler, eds. [[2004]]. ''Encyclopedia of the War of 1812.'' Ed 2a.
* Heidler, David{{dubsig}} S., et Jeanne T. Heidler. [[2002]]. ''The War of 1812.'' Greenwood.
* Hickey, Donald. [[1989]]. ''The War of 1812: A Forgotten Conflict.''  [http://books.google.com/books?id=YoLL0HgYw-0C&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=intitle:1812+inauthor:hickey&amp;lr=&amp;num=30&amp;as_brr=0 Textus apud Google.]
* Hickey, Donald R. [[1995]]. ''The War of 1812: A Short History.'' [http://books.google.com/books?id=3GLq_jMv5ToC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=intitle:1812+inauthor:hickey&amp;lr=&amp;num=30&amp;as_brr=0 Textus apud Google.]
* Hickey, Donald R. [[2001]]. “The War of 1812: Still a Forgotten Conflict?” ''The Journal of Military History'' 65 (3): 741–769.
* James, William. [[1837]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080309131404/http://www.pbenyon.plus.com/Naval_History/Vol_VI/P_363.html ''Naval History of Great Britain 1793–1827.''] Londinii.
* Latimer, Jon. [[2007]]. ''1812: War with America.'' Cantabrigiae in Massachusetta: Belknap Press. ISBN 9780674025844.&lt;!--

* Naval Historical Centre, Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, Essex entry, Department of the Navy, Washington Navy Yard, Washington DC [http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/e5/essex-i.htm]
*{{cite book |title=Six Frigates: The Epic History of the Founding of the U.S. Navy |last=Toll |first=Ian W. |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2006 |publisher=W.W. Norton |location=New York |isbn=9780393058475}}--&gt;

== Bibliographia addita ==
* Boklan, Kent D. [[2008]]. “How I Broke an Encrypted Diary from the War of 1812.” ''[[Cryptologia]]'' West Point, New York: United States Military Academy, 32, no. 4 (October): 299-310.
* Hickey, Donald R. [[1990]]. ''The War of 1812: The Forgotten Conflict.'' Urbana in Illinoesia: University of Illinois Press.&lt;!-- [[National Historical Society Book Prize]] and [[American Military Institute Best Book Award]].--&gt;
* Hickey, Donald R. [[2006]]/ [https://web.archive.org/web/20070516225636/http://www.press.uillinois.edu/f06/hickey.html ''Don't Give Up the Ship! Myths of the War of 1812.''] Urbanae: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-03179-2.
* Hitsman, J. M. [[1965]]. ''The Incredible War of 1812.''
* Horsman, Reginald. [[1969]]. ''The War of 1812.''
* Jenkins, John S., [[1856]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090714061602/http://mlloyd.org/gen/macomb/text/jenkins.htm ''Daring Deeds of American Generals''.] “Alexander Macomb.” Novi Eboraci: A. A. Kelley, Publisher.&lt;!-- 295-322--&gt;
* Langguth, A. J. [[2006]]. ''Union 1812: The Americans Who Fought the Second War of Independence.'' Novi Eboraci: Simon &amp; Shuster. ISBN 978-0743226189.
* Malcomson, Robert. [[2003]].''A Very Brilliant Affair: The Battle of Queenston Heights, 1812.'' Toronti: Robin Brass Studio.
* Stacey, C. P. [[1964]]. “The War of 1812 in Canadian History.” In ''The Defended Border: Upper Canada and the War of 1812,'' ed. Morris Zaslow et Wesley B., Turner. Toronti.

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/1812/ Library of Congress Guide to the War of 1812]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071201223329/http://www.hnoc.org/BNO/william_cook.htm William C. Cook War of 1812 in the South Collection]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071208045812/http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/books/amh/amh-06.htm American Military History – The War of 1812]
* [http://warof1812.ca/ The War of 1812 Website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070111155507/http://edsitement.neh.gov/view_lesson_plan.asp?id=570 President Madison's 1812 War Message, with lesson plans and numerous primary documents from the U.S. and Britain regarding the causes of the war]
* [http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/Ghent.html Treaty of Ghent and related resources on the War of 1812 at the Library of Congress]
* [http://www.galafilm.com/1812/e/intro/index.html Galafilm's War of 1812 website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130117163203/http://home.earthlink.net/~gfeldmeth/chart.1812.html Key Events of the War of 1812]
* [http://www.jmu.edu/madison/center/main_pages/madison_archives/life/war1812/war1812.htm War of 1812 from the James Madison Center] of the James Madison University
* [http://www.historycentral.com/1812/Index.html Historycentral.com War of 1812]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091116152858/http://www.archives.gov.on.ca/english/on-line-exhibits/1812/index.aspx War of 1812]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120805022104/http://www.tourniagara.com/history/war-of-1812/ The War of 1812 Niagara Region]
* New York State Military Museum:[http://www.dmna.state.ny.us/historic/articles/blacksMilitary/BlacksMilitary1812.htm Black Americans in the US Military from the American Revolution to the Korean War: The War of 1812]
* [http://www.battleofplattsburgh.org/ Battle of Plattsburgh &amp; War of 1812]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081208021843/http://libraryautomation.com/nymas/warof1812paper/paperrevised2006.html American Privateers in The War Of 1812]
* [http://www.nfpl.library.on.ca/nfplindex/search.asp?search=1&amp;db=2&amp;idx=kw&amp;query=war+1812 War of 1812 Art Collection]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Niagara Falls Public Library (Ont.)
* [http://indiamond6.ulib.iupui.edu/War1812/ War of 1812 Collection] – War of 1812 Indiana Territory Volunteers

[[Categoria:Bellum anni 1812|!]]
{{Myrias|Historia}}</text>
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    <title>Aragorn</title>
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      <text bytes="911" sha1="qaf9ylvdmsw4m5oq8mocsbxpa2u1e6h" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:ViggoMortensenMar10.jpg|thumb|[[Viggo Mortensen]], qui huius personae partes in [[Petrus Jackson|Petri Jackson]] [[Dominus Anulorum (series pellicularum)|pelliculis]] egit.]]
'''Aragorn II''' est [[persona]] e [[Legendarium Tolkien|legendario Tolkien]] orta. Unus ex primis personis in libris de ''[[The Lord of the Rings|Domino Anulorum]]'' est, per quos libros [[Hobbitus|Hobbiti]] '''Strider''' eum appellant. In primo libro, Aragorn erat Saltuarius Septentrionalis Terram Mediam defendens. Quis libris conclusis '''Rex Elessar Telcontar''' [[Gondor]]is coronatus est.

Aragorn est [[filius]] Arathornis et Gilraenis, homo [[Arnor]]is et ''Dux Hominum Arnoris'' sextus decimus.

==Nexus externi==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170811172950/http://www.imdb.com/character/ch0000135/ Aragorn] apud [[Internet Movie Database]].

[[Categoria:Personae Legendarii Tolkien]]
[[Categoria:Reges ficti]]</text>
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    <title>Frodo Baggins</title>
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|-
!colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;font-size: larger;&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFC0CB&quot;| Frodo Baggins
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFC0CB&quot;| Amicus Alforum
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFC0CB&quot;|Gerulus Anuli
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;font-size: smaller;&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Elijah Wood-D.jpg|none|200px|Frodo Baggins]][[Elia Wood]] ([[Annus|anno]] [[2006]]) qui Frodo Baggins agit in serie [[Pellicula|pelliculis]] trium [[Dominus Anulorum|Domino Anulorum]].
|-
! Natus
| [[22 Septembris]] anno 2968 [[Tertia Solis Aetas|T. E.]] &lt;br /&gt; [[Hobbiton]]iae
|-
! Obiit
| [[7 Octobris]] [[1849]]&lt;br /&gt;
|}
[[Fasciculus:Unico Anello.png|thumb|[[Unus Anulus]], de quo mythistoria narrat, grande onus a Frodo Baggins portans [[Mons Fati|Monte Fati]] delendum, in serie [[Pellicula|pelliculis]] trium [[Dominus Anulorum|Domino Anulorum]].]]
'''Frodo Baggins''' est [[Personae Legendarii Tolkien|persona]] e [[Legendarium Tolkien|legendario Tolkien]] orta, [[protagonista]] principalis [[fabula]]e ''[[The Lord of the Rings]],'' et [[hobbitus]] in terra [[Shire]] [[habitatio|habitans]]. Heres [[anulus|anuli]] magici ex [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbone Baggins]] [[avunculus|avunculo]], laborem ad anulum destruendum accipit. A [[Gandalfus|Gandalpho]] [[magus|mago]] comitatis, a Peregrino, Meriadoco, et [[Samwise]] aliis hobbitis, a [[Legolas]] [[dryades|dryade]], a [[Gimli]] [[nani (Terra Media)|nano]], atque ab Aragorne et Boromire [[homo sapiens|hominibus]] adiutus, iter in Mordorem facit. Partes in [[pellicula]] ab [[Elijah Wood|Elia Wood]] aguntur.

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://lotr.wikia.com/wiki/Frodo_Baggins Frodo Baggins] apud ''[[One Wiki to Rule Them All]]'', encyclopaedia de serie ''Lord of the Rings''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170403041833/http://www.imdb.com/character/ch0000139/ Frodo Baggins] apud ''[[IMDb]]''

{{pers-fict-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baggins, Frodo}}
[[Categoria:Personae Legendarii Tolkien]]</text>
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    <title>Exercitus Civitatum Foederatarum</title>
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[[Fasciculus:Military service mark of the United States Army.svg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Signum]] [[res militaris|militare]] Exercitus Civitatum Foederatarum.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/Trademarks/DOD%20Guide%20about%20use%20of%20seals%20logos%20insignia%20medals-16%20Oct%2015F.PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405154729/http://www.defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/Trademarks/DOD%20Guide%20about%20use%20of%20seals%20logos%20insignia%20medals-16%20Oct%2015F.PDF ''Important Information and Guidelines About the Use of Department of Defense Seals, Logos, Insignia, and Service Medals''] {{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (United States Department of Defense), 16 Octobris 2015, p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[Fasciculus:Battle of New Orleans.jpg|thumb|[[Adumbratio]] [[proelium Novae Aureliae|proelii Novae Aureliae]]&lt;!--??? General [[Andreae Alciati]] defensiones stat super murum tecti sui exstaret quod ante impetum militum eius--&gt;]] 

'''Exercitus Civitatum Foederatarum''' est [[bellum terrestre|terrestre]] [[Copiae armatae Civitatum Foederatarum|armatarum Civitatum Foederatarum copiarum]] corpus, unum ex septem [[vestita Civitatum Foederatarum corpora|vestitis Civitatum Foederatarum corporibus]]&lt;!--uniformed services of the US--&gt;. Qui [[exercitus]] nominatur in clausa 1 sectionis 2 articulo 2 [[Constitutio Civitatum Foederatarum Americae|Constitutionis Civitatum Foederatarum]], et in sectione 3001 capituli 301 subtituli B tituli 10 [[Codex Civitatum Foederatarum|Codicis Civitatum Foederatarum]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2010-title10/html/USCODE-2010-title10-subtitleB-partI-chap301-sec3001.htm Sectio 3001 capituli 301 subtituli B tituli 10].&lt;/ref&gt;
Ex [[Exercitus Continentalis|Exercitu Continentali]] die [[14 Iunii]] [[1775]] creatus est, ante confirmationem ipsarum Civitatum Foederatarum, ut [[Bellum Rerum Novarum Americanum]] pugnarent.

Bello confecto compositoque, [[Congressus Confoederationis]] Exercitum Civitatum Foederatarum in loco dimissi Exercitus Continentalis die [[14 Iunii]] [[1784]] creavit. Praesens exercitus se habet prognatus Exercitus Continentalis, et ergo suam [[natalis|natalem]] celebrat in festo die anniversario illarum copiarum.&lt;ref&gt;Exercitus Civitatum Foederatarum, [https://web.archive.org/web/20071119073512/http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/faq/birth.htm 14 Iunii: Natalitio Exercitus Civitatum Foederatarum.]&lt;/ref&gt;

==Propositum==
Exercitus Civitatum Foederatarum est terrestris copiarum militarum Civitatum Foederatarum ramus. [http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/usc_sec_10_00003062----000-.html §3062 Tituli Decimi Legum Civitatum Foederatarum] propositum exercitus sic definit (Anglice):&lt;ref&gt;Libellus &quot;DA Pamphlet 10-1,&quot; ''Organization of the United States Army,'' figura 1.2, &quot;Military Operations.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fasciculus:Da Pam 10-1 - Figure 1-2 Small.svg|Definitio et functiones exercitus.]]

==Historia==
{{Vide-etiam|Militaris Civitatum Foederatarum Historia}}

===Origines===
[[Exercitus Continentalis]] creatus est die [[14 Iunii]] [[1775]] a [[Congressus Continentalis|Congressu Continentali]] ut sit exercitus congregatus ut civitates pugnare possent [[Britanniarum Regnum]], [[Georgius Washingtonius|Georgio Washingtonio]] imperatore. Exercitus primum ductus est ab hominibus qui in [[Exercitus Britannicus|Exercitu Britannico]] vel inter civis colonialis ad hostem propulsandum armatos meruerant, et qui multos mores militares Britannicos adduxerant. Bello proficienti, auxilium [[Francia|Gallicum]], facultates, militarisque cogitatio novum exercitum produxerunt; auxilium quoque [[Borussia|Borussicum]], et praeceptores sicut [[Fridericus Gulielmus von Steuben]], auctoritate valuerunt.

===Saeculo undevicensimo===
[[Fasciculus:Battle_of_Gettysburg,_by_Currier_and_Ives.png|thumb|[[Proelium Gettysburgi]], gradatio&lt;!--turning point--&gt; [[Bellum Civile Americanum|Belli Civilis Americani]] saepe habetur.]]
[[Bellum Civile Americanum]] (1861–1866) fuit carissimum Civitatibus Foederatis bellum. . . .

===Saeculo vicensimo===
[[Fasciculus:Crossingtherhine.jpg|thumb|left|Milites Exercitus Civitatum Foederatarum [[Divisio 89 (CFA)|Divisionis Peditatae 89]] [[Rhenum Flumen]] transeunt in navibus oppugnationis anno [[1945]].]]
Per [[primum bellum mundanum|Magnum Bellum]] (1914–1918), Civitates Foederatae se coniunxerunt anno [[1917]] cum [[Russia]], [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britannia]], et [[Francia]]. Copiae Civitatum Foederatarum misae sunt ut hostes adversos adgrederentur, et grave auxilium dederunt in impetu qui lineas Germanas ad extremum perforavit. Post [[Dies Indutiarum|indutias]] confectas, die [[11 Novembris]] [[1918]], exercitus Americanus suam magnitudinem iterum deminuit.

===Saeculo vicensimo uno===
Post [[Oppugnationes diei 11 Septembris]], ad [[Bellum contra Terrorismum]] pugnandum, congregatae Civitatum Foederatarum et [[NATO]] copiae—exercitus, classis, copiae aereae, classiarii, operationes egregiae—[[Afganistania]]m anno [[2001]] invaserunt, ubi administrationem [[Taliban]]icam exstinxit.

== Structura ==
{{Vide-etiam|Structura Exercitus Civitatum Foederatarum}}
[[Fasciculus:DA Pam 10-1 Figure 1-1.png|thumb|left|Tabula structurae Exercitus Civitatum Foederatarum.&lt;ref&gt;DA Pam 10-1 ''Organization of the United States Army,'' figura 1-1, &quot;Army Organizations Execute Specific Functions and Assigned Missions.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;]]

=== Partes exercitus ===
[[Fasciculus:American World War II senior military officials, 1945.JPEG|thumb|[[Glossarium militare|Generales]] Civitatum Foederatarum per [[secundum bellum mundanum]] in [[Europa]]: posteriore (ab sinistra), [[Ralph Franciscus Stearley|Stearley]], [[Hoyt Vandenberg|Vandenberg]], [[Walter Bedell Smith|Smith]], [[Otto P. Weyland|Weyland]], [[Ricardus E. Nugent|Nugent]]; anteriore, [[Gulielmus Hood Simpson|Simpson]], [[Georgius S. Patton|Patton]], [[Carolus Andreas Spaatz|Spaatz]], [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Eisenhower]], [[Omar Bradley|Bradley]], [[Courtney Hodges|Hodges]], [[Leonardus T. Gerow|Gerow]].]]

Anno [[1941]], Exercitus Civitatum Foederatarum rite creatus est ad secundum bellum mundanum gerendum. Simul tum exsistebant Exercitus Ordinarius ([[Anglice]]: ''Regular Army''), Exercitus Civitatum Foederatarum, Custodia Reipublicae (''National Guard''), Subsidiarii Praefecti (''Officer Reserve Corps, ORC''), et Subsidiarii Militum Conscriptorum (''Enlisted Reserve Corps, ERC''). Post hoc bellum, ORC et ERC coniuncti sunt in [[Subsidiarii Exercitus Civitatum Foederatarum|Subsidiarios Exercitus Civitatum Foederatarum]]. Exercitus Civitatum Foederatarum iterum constitutus est ad bella [[Bellum Coreanum|Coreanum]] et [[Bellum Vietnamiense|Vietnamiense]] pugnanda, et [[Conscriptio in Civitatibus Foederatis|conscriptione]] suspensa, iterum &quot;demobilizatus&quot; est.

=== Imperia Exercitus et Imperia &quot;Army Service Component&quot;{{dubsig}} ===
Praesentia imperia sunt (siglis Anglicis)&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110214185910/http://www.army.mil/institution/organization/ Exercitum Civitatum Foederatarum.]&lt;/ref&gt;: 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; 
|-
!Imperia Exercitus
!Praesens Imperator
!Locus Praetorii
|-
|[[United States Army Forces Command]] (FORSCOM) || GEN [[Carolus C. Campbell (General)|Carolus C. Campbell]] || [[Castrum McPherson]] [[Georgia (CFA)|Georgiae]]
|-
|[[United States Army Training and Doctrine Command]] (TRADOC) || GEN [[Martinus Dempsey]] || [[Castrum Monroe]] [[Virginia]]e
|-
|[[U.S. Army Materiel Command|United States Army Materiel Command]] (AMC) || GEN [[Anna E. Dunwoody]] || [[Castrum Belvoir]] [[Virginia]]e 
|-
!Imperia &quot;Army Service Component&quot; 
!Praesens Imperator
!Locus Praesidii
|-
|[[Third United States Army|United States Army Central]] (USARCENT) || LTG Gulielmus G. Webster&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=11 February 2008|title=United States Army Central, CG's Bio|publisher=United States Army Central|url=http://www.arcent.army.mil/welcome/cg_site/cg.asp|accessdate=4 July 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; || Castrum McPherson Georgiae
|-
|[[United States Army North]] (USANORTH) || LTG [[Thomas R. Turner II]] || [[Castrum Sam Houston]] Texiae
|-
|[[United States Army South]] (USARSO) || MG Keith M. Huber || Castrum Sam Houston Texiae
|-
|[[Seventh United States Army|United States Army Europe]] (USAREUR) || GEN [[Carter F. Ham]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=25 Iunii 2008|title=United States Army, Seventh Army, Leaders|publisher=United States Army, Seventh Army|url=http://www.hqusareur.army.mil/institution/Leaders/default.htm|}}.&lt;/ref&gt; || [[Castra Campbell]] (''Campbell Barracks'') [[Heidelberg]] [[Germania]]e
|-
|[[United States Army Pacific]] (USARPAC) || LTG Beniaminus R. Mixon&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=23 April 2008|title=Commanding General|publisher=United States Army, Pacific|url=http://www.usarpac.army.mil/bios/comgen.asp}}.&lt;/ref&gt; || [[Castrum Shafter]] [[Havaii|Havaiorum]]
|-
|[[Eighth United States Army]] (EUSA) || LTG [[Iosephus F. Fil, Jr.]] || [[Praesidium Yongsan]] (''Yongsan Garrison'') [[Seulum|Seuli]] Coreae
|-
|[[United States Army Special Operations Command]] (SOCOM) || LTG [[Ioannes F. Mulholland Minor]] || [[Castrum Bragg (Carolinae Septentrionalis)]]
|-
|[[Surface Deployment and Distribution Command]] (SDDC) || BG iacobus L. Hodge&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=30 June 2008|title=Commanding General|publisher=United States Army, Surface Deployment and Distribution Command|url=http://www.sddc.army.mil/Public/Home/About%20SDDC/Commanding%20General|accessdate=4 July 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; || [[Castrum Eustis]] [[Virginia]]e
|-
|[[United States Army Space and Missile Defense Command]]/United States Army Strategic (USASMDC/ARSTRAT) || LTG [[Kevin T. Campbell]] || [[Armamentarium Redstone]] (''Redstone Arsenal'') [[Alabama]]e
|-
!&quot;Direct Reporting Units&quot;
!Praesens Imperator
!Locus Praesidii
|-
|[[United States Army Network Enterprise Technology Command]]/9th Signal Command (NETCOM/9thSC(A)) || MG Susan Lawrence || [[Castrum Huachuca]] [[Arizona]]e
|-
|[[United States Army Medical Command]] (MEDCOM) || LTG [[Ericus Schoomaker]] || Castrum Sam Houston Texiae
|-
|[[United States Army Intelligence and Security Command]] (INSCOM) || MG David B. Lacquement || [[Castrum Belvoir]] [[Virginia]]e 
|-
|[[U.S. Army Criminal Investigation Command|United States Army Criminal Investigation Command]] (USACIDC) || BG [[Rodney L. Johnson]] || Castrum Belvoir Virginiae
|-
|[[United States Army Corps of Engineers]] (USACE) || LTG [[Robertus Van Antwerp Jr.]] || [[Vasintonia]]
|-
|[[United States Army Military District of Washington]] (MDW) || MG [[Ricardus J. Rowe Jr.]] || [[Castrum McNair]] Vasintoniae
|-
|[[U.S. Army Test &amp; Evaluation Command]] (ATEC) || MG [[Roger A. Nadeau]] || [[Alexandria (Virginia)|Alexandria]] Virginiae
|-
|[[United States Military Academy]] (USMA) || LTG [[Franklinus Hagenbeck]] || [[Promontorium Occidentale]] [[Novum Eboracum]]
|-
|[[United States Army Reserve]] Command (USARC) || LTG [[Ioannulus C. Stultz]] || [[Castrum McPherson]] [[Georgia (CFA)|Georgiae]]
|-
|[[United States Army Acquisition Support Center]] (USAASC) || Magister [[Craig A. Spisak]] || Castrum Belvoir Virginiae
|-
|[[United States Army Installation Management Command]] (IMCOM) || LTG [[Robertus Wilson]] || [[Arlingtonia (Virginia)|Arlingtonia]] Virginiae
|-
|}
[[Image:HHCUSASSI.gif|left|thumb|[[Headquarters and Headquarters Company|HHC]], U.S. Army shoulder sleeve insignia.]]

== Personae ==
{{Vide-etiam|Insignia Ordinum Conscriptorum Exercitus Civitatum Foederatarum}}
{{Vide-etiam|Insignia Ordinum Praefectorum Exercitus Civitatum Foederatarum}}
{{Vide-etiam|Ordines et Insignia NATO}}
Hi sunt ordines Exercitus Civitatum Foederatarum et pares ordines NATO.

[[Praefecti Commissi]]:&lt;ref&gt;Ex situ [http://www.futuresoldiers.com Milites Futuri]:
:There are several paths to becoming a commissioned officer including Army ROTC, the [[United States Military Academy]] at West Point or the [[United States Merchant Marine Academy]] at Kings Point, and Officer Candidate School. Certain professionals, physicians, nurses, lawyers, and chaplains are commissioned directly into the Army. But no matter what road an officer takes, the insignia are the same.
:The highest officer rank is the five-star general (General of the Army) and the lowest is the [[second lieutenant]].
:Address all personnel with the rank of general as &quot;General (last name)&quot; regardless of the number of stars. Likewise, address both colonels and lieutenant colonels as &quot;Colonel (last name)&quot; and first and second lieutenants as &quot;Lieutenant (last name).&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

{| style=&quot;border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;&quot;
|- align=center
|- bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;
!'''[[U.S. uniformed services pay grades#Officer pay grades|US DoD Pay Grade]]'''||O-1||O-2||O-3||O-4||O-5||O-6||O-7||O-8||O-9||O-10||Special¹
|- align=center
| Insignia
|| [[Fasciculus:US-OF1B.svg|22px|Centurio secondae classis (second lieutenant)]]
|| [[Fasciculus:US-OF1A.svg|22px|Centurio primae classis (first lieutenant)]]
|| [[Fasciculus:US-O3 insignia.svg|60px|Captain]]
|| [[Fasciculus:US-O4 insignia.svg|60px|Major]]
|| [[Fasciculus:US-O5 insignia.svg|60px|Lieutenant colonel]]
|| [[Fasciculus:US-O6 insignia.svg|70px|Colonel]]
|| [[Fasciculus:US-O7 insignia.svg|35px|Brigadier general]]
|| [[Fasciculus:US-O8 insignia.svg|65px|Major general]]
|| [[Fasciculus:US-O9 insignia.svg|100px|Lieutenant general]]
|| [[Fasciculus:US-O10 insignia.svg|135px|General]]
|| [[Fasciculus:US-O11 insignia.svg|90px|General of the Army]]
|- align=center
||Title
|| [[Second Lieutenant#United States of America|Second Lieutenant]]
|| [[First Lieutenant#United States|First Lieutenant]]
|| [[Captain (U.S. Army)|Captain]]
|| [[Major (United States)|Major]]
|| [[Lieutenant Colonel (United States)|Lieutenant Colonel]]
|| [[Colonel (United States)|Colonel]]
|| [[Brigadier General (United States)|Brigadier General]]
|| [[Major General (United States)|Major General]]
|| [[Lieutenant General (United States)|Lieutenant General]]
|| [[General (United States)|General]]
|| [[General of the Army (United States)|General of the Army]]
|- align=center
||Abbreviation||2LT||1LT||CPT||MAJ||LTC||COL||BG||MG||LTG||GEN||GA
|- align=center
||NATO Code
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|OF-1
||OF-2
||OF-3
||OF-4
||OF-5
||OF-6
||OF-7
||OF-8
||OF-9
||OF-10
|-
|colspan=&quot;12&quot;|&lt;small&gt;¹ Conferred only in times of Congressionally declared war to selected Generals.&lt;/small&gt;
|}
Praefecti mandati (''Warrant officers''):&lt;ref&gt;Ex situ [http://www.futuresoldiers.com Milites Futuri]:
:Warrant Officers are single track, specialty officers with subject matter expertise in a particular area. They are initially appointed as warrant officers (in the rank of WO1) by the Secretary of the Army, but receive their commission upon promotion to Chief Warrant Officer Two (CW2).
:Technically, warrant officers are to be addressed as &quot;Mr. (last name)&quot; or &quot;Ms. (last name)&quot;; however, many personnel do not use those terms, but instead say &quot;Sir&quot;, &quot;Ma'am&quot;, or most commonly, &quot;Chief.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

{| style=&quot;border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;&quot;
|- align=center
|- bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;
!'''[[U.S. uniformed services pay grades#Warrant officer pay grades|US DoD Pay Grade]]'''||W-1||W-2||W-3||W-4||W-5
|- align=center
||Insignia
|| [[Fasciculus:US-Army-WO1.png|25px|Primus]]
|| [[Fasciculus:US-Army-CW2.png|25px|Secundus]]
|| [[Fasciculus:US-Army-CW3.png|25px|Tertius]]
|| [[Fasciculus:US-Army-CW4.png|25px|Quartus]]
|| [[Fasciculus:US-Army-CW5.png|25px|Quintus]]
|- align=center
||Title
|| [[Warrant Officer (United States)#Army|Warrant Officer 1]]
|| [[Warrant Officer (United States)#Army|Chief Warrant Officer 2]]
|| [[Warrant Officer (United States)#Army|Chief Warrant Officer 3]]
|| [[Warrant Officer (United States)#Army|Chief Warrant Officer 4]]
|| [[Warrant Officer (United States)#Army|Chief Warrant Officer 5]]
|- align=center
||Abbreviation||WO1||CW2||CW3||CW4||CW5
|- align=center
||NATO Code
||WO-1
||WO-2
||WO-3
||WO-4
||WO-5
|}

Milites conscripti:&lt;ref&gt;Ex situ [http://www.futuresoldiers.com Milites Futuri]:
:Sergeants are referred to as NCOs, short for non-commissioned officers. Corporals are also called &quot;hard stripes&quot;, in recognition of their leadership position. This distinguishes them from specialists who might have the same pay grade, but not the leadership responsibilities.
:Address privates (E1 and E2) and privates first class (E3) as &quot;Private (last name).&quot; Address specialists as &quot;Specialist (last name).&quot; Address sergeants, staff sergeants, and sergeants first class as &quot;Sergeant (last name).&quot; Address higher ranking sergeants by their full ranks in conjunction with their names.
:All Sergeant ranks from E-5 SGT to E-8 MSG are simply referred to as &quot;Sergeant (last name)&quot;. First Sergeant as &quot;First Sergeant (last name)&quot;, Sergeant Major, Command Sergeant Major, and Sergeant Major of the Army as &quot;Sergeant Major (last name)&quot;. Privates are usually referred to simply by their last names.&lt;/ref&gt;

{| style=&quot;border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;&quot;
|- bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;
!'''[[U.S. uniformed services pay grades#Enlisted pay grades|US DoD Pay grade]]'''||E-1||E-2||E-3||colspan=2|E-4||E-5||E-6||E-7||colspan=2|E-8||colspan=3|E-9
|- align=center
||Insignia
|| ''No Insignia''
|| [[Fasciculus:Army-USA-OR-02.svg|50px|Miles ordinarius]]
|| [[Fasciculus:Army-USA-OR-03.svg|50px|Miles ordinarius]]
|| [[Fasciculus:Army-USA-OR-04b.svg|50px|Miles primae classis]]
|| [[Fasciculus:Army-USA-OR-04a.svg|50px|Miles peritus]]
|| [[Fasciculus:Army-USA-OR-05.svg|50px|corporal]]
|| [[Fasciculus:Army-USA-OR-06.svg|50px|sergeant]]
|| [[Fasciculus:Army-USA-OR-07.svg|50px|staff sergeant]]
|| [[Fasciculus:Army-USA-OR-08b.svg|50px|sergeant first class]]
|| [[Fasciculus:Army-USA-OR-08a.svg|50px|master sergeant]]
|| [[Fasciculus:Army-USA-OR-09c.svg|50px|first sergeant]]
|| [[Fasciculus:Army-USA-OR-09b.svg|50px|sergeant major]]
|| [[Fasciculus:Army-USA-OR-09a.svg|50px|sergeant major]]
|- align=center
||Title
||[[Private (rank)#United States|Private]]
||[[Private (rank)#United States|Private]]
||[[Private First Class#United States|Private First Class]]
||[[Specialist (rank)|Specialist]]
||[[Corporal#United States Army|Corporal]]
||[[Sergeant#U.S. Army|Sergeant]]
||[[Staff Sergeant#United States|Staff Sergeant]]
||[[Sergeant First Class]]
||[[Master Sergeant#United States|Master Sergeant]]
||[[First Sergeant#United States Army|First Sergeant]]
||[[Sergeant Major#United States Army|Sergeant Major]]
||[[Sergeant Major#United States Army|Command Sergeant Major]]
||[[Sergeant Major of the Army]]
|- align=center
|Abbreviation||PVT ¹||PV2 ¹||PFC||SPC ²||CPL||SGT||SSG||SFC||MSG||1SG||SGM||CSM||SMA
|- align=center
|NATO Code||OR-1||OR-2||OR-3||OR-4||OR-4||OR-5||OR-6||OR-7||OR-8||OR-8||OR-9||OR-9||OR-9
|- align=left
| colspan=&quot;14&quot; | ¹ &lt;small&gt;PVT is also used as an abbreviation for both Private ranks when pay grade need not be distinguished&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt; ² &lt;small&gt;SP4 is sometimes encountered in lieu of SPC for Specialist. This is a holdover from when there were additional specialist ranks at higher pay grades.&lt;/small&gt;
|}

== Armatura ==
=== Vehicula ===
[[Fasciculus:Iraq-m1 abrams.jpg|thumb|[[M1A2 Abrams|M1A2 Abrams Main Battle Tank]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Pi111804a1.jpg|thumb|left|[[M2/M3 Bradley Fighting Vehicle]].]]
{{Vide-etiam|Index praesentium vehiculorum terrenarum copiarum militarium Civitatum Foederatarum}}

=== Aeroplana ===
[[Fasciculus:AH-64 Apache.jpg|thumb|[[Helicopterum]] [[AH-64 Apache]].]]
{{Main|Index praesentium navium aerialium militarium Civitatum Foederatarum}}

== [[Cultura]] ==
=== Natalitione exercitus ===
Exercitus Civitatum Foederatarum rite conditus est die [[14 Iunii]] [[1775]], cum Congressus Continentalis conscriptionem hominum sclopetis peritum sanxit qui coloniis foederatis unum annum mererent. &lt;!--

====Rami====
*'''Pedites, [[14 Iunii]] [[1775]]'''

Ten companies of riflemen were authorized by a resolution of the Continental Congress on 14 June 1775. However, the oldest Regular Army infantry regiment, the [[3rd Infantry Regiment (United States)|3rd Infantry Regiment]], was constituted on 3 June 1784, as the First American Regiment. 

*'''Adjutant General's Corps, 16 June 1775'''

The post of Adjutant General was established 16 June 1775, and has been continuously in operation since that time. The Adjutant General's Department, by that name, was established by the act of 3 March 1812, and was redesignated the Adjutant General's Corps in 1950.

*'''Corps of Engineers, 16 June 1775'''

Continental Congress authority for a &quot;Chief Engineer for the Army&quot; dates from 16 June 1775. A corps of Engineers for the United States was authorized by the Congress on 11 March 1789. The Corps of Engineers as it is known today came into being on 16 March 1802, when the President was authorized to &quot;organize and establish a Corps of Engineers … that the said Corps … shall be stationed at West Point in the State of New York and shall constitute a Military Academy.&quot; A Corps of Topographical Engineers, authorized on 4 July 1838, was merged with the Corps of Engineers on March 1863.

*'''Finance Corps, 16 June 1775'''.

The Finance Corps is the successor to the old Pay Department, which was created in June 1775. The Finance Department was created by law on 1 July 1920. It became the Finance Corps in 1950.

*'''Quartermaster Corps, 16 June 1775'''

The Quartermaster Corps, originally designated the Quartermaster Department, was established on 16 June 1775. While numerous additions, deletions, and changes of function have occurred, its basic supply and service support functions have continued in existence.

*'''Field Artillery, 17 November 1775'''

The Continental Congress unanimously elected [[Henry Knox]] &quot;Colonel of the Regiment of Artillery&quot; on 17 November 1775. The regiment formally entered service on 1 January 1776.

*'''Armor, 12 June 1776'''

The Armor branch traces its origin to the Cavalry. A regiment of cavalry was authorized to be raised by the Continental Congress Resolve of 12 December 1776. Although mounted units were raised at various times after the Revolution, the first in continuous service was the United States Regiment of Dragoons, organized in 1833. The Tank Service was formed on 5 March 1918. The Armored Force was formed on 10 July 1940. Armor became a permanent branch of the Army in 1950.

*'''Ordnance Corps, 14 May 1812'''

The Ordnance Department was established by act of Congress on 14 May 1812. During the Revolutionary War, ordnance material was under supervision of the [[Board of War and Ordnance]]. Numerous shifts in duties and responsibilities have occurred in the Ordnance Corps since colonial times. It acquired its present designation in 1950.

*'''Signal Corps, 21 June 1860'''

The Signal Corps was authorized as a separate branch of the Army by act of Congress on 3 March 1863. However, the Signal Corps dates its existence from 21 June 1860, when Congress authorized the appointment of one signal officer in the Army, and a War Department order carried the following assignment: &quot;Signal Department--Assistant Surgeon [[Albert J. Myer]] to be Signal Officer, with the rank of Major, 27 June 1860], to fill an original vacancy.&quot;

*'''Chemical Corps, 28 June 1918'''

The Chemical Warfare Service was established on 28 June 1918, combining activities that until then had been dispersed among five separate agencies of Government. It was made a permanent branch of the Regular Army by the National Defense Act of 1920. In 1945, it was redesignated the Chemical Corps.

*'''Corps of Military Police, 26 September 1941'''

A Provost Marshal General's Office and Corps of Military Police were established in 1941. Prior to that time, except during the Civil War and World War I, there was no regularly appointed Provost Marshal General or regularly constituted Military Police Corps, although a &quot;Provost Marshal&quot; can be found as early as January 1776, and a &quot;Provost Corps&quot; as early as 1778.

*'''Transportation Corps, 31 July 1942'''

The historical background of the Transportation Corps starts with World War I. Prior to that time, transportation operations were chiefly the responsibility of the Quartermaster General. The Transportation Corps, essentially in its present form, was organized on 31 July 1942. 

*'''Military Intelligence Corps, 1 July 1962'''

Intelligence has been an essential element of Army operations during war as well as during periods of peace. In the past, requirements were met by personnel from the Army Intelligence and Army Security Reserve branches, two-year obligated tour officers, one-tour levies on the various branches, and Regular Army officers in the specialization programs. To meet the Army's increased requirement for national and tactical intelligence, an Intelligence and Security Branch was established in the Army effective 1 July 1962, by General Orders No. 38, 3 July 1962. On 1 July 1967, the branch was redesignated as Military Intelligence.

*'''Air Defense Artillery, 20 June 1968.

Separated from the Field Artillery and established as a basic branch on 20 June 1968, per General Order 25, 14 June 1968.

*'''Aviation, 12 April 1983'''

Following the establishment of the U.S. Air Force as a separate service in 1947, the Army began to develop further its own aviation assets (light planes and rotary wing aircraft) in support of ground operations. The Korean War gave this drive impetus, and the war in Vietnam saw its fruition, as Army aviation units performed a variety of missions, including reconnaissance, transport, and fire support. After the war in Vietnam, the role of armed helicopters as tank destroyers received new emphasis. In recognition of the growing importance of aviation in Army doctrine and operations, Aviation became a separate branch on 12 April 1983, and a full member of the Army's combined arms team.

*'''Special Forces, 9 April 1987'''

The first Special Forces unit in the Army was formed on 11 June 1952, when the 10th Special Forces Group was activated at [[Fort Bragg]], [[North Carolina]]. A major expansion of Special Forces occurred during the 1960s, with a total of eighteen groups organized in the Regular Army, Army Reserve, and Army National Guard. As a result of renewed emphasis on special operations in the 1980s, the Special Forces Branch was established as a basic branch of the Army effective 9 April 1987, by General Orders No. 35, 19 June 1987.

*'''Civil Affairs Corps, 17 August 1955 (special branch); 16 October 2006 (basic branch)'''

The Civil Affairs/Military Government Branch in the Army Reserve Branch was established on 17 August 1955. Subsequently redesignated the Civil Affairs Branch on 2 October 1955, it has continued its mission to provide guidance to commanders in a broad spectrum of activities ranging from host-guest relationships to the assumption of executive, legislative, and judicial processes in occupied or liberated areas. Became a basic branch per General Order 29, 12 January 2007.

*'''Psychological Operations, 16 October 2006'''

Established as a basic branch per General Order 30, 12 January 2007.

*'''Logistics, 1 January 2008'''

Established by General Order 6, 27 November 2007. Consists of multi-functional logistics officers in the rank of captain and above, drawn from the Ordnance, Quartermaster and Transportation Corps. --&gt;

&lt;!-- ====Rami peculiares====
*'''Army Medical Department, 27 July 1775'''

The Army Medical Department and the Medical Corps trace their origins to 27 July 1775, when the Continental Congress established the Army hospital headed by a &quot;Director General and Chief Physician.&quot; Congress provided a medical organization of the Army only in time of war or emergency until 1818, which marked the inception of a permanent and continuous Medical Department. The Army Organization Act of 1950 renamed the Medical Department as the Army Medical Service. On June , 1968, the Army Medical Service was redesignated the Army Medical Department.
*'''Medical Corps, 27 July 1775'''
*'''Army Nurse Corps, 2 February 1901'''
*'''Dental Corps, 3 March 1911'''
*'''Veterinary Corps, 3 June 1916'''
*'''Medical Service Corps, 30 June 1917'''
*'''Army Medical Specialist Corps, 16 April 1947'''

*'''Chaplain Corps, 29 July 1775'''

The legal origin of the Chaplain Corps is found in a resolution of the Continental Congress, adopted 29 July 1775, which made provision for the pay of chaplains. The Office of the Chief of Chaplains was created by the National Defense Act of 1920.

*'''Judge Advocate General's Corps, 29 July 1775'''

The Office of Judge Advocate of the Army may be deemed to have been created on 29 July 1775, and has generally paralleled the origin and development of the American system of military justice. The Judge Advocate General's Department, by that name, was established in 1884. Its present designation as a corps was enacted in 1948.--&gt;
===Sententiae===
Circa 1995 ad 1999, Exercitus rite sanxit mores vel qualitates quae nunc appellantur &quot;Septem Principales Exercitus Sententiae.&quot; Exercitus has sententias docere coepit sicut principales bellatorum proprietates. Septem Principales Exercitus Sententia ordine praescripto sunt:
# '''Fidelitas''' (''Loyalty'')—&quot;Fer veram fidem in Constitutione Civitatum Foederatarum, exercitu, tua unitate (''your unit''), et pares milites.&quot;
# '''Officium'''—&quot;Exple tua officia.&quot;
# '''Observantia''' (''Respect'')&lt;!-- - Treat others as they should be treated.--&gt;
# '''Abstinentia'''{{dubsig}} (''Selfless Service'') - &quot;Pone salutem reipublicae, exercitus, et inferiorum ante se.&quot;
# '''Honor'''—&quot;Vive sententias exercitus.&quot;
# '''Integritas'''&lt;!-- - Do what's right, both legally and morally.--&gt;
# '''Fortitudo''' (''Personal Courage'')&lt;!-- - Face fear, danger, or adversity, both physical and moral.--&gt;

Hae sententiae ordinantur ut forment [[acronymum]] ''LDRSHIP,'' quod [[Anglice]] significat ''leadership'' 'ductus'.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20071212002353/http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/LC/The%20Mission/the_seven_army_values.htm Septem Exercitus Sententiae.]&lt;/ref&gt;

{{NexInt}}
*[[Exercitus Civitatum Confoederatarum]]

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|United States Army|Exercitus Civitatum Foederatarum}}
*[http://www.army.mil/ Situs publicus,] www.army.mil
*[http://www.goarmy.com/ Situs publicus conscribendi,] www.goarmy.com&lt;!--
*[http://www.americasarmy.com/ America's Army] Official [[America's Army|Army Game Project]] site
*[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/army/index.html Army Formations]
*[http://www.tioh.hqda.pentagon.mil/DUI_SSI_COA_page.htm U.S. Army Institute of Heraldry insignia list]
*[http://archon.mohistory.org/controlcard.php?id=945&amp;q=army Army Collection -- Missouri History Museum]
*[http://www.CavalryScouts.org CavalryScouts.org] --&gt;

[[Categoria:Exercitus Civitatum Foederatarum|!]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cahokia</title>
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{{charta locatrix 
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|label=Cahokia
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'''Cahokia'''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Cahokia's ability to project military power collapsed . . . dissolving the Pax Cahokiana and opening up a power vacuum and, later, a vacant quarter in middle America.&quot;—Timothy R. Pauketat, ''Wall Street Journal,'' [[28 Augusti]] [[2009]], p. W6.&lt;/ref&gt; est urbanus antiqui [[Indi Americani|populi]] situs (annos 650–1400) prope [[Collinsville (Illinoesia)|Collinsville]] [[Illinoesia]]e. In planitie inundationis [[Fundi Americani]], Cahokia trans [[Mississippium Flumen]] ab [[Sanctus Ludovicus (Missuria)|Sancto Ludovico]] iacet.

Nomen plenum Anglicum ''Cahokia Mounds'' plenissimumque ''Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site'', scilicet &quot;locus civicus historicus tumulorum Cahokianorum&quot; e nuncupatione tribus cuiusdam in hac regione habitantis derivatum est ab Europaeis saeculo XVII exeunte advenis.

[[Fasciculus:Monks Mound in July.JPG|thumb|Tumulus Monachorum est maxima Cahokiae structura terrena.]]
Situs, qui 890 hectaria seu circiter 9 chiliometra quadrata comprehendit, olim consistit in fere centum viginti tumulis terrenis ab hominibus factis, sed solum octoginta tumuli exstant.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20070715045300/http://www.nps.gov/history/worldheritage/cahokia.htm &quot;Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site, Illinois&quot;], ''US World Heritage Sites'', National Park Service.&lt;/ref&gt; Cahokia est maximus [[Cultura Mississippiana|culturae Mississippianae]] [[archaeologia praehistorica|situs archaeologicus]], quae societates multiplices in [[America Orientalis|America orientali]] saecula ante adventum [[Europa]]eorum evoluit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20050208230201/http://www.sacredland.org/historical_sites_pages/miss_mounds.html Sacredland.org &quot;Mississippian Mounds&quot;], Sacred Land Film Project.&lt;/ref&gt;

E spectatione vasorum inter annos 1050 et 1250 factorum constat incolas Cahokiae stimulantia ''[[Ilex vomitoria|Ilicis vomitoriae]]'' infusa sorbuisse, quamquam haec species non circum Cahokiam sed in regionibus australioribus floret.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
[[Fasciculus:Cahokia-net.jpg|thumb|&quot;Woodhenge,&quot; circulus palorum iterum constructus anno 1985.]]
* Bey, Lee. 2016. &quot;[https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/aug/17/lost-cities-8-mystery-ahokia-illinois-mississippians-native-americans-vanish Lost cities #8: mystery of Cahokia – why did North America's largest city vanish?]&quot; ''[[The Guardian]]'' (17 Augusti 2016.)
* Chappell, Sally A. Kitt. 2002. ''Cahokia: Mirror of the Cosmos.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
* Crown, Patricia L., et al. 2012. &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190324155750/https://www.pnas.org/content/109/35/13944 Ritual Black Drink consumption at Cahokia.]&quot; ''PNAS'' 109: 13944-13949 [https://experts.illinois.edu/en/publications/ritual-black-drink-consumption-at-cahokia alibi]
* Emerson, Iseminger, L. Michael Nance, Madeline Winslow, et Marilyn Gass. [[2001]]. ''Cahokia Mounds State Historical Site Nature/Culture Hike Guidebook.'' Editio 4a. Collinsvillae Illinoesiae: Cahokia Mounds Museum Society.
* Emerson, Thomas. 1997. ''Cahokia and the Archaeology of Power.'' Tuscaloosae Alabamae: University of Alabama. ISBN 0-8173-0888-1.
* Emerson, Thomas, Brad H. Koldehoff, et Tamira Brennan. 2019. ''Revealing Greater Cahokia, North America's First Native City: Rediscovery and Large-Scale Excavations of the East St. Louis Precinct''. Illinois State Archaeological Service. [https://phys.org/news/2019-01-revealing-greater-cahokia-ancient-north.html De hoc libro]
* Emerson, Thomas, et Barry Lewis. 1991. ''Cahokia and the Hinterlands: Middle Mississipian Cultures of the Midwest.'' Urbanae Illinoesiae: University of Illinois. ISBN 0-252-06878-5.
* Fowler, Melvin L., Jerome Rose, Barbara Vander Leest, et Steven R. Ahler. 1999. ''The Mound 72 Area: Dedicated and Sacred Space in Early Cahokia.'' 
* Milner, George R. 2004. ''The Moundbuilders: Ancient Peoples of Eastern North America.'' London: Thames and Hudson, Ltd.
* Mink, Claudia Gellman. 1992. ''Cahokia, City of the Sun: Prehistoric Urban Center in the American Bottom.'' Collinsvillae Illinoesaia: Cahokia Mounds Museum Society. ISBN 1-881563-00-6.
* Pauketat, Timothy R. 1994. ''The Ascent of Chiefs: Cahokia and Mississippian Politics in Native North America.'' Tuscaloosae Alabamae: University of Alabama. ISBN 0-8173-0728-1.
* Pauketat, Timothy R. 2009. ''Cahokia.'' Viking.
* Pauketat, Timothy R., et Thomas E. Emerson, edd. 1997. ''Cahokia: domination and ideology in the Mississippian world.'' Lincolniae: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-3708-1
* Price, Douglas T., et Gary M. Feinman. 2008. ''Images of the Past.'' Editio 5a. Novi Eboraci: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-340520-9.
* Young, Biloine, et Melvin L. Fowler. 2000. ''Cahokia: The Great Native American Metropolis.'' Urbanae Illinoesiae: University of Illinois.

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Cahokia|Cahokiam}}
{{Coord|38|39|14|N|90|3|51|W|display=title}}
* [http://www.cahokiamounds.org Cahokia Mounds Homepage] and [http://www.cahokiamounds.org/explore Tabula loci]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110228124352/http://www.cr.nps.gov/worldheritage/cahokia.htm &quot;Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site, Illinois&quot;], ''World Heritage Site'', National Park Service
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070804020541/http://www.illinoishistory.gov/hs/cahokia_mounds.htm &quot;Cahokia Mounds&quot;], ''Illinois Historic Preservation Agency''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080916192627/http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/archaeology/sites/northamerica/cahokia.html &quot;Cahokia Mounds&quot;]
* [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/daily/march/12/cahokia.htm &quot;Metropolitan Life on the Mississippi&quot;], ''Washington Post'', March 12, 1997
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20181215123735/https://www.mississippian-artifacts.com/ Ars et artefacta Mississippiana]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060907154057/http://www.lth6.k12.il.us/schools/gallatin/cahokia.htm Visitors' perspectives]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081011091545/http://bbs.keyhole.com/ubb/showflat.php?Number=5363 Woodhenge et Tumuli Cahokiae]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070806054640/http://www.cahokiamounds.com/bib.html Introductoria Fontium Divulgatorum Bibliographia de archaeologia Cahokiae].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070611215110/http://www.cahokiamounds.com/bibsch5-24-00.html Academica Fontium Divulgatorum Bibliographia de archaeologia Cahokiae].
* Gerry Everding, &quot;[https://phys.org/news/2019-03-women-cuisine-culture-ancient-cahokia.html Women shaped cuisine, culture of ancient Cahokia]&quot; (21 Martii 2019) 

[[Categoria:Condita saeculo 7]]
[[Categoria:Culturae archaeologicae Americae]]
[[Categoria:Americani indigenae]]
[[Categoria:Illinoesia]]
[[Categoria:Loci archaeologici Civitatum Foederatarum]]</text>
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    <title>Collegium Franklinianum et Marshallianum</title>
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{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright vcard&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%; width:21em; text-align:left;&quot;
|+ Collegium Franklinianum et Marshallianum
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Franklin and Marshall College
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Logo-Franklin-&amp;-Marshall.PNG|200px|insigne collegii]]
|-
! [[Sententia]]:
| Lux et lex
|-
! Forma:
| Privatum artium liberalium
|-
! Ecclesia universitatis:
| Saecularis
|-
! Dos:
| $273 000 000&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20100527174012/http://www.fandm.edu/x23167&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! [[Praeses]]:
| Daniel R. Porterfield
|-
! Numerus magistrorum:
| 175
|-
! Discipuli omnes:
| 2 118&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20081012164416/http://www.fandm.edu/x2464.xml&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! Discipuli graduandi:
| Omnes
|-
! Colores:
| album et caeruleum
|-
! Agnomen:
| Diplomats
|-
! [[Nexus]]:
| www.fandm.edu
|}

'''Collegium Franklinianum et Marshallianum,'''&lt;ref&gt;Secundum diplomas conditas in Shadek-Fackenthal Bibliotheca apud Collegium Franklinianum et Marshallianum ab [[1916]] usque ad 1930s.&lt;/ref&gt; brevius '''F&amp;M''', est [[universitas privata|privatum]] [[artes liberales|artium liberalium]] [[collegium]], quod [[Lancastria (Pennsylvania)|Lancastriae]] in urbe [[Pennsylvania]]e situm est.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20100730042706/http://www.fandm.edu/x20902 ''Mission and History — Franklin &amp;amp; Marshall'' apud www.fandm.edu] Officialis situs interretialis historiae Collegii F&amp;M (commeatus saepe per paginam)&lt;/ref&gt; Vetustatis ordine collegium quintum et vicesimum est in mundo, septimum decimum in [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitatibus Foederatis]]. Hominum circa 2100 in collegio nunc student. Fere 48.5 centesimae petitorum acceptae sunt in classem 2013. Mediocris SAT proventus studentum [[tiro]]num est 1311, par optimis collegiis artium liberalum in Civitatibus Foederatis.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20091007072750/http://www.fandm.edu/Documents/Offices/Admission/ClassProfile.pdf versio interretialis (pdf) apud www.fandm.edu] Breviarium rationum de classi 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; F&amp;M anno 2009 habitum est 43° optimum collegium artium liberalum ab ''U.S. News &amp; World Report''&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120806133500/http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/franklin-and-marshall-college-3265 ''Franklin and Marshall College - Best College - Education - US News'' apud colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com] ''US News's F&amp;M current profile'' {{ling|anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt; ac in 2008 35° collegium in America ab ''Forbes''.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.forbes.com/opinions/lists/2008/94/opinions_college08_Franklin-and-Marshall-College_94152.html ''America's Best Colleges: #35 Franklin and Marshall College - Forbes.com'' apud www.forbes.com] ''Forbe's F&amp;M profile for 2008'' {{ling|anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ioannes Anderson Frye, deligatus die [[1 Iulii]] 2002, praeses quartadecimus est. Is deserit munus 1 Augusti 2010.&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20100315003944/http://www.philly.com/philly/news/breaking/87243142.html&lt;/ref&gt; Sententia Collegii proprius est [[Lux]] Et [[Lex]].

== De rebus gestis ==
=== Collegium Franklinianum ===
Collegium Franklinianum die [[6 Iunii]], [[1787]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20100610060130/http://library.fandm.edu/archives/foundingdocs/order/order2.html ''College Archives: Founding Documents: Order of Procession'' apud library.fandm.edu] Tabulae nuntiantes diem officialem conditus Collegii.&lt;/ref&gt; Lancastris Pennsylvaniae, ubi braciar{{dubsig}} fuerat, fundatum est. Nominatum est pro [[Beniaminus Franklin|Beniamino Frankline]] qui institutioni £200 dederat.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120301155906/http://library.fandm.edu/archives/foundingdocs/fclist.jpg] Litterae arcarii Collegii Frankliniani quibus donum Beniamini Franklinis notata est.&lt;/ref&gt; Quattuor ministrii ex ecclesiis [[Protestantes|Lutheranis]], [[Calvinismus|Reformatis]], [[Germania|Theodiscis]], et nonnulli [[Philadelphia|Philadelphi]] scholam instituerunt ut collegium &quot;asservet nostrum praesens republicanum systematem rectionis&quot; et &quot;citet quasdam meliorationes in artibus scientiisque quae sola possint referre quamque nationem dignitosam, magnam, et laetam&quot; (sententiae fere Latinatae). Inter commissarios primos fuerunt quinque qui [[Declaratio Libertatis Civitatum Americae Foederatarum|Declarationem Libertatis Americae]] signaverant, duo qui apud [[Conventio Constitutionalis|Conventionem Constitutionalem]] adfuerant, et septem qui legati in [[Bellum Libertatis Americanae|Bello Libertatis Americanae]] fuerat.

Disclipinae die [[16 Iulii]] 1787 coeperunt, et [[Lingua Theodisca|Theodisce]] et [[Lingua Anglica|Anglice]], propterque hoc collegium prima schola erudiens duabus linguis factum est.

Collegium Franklinianum prima institutio coeducationalis etiam fuit, prima classi 78 virorum et 36 feminarum. Rebecca Gratz, irrotulata{{dubsig}} hac in classi, fuit primus discipulus femineus [[religio Iudaica|Iudaeus]] collegialis Americae.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20100610010420/http://library.fandm.edu/archives/foundingdocs/listscholars1787.pdf versio interretialis (pdf) apud library.fandm.edu] Tabula classem 1787 Anglice derigens. Demonstrat coeducationalismum et irrotulationem{{dubsig}} Rebeccae Gratz.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamen coeducatio mox desita est, non iterum inceptura ante [[1969]].

Aspera argentaria impediebant mensi Iunii 1789 collegium, aere studentium (£4 per annum) non iam pensante ampliter scholae impendia. Copia irrotulatorum{{dubsig}} usque decrescebat. Commissarii, timentes ne collegium decocat, auxiliarem academiam anno [[1807]] finxerunt. Sequentes triginta annos, et collegium et Academia Frankliniana vix manebant, magistris reditus suos adaugentibus ut tutores privati.

=== Collegium Marshallianum ===
Collegium Marshallanium, antea academia Ecclesiae Reformatae Germanicae, die [[31 Martii]] [[1836]] in [[Mercersburgum (Pennsylvania)|Mercersburgo]], Pennsylvaniae constitutum est &quot;pro educatione adulescentum de linguis doctis, artis, scientiis, et litteris utilibus.&quot; Initiales nomnivaerunt scholam pro [[Ioannes Marshall|Ioanni Marshalli]], summo iudice Civitatum Foederatarum Americae qui proximo anno mortuus erat.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20100611230511/http://library.fandm.edu/archives/foundingdocs/mccharter/mccharter006.html ''College Archives: Founding Documents: Marshall College Charter'' apud library.fandm.edu] Chartae conditus Collegii Marshalliani&lt;/ref&gt;

In primo anno suo, duodeviginti discipuli eruditi sunt a Fredrico Augusto Rauch et Samuelo A. Budd adiutor. Rauch, primus Collegii Marshalianii praeses, fuit scholarius theologusque Germanicus, qui librum Americanum de [[psychologia]] scripsit.

Inter inientem vicesimum saeculum, magnopere quantitas operariorum peritorum aucta et existumatio scholae meliorata est Frederico Rauch tumque Ioanni Nevin praesidentibus.

Intentum horarium apud Collegium Franklinianum positum est. Studentibus ceremoniae Christianae cotidie assistendae sunt, nonnunquam ante 5 a.m., et praecepta commentanda sunt sex horas per diem. Etiam non licuit discipulis favere aliquos naturae non-approbatae.

Schola clarissima et in America et in toto mundo (attrahens studentes a regione Caribica) fiebat, sed in exeunte 1840's, Collegium Franklinianum quoque ob res argentarias vanescebat.

=== Consolidatio ===
[[Fasciculus:F&amp;MOldMain1910.jpg|thumb|''Old Main'' (''Recitation Hall'') anno 1910 photographatum]]
Duo collegia, ut multo se corroborent, sumpserunt colloquim inter se de consolidatione in unum collegium. Consilium, qui ''Collegium Franklinianum et Marshallianum'' crearet, ab ambobus collegiis constatum est, et die [[19 Aprilis]] 1850 a Pennsylvania approbatum est.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20100611230709/http://library.fandm.edu/archives/foundingdocs/f%26mcharter/f%26mcharter008.html ''College Archives: Founding Documents: Franklin &amp; Marshall College Charter'' apud library.fandm.edu] Tabulae officiales de collegiis colligandis.&lt;/ref&gt; Anno [[1853]], Collegium Marshalianum relocatum{{dubsig}} est ad Lancastrem cum Collegio Frankliniano. [[Iacobus Buchanan]], qui anno [[1856]] quindecimus praeses Americae futurus erat, primus praeses novi collegii commissariorum creatus est.&lt;ref&gt;Philippus S. Klein, ''President James Buchanan: A Biography'' (Newtown, CT: American Political Biography Press, 1962, 1995, ISBN 0-945707-11-8).&lt;/ref&gt; F&amp;M fecit anno [[1855]] praecipuum aedificium suum, ''Recitation Hall'' (fere latinata 'Aula Lectionum'), factum arte Gothica Revocata&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20100611233225/http://library.fandm.edu/archives/digitalitems/1902photos.pdf versio interretialis (pdf) apud library.fandm.edu] Liber Photographematum Collegii F&amp;M anno 1902.&lt;/ref&gt; (''Recitation Hall'' nunc ''Old Main'' ['Praecipuum Vetus'] saepissime vocatur). Et ''Old Main'' et pars campi quae id saepit delata sunt ut loci historici civici ab rectione Americana.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20090508224211/http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/listings/Weekly_List_FR-Tuesday-Feb-6-1979-1966-1978.pdf versio interretialis (pdf) apud www.nps.gov] Album foederalis locorum historicorum, Vol. 44 No. 26, quo scribitur ''Old Main'' esse locum historicum.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20090531060509/http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/listings/20031128.htm ''National Register of Historic Places Listings November 28, 2003'' apud www.nps.gov] Nuntium campus F&amp;M, inter alia, locum historicum esse.&lt;/ref&gt;

Publica Collegii Franklinani et Marshalliani sententia est ''Lux et Lex.'' Sententia ''Lex et Luyx'' quae fuerat sententia Collegii Marshalliani. Fama est caelatorem errasse et verba convertisse in transscribendo, sed credibilius est collegium convertisse verba ut melius compararentur secundum nomen collegii (Franklin saepe conectitur cum luce; Marshall, cum lege). Signum Collegii Frankliniani et Marshalliani repraesentat facies Franklinis et Marshallis ad sinistrum spectare. Marshall, sinistra parte, est post Franklinem, dextra.

=== Exeunte saeculo XIX ===
Anno 1872 Academia Frankliniana et Marshalliana instituta est in campo schola praeambula{{dubsig}} viris exclusive. Academia clusa in 1943, fuit postrema schola praeambula collegiata in America.

''College Days'' (fere &quot;Diei Collegii&quot;), primum diarium Collegio, anno [[1873]] edi coepit. ''The College Student'' (1881–1914), ''The F&amp;M Weekly'' (1891–1915), ''The Student Weekly'' (1915–1964), et ''The Blue and The White'' (1990–1992) erant diarii editi ibidem. Ab 1964, officiale diarium Collegii F&amp;M est ''The College Reporter'' (&quot;Relator Collegialis&quot;). ''Oriflamme'', Collegii annus-liber, primum factus est in 1883.

Plus quam 100 studentes irrotulati{{dubsig}} sunt in 1887, 100° anniversarium.{{dubsig}}

=== Saeculo 20 et 21 ===
Post b[[bellum|bella]] [[primum bellum mundanum|mundana primum]] et [[secundum bellum mundanum|secundum]], [[institutio]] cito adsurgebat. Anno [[1946]], 1200 iuvenes ibi studebant. Ergo aedificatio expansioque erat usque saeculo 20, praesertim [[anni 1950|annis 1950]], [[anni 1960|1960]], [[anni 1980|1980]], et [[anni 1990|1990]].

Nihilominus, annis 1960 studentes, similies{{dubsig}} illis in multis campis civitatis, de iuribus civilibus Afro-Americanorum et [[Bellum Indosinense II|Bello Vietnamiensi]] increpabant incendis effigiebus et aliis rebus collegii. [[Martinus Lutherus King Jr.]] orationem ibi anno [[1963]] ad 3300 audientes habuit. Eo tempore, aliae expostulationes etiam ortae sunt de accusationibus ad discriminationem et recusatione conscribi ab [[Exercitus CFA|Exercitu Americano]].

Anno [[1969]], collegium commissariorum scholam saecularem fecit et primum feminas irrotulare{{dubsig}} sivit.

Hodie, nonnulli greges ludici collegii fiunt prosperi, notissime [[Pediludium|pediludii]] masculini, [[basipila]]e, [[natatio]]nis, [[palaestrica]]e, et [[lacrosse|lacrossis]] femineae. Grex palaestricae solus in NCAA Divisione I contendit; omnes alii in Divisione III. Grex lacrossis bis (2007 et 2009) campionatus CFA abstulit.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.philly.com/inquirer/sports/20090518_NCAA_lacrosse_title_for_Franklin_and_Marshall.html] ''Philadelphia Inquirer'' capitulum de 2009 victoria&lt;/ref&gt;

== Institutiones Graecae ==
=== Fraternitates ===
* Chi Phi, Zeta Caput (est. 1854)
* Phi Kappa Sigma, Zeta Caput (est. 1854)
* Phi Kappa Psi, PA Eta Caput (est. 1860)
* Phi Sigma Kappa, Pi Captut (1903-1983) (cessans)
* Delta Sigma Phi, Upsilon Caput (est. 1915)
* Lambda Chi Alpha, Alpha Theta Caput (1917–1980) (cessans)
* Sigma Pi, Nu Caput (est. 1918)
* Phi Kappa Tau, Xi Caput (Est. 1921)
* Kappa Sigma, Delta Rho Caput (June 1, 1929)
* Zeta Beta Tau, Alpha Tau Caput (1931–1988) (cessans)
* Pi Lambda Phi, Tau Caput (est. 1947) (cessans)

=== Sororitates ===
* Alpha Phi, Zeta Sigma Caput (est. 1982)
* Chi Omega, Phi Lambda Caput (est. 1987)
* Kappa Delta, Eta Lambda Caput (est. 2008)
* Kappa Beta Gamma, Nu Caput (2002-2008) (cessans)
* Sigma Sigma Sigma, Delta Nu Caput (cessans)
* Zeta Sigma Chi, Xi Caput (cessans)

== Praesides ==
=== Collegium Franklinianum ===
* Gotthilf Heinrich Ernst Muhlenberg (1787–1815)
* Collegium Commissariorum (1816–1853)

=== Collegium Marshallianum ===
* Fredericus Augustus Rauch (1836–1841)
* Rev. Ioannes Williamson Nevin (1841–1853)

=== Collegium Franklinianum et Marshallianum ===
* Rev. Emanuel Vogel Gerhart '38 (1854–1866)
* Iohannes Williamson Nevin (1866–1876)
* Rev. Thomas Gilmore Apple '50 (1877–1889)
* Rev. Ioannes Summers Stahr '67 (1889–1909)
* Henrius Harbaugh Apple '89 (1910–1935)
* Ioannes Ahlum Schaeffer '04 (1935–1941)
* H. M. J. Klein '93 (1941)
* Theodorus August Distler (1941–1954)
* Guiliemus Webster Hall (1955–1957)
* Fredericus deWolf Bolman, Jr. (1957–1962)
* Antonius R. Appel '35 (1962)
* G. Wayne Glick (1962)
* Keith Spalding (1963–1983)
* Iacobus Lawrence Powell (1983–1988)
* A. Richardus Kneedler '65 (1988–2002)
* Ioannes Anderson Fry (2002–2010)

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://www.fandm.edu Situs interretialis Collegii F&amp;M proprius.]
* [http://www.godiplomats.com Situs interretialis de athletismo collegiale editus.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20210418175045/http://fmcollegereporter.com/ Situs interretialis diarii ''The College Reporter'' proprius.]

[[Categoria:Collegium Franklinianum et Marshallianum|!]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1787]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Iosephus Alfredus Foulon</title>
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      <comment>capsa et lifetime et commosn et fontes</comment>
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      <text bytes="673" sha1="rj6lw4615i8ql2p0lrlbmat6p2yxaq5" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}
'''Iosephus Alfredus Foulon''' ([[Lutetia]]e natus die [[29 Aprilis]] [[1823]]; [[Lugdunum|Lugduni]] mortuus die [[23 Ianuarii]] [[1893]]) fuit [[cardinalis]] [[Ecclesia Catholica|Ecclesiae Catholicae]], [[Archiepiscopus]] [[Lugdunum|Lugduni]] et [[Primas]] [[Francia]]e.

== Nexus externus ==
{{CommuniaCat|Joseph Alfred Foulon|Iosephum Alfredum Foulon}}
{{Fontes biographici}}
* {{CathHierBishop|foul}}

{{bio-stipula}}
{{Archiepiscopi Lugdunenses}}
{{Lifetime|1823|1893|Foulon, Iosephus Alfredus }}

[[Categoria:Incolae Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Cardinales]]
[[Categoria:Archiepiscopi Lugdunenses]]
[[Categoria:Episcopi Nanceienses-Tullenses]]</text>
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    <title>Elisabetha Henrietta Hyman</title>
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      <text bytes="4172" sha1="l2uxce4lqt5x99pphg353k9fbej9aam" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Libbie Henrietta Hyman (1888-1969) (5493881089).jpg|thumb|'''Libbie Henrietta Hyman (1888–1969)''']]
'''Elisabetha Henrietta Hyman''' ([[Anglice]] ''Libbie Henrietta Hyman''; [[Monachopolis|Monachopoli]] in [[Iova]] nata die [[6 Decembris]] [[1888]], [[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]] in urbe mortua die [[3 Augusti]] [[1969]]) fuit studiosa [[zoologia]]e [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Americana]], quae presertim tamquam [[auctrix]] libri ''The Invertebrates'' memoratur.

== Vita et investigationes ==
Anno 1915 gradum doctoris obtinuit in [[Universitas Chicaginiensis|Universitate Chicaginensi]], ubi et postea laboravit, [[Hydrozoa]] et [[Turbellaria]] investigans. Cum {{Creanda|en|User guide|Dux usualis|manualia}}{{dubsig}} quae tunc in usu erant ei displicuissent, melius manuale scribendum excogitavit, quod et fecit&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Manualia eius tam bene venumdabantur, ut circa annum 1930 de solis [[Dicaeoma|dicaeomatibus]] vivere posset. [[Sicagum]] ergo reliquens, Novum Eboracum petiit, ubi librum de zoologia [[Invertebrata|invertebratorum]] scribere coepit, quod semper optarat. Ab anno 1937 collaboratrix (''honorary research associate'') fuit [[Museum Historiae Naturalis Americanum|Musei Historiae Naturalis Americani]] (AMNH)&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Hyman &amp; Hutchinson'', op. cit.''&lt;/ref&gt;.

Anno 1960 [[Medalia|medaliam]] auream [[Societas Linnaeana Londiniensis|Societatis Linnaeanae Londiniensis]] recepit, quam cum ei praesentaret Carolus Pantin, tunc Societatis praeses, librum eius, qui ''The Invertebrates'' inscribitur, lexico [[Samuel Johnson|Samuelis Johnson]] comparavit atque omnem zoologum maxime debitorem eius esse opinavit&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Liber ille, in sex volumina digestus (non finitus propter mortem auctricis), etiam hodie frequenter legitur&lt;ref&gt;G. Ravindranath, ''Acknowledging Libbie Hyman — An Inspiring Zoologist'', „Resonance”, 27 (9), 2022, p. 1563–1577 [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12045-022-1449-4 lege hic]&lt;/ref&gt;.

Labores suos ita ipsa descripsit: &quot;Opinor propensionem meam ad Naturam investigandam ante omnia ad [[Aesthetica|aestheticam]] pertinere&quot; [''I believe my interest in nature is primarily aesthetic'']&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;''.''

== Opera ==
* ''A Laboratory Manual for Elementary Zoölogy'' (1919)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Libbie Henrietta Hyman, ''A laboratory manual for elementary zoölogy'' (Sicagi: University of Chicago Press, 1919); [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/32664 lege hic].&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''A Laboratory Manual for Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy'' (1922)
* ''Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy'' (1942)
* ''The Invertebrates'' :
** ''Volume 1: Protozoa through Ctenophora'' (1940)
** ''Volume 2: Platyhelminthes and Rhynchocoela'' (1951)
** ''Volume 3: Acanthocephala, Aschelminthes, and Entoprocta'' (1951)
** ''Volume 4: Echinodermata'' (1955)
** ''Volume 5: Minor coelomate phyla'' (1959)
** ''Volume 6: Mollusca 1'' (1967)

== Honores ==
Elisabetha Henrietta Hyman socia Academiae Americanae Artium et Scientiarum (anno 1960) atque [[Academia Nationalis Scientiarum Civitatum Foederatarum|Academiae Nationalis Scientiarum Civitatum Foederatarum]] (anno 1961) electa est. Medalias aureas a Societate Linnaeana Londiniensi (anno 1960) atque a Museo Historiae Naturalis Americano (anno 1969) recepit&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

In eius honorem ''Hymanella'', Turbellariorum genus, nominatum est&lt;ref&gt;William A. Castle, ''The Morphology and Life History of Hymanella retenuova, a New Species of Triclad from New England'', „The American Midland Naturalist”, 26 (1), 1941, p. 85–97 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2420756 lege hic]&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Bibliographia ==
*L. Hyman &amp; E. Hutchinson (1991) ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20230224125749/http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/hyman-libbie.pdf ''Libbie Hyman 1888–1969: A biographical memoir by Libbie Hyman and Evelyn Hutchinson.''] Vasingtoniae: National Academy of Sciences, 103–114.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{Lifetime|1888|1969|Hyman, Elisabetha Henrietta}}
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Chicagoensis]]
[[Categoria:Taxa Hyman| ]]
[[Categoria:Zoologi Civitatum Foederatarum]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cardiffa</title>
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      <text bytes="2845" sha1="77w02mg8exs32qdaucwenyf1soalwa8" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
'''Cardiffa'''&lt;ref&gt;{{lexfons}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Anglice]] ''Cardiff'', [[Lingua Cambrica|Cambrice]] ''Caerdydd'', unde Latine nomine reficto ''Castra Didii''),&lt;ref&gt;Quam designationem praebuit Marchio de Bute (&quot;[http://www.archive.org/stream/archaeologicaljo28brituoft#page/258/mode/2up Address upon the History of Cardiff]&quot; in ''Archaeological Journal'' vol. 28 (1872) p. 258 [sed errore typographico &quot;Didü&quot;]) et ''The Comprehensive Gazetteer of England &amp; Wales'' (1894-5) s.v. &quot;[https://ukga.org/index.php?pageid=16757 Cardiff, Glamorgan]&quot;: ''The Romans had a station at the mouth of the river Taff in the first century, established by Aulus Didius; this station was known as Castra Didii''. Cf. [[Aulus Didius Gallus]].&lt;/ref&gt; est [[urbs]] [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britanniarum Regni]], [[caput (urbs)|caput]] et maxima [[Cambria|Cambrica]] urbs quod ad incolas pertinet. Nam Cardiffae anno [[2011]] 346&amp;thinsp;100 incolae sunt.

== Clima ==
Sicut [[Britannia|Britanniae]] meridianae fere omni, urbi Cardiffae [[clima]] est [[clima oceanicum|oceanicum]] per [[enumeratio climatum Köppen–Geiger|enumerationem Köppen–Geiger]] atque saepius pluviosum, ventosum, nebulosum; in stationes quattuor divisum, aestatibus mitibus, hieme modice frigida; [[temperatura]] aëris media a mense Decembri ad Februarium 5.5° atque mensibus Iulio et Augusto 17°, minima inter 2° et 13°, maxima inter 8° et 22°, sed minima extrema usque hodie nota −10.3°, maxima extrema 33.5°; pluviis mense Iunio ad 67 mm tantum, mense Octobri ad 133 mm, anno toto ad 1152 mm elevatis; diebus pluviosis per annum totum fere 149; horis solis fulgentis mense Decembri 49, mense Iulio 199, per annum totum 1549.&lt;ref&gt;Res climatologicae e Vicipaedia Anglica extractae, fontibus fidei dignis ibi citatis&lt;/ref&gt;

== Incolae notabiles ==
[[Fasciculus:Cardiff_Bay%2C_Cardiff.jpg |thumb|upright=1|Cardiffae [[sinus]].]]
* [[Bernice Rubens]], scriptrix ([[1928]]-[[2004]])
* [[Terry Nation]], mythistoriarum praecipue pro [[televisio]]ne [[pellicula]]rum fabularum [[scriptor]] ([[1930]]-[[1997]])
* [[Samuel Warburton]], dux turmae harpasticae Cambricae et [[Cardiff Blues|Caeruleorum Cardiffae]].

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Nexus externi==
[[Fasciculus:Cardiff castle autumn.jpg|thumb|Despectus in Cardiffae [[castellum]] [[autumnus|autumno]] visa]]
{{CommuniaCat|Cardiff|Cardiffam}}
{{Coord|51|29|N|3|11|W|display=title}}
{{Fontes geographici}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110514180716/http://www.cardiff.gov.uk/ Cardiffae pagina interretialis]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120906002303/http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/southeast/sites/cardiff/ De Cardiffa] apud ''BBC''

{{Nationes Regni Britanniarum}}

[[Categoria:Cardiffa|!]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati Cambriae]]
[[Categoria:Portus manicae Bristoliensis]]
[[Categoria:Sedes episcopales Britanniae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Franciscus B. Jewett</title>
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      <text bytes="818" sha1="28m9hnrnx0pfyv04ilt3vd102dxu0g6" xml:space="preserve">''' Franciscus B. Jewett''' (''[[Pasadena]]e'', [[California]] natus die [[5 Septembris]] [[1879]]; mortuus ''[[Summit]]'', [[Novum Eboracum]] die [[18 Novembris]] [[1949]]) fuit [[physicus]] [[CFA|Americanus]], qui ab anno [[1939]]  usque ad annum [[1947]] [[Civitatum Foederatarum Academia Nationalis Scientiarum |Civitatum Foederatarum Academiae Nationalis Scientiarum]] praeses fuit.

== Nexus externus ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080409150210/http://www.ieee.org/web/aboutus/history_center/biography/jewett.html De Francisco B. Jewett]

{{scien-bio-stipula}}
{{Praesides CFA Academiae Nationalis Scientiarum}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jewett, Franciscus B.}}
[[Categoria:Physici Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Sodales Academiae Nationalis Scientiarum (CFA)]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1879]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1949]]</text>
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    <title>Corbin Bleu</title>
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      <text bytes="14446" sha1="ey2nrx6sa3j7f9s7qv4g9zptr73s5sh" xml:space="preserve">{{Latinitas|-3}}
{{capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Corbin Bleu Reivers''' (natus [[Brooklynium|Brooklynii]] [[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]] die [[21 Februarii]] [[1989]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=yochell says: |url=http://www.relatemag.com/corbin-bleu/ |title=actor Corbin Bleu in Relatemag|publisher=Relatemag.com |accessdate=2011-08-08}}.&lt;/ref&gt; est [[Cantus|cantor]] generum [[musica popularis|musicae popularis]] et [[recitatio rapiana|rap]], [[saltatio|saltator]], et [[pellicula]]rum [[actor|histrio]] [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Americanus]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sptimes.com/2007/08/18/Music/Teen_star_is_true_to_.shtml|title=Music: Teen star is true to Corbin Bleu|publisher=Sptimes.com |accessdate=18 Sextilis&lt;!--?!--&gt; 2007}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Etiam [[pater]] [[David Reivers]] [[histrio]] est.

Qui notus est quod in serie [[pellicula]]rum (''[[Lingua Latina|Latine]]:'' Scholae Comoedia Musica) et ''[[High School Musical]]'' partes personae [[Chad Danforth]] egit. notissimus personae suae ut [[Galfridus King]] in [[Programma televisificum|serie televisifica]] (''[[Latine]]:'' Ut una vita vivatur) et ''[[One Life to Live]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.soapoperanetwork.com/2013/03/high-school-musical-graduate-corbin-bleu-joins-one-life-to-live|title=‘High School Musical’ Graduate Corbin Bleu Joins ‘One Life to Live’|date=March 14, 2013|first=Errol|last=Lewis|work=Soap Opera Network|accessdate=March 14, 2013}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://michaelfairmansoaps.com/news/high-school-musical-star-cordin-bleu-cast-as-jeffrey-king-on-one-life-to-live/2013/03/14/|title=“High School Musical” Star Cordin Bleu Cast as Jeffrey King on One Life to Live!|date=March 14, 2013|first=Michael|last=Fairman|work=On-Air On-Soaps|accessdate=March 14, 2013}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://daytimeconfidential.zap2it.com/2013/01/21/new-one-life-to-live-cast-list-revealed|title=New One Life to Live Cast List REVEALED?!|date=January 21, 2013|first=Jamey|last=Giddens|work=Daytime Confidential|publisher=Zap2it|accessdate=March 14, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Vita ==
Corbin Bleu natus est [[Brooklynium|Brooklynii]] [[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]] die [[21 Februarii]] [[1989]], [[filius]] [[histrio]]nis [[David Reivers]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sptimes.com/2007/08/18/Music/Teen_star_is_true_to_.shtml |title=Music: Teen star is true to Corbin BleuMusic: Teen star is true to Corbin Bleu |publisher=Sptimes.com |accessdate=2011-08-08}},&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.azcentral.com/ent/tv/articles/0105bleu0105.html |title=Elementary school musical star Corbin Bleu is in concert and back on TV with new movie'High School Musical' star Corbin Bleu is in concert |publisher=Azcentral.com |date=2007-01-05 |accessdate=2011-08-08}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=oci&gt;{{cite news|coauthors=|title=Corbin Bleu-High Energy Italian-American|pages=|publisher=Unico|date=July, 2009|url=http://www.unico.org/pdf/ComUNICOjuly09.pdf|accessdate=2010-07-23}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Post infantiam, actoris{{dubsig}} cinematographicam esse cupivit, anno [[1996]]. Notus e pelliculis ''ER'', ''Soldier'', ''Beach Movie'', ''Family Tree'', ''Mystery Men'', ''Galaxy Quest'' et ''Catch That Kid''. Bleu [[persona]]m Nathan McHugh agere coepit in ''Flight 29 Down'' serie televisifica sub aegide Discovery Kids Canalis, quae die [[1 Octobris]] [[2005]] primum transmissa est &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.metacafe.com/tags/corbin_bleu/ |title=Corbin Bleu Videos |publisher=Metacafe |accessdate=2012-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Antequam praesentes partes in High School Musical Place agit, partes ordinarias in ''[[Hannah Montana (series televisifica)|Hannah Montana]]'' egebat, nomine Iohannes Collins, amici [[Miley Cyrus|Miley Stewart]]. Qui notus est quod in serie [[pellicula]]rum (''[[Latine]]:'' Scholae Comoedia Musica) et ''[[High School Musical]]'' partes personae [[Chad Danforth]] egit &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://high-school-musical.wikia.com/wiki/Corbin_Bleu |title=High School Musical Wikia Corbin Bleu |publisher=high-school-musical.wikia.com |date= |accessdate=2006-01-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Bleu in [[Ludi Canalis Disney|Ludis Canalis Disney]] (''Disney Channel Games'') anno 2007 contendit: fuit dux Manus Caeruleus (''Blue Team''), etiam Blue Man. Partes egit in ''[[Jump In!]]'' [[Propria Canalis Disney Pellicula]] Anno [[2007]]. Bleu etiam partes ordinarias in ''The Beautiful Life'' egebat &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.miamiherald.com/entertainment/columnists/glenn-garvin/story/1234518.html |title=Review - 'The Beautiful Life: TBL' might just surprise you – Glenn ...|publisher=Miamiherald.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;, et quasi hospes suo nomine apparuit in duobus seriei ''Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide''.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160527121012/http://www.imdb.com/character/ch0091158/ Spencer (Character) from Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide]&lt;/ref&gt; Notus inter alia e pelliculis ''Phineas and Ferb'', ''[[Free Style (pellicula)|Free Style]]'', ''Beyond All Boundaries'', ''The Good Wife'', ''Sugar'' (''[[Latine]]:'' Saccharum), ''Blue Bloods'', ''Scary or Die'', ''[[Renee (pellicula)|Renee]]'' et ''Nurse 3D''. 

Et martius 2013, et accipe plumbum munus &quot;[[Galfridus King]]&quot; in series (''[[Latine]]:'' Ut una vita vivatur) et ''One Life to Live''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://insidetv.ew.com/2013/03/14/high-school-musical-star-joins-one-life-to-live/|title='High School Musical' star joins 'One Life to Live'|first=Lynette|last=Rice|work=Entertainment Weekly|publisher=Time Inc.|date=March 14, 2013|accessdate=March 14, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Et martius 2013, et accipe plumbum munus &quot;Jordan Allen French&quot; in series ''Franklin &amp; Bash ''. Et anno 2013 e pellicula horror ''The Monkey's Paw'' &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/chiller-stephen-lang-corbin-bleu-370749 Stephen Lang, Corbin Bleu to Topline Chiller TV Movie (Exclusive)]&lt;/ref&gt;. Et september 2013, et accipe plumbum munus in series ''Dancing with the Stars.''&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140311213843/http://www.wetpaint.com/dancing-with-the-stars/articles/2013-08-28-season-17-corbin-bleu-cast Dancing With the Stars Season 17: Source Says Corbin Bleu to Join Cast — Exclusive]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130907210744/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20731319,00.html Karina Smirnoff: These Are the 'Strongest' Names We've Ever Had on DWTS]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cinematographia ==
[[Fasciculus:Corbin Bleu, 2008.jpg|200px|thumb|Corbin Bleu mense [[Sextilis]] 2008]]
=== Pellicula ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|- bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;
! Pellicula !! Anno
|-
| Soldier
| 1998
|-
| Beach Movie
| 1998
|-
| Family Tree
| 1999
|-
| Mystery Men
| 1999
|-
| Galaxy Quest
| 1999
|-
| Catch That Kid &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Katz |first=Nikki |url=http://www.disneysociety.com/category/disney-stars/corbin-bleu/ |title=Star Corbin Bleu at Disneysociety|publisher=Disneysociety.com |date= |accessdate=2011-07-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 2004
|-
| [[High School Musical]] (Scilicet [[Latine]]: '''Scholae Comoedia Musica''')
| 2006
|-
| [[Jump In!]]
| 2007
|-
| [[High School Musical 2]] (Scilicet [[Latine]]: '''Scholae Comoedia Musica 2''')&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/high-school-musical-2/photos/289206#77047 |title=High School Musical 2 - Corbin Bleu |publisher=Tvguide.com |date= |accessdate=17 Sextilis 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 2007
|-
| Mother Goose Parade
| 2007
|-
| The Secret of the Magic Gourd
| 2007
|-
| [[High School Musical 3: Senior Year]] (Scilicet [[Latine]]: '''Scholae Comoedia Musica 3''')
| 2008
|-
| [[Free Style (pellicula)|Free Style]] &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fandango.com/corbinbleu/filmography/p355883 |title=Corbin Bleu Filmography |publisher=Fandango.com |date= |accessdate=2012-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fandango.com/corbinbleu/filmography |title=All Filmography for Corbin Bleu |publisher=Fandango.com |date= |accessdate=2012-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 2009
|-
| Beyond All Boundaries
| 2009
|-
| I Owe My Life to Corbin Bleu
| 2010
|-
| Flight 29 Down: The Hotel Tango
| 2010
|-
| The Little Engine That Could
| 2010
|-
| Terror Bytes
| 2011
|-
| Twinkle Toes
| 2011
|-
| [[Renee (pellicula)|Renee]] (Scilicet [[Latine]]: '''Renata''')
| 2012
|-
| The Monkey's Paw
| 2013
|-
| Sugar (Scilicet [[Latine]]: '''Saccharum''')
| 2013
|-
| The Day I Died
| 2014
|-
| Nurse 3D &lt;ref name=&quot;VarietyAug42011&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118040894|title=Corbin Bleu joins cast of 'Nurse 3D'|last=Sneider|first=Jeff|work=Variety (magazine)|publisher=Reed Business Information|date=August 4, 2011|accessdate=October 8, 2011|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/62H3D6jcV|archivedate=October 8, 2011|deadurl=no}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 2014
|-
| Megachurch Murder
| 2015
|}

=== Televisio ===
[[Fasciculus:Corbin Bleu 2010 (Cropped).jpg|200px|thumb|Corbin Bleu mense [[December]] 2010]]
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|- bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;
! Televisio !! Anno
|-
| High Incident
| 1996
|-
| ER
| 1996
|-
| Malcolm &amp; Eddie
| 1998
|-
| Cover Me: Based on the True Life of an FBI Family
| 2000
|-
| The Amanda Show
| 2001-2002
|-
| Flight 29 Down 
| 2005-2007
|-
| Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide
| 2006-2007
|-
| Hannah Montana
| 2006-2008
|-
| Phineas and Ferb
| 2009
|-
| The Beautiful Life: TBL &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.miamiherald.com/entertainment/columnists/glenn-garvin/story/1234518.html |title=Review | 'The Beautiful Life: TBL' might just surprise you – Glenn ...|publisher=Miamiherald.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 2009
|-
| The Good Wife
| 2010
|-
| Blue Bloods &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.tvfanatic.com/2012/08/corbin-bleu-to-guest-star-on-blue-bloods/| title=Corbin Bleu to Guest Star on Blue Bloods| work=tvfanatic.com | publisher=Matt Richenthal | accessdate=2012-08-07 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 2012
|-
| One Life to Live (Scilicet [[Latine]]: '''Ut una vita vivatur''')
| 2013
|-
| Franklin &amp; Bash &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tvgoodness.com/2013/06/20/guest-star-goodness-franklin-bash-2-hour-season-3-premiere/|title=Guest Star Goodness: Franklin &amp; Bash 2-Hour Season 3 Premiere|work=tvgoodness.com|publisher=Tina Charles|date= |accessdate=2013-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 2013
|-
| Dancing with the Stars
| 2013
|-
| Psych
| 2014
|-
| Drop Dead Diva
| 2014
|}

=== Theatrum ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|- bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;
! Theatrum !! Anno
|-
| In the Heights &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.intheheightsthemusical.com/corbinbleu.html |title=Corbin Bleu – In The Heights – Official Site |publisher=Intheheightsthemusical.com |date= |accessdate=2011-08-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 2010
|-
| Godspell &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.godspell.com/broadway-cast.html|title=Corbin Bleu – Godspell – Official Site |publisher=http://www.godspell.com|date= |accessdate=2012-04-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 2012
|}

== Discographia ==
[[Fasciculus:CorbinBleuJul07 9.jpg|270px|thumb|Corbin Bleu mense [[Iulius]] 2007]]
=== Album ===
* anno [[2007]]: ''Another Side'' &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/another-side-mw0000736351 |title=Corbin Bleu Another Side|publisher=allmusic.com |date= |accessdate=2007-05-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* anno [[2009]]: ''Speed of Light'' &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/speed-of-light-mw0000811166 |title=Corbin Bleu Speed of Light|publisher=allmusic.com |date= |accessdate=2009-03-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Disci ===
* anno [[2006]]: ''High School Musical Soundtrack''
* anno [[2007]]: ''Jump In! Soundtrack'' &lt;ref name=&quot;Deal with It&quot;&gt;[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A1c6jjdClLo New video clips Corbin Bleu Deal with It in 2007]&lt;/ref&gt;
* anno [[2007]]: ''High School Musical 2 Soundtrack''
* anno [[2007]]: ''Disneymania 5'' &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JSQehAGHtEk New songs for Corbin Bleu Two Worlds in 2007]&lt;/ref&gt;
* anno [[2007]]: ''Disney Channel Holiday'' &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3SG9Cez9bSk This Christmastime - Corbin Bleu]&lt;/ref&gt;
* anno [[2008]]: ''High School Musical 3: Senior Year soundtrack''
* anno [[2008]]: ''Radio Disney Jams 10''
* anno [[2008]]: ''Minutemen Soundtrack''
* anno [[2009]]: ''Hannah Montana 3'' &lt;ref name=&quot;If We Were a Movie&quot;&gt;[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ASS_gnxCoQE If We Were a Movie (Feat. Corbin Bleu) - Hannah Montana 3 CD Album]&lt;/ref&gt;
* anno [[2009]]: ''Disney Channel Playlist''

=== Singles{{dubsig}} ===
* anno [[2006]]: ''Push It to the Limit'' &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A3-JA49q-0o New songs for Corbin Bleu Push It to the Limit in 2006]&lt;/ref&gt;
* anno [[2007]]: ''Deal with It'' &lt;ref name=&quot;Deal with It&quot; /&gt;
* anno [[2007]]: ''I Don't Dance'' &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U7d4wYkaU3g I Don't Dance - Corbin Bleu &amp; Lucas Grabeel]&lt;/ref&gt;
* anno [[2007]]: ''What Time Is It?'' &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OKLkcKQgxH8 High School Musical 2 - What Time Is It]&lt;/ref&gt;
* anno [[2008]]: ''Run It Back Again'' &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yNWC145sXMY Run It Back Again Music Video]&lt;/ref&gt;
* anno [[2008]]: ''The Boys Are Back'' &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GnSfjopk8Ss&amp;list=PL1356D462859CD845 High School Musical 3 - The Boys Are Back!]&lt;/ref&gt;
* anno [[2009]]: ''Moments That Matter'' &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zOPAf60vbrM New video clips Corbin Bleu Moments That Matter - Official Music Video in 2008]&lt;/ref&gt;
* anno [[2009]]: ''Celebrate You'' &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ICPxeDa8W-U New video clips Corbin Bleu Celebrate You - Official Music Video in 2007]&lt;/ref&gt;
* anno [[2009]]: ''If We Were a Movie'' &lt;ref name=&quot;If We Were a Movie&quot; /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Chad Danforth]]
* [[Galfridus King]]

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* ''Dee Scott''. Corbin Bleu: Up Close. 1230 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020: Pocket Books, 2006. ISBN 978-1-4165-4114-1 .
* ''West Betsy''. Corbin Bleu To The Limit. Penguin young readers group, 345 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014.: Penguin Group, 2007. ISBN 978-0-8431-2685-3 .
* ''Mary Boone''. Corbin Bleu. Mitchell Lane Publishers, P.O. Box 196 Hockessin, Delaware 19707.: Mitchell Lane, 2007/2008. ISBN 978-1-58415-674-1 .

== Nexus externus ==
{{Commons|Corbin Bleu}}
* {{Imdb name|0088298|Corbin Bleu}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071012030458/http://www.corbinbleu.com/ Pagina officialis] {{Ling|Anglice}}
* [http://www.nndb.com/people/612/000129225/ Biographia apud NNDB] {{Ling|Germanice}} 

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bleu, Corbin}}

[[Categoria:Corbin Bleu|!]]
[[Categoria:Actores Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Cinematographia]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Novi Eboraci]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1989]]
[[Categoria:Homines vivi]]</text>
      <sha1>ey2nrx6sa3j7f9s7qv4g9zptr73s5sh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Domitus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>93310</id>
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-26T05:37:18Z</timestamp>
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        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>139091</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
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      <text bytes="14641" sha1="g8un96vcpaody9m4jw2tt6myixt93zp" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Backing sheep at sheepdog competition.jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[Canis|Canes]] et [[Ovis|oves]] fuerunt inter prima [[animal]]ia mansuefacta.]]

'''Domitus''' est ratio qua [[species]] [[animal]]ium arte [[homo|humana]] ad potestatem humanam adsuescuntur. Domitus proprietas est quippe artificiosa ab [[homo|hominum]] electione. Aliquae species, sicut ''[[Elephas maximus]],'' cuius permulti singulariter sunt animalia labori diutissime dicata, haud &quot;domita&quot; habentur quia sub potestate humana plerumque non alita sunt, quamquam saepe mansuefiunt. Homines animalia domita ob multas causas curaverunt: ut [[cibus|cibum]] et pretiosas [[merx|merces]] (sicut [[lana]]m, [[gossypium]], vel [[sericum]]) producant, ut multis modis [[labor]]ent (ut hominibus resque transportent et tutentur), ut se et pecus protegant, ut voluptatem dent (sicut et [[planta ornamentalis|plantae ornamentales]]), et pro investigationibus scientificis (velut indagationes curae quorundam [[morbus|morborum]]).  Animalia ob sodalitatem domi mansuefacta appellari possunt ''[[animal dilectum|animalia domestica]]'' seu dilecta, atque causá cibi vel laboris ''[[animal domitum|animalia domesticata]]'' seu domita.

[[Cultus plantarum|Plantae cultae]] praecipue causa dilectationis [[aesthetica]]e in domo et circa domum saepe [[Plantae ornamentales|ornamentales]] appellantur; mansuefactae autem plantae quae pro copiis [[alimentum|cibi]] adhibentur &quot;[[fruges]]&quot; usitate appellantur. Discrimen fieri potest inter plantas cultas quae homines cogitate ob proprietates optabiles mutaverunt aut legerunt (vide [[cultigenus]], [[cultivarietas]]) et plantas silvestres quae sine mutatione in hortos aut viridaria removentur ibique coluntur.

== Domitus animalium ==
=== Tempora locique primi domitus ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|- 
! style=&quot;width: 12em;&quot; | Animal !! Annus a.C.n. !! Locus
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;| ''[[Canis lupus familiaris]]''
|15000&lt;ref name=&quot;dog&quot;&gt;Vide [[Origo canis domestici]]&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Asia Orientalis]] et [[Africa]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;| ''[[Ovis aries]]''
|9000 ad 11000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | author=Krebs, Robert E. &amp; Carolyn A. | title=Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions &amp; Discoveries of the Ancient World | url=https://archive.org/details/groundbreakingsc0000kreb | location=Westport, CT | publisher=Greenwood Press | year=2003 | isbn=0-313-31342-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;storey&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Storey's Guide to Raising Sheep |url=https://archive.org/details/storeysguidetora0000simm_u9e9 |last=Simmons |first=Paula |coauthors=Carol Ekarius |year=2001 |publisher=Storey Publishing LLC |location=North Adams, MA |isbn=978-1-58017-262-2 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Asia Meridio-Orientalis]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;| ''[[Capra]]''
|10000&lt;ref&gt;Melinda A. Zeder, [https://web.archive.org/web/20120204221312/http://web.utk.edu/~persian/goat.htm Goat busters track domestication] (Physiologic changes and evolution of goats into a domesticated animal), April 2000.&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Iran]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;| ''[[Sus scrofa domestica]]''
|9000&lt;ref&gt;Giuffra E, Kijas JM, Amarger V, Carlborg O, Jeon JT, Andersson L. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=10747069&amp;query_hl=4&amp;itool=pubmed_docsum  The origin of the domestic pig: independent domestication and subsequent introgression.], April 2000.&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Asia Occidentalis]], [[Sina (regio)|Sina]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;| ''[[Bos taurus]]''
|8000&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20101009235228/http://www.comp-archaeology.org/WendorfSAA98.html Late Neolithic megalithic structures at Nabta Playa (Sahara), southwestern Egypt.]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Fons: Laboratoire de Préhistoire et
Protohistoire de l'Ouest de la France [https://web.archive.org/web/20090626225631/http://palissy.humana.univ-nantes.fr/LABOS/UMR/serveur/recherche/pruvost.html].&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Subcontinens Indicus]], [[Asia Occidentalis]], [[Africa sub-Saharana]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;| ''[[Feles]]''
|7500&lt;ref&gt;''[https://web.archive.org/web/20220612150738/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/oldest-known-pet-cat-9500-year-old-burial-found-on-cyprus]'', domestication of the cat on Cyprus, National Geographic.&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Cyprus]] et [[Asia Occidentalis]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;| ''[[Gallus]]''
|6000&lt;ref&gt;West B. and Zhou, B-X., ''Did chickens go north? New evidence for domestication'', World’s Poultry Science
Journal, 45, 205-218, 1989, {{PDFlink|[http://www.adelaide.edu.au/ANZCCART/publications/dom_chicken.pdf quotation]|26.3&amp;nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]]}}, 8 p.&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Subcontinens Indicus]], [[Asia Meridio-Orientalis]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|''[[Cavia porcellus]]''
|5000&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20111009161651/http://cavyhistory.tripod.com/ ''History of the Guinea Pig'' (Cavia porcellus) ''in South America, a summary of the current state of knowledge'']&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Peruvia]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|''[[Equus asinus]]''
|5000&lt;ref&gt;Beja-Pereira, Albano et al., African Origins of the Domestic Donkey, ''Science'' '''304''':1781, 18 June 2004, cited in [http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn6032 ''New Scientist''].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Roger Blench, ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303173943/http://www.animaltraction.net/donkeys/donkeys-blench-history.pdf The history and spread of donkeys in Africa]''|235&amp;nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]].&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Aegyptus]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|''[[Anas platyrhynchos]]''
|4000
|align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Sina (regio)|Sina]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|''[[Bubalus bubalis]]''
|4000
|align=&quot;center&quot;|[[India]], [[Sina (regio)|Sina]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|''[[Equus caballus]]''
|4000&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.imh.org/imh/kyhpl1b.html The Domestication of the Horse]; vide etiam [[Domitus equi]]&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Eurasian Steppes]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|''[[Camelus dromedarius]]''
|4000
|align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Arabia]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|''[[Lama glama]]''
|3500
|align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Peruvia]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|''[[Bombyx mori]]''
|3000
|align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Sina (regio)|Sina]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|''[[Tarandrus]]''
|3000&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20090316042918/http://explorenorth.com/library/weekly/aa080798.htm Domestication of Reindeer]&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Russia]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|''[[Columba livia]]''
|3000
|align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Basin Mediterranea]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|''[[Anser anser domesticus]]''
|3000&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/docrep/V6200T/v6200T0n.htm Geese: the underestimated species]&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Aegyptus]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|''[[Camelus bactrianus]]''
|2500
|align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Media Asia]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|''[[Bos grunniens]]''
|2500
|align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Thibetum]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|''[[Bos javanicus]]''
|Saeculo ignoto
|align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Asia Meridio-Orientalis]], [[Iava]]&lt;!--Java--&gt;
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|''[[Bos gaurus frontalis]]''
|Saeculo ignoto
|align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Asia Meridio-Orientalis]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|''[[Vicugna pacos]]''
|1500
|align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Peruvia]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|''[[furo]]''
|1500
|align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Europa]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|''[[Cairina momelanotus]]''
|Saeculo ignoto
|align=&quot;center&quot;|[[America Meridionalis]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Numididae]]
|Saeculo ignoto
|align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Africa]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|''[[Cyprinus carpio]]''
|Saeculo ignoto
|align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Asia Orientalis]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|''[[Gallopavo]]'' domestica
|500
|align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Mexicum]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|''[[Carassius auratus]]''
|Saeculo ignoto
|align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Sina (regio)|Sina]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|''[[Oryctolagus cuniculus]]''
|1600
|align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Europa]]
|}

=== Circulus alter ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|- 
! style=&quot;width: 12em;&quot; | Animal !!Classis !!Ordo !!Tempus !! Locus
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|''[[Bos primigenius indicus]]''
|[[Artiodactyla]]
|[[Mammalia]]
|8000 BCE
|align=&quot;center&quot;|[[India]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|''[[Apis mellifera|Apis]]''
|[[Hymenoptera]]
|[[Insecta]]
|4000 BCE
|align=&quot;center&quot;|Multi loci
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|''[[Elephas maximus]]''
|[[Proboscidea]]
|[[Mammalia]]
|2000 BCE
|align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Civilizatio Vallis Indi]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|''[[Dama dama]]''
|[[Artiodactyla]]
|[[Mammalia]]
|1000 BCE
|align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Basin Mediterranea]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|''[[Pavo cristatus]]''
|[[Galliformes]]
|[[Aves]]
|500 BCE
|align=&quot;center&quot;|[[India]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|''[[Streptopelia risoria]]''
|[[Columbiformes]]
|[[Aves]]
|500 BCE
|align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Africa Septentrionalis]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|''[[Coturnix japonica]]''
|[[Galliformes]]
|[[Aves]]
|1100–1900
|align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Iaponia]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|''[[Serinus canaria]]''
|[[Passeriformes]]
|[[Aves]]
|1600
|align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Canariae]], [[Europa]]
|- 
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|''[[Aix galericulata]]''
|[[Anseriformes]]
|[[Aves]]
|Ignotum
|align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Sina (regio)|Sina]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|''[[Cygnus olor]]''
|[[Anseriformes]]
|[[Aves]]
|1000–1500
|align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Europa]]
|}

=== Exempla domitus hodierni ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|- 
! style=&quot;width: 12em;&quot; | Animal !!Ordo !!Classis !!Tempus !!Locus
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|''[[Rattus norvegicus]]'' (varietas ''fancy rat'')
|[[Rodentia]]
|[[Mammalia]]
|1800s
|align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Britanniarum Regnum]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Vulpes (genus)|Vulpes]]
|[[Carnivora]]
|[[Mammalia]]
|1800s
|align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Europa]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|''[[Neovison vison]], [[Mustela lutreola]]''
|[[Carnivora]]
|[[Mammalia]]
|1800s
|align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Europa]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|''[[Melopsittacus undulatus]]''
|[[Psittaciformes]]
|[[Aves]]
|1850s
|align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Europa]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|''[[Nymphicus hollandicus]]''
|[[Psittaciformes]]
|[[Aves]]
|1870s
|align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Europa]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|''[[Taeniopygia guttata]]''
|[[Passeriformes]]
|[[Aves]]
|1900s
|align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Australia]] 
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Cricetinae]]
|[[Rodentia]]
|[[Mammalia]]
|1930s
|align=&quot;center&quot;|[[United States]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|''[[Vulpes vulpes]]'' domestica
|[[Carnivora]]
|[[Mammalia]]
|1950s
|align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Unio Sovietica]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|''[[Ovibos moschatus]]''
|[[Artiodactyla]]
|[[Mammalia]]
|1960s
|align=&quot;center&quot;|[[United States]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|''[[Elaphe guttata]]''
|[[Squamata]]
|[[Reptilia]]
|1960s
|align=&quot;center&quot;|[[CFA|Civitates Foederatae]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|''[[Python regius]]''
|[[Squamata]]
|[[Reptilia]]
|1960s
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|''[[Gromphadorhina portentosa]]''
|[[Blattodea]]
|[[Insecta]]
|1960s
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|''[[Cervus]]''
|[[Artiodactyla]]
|[[Mammalia]]
|1970s
|align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Nova Zelandia]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Erinaceinae]]
|[[Erinaceomorpha]]
|[[Mammalia]]
|1980s
|align=&quot;center&quot;|[[CFA|Civitates Foederatae]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|''[[Petaurus breviceps]]''
|[[Diprotodontia]]
|[[Mammalia]]
|1980s
|align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Australia]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Mephitidae]]
|[[Carnivora]]
|[[Mammalia]]
|1980s
|align=&quot;center&quot;|[[CFA|Civitatum Foederatarum]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|''[[Potos flavus]]''
|[[Carnivora]]
|[[Mammalia]]
|tempus incertum
|align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Media America]]
|-
|} &lt;!--

A project is underway to find the genetic basis for taming. Researchers at the Max Planck institute in Germany have obtained two sets of rats bred in Russia. One set was selected for aggressiveness and another for tameness, mimicking the process by which neolithic farmers first domesticated animals.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/25/health/25rats.html Nice Rats, Nasty Rats: Maybe It’s All in the Genes]&lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;

=== Animalia olim mansuefacta ===
Nonnullae species dicuntur mansuefactae fuisse, sed non iam mansuetae sunt, aut quia eae sunt [[exstinctio|exstinctae]], aut quia earum forma domita non exstat. Exempla sunt ''[[Bassariscus astutus]], [[Bos aegyptiacus]],'' [[Elephas|elephantes]] ''[[Loxodonta|Africanus]]'' et ''[[Elephas maximus|Asianus]]'' (vide [[Elephas belli]]), [[Puma yagouaroundi]],''&lt;!--&lt;ref&gt;Sometimes it is because these animals don't breed well in captivity [http://www.lioncrusher.com/animal.asp?animal=54]&lt;/ref&gt;,--&gt; et ''[[Strigops habroptila]].'' &lt;!-- Et fortasse Cheetah &amp; Caracal--&gt;

=== Hybridae ===
Multa horum nominum sunt [[portmanteau]]x [[Lingua Anglica|Anglici]].
* ''[[Vicugna pacos|Alpaca]]'' (DNA monstrat hoc animal esse hybrida ''[[Lama glama|Lamae glama]]'' et ''[[Vicugna vicugna|Vicugnae vicugna]]'')
* [[Beefalo]]
* [[Cama (animal)]]
* [[Chausie]]
* [[Cheetoh]]
* [[Coydog]] 
* [[Dzo]]
* [[Feles Bengalensis]]
* [[Hinny]]
* [[Huarizo]]
* [[Iron Age Pig]]
* [[Mulus]]
* [[Savanna (feles)]]
* [[Sheep-goat]]
* [[Tiglon]]
* [[Wolfdog]]
* [[Wolphin]]
* [[Yakalo]]
* [[Zeedonk]]
* [[Zetland]]
* [[Zorse]]
* [[Zony]]
* [[Zubron]]

{{NexInt}}
* Indices et series temporis
** [[Index animalium domesticorum]]
** [[Index plantarum domesticarum]]&lt;!--
** [[List of domesticated fungi and microorganisms]]
** [[Timeline of agriculture and food technology]]--&gt;
* Commentarii
** [[Animalia militaria]]
** [[Commutatio Columbiana]]
** [[Domitus equi]]
** [[Domitus leonum]]
** [[Evolutio experimentalis]]{{dubsig}}
** [[Feritas]]
** [[Horticultura]]
** [[Hybrida]]
** [[Pollutio genetica]]
** [[Res rustica]]&lt;!--en:Animal husbandry--&gt;
&lt;!--etiam ex en:
** [[Gene pool]]
** [[Genetic erosion]]
** [[Genetic engineering]]
** [[Marker assisted selection]]
** [[Selective breeding]]
** [[Self-domestication]]
** [[Wildlife]]
* Related
** [[Domestication theory]] describes the process of the 'taming' or appropriation of [[technologia]] by its users. --&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{Wiktionary|domitus|domitum}}
* [http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi1499.htm De domitu animalium]
* ''[[Guns, Germs and Steel]],'' liber a [[Jared Diamond]] scriptus (ISBN 0-393-03891-2)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071224180609/http://www.aaas.org/news/releases/2004/0408cats.shtml Nuntius] de fele antiquissima
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051228002658/http://www.devbio.com/article.php?ch=23&amp;id=223 Experimentum Belyaev] cum vulpe domestica
* [http://www.csun.edu/~vcpsy00h/domestic.htm Usus Animalium Domesticorum in Educatione Hortorum Zoologicoum]
* [http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/276/5314/932 Primus Domitus ''[[Cucurbita pepo|Cucurbitae peponis]]'' in [[Americae|Americis]] abhinc annorum 10,000]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101219082134/http://www.geochembio.com/biology/organisms/cattle/ Tabula domitus boum]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&amp;Cmd=DetailsSearch&amp;Term=domestication%5BTitle%5D+AND+%22loattrfree+full+text%22%5Bsb%5D Major topic &quot;domestication&quot;: free full-text articles (plusquam centum reviews) in National Library of Medicine]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110713204528/http://www.lifeonterra.com/episode.php?id=191l ''Why don't we ride zebras?''] interretialis puerorum pellicula de domitu animalium

[[Categoria:Animalia domesticata|!]]
[[Categoria:Historia agriculturae]]
{{1000 paginae}}

{{Myrias|Technologia}}</text>
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    <title>Dorothea Height</title>
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      <text bytes="933" sha1="4tov5m4i458tmhvmlbo6253d2vad48h" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:DrDorothyHeight.jpg|thumb|Dorothea Height die [[18 Iunii]] [[2008]], aetate suae 96.]]
'''Dorothea Height''' ([[Ricmondia]]e [[Virginia]]e nata die [[24 Martii]] [[1912]]; [[Vasingtonia, D.C.|Vasingtoniae]] aetate gravissima die [[20 Aprilis]] [[2010]] mortua) fuit [[mulier]] et [[praeceptor|praeceptrix]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Americana]] quae pro [[ius|iuribus]] mulierum Americanarum ex [[Africa]] ortarum pugnavit.

==Nexus externi==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120206013326/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/7615645/Dorothy-Height.html Dorotheae Height laudatio,] www.telegraph.co.uk (''[[Daily Telegraph]]'') 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100425012536/http://www.videosurf.com/dorothy-height-186341 Dorotheae Height pellicula,] www.videosurf.com

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Lifetime|1912|2010|Height, Dorothea}}
[[Categoria:Mulieres]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Magistri]]</text>
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    <title>Paupertas stimuli</title>
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      <text bytes="17933" sha1="b9yf26kcda9jnuaufq52a9iswzn8ztp" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Noam Chomsky, 2004.jpg|thumb|&lt;center&gt;Noam Chomsky &lt;br /&gt; qui primus ''stimulum'' arguit ''pauperem'' esse.&lt;/center&gt;]]
'''Paupertas stimuli''' (Anglice ''poverty of the stimulus'') est argumentum a [[Noam Chomsky]], linguista [[CFA|Americano]], propositum, secundum quod loquela matris aut aliorum propinquorum per se ea non sit quae infanti incitamenta (vel &quot;stimulos&quot;) suppeditet ad maternae linguae structuram opinione velocius coniectandam; constat enim, si Chomskium sequimur, infantes mira velocitate discere lingua sua ad [[sententia]]s intellegendas formandasque uti.&lt;ref&gt;Chomsky (1980; 1986).&lt;/ref&gt; Putat enim nec quantitatem nec qualitatem loquelarium auditionum  valere ad animum infantis linguae maternae stimulis satis incitandum, ut ex tam exiguo (vel &quot;paupere&quot;) linguae specimine [[grammatica]] interna&lt;ref&gt;''I-language'' apud Chomsky (1986).&lt;/ref&gt; mente excipi eligique possit. Quae cum ita sint, necesse videtur esse in mente humana ponere machinulam quandam nativam, [[Genum|genetice]] translatam,&lt;ref&gt;Quae machinula usque a Chomsky (1957) ''LAD'' sive ''Language Acquisition Device'' appellata est.&lt;/ref&gt; cuius ope infans linguam maternam sibi adsumere possit. Chomsky, quamquam scientiam linguae dicit in grammatica interna ex auditionibus loquelaribus constructa consistere, negat in theoria grammatica de concretis [[Cerebrum|cerebri]] mechanismis agi dicitque theoriam generativam nihil nisi in necessarias horum mechanismorum proprietates abstracto modo inquirere. 

Constat ''paupertatem stimuli'' contra [[Empirismus|empirismum]] ac pro [[Grammatica universalis|nativismo linguistico]] argumentum speciale praestare. 

== Paupertas stimuli ante litteram ==
Ante annos 1980 nemo de paupertate stimuli locutus est, sed in libro ''Rules and Representations'' inscripto Chomsky (1980) hoc [[Terminus technicus|termino]] usus dicit et [[Socrates|Socratem]] et [[Renatus Cartesius|Renatum Des Cartes]] adfirmasse homini ingenitam et innatam esse scientiam, quae, quippe cum stimuli loquelares per aures pervenientes id, quod mente efficiatur in discendo, non adaequent, nequaquam extrinsecus exceptum esse possit.&lt;ref&gt;Chomsky (1980: 35).&lt;/ref&gt; Quibus fundamentis philosophico-historicis adlatis Chomsky se negat novo argumento uti eiusque usum a scrupulo dubitationeque vindicat. 

=== Ab annis 1950 ad exeuntes annos 1960 ===
[[Grammatica generativa|Grammaticae generativae]] semper interfuit adeptionem linguae tractare, non tamen respectu infantis. Potius interfuit generalem discendi vim linguae tractare,&lt;ref&gt;Hoc est quod Anglice ''learnability problem'' dicitur.&lt;/ref&gt; id est inquirere, quanto opere auditio loquelaris satis indiciorum structuralium suppeditet ad detegendam scientiam tacitam loquendo subiacentem. Quae scientia tacita in animis informata ''grammatica interna'' nuncupari solet. Chomsky (1957) sine scrupulo machinulam LAD posuit inter loquelam externam et grammaticam internam ex loquela inveniendam intercedere. Etiam obiter homines dicit infinitam sententiarum multitudinem posse enuntiare et intellegere, etsi &quot;finita et fortuita&quot; linguae suae experientia adfecti sint.&lt;ref name=&quot;chomsky1957_15&quot;&gt;Chomsky (1957: 15).&lt;/ref&gt; Licet quantitativae et qualitativae stimuli paupertatis notiones hic aliquantulum transluceant, tamen in theoria grammatica constituenda nondum satis respicitur. Chomsky igitur hoc loco omittit quaerere, finita et fortuita experientia infantis qualem vim habeat ad conformandam theoriam linguisticam.

Chomsky, cum librum ''Verbal Behavior'' a [[Burrhus Fredericus Skinner|B.F.Skinner]] scriptum recenseret, animadvertit vim &quot;factorum externorum&quot; ab auctore nimium extolli indolemque infantis parum respici.&lt;ref&gt;Chomsky (1959: 27).&lt;/ref&gt; Quamquam talem reprehendit linguae adipiscendae theoriam, quae iis investigandis loquelarum proprietatibus, quae ex relatione ad indolem infantis sint, locum non det, ne ipse quidem has cogitationes ad eas referre videtur res, quae in controversia empiristarum et nativistarum dici solent. Qui loci tum denique paululum aperti tractatique sunt, cum liber ''Cartesian Linguistics'' anno 1966 prolatus esset. 

Divisio [[Competentia grammatica|''competentiae'']]&lt;ref&gt;Praestat distinctionem esse inter ''competentiam grammaticam'' (de qua hic agitur) et ''[[Competentia communicativa|competentiam communicativam]]'', quae ambae ad ''competentiam linguisticam'' pertinent.&lt;/ref&gt; et [[performantia linguistica|''performantiae'']] annis 1960 locus communis factus est. Chomsky termino ''performantiae'' usus neglegentiam inertiamque sermonis cotidiani pronuntiabat,&lt;ref&gt;Iam Chomsky (1962) performantiam sic descripsit: &quot;interrupta fragmenta, initia falsa, lapsus linguae, balba verba nec non alia quae nihil nisi formae idealis distortiones intellegi possunt&quot; (1962: 531).&lt;/ref&gt; verum tamen adeptionem linguae nondum sentiebat his vitiis impediri. Haec visio ab [[Idealismus|idealismo]] [[Plato]]nico haud absimilis apparet: mundum cotidianum nihil esse nisi imperfectam idealium formarum adparentiam. Haec visio a Chomskio proposita est eo consilio, ut de eo rimae hiatu commoneat, qui inter &quot;idealis locutoris&quot; scientiam (grammatica generativa descriptam) et vulgaris locutoris sermonem cotidianum est. De adeptione linguae Chomsky haud multum annis 1960 locutus est. In libro ''Aspects of the Theory of Syntax'' inscripto paene nihil aliud inveniri potest nisi hoc: &quot;quicquid primum linguae &lt;infanti&gt; obiectum est, quo nixus ... theoriam construit, multis modis potest mancum esse.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Chomsky (1965: 201).&lt;/ref&gt; Sed hoc fere iam octo annis ante dixit.&lt;ref name=&quot;chomsky1957_15&quot;&gt;Chomsky (1957: 15).&lt;/ref&gt;

=== De infante grammatico ===
Annis 1970 ineuntibus Stanley Peters symbolam protulit,&lt;ref&gt;Peters (1972).&lt;/ref&gt; in qua quaestionem proposuit de eo, quod ''projection-problem'' appellabat:&lt;ref&gt;Hic etiam Anglico sermone abuti videtur; v. Thomas (2002: 61). Itaque nihil prodest hoc verbum Latine convertere.&lt;/ref&gt; grammatica quomodo possit ex sermone cotidiano coniectari, quippe qui eius modi sit, in quo sententiae grammaticae non possint a sententiis grammaticam violantibus distingui, neque omnes categoriae grammaticae in loquela appareant. Itaque Peters et linguistam et infantem dixit cum iisdem difficultatibus luctari. Qua conlatione factum est, ut quilibet infans linguam suam adipiscens re vera linguista parvus esse videretur. Haec rationis conlatio, quae initio vel inlustris videbatur, depravata est, simulac crebruit opinio infantem generativistam parvum esse.&lt;ref&gt;Derwing (1977) hanc opinionem (adhuc vigentem), &quot;infantem linguistam parvum esse&quot;, severo animo perlustrat.&lt;/ref&gt; Non igitur de vero infante linguam suam adipiscenti agebatur sed de machina logica quae, cum opus esset, infantis nomine ornabatur. Itaque adeptio linguae intellegebatur difficultates &quot;logicas&quot; infanti grammaticae inventori adferre.&lt;ref&gt;Cf. librum a Baker &amp; McCarthy (1981) editum, ''The Logical Problem of Language Acquisition'' inscriptum.&lt;/ref&gt; 

His decem fere annis a linguistis exsignata sunt exempla sententiarum (scilicet Anglici sermonis), quarum structura grammatica non videbatur apparere ex elocutione, quippe quae nimis pauper esset, ut eam, ex qua produceretur, grammaticam accurate patefaceret.&lt;ref&gt;Thomas (2002: 56).&lt;/ref&gt; Denique exeuntibus annis 1970 omnia fere exempla classica huiusmodi structurarum collecta sunt a Carolo Baker, cuius symbola&lt;ref&gt;Baker (1979).&lt;/ref&gt; cum alia tum celebres sententias sicut ''John is eager to please'' et ''John is easy to please'' tractat. Quae sententiae, quamquam comparem simulant structuram, ex figurationibus grammaticis valde disparibus sunt. Quae cum ita sint, dixit infantis esse ex loquela exaudita grammaticam, quae hunc loquelam produceret, invenire non simpliciter sed ratiocinabiliter.&lt;ref&gt;Baker (1979: 234) termino ''deductive gap'' utitur.&lt;/ref&gt; Hic sine dubio de qualitativa paupertate stimuli agitur.

== De structura argumenti ==
Iam Chomsky (1959), cum opus Skinnerianum recenseret, adeptionem linguae dixit non posse [[Associatio idearum|associatione idearum]]&lt;ref&gt;Chomsky etiam [[Terminus tecnicus|termino]] ''conditioning'' utitur.&lt;/ref&gt; niti. Non enim desunt elocutionibus loquelisque tales proprietates grammaticae, quarum imperiti infantes nihilo minus linguam suam adipiscuntur. Potius autem videri infantes ratione [[Carolus Popper|Popperiana]] &quot;coniecturis et refutationibus&quot;&lt;ref&gt;De hac methodo v. Popper (1963).&lt;/ref&gt; paulatim theoriam (id est: grammaticam generativam) consequi.&lt;ref&gt;Sampson (1980).&lt;/ref&gt; Etiam hunc linguae adipiscendae modum repudiat Chomsky, quod primordia linguae (''primary linguistic data'') ab infante auribus accepta tantam sententiarum multitudinem non suppeditent. Haec defectio suppeditandi paupertatem quantitativam indicat. De qualitativa paupertate agitur, si falsae hypotheses a veris non possunt primordiis linguae discerni. Hae sunt ambae partes paupertatis stimuli, quarum altera ad multitudinem, altera ad naturam loquelae spectat. 

Re vera mirum videtur quod doctrina linguae adipiscendae naturalistica a generativistis tradita imprimis in ''paupertate stimuli''&lt;ref&gt;Chomsky (1986) etiam termino q.e. ''quaestio Platonis'' (''Plato's problem'') utitur.&lt;/ref&gt; posita est, quamquam res ipsa his nominibus minus feliciter repraesentatur. Primo, Chomsky (1959) linguam diserte negavit stimulum esse. Secundo, vagam videtur habere sententiam qui primordia linguae dicat paupera esse, nam nisi sufficiens nec pauper esset linguae specimen, lingua ab infante adsumi non posset.&lt;ref&gt;Thomas (2002: 64).&lt;/ref&gt; Itaque agnitio et acceptio huius [[Terminus technicus|termini]] benevolentiam quandam poscit. Ad adipiscendam enim linguam non tanta loquelarum copia necesse est quantam putes, neque apta est linguae adeptionis cum ratione Popperiana comparatio. Utique constat ''paupertatem stimuli'' inter omnes fere generativistas argumento esse naturalismi linguistici: omnia experiri non est opus infantibus, quippe qui instrumenta linguae adipiscendae in mentibus insita habeant. Sic Chomsky. Paupertas stimuli hanc habet structuram generalem:

# Linguam maternam callere – hoc partim quidem &quot;scientiam grammaticam&quot; poscit.
# Ad certam regulam grammaticam, ''G'', adipiscendam infantis est talibus loquelae proprietatibus, ''D'', obici, quibus nixus hypotheses aemulas refutare possit. 
# ''D'' non continetur primordiis linguae ab infante exceptis. 
# Ergo, ''G'' non ea est quam infans adipisci possit.
# Quia res ita se habere videtur in aliis quoque regulis grammaticis, fieri non potest, quin infanti sit [[Grammatica universalis|UG]], nativa quaedam machinula genetice translata, quae ad linguam adipiscendam conferat. 

=== De scientia grammatica ===
Annis 1960 Chomsky de ''competentia linguistica'' loqui coepit, quo [[terminus technicus|termino]] perfectam &quot;locutoris idealis&quot; suae grammaticae (generativae) regularum scientiam significabat.&lt;ref&gt;Chomsky (1965).&lt;/ref&gt; Quae &quot;scientia&quot; (''knowledge'') etiam significabat, quam rationem habeat infans cum grammatica generativa in mente sua ex primordiis linguae aedificanda. Hic nec de scientia propositionali (''knowing that'') neque vero de callendo (''knowing how'') agi videtur, sed de alio quodam sciendi modo, cuius natura tacita atque inscia est. Itaque Chomsky, cum huic peculiari sciendi modo aliquid miri inesse videretur, ad verbum ''(to) cognize'' rarius adhibitum decucurrit.&lt;ref&gt;Chomsky (1980: 92).&lt;/ref&gt; Nihilo minus parum liquebat, qualem denique modum sciendi hoc verbum &quot;cognizandi&quot; significaret. Dubium erat, an adfectioni epistemicae credendi simili comparari posset. De eo denique agebatur, quo modo competentia lingustica adsumi posset et quam rationem haberet competentia cum performantia. Haec quaestio magni momenti est, quia, priusquam iudicari possit, quibus in rebus lingua adipiscenda consistat, intellegendum est, qualem scientiam grammaticam sibi adsumerit infans.&lt;ref&gt;[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/innateness-language/#CriPovStiArg Cowie (2008: 15)].&lt;/ref&gt; Si grammaticae generativae fundamenta infanti sint in mente insita, necesse non sit &quot;stimulos&quot; sive primordia linguae perquam divitia esse, cum diiudicandi ratio iam parata aptataque sit. Sin autem Michaelem Tomasello secuti syntaxin generativam omnino repudiemus,&lt;ref name=&quot;tom2003&quot;&gt;Tomasello (2003).&lt;/ref&gt; etiam paupertas stimuli vim suam argumentatricem amittat. 

=== De discendo ===
Paupertas stimuli est argumentum &quot;ut aliter?&quot; (''how else?'') quaerens. Infans empiristicus a Chomsky adumbratus, qui appendice genetica (UG) caret, Popperianam coniectandi et refutandi rationem&lt;ref&gt;Chomsky (1980). Popper (1963) est expositio huius rationis.&lt;/ref&gt; secutus mox in falsarum hypothesium paludem incidet, nam constat mundum perraro causas refutationis praebere.&lt;ref&gt;[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/innateness-language/#CriPovStiArg Cowie (2008: 16)].&lt;/ref&gt; Huic opinioni subesse videtur cogitatio, infantem novas in lingua adipiscenda hypotheses non respicere, quid antea expertus sit qualesque conclusiones alibi bene successerint. Constat hanc opinionem quandam &quot;pupam stramenticiam&quot; esse, qua naturalismus linguisticus defendatur. Sunt enim qui ipsam paupertatem stimuli negent comparari posse cum tali theoria, in qua infans [[Ratiocinatio inductiva|inductive]] et [[Statistica|statistice]] et [[Analogia|analogice]] ex pluribus ad generaliora perveniens syntaxin linguae sibi adsumat.&lt;ref&gt;Tomasello (2003) huiusmodi theoriam exponit.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== De primordiis linguae ===
Argumento paupertatis stimuli subest opinio, primitias linguae (sive res loquelares primitus datas) carere certis rebus ''D'',&lt;ref&gt;[[Lingua Anglica|Anglica]] ''would have been'' constructio exemplum celebre est rerum ''D''. In Sampson (2002), haec constructio, utpote admodum vulgaris, proponitur non ad res generis ''D'' pertinere.&lt;/ref&gt; et nihilo minus veram rerum ''D'' descriptionem grammaticam ab infantibus effici. Omnino videtur distinctio inter primordia linguae et res ''D'' posita magis in imaginatione quam in peritia niti.  

=== De onere probandi ===
Constat inter generativistas absentiam rerum ''D'' eam sane paupertatem stimuli indicare, quae infantem, nisi apparatum geneticum (id est: UG) habeat, impediat, quominus linguam (= grammaticam generativam) menti suae adsumat. Putant etiam Chomskium, [[Behaviorismus|behaviorismo]] [[Burrhus Fredericus Skinner|Burrhi Skinner]] et coniectandi refutandique ratione Caroli Popper repudiatis,  onus probandi transtulisse ad eos qui nativismo linguistico credere nolint. Tamen dubium non est, quin adhuc sint multae res quae inter generativistas in questione versantur. Commemoravit enim Tomasello grammaticam universalem (UG) in difficultates incidere propter multitudinem linguarum, varietatem structurarum grammaticarum, segnitiam adipiscendae linguae.&lt;ref name=&quot;tom2003&quot;&gt;Tomasello (2003).&lt;/ref&gt; Ex theoria enim [[Principia et parametra|principiorum et parametrorum]] hoc exspectare licebit: infantem parametris positis ad instar adultorum loqui posse. Quod tamen numquam fit. Itaque quaeri potest, num hoc ad onus probandi aequandum sufficiat.&lt;ref&gt;Ritter (ed. 2002).&lt;/ref&gt;

=== De adeptione linguae definienda ===
Argumentum paupertatis stimuli hoc indicare videtur, mechanismum linguae adipiscendae certis discendi modis definiri et circumscribi. Animadvertendum quidem est non necesse esse ut hi modi natura sint linguistici aut genetici.&lt;ref&gt;[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/innateness-language/#CriPovStiArg Cowie (2008: 22)].&lt;/ref&gt; Itaque pauci iam generativistae [[Propositio apodictica|propositionem argumentabilem]] vel demonstrabilem paupertatis stimuli argumento contineri dicunt. Sed non est infitiandum studium linguae infantibus adipiscendae huius argumenti impulsu magno opere auctum esse.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Baker, Carl L. &amp; McCarthy, John J. McCarthy (ed. 1981) ''The Logical Problem of Language Acquisition.'' Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
* Chomsky, Noam (1957) ''Syntactic Structures.'' The Hague: Mouton.
* Chomsky, Noam (1959) [Recensio: Skinner: ''Verbal Behavior'']. ''Language'' 35, 26-57.
* Chomsky, Noam (1962) Explanatory models in linguistics. ''Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science'' (ed. Ernest Nagel, Patrick Suppes, Alfred Tarski), 528-550. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
* Chomsky, Noam (1965) ''Aspects of the Theory of Syntax.'' Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
* Chomsky, Noam (1966) ''Cartesian Linguistics. A chapter in the history of rationalist thought.'' New York: Harper &amp; Row.
* Chomsky, Noam (1968/1972) ''Language and Mind''. Enlarged edition. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. (Editio prima: 1968).
* Chomsky, Noam (1980) ''Rules and Representations.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press.
* Chomsky, Noam (1986) ''Knowledge of Language. Its Nature, Origin, and Use.'' New York: Praeger.
* Cowie, F. (2008) [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/innateness-language/ Innateness and Language]. ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Language.''
* Peters, Stanley (1972) The projection problem. How is a grammar to be selected? ''Goals of Linguistic Theory'' (ed. Stanley Peters), 171-188. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
* Ritter, N. (toim. 2002) ''A Review of “The Poverty of Stimulus Argument”''. ''The Linguistic Review'' 19 (#1-2, Special issue). 
* Sampson, Geoffrey (1980) Popperian language-acquisition undefeated. ''British Journal for the Philosophy of Science'' 31, 63-67.
* Sampson, G. (1989) Language Acquisition: Growth or Learning? ''Philosophical Papers'' 18, 203-40.
* Sampson, G. (2002) Exploring the richness of the stimulus. ''The Linguistic Review'' 19, 73-104. 
* Thomas, Margaret (2002) Development of the concept of &quot;poverty of the stimulus&quot;. ''The Linguistic Review'' 19, 51-71. 
* Tomasello, Michael (2003) ''Constructing a Language. A Usage-Based Theory of Language Acquisition.'' Harvard University Press.

{{NexInt}}
*[[Principia et parametra]]
*[[Syntaxis]]
*[[Nativismus]]

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[[Fasciculus:20051129 northlake-il5.jpg|thumb|Titulum opinionis praeiudicatae attollit homo.]]
[[Fasciculus:No entrance for poles1.jpeg|thumb|Monitum [[Theodisce|Theodiscum]] in [[Polonia]] a [[Germania]] occupata anno [[1939]]: 'Introitus Polonis vetatus'.]]
[[Fasciculus:37431682 eb5832e644.jpg|thumb|[[Graphitum]] [[antisemitismus|antisemiticum]] in [[Lithuania]]. [[Vocabulum|Verba]] leguntur &quot;[[Iudaei]], exite&quot; et &quot;[[odium]].&quot;]]

'''Discriminatio,'''{{dubsig}} vel '''opinio praeiudicata,'''&lt;ref&gt;John C. Traupman, ''Latin and English Dictionary,'' ed. tertia (Novi Eboraci: Bantam Books, 2007).&lt;/ref&gt; est omnis distinctio, [[exclusio socialis|exclusio]], seu restrictio [[iura humana|iurum humanorum]] et [[libertas|libertatum elementariorum]] status causa. Etiam omnis vexatio, [[minae]], negatio [[ius laborandi|iuris laboris]], vel tractatio iniqua opiniones praeiudicatae considerantur, quae saepe ad [[praeiudicium]] conectuntur.

Omnis [[internationalis iurum humanorum lex]] qualescumque discriminationes etiam suarum incitamentum prohibet quia &quot;omnes homines [[dignitas|dignitate]] et [[ius|iure]] nascuntur [[libertas|liberi]] et aequi,&quot; ac &quot;omnes [[aequalitas ante legem|ante legem aequi]] sunt et sine ulla distinctione ius habet aequum praesidium legis habere.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Universa Iurum Humanorum Declaratio]], articulo primo ac septimo.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Unio Europaea]] quoque [[lex|leges]] contra opiniones praeiudicatas habet. Imprimis mandata dedit de discriminatione propter [[phyle|phylen]] vel [[ethnos]] anno 2000&lt;ref&gt;[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2000/43/oj Directivum 2000/43/CE Consilii de die 29 Iunii 2000 principii aequalitatis tractationis hominum efficiendi sine distinctione originis phyleticae vel ethnicae].&lt;/ref&gt;, propter [[religio]]nem [[cosmotheoria]]mve, [[invaliditas|invaliditatem]], aetatem vel [[propensio sexualis|propensionem sexualem]] in rebus [[occasio laboris|operariis]] professionalibusque anno 2000 quoque,&lt;ref&gt;[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2000/78/oj Directivum 2000/78/CE Consilii de die 27 Novembris 2000 compactionis generalis constituendae aequalitati tractationis in rebus operariis professionalibusque].&lt;/ref&gt; propter [[sexus|sexum]] quod attinet ad supplementum mercium operarumque anno 2004&lt;ref&gt;[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2004/113/oj Directivum 2004/113/CE Consilii de die 13 Decembris 2004 principii aequalitatis tractationis virorum mulierumque efficiendi quod attinet ad accessum ad merces operasque et supplementum mercium operarumque]; auctoritas legum in [[Spatium oeconomicum Europaeum|SOE]]: [https://www.efta.int/sites/default/files/documents/legal-texts/eea/other-legal-documents/adopted-joint-committee-decisions/2009%20-%20English/147-2009.pdf Resolutio Collegii communis SOE 147/2009 de die 4 Decembris 2009 appendicis XVIII (de valetudine securitateque operariis, iure operariorum et aequalitate tractationis virorum mulierumque) ad foedus SOE emendandae].&lt;/ref&gt;, propter sexum in rebus operariis professionalibusque anno 2006&lt;ref&gt;[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2006/54/oj Directivum 2006/54/CE Parlamenti Europaei Consiliique de die 5 Iulii 2006 principii aequalitatis occasionum ac tractationis virorum mulierumque efficiendi in rebus operariis professionalibusque (retractatio)]; auctoritas legum in [[Spatium oeconomicum Europaeum|SOE]]: [https://www.efta.int/sites/default/files/documents/legal-texts/eea/other-legal-documents/adopted-joint-committee-decisions/2008%20-%20English/033-2008.pdf Resolutio Collegii communis SOE 33/2008 de die 14 Martii 2008 appendicis XVIII (de valetudine securitateque operariis, iure operariorum et aequalitate tractationis virorum mulierumque) ad foedus SOE emendandae].&lt;/ref&gt; et propter sexum in negotio sui iuris anno 2010&lt;ref&gt;[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2010/41/oj Directivum 2010/41/UE Parlamenti Europaei Consiliique de die 7 Iulii 2010 de adhibitione principii aequalitatis tractationis virorum mulierumque in negotio sui iuris et Directivi 86/613/COE Consilii abrogandi]; auctoritas legum in [[Spatium oeconomicum Europaeum|SOE]]: [https://www.efta.int/sites/default/files/documents/legal-texts/eea/other-legal-documents/adopted-joint-committee-decisions/2011%20-%20English/084-2011.pdf Resolutio Collegii communis SOE 84/2011 de die 1 Iulii 2011 appendicis XVIII (de valetudine securitateque operariis, iure operariorum et aequalitate tractationis virorum mulierumque) ad foedus SOE emendandae].&lt;/ref&gt;.

==Res distinctionis==
{{div col|2}}
*Abscessus [[tolerantia]]e
*Aetas seu [[senectus]] 
*[[Divitiae]] ([[inaequitas reditus]])
*[[Classis]]
*[[Civilitas]]
*[[Color]]
*[[Ethnos]]
*[[Gens]] ([[rassismus]] et ''[[apartheid]]'')
*[[Identitas generis]] vel [[transsexualitas]] ([[transphobia]])
*[[Invaliditas]] ([[potestatismus]])
*[[Lingua]]
*Opinio [[politica|factionum]] seu cetera
*[[Minoritas]]
*[[Natio]] vel origo socialis vel [[migratio]] ([[xenophobia]])
*Nativitas seu ceterus status vel [[minoritas]] socialis esse
*[[Propensio sexualis]] [[homophylophilia|homophylophiliae]] ([[homophobia]])
*Qualitas [[educatio]]nis
*[[Religio]] ([[islamophobia]])
*[[Sexus]] ([[sexismus]])
*[[Species (taxinomia)|Species]] ([[specismus]])
{{div col end}}

{{NexInt}}
{{div col|2}}
*[[Aequalitas ante legem]]
*[[Correctio politica]]
*[[Diamesolabeta]]
*[[Exclusio socialis]]
*[[Internationalis iurum humanorum lex]]
*[[Iura humana]]
*[[Praeiudicium]]
*[[Scelus odio commissum]]
*[[Stereotypia]]
*[[Violentia structuralis]]
{{div col end}}

==Forma discriminationis==
=== Religio ===
==Forma discriminationis==
=== Religio ===
Discriminatio [[Religiosus|religiosa]] fit cum quis alios tractat secundum id quod credunt, et incipit eos despicere quasi cognitione indigni sint. Exempli causa: [[Iudaei]] in [[Germania]] atque multi alii [[Iudaei]] per [[Europa|Europam]] sub [[Adolfus Hitler|Adolfo Hitler]] in [[Germania]] [[Saeculum 20|saeculo XX]] p.Chr.n. inter annos [[1933]] et [[1945]] persecutionem passi sunt. Coacti sunt in insulis vivere et stellam [[David|Davidis]] gestare ut agnoscerentur. Praeterea, ad castra concentrationis missi sunt, ubi in [[Germania]] et [[Polonia]] crudeliter necati et excruciati sunt, propterea quod fidem [[Iudaei|Iudaicam]] profitebantur, cum [[Religio Christiana|Christianitas]] [[Religio Iudaica|Iudaismo]] superior haberetur.

[[Cohibitio|Cohibitiones]] in generibus professionum quas [[Iudaei]] exercere poterant a dicione [[Christianus|Christiana]] impositae sunt. Diciones locales et [[Ecclesia|ecclesiae]] ministri multas professiones [[Iudaeis]] claudunt, in marginem socialem eos prementes. Permittuntur tantum [[tributum|tributa]] et [[vectigal|vectigalia]] colligere et pecuniam fenerari, [[Occupatio|occupationes]] quae solum ut ''malum necessarium'' tolerantur.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20050721005923/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/07/0718_050718_ashkenazim.html&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Cohibitio]] in [[Genus|genere]] professionis quam [[Iudaei|Habraei]] [[Homo sapiens|homines]] habere potuerunt ab dicione [[Christianus|Christiana]] impositi sunt. Diciones locales et [[Ecclesia|ecclesiae]] ministri multos professiones [[Iudaei|Habraeis]] clodint, in cavitatem marginalem socialiter eos premens tamquam ut superum consideratur, sicut [[tributum]] et [[redditum]] colligendis et faenerandis, [[Occupatio|occupationes]] quae tantum tolerabantur ut ''malum necessarium''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108492.htm&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Numerus [[Iudaei|Iudaeorum]], qui diversis in locis habitare permissi sunt, valde limitati erat; sunt contracti in [[insula]] et interdictum eis [[Terra|terram]] habere. In [[Arabia Saudita|Arabia Saudiana]], [[Musulmanus|non-Musulmanus]] non publice suas [[Religio|religiones]] exercitare licet [[Mecca|Meccamque]] [[Medina|Medinamque]] intrare non possunt. Praeterea, coetus [[religiosus]] privatus non-Musulmanus a [[Vigilius|vigilibus]] religiosis circumveniri forsitan possint.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ceterum multae patriae in [https://www.google.com/search?gs_ssp=eJzj4tDP1TcwKS-uMmD04s7NTEnJSVVITSwuAQBTFgdo&amp;q=middle+east&amp;oq=middle+e&amp;aqs=chrome.2.69i57j69i60j46i273i433j0i273l4j0i67.2536j0j7&amp;client=ms-android-asus-tpin&amp;sourceid=chrome-mobile&amp;ie=UTF-8 Medio Oriente] [[Lex|legem]] habet quae alicui [[Vita|vitam]] immineret si [[Religio|religionem]] relinquere auderent, id est [[Religio Islamica|Islam]]. Unde cum aliquis superbe se profiteretur non esse [[Musulmanus|musulmanos]] amplius, [[capitale]] [[Supplicium capitis novem generibus cognationis|supplicium]] est &lt;span lang=&quot;La&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;mortificandi sunt&lt;/span&gt;. Et cum hoc, ergo multi [[Religiosus|religiosi]] a [[Musulmanus|Musulmanis]] et qui [[Religiosus|religiosi]] non sunt, tot antecesserunt discrimen ut eos magna [[tristitia]] perducant.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_discrimination#cite_note-23&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;http://www.armradio.am/en/2015/03/21/kessab-armenians-in-diaspora-remember-their-quaint-town-in-syria/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;http://www.smodelt.org/marocco-30-mesi-prigone-essersi-convertito-al-cristianesimo/?lang=en&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20190514005846/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/11324061/Syria-video-dispatch-Kessab-churches-burned-and-graves-destroyed.html

&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/11324061/Syria-video-dispatch-Kessab-churches-burned-and-graves-destroyed.html&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Actio discriminationis in Medio Oriente una maxima actio discriminationis in [[historia]] [[Homo sapiens|humana]] est et usque in hodiernum [[Dies|diem]] [[lex]] adhuc nondum mutatur.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.iirf.eu/news/archiv/algeria-christian-charged-with-proselytism-risks-5-years-in-prison&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.worldwatchmonitor.org/2018/07/algerian-christian-happy-to-be-free-at-last-after-jail-sentence-and-fine-for-carrying-bible/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://raseef22.net/article/1069506-thinking-converting-another-religion-egypt-think&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.wsj.com/articles/anti-christian-violence-surges-in-egypt-prompting-an-exodus-11556290800&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.mei.edu/publications/egyptian-copts-under-attack-frailty-national-unity-discourse&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://timep.org/commentary/analysis/the-reality-of-church-construction-in-egypt&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iraq/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Regio ===
Discriminatio regionalis vel [[Geographia|geographica]] forma discriminationis est quae in [[Regio|regione]] fundatur in qua [[Homo sapiens|homo]] natus est. A discriminatione [[Nationalismus|nationali]] differt, cum haec intra fines nationales vel in civitate quam [[hostia]] incolit fundetur. Contra regionem specificam unius vel plurium civitatum in praeiudicio fundatum est. Verbi gratia: discriminatio contra [[Sinensis|Sinenses]] qui in regionibus procul ab [[Urbs|urbibus]] [[Sinae|Sinarum]] nati sunt. Discriminatio quoque contra [[Americanus (discretiva)|Americanos]] qui e regionibus meridionalibus vel septentrionalibus [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatum Foederatarum]] sunt, saepe discriminatione [[Accentus|accentus]], [[Dialectos|dialecti]], vel differentiarum [[Cultura|culturalium]] causa comitatur.&lt;ref&gt;https://definitions.uslegal.com/a/accent-discrimination/&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Lingua ===
[[Lingua|Linguarum]] diversitas in multis [[Natio|nationibus]] honoratur et custoditur quae diversitatem [[Cultura|culturalem]] aestimant. Homines qui linguam praevalentem non loquuntur interdum inique tractantur, cum lingua favorabilis specifico numero [[Homo sapiens|hominum]], generi, vel categoriae tribuatur. Exempli causa: sensus Anti-Gallicus in [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatibus Foederatis Americae]] atque sensus Anti-Quebecensis, quo quis propter usum linguae Gallicae vexatur. Pluribus in casibus, una [[lingua]] favorabilis alia proprietas vel nota eorum [[Cultura|culturae]] est. Discriminatio fit cum quis vel multi [[Homo sapiens|homines]] [[iniustitia|iniuste]] tractantur eo quod certam [[Lingua|linguam]] loquuntur vel non loquuntur. Aliud exemplum: cum milibus Wayúu, indigenarum Colombianorum, auctoritates in expeditione nomina derisoria et dies natales fictos imposuerunt. [[Problema]] per multos annos non solutum est.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/oct/03/colombian-wayuu-people-given-mocking-names via: www.theguardian.com&lt;/ref&gt;

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Categoria:Aggressio]]
[[Categoria:Discriminatio]]
[[Categoria:Iura humana]]
{{Myrias|Societas}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Charmander</title>
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      <text bytes="1449" sha1="p6ipm1g1hpx2bk0rxj7am1cejdpwllf" xml:space="preserve">{{Latinitas|-2}}
'''Charmander''' ([[Iaponice]] ヒトカゲ (ポケモン) ''Hitokage'' ) est species [[Index Pokémon|Pokémon]] quam societas [[Game Freak]] et [[Nintendo]] in serie ''[[Pokémon]]'' creavit. Numero quarto in ordine notatur atque ad primam seriem ''[[Pokémon]]'' pertinet, indole ignea praeditus. Primus est gradus ante potiores [[Charmeleon]] et [[Charizard]], in quos evolvitur.

==Forma==
Charmander formam [[lacerta|lacertae]] similem gerit: quamquam enim [[Reptilia|reptile]] [[bipes (genus)|bipes]] videtur, lacertam vel [[Salamandra (genus)|salamandram]] potius refert. Nomen quoque [[Lingua Anglica|Anglicum]] ''Charmander'' (ex vocibus ''char'' et ''salamander'' compositum) 'salamandram adustam' significat.

==Charmander impetus==
* Scratch ('Scalpere')
* Growl ('Rugire')
* Ember ('Favilla')
* Smokescreen ('Cortina fumi')
* Rage ('Furor')
* Flamethrower ('Flammifer')
* Slash ('Secare')
* Dragon Rage ('Furor Draconis')
* Fire Spin ('Vortex Igneus')

{{NexInt}}
* [[Nintendo]]
* [[Pikachu]]
* [[Pokémon]]

==Nexus externi==
* [http://bulbapedia.bulbagarden.net/wiki/Charmander_%28Pok%C3%A9mon%29 Bulbapedia,] apud bulbapedia.bulbgarden.net {{Ling|Anglice}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161008202614/http://www.imdb.com/character/ch0041362/ De Charmander in Indice Interretiali Pellicularum,] apud www.imdb.com {{Ling|Anglice}}

[[Categoria:Animalia ficticia]]
[[Categoria:Pokémon]]
[[Categoria:Series animata]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Commercium pellis</title>
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      <text bytes="11713" sha1="oich0op2jdq0smrpajh6nruhxynpki4" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Alberta 1890s fur trader.jpg|thumb|Homo commercii pellis in [[Alberta]] [[decennium 200|annis 1890]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Nizhny Novgorod fur Skins.jpg|thumb|Commercium pellis in Nizhny Novgorod ante [[1906]]]]

'''Commercium pellis''' est [[industria]] quae per omnem [[tellus|orbem terrarum]] [[pellis|pelles]] [[animal]]ium adeptas venditasque continet.

{{NexInt}}
{{div col|2}}
* [[Bella Castorum]]
* [[Commercium pellis maritimum]]
* ''[[Enhydra lutris]]'' 
* [[Haroldus Innis et commercium pellis]]
* [[Historia Siberiae]]
* [[Hudson's Bay Societas]]
* [[Inretio animalium]]
* [[Manuel Lisa]]
* ''[[Neovison macrodon]]''
* [[North West Societas]]
* [[Petrus Gaultier de Varennes, dominus Vérendrye]] &lt;!--Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de La Vérendrye--&gt;
* [[Renatus Augustus Chouteau]]&lt;!--René Auguste Chouteau--&gt;
* [[Rocky Mountain Fur Company]]
* [[Scientia et technologia in Canada]]
* [[Viri montani]]
* [[Fridericus Jackson Turner]]&lt;!--
* [[The Coalition to Abolish the Fur Trade|Coalition to Abolish the Fur Trade]]
* [[Coureurs de bois]] and voyageurs
* [[Fur brigade]]
* [[List of fur trading post and forts in North America]]
* [[Russian-American Societas]]--&gt;
{{div col end}}

== Bibliographia ==
=== Generalia ===
* Chittenden, Hiram Martin. [[1902]]. ''The American Fur Trade of the Far West: A History of the Pioneer Trading Posts and Early Fur Companies of the Missouri Valley and the Rocky Mountains and the Overland Commerce with Santa Fe.'' 2 vols. [http://books.google.com/books?id=pf8tAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA83&amp;dq=intitle:The+intitle:American+intitle:Fur+intitle:Trade+intitle:of+intitle:the+intitle:Far&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=fbk7TP_GHI6GnQfo1rm3Aw&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=1&amp;ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA full text online]
* Dolin, Eric Jay. [[2010]]. ''Fur, Fortune, and Empire: The Epic History of the Fur Trade in America.'' Novi Eboraci: W. W. Norton &amp; Company.
* Phillips, Paul, et J. W. Smurr. [[1961]]. ''The Fur Trade.'' 2 voll. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press.

=== Biographiae ===
* Berry, Don.  [[1961]].''A Majority of Scoundrels: An Informal History of the Rocky Mountain Fur Company.'' Novi Eboraci: Harper.
* [[LeRoy R. Hafen|Hafen, LeRoy]], ed. [[1965]]–[[1972]]. ''The Mountain Men and the Fur Trade of the Far West.'' 10 vols. Glendale Californiae: A. H. Clark Company.
* Lavender, David. [[1954]]. ''Bent’s Fort.'' Garden City Novi Eboraci: Doubleday.
* Lavender, David. [[1964]]. ''The Fist in the Wilderness.'' Garden City Novi Eboraci: Doubleday.
* Oglesby, Richard. [[1963]]. ''Manuel Lisa and the Opening of the Missouri Fur Trade.'' Normanniae Oclahomae: University of Oklahoma Press.
* Utley, Robert. [[1997]]. ''A Life Wild and Perilous: Mountain Men and the Paths to the Pacific.'' ovi Eboraci: Henry Holt and Company.

=== Investigationes oeconomicae ===
* Cronon, William. ''Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England.'' New York: Hill and Wang, 1983.
* Gibson, James R. ''Otter Skins, Boston Ships, and China Goods: The Maritime Fur Trade of the Northwest Coast, 1785-1841.'' Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1992.
* Innis, Harold. ''The Fur Trade in Canada.'' Toronto: Toronto University Press, 1962.
* Ray, Arthur J., and Donald B. Freeman. ''&quot;Give Us Good Measure&quot;: An Economic Analysis of Relations between the Indians and the Hudson's Bay Company Before 1763.'' Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1978.
* Ray, Arthur J. ''Indians in the Fur Trade: Their Role as Trappers, Hunters, and Middlemen in the Lands Southwest of Hudson Bay, 1660-1870.'' Toronto; Buffalo; London: University of Toronto Press, 1974.
* Rotstein, Abraham. “Karl Polanyi’s Concept of Non-Market Trade.” ''The Journal of Economic History'' 30:1 (Mar., 1970): 117-126.
* Rich, E.E. ''The Fur Trade and the Northwest to 1857.'' Toronto: McClelland and Stewart Limited, 1967.
* Rich, E.E. “Trade Habits and Economic Motivation Among the Indians of North America.” ''The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science'' 26:1 (Feb., 1960): 35-53.
* White, Richard. ''The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650-1815.'' Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
* White, Richard. ''The Roots of Dependency: Subsistence, Environment, and Social Change Among the Choctaws, Pawnees, and Navajos.'' Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 1983.

=== Historiae sociales: Indigenae Americae ===
* Brown, Jennifer S.H. and Elizabeth Vibert, eds. ''Reading Beyond Words: Contexts for Native History.'' Peterborough, Ontario; Orchard Park, N.Y.: Broadview Press, 1996.
* Francis, Daniel and Toby Morantz. ''Partners in Furs: A History of the Fur Trade in Eastern James Bay, 1600-1870.'' Kingston; Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1983.
* Holm, Bill and Thomas Vaughan, eds. ''Soft Gold: The Fur Trade &amp; Cultural Exchange on the Northwest Coast of America.'' Portland, Oregon: Oregon Historical Society Press, 1990.
* Krech, Shepard III. ''The Ecological Indian: Myth and History.'' New York; London: W.W. Norton &amp; Company, 1999.
* Krech, Shepard III, ed. ''Indians, Animals, and the Fur Trade: A Critique of Keepers of the Game.'' Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1981.
* Martin, Calvin. ''Keepers of the Game: Indian-Animal Relationships and the Fur Trade''. Berkeley; Los Angeles; London: University of California Press, 1978.
* Martin, Calvin. “The Four Lives of a Micmac Copper Pot.” ''Ethnohistory'' 22:2 (Spring, 1975): 111-133.
* Malloy, Mary. ''Souvenirs of the Fur Trade: Northwest Coast Indian Art and Artifacts Collected by American Mariners, 1788-1844''. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Peabody Museum Press, 2000.
* Vibert, Elizabeth. ''Trader’s Tales: Narratives of Cultural Encounters in the Columbia Plateau, 1807-1846''. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997.

=== Historiae sociales: Mulieres, Métis, Viatores ===
* Brown, Jennifer S.H. ''Strangers in Blood: Fur Trade Company Families in Indian Country.'' Vancouver; London: University of British Columbia Press, 1980.
* Brown, Jennifer S.H. and Jacqueline Peterson, eds. ''The New Peoples: Being and Becoming Métis in North America.'' Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press, 1985.
* Giraud, Marcel. ''The Métis in the Canadian West.'' Translated by George Woodcock. Edmonton, Canada: University of Alberta Press, 1986.
* Nicks, John. “Orkneymen in the HBC, 1780-1821.” In ''Old Trails and New Directions: Papers of the Third North American Fur Trade Conference''. Edited by Carol M. Judd and Arthur J. Ray, 102-26. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1980.
* Podruchny, Carolyn. ''Making the Voyageur World: Travelers and Traders in the North American Fur Trade.'' Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2006.
* Podruchny, Carolyn. “Werewolves and Windigos: Narratives of Cannibal Monsters in French-Canadian Voyageur Oral Tradition.” ''Ethnohistory'' 51:4 (2004): 677-700.
* Sleeper-Smith, Susan. ''Indian Women and French Men: Rethinking Cultural Encounter in the Western Great Lakes.'' Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2001.
* Van Kirk, Sylvia. ''Many Tender Ties: Women in Fur-Trade Society, 1670-1870.'' Winnipeg: Watson &amp; Dwywer, 1999.

=== Historiae regionum ===
* Allen, John L. “The Invention of the American West.” In ''A Continent Comprehended'', edited by John L. Allen. Vol. 3 of ''North American Exploration'', edited by John L. Allen, 132-189. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1997.
* Braund, Kathryn E. Holland. ''Deerskins and Duffels: The Creek Indian Trade with Anglo-America, 1685-1815''. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 2008.
* Faragher, John Mack. “Americans, Mexicans, Métis: A Community Approach to the Comparative Study of North American Frontiers.” In ''Under an Open Sky: Rethinking America’s Western Past'', edited by William Cronon, George Miles, and Jay Gitlin, 90-109. New York; London: W.W. Norton &amp; Company, 1992.
* Gibson, James R. ''Otter Skins, Boston Ships, and China Goods: The Maritime Fur Trade of the Northwest Coast, 1785-1841.'' Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1992.
* Gibson, Morgan Arrell. ''Yankees in Paradise: The Pacific Basin Frontier.'' Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1993.
* Malloy, Mary. ''“Boston Men” on the Northwest Coast: The American Maritime Fur Trade 1788-1844''. Kingston, Ontario; Fairbanks, Alaska: The Limestone Press, 1998.
* Ronda, James P. ''Astoria &amp; Empire.'' Lincoln, Nebraska; London: University of Nebraska Press, 1990.
* Weber, David. ''The Taos Trappers: The Fur Trade in the Far Southwest, 1540-1846.'' Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1971.
* Wishart, David J. ''The Fur Trade of the American West, 1807-1840: A Geographical Synthesis.'' Lincoln, Nebraska; London: University of Nebraska Press, 1979..

=== Litterae North American Fur Trade Conferences ===
* Morgan, Dale Lowell, ed. ''Aspects of the Fur Trade: Selected Papers of the 1965 North American Fur Trade Conference.'' St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society, 1967.
* Bolus, Malvina. ''People and Pelts: Selected Papers.'' Winnipeg: Peguis Publishers, 1972.
* Judd, Carol M. and Arthur J. Ray, eds. ''Old Trails and New Directions: Papers of the Third North American Fur Trade Conference.'' Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1980.
* Buckley, Thomas C., ed. ''Rendezvous: Selected Papers of the Fourth North American Fur Trade Conference, 1981.'' St. Paul, Minnesota: The Conference, 1984.
* Trigger, Bruce G., Morantz, Toby Elaine, and Louise Dechêne. ''Le Castor Fait Tout: Selected Papers of the Fifth North American Fur Trade Conference, 1985.'' Montreal: The Society, 1987.
* Brown, Jennifer S. H., Eccles, W. J., and Donald P. Heldman. ''The Fur Trade Revisited: Selected Papers of the Sixth North American Fur Trade Conference, Mackinac Island, Michigan, 1991.'' East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1994.
* Fiske, Jo-Anne, Sleeper-Smith, Susan, and William Wicken, eds. ''New Faces of the Fur Trade: Selected Papers of the Seventh North American Fur Trade Conference, Halifax, Nova Scotia, 1995''. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1998.
* Johnston, Louise, ed. ''Aboriginal People and the Fur Trade: Proceedings of the 8th North American Fur Trade Conference, Akwesasne''. Cornwall, Ontario: Akwesasne Notes Pub., 2001.

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/exhibitions/hist/canoe/can00eng.shtml The Canadian Museum of Civilization - Great Fur Trade Canoes]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060716210108/http://www.whiteoak.org/learning/timeline.htm A Brief History of the Fur Trade]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071228201309/http://www.sojuzpushnina.ru/en/s/55/ History of the Fur Trade in Russia]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040252/http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/topics/shorthistory/furtrade.asp History of the Fur Trade in Wisconsin]
* [http://www.furtrade.org Museum of the Fur Trade, Chadron, Nebraska USA]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130308055848/http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/carlos.lewis.furtrade The Economic History of the Fur Trade: 1670 to 1870] (EH.Net Encyclopedia of Economic History)
* [http://www.canadiana.org/hbc/ Exploration, the Fur Trade and Hudson's Bay Company]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101121020253/http://www.nps.gov/archive/crmo/hcs3a.htm Fur trade in the Snake River Valley, Idaho]
* [http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/mb_history/32/furtraderevisited.shtml ''The Fur Trade Revisited.''] Manitoba Historical Society.

{{CommuniaCat|Fur trade|Commercium pellis}}
{{CommuniaCat|Fur traders|Homines commercii pellis}}

[[Categoria:Commercium pellis|*]]
[[Categoria:Historia Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Historia Canadae]]</text>
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    <title>Exstinctio</title>
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      <text bytes="6467" sha1="kuugk2s8j9b7b6szranfpevxpdt570k" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:ExtinctDodoBird.jpeg|thumb|''[[Raphus cucullatus]]'' (vulgo ''dodo''), hac in pictura a [[Ioannes Savery|Ioanne Savery]] anno [[1651]] facta, est exemplum [[Exstinctio Holocaena|exstinctionis holocaenae]] saepe citatum.&lt;ref name=&quot;Diamond&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last = Diamond | first = Jared | authorlink = Jared Diamond | title = Guns, Germs, and Steel | url = https://archive.org/details/gunsgermssteel00diam | publisher = W. W. Norton|year = 1999| isbn = 0393317552 | pages=43–44 |chapter=Up to the Starting Line }}.&lt;/ref&gt;]]

'''Exstinctio''' in [[biologia]] et [[oecologia]] est finis [[organismus|organismi]] vel gregis organismorum ([[taxon|taxi]]), usitate [[species (taxinomia)|speciei]]. Temporis momentum exstinctionis usitate habetur [[mors]] ultimi gregis singuli (sed [[Exstinctio functionalis|facultas gignendi et recuperandi]] ante hunc punctum fortasse amissa sit). Quia [[area geographica]] speciei potest amplissima, decernere hunc punctum est difficile, et usitate retro fit. Haec difficultas ad rem sicut [[Lazarenus effectus|taxon Lazarenum]] ducit, cum species post tempus absentiae simulatae exstincta sumpta abrupte rediret, saepe in [[fossile|historia fossilium]]&lt;!--fossil record--&gt;.
[[Fasciculus:LepidodendronOhio.jpg|thumb|left|Extera ''[[Lepidodendron|Lepidodendri]]'' exstincti forma, ex [[Aevum Carboniferum|Aevo Carbonifero]] [[Carboniferum superius|superiore]] [[Ohium|Ohii]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Lepidodendron&quot;&gt;Paul Davis et Paul Kenrick, ''Fossil Plants'' (Vashingtoniae: Smithsonian Books, 2004); Robin Morran, ''A Natural History of Ferns'' (Timber Press, 2004). ISBN 0-88192-667-1.&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[Fasciculus:Bufo periglenes2.jpg|thumb|''[[Bufo periglenes]]'' novissime visa est die [[15 Maii]] [[1989]].&lt;!--[[Decline in amphibian populations]] is ongoing worldwide.--&gt;]]
[[Fasciculus:Extinction Intensity.svg|thumb|350px|Simulata [[genus (taxinomia)|generum]] exstinctorum fientium{{dubsig}} fractio ullo tempore dato, ex [[historia fossilium]] reconstructa.]]
[[Fasciculus:Dilophosaurus.jpg|thumb|''[[Dilophosaurus]],'' unum ex multis generibus dinosauriorum exstinctorum. Causa [[Eventus exstinctionis Cretaceae–Tertiariae]] est res de qua investigatores multo inter se disputant.]]
[[Fasciculus:Smallpox virus virions TEM PHIL 1849.JPG|thumb|[[Virus]] ''[[Variola]]e'' ab [[homo|hominibus]] exstirpatum est.]]

In [[evolutio]]ne, novae [[species (taxinomia)|species]] per rationem [[speciatio]]nis oriuntur—cum novae varietates organismorum genitorum vigent, quia possunt [[locus oecologicus|locum oecologicum]] ([[Anglice]]: ''ecological niche'') invenire eoque uti—et species exstinctae fiunt cum eae non iam superesse possunt per condiciones commutantis vel contra adversarios superantis. Species communis fit exstincta intra 10 milliones{{dubsig}} [[annus|annorum]] nata,&lt;ref name=&quot;Newman&quot;&gt;Newman, Mark. &quot;[http://www.lassp.cornell.edu/newmme/science/extinction.html A Mathematical Model for Mass Extinction]&quot;. Cornell University. 20 Maii 1994. Nexus die 30 Iulii 2006 confirmatus.&lt;/ref&gt; quamquam nonnullae species, [[fossile vivum|fossilia viva]] appellatae, nonnullas centenas [[millio]]nes annorum paene immutatae supersunt. Plurimae exstinctiones [[natura]]liter fiunt, sine interventu [[homo|humano]]: aestimantur 99.9 centesimae omnium specierum quae umquam exsistiterint nunc exstinctae sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;Newman&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Raup&quot;&gt;David M. Raup, ''Extinction: Bad Genes or Bad Luck?'' (Novi Eboraci: W. W. Norton and Company, 1991), pp. 3–6; ISBN 978-0-393-30927-0.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fasciculus:Ectopistes migratoriusMCN2P28CA.jpg|thumb|upright|''[[Ectopistes migratorius]],'' una ex multis centenis [[Index avium exstinctarum|avium exstinctarum]] notarum, per pauca decennia ad exstinctionem [[venatio|venabatur]].]]

[[Exstinctio maior|Exstinctiones massae]] sunt eventus rari; singulae autem exstinctiones sunt communissimae. Solum nuperrime sciuntur exstinctiones [[Scientia (ratio)|scientiaeque]] periti ob celeritatem novarum exstinctionum conturbantur.&lt;ref name=&quot;MSNBC&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20121108021444/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6502368/ Species disappearing at an alarming rate, report says]. [[MSNBC]]. Nexus die 26 Iulii 2006 confirmatus.&lt;/ref&gt; Plurimae species nunc exstinctae numquam ratione descriptae sunt. Aliqui scientiae periti aestimant usque ad dimidium specierum nunc vivarum fieri exstinctum ante annum [[2100]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilson&quot;&gt;[[E. O. Wilson]], ''The Future of Life'' (2002) (ISBN 0-679-76811-4). Vide etiam [[Ricardus Leakey]], ''The Sixth Extinction: Patterns of Life and the Future of Humankind,'' ISBN 0-385-46809-1.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!--PLUS IN EN:--&gt;

{{NexInt}}
{{div col|2}}
* [[Arma nuclearia]]
* [[Dinosauria]]
* [[Erosio genetica]]{{dubsig}}&lt;!--Genetic erosion--&gt;
* [[Exstinctio humana]]
* [[Exstinctio linguarum]]
* [[Exstinctio maior]]{{dubsig}}&lt;!--mass extinction--&gt;
* [[Fragmentatio habitationis]]
* [[Genocidium]]
* [[Hyperalieusis]]
* [[Index animalium exstinctorum]]
* [[Index plantarum exstinctarum]]
* [[Motus voluntariae exstinctionis generis humani]]
* [[Nidus oecologicus]]
* [[Oecologicum apium momentum]]
* [[Palaeontologia]]
*''[[Pinguinus impennis]]''
* [[Pollutio genetica]]
* [[Refugium (biologia populationum)]]
* [[Ruber IUCN Index]]
* [[Ruber IUCN Index specierum exstinctarum]]
* [[Speciatio]]
* [[Species in discrimen adducta]]
* [[Stagnum genorum]]&lt;!--gene pool--&gt;
* [[Status conservationis]]
* [[Tabula Indicis Rubri]]&lt;!--
*[[Ultimus]] (Anglice: endling)
*[[Living Planet Index]]
*[[Overexploitation]]
*[[Timeline of extinctions]]
*[[Voluntary Human Extinction Movement]]--&gt;
{{div col end}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{wiktionary|extinction|exstinctionem}}
{{CommuniaCat|Extinction|exstinctionem}}
{{wikiquote|Extinction|exstinctionem}}
* [http://creo.amnh.org/ Consilium Recens Exstinctorum Organismorum (CREO)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120717000152/http://extinctanimals.petermaas.nl/ Animalia Recens Exstincta]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20200206080306/http://contentdm.lindahall.org/u?%2FNatural_His%2C2106 H. E. Strickland, ''The Dodo and its Kindred'' (Londinii: 1848)], investigatio trium specierum avium; [[facsimile]] [[electronica digitalis|digitale]], Bibliotheca Linda Hall
* [http://strata.geology.wisc.edu/jack Sepkoski's Global Genus Database of Marine Animals]&lt;!-- Calculate past mass extinction rates for yourself--&gt;

{{Status conservationis}}

{{Myrias|Biologia}}

[[Categoria:Evolutio]]
[[Categoria:Exstinctio|*]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Castrum Montonis</title>
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      <text bytes="2133" sha1="i4bb45err5ndfuk887v0p4sorv5vpae" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:1008Montone.JPG|thumb|Castrum Montonis]]
'''Castrum Montonis'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.it/books?id=4vYsI-BynkAC&amp;pg=PA105&amp;lpg=PA105&amp;dq=%22Castrum+Montonis%22+Montone&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=jblCuX9jyW&amp;sig=8w-oQ9VgUv33NEmwqDK89VB3xts&amp;hl=it&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=mXthU8fHGYiPtAbczYAo&amp;ved=0CEMQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&amp;q=%22Castrum%20Montonis%22%20Montone&amp;f=false The Life of Lorenzo de Medici - Di Wiliam ROSCOE]&lt;/ref&gt; (alia nomina: ''Montonis''&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.it/books?id=4vYsI-BynkAC&amp;pg=PA105&amp;lpg=PA105&amp;dq=%22Castrum+Montonis%22+Montone&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=jblCuX9jyW&amp;sig=8w-oQ9VgUv33NEmwqDK89VB3xts&amp;hl=it&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=mXthU8fHGYiPtAbczYAo&amp;ved=0CEMQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&amp;q=%22Castrum%20Montonis%22%20Montone&amp;f=false The Life of Lorenzo de Medici - Di Wiliam ROSCOE]&lt;/ref&gt;, ''Castrum Arietanum'') ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Montone (Italia)|Montone]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], circiter 1&amp;thinsp;700 incolarum, in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Umbria]] ac in [[Provincia Italiae|Provincia]] [[Provincia Perusina|Perusina]] situm. Incolae ''Montonenes '' seu ''Arietani'' appellantur.

== Insigne ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Fractiones, vici et loci in municipio ==
== Municipia finitima ==
* [[Forum Julii Concupiensium]] ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Pietralunga|Pietralunga]]''),
* [[Fracta Filiorum Huberti]] ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Umbertide|Umbertide]]''),
* [[Tifernum Tiberinum]] ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Città di Castello|Città di Castello]]'').

{{NexInt}}
* [[Umbria]] (''regio''),
* [[Provincia Perusina]],
* [[Perusia]] (''urbs''),
* [[Municipium Italiae]].

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160822210932/http://www.comunemontone.it/ Situs publicus]
{{CommuniaCat|Montone|Castrum Montonis}}

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:Map of comune of Montone (province of Perugia, region Umbria, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium Municipii in Provincia Perusina.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Municipia in provincia Perusiae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Circulus Dupont</title>
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      <text bytes="26950" sha1="qrrmg1k17u0777l006qyqvp7ptbcebr" xml:space="preserve">'''Circulus Dupont''' vel '''Circulus Dupontianus''' est [[orbis commeatus|orbis commeatús]] (''traffic circle''), [[hortus|horti]], [[Index viciniarum Districtus Columbiae vico digestarum|vicinia]], et [[Districtus historicus (CFA)|districtus historicus]] in [[Septentrio-Occidens Vasingtoniae|Septentrio-Occidenti]] [[Vasingtonia]]e [[Districtus Columbiae]] quadrante situs. Orbis commeatús ad decussationem xystorum [[Massachusetta Xystus (Vasingtonia)|Massachusettae]], [[Connecticuta Xystus (Vasingtonia)|Connecticutae]], et [[Nova Hantonia Xystus|Novae Hantoniae]], et viarum P et 19ae, omnibus in septentrio-occidentali [[urbs|urbis]] quadrante sitis. Definitur vicinia Circuli Dupontiani ad orientem a Viá 15á, ad occidentem a Viá 22á, ad meridiem a [[Via M (Vasingtonia)|Viá M]], et ad septentriones a [[Florida Xystus (Vasingtonia)|Xysto Floridá]]. Fines duarum administrationum loci, [[Advisory Neighborhood Commission]] (ANC 2B) et Historicus Circuli Dupontiani Districtus, inter se aliquantulum discrepant.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://frink.machighway.com/~dupontci/about/map/ |title=Dupont Circle ANC2B: Maps |accessdate=2010-10-20 | publisher=Dupont Circle ANC2B }} {{Dead link|date=November 2010|bot=H3llBot}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
==Historia==
[[Fasciculus:Blaine Mansion - Washington, D.C..jpg|thumb|upright|left|250px|Domicilium [[Senator Civitatum Foederatarum|Senatoris]] [[Iacobus G. Blaine|Iacobi G. Blaine]] anno [[1900]]. Domus est una ex primis aedibus grandibus circum Dupont Circulum aedificatis, et nunc est una ex duabus iam exstantibus.]]
Circulus Dupontianus &quot;Veterem Urbem&quot; [[Vasingtonia (D.C.)|Vasingtoniae]] decorat, in regione a [[Petrus Carolus L'Enfant|Petro Carolo L'Enfant]] ipso designatá, sed vicinia plerumque non evoluta{{dubsig}} (''undeveloped'') ad annos post [[Bellum Civile Americanum]] manebat, cum novi habitatores in [[urbs|urbem]] tandem migrare vellent. Locus qui nunc est Circulus Dupontianus proprius olim fuit fabricae [[later]]um lanienaeque situs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Ramsdell |first=Henry J. |coauthors=Benjamin Perley Poore |title=Life and Public Services of Hon. James G. Blaine |publisher=Hubbard Brothers |year=1884 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=9RY8IEHfLZQC |pages=173}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Lanius |first=Judith H. |coauthors=Sharon C. Park |title=Martha Wadsworth's Mansion: The Gilded Age Comes to Dupont Circle |journal=Washington History |pages=24–45}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aderat rivulus Slash Run, qui a Viá 16á prope [[Adams Morgan]] viciniam, per [[Kalorama (Vasingtonia)|Kaloramam]], et uno quadrato (''block'') orbis propinquus, sed rivulus in cloacá nunc inclusus est.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Evelyn |first=Douglast E. |coauthors=Paul Dickson, Evelyn Douglas, S J Ackerman |title=On This Spot: Pinpointing the Past in Washington, D.C. |publisher=Capital Books |year=2008 |pages=202}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Decennium 188|Decennio 188]], conlegium factorum publicorum (''board of public works''), capite [[Alexander Robey Shepherd|Alexandro &quot;Boss&quot; Shepherd]], regionem meliorem fecit et in elegantem habitatorum viciniam commutavit.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070710161723/http://www.exploredc.org/index.php?id=71 |archivedate=2007-07-10 |url=http://www.exploredc.org/index.php?id=71 |title=Local History: Neighborhoods, Dupont Circle |accessdate=2008-06-23 |year=2001 |work=ExploreDC.org |publisher=WETA Public Broadcasting}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
 
Anno [[1871]], [[Army Corps of Engineers]]{{dubsig}} constructionem orbis commeatús coepit, tum Pacifici Circuli, secundum descriptionem a L'Enfant factam appellati. [[Congressus Civitatum Foederatarum|Congressus]] orbem die [[25 Februarii]] [[1882]] rite nominavit ''Dupont Circle,'' et signum statui iussit memoriae [[Samuel Franciscus Du Pont|Samuelis Francisci Du Pont]] dicatum, ob eius ministerium ut{{dubsig}} [[praefectus classis (CFA)|praefectus classis]] inferior{{dubsig}} (''rear admiral'') per Bellum Civile. Signum, a [[Launt Thompson]] scalptum, anno [[1884]] institutum est, et circulus [[flos|floribus]] peregrinis [[arbor]]ibusque ornamentalibus exornatus est. Anno autem [[1921]], [[fons]] [[marmor]]is [[albus|albi]] et ordinum duorum in loco signi substitutus est, et signum ad Hortos Rockford [[Vilmingtonia]]e [[Delavaria]]e remotum est.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.washingtonhistory.com/ScenesPast/images/SP_0304.pdf |title=Scenes from the Past |work=The InTowner |date=March 2004 |pages=12}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Daniel Chester French]] [[artifex]] et [[Henricus Bacon]] [[architectus]], qui [[Monumentum Lincolnense]] uná creaverant, [[fons|fontem]] descripserunt, vehementius dicentem tres figuras classicas sculptas, quae in trunco fontis [[mare]], [[stella]]s, [[ventus|ventum]] exprimunt.
[[Fasciculus:Dupont Circle 1900.png|thumb|left|Homines Circulo Dupontiano anno [[1900]] fruuntur.]]
 
Decenniis [[decennium 188|188]] et [[decennium 189|189]], aedes aedificabantur secundum Xystum Massachusettam, unum ex grandibus Vasingtoniae xystis, et multae domus urbani (''townhouses'') per viciniam aedificabantur. Anno [[1872]], [[Britanniarum Regnum]] novam legationem in Xysto Connecticutá aedificavit, apud Viam N SO.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Goode |first=James M. |title=Capital Losses: A Cultural History of Washington's Destroyed Buildings |url=https://archive.org/details/capitallossescul0000good |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |year=1979 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/capitallossescul0000good/page/233 231]}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Ante [[decennium 193]], Xysto Connecticutae erat proprietas forensis, multis rebus negotii et [[taberna (commercium)|tabernis]]. Aliquae domicilia, aedibus [[Senator Civitatum Foederatarum|Senatoris]] [[Philetus Sawyer|Phileti Sawyer]] apud Connecticutam Xystum et R Viam non exceptis, dirutae sunt pro aedificiis tabulariorum et tabernis.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.washingtonhistory.com/ScenesPast/images/SP_0308.pdf |title=Scenes from the Past |work=The InTowner |date=March 2008 |pages=12}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Anno [[1933]], [[Nationale Hortorum Ministerium]] (''National Park Service'') circuli hortos administrare coepit. Pueriles addidit harenarias, sed eae paucos annos post remotae sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;bednar&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Bednar |first=Michael J. |title=L'Enfant's Legacy |url=https://archive.org/details/lenfantslegacypu0000bedn |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |year=2006 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/lenfantslegacypu0000bedn/page/181 181]}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Xystus Connecticuta latiorem facta est [[decennium 193|decennio 193]] exeunte, et commeatus amplificatus in viciniá multum confusionis in orbem effecit, ut pedibus fieret impedimentum. Mediana&lt;!--medians--&gt; anno [[1948]] in orbem inficta sunt, ad separandum commeatum continuum&lt;!--through traffic--&gt; secundum Massachusettam Xystum a commeatu loci, et signa commeatús&lt;!--traffic lights--&gt; addita sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;bednar&quot;/&gt; Anno [[1949]], cuniculus commeatús&lt;!--tunnel--&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20071126083600/http://www.ddot.dc.gov/ddot/cwp/view,a,1250,q,639677,ddotNav,%7C32399%7C.asp.&lt;/ref&gt; et subterranea curruum electricorum statio sub orbem aedificatae sunt, partes propositi [[Capital Transit]], nunc mortui. Cuniculus [[vehiculum|vehicula]] et ''trams'' secundum Connecticutam Xystum moventís orbem celerius transire sinebat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://belowthecapital.org/dctrans/#Dupont%20Circle%20Subway%20Station. |title=D.C. Transit Track and Structures |accessdate=2008-06-23 |date=2008-04-01 |work=BelowTheCapital.org }}&lt;/ref&gt; Opere curruum electricorum&lt;!--streetcars--&gt; anno [[1962]] finito, aditús stationis subterraneae occlusi munitique sunt, sed cuniculus commeatús mansit.&lt;!--The Dupont Circle Metro Station is completely separate from the abandoned underground streetcar station; Metrorail trains operate nearly 200 feet underground, far deeper than the original streetcars.{{cite web|url=http://www.wmata.com/about/metrofacts.pdf |title=WMATA Facts |date=2007-09 |format=PDF |publisher=WMATA }}--&gt; Anno [[1995]], Geary Simon auctor urbanae evolutionis stationem ''tram'' renovavit, quae facta est curia [[cibus|cibaria]] &quot;Dupont Down Under&quot; appellata; propositum mox defecit, et curia cibaria post unum annum clausa est.&lt;ref&gt;John Kelly, [htp://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&amp;contentId=A29163-2003Dec24&amp;notFound=true &quot;What is 'Dupont Down Under' and What Makes Metro Stations Windy?&quot; ''The Washington Post,'' 28 Decembris 2003, M09.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!-- Anno [[2007]], plans circulated to transform the underground area into a number of adult clubs, possibly to replace several gay bars that were forced out by the building of the Nationals Park baseball stadium; however, opposition from the community largely stalled any further planning, et spatium inusitatum manet.{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=Adult clubs in Dupont Down Under? | date=14 Iulii 2007 | publisher= | url =http://washingtontimes.com/news/2007/jul/14/adult-clubs-in-dupont-down-under/ | work =The Washington Times}}--&gt;

[[Fasciculus:Dupontcircle farmersmarket.jpg|thumb|upright|Mercatus Agricolarum Dupont Circuli tempora matutina omnium [[dies Solis|dierum Solis]] fit.]]
[[Fasciculus:Dupontcircle.jpg|thumb|left|Homines ad [[DuPont Circuli Fons|Dupont Circuli Fontem]] accedunt.]]

[[Bellum Orbis Terrarum|Secundo bello mundano]] confecto, Circulus Dupontianus deficere coepit, et statum pessimum per [[Tumultus Vasingtoniae 1968|tumultús anno 1968]] attigit, sed vicinia [[decennium 198|decennio 198]] reviviscere coepit, a praecursoribus urbanis [[vita]]m alternam petentibus praeita. Ea, sensum [[bohemianismus|bohemianum]] adquirens, mox facta est [[vicus gay|regio hominibus gay et lesbianis gratissima]]. Cum [[The Castro (Franciscopolis)|The Castro]] [[Franciscopolis|Franciscopoli]], [[Hillcrest (Didacopolis)|Hillcrest]] [[Didacopolis (California)|Didacopoli]], [[Greenwich Village]] [[Urbs Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]], [[Boystown (Sicagum)|Boystown]] [[Sicagum|Sicagi]], [[Oak Lawn (Dallasium)|Oak Lawn]] [[Dallasium|Dallasii]], [[Montrose (Houstonia)|Montrose]] [[Houstonia]]e, et [[West Hollywood (California)|West Hollywood]] [[Angelopolis|Angelopoli]], Circulus Dupontianus habetur historicus in evolutione [[identitas|identitatis]] gay locus. [[Lambda Rising]], prima [[libraria]] gay in Districtu Columbiano, ab [[L. Page Maccubbin|L. Page &quot;Deacon&quot; Maccubbin]] anno [[1974]] aperta est, et in gloriam per rempublicam postremum venit.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.culturaltourismdc.org/information2550/information.htm?area=2522 |title=Dupont Circle/Sheridan-Kalorama |accessdate=2008-06-23 |year=2007 |publisher=Cultural Tourism DC |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080618021052/http://www.culturaltourismdc.org/information2550/information.htm?area=2522 |archivedate = 2008-06-18}}. Libraria finita est anno [[2010]].&lt;/ref&gt; Anno [[1975]], libraria primam mundi [[pellicula]]m commercialem [[televisio|televisificam]] propositum gay habens ostendit&lt;!--ran the world's first gay-themed television commercial--&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Frank Muzzy, ''Gay and Lesbian Washington D.C.'' (Arcadia Publishing: 2005), ISBN 0-7385-1753-4.&lt;/ref&gt;
 
&quot;[[Nobilitatio]]&quot;&lt;!--gentrification--&gt; decennia [[decennium 199|199]] et [[decennium 200|200]] accelerabat, et vicinia nunc est locus rerum quae [[mos|moris]] sunt, cum permultis [[domus coffearia|domibus coffeariis]]&lt;!--coffeehouses--&gt;, cauponis, oeci potorii&lt;!--bars--&gt;, et elegantibus tabernis. Post [[1997]], mercatus [[agricola (munera)|agricolarum]] in Circulo Dupontiano ortus est.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&amp;node=&amp;contentId=A35665-2003Jun26&amp;notFound=true |title=Harvest Home |author=Kettlewell, Caroline |publisher=The Washington Post |date=27 Iunii 2003}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Architectura==
[[Fasciculus:2000 block of N Street, NW.JPG|thumb|left|Aliquae domús in quadrato 2000 Viae N, Septentrio-Occidentali, habentur nonnulla [[urbs|urbis]] optimorum exemplorum [[Architectura Imperii Secundi|architecturae Imperii Secundi]].]] 
Architectura [[Domus ordinata|domuum ordinatarum]]{{dubsig}} (''rowhouses'') plerumque ante [[1900]] aedificatarum variationes modorum [[architectura Modo Reginae Annae (CFA)|Reginae Annae]] et [[Romanesca Richardsoniana|Romanesci Richardsoniani]] ostendunt. Rarius sunt aedes regiae amplaeque domuum liberarum (''freestanding'') quae latiores exornant xystos diagonales, [[arbor]]ibus completos, qui circulum decussant. Multa horum domiciliorum modis inter [[1895]] et [[1910]] gratiosis aedificata sunt.
[[Fasciculus:Dupont Circle Washington DC 2007 001.jpg|thumb|260px|[[Domus Patterson]], apud 15 Circuli Dupontiani]]

Unum talium domiciliorum est [[Domus Patterson]], apud 15 Dupont Circuli, aedes [[architectura Italianata|Italianatae]], [[marmor]]e et [[terra cotta|terrá cottá]]{{dubsig}} aedificatae, et nunc proprietas societatis Washington Club. Aedes, sola multarum aedium quae olim circulum cingebant superstes, anno [[1901]] aedificata est a [[Stanford White]] [[architectus|architecto]] [[Urbs Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]] pro [[Robertus Wilson Patterson|Roberto Patterson]], editore diurni ''[[Chicago Tribune]],'' et uxore Nellie, herede divitiarum ''Chicago Tribune.'' Ipsá [[decennium|decennio 193]] ineunte inutile redditá, domus ad [[Cissy Patterson]] filiam pervenit, quae eam fecit ut fit media [[vita]] socialis Vasingtoniae. Domus fuit hospitium ad tempus [[Praeses Civitatum Foederatarum Americae|Praesidis]] [[Calvinus Coolidge|Calvini Coolidge]] uxorisque anno [[1927]], dum [[Aedes Albae]] reficiebantur. Familia Coolidge [[Carolus Lindbergh|Carolum Lindbergh]] hospitio acceperunt post historicum [[Orteig Praemium|volatum transatlanticum]]; Lindbergh se in publicum ex aedibus prodiit, manús agitans ex maeniano tabulationis secundae, et familiae Patterson libenter favebat, cum quibus magis magisque iudicia [[Isolationismus|isolationista]]{{dubsig}} et pro-[[Germania Nazi|Germanica]]{{dubsig}} communicabat. Cissy Patterson diurnum ''[[Washington Times-Herald]]'' adquisivit (ad ''[[The Washington Post]]'' anno [[1954]] venditum) et ex 15 Circulo Dupontiano bellum diurnariorum artis contra [[Praeses Civitatum Foederatarum Americae|Praedisem]] [[Franklinus D. Roosevelt|Franklinum D. Roosevelt]] denuntiavit, omne per secundum bellum mundanum suam indignationem divulgare persistens, in ''[[New York Daily News]]'' [[Iosephus Medill Patterson|Iosephi Medill Patterson]] fratris et ''Chicago Tribune'' [[Robertus R. McCormick|Roberti R. McCormick]] Tribuni (''Colonel'') eorum consobrini expressam.

===Sectio Quorum Contendant===
[[Fasciculus:1700 block of T Street, N.W..jpg|thumb|upright|Quadratum 1700 Viae T Septentrio-Orientali, in [[Historicus Sectionis Quorum Contendant Districtus|Sectione Quorum Contendant]]]]
Circulus Dupontianus [[Historicus Sectionis Quorum Contendant Districtus|Historicum Sectionis Quorum Contendant Districtum]] hodie comprehendit, parvam domiciliorum regionem ad occidentem Viae 16ae, fere inter Viam Swann et Xystum Floridam. Sectio Quorum Contendant fuit vicus [[Africani Americani|Africanorum Americanorum]] classis mediae superioris—saepe duces communis—saeculis [[saeculum 19|undevicensimo]] exeunte et [[saeculum 20|vicensimo]] ineunte. Sectio seriem comprehendit domuum secundum Viam 17am quas [[Fridericus Douglass]] possidebat et filius occupabat. Nomen deducitur ex locutione [[scriptor]]is qui circa [[1900]] vicum appellavit &quot;sectionem Quorum Contendant, commune optimatum Nigrorum&quot; (''the Striver's section, a community of Negro aristocracy''). Sectio, quae olim habebatur pars vicinarum Circuli Dupontiani et [[Shaw (Vsaingtonia)|Shaw]], hodie est districtus historicus.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110514004851/http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/travel/wash/dc49.htm https://web.archive.org/web/20110514004851/http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/travel/wash/dc49.htm]&lt;/ref&gt; Multa sua aedificia sunt prima [[Aetas Eduardiana|aetatis Eduardianae]] domicilia, uná cum nonnullis aedificiis conclavum condominiorumque et paucis parvis tabernis (''businesses'').

==Lapides==
===Orbis commeatús===
[[Fasciculus:DupontCircleMaypole.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Iuvenes circum [[Arbor Maius|arborem Maium]]&lt;!--Maypole--&gt; in Circulo Dupontiano saltant. Despectus ad meridiorientem secundum Connecticutam Xystum ad [[Aedes Albae|Aedes Albas]] versus; dextrá, Via 19a.]]
Media vicinia est orbis commeatús&lt;!--traffic circle--&gt;, qui in duo itinera [[modus horologicus|contrahorologica]] dividitur. Iter exterius omnes vias secantís servit, dum aditus ad iter interius vetatus est praeter commeatui continuo secundum Xystum Massachusettam. Xystus Connecticuta sub orbem per cuniculum subit; [[vehiculum|vehicula]] in Connecticutá Xysto ad orbem accedere possunt in [[iter laterale|itineribus lateralibus]]&lt;!--service roads--&gt; quae se ex Connecticutá prope vias N et R propagant.
[[Fasciculus:S24 Global Justice 2.jpg|thumb|Turba ostentationem contra [[Bellum Iracense Alterum]] facit prope [[fons|fontem]] (dextrá) in medio [[hortus|horto]] Dupont Circuli, die [[24 Septembris]] [[2005]].]]

[[Hortus]] intra orbem a [[Nationalis Hortorum Ministerium|Nationali Hortorum Ministerio]] conservatur. Margines [[fons|fontis]] pro sedibus sunt, et longa scamna curvata circum straturam quae fontem cingit anno [[1964]] addita sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;bednar&quot;/&gt; In horto conveniunt qui [[scacchi|scaccos]] super stabilia [[alveus scacchicum|alvea]] [[lapis|lapidea]] ludere velint, ubi [[Thomas Murphy|Tom Murphy]], scaccator callidissimus domo carens, saepe ludit.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | last = Tower | first = Wells | title = The Days and Knights of Tom Murphy | work = The Washington Post | date = 30 Septembris 2007 | url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/25/AR2007092501981.html | accessdate = 2007-12-11}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Hortus est locus rerum politicarum, sicut ostentationes pro [[Iura LGBT in CFA|iuribus gay]] et contra [[Bellum Iracense Alterum]] anni [[2003]], [[Argentaria Mundana|Argentariam Mundi]], et [[Aerarium Monetarium Internationale]].

=== Legationes ===
[[Fasciculus:Embassy of Iraq, Washington, D.C..jpg|thumb|left|[[Legatio Iracensis Vasingtoniae|Iracense officiorum consularium tabularium]], in Domu Gulielmi J. Boardman in Viá P sita.]]
Vicinia Circuli Dupontiani, quae in [[National Register of Historic Places]]{{dubsig}} adscribitur, est locus multarum [[legatio]]num, quarum multae in domiciliis historicis sunt. [[Thomas T. Gaff Domus]] est domicilium legati [[Columbia]]e, et Walsh-McLean Domus est domicilium legationis [[Indonesia]]e.&lt;ref name=&quot;dcgis-historic&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://dcgis.dc.gov/dcgis/site/default.asp |title=DC Geographic Information System (GIS), Historic Structures |publisher=District of Columbia, Office of the Chief Technology Officer |accessdate=2007-07-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ad orientem Circuli Dupontiani in Massachusettá Xysto est [[Clarence Moore Domus]], nunc legatio [[Uzbecia]]e, et Emily J. Wilkins Domus, quae olim fuit domicilium legationis [[Australia]]e et nunc a cancellaria [[Peruvia]]na occupatur.&lt;ref name=&quot;dcgis-historic&quot;/&gt; [[Iracum]] tabularium officiorum consularium (''office of consular services'') in William J. Boardman Domú in Viá P stat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.iraqiembassy.us/contact.htm |title=Contact Us |publisher= Embassy of the Republic of Iraq}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
 
===Alii lapides===
Alii lapides, quorum multi in National Register of Historic Places conscribuntur, sunt [[Templum Internationale]] [[Ordo Stellae Orientalis|Ordinis Stellae Orientalis]], [[Embassy Gulf Service Station]], [[Christian Heurich Domus]], et [[Phillips Congeries]]. [[Laogai Museum]], apud 2000 Viam S iterum locatum, apertum est [[ver]]e [[2011]]. Satis in propinquo viciniae Dupont Circuli, [[Textile Museum]] apud 2320 Viam S,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.textilemuseum.org/ Situs Textilis Musei.]&lt;/ref&gt; et [[Domus Woodrow Wilson]] apud 2340 Viam S&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.woodrowwilsonhouse.org/ Situs Domus Woodrow Wilson.]&lt;/ref&gt; stant. Domus Ricardi H. Townsend, in Massachusettá Xysto sita, nunc est sedes societatis [[Cosmos Club]].&lt;ref name=&quot;dcgis-historic&quot;/&gt; [[Dumbarton Pons (Vasingtonia)|Dumbarton Pons]], qui Viam Q trans [[Rock Creek Park]] in [[Georgetown (Vasingtoniae)|Oppidum Georgii]] fert, anno [[1883]] constructus est.&lt;ref name=&quot;dcgis-historic&quot;/&gt; [[Brickskeller|Brickskeller Caupona et Taberna]] diu est &quot;bar&quot; popularis in viciniá. Praeterea est [[Domus Heurich]].

===Institutiones===
[[Fasciculus:House of the Temple.JPG|thumb|upright|left|[[Domus Templi]] in [[Via 16 (Vasingtonia)|Viá 16á]] quadrantis [[Septentrio-Occidentalis (Vasingtonia)|SO]]]]
[[Fasciculus:Dupont Circle (22sec).ogg|thumb|200px|Iter circum Dupont Circulum.]]
Praeter elementa habitationis, quae praecipue in conclavibus [[condominium|condominiisque]] magni pretii consistunt, in Circulo Dupontiano sunt nonnullae reipublicae ''[[think tank]]s''{{dubsig}} et institutiones investigationis maximi aestimationis, inter quas sunt [[Brookings Institutio]], [[Carnegie Pacis Internationalis Dos]] (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace), [[Sedes Eurasiana]] (Eurasia Center), et [[Institutum Peterson]]. Aedificia [[Schola Studiorum Progressorum Internationalium Paul H. Nitze|Scholae Studiorum Progressorum Internationalium Paul H. Nitze]] (Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies) [[Universitas Hopkinsiensis|Universitatis Hpkinsiensis]] minus quam duo quadrata a circulo stant.

In viciniá etiam est sedes [[Prima Ecclesia Conditor Scientologiae|Primae Ecclesiae Conditoris Scientologiae]], primi templi ab [[L. Ron Hubbard]] [[religio]]nis conditore instituti. [[Phillips Congeries]], primum [[ars moderna|artis modernae]] [[museum]] in [[CFA|Civitatibus Foederatis]] conditum, in Viá 21á prope circulum stat; suum opus notissimum et populo gratissimum exhibitum est ''[[Prandium Convivii Navalis]]'' (''Luncheon of the Boating Party''), ingens carbasus festiva a [[Petrus Augustus Renoir|Petro Augusto Renoir]] picta. Praetereá, sedes [[Iudaici Civitatum Foederatarum Americae Veterani Belli]] (Jewish War Veterans of the United States of America, veterrima reipublicae societas veteranis dicata), [[Nationale Historiae Militaris Americanae Iudaicae Museum]], et [[Iudaica Communis Sedes Vasingtoniae Districtus Columbiae]] (Washington, D.C. Jewish Community Center) in viciniá Dupont Circuli stant.
[[Fasciculus:Dupont_Circle_station_Q_Street_entrance.jpg|thumb|150px|Aditus in stationem Metro apud Dupont Circulum]]

== Transportatio ==
=== Metro Vasingtoniae ===
Circulo Dupontiano servit [[Linea Rubra (Metro Vasingtoniae)|Linea Rubra]] [[Ferriviaria Metropolitana Vasingtoniae|Metropolitana]] apud [[Circulus Dupontianus (WMATA statio)|Metro Circuli Dupontiani stationem]], cui duo aditus sunt: ad septentriones circuli in Viá Q, et ad meridiem circuli in Viá 19á.

