Saskatchewan

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      <text bytes="910" sha1="iygibvujsws3c1x7sqv0kd3eutax2xu" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Saskmap2.png|thumb|Provinciae tabula.]]
'''Saskatchewan'''&lt;ref&gt;V. fontes de [[Saskatchewan (flumen)|flumine]].&lt;/ref&gt; est [[provincia]] [[Canada|Canadiensis]] in parte interiori civitatis sita.

== Urbes ==
*[[Urbs Reginae]] (caput)
*[[Battleford]]
*[[Eboracopolis]] (''Yorkton'')
*[[Moose Jaw]]
*[[Urbs Principis Alberti]] (''Prince Albert'')
*[[Saskatoon]]

== Flumina ==
*[[Saskatchewan (flumen)|Saskatchewan]] (cum [[Saskatchewan Borealis|Saskatchewane Boreali]] et [[Saskatchewan Australis|Australi]])
* [[Churchill (flumen)|Churchill]]

==Lacus==
* [[Lacus Tarandorum]]
* [[Lacus Wollaston]]

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Nexus interni==
*[[Alberta]]
*[[Manitoba]]

== Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat}}
{{fontes geographici}}
* [http://www.gov.sk.ca/ Provinciae pagina interretialis] 

{{Canada}}

[[Categoria:Pratariae Canadienses]]
[[Categoria:Saskatchewan|!]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Carolus Fridericus Gauss</title>
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      <text bytes="18716" sha1="dlcfekqgsd3aqfn3xocii3kk63bgzpu" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}

{{res|Carolus Fridericus Gauss}} (natus ''Johann Carl Friedrich Gauß'' die [[30 Aprilis]] [[1777]]; mortuus die [[23 Februarii]] [[1855]]) fuit [[mathematicus]] et [[scientia (ratio)|scientiarum]] doctus [[Germania|Germanicus]], qui multos progressus in multis campis effecit, inter quos [[theoria numerorum]], [[statistica]], [[explicatio mathematica]] ([[analysis]]), [[aequatio differentialis]] [[topologia]], [[geometria et topologia differentialis|geometria differentialis]], [[geodesia]], [[geophysica]], [[electrostatica]], [[magnetismus]], [[astronomia]], [[optica]]. In [[statistica]] [[methodus quadratorum minimorum|methodum quadratorum minimorum]] cognovit.

Tantopere in scientia tam prodiit ut et &quot;princeps mathematicorum&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
 |last=Zeidler
 |first=Eberhard
 |title=Oxford User's Guide to Mathematics
 |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordusersguide0000unse
 |location=Oxoniae
 |publisher=Oxford University Press
 |year=[[2004]]
 |isbn=0198507631
 |page=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordusersguide0000unse/page/1188 1188]
 }}.&lt;/ref&gt; 
et &quot;maximus mathematicus post [[antiquitas|antiquitatem]]&quot; aliquando appellatur, atque inter [[computator]]es numeratur. Gauss [[unus]] e potentissimis mathematicis in [[historia]], cum [[Archimedes|Archimede]], [[Isaacus Newtonus|Newtono]], [[Leonhardus Eulerus|Eulero]], aestimatur.&lt;ref&gt;''Scientific Monthly'' 24: 402–414.&lt;/ref&gt; Dixit Gauss &quot;Mathematica regina scientiarum est et [[theoria numerorum]] regina mathematicae est.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Wolfgang Sartorius von Waltershausen (1856, retractatus 1965), [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_h_Q5AAAAcAAJ/page/n4/mode/1up ''Gauss zum Gedächtniss''] S. Hirzel, Lipsiae 1856, p. 79.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Asteroides [[1001 Gaussia]] in eius honorem nominatus est.

== Vita ==
[[Fasciculus:Statue-of-Gauss-in-Braunschweig.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|left|Signum Gaussianum [[Brunsvicum|Brunsvici]] in loco natali positum.]]
[[Fasciculus:Carl Friedrich Gauss on his Deathbed, 1855.jpg|thumb|Gauss in lecto mortuus iacet. [[Daguerreotypus]], [[1855]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Göttingen-Grave.of.Gauß.06.jpg|thumb|[[Sepulcrum]], [[Sepulcretum Albani]] in urbe [[Goettinga]]e [[Germania]]e.]]
[[Fasciculus:GaussSiegel1777-1855.png|thumb|Sigillum Gaussium cum sententiola: ''Pauca sed Matura.'']]
[[Fasciculus:Carl Friedrich Gauß, Mitgliedsdiplom der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Petersburg.jpg|thumb|Diploma membri correspondentis [[Academia Scientiarum Russica|Academiae Scientiarum Russicae]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Carl Friedrich Gauß, Mitgliedsdiplom der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität Prag.jpg|thumb|Diploma facultatis philosophiae [[Universitas Carolina Pragensis|Universitatis Carolinae Pragensis (1848)]].]]

=== Anni primi (1777–1798) ===
Carolus Fridericus Gauss [[Brunsvicum|Brunsvici]] in [[Ducatus Brunsvici-Guelpherbyti|Ducatu Brunsvici-Guelpherbyti]], nunc parte [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Germania]]e, die [[30 Aprilis]] anno [[1777]] natus est, [[filius]] parentium pauperum classis laborantium.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.math.wichita.edu/history/men/gauss.html|title=Carl Friedrich Gauss|publisher=Wichita State University}}.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Mater]] quidem [[alphabetismus|legere et scribere]] non potuit, et [[dies|diem]] eius ortus numquam in tabulas rettulit.

Gauss, [[prodigium puerile|puer portentosus]] aestimatus, iam [[adolescentia|adolescens]] ingenium suum proferebat.

Anno [[1799]], [[thesis doctoralis|thesem doctroralem]] ''Demonstratio nova theorematis omniem functionem algebraicam rationalem integram unius variabilis in factores reales primi vel secundi gradus resolvi posse'' de [[theorema fundamentale algebrae|theoremate fundamentali algebrae]] publicavit.

Suum [[magnum opus]] mathematicae ''[[Disquisitiones Arithmeticae]],'' anno [[1801]] editum, magnum opus astronomiae ''Theoria motus corporum coelestium in sectionibus conicis solem ambientium'', anno 1809 editum, universe habentur .

Etiam formulam cognovit qua [[dies]] [[Pascha (festum Christianum)|paschales]] in [[calendarium|calendario]] determinari possunt.

=== Mors ===
Gauss senex [[insufficientia cordis]] et [[insomnia]] laboravit. Die [[23 Februarii]] [[1855]] in sedi sua mortuus est.

== Narratio ==
Cum magister discipulis imperavit summam facere omnium [[numerus|numerorum]] ab [[unus|uno]] usque ad [[centum]], puer statim respondit 5050 (et magistrum, qui sibi pausam speravisset, frustravit). Nam Gauss intellexit 100 plus 1 101 facere, 99 + 2 item, 98 + 3 item, et cetera, ita sequuntur usque ad 50 plus 51 = 101. Ergo quingagies 101 summa rogata esse debet quae 5050 est.&lt;ref&gt;Wolfgang Sartorius von Waltershausen (1856, retractatus 1965), [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_h_Q5AAAAcAAJ/page/n4/mode/1up ''Gauss zum Gedächtniss''] S. Hirzel, Lipsiae 1856, p. 12–13.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Commemorationes ==
Post mortem suam, [[Georgius V (rex Hannoverae)|Georgius V]] [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Rex Hannoverae]] pro commemorationi Caroli Friderici Gauss medaliam{{dubsig}} ferire{{dubsig}} iussit cum [[inscriptio]]nibus GEORGIVS V REX HANNOVERAE MATHEMATICORVM PRINCIPI et ACADEMIAE SVAE GEORGIAE AVGVSTAE DECORI AETERNO.

Inter res ex Gauss appellatas sunt:
* ''[[Degaussing]]'' ([[Anglice]]), ratio campi magnetici amoti&lt;!--
* The [[Centimetre gram second system of units|CGS]] [[units of measurement|unit]] for [[magnetic field]] was named [[Gauss (unit)|gauss]] in his honour--&gt;
* [[Gauss (crater)|Gauss]], [[crater diruptionis]] in [[Luna]]&lt;ref&gt;L. E. Andersson et E. A Whitaker, ''NASA Catalogue of Lunar Nomenclature,'' NASA RP-1097 (1982).&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[1001 Gaussia]], [[asteroides]]
* ''[[Gauss (navis)|Gauss]]'', [[navis]] in [[expeditio Gaussiana]] ad [[Antarctica]]m adhibita
* [[Gaussberg]] ([[Germanice]], 'Mons Gauss'), [[mons ignifer]] [[exstinctio|exstinctus]], ab expeditione supra dicta inventus
* [[Schola Gaussiana]], [[gymnasium]]
* [[Turris Gauss]], turris observatoria [[Thransfellensis Ecclesia|Thransfellensis Ecclesiae]] in urbe [[Germania]]e&lt;!--
* In Canadian junior high schools, an annual national mathematics competition (Gauss Mathematics Competition) administered by the [[Centre for Education in Mathematics and Computing]] is named in honour of Gauss,
* In [[Crown College, University of California, Santa Cruz|University of California, Santa Cruz, in Crown College]], a dormitory building is named after him,--&gt;
* Gauss Haus ([[Germanice]], 'Domus Gaussiana')&lt;!-- an [[Nuclear magnetic resonance|NMR]] center --&gt; in [[Universitas Utae|Universitate Utae]]&lt;!--
* The Carl-Friedrich-Gauß School for Mathematics, Computer Science, Business Administration, Economics, and Social Sciences of [[TU Braunschweig|University of Braunschweig]]--&gt;
* The Gauss Building ([[Anglice]], 'Aedificium Gaussianum'), in [[Universitas Idahi|Universitate Idahi]] (Collegium Ingeniariae)

== Opera ==
* 1799: {{Opus
	| titulus = Demonstratio nova theorematis omnem functionem algebraicam rationalem integram unius variabilis in factores reales primi vel secundi gradus resolvi posse
	| annus = 1866
	| locus = Helmstadii
	| domus editoria = C. G. Fleckeisen
	| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=guYGAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA3
}} [https://edoc.hu-berlin.de/handle/18452/732 Librum originale] ([[Thesis doctoralis]])
* 1816: {{Opus
	| titulus = Demonstratio nova altera theorematis omnem functionem algebraicam rationalem integram unius variabilis in factores reales primi vel secundi gradus resolvi posse
	| contextus = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math.
	| volumen = 3
	| paginae = 107–134
	| url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0003_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B268%2C269%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D
}} 
* 1816: {{Opus
	| titulus = Theorematis de resolubitate functionum algebraicarum integrarum in factores reales demonstratio tertia
	| contextus = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math.
	| volumen = 3
	| paginae = 135–142
	| url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0003_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B296%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D
}} 
* 1801: {{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris = Gauss
	| nomen auctoris = Carolus Fridericus
	| commentatio de auctore = Carolus Fridericus Gauss
	| titulus = Disquisitiones arithmeticae
	| commentatio de opere = Disquisitiones arithmeticae
	| annus = 1801
	| domus editoria = Gerhardus Fleisher Junior
	| locus = [[Lipsia]]e
	| url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN235993352
}}.
* 1808: {{Opus
	| titulus = Theorematis arithmetici demonstratio nova
	| contextus = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis. Comm. Math.
	| volumen = 16
	| paginae = 69–74
	| url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0016_1NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B498%2C499%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D
}} 
* 1809: {{Opus
	| titulus = Theoria motus corporum coelestium in sectionibus conicis solem ambientium
	| lingua = la
	| locus = Hamburgii
	| domus editoria = Friedrich Perthes &amp; Johann Heinrich Besser
	| url = https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=12217180
}} 
* 1811: {{Opus
	| titulus = Disquisitio de elementis ellipticis Palladis ex oppositionibus annorum 1803, 1804,1805, 1806, 1807, 1808, 1809
	| contextus = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Math.
	| volumen = 1
	| paginae = 1–26
	| url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0001_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B170%2C171%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D
}} 
* 1811: {{Opus
	| titulus = Summatio quarundam serierum singularium
	| contextus = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math.
	| volumen = 1
	| paginae = 1–40
	| url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0001_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B194%2C195%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D
}} 
* 1812: {{Opus
	| titulus = Disquisitiones generales circa seriem infinitam &lt;math&gt;1+\frac{\alpha\beta}{\gamma.1}+\mbox{etc.}&lt;/math&gt;
	| contextus = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math.
	| volumen = 2
	| paginae = 1–42
	| url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0002_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B227%5D%2C%22pan%22%3A%7B%22x%22%3A0.559%2C%22y%22%3A0.496%7D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%2C%22zoom%22%3A0.456%7D
}} 
* 1815: {{Opus
	| titulus = Methodus nova integralium valores per approximationem inveniendi
	| contextus = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math.
	| volumen = 3
	| paginae = 39–76
	| url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0003_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B200%2C201%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D
}}
* 1818: {{Opus
	| titulus = Theorematis fundamentalis in doctrina de residuis quadraticis demonstrationes et ampliationes novae
	| contextus = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math.
	| volumen = 4
	| paginae = 3–20
	| url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0004_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B262%2C263%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D
}}
* 1821: {{Opus
	| titulus = Theoria combinationis observationum erroribus minimis obnoxiae. Pars Prior
	| contextus = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math.
	| volumen = 5
	| paginae = 33–62
	| url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0005_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B276%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D
}} 
* 1823: {{Opus
	| titulus = Theoria combinationis observationum erroribus minimis obnoxiae. Pars Posterior
	| contextus = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math.
	| volumen = 5
	| paginae = 63–90
	| url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0005_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B306%5D%2C%22pan%22%3A%7B%22x%22%3A0.413%2C%22y%22%3A0.66%7D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%2C%22zoom%22%3A0.413%7D
}} 
* 1828: {{Opus
	| titulus = Supplementum theoriae combinationis observationum erroribus minimis obnoxiae
	| contextus = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math.
	| volumen = 6
	| paginae = 57–98
	| url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0006_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B271%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D
}} 
* 1827: {{Opus
	| titulus = Disquisitiones generales circa superficies curvas
	| contextus = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math.
	| volumen = 6
	| paginae = 99–146
	| url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0006_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B312%2C313%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D
}}
* 1828: {{Opus
	| titulus = Theoria residuorum biquadraticorum, Commentatio prima
	| contextus = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math.
	| volumen = 6
	| paginae = 27–56
	| url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0006_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B241%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D
}}
* 1832: {{Opus
	| titulus = Theoria residuorum biquadraticorum, Commentatio secunda
	| contextus = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math.
	| volumen = 7
	| paginae = 89–148
	| url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0007_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B273%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D
}} 
* 1845: {{Opus
	| titulus = Untersuchungen über Gegenstände der Höheren Geodäsie. Erste Abhandlung
	| contextus = Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften in Göttingen
	| volumen = Volumen secundum
	| paginae = 3–46
	| url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN250442582_0002
}}
* 1847: {{Opus
	| titulus = Untersuchungen über Gegenstände der Höheren Geodäsie. Zweite Abhandlung
	| contextus = Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften in Göttingen
	| volumen = Volumen tertium
	| paginae = 3–44
	| url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN250442582_0003
}}
* 2005: {{Opus
	| titulus = Mathematisches Tagebuch 1796–1814
	| latine = Diarium mathematicum
	| annus = 2005
	| editio = 5
	| series = Ostwalds Klassiker der exakten Wissenschaften, Volume 256
	| locus = Francofurtii ad Moenum
	| domus editoria = Harri Deutsch
	| isbn = 978-3-8171-3402-1
}} (collectio notarum in lingua Latina)

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Disqvisitiones-800.jpg|''Disquisitiones arithmeticae (1801)
Fasciculus:Gauss-12.jpg|''Theorematis Arithmetici Demonstratio Nova'' (1808)
Fasciculus:Gauss-5.jpg|''Theoria Motus Corporum Coelestium in sectionibus conicis solem ambientium'' (1809)
Fasciculus:Gauss-2.jpg|''Intensitas vis Magneticae Terrestris ad Mensuram Absolutam Revocata'' (1840)
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia==
*Biermann, Kurt-R., ed. [[1990]]. ''Gauß in Gesprächen und Briefen.'' Urania Verlag und Beck Verlag.
*Bühler, Walter Kaufmann. [[1987]]. ''Gauß: eine biographische Studie.'' Springer-Verlag.
* {{cite book |last=Dunnington|first=G. Waldo.|title=Carl Friedrich Gauss: Titan of Science
 |url=https://archive.org/details/carlfriedrichgau0000dunn|publisher=The Mathematical Association of America|year=[[2004]]|isbn=0-88385-547-X |oclc=53933110}}
* {{cite book
 |last=Hall
 |first=Tord
 |title=Carl Friedrich Gauss: A Biography
 |url=https://archive.org/details/carlfriedrichgau00tord
 |location=Cantabrigiae Massachusettae
 |publisher=[[MIT Press]]
 |year=[[1970]]
 |isbn=0-262-08040-0
 |oclc=185662235}}
* {{cite book
 |last= Sartorius von Waltershausen
 |first=Wolfgang
 |authorlink=Wolfgangus Sartorius von Waltershausen
 |title=''[https://archive.org/details/gauss00waltgoog/page/n5/mode/2up Gauss: A Memorial]''
 |publisher=
 |location=
 |isbn=
 |year=[[1966]]
 }}
* {{cite book
 |last=Simmons
 |first=J.
 |title=The Giant Book of Scientists: The 100 Greatest Minds of All Time
 |publisher=The Book Company
 |location=Sydney
 |isbn=
 |year=[[1996]]
 }}
* {{cite book
 |last=Tent
 |first=Margaret
 |title=The Prince of Mathematics: Carl Friedrich Gauss
 |url=https://archive.org/details/princeofmathemat0000mbwt
 |publisher=A K Peters
 |location=
 |isbn= 1-56881-455-0
 |year=[[2006]]
 }}

=== Fabula ===
* {{cite book
 |last=Kehlmann
 |first=Daniel
 |title=Die Vermessung der Welt
 |url=https://archive.org/details/dievermessungder0000kehl
 |publisher=Rowohlt
 |year=[[2005]]
 |isbn=3-498-03528-2
 |oclc=144590801}}

==Nexus interni==
*[[Schola Gauss Gymnasium apud Vallum Leoninum]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{vicifons|Scriptor:Carolus Fridericus Gauss|Carolum Fridericum Gauss}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070714225917/http://www.corrosion-doctors.org/Biographies/GaussBio.htm Biographia] apud www.corrosion-doctors.org{{Ling|Anglice}}
* [http://fermatslasttheorem.blogspot.com/2005/06/carl-friedrich-gauss.html Biographia] apud fermatslasttheorem.blogspot.com
* [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost19/Gauss/gau_intr.html Chronologia] apud www.fh-augsburg.de {{Ling|Latine}}
* [http://www.gausschildren.org Gauss et sui liberi] apud www.gausschildren.org
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=yh0PAAAAIAAJ &quot;English translation of Waltershausen's 1862 biography,&quot;] apud books.google.com
* [http://www.idsia.ch/~juergen/gauss.html &quot;Gauss: mathematician of the millennium,&quot;] a [[Jürgen Schmidhuber]], apud www.idsia.ch
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111213071452/http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jbourj/money1.htm Imago Gaussiana in &quot;10 Deutsche Mark banknote,&quot;] apud www-personal.umich.edu
* [http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/MNRAS/0016//0000080.000.html Laudatio] apud adsabs.harvard.edu (MNRAS 16(1856):80)
* [[q:Carl Friedrich Gauss|Carl Friedrich Gauss]] apud [[Wikiquote]]
* [http://www-gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/cgi-bin/digbib.cgi?PPN235957348 Opera omnia] apud www-gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00ss0lf &quot;Carl Friedrich Gauss&quot;] in serie ''A Brief History of Mathematics,'' apud www.bbc.co.uk (BBC 4) &lt;!--
{{sisterlinks|commons=Johann Carl Friedrich Gauß|s=Author:Carl Friedrich Gauss}}
*{{MathGenealogy|id=18231}}
*{{planetmath reference |id=5594 |title=Carl Friedrich Gauss}}
*{{worldcat id|lccn-n79-38533}}
*{{MacTutor Biography|id=Gauss}} --&gt;


{{Lifetime|1777|1855|Gauss, Carolus Fridericus}}
[[Categoria:Alumni Academiae Helmstadiensis]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Goettingensis]]
[[Categoria:Astronomi Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Deistae]]
[[Categoria:Lutherani]]
[[Categoria:Mathematici Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Physici Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Goettingensis]]
[[Categoria:Res statisticae]]
[[Categoria:Socii Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]]
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{{res|Carolus Fridericus Gauss}} (natus ''Johann Carl Friedrich Gauß'' die [[30 Aprilis]] [[1777]]; mortuus die [[23 Februarii]] [[1855]]) fuit [[mathematicus]] et [[scientia (ratio)|scientiarum]] doctus [[Germania|Germanicus]], qui multos progressus in multis campis effecit, inter quos [[theoria numerorum]], [[statistica]], [[explicatio mathematica]] ([[analysis]]), [[aequatio differentialis]] [[topologia]], [[geometria et topologia differentialis|geometria differentialis]], [[geodesia]], [[geophysica]], [[electrostatica]], [[magnetismus]], [[astronomia]], [[optica]]. In [[statistica]] [[methodus quadratorum minimorum|methodum quadratorum minimorum]] cognovit.

Tantopere in scientia tam prodiit ut et &quot;princeps mathematicorum&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
 |last=Zeidler
 |first=Eberhard
 |title=Oxford User's Guide to Mathematics
 |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordusersguide0000unse
 |location=Oxoniae
 |publisher=Oxford University Press
 |year=[[2004]]
 |isbn=0198507631
 |page=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordusersguide0000unse/page/1188 1188]
 }}.&lt;/ref&gt; 
et &quot;maximus mathematicus post [[antiquitas|antiquitatem]]&quot; aliquando appellatur, atque inter [[computator]]es numeratur. Gauss [[unus]] e potentissimis mathematicis in [[historia]], cum [[Archimedes|Archimede]], [[Isaacus Newtonus|Newtono]], [[Leonhardus Eulerus|Eulero]], aestimatur.&lt;ref&gt;''Scientific Monthly'' 24: 402–414.&lt;/ref&gt; Dixit Gauss &quot;Mathematica regina scientiarum est et [[theoria numerorum]] regina mathematicae est.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Wolfgang Sartorius von Waltershausen (1856, retractatus 1965), [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_h_Q5AAAAcAAJ/page/n4/mode/1up ''Gauss zum Gedächtniss''] S. Hirzel, Lipsiae 1856, p. 79.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Asteroides [[1001 Gaussia]] in eius honorem nominatus est.

== Vita ==
[[Fasciculus:Statue-of-Gauss-in-Braunschweig.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|left|Signum Gaussianum [[Brunsvicum|Brunsvici]] in loco natali positum.]]
[[Fasciculus:Carl Friedrich Gauss on his Deathbed, 1855.jpg|thumb|Gauss in lecto mortuus iacet. [[Daguerreotypus]], [[1855]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Göttingen-Grave.of.Gauß.06.jpg|thumb|[[Sepulcrum]], [[Sepulcretum Albani]] in urbe [[Goettinga]]e [[Germania]]e.]]
[[Fasciculus:GaussSiegel1777-1855.png|thumb|Sigillum Gaussium cum sententiola: ''Pauca sed Matura.'']]
[[Fasciculus:Carl Friedrich Gauß, Mitgliedsdiplom der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Petersburg.jpg|thumb|Diploma membri correspondentis [[Academia Scientiarum Russica|Academiae Scientiarum Russicae]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Carl Friedrich Gauß, Mitgliedsdiplom der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität Prag.jpg|thumb|Diploma facultatis philosophiae [[Universitas Carolina Pragensis|Universitatis Carolinae Pragensis (1848)]].]]

=== Anni primi (1777–1798) ===
Carolus Fridericus Gauss [[Brunsvicum|Brunsvici]] in [[Ducatus Brunsvici-Guelpherbyti|Ducatu Brunsvici-Guelpherbyti]], nunc parte [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Germania]]e, die [[30 Aprilis]] anno [[1777]] natus est, [[filius]] parentium pauperum classis laborantium.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.math.wichita.edu/history/men/gauss.html|title=Carl Friedrich Gauss|publisher=Wichita State University}}.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Mater]] quidem [[alphabetismus|legere et scribere]] non potuit, et [[dies|diem]] eius ortus numquam in tabulas rettulit.

Gauss, [[prodigium puerile|puer portentosus]] aestimatus, iam [[adolescentia|adolescens]] ingenium suum proferebat.

Anno [[1799]], [[thesis doctoralis|thesem doctroralem]] ''Demonstratio nova theorematis omniem functionem algebraicam rationalem integram unius variabilis in factores reales primi vel secundi gradus resolvi posse'' de [[theorema fundamentale algebrae|theoremate fundamentali algebrae]] publicavit.

Suum [[magnum opus]] mathematicae ''[[Disquisitiones Arithmeticae]],'' anno [[1801]] editum, magnum opus astronomiae ''Theoria motus corporum coelestium in sectionibus conicis solem ambientium'', anno 1809 editum, universe habentur .

Etiam formulam cognovit qua [[dies]] [[Pascha (festum Christianum)|paschales]] in [[calendarium|calendario]] determinari possunt.

=== Mors ===
Gauss senex [[insufficientia cordis]] et [[insomnia]] laboravit. Die [[23 Februarii]] [[1855]] in sedi sua mortuus est.

== Narratio ==
Cum magister discipulis imperavit summam facere omnium [[numerus|numerorum]] ab [[unus|uno]] usque ad [[centum]], puer statim respondit 5050 (et magistrum, qui sibi pausam speravisset, frustravit). Nam Gauss intellexit 100 plus 1 101 facere, 99 + 2 item, 98 + 3 item, et cetera, ita sequuntur usque ad 50 plus 51 = 101. Ergo quingagies 101 summa rogata esse debet quae 5050 est.&lt;ref&gt;Wolfgang Sartorius von Waltershausen (1856, retractatus 1965), [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_h_Q5AAAAcAAJ/page/n4/mode/1up ''Gauss zum Gedächtniss''] S. Hirzel, Lipsiae 1856, p. 12–13.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Commemorationes ==
Post mortem suam, [[Georgius V (rex Hannoverae)|Georgius V]] [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Rex Hannoverae]] pro commemorationi Caroli Friderici Gauss medaliam{{dubsig}} ferire{{dubsig}} iussit cum [[inscriptio]]nibus GEORGIVS V REX HANNOVERAE MATHEMATICORVM PRINCIPI et ACADEMIAE SVAE GEORGIAE AVGVSTAE DECORI AETERNO.

Inter res ex Gauss appellatas sunt:
* ''[[Degaussing]]'' ([[Anglice]]), ratio campi magnetici amoti&lt;!--
* The [[Centimetre gram second system of units|CGS]] [[units of measurement|unit]] for [[magnetic field]] was named [[Gauss (unit)|gauss]] in his honour--&gt;
* [[Gauss (crater)|Gauss]], [[crater diruptionis]] in [[Luna]]&lt;ref&gt;L. E. Andersson et E. A Whitaker, ''NASA Catalogue of Lunar Nomenclature,'' NASA RP-1097 (1982).&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[1001 Gaussia]], [[asteroides]]
* ''[[Gauss (navis)|Gauss]]'', [[navis]] in [[expeditio Gaussiana]] ad [[Antarctica]]m adhibita
* [[Gaussberg]] ([[Germanice]], 'Mons Gauss'), [[mons ignifer]] [[exstinctio|exstinctus]], ab expeditione supra dicta inventus
* [[Schola Gaussiana]], [[gymnasium]]
* [[Turris Gauss]], turris observatoria [[Thransfellensis Ecclesia|Thransfellensis Ecclesiae]] in urbe [[Germania]]e&lt;!--
* In Canadian junior high schools, an annual national mathematics competition (Gauss Mathematics Competition) administered by the [[Centre for Education in Mathematics and Computing]] is named in honour of Gauss,
* In [[Crown College, University of California, Santa Cruz|University of California, Santa Cruz, in Crown College]], a dormitory building is named after him,--&gt;
* Gauss Haus ([[Germanice]], 'Domus Gaussiana')&lt;!-- an [[Nuclear magnetic resonance|NMR]] center --&gt; in [[Universitas Utae|Universitate Utae]]&lt;!--
* The Carl-Friedrich-Gauß School for Mathematics, Computer Science, Business Administration, Economics, and Social Sciences of [[TU Braunschweig|University of Braunschweig]]--&gt;
* The Gauss Building ([[Anglice]], 'Aedificium Gaussianum'), in [[Universitas Idahi|Universitate Idahi]] (Collegium Ingeniariae)

== Opera ==
* 1799: {{Opus
	| titulus = Demonstratio nova theorematis omnem functionem algebraicam rationalem integram unius variabilis in factores reales primi vel secundi gradus resolvi posse
	| annus = 1866
	| locus = Helmstadii
	| domus editoria = C. G. Fleckeisen
	| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=guYGAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA3
}} [https://edoc.hu-berlin.de/handle/18452/732 Librum originale] ([[Thesis doctoralis]])
* 1816: {{Opus
	| titulus = Demonstratio nova altera theorematis omnem functionem algebraicam rationalem integram unius variabilis in factores reales primi vel secundi gradus resolvi posse
	| contextus = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math.
	| volumen = 3
	| paginae = 107–134
	| url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0003_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B268%2C269%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D
}} 
* 1816: {{Opus
	| titulus = Theorematis de resolubitate functionum algebraicarum integrarum in factores reales demonstratio tertia
	| contextus = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math.
	| volumen = 3
	| paginae = 135–142
	| url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0003_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B296%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D
}} 
* 1801: {{Opus
	| titulus = Disquisitiones arithmeticae
	| commentatio de opere = Disquisitiones arithmeticae
	| domus editoria = Gerhardus Fleisher Junior
	| locus = [[Lipsia]]e
	| url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN235993352
}}.
* 1808: {{Opus
	| titulus = Theorematis arithmetici demonstratio nova
	| contextus = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis. Comm. Math.
	| volumen = 16
	| paginae = 69–74
	| url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0016_1NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B498%2C499%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D
}} 
* 1809: {{Opus
	| titulus = Theoria motus corporum coelestium in sectionibus conicis solem ambientium
	| lingua = la
	| locus = Hamburgii
	| domus editoria = Friedrich Perthes &amp; Johann Heinrich Besser
	| url = https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=12217180
}} 
* 1811: {{Opus
	| titulus = Disquisitio de elementis ellipticis Palladis ex oppositionibus annorum 1803, 1804,1805, 1806, 1807, 1808, 1809
	| contextus = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Math.
	| volumen = 1
	| paginae = 1–26
	| url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0001_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B170%2C171%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D
}} 
* 1811: {{Opus
	| titulus = Summatio quarundam serierum singularium
	| contextus = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math.
	| volumen = 1
	| paginae = 1–40
	| url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0001_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B194%2C195%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D
}} 
* 1812: {{Opus
	| titulus = Disquisitiones generales circa seriem infinitam &lt;math&gt;1+\frac{\alpha\beta}{\gamma.1}+\mbox{etc.}&lt;/math&gt;
	| contextus = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math.
	| volumen = 2
	| paginae = 1–42
	| url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0002_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B227%5D%2C%22pan%22%3A%7B%22x%22%3A0.559%2C%22y%22%3A0.496%7D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%2C%22zoom%22%3A0.456%7D
}} 
* 1815: {{Opus
	| titulus = Methodus nova integralium valores per approximationem inveniendi
	| contextus = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math.
	| volumen = 3
	| paginae = 39–76
	| url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0003_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B200%2C201%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D
}}
* 1818: {{Opus
	| titulus = Theorematis fundamentalis in doctrina de residuis quadraticis demonstrationes et ampliationes novae
	| contextus = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math.
	| volumen = 4
	| paginae = 3–20
	| url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0004_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B262%2C263%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D
}}
* 1821: {{Opus
	| titulus = Theoria combinationis observationum erroribus minimis obnoxiae. Pars Prior
	| contextus = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math.
	| volumen = 5
	| paginae = 33–62
	| url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0005_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B276%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D
}} 
* 1823: {{Opus
	| titulus = Theoria combinationis observationum erroribus minimis obnoxiae. Pars Posterior
	| contextus = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math.
	| volumen = 5
	| paginae = 63–90
	| url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0005_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B306%5D%2C%22pan%22%3A%7B%22x%22%3A0.413%2C%22y%22%3A0.66%7D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%2C%22zoom%22%3A0.413%7D
}} 
* 1828: {{Opus
	| titulus = Supplementum theoriae combinationis observationum erroribus minimis obnoxiae
	| contextus = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math.
	| volumen = 6
	| paginae = 57–98
	| url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0006_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B271%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D
}} 
* 1827: {{Opus
	| titulus = Disquisitiones generales circa superficies curvas
	| contextus = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math.
	| volumen = 6
	| paginae = 99–146
	| url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0006_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B312%2C313%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D
}}
* 1828: {{Opus
	| titulus = Theoria residuorum biquadraticorum, Commentatio prima
	| contextus = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math.
	| volumen = 6
	| paginae = 27–56
	| url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0006_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B241%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D
}}
* 1832: {{Opus
	| titulus = Theoria residuorum biquadraticorum, Commentatio secunda
	| contextus = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math.
	| volumen = 7
	| paginae = 89–148
	| url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0007_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B273%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D
}} 
* 1845: {{Opus
	| titulus = Untersuchungen über Gegenstände der Höheren Geodäsie. Erste Abhandlung
	| contextus = Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften in Göttingen
	| volumen = Volumen secundum
	| paginae = 3–46
	| url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN250442582_0002
}}
* 1847: {{Opus
	| titulus = Untersuchungen über Gegenstände der Höheren Geodäsie. Zweite Abhandlung
	| contextus = Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften in Göttingen
	| volumen = Volumen tertium
	| paginae = 3–44
	| url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN250442582_0003
}}
* 2005: {{Opus
	| titulus = Mathematisches Tagebuch 1796–1814
	| latine = Diarium mathematicum
	| annus = 2005
	| editio = 5
	| series = Ostwalds Klassiker der exakten Wissenschaften, Volume 256
	| locus = Francofurtii ad Moenum
	| domus editoria = Harri Deutsch
	| isbn = 978-3-8171-3402-1
}} (collectio notarum in lingua Latina)

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Disqvisitiones-800.jpg|''Disquisitiones arithmeticae (1801)
Fasciculus:Gauss-12.jpg|''Theorematis Arithmetici Demonstratio Nova'' (1808)
Fasciculus:Gauss-5.jpg|''Theoria Motus Corporum Coelestium in sectionibus conicis solem ambientium'' (1809)
Fasciculus:Gauss-2.jpg|''Intensitas vis Magneticae Terrestris ad Mensuram Absolutam Revocata'' (1840)
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia==
*Biermann, Kurt-R., ed. [[1990]]. ''Gauß in Gesprächen und Briefen.'' Urania Verlag und Beck Verlag.
*Bühler, Walter Kaufmann. [[1987]]. ''Gauß: eine biographische Studie.'' Springer-Verlag.
* {{cite book |last=Dunnington|first=G. Waldo.|title=Carl Friedrich Gauss: Titan of Science
 |url=https://archive.org/details/carlfriedrichgau0000dunn|publisher=The Mathematical Association of America|year=[[2004]]|isbn=0-88385-547-X |oclc=53933110}}
* {{cite book
 |last=Hall
 |first=Tord
 |title=Carl Friedrich Gauss: A Biography
 |url=https://archive.org/details/carlfriedrichgau00tord
 |location=Cantabrigiae Massachusettae
 |publisher=[[MIT Press]]
 |year=[[1970]]
 |isbn=0-262-08040-0
 |oclc=185662235}}
* {{cite book
 |last= Sartorius von Waltershausen
 |first=Wolfgang
 |authorlink=Wolfgangus Sartorius von Waltershausen
 |title=''[https://archive.org/details/gauss00waltgoog/page/n5/mode/2up Gauss: A Memorial]''
 |publisher=
 |location=
 |isbn=
 |year=[[1966]]
 }}
* {{cite book
 |last=Simmons
 |first=J.
 |title=The Giant Book of Scientists: The 100 Greatest Minds of All Time
 |publisher=The Book Company
 |location=Sydney
 |isbn=
 |year=[[1996]]
 }}
* {{cite book
 |last=Tent
 |first=Margaret
 |title=The Prince of Mathematics: Carl Friedrich Gauss
 |url=https://archive.org/details/princeofmathemat0000mbwt
 |publisher=A K Peters
 |location=
 |isbn= 1-56881-455-0
 |year=[[2006]]
 }}

=== Fabula ===
* {{cite book
 |last=Kehlmann
 |first=Daniel
 |title=Die Vermessung der Welt
 |url=https://archive.org/details/dievermessungder0000kehl
 |publisher=Rowohlt
 |year=[[2005]]
 |isbn=3-498-03528-2
 |oclc=144590801}}

==Nexus interni==
*[[Schola Gauss Gymnasium apud Vallum Leoninum]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{vicifons|Scriptor:Carolus Fridericus Gauss|Carolum Fridericum Gauss}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070714225917/http://www.corrosion-doctors.org/Biographies/GaussBio.htm Biographia] apud www.corrosion-doctors.org{{Ling|Anglice}}
* [http://fermatslasttheorem.blogspot.com/2005/06/carl-friedrich-gauss.html Biographia] apud fermatslasttheorem.blogspot.com
* [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost19/Gauss/gau_intr.html Chronologia] apud www.fh-augsburg.de {{Ling|Latine}}
* [http://www.gausschildren.org Gauss et sui liberi] apud www.gausschildren.org
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=yh0PAAAAIAAJ &quot;English translation of Waltershausen's 1862 biography,&quot;] apud books.google.com
* [http://www.idsia.ch/~juergen/gauss.html &quot;Gauss: mathematician of the millennium,&quot;] a [[Jürgen Schmidhuber]], apud www.idsia.ch
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111213071452/http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jbourj/money1.htm Imago Gaussiana in &quot;10 Deutsche Mark banknote,&quot;] apud www-personal.umich.edu
* [http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/MNRAS/0016//0000080.000.html Laudatio] apud adsabs.harvard.edu (MNRAS 16(1856):80)
* [[q:Carl Friedrich Gauss|Carl Friedrich Gauss]] apud [[Wikiquote]]
* [http://www-gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/cgi-bin/digbib.cgi?PPN235957348 Opera omnia] apud www-gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00ss0lf &quot;Carl Friedrich Gauss&quot;] in serie ''A Brief History of Mathematics,'' apud www.bbc.co.uk (BBC 4) &lt;!--
{{sisterlinks|commons=Johann Carl Friedrich Gauß|s=Author:Carl Friedrich Gauss}}
*{{MathGenealogy|id=18231}}
*{{planetmath reference |id=5594 |title=Carl Friedrich Gauss}}
*{{worldcat id|lccn-n79-38533}}
*{{MacTutor Biography|id=Gauss}} --&gt;


{{Lifetime|1777|1855|Gauss, Carolus Fridericus}}
[[Categoria:Alumni Academiae Helmstadiensis]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Goettingensis]]
[[Categoria:Astronomi Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Deistae]]
[[Categoria:Lutherani]]
[[Categoria:Mathematici Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Physici Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Goettingensis]]
[[Categoria:Res statisticae]]
[[Categoria:Socii Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]]
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{{res|Carolus Fridericus Gauss}} (natus ''Johann Carl Friedrich Gauß'' die [[30 Aprilis]] [[1777]]; mortuus die [[23 Februarii]] [[1855]]) fuit [[mathematicus]] et [[scientia (ratio)|scientiarum]] doctus [[Germania|Germanicus]], qui multos progressus in multis campis effecit, inter quos [[theoria numerorum]], [[statistica]], [[explicatio mathematica]] ([[analysis]]), [[aequatio differentialis]] [[topologia]], [[geometria et topologia differentialis|geometria differentialis]], [[geodesia]], [[geophysica]], [[electrostatica]], [[magnetismus]], [[astronomia]], [[optica]]. In [[statistica]] [[methodus quadratorum minimorum|methodum quadratorum minimorum]] cognovit.

Tantopere in scientia tam prodiit ut et &quot;princeps mathematicorum&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
 |last=Zeidler
 |first=Eberhard
 |title=Oxford User's Guide to Mathematics
 |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordusersguide0000unse
 |location=Oxoniae
 |publisher=Oxford University Press
 |year=[[2004]]
 |isbn=0198507631
 |page=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordusersguide0000unse/page/1188 1188]
 }}.&lt;/ref&gt; 
et &quot;maximus mathematicus post [[antiquitas|antiquitatem]]&quot; aliquando appellatur, atque inter [[computator]]es numeratur. Gauss [[unus]] e potentissimis mathematicis in [[historia]], cum [[Archimedes|Archimede]], [[Isaacus Newtonus|Newtono]], [[Leonhardus Eulerus|Eulero]], aestimatur.&lt;ref&gt;''Scientific Monthly'' 24: 402–414.&lt;/ref&gt; Dixit Gauss &quot;Mathematica regina scientiarum est et [[theoria numerorum]] regina mathematicae est.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Wolfgang Sartorius von Waltershausen (1856, retractatus 1965), [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_h_Q5AAAAcAAJ/page/n4/mode/1up ''Gauss zum Gedächtniss''] S. Hirzel, Lipsiae 1856, p. 79.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Asteroides [[1001 Gaussia]] in eius honorem nominatus est.

== Vita ==
[[Fasciculus:Statue-of-Gauss-in-Braunschweig.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|left|Signum Gaussianum [[Brunsvicum|Brunsvici]] in loco natali positum.]]
[[Fasciculus:Carl Friedrich Gauss on his Deathbed, 1855.jpg|thumb|Gauss in lecto mortuus iacet. [[Daguerreotypus]], [[1855]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Göttingen-Grave.of.Gauß.06.jpg|thumb|[[Sepulcrum]], [[Sepulcretum Albani]] in urbe [[Goettinga]]e [[Germania]]e.]]
[[Fasciculus:GaussSiegel1777-1855.png|thumb|Sigillum Gaussium cum sententiola: ''Pauca sed Matura.'']]
[[Fasciculus:Carl Friedrich Gauß, Mitgliedsdiplom der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Petersburg.jpg|thumb|Diploma membri correspondentis [[Academia Scientiarum Russica|Academiae Scientiarum Russicae]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Carl Friedrich Gauß, Mitgliedsdiplom der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität Prag.jpg|thumb|Diploma facultatis philosophiae [[Universitas Carolina Pragensis|Universitatis Carolinae Pragensis (1848)]].]]

=== Anni primi (1777–1798) ===
Carolus Fridericus Gauss [[Brunsvicum|Brunsvici]] in [[Ducatus Brunsvici-Guelpherbyti|Ducatu Brunsvici-Guelpherbyti]], nunc parte [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Germania]]e, die [[30 Aprilis]] anno [[1777]] natus est, [[filius]] parentium pauperum classis laborantium.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.math.wichita.edu/history/men/gauss.html|title=Carl Friedrich Gauss|publisher=Wichita State University}}.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Mater]] quidem [[alphabetismus|legere et scribere]] non potuit, et [[dies|diem]] eius ortus numquam in tabulas rettulit.

Gauss, [[prodigium puerile|puer portentosus]] aestimatus, iam [[adolescentia|adolescens]] ingenium suum proferebat.

Anno [[1799]], [[thesis doctoralis|thesem doctroralem]] ''Demonstratio nova theorematis omniem functionem algebraicam rationalem integram unius variabilis in factores reales primi vel secundi gradus resolvi posse'' de [[theorema fundamentale algebrae|theoremate fundamentali algebrae]] publicavit.

Suum [[magnum opus]] mathematicae ''[[Disquisitiones Arithmeticae]],'' anno [[1801]] editum, magnum opus astronomiae ''Theoria motus corporum coelestium in sectionibus conicis solem ambientium'', anno 1809 editum, universe habentur .

Etiam formulam cognovit qua [[dies]] [[Pascha (festum Christianum)|paschales]] in [[calendarium|calendario]] determinari possunt.

=== Mors ===
Gauss senex [[insufficientia cordis]] et [[insomnia]] laboravit. Die [[23 Februarii]] [[1855]] in sedi sua mortuus est.

== Narratio ==
Cum magister discipulis imperavit summam facere omnium [[numerus|numerorum]] ab [[unus|uno]] usque ad [[centum]], puer statim respondit 5050 (et magistrum, qui sibi pausam speravisset, frustravit). Nam Gauss intellexit 100 plus 1 101 facere, 99 + 2 item, 98 + 3 item, et cetera, ita sequuntur usque ad 50 plus 51 = 101. Ergo quingagies 101 summa rogata esse debet quae 5050 est.&lt;ref&gt;Wolfgang Sartorius von Waltershausen (1856, retractatus 1965), [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_h_Q5AAAAcAAJ/page/n4/mode/1up ''Gauss zum Gedächtniss''] S. Hirzel, Lipsiae 1856, p. 12–13.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Commemorationes ==
Post mortem suam, [[Georgius V (rex Hannoverae)|Georgius V]] [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Rex Hannoverae]] pro commemorationi Caroli Friderici Gauss medaliam{{dubsig}} ferire{{dubsig}} iussit cum [[inscriptio]]nibus GEORGIVS V REX HANNOVERAE MATHEMATICORVM PRINCIPI et ACADEMIAE SVAE GEORGIAE AVGVSTAE DECORI AETERNO.