== Annuae Dupont Circuli res gestae ==
=== Spiritus Capitalis ===
[[Spiritus Capitalis]] (''Capital Pride'') est annuae [[Spiritus pompa LGBT|spiritús feriae LGBT]] Vasingtoniae unoquoque [[Iunius|Iunio]] habita. Anno [[2007]], feriae fuerunt quarta a maximá re spiritús (''pride event'') LGBT in [[CFA|Civitatibus Foederatis]], plus quam 200&amp;thinsp;000 hominum frequentantibus.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/10/AR2007061001266.html |title=Street Fest Lets Gays Revel in Freedom |accessdate=2008-01-25 |last=Chandler |first=Michael Alison |date=11 Iunii 2007 |work=[[The Washington Post]]}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Pompa Spiritus Capitalis (''Capital Pride Parade''), unoquoque anno [[dies Saturni|die Saturni]] inter ferias habita, per [[via]]s viciniae peragitur.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.metroweekly.com/prideguide/index2.php?ak=2747 |title=Parade Route Map |accessdate=2008-01-25 |date=June 4, 2007 |work=[[Metro Weekly]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
===Certamen Calcum Altarum===
[[Fasciculus:Dragraceparticipant.jpg|thumb|100px|Competitor in Certamine Calcis Altae anno [[2007]]]]
Annuum Certamen Calcum Altarum (''high-heel race'') Dupont Circuli, primum anno [[1985]] per vias cursum, fit [[Dies Martis|Die Martis]] ante [[Pervigilium Omnium Sanctorum]] ([[31 Octobris]]). Nonnullas [[hora]]s ante 9 p.m., Viam 17am, saepe ''The Runway'' appellatam, usitate plus quam centum ''[[drag queen]]s''{{dubsig}} obambulant. Certamen ipsum, quod circa unum [[minutus|minutum]] durat, ad 9:00 p.m. incipit. Spectatoribus competitoribusque hilaritates sunt tempestivae. Cursus certaminis ad meridiem a viis 17á et R ad Viam Ecclesiam{{dubsig}} (''Church Street'') patet—distantia circa trium quadratorum brevium.&lt;!--about three short blocks--&gt; Certamen a capitulo alpha (Vasingtoniae) [[fraternitas|fraternitatis]] [[Delta Lambda Phi]] et a cauponá JR's DC Bar and Grill sustinetur.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title= High Heel Drag Race at Dupont Circle |url= http://godc.about.com/od/annualevents/p/highheelrace.htm |work= about.com |accessdate= 2007-11-16 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Grandis dux certaminis anno [[2009]] fuit [[Hadrianus Malik Fenty]], praefectus urbanus.&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20110629023241/http://dc.metromix.com/events/essay_photo_gallery/high-heel-drag-queen/1565027/content&lt;/ref&gt;
 
{{NexInt}}
*[[Domus L. Ron Hubbard]]
*[[National Register of Historic Places]]&lt;!--listings in the District of Columbia--&gt;
*''[[The Real World: Washington, D.C.]],'' series [[televisio|televisifica]] in Circulo Dupontiano facta anno [[2009]]
 
==Notae==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

==Bilbiographia==
*Kafka-Gibbons, Paul. [[2001]]. ''Dupont Circle: A Novel.'' Novi Eboraci: Houghton Mifflin.
*Olszewski, George J. [[1967]]. ''Dupont Circle, Washington, D.C.'' U.S. Department of the Interior Division of History, Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation.
*Williams, Paul. [[2000]]. ''Dupont Circle.'' Images of America Series. Arcadia Publishing.
 
==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|Dupont Circle|Dupont Circulum}}
{{Fontes geographici}}
*[http://www.dupontcircle.biz/ Praecipuae Circuli Dupontiani Historici Viae]
*[http://www.dupontcircleanc.net/ Dupont Circle Advisory Neighborhood Commission]{{dubsig}}
*[http://www.dupont-circle.org/ Societas Civium Circuli Cupontiani]
*[http://www.dkmuseums.com/ Consortium Museorum Dupont-Kalorama]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110513234114/http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/travel/wash/dc50.htm NPS Historicus Circuli Dupontiani Districtus]
*https://web.archive.org/web/20080618021052/http://www.culturaltourismdc.org/information2550/information.htm?area=2522 De Circulo Dupontiano apud Cultural Tourism D.C.]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615153100/http://www.wmata.com/rail/station_detail.cfm?station_id=6station=6 Statio Metro Circuli Dupontiani]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20121112054026/http://www.washingtonpost.com/real-estate/neighborhoods/Dupont+Circle,+Washington,+DC-neighborhood-details.html Dux ''Washington Post'' pro Circulo Dupontiano]

[[Categoria:Circulus Dupont|!]]
[[Categoria:Viae urbanae]]
[[Categoria:Viae Civitatum Foederatarum]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Domus Heurich</title>
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      <text bytes="2675" sha1="80wvymlu677f6sdbmn9nyitlvbb7mja" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox_NRHP | name =Christian Heurich Mansion
  | nrhp_type = 
  | image = Christian Heurich Mansion aka Brewmaster Castle.JPG
  | caption = 
  | location= [[Vasingtonia]]e
  | lat_degrees = 38
  | lat_minutes = 54
  | lat_seconds = 29
  | lat_direction = N&lt;!--melius S (septentriones)?--&gt;
  | long_degrees = 77
  | long_minutes = 2
  | long_seconds = 40
  | long_direction = W&lt;!--melius Oc (occidens)&gt;--&gt;
  | locmapin = 
  | area =
  | built = [[1892]]
| architect= [[Ioannes Granville Meyers]]
| architecture= [[Aetas Victoriana]], [[modus Redintegrationis Romanescae]]
 | added = [[23 Iunii]] [[1969]]
 | governing_body = Fundatio privata
 | refnum=69000296&lt;ref name=&quot;nris&quot;&gt;{{NRISref|2008a}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

'''Domus Heurich,''' etiam '''Castellum Magistri Coquorum''' ([[Anglice]]: ''The Brewmaster's Castle,'' nomen per ludibrium datum), est aedes [[Aetas Inaurata|Aetatis Inauratae]] in [[Dupont Circulus|Circulo Dupontiano]] viciniá [[Vasingtonia]]e [[Districtus Columbiae|Districtús Columbiae]]. [[Aedificium]] est exemplum [[architectura]]e [[Modus Redintegrationis Romanescae|modo Redintegrationis Romanescae]]&lt;!--Romanesque Revival style--&gt; effectae.

== Historia ==
Aedificabatur domus ab anno [[1892]] ad [[1894]] a [[Christianus Heurich|Christiano Heurich]], advena ex [[Germania]] et &quot;barone [[cervisia]]e,&quot; atque in [[Nationales Locorum Historicorum Tabulae|Nationalibus Locorum Historicorum Tabulis]]&lt;!--National Register of Historic Places--&gt; refertur. Prima et secunda [[tabulatum|tabulata]]&lt;!--stories--&gt; conservantur intactae, omnibus [[supellex|supellice]] proprietatibusque [[architectura]]e non exclusis. [[Lex|Leges]] [[conservatio]]nis aedificiorum maximi momenti&lt;!--landmarks--&gt; partem exteriorem tuentur, sed non partem interiorem, modo [[Motus Eastlake|Eastlake]] exornatam. Anno [[1955]], [[vidua]] Heurich domús [[syngrapha]]m&lt;!--deed--&gt; [[Historica Vasingtoniae D.C. Societas|Historicae Vasingtoniae D.C. Societati]]&lt;!--Historical Society of Washington, D.C.--&gt; donavit. Anno [[2003]], societas, domum vicissim relinquens, syngrapham [[Fundatio Domus Heurich|Fundationi Domus Heurich]] concessit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120201131221/http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/wash/dc56.htm De Domu Heurich apud situm nps.gov.]&lt;/ref&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Mausoleum Heurich]]

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Christian Heurich Mansion|Domum Heurich}}
* [http://www.heurichhouse.org/ Publicus Domús Heurich situs]

{{archi-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Aedificia Vasingtoniae (D.C.)]]
[[Categoria:Circulus Dupont]]
[[Categoria:Confecta 1892]]
[[Categoria:Musea historica Vasingtoniae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kuwohi</title>
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      <comment>{{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}}</comment>
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      <text bytes="3475" sha1="jj4ppjqj1qaq1yddjsbs2oi6cvivwkz" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa montis
| imago               = Abies fraseri0.jpg
| descriptio_imaginis = Mons Kuwohi et [[Meridiana Appalachiana Piceae Abietisque silva]] (''Southern Appalachian spruce-fir forest'')
| altitudo            = 2025
| coordinatae         = {{coord|35|33|46|N|83|29|55|W|region:US_type:mountain|display=inline,title}} &lt;ref name=&quot;gnis&quot;&gt;“[https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1326387 Kuwohi]”. ''Geographic Names Information System''. United States Geological Survey, [[Ministerium Interioris Civitatum Foederatarum]].&lt;/ref&gt;
| locus               =
| typus               =
| ascensus_primus     =
| via                 = Brevis ambulatio super tramitem stratum (''short paved-trail hike'')
}}

{{Res|Kuwohi}} (olim ''Clingmans Dome'' et ''Clingman's Dome'') est [[mons]] in [[Magni Montes Fumosi|Magnis Montibus Fumosis]] [[Tennesia]]e et [[Carolina Septentrionalis|Carolinae Septentrionalis]], in [[CFA|Civitatibus Foederatis]] meridio-orientalibus situs. Qui mons, in [[Culmen topographicum|elevatione]] 2025 m (6643 pedes), est altissimus in Fumosis, summo loco in [[civitas (CFA)|civitate]] Tennesia, et summo loco secundum [[Trames Appalachianus|Tramitem Appalachianum]], 3499 km (2177 milia) longum. Ad orientem [[Mississippius Fluvius|Mississippii Fluvii]], solum [[Mons Mitchell]] (6684 pedes) et [[Mons Craig (Carolina Septentrionalis)|Mons Craig]] (6647 pedes) sunt altiores.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20100209042450/http://www.nps.gov/grsm/planyourvisit/clingmansdome.htm &quot;Para tuam commorationem&quot; apud www.nos.gov.]&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fasciculus:Clingman's Dome Tower on a Sunny, Snowy Day.JPG|thumb|upright=0.6|left|[[Turris]] observationis apud Kuwohi montem.]]

Kuwohi pars [[Vivarium Nationale Magnorum Montium Fumosorum|Vivarii Nationalis Magnorum Montium Fumosorum]] custoditur. Iter stratum, [[hiems|hieme]] clusum (1 Decembris ad 31 Martii),&lt;ref name=&quot;NPS&quot;&gt;
  {{cite web
  | url = http://www.nps.gov/grsm/planyourvisit/clingmansdome.htm
  | title = Clingmans Dome
  | publisher = Great Smoky Mountains National Park: National Park Service
  | accessdate = 2008-12-28 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
eam ad [[Via CFA 441|Viam CFA 441]] (''U.S. Highway 441,'' ad Viam [[Newfound Gap]]) conectit. Turris observationis, [[concretum|concreto]] anno [[1959]] [[aedificium|aedificata]], [[panorama|panoramicum]] montium despectum quoquoversus praebet. Statio ad temptandam [[qualitas aeris|aeris qualitatem]], a {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ministerium Circumiectorum Protegendorum Civitatum Foederatarum|Ministerio Circumiectorum Protegendorum|en|qid=Q460173}} curata, [[altitudo|altitudine]] est secunda in [[America Septentrionalis|America Septentrionali]] orientali. 

{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Silva picearum abietumque Appalachiana Meridiana||en|qid=Q7569626}}, genus [[silva]]e quod Kuwohi montem contegit, solum in summis Civitatum Foederatarum meridio-orientalium elevationibus floret, silvis ad [[latitudo|latitudines]] septentrionales similius quam silvis in [[valles|vallibus]] adiacentibus. Mons Kuwohi in terram circumdantem eminet, e radice ad culmen paene 1500 m (5000 pedes) surgens.
[[Fasciculus:Trailhead of the Clingmans Dome Trail.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|Caput Tramitis Montis Kuwohi.]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Montes Carolinae Septentrionalis]]
[[Categoria:Montes secundum Tramitem Appalachianum]]
[[Categoria:Montes Tennesiae]]
[[Categoria:Vivaria Civitatum Foederatarum]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cy Twombly</title>
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      <text bytes="1417" sha1="2mc05z42kq0rewq6l2k79psxeomfugl" xml:space="preserve">{{Latinitas|-2}}
'''Cy Twombly''' (natus [[Lexingtonia (Virginia)|Lexingtoniae]] in [[Virginia]] die [[25 Aprilis]] [[1928]]; mortuus [[5 Iulii]] [[2011]]) fuit [[pictor]], [[sculptor]], et [[photographia|photographus]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Americanus]], qui [[antiquitas|res antiquas]] more [[expressionismus abstractus|expressionismi abstracto]] ac [[calligraphia]]e saepe illustrabat. [[Roma]]e post annum [[1957]] habitabat. Breviter erat discipulus scholae [[Museum Artium Bellarum (Bostonia)|Musei Artium Bellarum]] [[Bostonia]]e, sed maior suae [[educatio|eruditionis]] pars apud [[Collegium Montis Atri]] in [[Carolina Septentrionalis|Carolina Septentrionali]] erat.&lt;ref&gt;Sebastian Smee, [https://web.archive.org/web/20151029212044/http://www.boston.com/ae/theater_arts/articles/2011/07/06/artist_cy_twombly_who_scrawled_wildly_on_canvas_dies_at_83/?page=full &quot;Artist Cy Twombly, who scrawled wildly on canvas, dies at 83,&quot;] ''The Boston Globe,'' 6 Iulii 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Nexus externi==
* [http://www.cytwombly.info Biographia et imagines operum Twombliensium.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090207055142/http://www.gagosian.com/artists/cy-twombly/exhibitions/ Exhibitiones] operum Twomblium in pinacotheca Gagosian Novi Eboraci in urbe.

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Lifetime|1928|2011|Twombly, Cy}}
[[Categoria:Incolae Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Pictores Civitatum Foederatarum]]</text>
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    <title>Cremlinus (Moscua)</title>
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      <text bytes="1993" sha1="r7k4e9r8m74kfaydomczvlwsmbfwsd0" xml:space="preserve">{{disambig2|Cremlino Moscuae sito|aliam rem, quae &quot;Cremlinus&quot; vocatur,|Cremlinus (discretiva)}}
[[Fasciculus:Moscow Kremlin from Kamenny bridge.jpg|thumb|Conpectus in Cremlinum a [[Pons lapideus maior|Ponte lapideo maiore]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Russice]] ''Bol'shoj Kamennyj most''.&lt;/ref&gt; trans [[flumen]] [[Moscus|Moscuense]].]]
'''Cremlinus&lt;ref&gt;Etiam Cremlinum, -i - Vide José Juan Del Col, ''Diccionario auxiliar: español-latino para el uso moderno del Latín.'' Nomen autem [[Lingua Russica|Russicum]] masculini generis est!&lt;/ref&gt; Moscuensis''' ([[Russice]] Московский Кремль, [[translitteratio|tr.]] ''Moskovskij Kreml' '') est antiquissima [[Moscua]]e pars. [[Arx]], ex [[Medium Aevum|Medio Aevo]] oriunda, [[saeculum 15|saeculo 15]] exeunte denuo exstructa est. Moenia, viginti [[turris|turribus]] munita, annis ab [[1485]] ad [[1499]] [[aedificium|aedificata]] et adhuc bene conservata sunt. Multis aliis arcibus [[Russia|Russicis]] exemplar factum est. [[Ecclesia cathedralis]] Cremlini, [[Dormitio]]ni [[virgo Maria|virginis Mariae]] dicata, ab [[Aristoteles Fioravanti|Aristotele Fioravanti]] constructa est.

[[Fasciculus:Kremlenagrad.jpg|thumb|Cremlini tabula Latina, ab {{Creanda|nl|Joan Blaeu|Ioannes Blaeu|Ioanne Blaeu}} edita]]
Cremlinus simul sedes [[praeses Russiae|praesidis Russiae]] ac [[museum]] est. Anno [[1990]], inter res [[UNESCO Mundi Hereditas|Hereditatis Mundi UNESCO]] perscriptus est.

== Nota ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{Wiktionary|Kreml|Cremlinum}}
{{CommuniaCat|Moscow Kremlin|Cremlinum Moscuensem}}
* [http://www.kreml.ru/ Situs interretialis musei proprius.] (Russice, [https://web.archive.org/web/20100628152430/http://www.kreml.ru/main_en.asp Anglice])
* [http://www.kremlin.ru/ Situs interretialis praesidis Russiae proprius.] (Russice, [https://web.archive.org/web/20030908005515/http://www.kremlin.ru/eng/ Anglice])

[[Categoria:Aedificia Moscuae]]
[[Categoria:Arces]]
[[Categoria:Loci hereditatis mundialis in Russia]]
{{Myrias|Ars}}</text>
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      <text bytes="2035" sha1="bt4milrsin7hywr7ctvq22caa2mvdwq" xml:space="preserve">{{disambig2|Cremlino Moscuae sito|aliam rem, quae &quot;Cremlinus&quot; vocatur,|Cremlinus (discretiva)}}
[[Fasciculus:Moscow Kremlin from Kamenny bridge.jpg|thumb|Conpectus in Cremlinum a [[Pons lapideus maior|Ponte lapideo maiore]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Russice]] ''Bol'shoj Kamennyj most''.&lt;/ref&gt; trans [[flumen]] [[Moscus|Moscuense]].]]

{{res|Cremlinus&lt;ref&gt;Etiam Cremlinum, -i - Vide José Juan Del Col, ''Diccionario auxiliar: español-latino para el uso moderno del Latín.'' Nomen autem [[Lingua Russica|Russicum]] masculini generis est!&lt;/ref&gt; Moscuensis}} ([[Russice]] Московский Кремль, [[translitteratio|tr.]] ''Moskovskij Kreml' '') est antiquissima [[Moscua]]e pars. [[Arx]], ex [[Medium Aevum|Medio Aevo]] oriunda, [[saeculum 15|saeculo 15]] exeunte denuo exstructa est. Moenia, viginti [[turris|turribus]] munita, annis ab [[1485]] ad [[1499]] [[aedificium|aedificata]] et adhuc bene conservata sunt. Multis aliis arcibus [[Russia|Russicis]] exemplar factum est. [[Ecclesia cathedralis]] Cremlini, [[Dormitio]]ni [[virgo Maria|virginis Mariae]] dicata, ab [[Aristoteles Fioravanti|Aristotele Fioravanti]] constructa est.

[[Fasciculus:Kremlenagrad.jpg|thumb|Cremlini tabula Latina, ab {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Blaeu|Ioanne Blaeu|nl|qid=Q379677}} edita]]
Cremlinus simul sedes [[praeses Russiae|praesidis Russiae]] ac [[museum]] est. Anno [[1990]], inter res [[UNESCO Mundi Hereditas|Hereditatis Mundi UNESCO]] perscriptus est.

== Nota ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{Wiktionary|Kreml|Cremlinum}}
{{CommuniaCat|Moscow Kremlin|Cremlinum Moscuensem}}
* [http://www.kreml.ru/ Situs interretialis musei proprius.] (Russice, [https://web.archive.org/web/20100628152430/http://www.kreml.ru/main_en.asp Anglice])
* [http://www.kremlin.ru/ Situs interretialis praesidis Russiae proprius.] (Russice, [https://web.archive.org/web/20030908005515/http://www.kremlin.ru/eng/ Anglice])

[[Categoria:Aedificia Moscuae]]
[[Categoria:Arces]]
[[Categoria:Loci hereditatis mundialis in Russia]]
{{Myrias|Ars}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Audun-le-Tiche</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>131541</id>
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      <text bytes="876" sha1="b753ey9is45lwe31mn5ynbo9k60tbf5" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Eglise Audun Tiche 2.JPG|thumb|left|upright=0.7|Audun-le-Tiche: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Franciscus Assisiensis|Sancto Francisco Assisiensi]] dicata.]]
'''Audun-le-Tiche''' est commune 7268 incolarum (anno [[2022]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Mosella (praefectura Franciae)|Mosellae]] in [[Francia]]e orientalis regione [[Magnus Oriens|Magni Orientis]].

== Geographia ==
Apud Audun-le-Tiche flumen [[Alisontia]] praeterlabitur.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Mosellae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Audun-le-Tiche|Audun-le-Tiche}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110310145645/http://www.audun-le-tiche.fr/ Audun-le-Tiche pagina interretialis] 
{{Fontes geographici}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Mosellae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Mosellae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Brussius Lee</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>132242</id>
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      <text bytes="3957" sha1="exzk9d3ljynjasw4j9msr71u4vl8ems" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}
{{res|Lee Jun-fan}} ([[Sinice]] 李小龙 (scriptio simplicior), 李小龍 (scriptio traditionalis)), [[nomen scaenicum|nomine scaenico]] {{res|Brussius Lee}} ([[Anglice]] ''Bruce Lee'') appellatus, natus die [[27 Novembris]] [[1940]] [[Franciscopolis (California)|Franciscopoli]], mortuus die [[20 Iulii]] [[1973]], fuit [[artes martiales|artium martialium]] peritus et [[histrio]] [[Sinae|Sinicus]] et [[America]]nus. Artes martiales [[Asia]]nas in [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitatibus Foederatis]] introduxit, ubi genus [[Jiequandao]] appellatum anno [[1960]] excogitavit. Anno [[1973]], triginta tres annos natus mortuus est, an exsecratione diro an aliquo fato utrumque auctores produnt nam vigintu annis post fato simili [[Brandon Lee]] [[filius]] iuvenis [[pellicula]]m faciens obiit.

Sunt in serie ludorum electronicorum ''[[Tekken]]'' duo personae in Brussio Lee fundatae: [[Marshall Law (Tekken)|Marshall Law]] et eius filius, [[Forest Law]].

== Cinematographia ==
=== Pellicula ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! Annus
! Titulus
! Persona
! Notae
|-
| 1969 || '' [[Marlowe (pellicula)|Marlowe]]'' || Winslow Wong ||
|-
| 1971 || '' [[The Big Boss]]'' || [[Cheng Chao-an]] || &quot;Pugni Irae&quot; (''Fists of Fury'') etiam vocatus
|-
| 1972 || ''[[Fist of Fury]]'' || [[Chen Zhen (persona)|Chen Zhen]] || &quot;Connectio Sinica&quot; (''The Chinese Connection'') etiam vocatus
|-
| 1972 || ''[[Way of the Dragon]]'' || Tang Lung || &quot;Reditus Draconis&quot; [[Fasciculus:Concord Production Logo.svg|thumb|'''[[wikidata:Q18343365|Concord Production Inc.]]''']]
|-
| 1972 || ''[[The Game of Death]]'' || Hai Tien || '''[[wikidata:Q18343365|Concord Production Inc.]]'''
|-
| 1973 || ''[[Enter the Dragon]]'' || Lee || Post suum obitum editum ('''[[wikidata:Q18343365|Concord Production Inc.]]''')
|-
| 1979 || '' [[The Real Bruce Lee]]'' || Brussius Lee ante suum obitum || Pellicula de Lee post suum obitum edita 
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Bruce Lee, My Brother]]''  || Brussius Lee ut iuvenis ad adultus || Pellicula semibiographica
|-
|}

=== Televisio ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! Annus
! Titulus
! Persona
! Notae
|-
| 1966–1967 || ''[[The Green Hornet (series televisiva)|The Green Hornet]]'' || [[Kato (The Green Hornet)|Kato]] || 26 episoda
|-
| 1966–1967 || ''[[Batman (series televisiva)|Batman]]'' ||[[Kato]] || 3 episoda
|-
| 1967 || ''[[Ironside (series televisiva)|Ironside]]'' || Leon Soo || Episodum: &quot;Tagged for Murder&quot;
|-
| 1969 || ''[[Blondie (series televisiva 1968)|Blondie]]'' || Instructor karate || Episodum: &quot;Pick on Someone Your Own Size&quot;
|-
| 1969 || ''[[Here Come the Brides]]'' || Lin || Episodum: &quot;Marriage Chinese Style&quot;
|-
| 1970–1972 || ''[[Enjoy Yourself Tonight]]'' || Se ipse || 2 episoda
|-
| 1971 || ''[[Longstreet (series televisiva)|Longstreet]]'' || Li Tsung || 4 episoda
|-
| 1971 || ''[[The Pierre Berton Show]]'' || Se ipse ||
|}

Cetera, Lee in duabus pelliculis, prima persona ne eum, post mortem apparuit: ''[[Game of Death]]'' (&quot;ludus mortis&quot;) [[1978]] et ''[[Game of Death II]]'' (&quot;ludus mortis, pars II&quot;) [[1981]].

== Nexus externi ==
[[Fasciculus:Hong kong bruce lee statue.jpg|thumb|[[Statua]] Brussii Lee [[Hongcongum|Hongcongi]].]]
{{CommuniaCat|Bruce Lee|Brussium Lee}}
{{Fontes biographici}}
* [http://www.brucelee.com/ Situs officialis] {{ling|Anglice}}
* {{IMDb name|0000045|Brussio Lee}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091001092945/http://www.bruceleefoundation.com/ Societas Brussio Lee dicata]
* [http://www.jkd.gr/brucelee.html Sijo Brussius Lee]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100111080057/http://edu.emtain.tv/playlist/show/1209 Brussius Lee, colloquium percontativum]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lee, Brussius}}
{{Myrias|Homines}}
[[Categoria:Mortui 1973]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1940]]
[[Categoria:Actores Sinarum]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Vasingtoniensis]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Hongcongi]]
[[Categoria:Periti artium martialium]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Festival del film Locarno</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>132952</id>
    <revision>
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      <text bytes="758" sha1="soa3sdvem2lpluoe8ti928x2c0c3qk9" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Festival internazionale del film di Locarno.JPG|thumb|Locarni Piazza Grande feriis cinematographicis anno [[2005]]]]
''' Festival del film Locarno''' sunt [[feriae cinematographicae]] anno [[1946]] conditae, quae quotannis (fere [[Augustus|Augusto]] mense) [[Locarnum|Locarni]] celebrantur.

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Filmfestival Locarno|{{PAGENAME}}}}
* [http://www.pardo.ch/ Feriae Locarnenses, pagina interretialis]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100306054616/http://www.imdb.com/Sections/Awards/Locarno_International_Film_Festival/ Feriae Locarnenses] in indice interretiali pellicularum {{Ling|Lingua Anglica{{!}}Anglice}}

{{cine-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Cinematographia]]
[[Categoria:Ars Helvetiae]]
[[Categoria:Ticinum (pagus)]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Acanthaster planci</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>135081</id>
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      <comment>Titulus italicus</comment>
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{{Taxobox
| name = ''Acanthaster planci''
| image =Crown of thorms starfish.jpg
| image_caption = 
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Echinodermata]]
| subphylum = [[Asterozoa]]
| classis = [[Asteroidea]]
| ordo = [[Valvatida]]
| familia = [[Acanthasteridae]]
| genus = '''''Acanthaster'''''
| species = '''''A. planci'''''
| binomial = ''Acanthaster planci''
| binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[1758]]
}}

'''''Acanthaster planci''''' est magnum [[Asteroidea|asteroideum]] [[nox|nocturnum]], quod [[polypus curalii|polypoda curalii]] [[praedator|praedatur]], [[Corpus (physica)|corpore]] [[spina (zoologia)|spinis]] [[venenum|venenosis]] tecto. In [[zona tropica|tropicis]] [[scopulus curalii|curalii scopulis]] [[Mare Rubrum|Maris Rubri]], [[Oceanus Indicus|Oceani Indici]], [[Oceanus Pacificus|Oceanique Pacifici]] (inter quem [[Magna Curalii Obex]]) [[endemismus|endemicus]] est. 

==Descriptio==
''Acanthaster planci'' est unus maximarum stellarum marinarum [[Tellus (planeta)|Tellure]], dum maxima fortasse ''[[Pycnopodia helianthoides]]''.
''Acanthaster planci'' est [[Animalia solitaria|animal solitarium]], quod sola [[victus|vescitur]], et spatium constantem inter se et alios suae [[species (taxinomia)|speciei]] [[unus|singulos]] tenet. Tamen [[scopulus curalii|curalii scopulis]] multitudine invadere potest, atque oecosystemas vastare. Eius causae non sciuntur. 

==Pinacotheca==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:CrownofThornsStarfish Fiji 2005-10-12.jpg|&lt;center&gt;In Timor&lt;/center&gt;
Fasciculus:Crown of Thorns-jonhanson.jpg|&lt;center&gt;In [[Thailandia]]&lt;/center&gt;
Fasciculus:Acanthaster Planci (la Réunion).jpg|&lt;center&gt;In [[Reunio]]ne&lt;/center&gt;
Fasciculus:Acanthaster planci in Bohol (Philippines).jpg|&lt;center&gt;In [[Philippinae|Philippinis]]&lt;/center&gt;
Fasciculus:Acanthaster Planci (La Réunion), détail des épines.jpg|&lt;center&gt;Spinae venenumque&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Moran, P. J. [[1990]]. ''Acanthaster planci (L.): biographical data.'' Coral Reefs.
*Raymond, Robert. [[1986]]. ''Starfish Wars: Coral Death and the Crown-of-Thorns.'' Macmillan.

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Acanthaster planci|''Acanthastrum planci''}}
* (en) [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&amp;id=213289 ''Acanthastrum planci''] in ''World Register of Marine Species''.
* (fr) Jack Harrang, François Cornu, « [http://fran.cornu.free.fr/affichage/affichage_nom.php?id_espece=94 Acanthaster Planci] » in ''Sous Les Mers''. 

[[Categoria:Acanthasteridae]]
[[Categoria:Fauna Australiae Occidentalis]]
[[Categoria:Species animalium]]
[[Categoria:Species echinodermatorum ex hominibus appellatae|Plancus]]
[[Categoria:Taxa Linnaei]]
[[Categoria:Taxa 1758]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Spinulosida</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>135239</id>
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      <comment>Categoria:Ordines animalium</comment>
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      <text bytes="2156" sha1="5kwiejr96288g6jugcoctsndrhg1auh" xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| name = Spinulosida
| image = Zeester.JPG
| image_caption = ''[[Echinaster sepositus]]''
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Echinodermata]]
| subphylum = [[Eleutherozoa]]
| classis = [[Asteroidea]]
| ordo = '''Spinulosida'''
| ordo_authority = Perrier, [[1884]]
| subdivision_ranks = [[Familia (taxinomia)|Familiae]]
| subdivision = ''Vide commentarium.''}}

'''Spinulosida''' sunt [[ordo (taxinomia)|ordo]] [[Echinodermata|Echinodermatum]] [[classis (taxinomia)|classis]] [[Asteroidea|Asteroideorum]], cui sunt saltem 120 [[species]].

Spinulosida [[pedicellaria|pedicellariis]] omnino carent, et delicatam [[sceletus|sceleti]] compositionem habent. [[Nomen proprium|Nomen]] ex multis [[spina|spinis]] humilibus in superficie superiore deducitur.&lt;ref name=IZ&gt;{{cite book |author= Barnes, Robert D. |year=1982 |title= Invertebrate Zoology |url= https://archive.org/details/invertebratezool0000barn_k2e7 |publisher= Holt-Saunders International |location= Philadelphiae|page= [https://archive.org/details/invertebratezool0000barn_k2e7/page/948 948]|isbn= 0-03-056747-5}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Nulla Spinulosidorum [[fossile|fossilia]] inventa sunt.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/Palaeofiles/Fossilgroups/asteroz2/index_f/mod_fm.html |title=Asterozoa: Fossil groups: SciComms 05-06: Earth Sciences |publisher=Palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk |date=2005-11-22 |accessdate=2010-07-30}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Taxinomia ==
* Familia [[Echinasteridae]]
** Genus ''[[Echinaster]]'' Müller etd Troschel, 1840 
** Genus ''[[Henricia]]'' Gray, 1840
** Genus ''[[Odontohenricia]]'' Rowe et Albertson, 1988
** Genus ''[[Poraniopsis]]'' Perrier, 1891
** Genus ''[[Stegnaster]]'' Sladen, 1889
* Familia [[Mithrodiidae]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.marinespecies.eu/asteroidea/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&amp;id=149873 |title=The World Asteroidea Database - Mithrodiidae |publisher=Marinespecies.eu |date= |accessdate=2010-07-30}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
** Genus ''[[Mithrodia]]'' Gray, 1840
** Genus ''[[Thromidia]]'' Pope et Rowe, 1977

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{echinodermata-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Asteroidea]]
[[Categoria:Ordines animalium]]
[[Categoria:Taxa Perrier]]
[[Categoria:Taxa 1884]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Forcipulatida</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>135294</id>
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      <text bytes="1572" sha1="fgq53g1n7bp72i6c48sldu0trc8hhi5" xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| name = Forcipulatida
| image = Asterias_rubens.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Asterias rubens]]''
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Echinodermata]]
| subphylum = [[Eleutherozoa]]
| superclassis = [[Asterozoa]]
| classis = [[Asteroidea]]
| ordo = '''Forcipulatida'''
| subdivision_ranks = [[Familia (taxinomia)|Familiae]]
| subdivision = ''Vide commentarium.''
}}
'''Forcipulatida''' sunt [[ordo (taxinomia)|ordo]] [[Echinodermata|Echinodermatorum]] [[classis (taxinomia)|classis]] [[Asteroidea|Asteroideorum]].

==Descriptio==
Ordinibus Forcipulatidis et [[Brisingida|Brisingidis]] sunt peculiares [[pedicellaria]]e, quae in culmo brevi cum [[tres|tribus]] [[ossicula|osciculis]] [[sceletus|sceleti]] consistunt. Illius autem gregis dissimilia, Forcipulatida robustius [[corpus (physica)|corpus]] habere solent.&lt;ref name=IZ&gt;Robert D. Barnes, ''Invertebrate Zoology'' (Philadelphiae: Holt-Saunders International, 1982, ISBN 0-03-056747-5).&lt;/ref&gt; Ordini insunt nonnullae [[species (taxinomia)|species]] bene notae, inter quas ''[[Asterias rubens]].''

Ordini sunt tres [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]]:
* familia [[Asteriidae]]&lt;small&gt; Gray, 1840&lt;/small&gt;
* familia [[Heliasteridae]]&lt;small&gt; Viguier, 1878&lt;/small&gt;
* familia [[Pedicellasteridae]]&lt;small&gt; Perrier, 1884&lt;/small&gt;
* familia [[Pycnopodiidae]]&lt;small&gt; Fisher, 1928&lt;/small&gt;
* familia [[Stichasteridae]]
* familia [[Zoroasteridae]]&lt;small&gt; Sladen, 1889&lt;/small&gt;]

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Nexus externus==
{{CommuniaCat}}

{{echinodermata-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Forcipulatida| ]]
[[Categoria:Ordines animalium]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Paxillosida</title>
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      <text bytes="3449" sha1="jukq058zkar3w6vgubx5yturss3kn7v" xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| name = Paxillosida
| image = Luidia magnifica.jpg
| image_caption = Urinator singulum [[species (taxinomia)|speciei]] ''[[Luidia magnifica|Luidiae magnificae]]'' contrectat.
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Echinodermata]]
| subphylum = [[Eleutherozoa]]
| classis = [[Asteroidea]]
| ordo = '''Paxillosida'''
| ordo_authority = Perrier, [[1884]]
| subdivision_ranks = [[Familia (taxinomia)|Familiae]]
| subdivision = ''Vide commentarium.''
}}

'''Paxillosida''' sunt magnus [[Echinodermata|Echinodermatorum]] [[classis (taxinomia)|classis]] [[Asteroidea|Asteroideorum]] [[ordo (taxinomia)|ordo]].

==Proprietates==
Adulti huius ordinis [[anus (anatomia)|ano]] carent, et res sugendi{{dubsig}}&lt;!--suckers--&gt; a [[pedes tubulares|pedibus tubularibus]] absunt. Haec [[animalia]] gradum [[brachiolaria|brachiolariorum]] in primo&lt;!--early--&gt; auctu non habent.&lt;ref&gt;M. Matsubara, M. Komatsu, T. Araki, S. Asakawa, S.-T. Yokobori, K. Watanabe, et H. Wada (2005), The phylogenetic status of Paxillosida (Asteroidea) based on complete mitochondrial DNA sequences, ''Molecular Genetics and Evolution'' 36: 598–605.&lt;/ref&gt; Eis sunt laminae marginales&lt;!--marginal plates--&gt; et [[pedicellariae]] sessiles. Ea in mollibus [[arena]]e [[lutum|luti]]ve [[circumiectus naturalis|circumiectibus]] plerumque [[habitatio|habitant]].&lt;ref name=IZ&gt;Robert D. Barnes, ''Invertebrate Zoology'' (Philadelphiae: Holt-Saunders International, 1982, ISBN 0-03-056747-5).&lt;/ref&gt;

==Systematica==
Ordini sunt [[sex]] [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&amp;id=123088 De ordine] apud situm marinespecies.org (Paxillosida Perrier, 1884).&lt;/ref&gt; :
* familia ''[[Astropectinidae]]'' &lt;small&gt;Gray, 1840&lt;/small&gt;
* familia ''[[Ctenodiscidae]]'' &lt;small&gt;Sladen, 1889&lt;/small&gt;
* familia ''[[Goniopectinidae]]'' &lt;small&gt;Verrill, 1889&lt;/small&gt;
* familia ''[[Luidiidae]]'' &lt;small&gt;Sladen, 1889&lt;/small&gt;
* familia ''[[Porcellanasteridae]]'' &lt;small&gt;Sladen, 1883&lt;/small&gt;
* familia ''[[Pseudarchasteridae]]''
* familia ''[[Radiasteridae]]'' &lt;small&gt;Fisher, 1916&lt;/small&gt;


Investigationes recentiores monstrant Paxillosida fortasse esse sororium ''[[Asterina (Asteroidea)|Asterinae]]'' [[taxon]].&lt;ref&gt;M. Matsubara, M. Komatsu, T. Araki, S. Asakawa, S.-T. Yokobori, K. Watanabe, et H. Wada (2005), The phylogenetic status of Paxillosida (Asteroidea) based on complete mitochondrial DNA sequences, ''Molecular Genetics and Evolution'' 36: 598–605.&lt;/ref&gt;


&lt;gallery style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
File:Astropecten aranciacus Sardegna09 28cm 5520.jpg|''[[Astropecten aranciacus]]''
File:Purple and Orange Starfish on the Beach (2884079538).jpg|''[[Astropecten articulatus]]''
File:Astropecten bispinosus Sardegna06 3284.jpg|''[[Astropecten bispinosus]]''
&lt;/gallery&gt;
&lt;gallery style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
File:Astropecten irregularis pentacanthus Sardegna09 17cm 5962.jpg|''[[Astropecten irregularis]]''
File:Astropecten jonstoni Naxos08 1832 640x480 dpi90.jpg|''[[Astropecten jonstoni]]''
File:Astropecten platyacanthus Sardegna09 e cm09 5503.jpg|''[[Astropecten platyacanthus]]''
File:Starfish.Egypt.JPG|''[[Luidia ciliaris]]''
File:Nine-armed Sea Star (Luidia senegalensis) (4338628827).jpg|''[[Luidia senegalensis]]''
File:Luidia australiae.jpg|''[[Luidia australiae]]''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Categoria:Ordines animalium]]
[[Categoria:Paxillosida| ]]
[[Categoria:Taxa Perrier]]
[[Categoria:Taxa 1884]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Le Luart</title>
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      <comment>+capsa</comment>
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      <text bytes="522" sha1="3hz3268h220mwrl45sqje38jdyd115u" xml:space="preserve">{{capsa urbis Vicidata}}

''' Le Luart ''' est commune 1460 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Sartha (praefectura Franciae)|Sarthae]] in [[Francia]]e occidentalis regione [[Pagi Ligeris (regio Franciae)|Pagis Ligeris]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Sarthae]]

== Nexus externi ==

{{CommuniaCat|Le Luart |Le Luart }}
* {{INSEE commune|72172|de=Le Luart}}
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Sarthae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Sarthae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Circumnavigatio</title>
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      <text bytes="11446" sha1="rbjp59tse5nzty9inrgxqz10oagdofh" xml:space="preserve">'''Circumnavigatio''' (ad verbum ''[[navigatio]]nem [[circumferentia]]e'') ad iter faciendum circa totam [[insula]]m, [[continens|continentem]], vel omnem [[planeta]]m [[Tellus|Tellurem]] omnino spectat.

==Circumnavigatio orbis terrarum ==
Homo qui omnino circa altrumutrum [[polus|polum]] ambulat revera omnes [[meridianus (geographia)|meridianos]] transit, sed hic transitus usitate circumnavigatio non existimatur. Principalis circumnavigationis orbis terrarum definitio est iter quod saltem [[circulus magnus|circulum magnum]], et praeterea per saltem par punctorum quae inter se sunt [[antipodes|antipodalia]], comprehendit.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.expedition360.com/home/circumnavigation.htm ''Definition of a Circumnavigation,''] apud www.expedition360.com.&lt;/ref&gt; Ut mos est, variae definitiones circumnavigationi adhibentur, ut vires ex usu&lt;!--practical constraints--&gt; modorum itineris faciendi accommodentur. Quia [[planeta]] est [[sphaera]], iter ab alio polo ad alium, et retro, opinabiliter sit circumnavigatio, sed difficultates ex usu plerumque tale iter prohibent.

Hominibus divitibus, longinqua et lenta circa Tellurem itinera, ut insigniter fecit [[Ulixes S. Grant]], solum [[saeculum 19|saeculo undevicensimo]] fieri posse coeperunt, et [[bellum mundanum|bella mundana]] magnos copiarum numeros circa planetam moverunt, sed recentior [[technologia]]e progressus et reditus crescentes&lt;!--rising incomes--&gt; talia itinera res quotidianas fecerunt.

===Res nauticae===
Celerrima navigationis circumnavigatio a [[navis|navi]] [[ventus|vento]] propulsa facta est.

====Vi venti====
[[Fasciculus:CircumnavigationByTrades.png|thumb|Usitatum circumnavigationis iter [[velificatio]]ne factum, per [[canalis|canales]] [[Canalis Suesiensis|Suesiensem]] et [[Canalis Panamensis|Panamensem]] [[ruber|rubro]], et eius [[antipodes]] [[flavus|flavo]] pinguntur.]]
Tabula dextra posita [[ruber|rubro]] quotidianum iter&lt;!--noncompetitive--&gt; [[velificatio]]ne circumnavigationis secundum [[ventus commercialis|ventos commerciales]] et per [[canalis|canales]] [[Canalis Suesiensis|Suesiensem]] et [[Canalis Panamensis|Panamensem]], [[flavus|flavo]] puncta omnibus punctis huius itineris [[antipodes|antipodalia]] effectum pingit. Videri potest iter ad circulum magnum accedere et par punctorum antipodalium transire.&lt;!-- +This is a route followed by many [[Cruising (maritime)|cruising]] sailors, going in a western direction; use of the trade winds makes it a relatively easy sail, though it passes through some zones of calms or light winds.--&gt;

[[Fasciculus:CircumnavigationByCapes.png|thumb|left|Usitatum circumnavigationis certaminis iter celoce factum [[ruber|rubro]], eius [[antipodes]] [[flavus|flavo]], pinguntur.]]&lt;!--
In [[yacht racing]], a round-the-world route approximating a great circle would be quite impractical, particularly in a non-stop race where use of the Panama and Suez Canals would be impossible.  Yacht racing therefore defines a world circumnavigation to be a passage of at least 21,600&amp;nbsp;nautical miles (40,000&amp;nbsp;km) in length which crosses the [[equator]], crosses every [[meridian (geography)|meridian]] and finishes in the same port as it starts.&lt;ref&gt;[http://sailspeedrecords.com/the-courses-offshore.html ''ISAF/World Sailing Speed Record Rules for individually attempted Passage Records or Performances Offshore, sec.&amp;nbsp;26.1.a, Record Courses'']&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt;Tabula laeva posita iter ''[[Vendée Globe]],'' certaminis circum Tellurem, [[ruber|rubro]], antipodalia omnium punctorum certaminis puncta [[flavus|flavo]] pingit. Videri potest iter nulla puncta antipodalia transire.&lt;!-- +Since the winds in the higher latitudes predominantly blow west-to-east it can be seen that there is an easier route (west-to-east) and a harder route (east-to-west) when circumnavigating by sail; this difficulty is magnified for [[square-rig]] vessels.--&gt;

====Vi machinarum====
Post adventum [[periegesis|periegeticae]] orbis terrarum navigationis anno [[1922]] (in ''[[RMS_Laconia_(1921)|Laconia]],'' navi societatis [[Cunard Line|Cunard]]) multa [[mille|milia]] hominum circumnavigationes orbis terrarum velocitate lenta confecerunt. Hae navigationes, usitate [[Urbs Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]] in urbe vel [[Hantonia]]e incipientes, ad [[occidens|occidentem]] persistunt. Itinera variantur, aut per [[Mare Caribicum]] et tum in [[Oceanus Pacificus|Oceanum Pacificum]] per Canalem Panamensem, aut circum [[Hornanum Caput]], unde [[navis|naves]] plerumque ad [[Havaii|Havaios]], [[insula]]s [[Oceanus Pacificus|Pacifici Australis]], [[Australia]]m, [[Nova Zelandia|Novam Zelandiam]], tum ad [[septentrio]]nes ad [[Hongcongum]], [[Asia Meridio-Orientalis|Asiam Meridio-Orientalem]], et [[India]]m capiunt; quo itinera iterum variantur: aliud iter per Canalem Suesiensem et in [[Mare Mediterraneum|Mare Nostrum]], aliud circum [[Caput Bonae Spei]] et tum secundum occidentale [[Africa]]e litus transit. Hae navigationes in [[portus|portu]] ubi coeperunt plerumque finiunt.&lt;!--

The current mechanically powered circumnavigation record of 60 days 23 hours and 49 minutes was established by a voyage of the wave-piercing trimaran [[Earthrace]] which was completed on 27 June 2008. The voyage followed the North Atlantic Ocean, Panama Canal, Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, Suez Canal, Mediterranean Sea route in a westerly direction.--&gt;

===Aerinavigatio===
[[Aerinavigatio]]ne commerciali inventa, multa milia hominum circum Tellurem [[volatus|volaverunt]]. Nonnulla itinera quotidiana, sicut vetus ''Flight One'' societatis [[Pan American World Airways]] (et deinde, quamquam breviter, ''Flight One'' societatis [[United Airlines]]), Tellurem circumnavigabant, et hodie excogitare tale iter per coniunctiones varias est simplicissimum. Prima [[aeronavis]] ab hominibus facta quae Tellurem circumnavigavit fuit [[Graf Zeppelin LZ 127]], anno [[1929]] volans.&lt;!--PLUS IN EN:--&gt;

====Res astronauticae====
[[Georgius Gagarin]], primus homo qui in [[spatium|spatio]] [[volatus|volavit]], factus est primus quoque qui [[volatus orbitalis|volatum orbitalem]] fecit, in [[aeronavis|aeronavi]] ''[[Vostok 1]],'' anno [[1961]].&lt;!--Early NASA space missions included only [[suborbital spaceflight]]s.--&gt;

===Vi humana===&lt;!--
{{Vide|Around the world cycling record}}--&gt;
Secundum [https://web.archive.org/web/20160424024252/http://www.adventurestats.com/tables/hpc.shtml AdventureStats], situm ab [http://www.explorersweb.com/ Explorersweb] sustentum, [[Iason Lewis]] primam veram vi humana circumnavigationem Telluris confecit, sed [[Societas Geographica Nationalis]] Colin Angus primam talem circumnavigationem conficere adfirmat.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20070112111842/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/best-of-adventure-2007/achievements/colin-angus-julie-wafaei.html De &quot;adventure,&quot;] apud www.nationalgeograpic.com.&lt;/ref&gt; Quamquam nec Lewis nec Angus normas [[Guinness World Records]] secutus est, ullus continuum vi humana effectum circa planetam iter confecit.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=AdventureStats by Explorersweb|title=Global HPC - Human Powered Circumnavigations|url=http://www.adventurestats.com/tables/hpc.shtml|publisher=Explorersweb}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[David Kunst]] fuit primus homo notus qui circa Tellurem ambulavit, inter [[20 Iunii]] et [[10 Octobris]] [[1974]].

Normae a Guinness World Records Martio 2007 edictae circumnavigationem vi humana effectam saltem 36&amp;thinsp;787.559 chiliometrorum (spatium [[Tropicus Cancri|Tropici Cancri]]) habere, [[Aequator]]em transire, et quamque partem loco exacto ubi pars superioris finiat incipere requirunt. Nemo hodie circumnavigationem vi humana effectam secundum has normas confecit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130120223059/http://www.angusadventures.com/circumnavigations.html De circumnavigatione Colin Angus,] apud www.angusadventures.com.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.around-n-over.org/circumnavigation.htm De circumnavigatione Erden Eruc,] apud www.around-n-over.org.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.expedition360.com/home/circumnavigation.htm De circumnavigatione Iasonis Lewis,] apud www.expedition360.com.&lt;/ref&gt;

Homines circum orbem terrarum [[birota|birotis]] atque currentes circumnavigaverunt,&lt;ref&gt;[[:Categoria:Circumnavigatores Telluris pedestriani]].&lt;/ref&gt; sed [[oceanus|oceani]] iter aeriale poscunt, qua pro causa distantia secundum normas Guinness est brevior. [[Pes|Pede]] ab America Septentrionali ad Asiam ire opinabiliter fieri potest, sed difficillimum, quia transitum [[Fretum Beringianum|Freti Beringiani]] super [[glacies|glacie]] atque fere 3000 chiliometrorum regionum [[palus]]trarum et [[frigus|frigidarum]] sine viis ordinariis in [[Alasca]] et [[Russia]] orientali poscit. Nemo omne hoc iter pede iam confecit.

==Circumnavigationes insignes ==&lt;!--
{{main|List of circumnavigations}}--&gt;

===Maritimae ===
* Expeditio [[Ferdinandus Magellanus|Ferdinandi Magellani]] et [[Ioannes Sebastianus Elcano|Ioannis Sebastiani Elcano]] legati, annis [[1519]]–[[1522]] effecta, est prima orbis terrarum circumnavigatio nota. Magellanus, [[nauta]] [[Portugallia|Portugallicus]] se [[Corona Hispanica|Coronae Hispanicae]] commodans, primam duxit expeditionem ad orbem terrarum circumnavigandum, inter Augustum [[1519]] et Aprilem [[1521]] navigans. Ipso autem, [[proelium|proelio]] [[Cebu]]ano in [[Insula|Insulis]] [[Philippinae|Philippinis]] die [[27 Aprilis]] [[1521]] necato, Elcano, [[Hispania|Hispanicus]] ex [[Getaria]], iter per [[Oceanus Indicus|Oceanum Indicum]] atque [[Caput Bonae Spei]] praeteriens ad Hispaniam anno [[1522]] retro confecit. [[Duodeviginti|Duodevicensimi]] superstites huius expeditionis, inter quos Elcano, in ''[[Victoria (navis)|Victoria]]'' circumnavigationem compleverunt, ad [[urbs|urbem]] [[Sanlucar de Barrameda]]{{dubsig}} prope [[Gades]] die [[8 Septembris]] [[1522]], post iter [[tres|trium]] annorum et unius mensis redientes. ([[Septendecim]] superstites additi deinde rediverunt.) Hi fuerunt primi navigatores noti qui orbem terrarum circumnavigaverunt.&lt;ref&gt;Antonio Pigafetta et Raleigh Ashlin Skelton, ''Magellan's Voyage: A Narrative Account of the First Circumnavigation'' (Courier Dover Publications, 1994), ISBN 0486280993, ISBN 9780486280998.&lt;/ref&gt; Deinde [[Franciscus Drakus]] ab anno 1577 ad annum [[1580]] orbis terrarum circumnavigavit. [[Sanlucar de Barrameda 2019–2022]] vicissim est propositum ad celebrandum [[quinque|quintum]] primae circumnavigationis Telluris centenarium, cuius locus abitus reditusque fuit eadem urbs.

* [[Iosua Slocum]], [[1895]]–[[1898]] primam [[navigatio unius hominis|unius hominis]] circumnavigationem Telluris fecit.

===Terrestris===
*Annis 1841–1842 [[Georgius Simpson (administrator)|Georgius Simpson]] Eques primam circumnavigationem terrestrem fecit, [[Canada]]m et [[Siberia]]m transiens et [[Londinium]] rediens.

===Aeriales===
* Anno [[1924]], [[United States Army Air Service]] [[prima circumnavigatio aerialis|primam circumnavigationem aerialem]], dierum 175 et chiliometrorum 44&amp;thinsp;360, confecit.
* Anno [[1949]], ''[[Lucky Lady II]],'' [[Superfortress Boeing B-50]] Copiarum Aerialium Civitatum Foederatarum, Capitaneo Iacobo Gallagher duce, circumnavigationem non consistens&lt;!--nonstop--&gt; factum est.&lt;!--This was achieved by refueling the plane in flight.--&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Explorator]]
* [[Exploratio astrorum]]
* [[Index circumnavigationum]]
* [[Periegesis]]
* [[Prima circumnavigatio Russica]]

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Categoria:Circumnavigatio|!]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Expeditio 29</title>
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      <text bytes="4700" sha1="ferisqvpymit5prn4xspobre2yp0dg0" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!--{{ISS Expedition
|Name = Expeditio 29
|Insignia = ISS Expedition 29 Patch.png
|CallSign =
|NumberOfCrew = 6 
|StartDate =  {{Start date|2011|09|16|03|59|39|Z|df=yes}}
|LaunchSite = Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan
|LaunchVehicle = [[Soyuz TMA-02M]], [[Soyuz TMA-22]]
|EndDate = {{End date|2011|11|21|23|00||Z|df=yes}}
|StationVisitLength =
|StationEVALength =
|LandingDate =
|LandingSite =
|LandingVehicle =
|Duration =
|Orbits =
|Distance =
|Mass =
|CrewPhoto = Expedition 29 crew portrait.jpg
|CrewCaption = (l-r) Furukawa, Fossum, Volkov, Ivanishin, Burbank and Shkaplerov
|previous = [[File:ISS Expedition 28 Patch.png|25px]] [[Expedition 28]]
|next = [[File:ISS Expedition 30 Patch.png|25px]] [[Expedition 30]]
}}--&gt;
[[Fasciculus:ISS Expedition 29 Patch.png|thumb|200px|Insigne Expeditionis 29.]]
 
'''Expeditio 29''' fuit vicensima-nona diuturnitatis expeditio ad [[Statio Spatialis Internationalis|Stationem Spatialem Internationalem]] (SSI) missa. Expeditio rite coepit cum [[aeronavis]] [[Soyuz TMA-21]] ex SSI discederet, hora 00:38 UTC die [[16 Septembris]] [[2011]],&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2011/09/soyuz-tma-21-earth-nasa-confirms-new-iss-flight-manifest/ &quot;Soyuz TMA-21 returns to Earth&quot;]. NASA, [[15 Septembris]] [[2011]]. Accessum [[24 Octobris]] [[2011]].&lt;/ref&gt; quando [[astronauta]]e [[Satoshi Furukawa]], [[Michael Fossum]], et [[Sergeius Alexandri filius Volkov|Sergeius Volkov]], qui in [[Soyuz TMA-02M]] vehentes Iunio 2011 advenerant, sua opera coeperunt. 

[[Soyuz TMA-22]], quod additos Expeditionis 29 astronautas ad SSI tulit, primum Septembri 2011 immitti&lt;!--to be launched--&gt; intentum erat, sed ob [[Progress_M-12M|defectionem Progress M-12M vehiculi suppeditantis]] die [[24 Augusti]], immissio ad [[14 Novembris]] retenta est.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20111026043424/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/sci/2011-10/24/c_122193128.htm &quot;Russian Space Agency names next crew to ISS&quot;]. [[Xinhua]], [[24 Octobris]] [[2011]].&lt;/ref&gt; Se feliciter cum SSI die [[16 Novembris]] [[2011]] coniunxit.&lt;ref name=TMA22docking&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20111219162529/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/11/16/russia-space-idUSL5E7MG1EX20111116 &quot;Russian, U.S. crew safely dock with space station&quot;]. [[Reuters]], 16 Novembris 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

Expeditio 29 rite finita est cum Soyuz TMA-02M se ab SSI die [[21 Novembris]] [[2011]] separavit, astronautis Furukawa, Fossum, et Volkov ad [[Tellus|Tellurem]] in ea redientibus, atque [[Daniel Burbank|Daniele Burbank]], [[Antonius Shkaplerov|Antonio Shkaplerov]], et [[Anatolius Ivanishin|Anatolio Ivanishin]] in SSI pro [[Expeditio 30|Expeditione 30]] manentibus.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120117161735/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/expeditions/expedition30/index.html &quot;Expedition 30&quot;]. NASA. Accessum [[23 Novembris]] [[2011]].&lt;/ref&gt;

==Astronautae==
Hic est index astronautarum et munerum.&lt;ref name=&quot;crew1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2009/oct/HQ_09-233_Space_Station_Crews.html|title= NASA and its International Partners Assign Space Station Crews |accessdate=7 October 2009|publisher=NASA|year=[[2009]]|author=NASA HQ}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.jaxa.jp/press/2008/12/20081217_iss_j.html JAXA announcement of Furukawa assignment, [[17 Decembris]] [[2008]] (Iaponice)].&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
!Positio
!Pars Prima&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Septembri 2011 ad Novembrem 2011)&lt;/small&gt;
!Pars Altera&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Novembri 2011)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
!Praefectus
|colspan=2 align=center|[[Michael Fossum]], [[NASA]]&lt;br/&gt;Volatus spatialis tertius
|-
!Ingeniarius Volatus 1
|colspan=2 align=center|[[Satoshi Furukawa]], [[JAXA]]&lt;br/&gt;Volatus spatialis primus
|-
!Ingeniarius Volatus 2
|colspan=2 align=center|[[Sergeius Alexandri filius Volkov|Sergeius Volkov]], [[Russian Federal Space Agency|RSA]]&lt;br/&gt;Volatus alter
|-
!Ingeniarius Volatus 3
|
|colspan=1 align=center|[[Antonius Shkaplerov]], RSA&lt;br/&gt;Volatus spatialis primus
|-
!Ingeniarius Volatus 4
|
|colspan=1 align=center|[[Anatolius Ivanishin]], RSA&lt;br/&gt;Volatus spatialis primus
|-
!Ingeniarius Volatus 5
|
|colspan=1 align=center|[[Daniel Burbank]], NASA&lt;br/&gt;Volatus spatialis tertiur
|-
|}

==Notae==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

==Nexus externi==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110814024250/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/expeditions/index.html Pagina &quot;Space Station Expeditions,] apud http://www.nasa.gov/
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20111018215508/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/station/crew-29/ndxpage1.html Photographia Expeditionis 29,] apud spaceflight.nasa.gov

[[Categoria:2011]]
[[Categoria:Expeditiones]]&lt;!--PRO TEM, ut saltem unus nexus sit caeruleus--&gt;
[[Categoria:Itinera caelestia]]</text>
      <sha1>ferisqvpymit5prn4xspobre2yp0dg0</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Flumen Circumpolare Antarcticum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>154650</id>
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      <text bytes="2731" sha1="bd6nezb33rvldmm3egwx0bihdmt8255" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Antarctic Circumpolar Current.jpg|300px|thumb|Flumen Circumpolare Antarcticum est vehementissimum [[flumen oceanicum|fluminum oceanicorum]] systema in [[Oceanus Mundi|Oceano Mundi]], pelves [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Atlanticam]], [[Oceanus Indicus|Indicam]], [[Oceanus Pacificus|Pacificam]] conectens.]] 
'''Flumen Circumpolare Antarcticum,''' vel raro '''Fluitatio Venti Occidentalis,'''&lt;!--=West Wind Drift--&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Fontes desiderati}}&lt;/ref&gt; est [[flumen oceanicum]] quod [[modus horologicus|modo horologico]] ab [[occidens|occidentem]] ad [[oriens|orientem]] circum [[Antarctica]]m movetur, regnans circulationis proprietas [[Oceanus Australis|Oceani Australis]] atque, circa 125 [[sverdrup]] ferens, maximum orbis terrarum flumen oceanicum.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20100614102611/http://oceancurrents.rsmas.miami.edu/southern/antarctic-cp.html &quot;Surface Currents in the Southern Ocean,&quot;] apud oceancurrents.rsmas.miami.edu.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Calor|Calidas]] [[aqua]]s [[oceanus|oceanicas]] procul ab [[Antarctica]] arcet, sinens ut ille [[continens]] suam [[lodix glaciei|lodicem glaciei]]&lt;!--ice sheet--&gt; conservet. &lt;!--PLUS IN EN:--&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Confluens Brasilia-Malvinae]]

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
*Orsi, A. H., T. Whitworth, et W. D. Nowling. [[1995]]. On the meridional extent and fronts of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. ''Deep Sea Research,'' series I:42, 641-673.
*Talley, Lynne D., et al. [[2011]]. ''Descriptive Physical Oceanography.'' Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-7506-4552-2.

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101212104219/http://oceanworld.tamu.edu/resources/ocng_textbook/chapter13/chapter13_04.htm Alta Circulatio in  Oceano,] apud oceanworld.tamu.edu
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100614102611/http://oceancurrents.rsmas.miami.edu/southern/antarctic-cp.html &quot;The Antarctic CP Current,&quot;] apud oceancurrents.rsmas.miami.edu
* [http://earth.usc.edu/~stott/Catalina/Oceans.html Flumina Oceanica et Clima,] apud earth.usc.edu
* [http://stommel.tamu.edu/~baum/paleo/ocean/node2.html#AntarcticCC Glossarium Oceanographiae Physicae et Disciplinarum Cognatarum: Antarctic Circumpolar Current,] apud stommel.tamu.edu
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130424223130/http://literaturecollection.com/a/london/149/ &quot;Make Westing&quot; (fabula Ioannis London),] apud https://web.archive.org/web/20120504130956/http://www.literaturecollection.com/
* [http://www.enn.com/climate/article/38712 ''Southern Ocean changing but still major CO2 sink'', Environmental News Network, November 24, 2008]

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Geographia Antarcticae]]
[[Categoria:Geographia Chiliae]]
[[Categoria:Flumina oceanica]]
[[Categoria:Oceanus Australis]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Jenzat</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>158790</id>
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      <text bytes="526" sha1="mw7o1r3h00snyvkx2q1n0v8o29rha3u" xml:space="preserve">{{capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Jenzat.JPG|thumb|upright=.7|left|Jenzat: castellum.]]


''' Jenzat''' commune 517 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Elaver (praefectura Franciae)|Elaveris]] in [[Francia]]e regione [[Arvernia]].
{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Elaveris]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Jenzat|Jenzat}}
* {{INSEE commune|03133|de=Jenzat}}
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Elaveri]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Elaveri]]</text>
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        <id>172405</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>antiquum</comment>
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      <text bytes="535" sha1="h878i1cbuo2ap6arbhvzglc16qpd7yb" xml:space="preserve">{{capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Jenzat.JPG|thumb|upright=.7|left|Jenzat: antiquum castellum.]]


''' Jenzat''' commune 517 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Elaver (praefectura Franciae)|Elaveris]] in [[Francia]]e regione [[Arvernia]].
{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Elaveris]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Jenzat|Jenzat}}
* {{INSEE commune|03133|de=Jenzat}}
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Elaveri]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Elaveri]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Categoria:Episcopi Aurelianenses</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>163059</id>
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      <text bytes="164" sha1="lwd4078blf6hd3vzkierlzzir6pi2c3" xml:space="preserve">{{Homines hac in categoria secundum annum ultimum vitae}}

[[Categoria:Episcopi Franciae|Aurelianum]]
[[Categoria:Aurelianum]]
[[Categoria:Dioecesis Aurelianensis]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Amaranthus wrightii</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>168335</id>
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      <text bytes="1427" sha1="3broljt6sd83owzvpbral0zdrgmflmd" xml:space="preserve">{{taxobox
|name = ''Amaranthus wrightii''
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiospermae]]
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicotyledones]]
|unranked_ordo = [[Eudicotyledones nucleares]]
|ordo = [[Caryophyllales]]
|familia = [[Amaranthaceae]]
|genus = ''[[Amaranthus]]''
|binomial = ''Amaranthus wrightii''
|binomial_authority = [[Serenus Watson|S.Watson]]
|}}
'''''Amaranthus wrightii''''' est [[species (taxinomia)|species]] [[angiospermae|plantarum florentium]] [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[Amaranthaceae|Amaranthacearum]].

==Bibliographia==
*Fanton M., et J. Fanton. [[1993]]. Amaranth. ''The Seed Savers' Handbook.''
*Howard, Brian Clark. [[2013]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140808071935/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/08/130812-amaranth-oaxaca-mexico-obesity-puente-food/?google_editors_picks=true Amaranth: Another Ancient Wonder Food, But Who Will Eat It?] ''National Geographic Geographic Online, 12 Augusti.
*Watson, S. [[1877]]. Amaranthus wrightii. ''Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts'' 12:275. [Nomine Amarantus].

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat}}
{{Vicispecies}}
{{Fontes de plantis}}
*[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&amp;taxon_id=242415660 Wright's amaranth.] ''Flora of North America.'' 

[[Categoria:Species plantarum]]{{Titulus italicus}} 
[[Categoria:Amaranthus]]
[[Categoria:Species plantarum ex hominibus appellatae|Wright]]
[[Categoria:Taxa S. Watson]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Circulus Gottingae</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="12473" sha1="i925veuynegj04gvxzmjvpmxyltke17" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}

'''Circulus Gottingae'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.com/books?id=kkM-AAAAcAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=gottingensis&amp;lr=&amp;cd=14#v=onepage&amp;q=&amp;f=false Libri Googles].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Göttingen''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Göttingen''; [[Saxonice]] '' Landkreis Chöttingen''), nunc pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1885]] conditus est. [[Caput (urbs)|Caput]] est [[Gottinga]].

== Historia ==
Circulus Gottingae anno [[1885]] constitutus est. Anno [[1945]] ad terram Hannoveram transiit, ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet. Anno 2012 disputabatur, an circulus cum finitimis [[Circulus terrae Northemiensis|Northemiensi]] et [[Circulus Osteroda ad Harthicos montes|Osteroda]] coniungendus esset. Postquam Northeim e actionibus se recessit, consilium circuli Gottingae die [[6 Martii]] [[2013]] constituit, ut cum solo circulo Osteroda circulus Gottingae coniungendus sit&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.landkreis-goettingen.de/pics/medien/1_1362642492/2013_03_06_EILMELDUNG_Kreistag_beschliesst_Fusion.pdf Nuntius circuli Gottingae die 6 Martii 2013 promulgata]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Die [[1 Novembris]] [[2016]] Osteroda ad Gottingam circulum adiuncta est&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20161101125654/http://www.ndr.de/nachrichten/niedersachsen/braunschweig_harz_goettingen/Landkreise-Osterode-und-Goettingen-fusionieren,kreisfusion160.html ndr.de die 1 Novembris 2016]&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Communia circuli ==
[[Fasciculus:Municipalities_in_GÖ-2016.svg|300px|right|Communia in Circulo Gottingae]]
Circulus Gottingensis 39 communia habet, quae maxima parte ad &quot;communia generalia&quot; (Theodisce &quot;Samtgemeinden&quot;) coniuncta sunt. Haec sunt:

* [[Adelebsenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Funck 1736&quot;&gt;Funck, J. N. (1736). ''Disputatio Academica de Voluntaria Morte Judaeorum et Gentilium sub Praesidio S. R. I. Libero Baroni de Adelebsen Dedicata''. Rintelii: Typis Johannis Friderici Enax.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Adelebsen'') (6449 incolae)
* [[Aquae Lauterbergenses in Montibus Harthicis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mirus 1826&quot;&gt;Mirus, A. (1826). ''De salubritate aquarum lauterbergensium in montibus harthicis sitarum''. Typis Regiis.&lt;/ref&gt;  (Theodisce: ''Bad Lauterberg im Harz''), commune sui iuris et urbs (11.080 incolae)
* [[Bobentunum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Ohainski &amp; Udolph&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bovenden''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Bovten'') oppidum (13.381)
* [[Duderstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Duderstadt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dustadt'') (21.609)
* [[Friedlandia (Saxonia Inferior)|Friedland]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Friedland&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Friedland' in Latinam &quot;Friedlandia&quot; verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Friedland'') (11.395)
* [[Gleicha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gleichen'') (9163)
* [[Gottinga]] (''Göttingen'', 121.364)
* [[Grundensis Civitas Metallica]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Grund'') (8824)
* [[Hertzberga ad Harthicos montes]], urbs (13.573)
* [[Mundia Hannoverana]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mundia Hannoverana&quot;&gt;Vide [https://spatial.demo.geocode.earth/explore/place/wof/101810167?utm ''Geocode Earth''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) LAT preferred '''Mundia Hannoverana''' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hann. Münden'' seu ''Hannoversch Münden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hannöversch Münnen''), urbs (24.390)
* [[Osteroda ad Harthicos montes]] (''Osterode am Harz''), urbs (22.987)
* [[Rosdorf]] (12.005)
* [[Sathsa]] vel '''Aquae Sathsieneses''' (''Bad Sachsa''), urbs (7634)
* [[Staufenberg]] (8080)
* [[Walkenried]] (4666)

* [[Gieboldehusa (commune generale)|Gieboldehusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Gieboldehausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Chiwelehusen'') commune generale (13.890)
** [[Bilshusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wolf 1819&quot;&gt;Wolf, J. (1819). ''Politische Geschichte des Eichsfeldes mit Urkunden erläutert''. Johann Georg Rosenbusch.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bilshausen'') (2348)
** [[Bodensa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Ohainski &amp; Udolph&quot;&gt;Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2003). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Göttingen''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodensee'') (767)
** [[Gieboldehusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Gieboldehausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Chiwelehusen'') oppidum (3944)
** [[Krebecca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ecca&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ec(k)'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-ecca-ae&quot; seu &quot;-eca-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-ec, -eck''' : -''ecca'', -''ēca'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Krebeck'') (1116)
** [[Obernfeld]] (972)
** [[Rhumspringe]] (1883)
** [[Rollshausen]] (901)
** [[Rüdershausen]] (868)
** [[Wollbrandshausen]] (612)
** [[Wollershausen]] (479)

* [[Radolfshusa (commune generale)|Radolfshusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Radolfshausen'', commune generale (7282)
** [[Evergoteshemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-hemiumEver&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-hemium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Euergoteshem'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: H. Bresslau et. al.: ''Die Urkunden Heinrichs II. und Arduins''. In: Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Die Urkunden der deutschen Könige und Kaiser, Band 3. [[Hannovera]]e 1900–1903.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ebergötzen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Ewerchötzschen'') (1790)
** [[Landolfshusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Landolfshausen'') (1132)
** [[Seeburg]] (1601)
** [[Seulingen]] (1369)
** [[Waake]] (1390)

* [[Hattorpium ad Harthicos Montes (commune generale)|Hattorpium ad Harthicos Montes]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Hattorf am Harz'') (commune generale) (7606)
** [[Elbingeroda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-roda&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-rode'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-roda-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Baceroda]], [[Gerningeroda]], [[Osteroda]], [[Werningroda]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elbingerode'') (417)
** [[Hattorpium ad Harthicos Montes]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Hattorf am Harz'') (4177)
** [[Horda ad Harthicos Montes]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Hörden am Harz'') (1078)
** [[Wulften ad Harthicos montes]] (1934)

* [[Thransfellensis Ecclesia (commune generale)|Thransfellensis Ecclesia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dransfeld''), commune generale (9158)
** [[Buria (Saxonia Inferior)|Buria]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Ohainski &amp; Udolph&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bühren'') (527)
** [[Iuniun]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Iunium&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B74-6/NOB%20IV%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20G%C3%B6ttingen.pdf?utm ''NOB IV Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Göttingen'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 960 Iuniun (MGH DO I. Nr. 206 S. 285) (...) 1251 (A. 14. Jh.) Johan de June (UB Göttingen I Nr. 4 S. 5) 1266 ''Godefridus de Iunen [...] sacerdos'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;  ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Jühnde'') (1062)
** [[Scheden]] (1963)
** [[Thransfellensis Ecclesia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dransfeld'') urbs (4010)
** [[Vallis Mimedensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Vallis&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Tal?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum vocabulum ''T(h)al'' aut Theodiscum suffixum ''-t(h)al'' Latino vocabulo &quot;vallis-is&quot;] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mimedensis&quot;&gt;Theodiscum hydronymicum praefixum ''Nieme-'' Latino gentilicio &quot;Mimedensis-e&quot; vertitur, quod ad flumen Mimede seu Mymede (Theodisce ''Nieme'') refertur. Quo de Latino hydronymo, vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B74-6/NOB%20IV%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20G%C3%B6ttingen.pdf?utm ''NOB IV Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Göttingen''] {{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''riuum, qui teutonice Mimede vocatur'' (...) ''riuum, qui toutonice Mymede vocatur'' (...) ''flumine Mimede'' (...) ''riuum, qui Mymede vocatur''  (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Niemetal'') (1596)

== Coniunctiones pagorum ==
Circulus Gottingensis coniunctiones cum aliis pagis Europae habet:
* [[Stegelicium-Zelendorfium]], ab anno 1962)
* [[Stroud]] ([[Glocestria]]), ab anno [[1951]]
* [[Surisna]] (praefectura [[Alta Sequanae]]), ab anno [[1959]]
* [[Hackney (Londinium)|Hackney]] ([[Londinium]]), ab anno [[1973]]
* [[Albensis Comitatus]] ([[Hungaria]]), ab anno [[2000]]

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gottingae circulus}}
[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1885]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Basam Yusif</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>175547</id>
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      <id>3991073</id>
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      <text bytes="2386" sha1="tj38ni9vd15cfnfi61htsutufapn0o1" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}

'''Bāsam Rāʿfat Muḥammad Yūsif''', [[Lingua Arabica|Arabice]]: باسم رأفت محمد يوسف, scriptura Latina saepius '''Bassem Youssef''' (natus die [[22 Martii]] [[1974]] [[Cairus|Cairi]]) est [[chirurgus]] et praeclarus [[comicus]] [[Aegyptus|Aegyptius]]. Youssef gerit satiricum programma (''El Bernameg'') televisivum Aegypti, quod ludibriat omnes praeclaros et viros politicos Aegypti&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=El-Wakil|first=Mai|title=Drawing inspiration from the revolution|url=http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/415194|accessdate=September 28, 2011|newspaper=Al Masry Al Youm|date=April 21, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=marx&gt;{{cite news|last=Marx|first=Willem|title=Bassem Youssef: Egypt's Jon Stewart|url=http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-03-29/bassem-youssef-egypts-jon-stewart#p1|newspaper=Bloomberg Businessweek|date=29 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Hassan|first=Abdalla|title=Surgeon Using Parody to Dissect the News in Egypt|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/28/world/middleeast/28iht-M28C-EGYPT-SHOW.html|accessdate=September 28, 2011|newspaper=New York Times|date=April 28, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[2013]] magistratus Aegyptii contra eum inquisitionem ob iniurias in praesidem [[Machometus Morsi|Machometum Morsi]] curaverunt incipiendam.&lt;ref&gt;Aya Batrawy et ''[[Associated Press]]'', &quot;[http://news.nationalpost.com/2013/01/01/host-of-egyptian-daily-show-investigated-after-being-accused-of-insulting-president-morsi/ Host of Egyptian ‘Daily Show’ investigated after being accused of insulting President Morsi] {{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&quot; in ''[[National Post]]'' (1 Ian. 2013)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/mar/31/egypt-orders-arrest-tv-satirist Egyptian TV satirist Bassem Youssef bailed after police questioning]&quot; in ''[[The Guardian]]'' (1 Apr. 2013)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* &quot;[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/feedarticle/10734301 Egyptian court drops lawsuit to ban comedy show]&quot; in ''[[The Guardian]]'' (6 Apr. 2013)

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://twitter.com/DrBassemYoussef Bassem Youssef apud Twitter]

{{Lifetime|1974||Youssef, Bassem}}

[[Categoria:Comici]]
[[Categoria:Medici Aegypti]]
[[Categoria:Cardiologi]]
[[Categoria:Ostentatores televisuales]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Aromatum apud Indos nascentium historia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>179552</id>
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      <text bytes="18758" sha1="d43fnschc2l0xn4kx0qp1l2qfqqfg00" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
[[Fasciculus:Garcia de Orta Coloquios 1563 tp Torre do Tombo.jpg|thumb|Garcia de Orta, ''Colóquios''. Editio prima (Goae, 1563)]]
[[Fasciculus:Orta Clusius tp.jpg|thumb|Caroli Clusii versio Latina. Editio prima (Antverpiae, 1567)]]
'''''Colóquios dos simples e drogas da Índia''''', opus mox [[Latine]] versum titulo '''''Aromatum et simplicium aliquot medicamentorum apud Indos nascentium historia''''', est liber manualis, [[Goa]]e anno [[1563]] divulgatus, de plantis utilibus et medicamentis quae [[Portugallia|Portugallenses]] nuper in [[India]] reppererant. Auctor fuit [[Garcias ab Horto]] (vulgo ''Garcia de Orta''), medicus Portugallensis [[Iudaeus]] qui Goae ab anno 1534 habitaverat.

Titulus plenus Lusitanicus sonat ''Colóquios dos simples e drogas he cousas medicinais da Índia e assi dalgũas frutas achadas nella onde se tratam algũas cousas tocantes a medicina, pratica, e outras cousas boas pera saber'', [[scil.]] &quot;Colloquia de simplicibus, pharmacis et materia medica Indiae atque aliquibus fructibus ibi repertis, ubi etiam tractantur res nonnullae medicina et vita diurna relevantes aliaeque utiles ad sciendum&quot;. Dialogi commenticii septem et quinquaginta enarrantur in quibus Garcias contubernalem Ruanum, Indiam visitantem, certiorem facit de medicamentis et aromatibus eius regionis. Aromata ordine alphabetico tractantur, origine, confectione, mercatu necnon utilitate seriatim refertis. Nomina Graeca, Latina, Arabica, Indica, Lusitanica et Hispanica enumerantur. Varia interdum dicuntur de rebus Indiae medicis politicisque, de animalibus et de commercio aromatum inter Hispanis et Portugallensibus disputato. [[Cholera]] morbus curiosissime describitur.&lt;ref&gt;Dialogus 17. &quot;''A classic of clinical description''&quot;: {{qc|id=Roddis (1931)}} p. 203&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Carolus Clusius]] mense Ianuario [[1564]] [[Olisipo]]ne hunc librum emit.&lt;ref&gt;Exemplum a Clusio emptum [[Cantabrigia]]e in [[bibliotheca Universitatis Cantabrigiensis|bibliotheca universitatis]] servatur.&lt;/ref&gt; Mox Latine vertit, textu admodum abbreviato, dialogis in commentationes simplices redactis, atque [[Antverpia]]e anno [[1567]] versionem suam divulgari iussit.

[[Nicolaus Monardes]], qui [[Hispanice]] libellum de [[tabacum|tabaco]] aliisque medicamentis [[America]]nis anno [[1571]] [[Hispalis|Hispali]] divulgavit, Garciam nominatim citans (quem Latine ut videtur legit) comparationem inter tabacum et ''bague'' (lege ''[[cannabis|bangue]]''), a Garcia descriptum, facit.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;''Diego Garcia de Guerta enel libro que escrivio de los Aromatos de la India Oriental dize ...''&quot;: [[Nicolaus Monardes]], ''[[Simplicium medicamentorum ex novo orbe delatorum historia|Segunda parte del libro de las cosas que se traen de nuestras Indias]]'' (1571) {{Google Books|yP19XmWVSMwC|quaternion C4 verso}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Index capitulorum ==
[[Fasciculus:Orta Briganti tp.jpg|thumb|Hannibalis Briganti versio Italiana (Venetia, 1576)]]
[[Fasciculus:Clusius exoticorum tp.jpg|thumb|Caroli Clusii ''Exoticorum libri decem'' (Antverpiae, 1605), in quibus comprehensa est editio quinta versionis Latinae ''Colloquiorum'']]
Hic enumerantur rubricae editionis 1563 Lusitanae cum numeris colloquiorum et foliis, rubricae editionis 1605 Latinae cum libris (i, ii) et capitulis, species principales in quoque colloquio descriptae:
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:90%;&quot;&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!''Colóquios dos simples e drogas da Índia'' 1563
!No., fol.
!''Aromatum apud Indos nascentium historia'' 1605
!Lib.i
!Lib.ii
!Species principales
|-
|Praefatio
|01, 1r
|
|
|
|
|-
|''Do aloes''
|02, 2r
|De aloe
|i.02
|
|''[[Aloe vera]]''
|-
|''Do ambre''
|03, 10v
|De [[Ambarum|ambaro]]
|i.01
|
|
|-
|''Do amomo''
|04, 14v
|De [[Amomum|amomo]]
|i.31
|
|''[[Amomum subulatum]]''
|-
|''Do anacardo''
|05, 16v
|De anacardio
|i.30
|
|''[[Semecarpus anacardium]]''
|-
|''Da árvore triste''
|06, 17v
|De arbore tristi
|
|ii.01
|''[[Nyctanthes arbor-tristis]]''
|-
|''Do altiht, anjuden, assafetida e doce e odorata, anil''
|07, 19r
|De altith&lt;br /&gt;De ambare&lt;br /&gt;De anil
|i.03&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;
|&lt;br /&gt;ii.17&lt;br /&gt;ii.26
|''[[Ferula assa-foetida]]'', ''[[Glycyrrhiza glabra]]'', ''[[Styrax officinalis]]'', ''[[Spondias pinnata]]'', ''[[Indigofera tinctoria]]'' 
|-
|''Do bangue''
|08, 26r
|De [[Cannabis|bangue]]
|
|ii.25
|''[[Cannabis sativa]]''
|-
|''Do benjuy''
|09, 28r
|De benjui
|i.05
|
|''[[Styrax benzoin]]'', ''[[Liquidambar orientalis]]''
|-
|''Do ber ... e dos brindões ...''
|10, 32v
|De ber&lt;br /&gt;De brindones
|
|ii.16&lt;br /&gt;ii.19
|''[[Ziziphus mauritiana]]'', ''[[Garcinia indica]]''
|-
|''Do cálamo aromático e das caceras''
|11, 37v
|De calamo aromatico&lt;br /&gt;De caceras
|i.32&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;
|&lt;br /&gt;ii.23
|''[[Acorus calamus]]'', ''[[Actinoscirpus grossus var. kysoor]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Markham (1913)}}&lt;/ref&gt; aut ''[[Trapa bispinosa]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Dalgado (1894)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''De duas maneiras de canfora e das carambolas''
|12, 41r
|De [[Camphora|caphura]]&lt;br /&gt;De carambolas
|i.09&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;
|&lt;br /&gt;ii.15
|''[[Cinnamomum camphora]]'', ''[[Dryobalanops aromatica]]'', ''[[Averrhoa carambola]]''
|-
|''De duas maneiras de cardamomo e carandas''
|13, 47r
|De [[Cardamomum|cardamomo]]&lt;br /&gt;De carandas
|i.24&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;
|&lt;br /&gt;ii.06
|''[[Elettaria cardamomum]]'', ''[[Aframomum melegueta]]'', ''[[Carissa carandas]]'' 
|-
|''Da cassia fistula''
|14, 54r
|De cassia solutiva
|i.29
|
|''[[Senna alexandrina]]''
|-
|''Da canella, e da cassia lignea e do cinamomo''
|15, 56v
|De [[Cinnamum|canella]]
|i.15
|
|''[[Cinnamomum cassia]]'', ''[[Cinnamomum verum]]''
|-
|''Do coco commum, e do das Maldivas''
|16, 66r
|De nuce Indica
|i.26 
|
|''[[Cocos nucifera]]'', ''[[Lodoicea maldivica]]'' 
|-
|''Do costo e da collerica passio''
|17, 71v
|De costo&lt;br /&gt;[de [[Cholera|cholerica]] passione]
|i.35&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;
|&lt;br /&gt;ii.22
|''[[Saussurea costus]]''
|-
|''Da crisocola e croco indiaco ... e das curcas''
|18, 78r
|De [[Curcuma (aroma)|croco Indico]]&lt;br /&gt;De curcas
|i.39&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;
|&lt;br /&gt;ii.22
|''[[Curcuma longa]]'', ''[[Plectranthus rotundifolius]]'' aut ''[[Mucuna pruriens]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Dalgado (1894)}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
|-
|''Das cubebas''
|19, 80r
|De cubebis
|i.23
|
|''[[Piper cubeba]]''
|-
|''Da datura e dos doriões''
|20, 83r
|De [[Durio|dorione]]&lt;br /&gt;De datura
|
|ii.11&lt;br /&gt;ii.24 
|''[[Datura stramonium]]'', ''[[Durio zibethinus]]''
|-
|''Do ebur o marfim e do elefante''
|21, 85r
|De [[Ebur|ebore]]
|i.14
|
|''[[Elephas maximus]]'' 
|-
|''Do faufel e dos figos da India''
|22, 91r
|De faufel&lt;br /&gt;De [[Musa (fructus)|musa]]
|i.25&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;
|&lt;br /&gt;ii.10
|''[[Areca catechu]]'', ''[[Musa (genus)|Musa]]'' spp. 
|-
|''Do folio índico o folha da India''
|23, 95r
|De folio
|i.19
|
|''[[Cinnamomum tamala]]''
|-
|''De duas maneiras de galanga''
|24, 98v
|De galanga
|i.40
|
|''[[Alpinia galanga]]'', ''[[Alpinia officinarum]]'' 
|-
|''Do cravo''
|25, 100v
|De caryophyllis
|i.21
|
|''[[Syzygium aromaticum]]'' 
|-
|''Do gengivre''
|26, 105v
|De [[gingiber]]e
|i.41
|
|''[[Zingiber officinale]]''
|-
|''De duas maneiras de hervas contra as camaras ... e de uma herva que não se leixa tocar sem se fazer murcha''
|27, 107v
|De coru&lt;br /&gt;De avacari&lt;br /&gt;De anonymo
|
|ii.07&lt;br /&gt;ii.08&lt;br /&gt;ii.27 
|''[[Holarrhena pubescens]]'' aut ''[[Wrightia antidysenterica]]'',&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Markham (1913)}}; {{qc|id=Dalgado (1894)}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Naregamia alata]]'',&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Dalgado (1894)}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Biophytum sensitivum]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Markham (1913)}}&lt;/ref&gt; aut ''[[Mimosa pudica]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Dalgado (1894)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Da jaca, e dos jambolòes, e dos jambos e das jamgomas''
|28, 111r
|De iaca&lt;br /&gt;De iamgomas&lt;br /&gt;De iambos&lt;br /&gt;De iambolones
|
|ii.04&lt;br /&gt;ii.05&lt;br /&gt;ii.13&lt;br /&gt;ii.18
|''[[Artocarpus heterophyllus]]'', ''[[Flacourtia jangomas]]'', ''[[Syzygium cumini]]'', ''[[Syzygium jambos]]'', ''[[Syzygium malaccense]]''
|-
|''Do lacre''
|29, 112v
|De [[lacca]]
|i.08
|
|
|-
|''De linhaloes''
|30, 118v
|De agallocho
|i.16
|
|''[[Aquilaria malaccensis]]'' 
|-
|''Do pao chamado ''cate'' do vulgo''
|31, 125r
|De cate sive lycio
|i.10
|
|''[[Berberis lycium]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Markham (1913)}}&lt;/ref&gt; aut ''[[Senegalia polyacantha]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Dalgado (1894)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Da maça e noz''
|32, 129r
|De maci
|i.20
|
|''[[Myristica fragrans]]''
|-
|''Da manná purgativa''
|33, 131v
|De [[Manna (medicamentum)|manna]]
|i.11
|
| 
|-
|''Das mangas''
|34, 133v
|De mangas
|
|ii.09
|''[[Mangifera indica]]'' 
|-
|''Da margarita ou aljofar, e do chanco, donde se faz o que chamamos madreperola''
|35, 138v
|De [[margarita]]
|i.57
|
|
|-
|''Do mungo, melão da India''
|36, 141v
|De Indico melone&lt;br /&gt;De mungo
|
|ii.20&lt;br /&gt;ii.21
|''[[Citrullus lanatus]]'', ''[[Vigna mungo]]'', ''[[Vigna radiata]]'' 
|-
|''Dos mirabolanos''
|37, 148r
|De myrobalanis
|i.27
|
|''[[Terminalia chebula]]'','' [[Terminalia bellirica]]'', ''[[Phyllanthus emblica]]'' 
|-
|''Dos mangostões''
|38, 151r
|De mangostans
|
|ii.12
|''[[Garcinia mangostana]]'' 
|-
|''Do negundo o sambali''
|39, 151v
|De negundo
|
|ii.03
|''[[Vitex negundo]]'' 
|-
|''Do nimbo''
|40, 153r
|De nimbo
|
|ii.02
|''[[Melia azedarach]]'' 
|-
|''Do amfião''
|41, 153v
|De [[Opium|opio]]
|i.04
|
|''[[Papaver somniferum]]'' 
|-
|''Do pao da cobra''
|42, 155v
|De ligno colubrino
|i.44
|
|''[[Ophiorrhiza mungos]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Markham (1913)}}; {{qc|id=Dalgado (1894)}}&lt;/ref&gt; aut ''[[Rauvolfia serpentina]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Dalgado (1894)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Da pedra diamão''
|43, 159r
|De adamante
|i.47
|
|[[Adamas]] 
|-
|''Das pedras preciosas''
|44, 165r
|De lapide Malacensi&lt;br /&gt;De smaragdo&lt;br /&gt;De rubino&lt;br /&gt;De sapphiro&lt;br /&gt;De&amp;nbsp;hyacintho&amp;nbsp;et&amp;nbsp;granato&lt;br /&gt;De iaspide&lt;br /&gt;De alaqueca&lt;br /&gt;De oculo catti&lt;br /&gt;De lapide Armeno&lt;br /&gt;De magnete
|i.46&lt;br /&gt;i.48&lt;br /&gt;i.49&lt;br /&gt;i.50&lt;br /&gt;i.51&lt;br /&gt;i.52&lt;br /&gt;i.53&lt;br /&gt;i.54&lt;br /&gt;i.55&lt;br /&gt;i.56
|
|  
|-
|''Da pedra bezar''
|45, 169r
|De [[Bezoar|lapide bezar]]
|i.45
|
|
|-
|''Da pimenta preta, branca e longa, e canarim, e dos pecegos''
|46, 171v
|De pipere
|i.22
|
|''[[Piper nigrum]]'', ''[[Piper longum]]'' 
|-
|''Da raiz da China''
|47, 177r
|De radice Chinae
|i.38
|
|''[[Smilax china]]'', ''[[Guaiacum officinale]]'' 
|-
|''Do ruibarbo''
|48, 184r
|De rhabarbaro
|i.37
|
|''[[Rheum officinale]]'' 
|-
|''De tres maneiras de sandalo''
|49, 185v
|De sandalo
|i.17
|
|''[[Santalum album]]'', ''[[Pterocarpus santalinus]]'', ''[[Paubrasilia echinata]]'' 
|-
|''Do spiquenardo''
|50, 189v
|De nardo
|i.33
|
|''[[Nardostachys jatamansi]]''
|-
|''Do spodio''
|51, 193r
|De [[tabaxir]]
|i.12
|
| 
|-
|''Do squinanto''
|52, 197r
|De iunco odorato
|i.34
|
|''[[Cymbopogon]]'' spp.
|-
|''Dos tamarindos''
|53, 200r
|De tamarindis
|i.28
|
|''[[Tamarindus indica]]'' 
|-
|''Do turbit''
|54, 203v
|De turbith
|i.36
|
|''[[Operculina turpethum]]''
|-
|''Do thure ... e da mirra''
|55, 213v
|De [[Tus|thure]]&lt;br /&gt;De [[Murra|myrrha]]
|i.06&lt;br /&gt;i.07
|
|''[[Boswellia]]'' spp., ''[[Commiphora]]'' spp.
|-
|''Da tutia''
|56, 215v
|De [[Cadmia|tutia]]
|i.13
|
| 
|-
|''Da zedoaria e do zerumbete''
|57, 216v
|De zedoaria&lt;br /&gt;De zerumbet
|i.42&lt;br /&gt;i.43
|
|''[[Curcuma zedoaria]]'', ''[[Zingiber zerumbet]]'' 
|-
|Miscellanea
|58, 219v
|
|
|
|
|-
|''Do betre ...''
|Appendix
|De betre&lt;br /&gt;De&amp;nbsp;cydoniis&amp;nbsp;Bengalensibus
|i.18&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;
|&lt;br /&gt;ii.14
|''[[Piper betle]]'', ''[[Aegle marmelos]]''
|-
|
|
|De quibusdam Indiae regibus
|
|ii.28
|
|}
&lt;/div&gt;

== Auctores citati ==
Errores maiorum saepissime corriguntur. &quot;Ne mihi terreas Dioscoride aut Galeno citato,&quot; ait Garcias, &quot;dicam enim ea tantum quae vera esse scio;&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Dialogus 9: {{qc|id=Boxer (1963)}} p. 14&lt;/ref&gt; sed &quot;si in Hispania fuerim nihil contra Galenum aut Graecos dixerim.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Dialogus 32: {{qc|id=Ficalho (1886)}} p. 309&lt;/ref&gt; Citantur scriptores tam Latini et Graeci quam Arabici et Hebraici:
* [[Graece|Graeci antiqui]]: [[Hippocrates]], [[Theophrastus]], [[Dioscorides]], [[Galenus]]; rarius [[Aristoteles]], [[Plutarchus]]
* [[Latine|Latini antiqui]]: [[Celsus]], [[Plinius maior]]; rarius [[Marcus Valerius Probus]]
* [[Arabice|Arabici]]: [[Rhazes|Rhazis]], [[Avicenna]], [[Mesue (maior)|Mesue]], [[Serapion (iunior)|Serapion]]; rarius [[Averroes]]
* Graeci mediaevales: [[Ioannes Actuarius|Autuario]] (a Ruellio Latine versus)
* Latini mediaevales: [[Gerardus Cremonensis]], [[Matthaeus Silvaticus]]
* Latini recentiores: [[Andreas Alpagus Bellunensis|Andreas Belunensis]], [[Andreas de Laguna]], [[Ioannes Manardus]], [[Petrus Andreas Matthioli]], [[Antonius Musa Brassavola]], [[Ioannes Ruellius]], [[Amatus Lusitanus]]; rarius [[Ioannes Sepúlveda|Sepulveda]], [[Franciscus de Tamara]], [[Ludovicus Vartomannus|Ludovicus Vartamanus]], [[Andreas Vesalius]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
{{Aromata}}
; Editiones et versiones
* 1563 : {{ec|id=Garcias (1563)|c=''Colóquios dos simples e drogas he cousas medicinais da India e assi dalgũas frutas achadas nella onde se tratam algũas cousas ... boas pera saber''. Goae: Ioannes de Endem, 1563 {{Ling|Lusitanice}} [http://purl.pt/22937 Textus] [http://digitarq.arquivos.pt/viewer?id=4614066 alius]}}
* 1567 : [[Carolus Clusius]], interpr. ''Aromatum et simplicium aliquot medicamentorum apud Indos nascentium historia''. Antverpiae: Plantin, 1567 {{Ling|Latine}} [http://archive.org/details/mobot31753003488159 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
** 2a ed., 1574 [http://archive.org/details/aromatumetsimpl00lgoog Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' (hac in editione [[coffeum]] primo inter Europaeos describitur et depingitur)
** 3a ed., 1579 [http://archive.org/details/aromatumetsimpl00ortagoog Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
** 4a ed., 1582, iterum edita 1593
** {{ec|id=Clusius (1605)|c=5a ed., 1605, in: Carolus Clusius, ''[[Exoticorum libri decem]]'' (Lugduni Batavorum) p. 145 ff. [https://archive.org/stream/mobot31753000811387#page/n159/mode/2up Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''}}
* 1576 : [[Hannibal Briganti]], interpr. ex editione Clusii, ''Due libri dell'historia dei semplici, aromati, et altre cose che vengono portare dall'Indie Orientali, pertinenti alla medicina, di Don Garzia dall'Horto ...''. Venetiae: Francesco Ziletti, 1576 {{Ling|Italiane}} [http://archive.org/details/mobot31753000542719 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
** nova editio, 1589; [https://archive.org/details/hin-wel-all-00002565-001/page/n8/mode/2up Textus apud Internet Archive]
* 1602 : [[Antonius Colin|Anthoine Colin]], interpr., ''Histoire des drogues, espiceries, et de certains médicamens simples, qui naissent és Indes ...'' in ''Histoire des drogues'' Lugduni, 1602; [https://archive.org/details/histoiredesdrogu00orta/page/n3/mode/2up Textus] {{Google Books|vIvxO2Sit_AC}}
* 1872 : [[Franciscus Adolphus de Varnhagen|F. Ad. de Varnhagen]], ed., ''Colloquios dos simples e drogas e cousas medicinaes da India e assi de algumas fructas achadas nella''. Olisipone: Imprensa Nacional, 1872 {{Ling|Lusitanice}} [https://archive.org/details/DELTA53925FA Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* 1891-1895 : {{ec|id=Ficalho (1891-5)|c=Conde de Ficalho, ed., ''Colóquios''. 2 voll. Olisipone, 1891–1895 {{Ling|Lusitanice}} [http://archive.org/details/coloquiosdossimp01ortauoft Vol. 1] [http://archive.org/details/coloquiosdossimp02ortauoft vol. 2] apud ''Internet Archive''}}
* 1913 : {{ec|id=Markham (1913)|c=[[Clements Markham]], interpr., ''Colloquies on the Simples and Drugs of India by Garcia da Orta''. Londinii, 1913 {{Ling|Anglice}} [http://archive.org/details/colloquiesonsimp00orta Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''}}
* 2014 : Raquel Madrigal Martínez, ''[https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/62465626.pdf “Colóquios dos Simples” de Garcia de Orta: traducción al español y proceso traductológico]'' (versio colloquiorum 1-10: dissertatio universitatis Eborensis)

; Historica et critica
* Clotilde de Almeida Azevedo Murakawa, &quot;[http://www.gel.hospedagemdesites.ws/estudoslinguisticos/volumes/31/htm/comunica/CCI6a.htm?/estudoslinguisticos/volumes/31/htm/comunica/CCI6a.htm Garcia d'Orta, suas plantas e drogas da Índia: um estudo do repertório lexical]&quot; in ''XXI Seminário do Grupo de Estudos Lingüísticos do Estado de São Paulo. Anais''. Paulopoli, 2002
* V. Ball, &quot;A Commentary on the Colloquies of Garcia de Orta, on the Simples, Drugs, and Medicinal Substances of India&quot; in ''Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy'' vol. 1 (1889/1891) pp. 381-415, 647-684 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20503854 pars 1] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20503870 pars 2] apud ''JSTOR''
* {{ec|id=Bontius (1568)|c=[[Iacobus Bontius]], &quot;[https://archive.org/stream/mobot31753002909064#page/40/mode/2up Animadversiones in Garciam ab Orta]&quot; in [[Gulielmus Piso]] et al., ''De Indiae utriusque re naturali et medica libri quatuordecim'' (Antverpiae: Elzevir, 1658) pars 2 pp. 41-49}}
* {{ec|id=Boxer (1963)|c=C. R. Boxer, ''Two pioneers of tropical medicine: Garcia d'Orta and Nicolás Monardes''. Londinii: Wellcome Historical Medical Library, 1963 [https://archive.org/details/b20457248 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''}}
* Augusto da Silva Carvalho, ''Garcia de Orta''. Olisipone, 1934
* [[Carolus Clusius]], ''Aliquot notae in Garciae Aromatum historiam; Descriptiones nonnullarum stirpium, et aliarum exoticarum rerum, quae à ... Francisco Drake ... observatae sunt''. Antverpiae: Plantin, 1582 [https://web.archive.org/web/20201104152109/https://www.e-rara.ch/zuz/nagezh/content/titleinfo/9431363 Textus] apud ''e-Rara'' {{Google Books|sF5WAAAAcAAJ}}
* {{ec|id=Dalgado (1894)|c=D. G. Dalgado, ''Classificaçao botanica das plantas e drogas descriptas nos &quot;Coloquios da India&quot; de Garcia d'Orta''. Bombaiae, 1894 [https://archive.org/details/b20405510 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''}}
* {{ec|id=Ficalho (1886)|c=Francisco Manuel de Melo, conde de Ficalho, ''Garcia de Orta e o seu tempo''. Olisipone, 1886 [https://archive.org/details/garciadaortaeose00fica Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''}}
* Palmira Fontes da Costa, ed., ''Medicine, Trade and Empire: Garcia de Orta's Colloquies on the Simples and Drugs of India (1563) in Context''. Farnham: Ashgate, 2013 {{Google Books|qhCyCQAAQBAJ|Paginae selectae}}
* Anabela Mendes, ed., ''Garcia de Orta and Alexander von Humboldt: Across the East and the West''. Olisipone: Universidade Católica Editora, 2009
* {{ec|id=Roddis (1931)|c=Louis Roddis, &quot;Garcia da Orta, the first European writer on tropical medicine and a pioneer in pharmacognosy&quot; in ''Annals of medical history'' n.s. vol. 1 (1931) pp. 198–207}}
* I. S. Révah, &quot;A família de Garcia de Orta&quot; in ''Revista da Universidade de Coimbra'' vol. 19 (1960)

[[Categoria:Litterae Lusitanicae]]
[[Categoria:Indiae scripta]]
[[Categoria:Scripta 1563]]
[[Categoria:Libri botanici]]
[[Categoria:Libri de medicamentis]]
[[Categoria:Dialogi]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latine versae]]
[[Categoria:Carolus Clusius]]</text>
      <sha1>d43fnschc2l0xn4kx0qp1l2qfqqfg00</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Chelsea Manning</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="9259" sha1="heg649qfvbxio4kli6v91ravuvfrc7x" xml:space="preserve">{{Latinitas|-3}}
[[Fasciculus:Chelsea Manning on 18 May 2017.jpg|thumb|Chelsea Manning.]]

'''Chelsea Elizabetha Manning''' (nata '''Bradley Eduardus Manning''' [[Crescent]] in [[vicus|vico]] [[Oclahoma]]e die [[17 Decembris]] [[1987]], patre [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Americano]], matre [[Cambria|Cambrensi]]) est [[computator]] et [[miles]] Americana quae in [[Iraquia]] mense [[Maius|Maio]] [[2010]] in custodiam data est quia in suspicionem ceciderat se [[data classificata|materiam classificatam]] [[WikiLeaks]] situi [[interrete|interretiali]] tradidisse. Accusata est ad [[iudicium]] militare facinorum viginti duorum, inter quae [[communicatio]] [[data|datorum]] de defensione [[civitas|civitatis]] ad illicitos receptores et ad hostem adiuvandum.&lt;ref name=Nicks&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110429142813/http://thislandpress.com/09/23/2010/private-manning-and-the-making-of-wikileaks-2/ Nicks,] [[23 Septembris]] [[2010]]. 
* Pro accusationibus primis, vide [http://www.cbsnews.com/htdocs/pdf/ManningPreferralofCharges.pdf?tag=contentMain;contentBody &quot;Soldier faces criminal charges&quot;], United States Division—Center, Media Release, [[6 Iulii]] [[2010]].
* Vide etiam [https://web.archive.org/web/20100805001638/http://cryptome.org/manning-charge.pdf &quot;Charge sheet&quot;], ''Cryptome,'' accessus [[26 Decembris]] [[2010]]; et [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/lifestyle/magazine/2011/manning/manning_charges.pdf &quot;Charge sheet&quot;], ''The Washington Post.''
* Pro accusationibus additis, vide Jim Miklaszewski et Courtney Kube, [https://web.archive.org/web/20130117150635/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/41876046/ns/us_news-security &quot;Manning faces new charges, possible death penalty&quot;], MSNBC, [[2 Martii]] [[2011]].&lt;/ref&gt; Sunt qui putent eum [[cruciatus|excruciatum]] fuisse. Indicia arcana privata inlicata vulgato accusato, ei in [[carcer]]em coniectum damnatum est 35 annos [[21 Augusti]] [[2013]].&lt;ref name=Tate21Aug2013&gt;Tate, Julie. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/judge-to-sentence-bradley-manning-today/2013/08/20/85bee184-09d0-11e3-b87c-476db8ac34cd_story.html &quot;Judge sentences Bradley Manning to 35 years&quot;], ''The Washington Post'', 21 August 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; Nomen ''Chelsea'' [[sexus|sexumque]] [[femina (sexus)|femineum]] se assumpsisse die [[22 Augusti]] [[2013]] nuntiavit, [[transsexualitas|dysphoriae generis]] causa. Et ius therapiae [[hormon]]is in [[carcer]]e voluit.

Die [[17 Ianuarii]] [[2017]], [[Baracus Obama]], praeses Civitatum{{dubsig}} Foederatarum{{dubsig}} tempus illius in carcere commutavit et Manning libera facta est die [[17 Maii]] [[2017]]. 

==Notae==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

==Fontes==

[[Fasciculus:Manning Billboard.jpg|thumb|Signum&lt;!--Billboard--&gt; a [[Reticulum ad adiuvandum Bradleium Manning dicatum|Reticulo ad adiuvandum Bradleium Manning dicato]] [[Vasingtonia]]e [[Districtus Columbiae|D.C.]] erectum.]]
[[Fasciculus:Manning-Protest Frankfurt.jpg|thumb|[[Manifestatio]] pro Manning, [[Francofurtum|Francofurti]] [[Germania]]e Ianuario 2012 habita.]]
;Libri
*Brooke, Heather. [[2011]]. ''The Revolution Will Be Digitised''. William Heinemann.
*Domscheit-Berg, Daniel. [[2011]]. ''Inside WikiLeaks''. Doubleday.
*Fowler, Andrew. [[2011]]. ''The Most Dangerous Man in the World''. Skyhorse Publishing.
*Leigh, David, et Luke Harding. [[2011]]. ''WikiLeaks: Inside Julian Assange's War on Secrecy''. Guardian Books.
*Nicks, Denver. [[2012]]. ''Private: Bradley Manning, WikiLeaks, and the Biggest Exposure of Official Secrets in American History''. Chicago Review Press.

;Commentarii magni momenti
*Caesar, Ed. [[2010]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130514070751/http://www.edcaesar.co.uk/article.php?article_id=53 &quot;Bradley Manning: Wikileaker&quot;], ''The Sunday Times'', 9 Decembris; ex prima editione die 7 Aprilis 2012.
*Fishman, Steve. [[2011]]. [http://nymag.com/news/features/bradley-manning-2011-7/ &quot;Bradley Manning’s Army of One&quot;], ''New York Magazine,'' 3 Iulii.
*Greenwald, Glenn. [[2010]]. [https://archive.today/20130202183045/http://www.salon.com/2010/06/18/wikileaks_3/singleton/ &quot;The strange and consequential case of Bradley Manning, Adrian Lamo and WikiLeaks&quot;], ''Salon,'' 18 Iunii.
*Last, Jonathan V. [[2011]]. [http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/01/11/opinion/main7233405.shtml &quot;The Left's Canonization of St. Bradley Manning&quot;], CBS News, 11 Ianuarii.
*Manning, Bradley. [[2012]]. [https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&amp;pid=explorer&amp;chrome=true&amp;srcid=0B_zC44SBaZPoMzMyNWExZmUtZjEzMS00ZjM2LWE3OWMtM2I4NzY5NDNkMmFh&amp;hl=en&amp;authkey=CMKgiogG &quot;Memorandum&quot;], a Davide Coombs liberatum, 10 Martii 2011; [http://www.webcitation.org/66jbWvdkx archivatus] ex prima editione die 6 Aprilis 2012.
*Nakashima, Ellen. [[2011]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110622072144/http://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/magazine/who-is-wikileaks-suspect-bradley-manning/2011/04/16/AFMwBmrF_print.html &quot;Bradley Manning is at the center of the WikiLeaks controversy. But who is he?&quot;], ''The Washington Post,'' 4 Maii; ex prima editione die 7 Aprilis 2012.
*Nicks, Denver. [[2010]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110429142813/http://thislandpress.com/09/23/2010/private-manning-and-the-making-of-wikileaks-2/ &quot;Private Manning and the Making of Wikileaks&quot;], ''This Land,'' 23 Septembris.
*PBS ''Frontline.'' [[2011]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120427065524/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/wikileaks/manning-facebook-page/ &quot;Bradley Manning's Facebook Page&quot;], Martii; ex prima editione die 7 Aprilis.
*Thompson, Ginger. [[2010]]. [http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/09/us/09manning.html?_r=1&amp;scp=23&amp;sq=%22Bradley+Manning%22&amp;st=nyt &quot;Early Struggles of Soldier Charged in Leak Case&quot;], ''The New York Times,'' 8 Augusti.
*Zetter, Kim. [[2011]]. [http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2011/12/manning-assange-laptop/ &quot;Jolt in WikiLeaks Case: Feds Found Manning-Assange Chat Logs on Laptop&quot;], ''Wired,'' 19 Decembris.&lt;!--

;Key articles regarding the Lamo-Manning chat log, in order of publication
*Poulsen, Kevin. [http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2010/05/lamo/ &quot;Ex-Hacker Adrian Lamo Institutionalized for Asperger’s&quot;], ''Wired'' magazine, May 20, 2010.
*Poulsen, Kevin and Zetter, Kim. [http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2010/06/leak/ &quot;U.S. Intelligence Analyst Arrested in WikiLeaks Video Probe&quot;], ''Wired'' magazine, June 6, 2010.
*Poulsen, Kevin and Zetter, Kim. [http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2010/06/wikileaks-chat/ 'I Can't Believe What I'm Confessing to You': The WikiLeaks Chats&quot;], ''Wired'' magazine, June 10, 2010.
*Nakashima, Ellen. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/06/09/AR2010060906170.html &quot;Messages from alleged leaker Bradley Manning portray him as despondent soldier&quot;], ''The Washington Post'', June 10, 2010.
*Greenwald, Glenn. [http://utdocuments.blogspot.ca/2010/06/email-exchange-with-wireds-kevin.html Email exchange between Glenn Greenwald and Kevin Poulsen], June 14–17, 2010.
*Poulsen, Kevin and Zetter, Kim. [http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2010/06/manning-detainment/ &quot;Three Weeks After Arrest, Still No Charges in WikiLeaks Probe&quot;], ''Wired'' magazine, June 16, 2010.
*Xeni, Jardin. [http://www.boingboing.net/2010/06/19/wikileaks-a-somewhat.html &quot;WikiLeaks: a somewhat less redacted version of the Lamo/Manning logs&quot;], ''Boing Boing'', June 19, 2010.
*Greenwald, Glenn. [http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/2010/12/27/wired &quot;The worsening journalistic disgrace at Wired&quot;], ''Salon'', December 27, 2010.
*Hansen, Evan and Poulsen, Kevin. [http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2010/12/greenwald/ &quot;Putting the Record Straight on the Lamo-Manning Chat Logs&quot;], ''Wired'' magazine, December 28, 2010.
*Greenwald, Glenn. [http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/2010/12/29/wired_1 &quot;Wired's refusal to release or comment on the Manning chat logs&quot;], ''Salon'', December 29, 2010.
*''Firedoglake''. [http://firedoglake.com/merged-manning-lamo-chat-logs/ &quot;Manning/WikiLeaks timeline&quot;], published as a complete version of the released excerpts. Retrieved March 14, 2011; [http://www.webcitation.org/66UwxbG1l archived] from the original on March 28, 2012.
*Hansen, Evan. [http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2011/07/manning-lamo-logs/ &quot;Manning-Lamo Chat Logs Revealed&quot;], ''Wired'' magazine, July 13, 2011; [http://www.webcitation.org/66UwrlbdR archived] from the original on March 28, 2012.--&gt;

;Audio/video
*Smith, Martin. [[2011]]. [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/wikileaks/bradley-manning/ &quot;The Private Life of Bradley Manning&quot;], PBS ''Frontline,'' 7 Martii.
:*[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/wikileaks/bradley-manning/interviews/brian-manning.html &quot;Interview with Brian Manning&quot;], PBS, 7 Martii 2011 (transcriptum)
:*[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/wikileaks/bradley-manning/interviews/jordan-davis.html &quot;Interview with Jordan Davis&quot;], PBS, 7 Martii 2011 (transcriptum)
*Smith, Teresa, et al. [[2011]]. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/video/2011/may/27/bradley-manning-wikileaks-iraq-video &quot;The madness of Bradley Manning?&quot;], ''The Guardian,'' 17 Maii.

==Nexus externus==
{{CommuniaCat|Bradley Manning|Bradley Eduardum Manning}}

{{Lifetime|1987||Manning, Bradley}}
[[Categoria:Computatores]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Oclahomae]]
[[Categoria:Milites Civitatum Foederatarum]]</text>
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    <title>Fauna Russiae</title>
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'''Fauna Russiae''' est globus [[animalia|animalium]] omnium in [[Russia]] habitantium. Descriptio faunae Russicae nondum completa est.  
Varietatem faunae Russicae crescere notes, si e septentrione ad meridiem et e planitiebus ad montes moveas. Numerus specierum endemicarum atque relictarum amplior est in montibus.

== Numerus specierum Vertebratorum et Invertebratorum in Russia == 
In fauna Russica sunt plus quam 1300 [[species (taxinomia)|species]] [[Vertebrata|Vertebratorum]].&lt;ref name=&quot;sev&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150924100735/http://www.sevin.ru/bioresrus/classification/animals/vertebrates.html Биологические ресурсы Российской Федерации: Позвоночные животные = Opes biologicae Foederationis Russicae: Vertebrata]&lt;/ref&gt; Inter eas numerantur:
* [[Mammalia]] — plus quam 320 species (vide [[Index mammalium Russiae|indicem]]);
* [[Aves]] — plus quam 730 species, quorum plus quam 515 nidos suos in Russia habent (vide [[Index avium Russiae|indicem]]);
* [[Reptilia]] — plus quam 70 species (vide [[Index reptilium Russiae|indicem]]);
* [[Amphibia]] — plus quam 30 species (vide [[Index amphibiorum Russiae|indicem]]);
* [[Piscis|Pisces]] in aqua dulci inventae ad plus quam 400 species pertinent (vide [[Index piscium aquarum dulcium Russiae|indicem]]), sed numerus piscium specierum ad plus quam 2900 crescit cum zona 200 miliarium prope litus Russiae etiam ratioconatur&lt;ref name=&quot;sev3&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130218073458/http://www.sevin.ru/biores/index.html Биологические ресурсы Российской Федерации =  Opes biologicae Foederationis Russicae]&lt;/ref&gt;;
* [[Agnatha]] ([[Petromyzontida]] et [[Myxinoidea]]) — plus quam 8 species.

[[Invertebrata]] Russiae, opinionibus variis, e 106 ad plus quam 130 species includunt,&lt;ref name=&quot;sev2&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150924100733/http://www.sevin.ru/bioresrus/classification/animals/invertebrates.html Биологические ресурсы Российской Федерации: Беспозвоночные животные =  Opes biologicae Foederationis Russicae: Invertebrata]&lt;/ref&gt; intes quas sunt:
* [[Protozoa]] — circa 6500 species;
* &quot;Mesozoa&quot; — 19;
* [[Porifera]] — 350;
* [[Coelenterata]] — 450; 
* [[Platyhelminthes]] — 1900; 
* [[Nematoda]] — 2000;
* [[Nemertea]] — 100; 
* [[Annelida]] — 1000;
* [[Phoronida]] — 5;
* [[Bryozoa]] — 500;
* [[Brachiopoda]] — 23; 
* [[Mollusca]] — 2000;
* [[Echinodermata]] — plus quam 280;
* [[Chaetognatha]] — 10; 
* [[Pogonophora]] — 19; 
* [[Hemichordata]] — 3; 
* [[Arthropoda]] — 120 000;
** [[Arachnida]] — 10 000; 
** [[Crustacea]] — 2000; 
** [[Insecta]] — a 70 000 ad 100 000 species;
*** [[Coleoptera]] — 22 000;
*** [[Hymenoptera]] — 13 000; 
*** [[Lepidoptera]] — 12 000; 
*** [[Diptera]] — 9000; 
*** [[Hemiptera]] — 2000; 
*** [[Aphidoidea]] — 800;
*** [[Orthoptera]] — 500; 
*** [[Neuroptera]] — 400;
*** [[Odonata]] — 150.

== Biotopi Russiae==
[[Biotopus|Biotopi]] magni Russiae principales (ordine successionis e septentrione ad meridiem numerati) sunt: 
* [[Deserta]] [[Arctica]] ([[Terra Francisci Iosephi|Terram Francisci Iosephi]], [[Insulae Sibiriae Novae|Insulas Sibiriae Novae]], [[Insula Wrangelii|Insulam Wrangelii]], partes magnas [[Nova Zembla|Novae Zemblae]] et [[Terra Borealis|Terrae Borealis]] atque nonnullas insulas parvas [[Arctica]]e occupantia), qui varietatem faunae parvissimam habent.  Mammalia specierum [[Ursus maritimus]], [[Delphinapterus leucas]], [[Monodon monoceros]], [[Odobenus rosmarus]] et [[Phoca vitulina]] ibi habitant. Aestate autem aves nonnullae (generum [[Cepphus]], [[Uria]] et [[Gavia]]) nidos suos in saxis Arcticis faciunt.
* [[Tundra]] (plus quam 10% territorii Russiae occupans), a speciebus paucis (quarum sunt [[Rangifer tarandus]], [[Vulpes lagopus]], [[Ovibos moschatus]], [[Lemmini]] varii, [[Nyctea scandiaca]], [[Lagopus lagopus]] et [[Gavia]]) inhabitatur. 
* [[Taiga]], i.e. zona [[silva]]rum [[Pinaceae|piniferarum]], biotopus magnus vastissumus Russiae est, plus quam 60% eius areae occupans. Ibi large divulgatae sunt bestiae pelliceae ([[Martes zibellina]], [[Martes martes]], [[Mustela erminea]], [[Sciurus vulgaris]], [[Tamias sibiricus]]), etiam habitant [[Alces alces]], [[Ursus arctos]], [[Gulo gulo]], [[Canis lupus]], [[Felis lynx]], [[Ondatra zibethicus]] et multa animalia alia.
* [[Silva]]e mixtae et frondiferae inhabitatae sunt, e.g., a [[Capreolus|capreolis]], [[lupus|lupis]], [[martes|martibus]], [[vulpes|vulpibus]], [[sciurus|sciuris]], etc. Silvae mixtae [[Oriens Extremus Russiae|Orientis Extremi]] faunam variam propriam habent, cuius species sunt [[Panthera tigris altaica]],  [[Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus]], [[Nyctereutes procyonoides]], [[Lepus mandshuricus]], [[Phasianus colchicus]], [[Aix galericulata]] et aliae. Insecta etiam valde varia sunt.
* [[Tesqua|Steppa]] in [[Russia Europaea]] spatium e septentrione ad meridiem circa 200 km habet.  Membra faunae steppae ad clima siccum accomodata sunt. Ibi propria sunt [[Rodentia]] varia (ut [[Marmota]] et [[Spermophilus]]) atque [[Vulpes]], [[Canis lupus campestris]], [[Felis manul]] (in [[Siberia]] habitans), [[Saiga tatarica]],  [[Vipera ursinii]] et alia. Aves divulgatissimae sunt [[Aquila rapax]], [[Falco tinnunculus]], [[Perdix perdix]] et [[Alaudidae]] nonnullae; [[Otis tarda]] tamen, olim pro steppa typica, nunc rara est.
* [[Deserta]] et [[semideserta]] partem parvam territorii Russici occupant, in loca dimissa prope [[Mare Caspium]] locata. Ibi fauna (cuius species sunt  [[Vulpes corsac]], [[Hemiechinus auritus]], [[Dipodidae]], [[Alaudidae]], [[Pelecanus]], [[Testudines]] atque [[Lacertilia]] et [[Serpentes]] variae) ad clima aridum continentale accomodata est.

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Сыроечковский Е. Е., Рогачёва В. В. ''Животный мир СССР.'' М., 1975.
* ''Красная книга Российской Федерации: Животные.'' М, АСТ, 2001. ISBN 517005792X.

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190824075544/https://naturall.ru/ Животный мир России = Fauna Russiae]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130930013707/http://www.sevin.ru/invasive/law/wild-life.html Федеральный закон «О животном мире» = Lex foederalis ''De fauna'']

[[Categoria:Fauna Russiae|!]]</text>
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[[Fasciculus:Mika Waltari 1939.jpg|thumb|[[Michael Waltari|Mika Waltari]], scriptor libri ''Sinuhe Egyptiläinen.'']]

{{ires|Sinuhe egyptiläinen}} ('Sinuhe Aegyptius') est [[liber mythistoricus]] anno [[1945]] a [[Michael Waltari|Mika Waltari]] scriptus, qui fabulam de [[Aegyptus antiqua|Aegypto antiqua]] aetatis [[pharao]]nis [[Akhenaten|Ekhnaton]] narrat. Quod opus primum est de multis libris eius res hisoricas tractantibus. Opus inter gentes innotuit, et conversiones adhuc quadraginta sunt confectae.&lt;ref&gt;Vaarala 2024: 76.&lt;/ref&gt;

Persona princeps est Sinuhe, qui infans a matre sua ignota in scaphio iuncino in [[Nilus|Nili]] flumen dimissus esse fertur. Senmut pauperum [[medicus]] [[Thebae|Thebanus]], et Kipa eius uxor, [[expositio infantis|miserum puerulum]] ex undis servaverunt et, cum orbi liberis essent, eum tamquam suum filium educaverunt. Kipa eum Sinuhe nominavit ex fabella,&lt;ref&gt;Waltari hic ad fabellam quam notissimam significat, ex initio [[regnum medium Aegypti|medii regni Aegypti]] oriundam, quae res miras et pericula [[narratio de Sinuhe|narrat]], quibus vir nomine Sinuhe obicitur.&lt;/ref&gt; quae ei placebat.

== Thebis ==
Cum septem annos natus esset Sinuhe, Senmut pater eum adlocutus, quo munere fungi vellet, sciscitatus est. Cum miles fieri vellet, pater eum ad Inteb militem amicum duxit, qui diris horrendisque exemplis eum a militaribus phantasiis dehortaretur. Itaque patris voluntatem secutus Sinuhe ad scholam ire et legere discere constituit. In schola, amicitiam iunxit cum Thotmes, puero qui iam tum bonam in pingendo et fingendo indolem ostendebat. Per patrem in familiaritatem venit Ptahoris, regii [[trepanatio|trepanatoris]], quocum postea laboravit.

Die consecrationis in feminam incidit venustissimam, cui nomen erat Nefernefernefer. Iuvenis indoctus feminarum statim amore huius feminae adfabilis captus est. Sed vita et disciplina domus vitae prohibuerunt, quominus vitam Thebanam gustaret. Praeterea his temporibus pharao [[Amana Hatpa III|Amenhotep III]] morbo exitiali laborabat, et iam erat tempus trepanandi, qua ultima sanandi ratione pharaonem recreatum iri sperabant. Ptahor trepanator rem suam recte gessit, sed haud inopinate aeger vitam amisit. 

Sinuhe etiam familiaritatem iunxit cum Ekhnaton, defuncti pharaonis filio, qui ipse [[epilepsia|morbo sacro]] laborabat et ceteroqui vir mirus erat, qui novum deum [[Aton]] introducere vellet. Amicitia iunctus erat etiam cum viro bellicoso Horemheb, praefecto militum, qui, ut ipse dicebat, &quot;cum stercore in digitis natus&quot; erat. Quae cum ita sint, Sinuhe, cum audissset Horenheb de amore Baketamonis, Ekhnatonis sororis, somniare, perturbatus erat temeritate huiusmodi vanae meditationis. Sinuhe medicus privatus pharaonis factus est.

Quibus interpositis temporibus, Sinuhe in Nefernefernefer iterum incidit, et quidem in eius domo, ubi populus turbulentus epulandi causa coactus erat. Usque adhuc hac [[femina convictualis|femina convictuali]] ardebat, quae tamen primum suam agnitionem celavit. In hac renovata conventione, Sinuhe amorosus tantum impetum ostendit, ut crederes eum putare, amorem vere inter femora inveniri. Ideo Nefernefernefer nimium ardorem amaturientis frenare conata didascalicam narrat de Setne [[Chamois]] et Tabubue sacerdote fabulam.&lt;ref&gt;Reich 1924.&lt;/ref&gt; Dicit enim Tabubue ea tantum condicione se cum Setne amoribus frui velle, ut hic omnibus bonis et quidem uxore sua liberisque desistat. Setne ardore suo hoc propositum accepit. Nefernefernefer, ne de fraude amoris accusetur, se cum Tabubue confert monitionis causa. Sinuhe autem hoc documentum respuit. At Nefernefernefer mulier nobilis, aetate qua opinio muliebris quaeri non solebat, quomodo se ab ardore amatorio advenae repentini defendat?

[[Fasciculus:Middle East Levant.jpg|thumb|Regiones ubi Sinuhe versatus est.]]
Haec condicio rerum potissimum ex ratione virili intellegi videtur. Verbum amoris sensu romantico non memoratur, saltem non cum de relatione cum Nefernefernefer agitur. Sinuhe, cum edere et bibere et gaudere cum ea vehementer cupiat, reapse [[coitus|coitum]] petit. In Aegypto antiqua, [[transactio]]nes inter homines factae in dandis accipiendisque [[donum|donis]] positae erant. In ratione Tabubuensi a Nefernefernefer in rem suam conversa, oeconomia donatoria in conspectum venit.

Sinuhe quater apud Nefernefernefer ad &quot;mercatum&quot; iit. Primo tempore Sinuhe specimen gratuitum &quot;eius rei, cuius causa venerat&quot;, accipit, sine dono vicissim dato. Secundo tempore, Sinuhe domum suam cum rebus domesticis donat, fidem habens promisso a Nefernefernefer facto, sed infectis rebus exit. Tertio tempore, Sinuhe bona parentum suorum dono dat, et vicissim inanem coitum sine ardore remuneratus est. Quarto tempore, Sinuhe sepulchrum parentum dono dat, sed pro remuneratione nihil nisi natationem in piscina accipit. Tum demum intellegit fabellam de Tabubue veram esse, et paene ab ancillis vapulatur.

Sinuhe, ut parentes rite in [[Valles Regum|Vallibus Regum]] sepelire possit, dies noctesque triginta in domo mortuorum cadaverum lavator servire debet. In statum servituti similem delapsus nomen suum putat Thebis in summam infamiam cecidisse. Quae cum ita sint, consilium capit reliquum vitae tempus peregrinando consumere. Ad [[Levans|Levantem]] profecturus cum Kaptah navem conscendit. 

== Peregre ==
Sinuhe, [[Tell Kazel|Simyrae]] in oppido [[Syria]]e consessus, peritia medica famam et divitias sibi conciliat. In bello contra Chabiros gerendo rursus in Horemheb, ducem belli, incidit, qui ei mandat, ut per orbem terrarum vectus opes militares civitatum notarum exploret.

Primum invitus cum Kaptah proficiscitur [[Babylon]]em, ubi non solum de vi militari sciscitatur sed etiam artes exercet consuetudineque virorum doctorum utitur. Quodam die a [[Burna Buriash|Burraburia]] rege, qui aegrotabat, arcessitur, et eum sanat. Die tradito falsi regis – quo deprensibilis quisque per unum diem rex creatus erit deindeque occisus – Kaptah timore quassus sub lecto latens eligitur. Postquam a re inopinata convaluit, novo munere suo uti incipit. Intrat enim [[harem|gynaeceum]] regis, electurus mulierem, cum qua &quot;gaudere&quot; possit. Nimirum, pulcherrimam optat virginem, quae quidem ira incensa ictu pugni unicum ei oculum nigrat soleaque nasum percutit.

Quae Furia, virgo [[Creta|Cressa]], Minea nomine, nuper contra voluntatem suam in gynaeceum regis adquisita erat. Ab [[eunuchus|eunuchis]] gynaecei se defensura cultellum in manu habebat. Sinuhe ad eam placandam vocatus consilium capit, quo ex Babylone effugere possint. Persuadet enim [[eunuchus|spadonibus]] perturbatis gynaecei, Mineam mortem sibi conscivisse. Kaptah autem, teste medico decrepito pharaonis, veneno absumptum obisse (quaquam reapse vino ebriatus dormiebat). Amborum corpora in navem conductam portanda curat. 

[[Fasciculus:Stiersprung 01.gif|thumb|Saltus tauri (ταυροκαθάψια) coniectura repertus.]]
Ad [[Mitanni]] regnum vicinum fugere, unde ad imperium [[Hetthaei|Hetthaeorum]] pergere constituunt. Deinde relicta Anatolia ad Cretam, Mineae patriam, navigare constituunt. In navi, Sinuhe et Minea se invicem mitigant. Sinuhe enim Mineae de tot tantisque molestiis querelas ingratas esse sentit, offensoque animo in proram secedit. Mox tamen lites suas componunt, et inter se magni aestimare incipiunt. Minea est sacerdos religionis Creticae, taurocathapta sive saltatrix tauri,&lt;ref&gt;Koutantou 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; virgo sorte electa quae luna plena in domo tenebrarum deo maris saltet. Praeterea Mineam observatio castitatis obligat, quapropter iterum amor mancus et devius Sinuhe obtingit. Nam Minea: &quot;Quam ob rem doleo, quod id quod vis tibi dare nequeo — nec solum propter te doleo, sed propter me ipsam.&quot; (7.1)  

Ultima nocte ante impletionem promissi deo facti, Minea commoventem pugnam internam experitur. Quamquam enim nemo antea ex dei domo felix redierat, Minea, postquam revenisset, se Sinuhe nupturam esse promittit. Itaque ollam frangunt signum dedicationis suae matrimonialis. Postemo die Minea sollemniter pone portam magnam speluncae dei deducitur.


== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt; 

== Bibliographia ==
* Koutantou, Zoi (2021) Ταυροκαθάψια. ''YouTube'' 27 Novembris. 
* Rajala, Panu (2008) ''Unio mystica: Mika Waltarin elämä ja teokset'' (Finnice). WSOY.
* Reich, Nathaniel (1924) Marriage and Divorce in Ancient Egypt. ''Museum Journal'' XV:1.
* Silver, Minna (2024) ''Sinuhe egyptiläisen maailma arkeologin silmin'' (Finnice). SKS Kirjat. 
* Vaarala, Noora (2024) Sontakärsä japaniksi ('Sontakärsä' [''merdinasus''] Iaponice'). ''HS Teema'' 6. 


[[Categoria:Finniae scripta]]
[[Categoria:Mythistoriae]]</text>
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[[Fasciculus: Map commune FR insee code 70014.png|left|thumb|250px|Amblans-et-Velotte: communis tabula]]

''' Amblans-et-Velotte ''' est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 389 incolarum (anno [[2010]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Arar Superior|Araris Superioris]] in regione [[Liber Comitatus (regio Franciae)|Libero Comitatu]].
{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Araris Superioris|Indicem communium praefecturae Araris Superioris]]
== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat| Amblans-et-Velotte |Amblans-et-Velotte }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131207182500/http://www.amblans.com/ Amblans-et-Velotte pagina interretialis]
* {{INSEE commune|70014|de=Amblans-et-Velotte}}
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Araris Superioris]]
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      <text bytes="22844" sha1="tirmkunlt3wuaf8gk4z2ss5e1hwpi8c" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Petrus Martyr ab Angleria'''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Petrus Martyr ab Angleria&quot;: nomen sic in titulo operis ''De orbe novo decades'' scribitur&lt;/ref&gt; (natus die [[2 Februarii]] [[1457]]&lt;ref&gt;De die et anno: {{qc|id= Ciampi (1875)}}; {{qc|id= MacNutt (1912)}} pp. 1-2 cum nota subiuncta&lt;/ref&gt; [[Aruna]]e pagi [[Mediolanum|Mediolanensis]];&lt;ref name=&quot;natural&quot;&gt;&quot;natural de Milan, nacido en la villa de Arona, que es en la ribera del lago Verbano, que por su grandeza se dice lago Mayor&quot;: sic testamentum, {{qc|id=''Documentos'' (1861)}} [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_slLx9vohI1UC/page/400/mode/2up p. 401]&lt;/ref&gt; mortuus [[Granata (Hispania)|Granatae]] mense Octobri [[1526]]) fuit [[capellanus]] regum Catholicorum [[Ferdinandus II (rex Aragoniae)|Ferdinandi]] et [[Isabella I (regina Castellae et Legionis)|Isabellae]], consiliarius imperatoris [[Carolus V (imperator)|Caroli V]], et [[auctor]] operis historici principalis, Latine compositi, de exploratione et conquisitione mediae [[America]]e. Opus principio in forma epistularum et commentationum manu scriptarum divulgatum est; diu in editionibus imperfectis, denuo titulo ''[[De orbe novo decades|De orbe novo ... decades]]'' anno [[1530]] editum est post mortem auctoris, qui textum in octo &quot;decadas&quot; ordinaverat.

[[Fasciculus:Petrus Martyr Works 1511 tp.jpg|thumb|Titulus editionis 1511 operum Petri Martyris, [[Hispalis|Hispali]] ab  {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Iacobus Cromberger|Iacobo Cromberger|es|qid=Q16580497}} editae]]
Nec praenomen nec cognomen, quod a nativitate gessit, pro certo habemus. E familia praeclara [[Angleria]]e se natum esse confessus est. Nomini Petro Martyri, aut nativo aut religioso, adiunguntur ergo '''Anglerius''', cognomen familiae (&quot;hinc sanguis noster Anglerius; hinc mea progenies&quot;),&lt;ref name=&quot;Fagiardo&quot; /&gt; atque '''Mediolanensis''', agnomen municipale. Epistulas duplici praenomine ambobusque cognominibus, sed compendiosissime, superscribere solebat: '''P. M. A. M.'''&lt;ref&gt;''[[Opus epistolarum (Petrus Martyr ab Angleria)|Opus epistolarum]]'' [https://archive.org/details/opusepistolarump00angh/page/n29/mode/2up f 1r] et passim&lt;/ref&gt;

== De iuventute Italica ==
Arunae sine dubio natus est. &quot;In id me oppidum,&quot; ait, &quot;genitrix utero me portavit et peperit,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Aruna&quot;&gt;''Opus epistolarum'' [https://archive.org/details/opusepistolarump00angh/page/n199/mode/2up f. 86r]: epistula cardinali [[Georgius de Ambacia|Georgio de Ambacia]] scripta; similiter [https://archive.org/details/opusepistolarump00angh/page/n421/mode/2up f. 197 rv]&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;ubi avitum genus meum Angleriense possessiones et domos habebat ac praedia:&quot; nihilominus &quot;utero gestatum aliunde&quot; se fuisse refert,&lt;ref&gt;''Opus epistolarum'' [https://archive.org/details/opusepistolarump00angh/page/n387/mode/2up f. 180r]: epistula {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Ruffus (archiepiscopus Cusentinus)|Ioanni Ruffo archiepiscopo Cusentino scripta|it|qid=Q64779142}}&lt;/ref&gt; longiusque evolvit in epistula discipulo {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Petrus Fagiardus (marchio Bellecensis)|Petro Fagiardo|es|qid=Q2615834}} missa: &quot;attamen cum me utero mater gestaret, sic volente patre, Aronam, ubi pleraque illis erant praedia domusque, concessit&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fagiardo&quot;&gt;''Opus epistolarum'' (cuius operis nostrae citationes omnes editionem 1530 referunt) [https://archive.org/details/opusepistolarump00angh/page/n145/mode/2up 59r]&lt;/ref&gt; [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] certe educatus est in aula [[Galeatius Maria Sfortia|Galeatii Mariae Sfortiae]]. Se e Mediolano ortum esse bis vel ter praetendit: &quot;me ... longe a Latio natum (quia Mediolani) et longissime vitam egisse (quia in Hispania)&quot;; &quot;ex natali patria Mediolano&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mediolani&quot;&gt;Prima citatio: ''[[De orbe novo decades]]'' dec. 2 lib. 7; altera: [https://archive.org/details/ioannesruffusfor00angh/page/n9/mode/2up epistula editioni 1516 ''Decadum'' dedicatoria]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;natural&quot; /&gt;

Comitem Aronae Ioannem Borromeum &quot;nostrae familiae benefactor[em]&quot;, argentarium Mediolanensem, patronum suum appellavit.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Optime patrone&quot;: ''Opus epistolarum'' [https://archive.org/details/opusepistolarump00angh/page/n37/mode/1up f. 4v]&lt;/ref&gt; Mediolani familiam Trivultium cognovisse censetur, sibi cognatam, et praesertim [[Ioannes Iacobus Trivultius|Ioannem Iacobum Trivultium]] marescalcum Franciae,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Est et Io. Iacobus Tri[u]ultius, Gallicarum ductor copiarum, nostrae familiae de Angleria, Triuultia antiquioris, uti ipsemet inquit, sanguine coniunctus&quot;: ''Opus epistolarum'' [https://archive.org/details/opusepistolarump00angh/page/n142/mode/1up f. 57r]&lt;/ref&gt; cui postea epistulas plures miserit. Insuper iam cognovit [[Ioannes Arcimboldus|Ioannem Arcimboldum]], qui illis annis orator apud Sanctam Sedem fungebatur pro Galeatium Mariam Sfortiam. Quo anno [[1476]] necato, Arcimboldus Romae mansit (ubi cardinalis et [[legatus a latere]] fit, atque ab anno [[1485]] archiepiscopus Mediolanensis); Petrus Martyr [[Roma]]m mox profectus est, cliens ipsius Arcimboldi et [[Ascanius Maria Sfortia|Ascanii Sfortiae Vicecomitis]] coaetanii: hic frater erat Galeatii Mariae et [[Ludovicus Sfortia|Ludovici]] ducis futuri.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;P. M. A. M. Ascanio Vícecomiti, magni Ludouici fratrí, cardinali, patrono singularí&quot;: ''Opus epistolarum'' [https://archive.org/details/opusepistolarump00angh/page/n39/mode/1up f. 5v]&lt;/ref&gt;

Sub pontificatu [[Innocentius VIII|Innocentii VIII]] Petrus Martyr secretarius meruit Francisco quodam Nigro, urbis gubernatori, titulo protonotarii apostolici; Ascanium Sfortiam, mox cardinalem creatum, patronum amborum fuisse in epistula confitetur.&lt;ref&gt;''Opus epistolarum'' [https://archive.org/details/opusepistolarump00angh/page/n43/mode/2up f. 38r]&lt;/ref&gt; Cognovit [[Iulius Pomponius Laetus|Pomponium Laetum]], cui (&quot;antiquitatis magistro doctissimo&quot;, &quot;viro singulari doctrina, amico dilecto&quot;) postea epistulas nonnullas misit.&lt;ref&gt;''Opus epistolarum'' [https://archive.org/details/opusepistolarump00angh/page/n70/mode/1up ff. 21r], [https://archive.org/details/opusepistolarump00angh/page/n104/mode/1up 38r]&lt;/ref&gt; 

Post decem annos [[Aragonia (regnum)|Aragonia]]m petivit, suadente {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Enecus Lupus Mendocius (comes Tendillae)|Eneco Lupo comite Tendillae|es|qid=Q8078615}}, qui legatus apud Sanctam Sedem merebat. Romam reliquit nolente patrono Ascanio Sfortia, cui promisit se crebriter missurum epistulas de rebus in Hispania gestis: inde ortus est maxima series epistularum quae, inter alias, in ''Opere epistolarum'' post amborum mortem anno 1530 editae sunt. Omnium epistularum prima Ascanio illo Sfortia missa est &quot;ex [[Caesaraugusta]], ubi Reges invenimus ... [[1 Ianuarii|Kalendis Ianuarii]] anno [[1488]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Opus epistolarum'' [https://archive.org/details/opusepistolarump00angh/page/n30/mode/1up f. 1r]&lt;/ref&gt;

== De maturitate Hispanica ==
In Hispania a principio paedagogus in familiae illius comitis functus est, ubi discipulos habuit {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Didacus Furtatus Mendocius|Didacum Furtatum Mendocium|es|qid=Q2297287}} poëtam et legatum, fratremque {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ludovicus Furtatus Mendocius|Ludovicum|es|qid=Q3754494}} comitem II. Tendillae. [[Salmantica]]e in [[Pontificia Universitas Salmanticensis|universitate]] mense Octobri [[1488]] morabat: ibi lectionem publicam dedit, adiuvante amico {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Lucius Marineus Siculus|L. Marineo Siculo|es=Lucio Marineo Siculo}}, qui inter studentes stans contionem de secunda ''Satira'' [[Iuvenalis]] magna voce postulavit, quam rem Martyr optime cognovit assidueque praeparaverat.&lt;ref&gt;''Opus epistolarum'' [https://archive.org/details/opusepistolarump00angh/page/n50/mode/1up ff. 11r-12r]&lt;/ref&gt; Anno insequenti cum exercitu [[Castella]]no per [[Vandalitia]]m vagans, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Giennium|Giennio|es|qid=Q15681}} morans, inter obsidia [[Basti]]orum necnon [[Almeria (Hispania)|Almeria]]e militavit et in epistulis descripsit.&lt;ref&gt;''Opus epistolarum'' [https://archive.org/details/opusepistolarump00angh/page/n58/mode/1up ff. 15r-19v]&lt;/ref&gt;
Canonicus [[Granata (Hispania)|Granatensis]] ab hoc tempore erat ibique annos fere tres manebat, sed anno [[1492]] ad aulam regiam peregrinam iussu reginae [[Isabella I (regina Castellae et Legionis)|Isabellae]] revocatus est; familiaris regum catholicorum [[Ferdinandus II (rex Aragonum)|Ferdinandi]] et Isabellae acceptus est die [[2 Octobris]] [[1492|eiusdem anni]].&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=''Documentos'' (1861)}} [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_slLx9vohI1UC/page/398/mode/2up p. 398]&lt;/ref&gt; Rem his verbis explicuit in epistula quam e [[Caesaraugusta]] ad amicos inseparabiles, videlicet &quot;Bracharae archipraesulem et Pompilonensem episcopum&quot;, die [[1 Septembris]] [[1492]] misit:
: Palaestra haec nostra Reginae ... adeo placet, ut {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Iacobus dux Ghimaraneus|Gimaranneum ducem|pt|qid=Q2698113}} (ipsi consobrinum) iusserit domum ut frequentet meum, itidem {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Alphonsus Aragonius (dux Villae Formosae)|Villae Formosae duci|es|qid=Q5667325}} (Regis ex fratre nepoti) est imperatum ab eaque nunquam per diem, ni causa ingruerit urgens, discedant, hos, quotquot Hispania utraque [i.e. Castella et Leon] iuvenes habet potentatuum heredes, secuntur. Singulos ducunt audituros una pedagogos, quibus cum domi grammaticae praecepta ex meo instituto pertractent. Et quae audiunt una repetant: haec ego!&lt;ref&gt;''Opus epistolarum'' [https://archive.org/details/opusepistolarump00angh/page/n85/mode/1up f. 28v]&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ab anno [[1493]] explorationes Hispanicas in Novum Orbem describere coepit. De [[Christophorus Columbus|Columbo]], de navigationibus terrisque nuper repertis in epistolis variis narravit, quarum breviores multae in ''Opere epistolarum'' (1530) comprehenduntur.&lt;ref&gt;Haec epistulae, ex ''Opere epistolarum'' selectae, in libello {{qc|id= Gaffarel et Louvot (1885)}} [[Francogallice]] vertuntur.&lt;/ref&gt; Longiores autem, gradatim in opus historicum commutatae, separatim collectae erint, sicut prisco patrono Ioanni Borromeo his verbis evolvit: &quot;Libros coepi de tantae rei invento perscribere. Si dabitur vivere, nil memoratu dignum praetermittam qualescunque decussi evadent: illorum ad te mittetur exemplar. Praebebo saltem viris doctis, magna scribere aggredientibus, ingens ac novum materiae pelagus.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Opus epistolarum'' [https://archive.org/details/opusepistolarump00angh/page/n95/mode/2up f. 34r]&lt;/ref&gt; Ergo prima epistula alteraque, cardinali Ascanio Sfortia diebus [[13 Novembris]] [[1493]] et [[29 Aprilis]] [[1494]] missae, denuo in libros I. et II. primae decadis conversae sunt; septem libri insequentes cardinali [[Ludovicus Aragonius|Ludovico Aragonio]], sed liber decimus patrono (olim discipulo) {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Enecus Lupus Mendocius (comes Tendillae)|Eneco Lupo Mendocio|es|qid=Q8078615}}, comite Tendillae, missae sunt. Qui decem libri titulo ''Oceani decas'' multo tardius anno 1511 congessi et divulgati sunt. Editiones posteriores semper auctae variis titulis e prelo proderunt: ''De rebus oceanis et orbe novo decades tres'' (1516), ''De nuper sub D. Carolo repertis insulis'' (i.e. quarta decas, 1521), ''De orbe novo ... decades'' (i.e. series plena decadum octo, 1530). De decade tertia iam anno [[1497]] laborare se coepisse Pomponio Laeto scripsit.&lt;ref&gt;''Opus epistolarum'' f. 44v&lt;/ref&gt; Eodem anno orator in [[Bohemia]]m paene missus statim revocatus est.

Anno [[1501]], &quot;legatione Veneta, mox Babylonica&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Legatio&quot;&gt; ''Opus epistolarum'' [https://archive.org/details/opusepistolarump00angh/page/n387/mode/2up f. 180r]&lt;/ref&gt; (id est, in [[Cairum]] [[Aegyptus|Aegypti]]) missus, bono successu duxit. In itinere oppidum natale visitavit.&lt;ref name=&quot;Legatio&quot; /&gt; Res a se visas et gestas tam in ''Legatione Babylonica'' (1511 divulgata) quam in epistulas viginti duabus ''Operis epistularum'' (1530) curiose enarrat.&lt;ref&gt;''Opus epistolarum'' [https://archive.org/details/opusepistolarump00angh/page/n136/mode/1up ff. 54r-58v]; {{qc|id= Thacher (1903)}} [https://archive.org/details/christophercolum11thac/page/n41/mode/2up pp. 12-21]&lt;/ref&gt; Magister in artibus liberalibus equitum in aula regum catholicorum die [[15 Decembris]] [[1502]] promotus est.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=''Documentos'' (1861)}} [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_slLx9vohI1UC/page/398/mode/2up p. 399]&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;De bello autem si consilium amici vis,&quot; ita [[Aloisius Marlianus|Aloisio Marliano]] imperatori protomedico anno 1508 scripsit: &quot;bella gerant bellatores; philosophis inhaereat lectionis et contemplationis studium.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Opus epistolarum'' [https://archive.org/details/opusepistolarump00angh/page/n198/mode/1up f. 85r]&lt;/ref&gt; Opera eius, non antea impressa, anno [[1511]] [[Hispalis|Hispali]] e prelo {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Iacobus Cromberger|Iacobi Cromberger|es|qid=Q16580497}} proderunt. L. Marineus Siculus amicus {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Petrus Fagiardus (marchio Bellecensis)|Petrusque Fagiardus|es|qid=Q2615834}} olim discipulus adiuverunt, si re vera librum manu scriptum operum, a Martyre paratum, e scriptorio abstractum, editori clam dederunt.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Magnum facinus et memorabile ausus sum ...&quot;: Sic confessus est Siculus ipse. An credere licet? {{qc|id= Marineus Siculus (1514)}} [https://bnedigital.bne.es/bd/es/viewer?id=0602dd8c-73a5-411d-8d23-880fba0ea0cd&amp;page=32 sig. e5 rv (imagines 32-33)]&lt;/ref&gt; Si ita sit, nihilominus ante libri divulgationem Martyr ipse epistulam dedicatoriam Eneco Lupo Mendocio, comite Tendillae, praeposuit et [[Aelius Antonius Nebrissensis|Antonius Nebrissensis]] &quot;grammaticus&quot; praefationem addidit, reginae [[Ioanna (regina Castellae et Legionis)|Ioanna]]e dicatam. Titulus libri sic sonat: ''P. Martyris Angli ''[sic]'' Mediolanensis opera: Legatio Babylonica, Occeani ''[sic]'' decas, Poemata, Epigrammata''.

Anno [[1516]] editionem trium ''Decadum'' et ''Legationis Babylonicae'' (poëmatibus omissis) paraverunt Petrus Martyr et Antonius Nebrissensis, qui iam &quot;historicus regius&quot; appellatur. Ipse Martyr chronographus (''cronista'') regum catholicorum die [[5 Martii]] [[1520]] creatus,&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=''Documentos'' (1861)}} [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_slLx9vohI1UC/page/400/mode/2up p. 400]&lt;/ref&gt; secretarius Concilii Indiarum anno [[1524]] promotus est. His autem annis praeter alias res de confectione operis sui de explorationibus laboravit, sicut ipse nimis modeste confessus est in epistula &quot;marchionibus&quot; die [[4 Novembris]] [[1522]] missa. Primam [[circumnavigatio]]nem (a [[Ferdinandus Magellanus|Magellano]] inceptam, a superviventibus nuper perfectam) refert, his verbis additis: &quot;... narrationem aliquando videbitis, decadem nanque formo quartam (tribus meis de orbe novo iamdudum c[h]alcographorum opera in vulgus emissis) successivam de hisce rebus novis ad Pontificem dirigendam.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Opus epistolarum'' [https://archive.org/details/opusepistolarump00angh/page/n404/mode/1up f. 187r]&lt;/ref&gt; Tribus decadibus anno 1516 impressis, non minus quam quinque decades additae erint, omnibus in uno volumine anno [[1530]] divulgaturis, auctore iam mortuo. [[Granata (Hispania)|Granata]]e enim anno [[1526]] mortuus est, ubi in [[ecclesia cathedralis|ecclesia cathedrali]] hoc [[epitaphium|epitaphio]] commemoratur:
: Rerum aetate nostra gestarum / et Novi Orbis ignoti hactenus / illustratori Petro Martyri Mediolanensi / Cæsareo Senatori / qui, patria relicta, / bello Granatensi miles interfuit; / mox, urbe capta, primum Canonico, / deinde Priori hujus ecclesiæ, / decanus et capitulum / carissimo collegae posuere sepulchrum / Anno MDXXVI.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id= Thacher (1903)}} [https://archive.org/details/christophercolum11thac/page/n61/mode/2up p. 33]&lt;/ref&gt;

== De indole ==
[[Fasciculus:Petrus Martyr opus epistolarum 1530 tp.jpg|thumb|''Opus epistolarum'': titulus editionis 1530]]
Coaevi pauci de vita et indole Petri Martyris scripserunt, sed L. Marineus Siculus in epistulis suis convivia eius generosa bis laudavit. Anno fere 1510 haec Petro Fagiardo scripsit, qui discipulus Martyris fuerat:
: Cum essem nudiustertius apud regiam, conveniens me Petrus Martyr &quot;Sicule,&quot; inquit, &quot;hodie apud me sis obsecro:&quot; solet enim me frequenter convivam habere. &quot;Libenter,&quot; inquam, &quot;tibi, Martyr, more geram faciendum esse enim quod iubes, in hac re praesertim, qua non Hispanos modo sed Lucullum quoque Romanum omnium convivantium omnium principem longe praestas.&quot; Martyre enim nemo liberalius nemo lautius amicos excipit. Eius igitur hospicium ingredimur. Caeterum dum Martyris pueri alii fercula parant, alii abacum struunt, igni se fovet Martyr: ego per triclinium solus incedo ... &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id= Marineus Siculus (1514)}} [https://bnedigital.bne.es/bd/es/viewer?id=0602dd8c-73a5-411d-8d23-880fba0ea0cd&amp;page=32 sig. e5 r (imago 32)]&lt;/ref&gt;

Anno ignoto, sed ante 1514, Siculus haec ipso Martyri scripsit:
: Ideoque mulctari me tuis coriandris et lymphacius haurire potum facile patiar, dum me ... ut soles liberaliter excipias et benigne, et gallinarum columborumque pullis cum sumine et petasonibus elixis expleas. Nam pavos turtures perdices phasianos coturnices turdos ficedulas attagenes merulas et alia omnia ferculorum genera quibus me satiare consuevisti, tibi caeterisque libenter relinquam, praeter dulces placentas et suaves martios panes ex nucleis amigdalis saccaroque confectos!&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id= Marineus Siculus (1514)}} [https://bnedigital.bne.es/bd/es/viewer?id=0602dd8c-73a5-411d-8d23-880fba0ea0cd&amp;page=87 sig. n4 r (imago 87)]&lt;/ref&gt;

Haec autem [[Hadrianus VI|Adrianus Traiectinus]], cardinalis [[Dertosa|Dertosensis]] Hispaniaeque regens, papa Adrianus VI futurus, scripsit mense Augusto 1521:
: Vale, felix mi Martyr, cuius hortensibus deliciis et passerculorum concentibus magis invideo, quam miserear solitudini: holera sic fovere ac rigare cura, ne nobis istuc euntibus emarcuerint.&lt;ref&gt;[[Hadrianus VI|Adrianus Traiectinus]] in: ''Opus epistolarum'' [https://archive.org/details/opusepistolarump00angh/page/n379/mode/2up f. 175v]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Opera ==
* 1511 : ''Legatio Babylonica, [[De orbe novo decades|Oceani Decas]], Poemata, Epigrammata''. Hispali: per Iacobum Corumberger; [https://web.archive.org/web/20110909233801/http://gredos.usal.es/jspui/handle/10366/83437 Textus]; [https://archive.org/details/pmartyrisanglime00angh Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* 1511-1530 : ''[[De orbe novo decades|De orbe novo ... decades]]''
* 1530 : ''[[Opus epistolarum (Petrus Martyr ab Angleria)|Opus epistolarum]] P. M. Anglerii Mediolanensis protonotarii apostolici atque a consiliis rerum Indicarum''

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
; Fontes fere coaevi
* {{ec|id=''Documentos'' (1861) |c= &quot;[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_slLx9vohI1UC/page/396/mode/2up Documentos relativos a Pedro Mártir de Anglería]&quot; in Marques de Pidal, Marques de Miraflores, Miguel Salvá, edd., ''Coleccion de documentos inéditos para la historia de España'' vol. 39 (Matriti: la viuda de Calero, 1861) pp. 398-418 }}
* {{ec|id= Marineus Siculus (1514) |c= [[Lucius Marineus Siculus]], ''Epistolarum familiarium libri decem et septem; Orationes quinque ...'' Vallisoleti: per Arnaldum Gulielmum Brocarium, 1514; [https://bnedigital.bne.es/bd/es/card?id=0602dd8c-73a5-411d-8d23-880fba0ea0cd Textus] }}

; Eruditio
{{Vide-etiam|De orbe novo decades#Bibliographia|Opus epistolarum (Petrus Martyr ab Angleria)#Bibliographia}}
* {{CathEnc|09740a|Peter Martyr d'Anghiera}}
* {{DBI|http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/pietro-martire-d-anghiera_(Dizionario-Biografico)/|Anghiera, Pietro Martire d'|Roberto Almagià|1961}}
* José A. Armillas Vicente, &quot;[https://ifc.dpz.es/recursos/publicaciones/33/63/10armillas.pdf Pedro Mártir de Anglería, contino real y cronista de Castilla. La invención de las nuevas Indias]&quot; in ''Jerónimo Zurita'' vol. 88 (2013) pp. 211-229
* {{ec|id= Ciampi (1875)|c= Ignazio Ciampi, &quot;[https://archive.org/details/sim_nuova-antologia-revista-di-lettere-scienze-ed-arti_1875-09_30/page/38/mode/2up Le fonti storiche del renascimento. 1: Pietro Martire d'Anghiera]&quot; in ''Nuova antologia di scienze, lettere ed arti'' vol. 30 (1875) pp. 39-79}}
* G. Eatough, ''Repertorium Columbianum: Selections from Peter Martyr''. Tornaci: Brepols, 1998
* {{ec|id= Gaffarel et Louvot (1885)|c= Paul Gaffarel, Fernand Louvot, interprr., ''Lettres de Pierre Martyr Anghiera relatives aux découvertes maritimes des espagnols et des portugais''. Lutetiae: Institut Géographique de Paris, 1885; [https://archive.org/details/lettresdepierrem00anghiala Textus apud Internet Archive] }}
* E. Lunardi et al., edd., ''Nuova Raccolta Colombiana: The Discovery of the New World in the Writings of Peter Martyr of Anghiera''. Romae: Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato, 1992
* {{ec|id= MacNutt (1912)|c= Francis Augustus MacNutt, interpr., ''Peter Martyr d'Anghiera: De orbe novo''. 2 voll. Novi Eboraci: Putnam, 1912; [https://archive.org/details/deorbenovoeightd01angh vol. 1], [https://archive.org/details/deorbenovoeightd02angh vol. 2 apud Internet Archive] }}
* J.-H. Mariéjol, ''Un lettré italien à la cour d'Espagne (1488-1526): Pierre Martyr d'Anghera, sa vie et ses oeuvres''. Lutetiae: Hachette, 1887; [https://archive.org/details/unlettreitalien00maririch/page/n3/mode/2up Textus]
* T. Maynard, &quot;Peter Martyr of Anghiera, Humanist and Historian&quot; in ''Catholic Historical Review'' vol. 16 (1930) pp. 435-448
* J. H. Sinclair, &quot;Bibliografia de Pedro Mártir de Anglería&quot; in ''Revista chilena de historia y geografia'' vol. 68 (1931) pp. 186-219
* {{ec|id= Thacher (1903)|c= John Boyd Thacher, ''Christopher Columbus: his life, his work, his remains'' (3 voll. Novi Eboraci, 1903–1904)  [https://archive.org/details/christophercolum11thac/page/n31/mode/2up vol. 1 pp. 1-110] }}
* Antonio de la Torre, &quot;La embajada a Egipto de Pedro Mártir de Anglería&quot; in ''Estudis universitaris catalans'' 21 (1936) pp. 433-450; [https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=10544423 DIALNET]
* Henry R. Wagner, &quot;[https://www.americanantiquarian.org/node/11329 Peter Martyr and His Works]&quot; in ''Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society'' vol. 56 (1946) pp. 239-288
* Erich Woldan, ed., ''Petrus Martyr de Angleria: Opera''. Graecii: Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt, 1966 (fac-simile editionum antiquorum)

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}

[[Categoria:Nati 1457]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1526]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Latini Renascentiae]]
[[Categoria:Aulici]]
[[Categoria:Eruditi Italiae]]
[[Categoria:Historici Hispaniae]]
[[Categoria:Politici Hispaniae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores itinerum]]
[[Categoria:Epistolographi]]
[[Categoria:Paedagogi]]
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'''Petrus Martyr ab Angleria'''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Petrus Martyr ab Angleria&quot;: nomen sic in titulo operis ''De orbe novo decades'' scribitur&lt;/ref&gt; (natus die [[2 Februarii]] [[1457]]&lt;ref&gt;De die et anno: {{qc|id= Ciampi (1875)}}; {{qc|id= MacNutt (1912)}} pp. 1-2 cum nota subiuncta&lt;/ref&gt; [[Aruna]]e pagi [[Mediolanum|Mediolanensis]];&lt;ref name=&quot;natural&quot;&gt;&quot;natural de Milan, nacido en la villa de Arona, que es en la ribera del lago Verbano, que por su grandeza se dice lago Mayor&quot;: sic testamentum, {{qc|id=''Documentos'' (1861)}} [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_slLx9vohI1UC/page/400/mode/2up p. 401]&lt;/ref&gt; mortuus [[Granata (Hispania)|Granatae]] mense Octobri [[1526]]) fuit [[capellanus]] regum Catholicorum [[Ferdinandus II (rex Aragoniae)|Ferdinandi]] et [[Isabella I (regina Castellae et Legionis)|Isabellae]], consiliarius imperatoris [[Carolus V (imperator)|Caroli V]], et [[auctor]] operis historici principalis, Latine compositi, de exploratione et conquisitione mediae [[America]]e. Opus principio in forma epistularum et commentationum manu scriptarum divulgatum est; diu in editionibus imperfectis, denuo titulo ''[[De orbe novo decades|De orbe novo ... decades]]'' anno [[1530]] editum est post mortem auctoris, qui textum in octo &quot;decadas&quot; ordinaverat.

[[Fasciculus:Petrus Martyr Works 1511 tp.jpg|thumb|Titulus editionis 1511 operum Petri Martyris, [[Hispalis|Hispali]] ab  {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Iacobus Cromberger|Iacobo Cromberger|es|qid=Q16580497}} editae]]
Nec praenomen nec cognomen, quod a nativitate gessit, pro certo habemus. E familia praeclara [[Angleria]]e se natum esse confessus est. Nomini Petro Martyri, aut nativo aut religioso, adiunguntur ergo '''Anglerius''', cognomen familiae (&quot;hinc sanguis noster Anglerius; hinc mea progenies&quot;),&lt;ref name=&quot;Fagiardo&quot; /&gt; atque '''Mediolanensis''', agnomen municipale. Epistulas duplici praenomine ambobusque cognominibus, sed compendiosissime, superscribere solebat: '''P. M. A. M.'''&lt;ref&gt;''[[Opus epistolarum (Petrus Martyr ab Angleria)|Opus epistolarum]]'' [https://archive.org/details/opusepistolarump00angh/page/n29/mode/2up f 1r] et passim&lt;/ref&gt;

== De iuventute Italica ==
Arunae sine dubio natus est. &quot;In id me oppidum,&quot; ait, &quot;genitrix utero me portavit et peperit,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Aruna&quot;&gt;''Opus epistolarum'' [https://archive.org/details/opusepistolarump00angh/page/n199/mode/2up f. 86r]: epistula cardinali [[Georgius de Ambacia|Georgio de Ambacia]] scripta; similiter [https://archive.org/details/opusepistolarump00angh/page/n421/mode/2up f. 197 rv]&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;ubi avitum genus meum Angleriense possessiones et domos habebat ac praedia:&quot; nihilominus &quot;utero gestatum aliunde&quot; se fuisse refert,&lt;ref&gt;''Opus epistolarum'' [https://archive.org/details/opusepistolarump00angh/page/n387/mode/2up f. 180r]: epistula {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Ruffus (archiepiscopus Cusentinus)|Ioanni Ruffo archiepiscopo Cusentino scripta|it|qid=Q64779142}}&lt;/ref&gt; longiusque evolvit in epistula discipulo {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Petrus Fagiardus (marchio Bellecensis)|Petro Fagiardo|es|qid=Q2615834}} missa: &quot;attamen cum me utero mater gestaret, sic volente patre, Aronam, ubi pleraque illis erant praedia domusque, concessit&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fagiardo&quot;&gt;''Opus epistolarum'' (cuius operis nostrae citationes omnes editionem 1530 referunt) [https://archive.org/details/opusepistolarump00angh/page/n145/mode/2up 59r]&lt;/ref&gt; [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] certe educatus est in aula [[Galeatius Maria Sfortia|Galeatii Mariae Sfortiae]]. Se e Mediolano ortum esse bis vel ter praetendit: &quot;me ... longe a Latio natum (quia Mediolani) et longissime vitam egisse (quia in Hispania)&quot;; &quot;ex natali patria Mediolano&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mediolani&quot;&gt;Prima citatio: ''[[De orbe novo decades]]'' dec. 2 lib. 7; altera: [https://archive.org/details/ioannesruffusfor00angh/page/n9/mode/2up epistula editioni 1516 ''Decadum'' dedicatoria]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;natural&quot; /&gt;

Comitem Aronae Ioannem Borromeum &quot;nostrae familiae benefactor[em]&quot;, argentarium Mediolanensem, patronum suum appellavit.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Optime patrone&quot;: ''Opus epistolarum'' [https://archive.org/details/opusepistolarump00angh/page/n37/mode/1up f. 4v]&lt;/ref&gt; Mediolani familiam Trivultium cognovisse censetur, sibi cognatam, et praesertim [[Ioannes Iacobus Trivultius|Ioannem Iacobum Trivultium]] marescalcum Franciae,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Est et Io. Iacobus Tri[u]ultius, Gallicarum ductor copiarum, nostrae familiae de Angleria, Triuultia antiquioris, uti ipsemet inquit, sanguine coniunctus&quot;: ''Opus epistolarum'' [https://archive.org/details/opusepistolarump00angh/page/n142/mode/1up f. 57r]&lt;/ref&gt; cui postea epistulas plures miserit. Insuper iam cognovit [[Ioannes Arcimboldus|Ioannem Arcimboldum]], qui illis annis orator apud Sanctam Sedem fungebatur pro Galeatium Mariam Sfortiam. Quo anno [[1476]] necato, Arcimboldus Romae mansit (ubi cardinalis et [[legatus a latere]] fit, atque ab anno [[1485]] archiepiscopus Mediolanensis); Petrus Martyr [[Roma]]m mox profectus est, cliens ipsius Arcimboldi et [[Ascanius Maria Sfortia|Ascanii Sfortiae Vicecomitis]] coaetanii: hic frater erat Galeatii Mariae et [[Ludovicus Sfortia|Ludovici]] ducis futuri.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;P. M. A. M. Ascanio Vícecomiti, magni Ludouici fratrí, cardinali, patrono singularí&quot;: ''Opus epistolarum'' [https://archive.org/details/opusepistolarump00angh/page/n39/mode/1up f. 5v]&lt;/ref&gt;

Sub pontificatu [[Innocentius VIII|Innocentii VIII]] Petrus Martyr secretarius meruit Francisco quodam Nigro, urbis gubernatori, titulo protonotarii apostolici; Ascanium Sfortiam, mox cardinalem creatum, patronum amborum fuisse in epistula confitetur.&lt;ref&gt;''Opus epistolarum'' [https://archive.org/details/opusepistolarump00angh/page/n43/mode/2up f. 38r]&lt;/ref&gt; Cognovit [[Iulius Pomponius Laetus|Pomponium Laetum]], cui (&quot;antiquitatis magistro doctissimo&quot;, &quot;viro singulari doctrina, amico dilecto&quot;) postea epistulas nonnullas misit.&lt;ref&gt;''Opus epistolarum'' [https://archive.org/details/opusepistolarump00angh/page/n70/mode/1up ff. 21r], [https://archive.org/details/opusepistolarump00angh/page/n104/mode/1up 38r]&lt;/ref&gt; 

Post decem annos [[Aragonia (regnum)|Aragonia]]m petivit, suadente {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Enecus Lupus Mendocius (comes Tendillae)|Eneco Lupo comite Tendillae|es|qid=Q8078615}}, qui legatus apud Sanctam Sedem merebat. Romam reliquit nolente patrono Ascanio Sfortia, cui promisit se crebriter missurum epistulas de rebus in Hispania gestis: inde ortus est maxima series epistularum quae, inter alias, in ''Opere epistolarum'' post amborum mortem anno 1530 editae sunt. Omnium epistularum prima Ascanio illo Sfortia missa est &quot;ex [[Caesaraugusta]], ubi Reges invenimus ... [[1 Ianuarii|Kalendis Ianuarii]] anno [[1488]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Opus epistolarum'' [https://archive.org/details/opusepistolarump00angh/page/n30/mode/1up f. 1r]&lt;/ref&gt;

== De maturitate Hispanica ==
In Hispania a principio paedagogus in familiae illius comitis functus est, ubi discipulos habuit {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Didacus Furtatus Mendocius|Didacum Furtatum Mendocium|es|qid=Q2297287}} poëtam et legatum, fratremque {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ludovicus Furtatus Mendocius|Ludovicum|es|qid=Q3754494}} comitem II. Tendillae. [[Salmantica]]e in [[Pontificia Universitas Salmanticensis|universitate]] mense Octobri [[1488]] morabat: ibi lectionem publicam dedit, adiuvante amico {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Lucius Marineus Siculus|L. Marineo Siculo|es|qid=Q4896779}}, qui inter studentes stans contionem de secunda ''Satira'' [[Iuvenalis]] magna voce postulavit, quam rem Martyr optime cognovit assidueque praeparaverat.&lt;ref&gt;''Opus epistolarum'' [https://archive.org/details/opusepistolarump00angh/page/n50/mode/1up ff. 11r-12r]&lt;/ref&gt; Anno insequenti cum exercitu [[Castella]]no per [[Vandalitia]]m vagans, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Giennium|Giennio|es|qid=Q15681}} morans, inter obsidia [[Basti]]orum necnon [[Almeria (Hispania)|Almeria]]e militavit et in epistulis descripsit.&lt;ref&gt;''Opus epistolarum'' [https://archive.org/details/opusepistolarump00angh/page/n58/mode/1up ff. 15r-19v]&lt;/ref&gt;
Canonicus [[Granata (Hispania)|Granatensis]] ab hoc tempore erat ibique annos fere tres manebat, sed anno [[1492]] ad aulam regiam peregrinam iussu reginae [[Isabella I (regina Castellae et Legionis)|Isabellae]] revocatus est; familiaris regum catholicorum [[Ferdinandus II (rex Aragonum)|Ferdinandi]] et Isabellae acceptus est die [[2 Octobris]] [[1492|eiusdem anni]].&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=''Documentos'' (1861)}} [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_slLx9vohI1UC/page/398/mode/2up p. 398]&lt;/ref&gt; Rem his verbis explicuit in epistula quam e [[Caesaraugusta]] ad amicos inseparabiles, videlicet &quot;Bracharae archipraesulem et Pompilonensem episcopum&quot;, die [[1 Septembris]] [[1492]] misit:
: Palaestra haec nostra Reginae ... adeo placet, ut {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Iacobus dux Ghimaraneus|Gimaranneum ducem|pt|qid=Q2698113}} (ipsi consobrinum) iusserit domum ut frequentet meum, itidem {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Alphonsus Aragonius (dux Villae Formosae)|Villae Formosae duci|es|qid=Q5667325}} (Regis ex fratre nepoti) est imperatum ab eaque nunquam per diem, ni causa ingruerit urgens, discedant, hos, quotquot Hispania utraque [i.e. Castella et Leon] iuvenes habet potentatuum heredes, secuntur. Singulos ducunt audituros una pedagogos, quibus cum domi grammaticae praecepta ex meo instituto pertractent. Et quae audiunt una repetant: haec ego!&lt;ref&gt;''Opus epistolarum'' [https://archive.org/details/opusepistolarump00angh/page/n85/mode/1up f. 28v]&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ab anno [[1493]] explorationes Hispanicas in Novum Orbem describere coepit. De [[Christophorus Columbus|Columbo]], de navigationibus terrisque nuper repertis in epistolis variis narravit, quarum breviores multae in ''Opere epistolarum'' (1530) comprehenduntur.&lt;ref&gt;Haec epistulae, ex ''Opere epistolarum'' selectae, in libello {{qc|id= Gaffarel et Louvot (1885)}} [[Francogallice]] vertuntur.&lt;/ref&gt; Longiores autem, gradatim in opus historicum commutatae, separatim collectae erint, sicut prisco patrono Ioanni Borromeo his verbis evolvit: &quot;Libros coepi de tantae rei invento perscribere. Si dabitur vivere, nil memoratu dignum praetermittam qualescunque decussi evadent: illorum ad te mittetur exemplar. Praebebo saltem viris doctis, magna scribere aggredientibus, ingens ac novum materiae pelagus.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Opus epistolarum'' [https://archive.org/details/opusepistolarump00angh/page/n95/mode/2up f. 34r]&lt;/ref&gt; Ergo prima epistula alteraque, cardinali Ascanio Sfortia diebus [[13 Novembris]] [[1493]] et [[29 Aprilis]] [[1494]] missae, denuo in libros I. et II. primae decadis conversae sunt; septem libri insequentes cardinali [[Ludovicus Aragonius|Ludovico Aragonio]], sed liber decimus patrono (olim discipulo) {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Enecus Lupus Mendocius (comes Tendillae)|Eneco Lupo Mendocio|es|qid=Q8078615}}, comite Tendillae, missae sunt. Qui decem libri titulo ''Oceani decas'' multo tardius anno 1511 congessi et divulgati sunt. Editiones posteriores semper auctae variis titulis e prelo proderunt: ''De rebus oceanis et orbe novo decades tres'' (1516), ''De nuper sub D. Carolo repertis insulis'' (i.e. quarta decas, 1521), ''De orbe novo ... decades'' (i.e. series plena decadum octo, 1530). De decade tertia iam anno [[1497]] laborare se coepisse Pomponio Laeto scripsit.&lt;ref&gt;''Opus epistolarum'' f. 44v&lt;/ref&gt; Eodem anno orator in [[Bohemia]]m paene missus statim revocatus est.

Anno [[1501]], &quot;legatione Veneta, mox Babylonica&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Legatio&quot;&gt; ''Opus epistolarum'' [https://archive.org/details/opusepistolarump00angh/page/n387/mode/2up f. 180r]&lt;/ref&gt; (id est, in [[Cairum]] [[Aegyptus|Aegypti]]) missus, bono successu duxit. In itinere oppidum natale visitavit.&lt;ref name=&quot;Legatio&quot; /&gt; Res a se visas et gestas tam in ''Legatione Babylonica'' (1511 divulgata) quam in epistulas viginti duabus ''Operis epistularum'' (1530) curiose enarrat.&lt;ref&gt;''Opus epistolarum'' [https://archive.org/details/opusepistolarump00angh/page/n136/mode/1up ff. 54r-58v]; {{qc|id= Thacher (1903)}} [https://archive.org/details/christophercolum11thac/page/n41/mode/2up pp. 12-21]&lt;/ref&gt; Magister in artibus liberalibus equitum in aula regum catholicorum die [[15 Decembris]] [[1502]] promotus est.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=''Documentos'' (1861)}} [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_slLx9vohI1UC/page/398/mode/2up p. 399]&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;De bello autem si consilium amici vis,&quot; ita [[Aloisius Marlianus|Aloisio Marliano]] imperatori protomedico anno 1508 scripsit: &quot;bella gerant bellatores; philosophis inhaereat lectionis et contemplationis studium.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Opus epistolarum'' [https://archive.org/details/opusepistolarump00angh/page/n198/mode/1up f. 85r]&lt;/ref&gt; Opera eius, non antea impressa, anno [[1511]] [[Hispalis|Hispali]] e prelo {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Iacobus Cromberger|Iacobi Cromberger|es|qid=Q16580497}} proderunt. L. Marineus Siculus amicus {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Petrus Fagiardus (marchio Bellecensis)|Petrusque Fagiardus|es|qid=Q2615834}} olim discipulus adiuverunt, si re vera librum manu scriptum operum, a Martyre paratum, e scriptorio abstractum, editori clam dederunt.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Magnum facinus et memorabile ausus sum ...&quot;: Sic confessus est Siculus ipse. An credere licet? {{qc|id= Marineus Siculus (1514)}} [https://bnedigital.bne.es/bd/es/viewer?id=0602dd8c-73a5-411d-8d23-880fba0ea0cd&amp;page=32 sig. e5 rv (imagines 32-33)]&lt;/ref&gt; Si ita sit, nihilominus ante libri divulgationem Martyr ipse epistulam dedicatoriam Eneco Lupo Mendocio, comite Tendillae, praeposuit et [[Aelius Antonius Nebrissensis|Antonius Nebrissensis]] &quot;grammaticus&quot; praefationem addidit, reginae [[Ioanna (regina Castellae et Legionis)|Ioanna]]e dicatam. Titulus libri sic sonat: ''P. Martyris Angli ''[sic]'' Mediolanensis opera: Legatio Babylonica, Occeani ''[sic]'' decas, Poemata, Epigrammata''.

Anno [[1516]] editionem trium ''Decadum'' et ''Legationis Babylonicae'' (poëmatibus omissis) paraverunt Petrus Martyr et Antonius Nebrissensis, qui iam &quot;historicus regius&quot; appellatur. Ipse Martyr chronographus (''cronista'') regum catholicorum die [[5 Martii]] [[1520]] creatus,&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=''Documentos'' (1861)}} [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_slLx9vohI1UC/page/400/mode/2up p. 400]&lt;/ref&gt; secretarius Concilii Indiarum anno [[1524]] promotus est. His autem annis praeter alias res de confectione operis sui de explorationibus laboravit, sicut ipse nimis modeste confessus est in epistula &quot;marchionibus&quot; die [[4 Novembris]] [[1522]] missa. Primam [[circumnavigatio]]nem (a [[Ferdinandus Magellanus|Magellano]] inceptam, a superviventibus nuper perfectam) refert, his verbis additis: &quot;... narrationem aliquando videbitis, decadem nanque formo quartam (tribus meis de orbe novo iamdudum c[h]alcographorum opera in vulgus emissis) successivam de hisce rebus novis ad Pontificem dirigendam.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Opus epistolarum'' [https://archive.org/details/opusepistolarump00angh/page/n404/mode/1up f. 187r]&lt;/ref&gt; Tribus decadibus anno 1516 impressis, non minus quam quinque decades additae erint, omnibus in uno volumine anno [[1530]] divulgaturis, auctore iam mortuo. [[Granata (Hispania)|Granata]]e enim anno [[1526]] mortuus est, ubi in [[ecclesia cathedralis|ecclesia cathedrali]] hoc [[epitaphium|epitaphio]] commemoratur:
: Rerum aetate nostra gestarum / et Novi Orbis ignoti hactenus / illustratori Petro Martyri Mediolanensi / Cæsareo Senatori / qui, patria relicta, / bello Granatensi miles interfuit; / mox, urbe capta, primum Canonico, / deinde Priori hujus ecclesiæ, / decanus et capitulum / carissimo collegae posuere sepulchrum / Anno MDXXVI.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id= Thacher (1903)}} [https://archive.org/details/christophercolum11thac/page/n61/mode/2up p. 33]&lt;/ref&gt;

== De indole ==
[[Fasciculus:Petrus Martyr opus epistolarum 1530 tp.jpg|thumb|''Opus epistolarum'': titulus editionis 1530]]
Coaevi pauci de vita et indole Petri Martyris scripserunt, sed L. Marineus Siculus in epistulis suis convivia eius generosa bis laudavit. Anno fere 1510 haec Petro Fagiardo scripsit, qui discipulus Martyris fuerat:
: Cum essem nudiustertius apud regiam, conveniens me Petrus Martyr &quot;Sicule,&quot; inquit, &quot;hodie apud me sis obsecro:&quot; solet enim me frequenter convivam habere. &quot;Libenter,&quot; inquam, &quot;tibi, Martyr, more geram faciendum esse enim quod iubes, in hac re praesertim, qua non Hispanos modo sed Lucullum quoque Romanum omnium convivantium omnium principem longe praestas.&quot; Martyre enim nemo liberalius nemo lautius amicos excipit. Eius igitur hospicium ingredimur. Caeterum dum Martyris pueri alii fercula parant, alii abacum struunt, igni se fovet Martyr: ego per triclinium solus incedo ... &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id= Marineus Siculus (1514)}} [https://bnedigital.bne.es/bd/es/viewer?id=0602dd8c-73a5-411d-8d23-880fba0ea0cd&amp;page=32 sig. e5 r (imago 32)]&lt;/ref&gt;

Anno ignoto, sed ante 1514, Siculus haec ipso Martyri scripsit:
: Ideoque mulctari me tuis coriandris et lymphacius haurire potum facile patiar, dum me ... ut soles liberaliter excipias et benigne, et gallinarum columborumque pullis cum sumine et petasonibus elixis expleas. Nam pavos turtures perdices phasianos coturnices turdos ficedulas attagenes merulas et alia omnia ferculorum genera quibus me satiare consuevisti, tibi caeterisque libenter relinquam, praeter dulces placentas et suaves martios panes ex nucleis amigdalis saccaroque confectos!&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id= Marineus Siculus (1514)}} [https://bnedigital.bne.es/bd/es/viewer?id=0602dd8c-73a5-411d-8d23-880fba0ea0cd&amp;page=87 sig. n4 r (imago 87)]&lt;/ref&gt;

Haec autem [[Hadrianus VI|Adrianus Traiectinus]], cardinalis [[Dertosa|Dertosensis]] Hispaniaeque regens, papa Adrianus VI futurus, scripsit mense Augusto 1521:
: Vale, felix mi Martyr, cuius hortensibus deliciis et passerculorum concentibus magis invideo, quam miserear solitudini: holera sic fovere ac rigare cura, ne nobis istuc euntibus emarcuerint.&lt;ref&gt;[[Hadrianus VI|Adrianus Traiectinus]] in: ''Opus epistolarum'' [https://archive.org/details/opusepistolarump00angh/page/n379/mode/2up f. 175v]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Opera ==
* 1511 : ''Legatio Babylonica, [[De orbe novo decades|Oceani Decas]], Poemata, Epigrammata''. Hispali: per Iacobum Corumberger; [https://web.archive.org/web/20110909233801/http://gredos.usal.es/jspui/handle/10366/83437 Textus]; [https://archive.org/details/pmartyrisanglime00angh Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* 1511-1530 : ''[[De orbe novo decades|De orbe novo ... decades]]''
* 1530 : ''[[Opus epistolarum (Petrus Martyr ab Angleria)|Opus epistolarum]] P. M. Anglerii Mediolanensis protonotarii apostolici atque a consiliis rerum Indicarum''

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
; Fontes fere coaevi
* {{ec|id=''Documentos'' (1861) |c= &quot;[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_slLx9vohI1UC/page/396/mode/2up Documentos relativos a Pedro Mártir de Anglería]&quot; in Marques de Pidal, Marques de Miraflores, Miguel Salvá, edd., ''Coleccion de documentos inéditos para la historia de España'' vol. 39 (Matriti: la viuda de Calero, 1861) pp. 398-418 }}
* {{ec|id= Marineus Siculus (1514) |c= [[Lucius Marineus Siculus]], ''Epistolarum familiarium libri decem et septem; Orationes quinque ...'' Vallisoleti: per Arnaldum Gulielmum Brocarium, 1514; [https://bnedigital.bne.es/bd/es/card?id=0602dd8c-73a5-411d-8d23-880fba0ea0cd Textus] }}

; Eruditio
{{Vide-etiam|De orbe novo decades#Bibliographia|Opus epistolarum (Petrus Martyr ab Angleria)#Bibliographia}}
* {{CathEnc|09740a|Peter Martyr d'Anghiera}}
* {{DBI|http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/pietro-martire-d-anghiera_(Dizionario-Biografico)/|Anghiera, Pietro Martire d'|Roberto Almagià|1961}}
* José A. Armillas Vicente, &quot;[https://ifc.dpz.es/recursos/publicaciones/33/63/10armillas.pdf Pedro Mártir de Anglería, contino real y cronista de Castilla. La invención de las nuevas Indias]&quot; in ''Jerónimo Zurita'' vol. 88 (2013) pp. 211-229
* {{ec|id= Ciampi (1875)|c= Ignazio Ciampi, &quot;[https://archive.org/details/sim_nuova-antologia-revista-di-lettere-scienze-ed-arti_1875-09_30/page/38/mode/2up Le fonti storiche del renascimento. 1: Pietro Martire d'Anghiera]&quot; in ''Nuova antologia di scienze, lettere ed arti'' vol. 30 (1875) pp. 39-79}}
* G. Eatough, ''Repertorium Columbianum: Selections from Peter Martyr''. Tornaci: Brepols, 1998
* {{ec|id= Gaffarel et Louvot (1885)|c= Paul Gaffarel, Fernand Louvot, interprr., ''Lettres de Pierre Martyr Anghiera relatives aux découvertes maritimes des espagnols et des portugais''. Lutetiae: Institut Géographique de Paris, 1885; [https://archive.org/details/lettresdepierrem00anghiala Textus apud Internet Archive] }}
* E. Lunardi et al., edd., ''Nuova Raccolta Colombiana: The Discovery of the New World in the Writings of Peter Martyr of Anghiera''. Romae: Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato, 1992
* {{ec|id= MacNutt (1912)|c= Francis Augustus MacNutt, interpr., ''Peter Martyr d'Anghiera: De orbe novo''. 2 voll. Novi Eboraci: Putnam, 1912; [https://archive.org/details/deorbenovoeightd01angh vol. 1], [https://archive.org/details/deorbenovoeightd02angh vol. 2 apud Internet Archive] }}
* J.-H. Mariéjol, ''Un lettré italien à la cour d'Espagne (1488-1526): Pierre Martyr d'Anghera, sa vie et ses oeuvres''. Lutetiae: Hachette, 1887; [https://archive.org/details/unlettreitalien00maririch/page/n3/mode/2up Textus]
* T. Maynard, &quot;Peter Martyr of Anghiera, Humanist and Historian&quot; in ''Catholic Historical Review'' vol. 16 (1930) pp. 435-448
* J. H. Sinclair, &quot;Bibliografia de Pedro Mártir de Anglería&quot; in ''Revista chilena de historia y geografia'' vol. 68 (1931) pp. 186-219
* {{ec|id= Thacher (1903)|c= John Boyd Thacher, ''Christopher Columbus: his life, his work, his remains'' (3 voll. Novi Eboraci, 1903–1904)  [https://archive.org/details/christophercolum11thac/page/n31/mode/2up vol. 1 pp. 1-110] }}
* Antonio de la Torre, &quot;La embajada a Egipto de Pedro Mártir de Anglería&quot; in ''Estudis universitaris catalans'' 21 (1936) pp. 433-450; [https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=10544423 DIALNET]
* Henry R. Wagner, &quot;[https://www.americanantiquarian.org/node/11329 Peter Martyr and His Works]&quot; in ''Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society'' vol. 56 (1946) pp. 239-288
* Erich Woldan, ed., ''Petrus Martyr de Angleria: Opera''. Graecii: Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt, 1966 (fac-simile editionum antiquorum)

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}

[[Categoria:Nati 1457]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1526]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Latini Renascentiae]]
[[Categoria:Aulici]]
[[Categoria:Eruditi Italiae]]
[[Categoria:Historici Hispaniae]]
[[Categoria:Politici Hispaniae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores itinerum]]
[[Categoria:Epistolographi]]
[[Categoria:Paedagogi]]
[[Categoria:Petrus Martyr ab Angleria| ]]</text>
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[[Fasciculus:De orbe nouo titulus.jpg|thumb|Titulus editionis omnium decadum primae (1530) ([[Bibliotheca Universitatis Brunensis|Bibliotheca]] [[Universitas Brunensis|Universitatis Brunensis]]).]]
'''''De orbe novo decades''''' est principale auctoris [[Petrus Martyr ab Angleria|Petri Martyris ab Angleria]] opus de exploratione et conquisitione mediae [[America]]e in octo decades divisum. Cuius operis a principio in forma epistularum et commentationum compositi, anno [[1511]] prima decas, anno [[1516]] tres decades, anno [[1521]] quarta decas, post auctoris mortem anno [[1530]] octo decades editae sunt.

== Bibliographia ==
; Editiones Latinae
[[Fasciculus:Eden tr Decades of the Newe Worlde 1555 tp.jpg|thumb|''Decades of the Newe Worlde'', 1555, interprete [[Ricardus Eden|Ricardo Eden]]: Titulus]]
* 1511 : ''P. Martyris Angli Mediolanensis opera: Legatio Babylonica, Occeani decas, Poemata, Epigrammata''. Hispali: per Iacobum Corumberger; [https://web.archive.org/web/20110909233801/http://gredos.usal.es/jspui/handle/10366/83437 Textus]; [https://archive.org/details/pmartyrisanglime00angh Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* 1516 : [[Antonius Nebrissensis]], ed., [Protonotari Petri Martyris] ''De orbe novo decades'' vel ''De rebus oceanis et orbe novo decades tres''. In urbe Compluto: in contubernio Arnaldi Guillelmi;  [https://archive.org/details/ioannesruffusfor00angh Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''; [https://archive.org/details/ARes593133 alius]; [https://bipadi.ub.edu/digital/collection/geoviatges/id/17063 alibi]
* 1521 : ''De nuper sub D. Carolo repertis insulis, simul[que] incolarum moribus, R. Petri Martyris enchiridion''. Basileae; [https://archive.org/details/denupersubdcaro00anglgoog Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''; [https://archive.org/details/denupersubdcarol00angh_0 aliud exemplar]
* 1524 : ''De rebus, et insulis nouiter repertis a sereniss. Carolo imperatore, et variis earum gentium moribus''. Norimbergae: F. Peypus; [https://archive.org/details/derebusetinsulis00angh/ Textus apud ''Internet Archive'']
* 1530 : ''De orbe novo Petri Martyris ab Angleria Mediolanensis, protonotarii Caesaris, senatoris, decades''. Compluti apud Michaelem d'Eguia; [http://archive.org/details/deorbenouopetrim00angh Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* 1532 : ''R. Petri Martyris De insulis nuper inuentis''. Coloniae: Impensis Arnoldi Birckman; [https://archive.org/details/deinsulisnuperin00angh/ Textus]
* 1533 : ''Petri Martyris ab Angleria Mediolanen. ... De rebus oceanicis &amp; Orbe nouo decades tres, quibus quicquid de inuentis nuper terris traditum; ... eiusdem præterea legationis Babylonicæ libri tres''. Basileae: apud Ioannem Bebelium [https://archive.org/details/petrimartyrisaba00angh Textus apud ''Internet Archive'']
* 1587 : [[Ricardus Hakluytus]], ed., ''De Orbe Novo Petri Martyris Anglerii Mediolanensis, protonotarii et Caroli Quinti senatoris, decades octo, diligente temporum observatione et utilissimis annotationibus illustratae, suoque nitore restitae''. Parisiis: apud Guillelmum Auvray; [https://archive.org/details/hin-wel-all-00001177-001/ Textus apud ''Internet Archive'']
* 1966 : Erich Woldan, ed., ''Petrus Martyr de Angleria: Opera''. Graecii: Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt (fac-simile editionum antiquorum)
* 2003 : [[Brigitta Gauvin|Brigitte Gauvin]], ed., ''Pierre Martyr d'Anghiera. Décades du Nouveau monde. I: La décade Océane: édition, traduction et commentaire''. Lutetiae: Les Belles Lettres. ISBN 2-251-34468-3

; Versiones
* 1532 : ''Extraict ou recueil des isles nouuellement trouvees en la grand mer oceane ou temps du roy Despaigne Fernand et Elizabeth sa femme''. Lutetiae: chez Simon de Colines; [https://archive.org/details/extraictourecuei00angh/ Textus apud Internet Archive]
* 1534 : ''Summario de la generale historia de l'Indie occidentali, cavato da libri scritti dal signor don Pietro Martyre''. Venetiis; [https://archive.org/details/svmmariodelagene00angh/ Textus apud Internet Archive]. -- Prima pars separatim: ''Libro primo della historia de l'Indie Occidentali''. Venetiis; [https://archive.org/details/libroprimodellah00angh/ Textus]
* 1555 : [[Ricardus Eden|Rycharde Eden]], interpr., ''The decades of the newe worlde or west India ... wrytten in the Latine tounge by Peter Martyr of Angleria, and translated into Englysshe''. Londini: in aedibus Guilhelmi Powell; [https://archive.org/details/decadesofnewewor00angh/ Textus apud Internet Archive]; [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.69015000005864 apud Hathi Trust];  [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/a20032.0001.001/1:14.12?rgn=div2;view=toc editio interretialis apud Michiganenses]
* 1577 : [[Ricardus Eden|Richarde Eden]], interpr.; [[Ricardus Willes|Richarde Willes]], ed., ''The History of travayle in the VVest and East Indies''. Londinii: Richard Jugge; [https://archive.org/details/historyoftrauayl00angh/ Textus apud Internet Archive]
* 1612 : [[Ricardus Eden|Richard Eden]], [[Michael Lok]], interprr., ''De Novo orbe, or, the historie of the West Indies: contayning the actes and adventures of the Spanyardes''. Londinii: Thomas Adams; [https://archive.org/details/denovoorbeorhist00angh/ Textus apud Internet Archive]; [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/103001705 idem exemplar apud Hathi Trust] {{Google Books|PWKd_Mm22gIC}}
* 1625 : [[Ricardus Eden|Richard Eden]], [[Michael Lok]], interprr.; [[Ricardus Hakluytus|Richard Hakluyt]], ed., ''The historie of the West-Indies, containing the acts and adventures of the Spaniards, which have conquered and peopled those countries''. Londinii: A. Hebb; [https://archive.org/details/b30332904 Textus apud Internet Archive]
* 1885 : [[Ricardus Eden|Richard Eden]], interpr.; Edward Arber, ed., ''The first three English books on America. [?1511]-1555 A.D.'' Birminghamiae, 1885; [https://archive.org/details/firstthreeenglis00arberich/ Textus apud Internet Archive]
* 1907 : Paul Gaffarel, Abbé Loubot, interprr., ''De orbe novo: les huit décades de Pierre Martyr Anghiera; traduits du latin, avec notes et commentaires''. Lutetiae: Leroux [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6536439b Textus apud Gallica]; [https://archive.org/details/deorbenovodepier00angh/ apud Internet Archive] 
* 1912 : Francis Augustus MacNutt, interpr., ''Peter Martyr d'Anghiera: De orbe novo''. 2 voll. Novi Eboraci: Putnam, 1912 [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/12425 Vol. 1 apud gutenberg.org] [https://archive.org/details/deorbenovoeightd01angh vol. 1] [https://archive.org/details/deorbenovoeightd02angh vol. 2 apud archive.org]
* 1944 : ''Peter Martyr d'Anghiera, Decadas del nuevo mundo''
* 1966 : [[Ricardus Eden|Richard Eden]], interpr., ''The decades of the Newe Worlde or West India''. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms;  [https://archive.org/details/decadesofnewewor0013unse/ Exemplar mutuabile]

; Refectiones
* c. 1504 : [[Angelus Trevisanus (legatus)|Angelus Trevisanus]], ''Libretto di tutta la navigazione del re di Spagna de le isole et terreni novamente trovati''; [https://www.loc.gov/item/94218598 liber manu scriptus apud Biblithecam Congressus]; [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=chi.32118655&amp;seq=193 editio 1893 imperfecta]
* 1507 : {{ec|id=Montalboddo (1507)|c=[[Francanus Montalbodus|Fracanzano Montalboddo]], ed., ''[[Itinerarium Portugallensium|Paesi novamente retrovati et novo mondo da Alberico Vesputio Florentino]]''. Vicenza: Henrico Vicentino {{Ling|Italice}}; [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k58988n Textus apud Gallica]; [https://archive.org/details/paesinouamentere00unse_0 apud Internet Archive]; [https://archive.org/details/paesinouamentere00unse aliud exemplar]. -- [https://archive.org/details/paesinouamentere00unse_1 Editio Mediolanensis 1508];  [https://archive.org/details/paesinouamentere00frac eadem rursus impressa 1916]}}
* 1508 : {{ec|id=Madrignanus (1508)|c=[[Francanus Montalbodus]], ed.; [[Archangelus Madrignanus]], interpr., ''[[Itinerarium Portugallensium|Itinerarium Portugallensium e Lusitania in Indiam et inde in occidentem et demum ad aquilonem]]'' {{Ling|Latine}}; [https://archive.org/details/itinerariumportu00unse/ Textus];  [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_OEBMA3dMZcMC aliud exemplar] apud ''Internet Archive''}}
* 1532 : [[Simon Grynaeus]], ed., ''[[Novus orbis (Grynaeus)|Novus orbis regionum ac insularum veteribus incognitarum]]''. Basileae {{Ling|Latine}} [https://archive.org/details/nouusorbisregion00hutt_1 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* 1998 : G. Eatough, ''Repertorium Columbianum: Selections from Peter Martyr''. Tornaci: Brepols
* 2012 : Norbert Ankenbauer, ed., ''[https://diglib.hab.de/edoc/ed000145/start.htm Paesi novamente retrovati - Newe unbekanthe landte. Eine digitale Edition früher Entdeckerberichte]'' (''Editiones Electronicae Guelferbytanae'', 10). Wolfenbüttel: Herzog August Bibliothek, 2012

== Bibliographia ==
* José A. Armillas Vicente, &quot;[https://ifc.dpz.es/recursos/publicaciones/33/63/10armillas.pdf Pedro Mártir de Anglería, contino real y cronista de Castilla. La invención de las nuevas Indias]&quot; in ''Jerónimo Zurita'' vol. 88 (2013) pp. 211-229
* Elise Bartosik-Vélez, &quot;Translatio imperii: Virgil and Peter Martyr's Columbus&quot; in ''Comparative Literature Studies'' vol. 46 (2009) pp. 559-588
* Mary Beagon, &quot;Peter Martyr's Use of Pliny&quot; in ''International Journal of the Classical Tradition'' vol. 21 (2014) pp. 223-244
* Michael Brennan, &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/michael-brennan-the-texts-of-peter-martyrs-de-orbe-novo-decades-1504-1628-a-response-to-andrew-hadfield/ The Texts of Peter Martyr's De orbe novo decades (1504-1628): A Response to Andrew Hadfield]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 6 no. 2 (1996/1997) {{Penna}}
* Rita De Maeseneer, &quot;El Nuevo Mundo comestible de Colón. Los contextos culinarios en la primera Década del Nuevo Mundo de Pedro Mártir de Anglería&quot; in Rita de Maeseneer, Patrick Collard, edd., ''Saberes y sabores en México y el Caribe'' (''Foro Hispánico'' vol. 39, 2010) pp. 235–266; [https://brill.com/display/book/9789042030459/B9789042030459-s011.xml situs venalis]
* Eric Dursteler, &quot;Reverberations of the Voyages of Discovery in Venice, ca. 1501: The Trevisan Manuscript in the Library of Congress&quot; in ''Mediterranean Studies'' vol. 9 (2000) pp. 43-64; [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41166910 JSTOR]
* Carlo Frati, &quot;El mapa mas antiguo de la isla de Santo Domingo (1516) y Pedro Martir de Angleria&quot;. Florentiae: Olschki, 1929; [https://archive.org/details/elmapamasantiguo00frat/page/n7/mode/1up Textus]
* [[Brigitta Gauvin|Brigitte Gauvin]], &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240634688_De_l'animal_sauvage_a_l'animal_fantastique_les_creatures_du_Nouveau_Monde_dans_les_huit_Decades_de_Pierre_Martyr_d'Anghiera De l’animal sauvage à l’animal fantastique: les créatures du Nouveau Monde dans les huit Décades de Pierre Martyr d’Anghiera]&quot; in ''Schedae'' (2009 n° 1) pp. 55-72
* Andrew Hadfield, &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/andrew-hadfield-peter-martyr-richard-eden-and-the-new-world-reading-experience-and-translation/ Peter Martyr, Richard Eden and the New World: Reading, Experience, and Translation]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 5 no. 1 (1995/1996); &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/andrew-hadfield-authors-response/ Richard Eden and Peter Martyr: Author's Response]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 6 no. 3 (1996/1997)
* Raymond Marcus, [https://www.persee.fr/doc/jsa_0037-9174_1967_num_56_1_2286 recensio] editionis Woldan (1966) in ''Journal de la société des américanistes'' vol. 56 (1967) pp. 273-274
* Carlos Gabriel Perna, ''Algunos problemas en torno a las &quot;Décadas del Nuevo Mundo&quot; de Pedro Mártir de Anglería''. GRIN Verlag, 2007 {{Google Books|oYTN6FKFa9cC|Paginae selectae}}
* Hermann A. Schumacher, ''Petrus Martyr, der Geschichtschreiber des Weltmeeres''. Novi Eboraci: Steiger, 1879; [https://archive.org/details/petrusmartyrderg00schu Textus]
* Henry R. Wagner, &quot;[https://www.americanantiquarian.org/node/11329 Peter Martyr and His Works]&quot; in ''Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society'' vol. 56 (1946) pp. 239-288

[[Categoria:Hispaniae scripta]]
[[Categoria:Libri de peregrinationibus]]
[[Categoria:Libri historici]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae Renascentes]]
[[Categoria:Scripta 1530]]
[[Categoria:Petrus Martyr ab Angleria]]</text>
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    <title>Carolus Clusius</title>
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{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Carolus Clusius''' vel nomine Francogallico ''Charles de l'Écluse'' (natus [[Samarobriva]]e die [[19 Februarii]] [[1526]]; [[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]] mortuus die [[4 Aprilis]] [[1609]]) fuit [[herbarium|herbarius]] scriptorque et interpres operum quae de [[botanice|plantis]] exoticis, [[hortorum cultus|hortorum cultu]] et nuper repertis disseruerunt. Alumnus fuit medici [[Gulielmus Rondeletius|Gulielmi Rondeletii]] apud [[Universitas Montispessulani|universitatem Montispessulani]], sed artem medicam reliquit. Ab anno [[1573]], iussu [[Maximilianus II|Maximiliani II]] imperatoris, praefectus meruit [[Hortus Medicus Imperialis|Horti Medici Imperialis]] [[Vindobona|Vindobonensis]]. [[Lugdunum Batavorum]] anno [[1593]] petivit. Ibi professor [[Academia Lugduno-Batava|universitatis]] [[Hortus Academicus (Lugdunum Batavorum)|hortum academicum]] creare et elaborare curavit, qui hortus e schedis et indicibus Clusianis tempore nostro restitutus est.