Inter res ex Gauss appellatas sunt:
* ''[[Degaussing]]'' ([[Anglice]]), ratio campi magnetici amoti&lt;!--
* The [[Centimetre gram second system of units|CGS]] [[units of measurement|unit]] for [[magnetic field]] was named [[Gauss (unit)|gauss]] in his honour--&gt;
* [[Gauss (crater)|Gauss]], [[crater diruptionis]] in [[Luna]]&lt;ref&gt;L. E. Andersson et E. A Whitaker, ''NASA Catalogue of Lunar Nomenclature,'' NASA RP-1097 (1982).&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[1001 Gaussia]], [[asteroides]]
* ''[[Gauss (navis)|Gauss]]'', [[navis]] in [[expeditio Gaussiana]] ad [[Antarctica]]m adhibita
* [[Gaussberg]] ([[Germanice]], 'Mons Gauss'), [[mons ignifer]] [[exstinctio|exstinctus]], ab expeditione supra dicta inventus
* [[Schola Gaussiana]], [[gymnasium]]
* [[Turris Gauss]], turris observatoria [[Thransfellensis Ecclesia|Thransfellensis Ecclesiae]] in urbe [[Germania]]e&lt;!--
* In Canadian junior high schools, an annual national mathematics competition (Gauss Mathematics Competition) administered by the [[Centre for Education in Mathematics and Computing]] is named in honour of Gauss,
* In [[Crown College, University of California, Santa Cruz|University of California, Santa Cruz, in Crown College]], a dormitory building is named after him,--&gt;
* Gauss Haus ([[Germanice]], 'Domus Gaussiana')&lt;!-- an [[Nuclear magnetic resonance|NMR]] center --&gt; in [[Universitas Utae|Universitate Utae]]&lt;!--
* The Carl-Friedrich-Gauß School for Mathematics, Computer Science, Business Administration, Economics, and Social Sciences of [[TU Braunschweig|University of Braunschweig]]--&gt;
* The Gauss Building ([[Anglice]], 'Aedificium Gaussianum'), in [[Universitas Idahi|Universitate Idahi]] (Collegium Ingeniariae)

== Opera ==
* 1799: {{Opus
	| titulus = Demonstratio nova theorematis omnem functionem algebraicam rationalem integram unius variabilis in factores reales primi vel secundi gradus resolvi posse
	| annus = 1866
	| locus = Helmstadii
	| domus editoria = C. G. Fleckeisen
	| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=guYGAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA3
}} [https://edoc.hu-berlin.de/handle/18452/732 Librum originale] ([[Thesis doctoralis]])
* 1816: {{Opus
	| titulus = Demonstratio nova altera theorematis omnem functionem algebraicam rationalem integram unius variabilis in factores reales primi vel secundi gradus resolvi posse
	| contextus = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math.
	| volumen = 3
	| paginae = 107–134
	| url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0003_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B268%2C269%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D
}} 
* 1816: {{Opus
	| titulus = Theorematis de resolubitate functionum algebraicarum integrarum in factores reales demonstratio tertia
	| contextus = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math.
	| volumen = 3
	| paginae = 135–142
	| url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0003_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B296%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D
}} 
* 1801: {{Opus
	| titulus = Disquisitiones arithmeticae
	| commentatio de opere = Disquisitiones arithmeticae
	| domus editoria = Gerhardus Fleisher iunior
	| locus = [[Lipsia]]e
	| url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN235993352
}}.
* 1808: {{Opus
	| titulus = Theorematis arithmetici demonstratio nova
	| contextus = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis. Comm. Math.
	| volumen = 16
	| paginae = 69–74
	| url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0016_1NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B498%2C499%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D
}} 
* 1809: {{Opus
	| titulus = Theoria motus corporum coelestium in sectionibus conicis solem ambientium
	| lingua = la
	| locus = Hamburgii
	| domus editoria = Friedrich Perthes &amp; Johann Heinrich Besser
	| url = https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=12217180
}} 
* 1811: {{Opus
	| titulus = Disquisitio de elementis ellipticis Palladis ex oppositionibus annorum 1803, 1804,1805, 1806, 1807, 1808, 1809
	| contextus = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Math.
	| volumen = 1
	| paginae = 1–26
	| url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0001_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B170%2C171%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D
}} 
* 1811: {{Opus
	| titulus = Summatio quarundam serierum singularium
	| contextus = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math.
	| volumen = 1
	| paginae = 1–40
	| url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0001_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B194%2C195%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D
}} 
* 1812: {{Opus
	| titulus = Disquisitiones generales circa seriem infinitam &lt;math&gt;1+\frac{\alpha\beta}{\gamma.1}+\mbox{etc.}&lt;/math&gt;
	| contextus = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math.
	| volumen = 2
	| paginae = 1–42
	| url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0002_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B227%5D%2C%22pan%22%3A%7B%22x%22%3A0.559%2C%22y%22%3A0.496%7D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%2C%22zoom%22%3A0.456%7D
}} 
* 1815: {{Opus
	| titulus = Methodus nova integralium valores per approximationem inveniendi
	| contextus = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math.
	| volumen = 3
	| paginae = 39–76
	| url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0003_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B200%2C201%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D
}}
* 1818: {{Opus
	| titulus = Theorematis fundamentalis in doctrina de residuis quadraticis demonstrationes et ampliationes novae
	| contextus = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math.
	| volumen = 4
	| paginae = 3–20
	| url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0004_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B262%2C263%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D
}}
* 1821: {{Opus
	| titulus = Theoria combinationis observationum erroribus minimis obnoxiae. Pars Prior
	| contextus = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math.
	| volumen = 5
	| paginae = 33–62
	| url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0005_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B276%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D
}} 
* 1823: {{Opus
	| titulus = Theoria combinationis observationum erroribus minimis obnoxiae. Pars Posterior
	| contextus = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math.
	| volumen = 5
	| paginae = 63–90
	| url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0005_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B306%5D%2C%22pan%22%3A%7B%22x%22%3A0.413%2C%22y%22%3A0.66%7D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%2C%22zoom%22%3A0.413%7D
}} 
* 1828: {{Opus
	| titulus = Supplementum theoriae combinationis observationum erroribus minimis obnoxiae
	| contextus = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math.
	| volumen = 6
	| paginae = 57–98
	| url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0006_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B271%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D
}} 
* 1827: {{Opus
	| titulus = Disquisitiones generales circa superficies curvas
	| contextus = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math.
	| volumen = 6
	| paginae = 99–146
	| url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0006_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B312%2C313%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D
}}
* 1828: {{Opus
	| titulus = Theoria residuorum biquadraticorum, Commentatio prima
	| contextus = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math.
	| volumen = 6
	| paginae = 27–56
	| url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0006_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B241%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D
}}
* 1832: {{Opus
	| titulus = Theoria residuorum biquadraticorum, Commentatio secunda
	| contextus = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math.
	| volumen = 7
	| paginae = 89–148
	| url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0007_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B273%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D
}} 
* 1845: {{Opus
	| titulus = Untersuchungen über Gegenstände der Höheren Geodäsie. Erste Abhandlung
	| contextus = Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften in Göttingen
	| volumen = Volumen secundum
	| paginae = 3–46
	| url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN250442582_0002
}}
* 1847: {{Opus
	| titulus = Untersuchungen über Gegenstände der Höheren Geodäsie. Zweite Abhandlung
	| contextus = Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften in Göttingen
	| volumen = Volumen tertium
	| paginae = 3–44
	| url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN250442582_0003
}}
* 2005: {{Opus
	| titulus = Mathematisches Tagebuch 1796–1814
	| latine = Diarium mathematicum
	| annus = 2005
	| editio = 5
	| series = Ostwalds Klassiker der exakten Wissenschaften, Volume 256
	| locus = Francofurtii ad Moenum
	| domus editoria = Harri Deutsch
	| isbn = 978-3-8171-3402-1
}} (collectio notarum in lingua Latina)

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Disqvisitiones-800.jpg|''Disquisitiones arithmeticae (1801)
Fasciculus:Gauss-12.jpg|''Theorematis Arithmetici Demonstratio Nova'' (1808)
Fasciculus:Gauss-5.jpg|''Theoria Motus Corporum Coelestium in sectionibus conicis solem ambientium'' (1809)
Fasciculus:Gauss-2.jpg|''Intensitas vis Magneticae Terrestris ad Mensuram Absolutam Revocata'' (1840)
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia==
*Biermann, Kurt-R., ed. [[1990]]. ''Gauß in Gesprächen und Briefen.'' Urania Verlag und Beck Verlag.
*Bühler, Walter Kaufmann. [[1987]]. ''Gauß: eine biographische Studie.'' Springer-Verlag.
* {{cite book |last=Dunnington|first=G. Waldo.|title=Carl Friedrich Gauss: Titan of Science
 |url=https://archive.org/details/carlfriedrichgau0000dunn|publisher=The Mathematical Association of America|year=[[2004]]|isbn=0-88385-547-X |oclc=53933110}}
* {{cite book
 |last=Hall
 |first=Tord
 |title=Carl Friedrich Gauss: A Biography
 |url=https://archive.org/details/carlfriedrichgau00tord
 |location=Cantabrigiae Massachusettae
 |publisher=[[MIT Press]]
 |year=[[1970]]
 |isbn=0-262-08040-0
 |oclc=185662235}}
* {{cite book
 |last= Sartorius von Waltershausen
 |first=Wolfgang
 |authorlink=Wolfgangus Sartorius von Waltershausen
 |title=''[https://archive.org/details/gauss00waltgoog/page/n5/mode/2up Gauss: A Memorial]''
 |publisher=
 |location=
 |isbn=
 |year=[[1966]]
 }}
* {{cite book
 |last=Simmons
 |first=J.
 |title=The Giant Book of Scientists: The 100 Greatest Minds of All Time
 |publisher=The Book Company
 |location=Sydney
 |isbn=
 |year=[[1996]]
 }}
* {{cite book
 |last=Tent
 |first=Margaret
 |title=The Prince of Mathematics: Carl Friedrich Gauss
 |url=https://archive.org/details/princeofmathemat0000mbwt
 |publisher=A K Peters
 |location=
 |isbn= 1-56881-455-0
 |year=[[2006]]
 }}

=== Fabula ===
* {{cite book
 |last=Kehlmann
 |first=Daniel
 |title=Die Vermessung der Welt
 |url=https://archive.org/details/dievermessungder0000kehl
 |publisher=Rowohlt
 |year=[[2005]]
 |isbn=3-498-03528-2
 |oclc=144590801}}

==Nexus interni==
*[[Schola Gauss Gymnasium apud Vallum Leoninum]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{vicifons|Scriptor:Carolus Fridericus Gauss|Carolum Fridericum Gauss}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070714225917/http://www.corrosion-doctors.org/Biographies/GaussBio.htm Biographia] apud www.corrosion-doctors.org{{Ling|Anglice}}
* [http://fermatslasttheorem.blogspot.com/2005/06/carl-friedrich-gauss.html Biographia] apud fermatslasttheorem.blogspot.com
* [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost19/Gauss/gau_intr.html Chronologia] apud www.fh-augsburg.de {{Ling|Latine}}
* [http://www.gausschildren.org Gauss et sui liberi] apud www.gausschildren.org
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=yh0PAAAAIAAJ &quot;English translation of Waltershausen's 1862 biography,&quot;] apud books.google.com
* [http://www.idsia.ch/~juergen/gauss.html &quot;Gauss: mathematician of the millennium,&quot;] a [[Jürgen Schmidhuber]], apud www.idsia.ch
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111213071452/http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jbourj/money1.htm Imago Gaussiana in &quot;10 Deutsche Mark banknote,&quot;] apud www-personal.umich.edu
* [http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/MNRAS/0016//0000080.000.html Laudatio] apud adsabs.harvard.edu (MNRAS 16(1856):80)
* [[q:Carl Friedrich Gauss|Carl Friedrich Gauss]] apud [[Wikiquote]]
* [http://www-gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/cgi-bin/digbib.cgi?PPN235957348 Opera omnia] apud www-gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00ss0lf &quot;Carl Friedrich Gauss&quot;] in serie ''A Brief History of Mathematics,'' apud www.bbc.co.uk (BBC 4) &lt;!--
{{sisterlinks|commons=Johann Carl Friedrich Gauß|s=Author:Carl Friedrich Gauss}}
*{{MathGenealogy|id=18231}}
*{{planetmath reference |id=5594 |title=Carl Friedrich Gauss}}
*{{worldcat id|lccn-n79-38533}}
*{{MacTutor Biography|id=Gauss}} --&gt;


{{Lifetime|1777|1855|Gauss, Carolus Fridericus}}
[[Categoria:Alumni Academiae Helmstadiensis]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Goettingensis]]
[[Categoria:Astronomi Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Deistae]]
[[Categoria:Lutherani]]
[[Categoria:Mathematici Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Physici Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Goettingensis]]
[[Categoria:Res statisticae]]
[[Categoria:Socii Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]]
{{1000 paginae}}
{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
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    <title>Lacus Ursinus magnus</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: −[[Categoria:Lacus Canadae]]; ±[[Categoria:Territoria septentrio-occidentalia (Canada)]]→[[Categoria:Lacus territoriorum septentrio-occidentalium Canadae]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="907" sha1="q0laly96uaw0xcm2psl02vrvklwpjsf" xml:space="preserve">{{Videhom|Ursa Maior (constellatio)}}
[[Fasciculus:Great Bear Lake (de).png|thumb|[[Tabula geographica]] Lacus Ursini magni]]
'''Lacus Ursinus magnus'''{{Convertimus}}&lt;ref&gt;Cf. &quot;L. Ursi magni&quot; {{Google Books|ilMVAAAAQAAJ|pp. 34-35}}, vitiose.&lt;/ref&gt; est [[lacus]] in [[Territoria Septentrio-occidentalia|Territoriis septentrio-occidentalibus]] in [[America Septentrionalis|America Septentrionali]] situs, qui [[superficies|superficie]] est maximus in [[Canada]] et octavus a maximo in [[tellus|tellure]]. Sahtú ab indigenis proxime habitantibus [[lingua]] eorum nominatur. [[Flumen Ursinum maius]] aquas Lacus Ursini in [[Flumen Mackenzie|flumen Mackenzii]] aufert.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes geographici}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ursinus magnus, lacus}}

[[Categoria:Systema Mackenzie fluminis]]
[[Categoria:Lacus territoriorum septentrio-occidentalium Canadae]]

{{Myrias|Geographia}}</text>
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    <title>Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus</title>
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{{videdis|Pompeius (nomen)}}
[[Fasciculus:Hw-pompey.jpg|thumb|Effigies Pompeii [[Holmia]]e ostentata.]]

'''Gnaeus Pompeius,''' appellatus '''Magnus,''' fuit [[generalis]] et [[vir publicus]] [[Roma Antiqua|Romae Antiquae]]. 

== Vita ==
Gnaeus Pompeius stirpis senatoriae adolescens, in bello civili se et patrem consilio servavit. [[Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo|Pompeii pater]] suo [[Exercitus|exercitui]] ob avaritiam erat invisus; itaque facta est in eum conspiratio. Terentius quidam, Gnaei Pompeii contubernalis, eum occidendum susceperat, dum alii tabernaculum patris incenderent. Quae res iuveni Pompeio cenanti nuntiata est. Ipse nihil periculo motus, solito hilarius bibit, et cum Terentio eadem, qua antea, comitate usus est. Deinde cubiculum ingressus, clam subduxit se tentorio, et firmam patri circumposuit custodiam. Terentius tum districtu ense, ad lectum Pompeii accessit, multisque ictibus stragula percussit. Orta mox seditione, Pompeius se in media coniecit agmina, militesque tumultuantes precibus et lacrimis placavit, ac suo duci reconciliavit. Pompeii consul sine collega a senatu nominatus, Caesari aemulus erat.

Pompeius eodem bello civili partes [[Sulla|Sullae]] secutus, ita egit ut ab eo maxime diligeretur. Annos tres et viginti natus, ut Sullae auxilio veniret, paterni exercitus reliquias collegit, statimque dux peritus exstitit. Illius magnus apud militem amor, magna apud omnes admiratio fuit; nullus ei labor taedio, nulla defatigatio molestiae erat. Cibi vinique temperans, somni parcus, inter milites corpus exercebat. Cum alacribus saltu, cum velocibus cursu, cum validis lucta certabat. Tum ad Sullam iter intendit, non per loca devia, sed palam incedens, tres hostium exercitus aut fudit, aut sibi adiunxit. Quem ubi Sulla ad se accedere audivit, egregiamque sub signis iuventutem aspexit, desiliit ex equo, Pompeiumque salutavit imperatorem: deinceps ei venienti solebat assurgere de sella et caput aperire; quem honorem nemini nisi Pompeio tribuebat.

Postea Pompeius in [[Sicilia|Siciliam]] profectus est, ut eam a Carbone Sullae inimico occupatam reciperet. Carbo comprehensus, et ad Pompeium ductus est. Quem Pompeius, postquam acerbe in eum invectus fuisset, ad supplicium duci iussit. Tunc ille, qui ter consul fuerat, demisse ac muliebriter mortem extimuit: voce flebili petiit ut sibi alvum levare liceret, sicque brevem miserrimae vitae usuram rapuit, donec miles morae impatiens caput in sordido loco sedentis amputavit. Longe moderatior fuit Pompeius erga Sthenium Siculae cuiusdam civitatis principem. Cum enim in eam civitatem animadvertere decrevisset qua sibi adversata fuerat, exclamavit Sthenius, eum inique facturum si ob culpam unius omnes plecteret. Interroganti Pompeio quisnam ille unus esset, &quot;Ego, inquit Sthenius, qui meos cives ad id induxi.&quot; Tam libera voce delectatus Pompeius, omnibus et Sthenio ipsi pepercit.

Transgressus inde in [[Africa|Africam]] Pompeius, Iarbam [[Numidia|Numidiae]] regem, qui [[Marius|Marii]] partibus favebat, bello persecutus est. Intra dies quadraginta hostem oppressit, et Africam subegit adolescens quattuor et viginti annorum. Tum ei litterae a Sulla redditae sunt, quibus iubebatur exercitum dimittere, et cum una tantum legione successorem exspectare. Id aegre tulit Pompeius paruit: tamen, et Romam reversus est. Revertenti incredibilis multitudo obviam ivit. Sulla quoque eum laetus excepit, et Magni cognomine appellavit: nihilominus Pompeio triumphum petenti restitit; neque ea re a proposito deterritus est Pompeius; aususque est dicere plures solem orientem adorare, quam occidentem: quo dicto innuebat Sullae potentiam minui, suam vero crescere. Ea voce audita, Sulla iuvenis constantiam admiratus, exclamavit: &quot;Triumphet, triumphet.&quot; A Pompeio militari triumpho perfecto, titulum Magnum accipit.

Metello iam seni et bellum in [[Hispania]] segnius gerenti collega datus est Pompeius, ibique adversus Sertorium vario eventu dimicavit. In quodam proelio maximum subiit periculum: cum enim in eum vir vasta corporis magnitudine impetum fecisset, Pompeius manum hostis amputavit, sed multis in eum concurrentibus, vulnus in femore accepit, et a suis fugientibus desertus in hostium potestate erat. At praeter spem evasit: illi scilicet equum Pompeii auro phalerisque eximiis instructum ceperant. Dum vero praedam inter se altercantes partiuntur, Pompeius illorum manus effugit. Altero proelio, cum [[Metellus]] Pompeio laboranti auxilio venisset, fususque esset Sertorii exercitus, is dixisse fertur: &quot;Nisi ista anus supervenisset, ego hunc puerum verberibus castigatum Romam dimisissem.&quot; Metellum anum appellabat, quia is iam senex ad mollem et effeminatam vitam deflexerat. Tandem Sortorio interfecto, Pompeius Hispaniam recepit.

Cum [[Pirata|piratae]] maria omnia infestarent, et quasdam etiam Italiae urbes diripuissent, ad eos opprimendos, cum imperio extraordinario missus est Pompeius. Nimiae viri potentiae obsistebant quidam ex optimatibus, et imprimis Quintus Catulus; qui cum in contione dixisset esse quidem praeclarum virum Gnaeum Pompeium, sed non esse uni omnia tribuenda, adiecissetque: &quot;Si quid ei acciderit, ecquemnam in eius locum substituetis?&quot;

Acclamavit universa contio: &quot;Te ipsum, Quinte Catule.&quot; Tam honorifico civium testimonio victus Catulus e contione discessit. Pompeius, disposito per omnes maris recessus navium praesidio, brevi terrarum orbem illa peste liberavit; praedones multis locis victos fudit; eosdem in deditionem acceptos in urbibus et agris procul a mari collocavit. Nihil hac victoria celerius; nam intra quadragesimum diem piratas toto mari expulit.

Confecto bello piratico, Gnaeus Pompeius contra [[Mithridates VI (rex Ponti)|Mithridatem]] profectus est, et in Asiam magna celeritate contendit. Proelium cum rege conserere cupiebat, neque opportuna dabatur pugnandi facultas, quia Mithridates interdiu castris se continebat, noctu vero haud tutum orat congredi cum hoste in locis ignotis. Quadam tamen noctu Mithridatem Pompeius aggressus est. Luna magno fuit Romanis adiumento: nam cum eam Romani a tergo haberent, umbrae corporum longius proiectae ad primos usque hostium ordines pertinebant; unde decepti regii milites, in umbras tanquam in propinquum hostem tela mittebant. Victus Mithridates in Pontum profugit. Adversus eum filius Pharnaces rebellavit, quia, occisis a patre fratribus, vitae suae ipse timebat. Mithridates a filio obsessus venenum sumpsit, quod cum tardius subiret, quia adversus venena multis antea medicaminibus corpus firmaverat, a milite Gallo volens interfectus est. 

Pompeius deinde Tigranem [[Armenia|Armeniae]] regem, qui Mithridatis partes secutus fuerat, ad deditionem compulit; quem tamen ad genua procumbentem erexit, benignis verbis recreavit, et in regnum restituit, aeque pulchrum esse iudicans et vincere reges et facere. Tandem rebus Asiae compositis in Italiam rediit. Ad urbem venit, non, ut plerique timuerant, armatus, sed demisso exercitu, et tertium triumphum biduo duxit. Insignis fuit multis novis inusitatisque ornamentis hic triumphus; sed nihil illustrius visum, quam quod tribus triumphis tres orbis partes devictae causam praebuerunt Pompeius enim, quod antea contigerat nemini, primo ex Africa, iterum ex Europa, tertio ex Asia triumphavit, felix opinione hominum futurus, si quem gloriae, eumdem vitae finem habuisset, neque adversam fortunam esset expertus iam senex. Pompeius effecit ut et magnitudinem et potentiam Senatus augeret.

A [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesare]] anno [[48 a.C.n.]] apud [[Pugna apud Pharsalum|Pharsalum]] victus in [[Aegyptus|Aeqyptum]] fugit, atque die [[28 Septembris]] eiusdem anni, [[Pelusium|Pelusii]] appulsus, necatus est. Inter interfectores et [[Lucius Septimius]] fuit.