Genus plantarum ''[[Clusia]]'' ad eius honorem a [[Carolus Plumier|Carolo Plumier]] nominatum est; quod nomen [[Carolus Linnaeus]] descriptione confirmavit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Plumier (1703)}}; {{Linnaeus SP|509}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Opera ==
[[Fasciculus:Carolus Clusius by Martin Rota.jpg|thumb|Carolus Clusius anno 1575]]
* 1557 (interpres) : [[Rembertus Dodonaeus|Rembert Dodoens]], ''[[Stirpium historiae pemptades sex|Histoire des plantes]]'' (Antverpiae) [http://www.biusante.parisdescartes.fr/histmed/medica/cote?07764 Textus] apud ''BIU Santé''
* 1557 : &quot;Petit recueil auquel est contenue la description d'aucunes gommes et liqueurs&quot; in [[Rembertus Dodonaeus|Rembert Dodoens]], ''[[Stirpium historiae pemptades sex|Histoire des plantes]]'' (Antverpiae) [http://www.biusante.parisdescartes.fr/histmed/medica/page?07764&amp;p=573 pp. 549-581]
* 1561 (interpres) : ''[[Antidotarium|Antidotarium, sive de exacta componendorum miscendorumque medicamentorum ratione]]'' (Antverpiae) {{Google Books|NTU6AAAAcAAJ}} {{Google Books|s69jAAAAcAAJ}}
* 1567 (interpres) : [[Garcias ab Orta]], ''[[Aromatum apud Indos nascentium historia|Aromatum et simplicium aliquot medicamentorum apud Indos nascentium historia]]'' (in editione secunda, 1574, [[coffeum]] primo inter Europaeos describitur et depingitur)
* 1574 (interpres) : [[Nicolaus Monardes]], ''[[Simplicium medicamentorum ex novo orbe delatorum historia|De simplicibus medicamentis ex occidentali India delatis quorum in medicina usus est]]''; opus anno 1579 recensum sub titulo ''Simplicium medicamentorum ex novo orbe delatorum, quorum in medicina usus est, historia''
* 1576 : ''Rariorum aliquot stirpium per Hispanias observatarum historia'' [https://archive.org/details/mobot33768000399827 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* 1582 : ''Aliquot notae in Garciae Aromatum historiam; Descriptiones nonnullarum stirpium, et aliarum exoticarum rerum, quae à ... Francisco Drake ... observatae sunt'' (Antverpiae: Plantin) [https://www.e-rara.ch/zuz/nagezh/content/titleinfo/9431363 Textus] apud ''e-Rara'' {{Google Books|sF5WAAAAcAAJ}}
* 1582 (interpres et editor) : collectaneum opera Garciae ab Horto et Nicolai Monardes comprehendens cum versione antehac inedita operis [[Christophorus Acosta|Christophori a Costa]], ''[[Aromatum et medicamentorum in orientali India nascentium historia|Tractado delas drogas y medicinas de las Indias orientales]]'' [https://archive.org/details/mobot31753000812856 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' {{Google Books|Y-Q9CF8jRAcC}}; anno 1593 rursus recensum [https://archive.org/details/mobot31753003634646 Textus]
* 1583 (interpres) : [[Rembertus Dodonaeus|Rembert Dodoens]], ''[[Stirpium historiae pemptades sex]]'' [https://archive.org/details/hin-wel-all-00000420-001 Textus]
* 1583 : ''Rariorum stirpium per Pannoniam, Austriam et vicinas quasdam provincias observatorum historia'' [https://archive.org/details/mobot31753000811379 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* 1589 (interpres) : [[Petrus Bellonius]], ''[[Observationes (Bellonius)|Plurimarum singularium et memorabilium rerum observationes]]''
* 1589 (interpres) : [[Petrus Bellonius]], ''[[De neglecta stirpium cultura|De neglecta stirpium cultura atque earum cognitione libellus]]'' {{Google Books|VCM6AAAAcAAJ}} [https://archive.org/details/hin-wel-all-00001827-002 Textus apud archive.org]
* 1601 : ''[[Rariorum plantarum historia]]''
* 1605 : ''[[Exoticorum libri decem]]'' cum operibus Garciae ab Horto, Nicolai Monardes, Christophori a Costa et Petri Bellonii rursus recensis et annotatis
* 1611 : ''Curae posteriores, seu plurimarum non antè cognitarum, aut descriptarum stirpium, peregrinorumque aliquot animalium novae descriptiones'' [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_18RbAAAAQAAJ Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' {{Google Books|b6joInluajkC}}
* 1619 : ''Summi botanici Caroli Clusi Galliae Belgicae corographica descriptio posthuma''. Lugduni Batavorum: typis Iacobi Marci {{Google Books|f2lUAAAAcAAJ}}
* 1900 (Gyula Istvánffi, ed.) : ''A Clusius-Codex mykologiai méltatása adatokkal Clusius életrajzához = Etudes et commentaires sur le Code de L'Escluse''. Budapestini, 1900 (editio fac-simile [[Codex Clusius|codicis Clusii]]) [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7131#/summary Textus] [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/30616#page/297/mode/1up Initium editionis fac-simile]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
{{Aromata}}
; Editiones epistularum
* Ignatius de Asso, ''Cl. Hispaniensium atque exterorum epistolae cum praefatione et notis''. Caesaraugustae: ex Typographia Regia, 1793 [http://bdh.bne.es/bnesearch/detalle/bdh0000086289 Textus]
* Josep Lluís Barona, Xavier Gómez Font, ''La correspondencia de Carolus Clusius con los científicos españoles''. Valentiae: Universitat de València, 1998 {{Google Books|dVh40-8KTwMC|Paginae selectae}}
* P. Ginori Conti, ''Lettere inedite di Charles de L’Ecluse a Matteo Caccini floricultore fiorentino''. Florentiae, 1939
* &quot;Caroli Clusii et aliorum epistolae ineditae&quot; in Gyula Istvánffi, ''A Clusius-Codex mykologiai méltatása adatokkal Clusius életrajzához'' (Budapestini, 1900) [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/30616#page/214/mode/1up pp. 205-284]
* G. B. De Toni, &quot;Il carteggio degli italiani col botanico Carlo Clusio nella Biblioteca Leidense&quot; in ''Memorie della Regia Accademia di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti, Modena'' vol. 10 (1911) pp. 1-147

; De vita et opere
* Florike Egmond, ''The World of Carolus Clusius: Natural History in the Making, 1550-1610''. Londinii: Pickering &amp; Chatto, 2010 [https://www.academia.edu/42492520/THE_WORLD_OF_CAROLUS_CLUSIUS_NATURAL_HISTORY_IN_THE_MAKING_1550_1610 Textus versionis praeliminaris]
* Florike Egmond, Paul Hoftizer, Robert Visser, edd., ''Carolus Clusius, Towards a Cultural History of a Renaissance Naturalist''. Amstelodami: Koninklijke Nederlandse Academie van Wetenschappen, 2007 [http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/wp-content/HSSN/2007-8-Carolus%20Clusius.pdf Textus versionis praeliminaris]
* Esther van Gelder, ''Tussen hof en keizerskroon. Carolus Clusius en de ontwikkeling van de botanie aan Midden-Europese hoven (1573-1593)''. Lugduni Batavorum: Leiden University Press, 2011. [https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/handle/1887/17701 Textus dissertationis praeviae]
* Friedrich Wilhelm Tobias Hunger, ''Charles de L’Escluse (Carolus Clusius) Nederlandsch kruidkundige, 1526-1609''. 2 voll. Hagae Comitum: Nijhoff, 1927-43
* Ludovic Legré, ''La Botanique en Provence au XVIe siècle: Louis Anguillara, Pierre Belon, Charles de l'Escluse, Antoine Constantin''. Massiliae: H. Aubertin &amp; G. Rolle, 1901 [https://archive.org/details/labotaniqueenpro00legr Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* Brian W. Ogilvie, ''The Science of Describing: Natural History in Renaissance Europe''. Chicagine: University of Chicago Press, 2006
* Kasper van Ommen, ed., ''The Exotic World of Carolus Clusius 1526–1609: catalogue of an exhibition on the quatercentenary of Clusius’ death, 4 April 1609''. Lugduni Batavorum: leiden University Library, 2009 [https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/handle/1887/14064 Textus]
* {{ec|id=Plumier (1703)|c=[[Carolus Plumier]], ''Nova plantarum Americanarum genera'' (1703) [https://archive.org/details/novaplantarumame00plum/page/n37/mode/2up p. 20]}}

; Specialia
* A. Ubrizsy, J. Heniger, &quot;Carolus Clusius and American Plants&quot; in ''Taxon'' vol. 32 (1983) pp. 424-435 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1221499 JSTOR]

{{NexInt}}
* ''[[Clusia]]''
* ''[[Hortus Eystettensis]]''
* [[Libri picturati A 16-30]]
* [[9364 Clusius]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120417170150/http://www.hortus.leidenuniv.nl/index.php/collectie/hortus_in_vogelvlucht/clusiustuin Hortus botanicus Leiden]: de horto a Carolo Clusio condito
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170915113347/http://clusiuscorrespondence.huygens.knaw.nl/ Editio epistolarum interretialis]
* [http://media.leidenuniv.nl/legacy/clusius_correspondence_database.pdf Index epistularum Caroli Clusii] apud bibliothecam Academiae Lugduno-Batavae
* ''[http://bc.ub.leidenuniv.nl/bc/tentoonstelling/Clusius/Clusius.html Le pere de tous les beaux Jardins de ce pays: Carolus Clusius in books and prints]'' (catalogus expositionis)

{{botanistae|Clus.}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Clusius, Carolus}}
[[Categoria:Carolus Clusius| ]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1526]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1609]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Botanistae Austriae]]
[[Categoria:Botanistae Nederlandiae]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Montispessulani]]
[[Categoria:Professores Academiae Lugduno-Batavae]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Franco-Latini]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Hispano-Latini]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Lusitano-Latini]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes textuum Nederlandicorum]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Latini Renascentiae]]
[[Categoria:Aulici Imperatoris Rudolphi II]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Coemeterium Montis Alburni</title>
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      <text bytes="17982" sha1="glpmw9gbjwszw9lyrgww21jqee8ig25" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Mount Auburn Cemetery - June 2005.jpg|thumb|Despectus in Coemeterium Montis Alburni, Iunio [[2005]].]]
[[Fasciculus:MtAuburnTower.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Turris]] principalis in coemeterio.]]
[[Fasciculus:Mount Auburn Cemetery Fir Avenue.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Signa varias [[via]]s in coemeterio notant.]] 
[[Fasciculus:Bigelowchapel.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Capella Bigelowiana.]]
[[Fasciculus:Jacob Bigelow Grave.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Sepulcrum [[Iacob Bigelow]], qui coemeterium descripsit.]]
[[Fasciculus:Nathaniel Bowditch in Mount Auburn Cemetery.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|Sepulcrum [[Nathaniel Bowditch|Nathanielis Bowditch]].]]
[[Fasciculus:2005-08 Mary Baker Eddy Memorial.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Monumentum]] [[Maria Baker Eddy|Mariae Baker Eddy]] dicatum.]]
[[Fasciculus:Mount Auburn Cemeter - Misc View.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|Coemeterium Montis Alburni]]
[[Fasciculus:Mount Auburn Cemeter - Hunnewell.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Obeliscus]] familiae Hunnewell.]]&lt;!--
[[Fasciculus:MountAuburnSphinx.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Monumentum [[Bellum Civile Americanum|Belli Civilis]], a [[Martinus Milmore|Martino Milmore]] descriptum.]]--&gt;
[[Fasciculus:CharlesSumnerGrave.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Sepulcrum [[Carolus Sumner|Caroli Sumner]].]] 
[[Fasciculus:Benjamin Waterhouse grave.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Sepulcrum [[Beniaminus Waterhouse|Beniamini Waterhouse]].]]

'''Coemeterium Montis Alburni''' in [[Massachusetta]] pro primo [[coemeterium|coemeterio]] [[hortus|hortensi]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Americano]] vel [[coemeterium rusticum|coemeterio rustico]] anno [[1831]] conditum est. Coemeterium, [[monumentum|monumentis]] classicis per terras volubiles curatas praeditum,&lt;ref name=bunting/&gt; solorum sepeliendi aetatis [[colonia|colonicae]] et [[sepulcretum|sepulcretorum]] cum [[ecclesia|ecclesiis]] adiunctarum permulto dissimilis est. Species huius generis terrae curatae cum ortu [[nomen substantivum|nominis]] ''coemeterii,'' a [[Graece|Graeco]] pro 'loco dormiendi' deducti, congruit. Haec [[lingua]] et asperum [[mors|mortis]] [[vita]]eque post mortem [[iudicium]] quae olim obtinebat et in veteribus areis sepulcrorum ecclesiasticisque sepeliendi tractibus videbantur obscuraverunt.&lt;ref&gt;Bernhard Lang et Colleen McDaniel, ''Heaven: A History'' (Portu Novo: Yale University Press, 2001).&lt;/ref&gt; Coemeterium, 174 [[ager (mensura)|agros]] latum, ob eius significationes [[historia|historicas]] et eius partes [[arboretum|aboreti]] magni momenti est. Plurimum coemeterii in [[urbs|urbe]] [[Watertown (Massachusetta)|Watertown]] Massachusettae situm est, sed aditus, modo [[redintegratio Aegyptia|redintegrationis Aegyptiae]]&lt;!--Egyptian revival--&gt; anni [[1843]] [[Cantabrigia (Massachusetta)|Cantabrigiae]] iacet, iuxta coemeteria [[Coemeterium Urbis Cantabrigiae|urbis Cantabrigiae]] et [[Coemeterium Sand Banks|Sand Banks]].

==Sepulcra notabiles==

===A===
*[[Anna Adams]] (1755–1831), [[auctor]]&lt;ref name=marquis/&gt;
*[[Elizabetha Cary Agassiz]] (1822–1907), [[scientia (ratio)|scientista]], auctor
*[[Ludovicus Agassiz]] (1807–1873),&lt;ref name=Corbett106&gt;William Corbett, ''Literary New England: A History and Guide'' (Bostoniae: Faber and Faber, 1993, ISBN 0571198163), 106.&lt;/ref&gt; [[biologus]], [[geologus]], [[professor]] in [[Universitas Harvardiana|Universitate Harvardiana]]
*[[Thomas Bailey Aldrich]] (1836–1907),&lt;ref name=Corbett106/&gt; auctor
*[[Nathan Appleton]] (1779–1861), [[membrum Congressus Civitatum Foederatarum|membrum Congressus]]
*[[Gulielmus Appleton (politicus)|Gulielmus Appleton]] (1786–1862), [[membrum Congressus Civitatum Foederatarum|membrum Congressus]]
*[[Thomas F. August]] (1926–2005), [[iurisconsultus]] et praefectus 31us [[urbs|urbis]] [[Somerville]] Massachusettae

===B===
*[[Hosea Ballou]] (1771–1852) [[theologus]] [[Ecclesia Universalista|Universalista]] et minister
*[[Beniaminus E. Bates]] (1808–1878), [[industria|industrialista]], conditor [[Academia Batesiana|Academiae Batesianae]]
*[[Iacob Bigelow]] (1787–1879), descriptor coemeterii
*[[Iacobus Wallace Black|J. W. Black]] (1825–1896), [[photographia|photographus]]
*[[Eduinus Booth]] (1833–1893), [[histrio]]
*[[Nathaniel Bowditch]] (1773–1838),&lt;ref name=Corbett106/&gt; [[mathematica|mathematicus]], [[nauta]], auctor; suum monumentum fuit primum [[magnitudo|magnitudinis]] [[vita]]e signum [[aes (mixtura)|aeneum]]  in America fusum
*[[Gulielmus Brewster (ornithologus)|Gulielmus Brewster]] (1851–1919), [[ornithologia|ornithologus]]
*[[Petrus Bent Brigham]] (1807–1877), [[negotium|negotiator]] et [[philanthropia|philanthropista]] Bostoniensis
*[[Phillips Brooks]] (1835–1893), [[episcopus]] [[Ecclesia Episcopalis|Episcopalis]] Americanus
*[[Carolus Bulfinch]] (1763–1844), [[architectus]]
*[[McGeorge Bundy]] (1919–1996), minister praesidentialis

===C===
* [[Georgius Cabot]] (1752–1823), [[politicus|vir reipublicae peritus]]
* [[Iacobus Henricus Carleton]] (1814–1873), praefectus in [[Exercitus Civitatum Foederatarum|Exercitu Civitatum Foederatarum]]
* [[Gulielmus Ellery Channing]] (1780–1842),&lt;ref name=Corbett106/&gt; [[theologus]] [[Unitarianismus|Unitarianus]]
* [[Joannes Ciardi]] (1916–1986), [[poeta]], [[interpretatio|interpretes]]
* [[Alvan Clark]] (1804–1887), [[astronomus]] et fabricator [[telescopium|telscopiorum]]
* [[Robertus Creeley]] (1926–2005), [[poeta]]
* [[Beniaminus Williams Crowninshield]] (1772–1851), vir reipublicae peritus, Secretarius Classis Civitatum Foederatarum
* [[Franciscus Crowninshield]] (1872–1947), creator et [[editor principalis|editor]] magazinae ''[[Vanity Fair]]''
* [[Beniaminus Robbins Curtis]] (1809–1874), [[iudex]] [[Iudicium Maximum|Iudicii Maximi]]
* [[Carlotta Cushman]] (1816–1876), [[histrio|actrix]]

===D===
* [[Felix Octavius Carr Darley]] (1821–1888), [[artifex]]
* [[Samuel Dexter]] (1761–1816), [[membrum Congressus Civitatum Foederatarum|membrum Congressus]]
* [[Dorothea Dix]] (1802–1887), [[nutrix]], reformator [[valetudinarium|valetudinariorum]]

===E===
* [[Maria Baker Eddy]] (1821–1910),&lt;ref name=Corbett106/&gt; dux [[religio]]sa
* [[Haroldus Edgerton|Haroldus &quot;Doc&quot; Edgerton]] (1903–1990), [[ingeniarius]], [[scientia (ratio)|scientista]]
* [[Carolus Gulielmus Eliot]] (1834–1926), [[Praeses Universitatis Harvardianae]]
* [[Eduardus Everett]] (1794–1865),&lt;ref name=Corbett106/&gt; [[Gubernator Massachusettae]], [[Praeses Universitatis Harvardianae]], [[Secretarius Civitatis Civitatum Foederatarum]], [[orator]] in dedicatione Coemeterii Nationalis Militum in [[oppidum|oppido]] [[Gettysburgum|Gettysburgo]] [[Pennsylvania]]e&lt;ref&gt;Confer [[Oratio Gettysburgensis|Orationem Gettysburgensem]], orationem famosiorem.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Gulielmus Everett]] (1839–1910), [[membrum Congressus Civitatum Foederatarum|membrum Congressus]]

===F===
* [[Achilles Fang]] (1910–1995), [[Sinae (regio)|sinologus]], &lt;!--+comparatist--&gt; amicus [[Ezra Pound|Ezrae Pound]]
* [[Fannie Farmer]] (1857–1915), auctor librorum [[coquina]]e
* [[Fanny Fern]] (1811–1872), auctor feminista
* [[Anna Adams Fields]] (1834–1915),&lt;ref name=Corbett106/&gt; auctor et hospita; [[uxor]] Iacobi Thomae Fields
* [[Iacobus Thomas Fields]] (1817–1881),&lt;ref name=Corbett106/&gt; [[scriptor]] et curator librorum edendorum
* [[Gulielmus M. Folger]] (1844–1928), [[admiralis posticus]] [[Classis Civitatum Foederatarum]] et nepos [[Mayhew Folger]]
* [[Felix Frankfurter]] (1882–1965), [[iudex]] [[Iudicium Maximum Civitatum Foederatarum|Iudicii Maximi Civitatum Foederatarum]]
* [[Buckminster Fuller]] (1895–1983), [[architectus]]

===G===
* [[Isabella Stewart Gardner]] (1840–1924), conlector [[ars|artis]], conditor [[museum|musei]]
* [[Carolus Dana Gibson]] (1867–1944), inlustrator
* [[Augustus Addison Gould]] (1805–1866), [[conchologia|conchologus]] et [[malacologia|malacologus]]&lt;ref&gt;J. Wyman (1903), [http://books.nap.edu/html/biomems/agould.pdf ''Biographical memoir of Augustus Addison Gould 1805-1866'']. 91-113. Read before The National Academy of Sciences, [[22 Aprilis]] [[1903]].&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Curtius Gowdy]] (1919–2006), [[vox]] [[Tibialia Rubra Bostoniensia|Tibialium Rubrorum Bostoniensium]]
* [[Asa Gray]] (1810–1888),&lt;ref name=Corbett106/&gt; [[botanista]]
* [[Horatius Gray]] (1828–1902), [[iudex]] [[Iudicium Maximum Civitatum Foederatarum|Iudicii Maximi Civitatum Foederatarum]]
* [[Horatius Greenough]] (1805–1852), [[sculptor]]

===H===
* [[Carolus Hale]] (1831–1882), actorum diurnorum scriptor, vir reipublicae peritus
* [[Carolus Hayden (argentarius)|Carolus Hayden]] (1870–1937), [[argentarius]] et [[philanthropia|philanthropista]]
* [[Oliver Wendell Holmes pater]] (1809–1894), [[medicus]] et auctor&lt;ref name=novick/&gt;
* [[Winslow Homer]] (1836–1910), [[artifex]]
* [[Albion P. Howe]] (1818–1897), generalis in [[Exercitus Unionis|Exercitu Unionis]]
* [[Iulia Ward Howe]] (1819–1910),&lt;ref name=Corbett106/&gt; [[activista]], [[poeta]], auctor &quot;[[Battle Hymn of the Republic]]&quot;  
* [[Samuel Gridley Howe]] (1801–1876), [[medicus]], [[abolitionista]], et suasor [[educatio]]nis caecorum
* [[Horatius Hollis Hunnewell]] (1810–1902), [[argentarius]],&lt;!-- +railroad financier--&gt; [[philanthropia|philanthropista]], [[botanista]]
* [[Harriot Kezia Hunt]] (1805–1875) [[medicus|medica]], cuius monumentum, signum [[Hygieia]]e, ab [[Edmonia Lewis]] sculptum est

===J===
* [[Harrietta Jacobs]] (1813–1897), [[servus]], auctor ''[[Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl]]''
* [[Melvin Johnson]] (1909–1965), [[causidicus]], praefectus Classiariorum&lt;!-- +firearms designer--&gt;
* [[Eduardus F. Jones]] (1828–1913), vice gubernator [[Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]], 1886–1891

===K===
* [[Michael Kelly (actorum diurnorum scriptor|Michael Kelly]] (1957–2003), actorum diurnorum scriptor, columnista, [[editor principalis|editor]]

===L===
* [[Eduinus H. Land]] (1909–1991), [[scientia (ratio)|scientista]]
* [[Christophorus Columbus Langdell]] (1826–1906), [[educatio|educator]] legitimus
* [[Abbott Lawrence]] (1792–1855), vir politicae peritus, [[philanthropia|philanthropista]]
* [[Henricus Cabot Lodge]] (1850–1924), vir politicae peritus
* [[Henricus Cabot Lodge, Jr.]] (1902–1985), vir politicae peritus
* [[Henricus Wadsworth Longfellow]] (1807–1882), [[poeta]]
* [[A. Lawrence Lowell]] (1856–1943), [[praeses Universitatis Harvardianae]]
* [[Amy Lowell]] (1874–1925),&lt;ref name=Corbett106/&gt; [[poeta]]
* [[Carolus Russell Lowell]] (1835–1864), generalis per [[Bellum Civile Americanum|Bellum Civile]]&lt;!-- et casualty of the Battle of Cedar Creek--&gt;
* [[Franciscus Cabot Lowell (iudex)|Francisus Cabot Lowell]] (1855–1911), [[membrum Congressus Civitatum Foederatarum|membrum Congressus]] et [[iudex]] foederalis
* [[Iacobus Russell Lowell]] (1819–1891),&lt;ref name=Corbett106/&gt; [[poeta]] et legatus&lt;!-- =diplomat--&gt;
* [[Iosephina Shaw Lowell]] (1843–1905), [[uxor]] Generalis Caroli Russell Lowell, [[soror]] Tribuni Roberti Gould Shaw
* [[Maria White Lowell]] (1821–1853), [[poeta]] et [[uxor]] Iacobi Russell Lowell

===M===
* [[Bernardus Malamud]] (1914–1986), [[scriptor]]
* [[Iulius Marcou]] (1824–1898), [[geologus]]
* [[Abraham Maslow]] (1908–1970), [[psychologus]]&lt;!-- who created [[Maslow's hierarchy of needs]]--&gt;
* [[Leopoldus Morse]] (1831–1893), membrum United States House of Representatives
* [[William T.G. Morton]] (1819–1868), demonstrator [[anaesthesia]]e per [[aether (chemica)|aetherem]] effectae
* [[Stephen P. Mugar]] (1901–1982), [[philanthropia|philanthropista]] [[Armenian-Americanus]] et conditor [[Star Market]]&lt;!-- chain of [[supermarkets]] (also the father of [[David Mugar]])--&gt;
* [[Iosephus B. Murdock]] (1851–1931), [[admiralis posticus]] [[Classis Civitatis Foederatarum]]&lt;!-- who served as commander-in-chief of the [[United States Asiatic Fleet]] and as a member of the [[New Hampshire House of Representatives]]--&gt;
* [[Ioannes Murray]] (1741–1815), conditor [[Ecclesia Universalista in America|Ecclesiae Universalistae in America]]

===N===
* [[Shahan Natalie]] (1884–1983), principalis [[Operation Nemesis]] ordinator&lt;!-- [[Armenia]]n national philosophy writer--&gt;
* [[Carolus Eliot Norton]] (1827–1908), auctor, eruditus
* [[Robertus Nozick]] (1938–2002), [[philosophus]]

===O===
* [[Ricardus Olney]] (1835–1917), vir reipublicae peritus
* [[Francisca Sargent Osgood]] (1811–1850), [[poeta]]
* [[Harrison Gray Otis]] (1765–1848), praefectus [[Bostonia]]e&lt;!-- +U.S. Representative--&gt;
* Maribel Vinson-Owen; vide ''Maribel Vinson''
* [[Maribel Y. Owen]] (1940–1961), campio [[patinaticum|patinatici]] parium Civitatum Foederatarum &lt;!--=U.S. pairs figure skating champion--&gt;
* [[Laurentia R. Owen]] (1944–1961), campio [[patinaticum|patinatici]] Civitatum Foederatarum

===P===
* [[Harvey D. Parker]] (1805–1884), [[deversorium|cauponista]]
* [[Daniel Pinckney Parker]] (1781–1850), [[mercator]]
* [[Franciscus Parkman]] (1823–1893),&lt;ref name=Corbett106/&gt; [[historia|historicus]]
* [[Fanny Parnell]] (1844-1882), [[poeta]], [[Nationalista Hibernicus]], et [[soror]] [[Carolus Stewart Parnell|Caroli Stewart Parnell]]

===Q===
* [[Iosiah Quintius III]] (1772–1864), vir reipublicae peritus, [[educatio|educator]]

===R===
* [[Ioannes Rawls]] (1921–2002), [[philosophus]]
* [[Anna Revere]] (1903–1990), [[histrio|actrix]]
* [[Marjorie Newell Robb]] (1889–1992), ultimus vivus [[RMS Titanic|RMS ''Titanic'']] vector classis primae
* [[Gulielmus Eustis Russell]] (1857–1896), [[gubernator Massachusettae]]

===S===
* [[Iulianus Seymour Schwinger]], [[physica|physicus theoreticus]], victor [[Praemium Nobelianum|Praemii Nobeliani]]
* [[Lemuel Shaw]] (1781–1861), summus [[iudex]] Iudicii Supremi Massachusettae
* [[Burrhus Fridericus Skinner|B. F. Skinner]] (1904–1990), [[psychologus]]
* [[Franklinius W. Smith]] (1826–1911), fautor [[architectura]]e historicae
* [[Ioannes Gaspar Spurzheim]] (1776–1832), [[phrenologia|phrenologus]]
* [[Daniel C. Stillson]] (1830–1899)[http://www.bochynski.com/stillson], inventor Stillson ''[[pipe wrench]]''
* [[Iosephus Story]] (1779–1845), [[iudex]] [[Iudicium Maximum Civitatum Foederatarum|Iudicii Maximi Civitatum Foederatarum]]
* [[Carolus Sumner]] (1811–1874),&lt;ref name=Corbett106/&gt; vir reipublicae peritus

===T===
*[[Franciscus Gulielmus Taussig]] (1859–1940), [[oeconomia|oeconomus]]
*[[Randall Thompson]] (1899–1984), [[compositor]]
*[[Gulielmus Ticknor]] (1810–1864), curator librorum edendorum et conditor [[Ticknor and Fields]] domus edendi
*[[Gulielmus Davis Ticknor, Sr.]] (1881–1938), praeses et qui conventui praefuit conventus societatis Commercial Solvents Corporation et praeses Corporationis Commercial Pigments
*[[Gulielmus S. Tilton]] (1828–1889), dux militaris in [[Bellum Civile Americanum|Bello Civile]] &lt;!--accuratius: brigade commander--&gt;
*[[Carolus Turner Torrey]] (1813–1846), [[abolitionista]]
*[[Carolus Tufts]] (1781–1876), [[mercator]] qui terram pro [[Universitas Tuftensis|Universitate Tuftensi]] largitus est

===V===
* [[Maribel Vinson]] (1911–1961), novies campio [[patinaticum|patinatici]] Civitatum Foederatarum&lt;!-- and coach--&gt;

===W===
* [[Beniaminus Waterhouse]] (1754–1846), [[medicus]]
* [[Nathaniel Parker Willis]] (1806–1867), curator librorum edendorum&lt;ref name=beers/&gt;
* [[Robertus Carolus Winthrop]] (1809–1894), vir reipublicae peritus
* [[Roger Wolcott (Massachusetta)|Roger Wolcott]] (1847–1900), [[gubernator Massachusettae]]
* [[Iosephus Emerson Worcester]] (1784–1865),&lt;ref name=Corbett106/&gt; [[lexicographia|lexicographus]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;beers&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Beers|first=Henry A.|title=Nathaniel Parker Willis|url=https://archive.org/details/nathanielparkerw0000henr|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company|location=Boston|year=1913|page=[https://archive.org/details/nathanielparkerw0000henr/page/350 350]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=bunting&gt;{{cite book |title=Old Cambridge |last=Bunting |first=Bainbridge |coauthors=Robert H. Nylander |year=1973 |publisher=Cambridge Historical Commission |location= Cambridge, Massachusetts|isbn=0-262-53014-7 |page=69}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=marquis&gt;{{cite book|title =Who Was Who in America, Historical Volume, 1607-1896|publisher =Marquis Who's Who|location =Chicago|year=1963}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;novick&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Novick|first=Sheldon M.|title=Honorable Justice: The Life of Oliver Wendell Holmes|url=https://archive.org/details/honorablejustice00novi|publisher=Little, Brown and Company|location=Boston|year=1989|page=[https://archive.org/details/honorablejustice00novi/page/202 200]|isbn=0-316-61325-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;/references&gt;

==Bibliographia==
* Dearborn, Nathaniel. [[1843]]. [http://books.google.com/books?id=hwrj9-ZtpEsC ''A concise history of, and guide through Mount Auburn: with a catalogue of lots laid out in that cemetery; a map of the grounds, and terms of subscription, regulations concerning visitors, interments, &amp;c., &amp;c.] Bostoniae: N. Dearborn. [http://books.google.com/books?id=GdwPAAAAYAAJ Ed. 1857.]
* King, Moses. [[1883]]. [http://books.google.com/books?id=pjYXAAAAYAAJ ''Mount Auburn cemetery: including also a brief history and description of Cambridge, Harvard University, and the Union Railway Company.''] Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: Moses King.
*Linden-Ward, Blanche M. G. [[2007]]. ''Silent City on a Hill: Picturesque Landscapes of Memory and Boston’s Mount Auburn Cemetery.'' Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 9781558495715.

{{NexInt}}
* [[:Categoria:Sepulturae in Coemeterio Montis Alburni]]

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|Mount Auburn Cemetery|Coemeterium Montis Alburni}}
*[http://www.mountauburn.org/ Situs publicus,] www.mountauburn.org
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120415071600/http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/84mountauburn/84mountauburn.htm ''Mount Auburn Cemetery: A New American Landscape,''] www,nps.gov (National Park Service)

[[Categoria:Arboreta]]
[[Categoria:Cantabrigia (Massachusetta)]]
[[Categoria:Coemeteria]]
[[Categoria:Mors]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Carolus Edvinus Wilbour</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>202765</id>
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[[Fasciculus:Charles Edwin Wilbour.jpg|thumb|Carolus Edvinus Wilbour]]
''' Carolus Edvinus Wilbour''' (natus in [[Little Compton]], [[Rhodensis Insula]] die [[17 Martii]] [[1833]]; mortuus inter reditum e paeregrinatione in Aegypto [[Lutetia]]e die [[19 Decembris]] [[1896]]) fuit [[diurnarius]] et [[Aegyptus antiqua|Aegypti Antiquae]] peritus, qui inter inventores [[Papyri Elephantine|papyrorum Elephantine]] fuit. Primum in America [[Victor Hugo|Victoris Hugo]] ''[[Les Misérables]]'' de [[Lingua Francica|Francico sermone]] in Anglicum reddidit.

==Nexus externi==
* [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&amp;GSln=Wilbour&amp;GScid=1721981&amp;GRid=23367941&amp; De Carolo Edvino Wilbour] apud [[Findagrave]]
* Rose, Mark, [https://web.archive.org/web/20120229231818/http://www.archaeology.org/online/reviews/wilbour/index.html Caroli Edvini Wilbour legatum (&quot;Wilbour's Legacy&quot;)] in ''[[Archaeology (libellum)|Archaeology]]'' die 18 Augusti 2005

{{bio-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wilbour, Carolus Edvinus}}
[[Categoria:Nati 1833]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1896]]
[[Categoria:Diurnarii Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Aegyptologi]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Rhodensis Insulae]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Franco-Anglici]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Casparus Bauhinus</title>
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{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}

{{res|Casparus Bauhinus}}&lt;ref&gt;De nomine Latino, vide [[:Fasciculus:Caspar Bauhin by de Bry 1614.png|imaginem nostram]].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Basilea]]e natus die [[17 Ianuarii]] [[1560]]; ibidem die [[5 Decembris]] [[1624]] mortuus) fuit [[medicus]] et [[botanice|botanista]] [[Helvetia|Helveticus]], frater [[Ioannes Bauhinus|Ioannis]] (iunioris) qui et ipse [[botanicus]] fuit. Filii fuerunt [[Iohannes Bauhinus|Ioannis Bauhini (senioris)]], medici Protestantis [[Ambianum|Ambianensis]] qui propter [[Persecutio Christianorum|persecutiones]] religiosas in [[Helvetia]]m refugus habitabat.

Casparus Bauhinus, in urbe nativa educatus, apud universitates [[Universitas Patavina|Paduanam]], [[Alma Mater Studiorum|Bononiensem]], [[Universitas Montispessulanensis|Montispessulanensem]], [[universitas Parisiensis|Parisiensem]], [[Universitas Tubingensis|Tubingensem]] eruditus est; Patavii discipulus fuit [[Hieronymus Mercurialis|Hieronymi Mercurialis]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Archangelus Piccolominius|Archangelique Piccolominii|en|qid=Q30717150}} et [[Hieronymus Fabricius ab Aquapendente|Hieronymi Fabricii ab Aquapendente]], Lutetiae {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Severinus Pinaeus|Severini Pinaei|fr|qid=Q3511451}}. Iam iuvenissimus apud [[Universitas Basileensis|almam matrem Basileensem]] theses duodecim de corpore humano anno [[1577]] publice defendit.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20211124185931/https://www.e-rara.ch/bau_1/content/titleinfo/2846596 Theses de corporis humani constitutione de quibus favente numine, septimo Idus Iunii, praeside ... Felice Platero ... hora locoque consuetis, exercitii causa, respondere conabitur Casparus Bauhinus Basiliensis]&quot; (1577)&lt;/ref&gt; Doctoratum anno [[1580]] nactus est.

[[Fasciculus:Casparus Bauhinus dissertation 1584.jpg|thumb|Nuntius quaestionis [[Basilea]]e anno [[1584]] positae: &quot;[[Prandium]] an [[cena|coena]] frugalior esse debeat?&quot; ([[Bibliotheca Universitatis Basileensis]])]]
Domum revocatus ubi pater aegrotabat, [[professor]] [[lingua Graeca antiqua|linguae Graecae]] factus est in [[Universitas Basileensis|universitate Basileensi]]; eodem fere tempore cathedrae [[anatomia]]e et [[botanica]]e pro eo creatae sunt. Ibi ergo anno [[1584]] placitum dedit de quaestione &quot;[[Prandium]] an [[cena|coena]] frugalior esse debeat?&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Vide [[:Fasciculus:Casparus Bauhinus dissertation 1584.jpg|imaginem nostram]]&lt;/ref&gt; Basileae deinde manens scripta plura [[anatomia plantarum|tam anatomica]] quam botanica divulgari iussit. Magnam [[Classificatio biologica|indicem plantarum]] parare conatus est, titulo ''Theatrum botanicum'', cuius primus fasciculus tantum, auctore iam mortuo, e prelo prodiit editore filio [[Ioannes Casparus Bauhinus|Ioanne Casparo]], qui patri in cathedram medicam Basileensem succedit.&lt;ref&gt;De eo vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20211124170342/https://www.e-rara.ch/bau_1/content/titleinfo/6089795 orationem panegyricam]&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Fasciculus:Caspar Bauhin by de Bry 1614.png|thumb|Casparus Bauhinus ab [[Iohannes Theodorus de Bry|Iohanne Theodoro de Bry]] anno 1614 pictus]]
Genus plantarum ''[[Bauhinia]]'' ad amborum fratrum honorem a [[Carolus Plumier|Carolo Plumier]] nominatum est; quod nomen [[Carolus Linnaeus]] descriptione confirmavit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Plumier (1703)}}; [[Carolus Linnaeus]], ''Critica Botanica'' (Lugduni Batavorum, 1737) [https://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/viewer/11541/?offset=#page=107&amp;viewer=picture&amp;o=bookmark&amp;n=0&amp;q= p. 91]&lt;/ref&gt;
 
[[Fasciculus:Bauhin, Gaspard – Animadversiones in historiam generalem plantarum, 1601 – BEIC 11856754.jpg|thumb|''Animadversiones in historiam generalem plantarum'', 1601]]
== Opera ==
* 1581 : ''Ἀποθεραπεία ἰατρική''. Basileae Rauracorum [https://web.archive.org/web/20211124170340/https://www.e-rara.ch/bau_1/content/titleinfo/41692 Textus]
* 1588 : ''De corporis humani partibus externis'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20211124170352/https://www.e-rara.ch/zuz/content/titleinfo/7570377 Textus]
* 1590 : ''De corporis humani fabrica libri IIII'' [https://archive.org/details/hin-wel-all-00001802-001 Textus]
* 1591 : ''Anatomes ... liber primus'' [https://archive.org/details/hin-wel-all-00001803-001 Textus] [https://web.archive.org/web/20211124170347/https://www.e-rara.ch/bau_1/content/titleinfo/2877683 editio 1597]
* 1591 (editor) : [[Ioannes Bauhinus iunior|Ioannes Bauhinus]], ''De plantis a divis sanctis've nomen habentibus''. Basileae [https://www.e-rara.ch/zut/content/titleinfo/5231303 Textus]
* 1592 : ''Theatrum anatomicum infinitis locis auctum''. Francofurti ad Moenum [https://archive.org/details/hin-wel-all-00001805-001 Editio 1621]
* 1596 : ''[[Phytopinax]], seu Enumeratio plantarum ab herbariis nostro seculo descriptarum, cum earum differentiis'' [https://archive.org/details/mobot31753000815909 Textus]
* 1598 (editor) : ''Petri Andreae Matthioli Opera quae extant omnia: hoc est, commentarii in VI libros Pedacii Dioscoridis Anazarbei De medica materia, adiectis in margine variis Graeci textus lectionibus ... De ratione distillandi ... Apologia in Amatum Lusitanum ... Epistolarum medicinalium libri quinque ... Dialogus de morbo Gallico''. Francofurti, 1598 {{Google Books|0oK5PgnCe7AC}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20211124170346/https://www.e-rara.ch/zut/content/titleinfo/12170908 alibi]
* 1601 : ''Animadversiones in historiam generalem plantarum''. Francoforti [https://web.archive.org/web/20211124170343/https://www.e-rara.ch/zuz/content/titleinfo/8697487 Textus]
* 1601 : ''Praeludia anatomica''. Basileae [https://web.archive.org/web/20211124170342/https://www.e-rara.ch/bau_1/content/titleinfo/5721797 Textus]
* 1602 : &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20211124170340/https://www.e-rara.ch/bau_1/content/zoom/16523854 Introductio in doctrinam pulsuum ad tyrones]&quot; in Iosephus Struthius, ''Ars sphygmica seu pulsuum doctrina'' (Basileae, 1602)
* 1604 : ''De ossium natura''. Basileae [https://web.archive.org/web/20211124170350/https://www.e-rara.ch/bau_1/content/titleinfo/5761235 Textus]
* 1609 : ''Institutiones anatomicae corporis virilis et muliebris historiam exhibentes''. Editio 4a [https://archive.org/details/hin-wel-all-00001804-001 Textus] [https://web.archive.org/web/20211124170354/https://www.e-rara.ch/bau_1/content/titleinfo/16418571 alibi]
* 1610 : ''De compositione medicamentorum, sive Medicamentorum componendorum ratio et methodus in praelectionibus publicis proposita'' [https://archive.org/details/hin-wel-all-00001808-001 Textus]
* 1613 : ''De lapidis bezaar orient. et occident. cervini item et germanici ortu, natura, differentiis, veroque usu ex veterum &amp; recentiorum placitis liber'' [https://archive.org/details/hin-wel-all-00001809-001 Textus] [https://web.archive.org/web/20211124170348/https://www.e-rara.ch/bau_1/content/titleinfo/19303583 Editio 1624] [https://archive.org/details/hin-wel-all-00001812-001 Editio 1625]
* 1614 : ''De hermaphroditorum monstrosorumque partuum natura'' [https://archive.org/details/hin-wel-all-00001814-001 Textus]
* 1614 : ''De homine oratio''. Athenis Rauracis [https://archive.org/details/casparbauhinideh00bauh Textus] [https://web.archive.org/web/20211124170344/https://www.e-rara.ch/bau_1/content/titleinfo/9871072 alibi]
* 1620 : ''Πρόδρομος theatri botanici'' [https://archive.org/details/mobot31753000495744 Textus] [https://archive.org/details/casparibavhinith00bauh Editio 1671]
* 1622 : ''Catalogus plantarum circa Basileam spontè nascentium cum earundem synonymiis &amp; locis in quibus reperiuntur in usum scholae medicae, quae Basileae est'' [https://archive.org/details/mobot31753000814670 Textus] [https://web.archive.org/web/20211124170346/https://www.e-rara.ch/bau_1/content/titleinfo/9270649 alibi]
* 1623 : ''Πίναξ theatri botanici, sive Index in [[Theophrastus|Theophrasti]], [[Dioscorides|Dioscoridis]], Plinii, et botanicorum qui a seculo scripserunt opera'' [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Legr9YXnZ7kC Textus] [https://web.archive.org/web/20211124170347/https://www.e-rara.ch/bau_1/content/titleinfo/2877683 alibi] [https://archive.org/details/casparibauhinith00bauh Editio 1671] [https://web.archive.org/web/20211124170345/https://www.e-rara.ch/bau_1/content/zoom/8037054 alibi]
* 1658 ([[Ioannes Casparus Bauhinus]], editor) : ''Theatri botanici sive Historiae plantarum ex veterum et recentiorum placitis propriaque observatione concinnatae liber primus'' [https://archive.org/details/mobot31753000819760 Textus] [https://web.archive.org/web/20211124170348/https://www.e-rara.ch/bau_1/content/titleinfo/20583775 alibi]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* &quot;[https://archive.org/details/dictionnairehist01unse/page/312/mode/2up Bauhin (Gaspard)]&quot; in Jean-Eugène Dezeimeris et al., ''Dictionnaire historique de la médecine'' (Lutetiae, 1828) pp. 312-316
* Hans Peter Fuchs-Eckert, &quot;Caspar Bauhin: Erster ordentlicher Professor der Anatomie und Botanik an der Universität Basel&quot; in ''Die Familie Bauhin in Basel'' (''Bauhinia'' vol. 7 ii, 1981) pp. 45-62
* Duane Isely, ''One hundred and one botanists'' (West Lafayette Indianae: Purdue University Press, 2002. ISBN 1-55753-283-4) pp. 49–52
* Wolf-Dieter Müller-Jahncke, &quot;Caspar Bauhin&quot; in Wolfgang U. Eckart, Christoph Gradmann, edd., ''Ärztelexikon. Von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart'' (3a ed. Heidelbergae: Springer, 2006. ISBN 978-3-540-29585-3) pp. 32-33
* {{ec|id=Plumier (1703)|c=[[Carolus Plumier]], ''Nova plantarum Americanarum genera'' (1703) [https://archive.org/details/novaplantarumame00plum/page/22/mode/2up p. 23]}}

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}
{{CommuniaCat|Gaspard Bauhin|Casparum Bauhinum}}
* &quot;[https://unigeschichte.unibas.ch/materialien/rektoren/caspar-bauhin Caspar Bauhin]&quot; apud Rectoratum universitatis Basileensis

{{Botanistae|C.Bauhin}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bauhinus, Casparus}}
[[Categoria:Nati 1560]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1624]]
[[Categoria:Botanistae Helvetiae]]
[[Categoria:Medici Helvetiae]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Latini Renascentiae]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Patavinae]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Bononiensis]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Montispessulani]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Tubingensis]]
[[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Basiliensis]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Dioscoridis]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Couffoulens</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="543" sha1="f8vof2xxuhfbm1fkpnpurlmho2papo5" xml:space="preserve">{{capsa urbis Vicidata}}

''' Couffoulens''' ([[Occitanice]] ''Confolenç'') est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 533 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) praefecturae [[Atax (praefectura Franciae)|Atacis]] in regione australi [[Occitania et Ruscino]]ne.

{{NexInt}}

* [[Index communium praefecturae Atacis|Indicem communium praefecturae Atacis]]
== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Couffoulens|Couffoulens}}

* {{INSEE commune|11102|de=Couffoulens}}
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Ataxis]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Ataxis]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Arx Christina</title>
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      <text bytes="7172" sha1="m4rp9pd8we98dluqw7byfxg0nk2svwt" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!--{{Infobox NRHP | name =Arx Christina
| nrhp_type =nhl
| image = Model of Fort Cristina.jpg
| caption = Exemplar Arcis Cristinae, [[Museum Historicum Suecicum Americanum]]
| location= Via 7 orientalis ad Flumen Christinam, [[Wilmingtonia (Delavaria)|Vilmingtoniae]] [[Delavaria]]e
| lat_degrees = 39
| lat_minutes = 44
| lat_seconds = 13.64
| lat_direction = N
| long_degrees = 075
| long_minutes = 32
| long_seconds = 18.46
| long_direction = W
| locmapin = Delavaria
| area =
| built =1638
| architect=
| architecture=
| designated_nrhp_type= 5 Novembris 1961&lt;ref name=&quot;nhlsum&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=160&amp;ResourceType=Situs
|title=Arx Christina |accessdate=2007-09-27|work=National Historic Landmark summary listing|publisher=National Park Service}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | added = 15 Octobris 1966&lt;ref name=&quot;nris&quot;&gt;{{NRISref|2007a}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | governing_body = Civitas
 | refnum=66000260
}}--&gt;
[[Fasciculus:Model of Fort Cristina.jpg|thumb|Exemplar Arcis Christinae. Museum Historicum Americano-Suecicum.]]
[[Fasciculus:LOG CABIN AT FORT CHRISTIANA, NEW CASTLE COUNTY, DELAWARE.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Suecica casa stipitum in situ.]]

'''Arx Christina,''' olim '''Arx Altena''' iterum nominata, fuit prima [[Suecia|Suecica]] [[colonia|deductio]] in [[America Septentrionalis|America Septentrionali]] sita principalisque deductio coloniae [[Nova Suecia|Novae Sueciae]]. Arx. anno [[1638]] [[aedificium|exstructa]] et ex [[Christina (regina Sueciae)|Regina Christina Sueciae]] appellata, circa 1.6 [[chiliometrum|chiliometra]] ad [[oriens|orientem]] versus mediae [[Vilmingtonia (Delavaria)|Vilmingtoniae]] [[urbs|urbis]] hodiernae stetit, iuxta [[confluentia]]m [[Flumen Christina|Fluminis Christinae]] et [[Sinus Brandywine (Flumen Christina)|Sinus Brandywine]], circa 3 chiliometra ad superiorem fluminis partem ex ore Fluminis Christinae in [[Flumen Delavaria|Flumine Delavaria]].

==Historia==
[[Nederlandia|Incolae Nederlandici]], habitantes [[colonia]]e [[Nova Nederlandia|Novae Nederlandiae]], ''[[factorij]]'' ad [[Arx Nassovia (Flumen Meridianum)|Arcem Nassoviam]] nonnullos annos sustinubant. Deductio secundum meridianam [[Sinus Delavaria|Sinum Delavariam]] apud [[Zwaanendael]] (prope hodiernum vicum [[Lewes (Delavaria)|Lewes]]) litus anno [[1631]] coepta est, sed [[colonia]] ab [[Indi Americani|indigenis]] proximo anno oppugnata et deleta est. Sueci autem, proposita [[Gustavus II Adolphus (rex Sueciae)|Gustavi Adolphi]], [[Rex|Regis]] [[Suecia]]e, ad constituendam coloniam Suecicam subsequentes, in Sinum Delavariam die [[29 Martii]] [[1638]] in [[navis|navibus]] ''[[Kalmar Nyckel]]'' et ''[[Fogel Grip]]'' advecti sunt, [[Petrus Minuit|Petro Minuit]] duce, olim directore generali coloniae [[Nova Nederlandia|Novae Nederlandiae]]. Egressi sunt in ripas [[Flumen Christina|Fluminis Christinae]] in situ hodierno [[Ecclesia Sanctae Trinitatis (Sueci Veteres)|Veteris Suecorum Ecclesiae]] Vilmingtoniae. Minuit locum secundum Flumen Christinam prope Delevariam optimum putavit pro [[commercium pellis|commercio pellium]] [[Castor canadensis|castorum]] cum indigenis [[Lenape]] loci instituto.

Nederlandi eo tempore [[regio]]nem postulabant ad meridiam versus Delavariae, tum Flumen Meridianum appellatum. Sueci [[regio]]nem [[Suecia|Regno Suecico]] in meridiano Delavariae latere postulabant quod multum hodiernae [[Civitatum Foederatarum civitas|civitatis]] [[Delavaria]]e amplectum est, tandem partes hodiernae [[Pennsylvania]]e meridiorientalis et [[Nova Caesarea|Novae Caesareae]] meridianae in septentrionali fluminis latere comprehendens.

Colonia Suecica cum Nederlandis constanter contendebat, qui anno [[1651]], [[Petrus Stuyvesant|Petro Stuyvesant]] duce, ut Suecicis minitarentur, [[Arx Casimirus|Arcem Casimirum]] in hodierno [[Castellum Novum (Delevaria)|Castello Novo]] Delavariae constituit, vix septem milia (12 chiliometra)  ad meridiem Arcis Christinae versus. Sueci vicissim Arcem Casimirum anno [[1654]] cepit, sed Nederlandi proximo anno Novam Sueciam omnino deiecerunt, conatum colonicum Suecicum in [[America Septentrionalis|America Septentrionali]] finientes et arcem Altenam nominantes. Terra pars Novae Nederlandiae mansit donec pars [[imperium colonicum Anglicum|imperii colonici Anglici]] fieret cum classis Anglica regionem anno [[1664]] invaderet.

Situs Arcis Christinae, [[National Historic Landmark]] anno [[1961]] designatus, nunc nomine Saeptum Civitatis Arx Christina in Via 7 orientali Vilmingtoniae conservatur, cum exemplare [[navis]] ''[[Kalmar Nyckel]].'' Monumentum Arcis Christinae, a [[Carolus Milles|Carolo Milles]] [[sculptor]]e Suecico designatum, in situ stat.&lt;ref name=&quot;nhlsum&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nrhpinv&quot;&gt;{{Cite document|url=http://pdfhost.focus.nps.gov/docs/NHLS/Text/66000260.pdf|title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Fort Christina|author=Richard Greenwood|format=PDF|date=21 Iulii 1975|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-06-22|postscript=&lt;!--None--&gt;}} et {{PDFlink|[http://pdfhost.focus.nps.gov/docs/NHLS/Photos/66000260.pdf ''Accompanying 2 photos, from 1975'']|685 KB}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

{{NexInt}}
*[[Arx Nya Elfsborg]]
*[[Lenapehoking]]
*[[Nova Nederlandia]]
*[[Suecica Americarum colonizatio]]&lt;!--
*[[National Register of Historic Places listings in Wilmington, Delaware]]--&gt;

==Adnotationes==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Johnson, Amandus. [[1911]]. ''The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware 1638–1664.'' Vol. 1.
*Johnson, Amandus. [[1927]]. ''The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware 1638–1664.'' Vol. 2.

==Nexus externi==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070302182647/http://www.hsd.org/DHE/DHE_when_settlement.htm Interretialis Delavariae Historia: Arx Christina,] www.hsd.org
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140519022602/http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/explorers/sitec12.htm National Park Service: Arx Christina,] www.nps.gov
*[http://www.colonialnewsweden.org The New Sweden Centre,] www.colonialnewsweden.org&lt;!--museum, tours and reenactors--&gt;
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140112081516/http://colonialswedes.org/ Societas Colonica Suecica,] www.colonialswedes.org
*[http://www.kalmarnyckel.org Societas Fundata Kalmar Nyckel et Tall Ship Kalmar Nyckel,] www.kalmarnyckel.org
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120813135840/http://www.nnp.org/vtour/regions/Delaware/fort_christina.html Virtuale Novae Nederlandiae iter: Arx Christina,] www.nnp.org

{{hist-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Condita 1638]]
[[Categoria:Nova Suecia]]
[[Categoria:Loci archaeologici Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Delavaria]]
 &lt;!--
[[Category:Military facilities on the National Register of Historic Places in Delaware]]
[[Category:State parks of Delaware]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Wilmington, Delaware]]
[[Category:National Historic Landmarks in Delaware]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Wilmington, Delaware]]
[[Category:Colonial forts in Delaware|Christina]]
[[Category:Forts in Delaware|Christina]]
[[Category:Forts of New Netherland|Christina]]
[[Category:Wilmington Riverfront]]
[[Category:Parks in New Castle County, Delaware]]
[[Category:Swedish-American culture in Delaware]]--&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Buscum</title>
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      <text bytes="1480" sha1="o5ml9jr5ol9g652ih9ruqhknid2qrbg" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Chiesa di boscochiesanuova.jpg|thumb|Buscum]]
'''Buscum'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt; (alia nomina: ''Nemus Ecclesiae Novae''&lt;ref&gt;Nomi d'Italia - AAVV, De Agostini&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120228182529/http://www.italiapedia.it/ www.italiapedia.it]&lt;/ref&gt;) ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Bosco Chiesanuova|Bosco Chiesanuova]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Venetia (regio)|Venetia]] et in [[Provincia Veronensis|Provincia Veronensi]] situm. Incolae ''Buscenses'' appellantur.

== Insigne ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Ethnográphia ==
Gentes Nemoris Ecclesiae Novae [[Lingua Cimbrica|Linguam Cimbricam]] loquuntur.

== Fractiones, vici et loci in municipio ==
== Municipia finitima ==

{{NexInt}}
* [[Venetia (regio)|Venetia]] (''regio''),
* [[Provincia Veronensis]],
* [[Verona]] (''urbs''),
* [[Municipium Italiae]].

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060205013446/http://www.boscochiesanuova.net/ Pagina officialis]
{{CommuniaCat|Bosco Chiesanuova|Buscum}}

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Imago:Map of comune of Bosco Chiesanuova (province of Verona, region Veneto, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium municipii in Provincia Veronensi.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Municipia in provincia Veronae]]
[[Categoria:Municipia Italica Linguae Theodiscae]]</text>
      <sha1>o5ml9jr5ol9g652ih9ruqhknid2qrbg</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Carolus V. Teeter</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="1607" sha1="sf21iv4ptlq0kfvs2v3nsu1xunx89mk" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Carolus van Duyn Teeter''' ([[2 Martii]] [[1929]]—[[20 Aprilis]] [[2007]]) fuit [[linguista]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Americanus]] qui studiis [[linguae Algicae|linguarum Algicarum]] innotuit.

{{NexInt}}
*[[Lex Teeterana]]&lt;!--

==Adnotationes==--&gt;

==Nexus externi==
*[http://www.socfell.fas.harvard.edu/current%20and%20former%20jf%20term.htm Harvardiana Sociorum Societas,]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} www.socfell.fas.harvard.edu
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140513072745/http://www.boston.com/news/globe/obituaries/articles/2007/04/27/karl_teeter_pursued_passion_for_indigenous_languages_at_78/ Luadatio,] www.boston.com (''Boston Globe'')
*[http://linguistlist.org/issues/18/18-1289.html Laudatio,] linguistlist.org (''Linguist List'')

==Bibliographia==
*[[1964]]. ''The Wiyot Language.'' University of California Press Publications in Linguistics, 37.
*[[1964]]. Descriptive Linguistics in America: Triviality vs. Irrelevance. ''Word'' 20:197–206.
*[[1993]]. ''Wiyot Handbook.'' Algonquian and Iroquoian Linguistics Memoirs, 10 et 11.

{{ling-stipula}}
{{scien-bio-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Teeter, Carolus V.}}
[[Categoria:Nati 1929]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 2007]]

[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Californiensis Berkeleiensis]]
&lt;!--Berkeleiae--&gt;
[[Categoria:Philologi Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Milites Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Harvardianae]]
[[Categoria:Repugnatores vectigalium Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Viri]]&lt;!--
[[Category:American tax resisters]]--&gt;</text>
      <sha1>sf21iv4ptlq0kfvs2v3nsu1xunx89mk</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Exploratio</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="4042" sha1="iyk8r3gdovgsekwi6pdq35jplmdb8jt" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Georg August Wallin (1811-1852), Scandinavian orientalist and explorer.jpg|thumb|[[G. A. Wallin]] (1811–1852), [[explorator]], [[orientalismus|orientalista]], et [[professor]] [[Finnia|Finnicus]], qui [[iter|itineribus]] ad [[Oriens Medius|Orientem Medium]] annis [[1840]] innotuit.&lt;ref&gt;''Notes Taken During a Journey though Part of Northern Arabia in 1848'' (Royal Geographical Society, 1851). [https://archive.org/details/jstor-1798039 Textus interretialis (JSTOR).]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Narrative of a Journey from Cairo to Medina and Mecca by Suez, Arabia, Tawila, Al-Jauf, Jubbe, Hail and Nejd, in 1845'' (Royal Geographical Society, 1854).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;William R. Mead, &quot;G. A. Wallin and the Royal Geographical Society,&quot; ''Studia Orientalia'' 23 (1958).&lt;/ref&gt; [[Imago]] ab [[R. W. Ekman]] anno [[1853]] facta.]]
'''Exploratio''' est indagatio vel inquisitio, [[informatio]]nis vel [[mercimonium|bonorum]] [[inventio|inveniendorum]] causa, praecipue in [[geographia]] et [[spatium|spatio]], non in [[indagatio et evolutio|indagatione et evolutione]], quae [[animus|animum]] plerumque ad [[scientia telluris|scientiam telluris]] vel [[astronomia]]m non attendunt. Exploratio in omnibus [[animal]]ium [[species|speciebus]] [[sessilitas|non sessilibus]] fit, [[homo sapiens|hominibus]] non exceptis. In [[historia]] [[homo|humana]], [[Aevum Explorationis]] insignissime fiebat, cum [[explorator]]es [[Europa]]ei reliquum [[orbis terrarum]] variis de causis [[navigatio|navigarent]] et descriptiones [[scriptura|scriberent]]. Postea, explorationes magni momenti plerumque ad [[scientia (ratio)|scientiam]] adiuvandam effectae sunt.

{{NexInt}}
{{div col|2}}
* [[Astronautica]]
* [[Christophorus Columbus‎]]
* [[Iacobus Cook‎]]
* [[Exploratio caelestis‎]]
* [[Exploratio astrorum]]
* [[Exploratorium]]
* [[Hanno Navigator]]
* [[Historia Antarcticae]]
* [[Explorator|Index exploratorum]]
* [[Marcus Paulus]]
* [[NASA]]
* [[New Frontiers program (NASA)]]
* [[Ordo Europaeus spatio cosmico investigando]]
* [[Philosophia scientiae]]
* [[Societates Indiae orientalis]]
* [[Spatium (astronomia)]]
* [[Speculatrum spatiale]]
* [[Star Trek]]
* [[Vicingi]]
* [[Zheng He]]
{{div col end}}

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliographia==
* di Cosmo, Nicola. [[2002]]. ''Ancient China and Its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-77064-4.
* Groh, Arnold. [[2018]]. ''Research Methods in Indigenous Contexts.'' Novi Eboraci: Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-72774-5.
* Morton, William Scott, et Charlton M. Lewis. [[2005]]. ''China: Its History and Culture,'' ed. quarta. Novi Eboraci: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-141279-7, ISBN 0071412794.
* Petringa, Maria. [[2006]]. ''Brazzà: A Life for Africa.'' Bloomingtoniae Indianae: AuthorHouse. ISBN 1-4259-1198-6. OCLC 74651678.
* Sykes, Percy Molesworth. [[1975]]. ''A history of exploration from the earliest times to the present day.'' Westport Connecticutae: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0837185769.
* Torday, Laszlo. [[1997]]. ''Mounted Archers: The Beginnings of Central Asian History.'' Durham: The Durham Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-900838-03-0.
* Yü, Ying-Shih. [[1986]]. &quot;Han Foreign Relations.&quot; In ''The Cambridge History of China, vol. I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C.–A.D. 220,'' ed. Denis Twitchett et Michael Loewe, 377–462. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-24327-8.

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Exploration|explorationem}}&lt;!--
{{wikiquote}}--&gt;
{{Victionarium|Exploration|explorationem}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071221024705/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/field/explorers &quot;Explorer Program.&quot;] ''[[National Geographic]].''
* [http://www.oceanexplorer.noaa.gov &quot;Ocean Explorer.&quot;]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180830120838/http://explore.noaa.gov/ Office of Ocean Exploration and Research, NOAA.]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Exploratio}}
[[Categoria:Aeva historica]]
[[Categoria:Exploratio| ]]
[[Categoria:Historia]]
[[Categoria:Navigatio]]
[[Categoria:Itinera]]
{{Myrias|Geographia}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Copiae militares Civitatum Foederatarum</title>
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      <text bytes="773" sha1="22zitdff3ko4qb58ora7imlmu5jselt" xml:space="preserve">'''Copiae militares Civitatum Foederatarum Americae''' sunt quinque alae militum quae bella pro [[CFA|Civitatibus Foederatis]] gerunt.

== Nomina partium ==
* [[Exercitus Civitatum Foederatarum|Exercitus Civitatum Foederatarum]] ([[Anglice]] ''United States Army'')
* [[Classis Civitatum Foederatarum]] (Anglice ''United States Navy'')
* [[Copia Classicorum Civitatum Foederatarum]] (Anglice ''United States Marine Corps'')
* [[Aeris Exercitus Civitatum Foederatarum]] (Anglice ''United States Air Forces'')
* [[Praesidium Litorale Civitatum Foederatarum]] (Anglice ''United States Coast Guard'')

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://wayback.archive-it.org/10702/20141013204117/http://www.defense.gov/ Ministerium Defensionis CFA]

[[Categoria:Exercitus Civitatum Foederatarum]]</text>
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    <title>Index urbium, oppidorum et communium Saxoniae Inferioris</title>
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      <text bytes="227552" sha1="c9j64hytd6a8td1oh7j07jco4nhfvdg" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in Lower Saxony.svg|thumb|500px|Urbes et communia Saxoniae Inferioris.]]
'''Index urbium, oppidorum et communium in [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxonia Inferiore]]''' omnia [[commune|communia]] (Theodisce ''Gemeinden''), consociationes communium (Theodisce ''Gemeindeverbände'') atque loca nulli communium adscripta (Theodisce ''gemeindefreien Gebiete''), quae hodie in [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terra]] [[Germania|Germanica]] [[Saxonia Inferior]]e exstant, complectitur.

Postremae mutationes finium territorialium in Saxonia Inferiore [[1 Novembris|Kalendis Novembribus]] anni [[2021]] effectae sunt. Ex eo tempore [[Saxonia Inferior]] 939 communia et 25 loca nulli communi adscripta (quorum duo habitantur) habet. Quibus e communibus 159 titulo [[urbs|urbis]] (Theodisce ''Stadt'') et 49 titulo [[oppidum|oppidi]] (Theodisce ''Flecken'') utuntur.

Praeterea nonnullae proprietates exstant secundum communium administrationem: Nam 939 communia in 289 communia unitaria et 650 communia membra dividuntur; quae vero in universum 114 consociationes communium constituunt, ut munera communiter administrent. Hae consociationes communium ipsa communia non sunt, sed foedera cooperationis, quae aut ex regione aut ex communitate in qua sedes administrationis sita est nomen accipiunt. Quapropter in Saxonia Inferiore idem nomen tam communi quam consociationi communium tribui potest. Agitur tamen de duobus corporibus iuridicis distinctis, quae proprias repraesentationes atque propria munera habent.

Praeterea, propter magnitudinem suam, nonnullae communium et consociationes communium peculiarem rationem cum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulo terrae]] (Theodisce ''Landkreis'') habent:

* Decem urbes statum iuridicum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli urbani]] (Theodisce ''kreisfreien Stadt'') obtinent, nulli circulo terrae subiiciuntur atque omnia sua munera exercent.
* Septem urbes statum iuridicum urbis magnae sui iuris (Theodisce ''Große selbständige Stadt'') obtinent atque multa, sed non omnia, munera circuli terrae cui adscribuntur exercent.
* 61 communium et tria communia generalia (Theodisce ''Samtgemeinden'') statum iuridicum communis sui iuris (Theodisce ''Selbständige Gemeinde'') obtinent atque quaedam munera districtus cui adscribuntur exercent.
* 861 ceterae communium nullam peculiarem rationem cum circulo terrae cui adscribuntur habent.

=== A ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Abensium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Apensen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Obbens'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Acheimum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Grote III 1877&quot;&gt;Grote, H. (1877). ''Münzstudien: Geschichte der älteren Münzen und Urkunden des Bisthums Verden'' (Vol. VIII). Hannoverae: Hahn’sche Hofbuchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Achim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Achem'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Achestedium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1759&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Axstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ax'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Adelebsenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Funck 1736&quot;&gt;Funck, J. N. (1736). ''Disputatio Academica de Voluntaria Morte Judaeorum et Gentilium sub Praesidio S. R. I. Libero Baroni de Adelebsen Dedicata''. Rintelii: Typis Johannis Friderici Enax.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Adelebsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Adenebutla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pischke 1998&quot;&gt;Pischke, G. (Ed.) (1998). ''Das Lehnsregister der Edelherren von Meinersen: Edition und historische Untersuchung der mittelalterlichen Besitzurkunden'' (Documentum anni MCCXX). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Adenbüttel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Adenhusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1703&quot;&gt;Schlegel, J. C. (1703). ''Chronica Parochiarum ditionis Mindensis et Hildesiensis: De ecclesiis parochialibus et ditione antiqua oppidi Adenhusii''. Mindae: Typis Johannis Meyeri; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1703). ''Chronica Parochiarum ditionis Mindensis et Hildesiensis:...''. Mindae: Typis Johannis Meyeri.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ahnsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Adenthorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Höhbaum 1876&quot;&gt;Höhbaum, K. (Ed.) (1876). ''Hansisches Urkundenbuch: Monumenta Germaniae Historica e codicibus diplomaticis Bremensibus et Luneburgensibus'' (Vol. I). Halis Saxonum: Typis Orphanotrophei.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Adendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Adendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Affinghusia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rathlef 1766&quot;&gt;Rathlef, E. L. (1766). ''Geschichte der Grafschaften Hoya und Diepholz: Monimenta diplomatica et antiquitates ditionis Affinghusiae'' (Vol. I). Bremae: Försterischen Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Affinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Affinghusen'' seu ''Affjehusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aldendorpevilla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Stadtoldendorf'')
* [[Alrebekesa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Oven 1872&quot;&gt;Oven, A. von (Ed.) (1872). ''Urkundenbuch des Herzogthums Lüneburg: Diplomata, chartae et registra historica saeculi XII (Documentum anni MCXCVII de venditione praedii Alrebekesae)'' (Vol. I). Hannoverae: Carl Rümpler.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ahnsbeck'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ahusium (Saxonia Inferior)|Ahusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;&gt;Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Bremensis et Verdensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Parochiarum ditionis Corbeiensis et Hildesiensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ahausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ahusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Alfeld''; [[Saxonice]] ''Allefelle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alfhusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Alfhausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Alfhusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Algermissenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoogeweg III 1903&quot;&gt;Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1903). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Quellen und Darstellungen zur Geschichte Niedersachsens (Monimenta historica et privilegia de Algermisseno)'' (Vol. III). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Algermissen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alisni (Circulus Neoburgensis Visurgensis)|Alisni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&amp;cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&amp;lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Neoburgensis Visurgensis|Circulo Neoburgensi Visurgensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Nienburg/Weser&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Neoburgensis Visurgensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Nienburg/Weser'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus &quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latina gentilicia &quot;Neoburgensis-e&quot; et &quot;Visurgensis-e&quot; ad commune [[Nova Urbs (Saxonia Inferior)|Novam Urbem]] et flumen [[Visurgis|Visurgem]] respective referuntur. Quibus de toponymis, vide {{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Liebenau''; [[Saxonice]] ''Levenau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alisni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus terrae Paludis Visurgensis|Circulo Paludis Visurgensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Wesermarsch&quot;&gt;Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' -secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo- vertit. De Latina autem toponymia, vide Egli, J. J. (1893). ''Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume''. [[Lipsia]]e: Friedrich Brandstetter. Theodisce ''Landkreis Wesermarsch''.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elsfleth'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Almstedium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoogeweg II 1901&quot;&gt;Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1901). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Quellen und Darstellungen zur Geschichte Niedersachsens (Monimenta historica et registra de Almstedio)'' (Vol. II). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Almstedt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alorstedium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1758&quot;&gt;Pratje, J. H. (1758). ''Historische Nachrichten von dem ehemaligen berühmten Closter Harsefeld: Monumenta ac documenta saeculi XII ubi de decimis Alorstedii agitur''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ahlerstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ohlers'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alvstedium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1759&quot;&gt;Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Alfstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Alfs'' seu ''Alfst'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Amelinghusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Baring 1746&quot;&gt;Baring, E. (1746). ''Succincta Hannoverae et ditionum vicinarum Notitia Historica''. Hanoverae: Typis Nicolae Försteri.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Amelinghausen''; [[lingua Saxonica|Boreosaxonice]] ''Amekhusen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Amelkusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Anchemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ankum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Andervenia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Andervenne'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Andorlangia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1759&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Anderlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Annerlingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Antiqua Medingha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Homeyer X 2006&quot;&gt;Homeyer, J. (Ed.) (2006). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Medingen: Lüneburger Urkundenbuch (Monimenta historica saeculi XIV de parochia Medinghae) (Vol. X)''. Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Altenmedingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ohmein'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Apenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Baring 1746&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Apen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aap'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Apleremum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1703&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Apelern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Appelium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Appel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aquae Lauterbergenses in Montibus Harthicis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mirus 1826&quot;&gt;Mirus, A. (1826). ''De salubritate aquarum lauterbergensium in montibus harthicis sitarum''. Typis Regiis.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Lauterberg im Harz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aquae Nendorpenses]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Marcard 1805&quot;&gt;Marcard, H. M. (1805). ''De salubritate aquarum nendorpensium et de earum usu in morbis chronicis''. [[Goettinga]]e: Dieterich; et: Macard, H. M. (1805). ''De usu salutari fontium salinorum in territorio Hildesiensi sitorum''. [[Goettinga]]e: Dieterich.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Nenndorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aquae Zwischenahnenses]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Statisitakamt Nord 2025&quot;&gt;Statistikamt Nord (Editio Latina). ''Catalogus Urbium et Communium Germaniae''. Hamburgi, 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Zwischenahn''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Twiskenoan'' seu ''Boad Twiskenoan''; [[Saxonice]] ''Twüschenahn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aroldishusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Arholzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Artlenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Baring 1746&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Artlenburg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Artlissa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mader 1664&quot;&gt;Mader, J. J. (1664). ''Antiquitates Brunsvicenses: De antiquis parochiis Saxonum et finibus dioecesis Mindensis (Caput de parochia Artlissa)''. Helmestadii: Typis Henningi Mulleri.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Aerzen'': quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Ärzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Arx Agathae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kochen 1724&quot;&gt;Kochen, J. H. (1724). ''Introductio in Historiam Ducatus Bremensis y Verdensis: Accesserunt diplomata varia et descriptio Arcis Agathae et ditionis Stadiensis''. Stadae: Typis Caspari Holmii.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Agathenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gothenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Arx Draconis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egger 1977&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Drakenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Drakenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ascalingium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ahlden'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Asanthorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Vogell 1856&quot;&gt;Vogell, A. (Ed.) (1856). ''Urkundenbuch des Bisthums Verden und des Collegiatstifts Bardewick: Chartae, diplomata et monumenta historica saeculi XIII...''. Hannoverae: Hahn’sche Hofbuchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Harburgensis|Circulo Harburgensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Harburg&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Harburgensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Harburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Harburgum]]&quot; -ad quod gentilicium &quot;Harburgensis-e&quot; refertur-.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Asendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Asendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Asenthorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1855&quot;&gt;Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1855). ''Hoyer Urkundenbuch'' (Vol. I). Hannoverae: Jänecke Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus terrae Diepholtia|Circulo terrae Diepholtia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Diepholz&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Diepholtia&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Diepholz'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Diepholtia]]&quot;, vide {{Hofmannus}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Asendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Asendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Assena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Philippi &amp; Bar 1892&quot;&gt;Philippi, F., &amp; Bär, M. (Eds.) (1892). ''Osnabrücker Urkundenbuch: Die Urkunden der Jahre 772-1200'' (Vol. 1). Verein für Geschichte und Landeskunde von Osnabrück.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Essen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Assini]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Essen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Astanholteremarki-Scirnbeki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Osterholz-Scharmbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Oosterholt-Scharmbeek'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Asylum (Saxonia Inferior)|Asylum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Asylum&quot;&gt;Theodiscum nomen ''Freistatt'', quod ''Freistätte, Zufluchtsort, Asyl'' significat, Latine &quot;asylum&quot; reddi potest. Nam in ''Deutsches Wörterbuch'' de Weigand et Hirt vox Theodisca ''Asyl'' explicatur ut «Freistatt» et ipsa vox Theodisca ''Asyl'' e Latino &quot;asylum&quot; orta esse dicitur. Praeterea lexicon Germanico-Latinum, quod in traditione lexicographica Georgii continetur, directe tradit: ''Freistatt, -stätte'', &quot;asylum'&quot;. Itaque &quot;Asylum&quot; non est forma ficticia neque mera translatio nostra, sed aequivalentia lexicographice comprobata.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Freistatt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Freestatt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aszi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hermann&quot;&gt;Hermann Abels: ''Die Ortsnamen des Emslandes in ihrer sprachlichen und kulturgeschichtlichen Bedeutung''. S. 27f.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Esche'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aulica]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elze'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Auriacum (Saxonia Inferior)|Auriacum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Aurich''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Aurk''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Eofrisosaxonice]] ''Auerk'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== B ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Badberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Badbergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Badbern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Baddekenstedium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Menzel &amp; Ohainski X 2018&quot;&gt;Casemir, K., Menzel, F., &amp; Ohainski, U. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil X)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Baddeckenstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Barkenstäe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Balga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Udolph 1994&quot;&gt;Udolph, J. (1994). ''Namenkundliche Studien zum Germanenproblem'' (Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde, Ergänzungsbände 9). Walter de Gruyter.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Balje'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Balga Cortis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Balge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Baltrumum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wiarda III 1792&quot;&gt;Wiarda, T. D. (1792). ''Ostfriesische Geschichte: Von den ältesten Zeiten bis zum Jahre 1648'' (Vol. 3). August Friedrich Winter.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Baltrum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bamwida]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bohmte''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baumte'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bardenuvicum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bardowick''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bewick'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bardorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sudendorf 1859&quot;&gt;Sudendorf, H. (Ed.) (1859). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Herzöge von Braunschweig und Lüneburg und ihrer Lande'' (Vol. 1). Carl Rümpler Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bahrdorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kolb 1712&quot;&gt;Kolb, G. (1712). ''Compendium totius orbis: partim geographicum, partim historicum, partim genealogicum''. Typis Universitatis Carolo-Francisceae&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Barenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baarnborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bargstedum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mushard 1764&quot;&gt;Mushard, M. (1764). ''Palaeogentilismus Bremensis: Monumenta ac veterum tumuli in ducatibus Bremensi et Verdensi''. Typis Andreae Vandenhoeck.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bargstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bargst'' seu ''Bars'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barnstedum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bünting &amp; Letzner 1702&quot;&gt;Bünting, H., &amp; Letzner, J. (1702). ''Braunschweig-Lüneburgische Chronica, Oder Historische Beschreibung der Durchlauchtigsten Herzogen zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg''. Gedruckt bey Caspar Johann Jakobi.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barnstedt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barnstorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Böhmer 2007&quot;&gt;Böhmer, J. F. (2007). ''Regesta Imperii III: Salisches Haus 1024–1125. Die Regesten des Kaiserreiches unter Heinrich IV'' (T. Struve, Ed.). Böhlau Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Barnstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baarnstrup'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barsela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;&gt;Köbler, G. (2016). ''Orte in der deutschen Ortsgeschichte''. Wikiling-Zier. [[Universitas Leopoldino-Franciscea]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barßel''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bäärsel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bassel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barsingehusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Harenberg 1753&quot;&gt;Harenberg, J. C. (1753). ''Historia ecclesiae Gandershemensis diplomatica''. Typis et Impensis Joannis Christophori Meisneri.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barsinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baschehusen'' seu ''Basche'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barum (Luneburgum)|Barum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mindermann I II 2004&quot;&gt;Mindermann, A. (Ed.) (2004). ''Verdener Urkundenbuch, 1. Abteilung, Band 2: 1300–1380''. Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Luneburgensis|Circulo Luneburgensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landreis Lüneburg&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Luneburgensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landreis Lüneburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Luneburgensis-e&quot; ad [[Luneburgum]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Boorn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barum (Circulus Ulsenensis)|Barum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;AdWzG 2010&quot;&gt;Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen (2010). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter'' (K. Casemir, F. Menzel, &amp; U. Ohainski, Eds.). Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Ulsenensis|Circulo Ulsenensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Uelzen&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Ulsenensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Uelzen'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Ulsenensis-e&quot; ad [[Ulsena]]m refertur. Quo de gentilicio, vide lemma &quot;res-publica Ulsenensis&quot; apud {{Google Books|w_tWAAAAcAAJ|vide paginam dedicationis operis}}&quot;; et de topnymo, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bourm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barunvilla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;SdaedhdlM 1862&quot;&gt;Société d'archéologie et d'histoire de la Moselle (1862). ''Mémoires de la Société d'archéologie et d'histoire de la Moselle: Année 1860–1861''. Rousseau-Pallez.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barverum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Böhmer 1844&quot;&gt;Böhmer, J. F. (1844). ''Regesta Chronologico-Diplomatica Regum et Imperatorum Romanorum: Inde a Conrado I. Usque ad Henricum VII''. Typis et Sumtibus J. C. Hermann.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Barver'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barwedelum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Barwedel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Basdalum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Basdahl''; [[Saxonice]] ''Basdaal'' seu ''Basdohl'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bawinkelum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Moser 1738&quot;&gt;Moser, J. J. (1738). ''Bibliotheca Iuris Publici S. R. I. Germanici: Specially regarding the territories of Westphalia and Lower Saxony''. Typis Ioannis Georgii Cottae.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bawinkel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bowinkel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bebenhusa (Saxonia Inferior)|Bebenhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ahlfeldt 2010&quot;&gt;Ahlfeldt, J. (Ed.) (2010). ''Regnum Francorum Online: Traditio Fuldenses''. Francia-Ahlfeldt Project.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bevensen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bämsen'' seu ''Bemsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beckdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;AdWzG 2010&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Beckdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Beekdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beckedorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Beckedorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Biäkedörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beckelnum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Böhmer 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Beckeln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bedenbostelum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NL 1924&quot;&gt;Niedersächsisches Landesarchiv (1924). ''Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte''. Veröffentlichungen de Historischen Kommission für Niedersachsen und Bremen.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Beedenbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bedenbossel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beierstedum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Beierstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Barste’e'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Belmum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Moser 1738&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Belm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Belumum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mushard 1764&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Belum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Belen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bema (Saxonia Inferior)|Bema]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sudendorf 1859&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Böhme''; [[Saxonice]] ''Böhm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bendestorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bührmann 2005&quot;&gt;Bührmann, M. (2005). ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen des norddeutschen Raumes''. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bendestorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bendsdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Berga (Circulus Cellensis)|Berga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bruzen de La Martinière 1737&quot;&gt;Bruzen de La Martinière, A. A. (1737). ''Thesaurus geographicus criticus: in quo omnium orbis terrarum regionum, civitatum, oppidorum, nominibus antiquis, medii aevi et modernis''. Ex Officina Wetsteniana.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Cellensis|Circulo Cellensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Celle&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Cellensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Celle'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Cella (Germania)|Cella]]&quot; -ad quod gentilicium &quot;Cellensis-e&quot; refertur-, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bargen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Berga (Circulus Osnabrugae)|Berga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Osnabrugae|Circulo Osnabrugae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Osnabrück&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Osnabrugae&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Osnabrück'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum ''LandKreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Osnabruga|Osnabruga-ae]]&quot;, vide Pertsch, Erich: ''Langenscheidts Großes Schulwörterbuch Lateinisch-Deutsch'', Berolini et Monaci 1983, ISBN 3-468-07202-3, p. 1325.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Berge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Berga ad Dumnam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bruzen de La Martinière 1737&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bergen an der Dumme''; [[Polabice]] ''Djörska'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bergenborstelium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1855&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bahrenborstel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bornbössel'' seu ''Boornbössel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bergfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bünting &amp; Letzner 1702&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bergfeld''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Bargfeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bernsium Minus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bernsium&quot;&gt;Vide [https://emslaendische-landschaft.de/images/AFEL/Publikationen/Zeitschriften/Band_22/Heft_109_Mai_2011.pdf?utm ''Emsländische Landschaft''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Berßen, Groß oder Klein''' (...) Bernsium (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Klein Berßen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lütke Bässen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bersenbrugum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sandhoff 1785&quot;&gt;Sandhoff, J. E. (1785). ''Antistitum Osnabrugensis ecclesiae, qui per decem saecula episcopale munus in ea gesserunt, chronotaxis''. Typis Joannis Georgii Kislingii.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bersenbrück''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bessenbrügge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bersinium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kaemling 1987&quot;&gt;Kaemling, ''Atlas zur Geschichte Niedersachsens'' (1987).&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Berßen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groten Bässen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Berumburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Emmius 1616&quot;&gt;Emmius, U. (1616). ''Rerum Frisicarum Historia''. [[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]: Elzevier.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Berumbur'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bestena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Jellinghaus 1923&quot;&gt;Jellinghaus, H. (1923). ''Die westfälischen Ortsnamen nach ihren Bestandteilen''' (III ed.). Ferdinand Schöningh.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Beesten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Betzendorfum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bünting &amp; Letzner 1702&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Betzendorfum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bätzendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bevernense Castrum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bevern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beverstedum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Beverstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Beverst'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bienenbuttelum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bienenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bienbüddel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bilshusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wolf 1819&quot;&gt;Wolf, J. (1819). ''Politische Geschichte des Eichsfeldes mit Urkunden erläutert''. Johann Georg Rosenbusch.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bilshausen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Binethemum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;&gt;Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: I. Historicos Germanicos, II. Historiam Helmstadensem, III. Dissertationes de utriusque Saxoniae''. Typis Georgii Wolffgangi Hammii; et: Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: Dissertationen und historische Chroniken des Herzogtums Braunschweig-Lüneburg''. Typis Georgii Wolffii.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bentheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Binnenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Binnen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Binn’n'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bippenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bippen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bippen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Birsina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bassum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bassen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bissendorpum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bissendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bissendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Blenderum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Brosius 1993&quot;&gt;Brosius, D. (1993). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Loccum'' (Vol. 1). Wallstein Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Blender''; [[Saxonice]] ''Blenner'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bliederstorpum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Trüper 2017&quot;&gt;Trüper, H. G. (2017). ''Urkundenbuch der Herren von Zesterfleth: 1232–1657''. Wallstein Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bliedersdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bliersdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bobentunum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Ohainski &amp; Udolph&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bovenden''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Bovten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bocensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bückeburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bückeborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bocholta (Circulus Heidensis)|Bocholta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1859&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Heidensis|Circulo Heidensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Heidekreis&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Heidensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Heidekreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum suffixum ''-kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Heidensis-e&quot; Theodiscum lexema ''Heide-'' vertit.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bookholt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bocholta (Circulus Theorosburgensis)|Bocholta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilmans &amp; Hoogeweg VI 1898&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Theorosburgensis|Circulo Theorosburgensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Schaumburg&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Theorosburgensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Schaumburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino gentilicio &quot;Theorosburgensis-e&quot;, quod ad [[Theorosburgum]] refertur, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baukholt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bocholtum in Ericeto]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mindermann 2001&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz in der Nordheide''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bookholt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bochorna (Circulus Frisicus)|Bochorna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ehmck &amp; Bippen 1873&quot;&gt;Ehmck, D. R., &amp; von Bippen, W. (Ed.) (1873). ''Bremisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1. Urkunden bis zum Jahre 1300''. C. Schünemann.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Frisicus|Circulo Frisico]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Friesland&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Frisicus&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Friesland'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Frisicus-a-um&quot; ad [[Frisia (discretiva)|Frisiam]] refertur. Quod de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bockhorn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bochorna (Circulus Vetha)|Bochorna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Vetha|Circulo Vetha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Vechta&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Vetha&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Vechta'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bakum'')&lt;/small&gt; 
* [[Bochorstia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Erhard 1851&quot;&gt;Erhard, H. A. (Ed.) (1851). ''Regesta Historiae Westfaliae: Accedit Codex Diplomaticus/Regesten der Geschichte Westfalens''. Regensberg.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bockhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baukhast'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bodendicum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Brosius 1985&quot;&gt;Brosius, D. (1985). ''Aus der Geschichte der Burg Bodenteich''. Ecomed Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bodenteich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bonndiek'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bodenfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sudendorf 1859&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenfelde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bodensa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Ohainski &amp; Udolph&quot;&gt;Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2003). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Göttingen''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodensee'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bodonis Insula]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenwerder'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Boffeshusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Ohainski VI 2007&quot;&gt;Casemir, K., &amp; Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen del Landkreises Holzminden''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VI)''. Editio ab Academia Scientiarum Gottingensi. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Boffzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Boitersena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mindermann 2001&quot;&gt;Mindermann, A. (Ed.) (2001). ''Urkundenbuch der Bischöfe und des Domkapitels von Verden: Band 1''. Von den Anfängen bis 1300. [[Stadae|Stadis]]: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bötersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Boitzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Boitzia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sudendorf 1859&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Boitze''; [[Saxonice]] ''Böhtz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bokenstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sudendorf 1859&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bokensdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bokensdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bokenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bockenem''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bokeln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Borchwega]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rüther 1905&quot;&gt;Rüther, H. (Ed.) (1905). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Neuenwalde''. Halle’sche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Burweg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Borkna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Borkum''; [[lingua Frisica|Frisice]] ''Boarkum''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Börkum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Borna Castra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Berne'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Borsla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Niemeyer 2012&quot;&gt;Niemeyer, M. (Ed.) (2012). ''Deutsches Ortsnamenbuch''. De Gruyter&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bösel''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Böäsel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bäsel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Borstla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1842&quot;&gt;Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1842). ''Diepholzer Urkundenbuch: Authentische Urkunden zur Geschichte der Grafschaft Diepholz''. [[Hannovera]]e: Hahn'schen Hofbuchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Borstel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bössel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Botela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mindermann 2001&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bothel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bootel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brachia (Germania)|Brachia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Brake''; [[Saxonice]] ''Braak'' seu ''Broak'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Braclina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rübel 1881&quot;&gt;Rübel, K. (Ed.) (1881). ''Dortmunder Urkundenbuch: Band 1. Urkunden bis zum Jahre 1340''. [[Isarlohia]]e: J. Baedeker.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Brackel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Braackel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bracum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kirchbrak&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum terminationibus ''-ac'' aut ''-ach'' aut ''-ack'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-acum-i&quot; aut &quot;-achium-i&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-ac, -ach, -ack''' : -''acum,'' -''achium'' (...)&quot;. Hoc casu, latinizantia suffixa formis antiquis huius toponymi &quot;Brac&quot; applicantur; quo de toponymo, vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B77-F/NOB%20VI%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Holzminden.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''/NOB VI Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Holzminden'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Theodericus de Brach'' (...) ''Henricus de Brach'' (...) ''Henrico de Brack'' (...) villa Brac (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kirchbrak''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kerkbraak'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bramascus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bramsche'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Breddenberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilmans &amp; Hoogeweg VI 1898&quot;&gt;Wilmans, R., &amp; Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.). (1898). ''Westfälisches Urkundenbuch: Band 6. Die Urkunden des Bisthums Minden und angrenzender Gebiete''. [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Regensberg'schen Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Breddenberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bredenforda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoogeweg 1898&quot;&gt;Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1898). ''Westfälisches Urkundenbuch: Band 6. Die Urkunden des Bisthums Minden vom J. 1201-1300''. [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Regensberg'schen Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brevörde''¨; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Bräwer'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bredthorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ehmck &amp; Bippen 1873&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Breddorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Breddörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brestum (Saxonia Inferior)|Brestum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1759&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brest'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brincama]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Friedländer 1878&quot;&gt;Friedländer, E. (Ed.) (1878). ''Ostfriesisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1. (Jahre 787–1470)''. [[Emda]]e: Haynel.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brinkum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Britlinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Udolph 2004&quot;&gt;Udolph, J. (2004). ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen: Akten eines internationalen Symposiums in Uppsala''. [[Gottinga]]e: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Brietlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brietl'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brochema]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilmans &amp; Hoogeweg VI 1898&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Brockum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Broubm'' seu ''Brookm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brocleda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Janicke 1896&quot;&gt;Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1896). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 1''. [[Lipsia]]e: S. Hirzel.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bröckel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bräukel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Broclina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mindermann 2001&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Brockel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brookel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Broma]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Ohainski 2014&quot;&gt;Casemir, K., &amp; Ohainski, U. (Ed.). (2014). ''Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch: Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Gifhorn''. [[Bilivelda]]e: Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Brome''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brom'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brochusium-Vilsena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1855&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilmans &amp; Hoogeweg VI 1898&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bruchhausen-Vilsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brooksen-Vilsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brunsvicum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Braunschweig''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brunswiek''; [[lingua Saxonica|Brunsvicice]] dialectaliter ''Bronswiek'' seu ''Brönswiek'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bukina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilmans &amp; Hoogeweg VI 1898&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bücken'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bulcova]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ehmck &amp; Bippen 1873&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bülkau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bulsteda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ehmck &amp; Bippen 1873&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bülstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Büls'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brunla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bode 1893&quot;&gt;Bode, G. (Ed.) (1893). ''Urkundenbuch der Stadt Goslar und der in und bei Goslar belegenen geistlichen Stiftungen: Band 1 (922 bis 1250)''.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Braunlage'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bunda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Deiter&quot;&gt;Deiter, H. (1881). Oldeborchs, Pastoris zu Bunda in Reiderland, kleine ostfriesische Chronicke, betreffend die Jahre 1558 bis 1605. ''Jahrbuch de Gesellschaft für bildende Kunst und vaterländische Altertümer zu Emden''.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bunde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bunn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Burchardivillare]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Janicke 1892&quot;&gt;Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1892). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 1. Bis zum Jahre 1221''. S. Hirzel.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Guelpherbytensis|Circulo Guelpherbytensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Wolfenbüttel&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Guelpherbytensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Wolfenbüttel'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Guelpherbytensis-e&quot; ad [[Guelpherbytum]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide [https://vd18.gbv.de/viewer/fullscreen/006049869/1/ ''vd18.gbv.de''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Pro eo ac debuisti, urbs aerumnosa, infelix ac misera Guelpherbytum (...)&quot;; et quo de gentilicio, vide  [https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/MBRY52X6EUWPQOQRFBKHVLYBSUG4M6LS ''Carmina Votiva Honori Clarißimi atq[ue] Experientißimi Viri Dn. Samuelis Stockhausen''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Practici Guelpherbytensis (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Burgdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borgdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Burgdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Hannovera (regio)|Regione Hannovera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Burgdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borgdörp'' seu ''Bortörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Burgium (Saxonia Inferior)|Burgium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Remling VII 2026&quot;&gt;Remling, L. (2026). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Emsland''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Börger''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borger'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Buria (Saxonia Inferior)|Buria]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Ohainski &amp; Udolph&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bühren'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bursina (Saxonia Inferior)|Bursina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir 2003&quot;&gt;Casemir, K. (2003). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil III)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Börßum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Butiadinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ehmck &amp; Bippen II 1876&quot;&gt;Ehmck, D. R., &amp; Bippen, W. von. (Ed.) (1876). ''Bremisches Urkundenbuch: Band 2. 1301–1350''. D. Ed. Müller.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Butjadingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Buxtehuda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lappenberg 1842&quot;&gt;Lappenberg, J. M. (Ed.) (1842). ''Hamburgisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1''. Perthes-Besser &amp; Mauke.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Buxtehude''; [[Saxonice]] ''Buxthu'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Byspinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1859&quot;&gt;Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1859). ''Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, Fünfte Abtheilung: Archiv des Klosters St. Michaelis zu Lüneburg''. Capaun-Karlowa’sche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bispingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bissen'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== C ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Calba (Saxonia Inferior)|Calba]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kalbe&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Kalbe'' seu ''Calbe'' forma &quot;Calba&quot; latinizari solet. Cf. [[Calba ad Salam|Calbam ad Salam]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kalbe''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kalf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Calefelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-felda&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-feld(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-felda-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Falufelda]], [[Frauenfelda]], [[Heresfelda]], [[Hirutfelda]], [[Ilfelda]], [[Mansfelda]], [[Salfelda]], [[Sualafelda]], [[Alfelda]], [[Alsfelda]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Calefeldensis&quot;&gt;&quot;C&quot; pro &quot;K&quot; ponitur propter orthographiam gentilicii &quot;Calefeldensis-e&quot;. Quo de gentilicio, vide [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Abhandlungen_zur_geologischen_Specialkarte_von_Preussen_und_den_Th%C3%BCringischen_Staaten_%28IA_abhandlungenzurg8589preu%29.pdf?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=index&amp;utm_content=original ''Abhandlungen zur geologischen Specialkarte von Preussen und den Thüringischen Staaten''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Calefeldensis'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Kalefeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Campus Rufus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Stüve 1789&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Rothenfelde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Capella (Saxonia Inferior)|Capella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Philippi II 1894&quot;&gt;Philippi, F. (Ed.) (1894). ''Osnabrücker Urkundenbuch: Band 2. Die Urkunden der Jahre 1201–1250''. H. Th. Wenner.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cappeln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Castrovallium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Burgwedel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borwee'' seu ''Boorwee'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Cella (Germania)|Cella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Celle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Clenza]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Janicke II 1896&quot;&gt;Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1896). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 2. Von 1221 bis 1260''. S. Hirzel.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Clenze''; [[Polabice]] ''Kloncka'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Cloppenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Cloppenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cloppenborg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Kloppenbuurich'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Clusa (Saxonia Inferior)|Clusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kluse&quot;&gt;Theodiscum Saxonicumque toponymum ''Kluse'' derivatur a Medio-Latino vocabulo &quot;clūsa&quot;, &quot;angustum montium aditum, locum clausum&quot; significante, quae ad Latinum verbum &quot;claudere&quot; refertur; cf. Kluge, ''Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache'', s.v. ''Klause'', ubi Mediaevali Theodisco vocabulo ''klûse'', Antiquo Theodisco vocabulo ''chlûsa'' ex [[Latinitas medii aevi|Mediaevali Latino vocabulo]] &quot;clausa, clusa&quot; deducitur, et Lühr, ''Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen'', V, s.v. ''klûsa'', ubi Antiquum Theodiscum vocabulum ''klûsa'', ''Einfriedung, Engpass'' significans, ex [[Latinitas medii aevi|Mediaevali Latino vocabulo]] &quot;clūsa&quot; explicatur. Inde Theodiscum Saxonicumque toponymum ''Kluse'' ortum est.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Kluse'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Coeli Porta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Himmelpforten''; [[Saxonice]] ''Himmelpoorten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Collis (Saxonia Inferior)|Collis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Erhard 1851&quot;&gt;Erhard, H. A. (Ed.) (1851). ''Regesta Historiae Westfaliae: Accedit Codex Diplomaticus/Regesten der Geschichte Westfalens''. Regensberg.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Polle'')
* [[Cornu Curvatum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cornu Curvatum&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/curvatus?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum adiectivale praefixum ''Krumm-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;curvatus-a-um&quot;] et [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/cornu?wb=gross&amp;nr=2 Theodiscum nominale suffixum ''-hörn'' Latino nomine &quot;cornu-us&quot; (n.)] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Krummhörn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Cramma]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir 2003&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cramme'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Cranenburgum (Saxonia Inferior)|Cranenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cranenburgum&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Kranenburg'' &quot;Cranenburgum&quot; latinizari solet. Cf. [[Cranenburgum (Rhenania Septentrionalis et Vestfalia)|Cranenburgum Rhenanum]] apud ''Atlas Sive Cosmographicae Meditationes de Fabrica Mundi et Fabricati Figura'', Mercatoris.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Kranenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kronenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Curia Maiorica]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Curia Maiorica&quot;&gt;Manfred Niemeyer (Hrsg.): ''Deutsches Ortsnamenbuch''. De Gruyter, Berolini 2012, ISBN 978-3-11-018908-7, S. 298.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Jork''; [[Saxonice]] ''Jörk'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Curia Sanctae Mariae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Marienhafe&quot;&gt;Vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3134/Marienhafe.pdf ''Marienhafe''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Urkundlich wird Marienhafe erstmals am 16. Februar 1250 als „curia sancte Marie“, d.h. „Hof der heiligen Maria“ erwähnt. 1362 ist von „curia Virginis gloriose“ (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Marienhafe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Cuxhavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Cuxhaven''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cuxhoben'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== D ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Dalemia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dahlem'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dalenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rzihacek &amp; Spreitzer XI 2024&quot;&gt;Rzihacek, A., &amp; Spreitzer, F. (Ed.) (2024). ''Die Urkunden Otto IV (Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Diplomata Regum et Imperatorum Germaniae, Tomus XI). Hahnsche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dahlenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dahlenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dalum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Janicke II 1896&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dahlum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Tahln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Damma (Saxonia Inferior)|Damma]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Philippi II 1894&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Damme'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Damnatzium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Garzmann LXXVI 2004&quot;&gt;Garzmann, M. R. W. (Ed.) (2004). ''Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte: Neue Folge der Zeitschrift des Historischen Vereins für Niedersachsen (Band 76)''. Hahnsche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Damnatz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Danneberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Dannenberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dannenbarg''; [[Polabice]] ''Wajdars'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Danthorpum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Menzel % Udolph VII 2011&quot;&gt;Casemir, K., Menzel, F., &amp; Udolph, J. (2011). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII''). Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Danndorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dassela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dassel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dedenhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husaDeensen&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Dedehusen'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: Casemir, K., &amp; Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Holzminden (Veröffentlichungen del Institut für Historische Landesforschung der Universität Göttingen, Vol. 51)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Deensen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Deinsta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Deinste''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deinst'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Deinstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Deinstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deins'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Delmenhorstium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Delmenhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Demost'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dengdia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Denkte'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Derenthalia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-thalia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-thal'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-thalia-ae&quot; seu &quot;-dalia-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-thal''' : -''thalia'', -''dalia'' (...)&quot;. Animadvertendum est suffixum ''-thal'' veterem orthographiam hodierni suffixi ''-tal'' esse; ergo Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-tal'' quoque latinizari potest addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-thalia-ae&quot; seu &quot;-dalia-ae&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Derental'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dersum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egger 1977&quot;&gt;Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dersum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Derßm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dettum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egger 1977&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dettum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Detten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dicla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mooyer 1855&quot;&gt;Mooyer, E. F. (Ed.) (1855). ''Urkundenbuch des vormaligen Stiftes Minden''. J. C. C. Bruns.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dickel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Diddersa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Didderse'' et [[Saxonice]] ''Deesse'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Diekholza]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Diekholzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dielmissa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dielmissen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Diepenavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-avia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-avia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Diepenau''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Deepnau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Diepholtia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmannus&quot;&gt;{{Hofmannus}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Diepholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deefholt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dinklaga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dinklage''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dinklaoge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Disaldishusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husaDelligsen&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Disaldishusen'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: Reuter, A. (Ed.) (1950). ''1100 Jahre Delligsen: Geschichte der Hilsmulde und des Ortes Delligsen''. Verlag der Gemeinde Delligsen. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Delligsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Disna (Saxonia Inferior)|Disna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dissen am Teutoburger Wald'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dithgherscope-Twielenflethum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hollern&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/hollern-twielenfleth/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon'']. ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Luderus in Dithgherscope'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-ethum&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-eth'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-ethum-i&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Bechtsriethum]], [[Maitenbethum]] ac [[Wiesethum]] apud Vicipaediae Latinae articulum de [[Index communium Bavariae|indice communium Bavariae]]; et [[Gransebiethum]] apud Vicipaediae Latinae articulum de [[Index Communium Megapolis et Pomeraniae Citerioris|indice communium Megapolis et Pomeraniae Citerioris]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hollern-Twielenfleth''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hullern-Twielenfleth'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dohra (Terra Emesensis)|Dohra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Terrae Emesensis|Terra Emesensi]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Terrae Altenburgensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Emsland'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum &quot;terra-ae&quot; Theodiscum lexema ''-land'' vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Emesensis-e&quot; ad flumen [[Amisia|Emesam]] refertur. De hoc hydronymo, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dohren '')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dohra (Circulus Harburgensis)|Dohra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Harburgensis|Circulo Harburgensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Harburg&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dohren''; [[Saxonice]] ''Duhrn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dolnere]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Dolnere&quot;&gt;Vide [https://adw-goe.de/fileadmin/forschungsprojekte/ortsnamen_rhein_elbe/dokumente/Publikationen_Udolph_PDF/2001-2005/315._Udolph_Anmerkungen_zum_Ortsnamen_Dollern.pdf ''Anmerkugen zum Ortsnamen Dollern''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 1105 (Fälschung Mitte 12. Jh.) ''Dolnere'' (...) 1209 ''Johannes de dolnere'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dollern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Doristacus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dorstadt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dornum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egger 1977&quot;&gt;Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Dornum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dornm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dorverda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dörverden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dörbern'' seu ''Dörb'' seu ''Dörveern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dotlinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dötlingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Draga (Albis)|Draga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Drage''; [[Saxonice]] ''Draag'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Drentweda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Drentwede'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Drestadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Drestedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dreest'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Drochtersa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Drochtersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Drochters'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dudanebutli]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lappenberg 1841&quot;&gt;Lappenberg, J. M. (Ed.) (1841). ''Hamburgisches Urkundenbuch (Band 1)''. Perthes-Besser &amp; Mauke.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Düdenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Düünbeudel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Duderstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Duderstadt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dustadt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dunsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dünsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dunum  (Saxonia Inferior)|Dunum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Houtrouw 1889&quot;&gt;Houtrouw, O. G. (1889). ''Ostfriesland: Eine geschichtlich-ortskundige Wanderung gegen Ende der Fürstenzeit (Band 1)''. Dunkmann.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dunum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Duthungun]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Udolph 2004&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Duingen''; [[Saxonice|Ostfalice]] ''Daujen'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== E ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Ebbestorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Jaitner 1985&quot;&gt;Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ebstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ebstörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ebersdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Ebersdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ebersdorfium&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Ebersdorf'' in Latinam &quot;Ebersdorfium&quot; verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ebersdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eversdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Echemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-hemium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-hemium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Echem''; [[Saxonice]] ''Echen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Edemissa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Edemissen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emisse'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Egestorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Egestorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Äästörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Edewechte]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Berger 2012&quot;&gt;Berger, D. (2012). ''Edewecht''. In ''Deutsches Ortsnamenbuch''. Walter de Gruyter.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Edewecht''; [[Saxonice]] ''Erwech''; historice ''Adewacht'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eggermuhla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Eggermühlen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eggermöhlen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ehra-Lessia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ehra-Lessien'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eicklinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Eicklingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eikeln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eildissum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Stumpf-Brentano II 1865&quot;&gt;Stumpf-Brentano, K. F. (Ed.) (1865). ''Die Reichskanzler vornehmlich des X., XI. und XII. Jahrhunderts: Acta Imperii Selecta'' (Vol. 2). [[Aeni Pons (Austria)|Aeni Ponte]]: Wagner'schen Universitäts-Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Eilsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ahlsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eima (Circulus Hildesiensis)|Eima]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;/small&gt;(in [[Circulus Hildesiensis|Circulo Hildesiensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Circulus Hildesiensis&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Hildesiensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Hildesheim'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Hildesiensis-e&quot; ad [[Hildesia]]m refertur. Hac de urbe, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eime'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eima (Circulus Holtisminnensis)|Eima]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Holtisminnensis|Circulo Holtisminnensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Circulus Holtisminnensis&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Holtisminnensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Holzminden'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Holtisminni]]&quot; -ad quod gentilicium &quot;Holtisminnensis-e&quot; refertur-, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Eimen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eimka]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Eimke''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aimk'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ekelum]]&lt;ref&gt;Vide: Von Hodenberg, W. (Ed.) (1855). ''Walsroder Urkundenbuch (Urkunde Nr. 19)''. Hahnsche Hofbuchhandlung. Quo opere &quot;proprietatem bonorum in Ekelo, que ab ecclesia Walsrodensi in feodum tenuit, pro quinquaginta marcis seriosius comparavit.&quot; dicitur.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eickeloh'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Elba (Saxonia Inferior)|Elba]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elbe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Elbingeroda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-roda&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elbingerode'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eldinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eldingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Elsdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Elsdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Elsdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Elsdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Embeca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Embeca&quot;&gt;&quot;non ignobiles Saxoniae civitates, Embeca et Gottinga&quot; {{Google Books|I7pXAAAAcAAJ|p. 734}}. Interdum &quot;Embica&quot;, &quot;Embecka&quot; etc. reperis&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Einbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aimbeck'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Embsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Embsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Emden''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Oamde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emmelkampus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Emmelkampus&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.altreformiert.de/beuker/geschichte/grafschaft-bentheim/ERK-GRAFSCH_Classis_1625-1705_Prot_-_Plasger_2021_gjb.pdf?utm ''Protokolle der Classis der reformierten Prediger der Grafschaft Bentheim 1625–1705''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Domino Bernhardus Tinneken Pastorum Emmelkampum (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Emlichheim''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Batavice]] ''Emmelkamp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emmendorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Emmendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emphstece]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Emphstece&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.emstek.de/die-gemeinde/ortsteile/emstek?utm ''www.emstek.de'']; ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Urkunde aus dem Jahre 947 als „Emphstece&quot; (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Emstek''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emstäk'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emsbura]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Emsbüren''; [[Saxonice]] ''Büren'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emtinghusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Emtinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emhusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Engda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Engden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Engn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Engelschofa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-hofa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hof(f)(e)(n)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-hofa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hattenhofa (Bavaria)|Hattenhofa Bavarica]], [[Pfaffenhofa ad fluvium Glon]], [[Pfaffenhofa ad Rotam]], [[Poohofa]], [[Gundershofa]], [[Hattenhofa (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Hattenhofa Badeniae-Virtembergiae]], [[Pfaffenhofa (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Pfaffenhofa]], [[Matichofa]], [[Philshofa]] apud [[Google|Gugulam]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Engelschoff''; [[Saxonice]] ''Engelschopp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Erenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Minden II 1902&quot;&gt;Minden, G. von (Ed.) (1902). ''Urkundenbuch der Bischöfe von Verden und Minden (Band 2)''. Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ehrenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ehrenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Erkeroda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-roda&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-rode'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-roda-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Baceroda]], [[Gerningeroda]], [[Osteroda]], [[Werningroda]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Erkerode''; [[Saxonice]] ''Erkero'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ermelstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1759&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Armstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Armsdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ericetum Magnum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ericetum&quot;&gt;[https://woerterbuchnetz.de/?sigle=MeckWB&amp;lemid=H01756 Theodiscum toponymicum suffixum et vocabulum ''(-)Heide'' Latino nomine &quot;Ericetum-i&quot; vertitur.]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Magnus&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/magnus?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum praefixum ''Groß-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;magnus-a-um&quot; vertitur.]&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Großheide''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grootheid'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Escheda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Eschede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Esche'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eschershusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eschershausen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Esena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Esens'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Essel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Essel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Äsel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Esterwega]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Esterwegen''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Äästerweede'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Estorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(ad [[Visurgis|Visurgem]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Estorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Esdörp'' seu ''Esdrup'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Estorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Stadae|Circulo Stadae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Stade&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Stadae&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Stade'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Stadae]]&quot;, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Estorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Esdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Evergoteshemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-hemiumEver&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-hemium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Euergoteshem'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: H. Bresslau et. al.: ''Die Urkunden Heinrichs II. und Arduins''. In: Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Die Urkunden der deutschen Könige und Kaiser, Band 3. [[Hannovera]]e 1900–1903.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ebergötzen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Ewerchötzschen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Everinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ingaEvern&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum mediaevali formae huius toponymi ''Everinge'' testatae applicatur. Quo de mediaevali toponymo, vide: Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (1998). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises und der Stadt Hannover (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil I)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Deutsch Evern''; [[Saxonice]] ''Düütsch Äwern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eversmeer]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eversmeer'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Evessum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NOB 2004&quot;&gt;Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (2004). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter''' (NOB III). [[Gottinga]]e: Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Evessen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eydelstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Eydelstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eidelstee'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eyendorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Eyendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eyndörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eystharpa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-tharpa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-trup'' seu ''-drup'' seu ''-trop'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-tharpa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Butilingtharpa]], [[Graftharpa]], [[Gumorodingtharpa]], [[Haringtharpa]], [[Heppingtharpa]], [[Holttharpa]], [[Hurstharpa]], [[Kathingtharpa]], [[Kiedeningtharpa]], [[Marastharpa]], [[Markiligtharpa]], [[Meinbrahtingtharpa]], [[Peingtharpa]], [[Radistharpa]], [[Sutharpa]], [[Tettingtharpa]], [[Vilomaringtharpa]], [[Winikingtharpa]], [[Varetharpa]], [[Vrilingtharpa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eystrup''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eestrup'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== F ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Fallingbostela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bad Fallingbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Fambossel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fardium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Verden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Veern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Farva]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Farven''; [[Saxonice]] ''Farm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fassberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Faßberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Filsum]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Filsum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Firrel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Firrel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Florimontium (circulus Widmundensis)|Florimontium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Blomberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bloombarg'' seu ''Blombarg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Flotide]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Flotide&quot;&gt;De nominibus &quot;Flotide&quot; {{caa|780|802}}, &quot;Flathi&quot; {{caa|1013}}, &quot;Flatide&quot; {{caa|1142}}, &quot;Flothethe&quot; {{caa|1187}}, &quot;Vlothe&quot; {{caa|1189}} et &quot;Flotethe&quot; {{caa|1194}}, vide: Udolph, Jürgen. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160729194352/https://www.ndr.de/ndr1niedersachsen/programm/Ortsnamen-Uebersicht-fuer-Buchstaben-F,ortsnamenforscher111.html ''Ortsnamenforscher'']. ''NDR 1 Niedersachsen''.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Flöthe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Frankenfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-felda&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-feld(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-felda-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Falufelda]], [[Frauenfelda]], [[Heresfelda]], [[Hirutfelda]], [[Ilfelda]], [[Mansfelda]], [[Salfelda]], [[Sualafelda]], [[Alfelda]], [[Alsfelda]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Frankenfeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Freda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Freden'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fredenbiki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-biki&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-beck'' seu ''-beek'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-biki-orum&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Aesebiki]], [[Asbiki]], [[Beverbiki]], [[Gledabiki]], [[Goltbiki]], [[Sannanabiki]], [[Trobiki]], [[Walbeka|Walbiki]], [[Winesbiki]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Fredenbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Freenbeek'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Frera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Freren'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fresenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Fresenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Fräsenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Friburgum (Albis)|Friburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Friburgum&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Freiburg'' Latino toponymo &quot;Friburgum&quot; verti solet. Cf. [[Friburgum Brisgoviae]] aut [[Friburgum Nuithonum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Freiburg/Elbe''; [[Saxonice]] ''Fryborg'' seu ''Freiborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Frideburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Frideburgum&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.heimatbund-finnentrop.de/index_htm_files/Staats-%20u.%20Reisegeogr.%205.pdf?utm ''Beschreibung derer merkwürdigsten Oerter''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Frideburg, Friedeburg, lat. Frideburgum'''. Liegt im Fürstenthum Ostfriesland, an den Grenzen der Grafschaft Oldenburg (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Friedeburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Freborg'' seu ''Freebörg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Friedlandia (Saxonia Inferior)|Friedlandia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Friedland&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Friedland' in Latinam &quot;Friedlandia&quot; verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Friedland'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Frisoyta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Frisoyta&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363707446_Der_Status_animarum_im_Hochstift_Munster_und_die_Alphabetisierung_im_landlichen_Raum_eines_geistlichen_Furstentums_im_17_und_18_Jahrhundert ''Der Status animarum im Hochstift Münster und die Alphabetisierung im ländlichen Raum eines geistlichen Fürstentums im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Specificatio catholic[orum] et acatholicorum in Frisoyta (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Friesoythe''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ait''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aithe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Furstenavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Furstenavia&quot;&gt;Theodiscum nomen proprium ''Fürstenau'' in Latinam &quot;Furstenavia&quot; verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Hofmannus}}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) FURSTENAVIA Familia Germ. ''Furstenau'', ramus est Familiae Erpacensis (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Fürstenau''; [[Saxonice]] ''Fösnau'' seu ''Försnau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Furstenberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Fürstenberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== G ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Ganderkesea]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ganderkesee''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gannerseer'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gandershemium]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.fi/books?id=6kwBAAAAQAAJ&amp;pg=PA27&amp;lpg=PA27&amp;dq=Gandershemium&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=_NMr2DmhUK&amp;sig=CXPUuuKZ8W03AC7uB3YlYYNscJ4&amp;hl=fi&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=7z7WUrfrO8iC4gTGxoGYCw&amp;ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&amp;q=Gandershemium&amp;f=false R. p. Hertenberger: ''Historia pragmatica universalis, sacra et profana''], p.27;
[http://books.google.fi/books?id=yScyAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA58&amp;lpg=PA58&amp;dq=Gandershemium&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=ZoGX4tZRRD&amp;sig=8fUZc6grFgYD0jN-twVcDyzarYI&amp;hl=fi&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=7z7WUrfrO8iC4gTGxoGYCw&amp;ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q=Gandershemium&amp;f=false ''Acta Sanctorum, Junii'' (1698-1717), cit. in ''A Companion to Hrotsvit of Gandersheim (fl. 960)''], p. 58 n.103.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Gandersheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ganderssen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gandesberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gandesbergen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Gannsbargen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Garbsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Garbsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Garlstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Garlstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Garlstörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Garrel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Garrel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Garstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Garstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gastää'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gartovia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ovia&quot;&gt;[[Linguae Germanicae|Germanica]] ac [[linguae Slavicae|Slavica]] toponyma cum suffixo ''-ov'' seu ''-öv'' seu ''ow'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-ovia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Asovia]], [[Brewnovia]], [[Czernichovia]], [[Glasgovia]], [[Golnovia]], [[Grabovia]], [[Kharkovia]], [[Laszovia]], [[Ostrovia]], [[Pscovia]], [[Racovia]], [[Sucovia]], [[Tarnovia]], [[Wengrovia]], [[Witkowa]], [[Wittovia]], [[Crovia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gartow'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Geesta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Geeste''; [[Saxonice]] ''Choeiste'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Geestlandia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-landia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-land'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-landia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amelandia]], [[Bevelandia Australis]], [[Bevelandia Septentrionalis]], [[Bolandia]], [[Iutlandia]], [[Curlandia]], [[Estlandia]], [[Finlandia]], [[Flevolandia]], [[Friedlandia]], [[Islandia]], [[Gothlandia]], [[Hollandia]], [[Ingermanlandia]], [[Isalandia]] [[Lalandia]], [[Langelandia]], [[Oehtlandia]] [[Olandia]], [[Sallandia]], [[Samlandia]] [[Zelandia]], [[Selandia]] [[Fotlandia]], [[Wermelandia]] [[Withlandia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Geestland'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gehrda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Gehrde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gährde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gemmegum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gemmegum&quot;&gt;Vide ''Giminghem - der alte Name von Jemgum'' Gerhardi Kronsweide; ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Mittelalterliche urkundliche und einige neuzeitliche Nennungen von Jemgum''' (...) Gemmegum (Urkunde in lateinisch) (...) Gommegum (lat.) (...) Gemghum (lat.) (...) Gemmyngum (lat.) (...) Jemgum (Ubbo Emmius, lat.) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Jemgum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Georgsdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Georgsdorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gerdavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-avia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-avia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gerdau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gerdinum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gerdinium&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/gehrden/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Urkundlich ist der spätere Flecken möglicherweis erstmals als ''Gerdinum'' im Verzeichnis der Schenkungen (''Traditionen'') an das Kloster Corvey erwähnt, das um 826/76 angelegt wurde (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Gehrden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gieren'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gersta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gersten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Geteloha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-loha&quot;&gt;Germanica praesentia aut antiqua toponyma cum suffixis ''-loh(e)'' et ''-lo'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-loha-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ascloha]], [[Buohloha]], [[Eiloha]], [[Hadaloha]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Getelo''; [[Saxonice]] ''Getel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gevensleba]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-leba&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-leben'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-leba-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hadersleba]], [[Kintileba]], [[Meresleba]], [[Mimileba]], [[Rumerestleba]], [[Wigileba]], [[Winirichileba]], [[Albgozesleba]], [[Asoltesleba]], [[Buffileba]], [[Egisleba]], [[Gorchesleba]], [[Gozzenleba]], [[Gunderichesleba]], [[Gunzenleba]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gevensleben'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gevera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Jever'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gieboldehusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Gieboldehausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Chiwelehusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Giesa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Giesen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gifhorna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cellarius 1703&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Gifhorn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gilta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gilten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Glandorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Glandorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gleicha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gleichen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gnarrenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Gnarrenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gnarrenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Godenstorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Gödenstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gö’nstörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Goldbiki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Golmbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Goldenstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Goldenstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gollnste'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Golencampus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;campus-i&quot;&gt;[https://ewa.saw-leipzig.de/articles/80250/en?utm Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-kamp'' seu ''-kampf'' seu ''-camp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-campus-i&quot;], quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Gölenkamp''; [[Saxonice]] ''Göllenkamp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gorenthin]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gorenthin&quot;&gt;Vide [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Zeitschrift_des_Historischen_Vereins_f%C3%BCr_Niedersachsen_%28IA_zeitschriftdeshi1857hist%29.pdf?utm ''Zeitschrift des Historischen Vereins für Niedersachsen''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) villam Gorenthin '' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Göhrde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Göhr''; [[Polabice]] ''Djöra'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gorleba]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-leba&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-leben'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-leba-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hadersleba]], [[Kintileba]], [[Meresleba]], [[Mimileba]], [[Rumerestleba]], [[Wigileba]], [[Winirichileba]], [[Albgozesleba]], [[Asoltesleba]], [[Buffileba]], [[Egisleba]], [[Gorchesleba]], [[Gozzenleba]], [[Gunderichesleba]], [[Gunzenleba]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gorleben'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Goslaria]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Goslar''; [[Saxonice]] ''Goslär'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gottinga]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.com/books?id=kkM-AAAAcAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=gottingensis&amp;lr=&amp;cd=14#v=onepage&amp;q=&amp;f=false Libri Googles].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Göttingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Chöttingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grafhorstium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-horstium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-horst'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-horstium-i&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-horst''' : -''horstium'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Grafhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grafhorst'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grasberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Grasberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grasbarg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grasleba]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-leba&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-leben'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-leba-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hadersleba]], [[Kintileba]], [[Meresleba]], [[Mimileba]], [[Rumerestleba]], [[Wigileba]], [[Winirichileba]], [[Albgozesleba]], [[Asoltesleba]], [[Buffileba]], [[Egisleba]], [[Gorchesleba]], [[Gozzenleba]], [[Gunderichesleba]], [[Gunzenleba]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Grasleben''; [[Saxonice]] ''Graslewe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grethemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-hemium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-hemium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Grethem''; [[Saxonice]] ''Graitn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grona (Leina)|Grona]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gronau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grundensis Civitas Metallica]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Grund'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grunendicum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dicum&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Grünendeich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Greundiek'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Guderhandviertel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Guderhandviertel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gauderhandviddel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Guelpherbytum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wolfenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wulfenbüttel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gusbornium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-bornium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-born'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-bornium-ii&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Calenbornium (prope Aram)|Calenbornium prope Aram]] et [[Calenbornium (prope Caesariacum)|Calenbornium prope Caesariacum]] (Theodisce ''Kalenborn''); [[Calenbornium-Scheurenum]] (Theodisce ''Kalenborn-Scheuern''); [[Hasbornium (Eiflia)|Hasbornium]] (Theodisce ''Hasborn''); [[Leidenbornium]] (Theodisce ''Leidenborn''); [[Lichtenbornium]] (Theodisce ''Lichtenborn''). Quae omnia toponyma ex articulo Vicipaediae Latinae de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Rhenaniae_et_Palatinatus indice urbium et communium Rhenaniae et Palatinatus] desumpta sunt, ubi apte referuntur.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gusborn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gyhum]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Gyhum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Jeem'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== H ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Hachede]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hachede&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/marschacht/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''paludem a Blekethe vsque ad Ecclesiam Hachede'' (...) ''in quorum honore est altare in prefata ecclesia Hachethe dedicatum'' (...) ''Hinricus Bartolomei plebanus in Merschhachede'' (...) ''rector parrochialis ecclesie in Merschachtede'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Marschacht''; [[Saxonice]] ''Meschacht'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hademstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hademstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hamstorp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haeslinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Heeslingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Heeßel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haga (Saxonia Inferior)|Haga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Haga&quot;&gt;Vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3191/Hage.pdf?utm ''Historische Ortsdatenbank für Ostfriesland''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Erscheinung trat der Ort als „curatus Hagensis“ im Jahr 1400. Spätere Bezeichnungen waren „
Haga“ (um 1409)  (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hage''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Eofrisosaxonice]] ''Haag'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haga ad Teutoburgiensem Saltum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-haga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hag(e)(n)'' seu ''-ha(a)g'' seu ''-hague'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-haga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Haga (Franconia Superior)|Haga Franconiae Superioris]], [[Haga ad Ambram]], [[Haga (in Bavaria superiore)|Haga in Bavaria Superiore]] apud [[Index communium Bavariae|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Bavariae]]; [[Falkenhaga (Marchia)|Falkenhaga Marchiana]] apud [[Index communium Brandenburgi|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Brandenburgi]]; [[Haga Schauenburgi]], [[Haga Promontorium]], [[Haga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Teutoburger Wald&quot;&gt;Cfr. [[Cornelius Tacitus|Taciti]], ''[[Annales (Tacitus)|Annales]]'', {{Vf|Ab excessu divi Augusti (Annales)/Liber I|LX|I, 60}}: &quot;... haud procul '''Teutoburgiensi saltu''' in quo reliquiae Vari legionumque insepultae dicebantur&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hagen am Teutoburger Wald'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haga Bremensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-haga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hag(e)(n)'' seu ''-ha(a)g'' seu ''-hague'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-haga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Haga (Franconia Superior)|Haga Franconiae Superioris]], [[Haga ad Ambram]], [[Haga (in Bavaria superiore)|Haga in Bavaria Superiore]] apud [[Index communium Bavariae|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Bavariae]]; [[Falkenhaga (Marchia)|Falkenhaga Marchiana]] apud [[Index communium Brandenburgi|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Brandenburgi]]; [[Haga Schauenburgi]], [[Haga Promontorium]], [[Haga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Latinum gentilicium &quot;Bremensis-e&quot; Theodiscum syntagma ''im Bremischen'' vertit.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hagen im Bremischen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hagen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haga Schauenburgi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]]  ''Stadthagen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hagenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hagenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hagenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Halbemontium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-montium&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-mond'' aut ''-mont'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-montium-i&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-mond, mont''' : -''montium, mons'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Halbemond'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Halla (Holtisminni)|Halla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in Montibus [[Visurgis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Halle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Halla (Comitatus Binethensis)|Halla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Halla prope Neuenhusam&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Halle'' plerumque toponymo &quot;Halla-ae&quot; latinizatur. Qua de latinizatione, vide complures Hallae apud [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(prope [[Neuenhusa]]m&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Halle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Halvesbostel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Halvesbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hassbossel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hamala]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hameln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hamberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hambergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hambargen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hambuhra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hambühren''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hambüren'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hamele]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hamele&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/2261/NOB%20VIII_Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Peine.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''NOB VIII Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Peine'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 1146 ''in Sutherem iuxta Hamele'' (UB H.Hild. I Nr. 239 S. 222) 1180 ''in Bikem iuxta Honhamelen'' (UB H.Hild. I Nr. 396 S. 385) 1193 ''in Honhamele'' (UB H.Hild. II Nachtrag Nr. 13 S. 580) 1198 ''apud Honhamelen'' (...) 1251 ''Sutherem apud Hoenhamale'' (UB H.Hild. II Nr. 861 S. 435) 1278-1280 ''iugera Hamelen'' (Lehnregister Meinersen II Nr. 20 S. 590) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hohenhameln''; [[Saxonice]] ''Häogenhameln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hamelhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hämelhausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hämelhusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hamersa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hamersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Homersen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hamma (Saxonia Inferior)|Hamma]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ah&quot;&gt;Germanica aut Semitica aut Indoiranica toponyma cum terminatione ''-ah'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Exempli gratiā: [[Calvela]], [[Maliana]], Parra, [[Widenla]], [[Zellia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hammah''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hammoh'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Handeloha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-loha&quot;&gt;Germanica praesentia aut antiqua toponyma cum suffixis ''-loh(e)'' et ''-lo'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-loha-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ascloha]], [[Buohloha]], [[Eiloha]], [[Hadaloha]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Handeloh'' seu olim ''Handorf bei Tostedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Handörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Handorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Handorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Handörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hantharpa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-tharpa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-trup'' seu ''-drup'' seu ''-trop'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-tharpa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Butilingtharpa]], [[Graftharpa]], [[Gumorodingtharpa]], [[Haringtharpa]], [[Heppingtharpa]], [[Holttharpa]], [[Hurstharpa]], [[Kathingtharpa]], [[Kiedeningtharpa]], [[Marastharpa]], [[Markiligtharpa]], [[Meinbrahtingtharpa]], [[Peingtharpa]], [[Radistharpa]], [[Sutharpa]], [[Tettingtharpa]], [[Vilomaringtharpa]], [[Winikingtharpa]], [[Varetharpa]], [[Vrilingtharpa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Handrup'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hannovera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[caput (urbs)|caput]] [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terrae foederalis]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hannover''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hannober'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hanstadium (Circulus Harburgensis)|Hanstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Harburgensis|Circulo Harburgensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Harburg&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hanstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hanstää'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hanstadium (Circulus Ulsenensis)|Hanstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Ulsenensis|Circulo Ulsenensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Uelzen&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hanstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hanster'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hardegsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hardegsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harmstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Harmstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Harmsdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Haren'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harpstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Harpstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Harpstäe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harsfeldum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Harsefeld''; [[Saxonice]] ''Harsfeld'' seu ''Hasfeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harsum]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Harsum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hartsburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Harzburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Harzeborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hasberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hasbergen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hasburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Haßbergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Haßbargen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hasela (Saxonia Inferior)|Hasela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hasela&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/hassel/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Dort ist die ''villa Hasela'' erwähnt, also das Dorf Hassel (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hassel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hasla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hasla&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/hesel/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Der früheste schriftliche Beleg für den Ort findet sich als ''Hasla'' in einem Urbar der Abtei Werden, das sich auf das 10. Jh. datieren lässt (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hesel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hassendorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hassendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hassendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hasta (Saxonia Inferior)|Hasta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Haste'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hatta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hatten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hattorpium ad Harthicos Montes]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hattorf am Harz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hauslinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Häuslingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hüßel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haverla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Haverla&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B73-8/NOB%20III%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Wolfenb%C3%BCttel%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Salzgitter.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) um 941 (Fä. Mitte 12. Jh., kop. 17. Jh.) ''Haverlae'' (...) 1319 ''Haverla'' (UB H Hild. IV 464 S. 247) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Haverlah''; [[Saxonice]] ''Haberlah'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hechthusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hechthausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Heckthusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hedebere]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hedebere&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B73-8/NOB%20III%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Wolfenb%C3%BCttel%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Salzgitter.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''NOB III Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Antiquum Hedebere seu Minus, Novum Hedebere seu Maius'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hedeper''; [[Saxonice]] ''Heper'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heeda (Terra Emesensis)|Heeda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Heede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Häie'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heemsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heemsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heessa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heeßen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heidenavia (Saxonia Inferior)|Heidenavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-avia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-avia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heidenau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heina (Saxonia Inferior)|Heina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Heina&quot;&gt;Vide [https://hgv-hhm.de/ortsnamen-13-19-jahrhundert.html?utm ''Heimat- und Geschichtsverein für Heinade-Hellental-Merxhausen E.V.''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''villa Heina'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heinade'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heinbockel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heinbockel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heiningensis Locus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Heiningen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Heinig'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heinsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heinsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heli (Saxonia Inferior)|Heli]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Heli&quot;&gt;Vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20241109195129/https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B73-8/NOB%20III%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Wolfenb%C3%BCttel%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Salzgitter.pdf ''NOB III Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''in villa Heli'' (...) ''Heloon'' (...) ''collatio ecclesie Helen'' (...) ''Thidericus de Helenen'' (...) ''plebanos ecclesiarum de Helen'' (...) ''in campo sive marke ville Helen'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hehlen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hellwega]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hellwege''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hellweeg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Helmstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Helmstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Helmstidde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Helpsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Helpsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Helvesiecca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-siek&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ec(k)'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-ecca-ae&quot; seu &quot;-eca-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-ec, -eck''' : -''ecca'', -''ēca'' (...)&quot;. Hoc in casu, applicatur terminatio latinizans formae antiquae suffixi ''-siek'' -quae ''-sieck'', ut accidit in toponymis velut ''Bannensieck'', cuius hodierna forma ''Bannensiek'' est. Qua de ultima antiqua forma, vide [https://www.arcinsys.niedersachsen.de/arcinsys/showArchivalDescriptionDetails?archivalDescriptionId=2955251 ''Arcinsys''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Helvesiek''; [[Saxonice]] ''Helsch'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hemminga (Saxonia Inferior)|Hemminga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hemmingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hemmje'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hemmoor]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hemmoor'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hemsbunda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hemsbünde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Heemsbünnen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hemslinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hemslingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hemsloha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-loha&quot;&gt;Germanica praesentia aut antiqua toponyma cum suffixis ''-loh(e)'' et ''-lo'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-loha-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ascloha]], [[Buohloha]], [[Eiloha]], [[Hadaloha]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hemsloh''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hemzel'' seu ''Hemsel'' seu ''Hemßel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hepstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hepstedt''; [Saxonice]] ''Hepst'' seu ''Heps'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hepstidi Villa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hipstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hipst'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Herrum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Herrum&quot;&gt;Vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20241109195129/https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B73-8/NOB%20III%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Wolfenb%C3%BCttel%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Salzgitter.pdf ''NOB III Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter.''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Majori villa Herre'' (...) ''Maiori Here'' (...) ''Minori Herro'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heere'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hertzberga ad Harthicos Montes]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Herzberg am Harz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Herzlaka]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Herzlake''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hässelke'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hespa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hespe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heuerssa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Heuerßen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hoarßen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heya]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heyen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Hein'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hildesia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hildesheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hilmessen'' seu ''Hilmssen'')&lt;/small&gt; 
* [[Hilgermissa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hilgermissen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hillersa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hillerse'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hilter ad Teutoburgiensem Saltum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Teutoburger Wald&quot;&gt;Cfr. [[Cornelius Tacitus|Taciti]], ''[[Annales (Tacitus)|Annales]]'', {{Vf|Ab excessu divi Augusti (Annales)/Liber I|LX|I, 60}}: &quot;... haud procul '''Teutoburgiensi saltu''' in quo reliquiae Vari legionumque insepultae dicebantur&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hilter am Teutoburger Wald'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Himberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Himbergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Himbargen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hinuti]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hinuti&quot;&gt;Vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3180/Hinte.pdf?utm ''Historische Ortsdatenbank für Ostfriesland''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Das Dorf wurde im 10. Jahrhundert als „in Hinuti“ erstmals urkundlich erfasst (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hinte''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hint'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hitgera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hitzacker''; [[Polabice]] ''Ljauci'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hittberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hittbergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hittbargen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hlunia (commune)|Hlunia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hlunia&quot;&gt;Nomen communis Theodisce ''Lenne'' dicti suo e homonymo fluvio, Latine &quot;Hlunia&quot; nuncupato, ortum est. Latinum igitur nomen huius communis Latino ex hydronymo etiam derivandum est. Quo de Latino hydronymo, vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lenne'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hlutherun]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hlutherun&quot;&gt;Vide [https://koeblergerhard.de/ZIER-HP/ZIER-HP-06-2016/AAAKoeblerGerhardBodeinderdeutschenOrtsgeschichte20161221-965.htm?utm ''Koeble rGerhard Bodeinderdeutschen Ortsgeschichte''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Lüder''', 11. Jh., an einem Bache bei Bodenteich bei Uelzen, F1-1383 HLUTAR (lauter bzw. rein) Hlutherun, Hlutherun (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lüder'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hodenhaga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-haga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hag(e)(n)'' seu ''-ha(a)g'' seu ''-hague'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-haga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Haga (Franconia Superior)|Haga Franconiae Superioris]], [[Haga ad Ambram]], [[Haga (in Bavaria superiore)|Haga in Bavaria Superiore]] apud [[Index communium Bavariae|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Bavariae]]; [[Falkenhaga (Marchia)|Falkenhaga Marchiana]] apud [[Index communium Brandenburgi|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Brandenburgi]]; [[Haga Schauenburgi]], [[Haga Promontorium]], [[Haga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hodenhagen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hohbuoki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hohbuoki&quot;&gt;Vide [https://oar.onroerenderfgoed.be/publicaties/RELM/7/RELM007-001.pdf?utm ''The very beginning of Europe?''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''castellum hohbuoki'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Höhbeck'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hohna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hohne'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hohnhorstium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-horstium&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hohnhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hionhoste'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hohnstorpium (Albis)|Hohnstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hohnstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Haunstörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Holdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Holdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Holdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hollrup'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Holdunesteti]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hollenstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hullnst'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Holenberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Holenberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Holla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Holle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hollnsethum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ethum&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-eth'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-ethum-i&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Bechtsriethum]], [[Maitenbethum]] ac [[Wiesethum]] apud Vicipaediae Latinae articulum de [[Index communium Bavariae|indice communium Bavariae]]; et [[Gransebiethum]] apud Vicipaediae Latinae articulum de [[Index Communium Megapolis et Pomeraniae Citerioris|indice communium Megapolis et Pomeraniae Citerioris]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hollnseth'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Holsta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Holste'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Holtgaste]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Friedländer 1878&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Holtgast'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Holtisminni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Holzminden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Holtsminne'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Holtlandia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-landia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-land'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-landia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amelandia]], [[Bevelandia Australis]], [[Bevelandia Septentrionalis]], [[Bolandia]], [[Iutlandia]], [[Curlandia]], [[Estlandia]], [[Finlandia]], [[Flevolandia]], [[Friedlandia]], [[Islandia]], [[Gothlandia]], [[Hollandia]], [[Ingermanlandia]], [[Isalandia]] [[Lalandia]], [[Langelandia]], [[Oehtlandia]] [[Olandia]], [[Sallandia]], [[Samlandia]] [[Zelandia]], [[Selandia]] [[Fotlandia]], [[Wermelandia]] [[Withlandia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Holtland'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Holza]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Holzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Honengesbuthele]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Honengesbuthele&quot;&gt;Vide [https://blog.slub-dresden.de/fileadmin/groups/slubsite/Blog/2015-KristinCasimir-VortragDresden.pdf?utm ''Ortsnamen zwischen Rhein und Elbe - Onomastik im europäischen Raum''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Honengesbvthele'' statt ''Honekesbutle'' (Casemir, -büttel S. 147) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hankensbüttel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hoogsteda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hoogstede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hoogstee'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Horda ad Harthicos Montes]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hörden am Harz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Horneburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Horneburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hornborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Horstadium (Saxonia Inferior)|Horstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Horstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Horß'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hoya]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hoya''; quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Hoya/Weser''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''de Haaien'' seu ''Hejen'' seu ''Hajen'' seu ''Heien'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Huda (Circulus terrae Diepholtia)|Huda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hüde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hüde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hudha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hude'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hulseda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hülsede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hülse'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Husum (prope Novam Urbem)|Husum]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Husum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Husen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hutta Georgii et Mariae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;hutta-ae&quot;&gt;Toponyma cum suffixis ''-hütte'' aut ''-hutta'' plerumque latinizari solent Latino vocabulo &quot;Hutta-ae&quot;, quamquam huius vocabuli variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hutta vitriaria Bohemica]] apud [https://schwaben.hu/ortschaften/bohmischhutten?utm Schwaben.hu. (s. d.). ''Böhmischhütten / Csehbánya – Ortsgeschichte'']; [[Hutta Germanica]] apud [https://huta.ewk.hu/nemetbanya-1757-1781/?utm ''Németbánya. (s. s.). Németbánya története'']; [[Hutta Vitriaria]] apud https://slavistika.sk/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/2015_1.pdf?utm [Majtán, M. (1998). ''Názvy obcí Slovenskej republiky: Vývin v rokoch 1773–1997''. Bratislaviae: Veda]; Hutta apud [https://real.mtak.hu/140291/1/K%C3%A1rp%C3%A1talja%20helys%C3%A9gnevei.pdf?utm ''Kárpátalja helységnevei.'']; [[Hutta Polonica]] apud Štefánik, M. (2022). ''Italia ed Europa centro-orientale tra Medioevo ed età moderna: Economia, società, cultura''. Heidelberg University Publishing; [[Hutta (Eiflia)|Hutta Eifliae]] apud Beyer, H. (1860). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der, jetzt die Preussischen Regierungsbezirke Coblenz und Trier bildenden mittelrheinischen Territorien'' (Vol. 1). J. Hölscher, et Beyer, H. (1860). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der mittelrheinischen Territorien: Erster Band. Von den ältesten Zeiten bis zum Jahre 1169''. [[Confluentes (Germania)|Confluentibus]]: J. Hölscher.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Georgius&quot;&gt;[https://la.wiktionary.org/wiki/Georgius?utm Theodiscum praefixum ''Georg-'' Latino anthroponymo casu genetivo &quot;Georfii&quot; vertitur].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Maria&quot;&gt;[https://la.wiktionary.org/wiki/Maria?utm Theodiscum interfixum ''-marien-'' Latino anthroponymo casu genetivo &quot;Mariae&quot; vertitur].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Georgsmarienhütte'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Huvenni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Huvenni&quot;&gt;Vide [https://dokumen.pub/suffixbildungen-in-alten-ortsnamen-akten-eines-internationalen-symposiums-in-uppsala-14-16-mai-2004-9185352578.html?utm ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen: Akten eines internationalen Symposiums in Uppsala 14.-16. Mai 2004 9185352578''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Hüven (Kr. Emsland), 10. Jh. (Kopie 15. Jh.) in Huvenni (Möller 1998 S. 101, Udolph 2002a S. 238) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hüven'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== I ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Iatha (Saxonia Inferior)|Iatha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Iatha&quot;&gt;Commune nomen e flumine cepit. Quo de flumine, vide [https://www.lateinlexikon.com/lexicon_latinum_hodiernum_parsgeographica.pdf?utm ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'' Petri Lucusaltiani]{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Jade'', f ''Iatha, ae'', f [WPD: Jade (Fluss) (24.11.2019); a.1314: Jatha]  (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Jade''; [[Saxonice]] ''Jaad'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Iburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Von Schaten 1714&quot;&gt;Von Schaten, N. (1714). ''Monumenta Osnabrugensia ex historia romana, francica, saxonicaque eruta''. Typis Jodoci Henrici Meyer.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Iburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Ibig'' seu ''Ibig'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ielmstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Jelmstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Jelmstörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Iembka]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Jembke'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Iemela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Iemela&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu, latinizans suffixum primae communis Theodisce ''Jameln'' dicti mentioni, quae ''Jemelen'' est, applicatur; qua de mentione, vide [https://rcin.org.pl/ihpan/Content/30940/PDF/WA303_9438_A165-8-r1929_Slavia-Occ.pdf?utm ''Slavia Occidentalis, Tomus VIII''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Jameln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ierichsum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Jerxheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Jerksen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Iesteburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Jesteburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Jesborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ihlienverda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-verda-ae&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-worth'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-verda-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-worth''' : -''verda'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ihlienworth''; [[Saxonice]] ''Helmworth'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Indago Comitis Hoyae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Indago Comitis Hoyae&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/hoyerhagen/?utm ''kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''indago comitis Hoye'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hoyerhagen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Heierhagen'' seu ''Heyerhagen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Insula Iuistensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Iuistensis&quot;&gt;De Latino gentilicio, cf. [[binomen|epithetum binominale]] [https://turbellaria.umaine.edu/turbellaria/turb3.php?action=6&amp;code=598&amp;valid=618&amp;utm  &quot;juistensis&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Juist'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Insula Longa (Saxonia Inferior)|Insula Longa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Insula Longa&quot;&gt;Vocabulum ''Langeoog'', a vocibus [[Lingua Frisica|Frisicis Orientalibus]] ''lange-'' ([[Theodisce]] ''lang'') et ''-oog'' (Theodisce ''Insel'') compositum, [[Latine]] &quot;Insula Longa&quot; reddi potest: Buurman, in ''Hochdeutsch-Plattdeutsches Wörterbuch, s. v. oog, ostfrisicum -oog «Insel» significare tradit atque exempla Langeoog, Spiekeroog, Wangeroog affert; item Glossarium der Flurnamensammlung Ostfriesland'', s. v. ''Oog'', vocabulum Frisicum Orientale ''ôg, oge'' Theodisco ''Insel'' interpretatur. [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/lang?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum autem adiectivum ''lang'' Latine &quot;longus, -a, -um&quot;] redditur; [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/insula?wb=gross&amp;nr=2 nomen vero Theodiscum ''Insel'' Latine &quot;insula, -ae&quot; f.] dicitur. Quam ob rem compositum &quot;Insula Longa&quot; sensum toponymi fideliter reddit.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Langeoog''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Langeooch''; [[Saxonice]] ''Langoog'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Isernhaga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-haga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hag(e)(n)'' seu ''-ha(a)g'' seu ''-hague'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-haga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Haga (Franconia Superior)|Haga Franconiae Superioris]], [[Haga ad Ambram]], [[Haga (in Bavaria superiore)|Haga in Bavaria Superiore]] apud [[Index communium Bavariae|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Bavariae]]; [[Falkenhaga (Marchia)|Falkenhaga Marchiana]] apud [[Index communium Brandenburgi|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Brandenburgi]]; [[Haga Schauenburgi]], [[Haga Promontorium]], [[Haga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Isernhagen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Isernhogen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Isterberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Isterberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Isterbarg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Itterbecca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ecca&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ec(k)'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-ecca-ae&quot; seu &quot;-eca-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-ec, -eck''' : -''ecca'', -''ēca'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Itterbeck'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Iuniun]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Iunium&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B74-6/NOB%20IV%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20G%C3%B6ttingen.pdf?utm ''NOB IV Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Göttingen'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 960 Iuniun (MGH DO I. Nr. 206 S. 285) (...) 1251 (A. 14. Jh.) Johan de June (UB Göttingen I Nr. 4 S. 5) 1266 ''Godefridus de Iunen [...] sacerdos'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Jühnde'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== K ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Kakenstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kakenstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kakenstörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Karwicium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-icium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-itsch'' aut ''-itz'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-icium-i&quot; aut &quot;-itium-i&quot; aut &quot;-icia-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-itsch, -itz''' : ''-icium, -itium, -icia'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Karwitz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Katlenburgum-Lindavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-avia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-avia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Katlenburg-Lindau''; [[Saxonice]] ''Katelnborg-Lindau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kettencampus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;campus-i&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kettenkamp''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ketenkamp '')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kirchdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Kirchdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Kirchdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Karkdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kirchgellersa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kirchgellersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Karkgellsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kirchseelta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kirchseelte''; [[Saxonice]] ''Seelte'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kirchtimka]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kirchtimke''; [[Saxonice]] ''Karktimk'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kirchwalseda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kirchwalsede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Karkwals'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kissenbruga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kissenbrück''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kissenbrügge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kneitlinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kneitlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kneitling'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kneta Maior]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Großenkneten''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grotekneten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Krebecca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ecca&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Krebeck'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Krummendicum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dicum&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-di(e)k(e)'' aut ''-deich(e)'' aut ''-dijk'' aut ''-dyk(e)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dicum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Isendicum]] apud {{Graesse}}; aut [[Mardicum]] apud ''Dictionnaire universel françois et latin, vulgairement appelé Dictionnaire de Trévoux''.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Krummendeich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Krummendiek'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kusta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Küsten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kutenholtia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-holtia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-holz'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-holtia-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) -holz : -''holtia'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kutenholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kutenhult'' seu ''Kutenholt'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== L ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Laatza]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Laatzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lachendorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lachendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lachendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lacstidi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lacstidi&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.mundart-kommission.lwl.org/media/filer_public/ef/48/ef48ff64-c0e3-4be5-906f-7d8f27fdba18/ndw_39__scheuermann_der_often.pdf?utm ''Mundart Kommission''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''in locis quorum hec sunt nomina, Lacstidi, Romlo, Dudanebutli'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Loxstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lox'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ladorpe]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Abels 1929&quot;&gt;Abels, H. (1929). ''Die Ortsnamen des Emslandes, in ihrer sprachlichen und kulturgeschichtlichen Bedeutung''. [[Paderbronna]]e: Ferdinand Schöningh.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lorup''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loorp''; [[Saxonice]] ''Loorpe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Laerium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Stüve 1789&quot;&gt;Stüve, J. E. (1789). ''Beschreibung des Fürstenthums Osnabrück mit einigen Urkunden''. Kißling.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Laer'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Laga (Saxonia Inferior)|Laga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatOrtione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lage''; [[Saxonice]] ''Loage'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lahda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lähden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Löhn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lahna (Saxonia Inferior)|Lahna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lahna&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Lahn'' forma &quot;Lahna&quot; latinizari solet. Cf. [[Limburgum ad Lahnam]] et [[Laugana|Lahnam]] apud [http://www.archive.org/stream/a568395900unknuoft/a568395900unknuoft_djvu.txt ''Further correspondence respecting the relations existing between foreign governments and the court of Rome: in continuation of papers presented to the Parliament,'' March 27, 1851].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lahn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lohn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lamespringa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamespringa&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/20vs/201_MGH/1925-1933%2C_MGH%2C_5_Antiquitates._01_Poetae_04_1._Poetae_Latini_Aevi_Carolini%2C_LT.pdf?utm ''Poetae Latini Aevi Carolini''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Agius autem Lamespringae monachus fuisse videatur'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lamspringe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lamestede]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamestede&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/lamstedt/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''parochia Lamestede'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lamstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Loomst'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Landesberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Landesbergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landsebargen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Landolfshusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Landolfshausen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langa (Circulus Terrae Emesensis)|Langa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Langen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langa Inferior]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nieder&quot;&gt;Theodiscum praefixum ''Nieder-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;inferior-ius&quot; vertitur. V.gr., cf. [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniam Inferiorem]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Niederlangen''; [[[Saxonice]] ''Nederlangen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langelege]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Langelege&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/langlingen/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''ecclesia Langelege'' (Kirche Langlingen), (...) Bauern in Langlingen (''cives in Langelege'') (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Langlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Langeln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langelshemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Chemnitz 1717&quot;&gt;Chemnitz, B. P., (1717). ''Belli Sueco-Germanici Volumen Primum: In quo ostenditur, quibus de caussis Gustavus Adolphus, Suecorum Rex, in Germaniam transiverit''. Sumptibus Ioh. Caspari Meyeri.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Langelsheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langwedel (Saxonia Inferior)|Langwedel]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Langwedel&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/ZIER-HP/ZIER-HP-06-2016/AAAKoeblerGerhardLaurinderdeutschenOrtsgeschichte20161207-1612.htm?utm ''www.koeblergerhard.de''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Langwedel''', 13. Jh., bei Verden, Donb351, (Flecken in dem Landkreis Verden,) rund15000 Einwohner, (apud bzw. ad castrum) Langwedel (1220)  (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Langwedel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lare]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lare&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/3014/NOB%20XV%20Grafschaft%20Bentheim.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''NOB XV Grafschaft Bentheim'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''LAAR''' (Gem. Laar, Samtgem. Emlichheim) 1232 (A. 14. Jh.) ''totum Lare cum ecclesia'' (Gesta Episc. Traiect. S. 424 Z. 51) 1312 (Transs. 1332; A.) ''sex domos [...] de Lare'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Laar''; [[Saxonice]] ''Loar'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lasdorpe]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lasdorpe&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.lastrup.de/portal/seiten/geschichte-900000009-31120.html?utm ''Lastrup''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) „Curia Lasdorpe“ (Haupthof Lastrup) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lastrup''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Laastrup'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lauenbruga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-bruga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-brück(e)'' aut ''-brügge'' aut ''-brugg(e)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-bruga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Steinbruga]], [[Kissenbruga]], [[Bruga]], [[Bruga ad Ederum]], [[Osnabruga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lauenbrück''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lauenbrüch'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lauenforda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lauenförde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lauenhaga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-haga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hag(e)(n)'' seu ''-ha(a)g'' seu ''-hague'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-haga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Haga (Franconia Superior)|Haga Franconiae Superioris]], [[Haga ad Ambram]], [[Haga (in Bavaria superiore)|Haga in Bavaria Superiore]] apud [[Index communium Bavariae|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Bavariae]]; [[Falkenhaga (Marchia)|Falkenhaga Marchiana]] apud [[Index communium Brandenburgi|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Brandenburgi]]; [[Haga Schauenburgi]], [[Haga Promontorium]], [[Haga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lauenhagen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Loamharen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leezdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Leezdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Leezdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leha (Terrae Emesensis)|Leha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lehe''; [[Saxonice]] ''Läie'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lehrta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lehrte'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leiferda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Leiferde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lembruchium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-bruchium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-bruch'' seu ''-broich'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-bruchium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Horbruchium]] ac [[Mosbruchium]] apud articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de [[Index urbium et communium Rhenaniae et Palatinatus|indice urbium et communium Rhenaniae et Palatinatus]]; [[Legebruchium]] apud articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de [[Index communium Brandenburgi|indice communium Brandenburgi]]; [[Grevenbruchium]] apud articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de [[Index communium Rhenaniae Septentrionalis et Vestfaliae|indice communium Rhenaniae Septentrionalis et Vestfaliae]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lembruch''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lembrouk'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lemgovia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmannus&quot;&gt;{{Hofmannus}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-ovia&quot;&gt;[[Linguae Germanicae|Germanica]] ac [[linguae Slavicae|Slavica]] toponyma cum suffixo ''-ov'' seu ''-öv'' seu ''ow'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-ovia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Asovia]], [[Brewnovia]], [[Czernichovia]], [[Glasgovia]], [[Golnovia]], [[Grabovia]], [[Kharkovia]], [[Laszovia]], [[Ostrovia]], [[Pscovia]], [[Racovia]], [[Sucovia]], [[Tarnovia]], [[Wengrovia]], [[Witkowa]], [[Wittovia]], [[Crovia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lemgow'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lemwerdera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rüthning 1926&quot;&gt;Rüthning, G. (Ed.) (1926). ''Oldenburger Urkundenbuch''. Gerhard Stalling.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-ovia&quot;&gt;[[Linguae Germanicae|Germanica]] ac [[linguae Slavicae|Slavica]] toponyma cum suffixo ''-ov'' seu ''-öv'' seu ''ow'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-ovia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Asovia]], [[Brewnovia]], [[Czernichovia]], [[Glasgovia]], [[Golnovia]], [[Grabovia]], [[Kharkovia]], [[Laszovia]], [[Ostrovia]], [[Pscovia]], [[Racovia]], [[Sucovia]], [[Tarnovia]], [[Wengrovia]], [[Witkowa]], [[Wittovia]], [[Crovia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lemwerder'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lengethe]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NOB VIII&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/2261/NOB%20VIII_Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Peine.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''NOB VIII_Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Peine'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''in Lengethe'' (UB H.Hild. I Nr. 275 S. 259) 1213 ''in Lengede'' (UB H.Hild. I Nr. 660 S. 631) um 1232 ''in Lengethe archidiaconus'' (UB Goslar I Nr. 518 S. 499) 1235 ''in Lengete'' (Orig. Guelf. IV Nr. 50 S. 144) 1256 ''in archidiaconatibus de Barem et Lengede'' (UB H.Hild. II Nr. 992 S. 497) 1311 Lenghedhe apud Vusenam (UB H.Hild. IV Nr. 85 S. 45) 1316 ''in Lengede'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lengede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lenge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lengenbostel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lengenbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lengenbossel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lengirichi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lengirichi&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/Fontes/AltdeutschesNamenbuch-Bd2OrtsnamenLbisZ-3A-1913.pdf?utm ''AltdeutschesNamenbuch''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 2) Lengerich an der Wallage, Kr. Lingen (...) Lengirichi Osnabr. Ukb. ca. a. 1000. (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lengerich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lengerke'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leonis Forda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Leonis Forda&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.komoot.com/es-es/highlight/2261371 ''Iglesia Martín Lutero de Lemförde''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) La comunidad fue mencionada por primera vez en un documento en 1248. En épocas anteriores, el lugar se llamaba Löwenförde, Leonis forda (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lemförde''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Lemfouer'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leonovia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Leonovia&quot;&gt;Vide [https://sempub.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/propylaeum_vitae/de/wisski/navigate/93514/view?utm ''Propylaeum Vitae''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Leonovia-Brunsvigius (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lauenau''; [[Saxonice]] ''Laena'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leopolis (Saxonia Inferior)|Leopolis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ebel 1960&quot;&gt;Ebel, W. (1960). ''Lübisches Recht: Erster Band''. Hansischer Geschichtsverein.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bleckede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bleikd'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leri]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Leer''; [[lingua Saxonica|Eofrisosaxonice]] ''Läär''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lier'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lerin]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NOB VII&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B76-2/NOB%20VII%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Helmstedt%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Wolfsburg.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''NOB VII Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''in loco Lerin provincie Saxo[n]um iuxta flumen Ouácra'' (...) ''Lerim'' (...)''in Lere'' (mGH Urk. Hdl nr. 50 s. 71) 1196-1197 ''Lere'' (schneidmüller, Kollegiatstifte s. 311) 1234 ''in Lere'' (...) ''plebano in Lere'' (UB Braunschweig iii nr. 440 s. 325) 1344 ''in villa Leere'' (Flentje / Henrichvark, lehnbücher nr. 142 s. 69) 1380 ''Lere'' (UB Braunschweig Vii nr. 351 s. 324) 1419 ''actum in Lere'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lehre'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lethi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lethi&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/lathen/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Urkundlich ist der Ort im Emsland erstmals als ''Lethi'' im Urbar der Abtei Werden erwähnt; der Eintrag lässt sich auf das 10. Jh. datieren (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lathen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Laothen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Liebenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Liebenburg''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Liebenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Liliarum Vallis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lilienthal''; [[Saxonice]] ''Leendaal'' seu ''Lelendaal'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lindduri]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lindern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lindhorstium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-horstium&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lindhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lindhoste'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lindwedel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lindwedel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Linneweh'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Linga (Amisia)|Linga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Linsburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Linsburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Linsborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lintlo]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lintlo&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/kirchlinteln/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Urkundlich ist das Dorf erstmals 1123 als ''Lintlo'' belegt (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kirchlinteln''; [[Saxonice]] ''Karklinteln'' seu ''Kerklinteln'' seu ''Kerklinneln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Liubeme]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lübbow&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/luebbow/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Schriftlich ist das zweizeilige Reihendorf erstmals in einer kaiserlichen Urkunde aus dem Jahr 956 erwähnt: Ks. Otto I. († 973) schenkte dem Kloster Quedlinburg sechs Dörfer, darunter ''Liubeme'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lübbow'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Locus Occidentalis (Saxonia Inferior)|Locus Occidentalis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cellarius 1703&quot;&gt;Cellarius, C. (1703). ''Geographia Antiqua iuxta et Nova''. Ienae: Bielckius.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Westerstede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Westerstäe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lon]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lon&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B74-6/NOB%20IV%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20G%C3%B6ttingen.pdf?utm ''Das Güterverzeichniss Graf Heinrichs von Dale (1188)'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''parrochia Lon prope Vechtam'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lohne''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lohn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Longa Indago]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Longa Indago&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_bij005190401_01/_bij005190401_01_0009.php?utm ''www.dbnl.org''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''parrochianus de Longa Indagine'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Langenhagen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Langenhogen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Longa Villa (Saxonia Inferior)|Longa Villa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Longa Villa&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Langendorf'' Latino toponymo &quot;Longa Villa&quot; verti solet. Qua de correspondentia, vide [https://dbc.wroc.pl/Content/15237/PDF/17250.pdf?utm ''Das Waldhufendorf in Schlesien'', Gualterii Bernardi], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Langedorf ca. 1305 L.F.B.208 Longa villa (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Langendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Langendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Loninga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Löningen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lubberstedi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lubberstedi&quot;&gt;Vide [https://lübberstedt.de/ueber-unser-dorf/?utm ''Lübberstedt''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Der ursprüngliche Name „lubberstedi“ ist zusammengesetzt aus „stedi“ (Ort, Platz, Stelle), womit eine Ansiedlung bezeichnet wird, und „lubber“, dem Namen des (ursprünglichen) Familienoberhauptes des Einzelhofes bzw. der kleinen Gemeinschaftssiedlung, bedeutet also: „Lubbers-Stätte“. (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lübberstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lübbs'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Luccavia (Saxonia Inferior)|Luccavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Luccavia&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Luckau'' forma &quot;Luccavia&quot; latinizari solet. Cf. [[Luccavia]]m apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Luckau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Luchovia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Luchovia&quot;&gt;Vide [https://ia801403.us.archive.org/28/items/antiquitatessele00keys/antiquitatessele00keys.pdf ''Antiquitates selectae septentrionales et Celticae''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) De Venedicis aut Germanicis prope Luchoviam effossis Epistola ''Georgii Frid, Mithofii'' data Luchovia d. 17. Maji 1691 (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lüchow''; [[Polabice]] ''Ljauchüw'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ludersburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lüdersburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lüsborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ludersfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-felda&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-feld(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-felda-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Falufelda]], [[Frauenfelda]], [[Heresfelda]], [[Hirutfelda]], [[Ilfelda]], [[Mansfelda]], [[Salfelda]], [[Sualafelda]], [[Alfelda]], [[Alsfelda]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lüdersfeld''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lüschenfeile'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Luerdissa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lüerdissen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Luhda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Luhden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Liuen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Luneburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lüneburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lümborg'' seu ''Lünborg''; [[Lingua Saxonica antiqua|Palaeosaxonice]] ''Hliuni'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lunne]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lunne&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/haseluenne/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''civibus opidi nostri in Lunne'' (...)&quot;. Latinum autem gentilicium &quot;Haselunnensis-e&quot; est. Quo de gentilicio, vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Haselünne''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Lünne'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lunni (commune generali Spella)|Lunni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lunni&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/Fontes/AltdeutschesNamenbuch-Bd2OrtsnamenLbisZ-3A-1913.pdf?utm ''Altdeutsches Namenbuch'']; ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Lunni.''' 9. 1) Altlünne bei Plantlünne (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lünne'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lutetsburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lütetsburg''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Eofrisosaxonice]] ''Lütsbörg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Luttera Regalis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Königslutter am Elm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lyese]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lyese&quot;&gt;Vide [https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9783835341944_A39332036/preview-9783835341944_A39332036.pdf?utm ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Loccum''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) in marchia Lyese proprietatis iure (...) in campis de Lyese trans Werram (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Leese'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== M ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Maasa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Maasen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Magna Palus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Magna Palus&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/magnus?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum praefixum ''Große-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;magnus-a-um&quot;] et [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/germanistischewoerterbuecher/altsaechsischeswoerterbuch/asF.pdf Theodiscum suffixum ''-fehn'' Latino nomine &quot;palus paludis&quot; (f.)] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Großefehn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grootfehn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Maius Vrelstede]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Maius Vrelstede&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B76-2/NOB%20VII%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Helmstedt%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Wolfsburg.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der stadt WoLfsburg''] {{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 1318 ''in Maiori Vrelstede'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Frellstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Frillstidde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Markloha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-loha&quot;&gt;Germanica praesentia aut antiqua toponyma cum suffixis ''-loh(e)'' et ''-lo'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-loha-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ascloha]], [[Buohloha]], [[Eiloha]], [[Hadaloha]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Marklohe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Marlare (Saxonia Inferior)|Marlare]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Marlare&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Marl'' forma &quot;Marlare&quot; latinizari solet. Cf. [[Marlare|Marlare Rhenaniae Septentrionalis et Vestfaliae]] apud [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Marl'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Marsunnon]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Marsunnon&quot;&gt;Vide [https://historischer-rueckklick-bielefeld.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/07svhvr-texte_ocr.pdf?utm ''Die Ortsnamen des Osnabrücker Raumes''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Merzen (Marsunnon)'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Merzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Marxa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Marxen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Masingi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Messingen&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/2258/WOB%2011%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Kreises%20Paderborn.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''WOB 11 Die Ortsnamen des Kreises Paderborn''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''silva Masingorum'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Messingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mechtersa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Mechtersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Mechtsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Meckelsa Maior]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Meckelsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Meckels'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Meckelsa Minor]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Klein Meckelsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lütt Meckels'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Media Lu]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Media Lu&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/mittelnkirchen/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon'']. ubi &quot;(...) Mittelnkirchen ist nach 1305 und 1322 als ''medie Lu'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Mittelnkirchen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Mittelskark'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Meinersa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Meinersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Maanze'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Melbike]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Melbeck&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.samtgemeinde-ilmenau.de/PortalData/10/Resources/historie/dokumente/Orts-_und_Gewaessernamen_im_Landkreis_Lueneburg.pdf?utm ''Orts- und Gewässernamen im Landkreis Lueneburg'']. ubi &quot;(...) Melbeck 1296 in Melbeke. 1300 in villa Melbike. 1303 in villa Melbeke (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Melbeck'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mella&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.lemgo.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/Stadtarchiv/Bib_974.pdf?utm ''Album studiosorum Academiae'']. ubi &quot;(...) Henrich Carl Kahmann Mella-Osnabrugensis (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Melle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mellinghusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Mellinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Mellgenhusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Menslaga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Menslage''; [[Saxonice]] ''Menslaoge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Meppea]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Meppen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Möppen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Merdvelde]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Merdvelde&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/martfeld/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 1318 ''Curtem in Merdvelde'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Martfeld''; [[Saxonice]] ''Mattfeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Meribiki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meribiki&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/wikiling/index.php?f=lemmaFull&amp;langType=reviews&amp;lemmaID=3296&amp;utm ''www.koeblergerhard.de''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Meerbeck''' (...) Meribiki MGd. 3 (1013) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Meerbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Mierbke'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Messencampus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;campus-i&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Messenkamp''; [[Saxonice]] ''Messenkampe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Meynum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Meine'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mittelstenaha]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Mittelstenahe''; [[Saxonice]] ''Mittelsnohn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Moisburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Moisburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Mesborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Molberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Molberga&quot;&gt;Vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camena/loescher2/loescherthreni.html ''THRENI, SEU LAMENTATIOnes Ieremiae Prophetae...''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 1318 ''Molberga vocatur'' (...) ''Sensit et externas Molberga innoxia vires'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Molbergen''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Molbiergen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mons Catonis (Saxonia Inferior)|Mons Catonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Cadenberge''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cuddeldutt'' seu ''Kumbarg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Monstere]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Monstere&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/munster-st-urbani/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''decima in Monstere'' (...)&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Munster''; [[Saxonice]] ''Munste'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Moormerlandia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-landia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-land'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-landia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amelandia]], [[Bevelandia Australis]], [[Bevelandia Septentrionalis]], [[Bolandia]], [[Iutlandia]], [[Curlandia]], [[Estlandia]], [[Finlandia]], [[Flevolandia]], [[Friedlandia]], [[Islandia]], [[Gothlandia]], [[Hollandia]], [[Ingermanlandia]], [[Isalandia]] [[Lalandia]], [[Langelandia]], [[Oehtlandia]] [[Olandia]], [[Sallandia]], [[Samlandia]] [[Zelandia]], [[Selandia]] [[Fotlandia]], [[Wermelandia]] [[Withlandia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Moormerland''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Moormerlound'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Moranga Curtis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Moringen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mundia Hannoverana]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mundia Hannoverana&quot;&gt;Vide [https://spatial.demo.geocode.earth/explore/place/wof/101810167?utm ''Geocode Earth''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) LAT preferred '''Mundia Hannoverana''' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hann. Münden'' seu ''Hannoversch Münden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hannöversch Münnen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Munimeri]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Dronke 1844&quot;&gt;Dronke, E. F. J. (Ed.) (1844). ''Traditiones et Antiquitates Fuldenses: Chartae et registra historica saeculi IX''. Fuldense: Typis Müllerianis.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Münder am Deister''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Münner'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mutha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mutha&quot;&gt;Vide [https://niedersaechsischer-heimatbund.de/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/1022-Die-echte-und-die-gef%C3%A4lschten-Urkunden-f%C3%BCr-das-Kloster-St.-MIchaelis-in-Hildesheim_compressed.pdf?utm ''Niedersächsischer Heimatbund''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) III. ''Mutha'' Güter (Urk. II S. 307); ''Mutha'' Güter (Urk. III S. 66) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Müden'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== N ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Nahrendorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Nahrendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Norndörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nenndorfium (circulus Widmundensis)|Nenndorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nenndorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nenndörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Netesse]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Netesse&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/WG33LCQUIIHK3OA7DR6IKIOFHW6FXKYJ?utm ''12 Lüneburger Ratsmannen bekunden, dass der Magister Bernard de Netesse (Neetze) ½ Rump Salz...''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Magister Bernard de Netesse (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neetze''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neetz'' seu ''Näätz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenhaus''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neenhuus'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neyenkerken]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Neyenkerken&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/neuenkirchen-lueneburger-heide/ ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''bona, que Vriban vulgariter nuncupantur, in Neyenkerken et Hellewede'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Ericetum Luneburgense|Ericeto Luneburgensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ericetum&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lüneburger&quot;&gt;Theodiscum gentilicium ''Lüneburger'' Latino &quot;Luneburgensis-e&quot; vertitur, quod ad [[Luneburgum]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lüneburger Heide&quot;&gt;Theodisce ''Lüneburger Heide''.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenkirchen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neenkerken'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Niedernwohra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Niedernwöhren''; [[Saxonice]] ''Niernweuern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nienstide]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nienstide&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/ZIER-HP/ZIER-HP-07-2017/AAAKoeblerGerhardSamtgemeindeinderdeutschenOrtsgeschichte20170710%20-%20111.htm?utm ''www.koeblergerhard.de''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...)  (Samtgemeinde in dem Landkreis Schaumburg,) rund 11000 Einwohner, Nienstide (1153-1170) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Nienstädt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nienstie'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nighunburni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Negenborn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Niägenborn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Norda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Norden''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Saxonice|Eofrisicosaxonice]] ''Nörden'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nordenham]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Norderney]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nordholz]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nordleda]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nordsehl]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nordstemmen]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nörten-Hardenberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Northemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nothemium&quot;&gt;Vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenahist/wassenberg1/Wassenberg_florus.html ''FLORUS GERMANICUS''] , ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Et VVolferbytum, Northemium, Steinbruggam, Nienburgum (...) Primo vere Tillius tribunos suos Northemium misit (...) Caesaeriani Northemium expugnant (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Northeim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nuurten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Northorna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;&gt;Egli, J. J. (1893). ''Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume''. [[Lipsia]]e: Friedrich Brandstetter.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nordhorn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nothoorn'' seu ''Notthoarn'' seu ''Netthoarn'' seu ''Noordhoorn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nortmoor]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nortrup]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Notendorpe]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Notendorpe&quot;&gt;Vide [https://mgh.de/storage/app/media/v-ed/Urkunden_Heinrich_VI_deut_franzoes_italien_Empfaenger_DD_Vorabedition_Pferschy-Maleczek_2020-02-16.pdf?utm ''Die Urkunden Heinrichs VI: Vorabedition''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''confirmamus ducentos mansos in Notendorpe'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Natendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Natendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nottensdorf]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Civitas (Saxonia Inferior)|Nova Civitas]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&amp;cq=M%C3%BCnchen&amp;lang=de''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neustadt am Rübenberge'' seu ''Neustadt a. Rbge.''; [[Saxonice]] ''Niestadt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Darchavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Neu&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-avia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-avia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neu Darchau''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nee Darchau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Domus (Saxonia Inferior)|Nova Domus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nova Domus&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Neuhaus'' Latino &quot;Nova Domum&quot; verti solet. Cf. Novas Domus apud {{Graesse}} aut [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&amp;cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&amp;lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neuhaus''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neehuus'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Ecclesia (prope Birsinam)|Nova Ecclesia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nova Ecclesia&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Neuenkirchen'' Latino &quot;Nova Ecclesia&quot; verti solet. Cf. [[Nova Ecclesia (Liebenburgum)|Novam Ecclesiam Liebenburgensem]] apud [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/2262/NOB%20X%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Goslar.pdf?utm ''NOB X Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Goslar''] {{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}; [[Nova Ecclesia (Rugia)|Novam Ecclesiam in Rugia]] apud Fabricii (anno 1862) ''Urkunden zur Geschichte des Fürstenthums Rügen unter den eingebornen Fürsten''; [[Nova Ecclesia (prope Anclamum)|Novam Ecclesiam]] prope [[Anclamum]] apud Eggert (anno 1970) ''Geschichte Pommerns: Vol. 1. Bis zum Westfälischen Frieden''; [[Nova Ecclesia (prope Brandenburgum Novum)|Novam Ecclesiam]] prope Brandenburgum Novum apud ''Mecklenburgisches Urkundenbuch'' (Vol. 9); et Novam Ecclesiam Pomeranam apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(prope [[Birsina]]m&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenkirchen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neenkarken'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Ecclesia-Vorda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nova Ecclesia&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenkirchen-Vörden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nienkerken-Vörden'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Exclusa Harlingana]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Neu&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;exclusa&gt;Vocabulum et suffixum [[lingua Saxonica|Saxonicum]] ''(-)Siel'' Theodisco vocabulum ''Schleuse'' respondet, ut iam Adelungus in ''Grammatisch-kritischem Wörterbuch der Hochdeutschen Mundart'' s. v. ''Schleuse'' testatur: &quot;Im Niederdeutschen wird eine Schleuse ... ein Siel ... [vocatur]&quot;; ipsum autem Theodiscum ''Schleuse'' Latine &quot;exclusa, -ae&quot; f. redditur, nam Adelungus ibidem ''Schleuse'' inter mediae Latinitatis vocabula &quot;exclusa&quot;, &quot;inclusura&quot;, &quot;conclusio&quot;, &quot;sclusa&quot;, &quot;clusa&quot; refert, et ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'' quoque ''Schleuse'' = &quot;exclusa, -ae&quot; f. tradit.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Harlinganus-a-um&quot;&gt;Theodiscum gentilicium interfixum ''-harlinger-'' Latino &quot;harlinganus-a-um&quot; vertitur. Quo de Latino gentilicio, vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3275/Altharlingersiel.pdf?utm Heinze, A. (2015). ''Altharlingersiel''. Ostfriesische Landschaft, Bibliothek/Ortsdatenbank], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) claustrum Harlinganum (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Neuharlingersiel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neeharlingersiel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Indago (Circulus terrae Cellensis)|Nova Indago]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nienhagen&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Nienhagen'' seu ''Nova Indago&quot; latinizari solet. Cf. [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_WfU-AAAAcAAJ/bub_gb_WfU-AAAAcAAJ_djvu.txt ''&quot;Meklenburgisches Urkundenbuch / 4 1297-1300 ; Nachträge und Register zu Band I - IV''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Nienhagen, A. Doberan, Kspl. Lichtenhagen, 13 NO Rostock, Nigenhaghen, Noua Indago, Nygenhaghen (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Nienhagen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Leha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Neu&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Neulehe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Lu]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nova Lu&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/neuenkirchen-altes-land/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) urkundlich erstmals 1274 als ''Nova Lu'' belegt (...) Landesgemeinde Altes Land (1361 eigenes Siegel, Umschrift: ''Sigillum communitates veteris terrae'') (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Vetus Terra|Vetere Terra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nova Lu&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Vetus Terra&quot;&gt;Theodisce ''Altes Land''.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenkirchen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neekark'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Palus Campensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Neu&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;campensis&quot;&gt;Theodiscum interfixum ''-kamper-'' Latino gentilicio &quot;campensis-e&quot; vertitur, quod ad vocabulum &quot;campus-i&quot; (Theodisce ''Kamp'') refertur. Revera, [https://ewa.saw-leipzig.de/articles/80250/en?utm Germanica toponyma cum lexemate ''-kamp'' seu ''-kampf'' seu ''-camp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-campus-i&quot;], quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-fehn&quot;&gt;Theodiscum suffixum ''-fehn'' Latino nomine &quot;palus paludis&quot; (f.)] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Neukamperfehn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neeikamperfehn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Scona Mora]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Neu&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Scona Mora&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.holtgast-urlaub.de/cgi-bin/hvv/index.pl?gid=&amp;id=&amp;mid=40&amp;utm ''Die Benediktinerzeit''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Der Visiator fand um 1290 im Kloster &quot;Scona Mora&quot; (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Neuschoo''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neeschoo'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Urbs (Saxonia Inferior)|Nova Urbs]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nienburg/Weser''; [[Saxonice]] ''Näinborg'' seu ''Nienborg'' seu ''Neenborg'' seu ''Negenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Novale Frigidum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Colnrade''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kollenroad'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Novum Burgium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Neu&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Neu?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum adiectivum aut praefixum ''Neu(-)'' Latino adiectivo &quot;novus-a-um&quot;] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Remling VII 2026&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neubörger''; [[Saxonice]] ''Naiboorger'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Novum Wulmstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Neu&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neu Wulmstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Vosshusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nyenkerken (Circulus Osnabrugae)|Nyenkerken]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NyenkerkenII&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_bij005190401_01/_bij005190401_01_0009.php?utm ''dbnl''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Item curtis in Nyenkerken'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Osnabrugae|Circulo Osnabrugae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Osnabrück&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenkirchen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nienkerken'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nyenkerken (Haduloha)|Nyenkerken]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nyenkerken&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/neuenkirchen-land-hadeln/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''rector parrochialis ecclesie in Nyenkerken'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Haduloha (commune generale)|Haduloha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Haduloha&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.lwl.org/westfaelische-geschichte/txt/wz-9396.pdf?utm ''Westfälische Geschichte''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) &quot;Haduloha ... - hoc enim loco nomen, ubi oceanus Saxoniam alluit (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Haduloha&quot;&gt;[[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Land Hadeln''.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenkirchen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neenkarken'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== O ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Oberlangen]]
* [[Oberndorf (Oste)|Oberndorf]]
* [[Obernfeld]]
* [[Obernholz]]
* [[Obernkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ochtersum]]
* [[Odisheim]]
* [[Oederquart]]
* [[Oerel]]
* [[Oesinga Maior]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Oesingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Oesingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oetzen]]
* [[Ohne]]
* [[Ohrum]]
* [[Oldenburgum]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oldendorf (Landkreis Stade)|Oldendorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Stade)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oldendorf (Luhe)]]
* [[Osloß]]
* [[Osnabruga]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Osnabrück''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ossenbrääch''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Lingua Saxonica|Westfalice]] ''Ossenbrügge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Osteel]]
* [[Osten (Oste)|Osten]]
* [[Osterbruch]]
* [[Ostercappeln]]
* [[Ostereistedt]]
* [[Osterode am Harz]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Osterwald]]
* [[Ostrhauderfehn]]
* [[Ottenstein (Niedersachsen)|Ottenstein]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Otter]]
* [[Otterndorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ottersberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ovelgönne]]
* [[Ovenhagium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1703&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Auhagen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oyten]]	
{{div col end}}

=== P ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Padingbüttel]]
* [[Palus Hagensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Palus Hagensis&quot;&gt;[https://www.latin-is-simple.com/de/vocabulary/noun/13172/ Theodiscum toponymicum suffixum ''-marsch'' Latino vocabulo &quot;palus paludis&quot; vertitur] et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Hagensis-e&quot;, quod ad [[Haga (Saxonia Inferior)|Hagam]] refertur, Theodiscum gentilicium praefixum ''Hager-'' vertitur. Quo de gentilicio et toponymo, vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3191/Hage.pdf?utm ''Historische Ortsdatenbank für Ostfriesland''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Erscheinung trat der Ort als „curatus Hagensis“ im Jahr 1400. Spätere Bezeichnungen waren „Haga“ (um 1409)  (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hagermarsch'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Palus Hilcae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hilkenbrook&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Hilkenbrook'', quamquam hodiernum est, syntagmate ''Palus Hilcae'' Latine verti potest. Nomen Germanicum ''Hilcke'', variatio nominis Theodisci ''Hilken-'', apud Stark ad formam Latinam &quot;Hilca-ae&quot; refertur, quae saeculo XII testata est (''Monumenta Garsensia'', n. 37; ''Monumenta Boica'' I, 27): Stark, F. (1866), ''Die Kosenamen der Germanen'', p. 318. Brook, i. e. bruoh «Sumpf, sumpfiges Gelände», Latine &quot;palus, paludis&quot; reddi potest. Itaque, anthroponomycum praefixum ''Hilken-'' ad nomen ''Hilca'' relatum et suffixum ''brook'' per vocabulum &quot;palus, paludis&quot; redditum, ''Hilkenbrook'' interpretari licet &quot;Palus Hilcae&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hilkenbrook'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Palus Regis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Palus Regis&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Moor?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum suffixum ''-moor'' Latino vocabulo &quot;palus-udis&quot; vertitur] et [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/rex?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum praefixum genetivo casu ''Königs-'' Latino genetivo &quot;regis&quot;] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Königsmoor'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Papenburg]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Parsau]]
* [[Pattensen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pegestorf]]
* [[Pennigsehl]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Pennigsähle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Petrimons]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Perizonius 1758&quot;&gt;Perizonius, J. (1758). ''Compendium historiarum antiquissimarum, civilium et ecclesiasticarum, usque ad seculum decimum octavum: Cum appendice de ducatu Westphaliae et comitatu Petrimontano''. Ex officina Wetsteniana.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Pyrmont''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Puurmont'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pohle]]
* [[Pollhagen]]
* [[Pons Cobbanus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Leuckfeld 1714&quot;&gt;Leuckfeld, J. G. (1714). ''Antiquitates Blankenburgenses, oder Historische Beschreibung derer vormals berühmten Grafen von Blankenburg, nebst dazugehörigen diplomatibus und Chartis''. Gottfried Freytag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Coppenbrügge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Poynum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Peine''; [[Saxonice]] ''Paane''; [[Lingua Theodisca alta recens|Protoneoaltotheodisce]] ''Peina'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Praefectura Neohusana]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Grupen II 1742&quot;&gt;Grupen, C. U. (1742). ''Disceptationes Forenses cum Observationibus Juris: De originibus et iurisdictione praefecturarum ditionis Brunsvicensis (Caput de Praefectura Neohusana)'' (Vol. II). Hannoverae: Förster.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Amt Neuhaus'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pratum Vitulorum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Calberlah'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Prezelle]]
* [[Prinzhöfte]]
{{div col end}}

=== Q ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Quakenbrück]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Quendorf]]
* [[Querenhorst]]
* [[Quernheim]]
{{div col end}}

=== R ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Räbke]]
* [[Radbruch]]
* [[Raddestorf]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rastörpe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rastdorf]]
* [[Rastede]]
* [[Rätzlingen (Niedersachsen)|Rätzlingen]]
* [[Rechtsupweg]]
* [[Reeßum]]
* [[Regesbostel]]
* [[Rehburg-Loccum]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rehborg-Locken'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rehden]]
* [[Rehlingen]]
* [[Reinstorf]]
* [[Remlingen (Niedersachsen)|Remlingen]]
* [[Renkenberge]]
* [[Rennau]]
* [[Reppenstedt]]
* [[Rethem (Aller)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rhade]]
* [[Rhauderfehn]]
* [[Rhede (Ems)]]
* [[Rhumspringe]]
* [[Ribbesbüttel]]
* [[Riede (Landkreis Verden)|Riede]]
* [[Rieste]]
* [[Ringe]]
* [[Ringstedt]]
* [[Rinteln]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ritterhude]]
* [[Rodenberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rodewald]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rowohle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rohrsen]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rohßen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Roklum]]
* [[Rollshausen]]
* [[Römstedt]]
* [[Ronnenberg]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ronnenbarg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rosche]]
* [[Rosdorf]]
* [[Rosengarten (Landkreis Harburg)|Rosengarten]]
* [[Rotenburgum ad Wemmam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rotenburgum ad Wemmam&quot;&gt;De Latino toponymico syntagmate &quot;[[Rotenburgum ad Wemmam]]&quot; -ad quod Latinum gentilicium &quot;Rotenburgensis-e&quot; refertur-, vide homonymas urbes apud {{Graesse}} et {{Hofmannus}}. De hydronymo &quot;[[Wemma]]&quot;, etiam vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Rotenburg''; quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Rotenburg an der Wümme''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rodenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rötgesbüttel]]
* [[Rüdershausen]]
* [[Rühen]]
* [[Rullstorf]]
{{div col end}}

=== S ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Sachsenhagen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sagterlandia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;BOV 2013&quot;&gt;Bischöfliches Offizialat Vechta (2013). ''Findbuch des Offizialatsarchivs Vechta: Altes Archiv (Abteilung A: Saterlandia, Kirchliche Unterlagen, Akte A 8: „Informatio de Sagterlandia“ aus dem Jahre 1710)''. Vechtae, in Germania: Bischöfliches Offizialat.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Saterland''; quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Sagterland''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Seelterlound'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Salis Cancellum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cellarius 1703&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Salzgitter''; [[Saxonice]] ''Soltgitter'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Salzbergen]]
* [[Salzdetfordium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Marcard 1805&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Salzdetfurth'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Salzhausen]]
* [[Salzhemmendorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Samern]]
* [[Sandbostel]]
* [[Sande (Frisia)|Sande]]
* [[Sanctae Mariae Vallis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Mariental'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sarstedt]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sassenburg]]
* [[Sathsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Sachsa'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sauensiek]]
* [[Schapen]]
* [[Scharnebeck]]
* [[Scheden]]
* [[Scheeßel]]
* [[Schellerten]]
* [[Schiffdorf]]
* [[Schladen-Werla]]
* [[Schnackenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schnega]]
* [[Schneverdingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schola Dei]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ihlow''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ihl'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Scholen]]
* [[Schönewörde]]
* [[Schöningen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schöppenstedt]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schortens]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schüttorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schwaförden]]
* [[Schwanewede]]
* [[Schwarme]]	
* [[Schwarmstedt]]
* [[Schweindorf]]
* [[Schweringen]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Swering'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schwerinsdorf]]
* [[Schwienau]]
* [[Schwülper]]
* [[Seeburg (Niedersachsen)|Seeburg]]
* [[Seedorf (bei Zeven)|Seedorf]]
* [[Seelze]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seesen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seevetal]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seggebruch]]
* [[Sehlde]]
* [[Sehlem (Niedersachsen)|Sehlem]]
* [[Sehnde]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Seinje'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Selsingen]]
* [[Semmenstedt]]
* [[Seulingen]]
* [[Sibbesse]]
* [[Sickte]]
* [[Siedenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sittensen]]
* [[Soderstorf]]
* [[Sögel]]	
* [[Söhlde]]
* [[Söllingen (Niedersachsen)|Söllingen]]
* [[Soltau]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Soltendieck]]
* [[Sottrum]]
* [[Spahnharrenstätte]]
* [[Spella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Spella&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.emsland.com/la/tour/emsland-route-395-km?utm ''www.esland.com''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) A Spella ad Rhenum: circiter XVI km (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Spelle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Spiekeroog]]
* [[Sprakensehl]]
* [[Springe]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stadae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Stade''; [[Saxonice]] ''Stood'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stadlandia]]&lt;ref&gt;Ioannes Iustus Wynkelman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=WvgaAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA617&amp;lpg=PA617&amp;dq=statlandia+saxonia&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=Ysl9JI4L06&amp;sig=2y6x3I38sU3-RcrP0HtnSkUxssI&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0CCwQ6AEwA2oVChMIwqiv-NWMxgIVQgmSCh2CZwDj#v=onepage&amp;q=statlandia%20saxonia&amp;f=false ''Notitia historico-politica veteris Saxo-Westphaliae finitimarumque regionum,''] 1667:277.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Stadland'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Staffhorst]]
* [[Staufenberg]]
* [[Stavern]]
* [[Stedesdorf]]
* [[Steimbke]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Steembke'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Steinau (Niedersachsen)|Steinau]]
* [[Steinfeld (Oldenburg)]]
* [[Steinhorst (Niedersachsen)|Steinhorst]]
* [[Steinkirchen (Altes Land)|Steinkirchen]]
* [[Stelle]]
* [[Stemmen (Landkreis Rotenburg)|Stemmen]]
* [[Stemshorn]]
* [[Steyerberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Staarbarg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stinstedt]]
* [[Stöckse]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Stöckse'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stoetze]]
* [[Stolzenau]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Stoltnaa'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stuhr]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Südbrookmerland]]
* [[Suderburg]]
* [[Südergellersen]]
* [[Südheide]]
* [[Sudwalde]]
* [[Suhlendorf]]
* [[Sulingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Süpplingen]]
* [[Süpplingenburg]]
* [[Süstedt]]
* [[Sustrum]]
* [[Surwold]]
* [[Suthfeld]]
* [[Syke]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== T ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Tappenbeck]]
* [[Tarmstedt]]
* [[Tespe]]
* [[Teuderium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Detern''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Tjootern''; [[Saxonice|Eofrisicosaxonice]] ''Däitern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Thransfellensis Ecclesia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dransfeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Thedinghausen]]
* [[Theodolfestorpum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Asseburg 1855&quot;&gt;Asseburg, J. von der. (1855). ''Urkundenbuch des Geschlechts von der Asseburg (Vol. 1)''. Hahnschen Hofbuchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dedelstorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Thomasburg]]
* [[Thorpum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Thorpum&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/ZIER-HP/ZIER-HP-06-2016/AAAKoeblerGerhardDorfinderdeutschenOrtsgeschichte20160831-7111.htm ''www.koeblergerhard.de''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Dörpen''', 9. Jh., bei Aschendorf nördlich Meppens, F2-1090 THURP (Dorf) Dorfa (7), Thorpum (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dörpen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Thuine]]
* [[Tiddische]]
* [[Tiste]]
* [[Toppenstedt]]
* [[Tostedt]]
* [[Tosterglope]]
* [[Trebel]]
* [[Triburi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Philippi &amp; Bar 1892&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Drebber'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Tülau]]
* [[Twieflingen]]
* [[Twilpstede Maius]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Twilpstede Maius&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B76-2/NOB%20VII%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Helmstedt%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Wolfsburg.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 1311 ''Twilpstede Maiori'' (...) 1311 ''Twilpstede Maiori et Minori'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Twülpstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Twülpstidde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Twist (Emsland)|Twist]]
* [[Twistringen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== U ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Uchte]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Uchte'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Uehrde]]
* [[Uelsen]]
* [[Uetze]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ulsena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]]  et [[Saxonice]] ''Uelzen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Ülz’n'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ummern]]
* [[Undeloh]]
* [[Upgant-Schott]]
* [[Uplengen]]
* [[Uslar]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Utarp]]
{{div col end}}

=== V ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Vahlberg]]
* [[Vahlbruch]]
* [[Vahlde]]
* [[Vallis Ambrae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ambra&quot;&gt;Latino de toponymo &quot;Ambra&quot; (Theodisce ''Emmer''), vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Vallis&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Tal?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum vocabulum ''T(h)al'' aut Theodiscum suffixum ''-t(h)al'' Latino vocabulo &quot;vallis-is&quot;] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Emmerthal''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emmerdaal'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vallis Augae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;SLH 1988&quot;&gt;Societas Latina Hannoverana (1988). ''Fasciculi geographici et historici: De parvis provinciis ditionis Hannoveranae et Schaumburgensis''. Hannoverae: Typis Exscripsit Libraria Scripturarum.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Auetal'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vallis Claustra-Cella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Conring 1730&quot;&gt;Conring, H. (1730). ''De Antiquitatibus Academicis Dissertationes Septem''. Officina Smeinkiana.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Clausthal-Zellerfeld''; [[Supraharthice]] ''Clasthol-Zallerfall'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vallis Mimedensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Vallis&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Tal?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum vocabulum ''T(h)al'' aut Theodiscum suffixum ''-t(h)al'' Latino vocabulo &quot;vallis-is&quot;] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mimedensis&quot;&gt;Theodiscum hydronymicum praefixum ''Nieme-'' Latino gentilicio &quot;Mimedensis-e&quot; vertitur, quod ad flumen Mimede seu Mymede (Theodisce ''Nieme'') refertur. Quo de Latino hydronymo, vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B74-6/NOB%20IV%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20G%C3%B6ttingen.pdf?utm ''NOB IV Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Göttingen''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''riuum, qui teutonice Mimede vocatur'' (...) ''riuum, qui toutonice Mymede vocatur'' (...) ''flumine Mimede'' (...) ''riuum, qui Mymede vocatur''  (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Niemetal'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Varel]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Varrel]]
* [[Vastorf]]
* [[Vechelde]]
* [[Velpke]]
* [[Veltheim (Ohe)]]
* [[Vetha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Vechta''; [[Saxonice]] ''Vechte'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Via Paludis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Via Paludis&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Moor?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum nominale praefixum ''Moor-'' Latino substantivo casu genetivo &quot;paludis&quot; (f.)] et [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Weg?wb=gross&amp;nr=2 Theodiscum nominale suffixum ''-weg'' Latino nomine &quot;via-ae&quot; (f.)] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Moorweg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vicus Adelaidis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ALF 2016&quot;&gt;Academia Latinitati Fovendae (2016). ''Commentarii Academiae Latinitati Fovendae: De novis parochiis et communibus Saxoniae Inferioris textus'' (Vol. XXIV). Romae: Herder.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Adelheidsdorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vicus Vetus Hassicus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Vicus Vetus Hassicus&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.fallingrain.com/world/GM/06/Hessisch_Oldendorf.html?utm ''www.fallingrain''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Other (Latin) names: Vicus Vetus Hassicus,Vicus Vetus Hassicus,Hessisch-Oldendorf,Hessisch-Oldendorf''' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hessisch Oldendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eolendörpe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vierden]]
* [[Vierhöfen]]
* [[Vildhusia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmannus&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Wildeshausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wilshusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villa Cremilonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cremlingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vintlum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Vintlum&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/schneverdingen-peter-und-paul/?utm ''Schneverdingen, Peter und Paul''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''capella in honorem sancti Anthonii in villa Vintlo parrochie Snewerdinge'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Fintel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Visbek]]
* [[Visselhövede]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vögelsen]]
* [[Vollersode]]
* [[Voltlage]]
* [[Vorda Bremensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bremervörde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bremervöör'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vordorf]]
* [[Vorwerk (Niedersachsen)|Vorwerk]]
* [[Vrees]]
{{div col end}}

=== W ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Waake]]
* [[Waddeweitz]]
* [[Wagenfeld]]
* [[Wagenhoff]]
* [[Wahrenholz]]
* [[Walchum]]
* [[Walkenried]]
* [[Wallenhorst]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wallmoden]]
* [[Walsrode]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wangelnstedt]]
* [[Wangerland]]
* [[Wangerooge]]
* [[Wanna]]
* [[Warberg]]
* [[Wardenburg]]
* [[Warmsen]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Warmsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Warpe]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Warpe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wasbüttel]]
* [[Wathlingen]]
* [[Wedemark]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Weener]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Weenzen]]
* [[Wehrbleck]]
* [[Welle]]
* [[Wendeburg]]
* [[Wendisch Evern]]
* [[Wennigsen]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wenngessen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wenzendorf]]
* [[Werdum]]
* [[Werlte]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Werpeloh]]
* [[Wesendorf]]
* [[Weste (Niedersachsen)|Weste]]
* [[Westergellersen]]
* [[Westerholt]]
* [[Westertimke]]
* [[Westerwalsede]]
* [[Westfeld (Niedersachsen)|Westfeld]]
* [[Westoverledingen]]
* [[Wetschen]]
* [[Wettrup]]
* [[Weyhausen]]
* [[Weyhe]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wieda]]
* [[Wiedensahl]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wiefelstede]]
* [[Wielen]]
* [[Wienhausen]]
* [[Wiesmoor]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wietmarschen]]
* [[Wietze]]
* [[Wietzen]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wietzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wietzendorf]]
* [[Wilhelmshaven]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wilstedt]]
* [[Wilsum]]
* [[Wingst]]
* [[Winkelsett]]
* [[Winnigstedt]]
* [[Winsen (Aller)]] 
* [[Winsenia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Büttner&quot;&gt;Büttner, D. S. (1710). ''Rudera Diluvii Testes, i.e. Zeichnung und Abbildung derer Columnarum Sceletonum''. Gottfried Zimmermann.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(ad [[Luya]]m&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Winsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Winzenburg]]
* [[Wippingen]]
* [[Wirdum]]
* [[Wischhafen]]
* [[Wistedt]]
* [[Witmundia]]&lt;ref&gt;E.g., [[Ioannes Luyts|Ioannis Luyts]] ''Introductio ad Geographiam novam et veterem'', Ultraiecti 1692, [https://books.google.fr/books?id=_o0YP3-9VTMC&amp;pg=PA281&amp;dq=Witmundia&amp;hl=ru&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjShLT7vdDrAhVJw4sKHZLLCokQ6AEwAnoECAMQAg#v=onepage&amp;q=Witmundia&amp;f=false p. 281].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wittmund'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wittingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wittmar]]
* [[Wittorf]]
* [[Wohnste]]
* [[Wolfsburgum]]&lt;ref&gt;Vide nomini arcis: Samuel Pufendorfus, ''Commentariorum de rebus Suecicis libri XXVI'' {{Google Books|lV1PAAAAcAAJ|pag. 457 et 475}}, ''Nova Acta Eruditorum'' {{Google Books|eGFlITDJFSMC|pag. 487}}, Lipsiae, anno 1756, ac ''Itininerarium Thomae Carve, Tipperariensis'' ([https://archive.org/details/itinerariumthom00kerngoog/page/n182 pag. 108]).&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Wolfsburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wulfsborg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wolfsbuurich'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wollbrandshausen]]
* [[Wollershausen]]
* [[Wölpinghausen]]
* [[Wolsdorf]]
* [[Woltersdorf (Wendland)|Woltersdorf]]
* [[Woltershausen]]
* [[Worde]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Worde&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/grossenwoerden/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Hinricus rector ecclesie in Worde'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Großenwörden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grootweurn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Worpswede]]
* [[Wremen]]
* [[Wrestedt]]
* [[Wriedel]]
* [[Wulfsen]]
* [[Wulften ad Harthicos montes]]
* [[Wunstorf]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wunsdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wurster Nordseeküste]]
* [[Wustrow (Saxonia Inferior)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== Y ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Ylsede]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ylsede&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kleinilsede.hier-im-netz.de/historis.htm ''Historisches über Klein Ilsede''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) minori ylsede (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ilsede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ilse'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Yppenerdhe]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Yppenerdhe&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.gross-ippener.de/gemeinde/geschichte.html?utm ''Groß Ippene''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Parrochia Yppenerdhe (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Ippener''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Ippner'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ysinibutle]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ysinibutle&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.arcinsys.niedersachsen.de/arcinsys/showArchivalDescriptionDetails?archivalDescriptionId=5905372&amp;utm ''Arcinsys''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Isenbüttel, Kr. Gifhorn (Ysinibutle, Ysenebutle) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Isenbüttel'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== Z ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Zernien]]
* [[Zetel]]
* [[Zeven]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Zorge]]
{{div col end}}

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris|!]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Eduardus Adams</title>
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      <text bytes="3803" sha1="834h53a8w3jl8wnbsgpq61g0gfg38vr" xml:space="preserve">'''Eduardus Adams''' ([[Anglice]] ''Eddie Adams'' ; [[New Kensington (Pennsylvania)|New Kensington]] [[Pennsylvania]]e, [[12 Iunii]] [[1933]]; [[Urbs Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]], [[18 Septembris]] [[2004]]) fuit [[photographus]] et [[photographus actorum]]&lt;!--journalist--&gt; [[Civitates Foederatae|Americanus]] qui imaginibus [[famosus|famosorum]] et [[politicus|virorum civilium rerum peritorum]] ac [[tredecim]] [[bellum|bellis]] [[photographia|photographatis]] innotuit. [[Praemium Pulitzeranum]] anno [[1969]] abstulit. In [[Corpus Classiariorum Civitatum Foederatarum|Corpore Classiariorum Civitatum Foederatarum]] per [[Bellum Coreanum]] [[photographia bellica|photographus belli]] meruit.

==Archivum photographicum==
Alyssa Adams vidua archivum photographicum Eduardi Adams Centro pro Historia Americana Dolph Briscoe in [[Universitas Texana|Universitate Texiae ad Austin]] donatum est pro [[monumentum|monumento]] curriculi Adamsiani. &quot;Supplicium capitis Saigonense,&quot; [[photographema]] quod [[Praemium Pulitzer]]anum abstulit, comprehendit. Archivum, 200 [[pes (mensura)|pedes]] longum, imagines [[imago translucida|translucidas]]&lt;!--slides (Traupman)--&gt; et [[imago negativa|negativas]]&lt;!--negatives--&gt;, [[nota impressa|notas impressas]]&lt;!--prints (Traupman)--&gt;, materias auditorias et visuales, [[fabula]]s nuntiorum&lt;!--news stories--&gt;, [[diarium|diaria]], adnotationes, et schedas scissas&lt;!--tear sheets--&gt; comprehendit. Praeter latam [[Bellum Indosinense II|Belli Indosinensis II]] tractationem, collectio habet studia profunda [[paupertas|paupertatis]] in [[Civitates Foederatae|America]], [[status sine domo|hominum tecto carentium]], [[Mater Teresa|Matris Teresae]], [[Brasilia]]e, societatum alternativarum, protestationum contra [[bellum]], et tumultus, cum familiaribus [[famosus|famorosum]] imaginibus, inter quos [[Ronaldus Reagan]], [[Fidelis Castro]], [[Malcolm X]], [[Clint Eastwood]], [[Elisabetha Davis]], [[Gulielmus Cosby]], et [[Jerry Lewis]].&lt;!--

==Notae==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;--&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Brady, James. [[2005]]. ''The Scariest Place in the World: A Marine Returns to North Korea.'' Novi Eboraci: Thomas Dunne Books. ISBN 0312332432.
 
==Nexus externi==
*[http://www.pbs.org/speaktruthtopower/hr_eddie.htm Colloquium,] www.pbs.org
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cf5pJXr3gWQ Colloquium de &quot;Supplicio Capitali,&quot;] www.youtube.com
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070311065002/http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/04264/382106.stm Laudatio,] www.post-gazette.com&lt;!-- + Add when time permits:
*[http://vva.org/blog/?s=unlikely+weapon Review of ''An Unlikely Weapon'' in ''Arts of War on the Web'', June 26, 2009]
*[http://www.newseum.org/warstories/interviews/mp3/journalists/bio.asp?ID=22 Voice autobiography of his Pulitzer photograph, the execution]
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_pictures/3672428.stm  Eddie Adams Photographs]
*[http://www.eddieadamsworkshop.com Eddie Adams Workshop]
*[http://www.anunlikelyweapon.com An Unlikely Weapon: The Eddie Adams Story]
*[http://www.cah.utexas.edu/collections/photojournalists/intro.php Dolph Briscoe Center for American History - Photojournalism]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/photoblog/2010/01/the_price_of_a_picture.html The Price of a Picture: BBC Story on Recent Sale of Adams Photograph]--&gt;

{{DEFAULTSORT:Adams, Eduardus}}
[[Categoria:Nati 1933]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 2004]]
[[Categoria:Classiarii Civitatum Foederatarum]]
&lt;!--photojournalists; recte: P. a. Civitatum Foederatarum--&gt;
[[Categoria:Photographi Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Praemium Pulitzer]]&lt;!--pro Photographia--&gt;&lt;!--
[[Category:Deaths from motor neurone disease]]
[[Category:American people of the Vietnam War]]
[[Category:American people of the Korean War]]
[[Category:People from New Kensington, Pennsylvania]]--&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Terra Laboratoria</title>
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      <comment>{{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}}</comment>
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      <text bytes="3106" sha1="gj8tu1cmoy347v91pnhxp2z8zvhzqsh" xml:space="preserve">{{Latinitas|-2}}
{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidatorum}}

{{res|Terra Laboratoris}},{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1=[https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/20751/Estotilandia_et_Laboratoris_Terra/Wytfliet.html &quot;Estotilandia et Laboratoris terra&quot;], tabula {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Cornelis Wijtfliet||nl|qid=Q2997519}} anni 1597; {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Hugo Sempilius|Hugonis Sempilii|en|qid=Q1635706}} [[Iesuita|SI]] [https://books.google.ru/books?redir_esc=y&amp;hl=ru&amp;id=eMtlAAAAcAAJ&amp;q=Terra+Laboratoris#v=snippet&amp;q=Terra%20Laboratoris&amp;f=false ''de Mathematicis Disciplinis libri duodecim'', Antverpiae 1635, pp. 172, 318]; [https://books.google.ru/books?redir_esc=y&amp;hl=ru&amp;id=CDNoAAAAcAAJ&amp;q=Terra+Laboratoris#v=snippet&amp;q=Terra%20Laboratoris&amp;f=false ''Orbis Lumen et Atlantis iuga tecta retecta'', Francofurti ad Moenum, 1658, pp. 5, 368]. A nomine [[Lusice|Lusico]] primo ''Terra do Lavrador''. Vel:
:'''Terra Laboratoria''', —  [[Thomas Pekkanen]] &amp; [[Reijo Pitkäranta]], ''Lexicon hodiernae Latinitatis Finno-Latino-Finnicum''; 
:'''Terra Labratoria''', — [[Christianus Helfer]], ''Lexicon Auxiliare'', p. 338; 
:'''Terra Labradorensis''', — {{CathHierDiocese|corn|Dioecesis Rivangulanensis et Labradorensis}}.|2=Q2997519|3=Q1635706}} seu '''Estotilandia''',{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1=[https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/20751/Estotilandia_et_Laboratoris_Terra/Wytfliet.html &quot;Estotilandia et Laboratoris terra&quot;], tabula {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Cornelis Wijtfliet||nl|qid=Q2997519}} anni 1597; [[Ioannes Georgius Theodorus Graesse|J. G. Th. Graesse]], ''[[Orbis Latinus]]'', [[Brunsvicum|Brunopoli]] 1972, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=41 vol. II, p. 39].|2=Q2997519}} est regio septentrionalis provinciae [[Terra Nova et Terra Laboratoria|Terrae Novae et Terrae Laboratoriae]], in [[paeninsula Laboratoria]] ad litus [[Mare Laboratorium|maris Laboratorii]] sita. Caput Terrae Laboratoriae est est [[Vallis Laeta-Sinus Anseris]]. Urbs maxima est [[Urbs Laboratoria]]. 

[[Yvonna Jones]] ([[Factio Liberalis Canadae|liberalis]]) est sodalis [[Parlamentum Canadae|Parlamenti Canadae]]. Quattuor sodales [[Camera Conventus Terrae Novae et Terrae Laboratoriae|Camerae Conventus Terrae Novae et Terrae Laboratoriae]] sunt: [[Randolphus Edmunds]] ([[Factio Liberalis Terrae Novae et Terrae Laboratoriae|liberalis]], [[Torngat Montes (circumscripio comitialis)|Torngat Montes]]), [[Nicolaus McGrath]] ([[Factio Conservativa Progressiva Terrae Novae et Terrae Laboratoriae|conservator progressivus]], [[Estotilandia Occidentalis (circumscriptio comitialis)|Estotilandia Occidentalis]]), [[Keith Russell]] (conservator progressivus, [[Melopolis Lacus (circumscriptio comitialis)|Melopolis Lacus]]), et [[Elisabetha Dempster]] (liberalis, [[Cartright-Ansa Clara]]).

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Nexus externi==
{{fontes geographici}}

[[Categoria:Terra Nova et Estotilandia]]
[[Categoria:Subdivisiones Canadae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Arsenius Jacenjuk</title>
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{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Deputy Secretary Burns Meets With Verkhovna Rada's Arseniy Yatsenyuk (12772689644).jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Arsenius Jacenjuk (ad dextram partem) cum [[Gulielmus Burns|Gulielmo Burns]] colloquitur]]
[[Fasciculus:Arseniy_Yatsenyuk_and_Mykola_Tomenko.JPG|thumb|upright=1.5|Arsenius Jacenjuk (ad sinistram partem) cum [[Nicolaus Tomenko|Nicolao Tomenko]] anno 2012 pictus]]
'''Arsenius Petri f. Jacenjuk''' vel Ucrainice ''Арсеній Петрович Яценюк'' ([[Czernovicum|Czernovici]] natus die [[22 Maii]] [[1974]]), negotiator et politicus, fuit annis ab [[2014]] ad [[2016]] primus minister [[Ucraina]]e.

Filius historici [[Petrus Jacenjuk|Petri Ioannis f. Jacenjuk]] professoris apud [[Universitas Czernovicensis|universitatem Czernovicensem]], Arsenius Jacenjuk in eadem universitate eruditus est sed etiam in [[Universitas Commercialis et Oeconomica Kioviensis|instituto commerciali et oeconomico Czernovicensi Universitas Commercialis et Oeconomica Kioviensis]] et apud [[Academia Argentaria Ucrainica|Academiam Argentariam Ucrainicam]] [[Sumae|Sumis]] in urbe, ubi doctoratum meruit.

Breviter [[Argentaria Nationalis Ucrainica|Argentariam Nationalem Ucrainicam]] rexit. Fuit minister rerum oeconomicarum [[Crimaea]]e (eo tempore provinciae autonomae Ucrainicae) annis 2001-2003, minister rerum oeconomicarum Ucrainae omnis a die [[27 Septembris]] [[2005]] ad [[4 Augusti]] [[2006]], primo ministro [[Georgius Jechanurov|Georgio Jechanurov]], et minister rerum externarum ab [[21 Martii]] [[2007]] ad [[4 Decembris]] [[2007]], primo ministro [[Victor Janukovyč|Victore Janukovyč]]. Legatus est ad [[Parlamentum Ucrainicum|parlamentum]] a die [[23 Novembris]] [[2007]] ad [[28 Februarii]] [[2014]], quo die, nuper primus minister electus, a munere parlamentario se removit.

Officium primi ministri die [[24 Iulii]] [[2014]] recusavit, sed parlamentum hanc recusationem nondum accepit. Die [[10 Aprilis]] [[2016]] denuo officium illud recusavit, et die [[14 Aprilis]] parlamentum hanc recusationem confirmavit.

== Bibliographia ==
* &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140725235919/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2014/07/24/ukrainian-prime-minister-yatsenyuk-to-resign/ Ukrainian Prime Minister Yatsenyuk announces resignation]&quot; apud ''Fox News'' (24 Iulii 2014)
* Ana-Maria Adamoae, &quot;[http://www.evz.ro/cin-este-arseni-iateniuk-noul-premier-desemnat-al-ucrainei-1084501.html Profil. Cine este Arseni Iaţeniuk, noul premier desemnat al Ucrainei?]&quot; apud evz.ro (27 Feb. 2014)
* Shaun Walker, &quot;[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/24/ukrainian-prime-minister-arseny-yatseniuk-resigns Ukrainian prime minister Arseny Yatseniuk resigns]&quot; in ''[[The Guardian]]'' (24 Iulii 2014)

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Arseniy Yatsenyuk}}
{{Fontes biographici}}
* [http://yatsenyuk.org.ua Situs officialis]

{{Primi ministri Ucrainae}}
{{Ministri Ucrainici Jacenjuk}}
{{Ministri rerum externarum Ucrainae}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jacenjuk, Arsenius}}
[[Categoria:Nati 1974]]
[[Categoria:Homines vivi]]
[[Categoria:Politici Ucrainae]]
[[Categoria:Argentarii]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Czernovicensis]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Academiae Argentariae Ucrainicae]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Instituti Commercialis et Oeconomici Czernovicensis]]
[[Categoria:Gubernatores civitatum]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Bucovinae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Deadpool</title>
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      <text bytes="1239" sha1="140bb5skvhciflav3rdtx51vdbi7hwz" xml:space="preserve">{{Latinitas|-2}}
[[Fasciculus:Ryan reynolds.jpg|thumb|[[Ryan Reynolds]] partes Deadpool in pellicula agit.]]
[[Fasciculus:Deadpool, Georgia Viaduct, Vancouver, April 6 2015 - 3.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|Deadpool in pellicula [[Vancuverium|Vancuverii]].]]
'''Deadpool''' est [[superheros]] a [[Robertus Liefeld|Roberto Liefeld]] [[pictor]]e et [[Fabianus Nicieza|Fabiano Nicieza]] [[scriptor]]e pro {{Creanda|en|Marvel Comics|Marvel Comicis}}{{dubsig}} excogitatus. {{Creanda|en|Mercenary|Mercennarius}} [[Canada|Canadiensis]] est. Nomen secretum est Wade Wilson. Vulneratu grave celeriter curatur. Desipiet et pauco dementat.&lt;!--

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;--&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Deadpool and his cast|Deadpool}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140729190437/http://marvel.com/characters/12/deadpool Deadpool] apud Marvel.com
* [http://www.marvel.com/comics/Situs interretialis Deadpool proprius.] {{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.toonopedia.com/Deadpool.htm ''Deadpool'']{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 
* [http://www.deadpool.org/ Situs a fautoribus factus.]

{{pers-fict-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Superheroes]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Marcus Antonius (consul 99 a.C.n.)</title>
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      <comment>/* Cursus honorum */</comment>
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      <text bytes="2442" sha1="ttm7208dsn8etraafcdzncfvqxg8ort" xml:space="preserve">'''Marcus Antonius''' (natus anno [[143 a.C.n.]], mortuus anno [[87 a.C.n.]]) vir publicus et orator clarus [[Imperium Romanum|Romanus]] fuit.

== Gens ==
Filius Marcus Antonius Creticus praetor erat, nepos [[Marcus Antonius]] triumvir fuit.

== Cursus honorum ==
Anno [[113 a.C.n.]] [[quaestor|quaesturam]] in [[Asia (provincia Romana)|Asia]] provincia administravit. Deinde stupri cum virgini Vestale accusatus, sed absolutus est. Ab anno [[102 a.C.n.]] ''praetor pro consule'' contra piratas [[Cilicia]]e certavit et anno [[100 a.C.n.|100]] de eis triumphavit&lt;ref&gt;[[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Pompeius]]'' 24.10&lt;/ref&gt;. Anno [[99 a.C.n.|99]] adnuente [[Gaius Marius|Gaio Mario]] una cum [[Aulus Postumius Albinus (consul 99 a.C.n.)|Aulo Postumio Albino]] consul erat et anno [[97 a.C.n.]] cum [[Lucius Valerius Flaccus (consul 100 a.C.n.)|Lucio Valerio Flacco]] [[censor]] electus est. Cicero eum in dialogo ''de oratore''  [[optimates|Optimatem]] descripsit, sed haec non quidem recte. Anno [[87 a.C.n.]], postquam Marius urbem expugnavit, Antonius in rure quodam latens  captus et necatus est&lt;ref&gt;[[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Bell. civ.'', I.333-335. [[Plutarchus]], ''Marius'' 44.&lt;/ref&gt;. Caput ei mortuo abscisum [[Rostra|Rostris]] medio [[Forum Romanum|Foro]] pependit&lt;ref&gt;''Ibid''. 338. [[Valerius Maximus]] IX,2,2 qui Marium laetantem inter epulas caput inimici manibus tenuisse refert.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Orator ==
Fuit inter maximos oratores sui temporis. Quod autem eius vis in orando erat, orationes scriptas non edidit&lt;ref&gt;[[Marcus Tullius Cicero]], ''de oratore'' III 32; ; ''Brutus'' 138-144&lt;/ref&gt;. Composuit opus ''de ratione dicendi'' nondum perfectum, cum mortuus esset.

== Bibliographia ==
* {{RE|I,2|2590|2594|Antonius 28)|Elimar Klebs}}
*{{DNP|1|810||[I 7] M. Antonius|Carolus-Ludovicus Elvers}}

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

{{Index consulum rei publicae|
praedecessores=[[Lucius Valerius Flaccus (consul 100 a.C.n.)|Lucius Valerius Flaccus]] et [[Gaius Marius]] VI|
annus= 99 a.C.n.&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Aulus Postumius Albinus (consul 99 a.C.n.)|Aulo Postumio Albino]]|
successores=[[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Nepos]] [[Titus Didius]]}}

{{Lifetime|143 a.C.n.|87 a.C.n.|Antonius, Marcus}}
[[Categoria:Gens Antonia]]
[[Categoria:Senatores]]
[[Categoria:Praetores]]
[[Categoria:Censores]]
[[Categoria:Optimates (Roma antiqua)]]
[[Categoria:Oratores]]
[[Categoria:Necati]]</text>
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    <title>Bellus Mons (Massachusetta)</title>
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      <text bytes="10739" sha1="dbyq3j2kurts0zpyb0moz8kl4zfymu1" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Topographic maps of Arlington, Belmont, Lexington Massachusetts 1946.jpg|thumb|[[Topographia]] [[oppidum|oppidi]] et circumiectorum.]]
[[Fasciculus:BelmontCenterStation.jpg|thumb|[[Statio ferriviaria]] Boston &amp; Maine Railroad in Medio Bello Monte, pro [[MBTA Commuter Rail]] adhibita.]]
[[Fasciculus:WellingtonHillStation8.9.08.jpg|thumb|[[Statio ferriviaria]] Wellington Hill.]]
[[Fasciculus:PostcardBelmontMATownHall1913.jpg|thumb|Curis Oppidi Belli Montis, circa [[1913]], [[architectura|architectis]] [[Hartwell and Richardson]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Town Hall, Belmont, MA.JPG|thumb|Curia oppidi Belli Montis, 2007.]]

'''Bellus Mons'''{{FD ref}} ([[Anglice]] ''Belmont'') est [[oppidum Novae Angliae|oppidum]] in [[Middlesex Comitatus (Massachusetta)|Middlesex Comitatu]] [[Massachusetta]]e situm, [[suburbium]] [[Bostonia]]e et pars [[regio metropolita Bostoniensis|regionis metropolitae Bostoniensis]]. [[Census Civitatum Foederatarum 2010|Census anni 2010]] incolarum 24&amp;thinsp;729 numeravit.&lt;ref name=&quot;Census 2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite web| url=http://factfinder2.census.gov| title=Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1): Belmont town, Middlesex County, Massachusetts| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Bellus Mons die [[18 Martii]] [[1859]] conditum est.&lt;!--PLUS IN EN:--&gt;

== Incolae notabiles ==
Ob propinquitatem ad [[Universitas Harvardiana|Harvardianam]], [[Massachusettense Institutum Technologiae]], et alias [[universitas|universitates]], Bellus Mons est locus domicilii nonnullorum victorum [[Praemium Nobelianum|Praemiorum Nobelianorum]].&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20120426051643/http://belmont.patch.com/articles/belmont-famous-nobel-prize-winner-next-door.&lt;/ref&gt; Inter incolas notabiles temporum praeterii et praesenti sunt:

=== Commercium ===
* [[Ricardus Doblin]], conditor [[Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies]]
* [[Ioannes Perkins Cushing]], [[mercator]] [[Sinae (regio)|Sinensis]]
* Businessman and philanthropist [[Stephanus P. Mugar]], conditor Star Market
* [[Robertus W. Welch (filius)|Robertus W. Welch]], inventor [[Sugar Daddy (cuppediae)|Sugar Daddy]] et conditor [[Societas Ioannis Birch|Societatis Ioannis Birch]]

=== Civilitas et gubernatio ===
* [[Mitt Romney]], olim [[Gubernator Massachusettae|Gubernator]] [[Massachusetta]]e et infelix [[Factio Republicana (CFA)|Factionis Republicanae]] candidatus praesidentialis, et [[Anna Romney|Anna]] [[uxor]]

=== Artes ===
* [[Winslow Homer]], [[pictor]]
* [[Fridericus Law Olmsted]], [[architectus terrestris]]
* [[Seth Justman]], [[musicus]] in [[The J. Geils Band]]
* [[Gualterius Piston]], [[compositor]]
* [[Dianne Goolkasian Rahbee]], [[compositor]]
* [[Yo-Yo Ma]], [[violoncellum|violoncellista]]
* [[Iacobus Taylor]], [[cantor]], [[compositor carminum]], et [[citharista]]

=== Media ===
* [[Thomas Bergeron]], personalitas [[radiophonia|radiophonica]] et [[televisio|televisifica]]
* [[David E. Kelley]], productor et [[scriptor]] televisificus
* [[Addison Powell]], [[histrio]]&lt;ref name=bp&gt;{{cite news|first=Franklin|last=Tucker|title=Belmont-Born, Bred Actor Addison Powell dies at 89: &quot;Dark Shadows&quot; star worked on Broadway, in films &quot;Three Days of the Condor,&quot; &quot;The Thomas Crown Affair&quot; |url=http://belmont.patch.com/articles/belmont-born-bred-actor-addison-powell-dies-at-89 |work=Belmont Patch |publisher=[[AOL Inc.]] |date=16 Novembris 2010}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Ioanna Rogers]], [[sctrix]]

=== Athletae ===
* [[Wilbur Wood]], [[iaculator]] in Major League Baseball, [[Tibialia Rubra Bostoniensia|Tibialium Rubrorum Bostoniensium]] et [[Tibialia Alba Sicaginiensia|Tibialium Alborum Sicaginiensium]]
* [[Carlton Fisk]], [[exceptor]] in Major League Baseball, [[Tibialia Rubra Bostoniensia|Tibialium Rubrorum Bostoniensium]] et [[Tibialia Alba Sicaginiensia|Tibialium Alborum Sicaginiensium]]
* [[Dale Murhpy]], lusor in Major League Baseball&lt;!--  + two-time NL MVP--&gt;
* [[Gulielmus Lee (iaculator)|Gulielmus &quot;Spaceman&quot; Lee]], [[iaculator]] Tibialium Rubrorum
* [[Paulus Mara]], lusor [[New York Rangers]]&lt;!-- defenseman--&gt;
* [[Patricius Rissmiller]], lusor [[New York Rangers]]&lt;!--forward--&gt;

=== Litterae ===
* [[Leah Hager Cohen]], [[scriptor]]
* [[Thomas Perrotta]], [[scriptor]]
* [[Gulielmus Dean Howells]], [[scriptor]]
* [[Sebastianus Junger]], [[scriptor]] et [[diurnariorum ars|diurnalista]]
* [[Geraldus Warner Brace]], [[scriptor]] et [[educatio|educator]]
* [[Gulielmus Damon]], [[scriptor]] et [[psychologus]]
* [[Bradford Washburn]], [[scriptor]], [[explorator]], et [[photographus]]

=== Academia ===
* [[Gulielmus P. Alford]], [[professor]] et [[iurisprudentia]]e peritus
* [[Shiva Ayyadurai]], rationum scientiae&lt;!--systems scientist--&gt; peritus in [[Massachusettense Institutum Technologiae|Massachusettensi Instituto Technologiae]] et [[negotium|negotiator]]&lt;!--entrepreneur--&gt; (natus 1963).&lt;!-- Claims to have invented email in 1978 at the age of 14.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bostonmagazine.com/2012/05/shiva-ayyaduri-email-us-postal-service/ Return to Sender: Did Shiva Ayyadurai Invent Email?], ''Boston Magazine'', Iunio 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://gizmodo.com/5888702/corruption-lies-and-death-threats-the-crazy-story-of-the-man-who-pretended-to-invent-email Corruption, Lies, and Death Threats: The Crazy Story of the Man Who Pretended to Invent Email], ''Gizmodo'', March 5, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://techland.time.com/2011/11/15/the-man-who-invented-email/ The Man Who Invented Email], ''TIME Techland'', November 15, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.vashiva.com/pdf/vashiva_westinghouse_entry.pdf Software Design Development and Implementation of a High-Reliability Network-Wide Electronic Mail System], ''Shiva Ayyadurai'' 1981.&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt;
* [[Albertus Baez]], [[physicus]] et [[filia]]e [[Ioanna Baez]] et [[Mimi Farina]], [[cantrix|cantrices]] [[carmen vulgare|carminum vulgarium]]
* [[Clayton M. Christensen]] [[professor]] in [[Schola Negotii Harvardiana]] et [[scriptor]]
* [[Vannevar Bush]], [[ars ingeniaria|ingeniarius]]
* [[Kim B. Clark]], praeses [[Universitas Brigham Young-Idaho|Universitatis Brigham Young-Idaho]] et decanus [[Schola Negotii Harvardiana|Scholae Negotii Harvardianae]]
* [[Thomas Vose Daily]], [[episcopus]] [[Ecclesia Catholica|Catholicus Romanus]]
* [[Haroldus &quot;Doc&quot; Edgerton]], scientiae peritus et [[photographus]]
* [[Martinus Feldstein]], [[professor]] et olim praeses Concilii Consultorum Oeconimicorum
* [[H. Gobind Khorana]], [[biologia molecularis|biologus molecularis]], victor [[Praemium Nobelianum|Praemii Nobeliani]] [[medicina]]e, [[1968]]
* [[Andreas Knoll]], [[professor]] [[Universitas Harvardiana|Harvardianus]], [[Nomisma Wollastonianum]], [[2007]]
* [[Jay O. Light]], olim decanus [[Schola Negotii Harvardiana|Scholae Negotii Harvardianae]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120802132024/http://drfd.hbs.edu/fit/public/facultyInfo.do?facInfo=ovr&amp;facId=6501 Jay O. Light Harvard Business School].&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Franciscus E. Low]], [[physica theoretica|physicus theoreticus]]
* [[Ricardus Marius]], [[reformatio]]nis peritus et [[scriptor mythistoriarum]]
* [[Francisco Modigliani]], [[professor]] in [[Massachusettense Institutum Technologiae|Massachusettensi Instituto Technologiae]], [[Praemium Nobelianum Oeconomicae]], [[1985]]
* [[Robertus Nozick]], [[philosophus]]
* [[Eduinus O. Reischauer]], [[professor]], [[Asia Orientalis|Asiae Orientalis]] peritus, et [[legatus]] [[Iaponia]]e missus
* [[Albertus Sacco]], [[astronauta]] et [[ingeniaria chemica|ingeniarius chemicus]]
* [[Paulus Samuelson|Paulus A. Samuelson]], [[oeconomia|oeconomus]] et victor [[Praemium Nobelianum Oeconomiae|Praemii Nobeliani Oeconomiae]], [[1970]]
* [[Dirk Ioannes Struik]], [[mathematicus]] [[MIT]] et victima [[HUAC]]
* [[Ioannes Dennis]], [[computatrum|computatrorum]] peritus in [[Massachusettense Institutum Technologiae|Massachusettensi Instituto Technologiae]], et investigator [[multica]]e&lt;!--&quot;multics&quot;--&gt; [[systema operandi|systematum operandi]]
* [[Leslius Valiant]], [[computatrum|computatrorum]] peritus
* [[Norbert Wiener]], [[mathematicus]]
* [[Robertus Burns Woodward]], [[chemia organica|chemicus organicus]], [[Praemium Nobelianum]] [[chemia]]e, [[1965]]
* [[Fridericus Laurentius Whipple]], [[astronomus]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2006/02.16/18-mm.html Iographia.]&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Paulus Dudley White]], conditor [[Societas Cordis Americana|Societatis Cordis Americanae]]
* [[Christophorus Wolff]], [[Ioannes Sebastianus Bach|Bachianorum]] peritus
* [[Sara Willis]], [[astronomus]]

== Loci studii digni ==
* [[Redtop (Bellus Mons Massachusettae)|Redtop]], [[domus]] [[Gulielmus Dean Howells|Gulielmi Dean Howells]]
* [[Domus Memorialis Eduini O. Reischauer]]&lt;!--
*Boston &amp; Maine Railroad Station, now known as the [[MBTA]] Commuter Rail [[Belmont Center (MBTA station)|Belmont stop]], now owned by the Lions Club
*[[Wellington Hill Railroad Station]], circa 1840, located across the street from the current MBTA stop at Belmont Center--&gt;
* [[Templum Bostoniense]] [[Ecclesia Iesu Christi Diebus Ultimis Sanctorum|Ecclesiae Iesu Christi Diebus Ultimis Sanctorum]]

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Somerville, Arlington and Belmont Directory. [http://books.google.com/books?id=HfYCAAAAYAAJ 1869]; [http://books.google.com/books?id=-vUCAAAAYAAJ 1873]; [http://books.google.com/books?id=QAMDAAAAYAAJ 1876].

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Belmont, Massachusetts|Bellum Montem Massachusettae}}
* [http://www.wickedlocal.com/belmont ''Belmont Citizen-Herald,''] www.wickedlocal.com&lt;!--published by GateHouse Media of Perinton, New York--&gt;
* [http://www.belmont.lib.ma.us Bibliotheca Publica Belli Montis,] www.belmont.lib.ma.us
* [http://www.belmontpd.org Pars Vigilium Belli Montis,] www.belmontpd.org
* [http://www.belmont.k12.ma.us Scholae Publicae Belli Montis,] www.belmont.k12.ma.us
* [http://www.belmont-ma.gov Situs proprius,] www.belmont-ma.gov
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120415184940/http://yourtown.boston.com/belmont ''Your Town Belmont,''] www.boston.com&lt;!--
*[http://mcleanhospital.org McLean Hospital]
*[http://www.massaudubon.org/Nature_Connection/Sanctuaries/Habitat/index.php Habitat]
*[http://www.mass.gov/portal/index.jsp?pageID=mg2localgovccpage&amp;L=3&amp;L0=home&amp;L1=State+Government&amp;L2=Local+Government&amp;sid=massgov2&amp;selectCity=Belmont&amp;go_city2.x=10&amp;go_city2.y=13 Town Of Belmont / Mass.gov ]
*[http://www.troop304.org Boy Scout Troop 304 Belmont]--&gt;

&lt;!--[[Categoria:Bellus Mons (Massachusetta)| ]]--&gt;
&lt;!--Someday should be split into Cities + Towns. Vide [[Oppidum Novae Angliae]]--&gt;&lt;!--
[[Category:Towns in Middlesex County, Massachusetts]]--&gt;

[[Categoria:Urbes Massachusettae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ecclesiae pacis</title>
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      <text bytes="11676" sha1="nhu2h2wdku7udfvicpdamu0os6qm1b0" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:The Deserter.jpg|alt=|thumb|''Transfuga.'' Imago a [[Boardman Robinson]] facta (1916).]]

'''Ecclesiae pacis''' sunt [[ecclesia]]e, greges, vel civitates&lt;!--communities--&gt; [[Christianitas|Christianae]] quae [[pacifismus Christianus|pacifismum Christianum]] vel [[non repugnantia]]m&lt;!--?nonresistance--&gt; [[Biblia Sacra|biblicam]] suadent. [[Vocabulum]] ''ecclesiae pacis historicae'' solum ad tres greges ecclesiasticos inter ecclesias pacis spectat—[[Ecclesia Fratrum|Ecclesiam Fratrum]], [[Religiosa Amicorum Sodalitas|Religiosam Amicorum Sodalitatem]] ([[Tremebundi|Tremebundos]]), et [[Mennonitae|Mennonitas]] (inter quos [[Amish]], [[Mennonitae Ordinis Veteris]], et [[Mennonitae Conservativi]])—et ex primo ecclesiarum pacis colloquio in [[Kansia]] anno [[1935]] habito adhibetur.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;In 1935, &lt;small&gt;BRETHREN,&lt;/small&gt; Mennonites, and Quakers met in North Newton, Kansas, for a conference on peace. The term &lt;small&gt;HISTORIC PEACE CHURCHES&lt;/small&gt; was developed at this conference in order to distinguish between the groups' biblically based peaceful&quot; (Donald B. Kraybill, ''Concise Encyclopedia of Amish, Brethren, Hutterites, and Mennonites,'' 2010:6).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The American Civil War brought the peace churches together in combined appeals to government. . . . This conference used the term historic peace churches as more acceptable to Mennonites than the term pacifist churches because the latter connoted theological liberalism&quot; (''The Brethren encyclopedia'' 1983:608).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!--CITATIO NON CLARA: &lt;ref&gt;Mark Matthews,''Smoke jumping on the Western fire line: conscientious objectors'' p36 - 2006 &quot;CHAPTER TWO The Historic Peace Churches - The three historic peace churches that united to lobby for reforming the treatment of conscientious objectors during World War II shared many religious beliefs, but they also differed in many&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Speicher et Durnbaugh 2003.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Selective Service, in collaboration with the historic peace churches, created Civilian Public Service. . . . In October 1940, to coordinate administration of the CPS camps, the historic peace churches established the NSBRO&quot; (Piehler et Pash 2010:265).&lt;/ref&gt;

Definitio locutionis ''ecclesiae pacis'' aliquando ad comprehendos [[Christadelphiani|Christadelphianos]] (ex 1863) et [[Molokani|Molokanos]] (Orthodoxos Russicos &quot;[[lac]]tis potatores&quot;) augetur, qui autem colloquio ecclesiarum pacis historicarum in [[Kansia]] anno [[1935]] habito non interfuerunt.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Among the peace churches may be listed the Mennonite, Brethren, Friends, Christadelphians and Molakans. Other sects having a degree of pacifism in their doctrines include the Seventh Day Adventists, Assemblies of God and Churches of Christ. A more complex situation arises in connection with those registrants who do not base their claims (''Law Review Digest'' 1957).&lt;/ref&gt; Ecclesiae pacis consentiunt [[Iesus|Iesum]] suasisse [[inviolentia|non violentiam]]. Num autem [[vis]] physica umquam excusari possit, aut in [[defensio personalis|defensione sui]] aut in defensione aliorum, controversia manet. Multi fideles in [[mos|morali]] non repugnantiae habitu coram [[violentia]] severe stant, sed hae ecclesiae plerumque concedunt violentiam pro [[civitas|civitatibus]] et earum [[gubernatio]]nibus contra [[mores Christiani|mores Christianos]]&lt;!--C. morality--&gt; esse.

Inter omnes [[secta]]s Christianas semper fuerunt greges sodalium qui suadent non violentiam, quam autem certae ecclesiae constanter sustinent ex initio. Praeter tres ecclesias pacis historicas sunt [[Amish]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.religioustolerance.org/amish3.htm |title=The Amish: Massacre at the Amish school in Nickel Mines Pennsylvaniae |publisher=Religioustolerance.org}}.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Mennonitae Ordinis Veteris]], [[Mennonitae Conservativae]], [[Hutteritae]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hutterites.org/religion.htm |title=Religion |publisher=Hutterites.org}}.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Fratres Baptistae Germani Veteres]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.anabaptistchurch.org/anabaptists_today.htm |title=Anabaptists Today |publisher=Anabaptistchurch.org |date=2007-06-20}}.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Fratres Fluminei Ordinis Veteris]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.geocities.com/riverbrethren/ |title=Old Order River Brethren |publisher=Geocities.com |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20091027000245/http://geocities.com/riverbrethren/|archivedate=2009-10-27}}.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Fratres in Christo]],&lt;ref&gt;Wittlinger 1978.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304142132/http://www.bic-church.org/about/issues/english/christians%26war.pdf &quot;Christians &amp; War,&quot;] www.bic.church.org (The Brethren in Christ).&lt;/ref&gt; et aliae ecclesiae in traditione [[Anabaptistae|Anabaptistarum]] ([[Doukhobori]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.doukhobor.org/Anastasia.htm |title=Pacifism and Anastasia's Doukhobor Village |publisher=Doukhobor.org}}.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Fratres Dunkard]],&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20100728075127/http://www.dunkardbrethrenchurch.com/sections/beliefs &quot;Dunkard Brethren Church,&quot;] www.dunkardbrethrenchurch.com.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Durnbaugh 1997.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Molokani]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.molokane.org/molokan/index.html |title=Molokan and Jumper Home Page |publisher=Molokane.org}}.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Communitates Bruderhof]],&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.abc.net.au/rn/talks/8.30/relrpt/stories/s1334058.htm &quot;The Religion Report: Christians and immigration: Bruderhof,] www.abc.net.au, 23 Martii 2005.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ecclesia Schwenkfelderana|Schwenkfelderani]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.horseshoe.cc/pennadutch/religion/brethern/brethkle.htm |title=Brethern, Schwenkfelders and Other Plain People |publisher=Horseshoe.cc}}.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ecclesia Moraviana|Moraviani]],&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20081202111940/http://www.moravianpeacebuilders.org/&lt;/ref&gt; [[Shakers]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130928212241/http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/shaker/shakers.htm &quot;Essay on Shaker History - Shaker Historic Trail - National Register of Historic Places,&quot;] www.nps.gov.&lt;/ref&gt;), et adeo nonnulli greges intra motum [[Pentecostales|Pentecostalem]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20090322045614/http://www.pcpf.org/index.php &quot;PCPJ - Pentecostals &amp; Charismatics for Peace &amp; Justice,] www.pcpf.org.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Concilia Dei|Coetus Dei]], maxima ecclesia Pentecostalis, pacifismum circa tempus [[Bellum Orbis Terrarum II|belli secundi mundani]] reliquerunt.&lt;ref&gt;Alexander 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20100706163921/http://www.quaker.org/quest/issue-12-alexander-1.htm &quot;Issue-12-alexander-1,&quot;] www.quaker.org.&lt;/ref&gt; Hi greges intra et inter se discrepaverunt, num personas [[militia|militares]] agere, sicut operarii [[medicus|medici]] non armati, vel munera a loco pugnae distantia civitates tempore belli adiuvanda sustinere deberent, sicut fabrica apparatuum belli. Aliud argumentum dicit [[Iesus|Iesum]], utinam adesset, patientis adiuvare velle; aliud, sic eos adiuvare auxilium ad [[violentia]]m oblique addere, alios homines expediens ut ei intersint.&lt;!--PLUS IN  EN--&gt;

{{NexInt}}
{{Div col|cols=3}}
* [[Ahimsa]]
* [[Anabaptistae]]
* [[Ausbund]]
* [[Conscriptio]]
* [[Dies internationalis pacis]]
* [[Doukhobores]]
* [[Diana Drufenbrock]]
* [[Martinus Lutherus King Jr.]]
* [[Motus operariorum Catholicorum]]&lt;!--C. Worker Movement]]--&gt;
* [[Nonconformismus]]
* [[Obiector conscientiae]]
* [[Pacifismus]]
* [[Pax Christi]]
* [[Religio pacis]]
* [[Theologia liberationis]]
* [[Leo Tolstoj]]
* [[Ubuntu (philosophia)]]&lt;!--
*[[Anglican Pacifist Fellowship]]
*[[American Friends Service Committee]]
*[[Baptist Peace Fellowship of North America]]
*[[Center on Conscience &amp; War]]
*[[Christianity and violence]]
*[[Civilian Public Service]]
*[[Jewish Peace Fellowship]]
*[[List of pacifist faiths]]
*[[List of peace activists]]
*[[Plain people]]
*[[Religious Freedom Peace Tax Fund Act]]
*[[Southern Christian Leadership Conference|Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)]]
*[[John Howard Yoder]]--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Alexander, Paul. [[2009]]. ''Peace to War: Shifting Allegiances in the Assemblies of God.'' Cascadia Publishing House. ISBN 1-931038-58-9.
* Brown, Dale. [[1985]]. ''Biblical Pacifism: A Peace Church Perspective.'' Elgin Illinoesiae: Brethren Press. ISBN 0-87178-108-5.
* Driver, Juan. [[1970]]. ''How Christians Made Peace With War: Early Christian Understandings of War.'' Scottdale Pennsylvaniae: Herald Press. ISBN 0-8361-3461-3.
* Driver, Juan. [[1999]]. ''Radical Faith.'' Scottdale Pennsylvaniae: Herald Press. ISBN 0-9683462-8-6.
* Durnbaugh, Donald. [[1997]]. ''Fruit of the Vine: A History of the Brethren.'' Brethren Press. ISBN 0-87178-003-8.
* Friesen, Duane K. [[1986]]. ''Christian Peacemaking and International Conflict: A Realist Pacifist Perspective.'' Scottdale Pennsylvaniae: Herald Press. ISBN 0-8361-1273-3.
* Horsch, John. [[1999]]. ''The Principle of Nonresistance as Held by the Mennonite Church.'' Ephrata Pennsylvaniae: Eastern Mennonite Publications.
* Lederach, John Paul. [[1999]]. ''The Journey Toward Reconciliation.'' Scottdale Pennsylvaniae: Herald Press. ISBN 0-8361-9082-3.
* McGrath, Willam. [[1980]]. ''Why We Are Conscientious Objectors to War.'' Millersburg Ohii: Amish Mennonite Publications.
* Piehler, G. Kurt, et Sidney Pash. [[2010]]. ''The United States and the Second World War: New Perspectives.''
* Ruth-Heffelbower, Duane. [[1991]]. ''The Anabaptists Are Back: Making Peace in a Dangerous World.'' Scottdale Pennsylvaniae: Herald Press. ISBN 0-8361-3552-0.
* Sampson, Cynthia. [[1999]]. Religion and Peacebuilding. In ''Peacemaking in International Conflict: Methods and Techniques,'' ed. I. William Zartman et J. Lewis Rasmussen. Vasingtoniae: United States Institute of Peace Press.
*Sider, Ronald. [[1979]]. ''Christ and Violence.'' Scottdale Pennsylvaniae: Herald Press. ISBN 1579106560.
*Speicher, Sara, et Donald F. Durnbaugh. [[2003]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705073854/http://www.wcc-coe.org/wcc/who/dictionary-article8.html Historic Peace Churches.] ''Ecumenical Dictionary.''
*Trocmé, André. [[1961]], [[2003]]. ''Jesus and the Nonviolent Revolution.'' Maryknoll Novi Eboraci: Orbis Books. ISBN 1570755388.
*Van Dyck, Harry R. [[1990]]. ''Exercise of Conscience: A World War II Objector Remembers.'' Buffalo Novi Eboraci: Prometheus Books. ISBN 0879755849.
*Wink, Walter, ed. [[2000]]. ''Peace Is the Way: Writings on Nonviolence from the Fellowship of Reconciliation.'' Maryknoll Novi Eboraci: Orbis Books. ISBN 1570753156.
*Wittlinger, Carlton. [[1978]]. ''Quest for Piety and Obedience: The Story of the Brethren in Christ.'' Evangel Press. ISBN 0916035050.

==Nexus externi==
*[http://www.cascadiapublishinghouse.com Domus Editoria Cascadia,] www.cascadiapublishinghouse.com
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100415233916/http://www.gameo.org/encyclopedia/contents/H59ME.html Ecclesiae Pacis Historicae,] www.gameo.org (''Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online'')
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20210306135716/http://nonresistance.org/ Non Repugnantia,] www.nonresistance.org
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20210228221318/http://ecapc.org/ Omnis Ecclesia Pacis Ecclesia,] ecapc.org
*[http://www.bibleviews.com/Biblicalnonresist.html Pacifismus et Non Repugnantia Biblica,] www.bibleviews.com
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070302195736/http://www.peacetheology.org/who.html Qui sunt hae ecclesiae pacis historicae?] web.archive.org (Wayback Machine)
*[http://www.bluffton.edu/~mastg/pacifism.htm Scripta de non repugnantia et pacificmo ex fontibus Anabaptistis-Mennonitis,] www.bliffton.edu

[[Categoria:Ecclesiae pacis| ]]
[[Categoria:Termini Christiani]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Athenaeum Wadsworthense</title>
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      <text bytes="7501" sha1="d8s4j3s2tfxvn0o0mdh6xgw8ednipym" xml:space="preserve">{{infobox Museum
|name=            Athenaeum Wadsworthense
|image=           
|established=     [[1844]]
|location=        600 [[Main Street]], [[Hartfordia (Connecticuta)|Hartfordiae]] [[Connecticuta]]e
|visitors=        
|director=        [[Susanna Lubowsky Talbott]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.wadsworthatheneum.org/learn/news.php?news_item=1785 Press release]&lt;/ref&gt;
|website=         [http://www.wadsworthatheneum.org http://www.wadsworthatheneum.org]
}}
[[Fasciculus:Nathan Hale statue at Wadsworth Atheneum.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Statua]] [[Nathan Hale]], ab Enoch Smith Woods anno [[1899]] facta.]]

'''Athnenaeum Wadsworthense'''&lt;ref&gt;[[Anglice]] ''Wadsworth Atheneum.'' [[Nomen adiectivum]] in nomine [[bacterium|bacterii]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160112080006/http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Sutterella_wadsworthensis ''Sutterellae wadsworthensis''] videtur, ex Laboratorio Anaerobico Wadsworthensi (Wadsworth Anaerobe Laboratory) appellato.&lt;/ref&gt; est veterrimum [[museum artis]] publicum in [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitatibus Foederatis]].&lt;ref&gt;Bibliotheca et Athenaeum Redwoodianum [[Portus Novus (Rhodensis Insula)|Portu Novo]] [[Rhodensis Insula]]e anno [[1747]] conditum est, et museum privatum anno [[1750]] apertum est. [[Carolus Willson Peale]] museum publicum in tabulato altero [[Curia Libertatis|Curiae Libertatis]]&lt;!--Independence Hall--&gt; [[Philadelphia]]e [[Pennsylvania]]e anno [[1786]] aperuit, et tesseram aditialem emptam poposcit. [[Academia Artium Elegantiorum Pennsylvaniae]], Philadelphiae anno [[1805]] ordinata, suum museum publicum [[1806]] aperuit, et tesseram aditialem [[centesima]]rum viginti quinque poposcit. [[Museum Pealeanum]] [[Baltimora]]e [[Terra Mariae|Terrae Mariae]] museum publicum anno [[1814]] factum est.&lt;/ref&gt; Cui sunt res maiores [[pictura]]rum [[Impressionismus|Impressionismi]] [[ars Francica|Franciae]] et [[ars Civitatum Foederatarum|artis Civitatum Foederatarum]], [[scaena (pictura)|scaenae]] [[Schola Fluminis Hudsoniani]], magna opera [[Modernismus|modernismi]], et opera hodierna, cum permultis partibus [[supellex|supellectis]] primis [[America]]nis et artibus ornantibus. 

Museum ad 600 [[Main Street]] patet, in proprio [[aedificium|aedificio]] [[castellum|castelli]] simili media [[Hartfordia (Connecticuta)|Hartfordia]] [[Connecticuta]]e, [[caput (urbs)|capite]] [[Civitatum Foederatarum civitas|civitatis]].&lt;!-- It easily accessible from [[I-91]] and [[I-84 (east)|I-84]], as well as by train.--&gt; Omnis congeries, in 196&amp;thinsp;000 [[pes quadratus|pedum quadratorum]] consistens, est maxima talis congeries in [[Connecticuta]] conservata.

== Structura et quae insunt ==
Structura ipsa in [[aedificium|aedificio]] primo, [[castellum|castelli]] simili, et quattuor alis additis consistit. In museo conservantur 50&amp;thinsp;000 fere rerum, inter quas [[aes|aera]] [[Imperium Romanum|Romana antiqua]], [[Graecia Antiqua|Graeca]], et [[Aegyptus|Aegyptia]]; [[pictura]]e ex aetatibus [[Renascentia]]e, [[Aetas Baroca|Aetatis Barocae]], et [[Impressionismus|Impressionistae]] Francicae et Americanae; [[fictilia elegantia]]&lt;!--Traupman:porcelains--&gt; Francica [[saeculum 18|saeculi duodevicensimi]] (inter quae res [[Misnia]]e et [[Separa]]e); scaenae [[Schola Fluminis Hudsoniani|Scholae Fluminis Hudsoniani]]; prima [[vestis|vestimenta]] et ornamenta Americana; prima ars et artefacta historica [[Afroamericani|Afroamericana]]; et plus. Congeries spatium plus quam 5000 annorum [[historia]]e universae comprehendunt.

Vix extra castellum est [[statua]] [[Nathan Hale]], ab [[Enoch S. Woods]] anno [[1899]] facta. In proximo, intra [[Capitolium Connecticutae|Capitolium]], est alia [[sculptura]] Hales, latius nota, a [[Bela Pratt]] facta, exemplum rei originalis, in [[Universitas Yalensis|Universitate Yalensi]] conservatae.

==Primae musei res==
Athenaeum ex initio multas occasiones primas habet. Anno [[1933]], Athenaeum [[Georgius Balanchine|Georgii Balanchine]] [[immigratio]]nem ad [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitates Foederatas]] ab [[Unio Sovietica|Unione Sovietica]] sustinuit. Qui mox [[Schola Balletae Americanae|Scholam Balletae Americanae]] condidit, quae vicissim [[Balleta Urbis Novi Eboraci]] facta est. Balanchine tum instituit ut grex producens Scholae Balletae Americanae primum in Theatro Memoriali Averiensi athenaei Decembri [[1934]] perfungeretur, interque eius res fuit ''[[Serenade (ballata)|Serenade]],'' eius prima saltatio in America [[choreographia|saltatoribus designata]].&lt;ref&gt;Steichen 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;

Athenaeum fuit primum museum in Civitatibus Foederatia quod res [[Salvator Dalí|Salvatoris Dali]], [[Balthus|Balthi]], [[Fridericus Church|Friderici Church]], [[Michael Angelus Caravagius|Michaelis Angeli Caravagii]], [[Petrus Mondrian|Petri Mondrian]], et multorum aliorum [[artifex|artificum]] praeclarorum obtinuit. [[Arthurus Everett Austin|A. Everett &quot;Chick&quot; Austin]] administrante, prima Americana [[surrealismus|surrealismi]] [[exhibitio]] in Athenaeo anno [[1931]], et prima maior artis [[Paulus Picasso|Picasso]] exhibitio respiciens in Civitatibus Foederatis anno [[1934]] habita est.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.tnr.com/article/magazine/books-and-arts/106435/barnes-foundation-move-philadelphia-tod-williams-billie-tsien &quot;Jed Perl: The Barnes Foundation's Disastrous New Home,&quot; ''New Republic, 24 Augusti 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Etiam anno [[1934]], prima [[perfunctio universa]]&lt;!--world premiere--&gt; [[opera (musica)|operae]] ''[[Four Saints in Three Acts]]'' [[Geretrudis Stein]] et [[Vergilius Thomson|Vergilii Thomson]] in Athenaeo facta est.

== Pinacotheca picturarum ab athenaeo conservatarum ==
&lt;gallery widths=&quot;180px&quot; heights=&quot;180px&quot; perrow=&quot;4&quot;&gt;
Fasciculus:CarvaggioWadsworthHartford.jpg| [[Michael Angelus Caravagius]], ''Sanctus Franciscus laetitia gestiens,'' circa [[1595]]. Oleum in carbaso, 92,5 x 128,4 cm.
Fasciculus:Pannini, Giovanni Paolo - Interior of a Picture Gallery with the Collection of Cardinal Silvio Valenti Gonzaga - 1740.jpg|[[Ioannes Paulus Pannini]], ''Interior pars pinacothecae [[pictura]]rum cum congerie [[Silvius Valenti Gonzaga|Silvii Valenti Cardinalis Gonzaga]],'' [[1740]].
Fasciculus:Hooker and Company Frederic Edwin Church.jpeg|[[Fridericus Eduinus Church]], ''Hooker et socii iter facientes per [[deserta]] a [[Plimmuta (Massachusetta)|Plimmuta]] ad [[Hartfordia]]m anno [[1636]],'' [[1846]].
Fasciculus:Paul Gauguin 092.jpg|[[Paulus Gauguin]], ''Nirvana, imago Iacobi Meyer de Haan,'' [[1890]].
&lt;/gallery&gt;
 
== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
*Steichen, James. [[2012]]. [http://www.princeton.edu/~artspol/workpap46.html ''The Stories of Serenade: Nonprofit History and George Balanchine's &quot;First Ballet in America.&quot;''] Working paper 46. Princeton University: Center for Arts and Cultural Policy Studies.
* Martin Pengelly, &quot;[http://www.theguardian.com/culture/2015/jan/30/wadsworth-atheneum-oldest-public-museum-connecticut-renovation Wadsworth Atheneum: oldest public museum in US comes back from brink]&quot; in ''[[The Guardian]]'' (30 Ianuarii 2015)

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110106043843/http://www.wadsworthatheneum.org/view/exhibition.php Index exhibitionum usitatarum,] www.wadsworthatheneum.org
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180306061014/http://www.wadsworthatheneum.org/ Situs proprius,] www.wadsworthatheneum.org

[[Categoria:Castella]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1844]]
[[Categoria:Hartfordia (Connecticuta)]]
[[Categoria:Historia Novae Angliae]]
[[Categoria:Musea Connecticutae]]</text>
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    <title>Carolus Xavier</title>
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      <text bytes="733" sha1="9utac9828z51xupmbfeprsvwyev3ah8" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:PatrickStewart2004-08-03 oval.png|thumb|Patrick Stewart qui Carolus Xavier fecit in pellicula. ]]
'''Carolus Xavier''' est [[superheros]] in societate Marvel Comicis creatus a [[Stan Lee]] et Jack Kirby. Agnoscitur sicut Professor X, Carolus Xavier est species 'mutant' et conditor manus [[X-Men]]. [[Paralyticus]] semper videtur in [[sella rotalis]] et vim telekinesis inusitata habet.
== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Charles Xavier (comics)|Carolus Xavier|nexus=fractus}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140508161309/http://marvel.com/universe/Professor_X Marvel Comics]
* [http://www.comicvine.com/professor-x/4005-1505/ Apud comic vine]
== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{pers-fict-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Superheroes]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Beast</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="640" sha1="qepfg7jvzsmjj7pyvuwctw7nsby1qqr" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Beast of the X-Men.jpg|thumbnail|Simulatus Bestiae ]]
'''Bestia''' est [[superheros]] in societate Marvel Comicis creatus a [[Stan Lee]] et Jack Kirby. Agnoscitur sicut Hank McCoy, et est species 'mutant' et sodalis manus [[X-Men]]. Semper videtur villosus caeruleus et vim inusitata et sensus animalis habet. Etiam est sapientissimus.

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Beast (comics)|Bestia}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110810030959/http://marvel.com/universe/Beast Marvel Comics]
* [http://www.comicvine.com/beast/4005-1462/ Apud comic vine]
== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{pers-fict-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Superheroes]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cyclops (Marvel)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>3991186</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-26T03:22:02Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
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      <text bytes="697" sha1="i1cxw4ksf7y2fps4luwzzfk751x5rsw" xml:space="preserve">{{videdis|Cyclops (discretiva)}}
[[Fasciculus:Cyclops cosplay.jpg|thumbnail|Simulatus Cyclops]]
'''Cyclops''' est [[superheros]] in societate Marvel Comicis creatus a [[Stan Lee]] et Jack Kirby. Agnoscitur sicut Scott Somers, et est species 'mutant' et dux manus [[X-Men]]. Semper videtur cum bucula unde nomen venit et vim inusitata ex [[oculus|oculis]] eius radiare potest.

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Beast (comics)|Bestia}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140529201813/http://marvel.com/universe/Cyclops  Marvel Comics]
* [http://www.comicvine.com/cyclops/4005-1459// Apud comic vine]
== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{pers-fict-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Superheroes]]

[[Categoria:Cyclopes]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Najib Tun Razak</title>
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      <text bytes="5300" sha1="judk3ey2etchl6uhwou5vyyu4jcvijd" xml:space="preserve">{{Movenda|Nazibus Tun Razak}}
{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}

{{res|Nazibus Tun Razak}} (natus ''Najib Tun Razak'' die [[23 Iulii]] [[1953]]) est [[politicus]] [[Malaesia]]e. Filius est natu primus [[Abdul Razak Hussein]], qui his annis secretarius civicus vicarius regni [[Pahang]] operam dedit atque [[primus minister]] Malaesiae meruerit. E stirpe nobili Pahang ortus, patre secutus, Nazibus Tun Razak unus est ex quattuor principibus illius regni, titulo ''{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Orang Kaya Indera Shahbandar||en|qid=Q30324440}}''.

[[Educatio|Educatus]] est apud [[Institutum Sancti Iohannis (Cuala Lumpuria)|Institutum Sancti Iohannis]] [[Cuala Lumpuria|Cualae Lumpuriae]]. Postea [[Collegium Malvern]] et [[Universitas Nottinghamiensis|universitatem Nottinghamiensem]] in [[Anglia]] frequentavit ubi anno [[1974]] in [[oeconomia]] industriali [[baccalaureatus]] est. Eodem anno in Malaesiam reditus, in negotiis implicatus, breviter apud {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|argentaria nationalis Malaesiae|argentariam nationalem|en|qid=Q806646}}, mox apud societatem petrolii ''[[Petronas]]'' a rebus publicis laboravit.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110621233817/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=63996 How Najib and Abdullah rose to nation’s top post]&quot; in ''Daily Express,'' 4 Aprilis 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

A die [[4 Maii]] [[1982]] ad [[14 Augusti]] [[1986]] primus minister regni Pahang meruit. Iam antea in rebus nationalibus agens, legatus est [[parlamentum Malaesianum|parlamento Malaesiano]] a die [[4 Maii]] [[1982]] ad [[14 Augusti]] [[1986]], iterum a die [[6 Octobris]] [[1986]] hodie usque. [[primus minister]] vicarius Malaesiae a die [[7 Ianuarii]] [[2004]], primus minister a die [[3 Aprilis]] [[2009]] usque ad [[10 Maii]] [[2018]] fuit. Eisdem annis munere ministri a vectigalibus a die [[23 Septembris]] [[2008]] decem fere annos functus est. Die [[3 Iulii]] [[2018]], peculato publico culpatus, in custodiam datus est.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/03/world/asia/najib-razak-arrested-malaysia.html &quot;Malaysia’s Ex-Leader, Najib Razak, Is Charged in Corruption Inquiry,&quot;] [[New York Times]].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-53563065 &quot;Najib Razak: Malaysian ex-PM gets 12-year jail term in 1MDB corruption trial.&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Latinitas dolet|Durante eius mandato, notabiles controversiae emergunt, inter quas includuntur scandalum 1MDB et implicatio in caasum Altantuyae Shaariibuu.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/06/malaysian-task-force-investigates-allegations-700m-paid-to-pm-najib Malaysian taskforce investigates allegations $700m paid to PM Najib]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/312249 Dr M: Najib must clear name over Altantuya murder]&lt;/ref&gt; Sub criminationibus de peculatu et corruptione constitutus est&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/03/world/asia/najib-razak-arrested-malaysia.html Malaysia’s Ex-Leader, Najib Razak, Is Charged in Corruption Inquiry]&lt;/ref&gt; et adhuc purgationem iudicii subit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/article/malaysia-politics-najib-court-idUSL3N21K198 Malaysian ex-PM Najib due to go on trial over 1MDB-linked graft]&lt;/ref&gt; Post prematurum suum ab imperio, sententia damnationis est confirmata,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/malaysia-ex-pm-najib-to-serve-jail-sentence-after-failing-to-overturn-final-1mdb-appeal Malaysia ex-PM Najib begins 12-year jail sentence after failing to overturn 1MDB conviction]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.channelnewsasia.com/asia/najib-1mdb-jail-sentence-fail-appeal-overturn-guilty-verdict-2894851 Najib to serve 12-year jail sentence after failing in final bid to overturn guilty verdict in 1MDB-linked case]&lt;/ref&gt; atque nunc in carcere Kajang detinetur.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2022/08/23/najib-arrives-at-kajang-prison-after-court-upholds-jail-term Najib arrives at Kajang Prison after court upholds jail term]&lt;/ref&gt;}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Manuel Ausloos, &quot;[https://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2018/08/10/najib-razak-l-ex-premier-ministre-malaisien-devrait-etre-juge-en-fevrier-2019_5341306_3216.html Najib Razak, l’ex-premier ministre malaisien, devrait être jugé en février 2019]&quot; in ''[[Le Monde]]'' (10 Augusti 2018)
* Thomas Bell, &quot;[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/malaysia/5099246/Profile-Najib-Razak.html Profile: To Najib Razak the Malaysian premiership may feel like a birthright]&quot; in ''[[Daily Telegraph]]'' (3 Aprilis 2009)
* Oliver Holmes, &quot;[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/04/scandal-hit-malaysian-pm-najib-drops-speech-at-anti-corruption-conference Scandal-hit Malaysian PM Najib drops speech at anti-corruption conference]&quot; in ''[[The Guardian]]'' (4 Septembris 2015)
* Richard C. Paddock, &quot;[https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/09/world/asia/malaysia-najib-razak-1mdb.html Malaysian Leader, Under Corruption Cloud, Will Meet With Trump]&quot; in ''[[New York Times]]'' (9 Septembris 2017)

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}
{{CommuniaCat}}

{{Primi ministri Malaesiae}}

{{Lifetime|1953||Najib Razak}}
[[Categoria:Alumni Instituti Sancti Iohannis (Cuala Lumpuria)]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Nottinghamiensis]]
[[Categoria:Gubernatores civitatum]]
[[Categoria:Politici Malaesiae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cinqueux</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230804</id>
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        <username>Pippobuono</username>
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      <comment>capsa regio et opus</comment>
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      <text bytes="712" sha1="e1vung4gjgzbpobajgygiwt7v8aab6n" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus: Cinqueux_(60),_nouvelle_mairie,_rue_de_Liancourt.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Cinqueux: [[vici conciliabulum]] ]]

''' Cinqueux''' est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] {{formatnum:1630}} incolarum (anno [[2023]]) praefecturae [[Esia (praefectura Franciae)|Esiae]] in regione [[Alta Franciae|Altis Franciae]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Esiae|Indicem communium praefecturae Esiae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Cinqueux|Cinqueux}}
{{INSEE commune|60154|de=Cinqueux}}
* {{opus|url=https://www.cinqueux.fr/|titulus=Cinqueux pagina interretialis}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Esiae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Oesiae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Le Coudray-sur-Thelle</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>230814</id>
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      <comment>capsa et regio nova</comment>
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      <text bytes="667" sha1="9ehoyddmshn01m2uvvfa4ggegpon8d6" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Le_Coudray-sur-Thelle_mairie.JPG|thumb|upright=0.7|left|Le Coudray-sur-Thelle: [[vici conciliabulum]] ]]

''' Le Coudray-sur-Thelle''' est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 554 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) praefecturae [[Esia (praefectura Franciae)|Esiae]] in regione [[Alta Franciae|Altis Franciae]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Esiae|Indicem communium praefecturae Esiae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Le Coudray-sur-Thelle|Le Coudray-sur-Thelle}}
{{INSEE commune|60165|de=Le Coudray-sur-Thelle}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Esiae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Oesiae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Calligraphia Islamica</title>
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      <text bytes="5122" sha1="j7wif7xvk442ike9lp5oj7stvbcj8un" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Basmalah-1wm.svg|thumb|Locutio [[Basmala]] per [[calligraphia]]m Islamicam [[saeculum 18|seculi duodevicensimi]] ex [[regio]]ne [[Imperium Ottomanicum|Imperii Ottomanici]].]]

'''Calligraphia Isamica,''' vel '''calligraphia Arabica,''' est [[ars|artifex]] [[chirographum|chirographi]] et [[calligraphia]]e usus,&lt;!-- and by extension, [[bookbinding|bookmaking]],--&gt; in [[lingua Arabica]] et [[abecedarium Arabicum|abecedario Arabico]] conditus, in terris quae [[hereditas|hereditatem]] [[cultura]]lem [[Islam]]icam commune partiunt perfectus.&lt;ref name=Bloom&gt;Blair et Bloom 1995.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!--{{rp|218}}--&gt;&lt;ref name=ens&gt;Chapman 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Quae [[Arabice]] ''khatt'' (خط) appellatur, a [[vocabulum|vocabulo]] 'linea, designatio, constructio' deducta.&lt;ref name=typography&gt;Julia Kaestle, [http://ilovetypography.com/2008/07/10/arabic-calligraphy-as-a-typographic-exercise/ ''Arabic calligraphy as a typographic exercise,] 10 Iulii 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;

Evolutio calligraphiae Islamicae cum [[Alcoranus|Alcorano]] arte coniungitur, [[scriptura|textu]] communi et paene universo, ex quo calligraphia Islamica conditur. Ob profundam cum [[Alcoranus|Alcorano]] consociationem [[religio]]sam, et suspicionem in [[ars|artes]] figurativas ut signum [[idololatria]]e, calligraphia unum ex maioribus generibus expressionis [[ars|artificis]] in [[cultura|culturis]] Islamicis facta est.&lt;ref name=Bloom/&gt;&lt;!--{{rp|222}}--&gt;

Quia calligraphia in Islam est res magnae admirationis, plura opera exemplaria a calligraphis bene notis constituta sequuntur, operibus profanis vel hodiernis exceptis. Discipulus in [[antiquitas|antiquitate]] ex opere magistri identidem exscribebat usque eorum chirographa similia essent. Modus usitatus in variationes angularem et cursivam digeritur, quarum quaeque in nonnullos submodos prorsus digeritur.&lt;ref name=ens/&gt;

===Exempla hodierna===
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Bismillah.JPG|Calligraphia [[Basmala]]
Fasciculus:Bismillah gold.svg|Calligraphia [[Basmala]]
Fasciculus:Caligrafia arabe pajaro.svg|Calligraphia [[zoomorphismus|zoomorphica]]
Fasciculus:Flag of Taliban.svg|Calligraphia in [[vexillum|vexillo]] [[Emiratus Islamicus Afganiae|Emiratus Islamici Afganiae]], 2001.
Fasciculus:Emirates logo.svg|Logotypus [[Emiratus|Emiratuum]], [[societas aerea|societatis areae]]&lt;!--airline (not country!)--&gt;, calligraphia Arabica tradionali scriptus
Fasciculus:Learning Arabic calligraphy.jpg|Instrumenta et opus calligraphi studentis 
Fasciculus:Menulis khat.jpg|Calligraphia Islamica a [[Musulmanus|Musulmano]] Malaesiano in [[Malaesia]] facta.&lt;!--Calligrapher is making a rough draft--&gt;
&lt;/gallery&gt;

{{NexInt}}
*[[Architectura Islamica]]
*[[Aetas Aurea Islamica]]
*[[Calligraphia Persica]]
*[[Graphita Islamica]]
*[[Opus fictile Islamicum]]
*[[Qalam]]&lt;!--
*[[Lingua Turcica Ottomanica]]
*[[Sini (scriptum)]]--&gt;

===Calligraphi notabiles===
Inter notissimos calligraphos classicos sunt:
*[[Ibn Muqla]] (m. 939/940)
*[[Ibn al-Bawwab]] (m. 1022)
*[[Yaqut al-Musta'simi]] (m. 1298)
*[[Mir Ali Tabrizi]] (m. saec. 14–15)
*[[Sheikh Hamdullah|Şeyh Hamdullah]] (1436–1520)
*[[Seyyid Kasim Gubari]] (m. 1624)
*[[Hâfiz Osman]] (1642–1698)

==Notae==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Bhutta, Muhammad Iqbal. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131111020111/http://www.ilmoirfanpublishers.com/Book/lahore-fan-e-khattati-dr-muhammad-iqbal-bhutta &quot;Lahore aur Fun-e-Khattati.&quot;] https://web.archive.org/web/20140102014407/http://ilmoirfanpublishers.com/.
*Blair, Sheila S., et Jonathan M. Bloom. [[1995]]. ''The Art and Architecture of islam: 1250–1800.'' Portu Novo: Yale University Press. ISBN 0300064659.&lt;!--Reprinted with corrections--&gt;
*Chapman, Caroline. [[2012]]. ''Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Arcitecture.'' ISBN 9789790996311.
*Kosack, Wolfgang. [[2014]]. ''Islamische Schriftkunst des Kufischen: Geometrisches Kufi in 593 Schriftbeispielen: Deutsch – Kufi – Arabisch.'' Basiliae: Christoph Brunner. ISBN 9783906206103.
*Lewis, Bernard, et Butnzie Ellis Churchill. ''Islam: The Religion and the People.'' ISBN 9780132230858.
*Schimmel, Annemarie. [[1984]]. ''Calligraphy and Islamic Culture.'' Novi Eboraci: New York University Press. ISBN 0814778305.

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|Arabic calligraphy|calligraphiam Arabicam}}
{{CommuniaCat|Islamic calligraphy|calligraphiam Islamicam}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130922031017/https://sites.google.com/site/journeythrougharthistory/arabiccalligraphy Calligraphia Arabica,] sites.google.com
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110228232705/http://www.mastersofistanbul.com/en/ustalar/2/calligraphy Calligraphiae Periti Constantinopolis,] www.mastersofistanbul.com
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20131111014413/http://www.arabiccalligraphy4u.com/ Designationes Calligraphiae Arabicae,] www.arabiccalligraphy4u.com&lt;!--
*[http://www.ilmoirfanpublishers.com/Book/lahore-fan-e-khattati-dr-muhammad-iqbal-bhutta ilmoirfanpublishers.com]--&gt;

[[Categoria:Architectura Islamica]]
[[Categoria:Ars]]&lt;!--pro tem--&gt;
[[Categoria:Calligraphia]]&lt;!--en:Calligraphia Islamica| + Calligraphia Arabica| --&gt;
[[Categoria:Cultura Islamica]]</text>
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    <title>Saint-Geniès-Bellevue</title>
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[[Fasciculus:31 - Château de Saint-Genies Bellevue - Façade.jpg|thumb|upright=.7|left|Saint-Geniès-Bellevue: castellum.]]

'''Saint-Geniès-Bellevue''' est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 2495 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Garunna Superior|Garunnae Superioris]] in regione australi [[Meridianum et Pyrenaei|Meridiano et Pyrenaeis]] (a die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[2016]] [[Occitania Ruscino Meridianum et Pyrenaei|Occitania Ruscinone Meridiano et Pyrenaeis]]).

{{NexInt}}

* [[Index communium praefecturae Garunnae Superioris|Indicem communium praefecturae Garunnae Superioris]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Saint-Geniès-Bellevue |Saint-Geniès-Bellevue}}

* {{INSEE commune|31484|de=Saint-Geniès-Bellevue}}
* [http://cassini.ehess.fr/cassini/fr/html/fiche.php?select_resultat=31873 De hoc commune apud cassini.ehess.fr]
* [http://www.saint-genies-bellevue.fr/ Huius communis pagina interretialis]
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Garumnae superioris]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Garumnae superioris]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Exercitus Virginiae</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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'''Exercitus Virginiae''' fuit maior [[Exercitus Unionis]] pars, quae breviter et infeliciter anno [[1862]] in [[Bellum Civile Americanum|Bello Civili Americano]] operabatur. Non confundendus est cum [[Exercitus Virginiae Septentrionalis|Exercitu Virginiae Septentrionalis]], [[corpus|corpore]] [[Civitates Confoederatae Americae|Confoederato]] et eius adversario principali, [[Robertus E. Lee|Roberto E. Lee]] duce. Imperator fuit [[Ioannes Pope]] [[res militaris|generalis maior]], qui [[exercitus|exercitum]] a [[26 Iunii]] ad [[12 Septembris]] duxit.

==Maiora proelia==
*[[Proelium Montis Cedri]]
*[[Proelium Bull Run Alterum]]
*[[Proelium Cantiliaci]]&lt;!--Chantilly--&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Boatner, Mark M. III. [[1984]]. ''The Civil War Dictionary: Revised Edition.'' David McKay Company. ISBN 0679733922.
*Hennessy, John J. [[1999]]. ''Return to Bull Run: The Campaign and Battle of Second Manassas.'' Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 080613187X.

==Nexus externi==
*[http://ehistory.osu.edu/uscw/BattleView.cfm?BID=33&amp;WID=2 Copiae adversae ad Bull Run Alterum,] ehistory.osu.edu
*[http://ehistory.osu.edu/uscw/library/books/battles/index.cfm Proelia et Duces Belli Civilis,] ehistory.osu.edu
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051219171707/http://www.nps.gov/gett/getttour/armorg.htm Structura exercitus per Bellum Civile,] www.nps.gov

[[Categoria:Bellum Civile Americanum]]
[[Categoria:Virginia]]
[[Categoria:1862]]
[[Categoria:Exercitus Unionis]]
&lt;!--en:
[[Category:Union armies|Virginia, Army of]]
[[Category:Virginia in the American Civil War]]--&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ioannes de Lotharingia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>238252</id>
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        <username>Pippobuono</username>
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      <comment>+cat et commons et fontes</comment>
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      <text bytes="1647" sha1="5cj7glxz9zxsakmn00l59jv11fp8ban" xml:space="preserve">{{L}}
{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Ioannes de Lotharingia''', vulgo ''Jean de Lorraine'' (natus [[Barrum|Barri Ducum]] die [[9 Aprilis]] [[1498]]; ad [[Novus Vicus (Niver)|Novum Vicum]] mortuus die [[18 Maii]] [[1550]]) fuit cardinalis et politicus [[Francia]]e. Episcopus [[Mettis|Mettensis]] administratorque dioecesium aliarum multarum meruit. Frater [[Claudius (dux Guisiae)|Claudii Guisii]] ducis, patruus igitur fuit [[Carolus de Lotharingia|Caroli de Lotharingia]] qui et ille cardinalis creatus erit.

== Bibliographia ==
* Paulette Choné, &quot;[http://hleno.revues.org/219 Jean de Lorraine (1498-1550), cardinal et mécène]&quot; in Frédérique Lemerle, Yves Pauwels, Gennaro Toscano, edd., ''Les Cardinaux de la Renaissance et la modernité artistique'' (Villeneuve d'Ascq: Institut de Recherches Historiques du Septentrion, 2009. ISBN 978-2-905637-55-0. ''Histoire et littérature de l'Europe du Nord-Ouest'', 40)
* Cédric Michon, &quot;[http://www.cairn.info/revue-d-histoire-moderne-et-contemporaine-2003-3-page-34.htm Les richesses de la faveur à la Renaissance: Jean de Lorraine (1498-1550) et François Ier]&quot; in ''Revue d'histoire moderne et contemporaine'' (2003 no. 3) pp. 34-61

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Jean III de Lorraine|Ioannem de Lotharingia}}
{{Fontes biographici}}
* {{Cardinals|http://cardinals.fiu.edu/bios1518-ii.htm#Lorraine|Lorraine, Jean de}}
* {{CathHierBishop|lorrj|Jean Cardinal de Lorraine}}

{{Lifetime|1498|1550|Lotharingia, Ioannes de}}

[[Categoria:Politici Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Cardinales]]
[[Categoria:Episcopi Mettenses]]
[[Categoria:Franciscus I (rex Francorum)]]
[[Categoria:Episcopi Virodunenses]]</text>
      <sha1>5cj7glxz9zxsakmn00l59jv11fp8ban</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Gastroenteritis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>239198</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991228</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-26T11:00:04Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="2005" sha1="pfc6dwgwx6nkvbblgeddpuxy16y7i53" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Gastroenteritis viruses.jpg|thumb|[[Virus biologicum|Vira]] gastroenteritidis:&lt;br/&gt;A = [[rotavirus]], B = [[adenovirus]],&lt;br/&gt;C = [[norovirus]], D = [[astrovirus]].]]
'''Gastroenteritis''', seu '''diarrhoea contagiosa''', est [[morbus]], [[inflammatio]] [[stomachus|stomachi]] (τὴς γαστέρος) et [[intestinum tenue|intestini tenuis]] (τοὺ ἐντέρου),&lt;ref name=&quot;Sch2015&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Schlossberg|first1=David|title=Clinical infectious disease|date=[[2015]]|isbn=978-1-107-03891-2|page=334|edition=Editio secunda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=meFwBwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA334|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908184604/https://books.google.com/books?id=meFwBwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA334|archive-date=2017-09-08}}.&lt;/ref&gt; quae [[diarrhoea]]m, [[vomitus|vomitum]], vel [[dolor]]em [[abdomen|abdominis]] tantum efficit, saepe [[aqua]]m necessariam ex [[corpus|corpore]] amovens (hoc est [[dehydratio]]).

Gastroenteritis per [[orbis terrarum|orbem terrarum]] inter [[puer]]os plerumque a [[rotavirus|rotaviro]] efficitur; in adultis autem vulgatiora sunt [[norovirus]] et ''[[Campylobacter]]''. Causae minus crebres sunt alia [[bacteria]] et [[parasitus|parasiti]].

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Gastroenteritis|gastroenteritidem}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150704234750/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/gastroenteritis.html De gastroenteritide] apud [[MedLinePlus]] {{ling|Anglice}}
* Freedman, S. B., S. Ali, M. Oleszczuk, S. Gouin, et L. Hartling. [[2013]]. [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ebch.1932/abstract &quot;Treatment of acute gastroenteritis in children: an overview of systematic reviews of interventions commonly used in developed countries.&quot;] ''Evidence-Based Child Health'' 8: 1123–37. {{doi| 10.1002/ebch.1932}}. {{ling|Anglice}}

{{1000 paginae}}
{{Myrias|Biologia}}

[[Categoria:Apparatus digestorius]]
[[Categoria:Inflammationes]]
[[Categoria:Morbi bacteriales]]
[[Categoria:Morbi virales]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Barbara Stanwyck</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>241932</id>
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      <text bytes="720" sha1="g95d0guym4jn9i5vzqsw83zw2jd32zg" xml:space="preserve">{{capsa hominis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Barbara_Stanwyck_-_early_still.JPG|thumb|right|Barbara Stanwyck]]
'''Barbara Stanwyck''' (nata die [[16 Iulii]] [[1907]] [[Brooklynium|Brooklynii]], mortua die [[20 Ianuarii]] [[1990]] [[Sancta Monica (California)|Sanctae Monicae]]/[[California]]) actrix cinematographica [[CFA|Americana]] fuit.

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat}}
* {{IMDb name|0001766}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150627203453/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/183111%7C17875/Barbara-Stanwyck/filmography.html Biographia cum partibus eius pellicularum apud ''Turner Classic Movies'']

{{bio-stipula}}

{{lifetime|1907|1990|Stanwyck, Barbara}}
[[Categoria:Actores Civitatum Foederatarum]]

{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
      <sha1>g95d0guym4jn9i5vzqsw83zw2jd32zg</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Enid Blyton</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>242429</id>
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      <text bytes="4665" sha1="5s939di55tdest10kbnymz6oqhq4e6r" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Blyton blue plaque.jpg|thumb|Signum in pariete domūs pueritiae Blyton]]
'''Enid Mary Blyton''' (nata [[11 Augusti]] [[1897]] [[Londonium|Londonii]], mortua [[28 Novembris]] [[1968]] [[Hampstead]] Londonii) fuit scriptrix [[Litterae pueriles|litterarum puerilium]] [[Anglia|Anglica]], quae plus quam 600 libros conscripsit. Primum librum, ''Child Whispers'' nomine, anno [[1922]], cum 25 annos esset nata, edidit. Fortasse optime innotuit seriebus [[mythistoria]]rum puerilium, ut ''Noddy, Famous Five, Five Find-Outers, Secret Seven, The Adventure Series, The Barney Mysteries''. Constat libros eius in 90 fere sermones translatos esse. 

In pellicula ''Enid'' anno [[2009]] edita, quae vitam Blyton enarrat, partes primas egit [[Helena Bonham Carter]].

== Opera selecta ==
{|
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |
;''Famous Five''
#''Five on a Treasure Island'' (1942)
#''Five Go Adventuring Again'' (1943)
#''Five Run Away Together'' (1944)
#''Five Go to Smuggler's Top'' (1945)
#''Five Go Off in a Caravan'' (1946)
#''Five on Kirrin Island Again'' (1947)
#''Five Go Off to Camp'' (1948)
#''Five Get into Trouble'' (1949)
#''Five Fall into Adventure'' (1950)
#''Five on a Hike Together'' (1951)
#''Five Have a Wonderful Time'' (1952)
#''Five Go Down to the Sea'' (1953)
#''Five Go to Mystery Moor'' (1954)
#''Five Have Plenty of Fun'' (1955)
#''Five on a Secret Trail'' (1956)
#''Five Go to Billycock Hill'' (1957)
#''Five Get into a Fix'' (1958)
#''Five on Finniston Farm'' (1960)
#''Five Go to Demon's Rocks'' (1961)
#''Five Have a Mystery to Solve'' (1962)
#''Five Are Together Again'' (1963)

| valign=&quot;top&quot; |
;''Five Find-Outers''
# ''The Mystery of the Burnt Cottage'' (1943)
# ''The Mystery of the Disappearing Cat'' (1944)
# ''The Mystery of the Secret Room'' (1945)
# ''The Mystery of the Spiteful Letters'' (1946)
# ''The Mystery of the Missing Necklace'' (1947)
# ''The Mystery of the Hidden House'' (1948)
# ''The Mystery of the Pantomime Cat'' (1949)
# ''The Mystery of the Invisible Thief'' (1950)
# ''The Mystery of the Vanished Prince'' (1951)
# ''The Mystery of the Strange Bundle'' (1952)
# ''The Mystery of Holly Lane'' (1953)
# ''The Mystery of Tally-Ho Cottage'' (1954)
# ''The Mystery of the Missing Man'' (1956)
# ''The Mystery of the Strange Messages'' (1957)
# ''The Mystery of Banshee Towers'' (1961)

| valign=&quot;top&quot; |
;''The Adventure Series''
#''The Island of Adventure'' (1944) AKA ''Mystery Island'' (US, 1945)
#''The Castle of Adventure'' (1946)
#''The Valley of Adventure'' (1947)
#''The Sea of Adventure'' (1948)
#''The Mountain of Adventure'' (1949)
#''The Ship of Adventure'' (1950)
#''The Circus of Adventure'' (1952)
#''The River of Adventure'' (1955)

;''Noddy''
#''Noddy Goes to Toyland'' (1949)
#''Hurrah for Little Noddy'' (1950)
#''Noddy and His Car'' (1951)
#''Here Comes Noddy Again!'' (1951)
#''Well Done Noddy!'' (1952)
#''Noddy Goes to School '' (1952)
#''Noddy at the Seaside'' (1953)
#''Noddy Gets into Trouble'' (1954)
#''Noddy and the Magic Rubber'' (1954)
#''You Funny Little Noddy'' (1955)
#''Noddy Meets Father Christmas'' (1955)
#''Noddy and Tessie Bear'' (1956)
#''Be Brave, Little Noddy!'' (1956)
#''Noddy and the Bumpy-Dog'' (1957)
#''Do Look Out, Noddy'' (1957)
#''You're a Good Friend, Noddy'' (1958)
#''Noddy Has an Adventure'' (1958)
#''Noddy Goes to Sea'' (1959)
#''Noddy and the Bunkey'' (1959)
#''Cheer Up, Little Noddy!'' (1960)
#''Noddy Goes to the Fair'' (1960)
#''Mr. Plod and Little Noddy'' (1961)
#''Noddy and the Tootles'' (1962)
#''Noddy and the Aeroplane'' (1963)

;''The Barney Mysteries''
#''The Rockingdown Mystery'' (1949)
#''The Rilloby Fair Mystery'' (1950)
#''The Ring O'Bells Mystery'' (1951)
#''The Rubadub Mystery'' (1951)
#''The Rat-a-Tat Mystery'' (1952)
#''The Ragamuffin Mystery'' (1959)

| valign=&quot;top&quot; |
;''The Secret Seven''
#''The Secret Seven'' (1949)
#''Secret Seven Adventure'' (1950)
#''Well Done Secret Seven'' (1951)
#''Secret Seven on the Trail'' (1952)
#''Go Ahead Secret Seven'' (1953)
#''Good Work Secret Seven'' (1954)
#''Secret Seven Win Through'' (1955)
#''Three Cheers Secret Seven'' (1956)
#''Secret Seven Mystery'' (1957)
#''Puzzle for the Secret Seven'' (1958)
#''Secret Seven Fireworks'' (1959)
#''Good Old Secret Seven'' (1960)
#''Shock for the Secret Seven'' (1961)
#''Look Out Secret Seven'' (1962)
#''Fun for the Secret Seven'' (1963)
|}

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Enid Blyton}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131121141749/http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/blyton/ Blyton] apud [[BBC]]

{{Lifetime|1897|1968|Blyton, Enid}}
[[Categoria:Auctores Anglici]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores librorum puerilium]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Angliae]]

{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Norda</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
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      <text bytes="1468" sha1="li3k583v28qxzeskc5x5g38a6cf0s5d" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Dree-suesters-20070922 retouched.jpg|thumb|left|Aedificia &quot;Tres sorores&quot; ad forum Norden]]
[[Fasciculus:Alteshausnorden.jpg|thumb|left|Domus veterrima oppidi Norden]]
'''Norden''' est commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] [[Aurich (circulus)|circuli Aurich]] in [[Frisia orientalis|Frisia Orientali]] atque in [[Saxonia Inferior]]e sita. Ad Norden urbs partes Bargebur, Leybuchtpolder, Neuwesteel, Norddeich (ad annum 1972 &quot;Lintelermarsch&quot; nominata), Ostermarsch, Süderneuland I, Süderneuland II, Tidofeld, Westermarsch I atque Westermarsch II. pertinent.

== Historia ==
Anno [[1255]] urbs primo in actis descripta est, sed certe diu antea condita est. Postea ad [[Frisia orientalis|Frisiae Orientalis]] ducatum pertinuit, tum annis [[1744]] ad [[1806]] ad [[Borussia]]m, deinde ab anno 1806 regio ad [[Nederlandia]]m et annis [[1810]] ad [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1815]] Norden [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regno Hannoverano]] traditum est, quae post annum [[1866]] iterum pars Borussiae fuit. Ab anno [[1885]] Norden caput novi Circuli eiusdem nominis factum est. Ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinent. Anno [[1972]] vici supra dicti cum Norden coniuncti sunt. Anno [[1977]] circulus Norden dissolutum et oppidum pars circuli Aurich factum est.

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Norden (Ostfriesland)|Norden}}
* [http://www.norden.de/ www.norden.de]

[[Categoria:Urbes Saxoniae Inferioris]]</text>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Norden]] ad [[Norda]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam</comment>
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      <text bytes="1468" sha1="li3k583v28qxzeskc5x5g38a6cf0s5d" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Dree-suesters-20070922 retouched.jpg|thumb|left|Aedificia &quot;Tres sorores&quot; ad forum Norden]]
[[Fasciculus:Alteshausnorden.jpg|thumb|left|Domus veterrima oppidi Norden]]
'''Norden''' est commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] [[Aurich (circulus)|circuli Aurich]] in [[Frisia orientalis|Frisia Orientali]] atque in [[Saxonia Inferior]]e sita. Ad Norden urbs partes Bargebur, Leybuchtpolder, Neuwesteel, Norddeich (ad annum 1972 &quot;Lintelermarsch&quot; nominata), Ostermarsch, Süderneuland I, Süderneuland II, Tidofeld, Westermarsch I atque Westermarsch II. pertinent.

== Historia ==
Anno [[1255]] urbs primo in actis descripta est, sed certe diu antea condita est. Postea ad [[Frisia orientalis|Frisiae Orientalis]] ducatum pertinuit, tum annis [[1744]] ad [[1806]] ad [[Borussia]]m, deinde ab anno 1806 regio ad [[Nederlandia]]m et annis [[1810]] ad [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1815]] Norden [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regno Hannoverano]] traditum est, quae post annum [[1866]] iterum pars Borussiae fuit. Ab anno [[1885]] Norden caput novi Circuli eiusdem nominis factum est. Ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinent. Anno [[1972]] vici supra dicti cum Norden coniuncti sunt. Anno [[1977]] circulus Norden dissolutum et oppidum pars circuli Aurich factum est.

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Norden (Ostfriesland)|Norden}}
* [http://www.norden.de/ www.norden.de]

[[Categoria:Urbes Saxoniae Inferioris]]</text>
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        <id>66550</id>
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      <text bytes="1873" sha1="k6b9flmd2e8djgwy9qkl7cogjs0iucv" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Dree-suesters-20070922 retouched.jpg|thumb|left|Aedificia &quot;Tres sorores&quot; ad forum Nordae.]]
[[Fasciculus:Alteshausnorden.jpg|thumb|left|Domus veterrima urbis Nordae.]]
'''Norda'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; seu '''Nordi'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; seu '''Nordedi'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; seu '''Nordendi'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; seu '''Nordwidi'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; est commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] [[Circulus Auriacum|circuli Auriaci]] in [[Frisia orientalis|Frisia Orientali]] atque in [[Saxonia Inferior]]e sita. Ad Nordam urbem partes Bargebur, Leybuchtpolder, Neuwesteel, Norddeich (ad annum 1972 &quot;Lintelermarsch&quot; nominata), Ostermarsch, Süderneuland I, Süderneuland II, Tidofeld, Westermarsch I atque Westermarsch II. pertinent.

== Historia ==
Anno [[1255]] urbs primo in actis descripta est, sed certe diu antea condita est. Postea ad [[Frisia orientalis|Frisiae Orientalis]] ducatum pertinuit, tum annis [[1744]] ad [[1806]] ad [[Borussia]]m, deinde ab anno 1806 regio ad [[Nederlandia]]m et annis [[1810]] ad [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1815]] Norda [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regno Hannoverano]] tradita est, quae post annum [[1866]] iterum pars Borussiae fuit. Ab anno [[1885]] Norda caput novi Circuli eiusdem nominis facta est. Ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinent. Anno [[1972]] vici supra dicti cum Norda coniuncti sunt. Anno [[1977]] circulus Nordensis dissolutum et urbs pars circuli Auriaci facta est.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Norden (Ostfriesland)|Norden|Nordam}}
* [http://www.norden.de/ www.norden.de]

[[Categoria:Urbes Saxoniae Inferioris]]</text>
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      <text bytes="1996" sha1="srzkv9btmeo5nojwv3npmu5ef37i9rh" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Dree-suesters-20070922 retouched.jpg|thumb|left|Aedificia &quot;Tres sorores&quot; ad forum Nordae.]]
[[Fasciculus:Alteshausnorden.jpg|thumb|left|Domus veterrima urbis Nordae.]]
'''Norda'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; seu '''Nordi'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; seu '''Nordedi'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; seu '''Nordendi'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; seu '''Nordwidi'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Norden''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Saxonice|Eofrisicosaxonice]] ''Nörden'') est commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] [[Circulus Auriacum|circuli Auriaci]] in [[Frisia orientalis|Frisia Orientali]] atque in [[Saxonia Inferior]]e sita. Ad Nordam urbem partes Bargebur, Leybuchtpolder, Neuwesteel, Norddeich (ad annum 1972 &quot;Lintelermarsch&quot; nominata), Ostermarsch, Süderneuland I, Süderneuland II, Tidofeld, Westermarsch I atque Westermarsch II. pertinent.

== Historia ==
Anno [[1255]] urbs primo in actis descripta est, sed certe diu antea condita est. Postea ad [[Frisia orientalis|Frisiae Orientalis]] ducatum pertinuit, tum annis [[1744]] ad [[1806]] ad [[Borussia]]m, deinde ab anno 1806 regio ad [[Nederlandia]]m et annis [[1810]] ad [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1815]] Norda [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regno Hannoverano]] tradita est, quae post annum [[1866]] iterum pars Borussiae fuit. Ab anno [[1885]] Norda caput novi Circuli eiusdem nominis facta est. Ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinent. Anno [[1972]] vici supra dicti cum Norda coniuncti sunt. Anno [[1977]] circulus Nordensis dissolutum et urbs pars circuli Auriaci facta est.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Norden (Ostfriesland)|Norden|Nordam}}
* [http://www.norden.de/ www.norden.de]

[[Categoria:Urbes Saxoniae Inferioris]]</text>
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[[Fasciculus:Dree-suesters-20070922 retouched.jpg|thumb|left|Aedificia &quot;Tres sorores&quot; ad forum Nordae.]]
[[Fasciculus:Alteshausnorden.jpg|thumb|left|Domus veterrima urbis Nordae.]]
'''Norda'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; seu '''Nordi'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; seu '''Nordedi'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; seu '''Nordendi'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; seu '''Nordwidi'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Norden''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Saxonice|Eofrisicosaxonice]] ''Nörden'') est commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] [[Circulus Auriacum|circuli Auriaci]] in [[Frisia orientalis|Frisia Orientali]] atque in [[Saxonia Inferior]]e sita. Ad Nordam urbem partes Bargebur, Leybuchtpolder, Neuwesteel, Norddeich (ad annum 1972 &quot;Lintelermarsch&quot; nominata), Ostermarsch, Süderneuland I, Süderneuland II, Tidofeld, Westermarsch I atque Westermarsch II. pertinent.

== Historia ==
Anno [[1255]] urbs primo in actis descripta est, sed certe diu antea condita est. Postea ad [[Frisia orientalis|Frisiae Orientalis]] ducatum pertinuit, tum annis [[1744]] ad [[1806]] ad [[Borussia]]m, deinde ab anno 1806 regio ad [[Nederlandia]]m et annis [[1810]] ad [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1815]] Norda [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regno Hannoverano]] tradita est, quae post annum [[1866]] iterum pars Borussiae fuit. Ab anno [[1885]] Norda caput novi Circuli eiusdem nominis facta est. Ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinent. Anno [[1972]] vici supra dicti cum Norda coniuncti sunt. Anno [[1977]] circulus Nordensis dissolutum et urbs pars circuli Auriaci facta est.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Norden (Ostfriesland)|Norden|Nordam}}
*[http://www.norden.de/ Situs interretialis communis proprius.]

[[Categoria:Urbes Saxoniae Inferioris]]</text>
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[[Fasciculus:Dree-suesters-20070922 retouched.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Aedificia &quot;Tres sorores&quot; ad forum Nordae.]]
[[Fasciculus:Alteshausnorden.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Domus veterrima urbis Nordae.]]
'''Norda'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; seu '''Nordi'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; seu '''Nordedi'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; seu '''Nordendi'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; seu '''Nordwidi'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Norden''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Saxonice|Eofrisicosaxonice]] ''Nörden'') est commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] [[Circulus Auriacum|circuli Auriaci]] in [[Frisia orientalis|Frisia Orientali]] atque in [[Saxonia Inferior]]e sita. Ad Nordam urbem partes Bargebur, Leybuchtpolder, Neuwesteel, Norddeich (ad annum 1972 &quot;Lintelermarsch&quot; nominata), Ostermarsch, Süderneuland I, Süderneuland II, Tidofeld, Westermarsch I atque Westermarsch II. pertinent.

== Historia ==
Anno [[1255]] urbs primo in actis descripta est, sed certe diu antea condita est. Postea ad [[Frisia orientalis|Frisiae Orientalis]] ducatum pertinuit, tum annis [[1744]] ad [[1806]] ad [[Borussia]]m, deinde ab anno 1806 regio ad [[Nederlandia]]m et annis [[1810]] ad [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1815]] Norda [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regno Hannoverano]] tradita est, quae post annum [[1866]] iterum pars Borussiae fuit. Ab anno [[1885]] Norda caput novi Circuli eiusdem nominis facta est. Ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinent. Anno [[1972]] vici supra dicti cum Norda coniuncti sunt. Anno [[1977]] circulus Nordensis dissolutum et urbs pars circuli Auriaci facta est.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Norden (Ostfriesland)|Norden|Nordam}}
*[http://www.norden.de/ Situs interretialis communis proprius.]

[[Categoria:Urbes Saxoniae Inferioris]]</text>
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      <text bytes="2293" sha1="1800xthkppr1j41cc8gjyw69l8k6zc8" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Dree-suesters-20070922 retouched.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Aedificia &quot;Tres sorores&quot; ad forum Nordae.]]
[[Fasciculus:Alteshausnorden.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Domus veterrima urbis Nordae.]]
'''Norda'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; seu '''Nordi'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; seu '''Nordedi'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; seu '''Nordendi'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; seu '''Nordwidi'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Norden''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Saxonice|Eofrisicosaxonice]] ''Nörden'') est commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] [[Circulus Auriacum|circuli Auriaci]] in [[Frisia orientalis|Frisia Orientali]] atque in [[Saxonia Inferior]]e sita. Ad Nordam urbem partes [[Bargebur]] (Theodisce ''Bargebur''), [[Leybuchtpolder]] (Theodisce ''Leybuchtpolder''), [[]] (Theodisce ''Neuwesteel''), [[]] (Theodisce ''Norddeich'') -ad annum 1972 [[]] (Theodisce ''Lintelermarsch'' nominata-, [[]] (Theodisce ''Ostermarsch''), [[]] (Theodisce ''Süderneuland I''), [[]] (Theodisce ''Süderneuland II''), [[]] (Theodisce ''Tidofeld''), [[]] (Theodisce ''Westermarsch I'') atque [[]] (Theodisce ''Westermarsch II'') pertinent.

== Historia ==
Anno [[1255]] urbs primo in actis descripta est, sed certe diu antea condita est. Postea ad [[Frisia orientalis|Frisiae Orientalis]] ducatum pertinuit, tum annis [[1744]] ad [[1806]] ad [[Borussia]]m, deinde ab anno 1806 regio ad [[Nederlandia]]m et annis [[1810]] ad [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1815]] Norda [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regno Hannoverano]] tradita est, quae post annum [[1866]] iterum pars Borussiae fuit. Ab anno [[1885]] Norda caput novi Circuli eiusdem nominis facta est. Ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinent. Anno [[1972]] vici supra dicti cum Norda coniuncti sunt. Anno [[1977]] circulus Nordensis dissolutum et urbs pars circuli Auriaci facta est.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Norden (Ostfriesland)|Norden|Nordam}}
*[http://www.norden.de/ Situs interretialis communis proprius.]

[[Categoria:Urbes Saxoniae Inferioris]]</text>
      <sha1>1800xthkppr1j41cc8gjyw69l8k6zc8</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Epeli Nailatikau</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>245574</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991203</id>
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      <text bytes="1173" sha1="2c726oqp9ngm1s23ujccg5du4gvr6mp" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Epeli Nailatikau MatthiasSuessen-8078.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Epeli Nailatikau (media imagine) inter novos graduatos [[Universitas Pacifici Australis|Universitatis Pacifici Australis]] anno 2015 pictus]]
'''Epeli Nailatikau''' ([[Suva]] in urbe natus die [[5 Iulii]] [[1941]]), alumnus [[Schola Reginae Victoriae (Viti)|scholae Reginae Victoriae]], est miles, legatus et politicus [[Viti]]orum. Dux exercituum fuit ab anno [[1982]] ad [[1987]], orator camerae deputatorum ab anno [[2001]] ad [[2006]], minister a rebus externis ab anno [[2007]] ad [[2008]]. A die [[30 Iulii]] [[2009]] praeses patriae meret.

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Epeli Nailatikau}}
* &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120128181554/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-11/05/content_12392231.htm  Nailatikau sworn in as Fiji's new President]&quot; (5 Novembris 2009) apud xinhuanet.com

{{Praesides Vitiorum}}
{{Ministri rerum externarum Vitienses}}

{{Lifetime|1941||Nailatikau, Epeli}}
[[Categoria:Politici Vitiorum]]
[[Categoria:Duces civitatum]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Scholae Reginae Victoriae (Viti)]]
[[Categoria:Milites Vitiorum]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Bau]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gommerville (Sequana Maritima)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>248218</id>
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      <text bytes="888" sha1="k54zpjpgkum16i63see21d8tovnzy1h" xml:space="preserve">{{capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Schloss Filieres 7.JPG|thumb|upright=.7|left|Gommerville: [[castellum]] Filières.]]

'''Gommerville''' est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 748 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Sequana Maritima|Sequanae Maritimae]] in regione [[Normannia Superior]]i (a die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[2016]] [[Normannia (regio Franciae)|Normannia]]).

{{NexInt}}

* [[Index communium praefecturae Sequanae Maritimae|Indicem communium praefecturae Sequanae Maritimae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Gommerville (Seine-Maritime)|Gommerville}}

* {{INSEE commune|76303|de=Gommerville}}
* [http://cassini.ehess.fr/cassini/fr/html/fiche.php?select_resultat=15680 De hoc commune apud cassini.ehess.fr]
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Sequanae Maritimae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Sequanae maritimae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Constitutio religiosa Elizabethana</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="4424" sha1="4o4h9snyhixd1cx0ouzzimymhn7eten" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Darnley stage 3.jpg|thumb|[[Elizabetha I (regina Angliae)|Elizabetha I]], [[regina]] [[Anglia]]e, modicam constitutionem religiosam coegit quae post [[mors|mortem]] controversa facta est.]]
'''Constitutio religiosa Elizabethana,''' [[Elizabetha I (regina Angliae)|Elizabetha I]] [[regina]] [[Anglia]]e regnante facta, fuit responsum dissensionibus [[religio]]sis in [[societas hominum|societate]] Anglica per regna [[Henricus VIII (rex Angliae)|Henrici VIII]], [[Eduardus VI (rex Angliae)|Eduardi VI]], et [[Maria I (regina Angliae)|Mariae I]] natis. Hoc responsum, res novae anni [[1559]] descriptum,&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Dickens|1967|p=401}}.&lt;/ref&gt; in duobus actibus [[Parlamentum Angliae|Parlamenti Angliae]] perscriptum est: [[Actus Imperii 1558|Actus Imperii anni 1558]] [[libertas|libertatem]] [[Ecclesia Anglica|Ecclesiae Anglicae]] a [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Roma]] restituit, Parlamento appellationem [[Supremus Gubernator Ecclesiae Anglicae|Supremum Gubernatorem Ecclesiae Anglicae]] Elizabethae concedente, cum [[Actus Uniformitatis 1559|Actus Uniformitatis anni 1559]] formam novae ecclesiae Anglicae delinearet, [[Liber Precum Publicarum|Librum Precum Publicarum]] iterum constitutum comprehendens. De gubernatione ecclesiae, omnes praeter unum ex episcopis Marianis novum [[archiepiscopus Cantuariensis|archiepiscopum Cantuariensem]] consecrare recusaverunt.&lt;ref&gt;[[Lex canonica]] ex [[saeculum 4|saeculo quarto]] saltem tres pro consecratione requisiit.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Matthaeus Parker]], lector [[Universitas Cantabrigiensis|Universitatis Cantabrigiensis]], [[presbyter]], et olim vice cancellarius universitatis, ministrationis triplicis in [[diaconus|diacono]], [[presbyter]]o, et [[episcopus|episcopo]] in [[sucessio apostolica|successione apostolica]] conservandae cupidus, a quattuor episcopis mense Decembri [[1559]] consecratus est, quorum duo per ordinalem anni [[1550]], duoque per pontificalem Romanum [[1530|annorum 1530]] ordinati erant. Omnes quattuor ab hominibus in ordinibus Catholicis Romanis consecrati erant. Ecclesia, quamquam [[theologia|theologice]] [[Reformatio|correcta]], se ex antiqua ecclesiae [[institutio]]nalis gubernatione non eripuit.

''[[Regnans in Excelsis]],'' [[bulla apostolica]] [[25 Februarii]] [[1570]] a [[Pius V|Pio Papa V]] promulgata, declaravit &quot;flagitiorum servam Elizabetham praetensam Angliae reginam&quot; esse [[haeresis|haereticam]], omnes eius subiectos a [[fides|fide]] ei obligata solvit, atque omnes qui eius mandatis oboedirent [[excommunicatio|excommunicavit]].&lt;ref&gt;Bulla, [[Latine]] scripta, ex initio appellatur, primis tribus verbis [[Deus|Deum]] attingentibus.&lt;/ref&gt; Bulla, inter offensas et inurias reginae, affirmavit &quot;secutisque et amplexis haereticorum erroribus, regium consilium ex Anglica nobilitate confectum diremit; illudque obscuris hominibus haereticis complevit, Catholicae fidei cultores oppressit, improbos concionatores atque impietatum administros reposuit.&quot;

==Notae==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Dickens, A. G. [[1967]]. ''The English Reformation.'' Fontana.
*Haigh, Cristopher. [[1993]]. ''English Reformations: Religion, Politics and Society under the Tudors.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press.
*Malby, Judith. [[1998]]. ''Prayer book and People in Elizabethan and Early Stuart England.'' Cantabrigiae.

==Nexus externi==
*[http://history.hanover.edu/texts/ENGref/links.html ''Documents Illustrative of English Church History,''] history.hanover.edu
*[http://history.hanover.edu/texts/ENGref/er80.html ''Elizabeth's Act of Uniformity (1559),''] history.hanover.edu
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080121065811/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/tudors/reformation_debate_02.shtml ''The Legacy of the Reformation: A New Approach,''] www.bbc.co.uk
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080315110838/http://www.elizabethi.org/uk/elizabethanchurch/settlement.html ''Queen Elizabeth I (1533–1603), Elizabethan Religious Settlement,''] www.elizabethi.org

[[Categoria:Religio Anglicana]]
[[Categoria:Elisabetha I (regina Angliae)]]
[[Categoria:Reformatio Anglica]]
[[Categoria:1558]]&lt;!--in England--&gt;
[[Categoria:1559]]&lt;!--in England]]--&gt; &lt;!--
[[Category:16th-century Christianity]]
[[Category:Protestantism in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:English Reformation]]
[[Category:History of the Church of England]]
[[Category:History of Roman Catholicism in England]]
[[Category:Elizabethan era]]--&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Domuncula subrotata</title>
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      <text bytes="4903" sha1="i2lwzr82kghi4ye7drvrk6jrz36lvnb" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Exterior Sectional.jpg|thumb|300px|Usitatum sectionalis domus mobilis exemplum hodiernum: viginti octo per sexaginta pedes, [[Alexandria Nova (Pennsilvania)|Alexandriae Novae]] [[Pennsilvania]]e.]]
[[Fasciculus:67elcona.JPG|thumb|Domus mobilis usitata ex [[decennium 198|annis 1960]] exeuntibus et [[decennium 198|1970]] ineuntibus: duodecim per sexaginta pedes.]]
[[Fasciculus:caravans at beer devon arp.jpg|thumb|Saeptum domuum mobilium in rupibus super [[Beer (Devonia)|Beer]] [[Devonia]]e in [[Anglia]].]]
'''Domuncula subrotata,'''&lt;ref&gt;John C. Traupman, ''Latin and English Dictionary,'' ed. 3a (Novi Eboraci: Bantam Books, Random House, 2007), p. 597, s.v. ''mobile home.''&lt;/ref&gt; vel '''habitaculum remulcatum,'''&lt;ref&gt;John C. Traupman, ''Latin and English Dictionary,'' ed. 3a (Novi Eboraci: Bantam Books, Random House, 2007), p. 684, s.v. ''trailer home.''&lt;/ref&gt; vel simpliciter '''domus mobilis,'''{{FD ref}}&lt;ref&gt;Etiam fortasse ''domuncula mobilis''; sive fortasse ''commeatus immotus''&lt;!--static caravan--&gt; vel ''commeatus stabilis,'' vel simpliciter ''commeatus.''&lt;/ref&gt; est structura [[praefabricatio|praefabricata]], in officina confecta super formam perpetuo adiunctam antequam ad situm transportetur,&lt;!--+(either by being towed or on a trailer)--&gt; quae pro [[domicilium|domicilio]] vel accommodatione temporaria adhiberi potest in uno loco, saepe perpetuo, sed moveri potest, causisque quidem [[lex|legitimis]] interdum movetur.

[[Domus]] mobiles [[historia|historicas]] [[tractum periegeticum|tractorum periegeticorum]] origines partiunt, sed hodie inter se [[magnitudo|magnitudine]] et [[supellex|supellectibus]] magnopere differunt, tractis periegeticis imprimis pro domibus ad tempus vel feriis adhibitis. Domunculis autem subrotatis, post opus decorum, ad fundamenta caelanda effectum, sunt compages validae, [[axis|axes]], [[rota]]e, et nodi trahendi&lt;!--tow-hitches--&gt;.

==Pinacotheca==
&lt;gallery perrow=6&gt;
Fasciculus:Pine Grove Homes Home Is Built From The Frame Up.jpg|Constructio in forma incipit.
Fasciculus:Pine Grove Homes Interior Side Walls Are Attached.jpg|Parietes interiores annectuntur.
Fasciculus:Manufactured Home Roof Is Built And Lifted In Place.jpg|[[Tectum]] super domum ponitur.
Fasciculus:Pine Grove Homes Ready For Drywall.jpg|Paries sicca&lt;!--Drywall--&gt; conficitur.
Fasciculus:Manufactured Home Ready For Shippment To Your Site.jpg|Domus conficitur.
Fasciculus:Modern desert mobile home - manufactured house.jpg|Hodierna domus &quot;tripliciter lata&quot; designatur ut domus [[later crudus|lateris crudi]] similis sit.
Fasciculus:FEMA - 33715 - A mobile home being moved in California.jpg|Domus mobilis movetur in [[California]].
Fasciculus:Mobilehome transport.jpg|Domus mobilis ad transportandum paratur.&lt;/gallery&gt;

{{NexInt}}
*[[Domus modularis]]
*[[Domus motorica]]
*[[Navis domestica]]&lt;!--houseboat--&gt;
*[[Tractum periegeticum]]
*[[Vardo]]&lt;!--Keep to show the variety of what's possible:
*[[All Parks Alliance for Change]]
*[[Campervan]]
*[[Construction trailer]]
*[[Manufactured housing]]
*[[Scruta tractorum]] =trailer trash
*[[Small house movement]]
*[[Trailer Park Boys]]--&gt;

==Notae==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Benson, J. E. [[1990]]. Good neighbors: Ethnic relations in Garden City trailer courts. ''Urban Anthropology'' 19:361–386.
*Burch-Brown, C. [[1996]]. ''Trailers.'' Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.&lt;!-- Text by David Rigsbee.--&gt;
*Geisler, C. C., et H. Mitsuda. [[1987]]. Mobile-home growth, regulation, and discrimination in upstate New York. ''Rural Sociology'' 52:532–543.
*Hart, J. F., Rhodes, M. J., &amp; Morgan, J. T. [[2002]]. ''The unknown world of the mobile home.'' Baltimorae: Johns Hopkins University Press.
*MacTavish, K. A., et S. Salamon. [[2001]]. Mobile home park on the prairie: A new rural community form. ''Rural Sociology'' 66:487–506.
*Moore, B. [[2006]]. Trailer trash: The world of trailers and mobile homes in the Southwest. ''Route 66 Magazine.''
*Thornburg, D. A. [[1991]]. ''Galloping bungalows: The rise and demise of the American house trailer.'' Hamden Connecticutae: Archon Books. ISBN 0208022775.
*Wallis, A. D. [[1991]]. '' Wheel estate: the rise and decline of mobile homes.'' Novi Eboraci: Oxford University Press.

==Nexus externi==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150420041736/http://www.fema.gov/safe-rooms/wind-zones-united-states  Basic United States Windzone Map, FEMA]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20211103021119/https://www.nationalcaravan.co.uk/ Regulating body in the UK]
*[http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_01/24cfr3280_01.html US Federal Manufactured Home Construction and Safety Standards]
*[http://www.selfbuildtimberframe.com/mobile-homes/mobile-homes-lodges-and-log-cabins-planning-permission Details of Planning Permission For Mobile Homes in the U.K.]

[[Categoria:Domus]]
[[Categoria:Tracta]]
[[Categoria:Vehicula]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Camp Rockmont</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="2727" sha1="3tjx55prms7twksdqcaciasx7xs05sz" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Black Mtn College.jpg|thumb|Campus [[Collegium Montis Atri|Collegii Montis Atri]], qui Lacum Eden cingit et [[Poëtae Montis Atri|poëtas Montis Atri]] ab [[1941]] ad [[1957]] attrahebat, nunc est pars Castrorum Rockmont, [[castra aestiva|castrorum aestivorum]] [[puer]]is dicatorum. [[Aedificium]] hodie [[navis]] appellatur.]]
'''Camp Rockmont for Boys''' est [[Christianitas|Christiana]] [[puer]]orum [[castra aestiva]] [[Mons Ater (Carolina Septentrionalis)|Monte Atri]] in [[vicus|vico]] [[Carolina Septentrionalis|Carolinae Septentrionalis]] constituta, anno [[1956]] in relicto [[Collegium Montis Atri|Collegii Montis Atri]] campo condita.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20151008105829/http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/asheville/bla.htm Black Mountain College Historic District,] Asheville, North Carolina National Park Service.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://rockmont.com/&lt;/ref&gt; Tres sessiones plenae (tredecim, viginti, et viginti septem dierum) quaque [[aestas|aestate]] habentur, quaque sessione plena in sessiones breviores divisa, etiam in sessiones [[dies|dierum]] sex vel tredecim.&lt;ref name=&quot;rockmont.com&quot;&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20110827172851/http://www.rockmont.com/summer.shtml&lt;/ref&gt; Capacitas cuiusque sessionis est circa 400 pueri, quaque sessione secundum ascriptiones aliquantum variante.

==Historia==
Condita sunt Castra Rockmont anno [[1956]] a Georgio Pickering in campo Collegii Montis Atri, quod nuper cessatum erat.&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20110728090604/http://www.archives.ncdcr.gov/ead/eadxml/sa_ncma_bmc_research_project1.xml&lt;/ref&gt; Castra, solum [[puer]]is [[Christianitas|Christianis]] dicata, proprietatem [[Indi Americani|Indicam]] exercebat, quae usque ad [[2000]] persistebat. Rationes quotidianas a Daniele Davis exercentur, qui administrator in loco R. Davidis Bruce anno [[2006]] creatus est, ipso Bruce nunc procurante.&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20090901001250/http://rockmont.com/about-summer-camp/&lt;/ref&gt; Bruce etiam est director exsecutivus Consociationis Alumnorum Rockmontianae.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.rockmontalumni.org/Officers.php|title=Officers &amp; Board Members|publisher=Rockmont Alumni Association}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Notae==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

==Nexus externi==
{{Coord|35.629439|-82.363654|display=title}}
*[http://www.rockmont.com/ Situs proprius] (''Camp Rockmont for Boys'')
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20151217204531/http://www.rockmontalumni.org/ Societas alumnorum] (''Rockmont Alumni Association'')
*[http://www.campdiversityfoundation.org/ Societas Fundata Diversitatis Castrorum] (''Camp Diversity Foundation'')

[[Categoria:Aedificia Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Castra aestiva]]
[[Categoria:Confecta 1923]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Australasia</title>
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      <text bytes="7001" sha1="4iep34tnsjq11gps9ahl0m9dlg4jm11" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:LocationAustralasia.png|thumb|Australasia.]]
[[Fasciculus:Oceanias Regions.png|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Regio]]nes [[Oceania]]e. [[Nova Zelandia]] pars Australasiae et [[Polynesia]]e habetur, variaeque [[Melanesia]]e partes (secundum [[traditio]]nem omnis Melanesia) etiam pars Australasia habentur.]]
'''Australasia,''' [[regio]] [[Oceania]]e, [[Australia]]m, [[Nova Zelandia|Novam Zelandiam]], [[insula]]m [[Nova Guinea|Novam Guineam]], insulasque vicinas in [[Oceanus Pacificus|Oceano Pacifico]] comprehendit. [[Carolus de Brosses]] ''Australasie'' [[vocabulum]] [[Francice|Francicum]] excogitavit et in [[liber|libro]] ''Histoire des navigations aux terres australes'' (1756) divulgavit. Quod ab 'ad australem [[Asia]]e versus' significatione [[Latine|Latina]] derivavit, et regionem a [[Polynesia]] (ad orientem versus) et Pacifico meridiorientali ([[Magellanica]]) distinxit.&lt;ref&gt;Bronwen 2014: 6.&lt;/ref&gt; Maior Australasiae pars super [[Lamina Indoaustraliana|Laminam Indoaustralianam]] cum [[India]] iacet.
 
== Geographia physica ==
Australasia [[geographia physica|physiographice]] [[Nova Zelandia|Novam Zelandiam]], [[Australia]]m ([[Tasmania]] non exclusa), et [[Melanesia]]m comprehendit, quae vicissim in [[Nova Guinea]] et insulis viciniis ad [[septentrio]]nes et [[oriens|orientem]] Australiae in [[Oceanus Pacificus|Oceano Pacifico]] iacentibus consistit. Nomen aliquando ad omnes terras et insulas Oceani Pacifici adhibetur quae inter [[aequator]]en et [[latitudo|latitudinem]] [[parallelus 47 australis|47° australes]] iacent.

Plurimum Australasiae in australi [[Lamina Indoaustraliana]] parte iacet, ab [[Oceanus Indicus|Oceano Indico]] ad [[occidens|occidentem]] et [[Oceanus Australis|Oceano Australi]] ad [[meridies|australem]] attactum. Propinquae terrae in [[Lamina Eurasiana]] ad boreoccidentem, [[Lamina Philippinica]] ad [[septentrio]]nes, atque in [[Oceanus Pacificus|Oceano Pacifico]] (multis [[mare marginale|maribus marginalibus]] non exclusis) super [[Lamina Pacifica|Laminam Pacificam]] ad septentriones et orientem versus iacent.
 
== Geographia humana ==
Australasia [[geopolitica|in re geopolitica]] aliquando habetur solum Australia et Nova Zelandia, quae autem [[civitas|civitates]] aliquando una Antipodes appellantur. Vocabulum etiam [[insula]]m [[Nova Guinea|Novam Guineam]] amplecti potest, civitates [[Papua Nova Guinea|Papuam Novam Guineam]] et [[Indonesia]]nam insulae partem. Multae [[organizatio]]nes quorum nomina continent [[praefixum]] [''Regalem''] ''Societatem Australasianam'' [[spatium]] eorum effectionis Australiae et Novae Zelandiae circumscribunt.

[[Vocabulum]] ''Australasia'' olim fuit nomen mixtorum gregum [[ars athletica|athleticorum]] Australiae et Novae. Inter exempla sunt [[teniludus]] ab anno [[1905]] ad [[1915]], cum Nova Zelandia et Australia in [[Davis Cup]] certamine internationali, et in [[Olympia (certamina)|Olympiis]] annorum [[Olympia aestiva 1908|1908]] et [[Olympia aestiva 1912|1912]] una certabant.
 
== Geographia oecologica ==
[[Fasciculus:Tasman Valley - Aoraki Mount Cook - Canterbury.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|[[Aoraki / Mons Cook]] in [[Alpes Australes|Alpibus Australibus]] [[Nova Zelandia|Novae Zelandiae]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Australasia Mappa.png|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Tabula geographica]] [[oecozona]]e Australasianae.]]
[[Fasciculus:Wallace Linie.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Locus [[Linea Wallaceana|Lineae Wallaceanae]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Flag of Australasian team for Olympic games.svg|thumb|upright=0.8|Australasianum [[vexillum Olympicum]], 1908–1912.]]
[[Oecozona Australasiana]], ex conspectu [[oecologia|oecologica]], est regio distincta, cui sunt communis [[historia]] [[geologia|geologica]] et [[evolutio]]naria ac permulta unica [[planta|flora]] et [[animal|fauna]]. In hoc contextu, Australasia solum amplectitur Australiam, Novam Guineam, Novam Zelandia, [[Nova Caledonia|Novam Caledoniam]], et insulas vicinas, inter quas insulae [[Indonesia]]nae a [[Lombok]] et [[Celebis|Celebi]] ad orientem versus. [[Linea Wallaceana]] finem [[biologia|biologicum]] notat ab [[oecozona Indomalaya]] [[Asia]]e [[zona tropica|tropicae]]; [[Borneum]] et [[Bali]] in latere occidentali et Asiano iacent.

FAustralia, Nova Zelandia, et [[Nova Caledonia]] sunt fragmenta [[Gondwana]]e, [[continens|supercontinentis]] antiqui, cuius notae iam videri possunt in [[Provincia Montis Maritimi Insulae Natalis]] et aliis entitates geophysicis. Hae terrae terrestres ab aliis [[continens|continentibus]] [[millio]]nes [[annus|annorum]] separatae sunt, et inter se. Omnis Australasia eandem [[flora Antarctica|floram Antarcticam]] partitur, quamquam insulae septentrionales et [[zona tropica|tropicae]] multas [[planta]]s etiam cum Asia Meridiorientali partiuntur.

Australia, Nova Guinea, et [[Tasmania]] a [[pluteus continentalis|pluteis continentalibus]] tenuibus inter se separantur, et cum [[aequor maris]] per [[aevum glaciale|aeva glacialia]] plurimum recedisset una coniungebantur. Singulam [[fauna]]m, cui insigniter sunt [[marsupialia]], [[monotremata]], et [[palaeognathae|aves ratitas]], inter se communicant. [[Eucalyptus|Eucalyptae]] et [[arbor]]es cognatae praestant in multum Australiae et Novae Guineae. Vernaculae [[Mammalia]] terrestria in Nova Zelandia carent, sed etiam [[palaeognathae|palaeognathas]] ([[aves]]) habuit, inter quas fuerunt ''[[apteryx]]'' et [[Dinornithiformes]] [[exstinctio|exstincti]]. Oecozona Australasiana nonnullos insularum greges propinquos amplectitur, sicut [[Wallacea]], [[Archipelagus Bismarckianus]], [[Insulae Salomonis]], et [[Vanuatu]], quae partes [[Gondwana]]e olim non erant, sed quae cum Australasia multas [[planta]]s et [[animalia]] propria communicant

{{NexInt}}&lt;!--
*[[Australasian]]--&gt;
*[[Australia (continens)]]&lt;!--
*[[Australasia at the Olympics]]--&gt;
* [[Sundalandia]]
* [[Trans-Tasmania]]
* [[Zelandia (continens)|Zelandia]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Bronwen, Douglas. [[2014]]. ''Science, Voyages, and Encounters in Oceania, 1511-1850.'' Londinii: Palgrave Macmillan.
* de Brosses, Charles. [[1756]]. ''Histoire des navigations aux terres Australes. Contenant ce que l'on sçait des moeurs &amp; des productions des contrées découvertes jusqu'à ce jour; &amp; où il est traité de l'utilité d'y faire de plus amples découvertes, &amp; des moyens d'y former un établissement.'' Lutetiae: Durand. [http://books.google.com/books?id=o3x_MaYZVJQC Google Books.]
* Rees, Henry. [[1968]]. ''Australasia: Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands.'' Ed. 3a. Londinii: Macdonald &amp; Evans. ISBN 0-7121-0113-6.
* Richards, Kel. [[2006]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070318140546/http://www.abc.net.au/newsradio/txt/s1587644.htm Australasia.] ''Wordwatch.'' ABC News Radio.
* Speak, C. M. [[1978]]. ''Human geography: East and south-east Asia and Australasia.'' Londinii: Heinemann Educational. ISBN 0-435-34840-X.

== Nexus externi ==
{{Communia|Australasia|Australasiam}}

[[Categoria:Geographia Oceaniae]]
[[Categoria:Regiones Oceaniae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Susanna Malcorra</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>251605</id>
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      <text bytes="2597" sha1="dnbsko54t3zzgalo414midbtyfstmje" xml:space="preserve">{{L}}
{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Malcorra y Macri en Brasil 02.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Susanna Malcorra et [[Mauritius Macri]] in [[Brasilia]] mense Decembri 2015 picti]]

{{res|Susanna Malcorra}}, vulgo plene ''Susana Mabel Malcorra'' ([[Rosario]] in urbe nata die [[18 Novembris]] [[1954]]) est politica [[Argentina]]e et internationalis.

Susanna Malcorra alumna est [[Universitas Nationalis Rosariensis|universitatis nationalis in urbe natali]] ubi ingeniariae electricae studuit. Apud societates mercatorias operam dedit, deinde apud [[Nationes Unitae|Nationes Unitas]]. Ibi ab anno [[2004]] directrix adiuncta [[Programma mundiale alimenti|Programmatis Alimentarii Mundialis]], ab [[2008]] secretaria ab operibus Nationum Unitarum, ab [[2012]] praeses consilii privati iuxta secretarium generalem [[Ban Gi-mun]] meruit. A die [[10 Decembris]] [[2015]] ad [[12 Iunii]] [[2017]] fuit cancellaria seu ministra rerum externarum patriae, praeside [[Mauritius Macri|Mauritio Macri]].

== Bibliographia ==
* &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20151125051253/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1848482-mauricio-macri-nombro-a-susana-malcorra-como-canciller Mauricio Macri nombró a Susana Malcorra como canciller]&quot; in ''La nación'' (24 Novembris 2015)
* Martín Bravo, &quot;[https://www.clarin.com/politica/sorpresiva-renuncia-malcorra-reemplaza-actual-embajador-francia_0_Hye3SE9ZZ.html Sorpresiva renuncia de Malcorra: la reemplaza el actual embajador en Francia]&quot; in ''Clarín'' (29 Maii 2017)
* Natasha Niebieskikwiat, &quot;[https://www.clarin.com/politica/luces-sombras-gestion-ingeniera-rosarina_0_r1cj-fqbZ.html Luces y sombras de la gestión de una ministra con agenda global]&quot; in ''Clarín'' (29 Maii 2017)

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://www.un.org/sg/management/senstaff_details.asp?smgID=157 De Susanna Malcorra] apud Nationes Unitas
* &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160110115505/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2015/12/18/independent-panel-blasts-u-n-for-inaction-and-cover-up-in-sex-abuse-cases.html Independent panel blasts U.N. for inaction and cover-up in sex abuse cases] apud ''Fox News'' (18 Decembris 2015)
* &quot;[http://www.hispantv.com/newsdetail/Argentina/199042/macorra-abusos-sexuales-cascos-azules Canciller argentina, acusada de tapar pederastia de cascos azules] apud ''HispanTV'' (29 Decembris 2015)

{{Consilium Argentinense Macri}}
{{Cancellarii Argentinenses}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malcorra, Susanna}}

[[Categoria:Nati 1954]]
[[Categoria:Homines vivi]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Nationalis Rosariensis]]
[[Categoria:Politici Argentinae]]
[[Categoria:Politici internationales]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lajia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>253703</id>
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      <text bytes="1753" sha1="tqnkkhko3mtlez745db9acwe3ngb6xs" xml:space="preserve">{{charta locatrix 
|Sericae mediae physicalis
|label=''Lajia''
|lat_deg =35 |lat_min =50
|lon_deg = 102 | lon_min = 51
|position=right
| mark = Brown pog.svg
|background = 
|width=250
|float=right
|caption= Situs ''Lajia'' in Serica
}}

{{res|Lǎjiā}} sive litteris Sinicis 喇家 est locus archaeologicus provinciae [[Qinghai]] in [[Sinae (regio)|Serica]], anno [[2000]] inventus. Ibi homines culturae {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Qijia (cultura)|Qijia|en|qid=Q1269223}} anno circiter 2000 a.C.n. habitabant. Oppidum subito ut videtur a terrae motu et inundatione destructum est. In Lajia reperta est patera [[collyra|collyris]] plena, omnis orbis terrarum antiquissimis, ad coquendum paratis. Collyra e farina seminum ''[[Panicum miliaceum]]'' et ''[[Setaria italica]]'' confecta erant.
 
== Bibliographia ==
* Houyuan Lu et al., &quot;[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v437/n7061/full/437967a.html Culinary archaeology: Millet noodles in Late Neolithic China]&quot; in ''[[Nature]]'' vol. 437 (13 Octobris 2005) pp. 967-968 [situs venalis]
* John Roach, &quot;[http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/10/1012_051012_noodles.html Photo in the News]&quot; et &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20051020031536/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/10/1012_051012_chinese_noodles.html 4,000-Year-Old Noodles Found in China]&quot; in ''[[National Geographic]]'' (12 Octobris 2005)

== Nexus externi ==
{{Coord|35|49|40|N|102|51|15|E|display=title}}&lt;!-- Lu et al. (2005) --&gt;
* &quot;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4335160.stm Oldest noodles unearthed in China]&quot; apud ''BBC News'' (12 Octobris 2005)

[[Categoria:Loci archaeologici Sericae]]
[[Categoria:Archaeologia culinaria]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati aetatis aëneae]]
[[Categoria:Qinghai]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sepulcretum Yanghai</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>253716</id>
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        <id>64423</id>
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      <comment>{{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}}</comment>
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      <text bytes="3187" sha1="kuy0ydqdjdvdcwpl254c9tfjlk5rdj9" xml:space="preserve">{{charta locatrix 
|Xinjiang physicalis
|label=Sepulcretum&lt;br /&gt;Yanghai
|lat_deg =42 |lat_min =46
|lon_deg = 89 | lon_min = 36 &lt;!-- situs municipii Tuyugou ex zh:wiki --&gt;
|position=right
| mark = Brown pog.svg
|background = 
|width=350
|float=right
|caption= Situs sepulcreti ''Yanghai'' in [[Xinjiang]]
}}

{{res|Sepulcretum Yanghai}}, Sinice 洋海墓群 ''Yanghai muqun'', coemeterium nationis {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Gushi||en|qid=Q129854572}}, est locus archaeologicus iuxta oppidum Yanghaixia municipii {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Tuyugou||zh|qid=Q10918030}} in provincia autonoma [[Xinjiang]] [[Serica]]e, haud longe distans ab emporio [[Turpan]]. Ibi iuxta ossa viri cuiusdam qui [[samanaeus|samanaeum]] fuisse censetur, anno circiter 500 a.C.n. mortui, repertus est calathus in qua folia, caules, fructus contusi ''[[Cannabis sativa]]e'' depositi erant; ibi etiam fructus ''[[Capparis spinosa]]e'' reperti sunt. In sepultura alia sarmenta ''[[Vitis vinifera]]e'' inventa sunt omnis huius regionis antiquissima.

== Bibliographia ==
* &quot;Excavation on the Yanghai cemetery in Shanshan (Pian) country, Xinjiang&quot; in ''Acta Archaeologica Sinica'' (2011) no. 1 pp. 99–150
* Hong-En Jiang et al., &quot;A new insight into Cannabis sativa (Cannabaceae) utilization from 2500-year-old Yanghai Tombs, Xinjiang, China&quot; in ''Journal of Ethnopharmacology'' vol. 108 (2006) pp. 414–422
* Hong-En Jiang et al., &quot;Evidence for early viticulture in China: proof of a grapevine (Vitis vinifera L., Vitaceae) in the Yanghai Tombs, Xinjiang&quot; in ''Journal of Archaeological Science'' vol. 36 (2009) pp. 1458–1465
* Ethan B. Russo et al., &quot;Phytochemical and genetic analyses of ancient cannabis from Central Asia&quot; in ''Journal of Experimental Botany'' vol. 59 (2008) pp. 4171–4182
* M. Zhao, H. Jiang, C. J. Grassa, &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327969947_Archaeobotanical_studies_of_the_Yanghai_cemetery_in_Turpan_Xinjiang_China Archaeobotanical studies of the Yanghai cemetery in Turpan, Xinjiang, China]&quot; in ''Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences'' vol. 11 (2018) pp. 1143–1153

{{NexInt}}
* [[Mohuchahangoukou]]
* [[Sepulcretum Jirzankal]] 

== Nexus externi ==
{{Coord|42|45|57|N|89|36|8|E|display=title}} &lt;!-- situs municipii Tuyugou ex zh:wiki --&gt;
* &quot;[http://en.people.cn/200404/07/eng20040407_139743.shtml Oldest grapevine discovered in Turpan]&quot; (7 Aprilis 2004) apud people.cn
* &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20170102063107/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2004-06/06/content_1510399.htm Blast blower some 2,500 years old discovered in Xinjiang]&quot; (6 Iunii 2004) apud ''China View''
* &quot;[http://www.tokeofthetown.com/2011/04/worth_repeating_cannabis_found_in_ancient_shamans.php Cannabis Found In Ancient Shaman's Tomb]&quot; apud ''Toke of the Town''
* K. Kris Hirst, &quot;[https://www.thoughtco.com/xinjiang-qanat-system-of-turpan-oasis-169399 The Xinjiang Qanat System of the Turpan Oasis]&quot; apud ''ThoughtCo''

[[Categoria:Loci archaeologici Sericae]]
[[Categoria:Xinjiang]]
[[Categoria:Coemeteria]]
[[Categoria:Archaeologia vini]]
[[Categoria:Archaeologia medicamentorum]]
[[Categoria:Doctrina samanaeorum]]
[[Categoria:Cannabis]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Belucha</title>
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{{Capsa montis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:GoraBeluha.jpg|thumb|Mons Belucha]]
'''Belucha'''&lt;ref&gt;{{ZK|Белуха}}; &quot;Habitat in alpinis ad fontem [[Katunja]]e sub glaciebus montis Belucha...&quot; in: ''Mémoires de l'Academie impériale des sciences de St.-Pétersbourg'', vol. 22, p. 89. {{Google Books|KGkhAQAAMAAJ}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Russice]] Белуха, [[Altaice]] Ӱч-Сӱмер vel Кадын-Бажы, [[Kazachice]] Мұзтау Шыңы) est altissimus montium [[Altai]]corum et unus ex maximis montibus [[Russia]]e, in parte meridiana rei publicae [[Altai (res publica)|Altai]] ad Russiae et [[Kazachstania]]e confinium (per massivum montis perveniente) situs. Cacumina habet duo, quorum orientalis altitudo 4509 metra, occidentalis autem 4435 metra est.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160309211042/http://www.risk.ru/blog/197601 Как мы измеряли массив Белуха = Quomodo massivum Belucha mensurabamus]&lt;/ref&gt; [[Catuna]] flumen e declivis huius montis defluit.

==Notae==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|Belukha Mountain|montem Belucham}}
{{fontes geographici}}
* [http://bse.sci-lib.com/article107524.html Pagina de monte Belucha ''Encyclopaediae Sovieticae Magnae'' editionis tertiae] {{ling|Russice}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190503105431/https://bigenc.ru/geography/text/1856520 Pagina de monte Belucha ''Encyclopaediae Russicae Magnae''] {{ling|Russice}}

[[Categoria:Altai]]
[[Categoria:Montes Russiae]]
[[Categoria:Altai (res publica)]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Circulus Terrae Emesensis</title>
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{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Hoeltingmuehle_Meppen.jpg|thumb|left|Urbe [[Meppea]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; flumina [[Amisia]] et [[Hasa]] confluunt.]]
[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in EL.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo Terrae Emesensis.]]

'''Circulus Terrae Emesensis'''&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Terrae Altenburgensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Emsland'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum &quot;terra-ae&quot; Theodiscum lexema ''-land'' vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Emesensis-e&quot; ad flumen [[Amisia|Emesam]] refertur. De hoc hydronymo, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Emsland''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Oamselound''), pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1977]] conditus est e pristinis circulis Aschendorfensi-Humlingensi, Meppea atque partibus circuli Lingae. Caput circuli urbs [[Meppea]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; est.

== Historia ==
Terra Emesensis a medioaevo ad annum [[1802]] ad [[Dioecesis Monasteriensis|Principatum episcopalem Monasterii]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1806]] Terra Emesensis ad [[Magnus Ducatus Montensis|Magnum Ducatum Montensem]] pertinuit, ab anno [[1810]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]]. [[Napoleo I (imperator Franciae)|Napoleone]] imperatore victo Terra Emesensis ab anno [[1814]] ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Anno [[1885]] circuli Aschendorfensis, Humlingensis, Meppea et Linga conditi sunt. Anno [[1932]] circuli Aschendorfensis et Humlingensis coniuncti sunt. Tempore dictaturae [[NSDAP|Nazistarum]] in Terra Emesensi multa castra carceralia condita sunt. Post [[Secundum Bellum Mundanum]] [[Nederlandia]] agrum circuli reparationis causa postulavit neque tamen multum adipisci potuit&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-44435312.html Der Spiegel die 1 Ianuarii 1949]&lt;/ref&gt;. Pars Terrae Emesensis etiam a captivis liberatis Polonicis ad annum [[1948]] &quot;Area occupationis Polonica&quot; administrata est&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.deutschlandradiokultur.de/1945-als-das-emsland-polnisch-war.1001.de.html?dram:article_id=155820 deutschlandradiokultur.de die 24 Iunii 2005]&lt;/ref&gt;. Ab anno [[1946]] Circulus Binethensis pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Numerus incolarum tum multis hominibus auctus est, qui e Germania Orientali fugati erant. Anno [[1977]] circulus Terrae Emesensis conditus est ex antiquis circulis Aschendorfensi-Humlingensi, Meppea atque partibus circuli Lingae.

== Communia circuli ==
Haec sunt 60 communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communia generalia coniuncti sunt:

* [[Emsbura]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Emsbüren''; [[Saxonice]] ''Büren'') (9903 incolae)
* [[Geesta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Geeste''; [[Saxonice]] ''Choeiste'') (11.260)
* [[Harna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Haren''), urbs (23.255)
* [[Linga (Amisia)|Linga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lingen''), magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] (52.503)
* [[Lunne]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lunne&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/haseluenne/?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''civibus opidi nostri in Lunne'' (...)&quot;. Latinum autem gentilicium &quot;Haselunnensis-e&quot; est. Quo de gentilicio, vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Haselünne''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Lünne''), urbs (12.504)
* [[Meppea]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Meppen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Möppen''), commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]] (34.549)
* [[Papenburg]], oppidum (35.981)
* [[Rhede (Amisia)|Rhede]] (4175)
* [[Salzbergen]] (7535)
* [[Twist]] (9499)

* [[Frera (commune generale)|Frera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Freren'') commune generale (10.304)
** [[Andervenia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;&gt;Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Bremensis et Verdensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et pagis ditionis Rotenburgensis (Caput de parochia Ahusii)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et parochiis ditionis Osnabrugensis (Caput de antiqua parochia Alfhusii)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et parochiis ditionis Osnabrugensis et Comitatus Lingensis (Caput de parochia Anderveniae)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Andervenne'') (879)
** [[Bestena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Jellinghaus 1923&quot;&gt;Jellinghaus, H. (1923). ''Die westfälischen Ortsnamen nach ihren Bestandteilen''' (III ed.). Ferdinand Schöningh.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Beesten'') (1597)
** [[Frera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Freren''), urbs et sedes administrationis (5000)
** [[Masingi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Messingen&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/2258/WOB%2011%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Kreises%20Paderborn.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''WOB 11 Die Ortsnamen des Kreises Paderborn''] {{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''silva Masingorum'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Messingen'') (1058)
** Thuine (1770)

* [[Herzlaka (commune generale)|Herzlaka]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Herzlake''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hässelke'') commune generale (10.050)
** [[Dohra (Terra Emesensis)|Dohra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dohren '') (1097)
** [[Herzlaka]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Herzlake''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hässelke''), sedes administrationis (4248)
** [[Lahda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Lähden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Löhn'') (4705)

* [[Lengirichi (commune generale)|Lengirichi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lengirichi&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/Fontes/AltdeutschesNamenbuch-Bd2OrtsnamenLbisZ-3A-1913.pdf?utm ''AltdeutschesNamenbuch''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 2) Lengerich an der Wallage, Kr. Lingen (...) Lengirichi Osnabr. Ukb. ca. a. 1000. (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Lengerich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lengerke'') commune generale (9093)
** [[Bawinkelum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Moser 1738&quot;&gt;Moser, J. J. (1738). ''Bibliotheca Iuris Publici S. R. I. Germanici: Specially regarding the territories of Westphalia and Lower Saxony''. Typis Ioannis Georgii Cottae.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bawinkel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bowinkel'') (2359)
** [[Gersta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gersten'') (1209)
** [[Hantharpa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-tharpa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-trup'' seu ''-drup'' seu ''-trop'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-tharpa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Butilingtharpa]], [[Graftharpa]], [[Gumorodingtharpa]], [[Haringtharpa]], [[Heppingtharpa]], [[Holttharpa]], [[Hurstharpa]], [[Kathingtharpa]], [[Kiedeningtharpa]], [[Marastharpa]], [[Markiligtharpa]], [[Meinbrahtingtharpa]], [[Peingtharpa]], [[Radistharpa]], [[Sutharpa]], [[Tettingtharpa]], [[Vilomaringtharpa]], [[Winikingtharpa]], [[Varetharpa]], [[Vrilingtharpa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Handrup'') (841)
** [[Langa (Circulus Terrae Emesensis)|Langa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Langen'') (1451)
** [[Lengirichi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lengirichi&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Lengerich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lengerke''), sedes administrationis (2658)
** [[Wettrup]] (575)

* [[Lethi (commune generale)|Lethi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lethi&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/lathen/?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Kkirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Urkundlich ist der Ort im Emsland erstmals als ''Lethi'' im Urbar der Abtei Werden erwähnt; der Eintrag lässt sich auf das 10. Jh. datieren (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Lathen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Laothen'') commune generale (11.237)
** [[Fresenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Fresenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Fräsenborg'') (909)
** [[Langa Inferior]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nieder&quot;&gt;Theodiscum praefixum ''Nieder-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;inferior-ius&quot; vertitur. V.gr., cf. [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniam Inferiorem]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Niederlangen''; [[[Saxonice]] ''Nederlangen'') (1208)
** [[Lethi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lethi&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Lathen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Laothen''), sedes administrationis (6159)
** [[Oberlangen]] (951)
** [[Renkenberge]] (715)
** [[Sustrum]] (1295)

* [[Nordhummlinga (commune generale)|Nordhummlinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Nordhümmling'') commune generale (12.005)
** [[Bochorstia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Erhard 1851&quot;&gt;Erhard, H. A. (Ed.) (1851). ''Regesta Historiae Westfaliae: Accedit Codex Diplomaticus/Regesten der Geschichte Westfalens''. Regensberg.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bockhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baukhast'')(987)
** [[Breddenberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilmans &amp; Hoogeweg VI 1898&quot;&gt;Wilmans, R., &amp; Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.). (1898). ''Westfälisches Urkundenbuch: Band 6. Die Urkunden des Bisthums Minden und angrenzender Gebiete''. [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Regensberg'schen Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Breddenberg'') (788)
** [[Esterwega]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Esterwegen''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Äästerweede''), sedes administrationis (5179)
** [[Palus Hilcae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hilkenbrook&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Hilkenbrook'', quamquam hodiernum est, syntagmate ''Palus Hilcae'' Latine verti potest. Nomen Germanicum ''Hilcke'', variatio nominis Theodisci ''Hilken-'', apud Stark ad formam Latinam &quot;Hilca-ae&quot; refertur, quae saeculo XII testata est (''Monumenta Garsensia'', n. 37; ''Monumenta Boica'' I, 27): Stark, F. (1866), ''Die Kosenamen der Germanen'', p. 318. Brook, i. e. bruoh «Sumpf, sumpfiges Gelände», Latine &quot;palus, paludis&quot; reddi potest. Itaque, anthroponomycum praefixum ''Hilken-'' ad nomen ''Hilca'' relatum et suffixum ''brook'' per vocabulum &quot;palus, paludis&quot; redditum, ''Hilkenbrook'' interpretari licet &quot;Palus Hilcae&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hilkenbrook'') (806)
** [[Surwold]] (4245)

* [[Sögel (commune generale)|Sögel]] commune generale (15.997)
** [[Bernsium Minus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bernsium&quot;&gt;Vide [https://emslaendische-landschaft.de/images/AFEL/Publikationen/Zeitschriften/Band_22/Heft_109_Mai_2011.pdf?utm ''''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Berßen, Groß oder Klein''' (...) Bernsium (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Klein Berßen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lütke Bässen'') (1127)
** [[Bersinium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kaemling 1987&quot;&gt;Kaemling, ''Atlas zur Geschichte Niedersachsens'' (1987).&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Berßen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groten Bässen'') (656)
** [[Burgium (Saxonia Inferior)|Burgium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Remling VII 2026&quot;&gt;Remling, L. (2026). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Emsland''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Börger''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borger'') (2747)
** [[Huvenni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Huvenni&quot;&gt;Vide [https://dokumen.pub/suffixbildungen-in-alten-ortsnamen-akten-eines-internationalen-symposiums-in-uppsala-14-16-mai-2004-9185352578.html?utm ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen: Akten eines internationalen Symposiums in Uppsala 14.-16. Mai 2004 9185352578''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Hüven (Kr. Emsland), 10. Jh. (Kopie 15. Jh.) in Huvenni (Möller 1998 S. 101, Udolph 2002a S. 238) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hüven'') (519)
** [[Sögel]], sedes administrationis (7335)
** [[Spahnharrenstätte]] (1511)
** [[Stavern]] (1066)
** [[Werpeloh]] (1036)

* [[Spella (commune generale)|Spella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Spella&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.emsland.com/la/tour/emsland-route-395-km?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''www.esland.com''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) A Spella ad Rhenum: circiter XVI km (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Spelle'') commune generale (13.018)
** [[Lunni (commune generali Spella)|Lunni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lunni&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/Fontes/AltdeutschesNamenbuch-Bd2OrtsnamenLbisZ-3A-1913.pdf?utm ''Altdeutsches Namenbuch'']; ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Lunni.''' 9. 1) Altlünne bei Plantlünne (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lünne'') (1877)
** [[Schapen]] (2327)
** [[Spella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Spella&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Spelle''), sedes administrationis (8814)

* [[Thorpum (commune generale)|Thorpum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Thorpum&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/ZIER-HP/ZIER-HP-06-2016/AAAKoeblerGerhardDorfinderdeutschenOrtsgeschichte20160831-7111.htm ''www.koeblergerhard.de''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Dörpen''', 9. Jh., bei Aschendorf nördlich Meppens, F2-1090 THURP (Dorf) Dorfa (7), Thorpum (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dörpen'') commune generale (16.140)
** [[Clusa (Saxonia Inferior)|Clusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kluse&quot;&gt;Theodiscum Saxonicumque toponymum ''Kluse'' derivatur a Medio-Latino vocabulo &quot;clūsa&quot;, &quot;angustum montium aditum, locum clausum&quot; significante, quae ad Latinum verbum &quot;claudere&quot; refertur; cf. Kluge, ''Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache'', s.v. ''Klause'', ubi Mediaevali Theodisco vocabulo ''klûse'', Antiquo Theodisco vocabulo ''chlûsa'' ex [[Latinitas medii aevi|Mediaevali Latino vocabulo]] &quot;clausa, clusa&quot; deducitur, et Lühr, ''Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen'', V, s.v. ''klûsa'', ubi Antiquum Theodiscum vocabulum ''klûsa'', ''Einfriedung, Engpass'' significans, ex [[Latinitas medii aevi|Mediaevali Latino vocabulo]] &quot;clūsa&quot; explicatur. Inde Theodiscum Saxonicumque toponymum ''Kluse'' ortum est.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Kluse'') (1587)
** [[Dersum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egger 1977&quot;&gt;Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Dersum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Derßm'') (1466)
** [[Heeda (Terra Emesensis)|Heeda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Heede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Häie'') (2419)
** [[Leha (Terrae Emesensis)|Leha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Lehe''; [[Saxonice]] ''Läie'') (999)
** [[Nova Leha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Neu&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Neulehe'') (762)
** [[Novum Burgium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Neu&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Neu?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum adiectivum aut praefixum ''Neu(-)'' Latino adiectivo &quot;novus-a-um&quot;] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Remling VII 2026&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Neubörger''; [[Saxonice]] ''Naiboorger'') (1544)
** [[Thorpum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Thorpum&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dörpen''), sedes administrationis (4983)
** [[Walchum]] (1457)
** [[Wippingen]] (923)

* [[Werlte]] commune generale (16.749)
** [[Ladorpe]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Abels 1929&quot;&gt;Abels, H. (1929). ''Die Ortsnamen des Emslandes, in ihrer sprachlichen und kulturgeschichtlichen Bedeutung''. [[Paderbronna]]e: Ferdinand Schöningh.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Lorup''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loorp''; [[Saxonice]] ''Loorpe'') (3184)
** [[Lahna (Saxonia Inferior)|Lahna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lahna&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Lahn'' forma &quot;Lahna&quot; latinizari solet. Cf. [[Limburgum ad Lahnam]] et [[Laugana|Lahnam]] apud [http://www.archive.org/stream/a568395900unknuoft/a568395900unknuoft_djvu.txt ''Further correspondence respecting the relations existing between foreign governments and the court of Rome: in continuation of papers presented to the Parliament,'' March 27, 1851].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Lahn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lohn'') (897)
** [[Rastdorf]] (1015)
** [[Vrees]] (1695)
** [[Werlte]], sedes administrationis (9958), sed etiam oppidum in anno domini 2017 est.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Landkreis Emsland|circulum Terrae Emesensis}}
* [http://www.emsland.de Pagina officialis circuli]

{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}

{{geo-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Binethensis comitatus circulus}}
[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1977]]</text>
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    <title>DDT</title>
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      <text bytes="5793" sha1="b9rfk5er9ttyfm05zb33m5ut22u4sru" xml:space="preserve">{{L1}}[[Fasciculus:p,p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane.svg|thumb|200px|Structura chemica.]]
'''DDT''' ('''dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanum''') est [[organochloridum]] [[crystallinitas|crystallinum]] sine [[color]]e et [[gustatus|gustatu]] ac paene sine [[odor]]e, proprietatibus [[insecticida]]e notum. Quod formulatur in paene omne forma quae excogitare potest, inter quas [[solutio]]nes in [[xylenum|xyleni]] vel [[petroleum|petrolei]] [[distillatio|distillatibus]], [[decoctio]]nes [[emulsio|quae emulsifieri possunt]], [[pulvis quae madefieri potest|pulveres quae madefieri possunt]], granuli,
[[aerosolutio]]nes&lt;!--aerosols--&gt;, [[bomba fumi|candelae fumi]]&lt;!--smoke bombs--&gt;, et [[vis|vires]]&lt;!--?charges--&gt; vaporizatorum et [[linimentum|linimentorum]].&lt;ref name=EHC83&gt;&quot;DDT and Its Derivatives: Environmental Aspects,&quot; EHC 83 (1989), ISBN 9241542837.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fasciculus:o,p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane.svg|thumb|100px|left|''o,p' ''-DDT, minor pars DDT [[commercium|commercialis]].]]
[[Fasciculus:DDT-from-xtal-3D-balls.png|thumb|150px|Structura chemica.]]
[[Fasciculus:DDT-from-xtal-3D-vdW.png|thumb|150px|Structura chemica.]]
[[Fasciculus:DDTDichlordiphényltrichloréthane7.JPG|thumb|Néocide ([[Novartis|Ciba]] [[Geigy]]): [[merx]] commercialis (capsa pulveris, 50 g), quae 10 centesimas DDT continet.]]
[[Fasciculus:DDT to DDD and DDE.svg|thumb|upright=1|Degradatio DDT ad DDE gignendum (per deletionem HCl, laeva) et DDD (per dechlorinationem reductivam, dextra).]]
[[Fasciculus:DDT WWII soldier.jpg|thumb|[[Exercitus Civitatum Foederatarum|Miles Civitatum Foederatarum]] apparatum aspersionis per [[manus|manum]] [[exhibitio|exhibet]]. DDT ad [[phthiraptera]] divulgata continenda quae [[typhus|typhum]] ferre possunt adhibebatur.]]
DDT primum anno [[1874]] [[synthesis|synthesizatum]] est,&lt;ref&gt;Zeidler 1874.&lt;/ref&gt; et eius actio insecticidalis anno [[1939]] a [[Paulus Hermannus Müller|Paulo Hermanno  Müller]], [[chemia|chemico]] [[Helvetia|Helvetico]], inventa est. Tum altero [[Bellum Orbis Terrarum II|belli mundani]] dimidio adhibitum est ad [[malaria]]m et [[typhus|typhum]] inter [[miles|milites]] et privatos continendum. Bello confecto, DDT praesto fuit usui insecticidae [[agricultura]]lis, unde eius productio commode crevit.&lt;ref name=EHC009&gt;{{EHC-ref | id = 009 | name=DDT and its derivatives | date = 1979 | isbn = 9241540699}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Müller [[Praemium Nobelianum]] in Physiologia vel Medicina anno [[1948]] accepit &quot;propter magnam efficacitatem DDT ut [[venenum]] contactus contra nonnulla [[arthropoda]] inventam.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Anglice]]&quot; &quot;for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=nobel&gt;[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1948/ NobelPrize.org: The Nobel Prize in Physiology of Medicine 1948].&lt;/ref&gt;

DDT est [[pollutans organicus persistens]] qui ad [[solum|sola]] et [[sedimentum|sedimenta]] facile adsorberi potest, fontes fientes expositionis diuturnae [[organismus|organismorum]] terrestrialium.
==Notae==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Kinkela, David. [[2011]]. ''DDT and the American Century: Global Health, Environmental Politics, and the Pesticide that Changed the World.'' Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 9780807835098, ISBN 0807835099.
*Zeidler, Othmar. [[1874]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=IGwoAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA1180#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Verbindungen von Chloral mit Brom- und Chlorbenzol.] ''Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft'' 7(2):1180–1181.

{{NexInt}}
*''[[Anopheles]]''
*[[Rachel Carson]] 
*[[Culicidae]]
*[[Organophosphas]]
*''[[Ver tacitum]]''

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|DDT}}
;Chemia
*[http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/mv_DDT.htm DDT.] ''The Periodic Table of Videos.'' University of Nottingham.

;Toxicitas
*[http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/ddttech.pdf &quot;DDT Technical Fact Sheet.&quot;] National Pesticide Information Center.
*[http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/ddtgen.pdf &quot;DDT General Fact Sheet.&quot;] National Pesticide Information Center.
*[http://extoxnet.orst.edu/pips/ddt.htm &quot;Pesticide Information Profiles – DDT.&quot;] ETOXNET.
*[http://www.scorecard.org/chemical-profiles/summary.tcl?edf_substance_id=50-29-3 &quot;The Pollution Information Site – DDT.&quot;] Scorecard.
*[http://www.loe.org/shows/shows.htm?programID=07-P13-00040 Colloquium interrogatorium cum Barbara Cohn de DDT et carcinmoate mammae.] www.loe.org.
*[http://www.inchem.org/documents/jmpr/jmpmono/v00pr03.htm &quot;Pesticide residues in food 2000: DDT.&quot;] www.inchem.org
*[http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0174.html &quot;NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards – DDT.&quot;] Centers for Disease Control.

;Politica et DDT
*Bailey, Ronald. [[2004]]. [http://reason.com/archives/2004/01/07/ddt-eggshells-and-me &quot;DDT, Eggshells, and Me.&quot;] ''Reason magazine,'' 7 Ianuarii.
*Swartz, Aaron. [[2007]]. [http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=3186 &quot;Rachel Carson, Mass Murderer?: The creation of an anti-environmental myth.&quot;] ''Extra!,'' September/October.

;Malaria et DDT
*ABC News. [[2008]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090623074758/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/05/31/2261160.htm &quot;Ugandan farmers push for DDT ban.&quot;] ABC News, 31 Maii.
*Berenbaum, May. [[2005]]. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/06/04/AR2005060400130.html &quot;If Malaria's the Problem, DDT's Not the Only Answer.&quot;] ''[[Washington Post]],'' 4 Iunii.
*Spielman, Andrew. [http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/87 &quot;Andrew Spielman, Harvard School of Public Health, discusses environmentally friendly control of Malaria and uses of DDT.&quot;] Pellicula, Vega Science Trust.

[[Categoria:Circumiectus]]&lt;!--?melius: Circumiecta naturalia?--&gt;
[[Categoria:Conservatio]]
[[Categoria:DDT| ]]
[[Categoria:Malaria]]
[[Categoria:Pesticidae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Apertura (musica)</title>
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'''Apertura'''&lt;ref&gt;''Overture,'' [[vocabulum|vox]] [[Anglica]], &gt; [Middle English], lit. opening, fr. [Middle French], fr. (assumed) [Vulgar Latin] ''opertura,'' alter. of [Latin] ''apertura.''&quot; ''Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary'' (Campifonte Massachusettae: Merriam-Webster, 1985), s.v. ''overture,'' p. 842. Confer [[Francice]] ''ouverture''; [[Theodisce]] ''Ouvertüre'' et ''Vorspiel'' 'anteludium'.&lt;/ref&gt; in [[musica]] est '''exordium dramatis musici'''&lt;ref&gt;Levine, ''Latin Dictionary'' (1967), in [https://web.archive.org/web/20160425153135/http://www.wyomingcatholiccollege.com/faculty-pages/patrick-owens/lexicon/silva/index.aspx Morgan.]&lt;/ref&gt; vel '''exordium melodramatis,'''&lt;ref&gt;John C. Traupman, ''Latin and English,'' ed. 3a (Novi Eboraci: Bantam Books, 2007), 611.&lt;/ref&gt; [[compositio]], quae olim [[instrumentum musicum|instrumentale]] [[melodrama (musica)|operae]] initium fuit.&lt;ref name=&quot;Blom 1954&quot;&gt;Blom 1954.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Vocabulum|Verbum]] autem [[Ludovicus van Beethoven|Beethoven]], [[Felix Mendelssohn|Mendelssohn]], aliique [[motus romanticus|aetatis Romanticae]] [[compositor]]es adhibere coeperunt ad libera se-constituentia [[musica programmatica|opera programmatica]] instrumentalia attingenda, quae [[genus (ars)|genera]] sicut [[poema symphonicum]] praesagiebant. Aperturae operaticae &quot;primum haud dubie ad caput programmatis cani destinata&quot; sunt.&lt;ref&gt;[[Anglice]] &quot;at first undoubtedly intended to be played at the head of a programme.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Blom 1954&quot;/&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Anon. [[1957]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130811223120/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,824825,00.html Music: Op. I for Vacuum Cleaners.] ''Time,'' 22 Aprilis.
*Blom, Eric. [[1954]]. Overture. ''Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians.'' Ed. 5a, ed. Eric Blom. Londinii et Toronti: Macmillan Publishers.
*Burrows, Donald. [[2012]]. ''Handel.'' Ed. 2a. Master Musicians Series. Oxoniae et Novi Eboraci: Oxford University Press.
*Burton-Page, Piers. [Sine anno.] [http://www.chesternovello.com/Default.aspx?TabId=2432&amp;State_3041=2&amp;workId_3041=7041 &quot;Malcolm Arnold: ''A Grand, Grand Overture'': Programme Note.&quot;] Situs interretialis Chester-Novello.
*Charlton, David, et M. Elizabeth C. Bartlet. [[2016]]. Grétry, André-Ernest-Modeste. ''Grove Music Online.'' ''Oxford Music Online.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. [http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/43361 Situs venalis.] 
*Fisher, Stephen C. [[1998]]. Sinfonia. ''The New Grove Dictionary of Opera.'' 4 voll., ed. Stanley Sadie. Londinii: MacMillan Publishers, Inc. ISBN 0333734327. ISBN 1561592285.
*Fisher, Stephen C. [[2001]]. Italian Overture. ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians.'' Ed. 2a. Ed. Stanley Sadie et John Tyrrell. Londinii: Macmillan Publishers.
*Larue, Jan. [[2001]]. Sinfonia 2: After 1700. ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians.'' Ed. 2a. Ed. Stanley Sadie et John Tyrrell. Londinii: Macmillan Publishers.
*Maycock, Robert. [[2009]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20091004191731/http://www.bbc.co.uk/proms/2009/whatson/notes/p76_arnold.shtml What's On/Programme Notes, Malcolm Arnold (1921–2006), ''A Grand, Grand Overture'', Op. 57 (1956)]. [[BBC]] Proms, programmatum Prom 76: Last Night of the Proms (Die Saturni, 12 Septembris).
*Temperley, Nicholas. [[2001]]. Overtur. ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians.'' Ed. 2a. Ed. Stanley Sadie et John Tyrrell. Londinii: Macmillan Publishers.
*Taruskin, Richard. [Sine anno.] Chapter 10: Instrumental Music Lifts Off. In ''Music in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. Novi Eboraci: Oxford University Press. [http://www.oxfordwesternmusic.com/view/Volume2/actrade-9780195384826-chapter-10.xml Textus.]
*Waterman, George Gow, et James R. Anthony. [[2001]]. French Overture. ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians.'' Ed. 2a. Ed. Stanley Sadie et John Tyrrell. Londinii: Macmillan Publishers.

{{NexInt}}
* ''[[Exordium 1812]]''
* [[Praeludium]]
* [[Musica fortuita]]

{{Myrias|Ars}}

[[Categoria:Aperturae| ]]</text>
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    <title>Ecclesia Sancti Georgii (Ysenacum)</title>
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      <text bytes="3133" sha1="8t3ov6bvzsy1rbgep9kqy0e5vv2p29x" xml:space="preserve">[[file:Thuringia Eisenach asv2020-07 img18 StGeorge Church.jpg|thumb|Prospectus occidentalis]] '''Ecclesia Sancti Georgii''' (Theodisce: ''Georgenkirche'') oratorium protestanticum principale urbis [[Ysenacum|Ysenaci]] est. [[Georgius Philippus Telemannus]], [[Ioannes Pachelbel]], [[Ioannes Melchior Molter]] et fratres Mauersberger hic concentus habuerunt. A latero plateae septentrionali invenitur [[Palatium urbanum (Ysenacum)|Palatium urbanum]] cum pinacotheca.

== Historia ==
Basilica [[Ars Romanica|Romanica]] anno 1196 primam mentionem habuit. Partes maximi momenti egit tamquam ecclesia sepulchralis lantgraviorum [[thuringia|Thuringiensium]] necnon in matrimonio inter Ludovicum IV et principissam Hungaricam [[Elisabeth Thuringiae|Elisabeth]] canonizatam. Anno 1292 incendium templum, quod annis inter 1182 et 1188 aedificatum erat, damno affecit. Tabulae cipporum post altare saeculi XIV demum sunt, unde concluditur eas originales haud esse: valoris attamen sunt magni, agitur de tabulis Ludovici [[Castellum Wartburgense|Castelli Wartburgensis]] fundatoris, lantgraviorum quorundam sex et uxorum duarum.

Restructuratio fiebat ab anno 1515, cum ecclesia tribus paribus navibus artis Gothicis exeuntis instrueretur. Die 2 Maii 1521 [[Martinus Lutherus]] a diaeta [[Wormatia|Wormatiensi]] reversus hic praedicavit, antequam exul in castellum in monte situm sese conferret. [[Bellum rusticum|Belli rustici]] damna sanationem urgenter postulabant, in qua et [[matroneum|matronea]] in templum venerunt. Commutationes architectonicae plurimae postea venerunt. Domus campanarum prisca, quae ab oratorio separata, ab annis 1970 inhabitatur. Turris 62 metra alta annis inter 1899 et 1902 addita est; tunc etiam exedra ad ingressus occidentem adiuncta est cum statua [[Ioannes Sebastianus Bach|Ioannis Sebastiani Bach]], qui hic die 23 Martii 1685 baptizatus est. Artificium hoc fecit Paulus Birr. Autumno anni 1989 ecclesia catervis criticorum civitatum locum conventualem praebuit.

== Artificia nonnulla ==
Suggestum sacrum modo Baroco ornatissimum anni 1676 est, tegumentum organi tubulati anni 1719. Organum ipsum anno 1707 secundum consilia organistae officialis [[Ioannes Christophorus Bach I|Ioannis Christophori Bach I]], filii [[Henricus Bach|Henrici Bach]] [[Arnstadium|Arnstadiensis]], confectum erat. Organum novissimum in aedibus firmae Schuke paratum anno 1982 advenit. Lavacrum generis Gothici posterioris (anni 1505) et nostris diebus usurpatur. In turris crypta admirari possunt regentium ducum [[sarcophagus|sarcophagi]] splendidi.

== Externi nexus ==
{{Commonscat|Georgenkirche Eisenach|Ecclesiam Sancti Georgii}}
{{Grc|Ναὸς Ἁγίου Γεωργίου (Ἄϊζεναχ)}}
* [http://www.bachchor.eisenachonline.de/ Coetus cantorum Bachianorum apud Ecclesiam Sancti Georgii] 
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UD7QGGDhXHA&amp;feature=plcp Campanarum sonus]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160507093041/http://eisenach.ekmd-online.de/kirchenkreis/pfarraemter-und-gemeinden/eisenach/georgenbezirk/ Communitatis parochialis pagina domestica]

[[Categoria:Ecclesiae Germaniae|Ysenacum]]
[[Categoria:Ysenacum]]</text>
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    <title>Barbara Walters</title>
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[[Fasciculus:Barbara Walters-The Fords.jpg|thumb|Walters colloquium interrogatorium cum [[Praeses Civitatum Foederatarum|Praeside]] [[Geraldus Ford|Geraldo Ford]] et [[Elizabetha Ford]] anno [[1976]] habet.]]
[[Fasciculus:Today show panel 1973.JPG|thumb|[[Eugenius Shalit]], Barbara Walters, et [[Franciscus McGee]] in ''The Today Show'' anno [[1973]].]]
'''Barbara Walters'''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Miss Walters engaged,&quot; ''[[The New York Times]],'' 1 Maii 1955.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nomine ''Baba Wawa'' propter eius [[rhotacismus|rhotacismum]], a [[Gilda Radner]] in ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' programmate televisifico per ludibrium impersonabatur.&lt;/ref&gt; (nata [[25 Septembris]] [[1929]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140222050344/http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/barbara-walters/bio/194063 &quot;Barbara Walters: Biography,&quot;] ''TV Guide'' (tvguide.com).&lt;/ref&gt;; mortua [[30 Decembris]] [[2022]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url = https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/barbara-walters-pioneering-tv-journalist-began-today-dies-93-rcna42287|title = Barbara Walters, pioneering TV journalist who began on ‘TODAY,’ dies at 93|last = Sacks|first = Ethan|work = [[NBC News]]|date = 30 Decembris [[2022]]|accessdate = 30 Decembris 2022}}.&lt;/ref&gt;) fuit [[diurnariorum ars|diurnaria]] emissoria&lt;!--broadcast journalist--&gt;, [[scriptrix]], et &quot;[[personalitas]]&quot; [[televisio|televisifica]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Americana]]. Hospes fuit ''[[Today (programma televisificum CFA))|Today]]'' et ''[[The View (programma televisificum CFA)|The View]]'' (programmatum televisificorum matutinorum) et ''[[20/20 (programma televisificum CFA)|20/20]]'' ([[magazina nuntiorum|magazinae nuntiorum]] televisificae), et ancora fuit ''[[ABC World News|ABC Evening News]].'' Quamquam hospes et contributor continua in otium venit,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/entertainment/2013/05/barbara-walters-announces-2014-retirement/ |title=Barbara Walters Announces 2014 Retirement - ABC News |publisher=Abcnews.go.com |date=[[2013]]-05-12.}}&lt;/ref&gt; pro [[ABC News]] programmata interdum iam renuntiabat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/tv/showtracker/la-et-st-barbara-walters-retirement-peter-rodger-interview-20140610-story.html |title=Barbara Walters returns from retirement for Peter Rodger interview |publisher=LA Times |date=[[2014]]-06-10.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Gutgold, Nichola D. [[2008]]. ''Seen and Heard: The Women of Television News.'' Lexington Books.
* Walters, Barbara. [[1970]]. ''How to talk with practically anybody about practically anything.'' Garden City Novi Eboraci: Doubleday.
* Walters, Barbara. [[2008]]. ''Audition: a memoir.'' Novi Eboraci: A. A. Knopf. ISBN 9780307266460, ISBN 030726646X.

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Barbara Walters|Barbaram Walters}}
{{wikiquote|Barbara Walters|Barbaram Walters}}
* {{IMDb name|0910181|Barbara Walters}}
* [http://www.amazon.com/dp/B002KAOS24 Partes autobiographiae ''Audition: A Memoir.'']
* [http://www.emmytvlegends.org/interviews/people/barbara-walters Barbara Walters Archive of American Television Interviews.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170626214018/http://www.makers.com/barbara-walters Pellicula de Barbara Walters.] ''[[Makers: Women Who Make America]].''
* [http://abcnews.go.com/search?searchtext=time%20tunnel&amp;from=0&amp;to=9&amp;type=video &quot;Time Tunnel,&quot;] pelliculae eius programmatum (ABC News).

{{Lifetime|1929|2022|Walters, Barbara}}
&lt;!--melius: American journalists of Jewish descent--&gt;
&lt;!--
[[Category:ABC News personalities]]
[[Category:Alumni of women's universities and colleges]]
[[Category:American people of Polish-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:American television news anchors]]
[[Category:American television personalities]]
[[Category:American television reporters and correspondents]]
[[Category:American television talk show hosts]]
[[Category:Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Talk Show Host winners]]
[[Category:Ethical Culture Fieldston School alumni]]
[[Category:Journalists from New York City]]
[[Category:Miami Beach Senior High School alumni]]
[[Category:Television Hall of Fame inductees]]
[[Category:Women television journalists]]
[[Category:Women television writers]]--&gt;
{{Myrias|Homines}}

[[Categoria:Alumni Collegii Sarah Lawrence]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Anglici]]
[[Categoria:Autobiographi]]
[[Categoria:Diurnarii Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Floridae]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Massachusettae]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Novi Eboraci]]
[[Categoria:Iudaei]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Televisio]]</text>
      <sha1>9o3z7rpk2sib7jn5s372zns2jgiuq7e</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Dinoseb</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>262694</id>
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      <text bytes="1464" sha1="0ttpkj73n4ty4j18n3v2cp2mgi0z8dd" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Dinoseb Grundstruktur V1.svg|thumb|Formula chemica.]]
'''Dinoseb''' est [[herbicida]] in familia [[dinitrophenol]]ium. Nomen IUPAC est 2-''sec''-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol et formula molecularis est C&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt;N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;. Usque ad annum [[1986]] [[lex|legitime]] in [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitatibus Foederatis]] adhiberi poterat.&lt;ref name='Felsot 1998'&gt;{{cite journal | title = Dinoseb--Banned But not Forgotten The Tale of an Unusually Hazardous Pesticide | journal = Agrichemical and Environmental News | date = Iunio 1998 | first = Allan S. | last = Felsot| url = http://aenews.wsu.edu/June98AENews/Dinoseb--Banned.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name='Montague 1986-12-08'&gt;{{cite journal | title = EPA Pulls License of Pesticide OK'd on Phony Data | journal = Rachel's Environment &amp; Health News | date = 1986-12-08 | first = Peter | last = Montague | issue = 2| url = http://www.ejnet.org/rachel/rhwn002b.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{NexInt}}
*[[Dinoterb]]

==Notae==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

==Nexus externi==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090226041449/http://www.epa.gov/OGWDW/contaminants/dw_contamfs/dinoseb.html Data de dinoseb.] epa.gov.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170428062816/http://www.pesticideinfo.org/Detail_Chemical.jsp?Rec_Id=PC33325 De dinoseb.] pesticideinfo.org.

{{chem-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Composita organica]]
[[Categoria:Herbicidae]]&lt;!--
[[Category:Nitrobenzenes]]
[[Category:Phenols]]--&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Constantinus Stephanopulus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>263778</id>
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      <text bytes="1576" sha1="aeyiyki6hv7tmv4k3ky6vvr465b2syb" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Constantinus Stephanopulus''', litteris Graecis Κωνσταντίνος seu saepius Κωστής Στεφανόπουλος ([[Patrae|Patris]] natus die [[15 Augusti]] [[1926]]; die [[20 Novembris]] [[2016]] mortuus [[Athenae|Athenis]] in urbe) fuit [[politicus]] [[Graecia]]e. Alumnus fuit [[universitas Athenarum|universitatis Athenarum]] ubi iuribus studuit. Sodalis factionis [[democratia nova (factio)|novae democratiae]], legatus est apud [[parlamentum Graecum]] ab anno [[1958]] pro praefectura [[Achaia (nomus Graeciae)|Achaia]].  Minister rerum internarum a mense Novembri [[1974]], minister servitiarum socialium a Septembri [[1976]], minister iuxta praesidem a Novembri [[1977]] usque in annum [[1981]] meruit. Praeses patriae anno [[1995]] electus est, quo officio usque ad [[2005]] functus est.

== Bibliographia ==
* Dimitris Nellas, &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20161121070333/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/former-greek-president-constantine-stephanopoulos-dies-at-90/2016/11/20/12ade76e-af89-11e6-bc2d-19b3d759cfe7_story.html Former Greek President Constantine Stephanopoulos dies at 90]&quot; in ''[[Washington Post]]'' (20 Novembris 2016)

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Konstantinos Stefanopoulos|Constantinum Stephanopulum}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stephanopulus, Constantinus}}

{{Praesides Graeciae}}
{{Ministri rerum internarum Graeci}}

[[Categoria:Nati 1926]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 2016]]
[[Categoria:Politici Graeciae]]
[[Categoria:Duces civitatum]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Athenarum]]
[[Categoria:Causidici]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Amaranthus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="5961" sha1="lw56v68en3dpwh2o8ic43qpmlc1bkto" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
{{Taxobox
|name = ''Amaranthus''
|image = Amaranthus tricolor0.jpg
|image_caption = ''[[Amaranthus tricolor|A. tricolor]]''
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiospermae]]
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicotyledones]]
|unranked_ordo = [[Eudicotyledones nucleares]]
|ordo = [[Caryophyllales]]
|familia = [[Amaranthaceae]]
|subfamilia = [[Amaranthoideae]]
|genus = '''''Amaranthus'''''
|genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
|subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
|subdivision = 
}}
'''''Amaranthus''''' (a [[Graece|Graecis]] ἀμάραντος&lt;ref&gt;{{LSJ|a)ma/rantos|ἀμάραντος|ref}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'semper recens' + ἄνθος '[[flos]]') est [[distributio cosmopolita|cosmopolitum]] [[genus (taxinomia)|genus]] [[planta]]rum [[planta annua|annuarum]] et [[planta perennis|perennium]] breviter viventium. Nonnullae [[species]] pro [[holus|holeribus]], [[pseudocereales|pseudocerealibus]], et [[planta ornamentalis|plantis ornamentalibus]] coluntur. Plurimae species sunt [[aestas|aestivae]] [[planta inutilis|plantae inutiles]] annuae.&lt;ref&gt;Latissime Anglice ''pigweed'' appellatae (Bensch et al. 2003).&lt;/ref&gt; [[Cyma]]e sicut [[amentum|amenta]] [[flos|floribus]] crebro conferta [[aestas|aestate]] vel [[autumnus|autumno]] maturant.&lt;ref&gt;Kindersley 2008:1136.&lt;/ref&gt; Circa sexaginta [[species]] accipiuntur, [[inflorescentia|inflorescentiis]] et [[folium|foliis]] a [[purpureus|purpureo]] et [[ruber|rubro]] ad [[viridis|viridem]] et [[aureus|aureum]] variantibus. Speciebus sunt multae proprietates et usus etiam in ''[[Celosia]],'' genere arte conecto. [[Amaranthe]], [[metallum (musica)|grex metallicus]] [[Suecia|Suecicus]], ex hac [[planta]] appellatur.

== Species ==
Inter [[species]] sunt:&lt;ref name=TPL&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/search?q=amaranthus|title=Search results — The Plant List|work=theplantlist.org}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fasciculus:Día de muertos.jpg|thumb|Formae [[calvaria]]rum amarantho et [[mel]]le pro [[Dies Mortuorum|die mortuorum]] in [[Mexicum|Mexico]] factae.]]
[[Fasciculus:Dulce de amaranto..JPG|thumb|[[Traditio]]nalia [[bellaria]] [[Mexicum|Mexicana]] amarantho facta.]]
{{div col|2}}
* ''[[Amaranthus acanthochiton]]''
* ''[[Amaranthus acutilobus]]''&lt;ref&gt;Synonymum ''[[Amaranthus viridis]]'' (TPL).&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Amaranthus albus]]''
* ''[[Amaranthus anderssonii]]''
* ''[[Amaranthus arenicola]]''
* ''[[Amaranthus australis]]''
* ''[[Amaranthus bigelovii]]''
* ''[[Amaranthus blitoides]]''
* ''[[Amaranthus blitum]]''
* ''[[Amaranthus brownii]]''
* ''[[Amaranthus californicus]]''
* ''[[Amaranthus cannabinus]]''
* ''[[Amaranthus caudatus]]''
* ''[[Amaranthus chihuahuensis]]''
* ''[[Amaranthus crassipes]]''
* ''[[Amaranthus crispus]]''
* ''[[Amaranthus cruentus]]''
* ''[[Amaranthus deflexus]]''
* ''[[Amaranthus dubius]]'' 
* ''[[Amaranthus fimbriatus]]''
* ''[[Amaranthus floridanus]]''
* ''[[Amaranthus furcatus]]''
* ''[[Amaranthus graecizans]]''
* ''[[Amaranthus grandiflorus]]''
* ''[[Amaranthus greggii]]''
* ''[[Amaranthus hybridus]]''
* ''[[Amaranthus hypochondriacus]]''
* ''[[Amaranthus interruptus]]''
* ''[[Amaranthus minimus]]''
* ''[[Amaranthus mitchellii]]''
* ''[[Amaranthus muricatus]]''
* ''[[Amaranthus obcordatus]]''
* ''[[Amaranthus palmeri]]''
* ''[[Amaranthus polygonoides]]''
* ''[[Amaranthus powellii]]''
* ''[[Amaranthus pringlei]]''
* ''[[Amaranthus pumilus]]''
* ''[[Amaranthus retroflexus]]''
* ''[[Amaranthus sclerantoides]]''&lt;ref&gt;Etiam ''Amaranthus scleranthoides.''&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Amaranthus scleropoides]]''
* ''[[Amaranthus spinosus]]''
* ''[[Amaranthus standleyanus]]''
* ''[[Amaranthus thunbergii]]''
* ''[[Amaranthus torreyi]]''
* ''[[Amaranthus tricolor]]''
* ''[[Amaranthus tuberculatus]]''
* ''[[Amaranthus viridis]]''
* ''[[Amaranthus watsonii]]''
* ''[[Amaranthus wrightii]]''
{{div col end}}

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery mode=packed&gt;
Fasciculus:Amaranthus caudatus1.jpg|''[[Amaranthus caudatus]]''
Fasciculus:Amaranthus.hybridus1web.jpg|''[[Amaranthus hybridus]]''
Fasciculus:Amaranth2.jpg|''[[Amaranthus pumilus]]'', species in indice [[species periclitatae|specierum periclitatarum]]
Fasciculus:Illustration Amaranthus retroflexus0.jpg|''[[Amaranthus retroflexus]].'' Thomé, ''Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz'' (1885)
Fasciculus:Amaranthus.spinosus1web.jpg|''[[Amaranthus spinosus]]''
Fasciculus:Amaranthus.viridis1web.jpg|''[[Amaranthus viridis]]''
Fasciculus:Amaranth sp 2.jpg|''Amaranthus'' sp.
Fasciculus:Amaranth und WW.jpg|Grana amaranthi (laeva) et [[triticum|tritici]] (dextra)
Fasciculus:Travancore Cheera Thoran.JPG|[[Thoran]], [[cibus]] Keralae Meridianae foliis amaranthi factus
Fasciculus:Fepm (8).jpg|Exemplum ex [[Chilpancingo]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;
== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Bensch, et al. [[2003]]. Interference of redroot pigweed (''Amaranthus retroflexus''), Palmer amaranth (''A. palmeri''), and common waterhemp (''A. rudis'') in soybean. ''Weed Science'' 51:37-43.
* Howard, Brian Clark. [[2013]]. &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140808071935/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/08/130812-amaranth-oaxaca-mexico-obesity-puente-food/?google_editors_picks=true Amaranth: Another Ancient Wonder Food, But Who Will Eat It]?&quot;. ''National Geographic Online,'' 12 Augusti.
* Kindersley, Dorling. [[2008]]. ''RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants.'' Britanniarum Regnum. ISBN 1-4053-3296-4.
* Lenz. [[1859]]. ''Botanik der alt. Greich. und Rom.''
* Murr, J. [[1890]]. ''Die Pflanzenwelt in der griech. Mythol.''
* Fanton, M. et J. Fanton. [[1993]]. ''Amaranth: The Seed Savers' Handbook.''

{{NexInt}}
* [[Amaranth]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Amaranthus|''Amaranthum''}}
{{Vicispecies}}
{{Fontes de plantis}}
* [http://www.cropsforthefuture.org/crop-of-the-week-archive/grain-amaranth-amaranthus-spp-amaranthaceae/ Grain amaranth, Crops For A Future.]

[[Categoria:Agricultura tropica]]
[[Categoria:Amaranthus|!]]
[[Categoria:Folia]]
[[Categoria:Genera plantarum]]
{{Myrias|Biologia}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kassim Majaliwa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="1408" sha1="j4c1p27676w188puxb94s464gjs6lmu" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}

{{res|Majaliwa Kassim Majaliwa}} (die [[22 Decembris]] [[1960]] natus) est praeceptor et politicus [[Tanzania]]e.

[[Kigonsera]] in oppido educatus, Kassim Majaliwa usque in annum [[1999]] magister ludorum fuit, diploma anno [[1993]] merens apud [[collegium paedagogicum Mtwara]] gradumque magistri anno [[1998]] apud [[Universitas Daressalaamensis|Universitatem Daressalaamensem]]. Ab anno [[2000]] secretarius generalis collegii praeceptorum, ab anno [[2006]] commissarius districtús [[Urambo]] meruit, sed ab anno [[2010]], sodalis iam [[Chama cha Mapinduzi|factionis novarum rerum]] (''Chama Cha Mapinduzi'') ad [[parlamentum Tanzaniense]] pro circulo [[Ruangwa]] legatus est. Ab eodem anno minister vicarius fuit iuxta tabularium primi ministri. Die [[20 Novembris]] [[2015]], comitiis iterum electus, ipse a praeside [[Ioannes Magufuli|Ioanne Magufuli]] primus minister factus est.

== Nexus externi ==
* Peter Clottey, &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20161106062218/http://www.voanews.com/a/tanzania-parliament-approves-new-prime-minister/3066225.html Tanzania Parliament Approves New Prime Minister]&quot; (19 Novembris 2015) apud ''Voice of America''

{{Primi ministri Tanzaniae}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Majaliwa, Kassim}}

[[Categoria:Nati 1960]]
[[Categoria:Homines vivi]]
[[Categoria:Magistri]]
[[Categoria:Politici Tanzaniae]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Daressalaamensis]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Basilius Pandžić</title>
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    <id>266165</id>
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'''Basilius''' vulgo ''Bazilije Stjepan'' '''Pandžić''' (natus [[Dies|die]] [[30 Ianuarii]] [[1918]] Drinovci in [[Pagus Herzegovinae Occidentalis|Pago Herzegovinae Occidentalis]]; mortuus in monasterio Humac apud Ljubuški die [[16 Aprilis]] [[2019]]) fuit [[Croatia]]e [[scriptor]] et litterarum cultor.&lt;ref name=&quot;Basilius_Pandžić&quot;&gt;Zvonko Pandžić (ed.): ''Stephani Basilii Pandžić, O.F.M. – Opera Omnia Typis Edita. Editio electronico modo confecta.'' Editiones Tusculanae. Agrani 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;HRVATSKA_ENCIKLOPEDIJA&quot;&gt;HRVATSKA ENCIKLOPEDIJA, MREŽNO IZDANJE: [https://web.archive.org/web/20210214033238/https://www.enciklopedija.hr/natuknica.aspx?id=46409 ''Pandžić, Bazilije Stjepan'']. (Croatice), www.enciklopedija.hr, 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

== De vita ==
[[Fasciculus:Bazilije Stjepan Pandžić --- Drinovci --- 2011-06-24.jpg|thumb|left|domus Pandžić in Drinovci]]
R. P. Basilius Pandžić OFM, anno Domini 1918 natus, litterarum studiis ab ineunte aetate operam dedit, sacrae theologiae [[mostarum|Mandetrii]] studuit, deinde, moderatorum iussu, [[Roma]]m pervenit, ut studia superiora perficeret. Primum scriptor noster in Athenaeo Antoniano anno 1943 in S. Theologia licentiatus renuntiatus erat, deinde historiae ecclesiasticae operam navavit,&lt;ref name=&quot;Basilius_Pandžić&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;HRVATSKA_ENCIKLOPEDIJA&quot; /&gt; et, postquam thesim De dioecesi Tribuniensi et Mercanensi conscripsit, doctor in S. Theologia solemni ritu inauguratus fuit.&lt;ref&gt;Basil Stephen Pandžić: ''De dioecese tribuniensi et mercanensi'', Romae, 1959.&lt;/ref&gt; Absoluto itaque praescriptorum studiorum curriculo, Romae apud [[Archivum Secretum Vaticanum]] per biennium paleographiam et rem diplomaticam didicit, laudabiliterque peregit. Postremo, in Facultate litterarum Universitatis Studiorum Romae anno 1945 inscriptus, rebus praesertim [[religio Islamica|mahometanis]] operam dedit egregiam, ut in eadem facultate anno 1951 doctor inaugurari mereret.&lt;ref name=&quot;Basilius_Pandžić&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wixstatic: [http://docs.wixstatic.com/ugd/dbb04a_c50b2b46d00a4bebafda3bc00dfaea4b.pdf ''Isprave / Documents (Bazilije Pandžić)'']. PDF&lt;/ref&gt; Anno vero 1947 archivarius generalis Ordinis Fratrum Minorum nominatus fuit, in quo officio usque ad annum 1985 permansit. Isto munere agente alia quoque archiva, praesertim illa Sanctae Sedis, assidue frequentavit, ut investigationes in archivo sui Ordinis factas compleret.&lt;ref name=&quot;Basilius_Pandžić&quot; /&gt; Sic duo volumina,&lt;ref&gt;vol. 31/1956, et 32/1964.&lt;/ref&gt; continuationis Annalium Minorum, saec. XVII a viro celeberrimo Luca Waddingo inceptorum, diligentissime adiunxit. De multis aliis argumentis, potissimum Proximi Orientis, Paeninsulae Balcanicae, Bosnae Argentinae, [[America Australis|Americae Australis]], ad normam optimorum studiorum conscripta opera publici iuris fecit. Pro S. Congregatione de Causis Sanctorum tres Positiones exaravit, quae postea ab ipsa Sacra Congregatione typis edita fuere:&lt;ref name=&quot;Basilius_Pandžić&quot; /&gt; de b. Nicolao Tavelić (1961),&lt;ref&gt;Sacra Rituum Congregatio, Sectio historica, n. 12: Sebenicen. Declarationis martyrii B. Nicolai Tavelić sacerdotis professi Ordinis Fratrum Minorum in odium fidei, ut fertur, in civitate Ierusalem interfecti (+1391), Positio super martyrio ex officio concinnata. Bazilije Pandžić. Typis Polyglotis Vaticanis 1961.&lt;/ref&gt; de b. Beatrice de Silva (1970),&lt;ref&gt;Sacra Congregatio pro causis Sanctorum, Officium Historicum n. 6: Toletana Canonizationis Beatricis de Silva Fundatricis Monialium Franciscalium a Santissima Conceptione († c. 1492), Positio super vita et virtutibus ex officio concinnata. Bazilije Pandžić. Romae 1970.&lt;/ref&gt; et de b. Liberato Weiss duobusque eius fratribus martyribus in Aethiopia interfectis (1983).&lt;ref&gt;Sacra Congregatio pro causis sanctorum, Officium historicum, n. 108: Viennen. Beatificationis seu declarationis martyrii servi Dei et 2 sociorum O. F. M. in odium fidei, uti fertur, anno 1716 in Aethiopia occisorum Positio super martyrio ex officio concinnata. Bazilije Pandžić. Romae 1983.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Opera ==
[[Fasciculus:Bazilije Stjepan Pandžić --- Humac (Ljubuški) --- 2016-12-26.jpg|thumb|Basilius Pandžić, Humac (Decembri 2016)]]

=== Opera Latina ===
Opera latina Basilii Pandžić typis edita:&lt;ref name=&quot;Basilius_Pandžić&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;HRVATSKA_ENCIKLOPEDIJA&quot; /&gt;
* Annales Minorum, vol. XXXI (1661–1670). Bazilije Pandžić. Romae 1956.
* De dioecesi tribuniensi et mercanensi, u Studia Antoniana, vol. 12. Bazilije Pandžić. Romae 1959.
* Sacra Rituum Congregatio, Sectio historica, n. 12: Sebenicen. Declarationis martyrii B. Nicolai Tavelić sacerdotis professi Ordinis Fratrum Minorum in odium fidei, ut fertur, in civitate Ierusalem interfecti (+1391), Positio super martyrio ex officio concinnata. Bazilije Pandžić. Typis Polyglotis Vaticanis 1961.
* Annales Minorum, vol. XXXII (1671–1680). Bazilije Pandžić. Romae 1964.
* Sacra Congregatio pro causis Sanctorum, Officium Historicum n. 6: Toletana Canonizationis Beatricis de Silva Fundatricis Monialium Franciscalium a Santissima Conceptione († c. 1492), Positio super vita et virtutibus ex officio concinnata. Bazilije Pandžić. Romae 1970.
* Historia missionum Ordinis Fratrum Minorum, vol. IV. Regiones proximi Orientis et paeninsulae Balcanicae. Bazilije Pandžić. Romae 1974.
* Sacra Congregatio pro causis sanctorum, Officium historicum, n. 108: Viennen. Beatificationis seu declarationis martyrii servi Dei et 2 sociorum O. F. M. in odium fidei, uti fertur, anno 1716 in Aethiopia occisorum Positio super martyrio ex officio concinnata. Bazilije Pandžić. Romae 1983.

=== Opera cetera ===
Opera cetera Basilii Pandžić sunt typis edita in aliis linguis (croatice, anglice, italice, germanice, galice).&lt;ref name=&quot;Basilius_Pandžić&quot; /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Zvonko Pandžić (ed.): ''Stephani Basilii Pandžić, O.F.M. – Opera omnia typis edita. Editio electronico modo confecta.'' Editiones Tusculanae. Zagreb, 2010. ISBN 978-953-55514-0-9.
* Elisabeth von Erdmann-Pandžić (ed.): ''Regiones Paeninsulae Balcanicae et Proximi Orientis.'' Festschrift für Basilius S. Pandžić. Bamberg, 1988.

== Nexus externus ==
{{Commonscat|Bazilije Pandžić|Basilius Pandžić}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20210214033238/https://www.enciklopedija.hr/natuknica.aspx?id=46409 Pandžić, Bazilije Stjepan], www.enciklopedija.hr (Croatice).
* [http://fra3.net/dogodilo-se/fra-bazilije-proslavio-97-godina-zivota-1030 ''Fra Bazilije proslavio 97. rođendan!'', fra3.net, 2015-01-30] (Croatice).
* [http://www.vecernji.ba/hercegovac-40-godina-cuva-tajne-vatikana-243228 ''Hercegovac 40 godina čuva tajne Vatikana'', vecernji.ba, 2011-01-23] (Croatice).
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160422114245/http://www.jutarnji.hr/kako-sam-cuvao-vatikanske-tajne/185719/ ''Kako sam čuvao Vatikanske tajne'', jutarnji.hr, 2008-03-30] (Croatice).

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{Lifetime|1918|2019|Pandzic, Basilius}}

[[Categoria:Auctores Latini hodierni]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Croatiae]]
[[categoria:Franciscani]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Bosniae et Herzegovinae]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Simplicium medicamentorum ex novo orbe delatorum historia</title>
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      <text bytes="14392" sha1="2fdxq87ulrymbmfl1wyp8sb5h5qdy1a" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
[[Fasciculus:Monardes Dos libros 1565 tp.jpg|thumb|''Dos libros'' (1565): titulus]]
[[Fasciculus:Monardes Historia medicinal 1580 tp.png|thumb|''Primera, segunda y tercera partes ...'' (1574): titulus]]
[[Fasciculus:Monardes - 1574 - De simplicibus medicamentis - UB Radboud Uni Nijmegen - 208278206 01 title page.jpg|thumb|''De simplicibus medicamentis'' (1574): titulus]]
'''''Simplicium medicamentorum ex novo orbe delatorum historia''''' est titulus Latinus operis cuiusdam a [[Nicolaus Monardes|Nicolao Monarde]] medico [[Hispalis|Hispalensi]] anno [[1565]] Hispanice scripti, annis [[1571]] iterumque [[1574]] aucti, in multas linguas et sub multis titulis divulgati. Auctor hoc opere plantas medicinasque in [[America]] repertas, [[Europa|Europaeis]] utiles, describit, quas ille, Americae oceanique expers, a descriptionibus aliorum et speciminibus ad Hispalim importatis tantum cognovit. Versionem Latinam [[Carolus Clusius]] primum anno [[1574]], recensione ultima anno [[1605]] divulgavit.