== Fontes praecipui ==
* [[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Bella civilia''
*[[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesar]], ''De bello civili''
* [[Cicero]], Epistulae et orationes passim
*[[Dio Cassius]], ''[[Historia Romana (Dio)|Historia Romana]]''
*[[Lucanus]], ''[[Pharsalia]]''
*[[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]''
*[[Sallustius]], ''Historiae''
*[[Titus Livius]], ''Periochae''
*[[Velleius Paterculus]], ''[[Historiae (Velleius)|Historiae]]''

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Henricus Antonius Cornelius Chais Van Buren,	''Dissertatio historico-juridica inauguralis de Cn. Pompeio Magno, et de legibus ab eo latis''..., Lugduni Batavorum, 1823 
*	Karl Christ, ''Pompeius : der Feldherr Roms ; eine Biographie'', C.H. Beck, 2004 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=IN-8tQcnJiEC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ViewAPI&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*	 Matthias Dingmann, ''Pompeius Magnus : Machtgrundlagen eines spätrepublikanischen Politikers'', M. Leidorf, 2007 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2010_num_79_1_4002_t21_0656_0000_2 Recensio critica] [https://www.academia.edu/165291002/Matthias_Dingmann_Pompeius_Magnus_Machtgrundlagen_eines_sp%C3%A4trepublikanischen_Politikers Altera recensio critica]
*	Mathias Gelzer, ''Pompeius. Lebensbild eines Römers'', Stuttgart, Steiner, 2005 (prima editio 1948) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_2007_num_109_1_6738_t1_0400_0000_3 Recensio critica]
*Charles-Alban Horvais, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/vita_0042-7306_2017_num_195_1_1841 Pompée, les Italiens et le Sénat (de 62 à 49 av. J.-C.)]&quot;, ''Vita Latina'', 2017: 5-21
*John Leach,	''Pompey the Great'', Routledge, 1978 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=ASYiAwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*	Alessandro Moretti, ''Crescere nella discordia : la vita di Pompeo'', Bononiae, 2022 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=DRAEEQAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] 
*Nicole Schemmel, ''Rhōmaiōn kratistos : die Rezeption des Pompeius in der römischen Kaiserzeit'', Wellem Verlag, 2015
*Francesco Paolo Rizzo S. J., ''Le Fonti per la Storia della Conquista Pompeiana della Siria'', Banca di Sicilia, 1963 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1964_num_33_2_1428_t1_0551_0000_2 Recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/reg_0035-2039_1964_num_77_364_3778_t1_0308_0000_1 Altera recensio critica]
*Georg-Philipp Schietinger (curator), ''Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus : Ausnahmekarrierist, Netzwerker und Machtstratege : Beiträge zur Heidelberger Pompeius-Tagung am 24. September 2014'', Marie Leidorf, 2019
*J. Van Ooteghem,  ''Pompée le Grand, bâtisseur d'Empire'', Bruxellis, 1954 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_1955_num_33_4_1970_t1_0952_0000_1 Recensio critica]
*Donata Villani, « [https://journals.openedition.org/pallas/1061#article-1061 Entre imitatio Alexandri et imitatio Herculis : Pompée et l’universalisme romain] », ''Pallas'', 2013: 335-350.

== Nexus externi ==
{{Vicicitatio|Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus}}
{{CommuniaCat|Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Gnaeum Pompeium Magnum }}
{{Viri Illustres}}
* &quot;[http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/acl3129.0003.001/485?page=root;rgn=full+text;size=100;view=image;q1=pompeius C. Pompeius Magnus]&quot; in {{Smith-bio}} vol. 3 pp. 477-488
{{Fontes biographici}}
{{Index consulum rei publicae|
praedecessores= [[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus]] et [[Lucius Marcius Philippus (consul 56 a.C.n.)|Lucius Marcius Philippus]]|
annus= 55 a.C.n.&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|Marco Licinio Crasso]] II|
successores= [[Appius Claudius Pulcher (consul 54 a.C.n.)|Appius Claudius Pulcher]] et [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 54 a.C.n.)|L. Domitius Ahenobarbus]]}} 
{{Index consulum rei publicae|
praedecessores=[[Marcus Valerius Messalla Rufus]] et [[Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus]]|
annus= 52 a.C.n.&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica|Quinto Caecilio Metello Pio Scipione Nasica]]|
successores=[[Marcus Claudius Marcellus (consul 51 a.C.n.)|M. Claudius Marcellus]] et [[Servius Sulpicius Rufus]]}} 

{{Lifetime|106 a.C.n.|48 a.C.n.|Pompeius Magnus, Gnaeus}}

[[Categoria:Consules]]
[[Categoria:Gens Pompeia|Magnus, Gnaeus]]
[[Categoria:Necati]]
[[Categoria:Participes bellorum Mithridaticorum]]
[[Categoria:Participes Belli Civilis (49-45 a.C.n.)]]
[[Categoria:Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|!]]
[[Categoria:Victimae Belli Civilis (49-45 a.C.n.)]]
{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Aulus Gellius</title>
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      <text bytes="2526" sha1="ni8g5sulqkb775co4kot0fyxazbix8z" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Auli Gellii Noctium Atticarum 1706.jpg|thumb|Frontispicium editionis Auli Gellii Noctium Atticarum  librorum xx. prout supersunt, quos ad libros Mss. novo et multo labore exegerunt, perpetuis notis et emendationibus illustrarunt Joannes Fridericus et Jacobus Gronovii (1706).]]
'''Aulus Gellius''', natus fortasse in [[Africa]] circa annum [[130]] p.C.n., mortuus post annum [[180]], fuit [[scriptor]] [[grammaticus]]que [[Roma]]nus.

''[[Noctes Atticae]]'' ante annum [[170]] scriptae sunt, quo opere Gellius auctor observationes de linguis, carminibus, [[oratio]]nibus, philosophis, [[geometria]], [[meteorologia]], [[historia]], [[lex|legibus]] factas Athenis aliqua hieme praebet. Dissimilis operis [[Gaius Plinius Secundus|Plinii Maioris]], haec sicut parva [[encyclopedia]] ordine rerum caret. Dissimilis operis [[Athenaeus Naucratita|Athenaei]] nullus dialogus in ''Atticis Noctibus'' invenitur.

Romae enim in adulescentia clarissimos magistros, exempli causa [[Favorinus Arelatensis|Favorinum Arelatensem]] et [[Marcus Cornelius Fronto|M. Cornelium Frontonem]], audivit.

Hic grammaticus per crebras placidasque noctes multos [[liber|libros]] legere solebat, et ergo e multis aliorum scriptis composuit viginti libros qui ''Noctes Atticae'' appellantur. Hoc ad delectationem aptum opus dat infinita numero dicta ab magnis [[philosophia antiqua|philosophorum antiquorum]] et aliorum virorum atque acta.

== Plura legere si cupis ==
* Klaus Bottler, ''Die Bedeutung der altrömischen Grammatiker P. Nigidius Figulus und M. Terentius Varro für die Bildungsidee des Aulus Gellius'', Aachen, 2015

== Nexus externi ==
* ''[https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Noctes_Atticae Noctes Atticae]'' apud Vicifontem
* {{Ling|Latina}} [http://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost02/Gellius/gel_intr.html Opera Auli Gelii] - Bibliotheca Augustana
*[http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/1343.html De Aulo Gellio in] ''A dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology'', I, [[Londinium|Londinii]] ([[1870]]), p. 218
* [[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Aulus_Gellius Aulum Gellium] spectant

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Fabricius Latina}} pp. 508-514

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gellius, Aulus}}

[[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Philologi Romani antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Alumni scholarum antiquarum Atheniensium]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Africae antiquae]]
[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 2]]
[[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 2]]
[[Categoria:Gens Gellia]]</text>
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    <title>Aqua (molecula)</title>
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'''Aquae molecula''' (''H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O,'' i.e. [[Hydrogenium|hydrogenii]] [[oxygenium|oxidum]]) hydrogenii atomis doubus unuique oxygenii constat, qui geometriam capiunt non linealis, illi angulum 104.45° cirum hoc formantes. Ea de causa, necnon quod oxygenii atomus plus electronegativum est quam hydrogenii, aquae molecula habet ''[[Polaritas|polaritatem]]'' (dipolaris momentum &lt;math&gt;6.2\times10^{-30}&lt;/math&gt;cm). Vertex anguli (moleculae oxygenii atomus) electromagneticum onum habet positivum, negativum eius extrema (hydrogenii atomi). Huius rei ergo hydrogenii atomi pro ponti inter pares oxygenii atomorum agunt, qua de causa aquae molecula una alteram adtrahit  eaque adtrahitur. 

Tandem moleculae in corpora acuae congregunt: guttae. Quod dicitur ''[[cohesio]].'' Cohesio alias acuae quailtates adfert, sicut [[tensio superficialis]] et [[Capillare|capillaris actio]].

Aqua moleculae a hydrogenii [[Isotopus|isotopi]] varii faci possunt: 

* Cum [[Deuterium|deuterii]] atomis duobus gravis aqua ''D&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O.''
* Cum deuterii atomi unui (plus hydrogenii atomus unus), aqua semigravis, ''HDO.''

* Cum [[Tritium (chemia)|tritii]] atomis duobus aqua super-gravis ''T&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O'', qua [[Radiactivitas|radioactiva]] substantia est.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Aqua]]
* [[Vinculum chemicum]]
* [[Hydrogenii peroxidum]]

[[Categoria:Chemica]]
[[Categoria:Composita chemica]]
[[Categoria:Hydroxydatum]]</text>
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'''Aquae molecula''' (''H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O,'' i.e. [[Hydrogenium|hydrogenii]] [[oxygenium|oxidum]]) hydrogenii atomis doubus unuique oxygenii constat, qui geometriam capiunt non linealem, illi angulum 104.45° cirum hoc formantes. Ea de causa, necnon quod oxygenii atomus plus electronegativum est quam hydrogenii, aquae molecula habet ''[[Polaritas|polaritatem]]'' (dipolaris momentum &lt;math&gt;6.2\times10^{-30}&lt;/math&gt;cm). Vertex anguli (moleculae oxygenii atomus) electromagneticum onum habet positivum, negativum eius extrema (hydrogenii atomi). Huius rei ergo hydrogenii atomi pro ponti inter pares oxygenii atomorum agunt, qua de causa aquae molecula una alteram adtrahit  eaque adtrahitur. 

Tandem moleculae in corpora acuae congregunt: guttae. Quod dicitur ''[[cohesio]].'' Cohesio alias acuae quailtates adfert, sicut [[tensio superficialis]] et [[Capillare|capillaris actio]].

Aqua moleculae a hydrogenii [[Isotopus|isotopi]] varii faci possunt: 

* Cum [[Deuterium|deuterii]] atomis duobus gravis aqua ''D&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O.''
* Cum deuterii atomi unui (plus hydrogenii atomus unus), aqua semigravis, ''HDO.''

* Cum [[Tritium (chemia)|tritii]] atomis duobus aqua super-gravis ''T&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O'', qua [[Radiactivitas|radioactiva]] substantia est.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Aqua]]
* [[Vinculum chemicum]]
* [[Hydrogenii peroxidum]]

[[Categoria:Chemica]]
[[Categoria:Composita chemica]]
[[Categoria:Hydroxydatum]]</text>
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      <comment>-{{Augenda}}: Pagina est satis longa</comment>
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      <text bytes="1672" sha1="nbdu3298ob9okkvxbmqjwif4g47uvas" xml:space="preserve">{{res|Aquae molecula}} (''H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O,'' i.e. [[Hydrogenium|hydrogenii]] [[oxygenium|oxidum]]) hydrogenii atomis doubus unuique oxygenii constat, qui geometriam capiunt non linealem, illi angulum 104.45° cirum hoc formantes. Ea de causa, necnon quod oxygenii atomus plus electronegativum est quam hydrogenii, aquae molecula habet {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Polaritas chemica|polaritatem|en|qid=Q506623}} (dipolaris momentum &lt;math&gt;6.2\times10^{-30}&lt;/math&gt;cm). Vertex anguli (moleculae oxygenii atomus) electromagneticum onum habet positivum, negativum eius extrema (hydrogenii atomi). Huius rei ergo hydrogenii atomi pro ponti inter pares oxygenii atomorum agunt, qua de causa aquae molecula una alteram adtrahit  eaque adtrahitur. 

Tandem moleculae in corpora acuae congregunt: guttae. Quod dicitur ''{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|cohesio (chemia)|cohesio|en|qid=Q216828}}''. Cohesio alias acuae quailtates adfert, sicut {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|tensio superficialis||en|qid=Q170749}} et [[Capillare|capillaris actio]].

Aqua moleculae a hydrogenii [[Isotopus|isotopi]] varii faci possunt: 

* Cum [[Deuterium|deuterii]] atomis duobus gravis aqua ''D&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O.''
* Cum deuterii atomi unui (plus hydrogenii atomus unus), aqua semigravis, ''HDO.''
* Cum [[Tritium (chemia)|tritii]] atomis duobus aqua super-gravis ''T&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O'', qua [[Radiactivitas|radioactiva]] substantia est.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Aqua]]
* [[Vinculum chemicum]]
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Hydrogenii peroxidum|&lt;&gt;|en|qid=Q171877}}

[[Categoria:Chemica]]
[[Categoria:Composita chemica]]
[[Categoria:Hydroxydatum]]</text>
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      <text bytes="1711" sha1="51hsm5ayjn1kr64xq7vb25yuy48dz7i" xml:space="preserve">{{res|Aquae molecula}} (''H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O,'' i.e. [[Hydrogenium|hydrogenii]] [[oxygenium|oxidum]]) hydrogenii atomis doubus singuloque oxygenii constat, qui geometriam capiunt non linealem, illi angulum 104.45° cirum hoc formantes. Ea de causa, necnon quod oxygenii atomus plus electronegativum est quam hydrogenii, aquae molecula habet {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Polaritas chemica|polaritatem|en|qid=Q506623}} (dipolaris momentum &lt;math&gt;6.2\times10^{-30}&lt;/math&gt;cm). Vertex anguli (moleculae oxygenii atomus) electromagneticum onum habet positivum, negativum eius extrema (hydrogenii atomi). Huius rei ergo hydrogenii atomi pro ponti inter pares oxygenii atomorum agunt, qua de causa aquae molecula una alteram adtrahit eaque adtrahitur. 

Tandem moleculae in corpora acuae congregunt: guttae. Quod dicitur ''{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|cohesio (chemia)|cohesio|en|qid=Q216828}}''. Cohesio alias aquae quailtates efficit, sicut {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|tensio superficialis||en|qid=Q170749}} et [[Capillare|capillaris actio]].

Aqua moleculae a hydrogenii [[Isotopus|isotopi]] varii faci possunt: 

* Cum [[Deuterium|deuterii]] atomis duobus gravis aqua ''D&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O.''
* Cum deuterii atomi unui (plus hydrogenii atomus unus), aqua semigravis, ''HDO.''
* Cum [[Tritium (chemia)|tritii]] atomis duobus aqua super-gravis ''T&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O'', qua [[Radiactivitas|radioactiva]] substantia est.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Aqua]]
* [[Vinculum chemicum]]
* [[Parodia monoxidi dihydrogenii]]
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Hydrogenii peroxidum|&lt;&gt;|en|qid=Q171877}}

[[Categoria:Chemica]]
[[Categoria:Composita chemica]]
[[Categoria:Hydroxydatum]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Homosexualitas</title>
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      <text bytes="20752" sha1="4lg12pvkuonjlhjku7p814pumhjgmn5" xml:space="preserve">{{Latinitas|-3}}
[[Fasciculus:Gay Couple Savv and Pueppi 02.jpg|thumb|Pueppi &amp; Savv, [[puer]]i aperte gay, sese amplectuntur.]]
'''Homosexualitas'''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Homosexualitas&quot;, vb. adiect. &quot;homosexualis&quot;: [[epistula]] pastoralis [http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_19861001_homosexual-persons_lt.html &quot;Homosexualitatis problema,&quot;] passim&lt;/ref&gt; sive '''homophylophilia'''&lt;ref&gt;De vocabulo, vide adiectivum ''homophylophilus'' in: Stephania Berard, ''Capti'', Vasingtoniae, anno 2011 {{Google Books|Xa_CpgHUlbsC|pag. 301}}.&lt;/ref&gt; est sui [[sexus|sexus]] [[genus (societas)|generis]] vel [[amor]] vel [[mos|mores]] romantici sexualesque, rem veneriam masculinam in [[mas]]culos, aut [[femina (sexus)|muliebrem]] in mulieres appetentes. Hoc [[ingenium sexuale]] est &quot;exemplar permanens vel inclinatio ad experiendam sexualem, adfectionalem, vel romanticam vim attrahendi,&quot; praecipue vel solum ex hominibus eiusdem sexus; notio &quot;etiam ad hominis iudicium identitatis privatae socialisque in illis attractionibus conditum refert, in moribus quoque qui illos exprimant, et in societate [[motus sociales LGBT|communitatis aliorum]] qui illos communicent.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;apahelp&quot;&gt;{{citation |url=http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/sexual-orientation.aspx |title=Sexual Orientation, Homosexuality,and Bisexuality |periodical=[[American Psychological Association|APA]]HelpCenter.org |accessdate=2010-03-30}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=amici&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.courtinfo.ca.gov/courts/supreme/highprofile/documents/Amer_Psychological_Assn_Amicus_Curiae_Brief.pdf |title=Case No. S147999 in the Supreme Court of the State of California, In re Marriage Cases Judicial Council Coordination Proceeding No. 4365(. . .) - APA California Amicus Brief - As Filed |format=PDF}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Per aevos alii aliter rem definiverunt, sed Occidentali nostrae aetatis cultu civili non tantum ad ipsa acta erotica spectat, sed etiam igitur ad amantium sibi caritatem.

{{Pars vicificanda}}

Bisexualitasque heterosexualitas, homosexualitas sub categoriae orientationis sexualis intra heterosexualemque [https://web.archive.org/web/20130808032050/http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/sexual-orientation.aspx homosexualemque continuum] est. Sciscitatores adhuc nesciunt quid causa orientationis sexualis correcta, sed theoriam creant multiplice genetica, hormonale, environnementale, intra geneticam causari, nonque [https://books.google.com/books?id=ivALBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA502 ut] [https://books.google.com/books?id=fofaAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA82 decisionem] [http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/113/6/1827.long consideratur]. Etsi non sunt multae theoriae argumenta bona quid causa orientationis sexualis diversae est, tamen [http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/113/6/1827.long biologica sciscitatores explanatione] uti malunt. Non est [http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/workinpsychiatry/specialinterestgroups/gaylesbian/submissiontothecofe.aspx argumentum substantivum] quod eventum adolescens mane ratio suggerit est [https://web.archive.org/web/20190510051718/http://www.religioustolerance.org/hom_fixe.htm et alii homines credant moremve activitatem homosexualem, annormalem, barbaram, abominabilem esse]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130808032050/http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/sexual-orientation.aspx Investigatio scientifica] hominibus [https://web.archive.org/web/20120523040848/http://new.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=6803&amp;Itemid=1926 demonstrat variationem normalemque specialemque in homine sexualitate] esse nonque consecutionem noxiam anima vel effecto psychologico noxio habet. Sunt argumenta inutiles ut attractionem alicuius mutaret enim orientatio sexualis non mutanda est. 
[[Fasciculus:Jean Broc - The Death of Hyacinthos.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Hyacinthus (persona mythologica)|Hyacinthus]] complexus ab amante suo [[Apollo|Apolline]], in pictura ''[[Mors Hyacinthi]]'' quam [[Jean Broc]] pinxit.]]

[[Adiectivum]] ''gay'' [[Verbum (generale)|vocabulum]] nobilissimum [[vir|viris]] [[homosexualitas et cultus|homosexualibus]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Biological+Exuberance:+Animal+Homosexuality+and+Natural+Diversity.-a053877996 The Free Library.]&lt;/ref&gt; utendum est, sed [[vocabulum]] ''gay'' quoque [[homosexualitas et cultus|homosexualibus]] [[mulier|mulieribus]] vocare utitur seu aliquis relatione sexuale vel [[romanticismus|romantica]] est. Investigatores difficile concludunt utrum aliquis se ut gay identificat an non quia multi [[Homo sapiens|homines]] perceptionem diversam habent et non eadem [[sententia (gnome)|sententiam]] sicut alios habent,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Biological+Exuberance:+Animal+Homosexuality+and+Natural+Diversity.-a053877996 The Free Library.]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/06/090616122106.htm Science Daily.]&lt;/ref&gt; praeterea unusquisque se aperte non identificare potest nam eos [[Discriminatio|discriminationi]] grava sicut [[homophobia|homophobiamque]] [[heterosexismus|heterosexismum]] ductabit. Insuper, [[mores|mos]] [[homosexualitas et cultus|homosexualis]] quoque documentus est velut multa genera quae [[humanus]] non sunt, multi [[mores]] [[homosexualitas et cultus|homosexuales]] in [[regni|regnis]] [[animalia|animali]] inventi sunt. Post finem [[saeculum 20|saeculi XX]], motus [[globalizatio|globalis]] ad [[populus libertatis|libertatem]] et [[aequalitas ante legem|aequalitatem]] erga [[Homo sapiens|homines]] [[homosexualitas et cultus|homosexuales]] exstitit, inter quas introductio [[lex|legum]] contra [[discriminatio|discriminationem]] ut [[puer|pueros]] [[homosexualitas et cultus|homosexualibus]] in [[schola]] protegeret, leges contra [[discriminatio|discriminationem]], ad parandam [[facultates productionis|facultatem]] in re [[Academia Militaris Civitatum Foederatarum|militari]] militandi accessu sanitatis, ad paranda facultate adoptandi et parentis, atque aequalitas [[matrimonium|matrimonii]] [[institutio|institutio.]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Biological+Exuberance:+Animal+Homosexuality+and+Natural+Diversity.-a053877996 The Free Library.]&lt;/ref&gt;

== De vocabulo ==
''Homosexualis'' est [[vocabulum]] quod [[Carolus-Maria Kertbeny]] anno [[1869]] pepigit, in libello qui [[lex|leges]] contra acta venerea in suum sexum abrogandos esse consulebat, qui libellus non tantum verbum illud nobis dedit, sed etiam docuit homosexualitatem esse rem innatam, quae non tantum ad actus sed etiam ad indolem pertinet, quae notio illo tempore nova erat, hodie autem praevalet. Verbum autem ''homosexualis'' a nonnullis Latinistis evitandum esse habetur, cum quod radicem [[Graece|Graecam]] cum [[Latine|Latinam]] mixobarbare commiscit, tum quod secundum usum solitum [[lingua classica|linguarum classicarum]] significare debeat 'eiusdem sexus', sine ullo sensu venereo. Vocabulum ''homophylophilia'' praeferunt. Vocabulum ''homosexualitas'' autem nihilominus est frequentissimum, praesertim in conloquiis Latinis, eo quod paene intergentium linguis vernaculis sit.&lt;ref&gt;Exempli gratia, in [[Catechismus|catechismo]] [[Ecclesia Catholica|Catholico]] adhibetur: &quot;Homosexualitas relationes designat inter viros vel mulieres qui sexualem experiuntur allectationem exclusive vel praevalenter erga eiusdem sexus personas.&quot;—''Catechismus Catholicae Ecclesiae'', 6.2, §2358.[http://www.vatican.va/archive/catechism_lt/p3s2c2a6_lt.htm].&lt;/ref&gt;