== Index capitulorum ==
Has res continent editio Hispanica 1574 editioque Latina 1605 (''Exoticorum'' p. 295 ff.):
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:90%;&quot;&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot;|fol.
!''Historia medicinal'' 1574 (''Dos libros'' 1565)
!data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot;|cap.
!''Simplicium medicamentorum historia'' 1605
!Species principales
|-
|2r
|'''Prima parte''' (1565 f. 1r)
|
|
|
|-
|2v
|''Del anime y copal'' (1565 f. 4r)
|1
|De [[copal]] et anime
|''[[Protium copal]]'', ''[[Bursera copallifera]]'', ''[[Hymenaea courbaril]]'', ''[[Vateria indica]]''
|-
|3v
|''De la tacamahaca'' (1565 f. 6r)
|2
|De tacamahaca
|''[[Calophyllum tacamahaca]]'', ''[[Ferula gummosa]]''
|-
|5r
|''De la caraña'' (1565 f. 8v)
|3
|De caraña
|''[[Bursera acuminata]]''
|-
|6r
|''Del azeyte de la higuera del Infierno'' (1565 f. 10r)
|4
|Oleum cicinum, Ricinus Americus
|''[[Jatropha curcas]]''
|-
|7v
|''Del betumen'' (1565 f. 12v)
|5
|Bitumen
|
|-
|7v
|''Del liquidambar y azeyte de liquidambar'' (1565 f. 13r)
|8
|Liquid-ambar et eius oleum
|''[[Liquidambar styraciflua]]''
|-
|9r
|''Del balsamo'' (1565 f. 15v)
|9&lt;br /&gt;16&lt;br /&gt;17
|Balsamum&lt;br /&gt;Herba Ioannis Infantis&lt;br /&gt;Radices venenis adversantes
|''[[Myroxylon peruiferum]]'', ''[[Monarda]]'' sp., ''[[Vincetoxicum hirundinaria]]''
|-
|12v
|''Del guayacan y palo sancto'' (1565 f. 22r)
|20
|Guayacan
|''[[Guaiacum officinale]]'', ''[[Guaiacum sanctum]]''
|-
|16r
|''De la china'' (1565 f. 28v)
|21
|China
|''[[Smilax china]]''
|-
|18v
|''De la çarçaparilla'' (1565 f. 33r)
|22
|Çarça-parilla
|''[[Smilax aristolochiifolia]]''
|-
|22v
|''De la piedra de sangre y de la yjada'' (1565 f. 40r)
|31&lt;br /&gt;32&lt;br /&gt;33&lt;br /&gt;36
|Lapis nephriticus&lt;br /&gt;Lapis tiburonum&lt;br /&gt;Lapis caymanum&lt;br /&gt;Lapis sanguinalis
|
|-
|24r
|''Del palo para los males de los riñones y de urina'' (1565 f. 42v)
|27
|Lignum ad renum affectiones et urinae incommoda
|
|-
|24v
|''De la pimienta de las Indias'' (1565 f. 43v)
|54
|[[Capsicum (fructus)|Piper]]
|''[[Capsicum (genus)|Capsicum]]'' spp.
|-
|25r
|''De la caña fistola'' (1565 f. 45r)
|44
|Cassia solutiva
|''[[Senna alexandrina]]''
|-
|26r
|''De las avellanas purgativas'' (1565 f. 46r)
|47
|Avellanae purgatrices
|''[[Jatropha multifida]]'', ''[[Moringa oleifera]]''
|-
|26v
|''De los piñones purgativos'' (1565 f. 47r)
|48
|Nuclei pinei cathartici
|
|-
|27v
|''De las havas purgativas'' (1565 f. 48r)
|49
|Fabae purgatrices
|''[[Mucuna pruriens]]''
|-
|28r
|''De la leche del pinipinichi'' (1565 f. 49v)
|50
|Lac pinipinichi
|''[[Convolvulus mechoacana]]''
|-
|28v
|''Del mechoacan'' (1565 f. 50r)
|51
|Mechoacan
|''[[Ipomoea purga]]''
|-
|37v
|''Del sulphur bivo'' (1565 f. 66v)
|56&lt;br /&gt;57
|Sulphur vivum&lt;br /&gt;Ad erysipelas
|
|-
|38v
|''Del palo aromatico'' (1565 f. 68r)
|26
|Lignum aromaticum
|''[[Bursera graveolens]]''
|-
|41r
|'''Segunda parte'''
|
|
|
|-
|41r
|''Del tabaco y de sus grandes virtudes''
|14
|Tabaco
|''[[Nicotiana tabacum]]''
|-
|51v
|''Del arbol que traen de la Florida llamado sassafras''
|24
|Sassafras
|''[[Sassafras albidum]]''
|-
|65r
|''Del carlo sancto, rayz trayda de Nueva España''
|23
|Carlo sancto
|''[[Carapichea ipecacuanha]]''?
|-
|67v
|''De las cuentas que se llaman de Sancta Elena''
|59
|Radix S. Helenae
|''[[Dorstenia contrajerva]]''
|-
|69r
|''Del guacatane''
|61
|Guacatane
|''[[Teucrium canadense]]''
|-
|69v
|''De la cevadilla''
|55
|Cevadilla
|''[[Schoenocaulon officinale]]''
|-
|73r
|''Al muy magnifico señor, mi señor Doctor Monardes, medico en Sevilla''&lt;ref&gt;Auctore &quot;''Pedro de Osma y de Xara y Zejo''&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
|75
|Epistola ad D. Nicolaum Monardum
|''[[Schinus molle]]''
|-
|78v
|''El dragon''&lt;ref&gt;Rubrica in aliis editionibus: ''De la sangre del drago''&lt;/ref&gt;
|38&lt;br /&gt;39&lt;br /&gt;40 
|Sanguis draconis&lt;br /&gt;Gummi ad podagram&lt;br /&gt;Fructus dysentericus
|''[[Pterocarpus officinalis]]'', ''[[Clusia rosea]]''
|-
|81r
|''El armadillo''
|37
|Armadillo
|
|-
|83r
|''Flor del mechoacan''
|51
|
|
|-
|84r
|''Fructo del balsamo''
|9
|
|
|-
|86r
|''Pimienta luenga''
|54
|
|''[[Piper aduncum]]''
|-
|88r
|''De la çarçaparrilla de Guayaquil''
|22
|
|
|-
|91v
|''Del ambar gris''
|7
|Ambarum
|
|-
|98r
|'''Tercera parte'''
|
|
|
|-
|98r
|''De la canela de nuestras Indias''
|25
|Canella Novi orbis
|''[[Canella winterana]]''
|-
|99r
|''Del gengibre''
|18
|Zingiber
|''[[Zingiber officinale]]''
|-
|100r
|''Del ruybarbo de Indias''
|19
|Rhabarbarum Americanum
|
|-
|100v
|''De las piñas''
|63
|Strobilus seu nux pinea
|''[[Ananas comosus]]''
|-
|101v
|''De las guayavas''
|64
|Guayavas
|''[[Psidium guajava]]''
|-
|102r
|''De los cachos''
|30
|Cachos
|
|-
|102v
|''De las flores de sangre''
|69
|Flos sanguineus
|''[[Tropaeolum majus]]''
|-
|103r
|''Una corteza de un arbol para reumas''
|43
|Arboris cortex ad rheumatismos
|''[[Senna marilandica]]''
|-
|103v
|''Del pacal''
|58
|Pacal
|
|-
|103v
|''Del payco''
|28
|Payco herba
|
|-
|104r
|''Yerva para mal de riñones''
|29
|Herba ad renum morbos utilis
|
|-
|104r
|''De la fruta que se cria debaxo de tierra''
|60
|Fructus sub terra nascens
|
|-
|104v
|''Del fruto llamado leucoma''
|41&lt;br /&gt;42
|Leucoma fructus&lt;br /&gt;Cortex ad alvi profluvia
|''[[Pouteria sapota]]'', ''[[Simarouba amara]]''
|-
|105r
|''De las cuentas xaboneras''
|65
|Saponariae sphaerulae
|
|-
|105v
|''De los cangrejos de aquella tierra''
|77
|Cancri Peruani
|
|-
|106r
|''De los cardones''
|67
|Cardui
|''[[Agave americana]]''
|-
|106r
|''De la yerva para quebrados''
|72
|Herba ad rupturas utilis
|
|-
|106v
|''De la bervena''
|73
|Verbena
|''[[Verbena officinalis]]''
|-
|107v
|''Del mastuerço''
|70
|Nasturtium Peruanum
|''[[Tropaeolum minus]]''
|-
|108r
|''De la lechuguilla silvestre''
|71
|Lactuca silvestris pumila
|
|-
|108r
|''Del licor llamado ambia''
|11&lt;br /&gt;12
|Liquor ambia&lt;br /&gt;Resina abiegna
|''[[Abies balsamea]]''
|-
|108v
|''Del arbol que muestra si uno a de morir o bivir''
|74
|Herba mortem aut vitam in morbis praenuncians
|
|-
|109r
|''De la granadilla''
|66
|Granadilla
|''[[Passiflora ligularis]]''
|-
|109v
|''De la yerva del sol''
|68
|Herba solis
|''[[Helianthus annuus]]''
|-
|110r
|''De un betumen que se saca debaxo de tierra''
|6
|Bitumen fossile
|
|-
|110v
|''De las piedras bezaares del Peru''
|34
|Lapis bezaar Peruanus
|
|-
|113v
|''De las higueras del Peru''
|62
|Ficus Peruana
|''[[Crescentia cujete]]''?
|-
|114r
|''De la coca''
|52
|Coca
|''[[Erythroxylon coca]]''
|-
|115r
|''De los colores diversos de tierra''
|76
|Terrae varii colores
|
|-
|115v
|''Del caçaui''
|53
|Caçaui
|''[[Manihot esculenta]]''
|-
|117v
|''De los cañutos para el asma''
|15
|Tubuli ad asthma utiles
|
|-
|118r
|''Del carlo sancto''
|23
|
|
|-
|119r
|''De la piedra para la madre''
|35
|Lapis ad uteri suffocationes utilis
|
|-
|119r
|''De la caña fistola en conserva''
|45&lt;br /&gt;46
|De cassia solutiva condita&lt;br /&gt;Fructus cholagogus
|
|-
|121r
|''Del balsamo de Tolu''
|10&lt;br /&gt;13
|Balsamum de Tolu&lt;br /&gt;Resina Carthaginensis
|''[[Myroxylon balsamum]]''
|}
&lt;/div&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
; Editiones
* 1565 : ''Dos libros. El uno trata de todas las cosas que traen de nuestras Indias Occidentales, que sirven al uso de medicina ... El otro libro trata de dos medicinas maravillosas que son contra todo veneno ...''. Hispali: Hernando Diaz; [https://archive.org/details/hin-wel-all-00002448-001 Textus apud archive.org]
* 1569 : ''Dos libros, el uno que trata de todas las cosas que se traen de nuestras Indias Occidentales, que sirven al uso de la medicina, y el otro que trata de la piedra bezaar, y de la yerva escuerçonera''. Hispali: Hernando Diaz {{Google Books|QdDf4rAzcgEC}}
* 1571 : ''Segunda parte del libro des las cosas que se traen de nuestras Indias Occidentales, que sirven al uso de la medicina; do se trata del tabaco, y de la sassafras, y del carlo sancto, y de otras muchas yervas y plantas, simientes, y licores que agora nuevamente han venido de aquellas partes, de grandes virtudes y maravillosos effectos''. Hispali: Alonso Escrivano {{Google Books|yP19XmWVSMwC}}
* 1574 : ''Primera y segunda y tercera partes de la historia medicinal de las cosas que se traen de nuestras Indias Occidentales, que sirven en medicina; Tratado de la piedra bezaar, y dela yerva escuerçonera; Diálogo de las grandezas del hierro, y de sus virtudes medicinales''; [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb__oBGXdTHPHcC/page/n1/mode/2up Textus] {{Google Books|pEHeQNiTzA0C}}
* 1580 : nova impressio; [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_eAtm3cE1smAC/page/n1/mode/2up Textus] {{Google Books|bLRrIIPYfk0C}}

; Versio Latina a Carolo Clusio facta
* 1574 : ''De simplicibus medicamentis ex occidentali India delatis quorum in medicina usus est''; [https://archive.org/details/mobot31753003541627 Textus]
* 1579 : ''Simplicium medicamentorum ex novo orbe delatorum, quorum in medicina usus est, historia''; [https://archive.org/details/hin-wel-all-00002561-001 Textus apud Internet Archive] {{Google Books|58VbAAAAQAAJ}}
* 1582 : nova impressio una cum operibus [[Garcias ab Orta|Garciae ab Orta]] et [[Christophorus Acosta|Christophori Acosta]] edita; [https://archive.org/details/simpliciummedic00monagoog Textus] {{Google Books|ss1bAAAAQAAJ}}
* 1593 : nova impressio [https://archive.org/stream/mobot31753003634646#page/313/mode/2up Textus separatus]
* 1605 : nova recensio in opere ''[[Exoticorum libri decem]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/mobot31753000811387#page/295/mode/2up Textus]

; Versiones aliae
* 1575 ([[Hannibal Briganti|Annibale Briganti]], interpr.) : ''Delle cose che vengono portate dall'Indie Occidentali pertinenti all'vso della medicina''. Venetiis: Giordano Ziletti; [https://archive.org/details/hin-wel-all-00002453-001 apud Internet Archive], [https://archive.org/details/hin-wel-all-00002454-001/mode/2up aliud exemplar]; [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10186579 pars prima], [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10186580 pars secunda apud Monacenses]
** editio 1582; [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_QSIuXcZQBC0C Textus] 
** editio 1589; [https://archive.org/details/hin-wel-all-00002565-002/page/n5/mode/2up Textus apud Internet Archive] 
* 1577 ([[Ioannes Frampton|John Frampton]], interpr.) : ''The three bookes written in the Spanishe tonge by the famous phisition D. Monardes''. Londinii: Wyllyam Norton (ex editione Hispanica 1565 versa); [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1475-1640_the-three-bookes-written_monardes-nicolas_1577/mode/2up Textus]. – Altera divulgatio: ''Ioyfull newes out of the newe founde worlde''; [https://archive.org/details/b30327222/page/n7/mode/2up Textus apud Internet Archive]
** nova editio 1580 (ex editione Hispanica 1574 aucta); [https://archive.org/details/ioyfullnewesouto00mona/page/n3/mode/2up Textus apud Internet Archive] {{Google Books|OatkAAAAcAAJ}}
** nova editio 1596 [https://archive.org/details/mobot31753000810678 Textus]; [https://archive.org/details/ioyfullnewesouto00mona_0/page/n9/mode/2up aliud exemplar apud Internet Archive] 
** nova editio 1925 (editore [[Stephanus Gaselee|Stephano Gaselee]]) : ''Joyfull newes out of the newe founde worlde''. Londinii
* 1602 ([[Antonius Colin|Anthoine Colin]], interpr.) : ''Histoire des simples medicamens apportés des Terres neuves, desquels on se sert en la medecine'', in ''Histoire des drogues''. Lugduni: Jean Pillehotte; [https://archive.org/details/histoiredesdrogu00orta/page/n521/mode/2up Textus]; [http://www.manioc.org/patrimon/BBX17002 Textus (situs difficilis)]; [https://archive.org/details/hin-wel-all-00002571-001 p. 343 sqq. tantum] {{Google Books|vIvxO2Sit_AC|p. 502 sqq. tantum}}
** editio 1619 : [https://archive.org/details/histoiredessimpl00mona Textus]; [https://archive.org/details/mobot31753003488126 aliud exemplar apud Internet Archive]
* 1895 (Karl Stünzner, interpr.) : ''Die Schrift des Monardes über die Arzneimittel Americas nach der lateinischen Übertragung des Clusius ... übersetzt und erläutert''. Halis: Max Niemeyer [https://archive.org/details/mobot31753000753829 Textus]

; Eruditio
* María Águeda Moreno Moreno, &quot;El corpus indiano de materia herbaria de Nicolás Monardes y su recepción en los diccionarios bilingües (español-lenguas europeas, ss. XVI-XVIII)&quot; in ''Alfinge'' vol. 26 (2014) pp. 117-145
* C. R. Boxer, ''Two pioneers of tropical medicine: Garcia d'Orta and Nicolás Monardes''. Londinii: Wellcome Historical Medical Library, 1963
* Francisco Guerra, ''Nicolás Bautista Monardes, su vida y su obra, ca. 1493-1588''. Mexicopoli, 1961
* &quot;Monardes, Nicolás Bautista (n.Sevila ca. 1493; m. en Sevilla, 1588)&quot; in José M. López Piñero et al., ''Diccionario Histórico de la Ciencia Moderna en España'' vol. 2 (Barcinone: Ediciones Península, 1983)
* José Pardo Tomás, &quot;Two glimpses of America from a distance: Carolus Clusius and Nicolás Monardes&quot; in Florike Egmond, Paul Hoftizer, Robert Visser, edd., ''Carolus Clusius, Towards a Cultural History of a Renaissance Naturalist'' (Amstelodami: Koninklijke Nederlandse Academie van Wetenschappen, 2007) pp. 179-199 [https://web.archive.org/web/20161009114414/http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/wp-content/HSSN/2007-8-Carolus%20Clusius.pdf Textus versionis praeliminaris]

[[Categoria:Scripta 1565]]
[[Categoria:Scripta 1574]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latine versae]]
[[Categoria:Hispaniae scripta]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Hispanicae]]
[[Categoria:Libri de medicamentis]]
[[Categoria:Carolus Clusius]]</text>
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      <text bytes="14201" sha1="b7dmbht0ly52bwmxu9n84iwznvnve9e" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
[[Fasciculus:Monardes Dos libros 1565 tp.jpg|thumb|''Dos libros'' (1565): titulus]]
[[Fasciculus:Monardes Historia medicinal 1580 tp.png|thumb|''Primera, segunda y tercera partes ...'' (1574): titulus]]
[[Fasciculus:Monardes - 1574 - De simplicibus medicamentis - UB Radboud Uni Nijmegen - 208278206 01 title page.jpg|thumb|''De simplicibus medicamentis'' (1574): titulus]]
'''''Simplicium medicamentorum ex novo orbe delatorum historia''''' est titulus Latinus operis cuiusdam a [[Nicolaus Monardes|Nicolao Monarde]] medico [[Hispalis|Hispalensi]] anno [[1565]] Hispanice scripti, annis [[1571]] iterumque [[1574]] aucti, in multas linguas et sub multis titulis divulgati. Auctor hoc opere plantas medicinasque in [[America]] repertas, [[Europa|Europaeis]] utiles, describit, quas ille, Americae oceanique expers, a descriptionibus aliorum et speciminibus ad Hispalim importatis tantum cognovit. Versionem Latinam [[Carolus Clusius]] primum anno [[1574]], recensione ultima anno [[1605]] divulgavit.

== Index capitulorum ==
Has res continent editio Hispanica 1574 editioque Latina 1605 (''Exoticorum'' p. 295 ff.):
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:90%;&quot;&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot;|fol.
!''Historia medicinal'' 1574 (''Dos libros'' 1565)
!data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot;|cap.
!''Simplicium medicamentorum historia'' 1605
!Species principales
|-
|2r
|'''Prima parte''' (1565 f. 1r)
|
|
|
|-
|2v
|''Del anime y copal'' (1565 f. 4r)
|1
|De [[copal]] et anime
|''[[Protium copal]]'', ''[[Bursera copallifera]]'', ''[[Hymenaea courbaril]]'', ''[[Vateria indica]]''
|-
|3v
|''De la tacamahaca'' (1565 f. 6r)
|2
|De tacamahaca
|''[[Calophyllum tacamahaca]]'', ''[[Ferula gummosa]]''
|-
|5r
|''De la caraña'' (1565 f. 8v)
|3
|De caraña
|''[[Bursera acuminata]]''
|-
|6r
|''Del azeyte de la higuera del Infierno'' (1565 f. 10r)
|4
|Oleum cicinum, Ricinus Americus
|''[[Jatropha curcas]]''
|-
|7v
|''Del betumen'' (1565 f. 12v)
|5
|Bitumen
|
|-
|7v
|''Del liquidambar y azeyte de liquidambar'' (1565 f. 13r)
|8
|Liquid-ambar et eius oleum
|''[[Liquidambar styraciflua]]''
|-
|9r
|''Del balsamo'' (1565 f. 15v)
|9&lt;br /&gt;16&lt;br /&gt;17
|Balsamum&lt;br /&gt;Herba Ioannis Infantis&lt;br /&gt;Radices venenis adversantes
|''[[Myroxylon peruiferum]]'', ''[[Monarda]]'' sp., ''[[Vincetoxicum hirundinaria]]''
|-
|12v
|''Del guayacan y palo sancto'' (1565 f. 22r)
|20
|Guayacan
|''[[Guaiacum officinale]]'', ''[[Guaiacum sanctum]]''
|-
|16r
|''De la china'' (1565 f. 28v)
|21
|China
|''[[Smilax china]]''
|-
|18v
|''De la çarçaparilla'' (1565 f. 33r)
|22
|Çarça-parilla
|''[[Smilax aristolochiifolia]]''
|-
|22v
|''De la piedra de sangre y de la yjada'' (1565 f. 40r)
|31&lt;br /&gt;32&lt;br /&gt;33&lt;br /&gt;36
|Lapis nephriticus&lt;br /&gt;Lapis tiburonum&lt;br /&gt;Lapis caymanum&lt;br /&gt;Lapis sanguinalis
|
|-
|24r
|''Del palo para los males de los riñones y de urina'' (1565 f. 42v)
|27
|Lignum ad renum affectiones et urinae incommoda
|
|-
|24v
|''De la pimienta de las Indias'' (1565 f. 43v)
|54
|[[Capsicum (fructus)|Piper]]
|''[[Capsicum (genus)|Capsicum]]'' spp.
|-
|25r
|''De la caña fistola'' (1565 f. 45r)
|44
|Cassia solutiva
|''[[Senna alexandrina]]''
|-
|26r
|''De las avellanas purgativas'' (1565 f. 46r)
|47
|Avellanae purgatrices
|''[[Jatropha multifida]]'', ''[[Moringa oleifera]]''
|-
|26v
|''De los piñones purgativos'' (1565 f. 47r)
|48
|Nuclei pinei cathartici
|
|-
|27v
|''De las havas purgativas'' (1565 f. 48r)
|49
|Fabae purgatrices
|''[[Mucuna pruriens]]''
|-
|28r
|''De la leche del pinipinichi'' (1565 f. 49v)
|50
|Lac pinipinichi
|''[[Convolvulus mechoacana]]''
|-
|28v
|''Del mechoacan'' (1565 f. 50r)
|51
|Mechoacan
|''[[Ipomoea purga]]''
|-
|37v
|''Del sulphur bivo'' (1565 f. 66v)
|56&lt;br /&gt;57
|Sulphur vivum&lt;br /&gt;Ad erysipelas
|
|-
|38v
|''Del palo aromatico'' (1565 f. 68r)
|26
|Lignum aromaticum
|''[[Bursera graveolens]]''
|-
|41r
|'''Segunda parte'''
|
|
|
|-
|41r
|''Del tabaco y de sus grandes virtudes''
|14
|Tabaco
|''[[Nicotiana tabacum]]''
|-
|51v
|''Del arbol que traen de la Florida llamado sassafras''
|24
|Sassafras
|''[[Sassafras albidum]]''
|-
|65r
|''Del carlo sancto, rayz trayda de Nueva España''
|23
|Carlo sancto
|''[[Carapichea ipecacuanha]]''?
|-
|67v
|''De las cuentas que se llaman de Sancta Elena''
|59
|Radix S. Helenae
|''[[Dorstenia contrajerva]]''
|-
|69r
|''Del guacatane''
|61
|Guacatane
|''[[Teucrium canadense]]''
|-
|69v
|''De la cevadilla''
|55
|Cevadilla
|''[[Schoenocaulon officinale]]''
|-
|73r
|''Al muy magnifico señor, mi señor Doctor Monardes, medico en Sevilla''&lt;ref&gt;Auctore &quot;''Pedro de Osma y de Xara y Zejo''&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
|75
|Epistola ad D. Nicolaum Monardum
|''[[Schinus molle]]''
|-
|78v
|''El dragon''&lt;ref&gt;Rubrica in aliis editionibus: ''De la sangre del drago''&lt;/ref&gt;
|38&lt;br /&gt;39&lt;br /&gt;40 
|Sanguis draconis&lt;br /&gt;Gummi ad podagram&lt;br /&gt;Fructus dysentericus
|''[[Pterocarpus officinalis]]'', ''[[Clusia rosea]]''
|-
|81r
|''El armadillo''
|37
|Armadillo
|
|-
|83r
|''Flor del mechoacan''
|51
|
|
|-
|84r
|''Fructo del balsamo''
|9
|
|
|-
|86r
|''Pimienta luenga''
|54
|
|''[[Piper aduncum]]''
|-
|88r
|''De la çarçaparrilla de Guayaquil''
|22
|
|
|-
|91v
|''Del ambar gris''
|7
|Ambarum
|
|-
|98r
|'''Tercera parte'''
|
|
|
|-
|98r
|''De la canela de nuestras Indias''
|25
|Canella Novi orbis
|''[[Canella winterana]]''
|-
|99r
|''Del gengibre''
|18
|Zingiber
|''[[Zingiber officinale]]''
|-
|100r
|''Del ruybarbo de Indias''
|19
|Rhabarbarum Americanum
|
|-
|100v
|''De las piñas''
|63
|Strobilus seu nux pinea
|''[[Ananas comosus]]''
|-
|101v
|''De las guayavas''
|64
|Guayavas
|''[[Psidium guajava]]''
|-
|102r
|''De los cachos''
|30
|Cachos
|
|-
|102v
|''De las flores de sangre''
|69
|Flos sanguineus
|''[[Tropaeolum majus]]''
|-
|103r
|''Una corteza de un arbol para reumas''
|43
|Arboris cortex ad rheumatismos
|''[[Senna marilandica]]''
|-
|103v
|''Del pacal''
|58
|Pacal
|
|-
|103v
|''Del payco''
|28
|Payco herba
|
|-
|104r
|''Yerva para mal de riñones''
|29
|Herba ad renum morbos utilis
|
|-
|104r
|''De la fruta que se cria debaxo de tierra''
|60
|Fructus sub terra nascens
|
|-
|104v
|''Del fruto llamado leucoma''
|41&lt;br /&gt;42
|Leucoma fructus&lt;br /&gt;Cortex ad alvi profluvia
|''[[Pouteria sapota]]'', ''[[Simarouba amara]]''
|-
|105r
|''De las cuentas xaboneras''
|65
|Saponariae sphaerulae
|
|-
|105v
|''De los cangrejos de aquella tierra''
|77
|Cancri Peruani
|
|-
|106r
|''De los cardones''
|67
|Cardui
|''[[Agave americana]]''
|-
|106r
|''De la yerva para quebrados''
|72
|Herba ad rupturas utilis
|
|-
|106v
|''De la bervena''
|73
|Verbena
|''[[Verbena officinalis]]''
|-
|107v
|''Del mastuerço''
|70
|Nasturtium Peruanum
|''[[Tropaeolum minus]]''
|-
|108r
|''De la lechuguilla silvestre''
|71
|Lactuca silvestris pumila
|
|-
|108r
|''Del licor llamado ambia''
|11&lt;br /&gt;12
|Liquor ambia&lt;br /&gt;Resina abiegna
|''[[Abies balsamea]]''
|-
|108v
|''Del arbol que muestra si uno a de morir o bivir''
|74
|Herba mortem aut vitam in morbis praenuncians
|
|-
|109r
|''De la granadilla''
|66
|Granadilla
|''[[Passiflora ligularis]]''
|-
|109v
|''De la yerva del sol''
|68
|Herba solis
|''[[Helianthus annuus]]''
|-
|110r
|''De un betumen que se saca debaxo de tierra''
|6
|Bitumen fossile
|
|-
|110v
|''De las piedras bezaares del Peru''
|34
|Lapis bezaar Peruanus
|
|-
|113v
|''De las higueras del Peru''
|62
|Ficus Peruana
|''[[Crescentia cujete]]''?
|-
|114r
|''De la coca''
|52
|Coca
|''[[Erythroxylon coca]]''
|-
|115r
|''De los colores diversos de tierra''
|76
|Terrae varii colores
|
|-
|115v
|''Del caçaui''
|53
|Caçaui
|''[[Manihot esculenta]]''
|-
|117v
|''De los cañutos para el asma''
|15
|Tubuli ad asthma utiles
|
|-
|118r
|''Del carlo sancto''
|23
|
|
|-
|119r
|''De la piedra para la madre''
|35
|Lapis ad uteri suffocationes utilis
|
|-
|119r
|''De la caña fistola en conserva''
|45&lt;br /&gt;46
|De cassia solutiva condita&lt;br /&gt;Fructus cholagogus
|
|-
|121r
|''Del balsamo de Tolu''
|10&lt;br /&gt;13
|Balsamum de Tolu&lt;br /&gt;Resina Carthaginensis
|''[[Myroxylon balsamum]]''
|}
&lt;/div&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
; Editiones
* 1565 : ''Dos libros. El uno trata de todas las cosas que traen de nuestras Indias Occidentales, que sirven al uso de medicina ... El otro libro trata de dos medicinas maravillosas que son contra todo veneno ...''. Hispali: Hernando Diaz; [https://archive.org/details/hin-wel-all-00002448-001 Textus apud archive.org]
* 1569 : ''Dos libros, el uno que trata de todas las cosas que se traen de nuestras Indias Occidentales, que sirven al uso de la medicina, y el otro que trata de la piedra bezaar, y de la yerva escuerçonera''. Hispali: Hernando Diaz {{Google Books|QdDf4rAzcgEC}}
* 1571 : ''Segunda parte del libro des las cosas que se traen de nuestras Indias Occidentales, que sirven al uso de la medicina; do se trata del tabaco, y de la sassafras, y del carlo sancto, y de otras muchas yervas y plantas, simientes, y licores que agora nuevamente han venido de aquellas partes, de grandes virtudes y maravillosos effectos''. Hispali: Alonso Escrivano {{Google Books|yP19XmWVSMwC}}
* 1574 : ''Primera y segunda y tercera partes de la historia medicinal de las cosas que se traen de nuestras Indias Occidentales, que sirven en medicina; Tratado de la piedra bezaar, y dela yerva escuerçonera; Diálogo de las grandezas del hierro, y de sus virtudes medicinales''; [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb__oBGXdTHPHcC/page/n1/mode/2up Textus] {{Google Books|pEHeQNiTzA0C}}
* 1580 : nova impressio; [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_eAtm3cE1smAC/page/n1/mode/2up Textus] {{Google Books|bLRrIIPYfk0C}}

; Versio Latina a Carolo Clusio facta
* 1574 : ''De simplicibus medicamentis ex occidentali India delatis quorum in medicina usus est''; [https://archive.org/details/mobot31753003541627 Textus]
* 1579 : ''Simplicium medicamentorum ex novo orbe delatorum, quorum in medicina usus est, historia''; [https://archive.org/details/hin-wel-all-00002561-001 Textus apud Internet Archive] {{Google Books|58VbAAAAQAAJ}}
* 1582 : nova impressio una cum operibus [[Garcias ab Orta|Garciae ab Orta]] et [[Christophorus Acosta|Christophori Acosta]] edita; [https://archive.org/details/simpliciummedic00monagoog Textus] {{Google Books|ss1bAAAAQAAJ}}
* 1593 : nova impressio [https://archive.org/stream/mobot31753003634646#page/313/mode/2up Textus separatus]
* 1605 : nova recensio in opere ''[[Exoticorum libri decem]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/mobot31753000811387#page/295/mode/2up Textus]

; Versiones aliae
* 1575 ([[Hannibal Briganti|Annibale Briganti]], interpr.) : ''Delle cose che vengono portate dall'Indie Occidentali pertinenti all'vso della medicina''. Venetiis: Giordano Ziletti; [https://archive.org/details/hin-wel-all-00002453-001 apud Internet Archive], [https://archive.org/details/hin-wel-all-00002454-001/mode/2up aliud exemplar]; [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10186579 pars prima], [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10186580 pars secunda apud Monacenses]
** editio 1582; [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_QSIuXcZQBC0C Textus] 
** editio 1589; [https://archive.org/details/hin-wel-all-00002565-002/page/n5/mode/2up Textus apud Internet Archive] 
* 1577 ([[Ioannes Frampton|John Frampton]], interpr.) : ''The three bookes written in the Spanishe tonge by the famous phisition D. Monardes''. Londinii: Wyllyam Norton (ex editione Hispanica 1565 versa); [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1475-1640_the-three-bookes-written_monardes-nicolas_1577/mode/2up Textus]. – Altera divulgatio: ''Ioyfull newes out of the newe founde worlde''; [https://archive.org/details/b30327222/page/n7/mode/2up Textus apud Internet Archive]
** nova editio 1580 (ex editione Hispanica 1574 aucta); [https://archive.org/details/ioyfullnewesouto00mona/page/n3/mode/2up Textus apud Internet Archive] {{Google Books|OatkAAAAcAAJ}}
** nova editio 1596 [https://archive.org/details/mobot31753000810678 Textus]; [https://archive.org/details/ioyfullnewesouto00mona_0/page/n9/mode/2up aliud exemplar apud Internet Archive] 
** nova editio 1925 (editore [[Stephanus Gaselee|Stephano Gaselee]]) : ''Joyfull newes out of the newe founde worlde''. Londinii
* 1602 ([[Antonius Colin|Anthoine Colin]], interpr.) : ''Histoire des simples medicamens apportés des Terres neuves, desquels on se sert en la medecine'', in ''Histoire des drogues''. Lugduni: Jean Pillehotte; [https://archive.org/details/histoiredesdrogu00orta/page/n521/mode/2up Textus]; 
** editio 1619 : [https://archive.org/details/histoiredessimpl00mona Textus]; [https://archive.org/details/mobot31753003488126 aliud exemplar apud Internet Archive]
* 1895 (Karl Stünzner, interpr.) : ''Die Schrift des Monardes über die Arzneimittel Americas nach der lateinischen Übertragung des Clusius ... übersetzt und erläutert''. Halis: Max Niemeyer [https://archive.org/details/mobot31753000753829 Textus]

; Eruditio
* María Águeda Moreno Moreno, &quot;El corpus indiano de materia herbaria de Nicolás Monardes y su recepción en los diccionarios bilingües (español-lenguas europeas, ss. XVI-XVIII)&quot; in ''Alfinge'' vol. 26 (2014) pp. 117-145
* C. R. Boxer, ''Two pioneers of tropical medicine: Garcia d'Orta and Nicolás Monardes''. Londinii: Wellcome Historical Medical Library, 1963
* Francisco Guerra, ''Nicolás Bautista Monardes, su vida y su obra, ca. 1493-1588''. Mexicopoli, 1961
* &quot;Monardes, Nicolás Bautista (n.Sevila ca. 1493; m. en Sevilla, 1588)&quot; in José M. López Piñero et al., ''Diccionario Histórico de la Ciencia Moderna en España'' vol. 2 (Barcinone: Ediciones Península, 1983)
* José Pardo Tomás, &quot;Two glimpses of America from a distance: Carolus Clusius and Nicolás Monardes&quot; in Florike Egmond, Paul Hoftizer, Robert Visser, edd., ''Carolus Clusius, Towards a Cultural History of a Renaissance Naturalist'' (Amstelodami: Koninklijke Nederlandse Academie van Wetenschappen, 2007) pp. 179-199 [https://web.archive.org/web/20161009114414/http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/wp-content/HSSN/2007-8-Carolus%20Clusius.pdf Textus versionis praeliminaris]

[[Categoria:Scripta 1565]]
[[Categoria:Scripta 1574]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latine versae]]
[[Categoria:Hispaniae scripta]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Hispanicae]]
[[Categoria:Libri de medicamentis]]
[[Categoria:Carolus Clusius]]</text>
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      <text bytes="10738" sha1="meazaczc2v9xr3v3xe9294f7dphou3j" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:CastleOtranto.png|thumb|''[[The Castle of Otranto]]'' (1764) late habetur prima [[mythistoria gothica]]. [[Aesthetica]] huius [[liber|libri]] hodiernos [[litterae|litteras]], [[ars|artem]], [[musica]]m, et [[subcultura]]m gothicam moverunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gothic genre&quot;&gt;[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-30313775 &quot;The Castle of Otranto: The creepy tale that launched gothic fiction&quot;]. BBC.&lt;/ref&gt;]]
'''Fictio gothica,''' plerumque '''horror gothicus''' nota, est [[genus (litterae)|genus]] vel modus [[litterae|litterarum]] et [[cinematographia]]e qui [[fictio]]nem et [[horror (fictio)|horrorem]], [[mors|mortem]], atque aliquando [[amor]]em&lt;!--romance (love)--&gt; miscet. Eius origo [[Horatius Walpole|Horatio Walpole]], [[auctor]]i [[litterae Angliae|Anglico]], tributa est, praecipue ob ''[[The Castle of Otranto]]'' (''Castellum Otranto''), eius [[mythistoria]]m anni [[1764]], cuius [[titulus|subtitulus]] in editione secunda est ''A Gothic Story'' (''Fabula gothica'').

[[Fasciculus:Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde poster edit2.jpg|thumb|left|[[Robertus Ludovicus Stevenson|Roberti Ludovici Stevenson]] ''[[Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde]]'' (1886) fuit classicum annorum 1880 opus gothicum, cui sunt multae commodationes scaenicae.]]
[[Fasciculus:Вий.jpg|thumb|Viy, dominus inferorum, e [[Viy (fabula)|fabula eiusdem nominis]] a [[Gogol]] scripta.]]
[[Fasciculus:Frontispiece to Frankenstein 1831.jpg|thumb|''[[Frankenstein; or, the Modern Prometheus]]'' [[Maria Shelley|Mariae Shelley]] (1818) fictionem tempore romantico definivit. [[Frontispicium]] editionis [[1831]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Varney the Vampire or the Feast of Blood.jpg|thumb|Tegmen editionis ''[[Varney the Vampire]]'' (1845).]]&lt;!--
[[Fasciculus:Weird Tales March 1934.jpg|thumb|[[Pulp magazine]]s such as ''[[Weird Tales]]'' reprinted and popularized Gothic horror from the prior century.]]
[[Fasciculus:Strawberryhill.jpg|thumb|[[Strawberry Hill House|Strawberry Hill]], an English villa in the &quot;[[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic revival]]&quot; style, built by Gothic writer [[Horace Walpole]]]]--&gt;
[[Fasciculus:Kenilworth Castle England.jpg|thumb|Ruinae amoenae et excitatae in litteris gothicis sunt [[thema]] usitatum. Hic habes ruinas [[Castellum Kenilworthianum|Castelli Kenilworthiani]].]]

Effectus fictionis gothicae grato terroris genere utitur, quod est amplificatio [[voluptas|voluptatum]] [[poesis Romanticum|Romanticarum]] quae novae erant tempore mythistoriae Walpolianae, atque in [[Anglia]] altero dimidio [[saeculum 18|saeculi duodevicensimi]], post Walpole, orta est. Ulterius exculta est a [[Clara Reeve]], [[Anna Radcliffe]], [[Gulielmus Thomas Beckford|Gulielmo Thoma Beckford]], et [[Matthaeus Gregorius Lewis|Matthaeo Lewis]]. Genus [[saeculum 19|saeculo undevicensimo]] vigebat, insigniter in ''[[Frankenstein]]'' [[Maria Shelley|Mariae Shelley]] et in operibus [[Edgarus Allan Poe|Edgari Allen Poe]]. Aliud huius generis opus nobile, ex [[aevum Victorianum|aevo Victoriano]] exeunte, est ''[[Dracula (Stoker)|Dracula]],'' mythistoria [[Abrahamus Stoker|Abrahami Stoker]] [[Eblana|Eblanensis]].

Nomen ''gothicus'' [[aedificium|aedificia]] [[medium aevum|pseudomediaevalia]] attinet, [[architectura gothica|architecturam gothicam]] aemulans, ubi multae ex his [[fabula|fabulis]] fiunt. Hoc genus [[romanticismus|romanticismi]] populis [[Anglia|Anglico]] [[Germania|Germanicoque]] gratissimum erat. Anglicae quidem mythistoriae gothicae nova litterarum genera, sicut ''Schauerroman'' Germanicum et ''Georgia'' [[Francia|Francicum]], moverunt.

{{NexInt}}
*[[Ars Gothica]]
*[[Catharina Blixen]]
*[[Cinematographia gothica]]
*''[[Jane Eyre]]''
*''[[Le Fantôme de l'Opéra]]''
*''[[Notre-Dame de Paris (mythistoria)]]''
*''[[Rebecca (mythistoria)]]''
*''[[The Turn of the Screw]]''
*''[[Wuthering Heights]]''
*[[Mythistoria gothica]]&lt;!--
* [[List of gothic fiction works]]
* [[Weird fiction]]--&gt;

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliographia==
{{div col|2}}&lt;small&gt;
*Baddeley, Gavin. [[2002]]. ''Goth Chic.'' Londinii: Plexus. ISBN 9780859653824.
*Baldick, Chris. [[1993]]. ''Introduction.'' In ''The Oxford Book of Gothic Tales.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press.
*Birkhead, Edith. [[1921]]. ''The Tale of Terror.''
*Bloom, Clive. [[2007]]. ''Gothic Horror: A Guide for Students and Readers.'' Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
*Botting, Fred. [[1996]]. ''Gothic.'' Londinii: Routledge.
*Brown, Marshall. [[2005]]. ''The Gothic Text.'' Stanfordiae: Stanford University Press.
*Butuzov, A. E. [[2008]]. ''Russkaya goticheskaya povest XIX Veka.''
*Charnes, Linda. [[2010]]. ''Shakespeare and the Gothic Strain''. 38: 185.&lt;!--?--&gt;
*Clery, E. J. [[1995]]. ''The Rise of Supernatural Fiction.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press.
*Cornwell, Neil. [[1999]]. ''The Gothic-Fantastic in Nineteenth-Century Russian Literature.'' Studies in Slavic Literature and Poetics, 33. Amsteodami et Atlantae: Rodopi. 
*Cook, Judith. [[1980]]. ''Women in Shakespeare.'' Londinii: Harrap &amp; Co. Ltd.
*Cusack A., et Barry M. [[2012]]. ''Popular Revenants: The German Gothic and Its International Reception, 1800–2000.'' Camden House.
*Davenport-Hines, Richard. [[1998]]. ''Gothic: 400 Years of Excess, Horror, Evil and Ruin.'' Londinii: Fourth Estate.
*Davison, Carol Margaret. [[2009]]. ''Gothic Literature 1764–1824.'' Cardiff: University of Wales Press.
*Drakakis, John &amp; Dale Townshend. [[2008]]. ''Gothic Shakespeares.'' Novi Eboraci: Routledge.
*Eagleton, Terry. [[1995]]. ''Heathcliff and the Great Hunger.'' Novi Eboraci: Verso.
*Fuchs, Barbara. [[2004]]. ''Romance.'' Londinii: Routledge.
*Gamer, Michael. [[2006]]. ''Romanticism and the Gothic: Genre, Reception and Canon Formation.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press.
*Gibbons, Luke. [[2004]]. ''Gaelic Gothic.'' Galway: Arlen House.
*Gilbert, Sandra, et Susan Gubar. [[1979]]. ''The Madwoman in the Attic.'' ISBN 0300084587.
*Goulart, Ron. [[1986]]. The Pulps. In ''The Penguin Encyclopedia of Horror and the Supernatural,'' ed. Jack Sullivan, 337–340.
*Grigorescu, George. [[2007]]. ''Long Journey Inside The Flesh.'' Bucharest, Romania. ISBN 9780805984682.
*Hadji, Robert. [[1986]]. Jean Ray. In ''The Penguin Encyclopedia of Horror and the Supernatural,'' ed. Jack Sullivan.
*Haggerty, George. [[2006]]. ''Queer Gothic.'' Urbanae Illinoesiae: Illinois University Press.
*Halberstam, Judith. [[1995]]. ''Skin Shows.'' Dunelmi Carolinae Septentrionalis: Duke University Press.
*Hogle, J. E. [[2002]]. ''The Cambridge Companion to Gothic Fiction.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press
*Horner, Avril. [[2002]]. ''European Gothic: A Spirited Exchange 1760–1960.'' Mancunii et Novi Eboraci: Manchester University Press.
*Horner, Avril, et Sue Zlosnik. [[2005]] ''Gothic and the Comic Turn.'' Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
*Hughes, William. [[2012]]. ''Historical Dictionary of Gothic Literature.'' Scarecrow Press.
*Jackson, Rosemary. [[1981]]. ''Fantasy: The Literature of Subversion.''
*Kilgour, Maggie. [[1995]]. ''The Rise of the Gothic Novel.'' Londinii: Routledge.
*Klein, Jürgen. [[1975]]. ''Der Gotische Roman und die Ästhetik des Bösen.'' Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.
*Klein, Jürgen, et Gunda Kuttler. [[2011]]. ''Mathematik des Begehrens.'' Hamburgi: Shoebox House Verlag.
*Korovin, Valentin I. [[1988]]. ''Fantasticheskii mir russkoi romanticheskoi povesti.''
*Medina, Antoinette. [[2007]]. ''A Vampires Vedas.''
*Mighall, Robert. [[2003]]. ''A Geography of Victorian Gothic Fiction: Mapping History's Nightmares.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press.
*Mighall, Robert. [[2007]]. Gothic Cities. In ''The Routledge Companion to Gothic,'' ed. C. Spooner et E. McEvoy, 54–72. Londinii: Routledge.
*O'Connell, Lisa. [[2010]]. The Theo-political Origins of the English Marriage Plot. ''Novel: A Forum on Fiction'' 43(1): 31–37.
*Peterson, Dale. [[1987]]. ''The Slavic and East European Journal'' 31(1): 36–49.
*Punter, David. [[1996]]. ''The Literature of Terror.'' 2 vol. Londinii: Longman.
*Punter, David. [[2004]]. ''The Gothic.'' Londinii: Wiley-Blackwell.
*Sabor, Peter, et Paul Yachnin. [[2008]]. ''Shakespeare and the Eighteenth Century.'' Ashgate Publishing.
*Salter, David. [[2009]]. This demon in the garb of a monk: Shakespeare, the Gothic and the discourse of anti-Catholicism. &lt;!--Periodicum?--&gt; 5(1): 52–67.
*Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky. [[1986]]. ''The Coherence of Gothic Conventions.'' Novi Eboraci: Methuen.
*Shakespeare, William. [[1997]]. ''The Riverside Shakespeare.'' Ed. 2a. Bostoniae et Novi Eboraci: Houghton Mifflin Co.
*Simpson, Mark S. [[1986]]. ''The Russian Gothic Novel and its British Antecedents.'' Slavica Publishers.
*Skarda, Patricia L., et Norma Crow Jaffe. [[1981]]. ''Evil Image: Two Centuries of Gothic Short Fiction and Poetry.'' Novi Eboraci: Meridian.
*Skarda, Patricia. [[1986]]. Gothic Parodies. In ''The Penguin Encyclopedia of Horror and the Supernatural,'' ed. Jack Sullivan, 178-179.
*Skarda, Patricia. [[1986]]b. Oates, Joyce Carol. In ''The Penguin Encyclopedia of Horror and the Supernatural,'' ed. Jack Sullivanm, 303–304.
*Stevens, David. [[2000]]. ''The Gothic Tradition''. Cantabrigiae et Novi Eboraci: Cammbridge University Press. ISBN 0521777321.
*Sullivan, Jack, ed. [[1986]]. ''The Penguin Encyclopedia of Horror and the Supernatural.''
*Summers, Montague. [[1938]] ''The Gothic Quest.''
*Townshend, Dale. [[2007]]. ''The Orders of Gothic.''
*Varma, Devendra. [[1957]]. ''The Gothic Flame.''
*Varma, Devendra. [[1986]]. Maturin, Charles Robert. In ''The Penguin Encyclopedia of Horror and the Supernatural,'' ed. Jack Sullivan, 285–286.
*Wisker, Gina. [[2005]]. ''Horror Fiction: An Introduction.'' Novi Eboraci: Continuum.
*Wright, Angela. [[2007]]. ''Gothic Fiction.'' Basingstoke: Palgrave.
&lt;/small&gt;{{div col end}}

==Nexus externi==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20180525065938/https://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/themes/the-gothic Gothic Fiction at the British Library]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170701084130/http://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/videos/the-gothic Key motifs in Gothic Fiction] – a British Library film
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070926221147/http://www.gutenberg.org/wiki/Gothic_Fiction_(Bookshelf) Gothic Fiction Bookshelf at Project Gutenberg]
*[https://irishgothichorror.wordpress.com ''Irish Journal of Gothic and Horror Studies'']
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071220055018/http://www.adam-matthew-publications.co.uk/digital_guides/gothic_fiction/Biographies.aspx Gothic Author Biographies]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20171218132032/http://www.gothic.stir.ac.uk/ The Gothic Imagination]

[[Categoria:Fictio gothica| ]]
&lt;!--
[[Category:Fantasy genres]]
[[Category:Speculative fiction]]
[[Category:18th-century neologisms]]--&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Chephren</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>272962</id>
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      <text bytes="2929" sha1="az0aeszuy2ylwxrpa7hvnmpqgp625p1" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Khafra.jpg|thumb|[[Statua]] Chephrenis e [[diorites|diorite]] sculpta, nunc in [[Museum Aegyptium|Museo Aegyptio]] [[Cairus|Cairi]] [[exhibitio|exhibita]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Abydos KL 04-04 n23.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.5|''Kha'afre,'' [[nomen]] ''cartouche'' in [[Index Regum Abydos|Indice Regum Abydos]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Khafre_statue.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Statua Chephrenis e diorite sculpta, e [[templum|templo]] vallis Chephrenis [[Giza]]e, nunc in Museo Aegyptio Cairi, in conclave 42 exhibita.]]
'''Chephren''' ([[Graece]] Χεφρήν)&lt;ref&gt;Vulgo in variis linguis hodiernis ''Khafra,'' ''Khafre,'' ''Khefren.'' Apud [[Manetho]]nem ''Sûphis II.''&lt;/ref&gt; [[aevum|aevo]] [[Regnum Vetus Aegypti|Regni Veteris]] fuit [[Aegyptus|Aegyptius]] [[domus quarta Aegypti|domus quartae]] [[rex]] ([[pharao]]). [[Filius]] fuit [[Cheops|Cheopis]] propriusque [[Ratoises|Ratoisis]] [[frater|fratris]] successor. Secundum [[Manetho]]nem, [[rerum gestarum scriptor|rerum gestarum scriptorem]] antiquum, Chephren quendam [[Bikheris|Bikherem]], sed secundum indicia [[archaeologia|archaeologica]], [[Mycerinus|Mycerinum]] (Menkheren) antecessit. Chephren [[Pyramis Chephrenis|Pyramidem Chephrenis]], secundam a maxima [[pyramides Gizenses|pyramide Gizensi]], [[aedificium|aedificari]] iussit. [[Aegyptologia|Aegyptologi]] hodierni plerumque putant [[Magna Sphinx Gizensis|Magnam Sphingem Gizensem]] ad honorem Chephrenis aedificata fuisse anno 2500 a.C.n. fere.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Sphinx Project: Why Sequence is Important | url=http://www.aeraweb.org/khafre_seq.asp | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726101013/http://www.aeraweb.org/khafre_seq.asp | archivedate=July 26, 2010 | date=2007}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Pauca de Chephrene certe sciuntur, praeter commentationes historicas [[Herodotus|Herodoti]], qui eum appellaverit crudelem, rectorem [[haeresis|haereticum]], quia [[templum|templa]] Aegyptia [[clavis|clavi]] servabat postquam enim [[Cheops]] ea occluserat.

{{NexInt}}
*[[4412 Chephren]]

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*[[Iacobus Henricus Breasted|Breasted, James H.]] [[1906]]. The Will of Nekure. In ''Ancient Records of Egypt,'' pars I, §§ 192.
*Schneider, Thomas. [[2002]]. ''Lexikon der Pharaonen.'' Dusseldorpii: Albatros. ISBN 3491960533.

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|Khafra|Chephrenem}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20141129075844/http://www.ancient-egypt.org/history/old-kingdom/4th-dynasty/khefren/ De Chephrene.]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100226060344/http://www.talkingpyramids.com/giza/pyramid-of-khafre/ De pyramide Cephrenis.] [https://web.archive.org/web/20130114024731/http://www.talkingpyramids.com/ ''Talking Pyramids.'']

{{Lifetime|saeculo 26 a.C.n.|saeculo 26 a.C.n.|Chephren}}
[[Categoria:Chephren| ]]
[[Categoria:Pharaones domus quartae Aegypti]]&lt;!--
[[Category:3rd-millennium BC births]]
[[Category:3rd-millennium BC deaths]]--&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Brisingidae</title>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Categoria:Familiae animalium</comment>
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      <text bytes="5910" sha1="gojmt8t5ss71hpt337o8h33iitj3srs" xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| name = 
| image = Manningstar 600.jpg
| image_caption = Magna [[stella marina]] generis ''[[Novodinia]]e''
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Echinodermata]]
| subphylum = [[Eleutherozoa]]
| classis = [[Asteroidea]]
| ordo = [[Brisingida]]
| familia = '''Brisingidae'''
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision = ''Vide commentarium.''
}}
'''Brisingidae''' sunt [[familia (taxinomia)|familia]] [[Asteroidea|Asteroideorum]] [[zona abyssopelagica|zonae abyssopelagicae]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tolweb.org/Asteroidea |title=Asteroidea |publisher=Tolweb.org |date=2004-10-07 |accessdate=2010-07-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;marinespecies1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&amp;id=123085 |title=WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Brisingida |publisher=Marinespecies.org |accessdate=2010-07-30}}.&lt;/ref&gt; quae duodecim [[genus (taxinomia)|genera]] nonnullasque [[species]] comprehendit, inter quae:&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&amp;id=123119 Marinespecies.org.]&lt;/ref&gt;
*''[[Astrolirus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Fisher, 1917&lt;/small&gt;
**''[[Astrolirus panamensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Ludwig, 1905)&lt;/small&gt;
*''[[Astrostephane]]'' &lt;small&gt;Fisher, 1917&lt;/small&gt;
** ''[[Astrostephane acanthogenys]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Fisher, 1916)&lt;/small&gt;
** ''[[Astrostephane moluccana]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Fisher, 1916)&lt;/small&gt;
*''[[Brisinga]]'' &lt;small&gt;Asbjørnsen, 1856&lt;/small&gt;
** ''[[Brisinga alberti]]'' &lt;small&gt;Fisher, 1907&lt;/small&gt;
** ''[[Brisinga analoga]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Fisher, 1919)&lt;/small&gt;
** ''[[Brisinga andamanica]]'' &lt;small&gt;Wood-Mason &amp; Alcock, 1891&lt;/small&gt;
** ''[[Brisinga bengalensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Wood-Mason &amp; Alcock, 1891&lt;/small&gt;
** ''[[Brisinga chathamica]]'' &lt;small&gt;McKnight, 1973&lt;/small&gt;
** ''[[Brisinga costata]]'' &lt;small&gt;Verrill, 1884&lt;/small&gt;
** ''[[Brisinga cricophora]]'' &lt;small&gt;Sladen, 1889&lt;/small&gt;
** ''[[Brisinga distincta]]'' &lt;small&gt;Sladen, 1889&lt;/small&gt;
** ''[[Brisinga endecacnemos]]'' &lt;small&gt;Asbjørnsen, 1856&lt;/small&gt;
** ''[[Brisinga eucoryne]]'' &lt;small&gt;Fisher, 1916&lt;/small&gt;
** ''[[Brisinga evermanni]]'' &lt;small&gt;Fisher, 1906&lt;/small&gt;
** ''[[Brisinga gunnii]]'' &lt;small&gt;Alcock, 1893&lt;/small&gt;
** ''[[Brisinga hirsuta]]'' &lt;small&gt;Perrier, 1894&lt;/small&gt;
** ''[[Brisinga insularum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Wood-Mason &amp; Alcock, 1891&lt;/small&gt;
** ''[[Brisinga panopla]]'' &lt;small&gt;Fisher, 1906&lt;/small&gt;
** ''[[Brisinga parallela]]'' &lt;small&gt;Koehler, 1909&lt;/small&gt;
** ''[[Brisinga synaptoma]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Fisher, 1917)&lt;/small&gt;
** ''[[Brisinga tasmani]]'' &lt;small&gt;H.E.S. Clark, 1970&lt;/small&gt;
** ''[[Brisinga trachydisca]]'' &lt;small&gt;Fisher, 1916&lt;/small&gt;
** ''[[Brisinga variispina]]'' &lt;small&gt;Ludwig, 1905&lt;/small&gt;
*''[[Brisingaster]]'' &lt;small&gt;Loriol, 1883&lt;/small&gt;
** ''[[Brisingaster robillardi]]'' &lt;small&gt;de Loriol, 1883&lt;/small&gt;
*''[[Brisingella]]'' &lt;small&gt;Fisher, 1917&lt;/small&gt;
** ''[[Brisingella verticillata]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Sladen, 1889)&lt;/small&gt;
*''[[Brisingenes]]'' &lt;small&gt;Fisher, 1917&lt;/small&gt;
** ''[[Brisingenes anchista]]'' &lt;small&gt;Fisher, 1919&lt;/small&gt;
** ''[[Brisingenes mimica]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Fisher, 1916)&lt;/small&gt;
** ''[[Brisingenes multicostata]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Verrill, 1894)&lt;/small&gt;
** ''[[Brisingenes plurispinula]]'' &lt;small&gt;Aziz &amp; Jangoux, 1985&lt;/small&gt;
*''[[Hymenodiscus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Perrier, 1884&lt;/small&gt;
** ''[[Hymenodiscus agassizi]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Perrier, 1882)&lt;/small&gt;
** ''[[Hymenodiscus aotearoa]]'' &lt;small&gt;(McKnight, 1973)&lt;/small&gt;
** ''[[Hymenodiscus armillata]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Sladen, 1889)&lt;/small&gt;
** ''[[Hymenodiscus beringiana]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Korovchinsky, 1967)&lt;/small&gt;
** ''[[Hymenodiscus coronata]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Sars G.O., 1872)&lt;/small&gt;
** ''[[Hymenodiscus distincta]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Sladen, 1889)&lt;/small&gt;
** ''[[Hymenodiscus exilis]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Fisher, 1905)&lt;/small&gt;
** ''[[Hymenodiscus fragilis]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Fisher, 1906)&lt;/small&gt;
** ''[[Hymenodiscus membranacea]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Sladen, 1889)&lt;/small&gt;
** ''[[Hymenodiscus monacantha]]'' &lt;small&gt;H.L. Clark, 1920&lt;/small&gt;
** ''[[Hymenodiscus ochotensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Djakonov, 1950&lt;/small&gt;
** ''[[Hymenodiscus pannychia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Fisher, 1928&lt;/small&gt;
** ''[[Hymenodiscus pusilla]]'' &lt;small&gt;Fisher, 1917&lt;/small&gt;
** ''[[Hymenodiscus submembranacea]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Doderlein, 1927)&lt;/small&gt;
** ''[[Hymenodiscus tenella]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Luwig, 1905)&lt;/small&gt;
** ''[[Hymenodiscus verticellata]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Sladen, 1889)&lt;/small&gt;
*''[[Labidiaster]]'' &lt;small&gt;Lütken, 1872&lt;/small&gt; &lt;!-- genus? (synonym: Gymnobrisinga, Studer, 1884) --&gt;
*''[[Midgardia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Downey, 1972&lt;/small&gt;
** ''[[Midgardia xandaros]]'' &lt;small&gt;Downey, 1972&lt;/small&gt;
*''[[Novodinia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dartnall, Pawson, Pope &amp; B.J. Smith, 1969&lt;/small&gt;
** ''[[Novodinia americana]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Verrill, 1880)&lt;/small&gt;
** ''[[Novodinia antillensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;(A.H.Clark, 1934)&lt;/small&gt;
** ''[[Novodinia austini]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Koehler, 1909)&lt;/small&gt;
** ''[[Novodinia australis]]'' &lt;small&gt;(H.L. Clark, 1916)&lt;/small&gt;
** ''[[Novodinia clarki]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Koehler, 1909)&lt;/small&gt;
** ''[[Novodinia homonyma]]'' &lt;small&gt;Downey, 1986&lt;/small&gt;
** ''[[Novodinia magister]]'' &lt;small&gt;Fisher, 1917&lt;/small&gt;
** ''[[Novodinia novaezelandiae]]'' &lt;small&gt;(H.E.S. Clark, 1962)&lt;/small&gt;
** ''[[Novodinia pacifica]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Fisher, 1906)&lt;/small&gt;
** ''[[Novodinia pandina]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Sladen, 1889)&lt;/small&gt;
** ''[[Novodinia penichra]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Fisher, 1916)&lt;/small&gt;
** ''[[Novodinia radiata]]'' &lt;small&gt;Aziz &amp; Jangoux, 1985&lt;/small&gt;
** ''[[Novodinia semicoronata]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Perrier, 1885)&lt;/small&gt;
*''[[Odinella]]'' &lt;small&gt;Fisher, 1940&lt;/small&gt;
**''[[Odinella nutrix]]'' &lt;small&gt;Fisher, 1940&lt;/small&gt;
*''[[Stegnobrisinga]]'' &lt;small&gt;Fisher, 1916&lt;/small&gt;
**''[[Stegnobrisinga gracilis]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Koehler, 1909)&lt;/small&gt;
**''[[Stegnobrisinga placoderma]]'' &lt;small&gt;Fisher, 1916&lt;/small&gt;
**''[[Stegnobrisinga splendens]]'' &lt;small&gt;H.L. Clark, 1926&lt;/small&gt;

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|Brisingidae|Brisingidas}}
{{Fontes biologici}}
{{Vicispecies|Brisingidae|Brisingidas}}

[[Categoria:Brisingida]]&lt;!--
[[Category:Echinoderm families]]--&gt;
[[Categoria:Familiae animalium]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Freyellidae</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="2953" sha1="erslouqvzp1ylgaszsfquql3nwa99ws" xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| name = 
| image = Freyastera.jpg
| image_caption =''Freyastera sp.'' ad meridiem [[Portus Dives|Portus Divitis]] ad 4500 m altum
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Echinodermata]]
| subphylum = [[Eleutherozoa]]
| classis = [[Asteroidea]]
| ordo = [[Brisingida]]
| familia = '''Freyellidae'''
| familia_authority = Downey, 1986&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://invertebrates.si.edu/antiz/taxon_view.cfm?ScreenWidth=1440&amp;ScreenHeight=803&amp;MODE=taxon&amp;TAXON=1090 |title=Antarctic Invertebrates: Brisingida |publisher=Invertebrates.si.edu |date=1970-01-01 |accessdate=2013-11-25}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.marinespecies.org/asteroidea/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&amp;id=123120 |title=The World Asteroidea Database - Freyellidae |publisher=Marinespecies.org |date= |accessdate=2013-11-25}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
| diversity_link = Genera
| diversity = 6 genera, 48 species
}}

'''Freyellidae''' sunt [[familia (taxinomia)|familia]] [[Asteroidea|Asteroideorum]] [[mare|maris]] profundi, una e binis familiis [[ordo (taxinomia)|ordinis]] [[Brisingida|Brisingidorum]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&amp;id=123120 Marinespecies.org].&lt;/ref&gt; Plurimae huius familiae [[species]] in [[aqua|aquis]] [[Antarctica|Antarcticis]] et prope [[Australia]]m, nonnullae autem prope [[Nova Zelandia|Novam Zelandiam]] et [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitates Foederatas]] reperiuntur.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.gbif.org/species/6008 GBIF.org].&lt;/ref&gt;

==Taxinomia==
*Familia Freyellidae
** Genus ''Astrocles'' Fisher, 1917
*** ''Astrocles actinodetus''
*** ''Astrocles djakonovi''
*** ''Astrocles japonicus''
** Genus ''[[Belgicella]]'' Ludwig, 1903 [[taxon monotypum|genus monotypicum]]
*** ''Belgicella racovitzana''
** Genus ''[[Colpaster]]'' Sladen, 1889
*** ''Colpaster edwardsii''
*** ''Colpaster scutigerula''
** Genus ''[[Freyastera]]'' Downey, 1986
*** ''Freyastera benthophila''
*** ''Freyastera digitata''
*** ''Freyastera mexicana''
*** ''Freyastera mortenseni''
*** ''Freyastera sexradiata''
*** ''Freyastera tuberculata''
** Genus ''[[Freyella]]'' Perrier, 1885 (synonymum: ''Freyellidea'', Fisher, 1917)—31 species
** Genus ''[[Freyellaster]]'' Fisher 1918
*** ''Freyellaster fecundus''  
*** ''Freyellaster intermedius'' 
*** ''Freyellaster polycnema''  
*** ''Freyellaster scalaris''
*** ''Freyellaster spatulifer''

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Clark, A. M., et C. Mah. [[2001]]. An index of names of recent Asteroidea, part 4. Forcipulatida and Brisingida. In ''Echinoderm Studies,'' 6, ed. M. Jangoux et J. M. Lawrence, 229–347
*Downey, M. E. [[1986]]. Revision of the Atlantic Brisingida (Echinodermata: Asteroidea), with description of a new genus and family. ''Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology'' 435.
*Mah, C., et H. Hansson. [[2013]]. [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&amp;id=123217 Freyella Perrier, 1885.] In ''World Asteroidea database,'' ed. C. L. Mah.

[[Categoria:Brisingida]]
[[Categoria:Familiae animalium]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Condopoga</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="1349" sha1="okvj3dynyk0mkgfs25vezgm62x4hni2" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Inside dome of Dormition Church at Kondopoga.jpg|thumb|Christus et seraphim et angeli in tecto Ecclesiae Dormitionis Condopogensi]]
'''Condopoga'''{{FD ref}} ([[Russice]] ''Кондопога'', [[Carelice]] ''Kondupohju'', [[Finnice]] ''Kontupohja'', [[Vepsice]] ''Kondopog'') urbs est [[Carelia]]e. In ripa [[Lacus Onega|Onegae lacus]] sita est. Ab anno 1495 nota est. Fine saeculi XVIII crescebat, cum [[marmor]] prope Condopogam inventum esset, quod incolae in [[Petropolis|Petropolim]] navibus vexissent. Anno 1938 in numerum urbium inclusa est. Anno 2017 incolas 30&amp;thinsp;299 habet, quorum 90 centesimae Russi sunt, reliqui [[Lingua Carelica|Careli]] et [[Finnia|Finni]] sunt. 

== Memoratu digna ==

In insigni urbis ecclesia [[Dormitio Sanctae Dei Genetricis|Dormitionis]] lignea in Condopoga picta est, quae anno 1770 aedificata erat, sed die 10 Augusti anni 2018 incensa est.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Nexus externi==
{{fontes geographici}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180821080304/http://www.kondopoga.ru/tags/%D3%F1%EF%E5%ED%F1%EA%E0%FF+%F6%E5%F0%EA%EE%E2%FC/ Situs proprius]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180821080304/http://www.kondopoga.ru/tags/%D3%F1%EF%E5%ED%F1%EA%E0%FF+%F6%E5%F0%EA%EE%E2%FC/ Ecclesiae Dormitionis photographemata]

[[Categoria:Urbes Careliae]]
[[Categoria:Onega]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Genoma</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>277127</id>
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      <text bytes="1636" sha1="nmzoiqyf0svijsg2u4jfhd8zgivi6lb" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Wellcome genome bookcase.png|thumb|Isti libri informationem geneticam humanam continent.]]
'''Genoma''' {{victio|Genoma|atis|n}} in [[biologia molecularis|biologia moleculari]] est tota [[organismus|organismi]] '''materia genetica,''' quae in [[homo|hominibus]], exempli gratia, [[ADN]] totorum [[chromosoma]]tum atque ADN circulare [[mitochondrium|mitochondriorum]] (genoma mitochondriale&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Anderson S., Bankier A. T., Barrell B. G., de Bruijn M. H., Coulson A. R., Drouin J., Eperon I. C., Nierlich D. P., Roe B. A., Sanger F., Schreier P. H., Smith A. J., Staden R., Young I. G. |title=Sequence and organization of the human mitochondrial genome |journal=Nature |year=1981 |volume=290 |issue=5806 |pages=457-65 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7219534}}&lt;/ref&gt;), in stirpibus genoma [[chloroplastus|chloroplastorum]], continet. Notio anno 1920 inventa est. 

Numerus [[basis nucleici acidi|basium conexarum]] genomatis humani est 3&amp;thinsp;289&amp;thinsp;000&amp;thinsp;000, [[mus musculus|muris musculi]] 2&amp;thinsp;700&amp;thinsp;000&amp;thinsp;000, [[bacterium|bacterii]] [[Escherichia coli|''E. coli'']] 4&amp;thinsp;600&amp;thinsp;000.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* ''[https://web.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/index.shtml The Human Genome Project 1990-2003]'', situs interretialis proprius.
* [[Datorum repositorium]] &quot;''[https://web.archive.org/web/20181118053032/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/ genome]''&quot;.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Abiogenesis]]
* [[ADN]]
* [[Chromosoma]]
* [[Genum]]
* [[Informatio genetica]]
* [[Mutatio genetica]]

{{biologia-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Genetica]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Retina (anatomia)</title>
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{{Capsa tabellaria|titulus=Retina
	| ; Anatomia macroscopica
	| : [[Fasciculus:Human eye cross-sectional view grayscale.png|275px|Oculus humanus]]&lt;br /&gt;Sectio oculi humani. [[Macula lutea]] pars '''retinae''' est, ex qua axis [[visus|visualis]] procedit.
	| ; Cognitores
	| [[Terminologia Anatomica|TA]]: [http://www.unifr.ch/ifaa/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/15.2.04.002%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm A15.2.04.002]
}}

{{res|Retina}} ({{NexTAnat}} [https://www.unifr.ch/ifaa/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/15.2.04.002%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm 15.2.04.002]) est interna [[oculus|oculi]] tunica ''multorum stratorum'', quae [[lux|lucem]] recipit, in signa electrica transformat, in [[nervus opticus|nervum opticum]] transmittit. Ad [[systema nervosum centrale]] pertinet.

== Anatomia macroscopica ==
Retina prorsus usque ad corpus ciliarium extenditur et eorum iunctura ''[[ora serrata]]'' appellatur. 

Peritis oculis quoque structura retinae macroscopica directe  sine instrumentis visibilis non est. Solum [[ophthalmoscopia]]e ope, trans [[pupilla]]m, lucis ope,  partes  tandem [[fundus oculi|''fundi oculi'']] conspiciendae sunt. Alia itinera ad retinam conspiciendam tantummodo [[iconismus medicus|iconismo medico]] vel, post mortem, per sectionem anatomicam offeruntur.
[[Fasciculus:Fundus photograph-normal retina EDA06.JPG|thumb|[[Fundus oculi]]. In medio, obscurius, [[macula lutea]], sinistra ''discus nervi optici'', ex quo vasa sanguinea retinae emergunt. Circum maculam luteam fere nulla vasa sunt.]]
=== Fundus oculi ===
Retina est pars [[fundus oculi|''fundi oculi'']]. Fundus ipse continet retinam, [[Discus nervi optici|discum nervi optici]], arteriam et venam centralem retinae, oram serratam. Investigatur fundus per ''[[ophthalmoscopia]]m'' (vel ''fundoscopiam''), cuius instrumentum est [[ophthalmoscopium]].

*Discus nervi optici alias ''macula caeca'' appellata nec [[sclera]] tegitur nec photoreceptoria habet quia transitum nervo optico praebet necnon arteriae et venae oculum rigantibus. Ibi lux non percipitur (&quot;macula caeca&quot;) sed cerebrum sponte imaginem complet. Ideo lacunam ne suspicamur quidem.
* In polo posteriore oculi area ovalis animadvertitur [[macula lutea]] dicta in qua potestas rerum discernendarum maxima est (ibi enim sunt coni qui colores discernunt), imprimis in parte media maculae (1,2 [[Millimetrum|mm]]) ''fovea centrali'' dicta, quia photoreceptoria ibi creberrima sunt, vascula rursus sanguinea absunt atque etiam cetera neura paululum ad latera amota sunt ne quodvis impedimentum luci obstet. In peripheria sunt bacilla et visio minus clara.
* Vasa sanguinea ophthalmoscopio in peripheria visibilia sunt.

=== Providentia vascularis ===
Providentia sanguine arteriali per [[arteria centralis retinae|arteriam centralem retinae]] fit, ramulum [[arteria ophthalmica|arteriae opthalmicae]].

== Anatomia microscopica ==
[[Fasciculus:Retina layers.svg|thumb|400px|Retinae strata [[mammalia|mammalium]]. Mementote lucem ab inferiore ''trans strata omnia'' usque ad stratum pigmentosum transire debere. Vasa sanguinea hic non indicantur.]]
Retina quinque neuronum generibus utitur: [[Photoreceptorium|photoreceptoria]], cellulae transversae, [[Neura bipolaria|neurones bipolares]], cellulae ganglionales, cellulae amacrinae. Ipsa photoreceptoria inter [[Bacillum (photoreceptorium)|bacilla]] et [[Conus (photoreceptorium)|conos]] qui colores percipiunt dividuntur. Bacilla in peripheria retinae cumulantur ubi lucem debilem percipiunt (uno [[photon|photone]] enim stimulantur). Econtra coni media retina stipantur in fovea atque etiam magis in foveola (pars media foveae 0,4mm) ubi eorum [[diameter]] minuitur ut plures in eodem loco fiant. In hanc partem lux dirigitur quia optimum visum praebet si lux multa est. Plura strata distinguit spectator ex [[Corpus vitreum|corpore vitreo]] ad epithelium pigmentosum progrediens&lt;ref&gt;Secundum Purves, Augustine, Fitzpatrick. ''Neurosciences'', sexta editio, deboeck, 2019 pp.238-9.&lt;/ref&gt;:

* Stratum neurofibrarum quo continentur fibrae opticae ad [[Nervus opticus|nervum opticum]] tendentes 
* Stratum ganglionare quo continentur cellulae ganglionares
* Stratum plexiforme internum quo continentur  [[Synapsis chemica|synapses]] inter cellulas bipolares,  ganglionares, amacrinas
* Stratum granorum internorum quo continentur nuclei et corpora cellularum bipolarium, amacrinarum, transversarum
* Stratum plexiforme externum quod [[Synapsis chemica|synapses]] inter photoreceptoria et cellulas bipolares continet necnon cellulas transversas
* Stratum granorum externorum quod nucleos et excursus synapticos  cellularum photoreceptoriarum continet
* Membrana limitans externa
* Stratum segmentorum externorum quod partem pigmentatam et photones absorbentem photoreceptoriorum comprehendit. 
* Stratum  [[Epithelium|epithelii]] pigmentosi quod discos pigmenti degeneratos [[phagocytosis|phagocytat]] et nutrimenta e choroïde haurit. Praeterea lucem absorbet ne intra oculum reverberetur. Usque ad corpus ciliarium et posteriorem [[Iris (anatomia)|iridis]] partem extenditur. Partem non nervosam retinae eam esse dicere licet.

Per omnia illa strata (praeter epithelium) transmeare debet lux antequam pigmenta photoreceptoria adeat, quod certe parum opportunum videri potest sed neura retinae nutrimenta per epithelium pigmentosum hauriunt et hoc idem epithelium pigmenta redintegrata retinae subinde cyclice suppeditat. Ita fortasse aliter fieri non potuit.

Unicuique cono respondet una cellula bipolaris et una cellula ganglionaris. Econtra usque ad triginta bacilla cum una cellula bipolari synapsim faciunt. E quo fit ut potestas discriminadi in conis multo maior sit quam in bacillis.
 
[[Cellula glialis|Cellularum glialium]] tria genera quoque in retina inveniuntur: [[Astrocytus|astrocyti]], [[Cellula microglialis|microglia]] et cellulae gliales Mullerianae dictae&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.em-consulte.com/article/1601322/anatomie-de-la-retine EM consulte]. F. Behar-Cohen (2020).&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Morbi retinae ==
=== Ablatio (amotio) retinae ===
Si retina ab parte ''nutritiva'' epithialialia abiungatur, nominatur status hoc ''ablatio'' vel ''amotio''. Symptomata sunt repentina sensationes visuales imprimis fulgurales vel maculas obscuras sentiendi. Si cognoscitur, sit [[necessitas medica]], tractatio immediate pernecesse sit.
=== Oedema maculae ===
Accumulatio liquoris extracellularis circum maculam luteam vocatur [[oedema maculae]]. Distinguuntur gradus quattuor: focalis, significans, diffusa, et ischaemica. Praeterea observatur [[syndroma Irvinii et Gasseri]] ''oedema maculae cystica'' post [[cataracta (medicina)|cataractae]] operationem [[chirurgia oculorum|chirurgiae oculorum]]. Symptoma est oculorum acies diminuta.

== Retina et morbi aliorum corporis systematum ==
Nonumquam [[morbus|morbi]] extra [[systema visuale]] etiam cum signis retinalibus cognoscuntur. Frequenter, sane, apparatus speciales in talibus mutationibus dignoscendis pernecesse sunt. 
=== Morbi neurologici ===
Quidam morborum neurologicorum mutationes retinae ostendunt&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Yap T. E., Balendra S. I., Almonte M. T., Cordeiro M. F. |title=Retinal correlates of neurological disorders |journal=Therapeutic advances in chronic diseases |year=2019 |month=Dec |pages=10:2040622319882205 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31832125}}&lt;/ref&gt;:
* [[Morbus Alzheimerianus]]
* [[Morbus Parkinson]]
* [[Encephalomyelitis disseminata]]
* [[Sclerosis lateralis amyotrophica]]
* Retinopathia diabetica
* Retinopathia hypertensiva

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Francine Behar-Cohen, Emmanuelle Gelizé et alii, &quot;[https://www.medecinesciences.org/fr/articles/medsci/pdf/2020/06/msc200130.pdf Anatomie de la rétine]&quot;, ''m/s Médecine Science'', 2020: 594-9
*C. Bellmann, J. Conrath, A. Gaudric et alii. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0181551207896823 Nouvelles techniques d’imagerie de la rétine]&quot;, ''Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie'', 2007 (Supplementum) 1: 55sqq.
*Marie E Burns, Denis Baylor. &quot;[https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.779 Activation, Deactivation, and Adaptation in Vertebrate Photoreceptor Cells]&quot;, ''Annual Review of Neuroscience'', 2001 :779-805
*Salomon Yves Cohen, Alain Gaudric et Prithvi Ramtohul. ''Rétine : atlas des maladies du fond d'oeil'', Elsevier, 2025 [https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/monograph/9782294785665/retine-atlas-des-maladies-du-fond-doeil#book-description]
*Richard H. Masland, &quot;[https://www.cell.com/neuron/fulltext/S0896-6273(12)00883-5?switch=standard The Neuronal Organization of the Retina]&quot;, ''Neuron'', 2012: 266-280
* Stephen J. Ryan, ''Retina'', Saunders, 2013 (quinta editio) [https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/edited-volume/9781455707379/retina]
{{NexInt}}
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Degeneratio macularis|&lt;&gt;|en|qid=Q27429789}}
* [[Discus opticus]]
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Fovea (oculus)|&lt;&gt;|en|qid=Q865103}}&lt;!--
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Macula (oculus)|&lt;&gt;|en|qid=Q747023}}--&gt;
* [[Opthalmologia]]
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ophthalmoscopia|&lt;&gt;|en|qid=Q837188}}
* [[Photon]]
* [[Retinoblastoma]]
* [[Retinitis pigmentosa]]
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Tapetum lucidum|&lt;&gt;|en|qid=Q1045562}}

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Retinas retinam] spectant
* Kolb H. [https://webvision.med.utah.edu/book/part-i-foundations/simple-anatomy-of-the-retina/ De structura retinae]. {{Ling|Anglice}}
* Langenbeck B. C. R. [[1835]]. [https://books.google.de/books?id=x6tEAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PR1&amp;dq=consensu+et+auctoritate+retinae+structura+penitiori&amp;hl=de&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwi6o6e75-jeAhXMMewKHYLaBDIQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&amp;q=consensu%20et%20auctoritate%20retinae%20structura%20penitiori&amp;f=false De retinae structura penitiori]. Dissertatio inauguralis. {{Ling|Latine}}

[[Categoria:Oculus]]
[[Categoria:Systema visuale]]</text>
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{{Capsa tabellaria|titulus=Retina
	| ; Anatomia macroscopica
	| : [[Fasciculus:Human eye cross-sectional view grayscale.png|275px|Oculus humanus]]&lt;br /&gt;Sectio oculi humani. [[Macula lutea]] pars '''retinae''' est, ex qua axis [[visus|visualis]] procedit.
	| ; Cognitores
	| [[Terminologia Anatomica|TA]]: [http://www.unifr.ch/ifaa/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/15.2.04.002%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm A15.2.04.002]
}}

{{res|Retina}} ({{NexTAnat}} [https://www.unifr.ch/ifaa/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/15.2.04.002%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm 15.2.04.002]) est interna [[oculus|oculi]] tunica ''multorum stratorum'', quae [[lux|lucem]] recipit, in signa electrica transformat, in [[nervus opticus|nervum opticum]] transmittit. Ad [[systema nervosum centrale]] pertinet.

== Anatomia macroscopica ==
Retina prorsus usque ad corpus ciliarium extenditur et eorum iunctura ''[[ora serrata]]'' appellatur. 

Peritis oculis quoque structura retinae macroscopica directe  sine instrumentis visibilis non est. Solum [[ophthalmoscopia]]e ope, trans [[pupilla]]m, lucis ope,  partes  tandem [[fundus oculi|''fundi oculi'']] conspiciendae sunt. Alia itinera ad retinam conspiciendam tantummodo [[iconismus medicus|iconismo medico]] vel, post mortem, per sectionem anatomicam offeruntur.
[[Fasciculus:Fundus photograph-normal retina EDA06.JPG|thumb|[[Fundus oculi]]. In medio, obscurius, [[macula lutea]], sinistra ''discus nervi optici'', ex quo vasa sanguinea retinae emergunt. Circum maculam luteam fere nulla vasa sunt.]]
=== Fundus oculi ===
Retina est pars [[fundus oculi|''fundi oculi'']]. Fundus ipse continet retinam, [[Discus nervi optici|discum nervi optici]], arteriam et venam centralem retinae, oram serratam. Investigatur fundus per ''[[ophthalmoscopia]]m'' (vel ''fundoscopiam''), cuius instrumentum est [[ophthalmoscopium]].

*Discus nervi optici alias ''macula caeca'' appellata nec [[sclera]] tegitur nec photoreceptoria habet quia transitum nervo optico praebet necnon arteriae et venae oculum rigantibus. Ibi lux non percipitur (&quot;macula caeca&quot;) sed cerebrum sponte imaginem complet. Ideo lacunam ne suspicamur quidem.
* In polo posteriore oculi area ovalis animadvertitur [[macula lutea]] dicta in qua potestas rerum discernendarum maxima est (ibi enim sunt coni qui colores discernunt), imprimis in parte media maculae (1,2 [[Millimetrum|mm]]) ''fovea centrali'' dicta, quia photoreceptoria ibi creberrima sunt, vascula rursus sanguinea absunt atque etiam cetera neura paululum ad latera amota sunt ne quodvis impedimentum luci obstet. In peripheria sunt bacilla et visio minus clara.
* Vasa sanguinea ophthalmoscopio in peripheria visibilia sunt.

=== Providentia vascularis ===
Providentia sanguine arteriali per [[arteria centralis retinae|arteriam centralem retinae]] fit, ramulum [[arteria ophthalmica|arteriae opthalmicae]].

== Anatomia microscopica ==
[[Fasciculus:Retina layers.svg|thumb|400px|Retinae strata [[mammalia|mammalium]]. Mementote lucem ab inferiore ''trans strata omnia'' usque ad stratum pigmentosum transire debere. Vasa sanguinea hic non indicantur.]]
Retina quinque neuronum generibus utitur: [[Photoreceptorium|photoreceptoria]], cellulae transversae, [[Neura bipolaria|neurones bipolares]], cellulae ganglionales, cellulae amacrinae. Ipsa photoreceptoria inter [[Bacillum (photoreceptorium)|bacilla]] et [[Conus (photoreceptorium)|conos]] qui colores percipiunt dividuntur. Bacilla in peripheria retinae cumulantur ubi lucem debilem percipiunt (uno [[photon|photone]] enim stimulantur). Econtra coni media retina stipantur in fovea atque etiam magis in foveola (pars media foveae 0,4mm) ubi eorum [[diameter]] minuitur ut plures in eodem loco fiant. In hanc partem lux dirigitur quia optimum visum praebet si lux multa est. Plura strata distinguit spectator ex [[Corpus vitreum|corpore vitreo]] ad epithelium pigmentosum progrediens&lt;ref&gt;Secundum Purves, Augustine, Fitzpatrick. ''Neurosciences'', sexta editio, deboeck, 2019 pp.238-9.&lt;/ref&gt;:

* Stratum neurofibrarum quo continentur fibrae opticae ad [[Nervus opticus|nervum opticum]] tendentes 
* Stratum ganglionare quo continentur cellulae ganglionares
* Stratum plexiforme internum quo continentur  [[Synapsis chemica|synapses]] inter cellulas bipolares,  ganglionares, amacrinas
* Stratum granorum internorum quo continentur nuclei et corpora cellularum bipolarium, amacrinarum, transversarum
* Stratum plexiforme externum quod [[Synapsis chemica|synapses]] inter photoreceptoria et cellulas bipolares continet necnon cellulas transversas
* Stratum granorum externorum quod nucleos et excursus synapticos  cellularum photoreceptoriarum continet
* Membrana limitans externa
* Stratum segmentorum externorum quod partem pigmentatam et photones absorbentem photoreceptoriorum comprehendit. 
* Stratum  [[Epithelium|epithelii]] pigmentosi quod discos pigmenti degeneratos [[phagocytosis|phagocytat]] et nutrimenta e choroïde haurit. Praeterea lucem absorbet ne intra oculum reverberetur. Usque ad corpus ciliarium et posteriorem [[Iris (anatomia)|iridis]] partem extenditur. Partem non nervosam retinae eam esse dicere licet.

Per omnia illa strata (praeter epithelium) transmeare debet lux antequam pigmenta photoreceptoria adeat, quod certe parum opportunum videri potest sed neura retinae nutrimenta per epithelium pigmentosum hauriunt et hoc idem epithelium pigmenta redintegrata retinae subinde cyclice suppeditat. Ita fortasse aliter fieri non potuit.

Unicuique cono respondet una cellula bipolaris et una cellula ganglionaris. Econtra usque ad triginta bacilla cum una cellula bipolari synapsim faciunt. E quo fit ut potestas discriminadi in conis multo maior sit quam in bacillis.
 
[[Cellula glialis|Cellularum glialium]] tria genera quoque in retina inveniuntur: [[Astrocytus|astrocyti]], [[Cellula microglialis|microglia]] et cellulae gliales Mullerianae dictae&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.em-consulte.com/article/1601322/anatomie-de-la-retine EM consulte]. F. Behar-Cohen (2020).&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Morbi retinae ==
=== Ablatio (amotio) retinae ===
Si retina ab parte ''nutritiva'' epithialialia abiungatur, nominatur status hoc ''ablatio'' vel ''amotio''. Symptomata sunt repentina sensationes visuales imprimis fulgurales vel maculas obscuras sentiendi. Si cognoscitur, sit [[necessitas medica]], tractatio immediate pernecesse sit.
=== Oedema maculae ===
Accumulatio liquoris extracellularis circum maculam luteam vocatur [[oedema maculae]]. Distinguuntur gradus quattuor: focalis, significans, diffusa, et ischaemica. Praeterea observatur [[syndroma Irvinii et Gasseri]] ''oedema maculae cystica'' post [[cataracta (medicina)|cataractae]] operationem [[chirurgia oculorum|chirurgiae oculorum]]. Symptoma est oculorum acies diminuta.

== Retina et morbi aliorum corporis systematum ==
Nonumquam [[morbus|morbi]] extra [[systema visuale]] etiam cum signis retinalibus cognoscuntur. Frequenter, sane, apparatus speciales in talibus mutationibus dignoscendis pernecesse sunt. 
=== Morbi neurologici ===
Quidam morborum neurologicorum mutationes retinae ostendunt&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Yap T. E., Balendra S. I., Almonte M. T., Cordeiro M. F. |title=Retinal correlates of neurological disorders |journal=Therapeutic advances in chronic diseases |year=2019 |month=Dec |pages=10:2040622319882205 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31832125}}&lt;/ref&gt;:
* [[Morbus Alzheimerianus]]
* [[Morbus Parkinson]]
* [[Encephalomyelitis disseminata]]
* [[Sclerosis lateralis amyotrophica]]
* Retinopathia diabetica
* Retinopathia hypertensiva

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Francine Behar-Cohen, Emmanuelle Gelizé et alii, &quot;[https://www.medecinesciences.org/fr/articles/medsci/pdf/2020/06/msc200130.pdf Anatomie de la rétine]&quot;, ''m/s Médecine Science'', 2020: 594-9
*C. Bellmann, J. Conrath, A. Gaudric et alii. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0181551207896823 Nouvelles techniques d’imagerie de la rétine]&quot;, ''Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie'', 2007 (Supplementum) 1: 55sqq.
*Marie E Burns, Denis Baylor. &quot;[https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.779 Activation, Deactivation, and Adaptation in Vertebrate Photoreceptor Cells]&quot;, ''Annual Review of Neuroscience'', 2001 :779-805
*Salomon Yves Cohen, Alain Gaudric et Prithvi Ramtohul. ''Rétine : atlas des maladies du fond d'oeil'', Elsevier, 2025 [https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/monograph/9782294785665/retine-atlas-des-maladies-du-fond-doeil#book-description]
*Richard H. Masland, &quot;[https://www.cell.com/neuron/fulltext/S0896-6273(12)00883-5?switch=standard The Neuronal Organization of the Retina]&quot;, ''Neuron'', 2012: 266-280
*R. W. Rodieck, ''The Vertebrate Retina. Principles of Structure and Function'', W.H. Freeman, 1973 [https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaophthalmology/article-abstract/631781 Recensio critica]
* Stephen J. Ryan, ''Retina'', Saunders, 2013 (quinta editio) [https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/edited-volume/9781455707379/retina]
{{NexInt}}
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Degeneratio macularis|&lt;&gt;|en|qid=Q27429789}}
* [[Discus opticus]]
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Fovea (oculus)|&lt;&gt;|en|qid=Q865103}}&lt;!--
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Macula (oculus)|&lt;&gt;|en|qid=Q747023}}--&gt;
* [[Opthalmologia]]
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ophthalmoscopia|&lt;&gt;|en|qid=Q837188}}
* [[Photon]]
* [[Retinoblastoma]]
* [[Retinitis pigmentosa]]
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Tapetum lucidum|&lt;&gt;|en|qid=Q1045562}}

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Retinas retinam] spectant
* Kolb H. [https://webvision.med.utah.edu/book/part-i-foundations/simple-anatomy-of-the-retina/ De structura retinae]. {{Ling|Anglice}}
* Langenbeck B. C. R. [[1835]]. [https://books.google.de/books?id=x6tEAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PR1&amp;dq=consensu+et+auctoritate+retinae+structura+penitiori&amp;hl=de&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwi6o6e75-jeAhXMMewKHYLaBDIQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&amp;q=consensu%20et%20auctoritate%20retinae%20structura%20penitiori&amp;f=false De retinae structura penitiori]. Dissertatio inauguralis. {{Ling|Latine}}

[[Categoria:Oculus]]
[[Categoria:Systema visuale]]</text>
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{{Capsa tabellaria|titulus=Retina
	| ; Anatomia macroscopica
	| : [[Fasciculus:Human eye cross-sectional view grayscale.png|275px|Oculus humanus]]&lt;br /&gt;Sectio oculi humani. [[Macula lutea]] pars '''retinae''' est, ex qua axis [[visus|visualis]] procedit.
	| ; Cognitores
	| [[Terminologia Anatomica|TA]]: [http://www.unifr.ch/ifaa/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/15.2.04.002%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm A15.2.04.002]
}}

{{res|Retina}} ({{NexTAnat}} [https://www.unifr.ch/ifaa/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/15.2.04.002%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm 15.2.04.002]) est interna [[oculus|oculi]] tunica ''multorum stratorum'', quae [[lux|lucem]] recipit, in signa electrica transformat, in [[nervus opticus|nervum opticum]] transmittit. Ad [[systema nervosum centrale]] pertinet.

== Anatomia macroscopica ==
Retina prorsus usque ad corpus ciliarium extenditur et eorum iunctura ''[[ora serrata]]'' appellatur. 

Peritis oculis quoque structura retinae macroscopica directe  sine instrumentis visibilis non est. Solum [[ophthalmoscopia]]e ope, trans [[pupilla]]m, lucis ope,  partes  tandem [[fundus oculi|''fundi oculi'']] conspiciendae sunt. Alia itinera ad retinam conspiciendam tantummodo [[iconismus medicus|iconismo medico]] vel, post mortem, per sectionem anatomicam offeruntur.
[[Fasciculus:Fundus photograph-normal retina EDA06.JPG|thumb|[[Fundus oculi]]. In medio, obscurius, [[macula lutea]], sinistra ''discus nervi optici'', ex quo vasa sanguinea retinae emergunt. Circum maculam luteam fere nulla vasa sunt.]]
=== Fundus oculi ===
Retina est pars [[fundus oculi|''fundi oculi'']]. Fundus ipse continet retinam, [[Discus nervi optici|discum nervi optici]], arteriam et venam centralem retinae, oram serratam. Investigatur fundus per ''[[ophthalmoscopia]]m'' (vel ''fundoscopiam''), cuius instrumentum est [[ophthalmoscopium]].

*Discus nervi optici alias ''macula caeca'' appellata nec [[sclera]] tegitur nec photoreceptoria habet quia transitum nervo optico praebet necnon arteriae et venae oculum rigantibus. Ibi lux non percipitur (&quot;macula caeca&quot;) sed cerebrum sponte imaginem complet. Ideo lacunam ne suspicamur quidem.
* In polo posteriore oculi area ovalis animadvertitur [[macula lutea]] dicta in qua potestas rerum discernendarum maxima est (ibi enim sunt coni qui colores discernunt), imprimis in parte media maculae (1,2 [[Millimetrum|mm]]) ''fovea centrali'' dicta, quia photoreceptoria ibi creberrima sunt, vascula rursus sanguinea absunt atque etiam cetera neura paululum ad latera amota sunt ne quodvis impedimentum luci obstet. In peripheria sunt bacilla et visio minus clara.
* Vasa sanguinea ophthalmoscopio in peripheria visibilia sunt.

=== Providentia vascularis ===
Providentia sanguine arteriali per [[arteria centralis retinae|arteriam centralem retinae]] fit, ramulum [[arteria ophthalmica|arteriae opthalmicae]].

== Anatomia microscopica ==
[[Fasciculus:Retina layers.svg|thumb|400px|Retinae strata [[mammalia|mammalium]]. Mementote lucem ab inferiore ''trans strata omnia'' usque ad stratum pigmentosum transire debere. Vasa sanguinea hic non indicantur.]]
Retina quinque neuronum generibus utitur: [[Photoreceptorium|photoreceptoria]], cellulae transversae, [[Neura bipolaria|neurones bipolares]], cellulae ganglionales, cellulae amacrinae. Ipsa photoreceptoria inter [[Bacillum (photoreceptorium)|bacilla]] et [[Conus (photoreceptorium)|conos]] qui colores percipiunt dividuntur. Bacilla in peripheria retinae cumulantur ubi lucem debilem percipiunt (uno [[photon|photone]] enim stimulantur). Econtra coni media retina stipantur in fovea atque etiam magis in foveola (pars media foveae 0,4mm) ubi eorum [[diameter]] minuitur ut plures in eodem loco fiant. In hanc partem lux dirigitur quia optimum visum praebet si lux multa est. Plura strata distinguit spectator ex [[Corpus vitreum|corpore vitreo]] ad epithelium pigmentosum progrediens&lt;ref&gt;Secundum Purves, Augustine, Fitzpatrick. ''Neurosciences'', sexta editio, deboeck, 2019 pp.238-9.&lt;/ref&gt;:

* Stratum neurofibrarum quo continentur fibrae opticae ad [[Nervus opticus|nervum opticum]] tendentes 
* Stratum ganglionare quo continentur cellulae ganglionares
* Stratum plexiforme internum quo continentur  [[Synapsis chemica|synapses]] inter cellulas bipolares,  ganglionares, amacrinas
* Stratum granorum internorum quo continentur nuclei et corpora cellularum bipolarium, amacrinarum, transversarum
* Stratum plexiforme externum quod [[Synapsis chemica|synapses]] inter photoreceptoria et cellulas bipolares continet necnon cellulas transversas
* Stratum granorum externorum quod nucleos et excursus synapticos  cellularum photoreceptoriarum continet
* Membrana limitans externa
* Stratum segmentorum externorum quod partem pigmentatam et photones absorbentem photoreceptoriorum comprehendit. 
* Stratum  [[Epithelium|epithelii]] pigmentosi quod discos pigmenti degeneratos [[phagocytosis|phagocytat]] et nutrimenta e choroïde haurit. Praeterea lucem absorbet ne intra oculum reverberetur. Usque ad corpus ciliarium et posteriorem [[Iris (anatomia)|iridis]] partem extenditur. Partem non nervosam retinae eam esse dicere licet.

Per omnia illa strata (praeter epithelium) transmeare debet lux antequam pigmenta photoreceptoria adeat, quod certe parum opportunum videri potest sed neura retinae nutrimenta per epithelium pigmentosum hauriunt et hoc idem epithelium pigmenta redintegrata retinae subinde cyclice suppeditat. Ita fortasse aliter fieri non potuit.

Unicuique cono respondet una cellula bipolaris et una cellula ganglionaris. Econtra usque ad triginta bacilla cum una cellula bipolari synapsim faciunt. E quo fit ut potestas discriminadi in conis multo maior sit quam in bacillis.
 
[[Cellula glialis|Cellularum glialium]] tria genera quoque in retina inveniuntur: [[Astrocytus|astrocyti]], [[Cellula microglialis|microglia]] et cellulae gliales Mullerianae dictae&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.em-consulte.com/article/1601322/anatomie-de-la-retine EM consulte]. F. Behar-Cohen (2020).&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Morbi retinae ==
=== Ablatio (amotio) retinae ===
Si retina ab parte ''nutritiva'' epithialialia abiungatur, nominatur status hoc ''ablatio'' vel ''amotio''. Symptomata sunt repentina sensationes visuales imprimis fulgurales vel maculas obscuras sentiendi. Si cognoscitur, sit [[necessitas medica]], tractatio immediate pernecesse sit.
=== Oedema maculae ===
Accumulatio liquoris extracellularis circum maculam luteam vocatur [[oedema maculae]]. Distinguuntur gradus quattuor: focalis, significans, diffusa, et ischaemica. Praeterea observatur [[syndroma Irvinii et Gasseri]] ''oedema maculae cystica'' post [[cataracta (medicina)|cataractae]] operationem [[chirurgia oculorum|chirurgiae oculorum]]. Symptoma est oculorum acies diminuta.

== Retina et morbi aliorum corporis systematum ==
Nonumquam [[morbus|morbi]] extra [[systema visuale]] etiam cum signis retinalibus cognoscuntur. Frequenter, sane, apparatus speciales in talibus mutationibus dignoscendis pernecesse sunt. 
=== Morbi neurologici ===
Quidam morborum neurologicorum mutationes retinae ostendunt&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Yap T. E., Balendra S. I., Almonte M. T., Cordeiro M. F. |title=Retinal correlates of neurological disorders |journal=Therapeutic advances in chronic diseases |year=2019 |month=Dec |pages=10:2040622319882205 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31832125}}&lt;/ref&gt;:
* [[Morbus Alzheimerianus]]
* [[Morbus Parkinson]]
* [[Encephalomyelitis disseminata]]
* [[Sclerosis lateralis amyotrophica]]
* Retinopathia diabetica
* Retinopathia hypertensiva

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Francine Behar-Cohen, Emmanuelle Gelizé et alii, &quot;[https://www.medecinesciences.org/fr/articles/medsci/pdf/2020/06/msc200130.pdf Anatomie de la rétine]&quot;, ''m/s Médecine Science'', 2020: 594-9
*C. Bellmann, J. Conrath, A. Gaudric et alii. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0181551207896823 Nouvelles techniques d’imagerie de la rétine]&quot;, ''Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie'', 2007 (Supplementum) 1: 55sqq.
*Marie E Burns, Denis Baylor. &quot;[https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.779 Activation, Deactivation, and Adaptation in Vertebrate Photoreceptor Cells]&quot;, ''Annual Review of Neuroscience'', 2001 :779-805
*Salomon Yves Cohen, Alain Gaudric et Prithvi Ramtohul. ''Rétine : atlas des maladies du fond d'oeil'', Elsevier, 2025 [https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/monograph/9782294785665/retine-atlas-des-maladies-du-fond-doeil#book-description]
* John E. Dowling, ''The Retina: An Approachable Part of the Brain'', Harvard University Press, 1987 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=DDNnUZYOi0QC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*Richard H. Masland, &quot;[https://www.cell.com/neuron/fulltext/S0896-6273(12)00883-5?switch=standard The Neuronal Organization of the Retina]&quot;, ''Neuron'', 2012: 266-280
*R. W. Rodieck, ''The Vertebrate Retina. Principles of Structure and Function'', W.H. Freeman, 1973 [https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaophthalmology/article-abstract/631781 Recensio critica]
* Stephen J. Ryan, ''Retina'', Saunders, 2013 (quinta editio) [https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/edited-volume/9781455707379/retina]
{{NexInt}}
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Degeneratio macularis|&lt;&gt;|en|qid=Q27429789}}
* [[Discus opticus]]
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Fovea (oculus)|&lt;&gt;|en|qid=Q865103}}&lt;!--
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Macula (oculus)|&lt;&gt;|en|qid=Q747023}}--&gt;
* [[Opthalmologia]]
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ophthalmoscopia|&lt;&gt;|en|qid=Q837188}}
* [[Photon]]
* [[Retinoblastoma]]
* [[Retinitis pigmentosa]]
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Tapetum lucidum|&lt;&gt;|en|qid=Q1045562}}

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Retinas retinam] spectant
* Kolb H. [https://webvision.med.utah.edu/book/part-i-foundations/simple-anatomy-of-the-retina/ De structura retinae]. {{Ling|Anglice}}
* Langenbeck B. C. R. [[1835]]. [https://books.google.de/books?id=x6tEAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PR1&amp;dq=consensu+et+auctoritate+retinae+structura+penitiori&amp;hl=de&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwi6o6e75-jeAhXMMewKHYLaBDIQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&amp;q=consensu%20et%20auctoritate%20retinae%20structura%20penitiori&amp;f=false De retinae structura penitiori]. Dissertatio inauguralis. {{Ling|Latine}}

[[Categoria:Oculus]]
[[Categoria:Systema visuale]]</text>
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{{Capsa tabellaria|titulus=Retina
	| ; Anatomia macroscopica
	| : [[Fasciculus:Human eye cross-sectional view grayscale.png|275px|Oculus humanus]]&lt;br /&gt;Sectio oculi humani. [[Macula lutea]] pars '''retinae''' est, ex qua axis [[visus|visualis]] procedit.
	| ; Cognitores
	| [[Terminologia Anatomica|TA]]: [http://www.unifr.ch/ifaa/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/15.2.04.002%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm A15.2.04.002]
}}

{{res|Retina}} ({{NexTAnat}} [https://www.unifr.ch/ifaa/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/15.2.04.002%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm 15.2.04.002]) est interna [[oculus|oculi]] tunica ''multorum stratorum'', quae [[lux|lucem]] recipit, in signa electrica transformat, in [[nervus opticus|nervum opticum]] transmittit. Ad [[systema nervosum centrale]] pertinet.

== Anatomia macroscopica ==
Retina prorsus usque ad corpus ciliarium extenditur et eorum iunctura ''[[ora serrata]]'' appellatur. 

Peritis oculis quoque structura retinae macroscopica directe  sine instrumentis visibilis non est. Solum [[ophthalmoscopia]]e ope, trans [[pupilla]]m, lucis ope,  partes  tandem [[fundus oculi|''fundi oculi'']] conspiciendae sunt. Alia itinera ad retinam conspiciendam tantummodo [[iconismus medicus|iconismo medico]] vel, post mortem, per sectionem anatomicam offeruntur.
[[Fasciculus:Fundus photograph-normal retina EDA06.JPG|thumb|[[Fundus oculi]]. In medio, obscurius, [[macula lutea]], sinistra ''discus nervi optici'', ex quo vasa sanguinea retinae emergunt. Circum maculam luteam fere nulla vasa sunt.]]
=== Fundus oculi ===
Retina est pars [[fundus oculi|''fundi oculi'']]. Fundus ipse continet retinam, [[Discus nervi optici|discum nervi optici]], arteriam et venam centralem retinae, oram serratam. Investigatur fundus per ''[[ophthalmoscopia]]m'' (vel ''fundoscopiam''), cuius instrumentum est [[ophthalmoscopium]].

*Discus nervi optici alias ''macula caeca'' appellata nec [[sclera]] tegitur nec photoreceptoria habet quia transitum nervo optico praebet necnon arteriae et venae oculum rigantibus. Ibi lux non percipitur (&quot;macula caeca&quot;) sed cerebrum sponte imaginem complet. Ideo lacunam ne suspicamur quidem.
* In polo posteriore oculi area ovalis animadvertitur [[macula lutea]] dicta in qua potestas rerum discernendarum maxima est (ibi enim sunt coni qui colores discernunt), imprimis in parte media maculae (1,2 [[Millimetrum|mm]]) ''fovea centrali'' dicta, quia photoreceptoria ibi creberrima sunt, vascula rursus sanguinea absunt atque etiam cetera neura paululum ad latera amota sunt ne quodvis impedimentum luci obstet. In peripheria sunt bacilla et visio minus clara.
* Vasa sanguinea ophthalmoscopio in peripheria visibilia sunt.

=== Providentia vascularis ===
Providentia sanguine arteriali per [[arteria centralis retinae|arteriam centralem retinae]] fit, ramulum [[arteria ophthalmica|arteriae opthalmicae]].

== Anatomia microscopica ==
[[Fasciculus:Retina layers.svg|thumb|400px|Retinae strata [[mammalia|mammalium]]. Mementote lucem ab inferiore ''trans strata omnia'' usque ad stratum pigmentosum transire debere. Vasa sanguinea hic non indicantur.]]
Retina quinque neuronum generibus utitur: [[Photoreceptorium|photoreceptoria]], cellulae transversae, [[Neura bipolaria|neurones bipolares]], cellulae ganglionales, cellulae amacrinae. Ipsa photoreceptoria inter [[Bacillum (photoreceptorium)|bacilla]] et [[Conus (photoreceptorium)|conos]] qui colores percipiunt dividuntur. Bacilla in peripheria retinae cumulantur ubi lucem debilem percipiunt (uno [[photon|photone]] enim stimulantur). Econtra coni media retina stipantur in fovea atque etiam magis in foveola (pars media foveae 0,4mm) ubi eorum [[diameter]] minuitur ut plures in eodem loco fiant. In hanc partem lux dirigitur quia optimum visum praebet si lux multa est. Plura strata distinguit spectator ex [[Corpus vitreum|corpore vitreo]] ad epithelium pigmentosum progrediens&lt;ref&gt;Secundum Purves, Augustine, Fitzpatrick. ''Neurosciences'', sexta editio, deboeck, 2019 pp.238-9.&lt;/ref&gt;:

* Stratum neurofibrarum quo continentur fibrae opticae ad [[Nervus opticus|nervum opticum]] tendentes 
* Stratum ganglionare quo continentur cellulae ganglionares
* Stratum plexiforme internum quo continentur  [[Synapsis chemica|synapses]] inter cellulas bipolares,  ganglionares, amacrinas
* Stratum granorum internorum quo continentur nuclei et corpora cellularum bipolarium, amacrinarum, transversarum
* Stratum plexiforme externum quod [[Synapsis chemica|synapses]] inter photoreceptoria et cellulas bipolares continet necnon cellulas transversas
* Stratum granorum externorum quod nucleos et excursus synapticos  cellularum photoreceptoriarum continet
* Membrana limitans externa
* Stratum segmentorum externorum quod partem pigmentatam et photones absorbentem photoreceptoriorum comprehendit. 
* Stratum  [[Epithelium|epithelii]] pigmentosi quod discos pigmenti degeneratos [[phagocytosis|phagocytat]] et nutrimenta e choroïde haurit. Praeterea lucem absorbet ne intra oculum reverberetur. Usque ad corpus ciliarium et posteriorem [[Iris (anatomia)|iridis]] partem extenditur. Partem non nervosam retinae eam esse dicere licet.

Per omnia illa strata (praeter epithelium) transmeare debet lux antequam pigmenta photoreceptoria adeat, quod certe parum opportunum videri potest sed neura retinae nutrimenta per epithelium pigmentosum hauriunt et hoc idem epithelium pigmenta redintegrata retinae subinde cyclice suppeditat. Ita fortasse aliter fieri non potuit.

Unicuique cono respondet una cellula bipolaris et una cellula ganglionaris. Econtra usque ad triginta bacilla cum una cellula bipolari synapsim faciunt. E quo fit ut potestas discriminadi in conis multo maior sit quam in bacillis.
 
[[Cellula glialis|Cellularum glialium]] tria genera quoque in retina inveniuntur: [[Astrocytus|astrocyti]], [[Cellula microglialis|microglia]] et cellulae gliales Mullerianae dictae&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.em-consulte.com/article/1601322/anatomie-de-la-retine EM consulte]. F. Behar-Cohen (2020).&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Morbi retinae ==
=== Ablatio (amotio) retinae ===
Si retina ab parte ''nutritiva'' epithialialia abiungatur, nominatur status hoc ''ablatio'' vel ''amotio''. Symptomata sunt repentina sensationes visuales imprimis fulgurales vel maculas obscuras sentiendi. Si cognoscitur, sit [[necessitas medica]], tractatio immediate pernecesse sit.
=== Oedema maculae ===
Accumulatio liquoris extracellularis circum maculam luteam vocatur [[oedema maculae]]. Distinguuntur gradus quattuor: focalis, significans, diffusa, et ischaemica. Praeterea observatur [[syndroma Irvinii et Gasseri]] ''oedema maculae cystica'' post [[cataracta (medicina)|cataractae]] operationem [[chirurgia oculorum|chirurgiae oculorum]]. Symptoma est oculorum acies diminuta.

== Retina et morbi aliorum corporis systematum ==
Nonumquam [[morbus|morbi]] extra [[systema visuale]] etiam cum signis retinalibus cognoscuntur. Frequenter, sane, apparatus speciales in talibus mutationibus dignoscendis pernecesse sunt. 
=== Morbi neurologici ===
Quidam morborum neurologicorum mutationes retinae ostendunt&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Yap T. E., Balendra S. I., Almonte M. T., Cordeiro M. F. |title=Retinal correlates of neurological disorders |journal=Therapeutic advances in chronic diseases |year=2019 |month=Dec |pages=10:2040622319882205 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31832125}}&lt;/ref&gt;:
* [[Morbus Alzheimerianus]]
* [[Morbus Parkinson]]
* [[Encephalomyelitis disseminata]]
* [[Sclerosis lateralis amyotrophica]]
* Retinopathia diabetica
* Retinopathia hypertensiva

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Francine Behar-Cohen, Emmanuelle Gelizé et alii, &quot;[https://www.medecinesciences.org/fr/articles/medsci/pdf/2020/06/msc200130.pdf Anatomie de la rétine]&quot;, ''m/s Médecine Science'', 2020: 594-9
*C. Bellmann, J. Conrath, A. Gaudric et alii. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0181551207896823 Nouvelles techniques d’imagerie de la rétine]&quot;, ''Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie'', 2007 (Supplementum) 1: 55sqq.
*Marie E Burns, Denis Baylor. &quot;[https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.779 Activation, Deactivation, and Adaptation in Vertebrate Photoreceptor Cells]&quot;, ''Annual Review of Neuroscience'', 2001 :779-805
*Salomon Yves Cohen, Alain Gaudric et Prithvi Ramtohul. ''Rétine : atlas des maladies du fond d'oeil'', Elsevier, 2025 [https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/monograph/9782294785665/retine-atlas-des-maladies-du-fond-doeil#book-description]
* John E. Dowling, ''The Retina: An Approachable Part of the Brain'', Harvard University Press, 1987 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=DDNnUZYOi0QC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] [https://www2.neuroscience.umn.edu/eanwebsite/PDF%20EAN%20pubs/Q%20Rev%20Biol%2087%20391%202012.pdf Recensio critica]
*Richard H. Masland, &quot;[https://www.cell.com/neuron/fulltext/S0896-6273(12)00883-5?switch=standard The Neuronal Organization of the Retina]&quot;, ''Neuron'', 2012: 266-280
*R. W. Rodieck, ''The Vertebrate Retina. Principles of Structure and Function'', W.H. Freeman, 1973 [https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaophthalmology/article-abstract/631781 Recensio critica]
* Stephen J. Ryan, ''Retina'', Saunders, 2013 (quinta editio) [https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/edited-volume/9781455707379/retina]
{{NexInt}}
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Degeneratio macularis|&lt;&gt;|en|qid=Q27429789}}
* [[Discus opticus]]
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Fovea (oculus)|&lt;&gt;|en|qid=Q865103}}&lt;!--
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Macula (oculus)|&lt;&gt;|en|qid=Q747023}}--&gt;
* [[Opthalmologia]]
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ophthalmoscopia|&lt;&gt;|en|qid=Q837188}}
* [[Photon]]
* [[Retinoblastoma]]
* [[Retinitis pigmentosa]]
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Tapetum lucidum|&lt;&gt;|en|qid=Q1045562}}

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Retinas retinam] spectant
* Kolb H. [https://webvision.med.utah.edu/book/part-i-foundations/simple-anatomy-of-the-retina/ De structura retinae]. {{Ling|Anglice}}
* Langenbeck B. C. R. [[1835]]. [https://books.google.de/books?id=x6tEAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PR1&amp;dq=consensu+et+auctoritate+retinae+structura+penitiori&amp;hl=de&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwi6o6e75-jeAhXMMewKHYLaBDIQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&amp;q=consensu%20et%20auctoritate%20retinae%20structura%20penitiori&amp;f=false De retinae structura penitiori]. Dissertatio inauguralis. {{Ling|Latine}}

[[Categoria:Oculus]]
[[Categoria:Systema visuale]]</text>
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{{Capsa tabellaria|titulus=Retina
	| ; Anatomia macroscopica
	| : [[Fasciculus:Human eye cross-sectional view grayscale.png|275px|Oculus humanus]]&lt;br /&gt;Sectio oculi humani. [[Macula lutea]] pars '''retinae''' est, ex qua axis [[visus|visualis]] procedit.
	| ; Cognitores
	| [[Terminologia Anatomica|TA]]: [http://www.unifr.ch/ifaa/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/15.2.04.002%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm A15.2.04.002]
}}

{{res|Retina}} ({{NexTAnat}} [https://www.unifr.ch/ifaa/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/15.2.04.002%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm 15.2.04.002]) est interna [[oculus|oculi]] tunica ''multorum stratorum'', quae [[lux|lucem]] recipit, in signa electrica transformat, in [[nervus opticus|nervum opticum]] transmittit. Ad [[systema nervosum centrale]] pertinet.

== Anatomia macroscopica ==
Retina prorsus usque ad corpus ciliarium extenditur et eorum iunctura ''[[ora serrata]]'' appellatur. 

Peritis oculis quoque structura retinae macroscopica directe  sine instrumentis visibilis non est. Solum [[ophthalmoscopia]]e ope, trans [[pupilla]]m, lucis ope,  partes  tandem [[fundus oculi|''fundi oculi'']] conspiciendae sunt. Alia itinera ad retinam conspiciendam tantummodo [[iconismus medicus|iconismo medico]] vel, post mortem, per sectionem anatomicam offeruntur.
[[Fasciculus:Fundus photograph-normal retina EDA06.JPG|thumb|[[Fundus oculi]]. In medio, obscurius, [[macula lutea]], sinistra ''discus nervi optici'', ex quo vasa sanguinea retinae emergunt. Circum maculam luteam fere nulla vasa sunt.]]
=== Fundus oculi ===
Retina est pars [[fundus oculi|''fundi oculi'']]. Fundus ipse continet retinam, [[Discus nervi optici|discum nervi optici]], arteriam et venam centralem retinae, oram serratam. Investigatur fundus per ''[[ophthalmoscopia]]m'' (vel ''fundoscopiam''), cuius instrumentum est [[ophthalmoscopium]].

*Discus nervi optici alias ''macula caeca'' appellata nec [[sclera]] tegitur nec photoreceptoria habet quia transitum nervo optico praebet necnon arteriae et venae oculum rigantibus. Ibi lux non percipitur (&quot;macula caeca&quot;) sed cerebrum sponte imaginem complet. Ideo lacunam ne suspicamur quidem.
* In polo posteriore oculi area ovalis animadvertitur [[macula lutea]] dicta in qua potestas rerum discernendarum maxima est (ibi enim sunt coni qui colores discernunt), imprimis in parte media maculae (1,2 [[Millimetrum|mm]]) ''fovea centrali'' dicta, quia photoreceptoria ibi creberrima sunt, vascula rursus sanguinea absunt atque etiam cetera neura paululum ad latera amota sunt ne quodvis impedimentum luci obstet. In peripheria sunt bacilla et visio minus clara.
* Vasa sanguinea ophthalmoscopio in peripheria visibilia sunt.

=== Providentia vascularis ===
Providentia sanguine arteriali per [[arteria centralis retinae|arteriam centralem retinae]] fit, ramulum [[arteria ophthalmica|arteriae opthalmicae]].

== Anatomia microscopica ==
[[Fasciculus:Retina layers.svg|thumb|400px|Retinae strata [[mammalia|mammalium]]. Mementote lucem ab inferiore ''trans strata omnia'' usque ad stratum pigmentosum transire debere. Vasa sanguinea hic non indicantur.]]
Retina quinque neuronum generibus utitur: [[Photoreceptorium|photoreceptoria]], cellulae transversae, [[Neura bipolaria|neurones bipolares]], cellulae ganglionales, cellulae amacrinae. Ipsa photoreceptoria inter [[Bacillum (photoreceptorium)|bacilla]] et [[Conus (photoreceptorium)|conos]] qui colores percipiunt dividuntur. Bacilla in peripheria retinae cumulantur ubi lucem debilem percipiunt (uno [[photon|photone]] enim stimulantur). Econtra coni media retina stipantur in fovea atque etiam magis in foveola (pars media foveae 0,4mm) ubi eorum [[diameter]] minuitur ut plures in eodem loco fiant. In hanc partem lux dirigitur quia optimum visum praebet si lux multa est. Plura strata distinguit spectator ex [[Corpus vitreum|corpore vitreo]] ad epithelium pigmentosum progrediens&lt;ref&gt;Secundum Purves, Augustine, Fitzpatrick. ''Neurosciences'', sexta editio, deboeck, 2019 pp.238-9.&lt;/ref&gt;:

* Stratum neurofibrarum quo continentur fibrae opticae ad [[Nervus opticus|nervum opticum]] tendentes 
* Stratum ganglionare quo continentur cellulae ganglionares
* Stratum plexiforme internum quo continentur  [[Synapsis chemica|synapses]] inter cellulas bipolares,  ganglionares, amacrinas
* Stratum granorum internorum quo continentur nuclei et corpora cellularum bipolarium, amacrinarum, transversarum
* Stratum plexiforme externum quod [[Synapsis chemica|synapses]] inter photoreceptoria et cellulas bipolares continet necnon cellulas transversas
* Stratum granorum externorum quod nucleos et excursus synapticos  cellularum photoreceptoriarum continet
* Membrana limitans externa
* Stratum segmentorum externorum quod partem pigmentatam et photones absorbentem photoreceptoriorum comprehendit. 
* Stratum  [[Epithelium|epithelii]] pigmentosi quod discos pigmenti degeneratos [[phagocytosis|phagocytat]] et nutrimenta e choroïde haurit. Praeterea lucem absorbet ne intra oculum reverberetur. Usque ad corpus ciliarium et posteriorem [[Iris (anatomia)|iridis]] partem extenditur. Partem non nervosam retinae eam esse dicere licet.

Per omnia illa strata (praeter epithelium) transmeare debet lux antequam pigmenta photoreceptoria adeat, quod certe parum opportunum videri potest sed neura retinae nutrimenta per epithelium pigmentosum hauriunt et hoc idem epithelium pigmenta redintegrata retinae subinde cyclice suppeditat. Ita fortasse aliter fieri non potuit.

Unicuique cono respondet una cellula bipolaris et una cellula ganglionaris. Econtra usque ad triginta bacilla cum una cellula bipolari synapsim faciunt. E quo fit ut potestas discriminadi in conis multo maior sit quam in bacillis.
 
[[Cellula glialis|Cellularum glialium]] tria genera quoque in retina inveniuntur: [[Astrocytus|astrocyti]], [[Cellula microglialis|microglia]] et cellulae gliales Mullerianae dictae&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.em-consulte.com/article/1601322/anatomie-de-la-retine EM consulte]. F. Behar-Cohen (2020).&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Morbi retinae ==
=== Ablatio (amotio) retinae ===
Si retina ab parte ''nutritiva'' epithialialia abiungatur, nominatur status hoc ''ablatio'' vel ''amotio''. Symptomata sunt repentina sensationes visuales imprimis fulgurales vel maculas obscuras sentiendi. Si cognoscitur, sit [[necessitas medica]], tractatio immediate pernecesse sit.
=== Oedema maculae ===
Accumulatio liquoris extracellularis circum maculam luteam vocatur [[oedema maculae]]. Distinguuntur gradus quattuor: focalis, significans, diffusa, et ischaemica. Praeterea observatur [[syndroma Irvinii et Gasseri]] ''oedema maculae cystica'' post [[cataracta (medicina)|cataractae]] operationem [[chirurgia oculorum|chirurgiae oculorum]]. Symptoma est oculorum acies diminuta.

== Retina et morbi aliorum corporis systematum ==
Nonumquam [[morbus|morbi]] extra [[systema visuale]] etiam cum signis retinalibus cognoscuntur. Frequenter, sane, apparatus speciales in talibus mutationibus dignoscendis pernecesse sunt. 
=== Morbi neurologici ===
Quidam morborum neurologicorum mutationes retinae ostendunt&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Yap T. E., Balendra S. I., Almonte M. T., Cordeiro M. F. |title=Retinal correlates of neurological disorders |journal=Therapeutic advances in chronic diseases |year=2019 |month=Dec |pages=10:2040622319882205 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31832125}}&lt;/ref&gt;:
* [[Morbus Alzheimerianus]]
* [[Morbus Parkinson]]
* [[Encephalomyelitis disseminata]]
* [[Sclerosis lateralis amyotrophica]]
* Retinopathia diabetica
* Retinopathia hypertensiva

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Francine Behar-Cohen, Emmanuelle Gelizé et alii, &quot;[https://www.medecinesciences.org/fr/articles/medsci/pdf/2020/06/msc200130.pdf Anatomie de la rétine]&quot;, ''m/s Médecine Science'', 2020: 594-9
*C. Bellmann, J. Conrath, A. Gaudric et alii. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0181551207896823 Nouvelles techniques d’imagerie de la rétine]&quot;, ''Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie'', 2007 (Supplementum) 1: 55sqq.
*Marie E Burns, Denis Baylor. &quot;[https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.779 Activation, Deactivation, and Adaptation in Vertebrate Photoreceptor Cells]&quot;, ''Annual Review of Neuroscience'', 2001 :779-805
*Salomon Yves Cohen, Alain Gaudric et Prithvi Ramtohul. ''Rétine : atlas des maladies du fond d'oeil'', Elsevier, 2025 [https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/monograph/9782294785665/retine-atlas-des-maladies-du-fond-doeil#book-description]
* John E. Dowling, ''The Retina: An Approachable Part of the Brain'', Harvard University Press, 1987 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=DDNnUZYOi0QC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] [https://www2.neuroscience.umn.edu/eanwebsite/PDF%20EAN%20pubs/Q%20Rev%20Biol%2087%20391%202012.pdf Recensio critica]
*Thomas Euler, Silke Haverkamp, Timm Schubert &amp; Tom Baden . &quot;[https://www.nature.com/articles/nrn3783 Retinal bipolar cells: elementary building blocks of vision]&quot;, ''Nature Reviews Neuroscience'', 2014: 507–519 
*Richard H. Masland, &quot;[https://www.cell.com/neuron/fulltext/S0896-6273(12)00883-5?switch=standard The Neuronal Organization of the Retina]&quot;, ''Neuron'', 2012: 266-280
*R. W. Rodieck, ''The Vertebrate Retina. Principles of Structure and Function'', W.H. Freeman, 1973 [https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaophthalmology/article-abstract/631781 Recensio critica]
* Stephen J. Ryan, ''Retina'', Saunders, 2013 (quinta editio) [https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/edited-volume/9781455707379/retina]
{{NexInt}}
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Degeneratio macularis|&lt;&gt;|en|qid=Q27429789}}
* [[Discus opticus]]
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Fovea (oculus)|&lt;&gt;|en|qid=Q865103}}&lt;!--
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Macula (oculus)|&lt;&gt;|en|qid=Q747023}}--&gt;
* [[Opthalmologia]]
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ophthalmoscopia|&lt;&gt;|en|qid=Q837188}}
* [[Photon]]
* [[Retinoblastoma]]
* [[Retinitis pigmentosa]]
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Tapetum lucidum|&lt;&gt;|en|qid=Q1045562}}

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Retinas retinam] spectant
* Kolb H. [https://webvision.med.utah.edu/book/part-i-foundations/simple-anatomy-of-the-retina/ De structura retinae]. {{Ling|Anglice}}
* Langenbeck B. C. R. [[1835]]. [https://books.google.de/books?id=x6tEAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PR1&amp;dq=consensu+et+auctoritate+retinae+structura+penitiori&amp;hl=de&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwi6o6e75-jeAhXMMewKHYLaBDIQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&amp;q=consensu%20et%20auctoritate%20retinae%20structura%20penitiori&amp;f=false De retinae structura penitiori]. Dissertatio inauguralis. {{Ling|Latine}}

[[Categoria:Oculus]]
[[Categoria:Systema visuale]]</text>
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{{Capsa tabellaria|titulus=Retina
	| ; Anatomia macroscopica
	| : [[Fasciculus:Human eye cross-sectional view grayscale.png|275px|Oculus humanus]]&lt;br /&gt;Sectio oculi humani. [[Macula lutea]] pars '''retinae''' est, ex qua axis [[visus|visualis]] procedit.
	| ; Cognitores
	| [[Terminologia Anatomica|TA]]: [http://www.unifr.ch/ifaa/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/15.2.04.002%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm A15.2.04.002]
}}

{{res|Retina}} ({{NexTAnat}} [https://www.unifr.ch/ifaa/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/15.2.04.002%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm 15.2.04.002]) est interna [[oculus|oculi]] tunica ''multorum stratorum'', quae [[lux|lucem]] recipit, in signa electrica transformat, in [[nervus opticus|nervum opticum]] transmittit. Ad [[systema nervosum centrale]] pertinet.

== Anatomia macroscopica ==
Retina prorsus usque ad corpus ciliarium extenditur et eorum iunctura ''[[ora serrata]]'' appellatur. 

Peritis oculis quoque structura retinae macroscopica directe  sine instrumentis visibilis non est. Solum [[ophthalmoscopia]]e ope, trans [[pupilla]]m, lucis ope,  partes  tandem [[fundus oculi|''fundi oculi'']] conspiciendae sunt. Alia itinera ad retinam conspiciendam tantummodo [[iconismus medicus|iconismo medico]] vel, post mortem, per sectionem anatomicam offeruntur.
[[Fasciculus:Fundus photograph-normal retina EDA06.JPG|thumb|[[Fundus oculi]]. In medio, obscurius, [[macula lutea]], sinistra ''discus nervi optici'', ex quo vasa sanguinea retinae emergunt. Circum maculam luteam fere nulla vasa sunt.]]
=== Fundus oculi ===
Retina est pars [[fundus oculi|''fundi oculi'']]. Fundus ipse continet retinam, [[Discus nervi optici|discum nervi optici]], arteriam et venam centralem retinae, oram serratam. Investigatur fundus per ''[[ophthalmoscopia]]m'' (vel ''fundoscopiam''), cuius instrumentum est [[ophthalmoscopium]].

*Discus nervi optici alias ''macula caeca'' appellata nec [[sclera]] tegitur nec photoreceptoria habet quia transitum nervo optico praebet necnon arteriae et venae oculum rigantibus. Ibi lux non percipitur (&quot;macula caeca&quot;) sed cerebrum sponte imaginem complet. Ideo lacunam ne suspicamur quidem.
* In polo posteriore oculi area ovalis animadvertitur [[macula lutea]] dicta in qua potestas rerum discernendarum maxima est (ibi enim sunt coni qui colores discernunt), imprimis in parte media maculae (1,2 [[Millimetrum|mm]]) ''fovea centrali'' dicta, quia photoreceptoria ibi creberrima sunt, vascula rursus sanguinea absunt atque etiam cetera neura paululum ad latera amota sunt ne quodvis impedimentum luci obstet. In peripheria sunt bacilla et visio minus clara.
* Vasa sanguinea ophthalmoscopio in peripheria visibilia sunt.

=== Providentia vascularis ===
Providentia sanguine arteriali per [[arteria centralis retinae|arteriam centralem retinae]] fit, ramulum [[arteria ophthalmica|arteriae opthalmicae]].

== Anatomia microscopica ==
[[Fasciculus:Retina layers.svg|thumb|400px|Retinae strata [[mammalia|mammalium]]. Mementote lucem ab inferiore ''trans strata omnia'' usque ad stratum pigmentosum transire debere. Vasa sanguinea hic non indicantur.]]
Retina quinque neuronum generibus utitur: [[Photoreceptorium|photoreceptoria]], cellulae transversae, [[Neura bipolaria|neurones bipolares]], cellulae ganglionales, cellulae amacrinae. Ipsa photoreceptoria inter [[Bacillum (photoreceptorium)|bacilla]] et [[Conus (photoreceptorium)|conos]] qui colores percipiunt dividuntur. Bacilla in peripheria retinae cumulantur ubi lucem debilem percipiunt (uno [[photon|photone]] enim stimulantur). Econtra coni media retina stipantur in fovea atque etiam magis in foveola (pars media foveae 0,4mm) ubi eorum [[diameter]] minuitur ut plures in eodem loco fiant. In hanc partem lux dirigitur quia optimum visum praebet si lux multa est. Plura strata distinguit spectator ex [[Corpus vitreum|corpore vitreo]] ad epithelium pigmentosum progrediens&lt;ref&gt;Secundum Purves, Augustine, Fitzpatrick. ''Neurosciences'', sexta editio, deboeck, 2019 pp.238-9.&lt;/ref&gt;:

* Stratum neurofibrarum quo continentur fibrae opticae ad [[Nervus opticus|nervum opticum]] tendentes 
* Stratum ganglionare quo continentur cellulae ganglionares
* Stratum plexiforme internum quo continentur  [[Synapsis chemica|synapses]] inter cellulas bipolares,  ganglionares, amacrinas
* Stratum granorum internorum quo continentur nuclei et corpora cellularum bipolarium, amacrinarum, transversarum
* Stratum plexiforme externum quod [[Synapsis chemica|synapses]] inter photoreceptoria et cellulas bipolares continet necnon cellulas transversas
* Stratum granorum externorum quod nucleos et excursus synapticos  cellularum photoreceptoriarum continet
* Membrana limitans externa
* Stratum segmentorum externorum quod partem pigmentatam et photones absorbentem photoreceptoriorum comprehendit. 
* Stratum  [[Epithelium|epithelii]] pigmentosi quod discos pigmenti degeneratos [[phagocytosis|phagocytat]] et nutrimenta e choroïde haurit. Praeterea lucem absorbet ne intra oculum reverberetur. Usque ad corpus ciliarium et posteriorem [[Iris (anatomia)|iridis]] partem extenditur. Partem non nervosam retinae eam esse dicere licet.

Per omnia illa strata (praeter epithelium) transmeare debet lux antequam pigmenta photoreceptoria adeat, quod certe parum opportunum videri potest sed neura retinae nutrimenta per epithelium pigmentosum hauriunt et hoc idem epithelium pigmenta redintegrata retinae subinde cyclice suppeditat. Ita fortasse aliter fieri non potuit.

Unicuique cono respondet una cellula bipolaris et una cellula ganglionaris. Econtra usque ad triginta bacilla cum una cellula bipolari synapsim faciunt. E quo fit ut potestas discriminadi in conis multo maior sit quam in bacillis.
 
[[Cellula glialis|Cellularum glialium]] tria genera quoque in retina inveniuntur: [[Astrocytus|astrocyti]], [[Cellula microglialis|microglia]] et cellulae gliales Mullerianae dictae&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.em-consulte.com/article/1601322/anatomie-de-la-retine EM consulte]. F. Behar-Cohen (2020).&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Morbi retinae ==
=== Ablatio (amotio) retinae ===
Si retina ab parte ''nutritiva'' epithialialia abiungatur, nominatur status hoc ''ablatio'' vel ''amotio''. Symptomata sunt repentina sensationes visuales imprimis fulgurales vel maculas obscuras sentiendi. Si cognoscitur, sit [[necessitas medica]], tractatio immediate pernecesse sit.
=== Oedema maculae ===
Accumulatio liquoris extracellularis circum maculam luteam vocatur [[oedema maculae]]. Distinguuntur gradus quattuor: focalis, significans, diffusa, et ischaemica. Praeterea observatur [[syndroma Irvinii et Gasseri]] ''oedema maculae cystica'' post [[cataracta (medicina)|cataractae]] operationem [[chirurgia oculorum|chirurgiae oculorum]]. Symptoma est oculorum acies diminuta.

== Retina et morbi aliorum corporis systematum ==
Nonumquam [[morbus|morbi]] extra [[systema visuale]] etiam cum signis retinalibus cognoscuntur. Frequenter, sane, apparatus speciales in talibus mutationibus dignoscendis pernecesse sunt. 
=== Morbi neurologici ===
Quidam morborum neurologicorum mutationes retinae ostendunt&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Yap T. E., Balendra S. I., Almonte M. T., Cordeiro M. F. |title=Retinal correlates of neurological disorders |journal=Therapeutic advances in chronic diseases |year=2019 |month=Dec |pages=10:2040622319882205 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31832125}}&lt;/ref&gt;:
* [[Morbus Alzheimerianus]]
* [[Morbus Parkinson]]
* [[Encephalomyelitis disseminata]]
* [[Sclerosis lateralis amyotrophica]]
* Retinopathia diabetica
* Retinopathia hypertensiva

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Francine Behar-Cohen, Emmanuelle Gelizé et alii, &quot;[https://www.medecinesciences.org/fr/articles/medsci/pdf/2020/06/msc200130.pdf Anatomie de la rétine]&quot;, ''m/s Médecine Science'', 2020: 594-9
*C. Bellmann, J. Conrath, A. Gaudric et alii. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0181551207896823 Nouvelles techniques d’imagerie de la rétine]&quot;, ''Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie'', 2007 (Supplementum) 1: 55sqq.
*Marie E Burns, Denis Baylor. &quot;[https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.779 Activation, Deactivation, and Adaptation in Vertebrate Photoreceptor Cells]&quot;, ''Annual Review of Neuroscience'', 2001 :779-805
*Salomon Yves Cohen, Alain Gaudric et Prithvi Ramtohul. ''Rétine : atlas des maladies du fond d'oeil'', Elsevier, 2025 [https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/monograph/9782294785665/retine-atlas-des-maladies-du-fond-doeil#book-description]
* John E. Dowling, ''The Retina: An Approachable Part of the Brain'', Harvard University Press, 1987 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=DDNnUZYOi0QC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] [https://www2.neuroscience.umn.edu/eanwebsite/PDF%20EAN%20pubs/Q%20Rev%20Biol%2087%20391%202012.pdf Recensio critica]
*Thomas Euler, Silke Haverkamp, Timm Schubert &amp; Tom Baden . &quot;[https://www.nature.com/articles/nrn3783 Retinal bipolar cells: elementary building blocks of vision]&quot;, ''Nature Reviews Neuroscience'', 2014: 507–519 
*Richard H. Masland, &quot;[https://www.cell.com/neuron/fulltext/S0896-6273(12)00883-5?switch=standard The Neuronal Organization of the Retina]&quot;, ''Neuron'', 2012: 266-280
*R. W. Rodieck, ''The Vertebrate Retina. Principles of Structure and Function'', W.H. Freeman, 1973 [https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaophthalmology/article-abstract/631781 Recensio critica]
* Stephen J. Ryan, ''Retina'', Saunders, 2013 (quinta editio) [https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/edited-volume/9781455707379/retina]
*Julie L. Schnapf et Denis A. Baylor, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/24979361 How Photoreceptor Cells Respond to Light]&quot;, ''Scientific American'', 1987: 40-47 

{{NexInt}}
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Degeneratio macularis|&lt;&gt;|en|qid=Q27429789}}
* [[Discus opticus]]
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Fovea (oculus)|&lt;&gt;|en|qid=Q865103}}&lt;!--
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Macula (oculus)|&lt;&gt;|en|qid=Q747023}}--&gt;
* [[Opthalmologia]]
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ophthalmoscopia|&lt;&gt;|en|qid=Q837188}}
* [[Photon]]
* [[Retinoblastoma]]
* [[Retinitis pigmentosa]]
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Tapetum lucidum|&lt;&gt;|en|qid=Q1045562}}

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Retinas retinam] spectant
* Kolb H. [https://webvision.med.utah.edu/book/part-i-foundations/simple-anatomy-of-the-retina/ De structura retinae]. {{Ling|Anglice}}
* Langenbeck B. C. R. [[1835]]. [https://books.google.de/books?id=x6tEAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PR1&amp;dq=consensu+et+auctoritate+retinae+structura+penitiori&amp;hl=de&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwi6o6e75-jeAhXMMewKHYLaBDIQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&amp;q=consensu%20et%20auctoritate%20retinae%20structura%20penitiori&amp;f=false De retinae structura penitiori]. Dissertatio inauguralis. {{Ling|Latine}}

[[Categoria:Oculus]]
[[Categoria:Systema visuale]]</text>
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{{Capsa tabellaria|titulus=Retina
	| ; Anatomia macroscopica
	| : [[Fasciculus:Human eye cross-sectional view grayscale.png|275px|Oculus humanus]]&lt;br /&gt;Sectio oculi humani. [[Macula lutea]] pars '''retinae''' est, ex qua axis [[visus|visualis]] procedit.
	| ; Cognitores
	| [[Terminologia Anatomica|TA]]: [http://www.unifr.ch/ifaa/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/15.2.04.002%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm A15.2.04.002]
}}

{{res|Retina}} ({{NexTAnat}} [https://www.unifr.ch/ifaa/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/15.2.04.002%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm 15.2.04.002]) est interna [[oculus|oculi]] tunica ''multorum stratorum'', quae [[lux|lucem]] recipit, in signa electrica transformat, in [[nervus opticus|nervum opticum]] transmittit. Ad [[systema nervosum centrale]] pertinet.

== Anatomia macroscopica ==
Retina prorsus usque ad corpus ciliarium extenditur et eorum iunctura ''[[ora serrata]]'' appellatur. 

Peritis oculis quoque structura retinae macroscopica directe  sine instrumentis visibilis non est. Solum [[ophthalmoscopia]]e ope, trans [[pupilla]]m, lucis ope,  partes  tandem [[fundus oculi|''fundi oculi'']] conspiciendae sunt. Alia itinera ad retinam conspiciendam tantummodo [[iconismus medicus|iconismo medico]] vel, post mortem, per sectionem anatomicam offeruntur.
[[Fasciculus:Fundus photograph-normal retina EDA06.JPG|thumb|[[Fundus oculi]]. In medio, obscurius, [[macula lutea]], sinistra ''discus nervi optici'', ex quo vasa sanguinea retinae emergunt. Circum maculam luteam fere nulla vasa sunt.]]
=== Fundus oculi ===
Retina est pars [[fundus oculi|''fundi oculi'']]. Fundus ipse continet retinam, [[Discus nervi optici|discum nervi optici]], arteriam et venam centralem retinae, oram serratam. Investigatur fundus per ''[[ophthalmoscopia]]m'' (vel ''fundoscopiam''), cuius instrumentum est [[ophthalmoscopium]].

*Discus nervi optici alias ''macula caeca'' appellata nec [[sclera]] tegitur nec photoreceptoria habet quia transitum nervo optico praebet necnon arteriae et venae oculum rigantibus. Ibi lux non percipitur (&quot;macula caeca&quot;) sed cerebrum sponte imaginem complet. Ideo lacunam ne suspicamur quidem.
* In polo posteriore oculi area ovalis animadvertitur [[macula lutea]] dicta in qua potestas rerum discernendarum maxima est (ibi enim sunt coni qui colores discernunt), imprimis in parte media maculae (1,2 [[Millimetrum|mm]]) ''fovea centrali'' dicta, quia photoreceptoria ibi creberrima sunt, vascula rursus sanguinea absunt atque etiam cetera neura paululum ad latera amota sunt ne quodvis impedimentum luci obstet. In peripheria sunt bacilla et visio minus clara.
* Vasa sanguinea ophthalmoscopio in peripheria visibilia sunt.

=== Providentia vascularis ===
Providentia sanguine arteriali per [[arteria centralis retinae|arteriam centralem retinae]] fit, ramulum [[arteria ophthalmica|arteriae opthalmicae]].

== Anatomia microscopica ==
[[Fasciculus:Retina layers.svg|thumb|400px|Retinae strata [[mammalia|mammalium]]. Mementote lucem ab inferiore ''trans strata omnia'' usque ad stratum pigmentosum transire debere. Vasa sanguinea hic non indicantur.]]
Retina quinque neuronum generibus utitur: [[Photoreceptorium|photoreceptoria]], cellulae transversae, [[Neura bipolaria|neurones bipolares]], cellulae ganglionales, cellulae amacrinae. Ipsa photoreceptoria inter [[Bacillum (photoreceptorium)|bacilla]] et [[Conus (photoreceptorium)|conos]] qui colores percipiunt dividuntur. Bacilla in peripheria retinae cumulantur ubi lucem debilem percipiunt (uno [[photon|photone]] enim stimulantur). Econtra coni media retina stipantur in fovea atque etiam magis in foveola (pars media foveae 0,4mm) ubi eorum [[diameter]] minuitur ut plures in eodem loco fiant. In hanc partem lux dirigitur quia optimum visum praebet si lux multa est. Plura strata distinguit spectator ex [[Corpus vitreum|corpore vitreo]] ad epithelium pigmentosum progrediens&lt;ref&gt;Secundum Purves, Augustine, Fitzpatrick. ''Neurosciences'', sexta editio, deboeck, 2019 pp.238-9.&lt;/ref&gt;:

* Stratum neurofibrarum quo continentur fibrae opticae ad [[Nervus opticus|nervum opticum]] tendentes 
* Stratum ganglionare quo continentur cellulae ganglionares
* Stratum plexiforme internum quo continentur  [[Synapsis chemica|synapses]] inter cellulas bipolares,  ganglionares, amacrinas
* Stratum granorum internorum quo continentur nuclei et corpora cellularum bipolarium, amacrinarum, transversarum
* Stratum plexiforme externum quod [[Synapsis chemica|synapses]] inter photoreceptoria et cellulas bipolares continet necnon cellulas transversas
* Stratum granorum externorum quod nucleos et excursus synapticos  cellularum photoreceptoriarum continet
* Membrana limitans externa
* Stratum segmentorum externorum quod partem pigmentatam et photones absorbentem photoreceptoriorum comprehendit. 
* Stratum  [[Epithelium|epithelii]] pigmentosi quod discos pigmenti degeneratos [[phagocytosis|phagocytat]] et nutrimenta e choroïde haurit. Praeterea lucem absorbet ne intra oculum reverberetur. Usque ad corpus ciliarium et posteriorem [[Iris (anatomia)|iridis]] partem extenditur. Partem non nervosam retinae eam esse dicere licet.

Per omnia illa strata (praeter epithelium) transmeare debet lux antequam pigmenta photoreceptoria adeat, quod certe parum opportunum videri potest sed neura retinae nutrimenta per epithelium pigmentosum hauriunt et hoc idem epithelium pigmenta redintegrata retinae subinde cyclice suppeditat. Ita fortasse aliter fieri non potuit.

Unicuique cono respondet una cellula bipolaris et una cellula ganglionaris. Econtra usque ad triginta bacilla cum una cellula bipolari synapsim faciunt. E quo fit ut potestas discriminadi in conis multo maior sit quam in bacillis.
 
[[Cellula glialis|Cellularum glialium]] tria genera quoque in retina inveniuntur: [[Astrocytus|astrocyti]], [[Cellula microglialis|microglia]] et cellulae gliales Mullerianae dictae&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.em-consulte.com/article/1601322/anatomie-de-la-retine EM consulte]. F. Behar-Cohen (2020).&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Morbi retinae ==
=== Ablatio (amotio) retinae ===
Si retina ab parte ''nutritiva'' epithialialia abiungatur, nominatur status hoc ''ablatio'' vel ''amotio''. Symptomata sunt repentina sensationes visuales imprimis fulgurales vel maculas obscuras sentiendi. Si cognoscitur, sit [[necessitas medica]], tractatio immediate pernecesse sit.
=== Oedema maculae ===
Accumulatio liquoris extracellularis circum maculam luteam vocatur [[oedema maculae]]. Distinguuntur gradus quattuor: focalis, significans, diffusa, et ischaemica. Praeterea observatur [[syndroma Irvinii et Gasseri]] ''oedema maculae cystica'' post [[cataracta (medicina)|cataractae]] operationem [[chirurgia oculorum|chirurgiae oculorum]]. Symptoma est oculorum acies diminuta.

== Retina et morbi aliorum corporis systematum ==
Nonumquam [[morbus|morbi]] extra [[systema visuale]] etiam cum signis retinalibus cognoscuntur. Frequenter, sane, apparatus speciales in talibus mutationibus dignoscendis pernecesse sunt. 
=== Morbi neurologici ===
Quidam morborum neurologicorum mutationes retinae ostendunt&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Yap T. E., Balendra S. I., Almonte M. T., Cordeiro M. F. |title=Retinal correlates of neurological disorders |journal=Therapeutic advances in chronic diseases |year=2019 |month=Dec |pages=10:2040622319882205 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31832125}}&lt;/ref&gt;:
* [[Morbus Alzheimerianus]]
* [[Morbus Parkinson]]
* [[Encephalomyelitis disseminata]]
* [[Sclerosis lateralis amyotrophica]]
* Retinopathia diabetica
* Retinopathia hypertensiva

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Francine Behar-Cohen, Emmanuelle Gelizé et alii, &quot;[https://www.medecinesciences.org/fr/articles/medsci/pdf/2020/06/msc200130.pdf Anatomie de la rétine]&quot;, ''m/s Médecine Science'', 2020: 594-9
*C. Bellmann, J. Conrath, A. Gaudric et alii. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0181551207896823 Nouvelles techniques d’imagerie de la rétine]&quot;, ''Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie'', 2007 (Supplementum) 1: 55sqq.
*Marie E Burns, Denis Baylor. &quot;[https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.779 Activation, Deactivation, and Adaptation in Vertebrate Photoreceptor Cells]&quot;, ''Annual Review of Neuroscience'', 2001 :779-805
*Salomon Yves Cohen, Alain Gaudric et Prithvi Ramtohul. ''Rétine : atlas des maladies du fond d'oeil'', Elsevier, 2025 [https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/monograph/9782294785665/retine-atlas-des-maladies-du-fond-doeil#book-description]
* John E. Dowling, ''The Retina: An Approachable Part of the Brain'', Harvard University Press, 1987 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=DDNnUZYOi0QC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] [https://www2.neuroscience.umn.edu/eanwebsite/PDF%20EAN%20pubs/Q%20Rev%20Biol%2087%20391%202012.pdf Recensio critica]
*Thomas Euler, Silke Haverkamp, Timm Schubert &amp; Tom Baden . &quot;[https://www.nature.com/articles/nrn3783 Retinal bipolar cells: elementary building blocks of vision]&quot;, ''Nature Reviews Neuroscience'', 2014: 507–519 
*Richard H. Masland, &quot;[https://www.cell.com/neuron/fulltext/S0896-6273(12)00883-5?switch=standard The Neuronal Organization of the Retina]&quot;, ''Neuron'', 2012: 266-280
*R. W. Rodieck, ''The Vertebrate Retina. Principles of Structure and Function'', W.H. Freeman, 1973 [https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaophthalmology/article-abstract/631781 Recensio critica]
* Stephen J. Ryan, ''Retina'', Saunders, 2013 (quinta editio) [https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/edited-volume/9781455707379/retina]
*Julie L. Schnapf et Denis A. Baylor, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/24979361 How Photoreceptor Cells Respond to Light]&quot;, ''Scientific American'', 1987: 40-47 
*Heinz Wässle, &quot;[https://www.nature.com/articles/nrn1497 Parallel processing in the mammalian retina]&quot;, ''Nature Reviews Neuroscience''; 2004: 747–757 
{{NexInt}}
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Degeneratio macularis|&lt;&gt;|en|qid=Q27429789}}
* [[Discus opticus]]
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Fovea (oculus)|&lt;&gt;|en|qid=Q865103}}&lt;!--
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Macula (oculus)|&lt;&gt;|en|qid=Q747023}}--&gt;
* [[Opthalmologia]]
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ophthalmoscopia|&lt;&gt;|en|qid=Q837188}}
* [[Photon]]
* [[Retinoblastoma]]
* [[Retinitis pigmentosa]]
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Tapetum lucidum|&lt;&gt;|en|qid=Q1045562}}

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Retinas retinam] spectant
* Kolb H. [https://webvision.med.utah.edu/book/part-i-foundations/simple-anatomy-of-the-retina/ De structura retinae]. {{Ling|Anglice}}
* Langenbeck B. C. R. [[1835]]. [https://books.google.de/books?id=x6tEAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PR1&amp;dq=consensu+et+auctoritate+retinae+structura+penitiori&amp;hl=de&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwi6o6e75-jeAhXMMewKHYLaBDIQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&amp;q=consensu%20et%20auctoritate%20retinae%20structura%20penitiori&amp;f=false De retinae structura penitiori]. Dissertatio inauguralis. {{Ling|Latine}}

[[Categoria:Oculus]]
[[Categoria:Systema visuale]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ernestus Araújo</title>
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      <text bytes="4264" sha1="cp9f71lgyucvj2aeodu1sg6fjujppam" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Ernestus Araújo''', vulgo plene ''Ernesto Henrique Fraga Araújo'' (ad [[Portus Alacer (Brasilia)|Portum Alacrem]] natus die [[15 Maii]] [[1967]]), est legatus et politicus [[Brasilia]]e. 

[[Philologia]]e apud [[universitas Brasiliensis|universitatem Brasiliensem]] studuit. Apud [[ministerium rerum externarum Brasiliense|ministerium rerum externarum]] ab anno [[1991]] operam dabat, praecipue de rebus {{Creanda|en|Mercosur|Mercatus communis australis}} agens, nonnumquam [[Bruxellae|Bruxellis]] et [[Berolinum|Berolini]] ad coniunctiones Europaeas favendas morans. Ab anno [[2007]] usque in [[2010]] [[Ottavia]]e missus est iuxta regimen [[Canada|Canadense]]. A praeside futuro [[Iairus Bolsonaro|Iairo Bolsonaro]] selectus, a die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[2019]] usque in [[29 Martii]] [[2021]] minister a rebus externis meruit. Senatoribus postulantibus demissum esse dicitur ut qui &quot;ad marginem bonae diplomatiae veritatisque rerum gestarum respectusque institutionum&quot; viveret,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://oglobo.globo.com/politica/katia-abreu-rebate-ernesto-araujo-brasil-nao-pode-mais-ter-face-de-um-marginal-1-24945460 Kátia Abreu rebate Ernesto Araújo: 'Brasil não pode mais ter a face de um marginal']&quot; in ''O globo'' (28 Martii 2021)&lt;/ref&gt; qui &quot;psychopathus, vagabundus, falsiloquus&quot; esset.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://ultimosegundo.ig.com.br/politica/2021-03-29/ernesto-araujo-e-alvo-em-grupo-de-senadores---psicopata--vagabundo-e-mentiroso-.html Ernesto Araújo é alvo em grupo de senadores: &quot;psicopata, vagabundo e mentiroso&quot;]&quot; (29 Martii 2021) apud ''Ultimo segundo''&lt;/ref&gt;

Librum carminum [[mythistoria]]sque tres edidit.

== Scripta ==
; Litterae 
* 1985 : ''Ocidente'' (&quot;Occidens&quot;, carmina)
* 1998: ''A Porta de Mogar ''. ISBN 9788529501741 (mythistoria)
* 1999: ''Xarab Fica''. ISBN 9788529500096 (mythistoria)
* 2001: ''Quatro 3''. ISBN 8529500164 (mythistoria)

; Res politicae
* 1996 (cum Sérgio Augusto de Abreu, Lima Florêncio Sobrinho) : ''Mercosul hoje''. Editora Alfa Omega.
* 2007: ''[http://funag.gov.br/loja/download/0080-O_Mercosul_negociacoes_extra_regionais.pdf O Mercosul: negociações extra-regionais]''. Brasíliopoli: Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão
* 2017: &quot;Trump e o Ocidente&quot; in ''Cadernos de Política Exterior'' vol. 3 nº 6 (Decembri 2017)

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Ricardo Balthazar, &quot;[https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/ilustrissima/2018/12/ernesto-araujo-foi-de-diplomata-discreto-a-critico-ferrenho-do-marxismo.shtml Ernesto Araújo foi de diplomata discreto a crítico ferrenho do marxismo]&quot; in ''Folha de S. Paulo'' (16 Decembris 2018) (placitis [[Olavus de Carvalho|Olai de Carvalho]] recitatis)
* Fernando Cesarotti, &quot;[https://www.vice.com/pt_br/article/xwjknz/ernesto-araujo-o-diplomata-que-leva-ideias-de-comentarista-de-portal-ao-itamaraty Ernesto Araújo: o diplomata que leva ideias de comentarista de portal ao Itamaraty] {{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&quot; e serie &quot;[https://www.vice.com/pt_br/topic/a-banca-de-bolsonaro A banca de Bolsonaro: quem são e o que pensam os ministros escolhidos pelo presidente eleito]&quot; (Novembri/Decembri 2018) apud ''Vice.com''
* João Paulo Charleaux, &quot;[https://www.nexojornal.com.br/expresso/2018/11/27/Como-o-chanceler-de-Bolsonaro-defendia-o-governo-Lula-em-2008 Como o chanceler de Bolsonaro defendia o governo Lula em 2008]&quot; in ''Nexo'' (27 Novembris 2018)
* Ricardo della Coletta, &quot;[https://brasil.elpais.com/brasil/2018/11/14/politica/1542224082_262753.html Ernesto Araújo, o chanceler contra o “marxismo cultural” que mira Trump]&quot; in ''El País'' (15 Novembris 2018)
* Miriam Gomes Saraiva, &quot;[https://www.redalyc.org/journal/358/35872854010/ South America at the core of Brazilian foreign policy during Bolsonaro’s administration (2019-2022)]&quot; in ''Revista brasileira de política internacional'' (2022)

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://www.brazilcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/6-Itamaraty-2.pdf Vita brevis] apud ''Brazil-U.S. Business Council''

{{Ministri rerum externarum Brasilienses}}

{{Lifetime|1967||Araujo, Ernesto}}
[[Categoria:Legati Brasiliae]]
[[Categoria:Politici Brasiliae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores mythistoriarum Brasiliae]]
[[Categoria:Ministri rerum externarum]]</text>
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    <title>Balaenoptera musculus</title>
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      <text bytes="10036" sha1="sktrqxpei26tyxmahr0bhuk6jzjvr6u" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
{{Taxobox
| name = ''Balaenoptera musculus''
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|1.25|0|r=[[Quaternarium]] &gt; [[Recens]]&lt;ref name=&quot;http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&amp;taxon_no=70696&quot;&gt;{{cite web|website=Fossilworks Gateway to Paleontology|title=Fossilworks Dataway|url=http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&amp;taxon_no=70696|accessdate=2018-04-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421031508/http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&amp;taxon_no=70696|archive-date=21 Aprilis 2018|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution|volume=12|issue=1/2|pages=99–143|date=Iunio 2005|doi=10.1007/s10914-005-6944-3|title=The Taxonomic and Evolutionary History of Fossil and Modern Balaenopteroid Mysticetes|first1=Thomas A.|last1=Deméré|first2=Annalisa|last2=Berta|first3=Michael R.|last3=McGowen|url=http://www.bio.sdsu.edu/faculty/BERTA_files/Demere%20et%20al_2005.pdf|access-date=18 Maii 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100711163215/http://www.bio.sdsu.edu/faculty/BERTA_files/Demere%20et%20al_2005.pdf|archive-date=11 Iulii 2010|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=rise&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Bianucci G., Marx F. G., Collareta A., Di Stefano A., Landini W., Morigi C., Varola A.|doi=10.1098/rsbl.2019.0175|title=Rise of the titans: baleen whales became titans earlier than thought|journal=Biology Letters|year=2019|pmid=31039728|volume=15|issue=5|page=20190175}}.&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| status = EN
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;iucn&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | author = Reilly, S. B. | author2 = Bannister, J. L. | author3 = Best, P. B. | author4 = Brown, M. | author5 = Brownell Jr., R. L. | author6 = Butterworth, D. S. | author7 = Clapham, P. J. | author8 = Cooke, J. | author9 = Donovan, G. P. | author10 = Urbán, J. | author11 = Zerbini, A. N. | last-author-amp = yes | title = Balaenoptera musculus | journal = The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species | volume = 2008 | page = e.T2477A9447146 | date = 2008 | url = https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/2477/9447146 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T2477A9447146.en | access-date = 27 Decembris 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181024073548/https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/2477/9447146 | archive-date = 24 Octobris 2018}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
| image = Anim1754 - Flickr - NOAA Photo Library.jpg
| image_width = 270px
| image_caption = '''''Balaenoptera musculus''''' adulta
| image2 = blue whale size.svg
| image2_caption = Comparatio ''Balaenopterae musculus'' adulti et [[homo sapiens|hominis]] [[magnitudo|magnitudinis]] mediocris.
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| classis = [[Mammalia]]
| ordo = [[Artiodactyla]]
| subordo = [[Cetacea]]
| parvordo = [[Mysticeti]]
| familia = [[Balaenopteridae]]
| genus = [[Balaenoptera]]
| species = '''''B. musculus'''''
| species_authority = ([[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[1758]])
| range_map = Cypron-Range Balaenoptera musculus.svg
| range_map_width = 225px
| range_map_caption = Distributio (partes [[caeruleus|caeruleae]])
| subdivision_ranks = [[Subspecies]]
| subdivision =
* ''B. m. musculus'' &lt;small&gt;(Linnaeus, 1758)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''B. m. intermedia'' &lt;small&gt;(Burmeister, 1871)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''B. m. brevicauda'' &lt;small&gt;(Ichihara, 1966)&lt;/small&gt;
* ?''B. m. indica'' &lt;small&gt;(Blyth, 1859)&lt;/small&gt;
 | synonyms = 
* ''Balaena musculus'' {{small|Linnaeus,&amp;nbsp;1758}}
* ''Balaenoptera gibbar'' &lt;small&gt;[[William Scoresby|Scoresby]],&amp;nbsp;1820&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Pterobalaena gigas'' &lt;small&gt;[[Pierre-Joseph van Beneden|Van&amp;nbsp;Beneden]],&amp;nbsp;1861&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Physalus latirostris'' &lt;small&gt;[[William Henry Flower|Flower]],&amp;nbsp;1864&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sibbaldius borealis'' &lt;small&gt;[[John Edward Gray|Gray]],&amp;nbsp;1866&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Flowerius gigas'' &lt;small&gt;[[Wilhelm Lilljeborg|Lilljeborg]],&amp;nbsp;1867&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Sibbaldius sulfureus'' &lt;small&gt;[[Edward Drinker Cope|Cope]],&amp;nbsp;1869&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Balaenoptera sibbaldii'' &lt;small&gt;[[Georg Ossian Sars|Sars]],&amp;nbsp;1875&lt;/small&gt;
}}
'''''Balaenoptera musculus''''' est [[mammale marinum]] [[subordo|parvordinis]] [[Mysticeti|Mysticetorum]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title = Species Fact Sheets: Balaenoptera musculus (Linnaeus, 1758)| publisher = Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, Food and Agriculture Organization [[Consociatio Nationum|Consociationis Nationum]]| url = http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2744| accessdate = 24 Decembris 2012| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090227042533/http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2744| archive-date = 27 Februarii 2009| dead-url = no| df = dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Quod [[mammale]], 29.9 metra&lt;ref name=pop&gt;{{cite web | title = Assessment and Update Status Report on the Blue Whale ''Balaenoptera musculus'' | publisher = Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada | year = 2002 | url = http://www.sararegistry.gc.ca/virtual_sara/files/cosewic/sr_blue_whale_e.pdf | accessdate = 19 April 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140915084032/http://www.sararegistry.gc.ca/virtual_sara/files/cosewic/sr%5Fblue%5Fwhale%5Fe%2Epdf | archive-date = 15 September 2014 | dead-url = no | df = dmy-all}}.&lt;/ref&gt; [[longitudo|longum]] et 173 tonnae [[pondus|pondere]],&lt;ref name=pop/&gt; est maximum [[animal]] notum quod umquam exsistit.&lt;ref name=G.S.Paul2010&gt;{{cite book|last=Paul|first=Gregory S.|title=The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs|edition=Secunda|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=PFuzDAAAQBAJ|page=19}}|date=25 Octobris 2016|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-8314-1|page=19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bortolotti 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Corpus]] est longum et tenue, [[cutis]] [[canus|cinerascens]] et [[caeruleus|caerulea]] in parte dorsali et aliquantulum clarior in parte ventrali.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title = Species Fact Sheets: Balaenoptera musculus (Linnaeus, 1758)| publisher = Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, Food and Agriculture Organization [[Consociatio Nationum|Consociationis Nationum]]| url = http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2744| accessdate = 24 Decembris 2012| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090227042533/http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2744| archive-date = 27 Februarii 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sunt tres saltem [[subspecies]] distinctae: ''B. m. musculus'' in [[oceanus|oceanis]] [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Atlantico]] et [[Oceanus Pacificus|Pacifico]] septentrionalibus, ''B. m. intermedia'' in [[Oceanus Australis|Oceano Australi]], et ''B. m. brevicauda'' in oceanis [[Oceanus Indicus|Indico]] et Pacifico australi. Praeterea, ''Balaenoptera musculus indica,'' qui oceanum Indicum [[habitatio|habitat]], fortasse est alia subspecies. Aliis Mysticetis similis, minutis [[crustacea|crustaceis]] [[euphausiacea|euphausiaceis]] appellatis paene solum [[victus|vescitur]].&lt;ref name=&quot;wheelock&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Contaminant analysis of organochlorines in blubber biopsies from blue whales in the St. Lawrence Seaway |publisher=Trent University |last1=de Koning |first1=Jason |last2=Wild |first2=Geoff |year=1997 |url=http://whale.wheelock.edu/bwcontaminants/welcome.html |accessdate=29 Iunii 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704145244/http://whale.wheelock.edu/bwcontaminants/welcome.html |archive-date=4 July 2007.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Fasciculus:Rug van blauwe vinvis Sri Lanka.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|''Balaenoptera musculus indica'' ante [[litus]] [[Srilanca]]e.]]&lt;!--
[[Fasciculus:Blue whale tail.JPG|thumb|upright=0.7|''Balaenoptera musculus'' [[cauda]]m attollit.]]
[[Fasciculus:Blue Whale 001 body bw.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|''Balaenoptera musculus'' adultus.]]
[[Fasciculus:Size comparison of blue whale and the Mayflower.svg|thumb|upright=0.7|Comparatio [[magnitudo|magnitudinis]] ''Balaenopterae musculus'' (infra) et ''[[Mayflower]]'' (supra), [[navis]] [[Anglia|Anglicae]] quae [[colonia|colonos]] ad [[Nova Anglia|Novam Angliam]] anno [[1620]] transvexit.]]--&gt;

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*American Cetacean Society. [[2004]]. [http://www.acsonline.org/factpack/bluewhl.htm ''Blue Whale.''] [https://web.archive.org/web/20041229091633/http://www.acsonline.org/factpack/bluewhl.htm Archivum, 29 Decembris 2004.]
*Bortolotti, Dan. [[2008]]. ''Wild Blue: A Natural History of the World's Largest Animal.'' Novi Eboraci: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-1-4299-8777-6.
*Calambokidis, John, et Gretchen Steiger. [[1998]]. ''Blue Whales.'' Stillwater Minnesotae: Voyageur Press. ISBN 978-0-89658-338-2.
*Gentle, Victor, et Janet Perry. [[2001]]. ''Blue whales.'' Milvauchiae Visconsiniae: Gareth Stevens Publishing. ISBN 0836828801.
*Jefferson, Thomas A., Marc A. Webber, et Robert L. Pitman. [[2015]]. ''Marine mammals of the world: a comprehensive guide to their identification.'' Illust. Uko Gorter. Ed. 2a. Londinii et Didacopoli Californiae: Elsevier / Academic Press. ISBN 9780124095427, ISBN 0124095429 (liber electronicus).
*Miller-Schroeder, Patricia. [[1998]]. ''Blue whales.'' Austinopoli Texiae: Raintree Steck-Vaughn. ISBN 0817245707.

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|Balaenoptera musculus|''Balaenopteram musculus''}}
{{Wikispecies|Balaenoptera musculus|''Balaenopteram musculus''}}
{{Fontes biologici}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150226002906/http://www.birds.cornell.edu/brp/listen-to-project-sounds/blue-whale Vocalizationes ''Balaenopterae musxculi.''] Propositum Inbvestigationis Bioacusticae, Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
*[http://marinebio.org/species.asp?id=41 Blue whale, ''Balaenoptera musculus.''] MarineBio.org.
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science_and_environment/10340277.stm ''Great whales.''] [[BBC|BBC News]].
*NOAA Fisheries, Office of Protected Resources. [http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/mammals/cetaceans/bluewhale.htm Blue whale biology &amp; status.]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20101106083824/http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/species/Blue_Whale Pelliculae et nuntii.] [[BBC|BBC Wildlife Finder]]
*[http://cetus.ucsd.edu/voicesinthesea_org/species/baleenWhales/blue.html Voces in Mari: Soni Balaenopterae musculus]

[[Categoria:Balaenopteridae]]
[[Categoria:Taxa Linnaei]]
[[Categoria:Taxa 1758]]
[[Categoria:Species animalium]]
{{Myrias|Biologia}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Beverly Sills</title>
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      <text bytes="9369" sha1="36em20m861pho2exmith8dpjye8m2as" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Beverly Sills by Van Vechten.jpg|thumb|upright|Beverly Sills anno [[1956]]. [[Photographema]] a [[Carolus Van Vechten|Carolo Van Vechten]] factum.]]
'''Beverly Sills''' ([[25 Maii]] [[1929]]; [[2 Iulii]] [[2007]]) fuit [[supranus|suprana]] [[opera]]tica [[Civitates Foederatae|Americana]], quae [[decennium|decenniis]] [[1950]], [[1960]], [[1970]] [[floruit]].

Suum repertorium [[persona]]s in [[opera|operis]] ab [[Georgius Fridericus Handel|Handelianis]] [[Wolfgangus Amadeus Mozart|Mozartianisque]] ad [[Iacobus Puccini|Puccinianis]], [[Iulius Massenet|Massenetianis]], [[Iosephus Verdi|Verdianisque]] comprehendit, sed actionibus partes [[suprana coloratura|supranarum coloraturarum]] in [[fabula|fabulis]] scaenicis vivis impressionibusque per [[discophonum|discophona]] agentibus innotuit. Se cum [[opera|operis]] [[Caietanus Donizetti|Donizettianis]] consociavit, quarum multas partes egit et in impressiones discophonicas redegit. Inter suas partes proprias erant pars titularis in ''[[Lucia di Lammermoor]]'' Donizettiana, pars titularis in ''[[Manon]]'' Massenetiana, Marie in ''[[La fille du régiment]]'' Donizettiana, tres heroinae in ''[[Les contes d'Hoffmann]]'' [[Iacobus Offenbach|Iacobi Offenbach]], Rosina in ''[[Il barbiere di Siviglia]]'' [[Ioachim Rossini|Ioachimi Rossini]], Violetta in ''[[La traviata]]'' Iosephi Verdi, et insignissime Elisabetta in ''[[Roberto Devereux]]'' Donizettiana.

Secundum ''[[The New York Times]],'' &quot;Eximiam [[ars|artem]] technicam [[aetas|aetate]] florens exhibebat. Tarantara floralia ornatúsque perficere poterat, altis D et E-mollibus radiantibus in summo, facilique agilitate ut videbatur. Scrupulosá arte musicá, alacritate [[rhythmus|rhythmicá]], vividoque [[textus|textús]] [[sensus|sensu]] canebat.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Anglice]] &quot;In her prime her technique was exemplary. She could dispatch coloratura roulades and embellishments, capped by radiant high Ds and E-flats, with seemingly effortless agility. She sang with scrupulous musicianship, rhythmic incisiveness and a vivid sense of text.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Tommasini 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Interpres]] [[radiophonica|radiophonicus]] in [[rete]] NPR dixit eius [[vox|vocem]] &quot;potuisse funem ligatum nere, infinitum ut videbatur, vel summá integritate [[crystallum|crystalliná]] in undulas floraturae fulgidae altarumque [[nota (musica)|notarum]] mirificarum displodere.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Anglice]] &quot;Capable of spinning a seemingly endless legato line, or bursting with crystalline perfection into waves of dazzling fiorature and thrilling high notes.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Libbey 2006: 782.&lt;/ref&gt;

Postquam a [[scaena]] anno [[1980]] recessit, generalis [[New York City Opera]] administrator facta est. Anno [[1994]], praeses [[Centrum Lincolniense|Centri Lincolniensis]], et tum anno [[2002]] [[Opera Metropolitana|Operae Metropolitanae]] facta est, ac se ab officio ad ultimum anno [[2005]] abdicavit. Suo [[fama|nomine]] [[beneficentia|liberalitatis]] causá utebatur, plerumque ad [[defectio natalis|defectiones natales]] prohibendas et tractandas.

==De vita==
Nata est ''Belle Miriam Silverman'' [[Crown Heights (Brooklynium)|Crown Heights]] in [[vicus|vico]] [[Brooklynium|Brooklynii]], [[Urbs Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]], [[mater|matre]] Shirley Bahn (natá Soniá Markovna), [[musicus|musicá]], [[pater|patre]] Morris Silverman, [[negotium|negotiatore]] [[assecuratio]]nis.&lt;ref&gt;Tommasini 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.filmreference.com/film/88/Beverly-Sills.html |title=Beverly Sills Biography (1929–) |publisher=Filmreference.com |date= |accessdate=26 Octobris 2008}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Parentes erant [[Iudaei]] qui ex [[Odessa]] [[Ucraina]]e (tum parte [[Russia]]e) et [[Bucaresta]] [[Romania]]e [[immigratio|immigraverant]]. Loquebatur [[puella]] [[lingua Iudaeo-Germanica|Iudaeo-Germanice]], [[Russice]], [[lingua Dacoromanica|Dacoromanice]], [[Francogallice]], [[Anglice]].&lt;ref&gt;Tommasini 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ei concessus est [[doctor musicae|doctoratus musicae]] honoris causa ab [[Universitas Temple| Universitate Temple]] anno [[1972]], [[Universitas Novi Eboraci|Universitate Novi Eboraci]] et [[Conservatorium Music Novae Angliae|Conservatorio Musicae Novae Angliae]] anno [[1973]], [[Universitas Harvardiana|Universitate Harvardiana]] anno [[1974]], et [[Insitutum Artium Californiense|Instituto Artium Californiensi]] anno [[1975]].

[[Cancer pulmonum|Cancro pulmonum]] obiit die [[2 Iulii]] [[2007]], anno aetatis suae septuagesimo octavo, filiá praesente.&lt;ref&gt;Mark Feeny, [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001627/http://www.boston.com/ae/music/articles/2007/07/03/beverly_sills_peoples_diva_dies/ &quot;Beverly Sills, people's diva, dies,&quot;] ''The Boston Globe,'' [[3 Iulii]] [[2007]].&lt;/ref&gt; [[Corpus]] in Hortis Sharon, regione Iudaica [[Coemeterium Kensico|Coemeterii Kensico]] [[Valhalla (Novum Eboracum)|Valhallae]] [[Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]], sepultum est. [[Nomen proprium|Nomen]] Beverly Sills in [[Aula Gloriae Nationalis Mulierum|Aula Gloriae Nationali Mulierum]] anno [[1998]] inscriptum est.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.womenofthehall.org/inductee/beverly-sills/ &quot;Beverly Sills,&quot;] National Women's Hall of Fame.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Bibliographia==
[[Fasciculus:Beverly Sills Tombstone 2011.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Monumentum]] Beverly Sills in [[Coemeterium Kensico|Coemeterio Kensico]] [[Valhalla (Novum Eboracum)|Valhallae]] [[Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]].]]
*Guy, Nancy. [[2015]]. ''The Magic of Beverly Sills.'' Urbanae et Sicagi: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-03973-7.
*Hamilton, David, ed. [[1987]]. ''The Metropolitan Opera encyclopedia: a comprehensive guide to the world of opera.'' Novi Eboraci: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 067161732X.
*Libbey, Ted. [[2006]]. ''The NPR Listener's Encyclopedia of Classical Music.'' Novi Eboraci: Workman Publishing.
*Paolucci, Bridget. [[1990]]. ''Beverly Sills.'' Novi Eboraci: Chelsea House Publishers. ISBN 1-55546-677-X.
*Sargeant, Withrop. [[1973]]. ''Divas.'' Novi Eboraci: Coward, McCann &amp; Geoghegan. ISBN 0-698-10489-7.
*Sills, Beverly. [[1976]]. ''Bubbles: A Self-Portrait.'' Novi Eboraci: Bobbs-Merrill. ISBN 0-446-81520-9.&lt;!--revised edition 1981 as ''Bubbles: An Encore''--&gt;
*Sills, Beverly, cum Lawrence Linderman. [[1987]]. ''Beverly: An Autobiography.'' Novi Eboraci: Bantam Books. ISBN 0-553-05173-3.
*Sills, Beverly. [[1987]]. ''Beverly Sills: On My Own.'' ISBN 0-553-45743-8. Liber audio.&lt;!--designated as a companion to ''Beverly: An Autobiography'', with Sills speaking in interview about her life, interspersed with narration and live musical excerpts; no direct text from the printed autobiography.--&gt;
*''Beverly Sills: Made in America.'' [[2006]]. Deutsche Grammophon B0007999-09. [[Pellicula documentaria]].&lt;!--90-minutes on Sills's singing career, many rare video performances and interview clips--&gt;
*Tommasini, Anthony. [[2007]]. &quot;Beverly Sills, All-American Diva, Is Dead at 78.&quot; ''[[The New York Times]],'' 3 Iulii. [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/03/arts/music/03sills.html?pagewanted=all Editio interretialis.]

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|Beverly Sills}}
{{wikiquote|Beverly Sills}}
*[http://www.beverlysillsonline.com ''Beverly Sills Online.''] Situs cum discographia, bibliographia, pinacotheca photographematum, pelliculis soni et visús, tabula temporali, commentariis editis, et aliis fontibus.&lt;!--
*{{Allmusic|class=artist|id=q53023}}--&gt;
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070712084511/http://www.wic.org/bio/bsills.htm ''Beverly Sills: Special mother to the special children.''] De opere liberalitatis pro pueris [[debilitas|debilibus]].
*{{IMDb name|0798116|Beverly Sills}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20021221181302/http://www.greatwomen.org/women.php?action=viewone&amp;id=144 Biographia in National Women's Hall of Fame.]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930181659/http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/b/beverly_sills.html Loci allati Beverly Sills.] Apud BrainyQuote.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20131105111737/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/gperf/shows/beverlysills/index.html &quot;Beverly Sills: Made in America.&quot;] ''Great Performances'' (PBS).
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061023051328/http://operamom.com/featured_artist_sills.html De Beverly Sills.] Apud OperaMom.com.&lt;!--
*{{findagrave|20236691}}
*{{YouTube|YAz2HgSZaDs|Sills at age 8, singing &quot;Arditi: Il bacio&quot;}}--&gt;
*[https://www.amazon.com/gp/richpub/listmania/fullview/RFZ720XW8IYU1/cm_lm_byauthor_title_full ''The Essential Beverly Sills.''] Liber.
*[https://archive.org/search.php?query=Beverly+Sills&amp;page=3 &quot;Beverly Sills performs arias from ''La traviata'', ''Lucia di Lammermoor'', ''Manon'', ''Mignon'' and ''Tales of Hoffmann.''&quot;] Apud archive.org.

{{Lifetime|1929|2007|Sills, Beverly}}
[[Categoria:Acceptores Insignis Artium Nationalis Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Anglici]]
[[Categoria:Autobiographi]]&lt;!-- ... Civitatum Foederatarum--&gt;
[[Categoria:Cantores Civitatum Foederatarum]]&lt;!-- =Singers from New York City--&gt;
[[Categoria:Iudaei]]
[[Categoria:Praemium Grammy]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Suprani]]&lt;!--melius: s. operatici Americani--&gt;&lt;!--
[[Category:Erasmus Hall High School alumni]]
[[Category:Gilbert and Sullivan performers]]
[[Category:Jewish opera singers]]
[[Category:Kennedy Center honorees]]
[[Category:Burials at Kensico Cemetery]]
[[Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients]]--&gt;

{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Celebis</title>
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      <text bytes="32546" sha1="7qkwdmid7v6tpnl9ps9warjnzz6tfvu" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Sulawesi map.PNG|thumb|[[Tabula geographica]] [[provincia]]rum.]]
[[Fasciculus:Sulawesi Topography.png|thumb|Tabula [[topographia|topogrpahica]].]]
'''Celebis'''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;''Celebes, insula Asiae, ''Celebis&quot;: {{Hofmannus}}. &quot;Macassaria, ''Macassar'' in Celebis insula&quot; {{Google Books|QeGGC-cBOSUC|p. 379}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Vb. adiect. &quot;Celebensis&quot;, cf. nomina biologica e.g. ''[[Sus celebensis]]''&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Indonesice]] ''Sulawesi'') est una ex quattuor [[Insulae Sundanae maiores|Maioribus Insulis Sundanis]], undecima a maxima [[tellus|telluris]] [[insula]], quae ad [[oriens|orientem]] [[Borneum|Bornei]], [[occidens|occidentem]] [[Insulae Moluccae|Insularum Moluccarum]], et [[meridies|meridiem]] [[Mindanaum|Mindanai]] [[Archipelagus Suluensis|Archipelagique Suluensis]] sita est. [[Rectio|Regitur]] ab [[Indonesia]], cui solum [[Sumatra]], [[Borneum]], et [[Papua (provincia Indonesiae)|Papua]] sunt maiores, et solum [[Iava]]e et Sumatrae sunt maiores [[multitudo|multitudines]].

[[Terra]] Celebensis quattuor [[paeninsula]]s comprehendit, quae sunt [[Minahassa]] in [[septentrio]]nibus; [[Paeninsula Orientalis]], [[Paeninsula Meridiana]], et [[Paeninsula Meridio-Orientalis]]. Tres [[sinus]] has paeninsulas separant, quae sunt [[Sinus Tomini]] inter Minahasam et Paeninsulam Orientalem, [[Sinus Tolo]] inter paeninsulas orientalem et meridio-orientalem, et [[Sinus Bone]] inter paeninsulas meridianam et meridio-orientalem. [[Fretum Macassarense]] orientale insulae latus sequitur et insulam a Borneo separat.

==Etymologia==
Insulae [[nomen proprium]] fortasse ex [[vocabulum|vocabulis]] ''sula'' 'insula' et ''besi'' '[[ferrum]]' venit, et [[historia|historicam]] ferri exportationem ex [[ferrum infectum|depositis ferri]]&lt;!--iron ore (Traupman)--&gt; prope [[Lacus Matano|Lacum Matano]] attingere potest.&lt;ref&gt;Watuseke 1974.&lt;/ref&gt; Nomen ''Sulawesi'' in variis [[lingua|linguis]] post [[Indonesia liberata|Indonesiam liberatam]] ad insulam late adhiberi coepit. Nomen ''Celebes'' primum ab [[exploratores Portugallici|exploratoribus Portugallicis]] insulae datum est; quamquam eius [[significatio (linguistica)|significatio]] propria est obscura, nomen ipsum [[Portugallice]] conversum putari potest.&lt;ref&gt;Everett-Heath 2018: 1131.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Praehistoria==
[[Fasciculus:Tokalalaea Megalith 2007.jpg|thumb|left|[[Lapis]] megalithicus in [[Media Sulavesia]].]]
Ante mensem Octobrem 2014, homines moderni sese in Sulavesiá meridianá circa annum 30&amp;thinsp;000 a.C.n. per [[computatio radiocarbonica|computationem radiocarbonicam]] indiciorum in refugiis [[saxum|saxosis]] inventorum constituere putabantur.&lt;ref&gt;Glover 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bulbeck, Sumantri, et Hiscock 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; Priora indicia occupationis ab hominibus nondum inventa sunt, sed insula paene certe pars fuerat pontis terrestris quem homines ad [[Australia]]m et [[Nova Guinea|Novam Guineam]] inveniendas ante saltem 40&amp;thinsp;000 a.C.n. transierant.&lt;ref&gt;Macknight 1975.&lt;/ref&gt; Sunt nulla indicia ''[[Homo erectus|Hominem erectum]]'' Sulavesiam attigi; inculta [[instrumentum rusticum|instrumenta]] [[lapis|lapidea]] in dextrá [[Walennae Flumen|Walennae Fluminis]] ripá ad [[Berru (Indonesia)|Beruu]] anno [[1947]] inventa et cum [[fossile|fossilibus]] [[vertebrata|vertebratorum]] consociata ex [[Pleistocaenum|Pleistocaeno]] olim putabantur,&lt;ref&gt;Bartstra et al. 1991.&lt;/ref&gt; sed nunc ex fortasse 50&amp;thinsp;000 a.C.b. exstare putantur.&lt;ref&gt;Bulbeck, Sumantri, et Hiscock 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

In Sulavesia Media sunt plus quam quadringenta [[megalithum|megalitha]] [[granites|granitis]], quae varia studia [[archaeologia|archaeologica]] dicunt annos ab [[3000 a.C.n.]] ad [[1300]] p.C.n. facta esse. [[Magnitudo|Magnitudine]] a paucis [[centimetrum|centimetris]] ad circa 4.5 [[metrum|metra]] variant, quorum prima proposita ignota sunt. Circa triginta formas humanas exhibent. Alia megalitha magnae [[olla]]e (''kalamba'') et [[patina]]e lapideae (''tutu'na'') videntur.&lt;ref name=&quot;National Geographic&quot;&gt;Hile 2001.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jakarta Post&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234549/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2005/05/06/c-sulawesi039s-lore-lindu-park-home-biological-wealth.html Sangadji, Ruslan: ''C. Sulawesi's Lore Lindu park, home to biological wealth'', The Jakarta Post, 5 Iunii 2005] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234549/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2005/05/06/c-sulawesi039s-lore-lindu-park-home-biological-wealth.html |date=3 Martii 2016}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mense Octobri [[2014]], archaeologi nuntiaverunt [[pictura cavernarum|picturas cavernarum]] in Maros abhinc annorum 40&amp;thinsp;000 factas esse. Doctor Maxime Aubert ex [[Universitas Griffithiana|Universitate Griffithiana]] in [[Terra Reginae]] [[Australia]]e dixit minimam [[adumbratio]]nis [[manus]] aetatem esse 39&amp;thinsp;900 annos, quam ob causam haec pictura est veterrima [[stincilla manualis]]&lt;!--?hand stencil--&gt; in [[mundus|mundo]],&quot; et addidit: &quot;Iuxta quam est [[sus]] qui non minus quam 35&amp;thinsp;400 habet, et haec est una ex veterrimis picturis in mundo, si non veterrima est.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Anglice]] &quot;Next to it is a pig that has a minimum age of 35,400 years old, and this is one of the oldest figurative depictions in the world, if not the oldest one.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite newspaper | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-29415716 | title=Painted caves challenge art origins| journal=BBC News| date=2014-10-08| last1=Ghosh| first1=Pallab}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Rectio==
Insula in sex [[provincia]]s divisa est, quae sunt [[Gorontalo (provincia)|Gorontalo]], [[Sulavesia Occidentalis]], [[Sulavesia Meridiana]], [[Sulavesia Media]], [[Sulavesia Meridio-Orientalis]], [[Sulavesia Septentrionalis]]. Sulavesia Occidentalis, provincia nova, anno [[2004]] ex Sulavesia Meridiana erecta. Maximae [[urbes]] in insula sunt [[Makassar]], [[Manado]], [[Palu]], [[Kendari]], [[Bitung]], [[Gorontalo (urbs)|Gorontalo]], [[Palopo]], [[Baubau]].

{| align=left width=&quot;34%&quot; border=1 cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 style=&quot;margin: 1em 0 0 0; background: #ffffff; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; text-align:center; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|- style=&quot;background: #efefef; border-bottom:2px solid gray;&quot;
! Provincia
! Area in&lt;br /&gt;chiliometris&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;
! Multitudo&lt;br /&gt;(2010 census)
! Multitudo&lt;br /&gt;(2019 aestimatio)
! Densitas&lt;br /&gt;per km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt; (2019)
|-
| [[Sulavesia Meridiana]]
| 46&amp;thinsp;717.48
| 8&amp;thinsp;034&amp;thinsp;776
| 8&amp;thinsp;819&amp;thinsp;500
| 188.8
|-
| [[Sulavesia Occidentalis]]
| 16&amp;thinsp;787.18
| 1&amp;thinsp;158&amp;thinsp;651
| 1&amp;thinsp;359&amp;thinsp;200
| 81.0
|-
| [[Sulavesia Media]]
| 61&amp;thinsp;841.29
| 2&amp;thinsp;635&amp;thinsp;009
| 3&amp;thinsp;042&amp;thinsp;100
| 49.2
|-
| [[Sulavesia Meridio-Orientalis]]
| 38&amp;thinsp;067.70
| 2&amp;thinsp;232&amp;thinsp;586
| 2&amp;thinsp;663&amp;thinsp;700
| 70.0
|-
| [[Gorontalo (provincia)|Gorontalo]]
| 11&amp;thinsp;257.07
| 1&amp;thinsp;040&amp;thinsp;164
| 1&amp;thinsp;176&amp;thinsp;400
| 104.5
|-
| [[Sulavesia Septentrionalis]]
| 13&amp;thinsp;851.64
| 2&amp;thinsp;270&amp;thinsp;596
| 2&amp;thinsp;512&amp;thinsp;900
| 181.4
|-
|-
| '''Summa'''
| '''188&amp;thinsp;522.36'''
| '''17&amp;thinsp;371&amp;thinsp;782'''
| '''19&amp;thinsp;573&amp;thinsp;800'''
| '''103.8'''
|-
|}{{clear}}

{| align=left width=&quot;34%&quot; border=1 cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 style=&quot;margin: 1em 0 0 0; background: #ffffff; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; text-align:center; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|- style=&quot;background: #efefef; border-bottom:2px solid gray;&quot;
! Urbs
! Provincia urbem continens
! Multitudo (2010 census)
! Multitudo&lt;br /&gt;(2014 aestimatio)
|-
| [[Macassar]]
| Sulavesia Meridiana
| 1&amp;thinsp;339&amp;thinsp;374
| 1&amp;thinsp;398&amp;thinsp;804
|-
| [[Manado]]
| Sulavesia Septentrionalis
| 408&amp;thinsp;354
| 430&amp;thinsp;790
|-
| [[Palu]]
| Sulavesia Media
| 335&amp;thinsp;297
| 362&amp;thinsp;621
|-
| [[Kendari]]
| Sulavesia Meridio-Orientalis
| 289&amp;thinsp;468
| 314&amp;thinsp;042
|-
| [[Bitung]]
| Sulavesia Septentrionalis
| 187&amp;thinsp;932
| 196&amp;thinsp;936
|-
| [[Gorontalo (urbs)|Gorontalo]]
| Gorontalo
| 179&amp;thinsp;991
| 196&amp;thinsp;464
|-
| [[Palopo]]
| Sulavesia Meridiana
| 148&amp;thinsp;033
| 154&amp;thinsp;579
|-
| [[Baubau]]
| Sulavesia Meridio-Orientalis
| 137&amp;thinsp;118
| 148&amp;thinsp;366
|}{{clear}}

==Flora et fauna==
[[Fasciculus:Tangkoko National Park, North Sulawesi, Indonesia.jpg|thumb|[[Tongkoko]] est [[mons ignifer]] in Sulvesia Septentrionali.]]
[[Fasciculus:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Paalwoning Sulawesi TMnr 10021564.jpg|thumb|Casa indigenarum.]]
[[Fasciculus:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM 'Padjogé' danseressen te Maros Celebes TMnr 10003470 Retouch.jpg|thumb|[[Saltator]]es [[Padjogé]] in [[Maros]] Sulavesiae [[anni 1870|annis 1870]].]] 
[[Fasciculus:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Lokaal hoofd van de eilanden ten zuiden van Celebes TMnr 10001613.jpg|thumb|Dux loci (1872).]]
[[Fasciculus:Hands in Pettakere Cave.jpg|thumb|[[Stincilla manualis|Stincillae manuales]]&lt;!-- stencils--&gt; in Pettakere Caverna in Maros.]]
[[Fasciculus:Lemo burial site.jpg|thumb|[[Sepulcretum]] [[Toraja]]. ''Tautau,'' [[statua]] quae homines sepultos repraesentat, in rupibus videtur.]]
[[Fasciculus:Rainbow Eucalyptus Maui.jpg|thumb|[[Color|Polychromus]] ''[[Eucalyptus deglupta|Eucalypti degluptae]]'' [[cortex]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Hirscheber1a.jpg|thumb|''[[Babyrousa celebensis]]'' in Sulavesia [[endemismus|endemica]] est.]]
[[Fasciculus:Trichoglossus ornatus -Nashville Zoo-8a-4c.jpg|thumb|''[[Trichoglossus ornatus]]'' in Sulavesia endemicus est.]]
[[Fasciculus:Nomorhamphus liemi liemi (Wroclaw zoo)-2.JPG|thumb|Quindecim [[species]] [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[Zenarchopteridae|Zenarchopteridarum]] in Sulavesia endemicae sunt, inter quas duodecim ''[[Nomorhamphus]]'' (pictus), ''[[Dermogenys orientalis]],'' ''[[Dermogenys vogti]],'' et ''[[Tondanichthys kottelati]].''&lt;ref name=SysNomorhamphus/&gt;&lt;ref name=FishBaseNomorhamphus/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{FishBase|Tondanichthys|kottelati|year=2014}}.&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[Fasciculus:Orange delight shrimp sulawesi.jpg|thumb|''[[Caridina loehae]]'' in Sulavesia invenitur.]]
[[Fasciculus:Bunaken01.JPG|thumb|[[Bunaken]] [[insula]] a Manado Tua insula visa.]]

Sulavesia pars [[Wallacea]]e est, quod significat ei esse mixturam [[species|specierum]] [[regnum Indomalaesianum|Indomalaesianarum]] et [[regnum Australasianum|Australasianarum]], quae insulam per [[dissipatio oceanica|dissipationem oceanicam]] attigerunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hall1998&quot;&gt;Moss et Wilson 1998.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name = &quot;WWF&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url= https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/aa0123 |title= Indonesia: Island of Sulawesi |last= Morrison |first= J. |date= 2002 |website= World Wildlife Fund |access-date= 2018-05-05}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Inter autem [[flora]]s est ''[[Eucalyptus deglupta]],'' unus [[eucalyptus]] endemicus. Sunt in insula octo vivaria civica, quorum quattuor plerumque sunt [[vivarium marinum|vivaria marina]]. Vivaria quibus sunt maximae [[area (geometria)|areae]] sunt [[Bogani Nani Wartabone]] (2871 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) et [[Lore Lindu Vivarium Civicum]] (2290 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). [[Bunaken Vivarium Civicum]], quae [[oecosystema]] [[curalium|curalinum]] multiplicum protegit, [[patrimonium totius mundi]] [[UNESCO]] propositum est.

===Mammalia===
[[Pleistocaenum|Pleistocaeno]] ineunte, Sulavesiae fuit [[elephas nanus]] et ob [[nanismus insularis|nanismum insularem]] ''[[Stegodon]]'' nanus (''Stegodon sompoensis,'' cognatus [[elephas|elephantium]]);&lt;ref name=&quot;Corlett2010&quot; /&gt; deinde ambo genera a maioribus animalibus substituta sunt.&lt;ref name = &quot;Aziz2000&quot;&gt;Aziz 2000.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Morwood2016&quot; /&gt; ''[[Celebochoerus]],'' [[Suidae|suida]] praegrandis, olim etiam exstabat.&lt;ref name=&quot;Metcalfe2001&quot;&gt;{{cite book|editor1=Metcalfe, I.|editor2=Smith, J. M.B.|editor3=Morwood, M.|editor4= Davidson, I.|author= Groves C.|title= Faunal and Floral Migration and Evolution in SE Asia-Australasia|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Fp-l8IEAFHQC&amp;printsec=frontcover|chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;id=Fp-l8IEAFHQC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PA333|chapter= Mammals in Sulawesi: Where did they come from and when, and what happened to them when they got there?|pages= 333–342|date=1 Iunii 2001|publisher=CRC Press|isbn= 978-90-5809-349-3}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Putantur multi immigrantes per [[Philippinae|Philippinas]] advenisse, cum Sulavesia vicissim statio temporaria migrantium ad [[Flores]] esset.&lt;ref&gt;Morwood &amp; van Oosterzee (2016), [https://books.google.com/books?id=yRCmDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA147 p. 147]&lt;/ref&gt; Commutatio [[fauna]]rum Pleistocaenica agnoscitur, cum nonnullae [[tarsiidae]] endemicae ab advenis substitutae essent, et ''[[Celebochoerus]]'' ab [[herbivora|herbivoris]] magnitudinis mediae, praecipue a ''[[babyrousa]],'' ''[[anoa]]'' ([[bubalus|bubalo]] nano), et [[sus celebensis|sue celebensi]].&lt;ref&gt;Laurent et al. 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

Sunt in Sulavesia 127 [[mammal]]ium species exstantes notae. Multae, 62 centesimae (79 species), sunt [[endemismus|endemicae]]. Maximae sunt duae species bubali nani. Alia [[artiodactyla]] in Sulavesia sunt [[sus celebensis]] et ''[[babyrousa]].'' Solum [[carnivora|carnivorum]] indigena est ''[[Macrogalidia musschenbroekii]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Metcalfe2001&quot; /&gt; (''[[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]]'' et ''[[Viverra tangalunga]],'' ambae [[Viverridae]], introductae sunt).&lt;ref name= &quot;Macrogalidia_iucn&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | author = Tasirin, J. | author2 = Dinets, V. | author3 = Meijaard, E. | author4 = Brodie, J. | author5 = Nijman, V. | author6 = Loffeld, T. A. C. | author7 = Hilser, H. | author8 = Shepherd, C. | author9 = Seymour, A. S. | author10 = Duckworth, J. W. | last-author-amp = yes | title = ''Macrogalidia musschenbroekii'' | journal = The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species | volume = 2015 | page = e.T12592A45198901 | date = 2015 | url = http://oldredlist.iucnredlist.org/details/12592/0 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T12592A45198901.en | access-date = 5 Maii 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;). Inter [[Primates]] exstantís sunt nonnullae tarsiidae [[nocturnalitas|nocturnales]] (''[[Tarsius fuscus]],'' ''[[Tarsius dentatus|T. dentatus]],'' ''[[Tarsius spectrumgurskyae|T. spectrumgurskyae]],'' ''[[Tarsius supriatnai|T. supriatnai]],'' ''[[Tarsius wallacei|wallacei]],'' ''[[Tarsius lariang|T. lariang]],'' et ''[[Tarsius pumilus|T. pumilus]]''), et inter [[macaca]]s [[diurnalitas|diurnales]] sunt ''[[Macaca hecki|M. hecki]],'' ''[[Macaca ochreata|M. ochreata]],'' ''[[Macaca nigra|M. nigra]],'' ''[[Macaca nigrescens|M. nigrescens]],'' ''[[Macaca maura|M. maura]],'' et ''[[Macaca tonkeana|M. tonkeana]].'' Plura mammalia Sulavesiensia sunt [[Eutheria]], qui cognatos [[Asia]]nos habent, sed nonnullae species [[Phalangeridae|Phalangeridarum]], [[marsupialia|marsupialium]] [[arbor]]ealium originis [[Australasia]]nae, etiam exstant, inter quae ''[[Ailurops ursinus]]'' diurnalis et ''[[Strigocuscus celebensis]]'' nocturnalis.

Sulavesiae sunt multa genera [[rodentia|rodentiorum]] endemicorum. Inter [[muridae|muridas]] in Sulavesia et insulis proxime adiacentibus (sicut [[Togian Insulae]], [[Buton (insula)|Buton]], et [[Muna (insula)|Muna]]) sunt ''[[Bunomys]],'' ''[[Echiothrix]],'' ''[[Margaretamys]],'' ''[[Taeromys]],'' ''[[Tateomys]],'' et genera [[monotypismus|monotypica]] ''[[Eropeplus]],'' ''[[Hyorhinomys]],'' ''[[Melasmothrix]],'' ''[[Paucidentomys]],'' ''[[Paruromys]],'' ''[[Sommeromys]]''. Endemica [[Sciuridae|sciuridarum]] genera sunt ''[[Hyosciurus]],'' ''[[Prosciurillus]],'' ''[[Rubrisciurus]],'' ''[[Waiomys]].''

Plus quam viginti species [[chiroptera|chiropterorum]] in Sulavesia adsunt, sed solum novem endemicae sunt: ''[[Rhinolophus]] [[Rhinolophus tatar|tatar]]'' et ''[[Scotophilus celebensis]]'' ac [[megachiroptera]] ''[[Acerodon celebensis]],'' ''[[Boneia bidens]],'' ''[[Dobsonia exoleta]],'' ''[[Harpyionycteris celebensis]],'' ''[[Neopteryx frosti]],'' ''[[Rousettus celebensis]],'' ''[[Styloctenium wallacei]].''

Inter [[soricidae|soricidas]] endemicas, ''[[Crocidura lea]],'' ''[[Crocidura levicula]], et ''[[Crocidura rhoditis]] in Sulavesia inveniuntur.

===Aves===
Species [[aves|avium]] in Sulavesia inventae etiam in aliis insulis proximis habitant, sicut in [[Borneum|Borneo]]; 31 centesimae avium Sulavesianarum alibi non inveniuntur. Una species endemica quae in [[periculum]] vocatur (etiam in insulis vicinis inventa) est ''[[Macrocephalon maleo]]'' (''maleo''), [[megapoda|megapodum]] [[magnitudo|magnitudinis]] [[gallus|galli]], quod plerumque super terram degere solet et aliquando [[arena|arená]] [[calor|calidá]] iuxta spiramenta [[mons ignifer|volcanica]] ad [[ovum|ova]] incubanda utitur.&lt;!--
An international partnership of conservationists, donors, and local people have formed the Alliance for Tompotika Conservation,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= https://www.tompotika.org/welcome-to-alliance-for-tompotika-conservation-2/our-work/maleo/|title= Maleo|date= 2013|website= www.tompotika.org|publisher= Alliance for Tompotika Conservation|access-date= 2019-11-20|archive-url= |archive-date= }}&lt;/ref&gt; in an effort to raise awareness and protect the nesting grounds of these birds on the central-eastern arm of the island. --&gt; Aliae aves endemicae sunt ''[[Aramidopsis plateni]]'' ([[volatus|volatu]] carens), ''[[Enodes erythrophris]],'' ''[[Tyto rosenbergii]],'' ''[[Basilornis celebensis]],'' ''[[Eurostopodus diabolicus]],'' et ''[[Scissirostrum dubium]].'' Circa 350 species avium in Sulavesia habitant.

===Reptilia===
Maiora Sulavesiae [[reptilia]] non sunt endemica. Inter quae sunt ''[[Malayopython reticulatus]],'' ''[[Python bivittatus]],'' ''[[Ophiophagus hannah]],'' ''[[Varanus salvator]],'' ''[[Hydrosaurus amboinensis]],''&lt;ref name=&quot;Whitten2012&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=Whitten, T.|author2=Henderson, G. S.|title=Ecology of Sulawesi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q__PAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA496|date=19 Iunii 2012|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|isbn=978-1462905072|pages=496–499}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Crocodylus porosus]],''&lt;ref name=&quot;Whitten2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name = &quot;Sideleau2016&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301894377 |title= Recent Records of Crocodiles on the Island of Sulawesi, Indonesia |last= Sideleau |first= B. M. |date= Aprilis 2016 |access-date= 2018-05-05}}.&lt;/ref&gt; et ''[[Chelonia mydas]].'' ''[[Megalochelys atlas]],'' una ex [[exstinctio|exstinctis]] [[Testudinidae|testudinidis]] praegrandibus, olim exstabat, sed abhinc annorum 840&amp;thinsp;000 vel antea evanuit, fortasse ob homines adventos.&lt;ref name=&quot;Corlett2010&quot;&gt;{{cite book|editor1=Haberle, S. G.|editor2=Stevenson, J.|editor3=Prebble, M.|author= Corlett, R. T.|series= Terra Australis|volume= 32|url= http://press.anu.edu.au?p=18701|chapter-url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265605015|title= Altered Ecologies: Fire, Climate and Human Influence on Terrestrial Landscapes |chapter= Megafaunal extinctions and their consequences in the tropical Indo-Pacifc |pages= 117–132 (vide p. 122)|date= November 2010|publisher= ANU Press|isbn= 978-1921666803|doi=10.22459/TA32.11.2010}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Morwood2016&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1= Morwood, M.|author2=van Oosterzee, P.|title=A New Human: The Startling Discovery and Strange Story of the &quot;Hobbits&quot; of Flores, Indonesia, Updated Paperback Edition|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=yRCmDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA146|date=5 Decembris 2016|publisher= Taylor &amp; Francis|isbn= 978-1315435633|page=146}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Similiter, ''[[Varanus komodoensis]]'' vel [[squamata]] similia insulam olim habitavisse videntur, inter [[praedator]]es apices.&lt;ref&gt;Hocknull et al. 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Inter parviores Sulavesiae [[anguis|angues]] sunt ''[[Calamaria]] [[Calamaria boesemani|boesemani]],'' ''[[Calamaria muelleri|C. muelleri]],'' ''[[Calamaria nuchalis|C. nuchalis]],'' ''[[Cyclotyphlops]],'' ''[[Enhydris]] [[Enhydris matannensis|matannensis]],'' ''[[Ptyas]] [[Ptyas dipsas|dipsas]],'' ''[[Rabdion grovesi]],'' ''[[Tropidolaemus laticinctus]],'' et ''[[Typhlops conradi]],'' quorum omnes sunt endemici. Similiter, inter parviores species non endemicas sunt ''[[Bronchocela jubata]],'' ''[[Dibamus novaeguineae]],'' et ''[[Gekko smithii]],'' praeter species endemicas sicut ''[[Lipinia]]m [[Lipinia infralineolata|infralineolatam]]'' et ''[[Luperosaurus|Luperosaurum]] [[Luperosaurus iskandari|iskandari]].''

===Amphibia===
Inter [[amphibia]] Sulavesiensia sunt decem species [[rana]]rum endemicarum, quae sunt ''[[Hylarana celebensis]],'' ''[[Hylarana macrops|H. macrops]],'' ''[[Hylarana mocquardi|H. mocquardi]],'' ''[[Ingerophrynus celebensis]],'' ''[[Limnonectes arathooni]],'' ''[[Limnonectes larvaepartus|L. larvaepartus]],'' ''[[Limnonectes microtympanum|L. microtympanum]],'' ''[[Occidozyga celebensis]],'' ''[[Occidozyga semipalmata|O. semipalmata]],'' et ''[[Occidozyga tompotika|O. tompotika]],'' praeter ''[[Rhacophorus edentulus|Rhacophorum edentulum]]'' et ''[[Rhacophorus georgii|R. georgii]],'' endemicas ranas ut appellantur &quot;[[rana volans|volantes]].&quot;

===Pisces aquae dulcis===
Sulavesia plus quam septuaginta [[piscis aquae dulcis|piscium aquae dulcis]] species sustinet,&lt;ref&gt;Nguyen et De Silva 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; quorum plus quam 55 endemicae sunt.&lt;ref name=Parenti2011&gt;Parenti 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Inter tales [[piscis|pisces]] sunt [[genus (taxinomia)|genus]] ''[[Nomorhamphus]],'' una ex [[zenarchopteridae|zenarchopteridis]], quibus sunt duodecim species solum in Sulavesia inventae (aliae species in Philippinis habitant).&lt;ref name=SysNomorhamphus&gt;''[https://web.archive.org/web/20060921143154/http://www.nmnh.si.edu/rtp/students/1993/students_1993_louie.htm The Systematic Review of the Fish Genus Nomorhamphus]'' – Louie, Kristina, research paper, Colgate University, Hamilton, New York, 1993.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=FishBaseNomorhamphus&gt;{{FishBase genus | genus = Nomorhamphus| month = Iulius | year = 2014}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Praeter ''Nomorhamphum,'' pisces aquae dulcis Sulavesiae plerumque sunt [[adrianichthyidae]], ''[[Glossogobius]]'' et ''[[Mugilogobius]]'' (ambo in [[gobiiformes|gobiiformibus]]), et pisces [[subfamilia]]e [[Telmatherinidae|Telmatherinidarum]].&lt;ref name=Parenti2011/&gt; &lt;!--The last family is almost entirely restricted to Sulawesi, especially the Malili Lake system, consisting of [[Lake Matano|Matano]] and [[Lake Towuti|Towuti]], and the small [[Lake Lontoa|Lontoa]] (Wawantoa), [[Lake Mahalona|Mahalona]] and [[Lake Masapi|Masapi]].--&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gray et McKinnon 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; Alius piscis endemicus inusitatus est ''[[Lagusia micracanthus]]'' ex [[flumen|fluminibus]] in [[Sulavesia Meridiana]], solus piscis sui generis et una ex minimis [[terapontidae|terapontidis]].&lt;ref&gt;Vari, P. R., et Hadiaty, K. R. (2012). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140715002033/http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/60/60rbz157-162.pdf &quot;The Endemic Sulawesi Fish Genus Lagusia (Teleostrei:: Terapontidae).&quot;] ''The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology'' 60 (1): 157–62.&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Bostrychus microphthalmus]],'' una ex [[eleotridae|eleotridis]] ex [[Maros Regency|Maros]] Karst, est solus [[piscis cavernarum]] ex Sulavesia descriptus,&lt;ref&gt;Hoese, D. F., et M. Kottelat (2005), &quot;Bostrychus microphthalmus, a new microphthalmic cavefish from Sulawesi (Teleostei: Gobiidae).&quot; ''Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters'' 16 (2): 183–91/&lt;/ref&gt; sed ut videtur [[species non descripta]] ex eadem [[regio]]ne et eodem genere etiam exstat.&lt;ref&gt;Saturi, O. S. (31 Maii 2012). ''[http://www.mongabay.co.id/2012/05/31/ikan-kepiting-dan-udang-buta-penghuni-karst-maros/ Ikan, Kepiting dan Udang Buta Penghuni Karst Maros].'' Mongabay-Indonesia. Situs accesus 23 Novembris 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Crustacea et gastropoda aquae dulcis===
Multae species generis ''[[Caridina]]e'' et nonnulla genera [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[Parathelphusidae|Parathelphusidarum]] (inter quae ''[[Migmathelphusa]],'' ''[[Nautilothelphusa]],'' ''[[Parathelphusa]],'' ''[[Sundathelphusa]],'' ''[[Syntripsa]]'') in Sulavesia endemica sunt.&lt;ref name=shrimp&gt;von Rintelen, K., et Y. Cai (2009), &quot;Radiation of endemic species flocks in ancient lakes: systematic revision of the freshwater shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) from the ancient lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, with the description of eight new species,&quot; ''Raffles Bulletin of Zoology'' 57: 343–452.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=crab&gt;Chia, O. C. K. et P. K. L. Ng (2006), &quot;The freshwater crabs of Sulawesi, with descriptions of two new genera and four new species (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Parathelphusidae),&quot; ''Raffles Bulletin of Zoology'' 54: 381–428.&lt;/ref&gt; Nonnullae ex his speciebus populo gratissimae in avocamento [[aquarium|aquariorum]] factae sunt, et quia plures solum in una serie [[lacus|lacuum]] habitant, [[detrimentum habitationis|detrimento habitationis]] &lt;!--and overexploitation--&gt; vulnerari possunt.&lt;ref name=shrimp/&gt;&lt;ref name=crab/&gt; Etiam sunt nonnulla parva [[decapoda]] endemica quae in [[caverna|cavernis]] habitant, praecipue in Maros Karst. In eorum numero perscribitur ''[[Cancrocaeca xenomorpha]]''&lt;!-- which has been called the &quot;most highly [[Troglobite|cave-adapted]] species of crab known in the world&quot;.--&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Deharveng, L. , D. Guinot et P. K. L. Ng (2012), [http://www.arcbc.org.ph/arcbcweb/pdf/vol2no2/focus_false_spider_cave_crab.pdf &quot;False spider cave crab, (Cancrocaeca xenomorpha).&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515170009/http://www.arcbc.org.ph/arcbcweb/pdf/vol2no2/focus_false_spider_cave_crab.pdf |date=15 Maii 2013 }}. ASEAN Regional Center for Biodiversity Conservation. Situs accessus 13 Novembris 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;

Genus ''[[Tylomelania]],'' [[gastropoda|gastropodum]] aquae dulcis, etiam endemicum est in Sulavesia, cuius plurimae species solum in [[Poso Lacus|Poso]] lacu et Malili serie lacuum habitant.&lt;ref&gt;von Rintelen , T., K. von Rintelen, et M. Glaubrecht (2010), &quot;The species flock of the viviparous freshwater gastropod Tylomelania (Mollusca: Cerithioidea: Pachychilidae) in the ancient lakes of Sulawesi, Indonesia: the role of geography, trophic morphology and color as driving forces in adaptive radiation,&quot; in Glaubrecht, M., et H. Schneider, eds. (2010), ''Evolution in Action: Adaptive Radiations and the Origins of Biodiversity'' (Heidelbergae: Springer), 485–512.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Miscellanea===
''[[Latimeria menadoensis]]'' (Indonesice ''raja laut,'' [[Latimeriidae]]) et ''[[Thaumoctopus mimicus]]'' ([[Octopodidae]]) in [[aqua|aquis]] ante [[litus]] Sulavesiense exstant.

==Circumiecta==
Maxima circumiectorum [[res]] in Sulavesia est [[desilvatio]]. Eruditi anno [[2007]] observabant 80 centesimas [[silva]]e Sulavesiensis laesas aut amissas esse, praecipue in [[terra|terris]] humilibus et inter [[regio]]nes [[arbor]]um [[mangle]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mongabay.com/profiles/sulawesi.html &quot;Sulawesi Profile.&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt; Silvae caesae sunt ob [[lignum]] et magna [[agricultura]]e proposita. Damnum silvae multis ex [[species|speciebus]] [[endemismus|endemicis]] minatur. Praeterea, 99 centesimae ex terris madidis laesae aut amissae sunt. Inter alias circumiectorum minas sunt [[venatio]] [[animal]]ium ferorum et fodinae.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mongabay.com/profiles/sulawesi.html &quot;Sulawesi Profile.&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt; 

==Vivaria==
Sulavesiae sunt sex vivaria civica et undeviginti reservationes [[natura]]les. Praeterea sunt tres maritimae [[regio]]nes protectae. Multa ex viviariis. Arbores caesi, fodinae, et desilvation ob agriculturam vivaria minantur.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mongabay.com/profiles/sulawesi.html &quot;Sulawesi Profile.&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt; 

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

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*Noorduyn, J. [[1956]]. &quot;De Islamisering van Makasar.&quot; ''Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde'' 112: 247–66.
*Parenti, L. R. [[2011]]. [https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/18561 &quot;Endemism and Conservation of the Native Freshwater Fish Fauna of Sulawesi, Indonesia.&quot;] ''Prosiding Seminar Nasional Ikan'' 4: 1-10.
*Von Rintelen, T., et al. [[2014]]. &quot;A Snail Perspective on the Biogeography of Sulawesi, Indonesia: Origin and Intra-Island Dispersal of the Viviparous Freshwater Gastropod Tylomelania.&quot; ''PLoS ONE'' 9, no. 6 (6): e98917. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0098917. PMC 4090239. PMID 24971564.
*Watuseke, F. S. [[1974]]. &quot;On the name Celebes.&quot; ''Sixth International Conference on Asian History, International Association of Historians of Asia, Yogyakarta, 26–30 August.'' [[Manuscriptum]] non editum.

{{NexInt}}
*[[Insulae Moluccae]]
*[[Mare Celebense]]
*[[Mare Moluccense]]

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|Sulawesi|Celebem}}
{{Fontes geographici}}
{{coord|02|S|121|E|type:isle_scale:5000000|display=title}}

[[Categoria:Celebis|!]]
{{Myrias|Geographia}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Quintus Caecilius Metellus Creticus</title>
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[[Fasciculus:Gens Caecilia Metella family tree.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Stemma Caeciliorum Metellorum.]]
'''Q. Caecilius Metellus Creticus''' ([[135 a.C.n.|135]]-[[55 a.C.n.]]) fuit [[consul]] anno [[68 a.C.n.]], et filius legati [[Scipio Aemilianus|Scipionis Aemiliani]] [[Gaius Caecilius Metellus Caprarius|Gaii Caecilii Metelli Caprarii]]. [[Consul]]e designato, ad bellum in [[Creta]]m quod [[Quintus Hortensius Hortalus|Q. Hortensium]] collegam recusavisse, missus est. Ob hanc victoriam, cognomen ''Creticum'' obtinuit.

== De eius Vita ==
Et sequenti anno (DCLXXXV a.u.c) trium legionum tulerunt Italiae imperio subdere totam insulam biennio. Victus Cydoniam, [[Cnossus|Gnoson]] et civitatibus cedere noluit Cretensibus ipso subiectionem suam et [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompei]] quae multo melius sperandum. Pompeius accepta per ''[[Lex Gabinia|Gabinia lege]]'' imperium in mari piratas dimicandum haberet occasionem rei immiscere [[Creta|Cretam.]] 

Legatis missis Pompeii (L. Octavio deinde ducitur Cornelius Sisenna ) ad deditionem. Pompeium et Metellum victis civitas diu neglecta et Cretensium legatis augeatur resistentia Pompeio freti. Igitur Metello victus [[Eleutherna|Eleuterna]] et Lappa . Et post civitatem, et dimisit Octavio capitur, et afficientes contumelia, ex ipso Metello, quidnam (Sisenna mortuus fuerat paulo ante). Octavio adduxerat copiis usus verti Cretam Metelli et Cn{{dubsig}} copiis insula fugit incertum ratione in Octavio confugit Hierapitna Ariston (nam Ierapetra ) unde fugit ut Q. Metello consulibus, relinquens in modum Cretes portibus suis fatum. Denique victisque Lasthene et Panare maxime subiit Cretam Metelli duces belli finem. 

DCLXXXVII a.u.c Metellus Romam rediit, et in senatu Pompeio negavit placere de honoribus et de [[Triumphus|triumphi]] . Metellus tamen hoc non sustinuerunt eoque rebus favorabilior DCXC a.u.c Et cum ad [[Apulia]]m contra defectionem impelli coniuratis mancipiis [[Lucius Sergius Catilina|catiliniarios]] . DCXCI annos singulos a.u.c post mortem Catilinae, ut tandem non eius in triumphantes Romam et cognomen Creticum reportavit; duobus autem seditiosi duces Lasthene et Panare, ornabant se triumphi ligati tribunus plebis Pompeio cedere. 

Pompeius adversus alios nobiles duces iunctis Creticus in Asia gestorum quin senatus consultum ratum. DCXCIII a.u.c Senatus cum duobus a Gallia miserunt. DCXCVI a.u.c iam instaurata erat in collegium pontificum ac brevi vita defunctus probabiliter. 

Liberi essent 

* Q. Caecilio Metello consulibus. 
* Caecilia Metella uxor M. Licinio Crasso triumviri filium. 

==Nexus externi==
{{fontes biographici}}
* [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/ACL3129.0002.001/1074?rgn=full+text;view=image Vita] in ''[[Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology]]''

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;95%&quot;
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;30%&quot; | Antecessores: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; '''[[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|M. Licinio Crasso]] et [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompeio]]''' '''[[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Magno]]'''
| align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;40%&quot; | '''Consul populi Romani memorabantur''' &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; DCLXXXIV a.u.c apud [[Quintus Hortensius Hortalus|Q. Hortensium]] 
| align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;30%&quot; | Successores: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; '''L. Caecilio Metello et [[Quintus Marcius Rex|Q. Marcius Rex]]'''
|}
{{Lifetime|135 a.C.n.|55 a.C.n.|Caecilius Metellus, Quintus Creticus}}
[[Categoria:Romani antiqui]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Charisma</title>
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      <text bytes="6265" sha1="1dvojn6fg745j222wfsbenypkedrvpc" xml:space="preserve">{{videdis|Charisma (discretiva)}}
[[Fasciculus:John F. Kennedy, White House color photo portrait.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Charisma [[Ioannes F. Kennedy|Ioanni Fitzgerald Kennedy]] [[saeculum 20|saeculo vicensimo exeunte]] saepe attribuebatur.]]
'''Charisma''' ([[Graece]] χάρισμα '[[donum]] [[gratia]]e', 'favor libere datus' &lt; χάρις 'gratia'&lt;ref&gt;Robert Beekes, ''Etymological Dictionary of Greek'' (Brill, 2010), 1607.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Michael N. Ebeetz, &quot;Charisma,&quot; in ''Religion Past &amp; Present,'' ed. Hans Dieter Betz et al. (Brill, 2007), 493.&lt;/ref&gt;) est lepor vel venustas cogens, quae studium aliis inicere potest.&lt;ref&gt;''New Oxford American Dictionary,'' ed. Angus Stevenson et Christine A. Lindberg (Oxoniae: Oxford University Press, 2010).&lt;/ref&gt;

Eruditi in [[sociologia]], [[civilitas|scientia politica]], [[psychologia]], et administratione hoc [[vocabulum]] generi [[ducatus|ductus]] adhibere solent, quod inusitatatum videtur.&lt;ref&gt;Joosse  2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;James MacGregor Burns, ''Leadership'' (Novi Eboraci: Harper &amp; Row, 1978).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;James MacGregor Burns, ''Leadership'' (Open Road Media, 2012), ISBN 9781453245170.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;J. V. Downton, ''Rebel Leadership: Commitment and Charisma in the Revolutionary Process'' (Novi Eboraci: The Free Press, 1973)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;B. M. Bass, ''Leadership and performance beyond expectations'' (Novi Eboraci: The Free Press, 1985).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;R. J. House, &quot;A 1976 Theory of Charismatic Leadership,&quot; In ''[The Cutting Edge,'' ed. J. G. Hunt et L. L. Larson (Carbondale: Southern Illinois: University Press, 1977), 189–207).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |doi=10.5465/amle.2010.0012 |title=Can Charisma be Taught? Tests of Two Interventions |journal=Academy of Management Learning &amp; Education |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=374–396 |year=2011 |last1=Antonakis |first1=John |last2=Fenley |first2=Marika |last3=Liechti |first3=Sue |url=https://serval.unil.ch/resource/serval:BIB_FDC9DF7BA052.P001/REF.pdf }}.&lt;/ref&gt; In quibus provinciis [[scientia (ratio)|scientiae]], vocabulum ''charisma'' ad certum [[dux|ducis]] genus describendum adhibetur, hominis qui &quot;[[symbolus|symbolica]] ducis [[signum|signa]] in principiis condita [[animi motus|animique motibus]] impleta dat.&lt;ref&gt;[[Anglice]] &quot;[uses] values-based, symbolic, and emotion-laden leader signaling.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Antonakis, Bastardoz, Jacquart, et Shamir 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Grabo, Spisak, et Van Vugt 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

In [[theologia]] [[Christianismus|Christiana]], charisma est dotatio vel [[vis]] insolita a [[Spiritus Sanctus|Spiritu Sancto]] data.&lt;ref&gt;Browning 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Graecia Antiqua|Graeci antiqui]] charisma [[personalitas|personalitatis]] suis [[mythologia Graeca|deis]] attribuere solebant; exempli gratia, charisma, venustatem, [[pulchritudo|pulchritudinem]], [[natura]]m, [[creativitas|creativitatem humanam]], [[fertilitas|fertilitatem]] [[dea]]bus [[Charites|Charitibus]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Graece]] Χάριτες.&lt;/ref&gt; appellatis attribuebant.

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Antonakis, John, Nicolas Bastardoz, Philippe Jacquart, et Boas Shamir. [[2016]]. &quot;An Ill-Defined and Ill-Measured Gift.&quot; ''Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior'' 3: 293–319. doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-041015-062305. [https://serval.unil.ch/notice/serval:BIB_43EBA02BAD5E Editio interretialis.]
*Browning, W. R. F. &quot;Spiritual gifts.&quot; In ''A Dictionary of the Bible,'' ed. secunda. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0199543992, ISBN 978-0199543991.
*Grabo, Allen, Brian R. Spisak, et Mark Van Vugt. [[2017]]. &quot;Charisma as signal: An evolutionary perspective on charismatic leadership.&quot; ''The Leadership Quarterly'' 28 (4): 473–85. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2017.05.001.
*Joosse, Paul. [[2014]]. &quot;Becoming a God: Max Weber and the social construction of charisma.&quot; ''Journal of Classical Sociology'' 14 (3): 266–83. doi=10.1177/1468795X14536652.

{{NexInt}}
*[[Auctoritas naturalis]]
*[[Mana]]
*[[Potestas (socialis et politica)]]

==Nexus externi==
{{Victionarium|charisma}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150418063507/http://www.tedxlausanne.com/talk/lets-face-it-charisma-matters &quot;Let's face it: Charisma matters.&quot;] TEDx.
*[https://archive.today/20130104094717/http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/pto-20050502-000001.html &quot;The X-Factors of Success.&quot;] ''Psychology Today.''
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050727085058/http://cbae.nmsu.edu/~dboje/teaching/338/charisma.htm &quot;Max Weber and Charisma.&quot;]
*Robbin, Thomas. https://web.archive.org/web/20060526114911/http://hirr.hartsem.edu/ency/charisma.htm ''Charisma.''] ''Encyclopedia of Religion and Society,'' ed. William H. Swatos. ISBN 0-7619-8956-0.
*[http://web.pdx.edu/~tothm/essays/essays/toward_a_theory_of__the_routiniz.htm &quot;Toward a Theory of the Routinization of Charisma.&quot;] Aprilis 1972.
*[http://www.apa.org/monitor/jan05/savoir.html &quot;The Science of Savoir Faire.&quot;]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/factual/thinkingallowed_20050126.shtml &quot;Charismatic Cults.&quot;] BBC Four: ''Thinking Allowed,'' 26 Ianuarii 2005, a Laurie Taylor introductus.
*[https://www.jstor.org/stable/448172 &quot;Moses, Charisma, and Covenant.&quot;] JSTOR.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060628210910/http://whyfiles.org/205charisma/ &quot;The Character of Charisma.&quot;]
*[https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/17/weekinreview/17zernike.html?pagewanted=1&amp;_r=1&amp;hp &quot;The Charisma Mandate.&quot;] ''The New York Times,'' 17 Februarii 2008.
*Oppenheimer, Mark. [[2008]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20081204090409/http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/articles/2008/07/20/charm_school/ &quot;Charm School: Scholars Unpack the Secrets of Charisma, and Suggest the Elusive Quality Can Be Taught.&quot;] ''The Boston Globe,'' 20 Iulii 2008.
*[http://www.scripturecatholic.com/tongues.html &quot;Bible Verses and the Church Fathers on Speaking in Tongues.&quot;]

[[Categoria:Animi motus]]
[[Categoria:Anthropologia religionis]]
[[Categoria:Personalitas]]
[[Categoria:Psychologia]]
[[Categoria:Religio]]
[[Categoria:Sociologia]]&lt;!--
[[Categoria:Maximilianus Weber]]
[[Category:Charismatic and Pentecostal Christianity]]
[[Category:Jewish behaviour and experience]]
[[Category:Influence (social and political)]]
[[Category:Psychological manipulation]]
[[Category:Spiritual gifts]]
[[Category:Christian behaviour and experience]]--&gt;
{{Myrias|Anthropologia}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gerridae</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="8157" sha1="sxub5ssoellj083q7w5re9kjeykuj0m" xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| name = Gerridae
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|Albianum|Albiano|Recens}}
| image = Water strider G remigis.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Aquarius remigis]]'' adultus
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Arthropoda]]
| classis = [[Insecta]]
| subclassis = [[Pterygota]]
| ordo = [[Hemiptera]]
| subordo = [[Heteroptera]]
| infraordo = [[Gerromorpha]]
| superfamilia = [[Gerroidea]]
| familia = '''Gerridae'''
| familia_authority = [[Gulielmus Elford Leach|Leach]], [[1815]]
| subdivision_ranks = [[Subfamilia]]e&lt;ref name=&quot;Schuh&quot;&gt;Schuh et Slater 1995.&lt;/ref&gt;
| subdivision = * [[Rhagadotarsinae]]
* [[Trepobatinae]]
* [[Halobatinae]]
* [[Ptilomerinae]]
* [[Cylindrostethinae]]
* [[Charmatometrinae]]
* [[Eotrechinae]]
* [[Gerrinae]]
}}
'''Gerridae''' sunt [[familia (taxinomia)|familia]] [[insecta|insectorum]] [[ordo (taxinomia)|ordinis]] [[Hemiptera|Hemipterorum]]. Vera [[heteroptera]] sunt, quia membra [[os (oris)|oralia]] habent ad pungendum et sugendum accommodata; potestate autem super [[aqua]]m ambulandi distinguuntur.&lt;ref&gt;Itaque [[animalia]] [[pleuston]]ica{{dubsig}} [[scientia (ratio)|ratione]] appellantur, quia super [[superficies|superficiem]] adulti vivunt.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Pondus]] [[corpus|corporis]] tam per proprietates [[anatomia|anatomicas]] distribuunt ut super [[superficies|superficiem]] aquae currere possint; qua pro causa, eae in paene omne [[flumen|flumine]], [[stagnum|stagno]], [[lacus|lacu]], [[palus|palude]] inveniuntur. Plus quam [[1700]] [[species]] descriptae sunt, quarum decem centesimae sunt [[animalia]] [[mare|maritima]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancaster&quot;&gt;Lancaster et Briers 2008: 23, 270, 284.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fasciculus:Gerris by webrunner.JPG|thumb|left|upright=0.7|Gerrida generis ''[[Gerris]].'']] 
[[Fasciculus:Vesimittareita.ogv|thumb|upright=0.8|Pellicula gerridarum.]]
[[Fasciculus:Amenbo 06f5520sx.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Effectus [[crus|crurum]] gerridarum in superficie aquae.]]
[[Fasciculus:Surface_Tension_Diagram_Buoyancy.svg|thumb|upright=0.8|Levitas propter intentionem superficialem.]]
[[Fasciculus:Maggia fg26.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Gerridae [[apis mellifera|apem melliferam]] una devorant.]]
[[Fasciculus:Wasserläufer bei der Paarung crop.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Gerridae [[coitio|coientes]] superficiali aquae intentione utuntur.]]

Nonaginta centesimae gerridarum sunt [[animalia]] [[aqua dulcis|aquae dulcis]], sed ob [[genus (taxinomia)|genus]] ''[[Halobates|Halobatem]],'' quod in [[oceanus|oceano]] [[habitatio|habitat]], familia est unica inter insecta. Genus ''Halobates'' primum penitus investigatum est inter [[1872]] et [[1876]], cum colligerentur nonnullae [[species]] variae per [[Challenger Expedition]], primam [[mundus|mundi]] [[navigatio]]nem vere [[oceanographia|oceanographicam]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Cheng&quot;&gt;Cheng 1985.&lt;/ref&gt; Antea [[Ioannes Fridericus de Eschscholtz]], [[entomologia|entomologus]] [[Germania|Baltico-Germanicus]], tres gerridarum species invenerat et divulgaverat, quamquam eorum [[biologia]] erat paene omnino ignota.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cheng&quot;/&gt; Ex quo tempore, gerridae continenter investigantur propter potestatem in aqua ambulandi aliasque proprietates sociales. Parvae gerridae cum [[veliidae|veliidis]], aliis heteropteris semiaquaticis, saepe confusae sunt. Proprietas quae has familias certissime separat est [[anatomia]] [[genitalia|genitalium]] intestinorum. Quia agnitio horum [[organum (biologia)|organorum]] exercitationem disertam et [[instrumentum|instrumenta]] propria requirunt, proprietatibus [[oculus|oculorum]] solis distinguere gerridam a veliidam non fieri potest; ergo [[habitatio]]nes [[mores]]que investigandi sunt ad eas praeter anatomiam certam internoscendam.

Gerridae sunt [[praedator]]es [[aqua]]tici qui aliis [[invertebrata|invertebratis]] [[victus|vescuntur]], plerumque [[aranea|araneis]] et insectis, quae in [[superficies|superficiem]] aquae cadunt.&lt;ref&gt;Williams et Feltmate 1992: 48, 121, 218.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Blanckenhorn 1991.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Cannibalismus]] aliquando fit.&lt;ref&gt;Carcamo 1994.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Habitatio==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;float:right&quot;
|+ Habitationes cuiusque generis gerridarum&lt;ref&gt;Ward 1992: 74, 96, 172, 180.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! Genus familiae Gerridarum
! Numerus specierum&lt;br/&gt;maritimarum
! Zona amara
! Zona neritica
! Zona oceanica
|-
| ''Asclepios'' || 4 || sic || sic || non
|-
| ''Halobates'' grex 1 || 39 || sic || sic || non
|-
| ''Halobates'' grex 2 || 7 || non || non || sic
|-
| ''Stenobates'' || 1 || non || sic || non
|-
| ''Rheumatometroides'' || 1 || sic || non || non
|-
| ''Rheumatobates'' || 6 || sic || sic || non
|}

==Genera==
* ''[[Aquarius (insectum)|Aquarius]]'' (Schellenberg, 1800).
* ''[[Gerris]]'' (Fabricius, 1794).
* ''[[Halobates]]'' (Eschscholtz, 1822).
* ''[[Limnogonus]]'' (Stal, 1868).
* ''[[Limnoporus]]'' (Stal, 1868).
* ''[[Metrobates]]'' (Uhler, 1878).
* ''[[Neogerris]]'' (Matsumara, 1913).
* ''[[Rheumatobates]]'' (Bergroth, 1892).
* ''[[Trepobates]]'' (Uhler, 1883).

==Species Europaeae==
* ''[[Aquarius cinereus]]'' (Puton, 1869)
* ''[[Aquarius najas]]'' (De Geer, 1773)
* ''[[Aquarius paludum]]'' (Fabricius, 1794)
* ''[[Aquarius ventralis]]'' (Fieber, 1860)
* ''[[Gerris argentatus]]'' (Schummel, 1832)
* ''[[Gerris brasili]]'' (Poisson, 1941)
* ''[[Gerris costae]]'' (Herrich-Schaeffer, 1850)
* ''[[Gerris gibbifer]]'' (Schummel, 1832)
* ''[[Gerris lacustris]]'' (Linnaeus, 1758)
* ''[[Gerris maculatus]]'' (Tamanini, 1946)
* ''[[Gerris odontogaster]]'' (Zetterstedt, 1828)
* ''[[Gerris sphagnetorum]]'' (Gaunitz, 1947)
* ''[[Gerris thoracicus]]'' (Schummel, 1832)
* ''[[Gerris asper]]'' (Fieber, 1860)
* ''[[Gerris lateralis]]'' (Schummel, 1832)
* ''[[Limnoporus rufoscutellatus]]'' (Latreille, 1807)

{{NexInt}}
*[[Veliidae]]

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Andersen, Nils Moller, et Lanna Cheng. [[2004]]. &quot;The marine insect Halobates (Heteroptera: Gerridae): Biology, Adaptations, Distribution and Phylogeny.&quot; ''Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review.'' 42: 119–80. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110820203735/http://mbrd.ucsd.edu/Research/labs/Cheng/Halobates%20Revewlower.pdf PDF.]
*Birukow, Georg. [[1957]]. &quot;Tages- und jahreszeitliche Orientierungsrhythmik beim Wasserläufer Velia currens F. (Heteroptera).&quot; ''Naturwissenschaften'' 44(12): 358–59. ISSN 0028-1042.
*Blanckenhorn, Wolf V. [[1991]]. &quot;Fitness consequences of foraging success in water striders (Gerris remigis; Heptroptera; Gerridae).&quot; ''Behavioral Ecology'' 2 (1): 46–55. [https://academic.oup.com/beheco/article-abstract/2/1/46/375692 Editio interretialis.]
*Carcamo, Spence. [[1994]]. &quot;Kin Discrimination and Cannibalism in Water Striders (Heteroptera: Gerridae): Another Look.&quot; ''Oikos'' 70 (3). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3545779 JSTOR.]
*Cheng, L. [[1985]]. &quot;Biology of Halobates (Heteroptera: Gerridae).&quot; ''Annual Review of Entomology'' 30 (1): 111–35. doi:10.1146/annurev.en.30.010185.000551.
*Lancaster, J. B., et R. Briers, eds. [[2008]]. ''Aquatic insects: challenges to populations.'' CAB International.
*Schuh R. T., et J. A. Slater. [[1995]]. ''True Bugs of the World (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Classification and Natural History.'' Ithacae Novi Eboraci: Cornell University Press.
*Ward, J. V. [[1992]]. ''Aquatic Insect Ecology: 1. Biology and habitat.'' Novi Eboraci: Wiley &amp; Sons.
*Williams, D., et B. Feltmate. [[1992]]. ''Aquatic insects.'' CAB International. ISBN 0-85198-782-6.

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|Gerridae|Gerridas}}
{{Wikispecies||Gerridae|Gerridas}}
*{{ITIS |id=103801 |taxon=Gerridae}}
*[http://cirrusimage.com/bugs_water_strider.htm Photographemata gerridarum cum et sine alis.]
*[https://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&amp;contentId=A26207-2003Aug6&amp;notFound=true &quot;Row, Row, Row Your Bug.&quot;] {{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ''Washington Post,'' 6 Augusti 2003.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140217002936/http://vimeo.com/27659132 Pellicula motuum gerridarum.]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZvOhJd4uP_o Pellicula ''Gerris lacustris'' in Cambria.]

[[Categoria:Familiae insectorum]]
[[Categoria:Gerridae| ]]
[[Categoria:Gerroidea]]
[[Categoria:Taxa Leach]]
[[Categoria:Taxa 1815]]
{{Myrias|Biologia}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Thomas Jones</title>
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      <text bytes="2799" sha1="0igw0j5f5ka3a592kl1hpq0gg610dba" xml:space="preserve">{{Latinitas|-3}}
{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}

{{res|Thomas Woodward Jones}}, saepissime ''Tom Jones'', die [[7 Iunii|septimo Iunii]] [[1940]] natus,  est [[cantor]] [[Cambria|gallicus]] qui florebat de medio saeculo  vicensimo usque ad tempus hodiernum.&lt;ref&gt;https://m.imdb.com/name/nm0429367/bio&lt;/ref&gt; Thomas Jones numerum unum in [[Anglia]] ter habuit, numerum decem undeviciens.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/11640/tom-jones/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Vita ==
[[Fasciculus:Tom Jones concert.jpg|thumb|Tom Jones in 2009]]
Tom Jones die septimo mensis iunii  in [[Cambria]], {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Pontypridd||en|qid=Q1024900}} in urbe natus est, gente humili.  Duxit  mense martii 1957, amicam scholasticam suam Lindam Trenchard, eo tempore gravatam.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.express.co.uk/celebrity-news/1292843/tom-jones-news-melinda-trenchard-wife-affairs-the-voice-bbc-tv-spt&lt;/ref&gt; Anno 1963 cantabat cum grege cambrica ''Tommy Scott and the Senators''.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.smoothradio.com/features/tom-jones-facts/tommy-scott-and-the-senators/&lt;/ref&gt; Antequam annus 1964 finem fecit, Thomas Jones factus est Tom Jones, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Gordonus Mills|Gordono Mills|en|qid=Q5585574}},  administratore suo , monente, propterea quod pellicula nomine ''Tom Jones'', cum persona ipsius nominis, rem bene gesserat.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20200414143020/https://www.biography.com/.amp/musician/tom-jones&lt;/ref&gt;  

Anno 1964 carmen eius 'It's not unusual' (latine 'insolitum non est') factum est perceleber, disseminatum a statione radiophonica ''Radio Caroline''.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.officialcharts.com/search/singles/it's-not-unusual/&lt;/ref&gt;  Annus 1965 summum  erat curriculi Tom Jones quod infuit invasioni musicae Britannicae in [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|civitates foederatas.]] Anno 1965 cecinit  carmen pelliculae de [[Iacobus Bond|Iacobo Bond]] titulo ''Thunderball''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/tom-jones-0 {{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anno 1966 [[Praemium Grammy|Praemium Gramophonicum]] accepit, novus optimus.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/tom-jones-0 {{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;  

Per nonullos annos Jones cantabat [[Campi (Nivata)|Campis]] [[Nivata]]e ubi noverat [[Elvis Presley]], item ibi cantor. 

Anno 1999 [[Elizabeth II (regina Britanniarum)|Regina Elisabeth II]] Thomam Jones in ordinem equestrem imperii Britannici recepit. Nuper fama Thomae Jones auxit apud iuvenes ob programmam televisificam The Voice UK.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}

{{Anni vitae|1940||Jones, Thomas}}
[[Categoria:Cantores Cambriae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Dermochelys coriacea</title>
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      <text bytes="8345" sha1="ntznlzon46qhxfxomnq3nyxg4cm0z1c" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
{{Taxobox
| fossil_range = [[Holocaenum]] {{fossilrange|0.012|0}}
| image = Leatherback sea turtle Tinglar, USVI (5839996547).jpg
| image_alt = [[Femina (sexus)|femina]] [[arena]]m excavat.
| status = VU
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = &lt;ref name=iucn&gt;{{Cite iucn | author = Wallace, B. P. | author2 = Tiwari, M. | author3 = Girondot, M. | last-author-amp = yes | title = ''Dermochelys coriacea'' | volume = 2013 | page = e.T6494A43526147 | date = 2013 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-2.RLTS.T6494A43526147.en }}.&lt;/ref&gt;
| status2 = E
| status2_system = ESA
| status2_ref = &lt;ref&gt;[https://ecos.fws.gov/ecp0/reports/ad-hoc-species-report-input &quot;Ad hoc species report.&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| classis = [[Reptilia]]
| ordo = [[Testudines]]
| subordo = [[Cryptodira]]
| superfamilia = [[Chelonioidea]]
| familia = [[Dermochelyidae]]
| subfamilia = [[Dermochelyinae]]
| genus = ''[[Dermochelys]]''
| display_parents = 2
| genus_authority = [[Henricus Maria Ducrotay de Blainville|Blainville]], [[1816]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rhodin&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=http://www.iucn-tftsg.org/wp-content/uploads/file/Accounts/crm_5_000_checklist_v3_2010.pdf |title=Turtles of the world, 2010 update: Annotated checklist of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution and conservation status |journal=Chelonian Research Monographs |volume=5 |date=14 Decembris 2010 |last1=Rhodin |first1=A. G. J. |last2=van Dijk |first2=P. P. |last3=Inverson |first3=J. B. |last4=Shaffer |first4=H. B. |page=000.xx |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5uzfktoIh?url=http://www.iucn-tftsg.org/wp-content/uploads/file/Accounts/crm_5_000_checklist_v3_2010.pdf |archivedate=15 Decembris 2010 |ref=harv |doi=10.3854/crm.5.000.checklist.v3.2010 |url-status=dead  |isbn=978-0965354097 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;
| species = '''''Dermochelys coriacea'''''
| species_authority = ([[Domenicus Vandelli|Vandelli]], [[1761]])&lt;ref name=&quot;Rhodin&quot;/&gt;
| synonyms = 
{{Collapsible list 
 |title= List of synonyms
 |framestyle=border:none; padding:0;
 |bullets=on
 | ''Testudo coriacea'' &lt;small&gt;Vandellius, 1761&lt;/small&gt;
 | ''Testudo coriaceous'' &lt;small&gt;Pennant, 1769 ([[ex errore]])&lt;/small&gt;
 | ''Testudo arcuata'' &lt;small&gt;Catesby, 1771&lt;/small&gt;
 | ''Testudo lyra'' &lt;small&gt;Lacépède, 1788&lt;/small&gt;
 | ''Testudo marina'' &lt;small&gt;Wilhelm, 1794&lt;/small&gt;
 | ''Testudo tuberculata'' &lt;small&gt;Pennant, 1801&lt;/small&gt;
 | ''Chelone coriacea'' &lt;small&gt;Brongniart, 1805&lt;/small&gt;
 | ''Chelonia coriacea'' &lt;small&gt;Oppel, 1811&lt;/small&gt;
 | ''Testudo lutaria'' &lt;small&gt;Rafinesque, 1814&lt;/small&gt;
 | ''Dermochelys coriacea'' &lt;small&gt;Blainville, 1816&lt;/small&gt;
 | ''Sphargis mercurialis'' &lt;small&gt;Merrem, 1820&lt;/small&gt;
 | ''Coriudo coriacea'' &lt;small&gt;Fleming, 1822&lt;/small&gt;
 | ''Scytina coriacea'' &lt;small&gt;Wagler, 1828&lt;/small&gt;
 | ''Dermochelis atlantica'' &lt;small&gt;LeSueur, 1829 ([[nomen nudum]])&lt;/small&gt;
 | ''Sphargis coriacea'' &lt;small&gt;Gray, 1829&lt;/small&gt;
 | ''Sphargis tuberculata'' &lt;small&gt;Gravenhorst, 1829&lt;/small&gt;
 | ''Dermatochelys coriacea'' &lt;small&gt;Wagler, 1830&lt;/small&gt;
 | ''Chelyra coriacca'' &lt;small&gt;Rafinesque, 1832 (ex errore)&lt;/small&gt;
 | ''Dermatochelys porcata'' &lt;small&gt;Wagler, 1833&lt;/small&gt;
 | ''Testudo coriacea marina'' &lt;small&gt;Ranzano, 1834&lt;/small&gt;
 | ''Dermochelys atlantica'' &lt;small&gt;Duméril &amp; Bibron, 1835&lt;/small&gt;
 | ''Dermatochelys atlantica'' &lt;small&gt;Fitzinger, 1835&lt;/small&gt;
 | ''Dermochelydis tuberculata'' &lt;small&gt;Alessandrini, 1838&lt;/small&gt;
 | ''Sphargis coriacea ''var''. schlegelii'' &lt;small&gt;Garman, 1884&lt;/small&gt;
 | ''Dermatochaelis coriacea'' &lt;small&gt;Oliveira, 1896&lt;/small&gt;
 | ''Sphargis angusta'' &lt;small&gt;Philippi, 1899&lt;/small&gt;
 | ''Dermochelys schlegelii'' &lt;small&gt;Stejneger, 1907&lt;/small&gt;
 | ''Dermatochelys angusta'' &lt;small&gt;Quijada, 1916&lt;/small&gt;
 | ''Dermochelys coriacea coriacea'' &lt;small&gt;Gruvel, 1926&lt;/small&gt;
 | ''Dendrochelys (Sphargis) coriacea'' &lt;small&gt;Pierantoni, 1934&lt;/small&gt;
 | ''Dermochelys coriacea schlegeli'' &lt;small&gt;Mertens, Müller &amp; Rust, 1934 (ex errore)&lt;/small&gt; 
 | ''Chelyra coriacea'' &lt;small&gt;Bourret, 1941&lt;/small&gt;
 | ''Seytina coriacea'' &lt;small&gt;Bourret, 1941&lt;/small&gt;
 | ''Sphargis schlegelii'' &lt;small&gt;Bourret, 1941&lt;/small&gt;
 | ''Dermochelys coriacea schlegelii'' &lt;small&gt;Carr, 1952&lt;/small&gt;
 | ''Dermochelys coriacea schlegelli'' &lt;small&gt;Caldwell, 1962 (ex errore)&lt;/small&gt; 
 | ''Dermochelys schlegeli'' &lt;small&gt;Barker, 1964&lt;/small&gt;
 | ''Dermochelys coricea'' &lt;small&gt;Das, 1985 (ex errore)&lt;/small&gt; }}
 | synonyms_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;Fritz 2007&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|journal=Vertebrate Zoology |title=Checklist of Chelonians of the World |year=2007 |last1=Uwe |first1=Fritz |last2=Havaš |first2=Peter |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=174–76 
 |url=http://www.cnah.org/pdf_files/851.pdf |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5v20ztMND?url=http://www.cnah.org/pdf_files/851.pdf |archivedate=17 Decembris 2010 |accessdate=30 Augusti 2020 |ref=harv |url-status=dead  }}.&lt;/ref&gt;
 | range_map = Dermochelys coriacea map.svg
| image_caption = [[Distributio geographica]]
}}
[[Fasciculus:Flickr - Rainbirder - LEVIATHAN.jpg|thumb|[[Magnitudo|Magnitudines]] huius animalis et [[homo sapiens|hominis]].]]

'''''Dermochelys coriacea''''' est maximus omnium [[testudines|testudinum]] [[taxon exstans|exstantium]] et quartus a gravissimis [[reptilia|reptilibus]] hodiernis, post tria [[crocodilia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WWW&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=WWF - Leatherback turtle |work=Marine Turtles |publisher=World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) |date=16 Februarii 2007 |url=http://www.panda.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/species/about_species/species_factsheets/marine_turtles/leatherback_turtle/index.cfm |accessdate=9 Septembris 2007}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.turtles.org/leatherd.htm &quot;The Leatherback Turtle (''Dermochelys coriacea'').&quot;] Turtles.org, 24 Ianuarii 2004, accessum 30 Augusti 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; Hoc [[animal]] est sola [[species]] sui [[genus (taxinomia)|generis]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20161015223138/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/reptiles/l/leatherback-sea-turtle/ Dermochelys].&lt;/ref&gt; et sola exstans [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[Dermochelyidae|Dermochelyidarum]] species. Facile ab aliis [[chelonioidea|chelonioideis]] hodiernis distinguitur quia [[exosceletus|exosceleto]] [[os (ossis)|osseo]] caret; potius, eius [[carapax]] a [[cutis|cuti]] crassa et [[caro|carne]] [[oleum|oleosa]] tegitur.

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Böhme, Wolfgang. [[2004]]. &quot;Testudines (Chelonia), Schildkröten.&quot; In ''Spezielle Zoologie: Vol. 2: Wirbel- oder Schädeltiere,'' ed. Wilfried Westheide et Reinhard Rieger, 345–52. Gustav Fischer Verlag. ISBN 3-8274-0900-4.
*Das, Indraneil. [[2001]]. ''Die Schildkröten des Indischen Subkontinents.'' Francofurti: Edition Chimaira. ISBN 3-930612-35-6.
*Wood, Roger Conant, Jonnie Johnson-Gove, Eugene S. Gaffney, et Kevin F. Maley.[[1996]]. &quot;Evolution and phylogeny of the leatherback turtles (Dermochelyidae), with descriptions of new fossil taxa.&quot; ''Chelonian Conservation and Biology'' 2: 266–86.

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|Dermochelys coriacea|''Dermochelytem coriaceam''}}
{{Wikispecies|Dermochelys coriacea|''Dermochelytem coriaceam''}}
{{Fontes biologici}}
*[http://www.turtles.org &quot;Turtle Trax.&quot;] Turtles.org.
*[http://www.msv-nicaragua.de/ &quot;Meeresschildkröten Schutz Verein Nicaragua - Aktuelles: Aktuelle Impressionen.&quot;]
*[http://www.greatturtlerace.com/ Situs interretialis societatis proprius.] The Leatherback Trust.
*[http://www.turtle-foundation.org/ Situs interretialis societatis testudinum proprius.]

[[Categoria:Biota rei publicae Dominicianae]]
[[Categoria:Chelonioidea]]
[[Categoria:Dermochelyidae]]
[[Categoria:Fauna Bangladeshae]]
[[Categoria:Fauna Birmaniae]]
[[Categoria:Fauna Insularum Salomonis]]
[[Categoria:Fauna Guatimaliae]]
[[Categoria:Fauna Trinitatis et Tabaci]]
[[Categoria:Reptilia Africae]]
[[Categoria:Reptilia Americae Meridionalis]]
[[Categoria:Reptilia Americae Septentrionalis]]
[[Categoria:Reptilia Asiae]]
[[Categoria:Reptilia Australiae]]
[[Categoria:Reptilia Europae]]
[[Categoria:Reptilia Guianae]]
[[Categoria:Reptilia Indiae]]
[[Categoria:Reptilia Indonesiae]]
[[Categoria:Reptilia Iaponiae]]
[[Categoria:Reptilia Malaesiae]]
[[Categoria:Reptilia Mexici]]
[[Categoria:Reptilia Oceaniae]]
[[Categoria:Reptilia Pakistaniae]]
[[Categoria:Reptilia Thailandiae]]
[[Categoria:Reptilia Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Species animalium]]
[[Categoria:Taxa Vandelli]]
[[Categoria:Taxa 1761]]
{{Myrias|Biologia}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Capsicum dulce (fructus)</title>
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      <text bytes="6170" sha1="9d42tflwvnmaolj3rxgqv9n55ceyqi9" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Marché de Vicuña.jpg|thumb|Capsica dulcia matura rubra cum [[lumia|lumiis]], [[allium sativum|alliis]], [[capsicum (fructus)|capsicis viridibus]] [[Vicuña]] in urbe [[Chilia]]e venditata]]
'''Capsicum dulce''' est fructus sapore mitis qui e varietatibus nonnullis speciei ''[[Capsicum annuum|Capsici annui]]'' provenit. Hoc nomen ad [[Capsicum dulce (species)|Capsicum dulce]] appellationem novae speciei botanicae a [[Michael Felix Dunal|Michaele Felice Dunal]] statutum, ab [[Alphonsus de Candolle|Alphonso de Candolle]] anno [[1852]] divulgatum, hodie reiicitur.&lt;ref&gt;''Pimentão-cornicabra, pimentão-doce, pimenteiro, pimento (fruto), pimento-comum ... Variedades: Capsicum umbellicatum Vellozo (Pimentão maça), Capsicum longum de Candolle (Pimentão Chifre da cabra), Capsicum cordiforme Mill. (Chama-se em Portugal: Pimenta de cheiro ou Pimenta da terra'': vide ''[http://plantasangola.weebly.com/uploads/7/6/9/6/7696200/003_-_c.pdf Plantas de Angola]''&lt;/ref&gt; Fructus autem in pluribus linguis hodiernis a [[Capsicum (fructus)|varietatibus sapore pungentiore]] nominibus specialibus distinguitur, e.g. Francogallice ''poivron'', Italiane ''peperone'', Lusitane ''pimentão-doce'', Theodisce ''Paprika''.

[[Albertus Szent-Györgyi]], qui cum Iosepho Svirbely [[vitaminum C|vitamini C]] primum invenerat,&lt;ref&gt;Joseph Louis Svirbely, [[Albertus Szent-Györgyi|Albert Szent-Györgyi]], &quot;The Chemical Nature of Vitamin C&quot; [https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/spotlight/wg/catalog/nlm:nlmuid-101584924X102-doc pars i] [https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/spotlight/wg/catalog/nlm:nlmuid-101584924X103-doc pars ii] in ''Biochemical Journal'' vol. 26 (1932) pp. 865-870, vol. 27 (1933) pp. 279-285&lt;/ref&gt; capsica dulcia [[capsicum Hungarum|Hungara]] fontem copiosissimum vitamini C esse monstravit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Banga et Szent-Györgyi (1934)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''As it happened, Szeged is the center of the paprika (red pepper) industry. Paprika was not available at Cambridge. I once saw it on the market but the vendor cautioned me that it was poisonous. One night [at Szeged] we had fresh red pepper for supper. I did not feel like eating it and thought of a way out. Suddenly it occurred to me that this was practically the only plant I had never tested. I took it to the laboratory and about midnight I knew that it was a treasure chest of vitamin C, containing 2 mg per gram. A few weeks later I had kilograms of crystalline vitamin C which I distributed all over the world among researchers who wanted to work on it. This made complete analysis and synthesis possible'': [[Albertus Szent-Györgyi|Albert Szent-Györgyi]], &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20220609200335/https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/spotlight/wg/catalog/nlm:nlmuid-101584924X128-doc Lost in the Twentieth Century]&quot; in ''Annual Review of Biochemistry'' vol. 32 (1963) pp. 1-14&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
; Fontes antiquiores
* 1791 : &quot;Piment&quot; in Jacques C. Valmont de Bomare, ''Dictionnaire raisonné universel d'histoire naturelle'' {{Google Books|P505AAAAcAAJ|vol. 10 pp. 571-572}} (&quot;gros piment ... piment doux&quot;)
* 1798 : Nicolas Jolyclerc, ''Phytologie universelle, ou, Histoire naturelle et méthodique des plantes''. Lutetiae: Gueffier jeune {{Google Books|JnUPAAAAQAAJ|vol. 5 pp. 161-162}} (&quot;Piment, Poivre long ou Corail des jardins: — Le gros piment, Capsicum grossum&quot;)
* 1812 : [[Thomas Jeffersonius|Thomas Ieffersonius]], ''[[Thomas Ieffersonii Liber hortensis|Garden Book]]'' (Edwin Morris Betts, ed., ''Thomas Jefferson's Garden Book 1766-1824'' [Philadelphiae: American Philosophical Society, 1944] [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.503395/page/n527/mode/2up p. 473]) &quot;Capsicum major&quot;
* 1813 : [[Michael Felix Dunal|Michel Félix Dunal]], ''Histoire naturelle, médicale et économique des Solanum''. Lutetiae: Koenig, 1813 {{Google Books|Dc5LAAAAYAAJ}}
* 1832 : Edwin Lankester, ''Vegetable Substances Used for the Food of Man'' [https://archive.org/details/vegetablesubstan00lank/page/314/mode/2up p. 314] (&quot;bell pepper–Capsicum grossum&quot;)
* 1852 : [[Michael Felix Dunal|M. F. Dunal]], &quot;Solanaceae&quot; in [[Alphonsus Pyramus de Candolle|A. de Candolle]], ''[[Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis]]'' vol. 13 fasc. 1 (Lutetiae: Masson, 1852) [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/56755458#page/432/mode/1up p. 428]
* 1934 : {{ec|id=Banga et Szent-Györgyi (1934)|c=Ilona Banga, [[Albertus Szent-Györgyi|Albert Szent-Györgyi]], &quot;[https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/spotlight/wg/catalog/nlm:nlmuid-101584924X104-doc The Large Scale Preparation of Ascorbic Acid from Hungarian Pepper (Capsicum annuum)]&quot; in ''Biochemical Journal'' vol. 28 (1934) pp. 1625-1628}}

; Eruditio
* George E. Boyhan et al., &quot;[https://journals.ashs.org/horttech/view/journals/horttech/30/1/article-p135.xml A Comparison of 13 Sweet Pepper Varieties under an Organic Farming System]&quot; in ''Hort Technology'' vol. 30 (2020) no. 1
* Janet Long-Solís, ''Capsicum y cultura: la historia del chilli''. 2a ed. (Mexicopoli: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1998) p. 156
* José de Jesús Ornelas-Paz et al., &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/5853968/Effect_of_cooking_on_the_capsaicinoids_and_phenolics_contents_of_Mexican_peppers Effect of cooking on the capsaicinoids and phenolics contents of Mexican peppers]&quot; in ''Food Chemistry'' vol. 119 (2010) pp. 1619–1625 (&quot;Bell&quot;)
* Joshua Tewksbury et al., &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7207709_Where_did_the_Chili_Get_its_Spice_Biogeography_of_Capsaicinoid_Production_in_Ancestral_Wild_Chili_Species Where did the Chili Get its Spice? Biogeography of Capsaicinoid Production in Ancestral Wild Chili Species]&quot; in ''Journal of Chemical Ecology'' vol. 32 (2006) pp. 547-564

== Nexus externi ==
* Gernot Katzer, &quot;[http://gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com/engl/Caps_ann.html Paprika (Capsicum annuum L.)]&quot; apud ''Spice Pages''
* &quot;[https://www.worldsoffood.de/gesundes-und-bio/gewuerze-a-kraeuter/item/3477-was-ist-der-unterschied-zwischen-chili-und-peperoni.html Was ist der Unterschied zwischen Chili und Peperoni?]&quot; apud ''Worlds of Food''

[[Categoria:Capsicum annuum]]
[[Categoria:Fructus]]
[[Categoria:Fruges Americae mediae]]</text>
      <sha1>9d42tflwvnmaolj3rxgqv9n55ceyqi9</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Prosperus Guerrier de Dumast</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>295210</id>
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        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
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      <comment>capsa</comment>
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      <text bytes="1858" sha1="omhdy1fau6jhcqognrzcjgosaxgz52b" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Guerrier de Dumast.JPG|thumb|upright|Prosperi Guerrier de Dumast effigies sita in aditu facultatis iuris Nanceii, in foro Carnot. Inscripta est &quot;Baron P. Guerrier de Dumast promoteur de la restauration des facultés de Nancy&quot;, quod fere significat: &quot;Baro P. Guerrier de Dumast, promotor Nanceii facultatum restituendarum&quot;]]
'''Augustus Prosperus Franciscus, Baro&lt;ref&gt;Lucien Adam, ''Le baron Guerrier de Dumast'', Nancy, G. Crépin Leblond, 1883.&lt;/ref&gt; Guerrier de Dumast''' (natus [[Nanceium|Nanceii]] die [[26 Februarii]] [[1796]], obiit die [[26 Ianuarii]] [[1883]]) fuit egregius defensor fidei catholicae faventis libertati et tutor urbis [[Nanceium|Nanceii]], sustinens Lotharingiae ingenium&lt;ref&gt;Jean-François Thull, &quot;La contribution de Prosper Guerrier de Dumast à l'émergence du lotharingisme à Nancy&quot;, ''Le Pays lorrain'', vol. 88, 3 (juillet-septembre 2007), p. 173-178.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Curriculum vitae ==
* 1822: Sodalis [[Societas Asiatica (Francia)|Societatis Asiaticae Francicae]]
* 1826: Reditus e Lutetia, uxorem duxit Nanceii filiam ducis baronis Ludovici Leopoldi Buquet.
* 1837: Societatem &quot;Fides et Luces&quot; condidit, ut fidem catholicam faventem libertati defenderet.
* 1838: Sodalis correspondens Comitatis operum historicorum et scientificorum factus est.
* 1841: Unus e conditoribus Musei ducum Lotharingiae fuit.
* 1850: Socius [[Academia Stanislai|Academiae Stanislai]] factus est.
* 1854: Facultates Nanceianas scientarum et litterarum creavit.
* 1863: Sodalis correspondens Academiae Inscriptionum et Litterarum Humaniorum factus est.
* 1864: Facultatem iuris Nanceii creavit.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Lifetime|1796|1883|Guerrier de Dumast, Prosper}}

[[Categoria:Nobiles Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Lotharingia]]
[[Categoria:Magnus Oriens (regio Franciae)]]
[[Categoria:Morta et Mosella]]</text>
      <sha1>omhdy1fau6jhcqognrzcjgosaxgz52b</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Aquae calidae salientes</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>295274</id>
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      <text bytes="1387" sha1="7ikgkr3s51v4st7hry19ihryhl9pxkl" xml:space="preserve">[[Imago:Geyser animation.gif|thumb|Quomodo scaturigo geyseriana agitatur]]
'''Aquae calidae salientes'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Morgan}}; {{DAEL|Géiser|490}}&lt;/ref&gt; vel '''scaturigo geyzeriana'''&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem.&lt;/ref&gt; est [[fons calidus]], interdum aqua ferventi, quae certum post tempus magna сum vi eicitur et iterum quiescit. Calore [[Vulcanismus|vulcanico]] aqua in scaturiginibus geyzerianis calefit et in regionibus [[Mons ignifer|montium igniferorum]] saepius inveniuntur. Regiones tales sunt [[Islandia]], [[Saeptum nationale Yellowstone]]. ''[[Dolina gejzerov|Vallis geyzeriana]]'' [[Kamtschatka]]e, [[Nova Zelandia]] aliaeque. Vocabulum ''geyzerianus'' originem [[lingua Islandica|Islandicam]] habet; ''Geysir'' scatirigo magna Islandiae nominatur (de ''geysa'', ''eici, effundi'').

[[Imago:Zhemchuzhny geyser.jpg|thumb|left|Scaturigo ''Žemčužnyij'' (''Margaritarum'') [[Kamtschatka]]e]]
==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Nexus externi==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190901210444/https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/nature/geysers.htm De scaturiginibis geyzerianis] saepti nationalis Yellowstone {{ling|Anglice}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130521123236/http://www.kronoki.ru/act/scientific/articles/34/35 Никаноров А. П. Гейзеры: история открытия и исследований] {{ling|Russice}}

{{Myrias|Physica}}

[[Categoria:Vulcanologia]]
[[Categoria:Fontes]]</text>
      <sha1>7ikgkr3s51v4st7hry19ihryhl9pxkl</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Calamitas Czernobelensis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>297537</id>
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      <text bytes="8058" sha1="13q8vwg651tz4ucjzn839tv31mr3fcu" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:IAEA 02790015 (5613115146).jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Reactorium 4 aliquot menses post calamitatem. Reactorium 3 post [[turris|turrim]] ventilationis videtur.]]
[[Fasciculus:The Soviet Union 1991 CPA 6285 stamp (Fifth Anniversary of Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station Disaster. Radioactive particles killing vegetation) 1200dpi.jpg|thumb|Sovieticum [[pittacium cursuale]], anno [[1991]] editum, calamitati Tiernobilensi dicatur.]]

'''Calamitas Czernobelensis'''{{Convertimus}} vel '''Tiernobilensis'''{{FD ref}} fuit displosio in [[reactorium nucleare|reactorio nucleari]] No. 4 in [[ergasterium atomicum|Officina Electrica]] [[Officina Electrica Nuclearis Tiernobilensis|Nucleari Tiernobilensi]], ad [[Pripetius|Pripetium]] prope [[Czernobela|Tiernobilam]] [[urbs|urbem]] in [[septentrio]]nali [[Ucraina|Reipublicae Socialisticae Sovieticae Ucrainensis]] [[regio]]ne in [[Unio Sovietica|Unione Sovieticae]], quae [[dies Saturni|die Saturni]], [[26 Aprilis]] anno [[1986]], accidit.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/focus/chernobyl|title=Chernobyl Nuclear Accident|date=14 Maii [[2014]]|website=www.iaea.org}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/10807030802387556|title=A Comparative Analysis of Accident Risks in Fossil, Hydro, and Nuclear Energy Chains|journal=Human and Ecological Risk Assessment|volume=14|issue=5|pages=947–973|year=[[2008]]|last1=Burgherr|first1=Peter|last2=Hirschberg|first2=Stefan|s2cid=110522982}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Maxima existimatur [[orbis terrarum]] calamitas nuclearis per ambas impensas et [[vulnus|vulnera]] [[homo|humana]],&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCWorse&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Black |first=Richard |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13048916 |title=Fukushima: As Bad as Chernobyl? |date=12 Aprilis [[2011]] |website=BBC News |access-date=20 Augusti 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816212750/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13048916 |archive-date=16 Augusti 2011 |url-status=live }}.&lt;/ref&gt; atque est unus e duobus [[energia nuclearis|energiae nuclearis]] casibus qui gradu septimo—maxima gravitate—in [[Gradus Eventuum Nuclearium Internationalis|Gradu Eventuum Nuclearium Internationali]] numeratur, quorum alius est [[Clades Nuclearis Fukushima Daiichi]] anni [[2011]] in [[Iaponia]]. Primum responsum necessarium, una cum [[decontaminatio]]ne [[circumiecta|circumiectorum]], ad ultimum plus 500&amp;thinsp;000 operarum implicavit, et omnis impensa fuit 18 fere billiones [[rubelus|rubelorum]] [[URSS|Sovieticorum]] —CFA $68 fere [[billio]]nes, anno [[2019]] ad [[inflatio]]nem adaptae.&lt;ref name=&quot;GorbachevBoC&quot;&gt;{{cite AV media |people=Johnson, Thomas (author/director) |date=[[2006]] |title=The battle of Chernobyl |url=https://www.andanafilms.com/catalogueFiche.php?idFiche=255&amp;rub=Toutes%20les%20fiches%20films |publisher=Play Film / Discovery Channel}} (vide colloquium cum [[Michael Gorbachev|Michaele Gorbachev]] anno 1996).&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Regio]] adiacens [[radioactivitas|radiatione]] nucleari infecta est, et incolae, quorum tunc duodecim milia et quingenti fuerunt, ex eo loco educti sunt.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Leonidas Toptunov]]
* [[Clades Nuclearis Fukushima Daiichi]]

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Bibliographia==
===Relationes publicae===
* Shoigu, S. K., et L. A. Bolshov, eds. [[2006]]. ''Twenty years of the Chernobyl accident: Results and Problems in Eliminating Its Consequences in Russia 1986–2006: Russian National Report.'' Moscuae. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120305041410/http://chernobyl.undp.org/english/docs/rus_natrep_2006_eng.pdf PDF.]
* ''20 years after Chornobyl Catastrophe: Future outlook: National Report of Ukraine.'' Kiovae. ISBN 966-326-172-2, [https://web.archive.org/web/20111007042332/http://chernobyl.undp.org/english/docs/ukr_report_2006.pdf PDF.]
* Shevchuk, V. E., et V. L. Gurachevsky, eds. [[2006]]. ''20 Years after the Chernobyl Catastrophe: the consequences in the Republic of Belarus and their overcoming: National report.'' Committee on the Problems of the Consequences of the Catastrophe at the Chernobyl NPP under the Belarusian Council of Ministers. Minsci. ISBN 985-01-0628-X, [https://web.archive.org/web/20120201013745/http://chernobyl.undp.org/english/docs/BelNationalReportEng.zip ZIP.]

===Generalia===
* Abbott, Pamela. [[2006]]. &quot;Chernobyl: Living with Risk and Uncertainty.&quot; ''Health, Risk &amp; Society'' 8 (2): 105–121.
* Cohen, Bernard Leonard. [[1990]]. &quot;The Chernobyl accident: can it happen here?&quot; In ''The Nuclear Energy Option: An Alternative for the 90's.'' Plenum Press. ISBN 978-0-306-43567-6.
* Dyatlov, Anatoly. [[2003]]. [''Tiernobila: Quomodo Facta Est?''] [[Russice]]. Moscuae: Nauchtechlitizdat. ISBN 978-5-93728-006-0.
* Higginbotham, Adam. [[2019]]. ''Midnight in Chernobyl: The Untold Story of the World's Greatest Nuclear Disaster.'' Novi Eboraci: Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN 978-1-5011-3461-6.
* Hoffmann, Wolfgang. [[2001]]. ''Fallout From the Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster and Congenital Malformations in Europe.'' Archives of Environmental Health.
* Karpan, Nikolaj V. [[2006]]. [''Tiernobila: Ultio Atomi Pacati.''] [[Russice]]. Dnepropetrovsk: IKK &quot;Balance Club&quot;. ISBN 978-966-8135-21-7.
* Medvedev, Grigori. [[1989]]. ''The Truth About Chernobyl.'' VAAP. ISBN 978-2-226-04031-2.
* Medvedev, Zhores A. [[1990]]. ''The Legacy of Chernobyl.'' Novi Eboraci: W. W. Norton &amp; Company. ISBN 978-0-393-30814-3.
* Plokhy, Serhii. [[2018]]. ''Chernobyl: History of a Tragedy.'' Londinii: Allen Lane.
* Read, Piers Paul. [[1993]]. ''Ablaze! The Story of the Heroes and Victims of Chernobyl.'' Random House UK. ISBN 978-0-7493-1633-4.
* Shcherbak, Yurii. [[1991]]. ''Chernobyl.'' Novi Eboraci: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-03097-1.
* Tchertkoff, Wladimir. [[2016]]. ''The Crime of Chernobyl: The Nuclear Goulag.'' Londinii: Glagoslav Publications. ISBN 978-1-78437-931-5.

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Chernobyl disaster|calamitatem Czernobelensem}}
{{Wikiquote|Chernobyl disaster|calamitatem Czernobelensem}}

*[https://www.britannica.com/event/Chernobyl-disaster &quot;Chernobyl disaster.&quot;] ''Encyclopaedia Britannica.''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190517230215/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/chernobyl-disaster/ &quot;Chernobyl disaster facts and information.&quot;] ''National Geographic.''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120213074912/http://www.crdp.org.ua/en/ &quot;Chernobyl Recovery and Development Programme.&quot;] Consociatio Nationum.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110225215043/http://www.iaea.or.at/NewsCenter/Features/Chernobyl-15/cherno-faq.shtml &quot;Frequently Asked Chernobyl Questions.&quot;] IAEA/
* [https://www.net-film.ru/en/found-page-1/?search=qChernobyl Pelliculae de calamitate Czernobelens.] Apud [https://www.net-film.ru/en/ Net-Film Newsreels and Documentary Films Archive.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120322030018/http://www.chelu.eu/Blog/?p=88 Photographemata ex urbe Pripyat et rerum aliarum.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110715154617/http://www.rapik.com/photo/thumbnails.php?album=38 Photographemata ex zona alienationis et urbe Prypyat (2010).]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110825030455/http://englishrussia.com/index.php/2009/04/29/at-the-nuclear-power-plant/ &quot;Photos of a RBMK-based power plant.&quot;] Apud Englishrussia.com.
* [https://swap.stanford.edu/20091112210932/http%3A//www.chernobyl.info/ Porta Czernobelensis Internationalis.] UN Inter-Agency Project ICRIN.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121215050646/http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552539 &quot;Post-Soviet Pollution: Effects of Chernobyl.&quot;] Apud Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080828234653/http://chernobyl.undp.org/ Situs interretialis calamitatis proprius.] [[Consociatio Nationum]].
* [https://map.safecast.org/?y=51.3883&amp;x=30.1002&amp;z=13&amp;l=0&amp;m=0 Tabula geographica radioactivitatis tardae circa Czernobelam.] 

{{coord|51|23|23|N|30|05|57|E|region:UA_type:landmark|display=title}}

[[Categoria:Mali casus nucleares]]
[[Categoria:Ucraina]]
[[Categoria:Unio Sovietica]]
[[Categoria:1986]]
{{Myrias|Historia}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sutor</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>300202</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>{{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}}; +{{[[Formula:Pagina neglecta|pagina neglecta]]}}</comment>
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      <text bytes="598" sha1="ixd3f69v83ib4041z5hclbj19bthtlw" xml:space="preserve">{{Pagina neglecta}}
[[Fasciculus:Schuhmacher-1568.png|thumb|Sutoris officina (a [[Iodocus Amman|Iodoco Amman]] picta, e ''[[Panoplia (Schopperus)|Panoplia]]'' libro]]

{{res|Sutor}} seu {{res|calcearius}} seu {{res|calceolarius}} est [[artifex]], qui [[calceus|calceos]] suit et refecit. 

{{NexInt}}
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ne sutor ultra crepidam||en|qid=Q13479274}}

== Nexus externi ==
{{Forcellini}}[https://web.archive.org/web/20211127200917/http://linguax.com/lexica/forc.php?searchedLG=sutor sub verbo].

{{Stipula}}

[[Categoria:Munera]]
[[Categoria:Opus suendi]]</text>
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    <title>Crater vulcanicus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="1767" sha1="mdn00c8oy2jat25q712pfg5hdwxpa70" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Vesuvius from plane.jpg|thumb|[[Vesuvius|Vesuvii]] crater]]{{videdis|Crater}}
'''Crater vulcanicus'''&lt;ref&gt;E.g., {{Creanda|it|Teodoro Monticelli|Theodorus Monticelli|Theodori Monticelli}} [https://books.google.ru/books?id=LXYigzegVXIC&amp;q=crateris+vulcanici#v=snippet&amp;q=crateris%20vulcanici&amp;f=false ''In Agrum Puteolanum Camposque Phlegraeos commentarium'', Neapoli 1826, p.1]; {{Kirp|кратер}}.&lt;/ref&gt; est foramen in cacumine [[conus|coni]] [[mons ignifer|montis igniferi]], In fundo crateris una vel nonnulli fauces sitae sunt, per quas [[lava]] et [[tephra]] et fumus vulcanicus exeunt. Interdum [[lacus]] lavae in fundo crateris manet; interdum conus alter minor medio cratere stat. Crateres montium igniferorum exstinctorum saepe lacubus [[aqua]]e impleti sunt; tunc conus alter memoratus [[insulam]] in medio lacu efficit. 
[[Fasciculus:Erta-ale lac-de-lave 2001.jpg|thumb|Lacus lavae in cratere ''Erta Ale'' montis igniferi [[Aethiopia]]e]]

Nonnulli montes igniferi conos non habent (nec montes sensu stricto sunt), sed solum crateres, interdum aqua pleni; vulcani tales, vulgo ''[[maar]]'' dicti, [[Aquae calidae salientes|scaturiginibus geyzerianis]] similes sunt. 

[[Caldera]]e sunt crateres vulcanici cuius margines tempore vel eruptione explosiva destructae sunt.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Nexus externi==
* [https://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/bse/99695/Кратер &quot;Crater vulcanicus.&quot;] ''Encyclopaedia Sovietica magna'' {{ling|Russice}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220313100728/https://www.nps.gov/articles/craters.htm &quot;Volcanic Features and Landforms: Craters.&quot;] [[National Park Service]] Civitatum Foederatarum.

[[Categoria:Conformationes terrestres]]
[[Categoria:Vulcanologia]]
[[Categoria:Montes igniferi]]

{{Myrias|Physica}}</text>
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      <text bytes="1853" sha1="tk6vsnfqbebtn4insaatr6x544waykw" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Vesuvius from plane.jpg|thumb|[[Vesuvius|Vesuvii]] crater]]{{videdis|Crater}}

{{res|Crater vulcanicus}}{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1=E.g., {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theodorus Monticelli|Theodori Monticelli|it|qid=Q3983894}} [https://books.google.ru/books?id=LXYigzegVXIC&amp;q=crateris+vulcanici#v=snippet&amp;q=crateris%20vulcanici&amp;f=false ''In Agrum Puteolanum Camposque Phlegraeos commentarium'', Neapoli 1826, p.1]; {{Kirp|кратер}}.|2=Q3983894}} est foramen in cacumine [[conus|coni]] [[mons ignifer|montis igniferi]], In fundo crateris una vel nonnulli fauces sitae sunt, per quas [[lava]] et [[tephra]] et fumus vulcanicus exeunt. Interdum [[lacus]] lavae in fundo crateris manet; interdum conus alter minor medio cratere stat. Crateres montium igniferorum exstinctorum saepe lacubus [[aqua]]e impleti sunt; tunc conus alter memoratus [[insulam]] in medio lacu efficit. 
[[Fasciculus:Erta-ale lac-de-lave 2001.jpg|thumb|Lacus lavae in cratere ''Erta Ale'' montis igniferi [[Aethiopia]]e]]

Nonnulli montes igniferi conos non habent (nec montes sensu stricto sunt), sed solum crateres, interdum aqua pleni; vulcani tales, vulgo ''[[maar]]'' dicti, [[Aquae calidae salientes|scaturiginibus geyzerianis]] similes sunt. 

[[Caldera]]e sunt crateres vulcanici cuius margines tempore vel eruptione explosiva destructae sunt.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/bse/99695/Кратер &quot;Crater vulcanicus.&quot;] ''Encyclopaedia Sovietica magna'' {{ling|Russice}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220313100728/https://www.nps.gov/articles/craters.htm &quot;Volcanic Features and Landforms: Craters.&quot;] [[National Park Service]] Civitatum Foederatarum.

[[Categoria:Conformationes terrestres]]
[[Categoria:Vulcanologia]]
[[Categoria:Montes igniferi]]

{{Myrias|Physica}}</text>
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      <text bytes="1804" sha1="eg6apnmpcl6cwyrm31ok6ubl60etswc" xml:space="preserve">{{res|Seminium}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Morgan}} {{forcellini-fons}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20241130185109/http://linguax.com/lexica/forc.php?searchedLG=seminium sub verbo].&lt;/ref&gt; (vel {{res|varietas}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Morgan}} e [[Pallasius|Pallasii]] ''Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica'', de [[canis|canibus]].&lt;/ref&gt;, haud raro et {{res|stirps}}) est unitas [[taxinomia|taxinomica]] [[domitus|animalium domesticatorum]] vel [[Animal dilectum|dilectorum]]; grex est animalium qualitates similes habentium, [[Selectio artificialis|selectione artificiali]]{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1=[[Ieremias Bonomelli|Ieremiae Bonomelli]] [https://books.google.ru/books?id=aL69veFB4usC&amp;q=selectio+artificialis#v=snippet&amp;q=selectio%20artificialis&amp;f=false ''Summa totius theologiae dogmaticae'', vol. 2, Mediolani 1876, p. 282]; {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Tilman Pesch||de|qid=Q7802934}} [[Societas Iesu|SI]] [https://books.google.co.jp/books?hl=ru&amp;id=4Ifzp0MVoKMC&amp;q=selectio+artificialis#v=snippet&amp;q=selectio%20artificialis&amp;f=false ''Institutiones philosophiae naturalis secundum principia S. Thomae Aquinatis'', Friburgi Brisgoviae 1880, p. 748].|2=Q7802934}} creata. 

&lt;blockquote&gt;Nec tamen sequendum in seminio legendo &lt;[[Gallus|gallos]]&gt; [[Tanagra|Tanagricos]], qui ad partus sunt steriliores, —&lt;/blockquote&gt;
[[Marcus Terentius Varro|Varro]] dicit&lt;ref&gt;[[De re rustica (Varro)|''De re rustica'']], III 9. Cf. op. cit. II 1; [[Lucretius|Lucretii]] III 742.&lt;/ref&gt;.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
*[[Ars canum alendorum]]
*[[Cultivarietas]]
*[[Phyle (taxinomia)]]
*[[Pecus]]

==Nexus externi==
* [https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/race-animale/ De seminio] in ''Universali'' {{ling|Francogallice}}

[[Categoria:Classificatio biologica]]
[[Categoria:Animalia domesticata]]

{{Myrias|Technologia}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Carolus Bixler Heiser</title>
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      <text bytes="5226" sha1="ee6daampq0p4jw53x2nxkapo7edg8do" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Carolus Bixler Heiser''', vulgo saepius ''Charles B. Heiser Jr.'' ([[Cynthiana (Indiana)|Cynthiana]]e in [[Indiana]] die [[5 Octobris]] [[1920]] natus; mortuus die [[1 Iunii]] [[2010]]) fuit [[botanice|botanista]].

Discipulus fuit [[Robertus Everard Woodson|Roberti Everard Woodson]] et [[Edgarus Anderson|Edgari Anderson]] apud [[universitas Washingtonianae (urbs Sancti Ludovici)|universitatem Washingtonianam]] in [[urbs Sancti Ludovici|urbe Sancti Ludovici]]; deinde [[Georgius Ledyard Stebbins|Georgii Ledyard Stebbins]] in [[universitas Californiensis Berkeleiensis|universitate Californiensi Berkeleiensi]]. Professor meruit apud [[universitas Indianensis|universitatem Indianensem]]. De plantis utilibus [[America]]e, praesertim de familia [[cucurbitaceae|cucurbitacearum]], de genere ''[[Capsicum (genus)|Capsico]]'', de speciebus ''[[Helianthus annuus|Heliantho annuo]]'', ''[[Solanum quitoense|Solano quitoensi]]'', ''[[Schoenoplectus californicus|Schoenoplecto californico]]'' operam dedit. Inter discipulos eius fuerunt [[Gulielmus Hardy Eshbaugh]] et [[Barbara Pickersgill]].

Inquisitiones annis 1950 persecutus est ope emolumenti a societate [[Edmundus McIlhenny|McIlhenny]] dati.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Heiser et Smith (1958)}} p. 194 nota 1&lt;/ref&gt;

== Scripta selecta ==
* 1951 : &quot;The Sunflower among the North American Indians&quot; in ''Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society'' vol. 95: (1951) pp. 432–448 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3143283 JSTOR]
* 1951 : &quot;[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1951.tb02758.x Hybridization in the annual sunflowers: Helianthus annuus x H. debilis var. cucumerifolius]&quot; in ''Evolution'' vol. 5 (1951) pp. 42-51
* 1951 (cum Paul G. Smith) : &quot;Taxonomic and Genetic Studies on the Cultivated Peppers, Capsicum annuum L. and C. frutescens L.&quot; in ''American Journal of Botany'' vol. 38 (1951) pp. 362-368 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2437824 JSTOR]
* 1958 (cum Paul G. Smith) : {{ec|Heiser et Smith (1958)|c= &quot;New Species of Capsicum from South America&quot; in ''Brittonia'' vol. 10 pp. 194-201 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2804950 JSTOR] }}
* 1965 : &quot;Cultivated Plants and Cultural Diffusion in Nuclear America&quot; in ''American Anthropologist'' n.s. vol. 67 (1965) pp. 930-949 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/668774 JSTOR]
* 1969 : ''The North American Sunflowers (Helianthus)'' (''Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club'', vol. 22 no. 3). Durham Carolinae Septentrionalis [https://archive.org/details/northamericansu22heis Textus]
* 1969 : ''Nightshades: the paradoxical plants''. Franciscopoli: W. H. Freeman [https://archive.org/details/nightshadesparad0000heis Exemplar mutuabile] 
* 1972 : &quot;[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16159609#page/376/mode/1up Student Days with Edgar Anderson, or how I came to study sunflowers]&quot; in ''Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden'' vol. 59 (1972) pp. 362-372
* 1981 : ''The Sunflower''. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press [https://archive.org/details/sunflower0000heis Exemplar mutuabile]
* 1984 : &quot;The Ethnobotany of the Neotropical Solanaceae&quot; in ''Advances in Economic Botany'' vol. 1: ''Ethnobotany in the Neotropics'' (1984) pp. 48-52 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/43931368 JSTOR]
* 1985 : ''Of Plants and People''. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press {{Google Books|gOkrIDhCcMcC|Paginae selectae}} [https://archive.org/details/ofplantspeople0000heis Exemplar mutuabile]
* 1990 : ''Seed to Civilization: The Story of Man's Food''. Franciscopoli: W. H. Freeman [https://archive.org/details/seedtocivilizati00char Exemplar mutuabile]
* 1993 : ''The Gourd Book''. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press [https://archive.org/details/gourdbook0000heis_k1y5 Exemplar mutuabile]
* 2003 : ''Weeds in My Garden: Observations on Some Misunderstood Plants''. Timber Press [https://archive.org/details/weedsinmygardeno0000heis Exemplar mutuabile]
* 2008 : &quot;The Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) in Mexico: further evidence for a North American domestication&quot; in ''Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution'' vol. 55 (2008) pp. 9-13 [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10722-007-9300-z Epitome]

{{Botanistae|Heiser}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Amal Naj, ''Peppers: a story of hot pursuits'' (Novi Eboraci: Knopf, 1992) pp. 72-77 [https://archive.org/details/peppersstoryofho0000naja/ Exemplar mutuabile]
* [[Barbara Pickersgill]], Gregory J. Anderson, &quot;Travels with Charley—sunflowers and beyond: an appreciation of the life and work of Charles B. Heiser, Jr. (1920-2010)&quot; in ''Economic Botany'' vol. 64 (2010) pp. 281-286 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41001196 JSTOR]
* [[Barbara Pickersgill]], Gregory J. Anderson, ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20220814154611/http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/heiser-charles.pdf Charles Bixler Heiser Jr., 1920-2010]''. Vasingtoniae: National Academy of Sciences, 2011

{{NexInt}}
* [[:Categoria:Taxa Heiser]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}} 

{{DEFAULTSORT:Heiser, Carolus Bixler}}

[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Washingtonianae (urbs Sancti Ludovici)]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1920]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 2010]]
[[Categoria:Botanistae Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Solanologi]]</text>
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    <title>Barbara Pickersgill</title>
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      <text bytes="2437" sha1="8z6nfpuwzku7hzy1ht729jsv2f8n72r" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Barbara Pickersgill''' (nata anno [[1940]]) est [[botanice|botanista]] [[Anglia|Anglica]]. Alumna est universitatum [[universitas Radingensis|Radingensis]], ubi botanicae horticulturali studuit, et [[universitas Indianensis|Indianensis]] ubi propter dissertationem de taxinomia ''[[Capsicum chinense|Capsici chinensis]]'' titulum doctoris philosophiae nacta est. Ibi discipula erat [[Carolus Bixler Heiser|Caroli Heiser]]. Postea usque in [[2005]] apud almam matrem Radingensem docuit. De originibus et genetica plantarum domesticatarum operam dat, praesertim harum generum: ''[[Capsicum (genus)|Capsicum]]'', ''[[Vicia]]'', ''[[Psophocarpus]]'', ''[[Lens]]'', ''[[Cicer]]'', ''[[Arachis]]'', ''[[Ananas]]'', ''[[Gossypium]]'', ''[[Ipomoea]]'', ''[[Zea]]'', ''[[Phaseolus]]'', ''[[Chenopodium]]'', ''[[Musa (fructus)|Musa]]''.

== Scripta selecta ==
* 1971 : &quot;Relationships Between Weedy and Cultivated Forms in Some Species of Chili Peppers (Genus capsicum)&quot; in ''Evolution'' vol. 25 (1971) pp. 683-691 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2406949 JSTOR]
* 2011 (cum Gregory J. Anderson) : &quot;Travels with Charley—sunflowers and beyond: an appreciation of the life and work of Charles B. Heiser, Jr. (1920-2010)&quot; in ''Economic Botany'' vol. 64 (2010) pp. 281-286 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41001196 JSTOR]
* 2011 (cum Gregory J. Anderson) : ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20220814154611/http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/heiser-charles.pdf Charles Bixler Heiser Jr., 1920-2010]''. Vasingtoniae: National Academy of Sciences
* 2016 : &quot;Chile Peppers&quot; in Rafael Lira, Alejandro Casas, José Blancas, edd., ''Ethnobotany of Mexico: Interactions of People and Plants in Mesoamerica'' (Novi Eboraci: Springer, 2016) pp. 417-438 {{Google Books|iUEWDAAAQBAJ|Paginae selectae}}

{{Botanistae|Pickersgill}}

== Bibliographia ==
* &quot;Record of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society&quot; in ''The Linnean'' vol. 9 no. 3 (Augusto 1993) [https://ca1-tls.edcdn.com/Linnean-9-3-1993.pdf p. 30]

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}
* &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20221129135702/https://scholia.toolforge.org/author/Q3294180 Barbara Pickersgill]&quot; apud ''Scholia''

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pickersgill, Barbara}}

[[Categoria:Nati 1940]]
[[Categoria:Homines vivi]]
[[Categoria:Botanistae Britanniae]]
[[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Radingensis]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Indianensis]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Capsicum Hungarum</title>
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      <text bytes="3282" sha1="rpd314997ld5x6scopzf22a9a1li0jg" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Hungarian wax peppers - Marietta, Georgia.jpg|thumb|''Hungarian wax'']]
'''Capsicum Hungarum''' est grex [[cultivarietas|cultivarietatum]] [[capsicum (fructus)|capsicorum]] speciei ''[[Capsicum annuum|Capsico annuo]]'' attributarum. Fructuum sunt qui humore mites, sunt qui calidiores aestimantur.&lt;ref&gt;''Chile banana'' mitis, ''Hungarian wax'' pungentior secundum {{qc|id=Long-Solís (1998)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nomina plura his varietatibus dantur, ''Hungarian wax'', ''Banana pepper'', ''Sweet banana'', ''Ungaro'' etc.

[[Fasciculus:Paprika, Hungary.jpg|thumb|''Zöldpaprika'' vel ''Hungarian'' (?)]]
[[Albertus Szent-Györgyi]], [[vitaminum C|vitamini C]] primus inventor,&lt;ref&gt;Joseph Louis Svirbely, [[Albertus Szent-Györgyi|Albert Szent-Györgyi]], &quot;The Chemical Nature of Vitamin C&quot; [https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/spotlight/wg/catalog/nlm:nlmuid-101584924X102-doc pars i] [https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/spotlight/wg/catalog/nlm:nlmuid-101584924X103-doc pars ii] in ''Biochemical Journal'' vol. 26 (1932) pp. 865-870, vol. 27 (1933) pp. 279-285&lt;/ref&gt; capsica dulcia fontem copiosissimum vitamini C esse monstravit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Banga et Szent-Györgyi (1934)}}; [[Albertus Szent-Györgyi|Albert Szent-Györgyi]], &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20220609200335/https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/spotlight/wg/catalog/nlm:nlmuid-101584924X128-doc Lost in the Twentieth Century]&quot; in ''Annual Review of Biochemistry'' vol. 32 (1963) pp. 1-14&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
; Fontes antiquiores
* 1934 : {{ec|id=Banga et Szent-Györgyi (1934)|c=Ilona Banga, [[Albertus Szent-Györgyi|Albert Szent-Györgyi]], &quot;[https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/spotlight/wg/catalog/nlm:nlmuid-101584924X104-doc The Large Scale Preparation of Ascorbic Acid from Hungarian Pepper (Capsicum annuum)]&quot; in ''Biochemical Journal'' vol. 28 (1934) pp. 1625-1628}}

; Eruditio
* {{ec|id=Andrews (1995)|c=[[Ioanna Andrews|Jean Andrews]], ''Peppers: the domesticated capsicums'' (2a ed. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1995) p. 97, tab. 3}}
* {{ec|id=Bosland et Votava (2012)|c=[[Paulus Bosland|Paul W. Bosland]], Eric J. Votava, ''Peppers: Vegetable and Spice Capsicums'' (Oxoniae: CABI, 2012. ISBN 978-1-84593-825-3) p. 26}}
* {{ec|id=Long-Solís (1998)|c=Janet Long-Solís, ''Capsicum y cultura: la historia del chilli''. 2a ed. (Mexicopoli: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1998) p. 156 (&quot;Chile banana, Hungarian wax&quot;)}}
* Francisco Higinio Ruiz-Espinoza et al., &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354969211_Growth_of_four_types_of_Capsicum_spp_in_substrates_under_a_protected_environment Growth of four types of Capsicum spp. in substrates under a protected environment]&quot; in ''Revista de la Facultad de Agronomia'' vol. 38 (2021) pp. 902-912
* Antonio Vega-Gálvez et al., &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/10552780/Effect_of_air_drying_temperature_on_physico_chemical_properties_antioxidant_capacity_colour_and_total_phenolic_content_of_red_pepper_Capsicum_annuum_L_var_Hungarian_ Effect of air-drying temperature on physico-chemical properties, antioxidantcapacity, colour and total phenolic content of red pepper (Capsicum annuum, L. var. Hungarian)]&quot; in ''Food Chemistry'' vol. 117 (2009) pp. 647–653 (&quot;Hungarian, Sweet banana&quot;)

[[Categoria:Capsicum annuum]]
[[Categoria:Cultivarietates]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Asaph Hall</title>
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      <text bytes="3692" sha1="ozsfsunqucc9l46p25a70u8rtjjng5j" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Professor Asaph Hall.jpg|thumb|Asaph Hall apud [[USNO]] anno [[1899]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Signature of Asaph Hall (1829–1907).png|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Subscriptio]].]]
[[Fasciculus:The Angeline and Asaph Hall house.jpg|thumb|Domus Halliana [[Oppidum Georgii|Oppido Georgii]] in [[vicus|vico]] [[Vasingtonia (DC)|Vasingtoniensi]] sita. Angelina [[uxor]] et duo operarii ante [[aedificium]] videntur.]]
[[Fasciculus:Asaph Hall Gold Medal.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Nummus Aureus Societatis Astronomicae Regalis]] Asapho Hall concessus.]]
'''Asaph Hall III''' (natus [[Gessen (Connecticuta)|Gessen]] in [[oppidum|oppido]] [[Connecticuta|Connecticutensi]] die [[15 Octobris]] [[1829]]; mortuus [[Annapolis|Annapoli]] in [[Terra Mariae]] die [[22 Novembris]] [[1907]]) fuit [[astronomus]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Americanus]] qui [[Deimos (satelles)|Deimo]] et [[Phobos (satelles)|Phobo]], binis [[Mars (planeta)|Martis]] lunis anno [[1877]] inventis, innotuit.&lt;ref name=Blunck&gt;{{cite book |last= Blunck |first=Jürgen |title= Solar System Moons: Discovery and Mythology|url= https://archive.org/details/solarsystemmoons0000blun |year=[[2009]] |publisher=Springer Science+Business Media |isbn=978-3-540-68852-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/solarsystemmoons0000blun/page/5 5]|chapter=The Satellites of Mars; Discovering and Naming the Satellites}}.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Orbita]]s [[satelles naturalis|satellitum]] aliorum [[planeta]]rum et [[stella binaria|stellarum binariarum]], [[rotatio]]nem [[Saturnus (planeta)|Saturni]], ac [[massa]]m Martis decrevit.

[[Collegium Novi Eboraci Medii]] frequentavit. Asteroides [[2023 Asaph]] in eius honorem nominatus est.

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Hall, Angelo. [[1908]]. ''An Astronomer's Wife: The Biography of Angeline Hall.'' Baltimorae: Nunn &amp; Company. [https://archive.org/details/cu31924029854738 Textus apud archive.org.]
*Hall, George William. [[1908]]. ''A Biographical Memoir of Asaph Hall, 1829–1907.'' Vasingtoniae: Judd and Detwiler. [https://archive.org/details/biographicalmemo00hill Textus apud archive.org.]
*Hall. Percival. Sine tempore. ''Asaph Hall, Astronomer.'' A se typis impressis et prolatus.&lt;!--46 pp.--&gt;

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|Asaph Hall|Asaphum Hall}}
{{Wikisource|Littell's Living Age/Volume 136/Issue 1752/Bright Spot on Saturn|a contemporary account of Hall's calculation of Saturn's rate of rotation.}}
* [http://www.umich.edu/~lowbrows/reflections/1998/dsnyder.13.html De historia Observatorii Detroitensis] apud www.umich.edu.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070406194143/http://www.eclipsetours.com/historydc Fabulae Vasingtonienses.]
* [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&amp;GSln=hall&amp;GSfn=asaph&amp;GSbyrel=all&amp;GSdyrel=all&amp;GSob=n&amp;GRid=45063827&amp;df=all&amp; Monumentum Asaphi Hall.]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20220408033606/http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/hall-asaph.pdf Memoriae biographicae Academiae Scientiarum Nationalis.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120826235010/http://maia.usno.navy.mil/women_history/hall.html De vita dominae Hall.]

{{Lifetime|1829|1907|Hall, Asaph}}
[[Categoria:Alumni Collegii Novi Eboraci Medii]]
[[Categoria:Astronomi Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Equites Legionis Honoris]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Connecticutae]]
[[Categoria:Inventores satellitum]]
[[Categoria:Sodales Academiae Nationalis Scientiarum (CFA)]]&lt;!--
[[Category:Harvard University staff]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society]]
[[Category:Harvard College Observatory people]]
[[Category:Corresponding members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Lalande Prize]]--&gt;</text>
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    <title>Dies internationalis linguarum gesticulatoriarum</title>
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      <minor />
      <comment>{{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}}</comment>
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      <text bytes="1495" sha1="101w662tv3j9g3d0amn4icyhjxka9jt" xml:space="preserve">{{latinitas|-3}}

{{res|Dies internationalis linguarum gesticulatoriarum}} est [[festum]] quod die [[23 Septembris]] quotannis [[ius internationale|inter gentes]] cum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Hebdomas Internationalis Surdorum|Hebdomate Internationali Surdorum|en|qid=Q2387672}} celebratur. A Foederatione Mundiali Surdorum anno [[2018]] decreta est.&lt;ref&gt;[https://wfdeaf.org/news/un-23-sept-as-international-day-of-sign-languages/ &quot;United Nations declared 23 September as International Day of Sign Languages.&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt; Ad [[ius|iura]] [[linguae gesticulatoriae|linguarum gesticulatoriarum]] adhibenda et [[iura humana]] [[surditas|surdorum]] adiuvanda opus est.

== Sententiae dies ==
*Anno 2018: Cum linguis gesticulatoriarum, omnes includuntur!
*Anno 2019: Iura linguarum gesticulatoriarum pro ominibus!
*Anno 2020: Linguae gesticulatoriae pro omnibus sunt!
*Anno 2021: Pro iuribus humanis gesticulamur!
*Anno 2022: Linguae gesticulatoriae nos iungent!
*Anno 2023: Mundus ubi homines surdorum sunt ubicumque, omnes linguam gesticulariarum uti possunt! 
*Anno 2024: Pro iuribus linguarum gesticulatoriarum perscibite!
*Anno 2025: Nihil iura humana sine iuribus linguarum gesticulatorium.
*Anno 2026: Iura humana surdorum declare.

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Nexus externi==
*[https://www.un.org/en/observances/sign-languages-day Situs interretialis diei proprius.] (Anglice)

[[Categoria:Linguae gesticulatoriae]]
[[Categoria:Nationes Unitae]]
[[Categoria:Ritus Septembris]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sepulcretum praehistoricum ad pagum Grzybnica</title>
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      <text bytes="4339" sha1="ogu35f0xm9ll90tg3u1vfh8fcl3syxp" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Stone circle Grzybnica Poland 01.jpg|thumb|Circulus lapideus ad Grzybnicam a Gothis exstructus]]

{{res|Sepulcretum praehistoricum ad pagum Grzybnica}} in [[Pomerania]] est situs archaeologicus, cuius elementa a [[Gothi]]s saeculo I ad III post Christum natum constructa sunt.

== Situatio ==
Sepulcretum Grzybnicense dictum iuxta pagum [[Polonice]] ''Grzybnica'', [[Theodisce]] ''Alt-Griebnitz'' nuncupatum, in planitie valle Raduae&lt;ref&gt;[https://eshp.ijp.pan.pl ''Dictionarium electronicum hydronymorum Poloniae''], ad v. ''[https://eshp.ijp.pan.pl/search/results/275562 Radew]:'' nomen Latinum ''Radua'' prima vice a. 1159 perscriptum est.&lt;/ref&gt; fluminis circumdata, circa 20 km a [[Coslinum|Cussalino]] Pomeraniae urbe austro-orientem versus situm est.

== Descriptio ==
Situs hic archaeologicus non solum e tumulis consistit, sed reapse monumentorum genera sunt tria, nempe circuli lapidei, tumuli, et pavimenta lapidea. Circuli quinque e lapidibus magnis exstructi, 7–36 m diametro, tamquam loca consiliorum tenendorum usi esse videntur. In tumulis e lapidibus et terra elevatis nobiles sepeliebantur. Pavimenta autem lapidea (triangularia, circularia vel rectangularia) ad sacrificandas victimas servivisse putantur.
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Stone circle Grzybnica Poland 02.jpg|Fragmentum unius circuli lapidei
Fasciculus:Grzybnica cmentarzysko bruk 3.jpg|Pavimentum lapideum
Fasciculus:Grzybnica cmentarzysko bruk 1.jpg|Tumulus ad Grzybnicam
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Inventio et reconstructio ==
Monumenta haec reperta sunt anno 1974 a {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ricardus Wołągiewicz|Ricardo Wołągiewicz|en|qid=Q9325041}} archaeologo Polono, qui quarebat quid nomen vulgare loci huius a {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Robertus Holsten|Roberto Holsten|de|qid=Q2157584}} [[Linguistica|linguista]] Germano anno 1938 notatum&lt;ref&gt;Chludziński, Andreas et Christophorus Kowalski (2022) ''Digitalizacja pomorskiego zasobu toponimicznego Roberta Holstena z lat trzydziestych XX wieku'' (Polonice, cum summario Anglico: ''Digitalisation of the collection of Robert Holsten’s Pomeranian toponyms from the 1930s''). ''Słowo'' 13: 144–160. [https://repozytorium.ur.edu.pl/server/api/core/bitstreams/af1f5777-da52-4e9b-84c5-d1ca6029b06e/content Lege hic]&lt;/ref&gt;, coemeterium nempe Iudaeorum (Theodisce ''Judenkirchhof''), significaret. Post effossiones ab eodem R. Wołągiewicz peractas, tumuli, lapsu temporis haud parum destructi, ad pristinum statum deducti sunt. Anno 1979 [[saeptum nationale]] archaeologicum in hoc loco constitutum est.

== Monumenta similia ==
Multi situs archaeologici similes in [[Suecia]] inveniuntur, quorum gratia interpretatio sepulcreti Pomeranici facilior fit. Monumenta [[Cultura archaeologica|culturae archaeologicae]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|cultura Wielbarkensis|Wielbarkensis|en|qid=Q700039}} ad praesentiam Gothorum in Pomerania a saeculo I p. Ch. n. exeunte usque ad saeculum II exiens vel III iniens referuntur. Ad meridionale [[Mare Balticum|Maris Baltici]] litus duo tantum loca cum circulis lapideis Gothorum usque ad tempora nostra pervenerunt, ad Węsiory scilicet necnon ad Odry in [[Pomerellia]], multis aliis temporis decursu in ruinam delapsis vel saeculo undevicesimo funditus destructis.

== Bibliographia ==
Wołągiewicz, Ricardus (1977) ''Kręgi kamienne w Grzybnicy'' (Polonice, cum summario Theodisco ''Die Steinkreise in Grzybnica'', p. 104–109, 111). Cussalini: Muzeum Okręgowe w Koszalinie. [https://web.archive.org/web/20241225112100/http://bibliotekacyfrowa.eu/dlibra/show-content/publication/19322/edition/18885?ref=desc&amp;format_id=2 Textus]

Hahuła, Christina et Ricardus Wołągiewicz (2001) ''Grzybnica : ein Gräberfeld der Wielbark-Kultur mit Steinkreisen in Pommern'' (Theodisce). (''Monumenta Archaeologica Barbarica'', tomus VIII.) Varsoviae et Cussalini. [https://web.archive.org/web/20260312014321/http://www.bibliotekacyfrowa.eu/dlibra/show-content/publication/20657/edition/18394/?format_id=2 Textus]

== Nexus externi ==
[http://muzeum.koszalin.pl/?q=image/tid/10 Pinacotheca sepulcreti et circulorum lapideorum ad Grzybnicam] (pagina interretialis Musei Cussalinensis, Polonice)

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Pomerania]]
[[Categoria:Gothi]]
[[Categoria:Loci archaeologici Poloniae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Bellum Israëlianum-Hamasianum anni 2023</title>
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      <text bytes="54164" sha1="bwneooyy0lt1fivocj5ugepzq0n6cwx" xml:space="preserve">{{Eventus currens}}
{{Latinitas|-5}}
[[Fasciculus:Gaza conflict map2.png|thumb|[[Carta geographica]] belli in lacinia Gazetica.]]
[[Fasciculus:Fars Photo of Casualties in Gaza Strip during 2023 War 26.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Medicus]] puerum impuberem, ab impetu Israēliano in Gaza vulneratum, fert.]]

{{res|Bellum Israëlianum-Hamasianum anni 2023}} est [[bellum]] inter [[Israël]] et factionem [[Hamas]], quae in [[lacinia Gazetica]] imperium obtinet. Die [[7 Octobris]] [[2023]] ortum est et inter [[Contentio Arabo-Israëlitica|bella Arabo-Israēliana]] numeratur. Causa belli proximior fuit impetus [[missile|missilium]] a [[Hamas]] contra Israēl emissorum.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-middle-east-67041499 Watch: How Hamas' shock attack on Isreal unfolded]&lt;/ref&gt; Deinde [[Israël]] rectioni [[Palaestini|Palaestinae]] [[indictio belli|bellum]] denuntiavit. Plus quam quattuor milia hominum interfecti sunt et multi coacti sunt fugere propter impetum a Hamas ortum atque responsiones Israēlianas. Rectio Israēl hunc eventum ad calamitatem &quot;[[11 Septembris 2001|11 Septembris]]&quot; comparavit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-the-papers-67043868 Newspaper headlines: 'Human shiled horror' and 'Israel's 9/11 moment'].&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] et [[Unio Europaea]] impetum a [[Hamas]] tromocraticum condemnaverunt et ius Israēlis se defendendi tutati sunt. At [[Irania]], [[Hizbullah]] et [[Foedus Arabicum]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.arabnews.com/node/2391731/middle-east Gaza invasion could lead to 'genocide': Arab League, African Union]&lt;/ref&gt; Hamas defendunt. [[Russia]] et [[Res publica popularis Sinarum]] neutram partem publice ceperunt. Organizationes de iuribus humanis, sicut [[Amnestia Internationalis]] et [[Human Rights Watch]], actiones Israēlis contra ius belli humanitarium et quasi [[scelus bellicum|scelera bellica]] condemnant.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/10/09/israel/palestine-devastating-civilian-toll-parties-flout-legal-obligations Israel/Palestine: Devastating Civilian Toll as Parties Flout Legal Obligations]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maiores eventūs ==
* {{Latinitas dolet|Die [[16 Octobris]] [[2023]], auctoritas discrimen populi in [[miseria]] vertisse publicavit, cum incolae aquam, alimenta et [[electricitas|electricitatem]] habere non possint, propter cladem bellicam.}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/gaza-people-resort-drinking-salty-water-garbage-piles-up-2023-10-16/ In Gaza, people resort to drinking salty water, garbage piles up]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[17 Octobris]] [[2023]], [[valetudinarium]] in [[Gaza]] impetibus bombarum, quibus Israēl accusatur, subiectum est, quo plus quam quingenti homines civiles interierunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/least-500-victims-israeli-air-strike-hospital-gaza-health-ministry-2023-10-17/ In deadly day for Gaza+, hospital strike kills hundreds]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[18 Octobris]] [[2023]] resolutio quae &quot;[[indutiae|indutias]] humanitarias&quot; inter Hamas et Israēl poscebat a [[Brasilia]] in [[Consilium securitatis]] perlata est, sed &quot;veto&quot; [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatum Foederatarum]] interposita repulsa est.&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/10/1142507 Isreal-Gaza crisis: US vetoes Security Council resolution]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[22 Octobris]] [[2023]], plus quam centum viginti [[infans|infantes]] in periculo in valetudinariis Gazae versabantur, absentia electricitatis ingruente, quamquam alimenta ex [[Aegyptus|Aegypto]] die 21 Octobris apportari coepta sunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67186181 Dead and wounded strain Gaza hospital as air strikes intensify]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[25 Octobris]] [[2023]], rectio Israēl dimissionem officii [[Antonius Guterres|Antonii Guterres]] postulavit, quod ille in oratione quadam de bello locutus esset.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67215620 Isreal demand UN chief resign over Hamas attack comments]&lt;/ref&gt; Ille autem die [[26 Octobris]] respondit, scelera et caedes a Hamas factas condemnavit,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y7ihLto-fV4 &quot;UN's Antonio Guterres says he is shocked by 'misrepresentations' his comments on Israel.&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt; seque recte sensisse confirmavit.
* Die [[26 Octobris]] [[2023]], [[Conventus generalis (Nationes Unitae)|Conventus Generalis Nationum Unitarum]] resolutionem de &quot;indutiis humanitariis&quot; in lacinia Gazetica statim constituendis comprobavit, suffragantibus centum viginti civitatibus, cum quattuordecim dissentientibus et quadraginta quinque abstinentibus.&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/10/1142847 UN General Assembly adopts Gaza resolution calling for immediate and sustained 'humanitarian truce']&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[27 Octobris]] [[2023]], [[exercitus]] Israēl actionem militarem auctam in Gaza coepit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/10/27/israel-hamas-war-live-israel-bombs-gaza-overnight-more-than-7000-dead &quot;Israel-Hamas war live: Israel ground force 'expanding operations' in Gaza.&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[29 Octobris]] [[2023]], Auctoritas Palaestinensis plus quam octo milia hominum in Gaza necatos esse dixit, cum exercitus Israēl regionem septentrionalem enclavis incursaret.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67039975 &quot;What is happening in Israel and Gaza, and what is Hamas?&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Latinitas dolet|Die [[1 Novembris]] [[2023]], valetudinarium unicum in Gaza, quod aegros [[cancer (morbus)|cancro]] laborantes curat, propter inopiam [[fomes fossilis|fomis]] ob sanctiones Israēlis claudi coactum est.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/1/gazas-only-cancer-treatment-hospital-shuts-down-after-running-out-of-fuel Gaza'a only cancer treatment hospital shuts down after running out of fuel]&lt;/ref&gt; Auctoritas Palaestinae octo milia septingentos nonaginta sex homines, inter quos tria milia [[impubes|impuberes]], ab impetu bombarum Israēlianarum post diem 7 Octobris esse interfectos pronuntiavit.}} Multi [[peregrinus|peregrini]] et vulnerati per portam Rafah in [[Aegyptus|Aegyptum]] fugerunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2023/11/1/rafah-crossing-opens-briefly-to-allow-some-foreigners-wounded-to-exit-gaza &quot;Rafah crossing opens briefly to allow some foreigners, wounded to exit Gaza.&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[2 Novembris]] [[2023]], quidam peritus [[Consociatio Nationum|Consociationis Nationum]] dixit Palaestinos in Gaza in &quot;magno periculo [[genocidium|genocidii]]&quot; versari, atque indutias postulavit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/un-experts-say-ceasefire-needed-palestinians-grave-risk-genocide-2023-11-02/ &quot;UN experts say ceasefire needed as Palestinians at 'grave risk of genocide.'&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[3 Novembris]] [[2023]], [[Motus internationalis Crucis Rubrae et Lunae Rubrae|Societas Lunae Rubrae]] declaravit se probare impetum militarem Israēlis contra quandam [[arcera]]m, quo quindecim homines occisi sunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67316463 &quot;Red Crescent says 15 killed in strike on Gaza ambulance outside Al-Shifa hospital.&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[5 Novembris]] [[2023]], minister Israēlianus, nomine [[Amichai Eliyahu]], dixit arma nuclearia contra Gazam adhiberi posse,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.newarab.com/news/israel-minister-says-nuclear-attack-gaza-option &quot;Israeli minister Amichai Eliyahu says nuclear attack on Gaza is 'an option.'&quot;]{{Nexus deficit|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; sed [[Beniaminus Netanjahu]] rem negavit.
* Die [[7 Novembris]] [[2023]], minister salutis laciniae Gazeticae, qui Hamas paret, dixit plus quam decem milia hominum, inter quos quattuor milia impuberum, a die 17 Octobris 2023 usque nunc interfectos esse. [[Ordo mundi sanitarius]] hanc rem confirmavit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67332684 Isreal Gaza war: Hamas-run health ministry says Gaza death toll passes 10,000]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[8 Novembris]] [[2023]], {{Latinitas dolet|[[Grex Septem]] (&quot;G7&quot;) universus &quot;quietem humanitariam&quot; poposcit, ut auxilium civibus [[Palaestini]]s in lacinia Gazetica afferretur.}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/8/g7-nations-unanimously-call-for-humanitarian-pauses-in-israel-gaza-war &quot;G7 calls for 'humanitarian pauses' in Israel's bombardment of Gaza.&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt; 
* Die [[9 Novembris]] [[2023]], [[Antonius Blinken]], [[Civitatum Foederatarum Secretarius Civitatis]], dixit Israēlem post bellum Gazam militer non debere occupare, atque regimen laciniae Gazeticae ab [[Auctoritas Nationalis Palaestina|Auctoritate Nationali Palaestina]] in [[Cisripa Iordanis|occidentali ripa fluminis Iordanis]] administrari oportere.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67355319 US warns Israel against reoccupying Gaza after war]&lt;/ref&gt; Ioannes Kirby, orator Consilii Securitatis Nationalis Civitatum Foederatarum, declaravit Israēlem &quot;quattuor horis quotidie&quot; impetūs militares in Gazam intermissa esse facturum.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67372035 UN says Israel to begin daily four-hours military pauses in Gaza]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[11 Novembris]] [[2023]], {{Latinitas dolet|[[autocurrus armatus|autocurri armati]] Israēliani viginti metris a valetudinario al-Quds steterunt,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/11/11/israel-hamas-war-live-pleas-for-help-as-israel-bombards-gaza-hospitals Isreal-Gaza war live: Isreal tanks 20 meters from al-Quds hospital]&lt;/ref&gt; et [[Emmanuel Macron]], praeses [[Francia]]e, ne Israēl mulieres atque infantes in Gaza interficeret vehementer postulavit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-67356581 Macron calls on Israel to stopkilling Gaza's women and babies]&lt;/ref&gt;}}
* Die [[13 Novembris]] [[2023]], [[valetudinarium al-Shifa]], maximum nosocomium in Gaza, impetibus militiae Israēlianae afflicta est, multosque cives in discrimen vitae adduxit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/13/israeli-troops-at-gazas-main-hospital-gates-thousands-of-civilians-flee Death and disease as Israel troops approach Gaza's al-Shifa Hospital]&lt;/ref&gt; [[Nationes Unitae]] centum et unum sociorum [[Procuratio Auxilii Operumque pro Profugis Palaestinis in Oriente Propinquo Consociationis Nationum|UNRWA]] qui necati sunt honore silentii commemoraverunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20231114171732/https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/11/1143512 UN honours 101 staff killed in Gaza conflict]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[15 Novembris]] [[2023]], miles Israēl in valetudinarium al-Shifa ingressus est, ut milites Hamas ibi latitantes oppugnaret. [[UNICEF]] hoc factum contra [[ius belli humanitarium]] esse dixit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/11/1143592 Gaza: 'Hospitals are not battlegrounds', 'children's suffering must stop, UN humanitarians says]{{Nexus deficit|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Eadem die [[Beliza]] necessitudines diplomaticas cum Israēl propter bellum in Gaza interrompit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/15/belize-suspends-ties-with-israel-due-to-gaza-bombardment Belize joins diplomatic backlash against Isreal over Gaza bombardmemt]&lt;/ref&gt; [[Consilium securitatis]] Resolutionem 2712 de bello Israēlo-Hamasiano decrevit, quae liberationem captivorum a Hamas, &quot;quietem humanitariam&quot; et [[auxilium humanitarium]] populo Gazae postulavit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/11/1143632 Isreal-Palestine crisis: Security Council calls for urgent, extended humanitarian pauses in Gaza]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[16 Novembris]] [[2023]], praeses nosocomii al-Shifa clamavit multos homines intra valetudinarium in mortis periculo versari.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/11/16/israel-hamas-war-live-israel-rejects-un-security-council-gaza-resolution Update Isreal-Hamas war live: Al-Shifa Hospital head warns 'people will die']&lt;/ref&gt; Quidam medicus rettulit circiter septuaginta centesimas patientium in sectione curae intensivae (ICU) iam perisse.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20231118191738/https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20231116_25/ Nearly 70% of ICU patients at Al-Shifa Hospital have died, doctor says]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[17 Novembris]] [[2023]], [[Iosephus Biden]] cum emiro [[Qataria]]e telephonice egit de liberatione captivorum e Hamas et de auxilio humanitario in Gazam mittendo.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/17/biden-and-qatars-emir-discuss-gaza-hostages-humanitarian-aid Biden and Qatar's emir discuss Gaza hostages, humanitarian aid]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[19 Novembris]] [[2023]], triginta unus infantes, qui adhuc in nosocomio al-Shifa manserant, ad [[Aegyptus|Aegyptum]] translati sunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67466601 Premature babies evacuated from al-Shifa hospital]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[22 Novembris]] [[2023]], minister rerum externarum Qatariae nuntiavit quattuor dies &quot;quietis&quot; in bello, atque liberationem quinquaginta captivorum, ex conventione cum Israēl et Hamas pactione facta, fore; spatium autem extendi posse.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/qatar-says-four-day-humanitarian-pause-gaza-subject-extension-2023-11-22/ Qatar says four-day humanitarian pause in Gaza subject to extension]&lt;/ref&gt; Papa [[Franciscus (papa)|Franciscus]] hoc bellum &quot;non iam bellum, sed [[tromocratia]]m&quot; appellavit et pacem pro Gaza efflagitavit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/22/terrorism-israel-hamas-conflict-has-gone-beyond-war-says-pope-francis 'Terrorism': Israel-Hamas conflict has gone 'beyond war' says Pope Francis]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[25 Novembris]] [[2023]], quadraginta duo [[Palaestini]] (e quibus duodeviginti mulieres et viginti quattuor impuberes) ab auctoritate Israēl liberati sunt; et tredĕcim captivorum Iudaeorum (inter quos mulieres, impuberes, decem gemini Siamici, unusque [[Philippinae|Philippinus]]) a Hamas dimissi sunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/25/israel-hamas-war-list-of-key-events-day-50 Israel-Hamas war: List of key events, day 50]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[27 Novembris]] [[2023]], bellum per duos dies ulterius intermitti placuit Israēli et Hamas consentientibus.
* Die [[28 Novembris]] [[2023]], sexaginta Palaestini e captivitate Israēliana liberati sunt; et undecim, sex ex [[Argentina]], tres ex [[Francia]], duo ex [[Germania]], a Hamas dimissi sunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/28/israel-hamas-war-list-of-key-events-day-53 Isreal-Hamas war: List of key events 53]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[30 Novembris]] [[2023]], inter Israēl et Hamas consensus factus est ad unam diem quietatis belli prorogandam.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/11/30/israel-hamas-war-live-sixth-captive-prisoner-swap-ahead-of-truce-deadline Israel-Hamas war live: Gaza residents still fearful after truce extended]&lt;/ref&gt; Ab initio belli die 7 Octobris usque ad diem 30 Novembris 2023, interfecti sunt circiter quindecim milia [[Palaestini]], inter quos decem milia mulierum et impuberum numerantur.
* Die [[1 Decembris]] [[2023]], Israēl finem quietis belli publice nuntiavit atque impetus bombarum in Gazam renovavit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/1/the-israel-hamas-truce-has-ended-what-we-know-so-far The Israel-Hamas truce has ended: What we know so far]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[2 Decembris]] [[2023]], quidam activista Americanus, motibus contra bellum favens, se ipsum apud [[legatio]]nem Israēlis in [[Atlanta (Georgia)|Atlanta]] incendit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-67597395 Protester sets themself on fire outside Israel consulate in Atlanta, Georgia]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[3 Decembris]] [[2023]], miles Israēl in partem australem laciniae Gazeticae irrumpens bellum amplificavit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67601891 Israel-Gaza war: Residents of Khan Younis say Israeli strikes heaviest since start of war]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[4 Decembris]] [[2023]], [[Medici sine finibus]] requies impetus bombarum et [[indutiae]] immediate postulaverunt, ob discrimen humanitarium, quoniam circiter quindecim milia nongenti cives interfecti sunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/doctors-without-borders-calls-for-pressuring-israel-to-stop-attacks-on-gaza/3073071 Doctors Without Borders calls for pressuring Israel to stop attacks on Gaza]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[6 Decembris]] [[2023]], [[Antonius Guterres]], secretarius generalis Nationum Unitarum, ius suum ex Articulo 99 [[Charta Nationum Unitarum|Chartae]] exercuit, poposcitque pacem et securitatem internationalem in lacinia Gazetica tuendam.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/7/israels-war-on-gaza-can-guterress-use-of-uns-article-99-bring-peace Israel's war on Gaza: Can Guterres's use of UN's Article 99 bring peace?]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[9 Decembris]] [[2023]], [[Consilium securitatis]] conabatur novam resolutionem ferre quae indutias humanitarias in Gazam statim postularet, sed rursus &quot;veto&quot; [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatum Foederatarum]] profectum est.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20231211185535/https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/12/1144562 &quot;US vetoes resolution on Gaza which called for 'immediate humanitarian ceasifire.'&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[11 Decembris]] [[2023]], variae organizationes et defensores iurium humanorum in toto orbe terrarum [[operistitium]] contra bellum Israēlis in lacinia Gazetica fecerunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/11/israel-hamas-war-list-of-key-events-day-66 Israel-Hamas war: List of key events, day 66]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[12 Decembris]] [[2023]], [[Conventus generalis (Nationes Unitae)|Conventus Generalis Nationum Unitarum]] in sessione extraordinaria novam resolutionem de indutiis humanitariis in Gazam postulandis tulit, quae a centum quinquaginta tribus civitatibus probata, a decem reiecta et a viginti tribus neglecta est.&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/02/1144717 UN General Assembly votes by large majority for immediate humanitarian ceasfire during emergency session]{{Nexus deficit|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[15 Decembris]] [[2023]], ex initio belli in Gaza, plus quam decem milia [[impubes|impuberum]] interfecta sunt, nec non viginti quattuor milia impuberum parentibus orbata.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/15/war-is-stupid-and-i-want-it-to-end-injured-palestinian-children-say 'War is stupid and I want it to end': Injured Palestinian children speak]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[16 Decembris]] [[2023]], vir [[diurnariorum ars|diurnarius]] e statione [[Al Jazeera]] a pyrobolis [[teleplanum|teleplani]] Israēliani occisus est in Gaza,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67737038 Samer Abudaqa: Al Jazeera cameraman killed in Gaza drone strike]&lt;/ref&gt; quo facto res ad [[Iudicium Internationale Criminale]] deferri poterit.
* Die [[21 Decembris]] [[2023]], [[Curator supremus Nationum Unitarum iuribus humanis tuendis]] Israēlianos milites accusavit, quod plus quam undecim Palaestinos in Gaza inermes, coram suis familiis, necavissent, idque scelus bellicum esse.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/21/idf-executed-palestinian-men-in-front-of-their-families-un-confirms UN calls for probe as Israeli army accused of killing unarmed Palestinians]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[22 Decembris]] [[2023]], [[Consilium securitatis]] resolutionem ad [[auxilium humanitarium]] in Gaza amplificandum tulit, quae tredecim civitatibus faventibus probata est, nec non Russia et Civitates Foederatae Americae non interfuerunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/12/1145022 Security Council adopts key resolution on gaza crisis]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[26 Decembris]] [[2023]], miles Israēl impetus proelia in castra profugorum mediae Gazae intulit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67825465 Israel expanding ground offensive into central Gaza refugee camps]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[2 Ianuarii]] [[2024]], rectio Israēl se causam accusationis de [[genocidium|genocidio]], quam [[Africa Australis]] contra eam apud [[Iudicium Internationale Criminale]] submovisset, repulsuram esse nuntiavit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67866342 Israel to fight South Africa's Gaza genocide claim to court]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[8 Ianuarii]] [[2024]], [[Antonius Blinken]], [[Civitatum Foederatarum Secretarius Civitatis]], dixit populum Palaestinum in Gaza consistere debere neque in alias regiones expelli.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67907336 Palestinians must be able to stay in Gaza - Blinken]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[14 Ianuarii]] [[2024]], post centum dies ab initio Belli, plus quam viginti tria milia hominum interfecta esse dicuntur, inter quos multi impuberes et mulieres.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67972962 100 days since Hamas attacked Israel, triggering war in Gaza]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[19 Ianuarii]] [[2024]], ex initio Belli plus quam viginti quattuor milia hominum periisse nuntiatur, inter quos complures feminae et impuberes. [[Officium Coordinationis Rerum Humanitariarum]] (OCHA) denuntiat tot impuberes perisse ut futura generatio valde discrimine urgeatur.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68023080 Gaza destruction risks lost generation of children, says UN official]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[23 Ianuarii]] [[2024]], rectio Israēl viginti quattuor milites proprios in uno die proelio necatos esse declaravit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68065903 Isreal-Gaza war: IDF says 24 soldiers in Gaza in one day]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[25 Ianuarii]] [[2024]], [[Iudicium inter Civitates]] (ICJ) sententiam iudicialem protulit, qua Israēli imperat bellum in lacinia Gazetica desinere.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68059715 Gaza war: ICJ to rule on call for Israeli to stop military action]&lt;/ref&gt; Idem nuntiat plus quam viginti quinque milia [[Palaestini]] civium necatos esse, inter quos multae feminae et multi impuberes.
* Die [[28 Ianuarii]] [[2024]], [[Britanniarum Regnum]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]], [[Australia]], [[Canada]], [[Italia]], [[Finlandia]], [[Nederlandia]], [[Helvetia]] et [[Germania]] auxilia pecuniaria ad [[Procuratio Auxilii Operumque pro Profugis Palaestinis in Oriente Propinquo Consociationis Nationum|UNRWA]] sustulerunt, ob socios qui impetus a [[Hamas]] factos adiuvasse putantur.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68104203 UNRWA claims: UK halts aid to UN agency over allegation staff helped Hamas attack]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[9 Februarii]] [[2024]], iuris peritus Marcus Ellis pelliculas militum Israēlianorum ostendit, in quibus [[bello captus|bello captos]] tractari contra [[ius internationale]] potuisse videtur.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68249962 Isreali soldier videos from Gaza could breach international law, experts say]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[13 Februarii]] [[2024]], colloquia de [[indutiae|indutiis]] inter rectionem Israēl et Hamas in [[Cairus|Cairo]] Aegypti habita sunt, ne discrimen humanitarium in urbe Rafah gravius fieret.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68284819 Israel gaza: Ceasifire talks resume as Rafah under fire]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[20 Februarii]] [[2024]], Civitates Foederatae Americae “veto” interposuerunt contra resolutionem quae indutias immediatas in lacinia Gazetica postulabat,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240321221134/https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/02/1146697 UN vetoes Algerian resolution demanding immediate ceasfire in Gaza]&lt;/ref&gt; ut discrimen humanitarium in Rafah levaretur.
* Die [[29 Februarii]] [[2024]], plus quam centum Palaestini cives prope urbem Gazam, dum [[cibus|alimenta]] et [[auxilium humanitarium]] petunt, ab impetu militum Israēlianorum necati sunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68434443 Israel-Gaza war: More than 100 reported killed in crowd near Gaza aid convoy]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[4 Martii]] [[2024]], [[Ordo mundi sanitarius]] dixit impuberes in septentrionali parte laciniae Gazeticae passim mori propter [[Conditio nutrimentorum prava|conditionem nutrimentorum pravam]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68471572 Children starving to death in northern Gaza - WHO]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[9 Martii]] [[2024]], [[Suecia]] et [[Canada]] auxilia UNRWA repetiverunt, ob discrimen humanitarium intolerabile.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-68518468 UNRWA: Sweden and Canada resume funding for UN agency for Palestinian refugees]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[15 Martii]] [[2024]], [[UNICEF]] publicavit plus quam viginti tres infantes per unam solam hebdomadam ex malnutrimento in septentrionali lacinia Gazetica periisse.&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/03/1147616 Gaza: 23 million tonnes of debris 'will take year to clear'; acute malnutrition doubles in a month]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[20 Martii]] [[2024]], miles Israēl rettulit nonaginta homines in valetudinario al-Shifa necatos esse post custodiam et torturem quam fecerant,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/20/israeli-military-says-90-people-killed-in-gazas-al-shifa-hospital-raid Israeli military says 90 people killed in Gaza's al-Shifa Hospital raid]&lt;/ref&gt; id quod Hamas vehementer infitiatus est.
* Die [[25 Martii]] [[2024]], [[Consilium securitatis]] resolutionem protulit quae, tempore [[Ramadanus|Ramadani]], indutias in lacinia Gazetica postulabat.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/26/will-the-un-ceasefire-resolution-stop-israels-war-on-gaza Will the UN ceasefire resolution stop Isreal's war on Gaza?]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[2 Aprilis]] [[2024]], sex legati [[Irania]]e in [[Damascus|Damasco]] [[Syria]]e ab impetu bombarum Israēliano interfecti sunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68708923 Iran accuses Israel of killing generals in Syria strike]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[5 Aprilis]] [[2024]], coram [[Consilium securitatis|Consilio securitatis]] Ramensh Rajasingham, director OCHA, de discrimine civium Palaestinorum sine ulla defensione egit, et de impunitate actorum Israēlianorum questus est.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240406130211/https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/04/1148276 Gaza: 'No protection' for civilians, aid workers, Security Council hears]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[6 Aprilis]] [[2024]], nonnulli politici [[Factio democratica (Civitates Foederatae)|Factionis Democraticae]] et ipsa [[Nancy Pelosi]] postulaverunt ne Biden regimen arma Israēli suppeditaret, propter bellum in Gaza gerendum.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/6/us-democrats-urge-biden-to-halt-weapons-transfer-to-israel-amid-gaza-war Pelosi joins US Democrats call for Biden to halt arms transfer to Isreal]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[8 Aprilis]] [[2024]], milites Israēl ex terra australi laciniae Gazeticae se recessuros esse minati sunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68755724 Israel's military confrms 'decline in force' in Southern Gaza]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[12 Aprilis]] [[2024]], [[Iosephus Biden]] admonuit regimina [[Irania]]e ne Israēl quamvis vi oppugnarent.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68796363 &quot;Joe Biden expects Iran to attack Israel 'sooner than later.'&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[14 Aprilis]] [[2024]], regimen [[Irania]]e contra Israēl impulsionem missilem fecit et omnem ultionem audacem promisit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68811241 Iran warns Israel against 'reckless' retaliation]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[26 Aprilis]] [[2024]], copiae militum [[CFA|Civitatum Foederatarum]] structuram super mare colligere coeperunt, ut auxilium humanitarium populo Gazetico facilius subveherent.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68904209 Gaza pier: US begins building floating base to boost aid]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[30 Aprilis]] [[2024]], [[Beniaminus Netanjahu]] dixit impetum contra urbem Rafah, quamvis colloquia pacis exspectarentur, futurum esse.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68928996 Rafah attack will happen regardless of deal]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[1 Maii]] [[2024]], nonnulli studentes universitatis Columbianae in motibus contra bellum occupati a vigilibus deprehensi sunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-68933066 Arrests at Columbia of Gaza protesters after NYPD raid]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[3 Maii]] [[2024]], regimen [[Turcia]]e [[commercium]] cum Israēl suspendit, ob cladem humanitariam in lacinia Gazetica.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68945380 Turkey halts trade with Israel over 'humanitarian tragedy' in Gaza]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[6 Maii]] [[2024]], regimen Israēl officium [[Al Jazeera]] in Israēl claudi iussit,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68961753 Al Jazerra office raided as Israel takes channel off air]&lt;/ref&gt; simulque populum Palaestinum in Rafah incolentem hortatus est ut fugeret ante novum impetum militarem.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/5/6/why-is-israel-forcing-the-evacuation-of-part-of-rafah-gazas-last-refuge Why is Israel forcing the evacuation of part of Rafah, Gaza's last refuge?]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[7 Maii]] [[2024]], copiae Israēlianae pyrobola in Rafah iecerunt, ubi Palaestini profugi collecti erant, et indutias negaverunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68967397 Gaza: Israel takes Rafah crossing as truce talks continue]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[10 Maii]] [[2024]], [[Beniaminus Netanjahu]] dixit se bellum in Rafah gerere, “ut Hamas deleretur,” licet [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|CFA]] comminationem fecerint ne arma suppeditarentur si impetus continuaretur.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68980826 Gaza war: Netanyafu vows to defeat Hamas in Rafah despite US arms threat]&lt;/ref&gt; [[Conventus generalis (Nationes Unites)|Conventus Generalis Nationum Unitarum]] resolutionem tulit qua [[Civitas Palaestinae]] plena membra fieri deberet, 143 civitatibus pro, novem contra, viginti quinque abstinentibus.&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/05/1149596 UN General Assembly presses Security Council to give 'favourable consideration' to full Palestinian membership]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[14 Maii]] [[2024]], nonnulli Israelis vehementer oppugnaverunt autocineta oneraria auxilium humanitarium in Gazam veherentia prope [[Cisiordania]]m.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cg300jek94zo Israel protesters attack aid trucks destined for Gaza]&lt;/ref&gt; [[Domus Alba]] hos impetus condemnavit.
* Die [[20 Maii]] [[2024]], [[Tribunal criminale internationale]] (ICC) mandata de comprehensione [[Beniaminus Netanjahu|Beniamini Netanjahu]], [[Ioab Gallant]] et ducis Hamas promulgavit, ob suspiciones [[scelus bellicum|scelerum bellicorum]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3ggpe3qj6wo Isreal Gaza war: ICC prosecutor seeks arrest of Isreali and Hamas leaders]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[24 Maii]] [[2024]], [[Iudicium inter Civitates|Tribunal Internationale Hagense]] impetum Israēlis in Rafah reprimi iussit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/crggvmyz03vo Gaza war: ICJ orders Israel to stop Rafah offensive]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[28 Maii]] [[2024]], copiae Israēlianae, [[autocurrus armatus|autocurribus armatis]] instructae, in ipso corde urbis Rafah ingruerunt, plus quam viginti uno homines Palaestinos necantes.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-middle-east-69068028 Isreali tanks in the heart of Rafah as 21 reported killed in latest strikes]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[1 Iunii]] [[2024]], [[Iosephus Biden]] propositionem, quam Israēl paraverat ad finem belli in Gaza perducendum, vulgavit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cw8860gn1nwo Biden unveils Israeli proposal to end Gaza war]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[4 Iunii]] [[2024]], Israēl mortem quattuor captivorum novam divulgavit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cgrrng3l6jro Israel confirms deaths of four more hostages]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[6 Iunii]] [[2024]], [[classis aeria]] Israēl scholam Nationum Unitarum in media Gaza pyrobolis petivit, quo impetu plus quam triginta quinque homines interfecti sunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/crggq0jygq6o Israeli strike on UN school in Gaza reportedly kills at least 35]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[7 Iunii]] [[2024]], Civitates Foederatae Israēlem hortatae sunt ut claras rationes de impetu in scholam UN redderet.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cekkd8k2gy9o US urges Israel to be transparent over Gaza school strike]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[11 Iunii]] [[2024]], [[Consilium securitatis]] resolutionem Civitatum Foederatarum probavit, quae “indutias plenissimas statimque ineundas” mandat atque postulavit ut captivi per tractatus liberarentur.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240611224957/https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/06/1150886 Gaza: Security Council adopts US resolution calling for 'immediate, full and complete ceasifire]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[13 Iulii]] [[2024]], copiae Israēlianae iterum impetus in lacinia Gazetica fecerunt, quo septuaginta plus homines ceciderunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cyx0qdkn45eo Hamas-run health ministry says 71 killed in Israeli strike in Gaza]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[19 Iulii]] [[2024]], [[Iudicium inter Cvitates|Tribunal Internationale Hagense]] occupationem [[Cisiordania]]e et laciniae Gazeticae contra [[ius internationale]] pronuntiavit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cjerjzxlpvdo UN top court says Israeli occupation of Palestinian territories is illegal]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[25 Iulii]] [[2024]], [[Beniaminus Netanjahu]] apud [[Capitolium Civitatum Foederatarum]] orationem habuit, quibusdam hominibus extrinsecus de sceleribus bellicis protestantibus.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4ng9ed3gj0o Netanyahu defends Gaza war as protesters rally outside US Congress]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[31 Iulii]] [[2024]], nuntiatum est [[Ismail Haniyeh]], dux politicus [[Hamas]], in [[Irania]] impetu ignoto esse mortuum, quo facto regimen Iraniae Israēl condemnavit vindictamque comminatus est.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ck7g0g4mk4zo Hamas political leader Ismail Haniyeh killed in Iran]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[6 Augusti]] [[2024]], quaedam organizatio iurium humanorum in Israēl violentiam et cruciatus contra [[bello captus|bello captos]] in carceribus Israēlianis divulgavit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2yylgze4ro Blindfolded and beaten: Palestinians tell Israeli jail abuse]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[10 Augusti]] [[2024]], classis aeria Israēl scholam in media urbe Gaza pyrobolis vexavit, ubi amplius septuaginta homines perierunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c8erk37yn2no Israeli strike in Gaza kills more than 70, hospital head says]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[12 Augusti]] [[2024]], [[Motus internationalis Crucis Rubrae et Lunae Rubrae]] pronuntiavit se arbitrari tot impetūs in cives, praesertim impuberes, contra [[ius belli humanitarium]] esse, nec non plus quam quadraginta milia civium ab initio belli interfecta esse.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/8/12/israel-civilian-deaths-and-the-question-of-proportionality Isreal, civilian deaths and the question of proportionality]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[15 Augusti]] [[2024]], in [[Doha]] consultatio facta est de indutiis constituendis in Gaza et captivis liberandis, sed duces [[Hamas]] afuerunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cjw32jj4973o High-stakes Gaza ceasfire and hostage talks resume in Doha]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[25 Augusti]] [[2024]], miles Israēl impetus [[teleplanum|teleplanis]] ad sedem [[Hizbullah]] in [[Libanus|Libano]] fecit; inde Hizbullah impetus rochetis reddidit. [[Antonius Guterres]], secretarius generalis [[Nationes Unitae|Nationum Unitarum]], ut bellum reprimeretur postulavit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cr40dz5524qo UN urges calm after Israel and Hezbolla trade strikes]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[20 Augusti]] [[2024]], [[Ordo mundi sanitarius]] regimini Israēl persuadere conatus est, ut vaccinationem contra [[poliomyelitis]] in Gaza sineret.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cn02z5kjn40o Isreal agrees to pauses in fighting for polio vaccine drive]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[10 Septembris]] [[2024]], miles Israēl pyrobola in zonam humanitariam laciniae Gazeticae Australis iecit, quo impetu plus quam undeviginti homines interfecti sunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cwyx9znxl4eo Israeli strike in Gaza humanitarian zone kills 19, Hamas run health ministry says]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[18 Septembris]] [[2024]], [[Conventus generalis (Nationes Unitae)|Conventus Generalis Nationum Unitarum]] resolutionem tulit qua Israēl de “praesentia iniusta” in terra Palaestinensi, inclusa [[Cisiordania]], accusatur.&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/09/1154496 UN General Assembly demands Israel end 'unlawful presence' in Occupied Palestinian Territory]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[20 Septembris]] [[2024]], miles Israēl telum missile in [[Berytus|Berytum]] movit, ubi duces Hizbullah interficere volebat.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5y9wyy9pr2o Beirut strike: Top Hezbollah commanders killed in Israeli on Beirut]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[23 Septembris]] [[2024]], plus quam quadringenti nonaginta duo homines in [[Libanus|Libano]], inter eos feminae et impuberes, necati esse feruntur ob impetus Israēlianos; [[Nationes Unitae]] cives Libani fugere hortatae sunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/9/23/israel-warns-lebanon-civilians-of-air-strikes-on-hezbollah Lebanon sees deadliest day since civil war as Israeli attacks kill 492]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[1 Octobris]] [[2024]], regimen [[Irania]]e impetum missilium contra Israēl fecit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-20385306 Whant are Isreal's Iron Dome, David's Sling and Arrow missile defences?]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[2 Octobris]] [[2024]], [[Antonius Guterres]] rem Iraniae condemnavit, sed [[Israel Katz]], minister rerum externarum Israēlianus, Guterres pro “[[persona non grata|persona non grata]]” habere voluit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cy43j9944lno UN chief condemns Iran attack after Israel ban]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[15 Octobris]] [[2024]], regimen [[Libanus|Libani]] retulit viginti unum Christianos a milite Israēliano interfectos esse prope regionem septentrionalem [[Berytus|Beryti]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5y80p1yr9qo Lebanon says 21 killed in Israeli strike in country's north]&lt;/ref&gt; Eodem die [[Nationes Unitae]] magnam caedem civilem in parte septentrionali Gazetica condemnaverunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5y5zy1vvmlo UN condemns 'large number of civilian casualties' in north Gaza]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[16 Octobris]] [[2024]], Israēl nuntiavit se [[Yahya Sinwar]], ducem Hamas, pyrobolo necavisse.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/17/israel-claims-hamas-leader-yahya-sinwar-has-been-killed Israel claims Hamas leader Yahya Sinwar has been killed]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[22 Octobris]] [[2024]], regimen Libani dixit tredecim homines (inter quos impuberes) prope valetudinarium in parte meridiana [[Berytus|Beryti]] interfectos esse per impetum Israēlianum.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5y80p1v1z4o Lebanon says 13 killed in Israeli strike near southern Beirut hospital]{{Nexus deficit|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[26 Octobris]] [[2024]], Israēl ictum missilium in urbem [[Teheranum]] dedit, ut in regimine Iraniae minaretur.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5yr5ek4r8ro Israel says it lauched 'targeted' air strikes on Iran]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[29 Octobris]] [[2024]], Israēl decretis suis interdicere conatus est [[Procuratio Auxilii Operumque pro Profugis Palaestinis in Oriente Propinquo Consociationis Nationum|UNRWA]] in terra sua.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20241029162212/https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/10/1156236 UNRWA cannot be replaced, say UN top officials in response to Knesset ban]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[8 Novembris]] [[2024]], officium de iuribus humanis [[Nationes Unitae|Nationum Unitarum]] pronuntiavit septuaginta centesimas victimarum belli in Gaza esse mulieres et impuberes.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cn5wel11pgdo Nearly 70% of Gaza war dead are women and children, UN says]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[9 Novembris]] [[2024]], regimen [[Quataria]]e a munere medii inter Israēl et Hamas recedere proclamavit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/topics/c2vdnvdg6xxt Quatar withdraws as mediator between Israel and Hamas, UN says]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[12 Novembris]] [[2024]], Israēl metas obligatas ad [[auxilium humanitarium]] in Gaza recipiendum non explevisse inventum est, quam ob rem minatur Civitatum Foederatarum subsidium militare imminui.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c8rl0v76nxyo Israel has missed US deadline to boost Gaza aid, UN agency says]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[13 Novembris]] [[2024]], princeps [[Arabia Saudita|Arabiae Sauditae]] [[Mahometus Salmani filius]] appellavit caedem Israēlianam in Gaza “[[genocidium]]”.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cp8x5570514o Saudi crown prince says Israel committing 'genocide' in Gaza]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[20 Novembris]] [[2024]], Civitas Foederata iterum “veto” in Consilio securitatis imposuit contra resolutionem quae “indutias” in Gaza postulabat.&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/11/1157216 United States vetoes Gaza ceasfire resolution at Security Council]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[21 Novembris]] [[2024]], [[Tribunal criminale internationale]] mandatum comprehensionis contra [[Beniaminus Netanjahu|Netanjahu]], [[Ioab Gallant]] et ducem Hamas Mohamĕdem Deif edidit, ob suspiciones scelerum bellicorum.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cly2exvx944o Arrest warrants issued for Netaniahu, Gallent and Hamas commander over alleged war crimes].&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[26 Novembris]] [[2024]], [[Iosephus Biden]] dixit se indutias inter Israēl et [[Hezbollah]] pactas confecisse.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cnvjl42g9m1t Biden confirms Israel-Hezbollah ceasefire deal agreed]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[27 Decembris]] [[2024]], quinque diurnarii in Gaza per impetum Israēlianum necati sunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/articles/c5yg57wrgl7o Five Gaza journalists killed in Israeli strike targeting armed group]{{Nexus deficit|date=January 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[10 Ianuarii]] [[2025]], [[Officium Coordinationis Rerum Humanitariarum]] mortem multorum civium ob inopiam [[fomes fossilis|fomis]] iterum deploravit, cum auxilia vitalia intermitti cogerentur.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20250112072924/https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/01/1158926 Criticaal aid blocked in Gaza, as fuel shortages threten livesaving services]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[15 Ianuarii]] [[2025]], regimen Israēl et Hamas de cessatione armorum in lacinia Gazetica, simulque de captivis liberandis, pacti sunt, quae a die [[19 Ianuarii]] [[2025]] valitura sit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/live/c3rwqpj70ert Israel and Hamas reach Gaza ceasfire and hostage release deal]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[5 Februarii]] [[2025]], [[Donaldus Trump]] propositium quod Civitates Foederatarum laciniam Gazeticam possedet publicavit, quod contra [[ius internationale]] potest.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/2/5/how-us-politicians-responded-to-trumps-proposal-for-us-to-own-gaza How US politicians responded to Trump's proposal for US to 'own' Gaza]&lt;/ref&gt; 
* Die [[5 Martii]] [[2025]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] et Israël propositum [[Foedus Arabicum|Foederis Arabici]] negant, quod pupuli Palaestini in lacinia Gazetica habitare postulat.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cn7vd4pnxx3o US and Israel reject Arab aliternative to Trump's Gaza plan]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[18 Martii]] [[2025]], miles Israël impetum bombarum in lacinia Gazerica dedit, quod plus quam 400 populi [[Palaestini]] necati sunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c9vy3k4dpz0o Israel launches waves of strikes on Gaza with more than 400 reportedly killed]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[23 Martii]] [[2025]], [[medicus|medici]] socii [[Motus internationalis Crucis Rubrae et Lunae Rubrae|Motus Lunae Rubrae]] Palaestini in lacinia Gazetica necati sunt ab impetu militaris Israël.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/crkxm1rg6k1o Gaza: Red Cross outraged over killing of medics by Israeli force in Gaza]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[8 Aprilis]] [[2025]], [[Antonius Guterres]], secretarus generalis Nationum Unitarum, liberationem omnium captivorum a Hamas et provisionem [[auxilium humanitarium|auxili humanitarii]] pro Palaestinibus in discrimine vitae a rectione Israël dare postulat.&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/04/1161996 Gaza: Guterres calls on Israel to ensure life-savingaid resarches civilians].&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[4 Maii]] [[2025]], rectio Israël incursionis in lacinam Gazeticam amplificationem per vis militaris admissit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cm2e44y44gjo Israel army starts calling up reservists for planned explasion to Gaza offensive]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[9 Maii]] [[2025]], milites Israël scholas Nationum Unitarum ([[Procuratio Auxilii Operumque pro Profugis Palaestinis in Oriente Propinquo Consociationis Nationum|UNRWA]]) in [[Hierosolyma]]te Oriente per vim abrogavit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cqxej00w3wno Israeli forces close Unrwa-run schools in East Jerusalem]&lt;/ref&gt;  
* Die [[16 Maii]] [[2025]], Impetus magnus bombarum a milite Israël in lacina Gazatica septentrionali fit, quod plus quam 100 homines necati sunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/crr704wwklgo Nealy 100 people killed in Israeli attack on north Gaza, rescues says]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[21 Maii]] [[2025]], Impetus bombarum a milite Israël delegatione internationali [[diplomatia]]e in [[Cisiordania]] fit, quod [[legatus (civilitas)|legati]] [[Hispania]]e, [[Aegyptus|Aegypti]], [[Francia]]e, [[Turcia]]e [[Hibernia]]e et [[Italia]]e victimas facti sunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cvg776ewgn2o Israel fires 'warming shot' near diplomats in West Bank]&lt;/ref&gt; 8
* Die [[9 Iunii]] [[2025]], navis [[auxilium humanitarium|auxilii humanitarii]] a [[Margarita Thunberg]] in custodia datur a milite Israël ante sinum lacinae Gazeticae ventum.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/live/clyg5x15n3zt Gaza activists' aid boat with Greta Thunberg on board docks in Israel]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[12 Iunii]] [[2025]], [[Conventus generalis (Nationes Unitae)|Conventus generalis Nationum Unitarum]] resolutionem decernat, quod indutias rapidas sine conditione postulat, pro 149 civitatibus, 12 civitatibus contra et 12 neutris civitatibus.&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/06/1164346 UN Gerenal Assembly adopts Gaza ceasfire resolution by overwhelming majority]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[13 Iunii]] [[2025]], rectio Israël impetum bombarum ad institutiones [[energia nuclearis|nucleares]] [[Irania]]e dedit, quod [[marescalcus|marescalos]] iraniae necavit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://edition.cnn.com/2025/06/13/middleeast/israel-attack-iran-nuclear-program-explainer-intl An Israeli operation hit Iran's nuclear progmam and top military officials.]&lt;/ref&gt; 
* Die [[17 Iunii]] [[2025]], milites Israël impetum bombarum populos civiles in situm lacinae Gazaticae, qui auxilium humanitarium quaerebant, dedit, quod plus quam 51 cives necati sunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c74zj9kv2xjo Israeli forces kill 51 Palestinians waiting for flour at Gaza aid site, witnesses and rescuers say]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[22 Iunii]] [[2025]], [[Donaldus Trump]] [[Praeses Civitatum Foederatarum Americae]] in [[Irania]]{{dubsig}} officina [[uranium|uranii]] subterrenias telis bombisque  explosivis devastant. A quo, Segneraris generalis Nationum Unitarum [[Antonius Guterres]] rem modo [[diplomatia|diplomatico]], non [[res militares|militari]] solvare postulat.&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/06/1164756 US strikes on Iran's nuclear sites 'marks perilous turn' Diplomacy must prevail. says Guterres]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[5 Iulii]] [[2025]], socii [[CFA|Amaricanus]] pro auxilio humanitario [[vulnus|vulnerati]] sunt ab impetu Israël apud Fundationem Humanitariam Gazeticam.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cp3kx9pwxwwo &quot;US aid workers wounded, says Gaza Humanitarian Foundation.&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt; 
* Die [[24 Iulii]] [[2025]], [[Emmanuel Macron]] praeses [[Francia]]e statum legalis [[Civitas Palaestinae|civitatis Palaestinae]] admittere dixit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ckg5g4p3245o France to recognize Palastinian state, Macron says]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[31 Iulii]] [[2025]], [[Marcus Carney]], primus minister [[Canada]]e statum legalis civitatis Palaestinae admittere sine Hamas dixit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ceqyx35d9x2o Canada follows France and UK with plan to recognize Palestinian state]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[8 Augusti]] [[2025]], rectio Israël propositum [[Gaza]]m completam [[incursio magna|incrusionis]] declaravit, quod societas internationalis opposuit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c207p49wrypo Israel rejects international criticism of Gaza city takeover plan]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[23 Augusti]] [[2025]], [[Antonius Guterres]], secretarius generalis Consociationis Nationum, [[realitas|realitatem]] [[fames|famis]] in Gaza &quot;defectum [[humanitas|humanitatis]]&quot; iudicat.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c05ed5rgld3o Famine in Gaza City is 'failure of humanity', UN chief says.]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[1 Septembris]] [[2025]], Consociatio Internationalis Specialistarum de Genocidio rectionem Israël [[genocidium]] in lacina Gazatica facere declaravit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cde3eyzdr63o Israel committing genocide in Gaza, world's leading experts say].&lt;/ref&gt; 
* Die [[9 Septembris]] [[2025]], miles Israël impetum bombarum in [[Doha]], caput [[Quataria]]e dedit, ad duces [[Hamas]] necendum. Quod rectio Quatariae et covitates Arabicae rectionem Israël ut violationem [[ius internationale|iuris internationalis]] condemnaverunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/9/9/israel-attacks-hamas-leadership-in-qatar-all-to-know Israel attacks Hamas leadership in Qatar: What we know]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[11 Septembris]] [[2025]], impetus bombarum intensivus in [[Gaza]] fit, quod discrimen humanitarium et [[conditio nutrimentorum prava]] pro [[impubes|impuberibus]] aggravant.&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/09/1165825 Gaza City Daily bombarment, more displacement amid escalating military offensive]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[17 Septembris]] [[2025]], [[Ursula de Leyen]] praeses [[Commissio Europaea|Commisionis Europaeae]] restrictionem mercatus cum hominibus rectionis Israël proposuit, ad [[genocidium]] in lacina Gazetica imminuendum.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cvgr4nj7405o EU Commission proposes curbs on trade with Israel over Gaza war]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[18 Septembris]] [[2025]], Apud [[Consilium securitatis]], legatio [[CFA|Civitatatum Foedratatum Amaricae]] propositum [[indutiae|indutiarum]] perpetuarum in lacina Gazetica vetat.&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/09/1165881 Security Council: US votes against resolution on Gaza ceasfire]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[21 Septembris]] [[2025]], [[Keir Starmer]] primus minister [[Britanniarum regnum|Brittaianrum regni]] formaliter statum diplomaticum [[Civitas Palaestinae|Civitatis Palaestinae]] admisit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce800enrglzo UK formaly recognises Palestinian state]&lt;/ref&gt; Deinde [[Canada]] et [[Australia]] statum diplimaticum Civitatis Palaestinae admiserunt.
* Die [[22 Septembris]] [[2025]], [[Emmanuel Macron]], praeses [[Francia]]e statum diplomaticum Civitatis Palaestinae admisit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1jz8rdypw4o &quot;France to recognise Palestinian state but German and Italy say not yet.&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt; Et apud [[Conventus generalis (Nationes Unitae)|Conventum generalem]], Emmanuel Macron co-preases cum legato [[Arabia Saudita|Arabicae Saudi]] colloquii de quastione Palaestinae factus est. 
* Die [[23 Septembris]] [[2025]], [[Antonius Guterres]] reiectionem solutionis duo-civitatium ab Israël apud [[Consilium securitatis]] condemnavit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/01/1145807 Rejection of two-State solution by Israeli leadership 'unacceptable', says Guterres]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[25 Septembris]] [[2025]], [[Mahmudus Abbas]] praeses [[Civitas Palaestinae|civitatis Palaestinae]] orationem apud [[Conventus generalis (Nationes Unitae)|Conventum generalem]] per [[telecommunicatio]]ne dedit, et impetum Israël ad Gazam condemnat et recognitionem diplomaticam civitatis Palaestinae mundialem postulat.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/czdjgdnjnlgo Palestinian president says ready to work with Trump for two-state peace plan]&lt;/ref&gt;  
* Die [[3 Octobris]] [[2025]], [[Hamas]] liberationem captivorum Israëlicorum admisit, sed in conditione si programma Civitatum Foederatarum de lacina Gazetica mutatur.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cdxq7zp7002o Hamas says it agrees to release Israeli hostages but seeks change to US Gaza peace plan]&lt;/ref&gt; 
* Die [[9 Octobris]] [[2025]], rectio Israël et Hamas [[indutiae|indutias]] et liberationem captivorum omnium admiserunt, per negotium a Donaldo Trump propositum est.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c75q2w4g4y5o Israeli government appoves Gaza ceasfire and hostage deal]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[28 Octobris]] [[2025]], impetus magnus in [[lacinia Gazetica]] fit a milite Israël fit, ratione conditionis captivorum. Quod plus quam 104 homines necati sunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cgjdy5eevn2o Israeli strikes in Gaza kill 104, health ministy says, after Hamas accuced of killing soldier]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[17 Novembris]] [[2025]], [[Consilium securitatis]] resolutionem de indutiis temporali in lacina Gazetica decreta a Civitatibus Foederatis Americae admisit, ratione 13 pro et neutris a Russia et Sinis.&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/11/1166385 Security Council LIVE: US hails 'historic and constructive resolution' on Gaza]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[21 Novembris]] [[2025]], [[UNICEF]] datum publicat a quo duo [[impubes|impuberes]] per diem necati sunt a milite Israël.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20251119220554/https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/11/1166406 Gaza: Two children killed every day during fragile ceasfire, says UNICEF]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[22 Decembris]] [[2025]], [[Organizatio re publica vacans|Organizationes re publica vacantes]] et ''[[Save the Children]]'' quae non adnotatae adhuc die 31 Decembris 2025 clausae esse et auxilium humanitarium in Lacina Gazetica non dare posse dixit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2dmj7p8y2o NGO fear Israel registration rules risk collapse of Gaza aid operations].&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[31 Martii]] [[2026]], parlamentum Israël a lege nova [[poena capitalis|poenam capitalem]] solum pri hominibus [[Palaestini]]s facere decernat.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cp8dkd6lnjdo Palestinians convicted of lethal attacks face death penalty under new Israeli law]&lt;/ref&gt;

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Contentio Arabo-Israëlitica]]
* [[Raphia]]

[[Categoria:Bella]]
[[Categoria:Gaza]]
[[Categoria:Israel]]
[[Categoria:Palaestina]]
[[Categoria:2023]]
[[Categoria:2024]]
[[Categoria:2025]]</text>
      <sha1>bwneooyy0lt1fivocj5ugepzq0n6cwx</sha1>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>Genshin Impact</title>
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        <username>西城東路</username>
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      <text bytes="26038" sha1="c7xcnet3zyvpl5b9e6dj7vqtb1wgham" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
{{Latinitas|-3}}
{{Capsa ludi electronici
	| Titulus = ''Genshin Impact''
	| Tituluslatinus = Impactus Allogenerum
	| Imago = Genshin Impact wordmark.svg
	| Auctor = [[HoYoverse]], sub [[miHoYo]]
	| Editor = [[miHoYo]]
	| Designator = [[miHoYo]]
	| Series = Impactus Honkai (extensus)
	| Motorium = [[miHoYo]]
	| Divulgatio = [[28 Septembris]] [[2020]]
	| Genus = Ludus personarum&lt;br&gt;Ludus mundi aperti
	| Modus = Lusor singularis
	| Systema = [[Microsoft Windows]]&lt;br&gt;[[PlayStation 4]]/5&lt;br&gt;[[Android]], [[iOS]]
	| Media = [[Corpus programmatum]]&lt;br&gt;cum [[Unitas|Unitate]]
	| Postulatio = 8 GB+ [[RAM]], 50 GB+ [[ROM]]
	| Gubernacula = [[Claviatura]], [[Mus (computatralis)|mus]]
}}

{{Ores|Genshin Impact}} (''Gen Shin'' est [[pronuntiatus]] [[Iaponia|Iaponicus]] locutionis [[Res publica popularis Sinarum|Sinicae]] 原神, ''Yuan Shen'', ubi ''Yuan'' 原 'primigenium' et ''Shen'' 神 [[deus|'deum']] et '[[potestas|potestatem]]' significant) est [[ars electrica|electronicus]] [[ludus personarum]] a [[miHoYo]] [[societas mercatoria|societate mercatoria]] anno [[2020]] editus. In Tiva agitur, [[mundus|mundo]] [[fictio|commenticio]] septem [[natio|nationes]] continente.

== Mechanici ==
Lusor per [[tabula geographica|tabulam geographicam]] atque quattuor personas {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Mundus patens|mundum patentem|en|qid=Q867123}} suo arbitrio explorare potest. Personis conceditur pugnare, labi, et natare. Lusori quidam quaestus complendus est dum eius persona opes, arma, artifactaque cumulat. In Fontana unā cum Statua Focaloris personae urinari possunt.

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Septem Elementa in Tiva
! Capitulum !! Elementum !! Praefixum !! Natio !! Deus !! Sententia
|-
| Prologus || [[Aër]] || Anemo- || Monstadia || Barbatos || Mea [[libertas]], meus canor
|-
| 1 || [[Tellus (planeta)|Terra]] || Geo- || Ligua || Morax || Ruat [[caelum]], fiat pactum
|-
| 2 || [[Ambra|Electrum]] || Electro- || Inazuma || Beelzebul || Perpetua, perennis, impervia
|-
| 3 || [[Arbor]] || Dendro- || Sumeru || Buer || Sub floribus lumen sagacitatis
|-
| 4 || [[Aqua]] || Hydro- || Fontana || Focalor || Iustitia omnia vincit
|-
| 5 || [[Ignis]] || Pyro- || Natlan || Haborym || Surge, vir fortis, i natam victoriam
|-
| 6 || [[Glacies]] || Cryo- || Snezhnaya || ? || Ducam, regina mea gloria, haud pluribus impar
|-
| Epilogus || (Nullum) || (Nullum) || Caenria || (Nullus) || (Nulla)
|}

== Personae ==
Litterae typis gravibus quinque stellas (★★★★★) indicant.&lt;ref&gt;[https://wiki.hoyolab.com/pc/genshin/aggregate/character Per visionem.]&lt;/ref&gt;
In potentibus personae cum visione ascenditur Caenriae.

=== Protagonistae ===
[[Protagonista]]e ''Impactus Allogenerum'' sunt ''Aether'' et ''Lumina'', Deae Incognitae (Asmodeo) obsistendo abhinc quingentos annos dirempti sunt; alter clausus est et potentia spoliatus, altera emissa Ordinem Abyssi ducit.

=== Monstadia ===
Monstadia ([[Theodisce]] ''Mondstadt'', Urbs Lunae) ex [[Europa]] [[Linguae Germanicae|Germanica]] oritur.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis&amp;nbsp;linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''Albedo'''&amp;nbsp;(''m''.,&amp;nbsp;''-inis'') || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Albedo || Terra || Gladius
| Homunculus, alchemista potissimus et capitaneus investigatorum Equitum Favonii.
|-
| Alicia || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Alice || Ignis || Catalysta
| Mater Cleae et prima maga Circuli.
|-
| Amata || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Amy / &lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Fischl von Luftschloß Narfidort || Electrum || Arcus
| Investigatrix in Collegio Adventorum, quae comitat Benedictum.
|-
| Amber&amp;nbsp;(''f''.,&amp;nbsp;''Ambris'') || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Amber || Ignis || Arcus
| Antecursatrix sola in Equitibus Favonii. Prima compania obtenta in hoc ludo.
|-
| Barbara || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Barbara Pegg || Aqua || Catalysta
| Diacona Ecclesiae Favonii et soror iunior Ioannae. Obtinetur post prologum.
|-
| Benedictus || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Bennett || Ignis || Gladius
| Orphanus inclusus Collegio Adventorum, quius fama infortunatissimus habetur; e Mari Iivari in Natlane deiectus.
|-
| '''Clea''' || [[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Klee || Ignis || Catalysta
| Filia Aliciae, pyrobolatrix Equitum Favonii.
|-
| Dahlius || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Dahlia || Aqua || Lancea
| Diaconus Ecclesiae Favonii, qui amicitias inter Venti et Rosariam colit.
|-
| '''Dilux''' (''m''., ''-cis'') || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Diluc(ulum) [[Lingua Norvegica|no.]] Ragnvindr || Ignis || Gladius Maior
| Possessor Vinorum Aurorae. Legatus Caballarius Favonii ante Gaium fuit.
|-
| Diona || [[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Diona Kätzlein || Glacies || Arcus
| Mixologista felina in Cauda Felis.
|-
| '''Durin''' (''-nis'') || [[Lingua Norvegica|no.]] Durin || Ignis || Gladius
| Draco ab Circulo Magarum creatus, cuius corpus homunculum ab Albedine confectum est.
|-
| '''Eula''' || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Eula Lawrence || Glacies || Gladius Maior
| Gladiatrix de Aristocratia Laurentia.
|-
| Gaius || [[Lingua Norvegica|no.]] Kaeya Alberich || Glacies || Gladius
| Gladiator et Legatus ex Caenrio. Secundo obtinetur.
|-
| '''Ioanna''' || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Jean&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Norvegica|no.]] Gunnhildr || Aër || Gladius
| Praefecta Equitum Favonii sub Varco et soror maior Barbarae.
|-
| Lisa || [[Lingua Italiana|it.]] Lisa Minci || Electrum || Catalysta
| Librariana Equitum Favonii atque genius Academiae Sumerianae. Tertio obtinetur.
|-
| Lonus || [[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Lohen || Glacies || Lancea
| Vice-Legatus Quintus.
|-
| Michael (''-lis'') || [[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Mika Schmidt || Glacies || Lancea
| Recognitor cartographicus Equitum Favonii.
|-
| '''Mona''' || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Mona Megistus || Aqua || Catalysta
| Maga astrologista et reportatrix Avis Vaporis.
|-
| Natalia || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Noëlle || Terra || Gladius Maior
| Servitrix Equitum Favonii, eques fieri cupiens.
|-
| Pruna || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Prune || Aër || Catalysta
| Puella magica quasi Clea, qui matrem Cleae Aliciam venatur.
|-
| Rasor (''-ris'') || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Razor || Electrum || Gladius Maior
| Puer a lupis alitus, a Lisa Minci et Varka adiutus.
|-
| Rosaria || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Rosaria || Glacies || Lancea
| Nonna ab Accumulatoribus Thesauricis rapta.
|-
| Saccharosa || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Sucrose || Aër || Catalysta
| Alchemista canina sub Albedine.
|-
| Varcus || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]] ورقه || Aër || Gladius Maior
| Capitanus Equitum Favonii, qui conquerebat in Ruina Hyperboreae.
|-
| '''Venti'''&amp;nbsp;(''-orum'')&lt;br&gt;sive '''Barbatos'''&amp;nbsp;(''-osis'') || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Venti || Aër || Arcus
| Deus ventorum.
|}

=== Ligua ===
Ligua&lt;ref&gt;Latinizatione confer [[Confucius]], [[Mencius]], [[Micius]].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Sinice]] {{Notulae|璃:Lí|月:yuè}}, Luna Lazuli) ex [[Sinae (regio)|Sinis]] oritur.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Sinice !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''Baichu''' || {{Notulae|白: ㄅㄞ´|朮: ㄓㄨ´}} || Arbor || Catalysta || [[Medicus]] ex [[Pharmacopolium|Pharmacopolio]] impraedicibili.
|-
| Beido (''-us'') || {{Notulae|北: ㄅㄟˇ|斗: ㄉㄡˇ}} || Electrum || Gladius Maior || Capitanea Navium Liguae “Crucis” (Crux).
|-
| '''Capricorna''' || {{Notulae|甘:ㄍㄢ|雨: ㄩˇ}} || Glacies || Arcus || Secretaria semicapricorna, quae Septentrionem Liguae servit.
|-
| '''Chunglius'''&lt;br /&gt;sive '''Morax''' || {{Notulae|鍾:ㄓㄨㄥ|離: ㄌㄧˊ}} || Terra || Lancea || Deus terrae, notatus quam “Rex Lapis” sive “Deus Auri”.
|-
| Chungynus || {{Notulae|重: ㄔㄨㄥˊ|雲: ㄩㄣˊ}} || Glacies || Gladius Maior
| Exorcista spiritu positivo puro praeditus, exorcizans.
|-
| '''Cibea''' || {{Notulae|兹:ㄗ|白: ㄅㄞ´}} || Terra || Gladius || Angela quam Adepta equina, quae Lancanopolem antediluvianam dominabat.
|-
| '''Elena''' || {{Notulae|夜: ㄧㄝ`|蘭: ㄌㄢˊ}} || Aqua || Arcus
| Secretaria Lucis Condensae, senatrix prima de facto.
|-
| Gamingus || style=&quot;text-wrap: nowrap;&quot;|{{Notulae|葉:Yip6| |嘉:Ga1|明:ming4}} || Ignis || Gladius Maior
| Cursator leoninus e valle ''Ch'in-Yu''.
|-
| Hianglima || style=&quot;text-wrap: nowrap;&quot;|{{Notulae|卯: ㄇㄠˇ| |香:ㄒㄧㄤ|菱: ㄌㄧㄥˊ}} || Ignis || Lancea
| Coctrix in Popina Populi.
|-
| '''Hianyna''' || {{Notulae|閒: ㄒㄧㄢˊ|雲: ㄩㄣˊ}} || Aër || Catalysta || Adepta gruida “Retenatrix Nubis”.
|-
| '''Hiao''' || {{Notulae|魈:ㄒㄧㄠ}} || Aër || Lancea
| Iaxus solus, Liguam contra spiritus deosque malos tuens.
|-
| Hincius || {{Notulae|行: ㄒㄧㄥˊ|秋:ㄑㄧㄡ}} || Aqua || Gladius
| Filius secundus Mercatoris Nubis Volantis.
|-
| '''Hu Tao''' || {{Notulae|胡: ㄏㄨˊ| |桃: ㄊㄠˊ}} || Ignis || Lancea
| Funeratrix septuagesima septima in Ligua.
|-
| Iao-Iao || {{Notulae|瑤: ㄧㄠˊ|瑤: ㄧㄠˊ}} || Arbor || Lancea
| Discipula Adeptae e rure ''K'ing-ts'e''.
|-
| Ienfecia || {{Notulae|煙:ㄧㄢ|緋:ㄈㄟ}} || Ignis || Catalysta
| Legislatrix bicornis Liguae serviens.
|-
| Iun Cin || {{Notulae|雲: ㄩㄣˊ|堇: ㄐㄧㄣˇ}} || Terra || Lancea
| Saltatrix famosa in Ligua.
|-
| '''Kecima''' || {{Notulae|刻: ㄎㄜˋ|晴: ㄑㄧㄥˊ}} || Electrum || Gladius
| Senatrix quinta (“Alioth”) Septentrionis Liguae, Regem Lapidem Adeptosque detestans.
|-
| Lan Ien || {{Notulae|藍: ㄌㄢˊ| |硯: ㄧㄢˋ}} || Aër || Catalysta
| [[Faber|Fabra]] argenti e valle ''Ch'in-Yu'' (Gemma Summersa).
|-
| Ninguama || {{Notulae|凝: ㄋㄧㄥˊ|光:ㄍㄨㄤ}} || Terra || Catalysta
| Senatrix quarta (“Megrez”) Septentrionis Liguae.
|-
| '''Septima Septuplex''' || {{Notulae|七:ㄑㄧ|七:ㄑㄧ}} || Glacies || Gladius
| Puella [[Mors|Mortua]] in [[Pharmacopolium|Pharmacopolio]] Impraedicibili.
|-
| Sinena || {{Notulae|辛:ㄒㄧㄣ|焱: ㄧㄢˋ}} || Ignis || Gladius Maior
| Cantatrix famosa in Ligua.
|-
| '''Xenica''' || {{Notulae|申:ㄕㄣ|鶴: ㄏㄜˋ}} || Glacies || Lancea
| Exorcista sola, Chungyni matertera.
|}

===Inazuma===
Inazuma (sive Inaduma, [[Iaponice]] {{Notulae|稲:いな|妻:づま}} ''Inaduma'', Fulgur) ex [[Iaponia]] oritur.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Iaponice&lt;ref&gt;[[Kana]] ante annum [[1945]].&lt;/ref&gt; !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''Aiaca Kamisato''' || {{Notulae|神:かみ|里:さと| |綾:あや|華:か}} || Glacies || Gladius
| Principissa Commissionis Culturalis, soror iunior Aiati.
|-
| '''Aiatus Kamisato''' || {{Notulae|神:かみ|里:さと| |綾:あや|人:と}} || Aqua || Gladius
| Princeps Commissionis Culturalis, frater maior Aiacae.
|-
| '''Cafedefarus Cazufa''' || {{Notulae|楓:かへで|原:はら| |万:かず|葉:は}} || Aër || Gladius
| Vagabundus et nauta Crucis Liguanae.
|-
| '''Chloris''' || {{Notulae|千:ち|織:おり}} || Terra || Gladius
| Textilatrix, in Fontanam demigrans, decreto compescente spreto.
|-
| '''Cocomis Regiae Sango''' || style=&quot;text-wrap: nowrap;&quot;|{{Notulae|珊:さん|瑚:ご|の|宮:みや| |心:ここ|海:み}} || Aqua || Catalysta
| Sacerdos contra Deam Electri.
|-
| Feizaus de Claustro Sikano || {{Notulae|鹿:しか|野:の|院:ゐん| |平:へい|藏:ざう}} || Aër || Catalysta
| Inquisitor e Commissione Administrativa.
|-
| '''Generalis Fulminis'''&lt;br&gt;sive '''Ei'''&lt;br&gt;sive '''Beelzebul''' || {{Notulae|雷:らい|電:でん| |将:しやう|軍:ぐん}}&lt;br&gt;
{{Notulae|雷:らい|電:でん| |影:えい}}
| Electrum || Lancea
| Dea secunda electri, post sororem suam Baelen (vel Makoto).
|-
| Goraus || ゴロー／{{Notulae|五:ご|郎:らう}}&lt;ref&gt;[[Litterae Sinicae]] e [[lingua Sinica]] sunt.&lt;/ref&gt; || Terra || Arcus
| Generalissimus caninus Cocomis.
|-
| '''Iofimia Naganofara''' || {{Notulae|長:なが|野:の|原:はら| |宵:よひ|宮:みや}} || Ignis || Arcus
| Bombatrix famosissima in Inazuma.
|-
| '''Ittus Arataki''' || {{Notulae|荒:あら|滝:たき| |一:いつ|斗:と}} || Terra || Gladius Maior
| Onius perniciosus, a Sara Kudeo olim captus.
|-
| Kirara || {{Notulae|綺:き|良:ら|々:ら}} || Arbor || Gladius
| Cursatrix et [[Nekomata|felis dupla]].
|-
| '''Midukis Iumemiduki''' || {{Notulae|夢:ゆめ|見:み|月:づき| |瑞:みづ|希:き}} || Aër || Catalysta
| Meditatrix tapira, in Balneis Aisae serviens.
|-
| '''Miko Iae''' (''Mikonis'') || {{Notulae|八:や|重:へ| |神:み|子:こ}} || Electrum || Catalysta
| Diacona deae electri.
|-
| Saio (''-us'') || {{Notulae|早:さ|柚:ゆ}} || Aër || Gladius Maior
| Ninzia in Commissione Culturali.
|-
| Sara Kudeo || {{Notulae|九:く|條:でう| |裟:さ|羅:ら}} || Electrum || Arcus
| Legata Tenguina e Commissione Administrativa.
|-
| Sinobs Kuki || {{Notulae|久:く|岐:き| |忍:しのぶ}} || Electrum || Gladius
| Puella secunda sacerdotula quae est ministra Itti Arataki.
|-
| Thomas || トーマ&lt;br&gt;([[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Thoma) || Ignis || Lancea
| Minister Commissionis Culturalis, Monstadiensis.
|}

===Sumeru===
Sumeru (-''us'', [[Sanscrite]] सुमेरु ''Sumeru'', [[Accadice]] 𒋗𒈨𒊒 ''Šumeru'') in silvam desertaque dividitur. Silva Sumeriana ex [[India]] [[Imperium Achaemenidarum|Persiaque]] oritur, deserta autem ex [[Arabia]] [[Aegyptus|Aegyptoque]].
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis&amp;nbsp;linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''[[Alhazenus]]''' || [[Lingua Arabica|ar.]]&amp;nbsp;الهيثم || Arbor || Gladius
| Scriptor Academiae Sumerianae et legatus sagax.
|-
| [[Candace]]|| [[Lingua Graeca|el.]]&amp;nbsp;Κανδάκη || Aqua || Lancea
| Curatrix ruris Aaru.
|-
| Cona || [[Lingua Cambrica|cy.]]&amp;nbsp;Collei || Arbor || Arcus
| Discipula Tignarii et amica optima Amberis.
|-
| '''[[Cyon]]''' (''Cynis'') || [[Lingua Graeca|el.]]&amp;nbsp;Κύων || Electrum || Lancea
| Ordinis capitaneus et physicista Academiae Sumerianae.
|-
| '''[[Dehia]]''' || [[Linguae Libycae|ber.]]&amp;nbsp;ⴷⵉⵀⵢⴰ || Ignis || Gladius Maior
| Eremita, Nahidam protegens.
|-
| [[Doris]] || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]]&amp;nbsp;دوری سنگماه بای || Electrum || Gladius Maior
| Mercatrix parva, in Palatio Castro habitans.
|-
| Faruzan (-''nis'') || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]]&amp;nbsp;فروزان || Aër || Arcus
| Archaeologa e Academia Sumeriana.
|-
| Kaveus || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]]&amp;nbsp;كاوه || Arbor || Gladius Maior
| Architectus e Academia Sumeriana.
|-
| Laila || [[Lingua Arabica|ar.]]&amp;nbsp;ليلى || Glacies || Gladius
| Astrologa e Academia Sumeriana.
|-
| '''[[Nahida]]'''&lt;br&gt;sive '''Buer''' || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]]&amp;nbsp;ناهيد || Arbor || Catalysta
| Dea Arboris, Domina Minor Kusanali.
|-
| '''[[Nilo]]'''&amp;nbsp;(-''onis'') || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]]&amp;nbsp;نيلو || Aqua || Gladius
| Saltatrix in Theatro Zubaeris.
|-
| [[Sethos]] || [[Lingua Graeca|el.]]&amp;nbsp;Σεθός&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Aegyptia|egy.]] ''st'' &lt;hiero&gt;st y&lt;/hiero&gt; || Electrum || Arcus
| Heres Templi Silentis, vasculusque Hermanubidis ante Cynem.
|-
| '''[[Tignarius]]''' || [[Lingua Arabica|ar.]]&amp;nbsp;طغنري || Arbor || Arcus
| Forestator Avidiensis ex Academia Sumeriana, decendensis Canis (Vulpes) Desertensis ([[Lingua Sanscrita|sa.]] वालुकाशुन ''Vālukāśuna'').
|-
| '''[[Vagabundus]]''' || &lt;del&gt;[[Lingua Iaponica|ja.]]&amp;nbsp;{{Notulae|国:くに|崩:くづし|／|傾:かぶ|奇:き|者:もの}}&lt;/del&gt;
|| Aër || Catalysta
| Homunculus a Beelzebule creatus, in Sumeru errans, quondam sextus Ductor Fatuorum “Scaramouche” [[Lingua francogallica|(fr.)]].
|}

===Fontana===
Fontana ([[Francogallice]] ''Fontaine'', Fontana) ex [[Europa]] [[Linguae Italicae|Romanica]] oritur.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis&amp;nbsp;linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''[[Aemilia]]''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Émilie || Arbor || Catalysta || [[Unguentaria]] stylista et amica Caprosiae.
|-
| '''[[Augustus Escoffier|Augusta&amp;nbsp;Escoffier]]'''&lt;ref&gt;Praenomen suspectum est.&lt;/ref&gt; || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Escoffier || Glacies || Lancea || Coquinaria pulsa ex Hospitali Debord, amica Varesae.
|-
| '''[[Clorinda]]''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Clorinde || Electrum || Gladius || Gladiatrix Prima et de facto protectrix Furinae, quae Carolum Caspar necavit.
|-
| [[Carlotta]] || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Charlotte || Glacies || Catalysta || Reportatrix Avis Vaporis.
|-
| [[Caprosia]] || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Chevreuse || Ignis || Lancea || [[Mosquetum|Mosquetaria]] capitanaque patroliae securitatis survigillantiaeque specialis (PS³).
|-
| '''[[Henricus Wriothesley|Dux&amp;nbsp;Wriothesley]]''' || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]]&amp;nbsp;''Duke''&amp;nbsp;Wriothesley || Glacies || Catalysta || Dux Fortis Meropidis.
|-
| Freminittus || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Fréminet&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Снежевич || Glacies || Gladius Maior || Subaqueus Fontanae celeberrimus et filius adoptatus Perverae.
|-
| '''[[Furina]]''' || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Furina&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] de&amp;nbsp;Fontaine || Aqua || Gladius || Dea Aquae, quae corpus '''Focaloris''' fuerat, antequam se deleret.
|-
| '''Linus''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Lyney&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Снежевич || Ignis || Arcus || Magus celeberrimus in Fontana et filius adoptatus Perverae.
|-
| Linitta || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Lynette&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Снежевна || Aër || Gladius || Adiutatrix felina sororque Lini.
|-
| '''[[Navia]]''' || [[Lingua Latina|la.]]/[[Lingua Hispanica|es.]]&amp;nbsp;Navia&amp;nbsp;Caspar || Terra || Gladius Maior || Ducissa Spinae Rosulae, quae patri suo Carolo successit.
|-
| '''[[Novillittus]]''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Neuvillette || Aqua || Catalysta || [[Draco]] Aquae, qui regulo Fontanae fungitur.
|-
| '''Sigevina''' || [[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Sigewinne || Aqua || Arcus || Nutritrix [[melusina]] Fortis Meropidis.
|}

=== Natlan ===
Natlan (''f.'' -''anis'', [[Lingua Navatlaca|navatlace]] ''Natlan'', Mea Domus) est orta ex [[Africa Subsahariana]], [[Americae|Americis]], et [[Oceania]].
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| Cacina || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Uthabiti&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Hopiana|hop.]] Katsina || Terra || Lancea
| Excavatrix iuvenis et determinata ex Tepetlisauris.
|-
| '''Ciasca''' || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Vuka&lt;br&gt;[[Linguae Quechuae|qu.]] Ch'asca || Aër || Arcus
| Pacificatrix populi Qucusaurorum.
|-
| '''Cinix''' (''-ichis'') || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Malipo&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Maiensis|myn.]] Kinich || Arbor || Gladius Maior
| Curator heroque ex Yumkasauris, cuius comes est Dominus Decimus Natlanteanus “Immortalis Obscurus” ([[Lingua Maiensis|myn.]] “Aj Imuch' Paxlaq Lahun Ch'ule-L” / “K'uhul Ajaw”).
|-
| '''Citlalis''' || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Ukumbuko&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Navatlaca|nah.]] Citlali || Glacies || Catalysta
| Astrologista Ictomisaurium quae ducentos annos vixit.
|-
| Iansa || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Uwezo&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Iorubensis|yo.]] Yàńsàn-án / Yansã || Electrum || Lancea
| Exercitrix famosa in Natlane ex Tatankasauris.
|-
| Ifeus || [[Lingua Iorubensis|yo.]] Ifá/ìfẹ́ || Aër || Catalysta
| Medicus Sauri ex Qucusauris.
|-
| '''Mavuica''' || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Kiongozi&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Havaiana|haw.]] Mavuika || Ignis || Gladius Maior
| Dea Ignis, ex hominibus Yumkasaurorum orta ad Haborym.
|-
| '''Mualanis''' || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Umoja&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Havaiana|haw.]] Mualani || Aqua || Catalysta
| Athleta aquatica ex Koholosauris.
|-
| Olorun || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Bidii&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Iorubensis|yo.]] Ọlọrun || Electrum || Arcus
| Agricultor vespertilionidus et filius adoptatus Citlalis.
|-
| '''Varesa''' || [[Lingua Zuluana|zu.]] Waresa || Electrum || Catalysta
| Minotaura, pomaria bellica ex Tatankasauris.
|-
| '''Xilonen''' || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Baraka&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Navatlaca|nah.]] Xilonen || Terra || Gladius
| Fabricatrix metallorum pumina ex Tepetlisauris.
|}

=== Snezhnaea ===
Snezhnaea ([[Russice]] ''Снежная'', Nivea) ex [[Europa]] [[Linguae Slavicae|Slavica]] oritur (''prime'' [[Russia]] Caesarica), ubi Regio Nodocraea ([[Russice]] ''Нод-Край'') ex nationibus circum [[Mare Balticum]] oritur. Undecim Ductores Fatuorum nomina ficta [[lingua Italiana]] ferunt.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis&amp;nbsp;linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| [[Aino]] (''f., -onis'') || [[Lingua Finnica|fi.]] Aino || Aqua || Gladius maior || Proprietrix Rotularii Tactici, quae Ineffam creavit.
|-
| '''[[Aiax]]''' (''m., -antis'') || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Аякс (ex [[Lingua Graeca|el.]] Αἴας) || Aqua || Arcus || Undecimus et Ultimus Ductor Fatuorum “Tartaglia”.
|-
| Alexius || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Алёша (dim. Алексей) || Electrum || Lancea || Venator quam Canis.
|-
| '''[[Anastasia Theodori puella Snezhnaea]]''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Анастасия Фёдоровна Снежная || Glacies || Lancea || Dea glaciei, notata quam “Imperatrix Snezhnaeae”.
|-
| '''Columbina Hyposelenia'''&lt;br&gt;sive '''Kuutar''' || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Columbina Hyposelenia&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Finnica|fi.]] Kuutar || Aqua || Catalysta || Dea Virgo Lunae, “Luna Nova”, quae tertia Ductrix Fatuorum “Columbina” fuit.
|-
| '''Cyrillus Cydomiri filius Flins''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Кирилл Чудомирович Флинс || Electrum || Lancea || Decanus Custodum Luminis, cuius ministri contra Abyssum cassi sunt (Venationem Silvaticam).
|-
| '''Danica''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Даника || Electrum || ? || Ancilla ex Sodalibus Caesaris.
|-
| Demetrius || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Митя (dim. Дмитрий) || Electrum || ? || Commissor Imperialis Snezhnaeanus de Energia.
|-
| [[Iahoda]] || [[Lingua Bohemica|cs.]] Jahoda || Aër || Arcus || Convectrix capitalis e Mercatoribus Voenicis.
|-
| [[Illugius]] || [[Lingua Islandica|is.]] Illuga || Terra || Lancea || Investigator Custodum Luminis.
|-
| '''Ineffa''' || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Ineffa(bilis) || Electrum || Lancea || Gynoides Ainonis, ex parte bona Dominae Undecimae Natlanteanae “Crastinae Reflextricis” creata ([[Linguae Maienses|myn.]] ''Ix Raq'lapuj Chue'q Buluk Ch'ule-L'').
|-
| '''[[Lauma]]''' || [[Lingua Lettonica|lv.]] Lauma || Arbor || Catalysta || Diacona Puerorum Gelunae, sapiens et sacra.
|-
| '''Linnaea''' || (''forma feminina'')&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Latina|la.]] [[Linnaeus]] || Terra || Arcus || Adventrix Botanista, ''Avis Auguria'' quae est amica Ainonis.
|-
| '''Marionetta''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Marionette Guillotin || Glacies || Lancea || Septima Ductrix Fatuorum “Sandrone”.
|- 
| '''Mircus Radovidi filius Vilex''' || Мирко Радувидович Вилешек || Aqua || ? || Quintus Ductor Fatuorum “Pulcinella”.
|-
| '''[[Nefer]]''' (''f., -ris'') || [[Lingua Aegyptia|egy.]] ''nfr'' &lt;hiero&gt;nfr&lt;/hiero&gt; || Arbor || Catalysta || Ductrix Curatorii Secretorum, Sumeriana, amica Doridis.
|-
| '''Odetta''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Одетта (ex [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Odette) || Glacies || Gladius || Ballerina Prima ex Theatro Regale, atque simul heres Octavae Ductricis Fatuorum “Signora” (Rosalina Crucica Flammatinea).
|-
| '''Pervera''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Peruère&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Снежевна || Ignis || Lancea || Quarta Ductrix Fatuorum “Arlecchino”, quae orphanes cultivat pro Fatui.
|-
| '''Theophanes Sergii filius Vexel'' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Феофан Сергеевич Вексель || ? || ? || Nonus Ductor Fatuorum “Pantalone”.
|-
| Valerius || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Валерий || Electrum || ? || Maior sub Palatio Armamentario.
|-
| '''Vesna''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Весна || Aër || Gladius || Vila ex Sodalibus Caesaris.
|-
| '''Vodianissa''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Водяница || Aqua || ? || Cantrix Prima ex Theatro Regale.
|}

===Aliae regiones===
Caenrium&lt;ref&gt;
{{blockquote|&lt;poem&gt;Non custos si fingar ille Caenrium
Non fulmineus ego lyrae barbatos
Non si pegaseo ferar volatu
Non morphes niveae citaeque bigae
Adde huc plumipedas volatilesque
Ventorumque simul require cursum
Quos iunctos amica mea mihi dicares
Defessus tamen omnibus medullis
Et multis languoribus peresus
Essem te mihi amica quaeritando
Caelum dilabitur
falsitas collabitur&lt;/poem&gt;}}
{{Norma dextra|[https://genshin-impact.fandom.com/wiki/Mysterious_Letter Charta mysteriosa sub Casma Liguana]}}&lt;/ref&gt; est regnum a Septem Deis delendum, ex [[Scandinavia]] [[Prussia]]que ortum.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''[[:en:Aloy|Aloisia]]''' || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Aloy || Glacies || Arcus || Protagonista ex [[Horizon Zero Dawn|Horizonte Nullo: Aurora]].
|-
| Dainsleus || [[Lingua Norvegica|no.]] Dáinsleif || (Quantum)? || ? || Caballarius Caenrianus, cum Lumina vagatus, Aetheri occurrit.
|-
| '''Excirca''' || [[Lingua Islandica|is.]] Skirk || Glacies || Gladius || Mentrix Aiantis extraterrestris.
|-
| '''Nicola''' || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Nicole Reeyn || Ignis || Catalysta || Maga N, una Angela immaculata.
|}

'''Mannequinus''' et '''Mannequina''' sunt introducti in ''Terra Mirabili “Miliastra”'', ab Octavia creati.

=== Personae significantes non ludibiles ===
Obliqua indicant feminas.
* '''''Paimon''''' (''f., -onis''), deuteragonista, Viatorem/Viatricem clamans.
* '''''Catherinae''''', receptionistae roboticae bionicae, a septima Ductrice Fatuorum “Sandrone” in Snezhnaya creatae, singulae per nationem.

== Synopsis ==
=== Prologus ===
Viator in Mondstadia vagavit.

=== Carmen Lunae Vanae ===
Viator in Nodocraea vagat, quande Columbina Fatuis partita est.

== Nexus interni ==
*Alii ludi personarum ex [[Hoyoversum|Hoyoverso]]:
** [[Impactus Apocalypsis]] (''Honkai Impact'')
** [[Impactus Apocalypsis: Interstellaris]] (''Honkai: Star Rail'')
** [[Nefariae Naturae Nihil]] (''Zenless Zone Zero'')
** [[Impactus Apocalypsis: Nexus Anima]] (''Honkai: Nexus Anima'')
** [[Planeta Petittus]] (''Petit Planet'')
*[[Gnosis]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Categoria:Ludi personarum]]</text>
      <sha1>c7xcnet3zyvpl5b9e6dj7vqtb1wgham</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3991149</id>
      <parentid>3991148</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T01:57:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>西城東路</username>
        <id>195950</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Snezhnaea */</comment>
      <origin>3991149</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="26044" sha1="5v3h7qinv74k9h8qs2pmp7k70aok8h8" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
{{Latinitas|-3}}
{{Capsa ludi electronici
	| Titulus = ''Genshin Impact''
	| Tituluslatinus = Impactus Allogenerum
	| Imago = Genshin Impact wordmark.svg
	| Auctor = [[HoYoverse]], sub [[miHoYo]]
	| Editor = [[miHoYo]]
	| Designator = [[miHoYo]]
	| Series = Impactus Honkai (extensus)
	| Motorium = [[miHoYo]]
	| Divulgatio = [[28 Septembris]] [[2020]]
	| Genus = Ludus personarum&lt;br&gt;Ludus mundi aperti
	| Modus = Lusor singularis
	| Systema = [[Microsoft Windows]]&lt;br&gt;[[PlayStation 4]]/5&lt;br&gt;[[Android]], [[iOS]]
	| Media = [[Corpus programmatum]]&lt;br&gt;cum [[Unitas|Unitate]]
	| Postulatio = 8 GB+ [[RAM]], 50 GB+ [[ROM]]
	| Gubernacula = [[Claviatura]], [[Mus (computatralis)|mus]]
}}

{{Ores|Genshin Impact}} (''Gen Shin'' est [[pronuntiatus]] [[Iaponia|Iaponicus]] locutionis [[Res publica popularis Sinarum|Sinicae]] 原神, ''Yuan Shen'', ubi ''Yuan'' 原 'primigenium' et ''Shen'' 神 [[deus|'deum']] et '[[potestas|potestatem]]' significant) est [[ars electrica|electronicus]] [[ludus personarum]] a [[miHoYo]] [[societas mercatoria|societate mercatoria]] anno [[2020]] editus. In Tiva agitur, [[mundus|mundo]] [[fictio|commenticio]] septem [[natio|nationes]] continente.

== Mechanici ==
Lusor per [[tabula geographica|tabulam geographicam]] atque quattuor personas {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Mundus patens|mundum patentem|en|qid=Q867123}} suo arbitrio explorare potest. Personis conceditur pugnare, labi, et natare. Lusori quidam quaestus complendus est dum eius persona opes, arma, artifactaque cumulat. In Fontana unā cum Statua Focaloris personae urinari possunt.

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Septem Elementa in Tiva
! Capitulum !! Elementum !! Praefixum !! Natio !! Deus !! Sententia
|-
| Prologus || [[Aër]] || Anemo- || Monstadia || Barbatos || Mea [[libertas]], meus canor
|-
| 1 || [[Tellus (planeta)|Terra]] || Geo- || Ligua || Morax || Ruat [[caelum]], fiat pactum
|-
| 2 || [[Ambra|Electrum]] || Electro- || Inazuma || Beelzebul || Perpetua, perennis, impervia
|-
| 3 || [[Arbor]] || Dendro- || Sumeru || Buer || Sub floribus lumen sagacitatis
|-
| 4 || [[Aqua]] || Hydro- || Fontana || Focalor || Iustitia omnia vincit
|-
| 5 || [[Ignis]] || Pyro- || Natlan || Haborym || Surge, vir fortis, i natam victoriam
|-
| 6 || [[Glacies]] || Cryo- || Snezhnaya || ? || Ducam, regina mea gloria, haud pluribus impar
|-
| Epilogus || (Nullum) || (Nullum) || Caenria || (Nullus) || (Nulla)
|}

== Personae ==
Litterae typis gravibus quinque stellas (★★★★★) indicant.&lt;ref&gt;[https://wiki.hoyolab.com/pc/genshin/aggregate/character Per visionem.]&lt;/ref&gt;
In potentibus personae cum visione ascenditur Caenriae.

=== Protagonistae ===
[[Protagonista]]e ''Impactus Allogenerum'' sunt ''Aether'' et ''Lumina'', Deae Incognitae (Asmodeo) obsistendo abhinc quingentos annos dirempti sunt; alter clausus est et potentia spoliatus, altera emissa Ordinem Abyssi ducit.