== Alia vocabula ==
* '''Lesbiana'''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lesbiana&quot; proprie est adiectivum mulierem homosexualem designans, sed adiectivo quod ad conceptum abstractum refert &quot;lesbicus&quot; praeferatur.&lt;/ref&gt; ob [[Sappho]] saepe mulierum gynaecophilam significat. Frequens est lingua colloquiali, etiam Latina, cum antiquitus haec significatio numquam usa est (alioquin, procul dubio, [[Catullus]] amasiam suam [[Lesbia]]m numquam dixisset!). Linguis vernaculis hoc verbum littera l minuscula scribitur, ne cum ipsis Lesbiis veris confusio sit. Olim, ex eodem pacto ac &quot;lesbiana&quot;, viri androphili &quot;'''spartiatae'''&quot; dicebantur, sed hic usus obsoletus est.
* '''Sodomita''' ex narratione [[Biblia Sacra|biblica]] [[urbs|urbis]] [[Sodom]] saepe &quot;pediconem&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Priapea'', 68, 8: pediconum mentula merdalea est.&lt;/ref&gt; et inde &quot;androphilum&quot;, ergo contumelioso more, significat. Ex hoc igitur, '''sodomia''' pro &quot;[[coitus|coitu]] nefario inter duo [[vir]]os&quot; adhibetur.
* '''Pygista''', vox Kertbeniana pro pedicone.
* '''Androphilus''' (''-a -um'') et '''Gynaecophilus''' (''-a -um'') significant praedilictionem aut in mares aut in feminas, unde vir homosexualis &quot;androphilus,&quot; mulier &quot;gynaecophila&quot; dici possunt. Haec autem verba in se non significant ''homosexualitatem'': alterius sexus amatores sunt gynaecophili et androphilae.
* '''Masculorum concubitor''', in Bibliis Vulgatis,&lt;ref name=&quot;cortim&quot;&gt;1 Cor 6:10 et 1 Tim 1:10.&lt;/ref&gt; locutionem [[Lingua Hebraica|Hebraicam]] vertens, homosexualem marem significat. Versione Graeca '''androcoetes.'''
* '''Paederastes''' sensu stricto est qui rem veneriam cum pueris habet, sed ob mores Graecos, nonnumquam pro &quot;viro androphilo&quot; ponitur. A plurimis autem, nisi cultui civili Graeco consulto alluditur, iniuriosum habetur. Sic lingua Francogallica &quot;''pédé''&quot; homosexualem in malam partem significare solet&lt;ref&gt;vide hic in thesauro linguae francogallicae [https://web.archive.org/web/20170106203449/http://www.cnrtl.fr/lexicographie/p%C3%A9d%C3%A9]&lt;/ref&gt;, quamquam fit ut homosexuales Francogallici ipsi hoc verbo sine iniuria utantur, velut aliqui homines nigra cute verbum ''nigger'' sine contumelia dicere solent.
* '''Pathicus, [[cinaedus]]''' sunt verba classicissima, sed tantum masculum &quot;passivum&quot; (h.e., penetratum) significant. Cinaedus praesertim iniuriosum esse potest. Qui pedicet '''pedico''' dici potest, sed nonnumquam haec verba a Latinistis (cum fortasse perperam) pro &quot;homosexuali mare&quot; adhibentur.
* '''Tribas''' (''-dis'') e contrario est mulier &quot;activa&quot; (h.e., penetrans), sed nonnumquam a Latinistis (cum fortasse perperam) pro &quot;homosexuali femina&quot; adhibetur.
* '''Molles,''' in Bibliis Vulgatis,&lt;ref name=&quot;cortim&quot;/&gt; est nomen masculorum qui passivi sint, sed designat etiam, per conversionem similis termo ex [[lingua Anglica]], mares qui contra versum 22:5 Deuteronomii&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Non induetur mulier veste virili, nec vir utetur veste feminea : abominabilis enim apud Deum est qui facit haec&quot; (Deuteronomii 22:5).&lt;/ref&gt; in [[vestis|vestibus]] feminearum induantur.

== Alii conceptus ==
Ab homosexualitate distinguenda sunt:
*'''[[Bisexualitas]]''' (vel ''diphylophilia''&lt;ref&gt;[[Neograece]] &quot;διφυλοφιλία&quot; [https://www.kedros.gr/files/e-books/H_DIALEKTIKH_TOY_SEX.pdf hic] et [https://web.archive.org/web/20190617123253/http://politis.eu.org/images/pdf/1983_057-058.pdf hic]. Verbum Graecum a Vicipaediano in sermonem Latinum conversum est. Extra Vicipaediam huius locutionis Latinae testificatio vix inveniri potest.&lt;/ref&gt;): propensio sexualis illorum qui rem veneream et in viros et in mulieres appetent (Nonnulli etiam distinguunt ''[[pansexualitas|pansexualitatem]]'' (vel ''pamphylophilia''&lt;ref&gt;[[Neograece]] &quot;παμφυλοφιλία&quot; [https://ideografhmata.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?p=263893&amp;sid=783e6e0c709898a3e092841269f41ed2 hic]. Verbum Graecum a Vicipaediano in sermonem Latinum conversum est. Extra Vicipaediam huius locutionis Latinae testificatio vix inveniri potest.&lt;/ref&gt;), propensionem hominum qui eam rem in alios homines sine consideratione sexus appetent.)&lt;ref&gt;Cum adiectiva ''bisexualis'' ac ''pansexualis'' et hominibus et conceptibus conveniant, &quot;diphylophilus&quot; et &quot;pamphylophilus&quot; proprie adiectiva homines designantes sunt et adiectiva conceptus abstractos designantes &quot;diphylophilicus&quot; et &quot;pamphylophilicus&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''[[Heterosexualitas]]''': propensio sexualis mulieris quae rem veneream in viros et viri qui eam rem in mulieres appetet.{{dubsig}}

== Sociologia ==
[[Fasciculus:Gay flag.svg|thumb|[[Vexillum arcus caeli|Vexillum hominum homosexualium]], sex [[arcus caeli]] colores ferens]]
Docti qui de homosexualitate disserent tria genera seu categorias esse dicunt:
* '''Aequalis''': duo amantes, aetate non referente. Praetera, amantes ambo solent mores sexus sui sequi atque coitus habere, alius aliam positionem tenens. Eius generis amorem invenias apud plerosque homosexuales viros qui in cultu civili Occidentali nostrae aetatis vivunt.
* '''Sexualis''':&lt;ref&gt;Nota bene sexualem non idem esse ac venereum: spectat ad sexus marem et feminum.&lt;/ref&gt; alter amans mares alter feminas partes agens. Ita fere apud Romanos, qui pathicos et tribades contemnere solebant, sed plerimque non eorum amantes quia apud eos ad actos pertinebat nec ad essentiam amantium. Similiter usque ad aetatem nostram fere circa Mare Mediterraneum et in Oriente Media, et India.
* '''Aevalis''': amantes non eiusdem aetatis sunt, saepissime alter adultus, alter adulescentulus. Ita apud Graecos antiquos, apud quos paederastia paene eadem ac educatio erat. Similiter apud Sinas et Iapones (praesertim equites ''samurai'').

In homosexualitate et sexuali et aevali, alter est &quot;activus,&quot; alter &quot;passivus.&quot; Inter mares, passivus saepe semen activi accipere debet, vel irrumatus vel pedicatus. Sunt qui credant voluptatem activi voluptati passivi praevalere saepe haberi, sed hoc non semper est. 

Nonnulli [[sociologia|sociologi]] credunt quartum [[genus (societas)|genus]] exstare, secundum ordinem civilem nempe, sed multi credunt hoc ab tribus iam expositis distingui non posse.

Quocumque cultu civili homosexualitatis genus unum invalere solet, sed alia genera saepissime etiam simul exstant. Exempli gratia, complures [[Roma antiqua|Romani]] apud se mores [[Graecia|Graecos]] imitabantur, et ab alia parte, [[Alexander Magnus|Alexander ipse Magnus]] qui [[Hellenismus|Hellenismum]] per orbem disseminavit, amantem coaevum diligebat.

== Historia ==
[[Antiquitas|Antiquitate]] homosexualitas et bisexualitas fuerunt communie{{dubsig}} [[mos]] et usitatus apud [[Galli|Gallos]], [[Graecia|Graecos]], [[Roma antiqua|Romanos]], [[Indi Americani|Amerindicos]] (praesertim in [[Mexicum|Mexico]], [[Brasilia]] et [[Civitatibus Foederatis Americae]] hodiernis), [[Melanesia|Melanesienses]], [[Polynesia|Polynesienses]], [[Iaponia|Iaponenses]], ac ceteros [[Asia]]e populos. [[Biologia|Biologicas]] causas habet in hominibus aliisque [[animal]]ibus, sic probabile est quandoquidem ea antiquitus in hominum [[cultura]] inveniatur.

In [[Europa]] per [[medium aevum]], [[ecclesia Christiana]] ei inimica potestatem adquirente, homosexualitas late clausa{{dubsig}} est et [[peccatum]] esse dicta.

[[Saeculum 20|Saeculo vicesimo]] ut primum nonnullis homosexualitas velut [[identitas]] in homine haerens ita visa est ut &quot;communitates homosexualium&quot; deinde creaverint, et communitates aliae eorum qui homines eiusdem sexus cupiverint.&lt;!--???--&gt;

Die [[17 Maii]] anno [[1990]], [[Ordo mundi sanitarius]] homosexualitatem ab indice [[morbus mentis|morborum mentis]] ([[ICD-10]]) amovit.

== Cultus hodiernus ==
{{vide etiam|Homosexualitas et cultus}}
Inter cultus hodiernos, permultae opiniones sunt de homosexualitate. Cultus Abrahamici, inter quos praecipuus [[Religio Christiana|christianus]] [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|catholicus]] saepe eam peccatum vocant.

== Leges de homosexualitate ==

=== Persecutiones et poenae ===
Tempore [[Medium aevum|medii aevi]], extrema poena erat [[poena capitis]], nempe sodomitici actus, absoluta est in [[Europa]] circa annum [[1800]], primo in [[Austria]] et [[Francia]]. In [[Bavaria]] anno [[1813]], omnes tales poenae absolutae sunt. Multis gubernationibus hoc tempore placuit poena incarcerationis.

Maxima persecutio fiebat in [[Germania]] annis [[1933]]–[[1945]] tempore regiminis factionis [[NSDAP]]. In Germania, haec leges reformabantur circa annum [[1970]], et poenae finiebantur anno [[1994]], sicut in aliis terris Europaeanis.

In Europa hodierno tempore, poenae fiunt in casibus actuum sexualium cum pueris, alioquin non.

=== Matrimonium aequum ===
{{Vide etiam|Matrimonium hominum eiusdem sexus}}
[[Fasciculus:World_laws_pertaining_to_homosexual_relationships_and_expression.svg|320px|thumb|Carta civitatum per [[lex|leges]] de homosexualitate]]
Index nationum ubi vir viro, mulier mulieri nubere potest: [[Africa Australis]], [[Argentina]], [[Belgica]], [[Brasilia]], [[Britanniarum Regnum]] ([[Anglia]], [[Cambria]] et [[Scotia]]), [[Canada]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]], [[Columbia]], [[Dania]], [[Finnia]], [[Francia]], [[Germania]], [[Hibernia]],  [[Hispania]], [[Islandia]], [[Portugallia]], [[Luxemburgum]], [[Norvegia]], [[Nederlandia]], [[Nova Zelandia]], [[Slovenia]], [[Suecia]], [[Uraquaria]].

=== 'Uniones civiles' ===
{{Vide etiam|Unio civilis}}
Multae civitates quae matrimonium aequum non(dum) admittunt leges approbaverunt quae duobus hominibus eiusdem sexus permitterent vinculum legale contrahere quod eosdem effectus ac connubium vel nonnullos illorum effectus haberet.

=== Matrimonia Romana ===
{{Vide etiam|Nuptiae Romanae inter duos viros celebratae}}
Eiusmodi [[matrimonium|matrimonia]] Romae inlicita - sed matrominium per se fuit iuris privati, non publici - imperatorum quidam pessimus vel pessimi viris nupsit vel nupserunt. [[Tacitus|Cornelius Tacitus]] sic nuptias [[Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus|Neronis]] descripsit:

:Ipse per licita atque inlicita foedatus, nihil flagitii reliquerat quo corruptior ageret, nisi paucos post dies uni ex illo contaminatorum grege (nomen Pythagorae fuit) in modum sollemnium coniugiorum denupsisset. Inditum imperatori [[flammeum]], visi auspices, dos et genialis torus et faces nuptiales, cuncta denique spectata quae etiam in femina nox operit.&quot;
::(Annales, XV, 37)

Festive et eleganter [[Martialis]]:
:Barbatus rigido nupsit Callistratus Afro
:hac qua lege viro nubere virgo solet.
:Praeluxere faces, velarunt flammea vultus,
:nec tua defuerunt verba, Talasse, tibi.
:Dos etiam dicta est. Nondum tibi, Roma, videtur
:hoc satis? Exspectas numquid ut et pariat?
::Martialis, XII, 42)

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Aldrich, Robert, et Garry Wotherspoon. [[2002]]. ''Who’s Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History: From World War II to the Present Day.'' Secunda editio. Londinii: Routledge.
* Bergonzi, Bernardus. [[1977]]. ''Gerard Manley Hopkins.'' [[Novum Eboracum]]: Collier.
* Boswell, John. [[1980]]. ''Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality: Gay People in Western Europe from the Beginning of the Christian Era to the Fourteenth Century.'' [[Sicagum|Sicagi]]: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-06710-6. Editio chartā ligata: mense Novembri [[2005]], ISBN 0-226-06711-4.
* [[Eduardus Carpenter|Edward Carpenter]], The Intermediate Sex: A Study of Some Transitional Types of Men and Women [6], 1908
* Cawthorne, Nigel. [[2004]]. ''Sex Lives of the Popes.'' Secunda editio. Londinii: Prion.
* Dall’Orto, Giovanni. [[1990]]. “Della Casa, Giovanni.&quot; In ''Encyclopedia of Homosexuality,'' a Wayne R. Dynes edita, volumine 1, pagina 306. [[Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]]: Garland Publishing.
* Davidson, James. [[2007]]. ''Also Seen: The Greeks and Greek Love: A Radical Reappraisal of Homosexuality in Ancient Greece.'' Londini: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-81997-6.
* Dynes, Wayne R. [[1990]]. &quot;Papacy.&quot; In ''Encyclopedia of Homosexuality,'' a Wayne R. Dynes edita, volumine 2, paginis 943–944. [[Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]]: Garland Publishing.
* Kelly, J. N. D., ed. [[1988]]. ''The Oxford Dictionary of Popes.'' [[Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]]: Oxford University Press.
* Knobel, Paul. Encyclopedia of Male Homosexual Poetry and its Recaption History (2005) Surveys gay Latin poetry to 1927.
* Wallace, William E. [[2000]]. ''Michelangelo: The Complete Painting, Sculpture, Architecture.''

{{NexInt}}
{{div col|2}}
* ''[[International Journal of Greek Love]]''
* [[LGBT]]
* [[Litterae homophylophilicae]]
* [[Propensio sexualis]]
* [[Philia (vox)]]
* [[Santorum]]
* [[Sexualitas]]
* [[Transvestitismus]]
* [[Transgenerismus]]
* [[Vestiario exire]]
* [[Yogyakartae Principia]]
{{div col end}}

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://www.vatican.va/archive/catechism_lt/p3s2c2a6_lt.htm# Catechismus Catholicae Ecclesiae super actus homosexualis]
* [http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Ben16/Instructions.htm Instructiones de ordinatione sacerdotum a Papa Benedicto XVI (Anglice)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060329145857/http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/alanus1.html Litterae prosimetri ''De planctu Naturae'']

{{Formula:LGBT}}
[[Categoria:LGBT]]
[[Categoria:Attractio sexualis]]
[[Categoria:Homosexualitas|!]]
[[Categoria:Mutatio socialis]]
[[Categoria:Quaestiones philosophiae moralis]]
[[Categoria:Quaestiones sociales]]
[[Categoria:Res culturae popularis]]
[[Categoria:Sexualitas humana]]
{{Myrias|Anthropologia}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Edda rhythmica</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>{{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}}</comment>
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      <text bytes="7325" sha1="k0fluz1m8j5jjsfks8lbgeiq3ttnsk3" xml:space="preserve">{{Videhom|Edda (Snorri)}}

{{res|Edda rhythmica}}&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Edda rhythmica&quot; seu &quot;Saemundina&quot;: vide titulum editionis 1787. &quot;Edda Saemundi&quot;: vide titulum editionis 1665 etc.&lt;/ref&gt; est veterrima [[fabula]]rum [[mythologia Nordica|mythlogiae Nordicae]] collectio in [[Lingua Islandica]] antiqua scripta. Nomen [[scriptor]]um &quot;Edda&quot;, verbum Linguae Islandicae Antiquae, primum fuit &quot;pro [[avia]]&quot;, quod vetustas Eddorum exprimat.

Collectio consistit in [[scriptum|scriptis]], praecipue [[carmen|carminibus]], multorum scriptorum quorum nomina ignorantur:
# Carmina Deorum
## ''Völuspá'' ([[Praedictio Sibyllae]] vel [[Vaticinium valae]])
## ''Grímnismál'' (Dicta Grimniris)
## ''Vafþrúðnismál'' (Dicta Wafthrudniris)
## ''Hrafnagaldr Óðins'' ([[Corvicinium Odini]])
## ''Vegtamskviða'' oder ''Baldrs draumar'' (Carmen Vegtae sive Somnia [[Balder|Baldur]]is)
## ''Hávamál'' (Dicta Excelsi)
## ''Hárbarðslióð'' (Harbardis Poesis)
## ''Hymiskviða'' (Carmen Hymiris)
## ''Oegisdrecka'' (Orgia Oegiris)
## ''Þrymskviða'' oder ''Hamarsheimt'' (Carmen Thrymis vel Mallei Domum Ferendus)
## ''Alvíssmál'' (Dicta Alvisis)
## ''Skírnismál'' (Dicta Scirniris)
## ''Grogaldr'' (Incantatio Grogae)
## ''Fiölsvinnsmál'' (Dicta Fiolsvidris)
## ''Rigsþula'' (Sententiae Rigis)
## ''Hyndlulióð'' ([[Carmen de Hyndla]])
## ''Sólarlióð'' ([[Sól|Solis]] Poesis)
# Carmina Heroum
## ''Völundarkviða'' (Carmen Volundis)
## ''Helgakviða Hjörvarðssonar'' (Carmen Helgis filii Hiorvardis)
## ''Helgakviða Hundingsbana fyrri'' (Carmen Primum Helgis Occisoris Hundingis)
## ''Helgakviða Hundingsbana önnur'' (Carmen Secundum Helgis Occisoris Hundingis)
## ''Sinfiötlalok'' (Exitus Sinfiotlis)
## ''Sigurdarkviða Fafnisbana fyrsta edha Gripisspá'' (Carmen Primum Sigurdis Occisoris [[Fafnir]]is sive Praedictio Gripiris)
## ''Sigurðarkviða Fafnisbana önnur'' (Carmen Secundum Sigurdis Occisoris Fafniris)
## ''Reginsm''ál (Dicta Reginis)
## ''Fafnismál'' (Dicta Fafniris)
## ''Sigrdrífumál'' (Dicta Sigurdrifae)
## ''Brot af Brynhildarkviða'' (Fragmentum Carminis Brynhildae)
## ''Sigurdarkviða Fafnisbana thridja'' (Carmen Tertium Sigurdis Occisoris Fafniris)
## ''Helreið Brynhildar'' (Vectio in Inferum Brynhildae)
## ''Guðrúnarkviða in fyrsta'' (Carmen Primum Gudrunis)
## ''Drap Niflunga'' (Nex Niflungorum)
## ''Guðrunarkviða in önnur'' (Carmen Secundum Gudrunis)
## ''Guðrunarkviða in þriðja'' (Carmen Tertium Gudrunis)
## ''Oddrúnargrátr'' (Lamentatio Odrunis)
## ''Atlakviða'' (Carmen Attilae)
## ''Altlamál'' ''in grœnlenzku'' (Dicta groenlandica Attilae)
## ''Guðrúnarhvöt'' (Exhortatio Gudrunis)
## ''Hamðismál'' (Dicta Hamdiris)
#Supra:
## ''Svipdagsmál'' (Dicta Svipdagi)
## ''Gróttasöngr'' (Cantus Grotis)

==Exemplar e scriptis==
Versus quintus usque ad sextum decimum Praedictionis Sibyllae:

:Ek man jötna / ár um borna, 
:þá er forðum / mik fœdda höfðu; 
:níu man ek heima, / níu íviði, 
:mjötvið mœran / fyr mold neðan.

:Ár var alda / þar er Ýmir bygði, 
:vara sandr né sær / né svalar unnir, 
:jörð fannsk æva  / né upphiminn, 
:gap var ginnunga,  / en gras hvergi.

:Áðr Burs synir / bjöðum um ypðu, 
:þeir er Miðgarð / mœran skópu; 
:sól skein sunnan / á salar steina, 
:þá var grund gróin / grœnum lauki.

Quid est latine:

:''Adhuc recordor / gigantes veteres,''
:''Qui mihi dederunt panem / in diebus veteribus.''
:''Novi novem mundos / novem in arbore,''
:''Cum radicibus magnis / sub terra.''

:''Tempus fuit vetere / ut Ymir vixit,''
:''Nec mare nec undae frigae / nec saburra fuerunt.''
:''Nec fuit terra / nec caela (fuerunt),''
:''Sed fauces altissimae / et nusquam gramen.''

:''Tum filiis Buris / continens levatus est(*),''
:''Midgardem potentem / illic creaverunt.''
:''Sol meridiei / lapides terrae fovit,''
:''Et viridis fuit terra / cum herbis crescentibus.''

(*)(Tum filii Buris / continentem levaverunt)

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
; Editiones Nordico-Latinae bilingues
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Petrus Ioannis Resenius||da|qid=Q426776}}, Guðmundur Andrésson, edd., ''Ethica Odini: pars Eddæ Sæmundi vocata Haavamaal, una cum eiusdem appendice appellata Runa capitule''. Hauniae, 1665 [https://archive.org/details/ETHICAODINIparsE000606524v0EdduReyk Textus apud archive.org] [https://archive.org/details/PHILOSOPHIAANTIQ000606534v0EdduReyk alius]
* [[Petrus Ioannis Resenius]], ed., ''Philosophia antiquissima norvego-danica dicta Wøluspa alias Edda Sæmundi''. Haffniae, 1673 [https://archive.org/details/Philosophiaantiq000411423v0EdduReyk Textus apud archive.org]
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Grimus Ioannis Thorkelin||is|qid=Q3480300}}, ed., ''Vafthrudnismal sive odarum Eddæ Sæmundianæ una''. Hauniae, 1779 [https://archive.org/details/Vafthrudnismalsi000403487v0EdduReyk Textus apud archive.org]
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Skulius Thordi Thorlacius||no|qid=Q12335987}}, ed., ''Fragmenta Höstlangae et Thorsdrapae, ethnicorum a seculo IXno et Xmo carminum : ex Eddae Snorr. ...'' Hauniae, 1801 [http://www.mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn=urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10036681-2 Textus apud MDZ]
* [[Emanuel Wenster]], ed., ''Rigs-mal, carmen Gothicum, antiquissimam Scaniae historiam illustrans''. Lundae: typis Berlingianis, 1801 [https://archive.org/details/RigsmalcarmenGot000331414v0EdduReyk Textus apud archive.org]
* ''Edda Saemundar hinns Fróda: Edda rhythmica seu antiquior, vulgo Saemundina dicta ... cum interpretatione latina ...''. 3 partes. Hauniae: typis Legati Magnaeani et Gyldendalii, 1787-1828 [http://www.mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn=urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10007601-0 pars 1] [http://www.mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn=urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10007602-6 pars 2] [http://www.mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn=urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10007601-0 pars 3]

; Eruditio
* Haukur Þorgeirsson, &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210423021008/https://notendur.hi.is/haukurth/Dating_of_Eddic_poetry_by_Haukur.pdf The dating of Eddic poetry – evidence from alliteration]&quot; in K. Árnason, S. Carey, T.K. Dewey, H. Þorgeirsson, R.I. Aðalsteinsson &amp; Þ. Eyþórsson, edd., ''Approaches to Nordic and Germanic Poetry'' (Reykjavik: University of Iceland Press, 2016) 257-278
* Bernt Ø. Thorvaldsen, &quot;The Dating of Eddic Poetry&quot; in Carolyne Larrington, Judy Quinn, Brittany Schorn, edd., ''A Handbook to Eddic Poetry: Myths and Legends of Early Scandinavia'' (Cantabrigiae, 2016) pp. 72–91

{{NexInt}}
* [[Cantamina Merseburgae]]
* [[Carmen Nibelungorum]]
* [[Gothicismus]]
* [[Religio Germanica]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060425225940/http://www.cybersamurai.net/Mythology/nordic_gods/LegendsSagas/Edda/PoeticEdda/Index.htm#ice CyberSamurai Encyclopedia of Norse Mythology: Edda rhythmica] {{Ling|Islandice}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060425225940/http://www.cybersamurai.net/Mythology/nordic_gods/LegendsSagas/Edda/PoeticEdda/Index.htm#en CyberSamurai Encyclopedia of Norse Mythology: Edda rhythmica] {{Ling|Anglice}}

[[Categoria:Carminum collectanea]]
[[Categoria:Islandiae scripta]]
[[Categoria:Libri mythologici]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latine versae]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Nordicae antiquae]]
[[Categoria:Mythologia Nordica]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Irn-Bru</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Ow! That Hurts!</username>
        <id>195452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Grammatica</comment>
      <origin>3991499</origin>
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      <text bytes="449" sha1="1dqcexhaeii3t0nutafyzvl9ojap0fx" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Fm irnbru.jpg|right|thumb|168px|Irn-Bru]]

'''Irn-Bru''' [[potio]] [[Scotia|Scotica]] quae ab ''A.G. Barr plc'' in [[Glasgovia]] braciatur est. Priscum appellata ''Iron Brew'' quod [[Latine]] &quot;Braciata Ferrea&quot; significat est.

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://www.irn-bru.co.uk/ Pagina prima Irn-Bru]
* [http://www.agbarr.co.uk/ Website A.G. Barr]
* [http://www.strykowski.net/realizacje/irnbru/irnbru.php Imagines]

[[Categoria:Potiones]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Historia Indiae</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>3991469</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>ChomponU Pongsawet</username>
        <id>202211</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="771" sha1="5pnalmohe6roqxj5l8i1uaokx1pw1ve" xml:space="preserve">{{Latinitas|-3}}
'''Historia Indiae''' veterrima est, minimeque [[Graecia|Graecis]] [[Romani]]sque nota. Primus versatur in vallea{{dubsig}} fluminis [[Indus|Indi]] homines qui agros cultant, urbibusque vivunt.{{dubsig}} Tum inter annos 2000 et 1500 a.C.n. venerunt Indo-Europaei [[Lingua Sanscrita|linguam Sanscritam]] loquentes, hosque deficerunt austro pepulerunt. Quasi numquam fuit magnum imperium in India, nisi a populis extraneis impositum sit. Saepe erant permulti regniculi.

== Bibliographia ==
* Stanley A. Wolpert, ''A new history of India''. 7a ed. Novi Eboraci: Oxford University Press, 2004 [https://archive.org/details/newhistoryofindi0000wolp Exemplar mutuabile]

{{hist-stipula}}
{{Historia Asiae}}

[[Categoria:Historia Indiae|!]]

{{Myrias|Historia}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Atreus</title>
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        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>{{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}}</comment>
      <origin>3991441</origin>
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      <text bytes="5517" sha1="i99xxuimq9waq5e04o64vuv8crsm1oa" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:V.J.-Nosecký-a-M.W.-Halbax,-Hostina-Átrea-a-Thyestese,-Zámek-Zákupy.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Atreus et [[Thyestes]], anno [[1700]] a {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Michaël Vaclavus Halbax|Michaële Vaclavo Halbax|d|fr|qid=Q18746185}} et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Vaclavus Jindřich Nosecký|Vaclavo Jindřich Nosecký|cs|qid=Q18006407}} picti.]]

{{Res|Atreus}} ([[Graece]] Ατρεύς) in [[mythologia Graeca]] est [[Mycenae|Mycenaeus]] [[Pelops|Pelopis]] et [[Hippodamia]]e [[filius]] et [[pater]] [[Agamemnon]]is et [[Menelaus|Menelai]], qui Atreidae ambo vocantur. Atreus et [[Thyestes]] eius [[gemellus]] a patre eiciuntur, postquam [[Chrysippus (filius Pelopis)|Chrysippum]] fratrem interfecerunt. Mycenas refugiunt; [[regnum]] inde capiunt ab [[Eurystheus|Eurystheo]], qui absens cum [[Heracleidae|Heracleidis]] [[bellum]] gerit. Eurystheus  regnum eis pro tempore concedit, quod illo mortuo perpetuum fit.

Atreus  Artemidi optimum agnum [[votum|vovit]]. Grege autem circumspecto, Atreus [[agnus|agnum]] [[aurum|aureum]] invenit, quem [[Aerope|Aeropae]] [[uxor]]i donat, ut eum  deam celet. Sed Aerope invicem clandestino amatori Thyesti agnum tradit, qui deinde Atreo persuadet ut condicionem accipiat hanc: qui illum agnum habeat sit rex. Thyestes sane agnum ostendit et regnum adripit.

[[Mercurius|Hermen]] consultum eunt; regnum Atreus petit ut recipiat. Thyestes hoc adsensit fore sed solum cum sol retro in caelo movebitur, quod Zeus efficit: Atreo regnum evenit, Thyestes expellitur.

Interea Atreus repperit de adulterio inter Thyesten et Aeropen, et ulcisci constituit. Interfectis Thyestis filiis, eos coquinavit, praeter manus et pedes. In epulis Thyestes nesciens suos filios consumpsit, quem postea Atreus  ostentatis membris reliquis derisit. Quod nefandum scelus Atridarum malo fato causa fuit, quod per scelerum seriem et ultiones insecutas deorum voluntate usque ad [[Orestes|Orestem]] ab Eumenidis purgatum saeviit. 

Oraculo Thyestes didicit si sua filia [[Pelopia]] filium conciperet, Atreum ille interficeret. quod quidem Thyestes confecit. Infans [[Aegisthus]] appellatus, derelictus ab matre cui puditum est tanti sceleris, dein inventus a pastore datusque  Atreo, qui eum educavit quasi suum. Solum iuveni Aegistho Thyestes et pater et avus vera patefecit. Exinde Atreum Aegisthus occidit.

Secundum alios fontes, Atreus pater [[Pleisthenes|Pleisthenis]] fuit. Populariter autem, erant fratres.

== In theatro ==
[[Lucius Annaeus Seneca minor|Seneca]] ad [[Thyestes (Euripides)|Euripidis imitationem]] tragoediam ''Thyestes''&lt;ref&gt;[https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Thyestes Textus apud Vicifontem.]&lt;/ref&gt; inscriptam et magna ex parte servatam composuit in quam Atreus, ut aequum est, inducitur. Euripidea fabula ita ut alia similis inter [[Index fabularum Sophoclearum|Sophocleas]] tradita  deperditae quidem sunt sed [[Aeschylus]] per [[Cassandra|Cassandrae]] verba fraternum et impium scelus commemoravit&lt;ref&gt;''[[Agamemnon (Aeschylus)|Agamemnon]]'' 1218-22ː 
      ''ὁρᾶτε τούσδε τοὺς δόμοις ἐφημένους //
      νέους, ὀνείρων προσφερεῖς μορφώμασιν; //
      παῖδες θανόντες ὡσπερεὶ πρὸς τῶν φίλων, //
      χεῖρας κρεῶν πλήθοντες οἰκείας βορᾶς· //
      σὺν ἐντέροις τε σπλάγχν', ἐποίκτιστον γέμος, //
      πρέπουσ' ἔχοντες, ὧν πατὴρ ἐγεύσατο.''  ''necnon 1242-4. Vide etiam [[Aegisthus|Aegisthi]] verba 1577-1611''.&lt;/ref&gt;.
Temporibus modernis quoque in fabulis hodie raro doctis Atreus protagonista fuitː ita [[Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon|Crébillon]] ''Atrée et Thyeste'' ([[1707]])&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.theatre-classique.fr/pages/pdf/CREBILLON_ATREETHYESTE.pdf Textus apud Théâtre classique].&lt;/ref&gt; composuit, [[Voltarius]] vero ''Les Pélopides ou Atrée et Thyeste'' ([[1770]])&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.theatre-classique.fr/pages/programmes/edition.php?t=../documents/VOLTAIRE_PELOPIDES.xml Textus apud Théâtre classique].&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
* [[Aeschylus]], ''[[Agamemnon (Aeschylus)|Agamemnon]]'' 1218-22 necnon 1242-4 et 1497-1504 et 1577-1611.
* ''[[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Bibliotheca Apollodori]]'', 2, 56; 3, 131; 5, 10 - 14; 6, 12; 6, 21.
** Epitoma II, 10-16
* [[Euripides]], ''[[Electra (Euripides)|Electra]]''
* [[Hesiodus]], ''Ehoien'', 195a.
* [[Homerus]], ''[[Ilias]]'', 2, 106.
* [[Pausanias]], ''[[Descriptio Graeciae|Hellados Periegesis]]'', 2, 16, 6; 2, 18, 1; 9, 40, 11.
* [[Plato]], ''[[Politicus (Plato)|Politicus]]'' 268e-269a
*[[Lucius Annaeus Seneca minor|Seneca]], ''[[Thyestes (Seneca)|Thyestes]]''
*[[Sophocles]], ''[[Aiax (Sophocles)|Aiax]]'' 1291-5
* [[Strabo]], ''[[Geographica (Strabo)|Geographica]]'', 372.
* [[Thucydides]], ''[[Historiae (Thucydides)|Historia]]'', 1, 9.

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Burkert, Walter (1972): ''Homo Necans. Interpretationen altgriechischer Opferriten und Mythen'', Berolini et al., pp. 103–108
*Bernard Mezzadri, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/hom_0439-4216_1990_num_30_113_369203 Autour de béliers d'or : l'investiture de Jason et d'Atrée]&quot;, ''L'Homme'', 1990: 43-52
**&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/hom_0439-4216_1989_num_29_109_369087 La Toison de Thyeste et le soleil d'Atrée, suivi d'un commentaire de Daniel Dubuisson]&quot;, ''L'Homme'', 1989: 129-138
[[Categoria:Gemini mythologici]]
[[Categoria:Mythologia Graeca]]</text>
      <sha1>i99xxuimq9waq5e04o64vuv8crsm1oa</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Agrippa Albinaeus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>28002</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991484</id>
      <parentid>3657906</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-27T03:31:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LilyKitty</username>
        <id>18316</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>de Hugnotis et libertate religionis</comment>
      <origin>3991484</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1677" sha1="1mgiw6290uviimq84ds8oki9e3ep01y" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Agrippa Albinaeus'''&lt;ref&gt;De nomine vide [[:de:Théodore Agrippa d'Aubigné]]&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Francice]] ''Théodore-Agrippa d'Aubigné''; natus die [[8 Februarii]] [[1552]]; mortuus [[29 Aprilis]] [[1630]]) fuit poeta, historicus, miles [[Francogallia]]e. Opus eius celeberrimum est carmen epicum ''[[Les tragiques]]'' (&quot;Tragica&quot;, 1616) de bella religionis [[Hugenoti|Hugenotorum]] pro [[libertas religionis|libertate religionis]] in quibus ipse pugnavit. 

== Opera ==
* ''Histoire universelle'' (&quot;Historia universalis&quot;: 1616-1618)
** Supplementum ineditum (1925)
* ''[[Les tragiques]]'' (&quot;Tragica&quot;: 1616) [http://www.bvh.univ-tours.fr/Consult/index.asp?numfiche=58 Textus]
* ''Le printemps'' (&quot;Ver&quot; sive carmina amoris)
* ''Avantures du Baron de Faeneste'' (&quot;Gesta Baronis de Faeneste&quot;) [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k276837 Textus]
* ''Confession catholique du sieur de Sancy'' (&quot;Confessio catholica domini de Sancy&quot;) [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k873600 Textus]
* ''Petites oeuvres meslées'' (&quot;Opera minora mixta&quot;: 1630), scilicet Meditationes de [[Psalmi]]s; ''Vers mesurés'' (versiones Psalmorum); ''L'hyver'' (&quot;Hiems&quot; sive carmina miscellanea); ''Tombeaux'' (&quot;Epitaphia&quot;)
* ''Sa vie à ses enfants'' (&quot;Vita sua ad filias&quot;) [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k70873t Textus]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Albinaeus, Agrippa}}
[[Categoria:Nati 1552]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1630]]
[[Categoria:Politici Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Poetae Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Historici Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Autobiographi]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Francogallici]]</text>
      <sha1>1mgiw6290uviimq84ds8oki9e3ep01y</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Les tragiques</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>28005</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991485</id>
      <parentid>3657908</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-27T03:34:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LilyKitty</username>
        <id>18316</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>de qualitate operae</comment>
      <origin>3991485</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="575" sha1="ahylagg0yaojw3gsuhjnswxkxyf5r9x" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
[[Fasciculus:Agrippa d'Aubigné.jpg|thumb|Agrippa Albinaeus]]

'''''Les tragiques''''' est [[carmen epicum]] aut potius [[satura|satyricum]] ab [[Agrippa Albinaeus|Agrippa Albinaeo]] vel d'Aubigné compositum, anno [[1616]] editum, quod bellum religionis [[Hugenoti|Hugenotorum]] pro libertate contra ecclesia Catholica tractat.

== Nexus externi ==
* ''[http://www.bvh.univ-tours.fr/Consult/index.asp?numfiche=58 Les tragiques]'' Francice

{{lit-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Carmina epica]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Francogallicae]]
[[Categoria:Franciae scripta]]</text>
      <sha1>ahylagg0yaojw3gsuhjnswxkxyf5r9x</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pons Trabis Superioris</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>28497</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991259</id>
      <parentid>3071438</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T13:57:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IacobusAmor</username>
        <id>1163</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>~</comment>
      <origin>3991259</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1558" sha1="aptf8qek99et8hxr8ic37munxdx0wls" xml:space="preserve">{{Augenda|2026|9}}
{| border=&quot;2&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; rules=&quot;all&quot; style=&quot;float: right; margin-left: 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #aaaaaa; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; font-size: 95%; empty-cells: show;&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background: #ffdead;&quot; | Indicia pontis
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| [[Fasciculus:Oberbaumbrücke.jpg|250px|Pons Trabis Superioris]]
|-
| Aedificatum est: || 1894 - 1902
|-
| Iterum aedificatum est: || 1992 - 1995
|-
| [[Longitudo]]: || 150,00 m
|-
| [[Latitudo]]: || 27,90 m
|-
| [[Altitudo]]: || 1,08 m
|-
| [[Area]]: || 1490,00 m²
|-
| [[Amplitudo]]&lt;br /&gt;portarum: || 7,50 m; 16,00 m;&lt;br /&gt;19,00 m; 22,00 m;&lt;br /&gt;19,00 m; 16,00 m;&lt;br /&gt;7,50 m
|-
| Usus latitudo: || 22,00 m
|-
| Impensa: || ca. 70,0 [[millio|Mio.]] DM
|-
|}
'''''Oberbaumbrücke''''' ('Pons Trabis Superioris') [[Berolinum|Berolini]] est [[pons]] qui urbis partes [[Mons Crucis|Montem Crucis]] et [[Lucus Fridericianus|Lucum Fridericianum]] per [[Spreha]]m [[flumen]] iungit. Longitudine 154 [[metrum|metrorum]] est longissimus [[pons]] Berolinensis. Etiam [[insigne]] [[regio]]nis [[Lucus Fridericianus-Mons Crucis|Lucus Fridericiani et Montis Crucis]] est.

Pons nomen habet quia hic olim trabs erat ad quam [[vectigal]] solvendum erat; alia eiusmodi trabs inferior in occidentali urbis parte fuit. [[Architectura]] pontis novum [[architectura gothica|artis gothicae]] genus effingit.

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|Oberbaumbrücke|Pontem Trabis Superioris}}

[[Categoria:Berolinum]]
[[Categoria:Pontes|Trabis superioris pons]]</text>
      <sha1>aptf8qek99et8hxr8ic37munxdx0wls</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Historia Libani</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>28816</id>
    <redirect title="Libanus" />
    <revision>
      <id>3991471</id>
      <parentid>236327</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-27T00:57:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ChomponU Pongsawet</username>
        <id>202211</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>3991471</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="3km6iufna7k17efora3e86vfa1j50al" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Libanus#Historia]]</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>The Legend of Zelda</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>30342</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991293</id>
      <parentid>3771047</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T16:16:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ND381</username>
        <id>143956</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Index ludorum electronicorum */</comment>
      <origin>3991293</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="16538" sha1="5wf0tcp9laik3ei4exellm443wc5cod" xml:space="preserve">{{italic title}}
[[Fasciculus:Zelda Logo.svg|thumb|[[Insigne]] seriei praesens.]]
'''''The Legend of Zelda''''' ([[Iaponice]] ゼルダの伝説, ''Zeruda no Densetsu''; [[Latine]] &quot;Legenda Zeldae&quot;) est series ludorum electronicorum [[phantasia mediaevalis|phantasiae mediaevalis]], [[vehementes vicissitudines|vehementiae]] et [[adventura]]e, a [[Shigeru Miyamoto]] et [[Takashi Tezuka]] creata et a [[Nintendo]] edita. In [[fabula|fabulis]] [[Link (persona ficticia)|Link]], principalis protagonista seriei, saepe Principissam [[Principissa Zelda|Zeldam]] et eius regnum Hyruleam (Anglice ''Hyrule''; Iaponice ハイラル, ''Hairaru'') salvare oportet, praecipue a [[Ganon|Ganone]] daemonum rege, principale [[antagonista]]. In seriei fabulis saepissime apparet Trivis (Anglice ''Triforce''; Iaponice トライフォース, ''Toraifōsu''), manifestatio potestatis divinae in formam trium [[triangulum|triangulorum]] [[aurum|aureorum]].

Series primo ludo electronico ''[[The Legend of Zelda (ludus televisificus)|The Legend of Zelda]]'', ad [[Nintendo Entertainment System]] in [[1986]] prodito, coepta est. In praesens 22 ludi electronici in serie sunt.

==Argumentum==
[[Fasciculus:Link u zelda.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|[[Link (persona ficticia)|Link]] [[Principissa Zelda|Zeldaque]]. Histriones vestiles in ''[[Leipzig Book Fair]]'' anno 2009 ([[Lipsia]]).]]
''The Legend of Zelda'' in terra mediaevali Hyrulea conditum est. Hyruleam incolunt multa genera sentientia, quorum principales sunt Hyruleani (Anglice ''Hylian''; Iaponice ハイリア族, ''Hairia-zoku''), genus humanum auribus acutis ex Hylia dea ortum.  

In principio, ut narrant incolae, Hyrulea terra carebat forma, ordine, et vita. Tum de caelo descenderunt tres [[dea|deae]] aureae: Din (Anglice ''Din''; Iaponice ディン, ''Din'') potestatis dea, Nayru (Anglice “Nayru”; Iaponice: ネール, ''Nēru'') sapientiae dea, et Farore (Anglice; Iaponice フロル, ''Faroru'') fortitudinis dea. Virtutes suas mundo dederunt deae, deinde in caelum rescenderunt. Eis relicta est Trivis, summa potestas mundi cui coniunctum est fortuna Hyruleae. Si quis Trivim obtinuerit, illa potestate efficietur quidquid vellet; si autem cuius animum impariter incolant tres virtutes dearum, Trivis tota ab eo geri nequit, et se frangit in partes tres, quarum quaeque praesidem dignum quaerit.

Per ludos narrantur fabulae de Link, reincarnatione herois antiqui qui mala pugnat, Zelda, reincarnatione Hyliae deae, et saepius Ganone, reincarnatione mali antiqui. Ganon, vel Ganondorf in forma humana, exercitibus daemonum imperat ac Hyruleam invadit ut Trivim inveniat. Magia potenti utitur, saepe etiam Trivim potestatis obtinet, ut nullo modo vinci possit nisi Ense Magistrario (Anglice ''Master Sword''), gladio sancto ab Hylia dea fabricato. Link in omnes regiones Hyruleae iter facit ut bellator optimus fiat et Ensem Magistrarium reperiat. Cum auxilio Zeldae divino, Link occidit Ganonem et pacem in Hyrulea restituit.

==Linguae==
Nonnullae linguae ficticiae quae varia phyla et species loquuntur in serie sunt. Lingua hyliana (Anglice ''Hylian'') est sermo principalis in ''Hyrule''; incolae etiam ''Terminae'', ''Holodri'', et ''Labrynnae'' illa utuntur. Lingua dicta numquam auditur, at saepe [[abecedarium|abecedario]] eius ficticio quod inter quemque ludum variat ostentatur.

==Index ludorum electronicorum==
[[Fasciculus:Koji Kondo - GDC 2007 cropped.jpg|thumb|160px|[[Koji Kondo]], anno 2007 visus, fuit [[compositor]] seriei ludorum electronicorum a primo ludo electronico.]]