=== Monstadia ===
Monstadia ([[Theodisce]] ''Mondstadt'', Urbs Lunae) ex [[Europa]] [[Linguae Germanicae|Germanica]] oritur.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis&amp;nbsp;linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''Albedo'''&amp;nbsp;(''m''.,&amp;nbsp;''-inis'') || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Albedo || Terra || Gladius
| Homunculus, alchemista potissimus et capitaneus investigatorum Equitum Favonii.
|-
| Alicia || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Alice || Ignis || Catalysta
| Mater Cleae et prima maga Circuli.
|-
| Amata || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Amy / &lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Fischl von Luftschloß Narfidort || Electrum || Arcus
| Investigatrix in Collegio Adventorum, quae comitat Benedictum.
|-
| Amber&amp;nbsp;(''f''.,&amp;nbsp;''Ambris'') || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Amber || Ignis || Arcus
| Antecursatrix sola in Equitibus Favonii. Prima compania obtenta in hoc ludo.
|-
| Barbara || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Barbara Pegg || Aqua || Catalysta
| Diacona Ecclesiae Favonii et soror iunior Ioannae. Obtinetur post prologum.
|-
| Benedictus || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Bennett || Ignis || Gladius
| Orphanus inclusus Collegio Adventorum, quius fama infortunatissimus habetur; e Mari Iivari in Natlane deiectus.
|-
| '''Clea''' || [[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Klee || Ignis || Catalysta
| Filia Aliciae, pyrobolatrix Equitum Favonii.
|-
| Dahlius || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Dahlia || Aqua || Lancea
| Diaconus Ecclesiae Favonii, qui amicitias inter Venti et Rosariam colit.
|-
| '''Dilux''' (''m''., ''-cis'') || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Diluc(ulum) [[Lingua Norvegica|no.]] Ragnvindr || Ignis || Gladius Maior
| Possessor Vinorum Aurorae. Legatus Caballarius Favonii ante Gaium fuit.
|-
| Diona || [[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Diona Kätzlein || Glacies || Arcus
| Mixologista felina in Cauda Felis.
|-
| '''Durin''' (''-nis'') || [[Lingua Norvegica|no.]] Durin || Ignis || Gladius
| Draco ab Circulo Magarum creatus, cuius corpus homunculum ab Albedine confectum est.
|-
| '''Eula''' || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Eula Lawrence || Glacies || Gladius Maior
| Gladiatrix de Aristocratia Laurentia.
|-
| Gaius || [[Lingua Norvegica|no.]] Kaeya Alberich || Glacies || Gladius
| Gladiator et Legatus ex Caenrio. Secundo obtinetur.
|-
| '''Ioanna''' || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Jean&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Norvegica|no.]] Gunnhildr || Aër || Gladius
| Praefecta Equitum Favonii sub Varco et soror maior Barbarae.
|-
| Lisa || [[Lingua Italiana|it.]] Lisa Minci || Electrum || Catalysta
| Librariana Equitum Favonii atque genius Academiae Sumerianae. Tertio obtinetur.
|-
| Lonus || [[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Lohen || Glacies || Lancea
| Vice-Legatus Quintus.
|-
| Michael (''-lis'') || [[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Mika Schmidt || Glacies || Lancea
| Recognitor cartographicus Equitum Favonii.
|-
| '''Mona''' || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Mona Megistus || Aqua || Catalysta
| Maga astrologista et reportatrix Avis Vaporis.
|-
| Natalia || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Noëlle || Terra || Gladius Maior
| Servitrix Equitum Favonii, eques fieri cupiens.
|-
| Pruna || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Prune || Aër || Catalysta
| Puella magica quasi Clea, qui matrem Cleae Aliciam venatur.
|-
| Rasor (''-ris'') || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Razor || Electrum || Gladius Maior
| Puer a lupis alitus, a Lisa Minci et Varka adiutus.
|-
| Rosaria || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Rosaria || Glacies || Lancea
| Nonna ab Accumulatoribus Thesauricis rapta.
|-
| Saccharosa || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Sucrose || Aër || Catalysta
| Alchemista canina sub Albedine.
|-
| Varcus || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]] ورقه || Aër || Gladius Maior
| Capitanus Equitum Favonii, qui conquerebat in Ruina Hyperboreae.
|-
| '''Venti'''&amp;nbsp;(''-orum'')&lt;br&gt;sive '''Barbatos'''&amp;nbsp;(''-osis'') || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Venti || Aër || Arcus
| Deus ventorum.
|}

=== Ligua ===
Ligua&lt;ref&gt;Latinizatione confer [[Confucius]], [[Mencius]], [[Micius]].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Sinice]] {{Notulae|璃:Lí|月:yuè}}, Luna Lazuli) ex [[Sinae (regio)|Sinis]] oritur.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Sinice !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''Baichu''' || {{Notulae|白: ㄅㄞ´|朮: ㄓㄨ´}} || Arbor || Catalysta || [[Medicus]] ex [[Pharmacopolium|Pharmacopolio]] impraedicibili.
|-
| Beido (''-us'') || {{Notulae|北: ㄅㄟˇ|斗: ㄉㄡˇ}} || Electrum || Gladius Maior || Capitanea Navium Liguae “Crucis” (Crux).
|-
| '''Capricorna''' || {{Notulae|甘:ㄍㄢ|雨: ㄩˇ}} || Glacies || Arcus || Secretaria semicapricorna, quae Septentrionem Liguae servit.
|-
| '''Chunglius'''&lt;br /&gt;sive '''Morax''' || {{Notulae|鍾:ㄓㄨㄥ|離: ㄌㄧˊ}} || Terra || Lancea || Deus terrae, notatus quam “Rex Lapis” sive “Deus Auri”.
|-
| Chungynus || {{Notulae|重: ㄔㄨㄥˊ|雲: ㄩㄣˊ}} || Glacies || Gladius Maior
| Exorcista spiritu positivo puro praeditus, exorcizans.
|-
| '''Cibea''' || {{Notulae|兹:ㄗ|白: ㄅㄞ´}} || Terra || Gladius || Angela quam Adepta equina, quae Lancanopolem antediluvianam dominabat.
|-
| '''Elena''' || {{Notulae|夜: ㄧㄝ`|蘭: ㄌㄢˊ}} || Aqua || Arcus
| Secretaria Lucis Condensae, senatrix prima de facto.
|-
| Gamingus || style=&quot;text-wrap: nowrap;&quot;|{{Notulae|葉:Yip6| |嘉:Ga1|明:ming4}} || Ignis || Gladius Maior
| Cursator leoninus e valle ''Ch'in-Yu''.
|-
| Hianglima || style=&quot;text-wrap: nowrap;&quot;|{{Notulae|卯: ㄇㄠˇ| |香:ㄒㄧㄤ|菱: ㄌㄧㄥˊ}} || Ignis || Lancea
| Coctrix in Popina Populi.
|-
| '''Hianyna''' || {{Notulae|閒: ㄒㄧㄢˊ|雲: ㄩㄣˊ}} || Aër || Catalysta || Adepta gruida “Retenatrix Nubis”.
|-
| '''Hiao''' || {{Notulae|魈:ㄒㄧㄠ}} || Aër || Lancea
| Iaxus solus, Liguam contra spiritus deosque malos tuens.
|-
| Hincius || {{Notulae|行: ㄒㄧㄥˊ|秋:ㄑㄧㄡ}} || Aqua || Gladius
| Filius secundus Mercatoris Nubis Volantis.
|-
| '''Hu Tao''' || {{Notulae|胡: ㄏㄨˊ| |桃: ㄊㄠˊ}} || Ignis || Lancea
| Funeratrix septuagesima septima in Ligua.
|-
| Iao-Iao || {{Notulae|瑤: ㄧㄠˊ|瑤: ㄧㄠˊ}} || Arbor || Lancea
| Discipula Adeptae e rure ''K'ing-ts'e''.
|-
| Ienfecia || {{Notulae|煙:ㄧㄢ|緋:ㄈㄟ}} || Ignis || Catalysta
| Legislatrix bicornis Liguae serviens.
|-
| Iun Cin || {{Notulae|雲: ㄩㄣˊ|堇: ㄐㄧㄣˇ}} || Terra || Lancea
| Saltatrix famosa in Ligua.
|-
| '''Kecima''' || {{Notulae|刻: ㄎㄜˋ|晴: ㄑㄧㄥˊ}} || Electrum || Gladius
| Senatrix quinta (“Alioth”) Septentrionis Liguae, Regem Lapidem Adeptosque detestans.
|-
| Lan Ien || {{Notulae|藍: ㄌㄢˊ| |硯: ㄧㄢˋ}} || Aër || Catalysta
| [[Faber|Fabra]] argenti e valle ''Ch'in-Yu'' (Gemma Summersa).
|-
| Ninguama || {{Notulae|凝: ㄋㄧㄥˊ|光:ㄍㄨㄤ}} || Terra || Catalysta
| Senatrix quarta (“Megrez”) Septentrionis Liguae.
|-
| '''Septima Septuplex''' || {{Notulae|七:ㄑㄧ|七:ㄑㄧ}} || Glacies || Gladius
| Puella [[Mors|Mortua]] in [[Pharmacopolium|Pharmacopolio]] Impraedicibili.
|-
| Sinena || {{Notulae|辛:ㄒㄧㄣ|焱: ㄧㄢˋ}} || Ignis || Gladius Maior
| Cantatrix famosa in Ligua.
|-
| '''Xenica''' || {{Notulae|申:ㄕㄣ|鶴: ㄏㄜˋ}} || Glacies || Lancea
| Exorcista sola, Chungyni matertera.
|}

===Inazuma===
Inazuma (sive Inaduma, [[Iaponice]] {{Notulae|稲:いな|妻:づま}} ''Inaduma'', Fulgur) ex [[Iaponia]] oritur.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Iaponice&lt;ref&gt;[[Kana]] ante annum [[1945]].&lt;/ref&gt; !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''Aiaca Kamisato''' || {{Notulae|神:かみ|里:さと| |綾:あや|華:か}} || Glacies || Gladius
| Principissa Commissionis Culturalis, soror iunior Aiati.
|-
| '''Aiatus Kamisato''' || {{Notulae|神:かみ|里:さと| |綾:あや|人:と}} || Aqua || Gladius
| Princeps Commissionis Culturalis, frater maior Aiacae.
|-
| '''Cafedefarus Cazufa''' || {{Notulae|楓:かへで|原:はら| |万:かず|葉:は}} || Aër || Gladius
| Vagabundus et nauta Crucis Liguanae.
|-
| '''Chloris''' || {{Notulae|千:ち|織:おり}} || Terra || Gladius
| Textilatrix, in Fontanam demigrans, decreto compescente spreto.
|-
| '''Cocomis Regiae Sango''' || style=&quot;text-wrap: nowrap;&quot;|{{Notulae|珊:さん|瑚:ご|の|宮:みや| |心:ここ|海:み}} || Aqua || Catalysta
| Sacerdos contra Deam Electri.
|-
| Feizaus de Claustro Sikano || {{Notulae|鹿:しか|野:の|院:ゐん| |平:へい|藏:ざう}} || Aër || Catalysta
| Inquisitor e Commissione Administrativa.
|-
| '''Generalis Fulminis'''&lt;br&gt;sive '''Ei'''&lt;br&gt;sive '''Beelzebul''' || {{Notulae|雷:らい|電:でん| |将:しやう|軍:ぐん}}&lt;br&gt;
{{Notulae|雷:らい|電:でん| |影:えい}}
| Electrum || Lancea
| Dea secunda electri, post sororem suam Baelen (vel Makoto).
|-
| Goraus || ゴロー／{{Notulae|五:ご|郎:らう}}&lt;ref&gt;[[Litterae Sinicae]] e [[lingua Sinica]] sunt.&lt;/ref&gt; || Terra || Arcus
| Generalissimus caninus Cocomis.
|-
| '''Iofimia Naganofara''' || {{Notulae|長:なが|野:の|原:はら| |宵:よひ|宮:みや}} || Ignis || Arcus
| Bombatrix famosissima in Inazuma.
|-
| '''Ittus Arataki''' || {{Notulae|荒:あら|滝:たき| |一:いつ|斗:と}} || Terra || Gladius Maior
| Onius perniciosus, a Sara Kudeo olim captus.
|-
| Kirara || {{Notulae|綺:き|良:ら|々:ら}} || Arbor || Gladius
| Cursatrix et [[Nekomata|felis dupla]].
|-
| '''Midukis Iumemiduki''' || {{Notulae|夢:ゆめ|見:み|月:づき| |瑞:みづ|希:き}} || Aër || Catalysta
| Meditatrix tapira, in Balneis Aisae serviens.
|-
| '''Miko Iae''' (''Mikonis'') || {{Notulae|八:や|重:へ| |神:み|子:こ}} || Electrum || Catalysta
| Diacona deae electri.
|-
| Saio (''-us'') || {{Notulae|早:さ|柚:ゆ}} || Aër || Gladius Maior
| Ninzia in Commissione Culturali.
|-
| Sara Kudeo || {{Notulae|九:く|條:でう| |裟:さ|羅:ら}} || Electrum || Arcus
| Legata Tenguina e Commissione Administrativa.
|-
| Sinobs Kuki || {{Notulae|久:く|岐:き| |忍:しのぶ}} || Electrum || Gladius
| Puella secunda sacerdotula quae est ministra Itti Arataki.
|-
| Thomas || トーマ&lt;br&gt;([[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Thoma) || Ignis || Lancea
| Minister Commissionis Culturalis, Monstadiensis.
|}

===Sumeru===
Sumeru (-''us'', [[Sanscrite]] सुमेरु ''Sumeru'', [[Accadice]] 𒋗𒈨𒊒 ''Šumeru'') in silvam desertaque dividitur. Silva Sumeriana ex [[India]] [[Imperium Achaemenidarum|Persiaque]] oritur, deserta autem ex [[Arabia]] [[Aegyptus|Aegyptoque]].
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis&amp;nbsp;linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''[[Alhazenus]]''' || [[Lingua Arabica|ar.]]&amp;nbsp;الهيثم || Arbor || Gladius
| Scriptor Academiae Sumerianae et legatus sagax.
|-
| [[Candace]]|| [[Lingua Graeca|el.]]&amp;nbsp;Κανδάκη || Aqua || Lancea
| Curatrix ruris Aaru.
|-
| Cona || [[Lingua Cambrica|cy.]]&amp;nbsp;Collei || Arbor || Arcus
| Discipula Tignarii et amica optima Amberis.
|-
| '''[[Cyon]]''' (''Cynis'') || [[Lingua Graeca|el.]]&amp;nbsp;Κύων || Electrum || Lancea
| Ordinis capitaneus et physicista Academiae Sumerianae.
|-
| '''[[Dehia]]''' || [[Linguae Libycae|ber.]]&amp;nbsp;ⴷⵉⵀⵢⴰ || Ignis || Gladius Maior
| Eremita, Nahidam protegens.
|-
| [[Doris]] || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]]&amp;nbsp;دوری سنگماه بای || Electrum || Gladius Maior
| Mercatrix parva, in Palatio Castro habitans.
|-
| Faruzan (-''nis'') || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]]&amp;nbsp;فروزان || Aër || Arcus
| Archaeologa e Academia Sumeriana.
|-
| Kaveus || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]]&amp;nbsp;كاوه || Arbor || Gladius Maior
| Architectus e Academia Sumeriana.
|-
| Laila || [[Lingua Arabica|ar.]]&amp;nbsp;ليلى || Glacies || Gladius
| Astrologa e Academia Sumeriana.
|-
| '''[[Nahida]]'''&lt;br&gt;sive '''Buer''' || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]]&amp;nbsp;ناهيد || Arbor || Catalysta
| Dea Arboris, Domina Minor Kusanali.
|-
| '''[[Nilo]]'''&amp;nbsp;(-''onis'') || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]]&amp;nbsp;نيلو || Aqua || Gladius
| Saltatrix in Theatro Zubaeris.
|-
| [[Sethos]] || [[Lingua Graeca|el.]]&amp;nbsp;Σεθός&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Aegyptia|egy.]] ''st'' &lt;hiero&gt;st y&lt;/hiero&gt; || Electrum || Arcus
| Heres Templi Silentis, vasculusque Hermanubidis ante Cynem.
|-
| '''[[Tignarius]]''' || [[Lingua Arabica|ar.]]&amp;nbsp;طغنري || Arbor || Arcus
| Forestator Avidiensis ex Academia Sumeriana, decendensis Canis (Vulpes) Desertensis ([[Lingua Sanscrita|sa.]] वालुकाशुन ''Vālukāśuna'').
|-
| '''[[Vagabundus]]''' || &lt;del&gt;[[Lingua Iaponica|ja.]]&amp;nbsp;{{Notulae|国:くに|崩:くづし|／|傾:かぶ|奇:き|者:もの}}&lt;/del&gt;
|| Aër || Catalysta
| Homunculus a Beelzebule creatus, in Sumeru errans, quondam sextus Ductor Fatuorum “Scaramouche” [[Lingua francogallica|(fr.)]].
|}

===Fontana===
Fontana ([[Francogallice]] ''Fontaine'', Fontana) ex [[Europa]] [[Linguae Italicae|Romanica]] oritur.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis&amp;nbsp;linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''[[Aemilia]]''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Émilie || Arbor || Catalysta || [[Unguentaria]] stylista et amica Caprosiae.
|-
| '''[[Augustus Escoffier|Augusta&amp;nbsp;Escoffier]]'''&lt;ref&gt;Praenomen suspectum est.&lt;/ref&gt; || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Escoffier || Glacies || Lancea || Coquinaria pulsa ex Hospitali Debord, amica Varesae.
|-
| '''[[Clorinda]]''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Clorinde || Electrum || Gladius || Gladiatrix Prima et de facto protectrix Furinae, quae Carolum Caspar necavit.
|-
| [[Carlotta]] || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Charlotte || Glacies || Catalysta || Reportatrix Avis Vaporis.
|-
| [[Caprosia]] || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Chevreuse || Ignis || Lancea || [[Mosquetum|Mosquetaria]] capitanaque patroliae securitatis survigillantiaeque specialis (PS³).
|-
| '''[[Henricus Wriothesley|Dux&amp;nbsp;Wriothesley]]''' || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]]&amp;nbsp;''Duke''&amp;nbsp;Wriothesley || Glacies || Catalysta || Dux Fortis Meropidis.
|-
| Freminittus || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Fréminet&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Снежевич || Glacies || Gladius Maior || Subaqueus Fontanae celeberrimus et filius adoptatus Perverae.
|-
| '''[[Furina]]''' || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Furina&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] de&amp;nbsp;Fontaine || Aqua || Gladius || Dea Aquae, quae corpus '''Focaloris''' fuerat, antequam se deleret.
|-
| '''Linus''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Lyney&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Снежевич || Ignis || Arcus || Magus celeberrimus in Fontana et filius adoptatus Perverae.
|-
| Linitta || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Lynette&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Снежевна || Aër || Gladius || Adiutatrix felina sororque Lini.
|-
| '''[[Navia]]''' || [[Lingua Latina|la.]]/[[Lingua Hispanica|es.]]&amp;nbsp;Navia&amp;nbsp;Caspar || Terra || Gladius Maior || Ducissa Spinae Rosulae, quae patri suo Carolo successit.
|-
| '''[[Novillittus]]''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Neuvillette || Aqua || Catalysta || [[Draco]] Aquae, qui regulo Fontanae fungitur.
|-
| '''Sigevina''' || [[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Sigewinne || Aqua || Arcus || Nutritrix [[melusina]] Fortis Meropidis.
|}

=== Natlan ===
Natlan (''f.'' -''anis'', [[Lingua Navatlaca|navatlace]] ''Natlan'', Mea Domus) est orta ex [[Africa Subsahariana]], [[Americae|Americis]], et [[Oceania]].
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| Cacina || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Uthabiti&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Hopiana|hop.]] Katsina || Terra || Lancea
| Excavatrix iuvenis et determinata ex Tepetlisauris.
|-
| '''Ciasca''' || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Vuka&lt;br&gt;[[Linguae Quechuae|qu.]] Ch'asca || Aër || Arcus
| Pacificatrix populi Qucusaurorum.
|-
| '''Cinix''' (''-ichis'') || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Malipo&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Maiensis|myn.]] Kinich || Arbor || Gladius Maior
| Curator heroque ex Yumkasauris, cuius comes est Dominus Decimus Natlanteanus “Immortalis Obscurus” ([[Lingua Maiensis|myn.]] “Aj Imuch' Paxlaq Lahun Ch'ule-L” / “K'uhul Ajaw”).
|-
| '''Citlalis''' || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Ukumbuko&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Navatlaca|nah.]] Citlali || Glacies || Catalysta
| Astrologista Ictomisaurium quae ducentos annos vixit.
|-
| Iansa || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Uwezo&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Iorubensis|yo.]] Yàńsàn-án / Yansã || Electrum || Lancea
| Exercitrix famosa in Natlane ex Tatankasauris.
|-
| Ifeus || [[Lingua Iorubensis|yo.]] Ifá/ìfẹ́ || Aër || Catalysta
| Medicus Sauri ex Qucusauris.
|-
| '''Mavuica''' || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Kiongozi&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Havaiana|haw.]] Mavuika || Ignis || Gladius Maior
| Dea Ignis, ex hominibus Yumkasaurorum orta ad Haborym.
|-
| '''Mualanis''' || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Umoja&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Havaiana|haw.]] Mualani || Aqua || Catalysta
| Athleta aquatica ex Koholosauris.
|-
| Olorun || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Bidii&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Iorubensis|yo.]] Ọlọrun || Electrum || Arcus
| Agricultor vespertilionidus et filius adoptatus Citlalis.
|-
| '''Varesa''' || [[Lingua Zuluana|zu.]] Waresa || Electrum || Catalysta
| Minotaura, pomaria bellica ex Tatankasauris.
|-
| '''Xilonen''' || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Baraka&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Navatlaca|nah.]] Xilonen || Terra || Gladius
| Fabricatrix metallorum pumina ex Tepetlisauris.
|}

=== Snezhnaea ===
Snezhnaea ([[Russice]] ''Снежная'', Nivea) ex [[Europa]] [[Linguae Slavicae|Slavica]] oritur (''prime'' [[Russia]] Caesarica), ubi Regio Nodocraea ([[Russice]] ''Нод-Край'') ex nationibus circum [[Mare Balticum]] oritur. Undecim Ductores Fatuorum nomina ficta [[lingua Italiana]] ferunt.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis&amp;nbsp;linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| [[Aino]] (''f., -onis'') || [[Lingua Finnica|fi.]] Aino || Aqua || Gladius maior || Proprietrix Rotularii Tactici, quae Ineffam creavit.
|-
| '''[[Aiax]]''' (''m., -antis'') || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Аякс (ex [[Lingua Graeca|el.]] Αἴας) || Aqua || Arcus || Undecimus et Ultimus Ductor Fatuorum “Tartaglia”.
|-
| Alexius || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Алёша (dim. Алексей) || Electrum || Lancea || Venator quam Canis.
|-
| '''[[Anastasia Theodori puella Snezhnaea]]''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Анастасия Фёдоровна Снежная || Glacies || Lancea || Dea glaciei, notata quam “Imperatrix Snezhnaeae”.
|-
| '''Columbina Hyposelenia'''&lt;br&gt;sive '''Kuutar''' || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Columbina Hyposelenia&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Finnica|fi.]] Kuutar || Aqua || Catalysta || Dea Virgo Lunae, “Luna Nova”, quae tertia Ductrix Fatuorum “Columbina” fuit.
|-
| '''Cyrillus Cydomiri filius Flins''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Кирилл Чудомирович Флинс || Electrum || Lancea || Decanus Custodum Luminis, cuius ministri contra Abyssum cassi sunt (Venationem Silvaticam).
|-
| '''Danica''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Даника || Electrum || ? || Ancilla ex Sodalibus Caesaris.
|-
| '''Demetrius''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Митя (dim. Дмитрий) || Electrum || ? || Commissor Imperialis Snezhnaeanus de Energia.
|-
| [[Iahoda]] || [[Lingua Bohemica|cs.]] Jahoda || Aër || Arcus || Convectrix capitalis e Mercatoribus Voenicis.
|-
| [[Illugius]] || [[Lingua Islandica|is.]] Illuga || Terra || Lancea || Investigator Custodum Luminis.
|-
| '''Ineffa''' || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Ineffa(bilis) || Electrum || Lancea || Gynoides Ainonis, ex parte bona Dominae Undecimae Natlanteanae “Crastinae Reflextricis” creata ([[Linguae Maienses|myn.]] ''Ix Raq'lapuj Chue'q Buluk Ch'ule-L'').
|-
| '''[[Lauma]]''' || [[Lingua Lettonica|lv.]] Lauma || Arbor || Catalysta || Diacona Puerorum Gelunae, sapiens et sacra.
|-
| '''Linnaea''' || (''forma feminina'')&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Latina|la.]] [[Linnaeus]] || Terra || Arcus || Adventrix Botanista, ''Avis Auguria'' quae est amica Ainonis.
|-
| '''Marionetta''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Marionette Guillotin || Glacies || Lancea || Septima Ductrix Fatuorum “Sandrone”.
|- 
| '''Mircus Radovidi filius Vilex''' || Мирко Радувидович Вилешек || Aqua || ? || Quintus Ductor Fatuorum “Pulcinella”.
|-
| '''[[Nefer]]''' (''f., -ris'') || [[Lingua Aegyptia|egy.]] ''nfr'' &lt;hiero&gt;nfr&lt;/hiero&gt; || Arbor || Catalysta || Ductrix Curatorii Secretorum, Sumeriana, amica Doridis.
|-
| '''Odetta''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Одетта (ex [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Odette) || Glacies || Gladius || Ballerina Prima ex Theatro Regale, atque simul heres Octavae Ductricis Fatuorum “Signora” (Rosalina Crucica Flammatinea).
|-
| '''Pervera''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Peruère&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Снежевна || Ignis || Lancea || Quarta Ductrix Fatuorum “Arlecchino”, quae orphanes cultivat pro Fatui.
|-
| '''Theophanes Sergii filius Vexel'' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Феофан Сергеевич Вексель || ? || ? || Nonus Ductor Fatuorum “Pantalone”.
|-
| Valerius || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Валерий || Electrum || ? || Maior sub Palatio Armamentario.
|-
| '''Vesna''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Весна || Aër || Gladius || Vila ex Sodalibus Caesaris.
|-
| '''Vodianissa''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Водяница || Aqua || ? || Cantrix Prima ex Theatro Regale.
|}

===Aliae regiones===
Caenrium&lt;ref&gt;
{{blockquote|&lt;poem&gt;Non custos si fingar ille Caenrium
Non fulmineus ego lyrae barbatos
Non si pegaseo ferar volatu
Non morphes niveae citaeque bigae
Adde huc plumipedas volatilesque
Ventorumque simul require cursum
Quos iunctos amica mea mihi dicares
Defessus tamen omnibus medullis
Et multis languoribus peresus
Essem te mihi amica quaeritando
Caelum dilabitur
falsitas collabitur&lt;/poem&gt;}}
{{Norma dextra|[https://genshin-impact.fandom.com/wiki/Mysterious_Letter Charta mysteriosa sub Casma Liguana]}}&lt;/ref&gt; est regnum a Septem Deis delendum, ex [[Scandinavia]] [[Prussia]]que ortum.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''[[:en:Aloy|Aloisia]]''' || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Aloy || Glacies || Arcus || Protagonista ex [[Horizon Zero Dawn|Horizonte Nullo: Aurora]].
|-
| Dainsleus || [[Lingua Norvegica|no.]] Dáinsleif || (Quantum)? || ? || Caballarius Caenrianus, cum Lumina vagatus, Aetheri occurrit.
|-
| '''Excirca''' || [[Lingua Islandica|is.]] Skirk || Glacies || Gladius || Mentrix Aiantis extraterrestris.
|-
| '''Nicola''' || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Nicole Reeyn || Ignis || Catalysta || Maga N, una Angela immaculata.
|}

'''Mannequinus''' et '''Mannequina''' sunt introducti in ''Terra Mirabili “Miliastra”'', ab Octavia creati.

=== Personae significantes non ludibiles ===
Obliqua indicant feminas.
* '''''Paimon''''' (''f., -onis''), deuteragonista, Viatorem/Viatricem clamans.
* '''''Catherinae''''', receptionistae roboticae bionicae, a septima Ductrice Fatuorum “Sandrone” in Snezhnaya creatae, singulae per nationem.

== Synopsis ==
=== Prologus ===
Viator in Mondstadia vagavit.

=== Carmen Lunae Vanae ===
Viator in Nodocraea vagat, quande Columbina Fatuis partita est.

== Nexus interni ==
*Alii ludi personarum ex [[Hoyoversum|Hoyoverso]]:
** [[Impactus Apocalypsis]] (''Honkai Impact'')
** [[Impactus Apocalypsis: Interstellaris]] (''Honkai: Star Rail'')
** [[Nefariae Naturae Nihil]] (''Zenless Zone Zero'')
** [[Impactus Apocalypsis: Nexus Anima]] (''Honkai: Nexus Anima'')
** [[Planeta Petittus]] (''Petit Planet'')
*[[Gnosis]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Categoria:Ludi personarum]]</text>
      <sha1>5v3h7qinv74k9h8qs2pmp7k70aok8h8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3991150</id>
      <parentid>3991149</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T01:58:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>西城東路</username>
        <id>195950</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Snezhnaea */</comment>
      <origin>3991150</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="26045" sha1="8z391jlxwkd6dcxu94mx1ka34u9typn" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
{{Latinitas|-3}}
{{Capsa ludi electronici
	| Titulus = ''Genshin Impact''
	| Tituluslatinus = Impactus Allogenerum
	| Imago = Genshin Impact wordmark.svg
	| Auctor = [[HoYoverse]], sub [[miHoYo]]
	| Editor = [[miHoYo]]
	| Designator = [[miHoYo]]
	| Series = Impactus Honkai (extensus)
	| Motorium = [[miHoYo]]
	| Divulgatio = [[28 Septembris]] [[2020]]
	| Genus = Ludus personarum&lt;br&gt;Ludus mundi aperti
	| Modus = Lusor singularis
	| Systema = [[Microsoft Windows]]&lt;br&gt;[[PlayStation 4]]/5&lt;br&gt;[[Android]], [[iOS]]
	| Media = [[Corpus programmatum]]&lt;br&gt;cum [[Unitas|Unitate]]
	| Postulatio = 8 GB+ [[RAM]], 50 GB+ [[ROM]]
	| Gubernacula = [[Claviatura]], [[Mus (computatralis)|mus]]
}}

{{Ores|Genshin Impact}} (''Gen Shin'' est [[pronuntiatus]] [[Iaponia|Iaponicus]] locutionis [[Res publica popularis Sinarum|Sinicae]] 原神, ''Yuan Shen'', ubi ''Yuan'' 原 'primigenium' et ''Shen'' 神 [[deus|'deum']] et '[[potestas|potestatem]]' significant) est [[ars electrica|electronicus]] [[ludus personarum]] a [[miHoYo]] [[societas mercatoria|societate mercatoria]] anno [[2020]] editus. In Tiva agitur, [[mundus|mundo]] [[fictio|commenticio]] septem [[natio|nationes]] continente.

== Mechanici ==
Lusor per [[tabula geographica|tabulam geographicam]] atque quattuor personas {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Mundus patens|mundum patentem|en|qid=Q867123}} suo arbitrio explorare potest. Personis conceditur pugnare, labi, et natare. Lusori quidam quaestus complendus est dum eius persona opes, arma, artifactaque cumulat. In Fontana unā cum Statua Focaloris personae urinari possunt.

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Septem Elementa in Tiva
! Capitulum !! Elementum !! Praefixum !! Natio !! Deus !! Sententia
|-
| Prologus || [[Aër]] || Anemo- || Monstadia || Barbatos || Mea [[libertas]], meus canor
|-
| 1 || [[Tellus (planeta)|Terra]] || Geo- || Ligua || Morax || Ruat [[caelum]], fiat pactum
|-
| 2 || [[Ambra|Electrum]] || Electro- || Inazuma || Beelzebul || Perpetua, perennis, impervia
|-
| 3 || [[Arbor]] || Dendro- || Sumeru || Buer || Sub floribus lumen sagacitatis
|-
| 4 || [[Aqua]] || Hydro- || Fontana || Focalor || Iustitia omnia vincit
|-
| 5 || [[Ignis]] || Pyro- || Natlan || Haborym || Surge, vir fortis, i natam victoriam
|-
| 6 || [[Glacies]] || Cryo- || Snezhnaya || ? || Ducam, regina mea gloria, haud pluribus impar
|-
| Epilogus || (Nullum) || (Nullum) || Caenria || (Nullus) || (Nulla)
|}

== Personae ==
Litterae typis gravibus quinque stellas (★★★★★) indicant.&lt;ref&gt;[https://wiki.hoyolab.com/pc/genshin/aggregate/character Per visionem.]&lt;/ref&gt;
In potentibus personae cum visione ascenditur Caenriae.

=== Protagonistae ===
[[Protagonista]]e ''Impactus Allogenerum'' sunt ''Aether'' et ''Lumina'', Deae Incognitae (Asmodeo) obsistendo abhinc quingentos annos dirempti sunt; alter clausus est et potentia spoliatus, altera emissa Ordinem Abyssi ducit.

=== Monstadia ===
Monstadia ([[Theodisce]] ''Mondstadt'', Urbs Lunae) ex [[Europa]] [[Linguae Germanicae|Germanica]] oritur.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis&amp;nbsp;linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''Albedo'''&amp;nbsp;(''m''.,&amp;nbsp;''-inis'') || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Albedo || Terra || Gladius
| Homunculus, alchemista potissimus et capitaneus investigatorum Equitum Favonii.
|-
| Alicia || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Alice || Ignis || Catalysta
| Mater Cleae et prima maga Circuli.
|-
| Amata || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Amy / &lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Fischl von Luftschloß Narfidort || Electrum || Arcus
| Investigatrix in Collegio Adventorum, quae comitat Benedictum.
|-
| Amber&amp;nbsp;(''f''.,&amp;nbsp;''Ambris'') || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Amber || Ignis || Arcus
| Antecursatrix sola in Equitibus Favonii. Prima compania obtenta in hoc ludo.
|-
| Barbara || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Barbara Pegg || Aqua || Catalysta
| Diacona Ecclesiae Favonii et soror iunior Ioannae. Obtinetur post prologum.
|-
| Benedictus || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Bennett || Ignis || Gladius
| Orphanus inclusus Collegio Adventorum, quius fama infortunatissimus habetur; e Mari Iivari in Natlane deiectus.
|-
| '''Clea''' || [[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Klee || Ignis || Catalysta
| Filia Aliciae, pyrobolatrix Equitum Favonii.
|-
| Dahlius || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Dahlia || Aqua || Lancea
| Diaconus Ecclesiae Favonii, qui amicitias inter Venti et Rosariam colit.
|-
| '''Dilux''' (''m''., ''-cis'') || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Diluc(ulum) [[Lingua Norvegica|no.]] Ragnvindr || Ignis || Gladius Maior
| Possessor Vinorum Aurorae. Legatus Caballarius Favonii ante Gaium fuit.
|-
| Diona || [[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Diona Kätzlein || Glacies || Arcus
| Mixologista felina in Cauda Felis.
|-
| '''Durin''' (''-nis'') || [[Lingua Norvegica|no.]] Durin || Ignis || Gladius
| Draco ab Circulo Magarum creatus, cuius corpus homunculum ab Albedine confectum est.
|-
| '''Eula''' || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Eula Lawrence || Glacies || Gladius Maior
| Gladiatrix de Aristocratia Laurentia.
|-
| Gaius || [[Lingua Norvegica|no.]] Kaeya Alberich || Glacies || Gladius
| Gladiator et Legatus ex Caenrio. Secundo obtinetur.
|-
| '''Ioanna''' || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Jean&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Norvegica|no.]] Gunnhildr || Aër || Gladius
| Praefecta Equitum Favonii sub Varco et soror maior Barbarae.
|-
| Lisa || [[Lingua Italiana|it.]] Lisa Minci || Electrum || Catalysta
| Librariana Equitum Favonii atque genius Academiae Sumerianae. Tertio obtinetur.
|-
| Lonus || [[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Lohen || Glacies || Lancea
| Vice-Legatus Quintus.
|-
| Michael (''-lis'') || [[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Mika Schmidt || Glacies || Lancea
| Recognitor cartographicus Equitum Favonii.
|-
| '''Mona''' || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Mona Megistus || Aqua || Catalysta
| Maga astrologista et reportatrix Avis Vaporis.
|-
| Natalia || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Noëlle || Terra || Gladius Maior
| Servitrix Equitum Favonii, eques fieri cupiens.
|-
| Pruna || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Prune || Aër || Catalysta
| Puella magica quasi Clea, qui matrem Cleae Aliciam venatur.
|-
| Rasor (''-ris'') || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Razor || Electrum || Gladius Maior
| Puer a lupis alitus, a Lisa Minci et Varka adiutus.
|-
| Rosaria || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Rosaria || Glacies || Lancea
| Nonna ab Accumulatoribus Thesauricis rapta.
|-
| Saccharosa || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Sucrose || Aër || Catalysta
| Alchemista canina sub Albedine.
|-
| Varcus || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]] ورقه || Aër || Gladius Maior
| Capitanus Equitum Favonii, qui conquerebat in Ruina Hyperboreae.
|-
| '''Venti'''&amp;nbsp;(''-orum'')&lt;br&gt;sive '''Barbatos'''&amp;nbsp;(''-osis'') || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Venti || Aër || Arcus
| Deus ventorum.
|}

=== Ligua ===
Ligua&lt;ref&gt;Latinizatione confer [[Confucius]], [[Mencius]], [[Micius]].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Sinice]] {{Notulae|璃:Lí|月:yuè}}, Luna Lazuli) ex [[Sinae (regio)|Sinis]] oritur.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Sinice !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''Baichu''' || {{Notulae|白: ㄅㄞ´|朮: ㄓㄨ´}} || Arbor || Catalysta || [[Medicus]] ex [[Pharmacopolium|Pharmacopolio]] impraedicibili.
|-
| Beido (''-us'') || {{Notulae|北: ㄅㄟˇ|斗: ㄉㄡˇ}} || Electrum || Gladius Maior || Capitanea Navium Liguae “Crucis” (Crux).
|-
| '''Capricorna''' || {{Notulae|甘:ㄍㄢ|雨: ㄩˇ}} || Glacies || Arcus || Secretaria semicapricorna, quae Septentrionem Liguae servit.
|-
| '''Chunglius'''&lt;br /&gt;sive '''Morax''' || {{Notulae|鍾:ㄓㄨㄥ|離: ㄌㄧˊ}} || Terra || Lancea || Deus terrae, notatus quam “Rex Lapis” sive “Deus Auri”.
|-
| Chungynus || {{Notulae|重: ㄔㄨㄥˊ|雲: ㄩㄣˊ}} || Glacies || Gladius Maior
| Exorcista spiritu positivo puro praeditus, exorcizans.
|-
| '''Cibea''' || {{Notulae|兹:ㄗ|白: ㄅㄞ´}} || Terra || Gladius || Angela quam Adepta equina, quae Lancanopolem antediluvianam dominabat.
|-
| '''Elena''' || {{Notulae|夜: ㄧㄝ`|蘭: ㄌㄢˊ}} || Aqua || Arcus
| Secretaria Lucis Condensae, senatrix prima de facto.
|-
| Gamingus || style=&quot;text-wrap: nowrap;&quot;|{{Notulae|葉:Yip6| |嘉:Ga1|明:ming4}} || Ignis || Gladius Maior
| Cursator leoninus e valle ''Ch'in-Yu''.
|-
| Hianglima || style=&quot;text-wrap: nowrap;&quot;|{{Notulae|卯: ㄇㄠˇ| |香:ㄒㄧㄤ|菱: ㄌㄧㄥˊ}} || Ignis || Lancea
| Coctrix in Popina Populi.
|-
| '''Hianyna''' || {{Notulae|閒: ㄒㄧㄢˊ|雲: ㄩㄣˊ}} || Aër || Catalysta || Adepta gruida “Retenatrix Nubis”.
|-
| '''Hiao''' || {{Notulae|魈:ㄒㄧㄠ}} || Aër || Lancea
| Iaxus solus, Liguam contra spiritus deosque malos tuens.
|-
| Hincius || {{Notulae|行: ㄒㄧㄥˊ|秋:ㄑㄧㄡ}} || Aqua || Gladius
| Filius secundus Mercatoris Nubis Volantis.
|-
| '''Hu Tao''' || {{Notulae|胡: ㄏㄨˊ| |桃: ㄊㄠˊ}} || Ignis || Lancea
| Funeratrix septuagesima septima in Ligua.
|-
| Iao-Iao || {{Notulae|瑤: ㄧㄠˊ|瑤: ㄧㄠˊ}} || Arbor || Lancea
| Discipula Adeptae e rure ''K'ing-ts'e''.
|-
| Ienfecia || {{Notulae|煙:ㄧㄢ|緋:ㄈㄟ}} || Ignis || Catalysta
| Legislatrix bicornis Liguae serviens.
|-
| Iun Cin || {{Notulae|雲: ㄩㄣˊ|堇: ㄐㄧㄣˇ}} || Terra || Lancea
| Saltatrix famosa in Ligua.
|-
| '''Kecima''' || {{Notulae|刻: ㄎㄜˋ|晴: ㄑㄧㄥˊ}} || Electrum || Gladius
| Senatrix quinta (“Alioth”) Septentrionis Liguae, Regem Lapidem Adeptosque detestans.
|-
| Lan Ien || {{Notulae|藍: ㄌㄢˊ| |硯: ㄧㄢˋ}} || Aër || Catalysta
| [[Faber|Fabra]] argenti e valle ''Ch'in-Yu'' (Gemma Summersa).
|-
| Ninguama || {{Notulae|凝: ㄋㄧㄥˊ|光:ㄍㄨㄤ}} || Terra || Catalysta
| Senatrix quarta (“Megrez”) Septentrionis Liguae.
|-
| '''Septima Septuplex''' || {{Notulae|七:ㄑㄧ|七:ㄑㄧ}} || Glacies || Gladius
| Puella [[Mors|Mortua]] in [[Pharmacopolium|Pharmacopolio]] Impraedicibili.
|-
| Sinena || {{Notulae|辛:ㄒㄧㄣ|焱: ㄧㄢˋ}} || Ignis || Gladius Maior
| Cantatrix famosa in Ligua.
|-
| '''Xenica''' || {{Notulae|申:ㄕㄣ|鶴: ㄏㄜˋ}} || Glacies || Lancea
| Exorcista sola, Chungyni matertera.
|}

===Inazuma===
Inazuma (sive Inaduma, [[Iaponice]] {{Notulae|稲:いな|妻:づま}} ''Inaduma'', Fulgur) ex [[Iaponia]] oritur.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Iaponice&lt;ref&gt;[[Kana]] ante annum [[1945]].&lt;/ref&gt; !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''Aiaca Kamisato''' || {{Notulae|神:かみ|里:さと| |綾:あや|華:か}} || Glacies || Gladius
| Principissa Commissionis Culturalis, soror iunior Aiati.
|-
| '''Aiatus Kamisato''' || {{Notulae|神:かみ|里:さと| |綾:あや|人:と}} || Aqua || Gladius
| Princeps Commissionis Culturalis, frater maior Aiacae.
|-
| '''Cafedefarus Cazufa''' || {{Notulae|楓:かへで|原:はら| |万:かず|葉:は}} || Aër || Gladius
| Vagabundus et nauta Crucis Liguanae.
|-
| '''Chloris''' || {{Notulae|千:ち|織:おり}} || Terra || Gladius
| Textilatrix, in Fontanam demigrans, decreto compescente spreto.
|-
| '''Cocomis Regiae Sango''' || style=&quot;text-wrap: nowrap;&quot;|{{Notulae|珊:さん|瑚:ご|の|宮:みや| |心:ここ|海:み}} || Aqua || Catalysta
| Sacerdos contra Deam Electri.
|-
| Feizaus de Claustro Sikano || {{Notulae|鹿:しか|野:の|院:ゐん| |平:へい|藏:ざう}} || Aër || Catalysta
| Inquisitor e Commissione Administrativa.
|-
| '''Generalis Fulminis'''&lt;br&gt;sive '''Ei'''&lt;br&gt;sive '''Beelzebul''' || {{Notulae|雷:らい|電:でん| |将:しやう|軍:ぐん}}&lt;br&gt;
{{Notulae|雷:らい|電:でん| |影:えい}}
| Electrum || Lancea
| Dea secunda electri, post sororem suam Baelen (vel Makoto).
|-
| Goraus || ゴロー／{{Notulae|五:ご|郎:らう}}&lt;ref&gt;[[Litterae Sinicae]] e [[lingua Sinica]] sunt.&lt;/ref&gt; || Terra || Arcus
| Generalissimus caninus Cocomis.
|-
| '''Iofimia Naganofara''' || {{Notulae|長:なが|野:の|原:はら| |宵:よひ|宮:みや}} || Ignis || Arcus
| Bombatrix famosissima in Inazuma.
|-
| '''Ittus Arataki''' || {{Notulae|荒:あら|滝:たき| |一:いつ|斗:と}} || Terra || Gladius Maior
| Onius perniciosus, a Sara Kudeo olim captus.
|-
| Kirara || {{Notulae|綺:き|良:ら|々:ら}} || Arbor || Gladius
| Cursatrix et [[Nekomata|felis dupla]].
|-
| '''Midukis Iumemiduki''' || {{Notulae|夢:ゆめ|見:み|月:づき| |瑞:みづ|希:き}} || Aër || Catalysta
| Meditatrix tapira, in Balneis Aisae serviens.
|-
| '''Miko Iae''' (''Mikonis'') || {{Notulae|八:や|重:へ| |神:み|子:こ}} || Electrum || Catalysta
| Diacona deae electri.
|-
| Saio (''-us'') || {{Notulae|早:さ|柚:ゆ}} || Aër || Gladius Maior
| Ninzia in Commissione Culturali.
|-
| Sara Kudeo || {{Notulae|九:く|條:でう| |裟:さ|羅:ら}} || Electrum || Arcus
| Legata Tenguina e Commissione Administrativa.
|-
| Sinobs Kuki || {{Notulae|久:く|岐:き| |忍:しのぶ}} || Electrum || Gladius
| Puella secunda sacerdotula quae est ministra Itti Arataki.
|-
| Thomas || トーマ&lt;br&gt;([[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Thoma) || Ignis || Lancea
| Minister Commissionis Culturalis, Monstadiensis.
|}

===Sumeru===
Sumeru (-''us'', [[Sanscrite]] सुमेरु ''Sumeru'', [[Accadice]] 𒋗𒈨𒊒 ''Šumeru'') in silvam desertaque dividitur. Silva Sumeriana ex [[India]] [[Imperium Achaemenidarum|Persiaque]] oritur, deserta autem ex [[Arabia]] [[Aegyptus|Aegyptoque]].
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis&amp;nbsp;linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''[[Alhazenus]]''' || [[Lingua Arabica|ar.]]&amp;nbsp;الهيثم || Arbor || Gladius
| Scriptor Academiae Sumerianae et legatus sagax.
|-
| [[Candace]]|| [[Lingua Graeca|el.]]&amp;nbsp;Κανδάκη || Aqua || Lancea
| Curatrix ruris Aaru.
|-
| Cona || [[Lingua Cambrica|cy.]]&amp;nbsp;Collei || Arbor || Arcus
| Discipula Tignarii et amica optima Amberis.
|-
| '''[[Cyon]]''' (''Cynis'') || [[Lingua Graeca|el.]]&amp;nbsp;Κύων || Electrum || Lancea
| Ordinis capitaneus et physicista Academiae Sumerianae.
|-
| '''[[Dehia]]''' || [[Linguae Libycae|ber.]]&amp;nbsp;ⴷⵉⵀⵢⴰ || Ignis || Gladius Maior
| Eremita, Nahidam protegens.
|-
| [[Doris]] || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]]&amp;nbsp;دوری سنگماه بای || Electrum || Gladius Maior
| Mercatrix parva, in Palatio Castro habitans.
|-
| Faruzan (-''nis'') || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]]&amp;nbsp;فروزان || Aër || Arcus
| Archaeologa e Academia Sumeriana.
|-
| Kaveus || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]]&amp;nbsp;كاوه || Arbor || Gladius Maior
| Architectus e Academia Sumeriana.
|-
| Laila || [[Lingua Arabica|ar.]]&amp;nbsp;ليلى || Glacies || Gladius
| Astrologa e Academia Sumeriana.
|-
| '''[[Nahida]]'''&lt;br&gt;sive '''Buer''' || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]]&amp;nbsp;ناهيد || Arbor || Catalysta
| Dea Arboris, Domina Minor Kusanali.
|-
| '''[[Nilo]]'''&amp;nbsp;(-''onis'') || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]]&amp;nbsp;نيلو || Aqua || Gladius
| Saltatrix in Theatro Zubaeris.
|-
| [[Sethos]] || [[Lingua Graeca|el.]]&amp;nbsp;Σεθός&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Aegyptia|egy.]] ''st'' &lt;hiero&gt;st y&lt;/hiero&gt; || Electrum || Arcus
| Heres Templi Silentis, vasculusque Hermanubidis ante Cynem.
|-
| '''[[Tignarius]]''' || [[Lingua Arabica|ar.]]&amp;nbsp;طغنري || Arbor || Arcus
| Forestator Avidiensis ex Academia Sumeriana, decendensis Canis (Vulpes) Desertensis ([[Lingua Sanscrita|sa.]] वालुकाशुन ''Vālukāśuna'').
|-
| '''[[Vagabundus]]''' || &lt;del&gt;[[Lingua Iaponica|ja.]]&amp;nbsp;{{Notulae|国:くに|崩:くづし|／|傾:かぶ|奇:き|者:もの}}&lt;/del&gt;
|| Aër || Catalysta
| Homunculus a Beelzebule creatus, in Sumeru errans, quondam sextus Ductor Fatuorum “Scaramouche” [[Lingua francogallica|(fr.)]].
|}

===Fontana===
Fontana ([[Francogallice]] ''Fontaine'', Fontana) ex [[Europa]] [[Linguae Italicae|Romanica]] oritur.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis&amp;nbsp;linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''[[Aemilia]]''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Émilie || Arbor || Catalysta || [[Unguentaria]] stylista et amica Caprosiae.
|-
| '''[[Augustus Escoffier|Augusta&amp;nbsp;Escoffier]]'''&lt;ref&gt;Praenomen suspectum est.&lt;/ref&gt; || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Escoffier || Glacies || Lancea || Coquinaria pulsa ex Hospitali Debord, amica Varesae.
|-
| '''[[Clorinda]]''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Clorinde || Electrum || Gladius || Gladiatrix Prima et de facto protectrix Furinae, quae Carolum Caspar necavit.
|-
| [[Carlotta]] || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Charlotte || Glacies || Catalysta || Reportatrix Avis Vaporis.
|-
| [[Caprosia]] || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Chevreuse || Ignis || Lancea || [[Mosquetum|Mosquetaria]] capitanaque patroliae securitatis survigillantiaeque specialis (PS³).
|-
| '''[[Henricus Wriothesley|Dux&amp;nbsp;Wriothesley]]''' || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]]&amp;nbsp;''Duke''&amp;nbsp;Wriothesley || Glacies || Catalysta || Dux Fortis Meropidis.
|-
| Freminittus || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Fréminet&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Снежевич || Glacies || Gladius Maior || Subaqueus Fontanae celeberrimus et filius adoptatus Perverae.
|-
| '''[[Furina]]''' || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Furina&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] de&amp;nbsp;Fontaine || Aqua || Gladius || Dea Aquae, quae corpus '''Focaloris''' fuerat, antequam se deleret.
|-
| '''Linus''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Lyney&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Снежевич || Ignis || Arcus || Magus celeberrimus in Fontana et filius adoptatus Perverae.
|-
| Linitta || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Lynette&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Снежевна || Aër || Gladius || Adiutatrix felina sororque Lini.
|-
| '''[[Navia]]''' || [[Lingua Latina|la.]]/[[Lingua Hispanica|es.]]&amp;nbsp;Navia&amp;nbsp;Caspar || Terra || Gladius Maior || Ducissa Spinae Rosulae, quae patri suo Carolo successit.
|-
| '''[[Novillittus]]''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Neuvillette || Aqua || Catalysta || [[Draco]] Aquae, qui regulo Fontanae fungitur.
|-
| '''Sigevina''' || [[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Sigewinne || Aqua || Arcus || Nutritrix [[melusina]] Fortis Meropidis.
|}

=== Natlan ===
Natlan (''f.'' -''anis'', [[Lingua Navatlaca|navatlace]] ''Natlan'', Mea Domus) est orta ex [[Africa Subsahariana]], [[Americae|Americis]], et [[Oceania]].
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| Cacina || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Uthabiti&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Hopiana|hop.]] Katsina || Terra || Lancea
| Excavatrix iuvenis et determinata ex Tepetlisauris.
|-
| '''Ciasca''' || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Vuka&lt;br&gt;[[Linguae Quechuae|qu.]] Ch'asca || Aër || Arcus
| Pacificatrix populi Qucusaurorum.
|-
| '''Cinix''' (''-ichis'') || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Malipo&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Maiensis|myn.]] Kinich || Arbor || Gladius Maior
| Curator heroque ex Yumkasauris, cuius comes est Dominus Decimus Natlanteanus “Immortalis Obscurus” ([[Lingua Maiensis|myn.]] “Aj Imuch' Paxlaq Lahun Ch'ule-L” / “K'uhul Ajaw”).
|-
| '''Citlalis''' || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Ukumbuko&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Navatlaca|nah.]] Citlali || Glacies || Catalysta
| Astrologista Ictomisaurium quae ducentos annos vixit.
|-
| Iansa || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Uwezo&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Iorubensis|yo.]] Yàńsàn-án / Yansã || Electrum || Lancea
| Exercitrix famosa in Natlane ex Tatankasauris.
|-
| Ifeus || [[Lingua Iorubensis|yo.]] Ifá/ìfẹ́ || Aër || Catalysta
| Medicus Sauri ex Qucusauris.
|-
| '''Mavuica''' || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Kiongozi&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Havaiana|haw.]] Mavuika || Ignis || Gladius Maior
| Dea Ignis, ex hominibus Yumkasaurorum orta ad Haborym.
|-
| '''Mualanis''' || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Umoja&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Havaiana|haw.]] Mualani || Aqua || Catalysta
| Athleta aquatica ex Koholosauris.
|-
| Olorun || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Bidii&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Iorubensis|yo.]] Ọlọrun || Electrum || Arcus
| Agricultor vespertilionidus et filius adoptatus Citlalis.
|-
| '''Varesa''' || [[Lingua Zuluana|zu.]] Waresa || Electrum || Catalysta
| Minotaura, pomaria bellica ex Tatankasauris.
|-
| '''Xilonen''' || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Baraka&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Navatlaca|nah.]] Xilonen || Terra || Gladius
| Fabricatrix metallorum pumina ex Tepetlisauris.
|}

=== Snezhnaea ===
Snezhnaea ([[Russice]] ''Снежная'', Nivea) ex [[Europa]] [[Linguae Slavicae|Slavica]] oritur (''prime'' [[Russia]] Caesarica), ubi Regio Nodocraea ([[Russice]] ''Нод-Край'') ex nationibus circum [[Mare Balticum]] oritur. Undecim Ductores Fatuorum nomina ficta [[lingua Italiana]] ferunt.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis&amp;nbsp;linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| [[Aino]] (''f., -onis'') || [[Lingua Finnica|fi.]] Aino || Aqua || Gladius maior || Proprietrix Rotularii Tactici, quae Ineffam creavit.
|-
| '''[[Aiax]]''' (''m., -antis'') || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Аякс (ex [[Lingua Graeca|el.]] Αἴας) || Aqua || Arcus || Undecimus et Ultimus Ductor Fatuorum “Tartaglia”.
|-
| Alexius || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Алёша (dim. Алексей) || Electrum || Lancea || Venator quam Canis.
|-
| '''[[Anastasia Theodori puella Snezhnaea]]''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Анастасия Фёдоровна Снежная || Glacies || Lancea || Dea glaciei, notata quam “Imperatrix Snezhnaeae”.
|-
| '''Columbina Hyposelenia'''&lt;br&gt;sive '''Kuutar''' || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Columbina Hyposelenia&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Finnica|fi.]] Kuutar || Aqua || Catalysta || Dea Virgo Lunae, “Luna Nova”, quae tertia Ductrix Fatuorum “Columbina” fuit.
|-
| '''Cyrillus Cydomiri filius Flins''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Кирилл Чудомирович Флинс || Electrum || Lancea || Decanus Custodum Luminis, cuius ministri contra Abyssum cassi sunt (Venationem Silvaticam).
|-
| '''Danica''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Даника || Electrum || ? || Ancilla ex Sodalibus Caesaris.
|-
| '''Demetrius''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Митя (dim. Дмитрий) || Electrum || ? || Commissor Imperialis Snezhnaeanus de Energia.
|-
| [[Iahoda]] || [[Lingua Bohemica|cs.]] Jahoda || Aër || Arcus || Convectrix capitalis e Mercatoribus Voenicis.
|-
| [[Illugius]] || [[Lingua Islandica|is.]] Illuga || Terra || Lancea || Investigator Custodum Luminis.
|-
| '''Ineffa''' || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Ineffa(bilis) || Electrum || Lancea || Gynoides Ainonis, ex parte bona Dominae Undecimae Natlanteanae “Crastinae Reflextricis” creata ([[Linguae Maienses|myn.]] ''Ix Raq'lapuj Chue'q Buluk Ch'ule-L'').
|-
| '''[[Lauma]]''' || [[Lingua Lettonica|lv.]] Lauma || Arbor || Catalysta || Diacona Puerorum Gelunae, sapiens et sacra.
|-
| '''Linnaea''' || (''forma feminina'')&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Latina|la.]] [[Linnaeus]] || Terra || Arcus || Adventrix Botanista, ''Avis Auguria'' quae est amica Ainonis.
|-
| '''Marionetta''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Marionette Guillotin || Glacies || Lancea || Septima Ductrix Fatuorum “Sandrone”.
|- 
| '''Mircus Radovidi filius Vilex''' || Мирко Радувидович Вилешек || Aqua || ? || Quintus Ductor Fatuorum “Pulcinella”.
|-
| '''[[Nefer]]''' (''f., -ris'') || [[Lingua Aegyptia|egy.]] ''nfr'' &lt;hiero&gt;nfr&lt;/hiero&gt; || Arbor || Catalysta || Ductrix Curatorii Secretorum, Sumeriana, amica Doridis.
|-
| '''Odetta''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Одетта (ex [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Odette) || Glacies || Gladius || Ballerina Prima ex Theatro Regale, atque simul heres Octavae Ductricis Fatuorum “Signora” (Rosalina Crucica Flammatinea).
|-
| '''Pervera''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Peruère&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Снежевна || Ignis || Lancea || Quarta Ductrix Fatuorum “Arlecchino”, quae orphanes cultivat pro Fatui.
|-
| '''Theophanes Sergii filius Vexel''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Феофан Сергеевич Вексель || ? || ? || Nonus Ductor Fatuorum “Pantalone”.
|-
| Valerius || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Валерий || Electrum || ? || Maior sub Palatio Armamentario.
|-
| '''Vesna''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Весна || Aër || Gladius || Vila ex Sodalibus Caesaris.
|-
| '''Vodianissa''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Водяница || Aqua || ? || Cantrix Prima ex Theatro Regale.
|}

===Aliae regiones===
Caenrium&lt;ref&gt;
{{blockquote|&lt;poem&gt;Non custos si fingar ille Caenrium
Non fulmineus ego lyrae barbatos
Non si pegaseo ferar volatu
Non morphes niveae citaeque bigae
Adde huc plumipedas volatilesque
Ventorumque simul require cursum
Quos iunctos amica mea mihi dicares
Defessus tamen omnibus medullis
Et multis languoribus peresus
Essem te mihi amica quaeritando
Caelum dilabitur
falsitas collabitur&lt;/poem&gt;}}
{{Norma dextra|[https://genshin-impact.fandom.com/wiki/Mysterious_Letter Charta mysteriosa sub Casma Liguana]}}&lt;/ref&gt; est regnum a Septem Deis delendum, ex [[Scandinavia]] [[Prussia]]que ortum.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''[[:en:Aloy|Aloisia]]''' || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Aloy || Glacies || Arcus || Protagonista ex [[Horizon Zero Dawn|Horizonte Nullo: Aurora]].
|-
| Dainsleus || [[Lingua Norvegica|no.]] Dáinsleif || (Quantum)? || ? || Caballarius Caenrianus, cum Lumina vagatus, Aetheri occurrit.
|-
| '''Excirca''' || [[Lingua Islandica|is.]] Skirk || Glacies || Gladius || Mentrix Aiantis extraterrestris.
|-
| '''Nicola''' || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Nicole Reeyn || Ignis || Catalysta || Maga N, una Angela immaculata.
|}

'''Mannequinus''' et '''Mannequina''' sunt introducti in ''Terra Mirabili “Miliastra”'', ab Octavia creati.

=== Personae significantes non ludibiles ===
Obliqua indicant feminas.
* '''''Paimon''''' (''f., -onis''), deuteragonista, Viatorem/Viatricem clamans.
* '''''Catherinae''''', receptionistae roboticae bionicae, a septima Ductrice Fatuorum “Sandrone” in Snezhnaya creatae, singulae per nationem.

== Synopsis ==
=== Prologus ===
Viator in Mondstadia vagavit.

=== Carmen Lunae Vanae ===
Viator in Nodocraea vagat, quande Columbina Fatuis partita est.

== Nexus interni ==
*Alii ludi personarum ex [[Hoyoversum|Hoyoverso]]:
** [[Impactus Apocalypsis]] (''Honkai Impact'')
** [[Impactus Apocalypsis: Interstellaris]] (''Honkai: Star Rail'')
** [[Nefariae Naturae Nihil]] (''Zenless Zone Zero'')
** [[Impactus Apocalypsis: Nexus Anima]] (''Honkai: Nexus Anima'')
** [[Planeta Petittus]] (''Petit Planet'')
*[[Gnosis]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Categoria:Ludi personarum]]</text>
      <sha1>8z391jlxwkd6dcxu94mx1ka34u9typn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3991151</id>
      <parentid>3991150</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T01:59:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>西城東路</username>
        <id>195950</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Snezhnaea */</comment>
      <origin>3991151</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="26069" sha1="8k3oh7sdb540wftqbq6e7nbcfce2q6k" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
{{Latinitas|-3}}
{{Capsa ludi electronici
	| Titulus = ''Genshin Impact''
	| Tituluslatinus = Impactus Allogenerum
	| Imago = Genshin Impact wordmark.svg
	| Auctor = [[HoYoverse]], sub [[miHoYo]]
	| Editor = [[miHoYo]]
	| Designator = [[miHoYo]]
	| Series = Impactus Honkai (extensus)
	| Motorium = [[miHoYo]]
	| Divulgatio = [[28 Septembris]] [[2020]]
	| Genus = Ludus personarum&lt;br&gt;Ludus mundi aperti
	| Modus = Lusor singularis
	| Systema = [[Microsoft Windows]]&lt;br&gt;[[PlayStation 4]]/5&lt;br&gt;[[Android]], [[iOS]]
	| Media = [[Corpus programmatum]]&lt;br&gt;cum [[Unitas|Unitate]]
	| Postulatio = 8 GB+ [[RAM]], 50 GB+ [[ROM]]
	| Gubernacula = [[Claviatura]], [[Mus (computatralis)|mus]]
}}

{{Ores|Genshin Impact}} (''Gen Shin'' est [[pronuntiatus]] [[Iaponia|Iaponicus]] locutionis [[Res publica popularis Sinarum|Sinicae]] 原神, ''Yuan Shen'', ubi ''Yuan'' 原 'primigenium' et ''Shen'' 神 [[deus|'deum']] et '[[potestas|potestatem]]' significant) est [[ars electrica|electronicus]] [[ludus personarum]] a [[miHoYo]] [[societas mercatoria|societate mercatoria]] anno [[2020]] editus. In Tiva agitur, [[mundus|mundo]] [[fictio|commenticio]] septem [[natio|nationes]] continente.

== Mechanici ==
Lusor per [[tabula geographica|tabulam geographicam]] atque quattuor personas {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Mundus patens|mundum patentem|en|qid=Q867123}} suo arbitrio explorare potest. Personis conceditur pugnare, labi, et natare. Lusori quidam quaestus complendus est dum eius persona opes, arma, artifactaque cumulat. In Fontana unā cum Statua Focaloris personae urinari possunt.

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Septem Elementa in Tiva
! Capitulum !! Elementum !! Praefixum !! Natio !! Deus !! Sententia
|-
| Prologus || [[Aër]] || Anemo- || Monstadia || Barbatos || Mea [[libertas]], meus canor
|-
| 1 || [[Tellus (planeta)|Terra]] || Geo- || Ligua || Morax || Ruat [[caelum]], fiat pactum
|-
| 2 || [[Ambra|Electrum]] || Electro- || Inazuma || Beelzebul || Perpetua, perennis, impervia
|-
| 3 || [[Arbor]] || Dendro- || Sumeru || Buer || Sub floribus lumen sagacitatis
|-
| 4 || [[Aqua]] || Hydro- || Fontana || Focalor || Iustitia omnia vincit
|-
| 5 || [[Ignis]] || Pyro- || Natlan || Haborym || Surge, vir fortis, i natam victoriam
|-
| 6 || [[Glacies]] || Cryo- || Snezhnaya || ? || Ducam, regina mea gloria, haud pluribus impar
|-
| Epilogus || (Nullum) || (Nullum) || Caenria || (Nullus) || (Nulla)
|}

== Personae ==
Litterae typis gravibus quinque stellas (★★★★★) indicant.&lt;ref&gt;[https://wiki.hoyolab.com/pc/genshin/aggregate/character Per visionem.]&lt;/ref&gt;
In potentibus personae cum visione ascenditur Caenriae.

=== Protagonistae ===
[[Protagonista]]e ''Impactus Allogenerum'' sunt ''Aether'' et ''Lumina'', Deae Incognitae (Asmodeo) obsistendo abhinc quingentos annos dirempti sunt; alter clausus est et potentia spoliatus, altera emissa Ordinem Abyssi ducit.

=== Monstadia ===
Monstadia ([[Theodisce]] ''Mondstadt'', Urbs Lunae) ex [[Europa]] [[Linguae Germanicae|Germanica]] oritur.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis&amp;nbsp;linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''Albedo'''&amp;nbsp;(''m''.,&amp;nbsp;''-inis'') || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Albedo || Terra || Gladius
| Homunculus, alchemista potissimus et capitaneus investigatorum Equitum Favonii.
|-
| Alicia || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Alice || Ignis || Catalysta
| Mater Cleae et prima maga Circuli.
|-
| Amata || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Amy / &lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Fischl von Luftschloß Narfidort || Electrum || Arcus
| Investigatrix in Collegio Adventorum, quae comitat Benedictum.
|-
| Amber&amp;nbsp;(''f''.,&amp;nbsp;''Ambris'') || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Amber || Ignis || Arcus
| Antecursatrix sola in Equitibus Favonii. Prima compania obtenta in hoc ludo.
|-
| Barbara || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Barbara Pegg || Aqua || Catalysta
| Diacona Ecclesiae Favonii et soror iunior Ioannae. Obtinetur post prologum.
|-
| Benedictus || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Bennett || Ignis || Gladius
| Orphanus inclusus Collegio Adventorum, quius fama infortunatissimus habetur; e Mari Iivari in Natlane deiectus.
|-
| '''Clea''' || [[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Klee || Ignis || Catalysta
| Filia Aliciae, pyrobolatrix Equitum Favonii.
|-
| Dahlius || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Dahlia || Aqua || Lancea
| Diaconus Ecclesiae Favonii, qui amicitias inter Venti et Rosariam colit.
|-
| '''Dilux''' (''m''., ''-cis'') || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Diluc(ulum) [[Lingua Norvegica|no.]] Ragnvindr || Ignis || Gladius Maior
| Possessor Vinorum Aurorae. Legatus Caballarius Favonii ante Gaium fuit.
|-
| Diona || [[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Diona Kätzlein || Glacies || Arcus
| Mixologista felina in Cauda Felis.
|-
| '''Durin''' (''-nis'') || [[Lingua Norvegica|no.]] Durin || Ignis || Gladius
| Draco ab Circulo Magarum creatus, cuius corpus homunculum ab Albedine confectum est.
|-
| '''Eula''' || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Eula Lawrence || Glacies || Gladius Maior
| Gladiatrix de Aristocratia Laurentia.
|-
| Gaius || [[Lingua Norvegica|no.]] Kaeya Alberich || Glacies || Gladius
| Gladiator et Legatus ex Caenrio. Secundo obtinetur.
|-
| '''Ioanna''' || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Jean&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Norvegica|no.]] Gunnhildr || Aër || Gladius
| Praefecta Equitum Favonii sub Varco et soror maior Barbarae.
|-
| Lisa || [[Lingua Italiana|it.]] Lisa Minci || Electrum || Catalysta
| Librariana Equitum Favonii atque genius Academiae Sumerianae. Tertio obtinetur.
|-
| Lonus || [[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Lohen || Glacies || Lancea
| Vice-Legatus Quintus.
|-
| Michael (''-lis'') || [[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Mika Schmidt || Glacies || Lancea
| Recognitor cartographicus Equitum Favonii.
|-
| '''Mona''' || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Mona Megistus || Aqua || Catalysta
| Maga astrologista et reportatrix Avis Vaporis.
|-
| Natalia || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Noëlle || Terra || Gladius Maior
| Servitrix Equitum Favonii, eques fieri cupiens.
|-
| Pruna || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Prune || Aër || Catalysta
| Puella magica quasi Clea, qui matrem Cleae Aliciam venatur.
|-
| Rasor (''-ris'') || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Razor || Electrum || Gladius Maior
| Puer a lupis alitus, a Lisa Minci et Varka adiutus.
|-
| Rosaria || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Rosaria || Glacies || Lancea
| Nonna ab Accumulatoribus Thesauricis rapta.
|-
| Saccharosa || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Sucrose || Aër || Catalysta
| Alchemista canina sub Albedine.
|-
| Varcus || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]] ورقه || Aër || Gladius Maior
| Capitanus Equitum Favonii, qui conquerebat in Ruina Hyperboreae.
|-
| '''Venti'''&amp;nbsp;(''-orum'')&lt;br&gt;sive '''Barbatos'''&amp;nbsp;(''-osis'') || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Venti || Aër || Arcus
| Deus ventorum.
|}

=== Ligua ===
Ligua&lt;ref&gt;Latinizatione confer [[Confucius]], [[Mencius]], [[Micius]].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Sinice]] {{Notulae|璃:Lí|月:yuè}}, Luna Lazuli) ex [[Sinae (regio)|Sinis]] oritur.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Sinice !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''Baichu''' || {{Notulae|白: ㄅㄞ´|朮: ㄓㄨ´}} || Arbor || Catalysta || [[Medicus]] ex [[Pharmacopolium|Pharmacopolio]] impraedicibili.
|-
| Beido (''-us'') || {{Notulae|北: ㄅㄟˇ|斗: ㄉㄡˇ}} || Electrum || Gladius Maior || Capitanea Navium Liguae “Crucis” (Crux).
|-
| '''Capricorna''' || {{Notulae|甘:ㄍㄢ|雨: ㄩˇ}} || Glacies || Arcus || Secretaria semicapricorna, quae Septentrionem Liguae servit.
|-
| '''Chunglius'''&lt;br /&gt;sive '''Morax''' || {{Notulae|鍾:ㄓㄨㄥ|離: ㄌㄧˊ}} || Terra || Lancea || Deus terrae, notatus quam “Rex Lapis” sive “Deus Auri”.
|-
| Chungynus || {{Notulae|重: ㄔㄨㄥˊ|雲: ㄩㄣˊ}} || Glacies || Gladius Maior
| Exorcista spiritu positivo puro praeditus, exorcizans.
|-
| '''Cibea''' || {{Notulae|兹:ㄗ|白: ㄅㄞ´}} || Terra || Gladius || Angela quam Adepta equina, quae Lancanopolem antediluvianam dominabat.
|-
| '''Elena''' || {{Notulae|夜: ㄧㄝ`|蘭: ㄌㄢˊ}} || Aqua || Arcus
| Secretaria Lucis Condensae, senatrix prima de facto.
|-
| Gamingus || style=&quot;text-wrap: nowrap;&quot;|{{Notulae|葉:Yip6| |嘉:Ga1|明:ming4}} || Ignis || Gladius Maior
| Cursator leoninus e valle ''Ch'in-Yu''.
|-
| Hianglima || style=&quot;text-wrap: nowrap;&quot;|{{Notulae|卯: ㄇㄠˇ| |香:ㄒㄧㄤ|菱: ㄌㄧㄥˊ}} || Ignis || Lancea
| Coctrix in Popina Populi.
|-
| '''Hianyna''' || {{Notulae|閒: ㄒㄧㄢˊ|雲: ㄩㄣˊ}} || Aër || Catalysta || Adepta gruida “Retenatrix Nubis”.
|-
| '''Hiao''' || {{Notulae|魈:ㄒㄧㄠ}} || Aër || Lancea
| Iaxus solus, Liguam contra spiritus deosque malos tuens.
|-
| Hincius || {{Notulae|行: ㄒㄧㄥˊ|秋:ㄑㄧㄡ}} || Aqua || Gladius
| Filius secundus Mercatoris Nubis Volantis.
|-
| '''Hu Tao''' || {{Notulae|胡: ㄏㄨˊ| |桃: ㄊㄠˊ}} || Ignis || Lancea
| Funeratrix septuagesima septima in Ligua.
|-
| Iao-Iao || {{Notulae|瑤: ㄧㄠˊ|瑤: ㄧㄠˊ}} || Arbor || Lancea
| Discipula Adeptae e rure ''K'ing-ts'e''.
|-
| Ienfecia || {{Notulae|煙:ㄧㄢ|緋:ㄈㄟ}} || Ignis || Catalysta
| Legislatrix bicornis Liguae serviens.
|-
| Iun Cin || {{Notulae|雲: ㄩㄣˊ|堇: ㄐㄧㄣˇ}} || Terra || Lancea
| Saltatrix famosa in Ligua.
|-
| '''Kecima''' || {{Notulae|刻: ㄎㄜˋ|晴: ㄑㄧㄥˊ}} || Electrum || Gladius
| Senatrix quinta (“Alioth”) Septentrionis Liguae, Regem Lapidem Adeptosque detestans.
|-
| Lan Ien || {{Notulae|藍: ㄌㄢˊ| |硯: ㄧㄢˋ}} || Aër || Catalysta
| [[Faber|Fabra]] argenti e valle ''Ch'in-Yu'' (Gemma Summersa).
|-
| Ninguama || {{Notulae|凝: ㄋㄧㄥˊ|光:ㄍㄨㄤ}} || Terra || Catalysta
| Senatrix quarta (“Megrez”) Septentrionis Liguae.
|-
| '''Septima Septuplex''' || {{Notulae|七:ㄑㄧ|七:ㄑㄧ}} || Glacies || Gladius
| Puella [[Mors|Mortua]] in [[Pharmacopolium|Pharmacopolio]] Impraedicibili.
|-
| Sinena || {{Notulae|辛:ㄒㄧㄣ|焱: ㄧㄢˋ}} || Ignis || Gladius Maior
| Cantatrix famosa in Ligua.
|-
| '''Xenica''' || {{Notulae|申:ㄕㄣ|鶴: ㄏㄜˋ}} || Glacies || Lancea
| Exorcista sola, Chungyni matertera.
|}

===Inazuma===
Inazuma (sive Inaduma, [[Iaponice]] {{Notulae|稲:いな|妻:づま}} ''Inaduma'', Fulgur) ex [[Iaponia]] oritur.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Iaponice&lt;ref&gt;[[Kana]] ante annum [[1945]].&lt;/ref&gt; !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''Aiaca Kamisato''' || {{Notulae|神:かみ|里:さと| |綾:あや|華:か}} || Glacies || Gladius
| Principissa Commissionis Culturalis, soror iunior Aiati.
|-
| '''Aiatus Kamisato''' || {{Notulae|神:かみ|里:さと| |綾:あや|人:と}} || Aqua || Gladius
| Princeps Commissionis Culturalis, frater maior Aiacae.
|-
| '''Cafedefarus Cazufa''' || {{Notulae|楓:かへで|原:はら| |万:かず|葉:は}} || Aër || Gladius
| Vagabundus et nauta Crucis Liguanae.
|-
| '''Chloris''' || {{Notulae|千:ち|織:おり}} || Terra || Gladius
| Textilatrix, in Fontanam demigrans, decreto compescente spreto.
|-
| '''Cocomis Regiae Sango''' || style=&quot;text-wrap: nowrap;&quot;|{{Notulae|珊:さん|瑚:ご|の|宮:みや| |心:ここ|海:み}} || Aqua || Catalysta
| Sacerdos contra Deam Electri.
|-
| Feizaus de Claustro Sikano || {{Notulae|鹿:しか|野:の|院:ゐん| |平:へい|藏:ざう}} || Aër || Catalysta
| Inquisitor e Commissione Administrativa.
|-
| '''Generalis Fulminis'''&lt;br&gt;sive '''Ei'''&lt;br&gt;sive '''Beelzebul''' || {{Notulae|雷:らい|電:でん| |将:しやう|軍:ぐん}}&lt;br&gt;
{{Notulae|雷:らい|電:でん| |影:えい}}
| Electrum || Lancea
| Dea secunda electri, post sororem suam Baelen (vel Makoto).
|-
| Goraus || ゴロー／{{Notulae|五:ご|郎:らう}}&lt;ref&gt;[[Litterae Sinicae]] e [[lingua Sinica]] sunt.&lt;/ref&gt; || Terra || Arcus
| Generalissimus caninus Cocomis.
|-
| '''Iofimia Naganofara''' || {{Notulae|長:なが|野:の|原:はら| |宵:よひ|宮:みや}} || Ignis || Arcus
| Bombatrix famosissima in Inazuma.
|-
| '''Ittus Arataki''' || {{Notulae|荒:あら|滝:たき| |一:いつ|斗:と}} || Terra || Gladius Maior
| Onius perniciosus, a Sara Kudeo olim captus.
|-
| Kirara || {{Notulae|綺:き|良:ら|々:ら}} || Arbor || Gladius
| Cursatrix et [[Nekomata|felis dupla]].
|-
| '''Midukis Iumemiduki''' || {{Notulae|夢:ゆめ|見:み|月:づき| |瑞:みづ|希:き}} || Aër || Catalysta
| Meditatrix tapira, in Balneis Aisae serviens.
|-
| '''Miko Iae''' (''Mikonis'') || {{Notulae|八:や|重:へ| |神:み|子:こ}} || Electrum || Catalysta
| Diacona deae electri.
|-
| Saio (''-us'') || {{Notulae|早:さ|柚:ゆ}} || Aër || Gladius Maior
| Ninzia in Commissione Culturali.
|-
| Sara Kudeo || {{Notulae|九:く|條:でう| |裟:さ|羅:ら}} || Electrum || Arcus
| Legata Tenguina e Commissione Administrativa.
|-
| Sinobs Kuki || {{Notulae|久:く|岐:き| |忍:しのぶ}} || Electrum || Gladius
| Puella secunda sacerdotula quae est ministra Itti Arataki.
|-
| Thomas || トーマ&lt;br&gt;([[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Thoma) || Ignis || Lancea
| Minister Commissionis Culturalis, Monstadiensis.
|}

===Sumeru===
Sumeru (-''us'', [[Sanscrite]] सुमेरु ''Sumeru'', [[Accadice]] 𒋗𒈨𒊒 ''Šumeru'') in silvam desertaque dividitur. Silva Sumeriana ex [[India]] [[Imperium Achaemenidarum|Persiaque]] oritur, deserta autem ex [[Arabia]] [[Aegyptus|Aegyptoque]].
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis&amp;nbsp;linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''[[Alhazenus]]''' || [[Lingua Arabica|ar.]]&amp;nbsp;الهيثم || Arbor || Gladius
| Scriptor Academiae Sumerianae et legatus sagax.
|-
| [[Candace]]|| [[Lingua Graeca|el.]]&amp;nbsp;Κανδάκη || Aqua || Lancea
| Curatrix ruris Aaru.
|-
| Cona || [[Lingua Cambrica|cy.]]&amp;nbsp;Collei || Arbor || Arcus
| Discipula Tignarii et amica optima Amberis.
|-
| '''[[Cyon]]''' (''Cynis'') || [[Lingua Graeca|el.]]&amp;nbsp;Κύων || Electrum || Lancea
| Ordinis capitaneus et physicista Academiae Sumerianae.
|-
| '''[[Dehia]]''' || [[Linguae Libycae|ber.]]&amp;nbsp;ⴷⵉⵀⵢⴰ || Ignis || Gladius Maior
| Eremita, Nahidam protegens.
|-
| [[Doris]] || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]]&amp;nbsp;دوری سنگماه بای || Electrum || Gladius Maior
| Mercatrix parva, in Palatio Castro habitans.
|-
| Faruzan (-''nis'') || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]]&amp;nbsp;فروزان || Aër || Arcus
| Archaeologa e Academia Sumeriana.
|-
| Kaveus || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]]&amp;nbsp;كاوه || Arbor || Gladius Maior
| Architectus e Academia Sumeriana.
|-
| Laila || [[Lingua Arabica|ar.]]&amp;nbsp;ليلى || Glacies || Gladius
| Astrologa e Academia Sumeriana.
|-
| '''[[Nahida]]'''&lt;br&gt;sive '''Buer''' || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]]&amp;nbsp;ناهيد || Arbor || Catalysta
| Dea Arboris, Domina Minor Kusanali.
|-
| '''[[Nilo]]'''&amp;nbsp;(-''onis'') || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]]&amp;nbsp;نيلو || Aqua || Gladius
| Saltatrix in Theatro Zubaeris.
|-
| [[Sethos]] || [[Lingua Graeca|el.]]&amp;nbsp;Σεθός&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Aegyptia|egy.]] ''st'' &lt;hiero&gt;st y&lt;/hiero&gt; || Electrum || Arcus
| Heres Templi Silentis, vasculusque Hermanubidis ante Cynem.
|-
| '''[[Tignarius]]''' || [[Lingua Arabica|ar.]]&amp;nbsp;طغنري || Arbor || Arcus
| Forestator Avidiensis ex Academia Sumeriana, decendensis Canis (Vulpes) Desertensis ([[Lingua Sanscrita|sa.]] वालुकाशुन ''Vālukāśuna'').
|-
| '''[[Vagabundus]]''' || &lt;del&gt;[[Lingua Iaponica|ja.]]&amp;nbsp;{{Notulae|国:くに|崩:くづし|／|傾:かぶ|奇:き|者:もの}}&lt;/del&gt;
|| Aër || Catalysta
| Homunculus a Beelzebule creatus, in Sumeru errans, quondam sextus Ductor Fatuorum “Scaramouche” [[Lingua francogallica|(fr.)]].
|}

===Fontana===
Fontana ([[Francogallice]] ''Fontaine'', Fontana) ex [[Europa]] [[Linguae Italicae|Romanica]] oritur.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis&amp;nbsp;linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''[[Aemilia]]''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Émilie || Arbor || Catalysta || [[Unguentaria]] stylista et amica Caprosiae.
|-
| '''[[Augustus Escoffier|Augusta&amp;nbsp;Escoffier]]'''&lt;ref&gt;Praenomen suspectum est.&lt;/ref&gt; || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Escoffier || Glacies || Lancea || Coquinaria pulsa ex Hospitali Debord, amica Varesae.
|-
| '''[[Clorinda]]''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Clorinde || Electrum || Gladius || Gladiatrix Prima et de facto protectrix Furinae, quae Carolum Caspar necavit.
|-
| [[Carlotta]] || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Charlotte || Glacies || Catalysta || Reportatrix Avis Vaporis.
|-
| [[Caprosia]] || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Chevreuse || Ignis || Lancea || [[Mosquetum|Mosquetaria]] capitanaque patroliae securitatis survigillantiaeque specialis (PS³).
|-
| '''[[Henricus Wriothesley|Dux&amp;nbsp;Wriothesley]]''' || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]]&amp;nbsp;''Duke''&amp;nbsp;Wriothesley || Glacies || Catalysta || Dux Fortis Meropidis.
|-
| Freminittus || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Fréminet&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Снежевич || Glacies || Gladius Maior || Subaqueus Fontanae celeberrimus et filius adoptatus Perverae.
|-
| '''[[Furina]]''' || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Furina&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] de&amp;nbsp;Fontaine || Aqua || Gladius || Dea Aquae, quae corpus '''Focaloris''' fuerat, antequam se deleret.
|-
| '''Linus''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Lyney&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Снежевич || Ignis || Arcus || Magus celeberrimus in Fontana et filius adoptatus Perverae.
|-
| Linitta || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Lynette&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Снежевна || Aër || Gladius || Adiutatrix felina sororque Lini.
|-
| '''[[Navia]]''' || [[Lingua Latina|la.]]/[[Lingua Hispanica|es.]]&amp;nbsp;Navia&amp;nbsp;Caspar || Terra || Gladius Maior || Ducissa Spinae Rosulae, quae patri suo Carolo successit.
|-
| '''[[Novillittus]]''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Neuvillette || Aqua || Catalysta || [[Draco]] Aquae, qui regulo Fontanae fungitur.
|-
| '''Sigevina''' || [[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Sigewinne || Aqua || Arcus || Nutritrix [[melusina]] Fortis Meropidis.
|}

=== Natlan ===
Natlan (''f.'' -''anis'', [[Lingua Navatlaca|navatlace]] ''Natlan'', Mea Domus) est orta ex [[Africa Subsahariana]], [[Americae|Americis]], et [[Oceania]].
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| Cacina || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Uthabiti&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Hopiana|hop.]] Katsina || Terra || Lancea
| Excavatrix iuvenis et determinata ex Tepetlisauris.
|-
| '''Ciasca''' || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Vuka&lt;br&gt;[[Linguae Quechuae|qu.]] Ch'asca || Aër || Arcus
| Pacificatrix populi Qucusaurorum.
|-
| '''Cinix''' (''-ichis'') || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Malipo&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Maiensis|myn.]] Kinich || Arbor || Gladius Maior
| Curator heroque ex Yumkasauris, cuius comes est Dominus Decimus Natlanteanus “Immortalis Obscurus” ([[Lingua Maiensis|myn.]] “Aj Imuch' Paxlaq Lahun Ch'ule-L” / “K'uhul Ajaw”).
|-
| '''Citlalis''' || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Ukumbuko&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Navatlaca|nah.]] Citlali || Glacies || Catalysta
| Astrologista Ictomisaurium quae ducentos annos vixit.
|-
| Iansa || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Uwezo&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Iorubensis|yo.]] Yàńsàn-án / Yansã || Electrum || Lancea
| Exercitrix famosa in Natlane ex Tatankasauris.
|-
| Ifeus || [[Lingua Iorubensis|yo.]] Ifá/ìfẹ́ || Aër || Catalysta
| Medicus Sauri ex Qucusauris.
|-
| '''Mavuica''' || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Kiongozi&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Havaiana|haw.]] Mavuika || Ignis || Gladius Maior
| Dea Ignis, ex hominibus Yumkasaurorum orta ad Haborym.
|-
| '''Mualanis''' || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Umoja&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Havaiana|haw.]] Mualani || Aqua || Catalysta
| Athleta aquatica ex Koholosauris.
|-
| Olorun || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Bidii&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Iorubensis|yo.]] Ọlọrun || Electrum || Arcus
| Agricultor vespertilionidus et filius adoptatus Citlalis.
|-
| '''Varesa''' || [[Lingua Zuluana|zu.]] Waresa || Electrum || Catalysta
| Minotaura, pomaria bellica ex Tatankasauris.
|-
| '''Xilonen''' || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Baraka&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Navatlaca|nah.]] Xilonen || Terra || Gladius
| Fabricatrix metallorum pumina ex Tepetlisauris.
|}

=== Snezhnaea ===
Snezhnaea ([[Russice]] ''Снежная'', Nivea) ex [[Europa]] [[Linguae Slavicae|Slavica]] oritur (''prime'' [[Russia]] Caesarica), ubi Regio Nodocraea ([[Russice]] ''Нод-Край'') ex nationibus circum [[Mare Balticum]] oritur. Undecim Ductores Fatuorum nomina ficta [[lingua Italiana]] ferunt.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis&amp;nbsp;linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| [[Aino]] (''f., -onis'') || [[Lingua Finnica|fi.]] Aino || Aqua || Gladius maior || Proprietrix Rotularii Tactici, quae Ineffam creavit.
|-
| '''[[Aiax]]''' (''m., -antis'') || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Аякс (ex [[Lingua Graeca|el.]] Αἴας) || Aqua || Arcus || Undecimus et Ultimus Ductor Fatuorum “Tartaglia”.
|-
| Alexius || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Алёша (dim. Алексей) || Electrum || Lancea || Venator quam Canis.
|-
| '''[[Anastasia Theodori puella Snezhnaea]]''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Анастасия Фёдоровна Снежная || Glacies || Lancea || Dea glaciei, notata quam “Imperatrix Snezhnaeae”.
|-
| '''Columbina Hyposelenia'''&lt;br&gt;sive '''Kuutar''' || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Columbina Hyposelenia&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Finnica|fi.]] Kuutar || Aqua || Catalysta || Dea Virgo Lunae, “Luna Nova”, quae tertia Ductrix Fatuorum “Columbina” fuit.
|-
| '''Cyrillus Cydomiri filius Flins''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Кирилл Чудомирович Флинс || Electrum || Lancea || Decanus Custodum Luminis, cuius ministri contra Abyssum cassi sunt (Venationem Silvaticam).
|-
| '''Danica''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Даника || Electrum || ? || Ancilla ex Sodalibus Caesaris.
|-
| '''Demetrius''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Митя (dim. Дмитрий) || Electrum || ? || Commissor Imperialis Snezhnaeanus de Energia.
|-
| [[Iahoda]] || [[Lingua Bohemica|cs.]] Jahoda || Aër || Arcus || Convectrix capitalis e Mercatoribus Voenicis.
|-
| [[Illugius]] || [[Lingua Islandica|is.]] Illuga || Terra || Lancea || Investigator Custodum Luminis.
|-
| '''Ineffa''' || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Ineffa(bilis) || Electrum || Lancea || Gynoides Ainonis, ex parte bona Dominae Undecimae Natlanteanae “Crastinae Reflextricis” creata ([[Linguae Maienses|myn.]] ''Ix Raq'lapuj Chue'q Buluk Ch'ule-L'').
|-
| '''[[Lauma]]''' || [[Lingua Lettonica|lv.]] Lauma || Arbor || Catalysta || Diacona Puerorum Gelunae, sapiens et sacra.
|-
| '''Linnaea''' || (''forma feminina'')&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Latina|la.]] [[Linnaeus]] || Terra || Arcus || Adventrix Botanista, ''Avis Auguria'' quae est amica Ainonis.
|-
| '''Marionetta''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Marionette Guillotin || Glacies || Lancea || Septima Ductrix Fatuorum “Sandrone”.
|- 
| '''Mircus Radovidi filius Vilex''' || Мирко Радувидович Вилешек || Aqua || ? || Quintus Ductor Fatuorum “Pulcinella”.
|-
| '''[[Nefer]]''' (''f., -ris'') || [[Lingua Aegyptia|egy.]] ''nfr'' &lt;hiero&gt;nfr&lt;/hiero&gt; || Arbor || Catalysta || Ductrix Curatorii Secretorum, Sumeriana, amica Doridis.
|-
| '''Odetta''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Одетта (ex [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Odette) || Glacies || Gladius || Ballerina Prima ex Theatro Regale, atque simul heres Octavae Ductricis Fatuorum “Signora” (Rosalina Crucica Flammatinea).
|-
| '''Pervera''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Peruère&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Снежевна || Ignis || Lancea || Quarta Ductrix Fatuorum “Arlecchino”, quae orphanes cultivat pro Fatui.
|-
| '''Theophanes Sergii filius Vexel''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Феофан Сергеевич Вексель || ? || ? || Nonus Ductor Fatuorum “Pantalone”.
|-
| Valerius || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Валерий || Electrum || ? || Maior sub Palatio Armamentario.
|-
| '''Vesna''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Весна || Aër || Gladius || Vila ex Sodalibus Caesaris.
|-
| '''Vodianissa''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Водяница || Aqua || Catalysta || Sirena, Cantrix Tripula Prima ex Theatro Regale.
|}

===Aliae regiones===
Caenrium&lt;ref&gt;
{{blockquote|&lt;poem&gt;Non custos si fingar ille Caenrium
Non fulmineus ego lyrae barbatos
Non si pegaseo ferar volatu
Non morphes niveae citaeque bigae
Adde huc plumipedas volatilesque
Ventorumque simul require cursum
Quos iunctos amica mea mihi dicares
Defessus tamen omnibus medullis
Et multis languoribus peresus
Essem te mihi amica quaeritando
Caelum dilabitur
falsitas collabitur&lt;/poem&gt;}}
{{Norma dextra|[https://genshin-impact.fandom.com/wiki/Mysterious_Letter Charta mysteriosa sub Casma Liguana]}}&lt;/ref&gt; est regnum a Septem Deis delendum, ex [[Scandinavia]] [[Prussia]]que ortum.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''[[:en:Aloy|Aloisia]]''' || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Aloy || Glacies || Arcus || Protagonista ex [[Horizon Zero Dawn|Horizonte Nullo: Aurora]].
|-
| Dainsleus || [[Lingua Norvegica|no.]] Dáinsleif || (Quantum)? || ? || Caballarius Caenrianus, cum Lumina vagatus, Aetheri occurrit.
|-
| '''Excirca''' || [[Lingua Islandica|is.]] Skirk || Glacies || Gladius || Mentrix Aiantis extraterrestris.
|-
| '''Nicola''' || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Nicole Reeyn || Ignis || Catalysta || Maga N, una Angela immaculata.
|}

'''Mannequinus''' et '''Mannequina''' sunt introducti in ''Terra Mirabili “Miliastra”'', ab Octavia creati.

=== Personae significantes non ludibiles ===
Obliqua indicant feminas.
* '''''Paimon''''' (''f., -onis''), deuteragonista, Viatorem/Viatricem clamans.
* '''''Catherinae''''', receptionistae roboticae bionicae, a septima Ductrice Fatuorum “Sandrone” in Snezhnaya creatae, singulae per nationem.

== Synopsis ==
=== Prologus ===
Viator in Mondstadia vagavit.

=== Carmen Lunae Vanae ===
Viator in Nodocraea vagat, quande Columbina Fatuis partita est.

== Nexus interni ==
*Alii ludi personarum ex [[Hoyoversum|Hoyoverso]]:
** [[Impactus Apocalypsis]] (''Honkai Impact'')
** [[Impactus Apocalypsis: Interstellaris]] (''Honkai: Star Rail'')
** [[Nefariae Naturae Nihil]] (''Zenless Zone Zero'')
** [[Impactus Apocalypsis: Nexus Anima]] (''Honkai: Nexus Anima'')
** [[Planeta Petittus]] (''Petit Planet'')
*[[Gnosis]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Categoria:Ludi personarum]]</text>
      <sha1>8k3oh7sdb540wftqbq6e7nbcfce2q6k</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3991155</id>
      <parentid>3991151</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T02:11:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>西城東路</username>
        <id>195950</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Natlan */</comment>
      <origin>3991155</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="26082" sha1="dc7jiaidl4h0m399tvb7mevzjvg815f" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
{{Latinitas|-3}}
{{Capsa ludi electronici
	| Titulus = ''Genshin Impact''
	| Tituluslatinus = Impactus Allogenerum
	| Imago = Genshin Impact wordmark.svg
	| Auctor = [[HoYoverse]], sub [[miHoYo]]
	| Editor = [[miHoYo]]
	| Designator = [[miHoYo]]
	| Series = Impactus Honkai (extensus)
	| Motorium = [[miHoYo]]
	| Divulgatio = [[28 Septembris]] [[2020]]
	| Genus = Ludus personarum&lt;br&gt;Ludus mundi aperti
	| Modus = Lusor singularis
	| Systema = [[Microsoft Windows]]&lt;br&gt;[[PlayStation 4]]/5&lt;br&gt;[[Android]], [[iOS]]
	| Media = [[Corpus programmatum]]&lt;br&gt;cum [[Unitas|Unitate]]
	| Postulatio = 8 GB+ [[RAM]], 50 GB+ [[ROM]]
	| Gubernacula = [[Claviatura]], [[Mus (computatralis)|mus]]
}}

{{Ores|Genshin Impact}} (''Gen Shin'' est [[pronuntiatus]] [[Iaponia|Iaponicus]] locutionis [[Res publica popularis Sinarum|Sinicae]] 原神, ''Yuan Shen'', ubi ''Yuan'' 原 'primigenium' et ''Shen'' 神 [[deus|'deum']] et '[[potestas|potestatem]]' significant) est [[ars electrica|electronicus]] [[ludus personarum]] a [[miHoYo]] [[societas mercatoria|societate mercatoria]] anno [[2020]] editus. In Tiva agitur, [[mundus|mundo]] [[fictio|commenticio]] septem [[natio|nationes]] continente.

== Mechanici ==
Lusor per [[tabula geographica|tabulam geographicam]] atque quattuor personas {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Mundus patens|mundum patentem|en|qid=Q867123}} suo arbitrio explorare potest. Personis conceditur pugnare, labi, et natare. Lusori quidam quaestus complendus est dum eius persona opes, arma, artifactaque cumulat. In Fontana unā cum Statua Focaloris personae urinari possunt.

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Septem Elementa in Tiva
! Capitulum !! Elementum !! Praefixum !! Natio !! Deus !! Sententia
|-
| Prologus || [[Aër]] || Anemo- || Monstadia || Barbatos || Mea [[libertas]], meus canor
|-
| 1 || [[Tellus (planeta)|Terra]] || Geo- || Ligua || Morax || Ruat [[caelum]], fiat pactum
|-
| 2 || [[Ambra|Electrum]] || Electro- || Inazuma || Beelzebul || Perpetua, perennis, impervia
|-
| 3 || [[Arbor]] || Dendro- || Sumeru || Buer || Sub floribus lumen sagacitatis
|-
| 4 || [[Aqua]] || Hydro- || Fontana || Focalor || Iustitia omnia vincit
|-
| 5 || [[Ignis]] || Pyro- || Natlan || Haborym || Surge, vir fortis, i natam victoriam
|-
| 6 || [[Glacies]] || Cryo- || Snezhnaya || ? || Ducam, regina mea gloria, haud pluribus impar
|-
| Epilogus || (Nullum) || (Nullum) || Caenria || (Nullus) || (Nulla)
|}

== Personae ==
Litterae typis gravibus quinque stellas (★★★★★) indicant.&lt;ref&gt;[https://wiki.hoyolab.com/pc/genshin/aggregate/character Per visionem.]&lt;/ref&gt;
In potentibus personae cum visione ascenditur Caenriae.

=== Protagonistae ===
[[Protagonista]]e ''Impactus Allogenerum'' sunt ''Aether'' et ''Lumina'', Deae Incognitae (Asmodeo) obsistendo abhinc quingentos annos dirempti sunt; alter clausus est et potentia spoliatus, altera emissa Ordinem Abyssi ducit.

=== Monstadia ===
Monstadia ([[Theodisce]] ''Mondstadt'', Urbs Lunae) ex [[Europa]] [[Linguae Germanicae|Germanica]] oritur.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis&amp;nbsp;linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''Albedo'''&amp;nbsp;(''m''.,&amp;nbsp;''-inis'') || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Albedo || Terra || Gladius
| Homunculus, alchemista potissimus et capitaneus investigatorum Equitum Favonii.
|-
| Alicia || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Alice || Ignis || Catalysta
| Mater Cleae et prima maga Circuli.
|-
| Amata || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Amy / &lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Fischl von Luftschloß Narfidort || Electrum || Arcus
| Investigatrix in Collegio Adventorum, quae comitat Benedictum.
|-
| Amber&amp;nbsp;(''f''.,&amp;nbsp;''Ambris'') || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Amber || Ignis || Arcus
| Antecursatrix sola in Equitibus Favonii. Prima compania obtenta in hoc ludo.
|-
| Barbara || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Barbara Pegg || Aqua || Catalysta
| Diacona Ecclesiae Favonii et soror iunior Ioannae. Obtinetur post prologum.
|-
| Benedictus || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Bennett || Ignis || Gladius
| Orphanus inclusus Collegio Adventorum, quius fama infortunatissimus habetur; e Mari Iivari in Natlane deiectus.
|-
| '''Clea''' || [[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Klee || Ignis || Catalysta
| Filia Aliciae, pyrobolatrix Equitum Favonii.
|-
| Dahlius || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Dahlia || Aqua || Lancea
| Diaconus Ecclesiae Favonii, qui amicitias inter Venti et Rosariam colit.
|-
| '''Dilux''' (''m''., ''-cis'') || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Diluc(ulum) [[Lingua Norvegica|no.]] Ragnvindr || Ignis || Gladius Maior
| Possessor Vinorum Aurorae. Legatus Caballarius Favonii ante Gaium fuit.
|-
| Diona || [[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Diona Kätzlein || Glacies || Arcus
| Mixologista felina in Cauda Felis.
|-
| '''Durin''' (''-nis'') || [[Lingua Norvegica|no.]] Durin || Ignis || Gladius
| Draco ab Circulo Magarum creatus, cuius corpus homunculum ab Albedine confectum est.
|-
| '''Eula''' || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Eula Lawrence || Glacies || Gladius Maior
| Gladiatrix de Aristocratia Laurentia.
|-
| Gaius || [[Lingua Norvegica|no.]] Kaeya Alberich || Glacies || Gladius
| Gladiator et Legatus ex Caenrio. Secundo obtinetur.
|-
| '''Ioanna''' || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Jean&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Norvegica|no.]] Gunnhildr || Aër || Gladius
| Praefecta Equitum Favonii sub Varco et soror maior Barbarae.
|-
| Lisa || [[Lingua Italiana|it.]] Lisa Minci || Electrum || Catalysta
| Librariana Equitum Favonii atque genius Academiae Sumerianae. Tertio obtinetur.
|-
| Lonus || [[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Lohen || Glacies || Lancea
| Vice-Legatus Quintus.
|-
| Michael (''-lis'') || [[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Mika Schmidt || Glacies || Lancea
| Recognitor cartographicus Equitum Favonii.
|-
| '''Mona''' || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Mona Megistus || Aqua || Catalysta
| Maga astrologista et reportatrix Avis Vaporis.
|-
| Natalia || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Noëlle || Terra || Gladius Maior
| Servitrix Equitum Favonii, eques fieri cupiens.
|-
| Pruna || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Prune || Aër || Catalysta
| Puella magica quasi Clea, qui matrem Cleae Aliciam venatur.
|-
| Rasor (''-ris'') || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Razor || Electrum || Gladius Maior
| Puer a lupis alitus, a Lisa Minci et Varka adiutus.
|-
| Rosaria || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Rosaria || Glacies || Lancea
| Nonna ab Accumulatoribus Thesauricis rapta.
|-
| Saccharosa || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Sucrose || Aër || Catalysta
| Alchemista canina sub Albedine.
|-
| Varcus || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]] ورقه || Aër || Gladius Maior
| Capitanus Equitum Favonii, qui conquerebat in Ruina Hyperboreae.
|-
| '''Venti'''&amp;nbsp;(''-orum'')&lt;br&gt;sive '''Barbatos'''&amp;nbsp;(''-osis'') || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Venti || Aër || Arcus
| Deus ventorum.
|}

=== Ligua ===
Ligua&lt;ref&gt;Latinizatione confer [[Confucius]], [[Mencius]], [[Micius]].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Sinice]] {{Notulae|璃:Lí|月:yuè}}, Luna Lazuli) ex [[Sinae (regio)|Sinis]] oritur.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Sinice !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''Baichu''' || {{Notulae|白: ㄅㄞ´|朮: ㄓㄨ´}} || Arbor || Catalysta || [[Medicus]] ex [[Pharmacopolium|Pharmacopolio]] impraedicibili.
|-
| Beido (''-us'') || {{Notulae|北: ㄅㄟˇ|斗: ㄉㄡˇ}} || Electrum || Gladius Maior || Capitanea Navium Liguae “Crucis” (Crux).
|-
| '''Capricorna''' || {{Notulae|甘:ㄍㄢ|雨: ㄩˇ}} || Glacies || Arcus || Secretaria semicapricorna, quae Septentrionem Liguae servit.
|-
| '''Chunglius'''&lt;br /&gt;sive '''Morax''' || {{Notulae|鍾:ㄓㄨㄥ|離: ㄌㄧˊ}} || Terra || Lancea || Deus terrae, notatus quam “Rex Lapis” sive “Deus Auri”.
|-
| Chungynus || {{Notulae|重: ㄔㄨㄥˊ|雲: ㄩㄣˊ}} || Glacies || Gladius Maior
| Exorcista spiritu positivo puro praeditus, exorcizans.
|-
| '''Cibea''' || {{Notulae|兹:ㄗ|白: ㄅㄞ´}} || Terra || Gladius || Angela quam Adepta equina, quae Lancanopolem antediluvianam dominabat.
|-
| '''Elena''' || {{Notulae|夜: ㄧㄝ`|蘭: ㄌㄢˊ}} || Aqua || Arcus
| Secretaria Lucis Condensae, senatrix prima de facto.
|-
| Gamingus || style=&quot;text-wrap: nowrap;&quot;|{{Notulae|葉:Yip6| |嘉:Ga1|明:ming4}} || Ignis || Gladius Maior
| Cursator leoninus e valle ''Ch'in-Yu''.
|-
| Hianglima || style=&quot;text-wrap: nowrap;&quot;|{{Notulae|卯: ㄇㄠˇ| |香:ㄒㄧㄤ|菱: ㄌㄧㄥˊ}} || Ignis || Lancea
| Coctrix in Popina Populi.
|-
| '''Hianyna''' || {{Notulae|閒: ㄒㄧㄢˊ|雲: ㄩㄣˊ}} || Aër || Catalysta || Adepta gruida “Retenatrix Nubis”.
|-
| '''Hiao''' || {{Notulae|魈:ㄒㄧㄠ}} || Aër || Lancea
| Iaxus solus, Liguam contra spiritus deosque malos tuens.
|-
| Hincius || {{Notulae|行: ㄒㄧㄥˊ|秋:ㄑㄧㄡ}} || Aqua || Gladius
| Filius secundus Mercatoris Nubis Volantis.
|-
| '''Hu Tao''' || {{Notulae|胡: ㄏㄨˊ| |桃: ㄊㄠˊ}} || Ignis || Lancea
| Funeratrix septuagesima septima in Ligua.
|-
| Iao-Iao || {{Notulae|瑤: ㄧㄠˊ|瑤: ㄧㄠˊ}} || Arbor || Lancea
| Discipula Adeptae e rure ''K'ing-ts'e''.
|-
| Ienfecia || {{Notulae|煙:ㄧㄢ|緋:ㄈㄟ}} || Ignis || Catalysta
| Legislatrix bicornis Liguae serviens.
|-
| Iun Cin || {{Notulae|雲: ㄩㄣˊ|堇: ㄐㄧㄣˇ}} || Terra || Lancea
| Saltatrix famosa in Ligua.
|-
| '''Kecima''' || {{Notulae|刻: ㄎㄜˋ|晴: ㄑㄧㄥˊ}} || Electrum || Gladius
| Senatrix quinta (“Alioth”) Septentrionis Liguae, Regem Lapidem Adeptosque detestans.
|-
| Lan Ien || {{Notulae|藍: ㄌㄢˊ| |硯: ㄧㄢˋ}} || Aër || Catalysta
| [[Faber|Fabra]] argenti e valle ''Ch'in-Yu'' (Gemma Summersa).
|-
| Ninguama || {{Notulae|凝: ㄋㄧㄥˊ|光:ㄍㄨㄤ}} || Terra || Catalysta
| Senatrix quarta (“Megrez”) Septentrionis Liguae.
|-
| '''Septima Septuplex''' || {{Notulae|七:ㄑㄧ|七:ㄑㄧ}} || Glacies || Gladius
| Puella [[Mors|Mortua]] in [[Pharmacopolium|Pharmacopolio]] Impraedicibili.
|-
| Sinena || {{Notulae|辛:ㄒㄧㄣ|焱: ㄧㄢˋ}} || Ignis || Gladius Maior
| Cantatrix famosa in Ligua.
|-
| '''Xenica''' || {{Notulae|申:ㄕㄣ|鶴: ㄏㄜˋ}} || Glacies || Lancea
| Exorcista sola, Chungyni matertera.
|}

===Inazuma===
Inazuma (sive Inaduma, [[Iaponice]] {{Notulae|稲:いな|妻:づま}} ''Inaduma'', Fulgur) ex [[Iaponia]] oritur.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Iaponice&lt;ref&gt;[[Kana]] ante annum [[1945]].&lt;/ref&gt; !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''Aiaca Kamisato''' || {{Notulae|神:かみ|里:さと| |綾:あや|華:か}} || Glacies || Gladius
| Principissa Commissionis Culturalis, soror iunior Aiati.
|-
| '''Aiatus Kamisato''' || {{Notulae|神:かみ|里:さと| |綾:あや|人:と}} || Aqua || Gladius
| Princeps Commissionis Culturalis, frater maior Aiacae.
|-
| '''Cafedefarus Cazufa''' || {{Notulae|楓:かへで|原:はら| |万:かず|葉:は}} || Aër || Gladius
| Vagabundus et nauta Crucis Liguanae.
|-
| '''Chloris''' || {{Notulae|千:ち|織:おり}} || Terra || Gladius
| Textilatrix, in Fontanam demigrans, decreto compescente spreto.
|-
| '''Cocomis Regiae Sango''' || style=&quot;text-wrap: nowrap;&quot;|{{Notulae|珊:さん|瑚:ご|の|宮:みや| |心:ここ|海:み}} || Aqua || Catalysta
| Sacerdos contra Deam Electri.
|-
| Feizaus de Claustro Sikano || {{Notulae|鹿:しか|野:の|院:ゐん| |平:へい|藏:ざう}} || Aër || Catalysta
| Inquisitor e Commissione Administrativa.
|-
| '''Generalis Fulminis'''&lt;br&gt;sive '''Ei'''&lt;br&gt;sive '''Beelzebul''' || {{Notulae|雷:らい|電:でん| |将:しやう|軍:ぐん}}&lt;br&gt;
{{Notulae|雷:らい|電:でん| |影:えい}}
| Electrum || Lancea
| Dea secunda electri, post sororem suam Baelen (vel Makoto).
|-
| Goraus || ゴロー／{{Notulae|五:ご|郎:らう}}&lt;ref&gt;[[Litterae Sinicae]] e [[lingua Sinica]] sunt.&lt;/ref&gt; || Terra || Arcus
| Generalissimus caninus Cocomis.
|-
| '''Iofimia Naganofara''' || {{Notulae|長:なが|野:の|原:はら| |宵:よひ|宮:みや}} || Ignis || Arcus
| Bombatrix famosissima in Inazuma.
|-
| '''Ittus Arataki''' || {{Notulae|荒:あら|滝:たき| |一:いつ|斗:と}} || Terra || Gladius Maior
| Onius perniciosus, a Sara Kudeo olim captus.
|-
| Kirara || {{Notulae|綺:き|良:ら|々:ら}} || Arbor || Gladius
| Cursatrix et [[Nekomata|felis dupla]].
|-
| '''Midukis Iumemiduki''' || {{Notulae|夢:ゆめ|見:み|月:づき| |瑞:みづ|希:き}} || Aër || Catalysta
| Meditatrix tapira, in Balneis Aisae serviens.
|-
| '''Miko Iae''' (''Mikonis'') || {{Notulae|八:や|重:へ| |神:み|子:こ}} || Electrum || Catalysta
| Diacona deae electri.
|-
| Saio (''-us'') || {{Notulae|早:さ|柚:ゆ}} || Aër || Gladius Maior
| Ninzia in Commissione Culturali.
|-
| Sara Kudeo || {{Notulae|九:く|條:でう| |裟:さ|羅:ら}} || Electrum || Arcus
| Legata Tenguina e Commissione Administrativa.
|-
| Sinobs Kuki || {{Notulae|久:く|岐:き| |忍:しのぶ}} || Electrum || Gladius
| Puella secunda sacerdotula quae est ministra Itti Arataki.
|-
| Thomas || トーマ&lt;br&gt;([[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Thoma) || Ignis || Lancea
| Minister Commissionis Culturalis, Monstadiensis.
|}

===Sumeru===
Sumeru (-''us'', [[Sanscrite]] सुमेरु ''Sumeru'', [[Accadice]] 𒋗𒈨𒊒 ''Šumeru'') in silvam desertaque dividitur. Silva Sumeriana ex [[India]] [[Imperium Achaemenidarum|Persiaque]] oritur, deserta autem ex [[Arabia]] [[Aegyptus|Aegyptoque]].
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis&amp;nbsp;linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''[[Alhazenus]]''' || [[Lingua Arabica|ar.]]&amp;nbsp;الهيثم || Arbor || Gladius
| Scriptor Academiae Sumerianae et legatus sagax.
|-
| [[Candace]]|| [[Lingua Graeca|el.]]&amp;nbsp;Κανδάκη || Aqua || Lancea
| Curatrix ruris Aaru.
|-
| Cona || [[Lingua Cambrica|cy.]]&amp;nbsp;Collei || Arbor || Arcus
| Discipula Tignarii et amica optima Amberis.
|-
| '''[[Cyon]]''' (''Cynis'') || [[Lingua Graeca|el.]]&amp;nbsp;Κύων || Electrum || Lancea
| Ordinis capitaneus et physicista Academiae Sumerianae.
|-
| '''[[Dehia]]''' || [[Linguae Libycae|ber.]]&amp;nbsp;ⴷⵉⵀⵢⴰ || Ignis || Gladius Maior
| Eremita, Nahidam protegens.
|-
| [[Doris]] || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]]&amp;nbsp;دوری سنگماه بای || Electrum || Gladius Maior
| Mercatrix parva, in Palatio Castro habitans.
|-
| Faruzan (-''nis'') || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]]&amp;nbsp;فروزان || Aër || Arcus
| Archaeologa e Academia Sumeriana.
|-
| Kaveus || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]]&amp;nbsp;كاوه || Arbor || Gladius Maior
| Architectus e Academia Sumeriana.
|-
| Laila || [[Lingua Arabica|ar.]]&amp;nbsp;ليلى || Glacies || Gladius
| Astrologa e Academia Sumeriana.
|-
| '''[[Nahida]]'''&lt;br&gt;sive '''Buer''' || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]]&amp;nbsp;ناهيد || Arbor || Catalysta
| Dea Arboris, Domina Minor Kusanali.
|-
| '''[[Nilo]]'''&amp;nbsp;(-''onis'') || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]]&amp;nbsp;نيلو || Aqua || Gladius
| Saltatrix in Theatro Zubaeris.
|-
| [[Sethos]] || [[Lingua Graeca|el.]]&amp;nbsp;Σεθός&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Aegyptia|egy.]] ''st'' &lt;hiero&gt;st y&lt;/hiero&gt; || Electrum || Arcus
| Heres Templi Silentis, vasculusque Hermanubidis ante Cynem.
|-
| '''[[Tignarius]]''' || [[Lingua Arabica|ar.]]&amp;nbsp;طغنري || Arbor || Arcus
| Forestator Avidiensis ex Academia Sumeriana, decendensis Canis (Vulpes) Desertensis ([[Lingua Sanscrita|sa.]] वालुकाशुन ''Vālukāśuna'').
|-
| '''[[Vagabundus]]''' || &lt;del&gt;[[Lingua Iaponica|ja.]]&amp;nbsp;{{Notulae|国:くに|崩:くづし|／|傾:かぶ|奇:き|者:もの}}&lt;/del&gt;
|| Aër || Catalysta
| Homunculus a Beelzebule creatus, in Sumeru errans, quondam sextus Ductor Fatuorum “Scaramouche” [[Lingua francogallica|(fr.)]].
|}

===Fontana===
Fontana ([[Francogallice]] ''Fontaine'', Fontana) ex [[Europa]] [[Linguae Italicae|Romanica]] oritur.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis&amp;nbsp;linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''[[Aemilia]]''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Émilie || Arbor || Catalysta || [[Unguentaria]] stylista et amica Caprosiae.
|-
| '''[[Augustus Escoffier|Augusta&amp;nbsp;Escoffier]]'''&lt;ref&gt;Praenomen suspectum est.&lt;/ref&gt; || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Escoffier || Glacies || Lancea || Coquinaria pulsa ex Hospitali Debord, amica Varesae.
|-
| '''[[Clorinda]]''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Clorinde || Electrum || Gladius || Gladiatrix Prima et de facto protectrix Furinae, quae Carolum Caspar necavit.
|-
| [[Carlotta]] || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Charlotte || Glacies || Catalysta || Reportatrix Avis Vaporis.
|-
| [[Caprosia]] || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Chevreuse || Ignis || Lancea || [[Mosquetum|Mosquetaria]] capitanaque patroliae securitatis survigillantiaeque specialis (PS³).
|-
| '''[[Henricus Wriothesley|Dux&amp;nbsp;Wriothesley]]''' || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]]&amp;nbsp;''Duke''&amp;nbsp;Wriothesley || Glacies || Catalysta || Dux Fortis Meropidis.
|-
| Freminittus || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Fréminet&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Снежевич || Glacies || Gladius Maior || Subaqueus Fontanae celeberrimus et filius adoptatus Perverae.
|-
| '''[[Furina]]''' || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Furina&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] de&amp;nbsp;Fontaine || Aqua || Gladius || Dea Aquae, quae corpus '''Focaloris''' fuerat, antequam se deleret.
|-
| '''Linus''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Lyney&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Снежевич || Ignis || Arcus || Magus celeberrimus in Fontana et filius adoptatus Perverae.
|-
| Linitta || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Lynette&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Снежевна || Aër || Gladius || Adiutatrix felina sororque Lini.
|-
| '''[[Navia]]''' || [[Lingua Latina|la.]]/[[Lingua Hispanica|es.]]&amp;nbsp;Navia&amp;nbsp;Caspar || Terra || Gladius Maior || Ducissa Spinae Rosulae, quae patri suo Carolo successit.
|-
| '''[[Novillittus]]''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Neuvillette || Aqua || Catalysta || [[Draco]] Aquae, qui regulo Fontanae fungitur.
|-
| '''Sigevina''' || [[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Sigewinne || Aqua || Arcus || Nutritrix [[melusina]] Fortis Meropidis.
|}

=== Natlan ===
Natlan (''f.'' -''anis'', [[Lingua Navatlaca|navatlace]] ''Natlan'', Mea Domus) est orta ex [[Africa Subsahariana]], [[Americae|Americis]], et [[Oceania]].
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| Cacina || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Uthabiti&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Hopiana|hop.]] Katsina || Terra || Lancea
| Excavatrix iuvenis et determinata ex Tepetlisauris.
|-
| '''Ciasca''' || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Vuka&lt;br&gt;[[Linguae Quechuae|qu.]] Ch'asca || Aër || Arcus
| Pacificatrix populi Qucusaurorum.
|-
| '''Cinix''' (''-ichis'') || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Malipo&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Maiensis|myn.]] Kinich || Arbor || Gladius Maior
| Curator heroque ex Yumkasauris, cuius comes est Dominus Decimus Natlanteanus “Immortalis Obscurus” ([[Lingua Maiensis|myn.]] “Aj Imuch' Paxlaq Lahun Ch'ule-L” / “K'uhul Ajaw”).
|-
| '''Citlalis''' || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Ukumbuko&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Navatlaca|nah.]] Citlali || Glacies || Catalysta
| Astrologista Ictomisaurium quae ducentos annos vixit.
|-
| Iansa || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Uwezo&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Iorubensis|yo.]] Yàńsàn-án / Yansã || Electrum || Lancea
| Exercitrix famosa in Natlane ex Tatankasauris.
|-
| Ifeus || [[Lingua Iorubensis|yo.]] Ifá/ìfẹ́ || Aër || Catalysta
| Medicus Sauri ex Qucusauris.
|-
| '''Mavuica''' || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Kiongozi&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Havaiana|haw.]] Mavuika || Ignis || Gladius Maior
| Dea Ignis, ex hominibus Yumkasaurorum orta ad Haborym.
|-
| '''Mualanis''' || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Umoja&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Havaiana|haw.]] Mualani || Aqua || Catalysta
| Athleta aquatica ex Koholosauris.
|-
| Oloron (''-ontis'') || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Bidii&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Iorubensis|yo.]] Ọlọrun || Electrum || Arcus
| Agricultor vespertilionidus et filius adoptatus Citlalis.
|-
| '''Varesa''' || [[Lingua Zuluana|zu.]] Waresa || Electrum || Catalysta
| Minotaura, pomaria bellica ex Tatankasauris.
|-
| '''Xilonen''' || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Baraka&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Navatlaca|nah.]] Xilonen || Terra || Gladius
| Fabricatrix metallorum pumina ex Tepetlisauris.
|}

=== Snezhnaea ===
Snezhnaea ([[Russice]] ''Снежная'', Nivea) ex [[Europa]] [[Linguae Slavicae|Slavica]] oritur (''prime'' [[Russia]] Caesarica), ubi Regio Nodocraea ([[Russice]] ''Нод-Край'') ex nationibus circum [[Mare Balticum]] oritur. Undecim Ductores Fatuorum nomina ficta [[lingua Italiana]] ferunt.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis&amp;nbsp;linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| [[Aino]] (''f., -onis'') || [[Lingua Finnica|fi.]] Aino || Aqua || Gladius maior || Proprietrix Rotularii Tactici, quae Ineffam creavit.
|-
| '''[[Aiax]]''' (''m., -antis'') || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Аякс (ex [[Lingua Graeca|el.]] Αἴας) || Aqua || Arcus || Undecimus et Ultimus Ductor Fatuorum “Tartaglia”.
|-
| Alexius || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Алёша (dim. Алексей) || Electrum || Lancea || Venator quam Canis.
|-
| '''[[Anastasia Theodori puella Snezhnaea]]''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Анастасия Фёдоровна Снежная || Glacies || Lancea || Dea glaciei, notata quam “Imperatrix Snezhnaeae”.
|-
| '''Columbina Hyposelenia'''&lt;br&gt;sive '''Kuutar''' || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Columbina Hyposelenia&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Finnica|fi.]] Kuutar || Aqua || Catalysta || Dea Virgo Lunae, “Luna Nova”, quae tertia Ductrix Fatuorum “Columbina” fuit.
|-
| '''Cyrillus Cydomiri filius Flins''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Кирилл Чудомирович Флинс || Electrum || Lancea || Decanus Custodum Luminis, cuius ministri contra Abyssum cassi sunt (Venationem Silvaticam).
|-
| '''Danica''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Даника || Electrum || ? || Ancilla ex Sodalibus Caesaris.
|-
| '''Demetrius''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Митя (dim. Дмитрий) || Electrum || ? || Commissor Imperialis Snezhnaeanus de Energia.
|-
| [[Iahoda]] || [[Lingua Bohemica|cs.]] Jahoda || Aër || Arcus || Convectrix capitalis e Mercatoribus Voenicis.
|-
| [[Illugius]] || [[Lingua Islandica|is.]] Illuga || Terra || Lancea || Investigator Custodum Luminis.
|-
| '''Ineffa''' || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Ineffa(bilis) || Electrum || Lancea || Gynoides Ainonis, ex parte bona Dominae Undecimae Natlanteanae “Crastinae Reflextricis” creata ([[Linguae Maienses|myn.]] ''Ix Raq'lapuj Chue'q Buluk Ch'ule-L'').
|-
| '''[[Lauma]]''' || [[Lingua Lettonica|lv.]] Lauma || Arbor || Catalysta || Diacona Puerorum Gelunae, sapiens et sacra.
|-
| '''Linnaea''' || (''forma feminina'')&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Latina|la.]] [[Linnaeus]] || Terra || Arcus || Adventrix Botanista, ''Avis Auguria'' quae est amica Ainonis.
|-
| '''Marionetta''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Marionette Guillotin || Glacies || Lancea || Septima Ductrix Fatuorum “Sandrone”.
|- 
| '''Mircus Radovidi filius Vilex''' || Мирко Радувидович Вилешек || Aqua || ? || Quintus Ductor Fatuorum “Pulcinella”.
|-
| '''[[Nefer]]''' (''f., -ris'') || [[Lingua Aegyptia|egy.]] ''nfr'' &lt;hiero&gt;nfr&lt;/hiero&gt; || Arbor || Catalysta || Ductrix Curatorii Secretorum, Sumeriana, amica Doridis.
|-
| '''Odetta''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Одетта (ex [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Odette) || Glacies || Gladius || Ballerina Prima ex Theatro Regale, atque simul heres Octavae Ductricis Fatuorum “Signora” (Rosalina Crucica Flammatinea).
|-
| '''Pervera''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Peruère&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Снежевна || Ignis || Lancea || Quarta Ductrix Fatuorum “Arlecchino”, quae orphanes cultivat pro Fatui.
|-
| '''Theophanes Sergii filius Vexel''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Феофан Сергеевич Вексель || ? || ? || Nonus Ductor Fatuorum “Pantalone”.
|-
| Valerius || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Валерий || Electrum || ? || Maior sub Palatio Armamentario.
|-
| '''Vesna''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Весна || Aër || Gladius || Vila ex Sodalibus Caesaris.
|-
| '''Vodianissa''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Водяница || Aqua || Catalysta || Sirena, Cantrix Tripula Prima ex Theatro Regale.
|}

===Aliae regiones===
Caenrium&lt;ref&gt;
{{blockquote|&lt;poem&gt;Non custos si fingar ille Caenrium
Non fulmineus ego lyrae barbatos
Non si pegaseo ferar volatu
Non morphes niveae citaeque bigae
Adde huc plumipedas volatilesque
Ventorumque simul require cursum
Quos iunctos amica mea mihi dicares
Defessus tamen omnibus medullis
Et multis languoribus peresus
Essem te mihi amica quaeritando
Caelum dilabitur
falsitas collabitur&lt;/poem&gt;}}
{{Norma dextra|[https://genshin-impact.fandom.com/wiki/Mysterious_Letter Charta mysteriosa sub Casma Liguana]}}&lt;/ref&gt; est regnum a Septem Deis delendum, ex [[Scandinavia]] [[Prussia]]que ortum.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''[[:en:Aloy|Aloisia]]''' || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Aloy || Glacies || Arcus || Protagonista ex [[Horizon Zero Dawn|Horizonte Nullo: Aurora]].
|-
| Dainsleus || [[Lingua Norvegica|no.]] Dáinsleif || (Quantum)? || ? || Caballarius Caenrianus, cum Lumina vagatus, Aetheri occurrit.
|-
| '''Excirca''' || [[Lingua Islandica|is.]] Skirk || Glacies || Gladius || Mentrix Aiantis extraterrestris.
|-
| '''Nicola''' || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Nicole Reeyn || Ignis || Catalysta || Maga N, una Angela immaculata.
|}

'''Mannequinus''' et '''Mannequina''' sunt introducti in ''Terra Mirabili “Miliastra”'', ab Octavia creati.

=== Personae significantes non ludibiles ===
Obliqua indicant feminas.
* '''''Paimon''''' (''f., -onis''), deuteragonista, Viatorem/Viatricem clamans.
* '''''Catherinae''''', receptionistae roboticae bionicae, a septima Ductrice Fatuorum “Sandrone” in Snezhnaya creatae, singulae per nationem.

== Synopsis ==
=== Prologus ===
Viator in Mondstadia vagavit.

=== Carmen Lunae Vanae ===
Viator in Nodocraea vagat, quande Columbina Fatuis partita est.

== Nexus interni ==
*Alii ludi personarum ex [[Hoyoversum|Hoyoverso]]:
** [[Impactus Apocalypsis]] (''Honkai Impact'')
** [[Impactus Apocalypsis: Interstellaris]] (''Honkai: Star Rail'')
** [[Nefariae Naturae Nihil]] (''Zenless Zone Zero'')
** [[Impactus Apocalypsis: Nexus Anima]] (''Honkai: Nexus Anima'')
** [[Planeta Petittus]] (''Petit Planet'')
*[[Gnosis]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Categoria:Ludi personarum]]</text>
      <sha1>dc7jiaidl4h0m399tvb7mevzjvg815f</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Abdalla</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>312661</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991154</id>
      <parentid>3989937</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T02:10:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>{{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}}</comment>
      <origin>3991154</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2490" sha1="brwclzznq8rvdpshtuqe3r0zy1vgsv0" xml:space="preserve">{{Pagina discretiva nominis}}
{{Nomen
	| genus = Masculinum
	| origo = Arabica
	| significatio = “servus Dei”
	| imago = Portrait of Abdullah bin Hussein.png
	| capitulum = [[Abdulla I (rex Iordaniae)
	| Abdulla I]], rex Iordaniae
}}

{{res|Abdalla}},&lt;ref&gt;Ioannes Oporinus, ''Machumetis Sarracenorum principis vita ac doctrina omnis quæ &amp; Ismahelitarum lex, &amp; Alcoranum dicitur, ex Arabica lingua ante CCCC annos in Latinam translata'' (1543): 206-207 [https://books.google.it/books?redir_esc=y&amp;hl=it&amp;id=tA1cAAAAQAAJ&amp;q=Abdalla#v=snippet&amp;q=Abdalla&amp;f=false].&lt;/ref&gt; vel {{res|Abdulla}},&lt;ref&gt;Ioannes Iacobus Hoffmannus, ''Lexici universalis historico-geographico-chronologico-poetico-philologici continuatio. Praeter addenda comprehendens historiam animalium, plantarum, lapidum, metallorum . . . opera et studio Ioh. Iacobi Hofmanni, . . . Tomus primus'' (1683): 425 [https://books.google.it/books?redir_esc=y&amp;hl=it&amp;id=2LwIQ16JhBwC&amp;q=Abdulla#v=snippet&amp;q=Abdulla&amp;f=false].&lt;/ref&gt; est nomen et [[praenomen]] masculinum Arabicum ([[Arabice]] ‏عبد الله, ''ʿAbd Allāh'') quod e vocabulis ''ʿabd'' ('servus') et ''[[Allāh]]'' ('Deus') originem ducit.&lt;ref&gt;''Behind the Name'', s.v. “[https://www.behindthename.com/name/abd00allah Abd Allah]”. {{Ling|Anglice}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Hodie saepissime adhibetur ab [[Arabes|Arabibus]] atque [[Turcia|Turcis]] ([[Turcice]] ''Abdullah''). ''Abdoulaye'' est forma quae in francophonis [[Africa Occidentalis|Africae Occidentalis]] civitatibus adhibetur.&lt;ref&gt;''Behind the Name'', s.v. “[https://www.behindthename.com/name/abdoulaye Abdoulaye]”. {{Ling|Anglice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Qui hoc nomen habuerint ==
* [[Abdalla Abdelazizi filius]]
* [[Abdalla Nasirii filius Chalifae filii gentis Ṯānī]]
* [[Ali Abdalla Ṣāliḥ]]

=== Reges Iordaniae ===
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Abdulla I (rex Iordaniae)|&lt;&gt;|ar|qid=Q192780}}
* [[Abdulla II (rex Iordaniae)]]

== Qui hoc praenomen habuerint ==
{{div col|2}}
* [[Abdulla Badawi]]
* [[Abdalla Binkīrān]]
* [[Abdalla Bucaram]]
* [[Abdulla Gül]]
* [[Abdalla Hamdok]]
* [[Abdoulaye Idrissa Maïga]]
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Abdulla Öcalan||ku|qid=Q191530}}
* [[Abdulla Oripov]]
* [[Abdullah Ri'ayatuddin (sultanus Pahang)|Abdullah Ri'ayatuddin]]
* [[Abdalla Taïa]]
* [[Abdulla Yameen]]
* [[Abdoulaye Wade]]
{{div col end}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Abdulla Alhazred]], persona ficta

[[Categoria:Nomina]]
[[Categoria:Praenomina masculina]]</text>
      <sha1>brwclzznq8rvdpshtuqe3r0zy1vgsv0</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Kazuo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>316906</id>
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      <contributor>
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      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>{{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}}</comment>
      <origin>3991157</origin>
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      <text bytes="1053" sha1="p6wu34rdua40vuxfoej1agz2luuvefk" xml:space="preserve">{{Pagina discretiva nominis}}
{{Nomen
	| genus = Masculinum
	| origo = Iaponica
	| significatio = variae
	| imago = Kazuo Ishiguro in Stockholm 2017 02 (cropped).jpg
	| capitulum = [[Kazuo Ishiguro]], [[scriptor]] [[Britannia|Britannicus]].
}}

{{res|Kazuo}} (in [[abecedarium|abecedario]] ''hiragana'' かずお scriptum&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;) est [[praenomen]] masculinum [[Iaponice|Iaponicum]]. Inter varias uniones, praenomen e ''[[kanji]]'' 一 '[[unus]]' seu 和 '[[harmonia]]' atque 男 'vir' seu 夫 'maritus' vel 'vir' originem ducit.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;''Behind the Name'', s.v. “[https://www.behindthename.com/name/kazuo Kazuo]”. {{Ling|Anglice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Homines ==
* [[Kazuo Echigo]]
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Kazuo Hasegawa||ja|qid=Q2601738}}
* [[Kazuo Imanishi]]
* [[Kazuo Ishiguro]]
* [[Kazuo Iwamura]]
* [[Kazuo Ozaki]]
* [[Kazuo Saito]]
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Kazuo Ueda||ja|qid=Q11540681}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Praenomina Iaponica]]
[[Categoria:Praenomina masculina]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Usor:Pippobuono/Harenarium</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Ecclesia cathedralis */ imago</comment>
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      <text bytes="36164" sha1="6p7fkc8m4ydxseqn7murafalz1ift9h" xml:space="preserve">= Utilia =
== Ad civitates ==
&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidatorum}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;[[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Fontes geographici}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

== Ad homines ==
&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;* {{CathHierBishop|}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Archiepiscopi Friburgenses}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Fontes biographici}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

= [[Sanctus Iulianus]] =
&lt;nowiki&gt;{{discretiva}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

'''Sanctus Iulianus''' ad complures sanctos refertur, nomine '''Iulianus'''. Inde multi loci nomini horum sanctorum vocantur.

== Sancti ==
* [[Iulianus Hospitator]], martyr cum [[Sancta Basilissa]] in [[Aegyptus|Aegypto]], qui celebratur [[6 Ianuarii]]&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://archive.org/details/MartRom2004/page/86/mode/2up?q=Iuliani|titulus=Martyrologium Romanum |annus=2004|domus editoria=Typis Vaticanis|pagina=86}}&lt;/ref&gt; seu [[12 Februarii]].&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/5680/Saint-Julien-l-Hospitalier.html|titulus=Saint Julien l'Hospitalier|domus editoria=Nominis}} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[Iulianus Soranus]], martyr [[Sora (Italia)|Sorae]] in tempore [[Antoninus Pius|Antonini Pii]], qui celebratur [[27 Ianuarii]].&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://archive.org/details/MartRom2004/page/118/mode/2up?q=Iuliani|titulus=Martyrologium Romanum |annus=2004|domus editoria=Typis Vaticanis|pagina=118}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/5416/Saint-Julien-de-Sora.html |domus editoria=Nominis|titulus=Saint Julien de Sora}} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

* ''Iulianus'' († [[250]]), et Eunus servus eius, martyres in [[Aegyptus|Aegypto]], qui celebrantur localiter [[27 Februarii]].&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/713/Saints-Julien-et-Eunus.html |domus editoria=Nominis|titulus= Saints Julien et Eunus}} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

* Iulianus Carthaginensis († [[259]]), cum Lucio, Montano, Victorico, Flaviano, Victori, Primole, Reno et Donatiano, martyres [[Carthago|Carthaginis]] in tempore [[Valerianus]], qui celebrantur [[23 Maii]]&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/1208/Saints-Lucius--Montanus.html |domus editoria=Nominis|titulus= Saints Lucius, Montanus et leurs compagnons}} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt; in Occidente&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://archive.org/details/MartRom2004/page/298/mode/2up?q=Iuliani|titulus=Martyrologium Romanum |annus=2004|domus editoria=Typis Vaticanis|pagina=299}}&lt;/ref&gt; et [[24 Februarii]]&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://www.forum-orthodoxe.com/~forum/viewtopic.php?f=5&amp;t=467&amp;p=2172&amp;hilit=+LUCIEN+MONTAN#p2172|domus editoria= Forum orthodoxe.com|titulus=saints pour le 24 février du calendrier ecclésiastique}} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt; in Oriente.

* [[Iulianus Terracinae]] († [[268]] seu [[269]]), sacerdos, et [[Cesarius Terracinae|Cesarius]], diaconus, martyres [[Terracina]]e in [[Campania]] in tempore [[Claudius Gothicus|Claudii Gothici]], qui celebrantur [[7 Octobris]].&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/8465/Saints-Julien-et-Cesaire.html |domus editoria=Nominis|titulus=Saints Julien et Césaire}} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[Iulianus Emesensis]] († {{circa}} [[284]]), medicator natus [[Emesa]]e in [[Syria]], martyr, qui celebratur die [[6 Februarii]].

* [[Iulianus Brivatensis]] ([[saeculum 3|saeculum III]]), martyr in [[Arvernia]], qui celebratur [[28 Augusti]].&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/1753/Saint-Julien-de-Brioude.html |domus editoria=Nominis|titulus= Saint Julien de Brioude}} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[Iulianus Cenomanensis]] ([[saeculum 4|saeculo IV]]), episcopus [[Dioecesis Cenomanensis|Cenomanensis]], qui celebratur [[27 Ianuarii]].&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://archive.org/details/MartRom2004/page/118/mode/2up?q=Iuliani|titulus=Martyrologium Romanum |annus=2004|domus editoria=Typis Vaticanis|pagina=119}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/516/Saint-Julien-du-Mans.html |domus editoria=Nominis|titulus= Saint Julien du Mans}} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[Iulianus Galatas]] († [[303]] seu [[305]] seu etiam [[320]] ?), forte sacerdos, cum quadraginta sociis, martyres in [[Galatia]] in tempore [[Diocletianus|Diocletiano]] seu [[Licinius|Licinii]] ; qui celebrantur [[13 Septembris]] in Occidente&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/10401/Saint-Julien-de-Galatie.html |domus editoria=Nominis|titulus= Saint Julien de Galatie}} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt; et [[12 Septembris]] in Oriente&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://www.forum-orthodoxe.com/~forum/viewtopic.php?f=5&amp;t=921&amp;p=4521&amp;hilit=JULIEN+DE+GALATIE#p4521 |domus editoria=Forum orthodoxe.com|titulus=saints pour le 12 septembre du calendrier ecclésiastique}} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.

* [[Iulianus Tarsensis]] († inter [[305]] et [[311]]) seu ''Iulianus Antiochensis'', martyr sub persecutionem [[Galerius|Galerii]], qui celebratur [[21 Iunii]] in Oriente et [[16 Martii]] in [[Ecclesia Latina]].&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://archive.org/details/MartRom2004/page/192/mode/2up?q=Iuliani|titulus=Martyrologium Romanum |annus=2004|domus editoria=Typis Vaticanis|pagina=192}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[Iulianus Sabas]] († [[377]]), eremita in [[Osrohena]] [[Mesopotamia (provincia Romana)|Mesopotamiae]], qui celebratur [[18 Octobris]] in Oriente&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://www.forum-orthodoxe.com/~forum/viewtopic.php?f=5&amp;t=975&amp;p=4923&amp;hilit=JULIEN+SABAS#p4923 |titulus=saints pour le 18 octobre du calendrier ecclésiastique (Julien Sabas)|domus editoria=Forum orthodoxe.com}}.&lt;/ref&gt; et [[17 Ianuarii]] in Occidente.&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/5222/Saint-Julien-Sabas.html |domus editoria=Nominis|titulus= Saint Julien Sabas}} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

* Iulianus († [[391]]), diaconus in [[Horta (Pedemontium)|Horta]], frater [[Iulius ab Horta|Iulii sacerdotis]], qui celebrantur [[31 Ianuarii]].&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/5494/Saint-Jules.html |domus editoria=Nominis|titulus= Saints Jules et Saint Julien}} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://archive.org/details/MartRom2004/page/126/mode/2up?q=Iulii|titulus=Martyrologium Romanum |annus=2004|domus editoria=Typis Vaticanis|pagina=126}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[Iulianus Viennensis]] († post [[533]]&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|auctor=Leo Cristiani|url=https://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/rhef_0300-9505_1945_num_31_118_2986 |titulus=Liste chronologique des saints de France, des origines à l'avènement des carolingiens (essai critique)|domus editoria=Revue d'histoire de l'Église de France|annus=1945|volumen=31|numerus=118|paginae=5-96, 42}}&lt;/ref&gt;), episcopus [[Archidoecesis Viennensis|Viennensis]], qui [[saeculum 2|saeculo II]] [[concilium Aurelianense]] participavit, celebratum [[22 Aprilis]]&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|auctor=Jacobus Longueval|url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=QyEIS6SsmHsC&amp;vq=aspais&amp;dq=PA392&amp;hl=fr&amp;pg=PA392#v= |titulus=Histoire de l’Église gallicane|volumen=2|annus= 1732|pagina=392}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

* [[Iulianus Constantinopolitanus]] († inter [[726]] et [[730]]), cum suis nono sociis&lt;ref&gt;Qui sunt: Marcianus, Ioannes, Iacobus, Alexis, Démètre, Photios, Petrus et Leontius, monaches, necnon [[Maria Patricia]].&lt;/ref&gt; martyres sub [[Leo III Isaurianus|Leonem III Isaurianum]] per persecutionem [[Iconoclasmus|iconoclastam]], qui celebrantur [[9 Augusti]].&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/7834/Saints-Julien-et-ses-compagnons.html |domus editoria=nominis.cef.fr|titulus=Saints Julien et ses compagnons }} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://www.forum-orthodoxe.com/~forum/viewtopic.php?t=143 |domus editoria=forum-orthodoxe.com|titulus=Forum orthodoxe francophone : Saints pour le 9 août du calendrier ecclésiastique}} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

*[[Petus Iulianus Eymard|Sanctus Iulianus Eymard]] (1811-1868), sacerdos ab [[Isara (praefectura Franciae)|Isara]], conditor [[Societas Sanctissimi Sacramenti|Societatis Sanctissimi Sacramenti]], canonisatus anno 1963, qui celebratur die [[2 Augusti]].

* [[Iulianus Maunoir]] ([[saeculum 17|saeculum XVII]]), sacerdos britannicus, qui celebratur die [[28 Ianuarii]].&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/521/Saint-Julien-Maunoir.html |domus editoria=Nominis|titulus= Saint Julien Maunoir}} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Toponyma ==

=== Francia ===
* [[Sanctus Iulianus (Corsica)|Sanctus Iulianus]] (Corsica)
* [[Sanctus Iulianus de Concellis]] (Liger Atlanticus)
* [[Sanctus Iulianus de Voantis]] (Liger Atlanticus)

* [[Fanum Sancti Iuliani (Rhodanus et Alpes)|Fanum Sancti Iuliani]] (Sabaudia Superior)
* [[Fanum Sancti Iuliani-Mons Dionisius]] (Sabaudia)

=== Italia ===
* [[Sanctus Iulianus (Molisium)|Sanctus Iulianus]], commune provinciae Campobassensis;
* [[Fanum Sancti Iuliani (Urbs metropolitana Mediolanensis)|Fanum Sancti Iuliani]], Urbs in [[Urbs metropolitana Mediolanensis|Urbe metropolitana Mediolanensis]];
* [[Fanum Sancti Iuliani Samniticum]], commune [[Provincia Campobassensis|provinciae Campobassensis]]; 
* [[Aquae Pisanae|Fanum Sancti Iuliani ad Aquas]], urbs [[Provincia Pisana|Provinciae Pisanae]];

== Notae et Fontes ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[:Categoria:Sancti|Iulianus]]

= [[Dioecesis Nanceiensis-Tullensis]] =
{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidatorum}} 
{{res|Dioecesis Nanceiensis-Tullensis}} ([[Francogallice]] {{barbarice|lingua=fr|Diocèse de Nancy-Toul}})  est [[dioecesis]] [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae]] [[Ecclesia Latina|Latinae]] in [[Francia]] sita, cuius sedes [[Nanceium|Nanceii]] est. Dioecesis, [[saeculum 18|saeculo decimo octavo]] condita&lt;ref name=histoire&gt;{{opus|url=https://www.catholique-nancy.fr/accueil/je-decouvre/presentation-du-diocese/|titulus=Histoire du diocèse|domus editoria=catholique-nancy.fr}} {{ling|Francogallice}}&lt;/ref&gt; cum territorio [[Morta et Mosella| praefecturae Mortae et Mosellae]] congruit. E Breve Apostolico die [[20 Februarii]] [[1824]] dato, episcopi Nanceienses titulum &quot;Episcoporum Nanceiensium et Tullensium&quot; gerunt. Diocesis Nanceiensis-Tullensis, olim suffraganea [[Dioecesis Trevirensis]], nunc [[Archidioecesis Bisuntina|archidioecesis metropolitanae Bisuntinae]] est. 

== Ecclesia cathedralis ==
[[Fasciculus:Nancy Cathedral BW 2015-07-18 16-31-28.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Ecclesia cathedralis [[Maria (mater Iesu)|Nostrae Dominae]] sub titulum [[Annuntiatio]]nis dicata.]]
[[Ecclesia cathedralis]] Nostrae Dominae dicata, [[Nanceium|Nanceii]] sita.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* {{Opus|url=https://www.catholique-nancy.fr/|titulus=Situs officialis}} {{ling|Francogallice}}
{{CommuniaCat|Roman Catholic Diocese of Nancy|Dioecesem Nanceiensem-Tullensem}}
{{Fontes geographici}}
* {{CathHierDiocese|nanc|Dioecesis Nanceiensis-Tullensis}}

&lt;!--{{RC-stipula}}--&gt;
{{Dioeceses archidioeceses catholicae Franciae}}
[[:Categoria:Dioecesis Nanceiensis-Tullensis]]

= Ad formulam =
{{Dioeceses archidioeceses catholicae Poloniae}}
{{Capsa navigationis
| titulus = [[dioecesis|Dioeceses]] et ''archidioeceses'' [[ecclesia Catholica Romana|catholicae]] [[Polonia]]e
| formula = Dioeceses archidioeceses catholicae Poloniae
| Imago = [[Fasciculus:CatholicDiocesesPoland2004.svg|100px|Dioeceses Poloniae]]
| corpus = ''[[Archidioecesis Bialostocensis|Bialostocensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Bielscensis-Zyviecensis|Bielscensis-Zyviecensis]] . [[Dioecesis Bydgostiensis|Bydgostiensis]] . [[Dioecesis Calissiensis|Calissiensis]] . [[Dioecesis Coslinensis-Colubregana|Coslinensis-Colubregana]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Cracoviensis|Cracoviensis]]'' . ''[[Archidioecesis Czestochoviensis|Czestochoviensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Drohiczinensis|Drohiczinensis]] . [[Dioecesis Elbingensis|Elbingensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Gedanensis|Gedanensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Glivicensis|Glivicensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Gnesnensis|Gnesnensis]]'' . ''[[Archidioecesis Katovicensis|Katovicensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Kielcensis|Kielcensis]] . [[Dioecesis Legnicensis|Legnicensis]] . [[Dioecesis Liccanensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Lodziensis|Lodziensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Lomzensis|Lomzensis]] . [[Dioecesis Lovicensis|Lovicensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Lublinensis|Lublinensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Opoliensis|Opoliensis]] . [[Dioecesis Pelplinensis|Pelplinensis]] . [[Dioecesis Plocensis|Plocensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Posnaniensis|Posnaniensis]]'' . ''[[Archidioecesis Premisliensis Latinorum|Premisliensis Latinorum]]'' . [[Dioecesis Radomensis|Radomensis]] . [[Dioecesis Rzeszoviensis|Rzeszoviensis]] . [[Dioecesis Sandomiriensis|Sandomiriensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Sedinensis-Caminensis|Sedinensis-Caminensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Siedlecensis|Siedlecensis]] . [[Dioecesis Sosnoviensis|Sosnoviensis]] . [[Dioecesis Suidniciensis|Suidniciensis]] . [[Dioecesis Tarnoviensis|Tarnoviensis]] . [[Dioecesis Thoruniensis|Thoruniensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Varmiensis|Varmiensis]]'' . ''[[Archidioecesis Varsaviensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Varsaviensis-Pragensis]] . [[Dioecesis Viridimontanensis-Gorzoviensis|Viridimontanensis-Gorzoviensis]] . [[Dioecesis Vladislaviensis|Vladislaviensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Vratislaviensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Zamosciensis-Lubaczoviensis|Zamosciensis-Lubaczoviensis]] . [[Ordinariatus Militaris Poloniae]]
}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
== Vide etiam ==
* [[Dioeceses Ecclesiae Catholicae]]

&lt;!--[[Categoria:Formulae Poloniam spectantes]]
[[Categoria:Dioeceses Ecclesiae Catholicae in Polonia|!]]
[[Categoria:Formulae navigationis hierarchiae Catholicae]]--&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;

= [[Index episcoporum Onasbrugensium]] =
Episcopi [[Dioecesis Osnabrugensis]], a [[saeculum 11|saeculo XI]] usque ad annum [[1802]] ut Comites-Episcopi et etiam rectores Principatus Osnabrugensis.

{| class=&quot;wikitable toptextcells&quot;
|-
! style=&quot;width:20%&quot;|Tempus episcopatus
! style=&quot;width:35%&quot;|Nomen
! style=&quot;width:25%&quot;|Adnotationes
! style=&quot;width:20%&quot;|Imago
|-
| a 783 ad [[20 Aprilis]] 804/805
| [[Wiho I]] (sive: Wicho I) ||antea praefectus nuper conditi districtus missionalis Osnabrugensis||
|-
| a 805 ad [[12 Aprilis]] [[829]] || [[Meginhardus]] ||||
|-
| 829–845 || [[Gosvinus]] ||||
|-
| a 847 ad [[11 Aprilis]] [[860]] || [[Gauzbertus]] ||||
|-
| a 860 ad [[1 Februarii]] [[887]] || [[Egbertus]]||||
|-
| a 887 ad [[11 Maii]] [[906]] || [[Egilmarus]] ||||
|-
| 906–918 || Bernardus I ||||
|-
| a 918 ad [[14 Maii]] [[949]] || [[Dodo I]] ||||
|-
| a 949 ad [[7 Novembris]] [[967]] || [[Drogo]] ||||
|-
| a 967 ad [[31 Martii]] [[978]] || [[Ludolphus]] ||||
|-
| a 978 ad [[12 Aprilis]] [[996]] || Dodo II ||978-980: Cuno [[antiepiscopus]]||
|-
| a 996 ad [[27 Novembris]] [[998]] || Gonthierus ||||
|-
| a 998 ad [[17 Februarii]] [[1003]] || Vodilulphus ||||
|-
| a 1003 ad [[18 Iunii]] [[1022]] || [[Dietmarus]] ||||
|-
| a 1023 ad [[10 Decembris]] [[1027]] || Meginherus ||||
|-
| a [[1028]] ad 10 Decembris [[1036]] || Gosmarus ||||
|-
| a 1036 ad [[19 Aprilis]] [[1052]] || Albericus ||||
|-
| a 1052 ad 19 aut [[20 Septembris]] [[1068]] || Benno I ||||
|-
| a 1068 ad [[27 Iulii]] [[1088]] || [[Benno II]] |||| [[Fasciculus:BadIburgBennoII.JPG|center|80px|Benno II epsicopus, scultpura a Hans Gerd Ruwe in [[Bad Iburg]]]]
|-
| 1088–1093 || [[Marquardus]] ||||
|-
| a 1093 ad [[21 Aprilis]] [[1101]] || [[Wiho II]] sive Guido ||||
|-
| a 1101 ad [[13 Iulii]] [[1109]] || [[Iohannes I (Osanbrugensis)|Iohannes I]] ||||
|-
| a 1109 ad [[1 Ianuarii]] [[1119]] || [[Gottschalk von Diepholz]] |||| [[Fasciculus:Gottschalk von Diepholz.jpg|center|80px|Sepultura Episcopi Onasbrugensis Gottschalk.]]
|-
| 1119–1137 || [[Detmardus]] ||1119–1125: Conradus (antiepiscopus)||
|-
| a 1137 ad [[28 Iunii]] [[1141]] || [[Udo (Osnabrugensis)|Udo]] ||||
|-
| a 1141 ad [[15 Iunii]] [[1173]] || [[Philippus a Katzenelnbogen]] ||1141: Veselus (antiepiscopus) ||
|-
| 1173–1190 || [[Arnoldus (Osnabrugensis)]] ||||
|-
| 1190–1216 || [[Gerardus I ab Oldenburg-Wildeshausen]] ||||
|-
| 1216–1224 || [[Adolphus Osnabrugensis]] ||||
|-
| 1224–1226 || [[Engelbertus I ab Isenberg]] ||Cum titulo principe-episcopo (1225-1803)||
|-
| 1226–1227 || Otto I ||||
|-
| 1227–1239 || [[Conradus I a Velber]] ||||
|-
| 1239–1250 || [[Engelbertus I ab Isenberg]] ||Rehabilitatus post supensionem||
|-
| 1251–1258 || [[Bruno ab Isenberg]] ||||
|-
| 1259–1264 || Balduinus (Rusle) ||||
|-
| 1265–1269 || Vidufilius a Waldeck ||||
|-
| 1270–1297 || [[Conradus II a Rietberg]] ||||
|-
| 1297–1308 || [[Ludovicus a Ravensberg (episcopus)|Ludovicus a Ravensberg]] ||||
|-
| 1309–1320 || Engelbertus II a Weyhe ||||
|-
| 1321–1349 || [[Gaudfridus ab Arnsberg]] ||||
|-
| 1350–1366 || [[Iohannes II Hoet]] ||||
|-
| 1366–1376 || [[Melchior a Braunschweig-Grubenhagen]] ||||
|-
| 1376–1402 || [[Theodoricus a Horne]] |||| [[Fasciculus:Dietrich von horne.jpg|center|80px|Episcopus Theodoricus a Horne]]
|-
| 1402–1410 || [[Henricus III a Schauenburg-Holstein]] ||||
|-
| 1410–1424 || [[Otto II a Hoya]] ||||
|-
| 1424–1437 || [[Iohannes III a Diepholz]] ||||
|-
| 1437–1442 || [[Ericus II a Hoya]] ut [[Ericus I Osnabrugensis|Ericus I]] (''administrator'') ||||
|-
| 1442–1450 || [[Henricus II a Moers]] (''administrator'') ||||
|-
| 1450–1454 || [[Albertus a Hoya]] (''administrator'') ||||
|-
| 1454–1455 || [[Rudolphus a Diepholz]] ||||
|-
| 1455–1482 || [[Conradus III a Diepholz]] |||| [[Fasciculus:Konrad III. von Diepholz.jpg|center|200px|Sculptura sepulcralis Conradi III Episcopi Osnabrugensis.]]
|-
| 1482–1508 || [[Konrad VI. (Rietberg)|Konrad IV. von Rietberg]] ||||
|-
| 1508–1532 || [[Erich von Braunschweig-Grubenhagen]] |||| [[Datei:Braunschweig, Erich von-2.jpg|zentriert|80px|Erich von Braunschweig-Grubenhagen]]
|-
| 1532–1553 || [[Franz von Waldeck]] ||||[[Datei:Franz Graf von Waldeck.jpeg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1553–1574 || [[Johann IV. von Hoya|Johann IV.]], als Johann III. [[Bischof von Münster]] und als Johann II. [[Bistum Paderborn|Administrator von Paderborn]] |||| [[Datei:Johannes von Hoya.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1574–1585 || [[Heinrich von Sachsen-Lauenburg]], auch Heinrich III. von [[Erzbistum Bremen|Bremen]] |||| [[Datei:FBPB 17 Heinrich IV. von Sachsen-Lauenburg (1577–1585).jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1585 || [[Wilhelm von Schencking]] ||||
|-
| 1585–1591 || [[Bernhard von Waldeck]] ||||
|-
| 1591–1623 || [[Philipp Sigismund von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel]] |||| [[Datei:PhilippSigismundBraunschweig.JPG|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1623–1625
| [[Eitel Friedrich von Hohenzollern (1582–1625)|Eitel Friedrich von Hohenzollern]] ||||[[Datei:Eitel Fridrich Grav zu Zollern.tif|zentriert|132x132px]]
|-
 | 1625–1661 || [[Franz Wilhelm von Wartenberg]] |||| [[Datei:Kardinal Franz Wilhelm von Wartenberg.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; class=&quot;hintergrundfarbe5&quot;|'''Nach dem Tode von [[Fürstbischof]] Franz Wilhelm galt die „immerwährende Kapitulation“, nach der abwechselnd ein katholischer und ein lutherischer Bischof aus dem [[Herzogtum Braunschweig-Lüneburg|Hause Braunschweig-Lüneburg]] gewählt werden sollte.'''
|-
| 1662–1698 || [[Ernst August (Hannover)|Ernst August I., Herzog zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg]] (lutherischer Fürstbischof) |||| [[Datei:ErnstAugustKurfürst.JPG|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1698–1715 || [[Karl Joseph von Lothringen]] (katholischer Fürstbischof) |||| [[Datei:Karel III. Lotrinský.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1716–1728 || [[Ernst August II. von Hannover|Ernst August II., Herzog zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg]] (lutherischer Fürstbischof) |||| [[Datei:1674 Ernst August.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1728–1761 || [[Clemens August I. von Bayern]] (katholischer Fürstbischof) |||| [[Datei:1700 Clemens-August.JPG|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1764–1802 || [[Friedrich August, Herzog von York und Albany|Friedrich, Herzog zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg, Prinz von Großbritannien]] (lutherischer und letzter Fürstbischof) |||| [[Datei:Frederick, Duke of York in Garter Robes.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1803–1827 || [[Karl Klemens von Gruben|Karl von Gruben]] (leitender Weihbischof) |||| [[Datei:Karl Klemens von Gruben (1764-1827).jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1830–1855 || [[Carl Anton Lüpke]] (leitender Weihbischof) ||||[[Datei:Carl Anton Lüpke (1775-1855).jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; class=&quot;hintergrundfarbe5&quot;|'''Mit Hildesheim vereinigt 1855–1857 unter [[Eduard Jakob Wedekin]]'''
|-
| 1857–1866
| [[Paulus Melchers]] (später [[Erzbistum Köln|Erzbischof von Köln]] und [[Kardinal]]) |||| [[Datei:Paul Melchers (1).jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1866–1878 || [[Johann Heinrich Beckmann]] |||| [[Datei:Johannes Heinrich Beckmann Detail.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; class=&quot;hintergrundfarbe5&quot;|'''[[Sedisvakanz]] 1878–1882'''
|-
| 1882–1898 || [[Bernhard Höting]] |||| [[Datei:Bernhard Höting (1821-1898).jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1899–1914 || [[Hubertus Voß]] |||| [[Datei:Hubertus Voß (1841-1914).jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1914–1955 || [[Gulielmus Berning]] |||| [[Fasciculus:Hermann Wilhelm Berning.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 27. März 1957 || [[Franziskus Demann]] |||| [[File:Porträt Totenzettel Demann.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1957–1987 || [[Helmut Hermann Wittler]] |||| [[Datei:Wittler.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1987–1995 || [[Ludwig Averkamp]] (später [[Erzbistum Hamburg|Erzbischof von Hamburg]])||||
|-
| 1995–2023 || [[Franciscus Iosephus Bode]] |||| [[Fasciculus:Franz-Josef Bode.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| seit 2024 || [[Dominicus Meier]] [[Benediktiner|OSB]] || || [[Datei:Abt-Dominicus-Meier.JPG|zentriert|80px]]
|-
|}
{{Archiepiscopi Friburgenses}} !!
[[:Categoria:Indices episcoporum|Osnabrugensis]]
[[:Categoria:Episcopi Osnabrugenses| ]]
[[:Categoria:Dioecesis Osnabrugensis]]
&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Attributio|de|Liste der Bischöfe von Osnabrück|247761516}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

= [[Raymondus Aron]] =
{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}
{{Res|Raymondus Aron}}, {{barbarice|lingua=fr|Raymond Aron}} ([[Lutetia]]e [[14 Martii]] [[1905]] natus; eadem civitate [[17 Octobris]] [[1983]] mortuus) fuit [[philosophus]], [[sociologus]], [[politologus]], [[historicus]] et [[diurnarius]] [[Francia|Francicus]].

== Biographia ==
Initio amicus et condiscipulus [[Ioannes Paulus Sartre|Ioannis Pauli Sartre]] et [[Paulus Nizan|Pauli Nizan]] in [[Schola normalis superior (Lutetia)|Schola Normali Superiore]], ardens [[liberalismus|liberalismi]] fautor, contra ambitum intellectualem [[Pacifismus|pacifisticum]] qui dominabatur, factus est. In opere suo celeberrimo, ''L'Opium des intellectuels'', caecitatem et complicitatem intellectualium erga regimina communistarum denuntiavit.

Triginta annos, Aron scriptor editorialis pro diurno ''[[Le Figaro]]'' fuit. Postremis annis apud ''[[L'Express]]'' laboravit. Anno [[1978]], periodicum intellectuale ''[[Commentaire]]'' condidit, ut principia, quae democratiam liberalem sive societatem liberalem regere debent, defenderet et illustraret. Hoc conatum, alia perspectiva et alio titulo continuans, ad periodicum ''[[Contrepoint]]'' contulit, a tribus studentibus [[Institutum Scientiarum Politicarum Parisiense|Instituti Scientiarum Politicarum Parisiensis]] mense Maio 1970 conditum.

Triginta annos docuit, praesertim apud Institutum Scientiarum Politicarum Parisiense et [[École des hautes études en sciences sociales]], et cathedram ''Sociologiae Civilisationis Modernae'' apud [[Collegium Franciae]] anno 1970 obtinuit. Commentator agnitus est de [[Carolus Marxius|Marxio]], [[Carolus Philippus Amadeus de Clausewitz|Clausewitz]], [[Alexander Kojève|Kojève]] et [[Ioannes Paulus Sartre|Sartre]].

Grâce à des compétences et des centres d'intérêt multiples (en [[économie (discipline)|économie]], [[sociologie]], [[philosophie]], [[relations internationales]], [[géopolitique]]), il se distingue et acquiert une grande réputation auprès des intellectuels. Ses convictions [[libéralisme|libérales]] et [[atlantisme|atlantistes]] lui attirent de nombreuses critiques venant des partisans de la gauche et de la droite. Il garde néanmoins tout au long de sa vie un ton modéré&lt;ref&gt;{{opus |auctor=Perrine Simon |titulus=Raymond Aron dans l'histoire du siècle |domus editoria=[[Vingtième Siècle : Revue d'histoire]] |volume=9 |date=1986 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/xxs_0294-1759_1986_num_9_1_1460 |pagina=124-126 }} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Il est élu en 1963 à l'[[Académie des sciences morales et politiques]]&lt;ref&gt;{{opus |langue=fr |titulus=M. Raymond Aron est élu l'Académie des sciences morales et politiques |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1963/11/27/m-raymond-aron-est-elu-membre-de-l-academie-des-sciences-morales-et-politiques_2220400_1819218.html |situs=lemonde.fr |data=27 novembre 1963 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Le 17 octobre 1983, il meurt d'une [[Infarctus du myocarde|crise cardiaque]] à l'âge de 78 ans, alors qu'il quitte le [[palais de justice de Paris]], situé dans le [[4e arrondissement de Paris|{{4e}} arrondissement]], après avoir témoigné en faveur de [[Bertrand de Jouvenel]] lors du procès qui oppose ce dernier à [[Zeev Sternhell]]&lt;ref&gt;{{lien web|périodique=émission de [[Canal Académie]] |url=http://www.canalacademie.com/ida3922-Un-intellectuel-atypique-Bertrand-de-Jouvenel.html|titre=Un intellectuel atypique : Bertrand de Jouvenel|date=}}, fiche de présentation.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Il est inhumé dans le caveau familial du [[cimetière du Montparnasse]] (division 24)&lt;ref&gt;{{lien web|périodique= |url=https://www.landrucimetieres.fr/spip/spip.php?article722|titre=Cimetières de France et d'ailleurs|date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Opera ==
[[Image:Book signed by Raymond Aron and offered to Maurice Halbwachs.JPG|thumb|right|Envoi de R. Aron à [[Maurice Halbwachs]] sur ''La Sociologie allemande contemporaine'', Paris, Alcan, 1935. &lt;br&gt;Ouvrage conservé à la [[Bibliothèque Saint-Germain-des-Prés|Bibliothèque de sciences humaines et sociales Paris Descartes-CNRS]].]]
Les œuvres complètes de Raymond Aron ont été établies par Perrine Simon et Élisabeth Dutartre aux éditions Julliard avec la Société des amis de Raymond Aron en 1989.
* ''[[La Sociologie allemande contemporaine]]'', Paris, [[Alcan]], 1935
* ''[[Introduction à la philosophie de l'histoire|Introduction à la philosophie de l'histoire. Essai sur les limites de l'objectivité historique]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1938
* ''[[Essai sur la théorie de l'histoire dans l'Allemagne contemporaine|Essai sur la théorie de l'histoire dans l'Allemagne contemporaine. La philosophie critique de l'histoire]]'', Paris, [[Librairie philosophique Vrin|Vrin]], 1938
* ''[[L'Homme contre les tyrans]]'', New York, La Maison française, 1944
* ''[[De l'armistice à l'insurrection nationale]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1945
* ''[[L'Âge des empires et l'Avenir de la France]]'', Paris, [[Défense de la France]], 1945
* ''Chroniques de guerre. « La France Libre », 1940-1945'', [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1945&lt;br&gt; Rassemble les trois livres précédents. Nouvelle édition avec introduction de [[Jean-Marie Soutou]] et appareil critique de Christian Bachelier, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1990.
* ''Les Français devant la Constitution'' (en collaboration avec Francis Cleirens), Paris, [[Défense de la France]], 1946
* ''[[Le Grand Schisme]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1948
* ''[[Les Guerres en chaîne]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1951
* ''[[La Coexistence pacifique|La Coexistence pacifique. Essai d'analyse]]'', Paris, Monde nouveau, 1953&lt;br&gt;Sous le pseudonyme de « François Houtisse », signalé par [[Boris Souvarine]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|url=http://raymond-aron.ehess.fr/document.php?id=48|titre=Bulletin d’information – Archives Raymond Aron|éditeur=[[École des hautes études en sciences sociales]]|date=juin 1995|site=raymond-aron.ehess.fr|consulté le=3 décembre 2013}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* ''[[L'Opium des intellectuels]]'', Paris, [[Calmann-Lévy]], 1955
* ''[[Polémiques]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1955
* ''[[La Tragédie algérienne]]'', Paris, [[Plon]], 1957
* ''[[Espoir et peur du siècle|Espoir et peur du siècle. Essais non partisans]]'', Paris, [[Calmann-Lévy]], 1957
* ''[[L'Algérie et la République]]'', Paris, [[Plon]], 1958
* ''[[La Société industrielle et la guerre suivi d'un Tableau de la diplomatie mondiale en 1958|La Société industrielle et la Guerre]]'' suivi d'un ''[[Tableau de la diplomatie mondiale en 1958]]'', Paris, [[Plon]], 1959
* ''[[Immuable et changeante|Immuable et changeante. De la IVe à la Ve République]]'', Paris, [[Calmann-Lévy]], 1959
* ''[[Dimensions de la conscience historique]]'', Paris, [[Plon]], 1961
* ''[[Paix et guerre entre les nations]]'', Paris, [[Calmann-Lévy]], 1962
* ''[[Le Grand Débat (Raymond Aron)|Le Grand Débat. Initiation à la stratégie atomique]]'', Paris, [[Calmann-Lévy]], 1963
* ''[[Dix-huit leçons sur la société industrielle]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1963
* ''[[La Lutte des classes (Aron)|La Lutte des classes]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1964
* ''[[Essai sur les libertés]]'', Paris, [[Calmann-Lévy]], 1965
* ''[[Démocratie et Totalitarisme]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1965
* ''[[Trois essais sur l'âge industriel]]'', Paris, [[Plon]], 1966
* ''[[Les Étapes de la pensée sociologique]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1967
* ''[[De Gaulle, Israël et les Juifs]]'', Paris, [[Plon]], 1968
* ''[[La Révolution introuvable|La Révolution introuvable. Réflexions sur les événements de mai]]'', Paris, [[Librairie Arthème Fayard|Fayard]], 1968
* ''[[Les Désillusions du progrès]]'', Paris, [[Calmann-Lévy]], 1969
* ''[[D'une sainte famille à l'autre|D'une sainte famille à l'autre. Essai sur le marxisme imaginaire]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1969
* ''[[De la condition historique du sociologue]]'', Paris, Gallimard, 1971
* ''[[Études politiques]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1972
* ''[[République impériale|République impériale. Les États-Unis dans le monde (1945–1972)]]'', Paris, [[Calmann-Lévy]], 1973
* ''[[Histoire et dialectique de la violence]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1973&lt;br&gt;Ce livre, qui est un commentaire de la ''Critique de la raison dialectique'' de [[Jean-Paul Sartre|Sartre]], fait l'objet d'une analyse par son ancien éditeur [[Pierre Verstraeten]], professeur à l'ULB : ''L'Anti-Aron'', [[Éditions de la Différence]], 2008).
* ''[[Penser la guerre, Clausewitz]]'', 2 vol., Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1976
* ''[[Plaidoyer pour l'Europe décadente]]'', Paris, [[Robert Laffont]], 1977
* ''[[Le Spectateur engagé]]'', entretiens avec [[Jean-Louis Missika]] et [[Dominique Wolton]], Paris, [[Éditions Julliard|Julliard]], 1981, 342 pages avec présentation finale de Jean-Louis Missika et Dominique Wolton. Bibliographie des principaux ouvrages, articles et pamphlets de Raymond Aron, p. 333-339. 
* ''[[Mémoires. 50 ans de réflexion politique]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Julliard]], 1983, 1082{{nb p.}}

===À titre posthume===
* ''[[Les Dernières Années du siècle]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Julliard|Julliard]], 1984
* ''Études sociologiques'', Paris, [[Presses universitaires de France|PUF]], 1988&lt;ref&gt;{{Article |langue=fr |auteur=Hervé Coutau-Bégarie |titre=Raymond Aron. Etudes sociologiques |périodique=Politique étrangère |volume=53 |numéro=4 |date=1988 |lire en ligne=https://www.persee.fr/doc/polit_0032-342x_1988_num_53_4_3826_t1_1016_0000_1 |pages=1016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Une histoire du {{s-|XX}}, anthologie'', Paris, Plon, 1996
* {{Ouvrage|langue=fr|auteur1=Raymond Aron|auteur2=[[Louis Séchan]]|titre=''Introduction à la philosophie de l'histoire''|lieu=Paris|éditeur=[[Éditions de Fallois]]|année=1997|pages totales=254|isbn=2-253-90536-4}}
* ''[[Le Marxisme de Marx]]'', Paris, [[Éditions de Fallois|Fallois]], 2002 {{ISBN|2-87706-423-9}} ; rééd. poche, 1082{{nb p.}}, Paris, 2004 {{ISBN|2-253-10800-6}}
* ''[[De Giscard à Mitterrand : 1977-1983]]'', éditoriaux parus dans ''[[L'Express]]'', préface de Jean-Claude Casanova, Paris, [[Éditions de Fallois|Fallois]], 2005, 895{{nb p.}} {{ISBN|2-87706-570-7}}
* ''Essais sur la condition juive contemporaine'', Paris, Tallandier, 2007.
* ''Liberté et égalité (cours au Collège de France)'', Paris, Éditions de l'École des hautes études en sciences sociales, 2013
* {{Ouvrage|langue=fr|titre=Aron et De Gaulle|prénom1=Jean-Claude|nom1=Casanova|lien auteur1=Jean-Claude Casanova|prénom2=Jean-Claude|nom2=Casanova|lieu=Paris|éditeur=Calmann Lévy|lien éditeur=Calmann-Levy|année=2022|pages totales=399|isbn=978-2-702-18360-1|isbn10=2-702-18360-3|oclc=1350349818|id=JC C 2022}}.
* ''Critique de la pensée sociologique : Cours au Collège de France (1970-1971 et 1971-1972)'', 2023, Éditions Odile Jacob, {{ISBN|978-2738157652}},
* ''Leçons sur l'histoire : Cours au Collège de France (1972-1973 et 1973-1974)'', 2023, Éditions De Fallois. 
* ''L'Europe selon Aron'', recueil de textes de Raymond Aron, textes choisis et préfaces par Joël Mouric, Paris, Calmann-Lévy, coll. Bibliothèque Raymond Aron, 400 p., 2024 {{ISBN|978-2702189603}}
* ''Aron, critique de Sartre : Textes rassemblés et commentés par [[Perrine Simon-Nahum]]'', Paris, Calmann-Lévy, coll. Bibliothèque Raymond Aron, 350 p., 2025 {{ISBN|978-2702191644}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Raymond Aron|Raymondum Aron}}
{{Fontes biographici}}

&lt;!--{{Lifetime|1905|1983|Aron, Raymondus}}--&gt;

[[:Categoria:Agnostici]]
[[:Categoria:Politologi]]
[[:Categoria:Sectatores Franciae liberae]]
[[:Categoria:Diurnarii Franciae]]
[[:Categoria:Professores apud Collegium Franciae]]
[[:Categoria:Scriptores Franciae]]
[[:Categoria:Socii Academiae Scientiarum Moralium et Politicarum]]
[[:Categoria:Socii Academiae Artium et Scientiarum Americanae]]
[[:Categoria:Professores Scholae Studiorum ad Scientias Sociales Superiorum (Lutetia)]]
[[:Categoria:Professores Instituti Scientiarum Politicarum Parisiensis]]
[[:Categoria:Philosophi]]
[[:Categoria:Alumni Lycei Condorcet]]
[[:Categoria:Alumni Scholae Normalis Superioris (Lutetia)]]
[[:Categoria:Sociologi]]

= [[Wendelinus (Sanctus)]] =
Wendelinus (Theodisce Wendelin) est sanctus [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae]], die [[21 Octobris]] veneratus, qui in [[Religio Christiana|Christianisatione]] [[Rhenania et Palatinatus|Rhenaniae et Palatinatus]] et praesertim septentrionalis [[Saravia]]e participavit. Persona virtuosa, popularis et agricola, originis [[Scotia|Scoticae]] vel [[Hibernia|Hibernicae]], nobilis et divitis stirpis, nihilominus [[eremita]], [[peregrinus]], agricola, pastor, deinde [[monachus]] factus est, antequam munus abbatis [[Abbatia Theulegii|Abbatiae]] [[Theulegium|Theulegii]] occupavit. Sanctus Wendelinus patronus pastorum, segetum et pecorum, et postea omnium animalium domesticorum (vaccarum, gallinorum, canum, felium, etc.) est.

cf fr.wikipedia 

Secundum fabulam, Sanctus Vandalinus filius erat Frochardi et Evelinae regiorum coniugum Scotorum. Iuvenis, coronam et voluptates mundi repudiavit et Deo in paupertate et obscuritate servire constituit. Romam aliaque loca peregrinationis ut peregrinus visitavit, deinde aliquamdiu ut eremita in regione Westrich Episcopatus Trevirensis vixit, domino manerii serviens, primum ut subulcus, deinde ut pastor boum, et denique ut pastor ovium. Postea, abbas Monasterii Tholey electus et a Severino Episcopo Trevirensi anno 517 consecratus est. Anno 607 mortuus est et prope casam ubi antea ut eremita vixerat sepultus est. Oppidum Sancti Wendel ibi conditum est propter multas peregrinationes saeculi XIV. In calendariis, Sanctus Wendelinus diebus XX, XXI, vel XXII Octobris celebratur. Patronus pastorum et gregum veneratur. Vitae antiquissimae quas Bollandistis notae sunt ad saeculum XV pertinent. Utrum fundamentum historicum habeant vehementer dubium est.

== Fontes ==
Acta Sanctorum. Oct. T. IX, p. 342–351. – Stadler, Heiligen- Lex. V, 776. – (Stramberg,) Rhein. Antiquarius, 2. Abth., 2. Bd., S. 481 bis 491.

cf. ADB:Wendelinus der Heilige de.wikisource.org

&lt;!--{{lifetime|554|617|Wendelinus}}--&gt;
[[:Categoria:Sanctus catholicus]]</text>
      <sha1>6p7fkc8m4ydxseqn7murafalz1ift9h</sha1>
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      <comment>/* Dioecesis Nanceiensis-Tullensis */ duo cathedrales</comment>
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      <text bytes="36785" sha1="n339d7dcuvukkvrypm9plwwd7npt66p" xml:space="preserve">= Utilia =
== Ad civitates ==
&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidatorum}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;[[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Fontes geographici}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

== Ad homines ==
&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;* {{CathHierBishop|}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Archiepiscopi Friburgenses}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Fontes biographici}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

= [[Sanctus Iulianus]] =
&lt;nowiki&gt;{{discretiva}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

'''Sanctus Iulianus''' ad complures sanctos refertur, nomine '''Iulianus'''. Inde multi loci nomini horum sanctorum vocantur.

== Sancti ==
* [[Iulianus Hospitator]], martyr cum [[Sancta Basilissa]] in [[Aegyptus|Aegypto]], qui celebratur [[6 Ianuarii]]&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://archive.org/details/MartRom2004/page/86/mode/2up?q=Iuliani|titulus=Martyrologium Romanum |annus=2004|domus editoria=Typis Vaticanis|pagina=86}}&lt;/ref&gt; seu [[12 Februarii]].&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/5680/Saint-Julien-l-Hospitalier.html|titulus=Saint Julien l'Hospitalier|domus editoria=Nominis}} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[Iulianus Soranus]], martyr [[Sora (Italia)|Sorae]] in tempore [[Antoninus Pius|Antonini Pii]], qui celebratur [[27 Ianuarii]].&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://archive.org/details/MartRom2004/page/118/mode/2up?q=Iuliani|titulus=Martyrologium Romanum |annus=2004|domus editoria=Typis Vaticanis|pagina=118}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/5416/Saint-Julien-de-Sora.html |domus editoria=Nominis|titulus=Saint Julien de Sora}} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

* ''Iulianus'' († [[250]]), et Eunus servus eius, martyres in [[Aegyptus|Aegypto]], qui celebrantur localiter [[27 Februarii]].&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/713/Saints-Julien-et-Eunus.html |domus editoria=Nominis|titulus= Saints Julien et Eunus}} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

* Iulianus Carthaginensis († [[259]]), cum Lucio, Montano, Victorico, Flaviano, Victori, Primole, Reno et Donatiano, martyres [[Carthago|Carthaginis]] in tempore [[Valerianus]], qui celebrantur [[23 Maii]]&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/1208/Saints-Lucius--Montanus.html |domus editoria=Nominis|titulus= Saints Lucius, Montanus et leurs compagnons}} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt; in Occidente&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://archive.org/details/MartRom2004/page/298/mode/2up?q=Iuliani|titulus=Martyrologium Romanum |annus=2004|domus editoria=Typis Vaticanis|pagina=299}}&lt;/ref&gt; et [[24 Februarii]]&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://www.forum-orthodoxe.com/~forum/viewtopic.php?f=5&amp;t=467&amp;p=2172&amp;hilit=+LUCIEN+MONTAN#p2172|domus editoria= Forum orthodoxe.com|titulus=saints pour le 24 février du calendrier ecclésiastique}} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt; in Oriente.

* [[Iulianus Terracinae]] († [[268]] seu [[269]]), sacerdos, et [[Cesarius Terracinae|Cesarius]], diaconus, martyres [[Terracina]]e in [[Campania]] in tempore [[Claudius Gothicus|Claudii Gothici]], qui celebrantur [[7 Octobris]].&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/8465/Saints-Julien-et-Cesaire.html |domus editoria=Nominis|titulus=Saints Julien et Césaire}} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[Iulianus Emesensis]] († {{circa}} [[284]]), medicator natus [[Emesa]]e in [[Syria]], martyr, qui celebratur die [[6 Februarii]].

* [[Iulianus Brivatensis]] ([[saeculum 3|saeculum III]]), martyr in [[Arvernia]], qui celebratur [[28 Augusti]].&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/1753/Saint-Julien-de-Brioude.html |domus editoria=Nominis|titulus= Saint Julien de Brioude}} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[Iulianus Cenomanensis]] ([[saeculum 4|saeculo IV]]), episcopus [[Dioecesis Cenomanensis|Cenomanensis]], qui celebratur [[27 Ianuarii]].&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://archive.org/details/MartRom2004/page/118/mode/2up?q=Iuliani|titulus=Martyrologium Romanum |annus=2004|domus editoria=Typis Vaticanis|pagina=119}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/516/Saint-Julien-du-Mans.html |domus editoria=Nominis|titulus= Saint Julien du Mans}} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[Iulianus Galatas]] († [[303]] seu [[305]] seu etiam [[320]] ?), forte sacerdos, cum quadraginta sociis, martyres in [[Galatia]] in tempore [[Diocletianus|Diocletiano]] seu [[Licinius|Licinii]] ; qui celebrantur [[13 Septembris]] in Occidente&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/10401/Saint-Julien-de-Galatie.html |domus editoria=Nominis|titulus= Saint Julien de Galatie}} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt; et [[12 Septembris]] in Oriente&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://www.forum-orthodoxe.com/~forum/viewtopic.php?f=5&amp;t=921&amp;p=4521&amp;hilit=JULIEN+DE+GALATIE#p4521 |domus editoria=Forum orthodoxe.com|titulus=saints pour le 12 septembre du calendrier ecclésiastique}} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.

* [[Iulianus Tarsensis]] († inter [[305]] et [[311]]) seu ''Iulianus Antiochensis'', martyr sub persecutionem [[Galerius|Galerii]], qui celebratur [[21 Iunii]] in Oriente et [[16 Martii]] in [[Ecclesia Latina]].&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://archive.org/details/MartRom2004/page/192/mode/2up?q=Iuliani|titulus=Martyrologium Romanum |annus=2004|domus editoria=Typis Vaticanis|pagina=192}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[Iulianus Sabas]] († [[377]]), eremita in [[Osrohena]] [[Mesopotamia (provincia Romana)|Mesopotamiae]], qui celebratur [[18 Octobris]] in Oriente&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://www.forum-orthodoxe.com/~forum/viewtopic.php?f=5&amp;t=975&amp;p=4923&amp;hilit=JULIEN+SABAS#p4923 |titulus=saints pour le 18 octobre du calendrier ecclésiastique (Julien Sabas)|domus editoria=Forum orthodoxe.com}}.&lt;/ref&gt; et [[17 Ianuarii]] in Occidente.&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/5222/Saint-Julien-Sabas.html |domus editoria=Nominis|titulus= Saint Julien Sabas}} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

* Iulianus († [[391]]), diaconus in [[Horta (Pedemontium)|Horta]], frater [[Iulius ab Horta|Iulii sacerdotis]], qui celebrantur [[31 Ianuarii]].&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/5494/Saint-Jules.html |domus editoria=Nominis|titulus= Saints Jules et Saint Julien}} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://archive.org/details/MartRom2004/page/126/mode/2up?q=Iulii|titulus=Martyrologium Romanum |annus=2004|domus editoria=Typis Vaticanis|pagina=126}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[Iulianus Viennensis]] († post [[533]]&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|auctor=Leo Cristiani|url=https://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/rhef_0300-9505_1945_num_31_118_2986 |titulus=Liste chronologique des saints de France, des origines à l'avènement des carolingiens (essai critique)|domus editoria=Revue d'histoire de l'Église de France|annus=1945|volumen=31|numerus=118|paginae=5-96, 42}}&lt;/ref&gt;), episcopus [[Archidoecesis Viennensis|Viennensis]], qui [[saeculum 2|saeculo II]] [[concilium Aurelianense]] participavit, celebratum [[22 Aprilis]]&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|auctor=Jacobus Longueval|url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=QyEIS6SsmHsC&amp;vq=aspais&amp;dq=PA392&amp;hl=fr&amp;pg=PA392#v= |titulus=Histoire de l’Église gallicane|volumen=2|annus= 1732|pagina=392}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

* [[Iulianus Constantinopolitanus]] († inter [[726]] et [[730]]), cum suis nono sociis&lt;ref&gt;Qui sunt: Marcianus, Ioannes, Iacobus, Alexis, Démètre, Photios, Petrus et Leontius, monaches, necnon [[Maria Patricia]].&lt;/ref&gt; martyres sub [[Leo III Isaurianus|Leonem III Isaurianum]] per persecutionem [[Iconoclasmus|iconoclastam]], qui celebrantur [[9 Augusti]].&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/7834/Saints-Julien-et-ses-compagnons.html |domus editoria=nominis.cef.fr|titulus=Saints Julien et ses compagnons }} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://www.forum-orthodoxe.com/~forum/viewtopic.php?t=143 |domus editoria=forum-orthodoxe.com|titulus=Forum orthodoxe francophone : Saints pour le 9 août du calendrier ecclésiastique}} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

*[[Petus Iulianus Eymard|Sanctus Iulianus Eymard]] (1811-1868), sacerdos ab [[Isara (praefectura Franciae)|Isara]], conditor [[Societas Sanctissimi Sacramenti|Societatis Sanctissimi Sacramenti]], canonisatus anno 1963, qui celebratur die [[2 Augusti]].

* [[Iulianus Maunoir]] ([[saeculum 17|saeculum XVII]]), sacerdos britannicus, qui celebratur die [[28 Ianuarii]].&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/521/Saint-Julien-Maunoir.html |domus editoria=Nominis|titulus= Saint Julien Maunoir}} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Toponyma ==

=== Francia ===
* [[Sanctus Iulianus (Corsica)|Sanctus Iulianus]] (Corsica)
* [[Sanctus Iulianus de Concellis]] (Liger Atlanticus)
* [[Sanctus Iulianus de Voantis]] (Liger Atlanticus)

* [[Fanum Sancti Iuliani (Rhodanus et Alpes)|Fanum Sancti Iuliani]] (Sabaudia Superior)
* [[Fanum Sancti Iuliani-Mons Dionisius]] (Sabaudia)

=== Italia ===
* [[Sanctus Iulianus (Molisium)|Sanctus Iulianus]], commune provinciae Campobassensis;
* [[Fanum Sancti Iuliani (Urbs metropolitana Mediolanensis)|Fanum Sancti Iuliani]], Urbs in [[Urbs metropolitana Mediolanensis|Urbe metropolitana Mediolanensis]];
* [[Fanum Sancti Iuliani Samniticum]], commune [[Provincia Campobassensis|provinciae Campobassensis]]; 
* [[Aquae Pisanae|Fanum Sancti Iuliani ad Aquas]], urbs [[Provincia Pisana|Provinciae Pisanae]];

== Notae et Fontes ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[:Categoria:Sancti|Iulianus]]

= [[Dioecesis Nanceiensis-Tullensis]] =
{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidatorum}} 
{{res|Dioecesis Nanceiensis-Tullensis}} ([[Francogallice]] {{barbarice|lingua=fr|Diocèse de Nancy-Toul}})  est [[dioecesis]] [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae]] [[Ecclesia Latina|Latinae]] in [[Francia]] sita, cuius sedes [[Nanceium|Nanceii]] est. Dioecesis, [[saeculum 18|saeculo decimo octavo]] condita&lt;ref name=histoire&gt;Sedes episcopalis Nanceiensis a Papa [[Pius VI|Pio VI]] die [[19 Novembris]] [[1777]] constituta est, cfr {{opus|url=https://www.catholique-nancy.fr/accueil/je-decouvre/presentation-du-diocese/|titulus=Histoire du diocèse|domus editoria=catholique-nancy.fr}} {{ling|Francogallice}}&lt;/ref&gt;, a [[1823]] cum territorio [[Morta et Mosella| praefecturae Mortae et Mosellae]] congruit. Territorium pristinae diocesis Tulliensis, [[saeculum 4|saeculo IV]] condita, huic dioecesi pertinet. E Breve Apostolico die [[20 Februarii]] [[1824]] dato, episcopi Nanceienses titulum &quot;Episcoporum Nanceiensium et Tullensium&quot; gerunt. Diocesis Nanceiensis-Tullensis, olim suffraganea [[Dioecesis Trevirensis]], nunc [[Archidioecesis Bisuntina|archidioecesis metropolitanae Bisuntinae]] est. 

== Ecclesiae cathedrales ==
[[Fasciculus:Nancy Cathedral BW 2015-07-18 16-31-28.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|Ecclesia cathedralis primatialis [[Maria (mater Iesu)|Nostrae Dominae]] sub titulum [[Annuntiatio]]nis dicata, Nanceii sita.]]
[[Ecclesia cathedralis]] Nostrae Dominae dicata, quae dicitur primatialis,&lt;ref name=histoire /&gt; [[Nanceium|Nanceii]] sita. Adest et ecclesia cathedralis [[Sanctus Stephanus|Sancto Stephano]] dicata, ''historica'' dicta,&lt;ref name=histoire /&gt; quae [[Tullum Leucorum|Tulli Leucorum]] sita est.
[[Fasciculus:Toul, Cathédrale Saint-Etienne-PM 50343.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Ecclesia cathedralis historica Sancto Stephano dicata, Tulli Leucorum sita.]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* {{Opus|url=https://www.catholique-nancy.fr/|titulus=Situs officialis}} {{ling|Francogallice}}
{{CommuniaCat|Roman Catholic Diocese of Nancy|Dioecesem Nanceiensem-Tullensem}}
{{Fontes geographici}}
* {{CathHierDiocese|nanc|Dioecesis Nanceiensis-Tullensis}}

&lt;!--{{RC-stipula}}--&gt;
{{Dioeceses archidioeceses catholicae Franciae}}
[[:Categoria:Dioecesis Nanceiensis-Tullensis]]

= Ad formulam =
{{Dioeceses archidioeceses catholicae Poloniae}}
{{Capsa navigationis
| titulus = [[dioecesis|Dioeceses]] et ''archidioeceses'' [[ecclesia Catholica Romana|catholicae]] [[Polonia]]e
| formula = Dioeceses archidioeceses catholicae Poloniae
| Imago = [[Fasciculus:CatholicDiocesesPoland2004.svg|100px|Dioeceses Poloniae]]
| corpus = ''[[Archidioecesis Bialostocensis|Bialostocensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Bielscensis-Zyviecensis|Bielscensis-Zyviecensis]] . [[Dioecesis Bydgostiensis|Bydgostiensis]] . [[Dioecesis Calissiensis|Calissiensis]] . [[Dioecesis Coslinensis-Colubregana|Coslinensis-Colubregana]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Cracoviensis|Cracoviensis]]'' . ''[[Archidioecesis Czestochoviensis|Czestochoviensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Drohiczinensis|Drohiczinensis]] . [[Dioecesis Elbingensis|Elbingensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Gedanensis|Gedanensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Glivicensis|Glivicensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Gnesnensis|Gnesnensis]]'' . ''[[Archidioecesis Katovicensis|Katovicensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Kielcensis|Kielcensis]] . [[Dioecesis Legnicensis|Legnicensis]] . [[Dioecesis Liccanensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Lodziensis|Lodziensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Lomzensis|Lomzensis]] . [[Dioecesis Lovicensis|Lovicensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Lublinensis|Lublinensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Opoliensis|Opoliensis]] . [[Dioecesis Pelplinensis|Pelplinensis]] . [[Dioecesis Plocensis|Plocensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Posnaniensis|Posnaniensis]]'' . ''[[Archidioecesis Premisliensis Latinorum|Premisliensis Latinorum]]'' . [[Dioecesis Radomensis|Radomensis]] . [[Dioecesis Rzeszoviensis|Rzeszoviensis]] . [[Dioecesis Sandomiriensis|Sandomiriensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Sedinensis-Caminensis|Sedinensis-Caminensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Siedlecensis|Siedlecensis]] . [[Dioecesis Sosnoviensis|Sosnoviensis]] . [[Dioecesis Suidniciensis|Suidniciensis]] . [[Dioecesis Tarnoviensis|Tarnoviensis]] . [[Dioecesis Thoruniensis|Thoruniensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Varmiensis|Varmiensis]]'' . ''[[Archidioecesis Varsaviensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Varsaviensis-Pragensis]] . [[Dioecesis Viridimontanensis-Gorzoviensis|Viridimontanensis-Gorzoviensis]] . [[Dioecesis Vladislaviensis|Vladislaviensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Vratislaviensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Zamosciensis-Lubaczoviensis|Zamosciensis-Lubaczoviensis]] . [[Ordinariatus Militaris Poloniae]]
}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
== Vide etiam ==
* [[Dioeceses Ecclesiae Catholicae]]

&lt;!--[[Categoria:Formulae Poloniam spectantes]]
[[Categoria:Dioeceses Ecclesiae Catholicae in Polonia|!]]
[[Categoria:Formulae navigationis hierarchiae Catholicae]]--&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;

= [[Index episcoporum Onasbrugensium]] =
Episcopi [[Dioecesis Osnabrugensis]], a [[saeculum 11|saeculo XI]] usque ad annum [[1802]] ut Comites-Episcopi et etiam rectores Principatus Osnabrugensis.

{| class=&quot;wikitable toptextcells&quot;
|-
! style=&quot;width:20%&quot;|Tempus episcopatus
! style=&quot;width:35%&quot;|Nomen
! style=&quot;width:25%&quot;|Adnotationes
! style=&quot;width:20%&quot;|Imago
|-
| a 783 ad [[20 Aprilis]] 804/805
| [[Wiho I]] (sive: Wicho I) ||antea praefectus nuper conditi districtus missionalis Osnabrugensis||
|-
| a 805 ad [[12 Aprilis]] [[829]] || [[Meginhardus]] ||||
|-
| 829–845 || [[Gosvinus]] ||||
|-
| a 847 ad [[11 Aprilis]] [[860]] || [[Gauzbertus]] ||||
|-
| a 860 ad [[1 Februarii]] [[887]] || [[Egbertus]]||||
|-
| a 887 ad [[11 Maii]] [[906]] || [[Egilmarus]] ||||
|-
| 906–918 || Bernardus I ||||
|-
| a 918 ad [[14 Maii]] [[949]] || [[Dodo I]] ||||
|-
| a 949 ad [[7 Novembris]] [[967]] || [[Drogo]] ||||
|-
| a 967 ad [[31 Martii]] [[978]] || [[Ludolphus]] ||||
|-
| a 978 ad [[12 Aprilis]] [[996]] || Dodo II ||978-980: Cuno [[antiepiscopus]]||
|-
| a 996 ad [[27 Novembris]] [[998]] || Gonthierus ||||
|-
| a 998 ad [[17 Februarii]] [[1003]] || Vodilulphus ||||
|-
| a 1003 ad [[18 Iunii]] [[1022]] || [[Dietmarus]] ||||
|-
| a 1023 ad [[10 Decembris]] [[1027]] || Meginherus ||||
|-
| a [[1028]] ad 10 Decembris [[1036]] || Gosmarus ||||
|-
| a 1036 ad [[19 Aprilis]] [[1052]] || Albericus ||||
|-
| a 1052 ad 19 aut [[20 Septembris]] [[1068]] || Benno I ||||
|-
| a 1068 ad [[27 Iulii]] [[1088]] || [[Benno II]] |||| [[Fasciculus:BadIburgBennoII.JPG|center|80px|Benno II epsicopus, scultpura a Hans Gerd Ruwe in [[Bad Iburg]]]]
|-
| 1088–1093 || [[Marquardus]] ||||
|-
| a 1093 ad [[21 Aprilis]] [[1101]] || [[Wiho II]] sive Guido ||||
|-
| a 1101 ad [[13 Iulii]] [[1109]] || [[Iohannes I (Osanbrugensis)|Iohannes I]] ||||
|-
| a 1109 ad [[1 Ianuarii]] [[1119]] || [[Gottschalk von Diepholz]] |||| [[Fasciculus:Gottschalk von Diepholz.jpg|center|80px|Sepultura Episcopi Onasbrugensis Gottschalk.]]
|-
| 1119–1137 || [[Detmardus]] ||1119–1125: Conradus (antiepiscopus)||
|-
| a 1137 ad [[28 Iunii]] [[1141]] || [[Udo (Osnabrugensis)|Udo]] ||||
|-
| a 1141 ad [[15 Iunii]] [[1173]] || [[Philippus a Katzenelnbogen]] ||1141: Veselus (antiepiscopus) ||
|-
| 1173–1190 || [[Arnoldus (Osnabrugensis)]] ||||
|-
| 1190–1216 || [[Gerardus I ab Oldenburg-Wildeshausen]] ||||
|-
| 1216–1224 || [[Adolphus Osnabrugensis]] ||||
|-
| 1224–1226 || [[Engelbertus I ab Isenberg]] ||Cum titulo principe-episcopo (1225-1803)||
|-
| 1226–1227 || Otto I ||||
|-
| 1227–1239 || [[Conradus I a Velber]] ||||
|-
| 1239–1250 || [[Engelbertus I ab Isenberg]] ||Rehabilitatus post supensionem||
|-
| 1251–1258 || [[Bruno ab Isenberg]] ||||
|-
| 1259–1264 || Balduinus (Rusle) ||||
|-
| 1265–1269 || Vidufilius a Waldeck ||||
|-
| 1270–1297 || [[Conradus II a Rietberg]] ||||
|-
| 1297–1308 || [[Ludovicus a Ravensberg (episcopus)|Ludovicus a Ravensberg]] ||||
|-
| 1309–1320 || Engelbertus II a Weyhe ||||
|-
| 1321–1349 || [[Gaudfridus ab Arnsberg]] ||||
|-
| 1350–1366 || [[Iohannes II Hoet]] ||||
|-
| 1366–1376 || [[Melchior a Braunschweig-Grubenhagen]] ||||
|-
| 1376–1402 || [[Theodoricus a Horne]] |||| [[Fasciculus:Dietrich von horne.jpg|center|80px|Episcopus Theodoricus a Horne]]
|-
| 1402–1410 || [[Henricus III a Schauenburg-Holstein]] ||||
|-
| 1410–1424 || [[Otto II a Hoya]] ||||
|-
| 1424–1437 || [[Iohannes III a Diepholz]] ||||
|-
| 1437–1442 || [[Ericus II a Hoya]] ut [[Ericus I Osnabrugensis|Ericus I]] (''administrator'') ||||
|-
| 1442–1450 || [[Henricus II a Moers]] (''administrator'') ||||
|-
| 1450–1454 || [[Albertus a Hoya]] (''administrator'') ||||
|-
| 1454–1455 || [[Rudolphus a Diepholz]] ||||
|-
| 1455–1482 || [[Conradus III a Diepholz]] |||| [[Fasciculus:Konrad III. von Diepholz.jpg|center|200px|Sculptura sepulcralis Conradi III Episcopi Osnabrugensis.]]
|-
| 1482–1508 || [[Konrad VI. (Rietberg)|Konrad IV. von Rietberg]] ||||
|-
| 1508–1532 || [[Erich von Braunschweig-Grubenhagen]] |||| [[Datei:Braunschweig, Erich von-2.jpg|zentriert|80px|Erich von Braunschweig-Grubenhagen]]
|-
| 1532–1553 || [[Franz von Waldeck]] ||||[[Datei:Franz Graf von Waldeck.jpeg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1553–1574 || [[Johann IV. von Hoya|Johann IV.]], als Johann III. [[Bischof von Münster]] und als Johann II. [[Bistum Paderborn|Administrator von Paderborn]] |||| [[Datei:Johannes von Hoya.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1574–1585 || [[Heinrich von Sachsen-Lauenburg]], auch Heinrich III. von [[Erzbistum Bremen|Bremen]] |||| [[Datei:FBPB 17 Heinrich IV. von Sachsen-Lauenburg (1577–1585).jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1585 || [[Wilhelm von Schencking]] ||||
|-
| 1585–1591 || [[Bernhard von Waldeck]] ||||
|-
| 1591–1623 || [[Philipp Sigismund von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel]] |||| [[Datei:PhilippSigismundBraunschweig.JPG|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1623–1625
| [[Eitel Friedrich von Hohenzollern (1582–1625)|Eitel Friedrich von Hohenzollern]] ||||[[Datei:Eitel Fridrich Grav zu Zollern.tif|zentriert|132x132px]]
|-
 | 1625–1661 || [[Franz Wilhelm von Wartenberg]] |||| [[Datei:Kardinal Franz Wilhelm von Wartenberg.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; class=&quot;hintergrundfarbe5&quot;|'''Nach dem Tode von [[Fürstbischof]] Franz Wilhelm galt die „immerwährende Kapitulation“, nach der abwechselnd ein katholischer und ein lutherischer Bischof aus dem [[Herzogtum Braunschweig-Lüneburg|Hause Braunschweig-Lüneburg]] gewählt werden sollte.'''
|-
| 1662–1698 || [[Ernst August (Hannover)|Ernst August I., Herzog zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg]] (lutherischer Fürstbischof) |||| [[Datei:ErnstAugustKurfürst.JPG|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1698–1715 || [[Karl Joseph von Lothringen]] (katholischer Fürstbischof) |||| [[Datei:Karel III. Lotrinský.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1716–1728 || [[Ernst August II. von Hannover|Ernst August II., Herzog zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg]] (lutherischer Fürstbischof) |||| [[Datei:1674 Ernst August.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1728–1761 || [[Clemens August I. von Bayern]] (katholischer Fürstbischof) |||| [[Datei:1700 Clemens-August.JPG|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1764–1802 || [[Friedrich August, Herzog von York und Albany|Friedrich, Herzog zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg, Prinz von Großbritannien]] (lutherischer und letzter Fürstbischof) |||| [[Datei:Frederick, Duke of York in Garter Robes.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1803–1827 || [[Karl Klemens von Gruben|Karl von Gruben]] (leitender Weihbischof) |||| [[Datei:Karl Klemens von Gruben (1764-1827).jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1830–1855 || [[Carl Anton Lüpke]] (leitender Weihbischof) ||||[[Datei:Carl Anton Lüpke (1775-1855).jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; class=&quot;hintergrundfarbe5&quot;|'''Mit Hildesheim vereinigt 1855–1857 unter [[Eduard Jakob Wedekin]]'''
|-
| 1857–1866
| [[Paulus Melchers]] (später [[Erzbistum Köln|Erzbischof von Köln]] und [[Kardinal]]) |||| [[Datei:Paul Melchers (1).jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1866–1878 || [[Johann Heinrich Beckmann]] |||| [[Datei:Johannes Heinrich Beckmann Detail.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; class=&quot;hintergrundfarbe5&quot;|'''[[Sedisvakanz]] 1878–1882'''
|-
| 1882–1898 || [[Bernhard Höting]] |||| [[Datei:Bernhard Höting (1821-1898).jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1899–1914 || [[Hubertus Voß]] |||| [[Datei:Hubertus Voß (1841-1914).jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1914–1955 || [[Gulielmus Berning]] |||| [[Fasciculus:Hermann Wilhelm Berning.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 27. März 1957 || [[Franziskus Demann]] |||| [[File:Porträt Totenzettel Demann.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1957–1987 || [[Helmut Hermann Wittler]] |||| [[Datei:Wittler.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1987–1995 || [[Ludwig Averkamp]] (später [[Erzbistum Hamburg|Erzbischof von Hamburg]])||||
|-
| 1995–2023 || [[Franciscus Iosephus Bode]] |||| [[Fasciculus:Franz-Josef Bode.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| seit 2024 || [[Dominicus Meier]] [[Benediktiner|OSB]] || || [[Datei:Abt-Dominicus-Meier.JPG|zentriert|80px]]
|-
|}
{{Archiepiscopi Friburgenses}} !!
[[:Categoria:Indices episcoporum|Osnabrugensis]]
[[:Categoria:Episcopi Osnabrugenses| ]]
[[:Categoria:Dioecesis Osnabrugensis]]
&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Attributio|de|Liste der Bischöfe von Osnabrück|247761516}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

= [[Raymondus Aron]] =
{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}
{{Res|Raymondus Aron}}, {{barbarice|lingua=fr|Raymond Aron}} ([[Lutetia]]e [[14 Martii]] [[1905]] natus; eadem civitate [[17 Octobris]] [[1983]] mortuus) fuit [[philosophus]], [[sociologus]], [[politologus]], [[historicus]] et [[diurnarius]] [[Francia|Francicus]].