===Ludi Praecipui===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
! rowspan=2|Annus Editionis !! colspan=2|Nomen !! rowspan=2|[[Cartibulum visificum lusorium|Cartibulum visificum]]
|-
! Iaponice !! Anglice
|-
| rowspan=2|1986 || {{lang|ja|[[The Legend of Zelda (ludus televisificus)|ゼルダの伝説]]}} || ''The Legend of Zelda'' || rowspan=2|[[Nintendo Entertainment System|NES]]
|-
| colspan=2|(''Legenda Zeldae'')
|-
| rowspan=2|1987 || {{lang|ja|[[Zelda II: The Adventure of Link|リンクの冒険]]}} || ''Zelda II: The Adventure of Link'' || rowspan=2|[[Nintendo Entertainment System|NES]]
|-
| (''Adventura Link'') || (''Zelda II: Adventura Link'')
|-
| rowspan=2|1991 || {{lang|ja|[[The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past|ゼルダの伝説 神々のトライフォース]]}} || ''The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past'' || rowspan=2|[[Super Nintendo Entertainment System|SNES]]
|-
| (''Legenda Zeldae: Trivis Deorum'') || (''Legenda Zeldae: Link ad Praeterita'')
|-
| rowspan=2|1993 || {{lang|ja|[[The Legend of Zelda: Link's Awakening|ゼルダの伝説 夢をみる島]]}} || ''The Legend of Zelda: Link's Awakening'' || rowspan=2|[[Game Boy]]
|-
| (''Legenda Zeldae: Insula Somnii'') || (''Legenda Zeldae: Link Expergiscens'')
|-
| rowspan=2|1998 || {{lang|ja|[[The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time|ゼルダの伝説 時のオカリナ]]}} || ''The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time'' || rowspan=2|[[Nintendo 64]]
|-
| colspan=2|(''Legenda Zeldae: Ocarina Temporis'')
|-
| rowspan=2|2000 || {{lang|ja|[[The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask|ゼルダの伝説 ムジュラの仮面]]}} || ''The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask'' || rowspan=2|[[Nintendo 64]]
|-
| colspan=2|(''Legenda Zeldae: Persona Maiorae'')
|-
| rowspan=4|2001 || {{lang|ja|[[The Legend of Zelda: Oracle of Seasons|ゼルダの伝説 ふしぎの木の実 大地の章]]}} || ''The Legend of Zelda: Oracle of Seasons'' || rowspan=4|[[Game Boy Color]]
|-
| (''Legenda Zeldae: Semen Arboris Miraculosae: Signum Terrae'') || (''Legenda Zeldae: Oraculum Annorum Temporum'')
|-
| {{lang|ja|[[The Legend of Zelda: Oracle of Seasons|ゼルダの伝説 ふしぎの木の実 時空の章]]}} || ''The Legend of Zelda: Oracle of Ages''
|-
| (''Legenda Zeldae: Semen Arboris Miraculosae: Signum Saeculorum'') || (''Legenda Zeldae: Oraculum Annorum Saeculorum'')
|-
| rowspan=2|2002 || {{lang|ja|[[The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker|ゼルダの伝説 風のタクト]]}}||''The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker'' || rowspan=2|[[Nintendo GameCube|Nintendo Ludicubus]]
|-
| (''Legenda Zeldae: Scipio Ventorum'') || (''Legenda Zeldae: Vigilator Ventorum'')
|-
| rowspan=4|2004 || {{lang|ja|[[The Legend of Zelda: Four Swords Adventures|ゼルダの伝説 4つの剣+]]}} || ''The Legend of Zelda: Four Swords Adventures'' || rowspan=2|[[Nintendo GameCube|Nintendo Ludicubus]]
|-
| (''Legenda Zeldae: Gladii Quattuor+'') || (''Legenda Zeldae: Adventura Gladiorum Quattuor'')
|-
| {{lang|ja|[[The Legend of Zelda: The Minish Cap|ゼルダの伝説 ふしぎのぼうし]]}} || ''The Legend of Zelda: The Minish Cap'' || rowspan=2|[[Game Boy Advance|GBA]]
|-
| (''Legenda Zeldae: Petasus Miraculosus'') || (''Legenda Zeldae: Petasus Minish'')
|-
| rowspan=2|2006 || {{lang|ja|[[The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess|ゼルダの伝説 トワイライトプリンセス]]}} || ''The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess'' || rowspan=2|[[Nintendo GameCube|Nintendo Ludicubus]] et [[Wii]]
|-
| (''Legenda Zeldae: Twilight Princess'') || (''Legenda Zeldae: Principissa Crepuscularis'')
|-
| rowspan=2|2007 || {{lang|ja|[[The Legend of Zelda: Phantom Hourglass|ゼルダの伝説 夢幻の砂時計]]}} || ''The Legend of Zelda: Phantom Hourglass'' || rowspan=2|[[Nintendo DS]]
|-
| (''Legenda Zeldae: Clepsydra Somnii'') || (''Legenda Zeldae: Clepsydra Phantasmatiana'')
|-
| rowspan=2|2009 || {{lang|ja|[[The Legend of Zelda: Spirit Tracks|ゼルダの伝説 大地の汽笛]]}} || ''The Legend of Zelda: Spirit Tracks'' || rowspan=2|[[Nintendo DS]]
|-
| (''Legenda Zeldae: Fistula Terrae'') || (''Legenda Zeldae: Orbitae Spirituales'')
|-
| rowspan=2|2011 || {{lang|ja|[[The Legend of Zelda: Skyward Sword|ゼルダの伝説 スカイウォードソード]]}} || ''The Legend of Zelda: Skyward Sword'' || rowspan=2|[[Wii]]
|-
| (''Legenda Zeldae: Skyward Sword'') || (''Legenda Zeldae: Gladius Antecaelestis'')
|-
| rowspan=2|2013 || {{lang|ja|[[The Legend of Zelda: A Link Between Worlds|ゼルダの伝説 神々のトライフォース2]]}} || ''The Legend of Zelda: A Link Between Worlds'' || rowspan=2|[[Nintendo 3DS]]
|-
| (''Legenda Zeldae: Trivis Deorum 2'') || (''Legenda Zeldae: Link Inter Mundos'')
|-
| rowspan=2|2015 || {{lang|ja|[[The Legend of Zelda: Tri Force Heroes|ゼルダの伝説 トライフォース3銃士]]}} || ''The Legend of Zelda: Tri Force Heroes'' || rowspan=2|[[Nintendo 3DS]]
|-
| (''Legenda Zeldae: Trivis [[Les Trois Mousquetaires|Tres Mosquetarii]]'') || (''Legenda Zeldae: Trivis Heroes'')
|-
| rowspan=2|2017 || {{lang|ja|[[The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild|ゼルダの伝説 ブレス オブ ザ ワイルド]]}}||''The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild'' || rowspan=2|[[Wii U]] et [[Nintendo Switch]]
|-
| (''Legenda Zeldae: Breath of the Wild'') || (''Legenda Zeldae: Spiritus Naturae'')
|-
| rowspan=2|2023 || {{lang|ja|[[The Legend of Zelda: Tears of the Kingdom|ゼルダの伝説 ティアーズ オブ ザ キングダム]]}}||''The Legend of Zelda: Tears of the Kingdom'' || rowspan=2|[[Nintendo Switch]]
|-
| (''Legenda Zeldae: Tears of the Kingdom'') || (''Legenda Zeldae: Lacrimae Regni'')
|-
| rowspan=2|2024 || {{lang|ja|[[The Legend of Zelda: Echoes of Wisdom|ゼルダの伝説 知恵のかりもの]]}}||''The Legend of Zelda: Echoes of Wisdom'' || rowspan=2|[[Nintendo Switch]]
|-
| (''Legenda Zeldae: Sapientiae Mutua'') || (''Legenda Zeldae: Imagines Sapientiae'')
|}

===Ludi Alii===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
! rowspan=2|Annus Editionis !! colspan=2|Nomen !! rowspan=2|[[Cartibulum visificum lusorium|Cartibulum visificum]]
|-
! Iaponice !! Anglice
|-
| rowspan=2|1994 || {{lang|ja|[[The Legend of Zelda (ludus televisificus)|ゼルダの伝説1]]}} || rowspan=2|''tantum in Iaponia elatum'' || rowspan=2|[[Nintendo Entertainment System|NES]]
|-
| (''Legenda Zeldae 1'')
|-
| rowspan=2|1998 || {{lang|ja|[[The Legend of Zelda: Link's Awakening|ゼルダの伝説 夢をみる島DX]]}} || ''The Legend of Zelda: Link's Awakening DX'' || rowspan=2|[[Game Boy]] et [[Game Boy Color]]
|-
| (''Legenda Zeldae: Insulae Somnii Specialitas'') || (''Legenda Zeldae: Link Expergiscens Specialitas'')
|-
| rowspan=2|2003 || {{lang|ja|[[The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past|ゼルダの伝説 神々のトライフォース]]＆[[The Legend of Zelda: Four Swords|4つの剣]]}} || ''The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past'' and ''Four Swords'' || rowspan=2|[[Game Boy Advance|GBA]]
|-
| (''Legenda Zeldae: Trivis Deorum'' et ''Gladii Quattuor'') || (''Legenda Zeldae: Link ad Praeterita'' et ''Gladii Quattuor'')
|-
| rowspan=4|2011 || {{lang|ja|[[The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time|ゼルダの伝説 時のオカリナ 3D]]}} || ''The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time 3D'' || rowspan=2|[[Nintendo 3DS]]
|-
| colspan=2|(''Legenda Zeldae: Ocarina Temporis Tridimensionalis'')
|-
| {{lang|ja|[[The Legend of Zelda: Four Swords|ゼルダの伝説 4つの剣 25周年記念エディション]]}} || ''Four Swords Anniversary Edition''||rowspan=2|[[Nintendo DS|Nintendo DSi]]
|-
| (''Legenda Zeldae: Gladii Quattuor: Editio Anniversaria Vigintiquinta'') || (''Legenda Zeldae: Editio Anniversaria Gladiorum Quattuor'')
|-
| rowspan=2|2013 || {{lang|ja|[[The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker|ゼルダの伝説 風のタクト HD]]}}||''The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker HD'' || rowspan=2|[[Wii U]]
|-
| (''Legenda Zeldae: Scipio Ventorum Alta Definitio'') || (''Legenda Zeldae: Vigilator Ventorum Alta Definitio'')
|-
| rowspan=2|2015 || {{lang|ja|[[The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask|ゼルダの伝説 ムジュラの仮面 3D]]}} || ''The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask 3D'' || rowspan=2|[[Nintendo 3DS]]
|-
| colspan=2|(''Legenda Zeldae: Persona Maiorae Tridimensionalis'')
|-
| rowspan=2|2016 || {{lang|ja|[[The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess|ゼルダの伝説 トワイライトプリンセス HD]]}} || ''The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess HD'' || rowspan=2|[[Wii U]]
|-
| (''Legenda Zeldae: Twilight Princess Alta Definitio'') || (''Legenda Zeldae: Principissa Crepuscularis Alta Definitio'')
|-
| rowspan=2|2019 || {{lang|ja|[[The Legend of Zelda: Link's Awakening|ゼルダの伝説 夢をみる島]]}} || ''The Legend of Zelda: Link's Awakening'' || rowspan=2|[[Nintendo Switch]]
|-
| (''Legenda Zeldae: Insula Somnii'') || (''Legenda Zeldae: Link Expergiscens'')
|-
| rowspan=2|2021 || {{lang|ja|[[The Legend of Zelda: Skyward Sword|ゼルダの伝説 スカイウォードソード HD]]}} || ''The Legend of Zelda: Skyward Sword HD'' || rowspan=2|[[Nintendo Switch]]
|-
| (''Legenda Zeldae: Skyward Sword'') || (''Legenda Zeldae: Gladius Antecaelestis'')
|-
|-
| rowspan=4|2025|| {{lang|ja|[[The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild|ゼルダの伝説 ブレス オブ ザ ワイルド Nintendo Switch 2 Edition]]}}||''The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild Nintendo Switch 2 Edition'' || rowspan=2|[[Nintendo Switch 2]]
|-
| (''Legenda Zeldae: Breath of the Wild: Editio Nintendo Switch 2'') || (''Legenda Zeldae: Spiritus Naturae Editio Nintendo Switch 2'')
|-
| {{lang|ja|[[The Legend of Zelda: Tears of the Kingdom|ゼルダの伝説 ティアーズ オブ ザ キングダム Nintendo Switch 2 Edition]]}}||''The Legend of Zelda: Tears of the Kingdom Nintendo Switch 2 Edition'' || rowspan=2|[[Nintendo Switch 2]]
|-
| (''Legenda Zeldae: Tears of the Kingdom: Editio Nintendo Switch 2'') || (''Legenda Zeldae: Lacrimae Regni Editio Nintendo Switch 2'')
|-
| rowspan=2|2026 || {{lang|ja|[[The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time|ゼルダの伝説 時のオカリナ]]}} || ''The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time'' || rowspan=2|[[Nintendo Switch 2]]
|-
| colspan=2|(''Legenda Zeldae: Ocarina Temporis'')
|}

Editio Nintendo Switch 2 ''Legendae Zeldae: Ocarina Temporis'' in mense Novembris 2026 efferar.

==Personae==
[[Fasciculus:Midna on the other side of the Twilight Mirror.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Midna]] in sua forma vera. Persona adiuvans in serie est, interea prima persona in ludo electronico ''[[The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess]]''.]]
Pleraeque personae seriei ludorum electronicorum hic nominantur.

===Protagonistae===
* [[Link (persona ficticia)|Link]] (principalis)
* [[Principissa Zelda]]

===Antagonistae===
{{div col|2}}
* [[Agahnim]], magus
* [[Bellum (persona ficticia)|Bellum]]
* [[Dark Link|Link Obscurum]] 
* [[Demon King Demise]]
* [[Demon Lord Ghirahim|Ghirahim]], Dux Daemonicus
* [[Ganon]] vel Ganondorf in eius alia forma, primus antagonista
* [[Majora (persona ficticia)|Majora]]
* [[Malladus, the Demon King|Malladus]], Rex Daemonicus
* [[Onox, the General of Darkness|Onox]], Imperator Tenebrarum
* [[Twinrova]], Geminae Strigariae
* [[Usurper King Zant|Pseudo Rex Zant]]
* [[Vaati, the Wind Mage|Vaati]], Magus Ventosus
* [[Veran, the Sorceress of Shadows|Veran]], Malefica Umbrarum
{{div col end}}

===Personae adiuvantes===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Epona]]
* [[Fi]]
* [[Four Giants|Quattor Gigantes]]
* [[Golden Goddesses|Dea Aurea]]
* [[Arbor Deku Grandis]]
* [[Groose]]
* [[Happy Mask Salesman|Mercator Felix Personarum]]
* [[Impa]], famula Zeldae
* [[Kaepora Gaebora]]
* [[King Daphnes Nohansen of Hyrule|Rex Daphnes Nohansen Hyrule]]
* [[Linebeck]]
* [[Marin]]
* [[Midna]]
* [[Navi]]
* [[Old Man|Senecti]]
* [[Sages|Sagi]]
* [[Tatl]]
* [[Tingle]]
{{div col end}}

===Personae reapparentes===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Anju]]
* [[Beedle|Beedle/Terry]]
* [[Biggoron]], maximus Goron
* [[Dampé]]
* [[Great Fairy|Sylpha Grandis]]
* [[Guru-Guru]]
* [[Malon]]
* [[Maple]], saga iuvenis et discipula Syrup
* [[Mamamu Yan]]
* [[Mutoh]]
* [[Postman|Tabellarius]]
* [[Skull Kid|Puer Calvarius]]
* [[Syrup]], bona saga et magistra Maple
* [[Talon]]
{{div col end}}

{{NexInt}}
* [[Donkey Kong]] (series)
* [[Marius (series)|Marius]] (series)

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|The Legend of Zelda|''The Legend of Zelda''}}
* [http://www.zelda.com/ Situs officialis ''The Legend of Zelda'']
* [http://www.zeldawiki.org/Main_Page ''Zelda Wiki''], encyclopaedia de ''The Legend of Zelda''
* [http://zelda.wikia.com/wiki/Zeldapedia ''Zeldapedia''], encyclopaedia de ''The Legend of Zelda''
* [http://www.zeldauniverse.net/ ''Zelda Universe''], situs de ''The Legend of Zelda''
* [http://www.romhacking.net/translations/1199/ ''The Legend of Zelda''] in lingua Latina {{ling|Anglice|Latine}}
* [http://www.geekologie.com/2009/02/finally-zelda-ii-has-been-tran.php ''Zelda II: The Adventure of Link''] in lingua Latina 

[[Categoria:Legenda]]
[[Categoria:The Legend of Zelda|!]]
[[Categoria:Incepta 1986]]</text>
      <sha1>5wf0tcp9laik3ei4exellm443wc5cod</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3991297</id>
      <parentid>3991293</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T16:23:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ND381</username>
        <id>143956</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Index ludorum electronicorum */</comment>
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      <text bytes="17468" sha1="dl1bzeyjyu7ggn3mia3e7str8fzos8l" xml:space="preserve">{{italic title}}
[[Fasciculus:Zelda Logo.svg|thumb|[[Insigne]] seriei praesens.]]
'''''The Legend of Zelda''''' ([[Iaponice]] ゼルダの伝説, ''Zeruda no Densetsu''; [[Latine]] &quot;Legenda Zeldae&quot;) est series ludorum electronicorum [[phantasia mediaevalis|phantasiae mediaevalis]], [[vehementes vicissitudines|vehementiae]] et [[adventura]]e, a [[Shigeru Miyamoto]] et [[Takashi Tezuka]] creata et a [[Nintendo]] edita. In [[fabula|fabulis]] [[Link (persona ficticia)|Link]], principalis protagonista seriei, saepe Principissam [[Principissa Zelda|Zeldam]] et eius regnum Hyruleam (Anglice ''Hyrule''; Iaponice ハイラル, ''Hairaru'') salvare oportet, praecipue a [[Ganon|Ganone]] daemonum rege, principale [[antagonista]]. In seriei fabulis saepissime apparet Trivis (Anglice ''Triforce''; Iaponice トライフォース, ''Toraifōsu''), manifestatio potestatis divinae in formam trium [[triangulum|triangulorum]] [[aurum|aureorum]].

Series primo ludo electronico ''[[The Legend of Zelda (ludus televisificus)|The Legend of Zelda]]'', ad [[Nintendo Entertainment System]] in [[1986]] prodito, coepta est. In praesens 22 ludi electronici in serie sunt.

==Argumentum==
[[Fasciculus:Link u zelda.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|[[Link (persona ficticia)|Link]] [[Principissa Zelda|Zeldaque]]. Histriones vestiles in ''[[Leipzig Book Fair]]'' anno 2009 ([[Lipsia]]).]]
''The Legend of Zelda'' in terra mediaevali Hyrulea conditum est. Hyruleam incolunt multa genera sentientia, quorum principales sunt Hyruleani (Anglice ''Hylian''; Iaponice ハイリア族, ''Hairia-zoku''), genus humanum auribus acutis ex Hylia dea ortum.  

In principio, ut narrant incolae, Hyrulea terra carebat forma, ordine, et vita. Tum de caelo descenderunt tres [[dea|deae]] aureae: Din (Anglice ''Din''; Iaponice ディン, ''Din'') potestatis dea, Nayru (Anglice “Nayru”; Iaponice: ネール, ''Nēru'') sapientiae dea, et Farore (Anglice; Iaponice フロル, ''Faroru'') fortitudinis dea. Virtutes suas mundo dederunt deae, deinde in caelum rescenderunt. Eis relicta est Trivis, summa potestas mundi cui coniunctum est fortuna Hyruleae. Si quis Trivim obtinuerit, illa potestate efficietur quidquid vellet; si autem cuius animum impariter incolant tres virtutes dearum, Trivis tota ab eo geri nequit, et se frangit in partes tres, quarum quaeque praesidem dignum quaerit.

Per ludos narrantur fabulae de Link, reincarnatione herois antiqui qui mala pugnat, Zelda, reincarnatione Hyliae deae, et saepius Ganone, reincarnatione mali antiqui. Ganon, vel Ganondorf in forma humana, exercitibus daemonum imperat ac Hyruleam invadit ut Trivim inveniat. Magia potenti utitur, saepe etiam Trivim potestatis obtinet, ut nullo modo vinci possit nisi Ense Magistrario (Anglice ''Master Sword''), gladio sancto ab Hylia dea fabricato. Link in omnes regiones Hyruleae iter facit ut bellator optimus fiat et Ensem Magistrarium reperiat. Cum auxilio Zeldae divino, Link occidit Ganonem et pacem in Hyrulea restituit.

==Linguae==
Nonnullae linguae ficticiae quae varia phyla et species loquuntur in serie sunt. Lingua hyliana (Anglice ''Hylian'') est sermo principalis in ''Hyrule''; incolae etiam ''Terminae'', ''Holodri'', et ''Labrynnae'' illa utuntur. Lingua dicta numquam auditur, at saepe [[abecedarium|abecedario]] eius ficticio quod inter quemque ludum variat ostentatur.

==Index ludorum electronicorum==
[[Fasciculus:Koji Kondo - GDC 2007 cropped.jpg|thumb|160px|[[Koji Kondo]], anno 2007 visus, fuit [[compositor]] seriei ludorum electronicorum a primo ludo electronico.]]