== Biographia ==
Initio amicus et condiscipulus [[Ioannes Paulus Sartre|Ioannis Pauli Sartre]] et [[Paulus Nizan|Pauli Nizan]] in [[Schola normalis superior (Lutetia)|Schola Normali Superiore]], ardens [[liberalismus|liberalismi]] fautor, contra ambitum intellectualem [[Pacifismus|pacifisticum]] qui dominabatur, factus est. In opere suo celeberrimo, ''L'Opium des intellectuels'', caecitatem et complicitatem intellectualium erga regimina communistarum denuntiavit.

Triginta annos, Aron scriptor editorialis pro diurno ''[[Le Figaro]]'' fuit. Postremis annis apud ''[[L'Express]]'' laboravit. Anno [[1978]], periodicum intellectuale ''[[Commentaire]]'' condidit, ut principia, quae democratiam liberalem sive societatem liberalem regere debent, defenderet et illustraret. Hoc conatum, alia perspectiva et alio titulo continuans, ad periodicum ''[[Contrepoint]]'' contulit, a tribus studentibus [[Institutum Scientiarum Politicarum Parisiense|Instituti Scientiarum Politicarum Parisiensis]] mense Maio 1970 conditum.

Triginta annos docuit, praesertim apud Institutum Scientiarum Politicarum Parisiense et [[École des hautes études en sciences sociales]], et cathedram ''Sociologiae Civilisationis Modernae'' apud [[Collegium Franciae]] anno 1970 obtinuit. Commentator agnitus est de [[Carolus Marxius|Marxio]], [[Carolus Philippus Amadeus de Clausewitz|Clausewitz]], [[Alexander Kojève|Kojève]] et [[Ioannes Paulus Sartre|Sartre]].

Grâce à des compétences et des centres d'intérêt multiples (en [[économie (discipline)|économie]], [[sociologie]], [[philosophie]], [[relations internationales]], [[géopolitique]]), il se distingue et acquiert une grande réputation auprès des intellectuels. Ses convictions [[libéralisme|libérales]] et [[atlantisme|atlantistes]] lui attirent de nombreuses critiques venant des partisans de la gauche et de la droite. Il garde néanmoins tout au long de sa vie un ton modéré&lt;ref&gt;{{opus |auctor=Perrine Simon |titulus=Raymond Aron dans l'histoire du siècle |domus editoria=[[Vingtième Siècle : Revue d'histoire]] |volume=9 |date=1986 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/xxs_0294-1759_1986_num_9_1_1460 |pagina=124-126 }} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Il est élu en 1963 à l'[[Académie des sciences morales et politiques]]&lt;ref&gt;{{opus |langue=fr |titulus=M. Raymond Aron est élu l'Académie des sciences morales et politiques |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1963/11/27/m-raymond-aron-est-elu-membre-de-l-academie-des-sciences-morales-et-politiques_2220400_1819218.html |situs=lemonde.fr |data=27 novembre 1963 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Le 17 octobre 1983, il meurt d'une [[Infarctus du myocarde|crise cardiaque]] à l'âge de 78 ans, alors qu'il quitte le [[palais de justice de Paris]], situé dans le [[4e arrondissement de Paris|{{4e}} arrondissement]], après avoir témoigné en faveur de [[Bertrand de Jouvenel]] lors du procès qui oppose ce dernier à [[Zeev Sternhell]]&lt;ref&gt;{{lien web|périodique=émission de [[Canal Académie]] |url=http://www.canalacademie.com/ida3922-Un-intellectuel-atypique-Bertrand-de-Jouvenel.html|titre=Un intellectuel atypique : Bertrand de Jouvenel|date=}}, fiche de présentation.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Il est inhumé dans le caveau familial du [[cimetière du Montparnasse]] (division 24)&lt;ref&gt;{{lien web|périodique= |url=https://www.landrucimetieres.fr/spip/spip.php?article722|titre=Cimetières de France et d'ailleurs|date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Opera ==
[[Image:Book signed by Raymond Aron and offered to Maurice Halbwachs.JPG|thumb|right|Envoi de R. Aron à [[Maurice Halbwachs]] sur ''La Sociologie allemande contemporaine'', Paris, Alcan, 1935. &lt;br&gt;Ouvrage conservé à la [[Bibliothèque Saint-Germain-des-Prés|Bibliothèque de sciences humaines et sociales Paris Descartes-CNRS]].]]
Les œuvres complètes de Raymond Aron ont été établies par Perrine Simon et Élisabeth Dutartre aux éditions Julliard avec la Société des amis de Raymond Aron en 1989.
* ''[[La Sociologie allemande contemporaine]]'', Paris, [[Alcan]], 1935
* ''[[Introduction à la philosophie de l'histoire|Introduction à la philosophie de l'histoire. Essai sur les limites de l'objectivité historique]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1938
* ''[[Essai sur la théorie de l'histoire dans l'Allemagne contemporaine|Essai sur la théorie de l'histoire dans l'Allemagne contemporaine. La philosophie critique de l'histoire]]'', Paris, [[Librairie philosophique Vrin|Vrin]], 1938
* ''[[L'Homme contre les tyrans]]'', New York, La Maison française, 1944
* ''[[De l'armistice à l'insurrection nationale]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1945
* ''[[L'Âge des empires et l'Avenir de la France]]'', Paris, [[Défense de la France]], 1945
* ''Chroniques de guerre. « La France Libre », 1940-1945'', [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1945&lt;br&gt; Rassemble les trois livres précédents. Nouvelle édition avec introduction de [[Jean-Marie Soutou]] et appareil critique de Christian Bachelier, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1990.
* ''Les Français devant la Constitution'' (en collaboration avec Francis Cleirens), Paris, [[Défense de la France]], 1946
* ''[[Le Grand Schisme]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1948
* ''[[Les Guerres en chaîne]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1951
* ''[[La Coexistence pacifique|La Coexistence pacifique. Essai d'analyse]]'', Paris, Monde nouveau, 1953&lt;br&gt;Sous le pseudonyme de « François Houtisse », signalé par [[Boris Souvarine]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|url=http://raymond-aron.ehess.fr/document.php?id=48|titre=Bulletin d’information – Archives Raymond Aron|éditeur=[[École des hautes études en sciences sociales]]|date=juin 1995|site=raymond-aron.ehess.fr|consulté le=3 décembre 2013}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* ''[[L'Opium des intellectuels]]'', Paris, [[Calmann-Lévy]], 1955
* ''[[Polémiques]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1955
* ''[[La Tragédie algérienne]]'', Paris, [[Plon]], 1957
* ''[[Espoir et peur du siècle|Espoir et peur du siècle. Essais non partisans]]'', Paris, [[Calmann-Lévy]], 1957
* ''[[L'Algérie et la République]]'', Paris, [[Plon]], 1958
* ''[[La Société industrielle et la guerre suivi d'un Tableau de la diplomatie mondiale en 1958|La Société industrielle et la Guerre]]'' suivi d'un ''[[Tableau de la diplomatie mondiale en 1958]]'', Paris, [[Plon]], 1959
* ''[[Immuable et changeante|Immuable et changeante. De la IVe à la Ve République]]'', Paris, [[Calmann-Lévy]], 1959
* ''[[Dimensions de la conscience historique]]'', Paris, [[Plon]], 1961
* ''[[Paix et guerre entre les nations]]'', Paris, [[Calmann-Lévy]], 1962
* ''[[Le Grand Débat (Raymond Aron)|Le Grand Débat. Initiation à la stratégie atomique]]'', Paris, [[Calmann-Lévy]], 1963
* ''[[Dix-huit leçons sur la société industrielle]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1963
* ''[[La Lutte des classes (Aron)|La Lutte des classes]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1964
* ''[[Essai sur les libertés]]'', Paris, [[Calmann-Lévy]], 1965
* ''[[Démocratie et Totalitarisme]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1965
* ''[[Trois essais sur l'âge industriel]]'', Paris, [[Plon]], 1966
* ''[[Les Étapes de la pensée sociologique]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1967
* ''[[De Gaulle, Israël et les Juifs]]'', Paris, [[Plon]], 1968
* ''[[La Révolution introuvable|La Révolution introuvable. Réflexions sur les événements de mai]]'', Paris, [[Librairie Arthème Fayard|Fayard]], 1968
* ''[[Les Désillusions du progrès]]'', Paris, [[Calmann-Lévy]], 1969
* ''[[D'une sainte famille à l'autre|D'une sainte famille à l'autre. Essai sur le marxisme imaginaire]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1969
* ''[[De la condition historique du sociologue]]'', Paris, Gallimard, 1971
* ''[[Études politiques]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1972
* ''[[République impériale|République impériale. Les États-Unis dans le monde (1945–1972)]]'', Paris, [[Calmann-Lévy]], 1973
* ''[[Histoire et dialectique de la violence]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1973&lt;br&gt;Ce livre, qui est un commentaire de la ''Critique de la raison dialectique'' de [[Jean-Paul Sartre|Sartre]], fait l'objet d'une analyse par son ancien éditeur [[Pierre Verstraeten]], professeur à l'ULB : ''L'Anti-Aron'', [[Éditions de la Différence]], 2008).
* ''[[Penser la guerre, Clausewitz]]'', 2 vol., Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1976
* ''[[Plaidoyer pour l'Europe décadente]]'', Paris, [[Robert Laffont]], 1977
* ''[[Le Spectateur engagé]]'', entretiens avec [[Jean-Louis Missika]] et [[Dominique Wolton]], Paris, [[Éditions Julliard|Julliard]], 1981, 342 pages avec présentation finale de Jean-Louis Missika et Dominique Wolton. Bibliographie des principaux ouvrages, articles et pamphlets de Raymond Aron, p. 333-339. 
* ''[[Mémoires. 50 ans de réflexion politique]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Julliard]], 1983, 1082{{nb p.}}

===À titre posthume===
* ''[[Les Dernières Années du siècle]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Julliard|Julliard]], 1984
* ''Études sociologiques'', Paris, [[Presses universitaires de France|PUF]], 1988&lt;ref&gt;{{Article |langue=fr |auteur=Hervé Coutau-Bégarie |titre=Raymond Aron. Etudes sociologiques |périodique=Politique étrangère |volume=53 |numéro=4 |date=1988 |lire en ligne=https://www.persee.fr/doc/polit_0032-342x_1988_num_53_4_3826_t1_1016_0000_1 |pages=1016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Une histoire du {{s-|XX}}, anthologie'', Paris, Plon, 1996
* {{Ouvrage|langue=fr|auteur1=Raymond Aron|auteur2=[[Louis Séchan]]|titre=''Introduction à la philosophie de l'histoire''|lieu=Paris|éditeur=[[Éditions de Fallois]]|année=1997|pages totales=254|isbn=2-253-90536-4}}
* ''[[Le Marxisme de Marx]]'', Paris, [[Éditions de Fallois|Fallois]], 2002 {{ISBN|2-87706-423-9}} ; rééd. poche, 1082{{nb p.}}, Paris, 2004 {{ISBN|2-253-10800-6}}
* ''[[De Giscard à Mitterrand : 1977-1983]]'', éditoriaux parus dans ''[[L'Express]]'', préface de Jean-Claude Casanova, Paris, [[Éditions de Fallois|Fallois]], 2005, 895{{nb p.}} {{ISBN|2-87706-570-7}}
* ''Essais sur la condition juive contemporaine'', Paris, Tallandier, 2007.
* ''Liberté et égalité (cours au Collège de France)'', Paris, Éditions de l'École des hautes études en sciences sociales, 2013
* {{Ouvrage|langue=fr|titre=Aron et De Gaulle|prénom1=Jean-Claude|nom1=Casanova|lien auteur1=Jean-Claude Casanova|prénom2=Jean-Claude|nom2=Casanova|lieu=Paris|éditeur=Calmann Lévy|lien éditeur=Calmann-Levy|année=2022|pages totales=399|isbn=978-2-702-18360-1|isbn10=2-702-18360-3|oclc=1350349818|id=JC C 2022}}.
* ''Critique de la pensée sociologique : Cours au Collège de France (1970-1971 et 1971-1972)'', 2023, Éditions Odile Jacob, {{ISBN|978-2738157652}},
* ''Leçons sur l'histoire : Cours au Collège de France (1972-1973 et 1973-1974)'', 2023, Éditions De Fallois. 
* ''L'Europe selon Aron'', recueil de textes de Raymond Aron, textes choisis et préfaces par Joël Mouric, Paris, Calmann-Lévy, coll. Bibliothèque Raymond Aron, 400 p., 2024 {{ISBN|978-2702189603}}
* ''Aron, critique de Sartre : Textes rassemblés et commentés par [[Perrine Simon-Nahum]]'', Paris, Calmann-Lévy, coll. Bibliothèque Raymond Aron, 350 p., 2025 {{ISBN|978-2702191644}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Raymond Aron|Raymondum Aron}}
{{Fontes biographici}}

&lt;!--{{Lifetime|1905|1983|Aron, Raymondus}}--&gt;

[[:Categoria:Agnostici]]
[[:Categoria:Politologi]]
[[:Categoria:Sectatores Franciae liberae]]
[[:Categoria:Diurnarii Franciae]]
[[:Categoria:Professores apud Collegium Franciae]]
[[:Categoria:Scriptores Franciae]]
[[:Categoria:Socii Academiae Scientiarum Moralium et Politicarum]]
[[:Categoria:Socii Academiae Artium et Scientiarum Americanae]]
[[:Categoria:Professores Scholae Studiorum ad Scientias Sociales Superiorum (Lutetia)]]
[[:Categoria:Professores Instituti Scientiarum Politicarum Parisiensis]]
[[:Categoria:Philosophi]]
[[:Categoria:Alumni Lycei Condorcet]]
[[:Categoria:Alumni Scholae Normalis Superioris (Lutetia)]]
[[:Categoria:Sociologi]]

= [[Wendelinus (Sanctus)]] =
Wendelinus (Theodisce Wendelin) est sanctus [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae]], die [[21 Octobris]] veneratus, qui in [[Religio Christiana|Christianisatione]] [[Rhenania et Palatinatus|Rhenaniae et Palatinatus]] et praesertim septentrionalis [[Saravia]]e participavit. Persona virtuosa, popularis et agricola, originis [[Scotia|Scoticae]] vel [[Hibernia|Hibernicae]], nobilis et divitis stirpis, nihilominus [[eremita]], [[peregrinus]], agricola, pastor, deinde [[monachus]] factus est, antequam munus abbatis [[Abbatia Theulegii|Abbatiae]] [[Theulegium|Theulegii]] occupavit. Sanctus Wendelinus patronus pastorum, segetum et pecorum, et postea omnium animalium domesticorum (vaccarum, gallinorum, canum, felium, etc.) est.

cf fr.wikipedia 

Secundum fabulam, Sanctus Vandalinus filius erat Frochardi et Evelinae regiorum coniugum Scotorum. Iuvenis, coronam et voluptates mundi repudiavit et Deo in paupertate et obscuritate servire constituit. Romam aliaque loca peregrinationis ut peregrinus visitavit, deinde aliquamdiu ut eremita in regione Westrich Episcopatus Trevirensis vixit, domino manerii serviens, primum ut subulcus, deinde ut pastor boum, et denique ut pastor ovium. Postea, abbas Monasterii Tholey electus et a Severino Episcopo Trevirensi anno 517 consecratus est. Anno 607 mortuus est et prope casam ubi antea ut eremita vixerat sepultus est. Oppidum Sancti Wendel ibi conditum est propter multas peregrinationes saeculi XIV. In calendariis, Sanctus Wendelinus diebus XX, XXI, vel XXII Octobris celebratur. Patronus pastorum et gregum veneratur. Vitae antiquissimae quas Bollandistis notae sunt ad saeculum XV pertinent. Utrum fundamentum historicum habeant vehementer dubium est.

== Fontes ==
Acta Sanctorum. Oct. T. IX, p. 342–351. – Stadler, Heiligen- Lex. V, 776. – (Stramberg,) Rhein. Antiquarius, 2. Abth., 2. Bd., S. 481 bis 491.

cf. ADB:Wendelinus der Heilige de.wikisource.org

&lt;!--{{lifetime|554|617|Wendelinus}}--&gt;
[[:Categoria:Sanctus catholicus]]</text>
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      <comment>/* Dioecesis Nanceiensis-Tullensis */ Sagiensis</comment>
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      <text bytes="36720" sha1="nqvppunxmj5wx50o5lsvxmnei09k6v7" xml:space="preserve">= Utilia =
== Ad civitates ==
&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidatorum}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;[[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Fontes geographici}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

== Ad homines ==
&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;* {{CathHierBishop|}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Archiepiscopi Friburgenses}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Fontes biographici}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

= [[Sanctus Iulianus]] =
&lt;nowiki&gt;{{discretiva}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

'''Sanctus Iulianus''' ad complures sanctos refertur, nomine '''Iulianus'''. Inde multi loci nomini horum sanctorum vocantur.

== Sancti ==
* [[Iulianus Hospitator]], martyr cum [[Sancta Basilissa]] in [[Aegyptus|Aegypto]], qui celebratur [[6 Ianuarii]]&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://archive.org/details/MartRom2004/page/86/mode/2up?q=Iuliani|titulus=Martyrologium Romanum |annus=2004|domus editoria=Typis Vaticanis|pagina=86}}&lt;/ref&gt; seu [[12 Februarii]].&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/5680/Saint-Julien-l-Hospitalier.html|titulus=Saint Julien l'Hospitalier|domus editoria=Nominis}} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[Iulianus Soranus]], martyr [[Sora (Italia)|Sorae]] in tempore [[Antoninus Pius|Antonini Pii]], qui celebratur [[27 Ianuarii]].&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://archive.org/details/MartRom2004/page/118/mode/2up?q=Iuliani|titulus=Martyrologium Romanum |annus=2004|domus editoria=Typis Vaticanis|pagina=118}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/5416/Saint-Julien-de-Sora.html |domus editoria=Nominis|titulus=Saint Julien de Sora}} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

* ''Iulianus'' († [[250]]), et Eunus servus eius, martyres in [[Aegyptus|Aegypto]], qui celebrantur localiter [[27 Februarii]].&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/713/Saints-Julien-et-Eunus.html |domus editoria=Nominis|titulus= Saints Julien et Eunus}} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

* Iulianus Carthaginensis († [[259]]), cum Lucio, Montano, Victorico, Flaviano, Victori, Primole, Reno et Donatiano, martyres [[Carthago|Carthaginis]] in tempore [[Valerianus]], qui celebrantur [[23 Maii]]&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/1208/Saints-Lucius--Montanus.html |domus editoria=Nominis|titulus= Saints Lucius, Montanus et leurs compagnons}} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt; in Occidente&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://archive.org/details/MartRom2004/page/298/mode/2up?q=Iuliani|titulus=Martyrologium Romanum |annus=2004|domus editoria=Typis Vaticanis|pagina=299}}&lt;/ref&gt; et [[24 Februarii]]&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://www.forum-orthodoxe.com/~forum/viewtopic.php?f=5&amp;t=467&amp;p=2172&amp;hilit=+LUCIEN+MONTAN#p2172|domus editoria= Forum orthodoxe.com|titulus=saints pour le 24 février du calendrier ecclésiastique}} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt; in Oriente.

* [[Iulianus Terracinae]] († [[268]] seu [[269]]), sacerdos, et [[Cesarius Terracinae|Cesarius]], diaconus, martyres [[Terracina]]e in [[Campania]] in tempore [[Claudius Gothicus|Claudii Gothici]], qui celebrantur [[7 Octobris]].&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/8465/Saints-Julien-et-Cesaire.html |domus editoria=Nominis|titulus=Saints Julien et Césaire}} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[Iulianus Emesensis]] († {{circa}} [[284]]), medicator natus [[Emesa]]e in [[Syria]], martyr, qui celebratur die [[6 Februarii]].

* [[Iulianus Brivatensis]] ([[saeculum 3|saeculum III]]), martyr in [[Arvernia]], qui celebratur [[28 Augusti]].&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/1753/Saint-Julien-de-Brioude.html |domus editoria=Nominis|titulus= Saint Julien de Brioude}} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[Iulianus Cenomanensis]] ([[saeculum 4|saeculo IV]]), episcopus [[Dioecesis Cenomanensis|Cenomanensis]], qui celebratur [[27 Ianuarii]].&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://archive.org/details/MartRom2004/page/118/mode/2up?q=Iuliani|titulus=Martyrologium Romanum |annus=2004|domus editoria=Typis Vaticanis|pagina=119}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/516/Saint-Julien-du-Mans.html |domus editoria=Nominis|titulus= Saint Julien du Mans}} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[Iulianus Galatas]] († [[303]] seu [[305]] seu etiam [[320]] ?), forte sacerdos, cum quadraginta sociis, martyres in [[Galatia]] in tempore [[Diocletianus|Diocletiano]] seu [[Licinius|Licinii]] ; qui celebrantur [[13 Septembris]] in Occidente&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/10401/Saint-Julien-de-Galatie.html |domus editoria=Nominis|titulus= Saint Julien de Galatie}} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt; et [[12 Septembris]] in Oriente&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://www.forum-orthodoxe.com/~forum/viewtopic.php?f=5&amp;t=921&amp;p=4521&amp;hilit=JULIEN+DE+GALATIE#p4521 |domus editoria=Forum orthodoxe.com|titulus=saints pour le 12 septembre du calendrier ecclésiastique}} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.

* [[Iulianus Tarsensis]] († inter [[305]] et [[311]]) seu ''Iulianus Antiochensis'', martyr sub persecutionem [[Galerius|Galerii]], qui celebratur [[21 Iunii]] in Oriente et [[16 Martii]] in [[Ecclesia Latina]].&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://archive.org/details/MartRom2004/page/192/mode/2up?q=Iuliani|titulus=Martyrologium Romanum |annus=2004|domus editoria=Typis Vaticanis|pagina=192}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[Iulianus Sabas]] († [[377]]), eremita in [[Osrohena]] [[Mesopotamia (provincia Romana)|Mesopotamiae]], qui celebratur [[18 Octobris]] in Oriente&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://www.forum-orthodoxe.com/~forum/viewtopic.php?f=5&amp;t=975&amp;p=4923&amp;hilit=JULIEN+SABAS#p4923 |titulus=saints pour le 18 octobre du calendrier ecclésiastique (Julien Sabas)|domus editoria=Forum orthodoxe.com}}.&lt;/ref&gt; et [[17 Ianuarii]] in Occidente.&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/5222/Saint-Julien-Sabas.html |domus editoria=Nominis|titulus= Saint Julien Sabas}} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

* Iulianus († [[391]]), diaconus in [[Horta (Pedemontium)|Horta]], frater [[Iulius ab Horta|Iulii sacerdotis]], qui celebrantur [[31 Ianuarii]].&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/5494/Saint-Jules.html |domus editoria=Nominis|titulus= Saints Jules et Saint Julien}} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://archive.org/details/MartRom2004/page/126/mode/2up?q=Iulii|titulus=Martyrologium Romanum |annus=2004|domus editoria=Typis Vaticanis|pagina=126}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[Iulianus Viennensis]] († post [[533]]&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|auctor=Leo Cristiani|url=https://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/rhef_0300-9505_1945_num_31_118_2986 |titulus=Liste chronologique des saints de France, des origines à l'avènement des carolingiens (essai critique)|domus editoria=Revue d'histoire de l'Église de France|annus=1945|volumen=31|numerus=118|paginae=5-96, 42}}&lt;/ref&gt;), episcopus [[Archidoecesis Viennensis|Viennensis]], qui [[saeculum 2|saeculo II]] [[concilium Aurelianense]] participavit, celebratum [[22 Aprilis]]&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|auctor=Jacobus Longueval|url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=QyEIS6SsmHsC&amp;vq=aspais&amp;dq=PA392&amp;hl=fr&amp;pg=PA392#v= |titulus=Histoire de l’Église gallicane|volumen=2|annus= 1732|pagina=392}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

* [[Iulianus Constantinopolitanus]] († inter [[726]] et [[730]]), cum suis nono sociis&lt;ref&gt;Qui sunt: Marcianus, Ioannes, Iacobus, Alexis, Démètre, Photios, Petrus et Leontius, monaches, necnon [[Maria Patricia]].&lt;/ref&gt; martyres sub [[Leo III Isaurianus|Leonem III Isaurianum]] per persecutionem [[Iconoclasmus|iconoclastam]], qui celebrantur [[9 Augusti]].&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/7834/Saints-Julien-et-ses-compagnons.html |domus editoria=nominis.cef.fr|titulus=Saints Julien et ses compagnons }} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://www.forum-orthodoxe.com/~forum/viewtopic.php?t=143 |domus editoria=forum-orthodoxe.com|titulus=Forum orthodoxe francophone : Saints pour le 9 août du calendrier ecclésiastique}} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

*[[Petus Iulianus Eymard|Sanctus Iulianus Eymard]] (1811-1868), sacerdos ab [[Isara (praefectura Franciae)|Isara]], conditor [[Societas Sanctissimi Sacramenti|Societatis Sanctissimi Sacramenti]], canonisatus anno 1963, qui celebratur die [[2 Augusti]].

* [[Iulianus Maunoir]] ([[saeculum 17|saeculum XVII]]), sacerdos britannicus, qui celebratur die [[28 Ianuarii]].&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/521/Saint-Julien-Maunoir.html |domus editoria=Nominis|titulus= Saint Julien Maunoir}} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Toponyma ==

=== Francia ===
* [[Sanctus Iulianus (Corsica)|Sanctus Iulianus]] (Corsica)
* [[Sanctus Iulianus de Concellis]] (Liger Atlanticus)
* [[Sanctus Iulianus de Voantis]] (Liger Atlanticus)

* [[Fanum Sancti Iuliani (Rhodanus et Alpes)|Fanum Sancti Iuliani]] (Sabaudia Superior)
* [[Fanum Sancti Iuliani-Mons Dionisius]] (Sabaudia)

=== Italia ===
* [[Sanctus Iulianus (Molisium)|Sanctus Iulianus]], commune provinciae Campobassensis;
* [[Fanum Sancti Iuliani (Urbs metropolitana Mediolanensis)|Fanum Sancti Iuliani]], Urbs in [[Urbs metropolitana Mediolanensis|Urbe metropolitana Mediolanensis]];
* [[Fanum Sancti Iuliani Samniticum]], commune [[Provincia Campobassensis|provinciae Campobassensis]]; 
* [[Aquae Pisanae|Fanum Sancti Iuliani ad Aquas]], urbs [[Provincia Pisana|Provinciae Pisanae]];

== Notae et Fontes ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[:Categoria:Sancti|Iulianus]]

= [[Dioecesis Sagiensis]] =
{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidatorum}} 
{{res|Dioecesis Sagiensis}} ([[Francogallice]] {{barbarice|lingua=fr|Diocèse de Séez}})  est [[dioecesis]] [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae]] [[Ecclesia Latina|Latinae]] in [[Francia]] sita, cuius sedes [[Nanceium|Nanceii]] est. Dioecesis, [[saeculum 18|saeculo decimo octavo]] condita&lt;ref name=histoire&gt;Sedes episcopalis Nanceiensis a Papa [[Pius VI|Pio VI]] die [[19 Novembris]] [[1777]] constituta est, cfr {{opus|url=https://www.catholique-nancy.fr/accueil/je-decouvre/presentation-du-diocese/|titulus=Histoire du diocèse|domus editoria=catholique-nancy.fr}} {{ling|Francogallice}}&lt;/ref&gt;, a [[1823]] cum territorio [[Morta et Mosella| praefecturae Mortae et Mosellae]] congruit. Territorium pristinae diocesis Tulliensis, [[saeculum 4|saeculo IV]] condita, huic dioecesi pertinet. E Breve Apostolico die [[20 Februarii]] [[1824]] dato, episcopi Nanceienses titulum &quot;Episcoporum Nanceiensium et Tullensium&quot; gerunt. Diocesis Nanceiensis-Tullensis, olim suffraganea [[Dioecesis Trevirensis]], nunc [[Archidioecesis Bisuntina|archidioecesis metropolitanae Bisuntinae]] est. 

== Ecclesiae cathedrales ==
[[Fasciculus:Nancy Cathedral BW 2015-07-18 16-31-28.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|Ecclesia cathedralis primatialis [[Maria (mater Iesu)|Nostrae Dominae]] sub titulum [[Annuntiatio]]nis dicata, Nanceii sita.]]
[[Ecclesia cathedralis]] Nostrae Dominae dicata, quae dicitur primatialis,&lt;ref name=histoire /&gt; [[Nanceium|Nanceii]] sita. Adest et ecclesia cathedralis [[Sanctus Stephanus|Sancto Stephano]] dicata, ''historica'' dicta,&lt;ref name=histoire /&gt; quae [[Tullum Leucorum|Tulli Leucorum]] sita est.
[[Fasciculus:Toul, Cathédrale Saint-Etienne-PM 50343.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Ecclesia cathedralis historica Sancto Stephano dicata, Tulli Leucorum sita.]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* {{Opus|url=https://www.catholique-nancy.fr/|titulus=Situs officialis}} {{ling|Francogallice}}
{{CommuniaCat|Roman Catholic Diocese of Séez|Dioecesem Sagiensem}}
{{Fontes geographici}}
* {{CathHierDiocese|seez|Dioecesis Sagiensis}}

&lt;!--{{RC-stipula}}--&gt;
{{Dioeceses archidioeceses catholicae Franciae}}
[[:Categoria:Dioecesis Sagiensis]]

= Ad formulam =
{{Dioeceses archidioeceses catholicae Poloniae}}
{{Capsa navigationis
| titulus = [[dioecesis|Dioeceses]] et ''archidioeceses'' [[ecclesia Catholica Romana|catholicae]] [[Polonia]]e
| formula = Dioeceses archidioeceses catholicae Poloniae
| Imago = [[Fasciculus:CatholicDiocesesPoland2004.svg|100px|Dioeceses Poloniae]]
| corpus = ''[[Archidioecesis Bialostocensis|Bialostocensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Bielscensis-Zyviecensis|Bielscensis-Zyviecensis]] . [[Dioecesis Bydgostiensis|Bydgostiensis]] . [[Dioecesis Calissiensis|Calissiensis]] . [[Dioecesis Coslinensis-Colubregana|Coslinensis-Colubregana]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Cracoviensis|Cracoviensis]]'' . ''[[Archidioecesis Czestochoviensis|Czestochoviensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Drohiczinensis|Drohiczinensis]] . [[Dioecesis Elbingensis|Elbingensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Gedanensis|Gedanensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Glivicensis|Glivicensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Gnesnensis|Gnesnensis]]'' . ''[[Archidioecesis Katovicensis|Katovicensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Kielcensis|Kielcensis]] . [[Dioecesis Legnicensis|Legnicensis]] . [[Dioecesis Liccanensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Lodziensis|Lodziensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Lomzensis|Lomzensis]] . [[Dioecesis Lovicensis|Lovicensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Lublinensis|Lublinensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Opoliensis|Opoliensis]] . [[Dioecesis Pelplinensis|Pelplinensis]] . [[Dioecesis Plocensis|Plocensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Posnaniensis|Posnaniensis]]'' . ''[[Archidioecesis Premisliensis Latinorum|Premisliensis Latinorum]]'' . [[Dioecesis Radomensis|Radomensis]] . [[Dioecesis Rzeszoviensis|Rzeszoviensis]] . [[Dioecesis Sandomiriensis|Sandomiriensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Sedinensis-Caminensis|Sedinensis-Caminensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Siedlecensis|Siedlecensis]] . [[Dioecesis Sosnoviensis|Sosnoviensis]] . [[Dioecesis Suidniciensis|Suidniciensis]] . [[Dioecesis Tarnoviensis|Tarnoviensis]] . [[Dioecesis Thoruniensis|Thoruniensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Varmiensis|Varmiensis]]'' . ''[[Archidioecesis Varsaviensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Varsaviensis-Pragensis]] . [[Dioecesis Viridimontanensis-Gorzoviensis|Viridimontanensis-Gorzoviensis]] . [[Dioecesis Vladislaviensis|Vladislaviensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Vratislaviensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Zamosciensis-Lubaczoviensis|Zamosciensis-Lubaczoviensis]] . [[Ordinariatus Militaris Poloniae]]
}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
== Vide etiam ==
* [[Dioeceses Ecclesiae Catholicae]]

&lt;!--[[Categoria:Formulae Poloniam spectantes]]
[[Categoria:Dioeceses Ecclesiae Catholicae in Polonia|!]]
[[Categoria:Formulae navigationis hierarchiae Catholicae]]--&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;

= [[Index episcoporum Onasbrugensium]] =
Episcopi [[Dioecesis Osnabrugensis]], a [[saeculum 11|saeculo XI]] usque ad annum [[1802]] ut Comites-Episcopi et etiam rectores Principatus Osnabrugensis.

{| class=&quot;wikitable toptextcells&quot;
|-
! style=&quot;width:20%&quot;|Tempus episcopatus
! style=&quot;width:35%&quot;|Nomen
! style=&quot;width:25%&quot;|Adnotationes
! style=&quot;width:20%&quot;|Imago
|-
| a 783 ad [[20 Aprilis]] 804/805
| [[Wiho I]] (sive: Wicho I) ||antea praefectus nuper conditi districtus missionalis Osnabrugensis||
|-
| a 805 ad [[12 Aprilis]] [[829]] || [[Meginhardus]] ||||
|-
| 829–845 || [[Gosvinus]] ||||
|-
| a 847 ad [[11 Aprilis]] [[860]] || [[Gauzbertus]] ||||
|-
| a 860 ad [[1 Februarii]] [[887]] || [[Egbertus]]||||
|-
| a 887 ad [[11 Maii]] [[906]] || [[Egilmarus]] ||||
|-
| 906–918 || Bernardus I ||||
|-
| a 918 ad [[14 Maii]] [[949]] || [[Dodo I]] ||||
|-
| a 949 ad [[7 Novembris]] [[967]] || [[Drogo]] ||||
|-
| a 967 ad [[31 Martii]] [[978]] || [[Ludolphus]] ||||
|-
| a 978 ad [[12 Aprilis]] [[996]] || Dodo II ||978-980: Cuno [[antiepiscopus]]||
|-
| a 996 ad [[27 Novembris]] [[998]] || Gonthierus ||||
|-
| a 998 ad [[17 Februarii]] [[1003]] || Vodilulphus ||||
|-
| a 1003 ad [[18 Iunii]] [[1022]] || [[Dietmarus]] ||||
|-
| a 1023 ad [[10 Decembris]] [[1027]] || Meginherus ||||
|-
| a [[1028]] ad 10 Decembris [[1036]] || Gosmarus ||||
|-
| a 1036 ad [[19 Aprilis]] [[1052]] || Albericus ||||
|-
| a 1052 ad 19 aut [[20 Septembris]] [[1068]] || Benno I ||||
|-
| a 1068 ad [[27 Iulii]] [[1088]] || [[Benno II]] |||| [[Fasciculus:BadIburgBennoII.JPG|center|80px|Benno II epsicopus, scultpura a Hans Gerd Ruwe in [[Bad Iburg]]]]
|-
| 1088–1093 || [[Marquardus]] ||||
|-
| a 1093 ad [[21 Aprilis]] [[1101]] || [[Wiho II]] sive Guido ||||
|-
| a 1101 ad [[13 Iulii]] [[1109]] || [[Iohannes I (Osanbrugensis)|Iohannes I]] ||||
|-
| a 1109 ad [[1 Ianuarii]] [[1119]] || [[Gottschalk von Diepholz]] |||| [[Fasciculus:Gottschalk von Diepholz.jpg|center|80px|Sepultura Episcopi Onasbrugensis Gottschalk.]]
|-
| 1119–1137 || [[Detmardus]] ||1119–1125: Conradus (antiepiscopus)||
|-
| a 1137 ad [[28 Iunii]] [[1141]] || [[Udo (Osnabrugensis)|Udo]] ||||
|-
| a 1141 ad [[15 Iunii]] [[1173]] || [[Philippus a Katzenelnbogen]] ||1141: Veselus (antiepiscopus) ||
|-
| 1173–1190 || [[Arnoldus (Osnabrugensis)]] ||||
|-
| 1190–1216 || [[Gerardus I ab Oldenburg-Wildeshausen]] ||||
|-
| 1216–1224 || [[Adolphus Osnabrugensis]] ||||
|-
| 1224–1226 || [[Engelbertus I ab Isenberg]] ||Cum titulo principe-episcopo (1225-1803)||
|-
| 1226–1227 || Otto I ||||
|-
| 1227–1239 || [[Conradus I a Velber]] ||||
|-
| 1239–1250 || [[Engelbertus I ab Isenberg]] ||Rehabilitatus post supensionem||
|-
| 1251–1258 || [[Bruno ab Isenberg]] ||||
|-
| 1259–1264 || Balduinus (Rusle) ||||
|-
| 1265–1269 || Vidufilius a Waldeck ||||
|-
| 1270–1297 || [[Conradus II a Rietberg]] ||||
|-
| 1297–1308 || [[Ludovicus a Ravensberg (episcopus)|Ludovicus a Ravensberg]] ||||
|-
| 1309–1320 || Engelbertus II a Weyhe ||||
|-
| 1321–1349 || [[Gaudfridus ab Arnsberg]] ||||
|-
| 1350–1366 || [[Iohannes II Hoet]] ||||
|-
| 1366–1376 || [[Melchior a Braunschweig-Grubenhagen]] ||||
|-
| 1376–1402 || [[Theodoricus a Horne]] |||| [[Fasciculus:Dietrich von horne.jpg|center|80px|Episcopus Theodoricus a Horne]]
|-
| 1402–1410 || [[Henricus III a Schauenburg-Holstein]] ||||
|-
| 1410–1424 || [[Otto II a Hoya]] ||||
|-
| 1424–1437 || [[Iohannes III a Diepholz]] ||||
|-
| 1437–1442 || [[Ericus II a Hoya]] ut [[Ericus I Osnabrugensis|Ericus I]] (''administrator'') ||||
|-
| 1442–1450 || [[Henricus II a Moers]] (''administrator'') ||||
|-
| 1450–1454 || [[Albertus a Hoya]] (''administrator'') ||||
|-
| 1454–1455 || [[Rudolphus a Diepholz]] ||||
|-
| 1455–1482 || [[Conradus III a Diepholz]] |||| [[Fasciculus:Konrad III. von Diepholz.jpg|center|200px|Sculptura sepulcralis Conradi III Episcopi Osnabrugensis.]]
|-
| 1482–1508 || [[Konrad VI. (Rietberg)|Konrad IV. von Rietberg]] ||||
|-
| 1508–1532 || [[Erich von Braunschweig-Grubenhagen]] |||| [[Datei:Braunschweig, Erich von-2.jpg|zentriert|80px|Erich von Braunschweig-Grubenhagen]]
|-
| 1532–1553 || [[Franz von Waldeck]] ||||[[Datei:Franz Graf von Waldeck.jpeg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1553–1574 || [[Johann IV. von Hoya|Johann IV.]], als Johann III. [[Bischof von Münster]] und als Johann II. [[Bistum Paderborn|Administrator von Paderborn]] |||| [[Datei:Johannes von Hoya.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1574–1585 || [[Heinrich von Sachsen-Lauenburg]], auch Heinrich III. von [[Erzbistum Bremen|Bremen]] |||| [[Datei:FBPB 17 Heinrich IV. von Sachsen-Lauenburg (1577–1585).jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1585 || [[Wilhelm von Schencking]] ||||
|-
| 1585–1591 || [[Bernhard von Waldeck]] ||||
|-
| 1591–1623 || [[Philipp Sigismund von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel]] |||| [[Datei:PhilippSigismundBraunschweig.JPG|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1623–1625
| [[Eitel Friedrich von Hohenzollern (1582–1625)|Eitel Friedrich von Hohenzollern]] ||||[[Datei:Eitel Fridrich Grav zu Zollern.tif|zentriert|132x132px]]
|-
 | 1625–1661 || [[Franz Wilhelm von Wartenberg]] |||| [[Datei:Kardinal Franz Wilhelm von Wartenberg.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; class=&quot;hintergrundfarbe5&quot;|'''Nach dem Tode von [[Fürstbischof]] Franz Wilhelm galt die „immerwährende Kapitulation“, nach der abwechselnd ein katholischer und ein lutherischer Bischof aus dem [[Herzogtum Braunschweig-Lüneburg|Hause Braunschweig-Lüneburg]] gewählt werden sollte.'''
|-
| 1662–1698 || [[Ernst August (Hannover)|Ernst August I., Herzog zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg]] (lutherischer Fürstbischof) |||| [[Datei:ErnstAugustKurfürst.JPG|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1698–1715 || [[Karl Joseph von Lothringen]] (katholischer Fürstbischof) |||| [[Datei:Karel III. Lotrinský.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1716–1728 || [[Ernst August II. von Hannover|Ernst August II., Herzog zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg]] (lutherischer Fürstbischof) |||| [[Datei:1674 Ernst August.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1728–1761 || [[Clemens August I. von Bayern]] (katholischer Fürstbischof) |||| [[Datei:1700 Clemens-August.JPG|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1764–1802 || [[Friedrich August, Herzog von York und Albany|Friedrich, Herzog zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg, Prinz von Großbritannien]] (lutherischer und letzter Fürstbischof) |||| [[Datei:Frederick, Duke of York in Garter Robes.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1803–1827 || [[Karl Klemens von Gruben|Karl von Gruben]] (leitender Weihbischof) |||| [[Datei:Karl Klemens von Gruben (1764-1827).jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1830–1855 || [[Carl Anton Lüpke]] (leitender Weihbischof) ||||[[Datei:Carl Anton Lüpke (1775-1855).jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; class=&quot;hintergrundfarbe5&quot;|'''Mit Hildesheim vereinigt 1855–1857 unter [[Eduard Jakob Wedekin]]'''
|-
| 1857–1866
| [[Paulus Melchers]] (später [[Erzbistum Köln|Erzbischof von Köln]] und [[Kardinal]]) |||| [[Datei:Paul Melchers (1).jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1866–1878 || [[Johann Heinrich Beckmann]] |||| [[Datei:Johannes Heinrich Beckmann Detail.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; class=&quot;hintergrundfarbe5&quot;|'''[[Sedisvakanz]] 1878–1882'''
|-
| 1882–1898 || [[Bernhard Höting]] |||| [[Datei:Bernhard Höting (1821-1898).jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1899–1914 || [[Hubertus Voß]] |||| [[Datei:Hubertus Voß (1841-1914).jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1914–1955 || [[Gulielmus Berning]] |||| [[Fasciculus:Hermann Wilhelm Berning.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 27. März 1957 || [[Franziskus Demann]] |||| [[File:Porträt Totenzettel Demann.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1957–1987 || [[Helmut Hermann Wittler]] |||| [[Datei:Wittler.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1987–1995 || [[Ludwig Averkamp]] (später [[Erzbistum Hamburg|Erzbischof von Hamburg]])||||
|-
| 1995–2023 || [[Franciscus Iosephus Bode]] |||| [[Fasciculus:Franz-Josef Bode.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| seit 2024 || [[Dominicus Meier]] [[Benediktiner|OSB]] || || [[Datei:Abt-Dominicus-Meier.JPG|zentriert|80px]]
|-
|}
{{Archiepiscopi Friburgenses}} !!
[[:Categoria:Indices episcoporum|Osnabrugensis]]
[[:Categoria:Episcopi Osnabrugenses| ]]
[[:Categoria:Dioecesis Osnabrugensis]]
&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Attributio|de|Liste der Bischöfe von Osnabrück|247761516}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

= [[Raymondus Aron]] =
{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}
{{Res|Raymondus Aron}}, {{barbarice|lingua=fr|Raymond Aron}} ([[Lutetia]]e [[14 Martii]] [[1905]] natus; eadem civitate [[17 Octobris]] [[1983]] mortuus) fuit [[philosophus]], [[sociologus]], [[politologus]], [[historicus]] et [[diurnarius]] [[Francia|Francicus]].

== Biographia ==
Initio amicus et condiscipulus [[Ioannes Paulus Sartre|Ioannis Pauli Sartre]] et [[Paulus Nizan|Pauli Nizan]] in [[Schola normalis superior (Lutetia)|Schola Normali Superiore]], ardens [[liberalismus|liberalismi]] fautor, contra ambitum intellectualem [[Pacifismus|pacifisticum]] qui dominabatur, factus est. In opere suo celeberrimo, ''L'Opium des intellectuels'', caecitatem et complicitatem intellectualium erga regimina communistarum denuntiavit.

Triginta annos, Aron scriptor editorialis pro diurno ''[[Le Figaro]]'' fuit. Postremis annis apud ''[[L'Express]]'' laboravit. Anno [[1978]], periodicum intellectuale ''[[Commentaire]]'' condidit, ut principia, quae democratiam liberalem sive societatem liberalem regere debent, defenderet et illustraret. Hoc conatum, alia perspectiva et alio titulo continuans, ad periodicum ''[[Contrepoint]]'' contulit, a tribus studentibus [[Institutum Scientiarum Politicarum Parisiense|Instituti Scientiarum Politicarum Parisiensis]] mense Maio 1970 conditum.

Triginta annos docuit, praesertim apud Institutum Scientiarum Politicarum Parisiense et [[École des hautes études en sciences sociales]], et cathedram ''Sociologiae Civilisationis Modernae'' apud [[Collegium Franciae]] anno 1970 obtinuit. Commentator agnitus est de [[Carolus Marxius|Marxio]], [[Carolus Philippus Amadeus de Clausewitz|Clausewitz]], [[Alexander Kojève|Kojève]] et [[Ioannes Paulus Sartre|Sartre]].

Grâce à des compétences et des centres d'intérêt multiples (en [[économie (discipline)|économie]], [[sociologie]], [[philosophie]], [[relations internationales]], [[géopolitique]]), il se distingue et acquiert une grande réputation auprès des intellectuels. Ses convictions [[libéralisme|libérales]] et [[atlantisme|atlantistes]] lui attirent de nombreuses critiques venant des partisans de la gauche et de la droite. Il garde néanmoins tout au long de sa vie un ton modéré&lt;ref&gt;{{opus |auctor=Perrine Simon |titulus=Raymond Aron dans l'histoire du siècle |domus editoria=[[Vingtième Siècle : Revue d'histoire]] |volume=9 |date=1986 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/xxs_0294-1759_1986_num_9_1_1460 |pagina=124-126 }} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Il est élu en 1963 à l'[[Académie des sciences morales et politiques]]&lt;ref&gt;{{opus |langue=fr |titulus=M. Raymond Aron est élu l'Académie des sciences morales et politiques |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1963/11/27/m-raymond-aron-est-elu-membre-de-l-academie-des-sciences-morales-et-politiques_2220400_1819218.html |situs=lemonde.fr |data=27 novembre 1963 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Le 17 octobre 1983, il meurt d'une [[Infarctus du myocarde|crise cardiaque]] à l'âge de 78 ans, alors qu'il quitte le [[palais de justice de Paris]], situé dans le [[4e arrondissement de Paris|{{4e}} arrondissement]], après avoir témoigné en faveur de [[Bertrand de Jouvenel]] lors du procès qui oppose ce dernier à [[Zeev Sternhell]]&lt;ref&gt;{{lien web|périodique=émission de [[Canal Académie]] |url=http://www.canalacademie.com/ida3922-Un-intellectuel-atypique-Bertrand-de-Jouvenel.html|titre=Un intellectuel atypique : Bertrand de Jouvenel|date=}}, fiche de présentation.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Il est inhumé dans le caveau familial du [[cimetière du Montparnasse]] (division 24)&lt;ref&gt;{{lien web|périodique= |url=https://www.landrucimetieres.fr/spip/spip.php?article722|titre=Cimetières de France et d'ailleurs|date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Opera ==
[[Image:Book signed by Raymond Aron and offered to Maurice Halbwachs.JPG|thumb|right|Envoi de R. Aron à [[Maurice Halbwachs]] sur ''La Sociologie allemande contemporaine'', Paris, Alcan, 1935. &lt;br&gt;Ouvrage conservé à la [[Bibliothèque Saint-Germain-des-Prés|Bibliothèque de sciences humaines et sociales Paris Descartes-CNRS]].]]
Les œuvres complètes de Raymond Aron ont été établies par Perrine Simon et Élisabeth Dutartre aux éditions Julliard avec la Société des amis de Raymond Aron en 1989.
* ''[[La Sociologie allemande contemporaine]]'', Paris, [[Alcan]], 1935
* ''[[Introduction à la philosophie de l'histoire|Introduction à la philosophie de l'histoire. Essai sur les limites de l'objectivité historique]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1938
* ''[[Essai sur la théorie de l'histoire dans l'Allemagne contemporaine|Essai sur la théorie de l'histoire dans l'Allemagne contemporaine. La philosophie critique de l'histoire]]'', Paris, [[Librairie philosophique Vrin|Vrin]], 1938
* ''[[L'Homme contre les tyrans]]'', New York, La Maison française, 1944
* ''[[De l'armistice à l'insurrection nationale]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1945
* ''[[L'Âge des empires et l'Avenir de la France]]'', Paris, [[Défense de la France]], 1945
* ''Chroniques de guerre. « La France Libre », 1940-1945'', [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1945&lt;br&gt; Rassemble les trois livres précédents. Nouvelle édition avec introduction de [[Jean-Marie Soutou]] et appareil critique de Christian Bachelier, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1990.
* ''Les Français devant la Constitution'' (en collaboration avec Francis Cleirens), Paris, [[Défense de la France]], 1946
* ''[[Le Grand Schisme]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1948
* ''[[Les Guerres en chaîne]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1951
* ''[[La Coexistence pacifique|La Coexistence pacifique. Essai d'analyse]]'', Paris, Monde nouveau, 1953&lt;br&gt;Sous le pseudonyme de « François Houtisse », signalé par [[Boris Souvarine]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|url=http://raymond-aron.ehess.fr/document.php?id=48|titre=Bulletin d’information – Archives Raymond Aron|éditeur=[[École des hautes études en sciences sociales]]|date=juin 1995|site=raymond-aron.ehess.fr|consulté le=3 décembre 2013}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* ''[[L'Opium des intellectuels]]'', Paris, [[Calmann-Lévy]], 1955
* ''[[Polémiques]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1955
* ''[[La Tragédie algérienne]]'', Paris, [[Plon]], 1957
* ''[[Espoir et peur du siècle|Espoir et peur du siècle. Essais non partisans]]'', Paris, [[Calmann-Lévy]], 1957
* ''[[L'Algérie et la République]]'', Paris, [[Plon]], 1958
* ''[[La Société industrielle et la guerre suivi d'un Tableau de la diplomatie mondiale en 1958|La Société industrielle et la Guerre]]'' suivi d'un ''[[Tableau de la diplomatie mondiale en 1958]]'', Paris, [[Plon]], 1959
* ''[[Immuable et changeante|Immuable et changeante. De la IVe à la Ve République]]'', Paris, [[Calmann-Lévy]], 1959
* ''[[Dimensions de la conscience historique]]'', Paris, [[Plon]], 1961
* ''[[Paix et guerre entre les nations]]'', Paris, [[Calmann-Lévy]], 1962
* ''[[Le Grand Débat (Raymond Aron)|Le Grand Débat. Initiation à la stratégie atomique]]'', Paris, [[Calmann-Lévy]], 1963
* ''[[Dix-huit leçons sur la société industrielle]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1963
* ''[[La Lutte des classes (Aron)|La Lutte des classes]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1964
* ''[[Essai sur les libertés]]'', Paris, [[Calmann-Lévy]], 1965
* ''[[Démocratie et Totalitarisme]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1965
* ''[[Trois essais sur l'âge industriel]]'', Paris, [[Plon]], 1966
* ''[[Les Étapes de la pensée sociologique]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1967
* ''[[De Gaulle, Israël et les Juifs]]'', Paris, [[Plon]], 1968
* ''[[La Révolution introuvable|La Révolution introuvable. Réflexions sur les événements de mai]]'', Paris, [[Librairie Arthème Fayard|Fayard]], 1968
* ''[[Les Désillusions du progrès]]'', Paris, [[Calmann-Lévy]], 1969
* ''[[D'une sainte famille à l'autre|D'une sainte famille à l'autre. Essai sur le marxisme imaginaire]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1969
* ''[[De la condition historique du sociologue]]'', Paris, Gallimard, 1971
* ''[[Études politiques]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1972
* ''[[République impériale|République impériale. Les États-Unis dans le monde (1945–1972)]]'', Paris, [[Calmann-Lévy]], 1973
* ''[[Histoire et dialectique de la violence]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1973&lt;br&gt;Ce livre, qui est un commentaire de la ''Critique de la raison dialectique'' de [[Jean-Paul Sartre|Sartre]], fait l'objet d'une analyse par son ancien éditeur [[Pierre Verstraeten]], professeur à l'ULB : ''L'Anti-Aron'', [[Éditions de la Différence]], 2008).
* ''[[Penser la guerre, Clausewitz]]'', 2 vol., Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1976
* ''[[Plaidoyer pour l'Europe décadente]]'', Paris, [[Robert Laffont]], 1977
* ''[[Le Spectateur engagé]]'', entretiens avec [[Jean-Louis Missika]] et [[Dominique Wolton]], Paris, [[Éditions Julliard|Julliard]], 1981, 342 pages avec présentation finale de Jean-Louis Missika et Dominique Wolton. Bibliographie des principaux ouvrages, articles et pamphlets de Raymond Aron, p. 333-339. 
* ''[[Mémoires. 50 ans de réflexion politique]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Julliard]], 1983, 1082{{nb p.}}

===À titre posthume===
* ''[[Les Dernières Années du siècle]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Julliard|Julliard]], 1984
* ''Études sociologiques'', Paris, [[Presses universitaires de France|PUF]], 1988&lt;ref&gt;{{Article |langue=fr |auteur=Hervé Coutau-Bégarie |titre=Raymond Aron. Etudes sociologiques |périodique=Politique étrangère |volume=53 |numéro=4 |date=1988 |lire en ligne=https://www.persee.fr/doc/polit_0032-342x_1988_num_53_4_3826_t1_1016_0000_1 |pages=1016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Une histoire du {{s-|XX}}, anthologie'', Paris, Plon, 1996
* {{Ouvrage|langue=fr|auteur1=Raymond Aron|auteur2=[[Louis Séchan]]|titre=''Introduction à la philosophie de l'histoire''|lieu=Paris|éditeur=[[Éditions de Fallois]]|année=1997|pages totales=254|isbn=2-253-90536-4}}
* ''[[Le Marxisme de Marx]]'', Paris, [[Éditions de Fallois|Fallois]], 2002 {{ISBN|2-87706-423-9}} ; rééd. poche, 1082{{nb p.}}, Paris, 2004 {{ISBN|2-253-10800-6}}
* ''[[De Giscard à Mitterrand : 1977-1983]]'', éditoriaux parus dans ''[[L'Express]]'', préface de Jean-Claude Casanova, Paris, [[Éditions de Fallois|Fallois]], 2005, 895{{nb p.}} {{ISBN|2-87706-570-7}}
* ''Essais sur la condition juive contemporaine'', Paris, Tallandier, 2007.
* ''Liberté et égalité (cours au Collège de France)'', Paris, Éditions de l'École des hautes études en sciences sociales, 2013
* {{Ouvrage|langue=fr|titre=Aron et De Gaulle|prénom1=Jean-Claude|nom1=Casanova|lien auteur1=Jean-Claude Casanova|prénom2=Jean-Claude|nom2=Casanova|lieu=Paris|éditeur=Calmann Lévy|lien éditeur=Calmann-Levy|année=2022|pages totales=399|isbn=978-2-702-18360-1|isbn10=2-702-18360-3|oclc=1350349818|id=JC C 2022}}.
* ''Critique de la pensée sociologique : Cours au Collège de France (1970-1971 et 1971-1972)'', 2023, Éditions Odile Jacob, {{ISBN|978-2738157652}},
* ''Leçons sur l'histoire : Cours au Collège de France (1972-1973 et 1973-1974)'', 2023, Éditions De Fallois. 
* ''L'Europe selon Aron'', recueil de textes de Raymond Aron, textes choisis et préfaces par Joël Mouric, Paris, Calmann-Lévy, coll. Bibliothèque Raymond Aron, 400 p., 2024 {{ISBN|978-2702189603}}
* ''Aron, critique de Sartre : Textes rassemblés et commentés par [[Perrine Simon-Nahum]]'', Paris, Calmann-Lévy, coll. Bibliothèque Raymond Aron, 350 p., 2025 {{ISBN|978-2702191644}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Raymond Aron|Raymondum Aron}}
{{Fontes biographici}}

&lt;!--{{Lifetime|1905|1983|Aron, Raymondus}}--&gt;

[[:Categoria:Agnostici]]
[[:Categoria:Politologi]]
[[:Categoria:Sectatores Franciae liberae]]
[[:Categoria:Diurnarii Franciae]]
[[:Categoria:Professores apud Collegium Franciae]]
[[:Categoria:Scriptores Franciae]]
[[:Categoria:Socii Academiae Scientiarum Moralium et Politicarum]]
[[:Categoria:Socii Academiae Artium et Scientiarum Americanae]]
[[:Categoria:Professores Scholae Studiorum ad Scientias Sociales Superiorum (Lutetia)]]
[[:Categoria:Professores Instituti Scientiarum Politicarum Parisiensis]]
[[:Categoria:Philosophi]]
[[:Categoria:Alumni Lycei Condorcet]]
[[:Categoria:Alumni Scholae Normalis Superioris (Lutetia)]]
[[:Categoria:Sociologi]]

= [[Wendelinus (Sanctus)]] =
Wendelinus (Theodisce Wendelin) est sanctus [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae]], die [[21 Octobris]] veneratus, qui in [[Religio Christiana|Christianisatione]] [[Rhenania et Palatinatus|Rhenaniae et Palatinatus]] et praesertim septentrionalis [[Saravia]]e participavit. Persona virtuosa, popularis et agricola, originis [[Scotia|Scoticae]] vel [[Hibernia|Hibernicae]], nobilis et divitis stirpis, nihilominus [[eremita]], [[peregrinus]], agricola, pastor, deinde [[monachus]] factus est, antequam munus abbatis [[Abbatia Theulegii|Abbatiae]] [[Theulegium|Theulegii]] occupavit. Sanctus Wendelinus patronus pastorum, segetum et pecorum, et postea omnium animalium domesticorum (vaccarum, gallinorum, canum, felium, etc.) est.

cf fr.wikipedia 

Secundum fabulam, Sanctus Vandalinus filius erat Frochardi et Evelinae regiorum coniugum Scotorum. Iuvenis, coronam et voluptates mundi repudiavit et Deo in paupertate et obscuritate servire constituit. Romam aliaque loca peregrinationis ut peregrinus visitavit, deinde aliquamdiu ut eremita in regione Westrich Episcopatus Trevirensis vixit, domino manerii serviens, primum ut subulcus, deinde ut pastor boum, et denique ut pastor ovium. Postea, abbas Monasterii Tholey electus et a Severino Episcopo Trevirensi anno 517 consecratus est. Anno 607 mortuus est et prope casam ubi antea ut eremita vixerat sepultus est. Oppidum Sancti Wendel ibi conditum est propter multas peregrinationes saeculi XIV. In calendariis, Sanctus Wendelinus diebus XX, XXI, vel XXII Octobris celebratur. Patronus pastorum et gregum veneratur. Vitae antiquissimae quas Bollandistis notae sunt ad saeculum XV pertinent. Utrum fundamentum historicum habeant vehementer dubium est.

== Fontes ==
Acta Sanctorum. Oct. T. IX, p. 342–351. – Stadler, Heiligen- Lex. V, 776. – (Stramberg,) Rhein. Antiquarius, 2. Abth., 2. Bd., S. 481 bis 491.

cf. ADB:Wendelinus der Heilige de.wikisource.org

&lt;!--{{lifetime|554|617|Wendelinus}}--&gt;
[[:Categoria:Sanctus catholicus]]</text>
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      <text bytes="28111" sha1="0xs1olf3gruzn23o7dypv654yzfidz1" xml:space="preserve">= Utilia =
== Ad civitates ==
&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidatorum}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;[[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Fontes geographici}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

== Ad homines ==
&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;* {{CathHierBishop|}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Archiepiscopi Friburgenses}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Fontes biographici}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

= [[Sanctus Iulianus]] =
&lt;nowiki&gt;{{discretiva}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

== Sancti ==
== Toponyma ==

=== Francia ===

=== Italia ===

== Notae et Fontes ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[:Categoria:Sancti|Iulianus]]

= [[Dioecesis Sagiensis]] =
{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidatorum}} 
{{res|Dioecesis Sagiensis}} ([[Francogallice]] {{barbarice|lingua=fr|Diocèse de Séez}})  est [[dioecesis]] [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae]] [[Ecclesia Latina|Latinae]] in [[Francia]] sita, cuius sedes [[Nanceium|Nanceii]] est. Dioecesis, [[saeculum 18|saeculo decimo octavo]] condita&lt;ref name=histoire&gt;Sedes episcopalis Nanceiensis a Papa [[Pius VI|Pio VI]] die [[19 Novembris]] [[1777]] constituta est, cfr {{opus|url=https://www.catholique-nancy.fr/accueil/je-decouvre/presentation-du-diocese/|titulus=Histoire du diocèse|domus editoria=catholique-nancy.fr}} {{ling|Francogallice}}&lt;/ref&gt;, a [[1823]] cum territorio [[Morta et Mosella| praefecturae Mortae et Mosellae]] congruit. Territorium pristinae diocesis Tulliensis, [[saeculum 4|saeculo IV]] condita, huic dioecesi pertinet. E Breve Apostolico die [[20 Februarii]] [[1824]] dato, episcopi Nanceienses titulum &quot;Episcoporum Nanceiensium et Tullensium&quot; gerunt. Diocesis Nanceiensis-Tullensis, olim suffraganea [[Dioecesis Trevirensis]], nunc [[Archidioecesis Bisuntina|archidioecesis metropolitanae Bisuntinae]] est. 

== Ecclesiae cathedrales ==
[[Fasciculus:Nancy Cathedral BW 2015-07-18 16-31-28.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|Ecclesia cathedralis primatialis [[Maria (mater Iesu)|Nostrae Dominae]] sub titulum [[Annuntiatio]]nis dicata, Nanceii sita.]]
[[Ecclesia cathedralis]] Nostrae Dominae dicata, quae dicitur primatialis,&lt;ref name=histoire /&gt; [[Nanceium|Nanceii]] sita. Adest et ecclesia cathedralis [[Sanctus Stephanus|Sancto Stephano]] dicata, ''historica'' dicta,&lt;ref name=histoire /&gt; quae [[Tullum Leucorum|Tulli Leucorum]] sita est.
[[Fasciculus:Toul, Cathédrale Saint-Etienne-PM 50343.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Ecclesia cathedralis historica Sancto Stephano dicata, Tulli Leucorum sita.]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* {{Opus|url=https://www.catholique-nancy.fr/|titulus=Situs officialis}} {{ling|Francogallice}}
{{CommuniaCat|Roman Catholic Diocese of Séez|Dioecesem Sagiensem}}
{{Fontes geographici}}
* {{CathHierDiocese|seez|Dioecesis Sagiensis}}

&lt;!--{{RC-stipula}}--&gt;
{{Dioeceses archidioeceses catholicae Franciae}}
[[:Categoria:Dioecesis Sagiensis]]

= Ad formulam =
{{Dioeceses archidioeceses catholicae Poloniae}}
{{Capsa navigationis
| titulus = [[dioecesis|Dioeceses]] et ''archidioeceses'' [[ecclesia Catholica Romana|catholicae]] [[Polonia]]e
| formula = Dioeceses archidioeceses catholicae Poloniae
| Imago = [[Fasciculus:CatholicDiocesesPoland2004.svg|100px|Dioeceses Poloniae]]
| corpus = ''[[Archidioecesis Bialostocensis|Bialostocensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Bielscensis-Zyviecensis|Bielscensis-Zyviecensis]] . [[Dioecesis Bydgostiensis|Bydgostiensis]] . [[Dioecesis Calissiensis|Calissiensis]] . [[Dioecesis Coslinensis-Colubregana|Coslinensis-Colubregana]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Cracoviensis|Cracoviensis]]'' . ''[[Archidioecesis Czestochoviensis|Czestochoviensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Drohiczinensis|Drohiczinensis]] . [[Dioecesis Elbingensis|Elbingensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Gedanensis|Gedanensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Glivicensis|Glivicensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Gnesnensis|Gnesnensis]]'' . ''[[Archidioecesis Katovicensis|Katovicensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Kielcensis|Kielcensis]] . [[Dioecesis Legnicensis|Legnicensis]] . [[Dioecesis Liccanensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Lodziensis|Lodziensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Lomzensis|Lomzensis]] . [[Dioecesis Lovicensis|Lovicensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Lublinensis|Lublinensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Opoliensis|Opoliensis]] . [[Dioecesis Pelplinensis|Pelplinensis]] . [[Dioecesis Plocensis|Plocensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Posnaniensis|Posnaniensis]]'' . ''[[Archidioecesis Premisliensis Latinorum|Premisliensis Latinorum]]'' . [[Dioecesis Radomensis|Radomensis]] . [[Dioecesis Rzeszoviensis|Rzeszoviensis]] . [[Dioecesis Sandomiriensis|Sandomiriensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Sedinensis-Caminensis|Sedinensis-Caminensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Siedlecensis|Siedlecensis]] . [[Dioecesis Sosnoviensis|Sosnoviensis]] . [[Dioecesis Suidniciensis|Suidniciensis]] . [[Dioecesis Tarnoviensis|Tarnoviensis]] . [[Dioecesis Thoruniensis|Thoruniensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Varmiensis|Varmiensis]]'' . ''[[Archidioecesis Varsaviensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Varsaviensis-Pragensis]] . [[Dioecesis Viridimontanensis-Gorzoviensis|Viridimontanensis-Gorzoviensis]] . [[Dioecesis Vladislaviensis|Vladislaviensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Vratislaviensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Zamosciensis-Lubaczoviensis|Zamosciensis-Lubaczoviensis]] . [[Ordinariatus Militaris Poloniae]]
}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
== Vide etiam ==
* [[Dioeceses Ecclesiae Catholicae]]

&lt;!--[[Categoria:Formulae Poloniam spectantes]]
[[Categoria:Dioeceses Ecclesiae Catholicae in Polonia|!]]
[[Categoria:Formulae navigationis hierarchiae Catholicae]]--&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;

= [[Index episcoporum Onasbrugensium]] =
Episcopi [[Dioecesis Osnabrugensis]], a [[saeculum 11|saeculo XI]] usque ad annum [[1802]] ut Comites-Episcopi et etiam rectores Principatus Osnabrugensis.

{| class=&quot;wikitable toptextcells&quot;
|-
! style=&quot;width:20%&quot;|Tempus episcopatus
! style=&quot;width:35%&quot;|Nomen
! style=&quot;width:25%&quot;|Adnotationes
! style=&quot;width:20%&quot;|Imago
|-
| a 783 ad [[20 Aprilis]] 804/805
| [[Wiho I]] (sive: Wicho I) ||antea praefectus nuper conditi districtus missionalis Osnabrugensis||
|-
| a 805 ad [[12 Aprilis]] [[829]] || [[Meginhardus]] ||||
|-
| 829–845 || [[Gosvinus]] ||||
|-
| a 847 ad [[11 Aprilis]] [[860]] || [[Gauzbertus]] ||||
|-
| a 860 ad [[1 Februarii]] [[887]] || [[Egbertus]]||||
|-
| a 887 ad [[11 Maii]] [[906]] || [[Egilmarus]] ||||
|-
| 906–918 || Bernardus I ||||
|-
| a 918 ad [[14 Maii]] [[949]] || [[Dodo I]] ||||
|-
| a 949 ad [[7 Novembris]] [[967]] || [[Drogo]] ||||
|-
| a 967 ad [[31 Martii]] [[978]] || [[Ludolphus]] ||||
|-
| a 978 ad [[12 Aprilis]] [[996]] || Dodo II ||978-980: Cuno [[antiepiscopus]]||
|-
| a 996 ad [[27 Novembris]] [[998]] || Gonthierus ||||
|-
| a 998 ad [[17 Februarii]] [[1003]] || Vodilulphus ||||
|-
| a 1003 ad [[18 Iunii]] [[1022]] || [[Dietmarus]] ||||
|-
| a 1023 ad [[10 Decembris]] [[1027]] || Meginherus ||||
|-
| a [[1028]] ad 10 Decembris [[1036]] || Gosmarus ||||
|-
| a 1036 ad [[19 Aprilis]] [[1052]] || Albericus ||||
|-
| a 1052 ad 19 aut [[20 Septembris]] [[1068]] || Benno I ||||
|-
| a 1068 ad [[27 Iulii]] [[1088]] || [[Benno II]] |||| [[Fasciculus:BadIburgBennoII.JPG|center|80px|Benno II epsicopus, scultpura a Hans Gerd Ruwe in [[Bad Iburg]]]]
|-
| 1088–1093 || [[Marquardus]] ||||
|-
| a 1093 ad [[21 Aprilis]] [[1101]] || [[Wiho II]] sive Guido ||||
|-
| a 1101 ad [[13 Iulii]] [[1109]] || [[Iohannes I (Osanbrugensis)|Iohannes I]] ||||
|-
| a 1109 ad [[1 Ianuarii]] [[1119]] || [[Gottschalk von Diepholz]] |||| [[Fasciculus:Gottschalk von Diepholz.jpg|center|80px|Sepultura Episcopi Onasbrugensis Gottschalk.]]
|-
| 1119–1137 || [[Detmardus]] ||1119–1125: Conradus (antiepiscopus)||
|-
| a 1137 ad [[28 Iunii]] [[1141]] || [[Udo (Osnabrugensis)|Udo]] ||||
|-
| a 1141 ad [[15 Iunii]] [[1173]] || [[Philippus a Katzenelnbogen]] ||1141: Veselus (antiepiscopus) ||
|-
| 1173–1190 || [[Arnoldus (Osnabrugensis)]] ||||
|-
| 1190–1216 || [[Gerardus I ab Oldenburg-Wildeshausen]] ||||
|-
| 1216–1224 || [[Adolphus Osnabrugensis]] ||||
|-
| 1224–1226 || [[Engelbertus I ab Isenberg]] ||Cum titulo principe-episcopo (1225-1803)||
|-
| 1226–1227 || Otto I ||||
|-
| 1227–1239 || [[Conradus I a Velber]] ||||
|-
| 1239–1250 || [[Engelbertus I ab Isenberg]] ||Rehabilitatus post supensionem||
|-
| 1251–1258 || [[Bruno ab Isenberg]] ||||
|-
| 1259–1264 || Balduinus (Rusle) ||||
|-
| 1265–1269 || Vidufilius a Waldeck ||||
|-
| 1270–1297 || [[Conradus II a Rietberg]] ||||
|-
| 1297–1308 || [[Ludovicus a Ravensberg (episcopus)|Ludovicus a Ravensberg]] ||||
|-
| 1309–1320 || Engelbertus II a Weyhe ||||
|-
| 1321–1349 || [[Gaudfridus ab Arnsberg]] ||||
|-
| 1350–1366 || [[Iohannes II Hoet]] ||||
|-
| 1366–1376 || [[Melchior a Braunschweig-Grubenhagen]] ||||
|-
| 1376–1402 || [[Theodoricus a Horne]] |||| [[Fasciculus:Dietrich von horne.jpg|center|80px|Episcopus Theodoricus a Horne]]
|-
| 1402–1410 || [[Henricus III a Schauenburg-Holstein]] ||||
|-
| 1410–1424 || [[Otto II a Hoya]] ||||
|-
| 1424–1437 || [[Iohannes III a Diepholz]] ||||
|-
| 1437–1442 || [[Ericus II a Hoya]] ut [[Ericus I Osnabrugensis|Ericus I]] (''administrator'') ||||
|-
| 1442–1450 || [[Henricus II a Moers]] (''administrator'') ||||
|-
| 1450–1454 || [[Albertus a Hoya]] (''administrator'') ||||
|-
| 1454–1455 || [[Rudolphus a Diepholz]] ||||
|-
| 1455–1482 || [[Conradus III a Diepholz]] |||| [[Fasciculus:Konrad III. von Diepholz.jpg|center|200px|Sculptura sepulcralis Conradi III Episcopi Osnabrugensis.]]
|-
| 1482–1508 || [[Konrad VI. (Rietberg)|Konrad IV. von Rietberg]] ||||
|-
| 1508–1532 || [[Erich von Braunschweig-Grubenhagen]] |||| [[Datei:Braunschweig, Erich von-2.jpg|zentriert|80px|Erich von Braunschweig-Grubenhagen]]
|-
| 1532–1553 || [[Franz von Waldeck]] ||||[[Datei:Franz Graf von Waldeck.jpeg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1553–1574 || [[Johann IV. von Hoya|Johann IV.]], als Johann III. [[Bischof von Münster]] und als Johann II. [[Bistum Paderborn|Administrator von Paderborn]] |||| [[Datei:Johannes von Hoya.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1574–1585 || [[Heinrich von Sachsen-Lauenburg]], auch Heinrich III. von [[Erzbistum Bremen|Bremen]] |||| [[Datei:FBPB 17 Heinrich IV. von Sachsen-Lauenburg (1577–1585).jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1585 || [[Wilhelm von Schencking]] ||||
|-
| 1585–1591 || [[Bernhard von Waldeck]] ||||
|-
| 1591–1623 || [[Philipp Sigismund von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel]] |||| [[Datei:PhilippSigismundBraunschweig.JPG|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1623–1625
| [[Eitel Friedrich von Hohenzollern (1582–1625)|Eitel Friedrich von Hohenzollern]] ||||[[Datei:Eitel Fridrich Grav zu Zollern.tif|zentriert|132x132px]]
|-
 | 1625–1661 || [[Franz Wilhelm von Wartenberg]] |||| [[Datei:Kardinal Franz Wilhelm von Wartenberg.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; class=&quot;hintergrundfarbe5&quot;|'''Nach dem Tode von [[Fürstbischof]] Franz Wilhelm galt die „immerwährende Kapitulation“, nach der abwechselnd ein katholischer und ein lutherischer Bischof aus dem [[Herzogtum Braunschweig-Lüneburg|Hause Braunschweig-Lüneburg]] gewählt werden sollte.'''
|-
| 1662–1698 || [[Ernst August (Hannover)|Ernst August I., Herzog zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg]] (lutherischer Fürstbischof) |||| [[Datei:ErnstAugustKurfürst.JPG|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1698–1715 || [[Karl Joseph von Lothringen]] (katholischer Fürstbischof) |||| [[Datei:Karel III. Lotrinský.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1716–1728 || [[Ernst August II. von Hannover|Ernst August II., Herzog zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg]] (lutherischer Fürstbischof) |||| [[Datei:1674 Ernst August.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1728–1761 || [[Clemens August I. von Bayern]] (katholischer Fürstbischof) |||| [[Datei:1700 Clemens-August.JPG|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1764–1802 || [[Friedrich August, Herzog von York und Albany|Friedrich, Herzog zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg, Prinz von Großbritannien]] (lutherischer und letzter Fürstbischof) |||| [[Datei:Frederick, Duke of York in Garter Robes.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1803–1827 || [[Karl Klemens von Gruben|Karl von Gruben]] (leitender Weihbischof) |||| [[Datei:Karl Klemens von Gruben (1764-1827).jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1830–1855 || [[Carl Anton Lüpke]] (leitender Weihbischof) ||||[[Datei:Carl Anton Lüpke (1775-1855).jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; class=&quot;hintergrundfarbe5&quot;|'''Mit Hildesheim vereinigt 1855–1857 unter [[Eduard Jakob Wedekin]]'''
|-
| 1857–1866
| [[Paulus Melchers]] (später [[Erzbistum Köln|Erzbischof von Köln]] und [[Kardinal]]) |||| [[Datei:Paul Melchers (1).jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1866–1878 || [[Johann Heinrich Beckmann]] |||| [[Datei:Johannes Heinrich Beckmann Detail.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; class=&quot;hintergrundfarbe5&quot;|'''[[Sedisvakanz]] 1878–1882'''
|-
| 1882–1898 || [[Bernhard Höting]] |||| [[Datei:Bernhard Höting (1821-1898).jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1899–1914 || [[Hubertus Voß]] |||| [[Datei:Hubertus Voß (1841-1914).jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1914–1955 || [[Gulielmus Berning]] |||| [[Fasciculus:Hermann Wilhelm Berning.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 27. März 1957 || [[Franziskus Demann]] |||| [[File:Porträt Totenzettel Demann.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1957–1987 || [[Helmut Hermann Wittler]] |||| [[Datei:Wittler.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| 1987–1995 || [[Ludwig Averkamp]] (später [[Erzbistum Hamburg|Erzbischof von Hamburg]])||||
|-
| 1995–2023 || [[Franciscus Iosephus Bode]] |||| [[Fasciculus:Franz-Josef Bode.jpg|zentriert|80px]]
|-
| seit 2024 || [[Dominicus Meier]] [[Benediktiner|OSB]] || || [[Datei:Abt-Dominicus-Meier.JPG|zentriert|80px]]
|-
|}
{{Archiepiscopi Friburgenses}} !!
[[:Categoria:Indices episcoporum|Osnabrugensis]]
[[:Categoria:Episcopi Osnabrugenses| ]]
[[:Categoria:Dioecesis Osnabrugensis]]
&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Attributio|de|Liste der Bischöfe von Osnabrück|247761516}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

= [[Raymondus Aron]] =
{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}
{{Res|Raymondus Aron}}, {{barbarice|lingua=fr|Raymond Aron}} ([[Lutetia]]e [[14 Martii]] [[1905]] natus; eadem civitate [[17 Octobris]] [[1983]] mortuus) fuit [[philosophus]], [[sociologus]], [[politologus]], [[historicus]] et [[diurnarius]] [[Francia|Francicus]].

== Biographia ==
Initio amicus et condiscipulus [[Ioannes Paulus Sartre|Ioannis Pauli Sartre]] et [[Paulus Nizan|Pauli Nizan]] in [[Schola normalis superior (Lutetia)|Schola Normali Superiore]], ardens [[liberalismus|liberalismi]] fautor, contra ambitum intellectualem [[Pacifismus|pacifisticum]] qui dominabatur, factus est. In opere suo celeberrimo, ''L'Opium des intellectuels'', caecitatem et complicitatem intellectualium erga regimina communistarum denuntiavit.

Triginta annos, Aron scriptor editorialis pro diurno ''[[Le Figaro]]'' fuit. Postremis annis apud ''[[L'Express]]'' laboravit. Anno [[1978]], periodicum intellectuale ''[[Commentaire]]'' condidit, ut principia, quae democratiam liberalem sive societatem liberalem regere debent, defenderet et illustraret. Hoc conatum, alia perspectiva et alio titulo continuans, ad periodicum ''[[Contrepoint]]'' contulit, a tribus studentibus [[Institutum Scientiarum Politicarum Parisiense|Instituti Scientiarum Politicarum Parisiensis]] mense Maio 1970 conditum.

Triginta annos docuit, praesertim apud Institutum Scientiarum Politicarum Parisiense et [[École des hautes études en sciences sociales]], et cathedram ''Sociologiae Civilisationis Modernae'' apud [[Collegium Franciae]] anno 1970 obtinuit. Commentator agnitus est de [[Carolus Marxius|Marxio]], [[Carolus Philippus Amadeus de Clausewitz|Clausewitz]], [[Alexander Kojève|Kojève]] et [[Ioannes Paulus Sartre|Sartre]].

Grâce à des compétences et des centres d'intérêt multiples (en [[économie (discipline)|économie]], [[sociologie]], [[philosophie]], [[relations internationales]], [[géopolitique]]), il se distingue et acquiert une grande réputation auprès des intellectuels. Ses convictions [[libéralisme|libérales]] et [[atlantisme|atlantistes]] lui attirent de nombreuses critiques venant des partisans de la gauche et de la droite. Il garde néanmoins tout au long de sa vie un ton modéré&lt;ref&gt;{{opus |auctor=Perrine Simon |titulus=Raymond Aron dans l'histoire du siècle |domus editoria=[[Vingtième Siècle : Revue d'histoire]] |volume=9 |date=1986 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/xxs_0294-1759_1986_num_9_1_1460 |pagina=124-126 }} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Il est élu en 1963 à l'[[Académie des sciences morales et politiques]]&lt;ref&gt;{{opus |langue=fr |titulus=M. Raymond Aron est élu l'Académie des sciences morales et politiques |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1963/11/27/m-raymond-aron-est-elu-membre-de-l-academie-des-sciences-morales-et-politiques_2220400_1819218.html |situs=lemonde.fr |data=27 novembre 1963 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Le 17 octobre 1983, il meurt d'une [[Infarctus du myocarde|crise cardiaque]] à l'âge de 78 ans, alors qu'il quitte le [[palais de justice de Paris]], situé dans le [[4e arrondissement de Paris|{{4e}} arrondissement]], après avoir témoigné en faveur de [[Bertrand de Jouvenel]] lors du procès qui oppose ce dernier à [[Zeev Sternhell]]&lt;ref&gt;{{lien web|périodique=émission de [[Canal Académie]] |url=http://www.canalacademie.com/ida3922-Un-intellectuel-atypique-Bertrand-de-Jouvenel.html|titre=Un intellectuel atypique : Bertrand de Jouvenel|date=}}, fiche de présentation.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Il est inhumé dans le caveau familial du [[cimetière du Montparnasse]] (division 24)&lt;ref&gt;{{lien web|périodique= |url=https://www.landrucimetieres.fr/spip/spip.php?article722|titre=Cimetières de France et d'ailleurs|date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Opera ==
[[Image:Book signed by Raymond Aron and offered to Maurice Halbwachs.JPG|thumb|right|Envoi de R. Aron à [[Maurice Halbwachs]] sur ''La Sociologie allemande contemporaine'', Paris, Alcan, 1935. &lt;br&gt;Ouvrage conservé à la [[Bibliothèque Saint-Germain-des-Prés|Bibliothèque de sciences humaines et sociales Paris Descartes-CNRS]].]]
Les œuvres complètes de Raymond Aron ont été établies par Perrine Simon et Élisabeth Dutartre aux éditions Julliard avec la Société des amis de Raymond Aron en 1989.
* ''[[La Sociologie allemande contemporaine]]'', Paris, [[Alcan]], 1935
* ''[[Introduction à la philosophie de l'histoire|Introduction à la philosophie de l'histoire. Essai sur les limites de l'objectivité historique]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1938
* ''[[Essai sur la théorie de l'histoire dans l'Allemagne contemporaine|Essai sur la théorie de l'histoire dans l'Allemagne contemporaine. La philosophie critique de l'histoire]]'', Paris, [[Librairie philosophique Vrin|Vrin]], 1938
* ''[[L'Homme contre les tyrans]]'', New York, La Maison française, 1944
* ''[[De l'armistice à l'insurrection nationale]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1945
* ''[[L'Âge des empires et l'Avenir de la France]]'', Paris, [[Défense de la France]], 1945
* ''Chroniques de guerre. « La France Libre », 1940-1945'', [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1945&lt;br&gt; Rassemble les trois livres précédents. Nouvelle édition avec introduction de [[Jean-Marie Soutou]] et appareil critique de Christian Bachelier, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1990.
* ''Les Français devant la Constitution'' (en collaboration avec Francis Cleirens), Paris, [[Défense de la France]], 1946
* ''[[Le Grand Schisme]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1948
* ''[[Les Guerres en chaîne]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1951
* ''[[La Coexistence pacifique|La Coexistence pacifique. Essai d'analyse]]'', Paris, Monde nouveau, 1953&lt;br&gt;Sous le pseudonyme de « François Houtisse », signalé par [[Boris Souvarine]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|url=http://raymond-aron.ehess.fr/document.php?id=48|titre=Bulletin d’information – Archives Raymond Aron|éditeur=[[École des hautes études en sciences sociales]]|date=juin 1995|site=raymond-aron.ehess.fr|consulté le=3 décembre 2013}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* ''[[L'Opium des intellectuels]]'', Paris, [[Calmann-Lévy]], 1955
* ''[[Polémiques]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1955
* ''[[La Tragédie algérienne]]'', Paris, [[Plon]], 1957
* ''[[Espoir et peur du siècle|Espoir et peur du siècle. Essais non partisans]]'', Paris, [[Calmann-Lévy]], 1957
* ''[[L'Algérie et la République]]'', Paris, [[Plon]], 1958
* ''[[La Société industrielle et la guerre suivi d'un Tableau de la diplomatie mondiale en 1958|La Société industrielle et la Guerre]]'' suivi d'un ''[[Tableau de la diplomatie mondiale en 1958]]'', Paris, [[Plon]], 1959
* ''[[Immuable et changeante|Immuable et changeante. De la IVe à la Ve République]]'', Paris, [[Calmann-Lévy]], 1959
* ''[[Dimensions de la conscience historique]]'', Paris, [[Plon]], 1961
* ''[[Paix et guerre entre les nations]]'', Paris, [[Calmann-Lévy]], 1962
* ''[[Le Grand Débat (Raymond Aron)|Le Grand Débat. Initiation à la stratégie atomique]]'', Paris, [[Calmann-Lévy]], 1963
* ''[[Dix-huit leçons sur la société industrielle]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1963
* ''[[La Lutte des classes (Aron)|La Lutte des classes]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1964
* ''[[Essai sur les libertés]]'', Paris, [[Calmann-Lévy]], 1965
* ''[[Démocratie et Totalitarisme]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1965
* ''[[Trois essais sur l'âge industriel]]'', Paris, [[Plon]], 1966
* ''[[Les Étapes de la pensée sociologique]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1967
* ''[[De Gaulle, Israël et les Juifs]]'', Paris, [[Plon]], 1968
* ''[[La Révolution introuvable|La Révolution introuvable. Réflexions sur les événements de mai]]'', Paris, [[Librairie Arthème Fayard|Fayard]], 1968
* ''[[Les Désillusions du progrès]]'', Paris, [[Calmann-Lévy]], 1969
* ''[[D'une sainte famille à l'autre|D'une sainte famille à l'autre. Essai sur le marxisme imaginaire]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1969
* ''[[De la condition historique du sociologue]]'', Paris, Gallimard, 1971
* ''[[Études politiques]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1972
* ''[[République impériale|République impériale. Les États-Unis dans le monde (1945–1972)]]'', Paris, [[Calmann-Lévy]], 1973
* ''[[Histoire et dialectique de la violence]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1973&lt;br&gt;Ce livre, qui est un commentaire de la ''Critique de la raison dialectique'' de [[Jean-Paul Sartre|Sartre]], fait l'objet d'une analyse par son ancien éditeur [[Pierre Verstraeten]], professeur à l'ULB : ''L'Anti-Aron'', [[Éditions de la Différence]], 2008).
* ''[[Penser la guerre, Clausewitz]]'', 2 vol., Paris, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], 1976
* ''[[Plaidoyer pour l'Europe décadente]]'', Paris, [[Robert Laffont]], 1977
* ''[[Le Spectateur engagé]]'', entretiens avec [[Jean-Louis Missika]] et [[Dominique Wolton]], Paris, [[Éditions Julliard|Julliard]], 1981, 342 pages avec présentation finale de Jean-Louis Missika et Dominique Wolton. Bibliographie des principaux ouvrages, articles et pamphlets de Raymond Aron, p. 333-339. 
* ''[[Mémoires. 50 ans de réflexion politique]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Julliard]], 1983, 1082{{nb p.}}

===À titre posthume===
* ''[[Les Dernières Années du siècle]]'', Paris, [[Éditions Julliard|Julliard]], 1984
* ''Études sociologiques'', Paris, [[Presses universitaires de France|PUF]], 1988&lt;ref&gt;{{Article |langue=fr |auteur=Hervé Coutau-Bégarie |titre=Raymond Aron. Etudes sociologiques |périodique=Politique étrangère |volume=53 |numéro=4 |date=1988 |lire en ligne=https://www.persee.fr/doc/polit_0032-342x_1988_num_53_4_3826_t1_1016_0000_1 |pages=1016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Une histoire du {{s-|XX}}, anthologie'', Paris, Plon, 1996
* {{Ouvrage|langue=fr|auteur1=Raymond Aron|auteur2=[[Louis Séchan]]|titre=''Introduction à la philosophie de l'histoire''|lieu=Paris|éditeur=[[Éditions de Fallois]]|année=1997|pages totales=254|isbn=2-253-90536-4}}
* ''[[Le Marxisme de Marx]]'', Paris, [[Éditions de Fallois|Fallois]], 2002 {{ISBN|2-87706-423-9}} ; rééd. poche, 1082{{nb p.}}, Paris, 2004 {{ISBN|2-253-10800-6}}
* ''[[De Giscard à Mitterrand : 1977-1983]]'', éditoriaux parus dans ''[[L'Express]]'', préface de Jean-Claude Casanova, Paris, [[Éditions de Fallois|Fallois]], 2005, 895{{nb p.}} {{ISBN|2-87706-570-7}}
* ''Essais sur la condition juive contemporaine'', Paris, Tallandier, 2007.
* ''Liberté et égalité (cours au Collège de France)'', Paris, Éditions de l'École des hautes études en sciences sociales, 2013
* {{Ouvrage|langue=fr|titre=Aron et De Gaulle|prénom1=Jean-Claude|nom1=Casanova|lien auteur1=Jean-Claude Casanova|prénom2=Jean-Claude|nom2=Casanova|lieu=Paris|éditeur=Calmann Lévy|lien éditeur=Calmann-Levy|année=2022|pages totales=399|isbn=978-2-702-18360-1|isbn10=2-702-18360-3|oclc=1350349818|id=JC C 2022}}.
* ''Critique de la pensée sociologique : Cours au Collège de France (1970-1971 et 1971-1972)'', 2023, Éditions Odile Jacob, {{ISBN|978-2738157652}},
* ''Leçons sur l'histoire : Cours au Collège de France (1972-1973 et 1973-1974)'', 2023, Éditions De Fallois. 
* ''L'Europe selon Aron'', recueil de textes de Raymond Aron, textes choisis et préfaces par Joël Mouric, Paris, Calmann-Lévy, coll. Bibliothèque Raymond Aron, 400 p., 2024 {{ISBN|978-2702189603}}
* ''Aron, critique de Sartre : Textes rassemblés et commentés par [[Perrine Simon-Nahum]]'', Paris, Calmann-Lévy, coll. Bibliothèque Raymond Aron, 350 p., 2025 {{ISBN|978-2702191644}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Raymond Aron|Raymondum Aron}}
{{Fontes biographici}}

&lt;!--{{Lifetime|1905|1983|Aron, Raymondus}}--&gt;

[[:Categoria:Agnostici]]
[[:Categoria:Politologi]]
[[:Categoria:Sectatores Franciae liberae]]
[[:Categoria:Diurnarii Franciae]]
[[:Categoria:Professores apud Collegium Franciae]]
[[:Categoria:Scriptores Franciae]]
[[:Categoria:Socii Academiae Scientiarum Moralium et Politicarum]]
[[:Categoria:Socii Academiae Artium et Scientiarum Americanae]]
[[:Categoria:Professores Scholae Studiorum ad Scientias Sociales Superiorum (Lutetia)]]
[[:Categoria:Professores Instituti Scientiarum Politicarum Parisiensis]]
[[:Categoria:Philosophi]]
[[:Categoria:Alumni Lycei Condorcet]]
[[:Categoria:Alumni Scholae Normalis Superioris (Lutetia)]]
[[:Categoria:Sociologi]]

= [[Wendelinus (Sanctus)]] =
Wendelinus (Theodisce Wendelin) est sanctus [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae]], die [[21 Octobris]] veneratus, qui in [[Religio Christiana|Christianisatione]] [[Rhenania et Palatinatus|Rhenaniae et Palatinatus]] et praesertim septentrionalis [[Saravia]]e participavit. Persona virtuosa, popularis et agricola, originis [[Scotia|Scoticae]] vel [[Hibernia|Hibernicae]], nobilis et divitis stirpis, nihilominus [[eremita]], [[peregrinus]], agricola, pastor, deinde [[monachus]] factus est, antequam munus abbatis [[Abbatia Theulegii|Abbatiae]] [[Theulegium|Theulegii]] occupavit. Sanctus Wendelinus patronus pastorum, segetum et pecorum, et postea omnium animalium domesticorum (vaccarum, gallinorum, canum, felium, etc.) est.

cf fr.wikipedia 

Secundum fabulam, Sanctus Vandalinus filius erat Frochardi et Evelinae regiorum coniugum Scotorum. Iuvenis, coronam et voluptates mundi repudiavit et Deo in paupertate et obscuritate servire constituit. Romam aliaque loca peregrinationis ut peregrinus visitavit, deinde aliquamdiu ut eremita in regione Westrich Episcopatus Trevirensis vixit, domino manerii serviens, primum ut subulcus, deinde ut pastor boum, et denique ut pastor ovium. Postea, abbas Monasterii Tholey electus et a Severino Episcopo Trevirensi anno 517 consecratus est. Anno 607 mortuus est et prope casam ubi antea ut eremita vixerat sepultus est. Oppidum Sancti Wendel ibi conditum est propter multas peregrinationes saeculi XIV. In calendariis, Sanctus Wendelinus diebus XX, XXI, vel XXII Octobris celebratur. Patronus pastorum et gregum veneratur. Vitae antiquissimae quas Bollandistis notae sunt ad saeculum XV pertinent. Utrum fundamentum historicum habeant vehementer dubium est.

== Fontes ==
Acta Sanctorum. Oct. T. IX, p. 342–351. – Stadler, Heiligen- Lex. V, 776. – (Stramberg,) Rhein. Antiquarius, 2. Abth., 2. Bd., S. 481 bis 491.

cf. ADB:Wendelinus der Heilige de.wikisource.org

&lt;!--{{lifetime|554|617|Wendelinus}}--&gt;
[[:Categoria:Sanctus catholicus]]</text>
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      <comment>Facies capsae</comment>
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  <page>
    <title>Lex Aurelia iudiciaria</title>
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      <text bytes="5057" sha1="jgmrokxudixtmadzr18p19txq5d6upa" xml:space="preserve">'''Lex Aurelia iudiciaria''' est [[lex]] de quaestionibus anno [[70 a.C.n.]] a [[Praetor|praetore]] [[Lucius Aurelius Cotta (cos. 65 a.C.n.)|Lucio Aurelio Cotta]] lata, quae [[iudex|iudices]] inter tres [[ordo|ordines]] aequaliter dividebat: nam tertiam partem eorum e [[Senatus Romanus|senatorum]] albo, tertiam ex [[eques Romanus|equitum]] numero, tertiam e [[Tribuni aerarii|tribunis aerarii]] per sortem duci iubebat.

== Cur lex haec tum lata sit ==
Iam a [[saeculum 2 a.C.n.|secundo saeculo a.C.n.]] magnae dissensiones inter [[optimates]] et [[populares]] de iudiciis fuerunt: primo senatores sibi iudicandi munus reservabant, deinde [[tribunus plebis]] [[Gaius Sempronius Gracchus]] iudicia equitibus dedit&lt;ref&gt;[https://droitromain.univ-grenoble-alpes.fr/Francogallica/sempronia_iudiciaria_fran.htm Lex Sempronia iudiciaria]&lt;/ref&gt; (123 a.C.n.). Tum nonnulla iniqua iudicia memoriae mandata sunt quia [[Publicani|publicani]] - qui equites erant et [[Tributum|vectigalia]] conducebant - praesides [[Provincia Romana|provinciarum]] (senatores) postulabant qui eorum avaritiam compescere et direptis provincialibus auxilium ferre volebant: nam iudices ex equestri ordine lecti publicanis favebant. Notissima est causa [[Publius Rutilius Rufus|Publii Rutilii Rufi]], legati in [[Asia (provincia Romana)|Asia]], cuius integritas [[Proverbium|proverbialis]] erat&lt;ref&gt;[[Titus Livius]], ''Periochae'' LXX; [[Velleius Paterculus]], ''[[Historiae (Velleius)|Historia Romana]]'' II 13,2. Vide etiam quae [[ Lhomond|abbas Lhomond]] de eo scribebat: [https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/De_viris_illustribus_urbis_Romae_a_Romulo_ad_Augustum/Publius_Rutilius_Rufus Textus apud Vicifontem]. &lt;/ref&gt;. Quocirca, popularibus [[bellum civile|bello civili]] profligatis, [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla|Sulla]] [[Dictatura|dictator]] legem tulit quae iudicia senatoribus reddebat, quam legem haec ''lex Aurelia iudiciaria'' abrogabat. Post enim legem Sullanam senatores provinciis praefecti et in munere peccantes nimis indulgenter iudicari putabantur atque [[Gaius Licinius Verres|Gaius Verres]] circa idem tempus repetundarum in administratione [[Sicilia (provincia Romana)|Siciliae]] convictus fortasse nonnihil ad necessitatem novae legis contulit&lt;ref&gt;''In Verrem'' II.3.223: ''Praeclaros vero existimas iudices nos habere, quos alienis peccatis concessuros putes quo facilius ipsis peccare liceat''.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ita quidem opinabatur Cicero qui Verrem non Cottam esse promulgatorem novae legis [[Ars rhetorica|rhetorice]] contendebat&lt;ref&gt;II.5.177: ''cum populus Romanus aliud genus hominum atque alium ordinem ad res iudicandas requirit, nempe lege de iudiciis iudicibusque novis promulgata; quam non is promulgavit quo nomine proscriptam videtis, sed hic reus,—hic, inquam, sua spe atque opinione quam de vobis habet legem illam scribendam promulgandamque curavit''.&lt;/ref&gt;. Lex Aurelia medium iter inibat ac velut mixturam priorum legum efficiebat ita ut magna ex parte potentiam in iudiciis senatoribus adimeret&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem 223-4: ''quid possumus contra illum praetorem dicere qui cotidie templum tenet, qui rem publicam sistere negat posse nisi ad equestrem ordinem iudicia referantur? . . . quis erit tam cupidus vestri, tam fautor ordinis, qui de transferendis iudiciis possit recusare?''.&lt;/ref&gt;. Tunc autem temporis Pompeius et Crassus simul consules satis auctoritatis et potentiae in rebus publicis habebant ut novam rem optimatibus imponerent. Haec lex simul cum [[Tribuninicia intercessio|tribunicia intercessione]] restituta finem [[constitutio|constitutionis]] Sullanae sanxit&lt;ref&gt; [[Plutarchus]], ''Vita Pompei'' 22. [[Titus Livius]] ''Periocha'' 97.&lt;/ref&gt;. Verres ultimus reus fuit qui in quaestione de repetundis ex lege Sullana constituta postulatus est.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*[[Quintus Asconius Pedianus|Asconius]], commentarius ad ''In Pisonem'' 94
*[[Cicero]], ''[[Orationes Verrinae|In Verrem]]'' II.2.174 ; II.3.223 ; II.5.177
** ''Pro Cluentio'' 130
** ''[[Philippicae (Cicero)|Philippicae]]'' I.8.20
* [[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 22.4
*[[Titus Livius]] ''Periocha'' 97
*[[Velleius Paterculus]], ''[[Historiae (Velleius)|Historia Romana]]'' II.32

==Plura legere si cupis ==
* Hinnerk Bruhns, &quot;[https://publications.dainst.org/journals/chiron/1340/5689  Ein politischer Kompromiß im Jahr 70 v. Chr.: die lex Aurelia iudiciaria]&quot;, ''Chiron'', 1980: 263–272.
*Jean-Louis Ferrary, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-5102_1975_num_87_1_1013 Cicéron et la loi judiciaire de Cotta (70 av. J.-C.)]&quot;, ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 1975: 321-348
*Brahm Kleinman, &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/27441761/Rhetoric_and_Money_The_Lex_Aurelia_Iudicaria_of_70_B_C#title Rhetoric and Money: The Lex Aurelia Iudicaria of 70 B.C.]&quot;, in ''Money and Power in the Roman Republic'', Latomus, 2016: 53-67

== Nexus externi ==
*[https://droitromain.univ-grenoble-alpes.fr/Leges/aurelia_iudiciaria.htm Textus antiqui ad legem Aureliam pertinentes]

[[Categoria:Leges Romanae]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Aurelia, iudiciaria}}</text>
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      <text bytes="3392" sha1="ifnjr7vgx0zofenvt7boxcqoxv6rafg" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus ad litteram}}
{{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}}
{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum
	| titulus =
	| imago =
	| descriptio =
	| categoria =
	| numerus =
	| auctor =
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{{lres|Saturni sidus lividum}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero LXVIII reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carminamatoria56-70&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Carmina amatoria 56–70
	| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cam1.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|1.}}Saturni sidus lividum Mercurio micante
fugatur ab Apolline Risum Iovis nudante;
redit ab exilio ver coma rutilante.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|2.}}Cantu nemus avium
lascivia canentium
suave delinitur,
fronde redimitur;
vernant spine floribus
micantibus,
signantibus
Venerem, quia spina pungit, flos blanditur.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|3.}}Mater Venus subditis amori
dulcia
stipendia
copia
largiri delectatur uberiori.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|4.}}Dulcis aura Zephyri
spirans ab occidente
Iovis favet sideri
alacriori mente,
Aquilonem carceri
Eolo nolente
deputans; sic ceteri
glaciales spiritus diffugiunt repente.
redit calor etheri,
dum caligo nubium rarescit Sole Taurum tenente.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|5.}}Sic beati spes, halitus fiagrans oris tenelli,
dum acclinat basium,
scindit nubem omnium
curarum; sed avelli
nescit, ni congressio sit arcani medica duelli.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|6.}}Felix hora huius duelli,
cui contingit nectar adunare melli!
quam felix unio,
cuius suavitatis poculo
sopiuntur sensus et ocelli!&lt;ref name=&quot;Carminamatoria56-70&quot;/&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Hoc carmen, quod ad sectionem amatoriam pertinet, reditum [[ver]]is cum [[Mythologia|mythologicis]] et [[Astrologia|astrologicis]] imaginibus celebrat. [[Poëta]] describit quomodo frigus [[Saturnus (deus)|Saturni]] et hiemis ab [[Apollo|Apolline]] (sole) fugetur, dum natura refloret et aves rursus canunt. [[Metaphora]] spinae et floris adhibetur ad naturam duplicem Veneris indicandam, quae simul pungit et blanditur.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carminamatoria56-70&quot;/&gt;

In secunda parte, carmen ad sphaeram humanam et eroticam transit, ubi aura [[Zephyrus|Zephyri]] et calor solis in [[Taurus (astrologia)|signo Tauri]] amantes fovent. Ultimae strophae momentum coniunctionis amatoriae efferunt, quod quasi dulce “[[duellum]]” describitur, ubi oscula et unio corporum curas mentis delent et sensūs in beatitudine sopiunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carminamatoria56-70&quot;/&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Lehtonen, 1995
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen = Lehtonen
		| nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel
		| nomenclatura = compendiaria
		| titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy
		| annus = 1995
		| lingua = en
		| locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]]
		| domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]]
		| isbn = 978-951-717-846-4
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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    <title>Sanctus Iulianus</title>
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'''Sanctus Iulianus''' ad complures sanctos refertur, nomine '''Iulianus'''. Inde multi loci nomini horum sanctorum vocantur.

== Sancti ==
* [[Iulianus Hospitator]], martyr cum [[Sancta Basilissa]] in [[Aegyptus|Aegypto]], qui celebratur [[6 Ianuarii]]&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://archive.org/details/MartRom2004/page/86/mode/2up?q=Iuliani|titulus=Martyrologium Romanum |annus=2004|domus editoria=Typis Vaticanis|pagina=86}}&lt;/ref&gt; seu [[12 Februarii]].&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/5680/Saint-Julien-l-Hospitalier.html|titulus=Saint Julien l'Hospitalier|domus editoria=Nominis}} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[Iulianus Soranus]], martyr [[Sora (Italia)|Sorae]] in tempore [[Antoninus Pius|Antonini Pii]], qui celebratur [[27 Ianuarii]].&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://archive.org/details/MartRom2004/page/118/mode/2up?q=Iuliani|titulus=Martyrologium Romanum |annus=2004|domus editoria=Typis Vaticanis|pagina=118}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/5416/Saint-Julien-de-Sora.html |domus editoria=Nominis|titulus=Saint Julien de Sora}} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

* ''Iulianus'' († [[250]]), et Eunus servus eius, martyres in Aegypto, qui celebrantur localiter [[27 Februarii]].&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/713/Saints-Julien-et-Eunus.html |domus editoria=Nominis|titulus= Saints Julien et Eunus}} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

* Iulianus Carthaginensis († [[259]]), cum Lucio, Montano, Victorico, Flaviano, Victori, Primole, Reno et Donatiano, martyres [[Carthago|Carthaginis]] in tempore [[Valerianus]], qui celebrantur [[23 Maii]]&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/1208/Saints-Lucius--Montanus.html |domus editoria=Nominis|titulus= Saints Lucius, Montanus et leurs compagnons}} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt; in Occidente&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://archive.org/details/MartRom2004/page/298/mode/2up?q=Iuliani|titulus=Martyrologium Romanum |annus=2004|domus editoria=Typis Vaticanis|pagina=299}}&lt;/ref&gt; et [[24 Februarii]]&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://www.forum-orthodoxe.com/~forum/viewtopic.php?f=5&amp;t=467&amp;p=2172&amp;hilit=+LUCIEN+MONTAN#p2172|domus editoria= Forum orthodoxe.com|titulus=Forum orthodoxe : saints pour le 24 février du calendrier ecclésiastique}} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt; in Oriente.

* [[Iulianus Terracinae]] († [[268]] seu [[269]]), sacerdos, et [[Cesarius Terracinae|Cesarius]], diaconus, martyres [[Terracina]]e in [[Campania]] in tempore [[Claudius Gothicus|Claudii Gothici]], qui celebrantur [[7 Octobris]].&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/8465/Saints-Julien-et-Cesaire.html |domus editoria=Nominis|titulus=Saints Julien et Césaire}} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[Iulianus Emesensis]] († {{circa}} [[284]]), medicator natus [[Emesa]]e in [[Syria]], martyr, qui celebratur die [[6 Februarii]].

* [[Iulianus Brivatensis]] ([[saeculum 3|saeculum III]]), martyr in [[Arvernia]], qui celebratur [[28 Augusti]].&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/1753/Saint-Julien-de-Brioude.html |domus editoria=Nominis|titulus= Saint Julien de Brioude}} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[Iulianus Cenomanensis]] ([[saeculum 4|saeculo IV]]), episcopus [[Dioecesis Cenomanensis|Cenomanensis]], qui celebratur [[27 Ianuarii]].&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://archive.org/details/MartRom2004/page/118/mode/2up?q=Iuliani|titulus=Martyrologium Romanum |annus=2004|domus editoria=Typis Vaticanis|pagina=119}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/516/Saint-Julien-du-Mans.html |domus editoria=Nominis|titulus= Saint Julien du Mans}} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[Iulianus Galatas]] († [[303]] seu [[305]] seu etiam [[320]] ?), forte sacerdos, cum quadraginta sociis, martyres in [[Galatia]] in tempore [[Diocletianus|Diocletiano]] seu [[Licinius|Licinii]] ; qui celebrantur [[13 Septembris]] in Occidente&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/10401/Saint-Julien-de-Galatie.html |domus editoria=Nominis|titulus= Saint Julien de Galatie}} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt; et [[12 Septembris]] in Oriente&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://www.forum-orthodoxe.com/~forum/viewtopic.php?f=5&amp;t=921&amp;p=4521&amp;hilit=JULIEN+DE+GALATIE#p4521 |domus editoria=Forum orthodoxe.com|titulus=saints pour le 12 septembre du calendrier ecclésiastique}} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.

* [[Iulianus Tarsensis]] († inter [[305]] et [[311]]) seu ''Iulianus Antiochensis'', martyr sub persecutionem [[Galerius|Galerii]], qui celebratur [[21 Iunii]] in Oriente et [[16 Martii]] in [[Ecclesia Latina]].&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://archive.org/details/MartRom2004/page/192/mode/2up?q=Iuliani|titulus=Martyrologium Romanum |annus=2004|domus editoria=Typis Vaticanis|pagina=192}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[Iulianus Sabas]] († [[377]]), eremita in [[Osrohena]] [[Mesopotamia (provincia Romana)|Mesopotamiae]], qui celebratur [[18 Octobris]] in Oriente&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://www.forum-orthodoxe.com/~forum/viewtopic.php?f=5&amp;t=975&amp;p=4923&amp;hilit=JULIEN+SABAS#p4923 |titulus=saints pour le 18 octobre du calendrier ecclésiastique (Julien Sabas)|domus editoria=Forum orthodoxe.com}}.&lt;/ref&gt; et [[17 Ianuarii]] in Occidente.&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/5222/Saint-Julien-Sabas.html |domus editoria=Nominis|titulus= Saint Julien Sabas}} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

* Iulianus († [[391]]), diaconus in [[Horta (Pedemontium)|Horta]], frater [[Iulius ab Horta|Iulii sacerdotis]], qui celebrantur [[31 Ianuarii]].&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/5494/Saint-Jules.html |domus editoria=Nominis|titulus= Saints Jules et Saint Julien}} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://archive.org/details/MartRom2004/page/126/mode/2up?q=Iulii|titulus=Martyrologium Romanum |annus=2004|domus editoria=Typis Vaticanis|pagina=126}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[Iulianus Viennensis]] († post [[533]]&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|auctor=Leo Cristiani|url=https://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/rhef_0300-9505_1945_num_31_118_2986 |titulus=Liste chronologique des saints de France, des origines à l'avènement des carolingiens (essai critique)|domus editoria=Revue d'histoire de l'Église de France|annus=1945|volumen=31|numerus=118|paginae=5-96, 42}}&lt;/ref&gt;), episcopus [[Archidoecesis Viennensis|Viennensis]], qui [[saeculum 2|saeculo II]] [[concilium Aurelianense]] participavit, celebratum [[22 Aprilis]]&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|auctor=Jacobus Longueval|url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=QyEIS6SsmHsC&amp;vq=aspais&amp;dq=PA392&amp;hl=fr&amp;pg=PA392#v= |titulus=Histoire de l’Église gallicane|volumen=2|annus= 1732|pagina=392}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

* [[Iulianus Constantinopolitanus]] († inter [[726]] et [[730]]), cum suis nono sociis&lt;ref&gt;Qui sunt: Marcianus, Ioannes, Iacobus, Alexis, Démètre, Photios, Petrus et Leontius, monaches, necnon Maria Patricia.&lt;/ref&gt; martyres sub [[Leo III Isaurianus|Leonem III Isaurianum]] per persecutionem [[Iconoclasmus|iconoclastam]], qui celebrantur [[9 Augusti]].&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/7834/Saints-Julien-et-ses-compagnons.html |domus editoria=nominis.cef.fr|titulus=Saints Julien et ses compagnons }} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://www.forum-orthodoxe.com/~forum/viewtopic.php?t=143 |domus editoria=forum-orthodoxe.com|titulus=Forum orthodoxe francophone : Saints pour le 9 août du calendrier ecclésiastique}} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

*[[Petus Iulianus Eymard|Sanctus Iulianus Eymard]] (1811-1868), sacerdos ab [[Isara (praefectura Franciae)|Isara]], conditor [[Societas Sanctissimi Sacramenti|Societatis Sanctissimi Sacramenti]], canonisatus anno 1963, qui celebratur die [[2 Augusti]].

* [[Iulianus Maunoir]] ([[saeculum 17|saeculum XVII]]), sacerdos britannicus, qui celebratur die [[28 Ianuarii]].&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/521/Saint-Julien-Maunoir.html |domus editoria=Nominis|titulus= Saint Julien Maunoir}} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Toponyma ==

=== Francia ===
* [[Sanctus Iulianus (Corsica)|Sanctus Iulianus]] (Corsica)
* [[Sanctus Iulianus de Concellis]] (Liger Atlanticus)
* [[Sanctus Iulianus de Voantis]] (Liger Atlanticus)

* [[Fanum Sancti Iuliani (Rhodanus et Alpes)|Fanum Sancti Iuliani]] (Sabaudia Superior)
* [[Fanum Sancti Iuliani-Mons Dionisius]] (Sabaudia)

=== Italia ===
* [[Sanctus Iulianus (Molisium)|Sanctus Iulianus]], commune provinciae Campobassensis;
* [[Fanum Sancti Iuliani (Urbs metropolitana Mediolanensis)|Fanum Sancti Iuliani]], Urbs in [[Urbs metropolitana Mediolanensis|Urbe metropolitana Mediolanensis]];
* [[Fanum Sancti Iuliani Samniticum]], commune [[Provincia Campobassensis|provinciae Campobassensis]]; 
* [[Aquae Pisanae|Fanum Sancti Iuliani ad Aquas]], urbs [[Provincia Pisana|Provinciae Pisanae]];

== Notae et Fontes ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Sancti|Iulianus]]</text>
      <sha1>0f29tq0ue3hxmi04nbd3hbqddp1u1a6</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Antonius Colinus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>326935</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991075</id>
      <parentid>3974844</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T16:36:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andrew Dalby</username>
        <id>1084</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
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      <text bytes="1931" sha1="dvbagawfo9vvy2iqibp9ae4vuvy33ii" xml:space="preserve">{{In usu}}
{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
{{res|Antonius Colinus}},&lt;ref&gt;Fons nominis Latini: vide effigiem nostram&lt;/ref&gt; vulgo ''Anthoine Colin'', qui anno circiter 1600 floruit, fuit apothecarius et interpres textuum Latinorum.

== Opera ==
[[Fasciculus:Colin histoire des drogues 1602 titre.jpg|thumb|Antonii Colini ''Histoire des drogues'', ex editionibus Latinis [[Carolus Clusius|Caroli Clusii]] [[Francogallice]] conversa, [[Lugdunum|Lugduni]] anno [[1602]] divulgata]]
; A se composita

; ''Histoire des drogues''
* 1602 [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k8705549t Textus apud Gallica]
** [[Garcias de Orta|Garciae de Orta]] ''[[Aromatum apud Indos nascentium historia|Colóquios dos simples e drogas he cousas medicinais da India]]'' : ''Histoire des drogues, espiceries, et de certains médicamens simples, qui naissent és Indes ...'' in ''Histoire des drogues'' Lugduni, 1602 {{Google Books|vIvxO2Sit_AC}}
** [[Nicolaus Monardes|Nicolai Monardes]] ''[[Simplicium medicamentorum ex novo orbe delatorum historia|Historia medicinal de las cosas que se traen de nuestras Indias Occidentales]]'' Francogallice sub titulo ''Histoire des simples medicamens apportés des Terres neuves, desquels on se sert en la medecine'', in ''Histoire des drogues''. Lugduni: Jean Pillehotte; [http://www.manioc.org/patrimon/BBX17002 Textus (situs difficilis)]; [https://archive.org/details/hin-wel-all-00002571-001 p. 343 sqq. tantum] {{Google Books|vIvxO2Sit_AC|p. 502 sqq. tantum}}
* 1619 [https://archive.org/details/histoiredessimpl00mona Editio 1619]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* Bridget Bowers, &quot;[https://bibulyon.hypotheses.org/12638#identifier_7_12638 L’Histoire des drogues d’Antoine Colin, apothicaire lyonnais]&quot; (2019) apud ''Interfaces''

{{Anni vitae|saeculo 16|saeculo 17|Colin, Antonius}}

[[Categoria:Pharmacopolae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Latino-Francogallici]]</text>
      <sha1>dvbagawfo9vvy2iqibp9ae4vuvy33ii</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>3991091</id>
      <parentid>3991075</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T17:49:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andrew Dalby</username>
        <id>1084</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>3991091</origin>
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      <text bytes="2113" sha1="ae8l5qrdqpk05pb6kicu5jr1x4rr2hi" xml:space="preserve">{{In usu}}
{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
{{res|Antonius Colinus}},&lt;ref&gt;Fons nominis Latini: vide effigiem nostram&lt;/ref&gt; vulgo ''Anthoine Colin'', qui anno circiter 1600 floruit, fuit apothecarius et interpres textuum Latinorum.

== Opera ==
[[Fasciculus:Colin histoire des drogues 1602 titre.jpg|thumb|Antonii Colini ''Histoire des drogues'', ex editionibus Latinis [[Carolus Clusius|Caroli Clusii]] [[Francogallice]] conversa, [[Lugdunum|Lugduni]] anno [[1602]] divulgata: titulus]]
[[Fasciculus:Colin histoire des drogues 1619 titre.jpg|thumb|Antonii Colini ''Histoire des drogues'', altera editio, [[Lugdunum|Lugduni]] anno [[1619]] divulgata: titulus]]
; A se composita

; ''Histoire des drogues''
* 1602 [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k8705549t Textus apud Gallica]
** [[Garcias de Orta|Garciae de Orta]] ''[[Aromatum apud Indos nascentium historia|Colóquios dos simples e drogas he cousas medicinais da India]]'' : ''Histoire des drogues, espiceries, et de certains médicamens simples, qui naissent és Indes ...'' in ''Histoire des drogues'' Lugduni, 1602 {{Google Books|vIvxO2Sit_AC}}
** [[Nicolaus Monardes|Nicolai Monardes]] ''[[Simplicium medicamentorum ex novo orbe delatorum historia|Historia medicinal de las cosas que se traen de nuestras Indias Occidentales]]'' Francogallice sub titulo ''Histoire des simples medicamens apportés des Terres neuves, desquels on se sert en la medecine'', in ''Histoire des drogues''. Lugduni: Jean Pillehotte; [http://www.manioc.org/patrimon/BBX17002 Textus (situs difficilis)]; [https://archive.org/details/hin-wel-all-00002571-001 p. 343 sqq. tantum] {{Google Books|vIvxO2Sit_AC|p. 502 sqq. tantum}}
* 1619 [https://archive.org/details/histoiredessimpl00mona Editio 1619]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* Bridget Bowers, &quot;[https://bibulyon.hypotheses.org/12638#identifier_7_12638 L’Histoire des drogues d’Antoine Colin, apothicaire lyonnais]&quot; (2019) apud ''Interfaces''

{{Anni vitae|saeculo 16|saeculo 17|Colin, Antonius}}

[[Categoria:Pharmacopolae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Latino-Francogallici]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>3991093</id>
      <parentid>3991091</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T17:54:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andrew Dalby</username>
        <id>1084</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+</comment>
      <origin>3991093</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="2065" sha1="j5r86om0bpez6krbg5wq6i1qo2hnw4v" xml:space="preserve">{{In usu}}
{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
{{res|Antonius Colinus}},&lt;ref&gt;Fons nominis Latini: vide effigiem nostram&lt;/ref&gt; vulgo ''Anthoine Colin'', qui anno circiter 1600 floruit, fuit apothecarius et interpres textuum Latinorum.

''Histoire des drogues'' ... [[Garcias ab Orta|Garciae ab Orta]] ''[[Aromatum apud Indos nascentium historia|Colóquios dos simples e drogas he cousas medicinais da India]]'' : ''Histoire des drogues, espiceries, et de certains médicamens simples, qui naissent és Indes ...''; [[Christophorus Acosta|Christophori Acosta]] ...  [[Nicolaus Monardes|Nicolai Monardes]] ''[[Simplicium medicamentorum ex novo orbe delatorum historia|Historia medicinal de las cosas que se traen de nuestras Indias Occidentales]]'' : ''Histoire des simples medicamens apportés des Terres neuves, desquels on se sert en la medecine'' ...

== Opera ==
[[Fasciculus:Colin histoire des drogues 1602 titre.jpg|thumb|Antonii Colini ''Histoire des drogues'', ex editionibus Latinis [[Carolus Clusius|Caroli Clusii]] [[Francogallice]] conversa, [[Lugdunum|Lugduni]] anno [[1602]] divulgata]]
[[Fasciculus:Colin histoire des drogues 1619 titre.jpg|thumb|Antonii Colini ''Histoire des simples medicamens'', altera editio, [[Lugdunum|Lugduni]] anno [[1619]] divulgata: titulus]]
; A se composita

; ''Histoire des drogues''
* 1602 [https://archive.org/details/histoiredesdrogu00orta/page/n521/mode/2up Textus apud Internet Archive]; [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k8705549t apud Gallica] {{Google Books|vIvxO2Sit_AC}} 
* 1619 : ''Histoire des simples medicamens apportés de l'Amerique'' (editio altera partialis) [https://archive.org/details/histoiredessimpl00mona Editio 1619]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* Bridget Bowers, &quot;[https://bibulyon.hypotheses.org/12638#identifier_7_12638 L’Histoire des drogues d’Antoine Colin, apothicaire lyonnais]&quot; (2019) apud ''Interfaces''

{{Anni vitae|saeculo 16|saeculo 17|Colin, Antonius}}

[[Categoria:Pharmacopolae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Latino-Francogallici]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ioannes Frampton</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>326937</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991162</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-26T02:21:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Minora</comment>
      <origin>3991162</origin>
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      <text bytes="5960" sha1="r8d9ysl3eo39jitko5zx76lxgk1gqgp" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
{{res|Ioannes Frampton}}, vulgo ''John'' ([[Wellae|Wellis]] [[comitatus Somersetensis]] anno circiter 1525 natus; anno 1581 mortuus) fuit mercator [[Bristolium|Bristoliensis]] [[Hispalis|Hispali]] morans, deinde et interpres textuum Hispanicorum. Patronus, cui Ioannes Frampton opera plura dicavit, fuit {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Eduardus Dyer||en|qid=Q5342682}} eques, aulicus et poëta.

== Opera ==
[[Fasciculus:Title Page Of The Most Noble And Famous Travels Of Marco Polo, John Frampton, Ralph Newbery, 1579.jpg|thumb|Titulus operis ''The most noble and famous travels of Marcus Paulus'', ab Ioanne Frampton Anglice versi, anno 1579 Londinii apud Radulphum Newbery divulgati]]
; Versiones
* 1577, [[Nicolaus Monardes|Nicolai Monardes]] ''[[Simplicium medicamentorum ex novo orbe delatorum historia|Historia medicinal de las cosas que se traen de nuestras Indias Occidentales]]'' : ''Ioyfull newes out of the newe founde worlde''. Londinii (ex editione Hispanica 1565 versa) [https://search.wellcomelibrary.org/iii/encore/record/C__Rb1093319 citatio huius editionis]
** nova editio 1580 (ex editione Hispanica 1574 aucta) {{Google Books|OatkAAAAcAAJ}}
** nova editio 1596 [https://archive.org/details/mobot31753000810678 Textus apud Internet Archive]; [https://archive.org/details/b30328251_0001/ aliud exemplar]
* 1578, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Martinus Fernandi de Enciso|Martini Fernandi de Enciso|es|qid=Q1397629}} ''{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Suma de geographia||es|qid=Q124255691}}'' : ''A Briefe Description of the Portes, Creekes, Bayes, and Hauens, of the Weast India''. Londinii: Henry Bynneman
* 1579, [[Marcus Paulus Venetus|Marci Pauli Veneti]] ''[[De regionibus Orientalibus]]'' per versionem Hispanicam {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Rodericus Fernandi de Santaella|Roderici Fernandi de Santaella|es|qid=Q5989518}} : ''The most noble and famous travels of Marcus Paulus''. Londinii: Ralph Newbery
* 1579, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Bernardinus de Escalante|Bernardini de Escalante|es|qid=Q4893871}} ''{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Discurso de la navegación que los Portugueses hazen||es|qid=Q25405223}}'' : ''A discourse of the Navigation which the Portugales doe Make to the Realmes and Provinces of the East Partes of the Worlde, and of the knowledge that growes by them of the great thinges, which are in the Dominion of China'': thought to be the second European book (although small) primarily dedicated to China, and the first of them to be made available in English
* 1580, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Boemus|Ioannis Boemi|de|qid=Q118459}} ''Mores, leges et ritus omnium gentium'' per versionem [[Franciscus Thamara|Francisci Thamara]] : ''A discouerie of the countries of Tartaria, Scithia &amp; Cataya by the north-east''. Londonii: Thomas Dawson; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1475-1640_a-discouerie-of-the-coun_frampton-john_1580 Textus apud Internet Archive]
* 1581 : {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Petrus de Medina|Petri de Medina|es|qid=Q2761925}} ''Arte de navegar'' : ''Art of Navigation''

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Donald Beecher, &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/91524309/The_Book_of_Wonders_of_Nicolas_Monardes_of_Seville The Book of Wonders of Nicolas Monardes of Seville]&quot; in ''Cahiers Élisabéthains'' (1997) pp. 1-13
* Donald Beecher, &quot;John Frampton of Bristol, trader and translator&quot; in Carmine Di Biase, ed., ''Travel and translation in the early modern period'' (Amstelodami: Rodopi, 2006, ISBN 90-420-1768-6) p. 103 sqq.
* Donald Beecher, &quot;[https://gebeasley.org/famished/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Humanismo-e-Ciencia-1.6.pdf Nicolás Monardes, John Frampton and the Medical Wonders of the New World]&quot; in António Manuel Lopes Andrade et al., edd., ''Humanismo e ciência: antiguidade e renascimento'' (Aveiro: Universidade de Aveiro, 2015) pp. 141-160
* Christopher Burlinson, &quot;Frampton, John (fl. 1559-1581)&quot; (2004) in {{ODNB}}
* [[Stephanus Gaselee|Stephen Gaselee]], ed., ''Frampton's Monardes: Joyfull newes out of the newe founde worlde''. Londinii: Constable, 1925
* N. M. Penzer, ed., ''The most noble and famous Travels of Marco Polo together with the Travels of Nicolo de' Conti ... from the Elizabethan translation of John Frampton''. Londinii: Argonaut Press; [https://archive.org/details/bwb_KS-095-215/ Textus]
* Tatjana Silec-Plessis, &quot;[https://journals.openedition.org/cei/2748 De l’intérêt des marchands anglais pour les récits de voyageurs vénitiens vers les Indes occidentales à la fin du xvie siècle]&quot; in Alessandra Stazzone, Georges Sidéris, edd., ''L’Italie et l’Orient: échanges, enjeux, regards croisés'' (''Cahiers d'études italiennes'' no. 21, 2015) pp. 185-196
* Jean Vanes, ''Documents illustrating the overseas trade of Bristol in the sixteenth century''. Bristolii: Bristol Record Society, 1979; [https://archive.org/details/bristol-record-society-31/ Textus]
* Jean Vanes, ''Education and apprenticeship in sixteenth-century Bristol''. Bristolii: Bristol Branch of the Historical Association, 1982; [https://bristolha.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/bha052.pdf Textus]
* Lawrence C. Wroth, &quot;An Elizabethan merchant and man of letters&quot; in ''Huntington Library Quarterly'' vol. 4 (1954) pp. 299-314; [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3816498 JSTOR]

== Nexus externi ==
* Susanna L. B. De Schepper, ''[https://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/id/eprint/51655/1/WRAP_THESIS_Schepper_2012.pdf ‘Foreign’ Books for English Readers: Published Translations of Navigation Manuals and their Audience in the English Renaissance, 1500-1640]'' (dissertatio Universitatis Warwicensis, 2012)

{{Anni vitae|1525|1581|Frampton, Ioannes}}

[[Categoria:Mercatores]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Angliae]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Hispano-Anglici]]
[[Categoria:Incarcerati]]</text>
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    <title>Opus epistolarum (Petrus Martyr ab Angleria)</title>
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      <text bytes="9385" sha1="jh76gbwpi5xkgycfn7an69io32gwhrm" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
[[Fasciculus:Petrus Martyr opus epistolarum 1530 tp.jpg|thumb|''Opus epistolarum'': itulus editionis 1530]]
{{ores|Opus epistolarum}} est congeries scriptorum privatorum [[Petrus Martyr ab Angleria|Petrus Martyr ab Angleria]] aulici regum catholicorum [[Ferdinandus II (rex Aragonum)|Ferdinandi]] et [[Isabella II (regina Hispaniae)|Isabellae]]. Epistolae 813 colliguntur, quae secundum annos in libros 38 divisae sunt (libro primo annum 1488, libro trigesimo octavo annum 1525 comprehendente). Inter amicos, quibus epistulae missae erant, videntur (enumeratio epistularum editionis 1670 hic accipitur):
* [[Aruna|Arunenses]]: fratres sui Georgius et Ioannes Baptista ab Angleria;&lt;ref&gt;Epistulae 78, 79, 412, 422 (1489-1509)&lt;/ref&gt; condiscipulus iuvenilis Ioannes Maria Sardus,&lt;ref&gt;Epistulae 77, 83 (1489-1490)&lt;/ref&gt; Ioannes Borromeus comes Aronae&lt;ref&gt;Inter alias epistulae 23, 30, 61, 94&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Mediolanum|Mediolanenses]]: Franciscus Niger protonotarius,&lt;ref&gt;Epistula 42 (1488)&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ioannes Iacobus Trivultius]] marchio Viglevanus, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Arcimboldus||it|qid=Q1406791}} archiepiscopus Mediolanensis, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Scaramutia Trivultius||it|qid=Q729751}} episcopus Comensis
* Mediolanenses peregrini: [[Theodorus Guainerius]] Papiensis regi Francico archiatrus,&lt;ref&gt;Epistulae 28, 141. De eo cf. [https://www.academia.edu/42900870/Penser_la_médecine_construire_sa_pratique_Antonio_et_Théodore_Guaineri_deux_médecins_au_XVe_siècle dissertationem Bonnaffoux]&lt;/ref&gt; [[Aloisius Marlianus (archiatrus)|Aloisius Marlianus]] &quot;concivis&quot; &quot;conterraneus et amicissimus&quot; regi [[Carolus V (imperator)|Carolo]] protomedicus et episcopus Tudensis&lt;ref&gt;Epistulae 361, 382, 516-518, 529, 551, 554, 573-576, 579, 581, 584, 611, 656-662, cf. 655 (1507-1520). De eo cf. [https://emlo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/profile/person/3f2206c1-0e91-4f54-be4d-62d94b563aa6 indicem epistularum Erasmi] et [https://theses.hal.science/tel-02917360v1/file/GORDEZIANI_Lika_2_com_20190107.pdf dissertationem Gordeziani p. 96 (nota subiuncta)]&lt;/ref&gt; et [[Mercurinus Gattinara]] regi Carolo magnus cancellarius marescalcusque Franciae
* [[Roma]]ni: cardinalis [[Ascanius Maria Sfortia]] (epistulis saepe &quot;Ascanio&quot; superscriptis),&lt;ref&gt;Inter alias plurimas epistula 163 (1495), cf. epistulas 152 et 160&lt;/ref&gt; [[Iulius Pomponius Laetus|Pomponius Laetus]]&lt;ref&gt;Epistulae 6, 88, 146, 152, 156, 181, 185, 189, cf. 190 (1488-1498). Epistula 152 anno mensi Decembro 1493 attributa re vera mense Decembro 1494 scripta est, vide {{qc|id= Gaffarel et Louvot (1885)}} p. 13 notam subiunctam 4&lt;/ref&gt;
* Itali alii: [[Petrus Ranzanus]] Panormitanus&lt;ref&gt;Epistula 166 (1495)&lt;/ref&gt; 
* Scholastici eruditique [[Pontificia Universitas Salmanticensis|Salmanticenses]]: [[Lucius Marineus Siculus]],&lt;ref&gt;Epistulae 54, 55&lt;/ref&gt; [[Aelius Antonius Nebrissensis|Antonius Nebrissensis]], {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Gutterius a Toleto||es|qid=Q48739562}}, Arius Lusitanus, Petrus Pontensis, &quot;doctor Villasandinus&quot;
* Familia regia: [[Isabella I (regina Castellae et Legionis)|Isabella I]] regina et [[Ferdinandus II (rex Aragonum)|Ferdinandus II]] rex,&lt;ref&gt;Inter alias epistula 280 (1504) &quot;futuro ... regi Parthenopeo&quot;, i.e. Neapolitano, superscripta&lt;/ref&gt; Ioannes princeps
* Aulici et clerici Hispani: {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Enecus Lupus Mendocius (comes Tendillae)||es|qid=Q8078615}} (epistulis saepe &quot;suo comiti&quot; superscriptis) et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ferdinandus a Talavera||en|qid=Q559368}} archiepiscopus Granatensis reginaeque [[Isabella I (regina Castellae et Legionis)|Isabellae]] consiliarius (epistulis saepe &quot;Comiti et Archiepiscopo&quot; superscriptis), Alphonsus Carillus episcopus Pompilonensis et Georgius de Costa archiepiscopus Bracarensis amici ut videtur inseparabiles,&lt;ref&gt;Epistulae saepe ambobus missae 9, 10, 27, 43, 48, 86-87, 93, 115, 124, 135 [de Columbo], 144, 171, 186, 190, 192, 194, 197&lt;/ref&gt; {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Petrus Gonzalus Mendocius (cardinalis)||es|qid=Q786748}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Didacus Murus (decanus Compostellanus)||es|qid=Q8471018}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Didacus Villascusae||es|qid=Q5806511}} episcopus Conchensis deinde Malacitanus, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Michael Perez Almacanus||es|qid=Q15816415}} regis secretarius, Gometius a Toleto canonicus Granatensis, Fernandus a Vega consiliarius et commendatarius Castellae
* Hispani in Italia morantes: {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Bernardinus Lupus Caravaialus||es|qid=Q2537990}} cardinalis Sanctae Crucis,&lt;ref&gt;Inter alias epistula 168, anno 1496 attributa, potius anno 1498 scripta&lt;/ref&gt; {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Garcias Lassus (orator)|Garcias Lassus|es|qid=Q17632800}} orator Hispanus apud Pontificem&lt;ref&gt;Epistulae 244-245 (1502)&lt;/ref&gt;
* Discipuli: {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Didacus Furtatus Mendocius||es|qid=Q2297287}} poëta et legatus, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ludovicus Furtatus Mendocius||es|qid=Q3754494}} epistulis &quot;mei Tendillae comitis filio&quot; atque deinde &quot;marchioni Mondejaris&quot; etc. superscriptis&lt;ref&gt;Epistulae 514-561, 564-565 (1513-1515)&lt;/ref&gt; et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Petrus Fagiardus (marchio Bellecensis)||es|qid=Q2615834}} (epistulis nonnullis &quot;marchionibus discipulis&quot; etc. superscriptis),&lt;ref&gt;E. g. epistula 582 (1517); cf. epistula 790 (1523)&lt;/ref&gt; Ioannes Portugallicus dux Brigantiae, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Iacobus dux Ghimaraneus||pt|qid=Q2698113}}, Alfonsus a Silva Cifontei comitis haeres, Garsias a Toleto, Praefectus Damicellorum Stellae arcem habens
* Itali in Hispania morantes: Lucius Marineus Siculus supra enumeratus, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Alexander Geraldinus||it|qid=Q3610043}} episcopus futurus [[Dominicopolis|Dominicopolitanus]],&lt;ref&gt;Epistulae 38, 76 (1488-1489)&lt;/ref&gt; Antonius Geraldinus protonotarius,&lt;ref&gt;Epistula 37 (1488)&lt;/ref&gt; Bartholomeus Scandianus nuntius in Hispanis apostolicus, Condulmarius protonotarius, Dominicus Trivisanus quondam orator in Hispania, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Ruffus (archiepiscopus Cusentinus)||it|qid=Q64779142}} legatus apostolicus,&lt;ref&gt;Epistulae 325-330 (1507)&lt;/ref&gt; {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Vianesius Albergatus||d|qid=Q68862084}} nuntius apostolicus
* Francogallus: [[Georgius de Ambacia]] cardinalis
* Batavus: [[Hadrianus VI|Adrianus Traiectinus]], cardinalis Dertosensis Hispaniaeque regens (Hadrianus VI futurus)&lt;ref&gt;Epistulae 728-730 (1521)&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Editiones et versiones ==
* 1530 : ''Opus epistolarum P. M. Anglerii Mediolanensis protonotarii apostolici atque a consiliis rerum Indicarum''; [https://archive.org/details/opusepistolarump00angh Textus apud Internet Archive]
* 1670 : ''Opus epistolarum Petri Martyris Anglerii Mediolanensis ...'' Amstelodami: typis Elzevirianis; [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_QB0VAAAAQAAJ Textus apud Internet Archive]
* 1885 : {{ec|id= Gaffarel et Louvot (1885)|c= Paul Gaffarel, Fernand Louvot, interprr., ''Lettres de Pierre Martyr Anghiera relatives aux découvertes maritimes des espagnols et des portugais''. Lutetiae: Institut Géographique de Paris; [https://archive.org/details/lettresdepierrem00anghiala Textus apud Internet Archive]}}. — Commentatio antea seriatim in voluminibus 14 et 15 libellorum ''Revue de géographie'' (1884/1885) divulgata; [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1067814/f467 fasciculus primus]
* 1953-1957 :José López de Toro, ed., ''Pedro Mártir de Anglería: Epistolario''. Matriti; [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1503686w Textus ultimi fasciculi]
* 1966 : Erich Woldan, ed., ''Petrus Martyr de Angleria: Opera''. Graecii: Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt, 1966 (fac-simile editionum antiquorum)

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{DBI|http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/pietro-martire-d-anghiera_(Dizionario-Biografico)/|Anghiera, Pietro Martire d'|Roberto Almagià|1961}}
* J. Bernays, ''Petrus Martyr Anglerius und sein Opus epistolarum''. Argentorati: Trübner, 1891; [https://archive.org/details/petrusmartyrang00berngoog/page/n8/mode/2up Textus imperfectus] {{Google Books|Om0WbNSwTGUC}} (sunt qui &quot;Isaac Bernays&quot;, qui &quot;Jakob Bernays&quot; adscribunt)
* Heinrich Heidenheimer, ''Petrus Martyr Anglerius und sein Opus epistolarum''. Berolini: Seehagen, 1881; [https://archive.org/details/petrusmartyrang01heidgoog/page/n7/mode/2up Textus]
* Johannes Gerigk, ''Das Opus epistolarum des Petrus Martyr, ein Beitrag zur Kritik der Quellen des ausgehenden 15. und beginnenden 16. Jahrhunderts''. Braunsberg: Druck der Ermlœndischen Zeitungs und Verlagsdruckerei J. A. Wichert, 1881 (dissertatio Regiomontana); [https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:824-dtl-0000086795 Textus]
* Henry R. Wagner, &quot;[https://www.americanantiquarian.org/node/11329 Peter Martyr and His Works]&quot; in ''Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society'' vol. 56 (1946) pp. 239-288

[[Categoria:Scripta 1530]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae Renascentes]]
[[Categoria:Hispaniae scripta]]
[[Categoria:Epistulae]]
[[Categoria:Monarchia Regum Catholicorum]]
[[Categoria:Petrus Martyr ab Angleria]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Agassiz (lacus)</title>
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      <text bytes="3586" sha1="7rrakqgzr5pzv2ipmzbyz9i4114ca9a" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Agassiz.jpg|thumb|Lacus Agassiz (tabula geographica Anglica)]]
{{res|Agassiz}} fuit ingens [[lacus]] proglacialis in [[America Septentrionalis|America Septentrionali]] situs, qui circa 14 500 usque ad 8 000 annos ante praesens exstitit. Vestigia eius in [[Canada]] (praesertim in [[Manitoba]], sed et in [[Ontario]]ne occidentali) et in [[CFA|Civitatibus Foederatis]] ([[Minnesota]] et [[Dacota Septentrionalis]] manent. Nomen anno 1879 accepit [[Ludovicus Agassiz|Ludovici Agassiz]], qui [[aevum glaciale]] Americae septentrionalis exploravit.

==Historia==

Lacus Agassiz ortus est cum glaciarium [[Laurentis|Laurentidis]], quod Americae Septentrionalis partem borealem tegebat, recedere coepit. Aquae liquatae in depressione inter marginem glaciarii et terram elevatiorem colligebantur. Cum area eius maxima esset, Agassiz circa 1100 [[chm]]  a septentrionibus ad meridiem et 400 chm ab oriente ad occidentem patuit. Altitudo maxima plus quam 200 [[metrum|m]] attingebat. Area plus quam decies centena milia [[chiliometrum quadratum|chm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;]] fuit (maior, quam [[Magni Lacus|Magnorum Lacuum]] hodiernorum area communis).

Aquae Agassiz primo in meridiem per vallem fluminis [[Minnesota (flumen)|Minnesotae]] in systema [[Mississippius|Mississippii]] abierant. Glaciario recedente [[Nelson (flumen)|Nelson]] flumen ortus est, quos aquarum Agassiz partem maiorem in [[sinus Hudsonius|sinum Hudsonium]] abstulit; circa 100 milia [[chm]]&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; [[aqua dulcis|aquae dulcis]] tunc per [[Fretum Hudsonianum|fretum Hudsonium]] in [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Oceanum Atlanticum]] intra breve tempus (circa 100 annos) effusa sunt. Alia effusio per valles fluminum [[flumen Aquae Purae|Aquae Purae]] (''Clearwater'') et [[Athabasca]]e in [[Oceanus Arcticus|Oceanum Arcticum]] fuit. Haec effusiones [[circulatio thermohalina|circulationem thermohalinam]] in Oceano Atlantico septentrionali perturbare videntur, quae est causa frigoris [[Dryas recentior |Dryadis recentioris]], periodi frigidae quae circa 12 900 usque ad 11 700 annos ante tempus nostrum fuit.

==Reliquiae==
Postquam lacus tandem exsiccatus est circa octo milia annos ante tempus nostrum, reliquit seriem lacuum minorum in depressionibus profundioribus. Hi lacus sunt:
*[[Lacus Vinnipega]]
*[[Lacus Winnipegosis]]
*[[Lacus Manitobae]]
*[[Lacus Silvestris]]
*[[Nipigon|Lacus Nipigon]] (pars [[systema fluviorum|systematis]] Agassizensis fuit)
Fundus autem lacus Agassiz reliquit vastam [[planities|planitiem]] [[argilla]]rum, quae hodie regionem fertilem [[solum griseum|soli grisei]] in [[Canada]] et [[Minnesota]] septentrionali format.
 
==Fontes==

*Michalek, Michael J. (2013). &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140505231346/https://www.msu.edu/~michal76/research/407_Geomorphology_Lake%20Agassiz2.pdf  Examining the progression and termination of Lake Agassiz&quot;] (PDF). 
*Thorleifson, L.H. (1996). &quot;[http://www.esci.umn.edu/sites/www.esci.umn.edu/files/REVIEW%20OF%20LAKE%20AGASSIZ%20HISTORY.pdf  Review of Lake Agassiz History]&quot;, Sedimentology, Geomorphology, and History of the Central Lake Agassiz Basin, Geological Association of Canada Field Trip Guidebook for GAC/MAC Joint Annual Meeting, pp. 55–84.
* Upham, Warren (1895). &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210520232728/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ucw.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft71v6307j;view=1up;seq=19  The Glacial Lake Agassiz]&quot;. Monographs of the United States Geological Survey. XXV. 

==Nexus externi==
{{fontes geographici}}

[[Categoria:Lacus exsiccati]]
[[Categoria:Geographia Canadae]]
[[Categoria:Glaciaria]]
[[Categoria:Pleistocaenum]]</text>
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      <text bytes="3614" sha1="jlhat2bkwndftqwjbztao62tf8axpds" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Agassiz.jpg|thumb|Lacus Agassiz (tabula geographica Anglica)]]
{{res|Agassiz}} fuit ingens [[lacus]] proglacialis in [[America Septentrionalis|America Septentrionali]] situs, qui circa 14 500 usque ad 8000 annos ante praesens exstitit. Vestigia eius in [[Canada]] (praesertim in [[Manitoba]], sed et in [[Ontario]]ne occidentali) et in [[CFA|Civitatibus Foederatis]] ([[Minnesota]] et [[Dacota Septentrionalis]] manent. Nomen anno [[1879]] accepit [[Ludovicus Agassiz|Ludovici Agassiz]], qui [[aevum glaciale]] Americae Septentrionalis exploraverat.

==Historia==
Lacus Agassiz ortus est cum glaciarium [[Laurentis|Laurentidis]], quod Americae Septentrionalis partem borealem tegebat, recedere coepisset. [[Aqua]]e liquatae in depressione inter marginem [[glaciarium|glaciarii]] et terram elevatiorem colligebantur. Cum area eius maxima esset, Agassiz circa 1100 [[chm]]  a septentrionibus ad meridiem et 400 chm ab oriente ad occidentem patuit. Altitudo maxima plus quam 200 [[metrum|m]] attingebat. Area plus quam decies centena milia [[chiliometrum quadratum|chm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;]] fuit (maior, quam [[Magni Lacus|Magnorum Lacuum]] hodiernorum area communis).

Aquae Agassiz primo in meridiem per vallem fluminis [[Minnesota (flumen)|Minnesotae]] in systemate [[Mississippius|Mississippii]] abierant. Glaciario recedente, [[Nelson (flumen)|Nelson]] flumen ortus est, quos aquarum Agassiz partem maiorem in [[sinus Hudsonius|sinum Hudsonium]] abstulit; circa 100 milia [[chm]]&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; [[aqua dulcis|aquae dulcis]] tunc per [[Fretum Hudsonianum|fretum Hudsonium]] in [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Oceanum Atlanticum]] intra breve tempus (circa 100 annos) effusa sunt. Alia effusio per valles fluminum [[flumen Aquae Purae|Aquae Purae]] (''Clearwater'') et [[Athabasca]]e in [[Oceanus Arcticus|Oceanum Arcticum]] fuit. Haec effusiones [[circulatio thermohalina|circulationem thermohalinam]] in Oceano Atlantico septentrionali perturbare videntur, quae est causa frigoris [[Dryas recentior |Dryadis recentioris]], periodi frigidae quae circa 12 900 usque ad 11 700 annos ante tempus nostrum fuit.

==Reliquiae==
Postquam lacus tandem exsiccatus est circa octo milia annos ante tempus nostrum, reliquit seriem lacuum minorum in depressionibus profundioribus. Hi lacus sunt:
*[[Lacus Vinnipega]]
*[[Lacus Winnipegosis]]
*[[Lacus Manitobae]]
*[[Lacus Silvestris]]
*[[Nipigon|Lacus Nipigon]] (pars [[systema fluviorum|systematis]] Agassizensis fuit)
Fundus autem lacus Agassiz reliquit vastam [[planities|planitiem]] [[argilla]]rum, quae hodie regionem fertilem [[solum griseum|soli grisei]] in [[Canada]] et [[Minnesota]] septentrionali format.
 
==Fontes==
*Michalek, Michael J. (2013). &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140505231346/https://www.msu.edu/~michal76/research/407_Geomorphology_Lake%20Agassiz2.pdf  Examining the progression and termination of Lake Agassiz&quot;] (PDF). 
*Thorleifson, L.H. (1996). &quot;[http://www.esci.umn.edu/sites/www.esci.umn.edu/files/REVIEW%20OF%20LAKE%20AGASSIZ%20HISTORY.pdf  Review of Lake Agassiz History]&quot;, Sedimentology, Geomorphology, and History of the Central Lake Agassiz Basin, Geological Association of Canada Field Trip Guidebook for GAC/MAC Joint Annual Meeting, pp. 55–84.
* Upham, Warren (1895). &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210520232728/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ucw.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft71v6307j;view=1up;seq=19  The Glacial Lake Agassiz]&quot;. Monographs of the United States Geological Survey. XXV. 

==Nexus externi==
{{fontes geographici}}

[[Categoria:Geographia Canadae]]
[[Categoria:Glaciaria]]
[[Categoria:Lacus exsiccati]]
[[Categoria:Pleistocaenum]]</text>
      <sha1>jlhat2bkwndftqwjbztao62tf8axpds</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>328949</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991008</id>
      <parentid>3990776</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T12:59:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3991008</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1716" sha1="k2horqmk99bqyjxcdf90e2yj6yam0t7" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
'''''Vita Pompei''''' est [[biographia]] [[Pompeius|Gnaei Pompei Magni]], illustrissimi ducis Romani (106-48 a.C.n.) ter [[Consul|consulis]], a [[Plutarchus|Plutarcho]] [[scriptor]]e [[Graecia antiqua|Graeco]] composita et in ''[[Vitae parallelae|Vitis parallelis]]'' cum [[Reges Spartae|rege Spartano]] [[Agesilaus II (rex Spartae)|Agesilao II]]  comparata fortasse ob longum temporis spatium quo uterque primas partes in patria sua egit. Praeterea ambo in Asia bellum gesserunt et in Aegypto perierunt. Cetera vero satis dissimilia erant. Haec vita quinto decimo saeculo ab Antonio Tudertino Latine versa est et deinde saepe prelo mandata usque ad sedecimum saeculum.

== Editiones ==
*[[Collection des Universités de France]]:  Plutarque. ''Vies, tome VIII, Sertorius, Eumène. Agésilas, Pompée.'' Texte établi et traduit par R. Flacelière et E. Chambry, Les Belles Lettres, 1973 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1974_num_43_1_1758_t1_0461_0000_2 Recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/reg_0035-2039_1976_num_89_424_4093_t1_0172_0000_1 Altera recensio critica]

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*B.X. de Wet, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/24591666 Aspects of Plutarch's portrayal of Pompey]&quot;, ''Acta Classica'', 1981: 119-132

== Nexus externi ==
*[https://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%AF%CE%BF%CE%B9_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B9/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%AE%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82 Textus apud Vicifontem] 
*[https://www.textmanuscripts.com/tm-assets/tm-descriptions/new%20letterhead/TM%20214%20Plutarch%20Life%20of%20Pompey-%20new%20letterhead.pdf De vetere manuscripto Latinae versionis]
[[Categoria:Vitae parallelae]]

{{Nexus desiderati}}</text>
      <sha1>k2horqmk99bqyjxcdf90e2yj6yam0t7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Octavia maior</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>328952</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3990987</id>
      <parentid>3990928</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T12:12:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IacobusAmor</username>
        <id>1163</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Augenda</comment>
      <origin>3990987</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="389" sha1="ehsfy9p23x5fj9he5qv691sjhwyhkkq" xml:space="preserve">{{Augenda|2026|9}}
{{Vicificanda}}
Octavia maior, soror ex parte patris Augusti, minus nota erat. Pauca de ea traduntur, quippe quae vitam multo secretiorem quam soror eius illustrior, Octavia minor, degeret. Sexto Appuleio nupsit atque unum filium, eodem nomine Sextum Appuleium, peperit; fieri etiam potest ut alterum filium, Marcum Appuleium nomine, habuerit.
{{Nexus absunt}}{{dubcat}}</text>
      <sha1>ehsfy9p23x5fj9he5qv691sjhwyhkkq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Disputatio Usoris:Garak</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>328961</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3990980</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T12:04:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-51788-73</username>
        <id>215299</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Move */ nova pars</comment>
      <origin>3990980</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="367" sha1="m6k28cw57n7ck2r1fahpuys6ctr6oub" xml:space="preserve">== Move ==
Hi @[[Usor:Garak|Garak]] when possible please help us to move on italian wiki dab pages: 1) [[it:Almirante]] to [[it:Almirante (disambigua)]] ; 2) [[it:Benveniste]] to [[it:Benveniste (disambigua)]]. Thanks for contribution. [[Specialis:Conlationes/~2026-51788-73|~2026-51788-73]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:~2026-51788-73|talk]]) 12:04, 25 Septembris 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>m6k28cw57n7ck2r1fahpuys6ctr6oub</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3991061</id>
      <parentid>3990980</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T15:28:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Garak</username>
        <id>75017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Move */ Reply</comment>
      <origin>3991061</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="468" sha1="j3ajd3pftpxmlqfv8i7izteil8ilraz" xml:space="preserve">== Move ==
Hi @[[Usor:Garak|Garak]] when possible please help us to move on italian wiki dab pages: 1) [[it:Almirante]] to [[it:Almirante (disambigua)]] ; 2) [[it:Benveniste]] to [[it:Benveniste (disambigua)]]. Thanks for contribution. [[Specialis:Conlationes/~2026-51788-73|~2026-51788-73]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:~2026-51788-73|talk]]) 12:04, 25 Septembris 2026 (UTC)

:Done [[Usor:Garak|Garak]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Garak|disputatio]]) 15:28, 25 Septembris 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>j3ajd3pftpxmlqfv8i7izteil8ilraz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3991063</id>
      <parentid>3991061</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T15:41:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-51690-13</username>
        <id>215305</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Move */ Reply</comment>
      <origin>3991063</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="700" sha1="94f1n7gb06o7ok4ddvl2qrf9wf18n2v" xml:space="preserve">== Move ==
Hi @[[Usor:Garak|Garak]] when possible please help us to move on italian wiki dab pages: 1) [[it:Almirante]] to [[it:Almirante (disambigua)]] ; 2) [[it:Benveniste]] to [[it:Benveniste (disambigua)]]. Thanks for contribution. [[Specialis:Conlationes/~2026-51788-73|~2026-51788-73]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:~2026-51788-73|talk]]) 12:04, 25 Septembris 2026 (UTC)

:Done [[Usor:Garak|Garak]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Garak|disputatio]]) 15:28, 25 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
::@[[Usor:Garak|Garak]] thanks for your help! we forgot also [[it:Sla]] to [[it:Sla (disambigua)]]. [[Specialis:Conlationes/~2026-51690-13|~2026-51690-13]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:~2026-51690-13|talk]]) 15:41, 25 Septembris 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>94f1n7gb06o7ok4ddvl2qrf9wf18n2v</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3991079</id>
      <parentid>3991063</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T16:59:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-51734-52</username>
        <id>215309</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Move */</comment>
      <origin>3991079</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="468" sha1="j3ajd3pftpxmlqfv8i7izteil8ilraz" xml:space="preserve">== Move ==
Hi @[[Usor:Garak|Garak]] when possible please help us to move on italian wiki dab pages: 1) [[it:Almirante]] to [[it:Almirante (disambigua)]] ; 2) [[it:Benveniste]] to [[it:Benveniste (disambigua)]]. Thanks for contribution. [[Specialis:Conlationes/~2026-51788-73|~2026-51788-73]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:~2026-51788-73|talk]]) 12:04, 25 Septembris 2026 (UTC)

:Done [[Usor:Garak|Garak]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Garak|disputatio]]) 15:28, 25 Septembris 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>j3ajd3pftpxmlqfv8i7izteil8ilraz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3991080</id>
      <parentid>3991079</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T16:59:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-51734-52</username>
        <id>215309</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Move */ Reply</comment>
      <origin>3991080</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="722" sha1="40llf27kmszkuk18ril5tjq5l7akxwt" xml:space="preserve">== Move ==
Hi @[[Usor:Garak|Garak]] when possible please help us to move on italian wiki dab pages: 1) [[it:Almirante]] to [[it:Almirante (disambigua)]] ; 2) [[it:Benveniste]] to [[it:Benveniste (disambigua)]]. Thanks for contribution. [[Specialis:Conlationes/~2026-51788-73|~2026-51788-73]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:~2026-51788-73|talk]]) 12:04, 25 Septembris 2026 (UTC)

:Done [[Usor:Garak|Garak]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Garak|disputatio]]) 15:28, 25 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
::@[[Usor:Garak|Garak]] when you have time, please also help us to fix: [[it:Sla]] to [[it:Sla (disambigua)]]. Thank you. [[Specialis:Conlationes/~2026-51734-52|~2026-51734-52]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:~2026-51734-52|talk]]) 16:59, 25 Septembris 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>40llf27kmszkuk18ril5tjq5l7akxwt</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3991097</id>
      <parentid>3991080</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T19:04:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-51511-80</username>
        <id>215313</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3991097</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="760" sha1="0e6i0r18v3z1qn7ox34deuyuui9mjm8" xml:space="preserve">== Move ==
Hi @[[Usor:Garak|Garak]] when possible please help us to move on italian wiki dab pages: 1) [[it:Almirante]] to [[it:Almirante (disambigua)]] ; 2) [[it:Benveniste]] to [[it:Benveniste (disambigua)]]. Thanks for contribution. [[Specialis:Conlationes/~2026-51788-73|~2026-51788-73]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:~2026-51788-73|talk]]) 12:04, 25 Septembris 2026 (UTC)

:Done [[Usor:Garak|Garak]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Garak|disputatio]]) 15:28, 25 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
::@[[Usor:Garak|Garak]] when you have time, please also help us to fix: [[it:Sla]] to [[it:Sla (disambigua)]] ; [[it:F1]] to [[it:F1 (disambigua)]]. Thank you. [[Specialis:Conlationes/~2026-51734-52|~2026-51734-52]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:~2026-51734-52|talk]]) 16:59, 25 Septembris 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>0e6i0r18v3z1qn7ox34deuyuui9mjm8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3991112</id>
      <parentid>3991097</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T20:38:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Move */ Cur?</comment>
      <origin>3991112</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="974" sha1="fltr635qyn4saxesqky1iwi4xjhuedr" xml:space="preserve">== Move ==
Hi @[[Usor:Garak|Garak]] when possible please help us to move on italian wiki dab pages: 1) [[it:Almirante]] to [[it:Almirante (disambigua)]] ; 2) [[it:Benveniste]] to [[it:Benveniste (disambigua)]]. Thanks for contribution. [[Specialis:Conlationes/~2026-51788-73|~2026-51788-73]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:~2026-51788-73|talk]]) 12:04, 25 Septembris 2026 (UTC)

:Done [[Usor:Garak|Garak]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Garak|disputatio]]) 15:28, 25 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
::@[[Usor:Garak|Garak]] when you have time, please also help us to fix: [[it:Sla]] to [[it:Sla (disambigua)]] ; [[it:F1]] to [[it:F1 (disambigua)]]. Thank you. [[Specialis:Conlationes/~2026-51734-52|~2026-51734-52]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:~2026-51734-52|talk]]) 16:59, 25 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
::: Just out of curiosity, why are you guys commenting here about housekeeping stuff that concerns Italian Wikipedia? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 20:37, 25 Septembris 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>fltr635qyn4saxesqky1iwi4xjhuedr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3991220</id>
      <parentid>3991112</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T10:13:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-51877-01</username>
        <id>215344</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Move */ Fix</comment>
      <origin>3991220</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="681" sha1="4l3stzo90u13vq0aypd0oud4nmjkkbe" xml:space="preserve">== Move ==
Hi @[[Usor:Garak|Garak]] when possible please help us to move on italian wiki dab pages: 1) [[it:Almirante]] to [[it:Almirante (disambigua)]] ; 2) [[it:Benveniste]] to [[it:Benveniste (disambigua)]]. Thanks for contribution. [[Specialis:Conlationes/~2026-51788-73|~2026-51788-73]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:~2026-51788-73|talk]]) 12:04, 25 Septembris 2026 (UTC)

:Done [[Usor:Garak|Garak]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Garak|disputatio]]) 15:28, 25 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
:: Just out of curiosity, why are you guys commenting here about housekeeping stuff that concerns Italian Wikipedia? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 20:37, 25 Septembris 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>4l3stzo90u13vq0aypd0oud4nmjkkbe</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Norden</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>328962</id>
    <redirect title="Norda" />
    <revision>
      <id>3990982</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T12:04:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Norden]] ad [[Norda]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam</comment>
      <origin>3990982</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="19" sha1="612nsngeqvaqkwj83qadmjmr3v201jw" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Norda]]</text>
      <sha1>612nsngeqvaqkwj83qadmjmr3v201jw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nordi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>328963</id>
    <redirect title="Norda" />
    <revision>
      <id>3990984</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T12:11:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirigens ad [[Norda]]</comment>
      <origin>3990984</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="19" sha1="612nsngeqvaqkwj83qadmjmr3v201jw" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Norda]]</text>
      <sha1>612nsngeqvaqkwj83qadmjmr3v201jw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nordedi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>328964</id>
    <redirect title="Norda" />
    <revision>
      <id>3990985</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T12:11:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirigens ad [[Norda]]</comment>
      <origin>3990985</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="19" sha1="612nsngeqvaqkwj83qadmjmr3v201jw" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Norda]]</text>
      <sha1>612nsngeqvaqkwj83qadmjmr3v201jw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nordendi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>328965</id>
    <redirect title="Norda" />
    <revision>
      <id>3990986</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T12:12:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirigens ad [[Norda]]</comment>
      <origin>3990986</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="19" sha1="612nsngeqvaqkwj83qadmjmr3v201jw" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Norda]]</text>
      <sha1>612nsngeqvaqkwj83qadmjmr3v201jw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nordwidi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>328966</id>
    <redirect title="Norda" />
    <revision>
      <id>3990988</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T12:12:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirigens ad [[Norda]]</comment>
      <origin>3990988</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="19" sha1="612nsngeqvaqkwj83qadmjmr3v201jw" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Norda]]</text>
      <sha1>612nsngeqvaqkwj83qadmjmr3v201jw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dioecesis Nanceiensis-Tullensis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>328967</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991007</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T12:58:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>creatio e francica documentatione</comment>
      <origin>3991007</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2257" sha1="mjerqtzimlgnht3e4imbibozkdoznef" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidatorum}} 
{{res|Dioecesis Nanceiensis-Tullensis}} ([[Francogallice]] {{barbarice|lingua=fr|Diocèse de Nancy-Toul}})  est [[dioecesis]] [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae]] [[Ecclesia Latina|Latinae]] in [[Francia]] sita, cuius sedes [[Nanceium|Nanceii]] est. Dioecesis, [[saeculum 18|saeculo decimo octavo]] condita&lt;ref name=histoire&gt;Sedes episcopalis Nanceiensis a Papa [[Pius VI|Pio VI]] die [[19 Novembris]] [[1777]] constituta est, cfr {{opus|url=https://www.catholique-nancy.fr/accueil/je-decouvre/presentation-du-diocese/|titulus=Histoire du diocèse|domus editoria=catholique-nancy.fr}} {{ling|Francogallice}}&lt;/ref&gt;, a [[1823]] cum territorio [[Morta et Mosella| praefecturae Mortae et Mosellae]] congruit. Territorium pristinae diocesis Tulliensis, [[saeculum 4|saeculo IV]] condita, huic dioecesi pertinet. E Breve Apostolico die [[20 Februarii]] [[1824]] dato, episcopi Nanceienses titulum ''Episcoporum Nanceiensium et Tullensium'' gerunt. 

Diocesis Nanceiensis-Tullensis, olim suffraganea [[Dioecesis Trevirensis]], nunc [[Archidioecesis Bisuntina|archidioecesis metropolitanae Bisuntinae]] est. 

== Ecclesiae cathedrales ==
[[Fasciculus:Nancy Cathedral BW 2015-07-18 16-31-28.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|Ecclesia cathedralis primatialis [[Maria (mater Iesu)|Nostrae Dominae]] sub titulum [[Annuntiatio]]nis dicata, Nanceii sita.]]
[[Ecclesia cathedralis]] Nostrae Dominae dicata, quae dicitur primatialis,&lt;ref name=histoire /&gt; [[Nanceium|Nanceii]] sita. Adest et ecclesia cathedralis [[Sanctus Stephanus|Sancto Stephano]] dicata, ''historica'' dicta,&lt;ref name=histoire /&gt; quae [[Tullum Leucorum|Tulli Leucorum]] sita est.
[[Fasciculus:Toul, Cathédrale Saint-Etienne-PM 50343.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Ecclesia cathedralis historica Sancto Stephano dicata, Tulli Leucorum sita.]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* {{Opus|url=https://www.catholique-nancy.fr/|titulus=Situs officialis}} {{ling|Francogallice}}
{{CommuniaCat|Roman Catholic Diocese of Nancy|Dioecesem Nanceiensem-Tullensem}}
{{Fontes geographici}}
* {{CathHierDiocese|nanc|Dioecesis Nanceiensis-Tullensis}}

{{RC-stipula}}
{{Dioeceses archidioeceses catholicae Franciae}}
[[Categoria:Dioecesis Nanceiensis-Tullensis]]</text>
      <sha1>mjerqtzimlgnht3e4imbibozkdoznef</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Categoria:Dioecesis Nanceiensis-Tullensis</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>328968</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991011</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T13:02:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>creatio</comment>
      <origin>3991011</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="147" sha1="cx1cjqy985bfjvo5sxnnryu9syyfilk" xml:space="preserve">[[Categoria:Dioeceses Ecclesiae Catholicae in Francia|Nanceiensis Tullensis]]
[[Categoria:Morta et Mosella]]
[[Categoria:Archidioecesis Bisuntina]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Categoria:Episcopi Nanceienses-Tullenses</title>
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        <username>Pippobuono</username>
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      <comment>creatio</comment>
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[[Categoria:Episcopi Franciae|Nanceiensis-Tullensis]]
[[Categoria:Dioecesis Nanceiensis-Tullensis]]</text>
      <sha1>67l7qubwismfwpjare17r0q2f6xylso</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Categoria:Episcopi Tullenses</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>3991035</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T13:50:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
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      <comment>creatio</comment>
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      <text bytes="44" sha1="48k2ghws5mz88un9vmprywfuiq9or2q" xml:space="preserve">[[Categoria:Episcopi Nanceienses-Tullenses]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Chiddy Say Chase</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>328972</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991092</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T17:49:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-51700-89</username>
        <id>215311</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Çeddy</comment>
      <origin>3991092</origin>
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      <text bytes="509" sha1="028oacjpw1g39o51rekdzb5erlpn6e6" xml:space="preserve"># [[Ceddy Chase]] and [[Chuck Hiciste]] is a Jedi daddy and a succeeding Jedi master of the first avenger.
# Yes can give a ceh, ceddy dance.
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Nick Fury.jpg|Ceddy Chase
Fasciculus:Stade rennais - Le Havre AC 20150708 20.JPG|Jesse Hiciste
Fasciculus:Stade rennais - Le Havre AC 20150708 17.JPG|Ki-Adi-Mundi
&lt;/gallery&gt;

* ¼. Excited.

# Ectih you.

# Ecih.
# Ciddy give a celebrate.

# Ceddy give a ceh. I'm celebrating to keep a shake dance.
# Excited yes.
# &lt;ref group=&quot;Ceddy&quot;&gt;Seddy&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-25T23:42:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IacobusAmor</username>
        <id>1163</id>
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      <comment>Non Latine</comment>
      <origin>3991134</origin>
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      <text bytes="588" sha1="lfb3qs9oz476pbrpraxc931s667xyx1" xml:space="preserve">{{Non Latine}}
{{Vicificanda}}
{{Pagina non annexa}}# [[Ceddy Chase]] and [[Chuck Hiciste]] is a Jedi daddy and a succeeding Jedi master of the first avenger.
# Yes can give a ceh, ceddy dance.
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Nick Fury.jpg|Ceddy Chase
Fasciculus:Stade rennais - Le Havre AC 20150708 20.JPG|Jesse Hiciste
Fasciculus:Stade rennais - Le Havre AC 20150708 17.JPG|Ki-Adi-Mundi
&lt;/gallery&gt;

* ¼. Excited.

# Ectih you.

# Ecih.
# Ciddy give a celebrate.

# Ceddy give a ceh. I'm celebrating to keep a shake dance.
# Excited yes.
# &lt;ref group=&quot;Ceddy&quot;&gt;Seddy&lt;/ref&gt;
{{Nexus absunt}}{{dubcat}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Disputatio Usoris:Fridericus Garcia Castrensis</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>328973</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991181</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T02:52:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+{{subst:salve}}</comment>
      <origin>3991181</origin>
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      <text bytes="2011" sha1="a2mknye0d85zg5awl2bwkmme4ymw4ll" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!-- Substitutio formulae {{Salve}} secundum recensionem 3974721 hic incipit --&gt;== Salve, Friderice Garcia Castrensis! ==
Gratus in Vicipaediam Latinam acciperis! Ob [[Specialis:Conlationes/Fridericus Garcia Castrensis|contributa tua]] gratias agimus speramusque te delectari posse et manere velle.

Cum nostra Vicipaedia parva humilisque sit, paucae et exiguae sunt paginae auxilii, a quibus hortamur te ut incipias:

* [[Vicipaedia:Praefatio|Ops nexusque usoribus novis]] ({{Nexus ad alias linguas de opibus nexibusque pro usoribus novis}})
* [[Vicipaedia:De orthographia|De orthographia]] ({{Nexus ad alias linguas de fontibus nominum Latinorum}})
* [[Usor:Iustinus/Translator's Guide|Enchiridion interpretis]] ([[Lingua Anglica|Anglice]] scriptum)
* [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]]
* [[Lexica Neolatina]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Lexica Latina interretialia|Lexica Latina interretialia]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum Latinorum|Fontes nominum Latinorum]] ({{Nexus ad alias linguas de orthographia}})
* [[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum locorum|Fontes nominum geographicorum]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Index formularum|Index formularum]]

Si plura de [[mos|moribus]] et institutis Vicipaedianis scire vis, tibi suademus, roges in nostra [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]], vel roges unum ex [[Vicipaedia:Magistratus|magistratibus]] directe.

In paginis encyclopaedicis mos noster non est nomen dare, sed in paginis disputationis memento editis tuis nomen [[Vicipaedia:Subscriptio|subscribere]], litteris impressis &lt;code&gt;--~~&lt;nowiki /&gt;~~&lt;/code&gt;, quibus insertis nomen tuum et dies apparebit. Quamquam vero in paginis ipsis nisi lingua Latina uti non licet, in paginis disputationum qualibet lingua scribi solet. Quodsi quid interrogare velis, vel [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]] vel [[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|pagina disputationis mea]] tibi patebit. Ave! Spero te “Vicipaedianum” fieri velle!&lt;!-- Substitutio formulae {{Salve}} hic finit --&gt; --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:51, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Historia Thailandiae</title>
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        <username>ChomponU Pongsawet</username>
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      <comment>Paginam instituit, scribens ''''Historia Thailandiae''' incipit cum sitibus Aetatis Aeneae et Ferreae sicut [[Ban Chiang]], qui circa annum 1500 a.C.n. habitabantur.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 Sep 2005 |title=Ban Chiang Archaeological Site |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/575/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260128061920/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/575/ |archive-date=28 Jan 2026 |access-date=18 May 2026 |website=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; Millennio primo, regio...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="11781" sha1="55udzqd6jligctj5bv1bt8b3losjs7y" xml:space="preserve">'''Historia Thailandiae''' incipit cum sitibus Aetatis Aeneae et Ferreae sicut [[Ban Chiang]], qui circa annum 1500 a.C.n. habitabantur.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 Sep 2005 |title=Ban Chiang Archaeological Site |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/575/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260128061920/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/575/ |archive-date=28 Jan 2026 |access-date=18 May 2026 |website=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; Millennio primo, regio a communitatibus [[Mon people|Monensibus]], [[Lawa people|Lawaensibus]], [[Khmer people|Khmerensibus]] et [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malaicis]] tenebatur. Greges [[Tai peoples|Tai]] [[Kra–Dai-speaking peoples|linguis Kra-Dai loquentes]] ex [[South China|Sinis meridianis]] in [[Mainland Southeast Asia|Asiam meridianam et orientalem continentem]] inter saecula octavum et decimum migraverunt, et in numero maiore saeculo tertio decimo sub vi [[Mongol conquest of China|exercituum Mongolicorum in Sinis]]. In septentrione et in civitatibus urbibusque centralibus sicut [[History of Lopburi|Lavo]] consederunt, cum populis indigenis permixti sunt, et [[Dvaravati|culturam Dvaravati]] in [[Chao Phraya River|Pelvi Chao Phraya]] susceperunt.

In [[Northern Thailand|Thailandia septentrionali]], regione antiquissima, grex ethnicus principalis, [[Northern Thai people|Tai-Yuan]], regna propria condidit, semi-fabulosum [[Singhanavati]] (691 a.C.n.–638 p.C.n.) et deinde [[Ngoenyang]] (638–1292). [[Sukhothai (city)|Sukhothai]] capta est anno 1238 et facta est caput [[Sukhothai Kingdom|Regni Sukhothai]] (1238–1438), quod usque ad saeculum tertium decimum [[Mon kingdoms|regna Monensia]] in [[Central Thailand|Thailandia centrali]] substituerat; quousque oppidum antea sub auctoritate Ankorensi stetisset, et quomodo eventus anni 1238 interpretandi sint, ambo in disputatione sunt. Principes [[Suphannabhum|Suphannabhumenses]] [[History of Lopburi|Lavo]] ab [[Khmer Empire|Imperio Khmerensi]] separaverunt. Sub rege [[Ramkhamhaeng]], [[Thai script|scriptura Thailandensis]] creata est anno 1283,&lt;ref name=&quot;hartmann&quot;&gt;{{citation |last1=Hartmann |first1=John F. |title=The spread of South Indic scripts in Southeast Asia |date=1986 |page=8}}&lt;/ref&gt; artes floruerunt,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 Aug 2021 |title=History of Thailand |url=https://www.edrawmind.com/article/history-of-thailand.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813092902/https://www.edrawmind.com/article/history-of-thailand.html |archive-date=13 Aug 2024 |access-date=21 March 2025 |website=EdrawMind}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Insight Guides&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |first= |title=Thailand history and timeline |url=https://www.insightguides.com/destinations/asia-pacific/thailand/historical-highlights |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250321154706/https://www.insightguides.com/destinations/asia-pacific/thailand/historical-highlights |archive-date=21 March 2025 |access-date=21 March 2025 |website=Insight Guides}}&lt;/ref&gt; instituta Thailandensia formam ceperunt, et populus se Thai vocavit quasi a dominatione aliena liberi. Anno 1351 civitas-urbs [[Suphannabhum]], hodierna [[Suphan Buri Province|Suphan Buri]], et Lavo, hodierna [[Lop Buri Province|Lop Buri]], in [[Ayutthaya Kingdom|Regnum Ayutthaya]] super [[Chao Phraya River|flumen Chao Phraya]] contributae sunt, iungentes Tai-Yuan septentrionis cum populis Monensibus pelvis. [[Duarte Fernandes]] Ayutthayam pervenit anno 1511, primus Europaeus qui id fecit.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lourido |first=Rui D' Avila |date=1996 |title=European Trade Between Macao and Siam, from Its Beginnings to 1663 |url=https://thesiamsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/1996/03/JSS_084_2f_Lourido_EuropeanTradeBetweenMacaoAndSiamTo1663.pdf |access-date=2 July 2024 |website=The Siam Society}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eius administratio principio bilinguis in linguis [[Thai language|Thailandensi]] et [[Khmer language|Khmerensi]] fuit, sed Thailandensis [[lingua franca]] facta est post [[Fall of Angkor|Angkor lapsum]] anno 1431 et Sukhothai expugnatam anno 1438.

Siamum et Birmania 26 [[Burmese–Siamese wars|bella]] inter saeculum sextum decimum et initium saeculi undevicesimi gesserunt. [[Ayutthaya Kingdom|Ayutthaya]] cecidit cum caput eius direptum est in [[Burmese–Siamese War (1765–1767)|Bello Birmanico-Siamensi (1765–1767)]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC-2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 March 2019 |title=Thailand profile - timeline |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-15641745 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250215042934/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-15641745 |archive-date=15 Feb 2025 |access-date=21 March 2025 |website=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Taksin]] Birmanicos expulit, quinque civitates regionales bellantes reunificavit et breve [[Thonburi Kingdom|Regnum Thonburi]] anno 1767 condidit.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC-2019&quot; /&gt; A praefecto suo [[Rama I|Chao Phraya Chakri]] depositus est, qui [[Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932)|Regnum Rattanakosin]] (1782–1932) condidit; in maxima eius extensione annis 1805–1812 comprehendit [[Administrative divisions of Thailand#Muang Prathetsarat|25 civitates]], inter quas hodiernam [[Cambodia|Cambodiam]], [[Laos|Laotiam]], [[Malaysia|Malaysiam]] septentrionalem et [[Myanmar|Birmaniam]] orientalem. [[Mongkut|Rex Mongkut]] (Rama IV) novitates Occidentales suscepit et modernizationem patriae incepit.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC-2019&quot; /&gt; Thailandia fuit sola civitas in Asia meridiana et orientali quae per [[European colonisation of Southeast Asia|colonizationem Europaeam]] annorum 1511 usque ad 1984 independens mansit. Plurimae res huius causae sunt: reformationes centralizantes [[Chulalongkorn|regis Chulalongkorn]], consilium quod commoda Britannica contra Gallica librabat, itinera regis in Europam annis 1897 et 1907, magnae concessiones territoriales ad [[French Indochina|Indosinam Gallicam]], et voluntas ambarum potentiarum ut Siamum tamquam [[buffer state|civitatem interiectam]] inter colonias suas tenerent. Edictum anni 1874 reformationes incepit quae [[Slavery in Thailand|servitutem]] anno 1905 aboleverunt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Phongpaichit |first=Pasuk |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/history-of-thailand/chronology/BBF6288CB75E38CB70167248809DCCDE |title=A History of Thailand |date=13 April 2022 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |edition=4th |location=Cambridge University Press (cambridge.org) |publication-date=13 April 2022 |pages=Chronology chapter |doi=10.1017/9781009029797.003 |isbn=978-1-009-01483-0 |language=English |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617133121/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/history-of-thailand/chronology/BBF6288CB75E38CB70167248809DCCDE |archive-date=17 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Siamum cum [[United Kingdom|Britanniarum Regno]] anno 1917 foedus fecit et se [[Allies of World War I|Sociis Belli Orbis Terrarum I]] iunxit.&lt;ref name=&quot;CountryReports&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Thailand History Timeline |url=https://www.countryreports.org/country/Thailand/timeline.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004190338/https://www.countryreports.org/country/Thailand/timeline.htm |archive-date=4 Oct 2024 |access-date=21 Mar 2025 |website=CountryReports}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Siamese revolution of 1932|Revolutio Siamensis anni 1932]] monarchiae absolutae finem imposuit et [[Prajadhipok]] (Rama VII) regem constitutionalem fecit, et anno 1939 patria denuo Thailandia, &quot;Terra Liberorum,&quot; nominata est.&lt;ref name=&quot;CountryReports&quot; /&gt; [[Franco-Thai War|Bellum Francogallico-Thailandense]] annorum 1940–1941 territorium in controversiam vocatum in Cambodia et Laotia ex [[French Indochina|Indosina Gallica]] acquisivit. Thailandia initio [[Thailand in World War II|Belli Orbis Terrarum II]] [[Neutral country|neutralis]] erat, sed se Axi iunxit post [[Japanese invasion of Thailand|Invasionem Iaponicam Thailandiae]] die 8 Decembris 1941,&lt;ref name=&quot;CountryReports&quot; /&gt; annectens territorium in controversiam vocatum in Birmania ([[Saharat Thai Doem]]) et Malaya ([[Sirat Malai]]); haec omnia post bellum, cum omnibus vindicationibus bellicis, renuntiavit in vicem admissionis in [[United Nations|Nationes Unitas]] et auxilii Americani.&lt;ref&gt;David Porter Chandler and David Joel Steinberg eds. ''In Search of Southeast Asia: A Modern History''. p. 388&lt;/ref&gt; In regno 70 annorum [[Bhumibol Adulyadej|regis Bhumibol Adulyadej]], patria 10 res novas cum [[Military government|regiminibus militaribus]] et 17 constitutiones habuit.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wongcha-Um |first=Panu Wongcha-Um |date=18 December 2020 |title=Timeline: Thailand's Coups, Kings and Protests |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/asia-pacific/timeline-thailands-coups-kings-and-protests-idUSKBN28S1BZ/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240817145001/https://www.reuters.com/article/world/asia-pacific/timeline-thailands-coups-kings-and-protests-idUSKBN28S1BZ/ |archive-date=17 August 2024 |access-date=21 March 2025 |website=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ab anno 1962 [[United States|Civitatibus Foederatis]] usum castrorum in [[Vietnam War|Bello Vietnamensi]] permisit et [[Thailand in the Vietnam War|copias]] in [[South Vietnam|Vietnamiam Meridianam]] misit,&lt;ref name=&quot;CountryReports&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC-2019&quot; /&gt; et [[Government of Thailand|Gubernatio Thailandensis]] [[Communist insurgency in Thailand|rebellionem]] a [[Communist Party of Thailand|Fatione Communistica Thailandiae (CPT)]] anno 1965 inceptam ad annum 1973 devicit. Thailandia membrum conditor [[ASEAN|Consociationis Nationum Asiae Meridio-Orientalis (ASEAN)]] anno 1967 fuit.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Liow |first1=Joseph |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G5KLBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA82 |title=Dictionary of the Modern Politics of Southeast Asia |last2=Leifer |first2=Michael |date=20 November 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-62233-8 |pages=82–85 |access-date=7 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[1970s peasant revolts in Thailand|Rebelliones rusticorum Thailandensium annorum 1970]], ad aes alienum agricolarum minuendum et pretia iusta [[rice|oryzae]] praestanda, Legem de Imperio Reditus Terreni (LRCA) mense Decembri 1974 attulerunt. Auctus oeconomicus rapidus erat ab anno 1993 ad 1997,&lt;ref name=&quot;Insight Guides&quot; /&gt; donec [[1997 Asian financial crisis|crisis nummaria Asiatica anni 1997]] conturbationes et inopiam operarum attulit,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC-2019&quot; /&gt; recuperatione annis 1998 et 1999 secuta. [[Senate of Thailand|Senatus]] primum anno 2000 electus est.&lt;ref name=&quot;Insight Guides&quot; /&gt; [[Sappaya-Sapasathan]], aedificium parlamentarium maximum in orbe terrarum, die 1 Maii 2021 apertum est.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 April 2021 |title=Eight years and billions of baht later, world's largest Parliament opens in Thailand amid controversy |url=https://www.thaipbsworld.com/eight-years-and-billions-of-baht-later-worlds-largest-parliament-opens-in-thailand-amid-controversy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512060301/https://www.thaipbsworld.com/eight-years-and-billions-of-baht-later-worlds-largest-parliament-opens-in-thailand-amid-controversy/ |archive-date=12 May 2021 |access-date=25 March 2025 |website=Thai PBS World |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referentiae ==
{{Reflist}}

== Nexus externi ==
*[http://countrystudies.us/thailand/ Thailand] [[Library of Congress Country Studies|Country Study for the Library of Congress]], 1987. Barbara Leitch LePoer, editor. This text comes from the Country Studies Program. The series presents a description and analysis of the historical setting and the social, economic, political, and national security systems and institutions of countries throughout the world. &lt;!--This is a US government document and is not copyright.--&gt;
*[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-15641745 Thailand profile – Timeline] at the [[BBC News Online]]

[[Categoria:Historia Thailandiae]]</text>
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      <text bytes="11608" sha1="69vsgcghozfxpy9ugc7ox9pv4dnd3a6" xml:space="preserve">'''Historia Thailandiae''' incipit cum sitibus Aetatis Aeneae et Ferreae sicut [[Ban Chiang]], qui circa annum 1500 a.C.n. habitabantur.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 Sep 2005 |title=Ban Chiang Archaeological Site |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/575/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260128061920/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/575/ |archive-date=28 Jan 2026 |access-date=18 May 2026 |website=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; Millennio primo, regio a communitatibus [[Mon (populus)|Monensibus]], [[Lawa (populus)|Lawaensibus]], [[Khmer (populus)|Khmerensibus]] et [[Malaici|Malaicis]] tenebatur. Greges [[Tai (populus)|Tai]] [[Linguae Kra-Dai|linguis Kra-Dai loquentes]] ex [[Sinae Meridianae|Sinis meridianis]] in [[Asia Meridio-Orientalis|Asiam meridianam et orientalem continentem]] inter saecula octavum et decimum migraverunt, et in numero maiore saeculo tertio decimo sub vi [[Imperium Mongolicum|exercituum Mongolicorum in Sinis]]. In septentrione et in civitatibus urbibusque centralibus sicut [[Lavo|Lavo]] consederunt, cum populis indigenis permixti sunt, et [[Dvaravati|culturam Dvaravati]] in [[Menam|Pelvi Chao Phraya]] susceperunt.

In [[Thailandia Septentrionalis|Thailandia septentrionali]], regione antiquissima, grex ethnicus principalis, [[Tai-Yuan]], regna propria condidit, semi-fabulosum [[Singhanavati]] (691 a.C.n.–638 p.C.n.) et deinde [[Ngoenyang]] (638–1292). [[Sukhothai|Sukhothai]] capta est anno 1238 et facta est caput [[Regnum Sukhothai|Regni Sukhothai]] (1238–1438), quod usque ad saeculum tertium decimum [[Mon (populus)|regna Monensia]] in [[Thailandia Centralis|Thailandia centrali]] substituerat; quousque oppidum antea sub auctoritate Ankorensi stetisset, et quomodo eventus anni 1238 interpretandi sint, ambo in disputatione sunt. Principes [[Suphannabhum|Suphannabhumenses]] [[Lavo|Lavo]] ab [[Imperium Khmerense|Imperio Khmerensi]] separaverunt. Sub rege [[Ramkhamhaeng]], [[Abecedarium Thailandicum|scriptura Thailandensis]] creata est anno 1283,&lt;ref name=&quot;hartmann&quot;&gt;{{citation |last1=Hartmann |first1=John F. |title=The spread of South Indic scripts in Southeast Asia |date=1986 |page=8}}&lt;/ref&gt; artes floruerunt,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 Aug 2021 |title=History of Thailand |url=https://www.edrawmind.com/article/history-of-thailand.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813092902/https://www.edrawmind.com/article/history-of-thailand.html |archive-date=13 Aug 2024 |access-date=21 March 2025 |website=EdrawMind}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Insight Guides&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |first= |title=Thailand history and timeline |url=https://www.insightguides.com/destinations/asia-pacific/thailand/historical-highlights |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250321154706/https://www.insightguides.com/destinations/asia-pacific/thailand/historical-highlights |archive-date=21 March 2025 |access-date=21 March 2025 |website=Insight Guides}}&lt;/ref&gt; instituta Thailandensia formam ceperunt, et populus se Thai vocavit quasi a dominatione aliena liberi. Anno 1351 civitas-urbs [[Suphannabhum]], hodierna [[Provincia Suphanburi|Suphan Buri]], et Lavo, hodierna [[Provincia Lopburi|Lop Buri]], in [[Regnum Ayutthaya]] super [[Menam|flumen Chao Phraya]] contributae sunt, iungentes Tai-Yuan septentrionis cum populis Monensibus pelvis. [[Eduardus Fernandes|Duarte Fernandes]] Ayutthayam pervenit anno 1511, primus Europaeus qui id fecit.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lourido |first=Rui D' Avila |date=1996 |title=European Trade Between Macao and Siam, from Its Beginnings to 1663 |url=https://thesiamsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/1996/03/JSS_084_2f_Lourido_EuropeanTradeBetweenMacaoAndSiamTo1663.pdf |access-date=2 July 2024 |website=The Siam Society}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eius administratio principio bilinguis in linguis [[Lingua Thailandica|Thailandensi]] et [[Lingua Khmerensis|Khmerensi]] fuit, sed Thailandensis [[Lingua franca|lingua franca]] facta est post [[Angkor|Angkor lapsum]] anno 1431 et Sukhothai expugnatam anno 1438.

Siamum et Birmania 26 [[Bella Birmanico-Siamensia|bella]] inter saeculum sextum decimum et initium saeculi undevicesimi gesserunt. [[Regnum Ayutthaya|Ayutthaya]] cecidit cum caput eius direptum est in [[Bellum Birmanico-Siamense (1765–1767)|Bello Birmanico-Siamensi (1765–1767)]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC-2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 March 2019 |title=Thailand profile - timeline |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-15641745 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250215042934/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-15641745 |archive-date=15 Feb 2025 |access-date=21 March 2025 |website=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Taksin]] Birmanicos expulit, quinque civitates regionales bellantes reunificavit et breve [[Regnum Thonburi]] anno 1767 condidit.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC-2019&quot; /&gt; A praefecto suo [[Rama I|Chao Phraya Chakri]] depositus est, qui [[Regnum Rattanakosin]] (1782–1932) condidit; in maxima eius extensione annis 1805–1812 comprehendit [[Provinciae Thailandiae|25 civitates]], inter quas hodiernam [[Cambosia|Cambodiam]], [[Laotia|Laotiam]], [[Malaesia|Malaysiam]] septentrionalem et [[Birmania|Birmaniam]] orientalem. [[Mongkut|Rex Mongkut]] (Rama IV) novitates Occidentales suscepit et modernizationem patriae incepit.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC-2019&quot; /&gt; Thailandia fuit sola civitas in Asia meridiana et orientali quae per [[Colonialismus|colonizationem Europaeam]] annorum 1511 usque ad 1984 independens mansit. Plurimae res huius causae sunt: reformationes centralizantes [[Chulalongkorn|regis Chulalongkorn]], consilium quod commoda Britannica contra Gallica librabat, itinera regis in Europam annis 1897 et 1907, magnae concessiones territoriales ad [[Indosina Francica|Indosinam Gallicam]], et voluntas ambarum potentiarum ut Siamum tamquam [[Civitas interiecta|civitatem interiectam]] inter colonias suas tenerent. Edictum anni 1874 reformationes incepit quae [[Servitus|servitutem]] anno 1905 aboleverunt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Phongpaichit |first=Pasuk |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/history-of-thailand/chronology/BBF6288CB75E38CB70167248809DCCDE |title=A History of Thailand |date=13 April 2022 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |edition=4th |location=Cambridge University Press (cambridge.org) |publication-date=13 April 2022 |pages=Chronology chapter |doi=10.1017/9781009029797.003 |isbn=978-1-009-01483-0 |language=English |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617133121/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/history-of-thailand/chronology/BBF6288CB75E38CB70167248809DCCDE |archive-date=17 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Siamum cum [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britanniarum Regno]] anno 1917 foedus fecit et se [[Socii (Bellum Mundanum Primum)|Sociis Belli Orbis Terrarum I]] iunxit.&lt;ref name=&quot;CountryReports&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Thailand History Timeline |url=https://www.countryreports.org/country/Thailand/timeline.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004190338/https://www.countryreports.org/country/Thailand/timeline.htm |archive-date=4 Oct 2024 |access-date=21 Mar 2025 |website=CountryReports}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Res novae Siamenses anni 1932|Revolutio Siamensis anni 1932]] monarchiae absolutae finem imposuit et [[Prajadhipok]] (Rama VII) regem constitutionalem fecit, et anno 1939 patria denuo Thailandia, &quot;Terra Liberorum,&quot; nominata est.&lt;ref name=&quot;CountryReports&quot; /&gt; [[Bellum Francogallico-Thailandense]] annorum 1940–1941 territorium in controversiam vocatum in Cambodia et Laotia ex [[Indosina Francica|Indosina Gallica]] acquisivit. Thailandia initio [[Bellum Mundanum Secundum|Belli Orbis Terrarum II]] [[Civitas neutralis|neutralis]] erat, sed se Axi iunxit post [[Invasio Iaponica in Thailandiam|Invasionem Iaponicam Thailandiae]] die 8 Decembris 1941,&lt;ref name=&quot;CountryReports&quot; /&gt; annectens territorium in controversiam vocatum in Birmania ([[Saharat Thai Doem]]) et Malaya ([[Sirat Malai]]); haec omnia post bellum, cum omnibus vindicationibus bellicis, renuntiavit in vicem admissionis in [[Consociatio Nationum|Nationes Unitas]] et auxilii Americani.&lt;ref&gt;David Porter Chandler and David Joel Steinberg eds. ''In Search of Southeast Asia: A Modern History''. p. 388&lt;/ref&gt; In regno 70 annorum [[Bhumibol Adulyadej|regis Bhumibol Adulyadej]], patria 10 res novas cum [[Dictatura militaris|regiminibus militaribus]] et 17 constitutiones habuit.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wongcha-Um |first=Panu Wongcha-Um |date=18 December 2020 |title=Timeline: Thailand's Coups, Kings and Protests |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/asia-pacific/timeline-thailands-coups-kings-and-protests-idUSKBN28S1BZ/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240817145001/https://www.reuters.com/article/world/asia-pacific/timeline-thailands-coups-kings-and-protests-idUSKBN28S1BZ/ |archive-date=17 August 2024 |access-date=21 March 2025 |website=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ab anno 1962 [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatibus Foederatis]] usum castrorum in [[Bellum Indosinense II|Bello Vietnamensi]] permisit et [[Copiae|copias]] in [[Vietnamia Meridionalis|Vietnamiam Meridianam]] misit,&lt;ref name=&quot;CountryReports&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC-2019&quot; /&gt; et [[Gubernatio Thailandiae|Gubernatio Thailandensis]] [[Rebellio communistica in Thailandia|rebellionem]] a [[Factio communistica Thailandiae|Fatione Communistica Thailandiae (CPT)]] anno 1965 inceptam ad annum 1973 devicit. Thailandia membrum conditor [[ASEAN|Consociationis Nationum Asiae Meridio-Orientalis (ASEAN)]] anno 1967 fuit.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Liow |first1=Joseph |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G5KLBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA82 |title=Dictionary of the Modern Politics of Southeast Asia |last2=Leifer |first2=Michael |date=20 November 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-62233-8 |pages=82–85 |access-date=7 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Rebelliones rusticorum Thailandensium annorum 1970]], ad aes alienum agricolarum minuendum et pretia iusta [[Oryza sativa|oryzae]] praestanda, Legem de Imperio Reditus Terreni (LRCA) mense Decembri 1974 attulerunt. Auctus oeconomicus rapidus erat ab anno 1993 ad 1997,&lt;ref name=&quot;Insight Guides&quot; /&gt; donec [[Crisis nummaria Asiatica anni 1997]] conturbationes et inopiam operarum attulit,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC-2019&quot; /&gt; recuperatione annis 1998 et 1999 secuta. [[Senatus Thailandiae|Senatus]] primum anno 2000 electus est.&lt;ref name=&quot;Insight Guides&quot; /&gt; [[Sappaya-Sapasathan]], aedificium parlamentarium maximum in orbe terrarum, die 1 Maii 2021 apertum est.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 April 2021 |title=Eight years and billions of baht later, world's largest Parliament opens in Thailand amid controversy |url=https://www.thaipbsworld.com/eight-years-and-billions-of-baht-later-worlds-largest-parliament-opens-in-thailand-amid-controversy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512060301/https://www.thaipbsworld.com/eight-years-and-billions-of-baht-later-worlds-largest-parliament-opens-in-thailand-amid-controversy/ |archive-date=12 May 2021 |access-date=25 March 2025 |website=Thai PBS World |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referentiae ==
{{Reflist}}

== Nexus externi ==
*[http://countrystudies.us/thailand/ Thailand] [[Library of Congress Country Studies|Country Study for the Library of Congress]], 1987. Barbara Leitch LePoer, editor. This text comes from the Country Studies Program. The series presents a description and analysis of the historical setting and the social, economic, political, and national security systems and institutions of countries throughout the world. &lt;!--This is a US government document and is not copyright.--&gt;
*[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-15641745 Thailand profile – Timeline] at the [[BBC News Online]]

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