===Ludi Praecipui===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
! rowspan=2|Annus Editionis !! colspan=2|Nomen !! rowspan=2|[[Cartibulum visificum lusorium|Cartibulum visificum]]
|-
! Iaponice !! Anglice
|-
| rowspan=2|1986 || {{lang|ja|[[The Legend of Zelda (ludus televisificus)|ゼルダの伝説]]}} || ''The Legend of Zelda'' || rowspan=2|[[Nintendo Entertainment System|NES]]
|-
| colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;(''Legenda Zeldae'')&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| rowspan=2|1987 || {{lang|ja|[[Zelda II: The Adventure of Link|リンクの冒険]]}} || ''Zelda II: The Adventure of Link'' || rowspan=2|[[Nintendo Entertainment System|NES]]
|-
| &lt;small&gt;(''Adventura Link'')&lt;/small&gt; || &lt;small&gt;(''Zelda II: Adventura Link'')&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| rowspan=2|1991 || {{lang|ja|[[The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past|ゼルダの伝説 神々のトライフォース]]}} || ''The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past'' || rowspan=2|[[Super Nintendo Entertainment System|SNES]]
|-
| &lt;small&gt;(''Legenda Zeldae: Trivis Deorum'')&lt;/small&gt; || &lt;small&gt;(''Legenda Zeldae: Link ad Praeterita'')&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| rowspan=2|1993 || {{lang|ja|[[The Legend of Zelda: Link's Awakening|ゼルダの伝説 夢をみる島]]}} || ''The Legend of Zelda: Link's Awakening'' || rowspan=2|[[Game Boy]]
|-
| &lt;small&gt;(''Legenda Zeldae: Insula Somnii'')&lt;/small&gt; || &lt;small&gt;(''Legenda Zeldae: Link Expergiscens'')&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| rowspan=2|1998 || {{lang|ja|[[The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time|ゼルダの伝説 時のオカリナ]]}} || ''The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time'' || rowspan=2|[[Nintendo 64]]
|-
| colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;(''Legenda Zeldae: Ocarina Temporis'')&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| rowspan=2|2000 || {{lang|ja|[[The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask|ゼルダの伝説 ムジュラの仮面]]}} || ''The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask'' || rowspan=2|[[Nintendo 64]]
|-
| colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;(''Legenda Zeldae: Persona Maiorae'')&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| rowspan=4|2001 || {{lang|ja|[[The Legend of Zelda: Oracle of Seasons|ゼルダの伝説 ふしぎの木の実 大地の章]]}} || ''The Legend of Zelda: Oracle of Seasons'' || rowspan=4|[[Game Boy Color]]
|-
| &lt;small&gt;(''Legenda Zeldae: Semen Arboris Miraculosae: Signum Terrae'')&lt;/small&gt; || &lt;small&gt;(''Legenda Zeldae: Oraculum Annorum Temporum'')&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| {{lang|ja|[[The Legend of Zelda: Oracle of Seasons|ゼルダの伝説 ふしぎの木の実 時空の章]]}} || ''The Legend of Zelda: Oracle of Ages''
|-
| &lt;small&gt;(''Legenda Zeldae: Semen Arboris Miraculosae: Signum Saeculorum'')&lt;/small&gt; || &lt;small&gt;(''Legenda Zeldae: Oraculum Annorum Saeculorum'')&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| rowspan=2|2002 || {{lang|ja|[[The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker|ゼルダの伝説 風のタクト]]}}||''The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker'' || rowspan=2|[[Nintendo GameCube|Nintendo Ludicubus]]
|-
| &lt;small&gt;(''Legenda Zeldae: Scipio Ventorum'')&lt;/small&gt; || &lt;small&gt;(''Legenda Zeldae: Vigilator Ventorum'')&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| rowspan=4|2004 || {{lang|ja|[[The Legend of Zelda: Four Swords Adventures|ゼルダの伝説 4つの剣+]]}} || ''The Legend of Zelda: Four Swords Adventures'' || rowspan=2|[[Nintendo GameCube|Nintendo Ludicubus]]
|-
| &lt;small&gt;(''Legenda Zeldae: Gladii Quattuor+'')&lt;/small&gt; || &lt;small&gt;(''Legenda Zeldae: Adventura Gladiorum Quattuor'')&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| {{lang|ja|[[The Legend of Zelda: The Minish Cap|ゼルダの伝説 ふしぎのぼうし]]}} || ''The Legend of Zelda: The Minish Cap'' || rowspan=2|[[Game Boy Advance|GBA]]
|-
| &lt;small&gt;(''Legenda Zeldae: Petasus Miraculosus'')&lt;/small&gt; || &lt;small&gt;(''Legenda Zeldae: Petasus Minish'')&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| rowspan=2|2006 || {{lang|ja|[[The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess|ゼルダの伝説 トワイライトプリンセス]]}} || ''The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess'' || rowspan=2|[[Nintendo GameCube|Nintendo Ludicubus]] et [[Wii]]
|-
| &lt;small&gt;(''Legenda Zeldae: Twilight Princess'')&lt;/small&gt; || &lt;small&gt;(''Legenda Zeldae: Principissa Crepuscularis'')&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| rowspan=2|2007 || {{lang|ja|[[The Legend of Zelda: Phantom Hourglass|ゼルダの伝説 夢幻の砂時計]]}} || ''The Legend of Zelda: Phantom Hourglass'' || rowspan=2|[[Nintendo DS]]
|-
| &lt;small&gt;(''Legenda Zeldae: Clepsydra Somnii'')&lt;/small&gt; || &lt;small&gt;(''Legenda Zeldae: Clepsydra Phantasmatiana'')&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| rowspan=2|2009 || {{lang|ja|[[The Legend of Zelda: Spirit Tracks|ゼルダの伝説 大地の汽笛]]}} || ''The Legend of Zelda: Spirit Tracks'' || rowspan=2|[[Nintendo DS]]
|-
| &lt;small&gt;(''Legenda Zeldae: Fistula Terrae'')&lt;/small&gt; || &lt;small&gt;(''Legenda Zeldae: Orbitae Spirituales'')&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| rowspan=2|2011 || {{lang|ja|[[The Legend of Zelda: Skyward Sword|ゼルダの伝説 スカイウォードソード]]}} || ''The Legend of Zelda: Skyward Sword'' || rowspan=2|[[Wii]]
|-
| &lt;small&gt;(''Legenda Zeldae: Skyward Sword'')&lt;/small&gt; || &lt;small&gt;(''Legenda Zeldae: Gladius Antecaelestis'')&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| rowspan=2|2013 || {{lang|ja|[[The Legend of Zelda: A Link Between Worlds|ゼルダの伝説 神々のトライフォース2]]}} || ''The Legend of Zelda: A Link Between Worlds'' || rowspan=2|[[Nintendo 3DS]]
|-
| &lt;small&gt;(''Legenda Zeldae: Trivis Deorum 2'')&lt;/small&gt; || &lt;small&gt;(''Legenda Zeldae: Link Inter Mundos'')&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| rowspan=2|2015 || {{lang|ja|[[The Legend of Zelda: Tri Force Heroes|ゼルダの伝説 トライフォース3銃士]]}} || ''The Legend of Zelda: Tri Force Heroes'' || rowspan=2|[[Nintendo 3DS]]
|-
| &lt;small&gt;(''Legenda Zeldae: Trivis [[Les Trois Mousquetaires|Tres Mosquetarii]]'')&lt;/small&gt; || &lt;small&gt;(''Legenda Zeldae: Trivis Heroes'')&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| rowspan=2|2017 || {{lang|ja|[[The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild|ゼルダの伝説 ブレス オブ ザ ワイルド]]}}||''The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild'' || rowspan=2|[[Wii U]] et [[Nintendo Switch]]
|-
| &lt;small&gt;(''Legenda Zeldae: Breath of the Wild'')&lt;/small&gt; || &lt;small&gt;(''Legenda Zeldae: Spiritus Naturae'')&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| rowspan=2|2023 || {{lang|ja|[[The Legend of Zelda: Tears of the Kingdom|ゼルダの伝説 ティアーズ オブ ザ キングダム]]}}||''The Legend of Zelda: Tears of the Kingdom'' || rowspan=2|[[Nintendo Switch]]
|-
| &lt;small&gt;(''Legenda Zeldae: Tears of the Kingdom'')&lt;/small&gt; || &lt;small&gt;(''Legenda Zeldae: Lacrimae Regni'')&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| rowspan=2|2024 || {{lang|ja|[[The Legend of Zelda: Echoes of Wisdom|ゼルダの伝説 知恵のかりもの]]}}||''The Legend of Zelda: Echoes of Wisdom'' || rowspan=2|[[Nintendo Switch]]
|-
| &lt;small&gt;(''Legenda Zeldae: Sapientiae Mutua'')&lt;/small&gt; || &lt;small&gt;(''Legenda Zeldae: Imagines Sapientiae'')&lt;/small&gt;
|}

===Ludi Alii===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
! rowspan=2|Annus Editionis !! colspan=2|Nomen !! rowspan=2|[[Cartibulum visificum lusorium|Cartibulum visificum]]
|-
! Iaponice !! Anglice
|-
| rowspan=2|1994 || {{lang|ja|[[The Legend of Zelda (ludus televisificus)|ゼルダの伝説1]]}} || rowspan=2|&lt;small&gt;''tantum in Iaponia elatum''&lt;/small&gt; || rowspan=2|[[Nintendo Entertainment System|NES]]
|-
| &lt;small&gt;(''Legenda Zeldae 1'')&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| rowspan=2|1998 || {{lang|ja|[[The Legend of Zelda: Link's Awakening|ゼルダの伝説 夢をみる島DX]]}} || ''The Legend of Zelda: Link's Awakening DX'' || rowspan=2|[[Game Boy]] et [[Game Boy Color]]
|-
| &lt;small&gt;(''Legenda Zeldae: Insulae Somnii Specialitas'')&lt;/small&gt; || &lt;small&gt;(''Legenda Zeldae: Link Expergiscens Specialitas'')&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| rowspan=2|2003 || {{lang|ja|[[The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past|ゼルダの伝説 神々のトライフォース]]＆[[The Legend of Zelda: Four Swords|4つの剣]]}} || ''The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past'' and ''Four Swords'' || rowspan=2|[[Game Boy Advance|GBA]]
|-
| &lt;small&gt;(''Legenda Zeldae: Trivis Deorum'' et ''Gladii Quattuor'')&lt;/small&gt; || &lt;small&gt;(''Legenda Zeldae: Link ad Praeterita'' et ''Gladii Quattuor'')&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| rowspan=4|2011 || {{lang|ja|[[The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time|ゼルダの伝説 時のオカリナ 3D]]}} || ''The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time 3D'' || rowspan=2|[[Nintendo 3DS]]
|-
| colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;(''Legenda Zeldae: Ocarina Temporis Tridimensionalis'')&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| {{lang|ja|[[The Legend of Zelda: Four Swords|ゼルダの伝説 4つの剣 25周年記念エディション]]}} || ''Four Swords Anniversary Edition''||rowspan=2|[[Nintendo DS|Nintendo DSi]]
|-
| &lt;small&gt;(''Legenda Zeldae: Gladii Quattuor: Editio Anniversaria Vigintiquinta'')&lt;/small&gt; || &lt;small&gt;(''Legenda Zeldae: Editio Anniversaria Gladiorum Quattuor'')&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| rowspan=2|2013 || {{lang|ja|[[The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker|ゼルダの伝説 風のタクト HD]]}}||''The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker HD'' || rowspan=2|[[Wii U]]
|-
| &lt;small&gt;(''Legenda Zeldae: Scipio Ventorum Alta Definitio'')&lt;/small&gt; || &lt;small&gt;(''Legenda Zeldae: Vigilator Ventorum Alta Definitio'')&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| rowspan=2|2015 || {{lang|ja|[[The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask|ゼルダの伝説 ムジュラの仮面 3D]]}} || ''The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask 3D'' || rowspan=2|[[Nintendo 3DS]]
|-
| colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;(''Legenda Zeldae: Persona Maiorae Tridimensionalis'')&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| rowspan=2|2016 || {{lang|ja|[[The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess|ゼルダの伝説 トワイライトプリンセス HD]]}} || ''The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess HD'' || rowspan=2|[[Wii U]]
|-
| &lt;small&gt;(''Legenda Zeldae: Twilight Princess Alta Definitio'')&lt;/small&gt; || &lt;small&gt;(''Legenda Zeldae: Principissa Crepuscularis Alta Definitio'')&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| rowspan=2|2019 || {{lang|ja|[[The Legend of Zelda: Link's Awakening|ゼルダの伝説 夢をみる島]]}} || ''The Legend of Zelda: Link's Awakening'' || rowspan=2|[[Nintendo Switch]]
|-
| &lt;small&gt;(''Legenda Zeldae: Insula Somnii'')&lt;/small&gt; || &lt;small&gt;(''Legenda Zeldae: Link Expergiscens'')&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| rowspan=2|2021 || {{lang|ja|[[The Legend of Zelda: Skyward Sword|ゼルダの伝説 スカイウォードソード HD]]}} || ''The Legend of Zelda: Skyward Sword HD'' || rowspan=2|[[Nintendo Switch]]
|-
| &lt;small&gt;(''Legenda Zeldae: Skyward Sword Alta Definitio'')&lt;/small&gt; || &lt;small&gt;(''Legenda Zeldae: Gladius Antecaelestis Alta Definitio'')&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|-
| rowspan=4|2025|| {{lang|ja|[[The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild|ゼルダの伝説 ブレス オブ ザ ワイルド Nintendo Switch 2 Edition]]}}||''The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild Nintendo Switch 2 Edition'' || rowspan=2|[[Nintendo Switch 2]]
|-
| &lt;small&gt;(''Legenda Zeldae: Breath of the Wild: Editio Nintendo Switch 2'')&lt;/small&gt; || &lt;small&gt;(''Legenda Zeldae: Spiritus Naturae Editio Nintendo Switch 2'')&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| {{lang|ja|[[The Legend of Zelda: Tears of the Kingdom|ゼルダの伝説 ティアーズ オブ ザ キングダム Nintendo Switch 2 Edition]]}}||''The Legend of Zelda: Tears of the Kingdom Nintendo Switch 2 Edition'' || rowspan=2|[[Nintendo Switch 2]]
|-
| &lt;small&gt;(''Legenda Zeldae: Tears of the Kingdom: Editio Nintendo Switch 2'')&lt;/small&gt; || &lt;small&gt;(''Legenda Zeldae: Lacrimae Regni Editio Nintendo Switch 2'')&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| rowspan=2|2026 || {{lang|ja|[[The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time|ゼルダの伝説 時のオカリナ]]}} || ''The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time'' || rowspan=2|[[Nintendo Switch 2]]
|-
| colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;(''Legenda Zeldae: Ocarina Temporis'')&lt;/small&gt;
|}

Editio Nintendo Switch 2 ''Legendae Zeldae: Ocarina Temporis'' in mense Novembris 2026 efferar.

==Personae==
[[Fasciculus:Midna on the other side of the Twilight Mirror.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Midna]] in sua forma vera. Persona adiuvans in serie est, interea prima persona in ludo electronico ''[[The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess]]''.]]
Pleraeque personae seriei ludorum electronicorum hic nominantur.

===Protagonistae===
* [[Link (persona ficticia)|Link]] (principalis)
* [[Principissa Zelda]]

===Antagonistae===
{{div col|2}}
* [[Agahnim]], magus
* [[Bellum (persona ficticia)|Bellum]]
* [[Dark Link|Link Obscurum]] 
* [[Demon King Demise]]
* [[Demon Lord Ghirahim|Ghirahim]], Dux Daemonicus
* [[Ganon]] vel Ganondorf in eius alia forma, primus antagonista
* [[Majora (persona ficticia)|Majora]]
* [[Malladus, the Demon King|Malladus]], Rex Daemonicus
* [[Onox, the General of Darkness|Onox]], Imperator Tenebrarum
* [[Twinrova]], Geminae Strigariae
* [[Usurper King Zant|Pseudo Rex Zant]]
* [[Vaati, the Wind Mage|Vaati]], Magus Ventosus
* [[Veran, the Sorceress of Shadows|Veran]], Malefica Umbrarum
{{div col end}}

===Personae adiuvantes===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Epona]]
* [[Fi]]
* [[Four Giants|Quattor Gigantes]]
* [[Golden Goddesses|Dea Aurea]]
* [[Arbor Deku Grandis]]
* [[Groose]]
* [[Happy Mask Salesman|Mercator Felix Personarum]]
* [[Impa]], famula Zeldae
* [[Kaepora Gaebora]]
* [[King Daphnes Nohansen of Hyrule|Rex Daphnes Nohansen Hyrule]]
* [[Linebeck]]
* [[Marin]]
* [[Midna]]
* [[Navi]]
* [[Old Man|Senecti]]
* [[Sages|Sagi]]
* [[Tatl]]
* [[Tingle]]
{{div col end}}

===Personae reapparentes===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Anju]]
* [[Beedle|Beedle/Terry]]
* [[Biggoron]], maximus Goron
* [[Dampé]]
* [[Great Fairy|Sylpha Grandis]]
* [[Guru-Guru]]
* [[Malon]]
* [[Maple]], saga iuvenis et discipula Syrup
* [[Mamamu Yan]]
* [[Mutoh]]
* [[Postman|Tabellarius]]
* [[Skull Kid|Puer Calvarius]]
* [[Syrup]], bona saga et magistra Maple
* [[Talon]]
{{div col end}}

{{NexInt}}
* [[Donkey Kong]] (series)
* [[Marius (series)|Marius]] (series)

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|The Legend of Zelda|''The Legend of Zelda''}}
* [http://www.zelda.com/ Situs officialis ''The Legend of Zelda'']
* [http://www.zeldawiki.org/Main_Page ''Zelda Wiki''], encyclopaedia de ''The Legend of Zelda''
* [http://zelda.wikia.com/wiki/Zeldapedia ''Zeldapedia''], encyclopaedia de ''The Legend of Zelda''
* [http://www.zeldauniverse.net/ ''Zelda Universe''], situs de ''The Legend of Zelda''
* [http://www.romhacking.net/translations/1199/ ''The Legend of Zelda''] in lingua Latina {{ling|Anglice|Latine}}
* [http://www.geekologie.com/2009/02/finally-zelda-ii-has-been-tran.php ''Zelda II: The Adventure of Link''] in lingua Latina 

[[Categoria:Legenda]]
[[Categoria:The Legend of Zelda|!]]
[[Categoria:Incepta 1986]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Glacies</title>
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        <username>Grufo</username>
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      <minor />
      <comment>{{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}}; Minora</comment>
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[[Fasciculus:IceBlockNearJoekullsarlon.jpg|thumb|[[Mons glacialis|Mons glacialis]] in [[mare|mari]] prope [[Jökulsárlón]] [[Islandia]]e fluctuatur.]]

{{res|Glaciēs}} ({{pns|ēī|f||glacies}}) est [[aqua]] statu [[gelatio]]ne [[solidum|solido]], in quam plerumque ad et infra [[punctum liquefactionis]] (0°C, sive 32 °[[Fahrenheit|F]] vel 273.15 [[Kelvin|K]]) commutatur. In [[Tellus|Tellure]] aliisque [[planeta|planetis]],&lt;ref&gt;Planetis ad [[Sol]]em proximis, inter quos [[Mercurius (planeta)|Mercurio]] et [[Venus (planeta)|Venere]], non exclusis.&lt;/ref&gt; in rebus [[Nubes Oort|Nubium Oortianarum]], et ut {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|glacies interstellaris||en|qid=Q17058538}} [[natura]]liter fit. Quia solidum [[compositio inorganica|inorganicum]] et [[crystallum|crystallinum]] est, [[minerale]] habetur. Secundum praesentes {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Impuritas (chemica)|impuritates|en|qid=Q7216430}}, sicut particulae [[terra (solum)|soli]] vel [[bulla]]e [[aer]]is, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Perspicuitas|pellucida|en|qid=Q16104096}} aut aliquantulum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Opacitas (optica)|haud pellucida|en|qid=Q691914}} [[color]]e quasi [[caeruleus|caerulea]] et [[albus|alba]] videri potest. 

Pro [[vectura]] aquatica in [[mare|mari]] congelato [[navis glacifractoria|navibus glacifractoriis]] utimur, quae ad glaciem comminuendam construuntur.

Diversae [[potio]]nes, praecipue [[carbonatus|carbonatae]], usitatissime cum [[cubus glacialis|cubis glacialibus]] offeruntur.

[[Novum aevum|Aevo hodierno]] saepe [[cibus|cibaria]] in congelatorio [[frigus|refrigerantur]].

{{NexInt}}
[[Fasciculus:Icy Japanese Maple branch, Boxborough, Massachusetts, 2008.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Glacies in [[arbor]]e a [[pluvia conglacians|pluvia conglaciante]] relicta.]]
{{div col|3}}
* [[Aevum glaciale]]
* [[Alsulegia glacialis]]
* [[Cometes]]
* [[Congelatio aeterna]]
* [[Crystallum glaciale]]
* [[Firn]]
* [[Frigus]]
* [[Glabretum]]
* [[Glaciarium]]
* [[Glacies edibilis]]
* [[Glacies marina]]
* [[Glaciologia]]
* [[Grando]]
* [[Labina nivis]]
* [[Limnologia]]
* [[Liquidum]]
* [[Lusus Scotorum]]
* [[Mons glacialis]]
* [[Navis glacifraga]]
* [[Nix]]
* [[Oceanographia]]
* [[Patinatio]]
* [[Piscatio glacialis]]
* [[Pluteus glaciei]]
* [[Sclodia gubernabilis]]
{{div col end}}

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Petrenko, V. F., et R. W. Whitworth. [[1999]]. ''Physics of Ice.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198518945.
*Prockter, Louise M. [[2005]]. Ice in the Solar System. ''Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest'' 26(2). [https://web.archive.org/web/20150319063545/http://www.jhuapl.edu/techdigest/TD/td2602/Prockter.pdf PDF.]
*[[Caelestis Eichenseer|Eichenseer, C.]] (1965). De lacu Brigantino congelato - Bodenseegefrörne. Constantiae: In aedibus confinium lacus {{ling|Latine}} et {{ling|Theodisce}}

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Ice|glaciem}}
* [http://www.its.caltech.edu/~atomic/snowcrystals/ice/ice.htm Diagramma status aquae et variae species glaciei.] {{ling|Anglice}}
* [https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/glaciers/questions/what.html &quot;All About Glaciers.&quot;] (Omnia de glaciebus) in situ ''National Snow and Ice Data Center.'' {{ling|Anglice}}

[[Categoria:Cryosphaera]]
[[Categoria:Glacies|!]]
[[Categoria:Mineralia]]
[[Categoria:Materies]]
{{Myrias|Physica}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Veni Veni Emmanuel</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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        <username>Grufo</username>
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      <minor />
      <comment>{{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}}; +{{[[Formula:Titulus ad litteram|titulus ad litteram]]}}; +{{[[Formula:Versus numerati|versus numerati]]}}</comment>
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      <text bytes="3940" sha1="grpngm43lofwksdmrq23u56srmd26jt" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus ad litteram}}
[[Fasciculus:Veni, Veni Emmanuel - Voice and cello - Peter Zagar.opus|thumb|&quot;Veni, veni, Emmanuel.&quot; [[Hymnus]] pro [[vox|voce]] humana et [[violoncellum|violoncello]] a Petro Zagar compositus.]]

{{lores|Veni, veni, Emmanuel}} [[incipit]] [[hymnus]] [[Christianismus|Christianus]] [[Adventus]] proprius, qui saepe in libris {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Cantus Nativitatis|cantuum Nativitatis|en|qid=Q503354}} profertur.&lt;!--&lt;ref name=&quot;Sloane&quot;/&gt;--&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DdSqvL_ZvZEC&amp;pg=PA52 |title=Favorite Christmas Carols |page=52 |author=Charles J. F. Cofone |publisher=Courier Corporation |year=[[1975]]|isbn=9780486204451 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What are the lyrics to 'O Come, O Come, Emmanuel', and what is the Christmas carol really about? |last=Ross |first=Daniel |work=Classic FM |date=23 Novembris [[2021]] |access-date=5 Decembris 2022 |url= https://www.classicfm.com/discover-music/occasions/christmas/lyrics-o-come-o-come-emmanuel-origins/}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Conscriptus est ex paraphrasi [[antiphonae maiores|antiphonarum maiorum]], quae in [[Ritus Romanus|liturgia Romana]] diebus ab 17 ad 23 Decembris ante et post [[Magnificat]] canticum ad [[Vespera (liturgia)|vesperas]] canuntur. 

Antiphonae maiores iam in [[manuscriptum|manuscriptis]] [[saeculum 11|saeculi undecimi]] inveniuntur,&lt;ref&gt;{{CathEnc|11173b|O Antiphons}}&lt;/ref&gt;, viginti tres textus noti sunt.&lt;ref&gt;Jürgen Barsch, ''O-Antiphonen'', in: Walter Kasper (ed.), ''Lexikon für Theologie und Kirche''. 3. ed., vol. 7, Friburgi Brisgoviae: Herder 1998, coll. 953.&lt;/ref&gt; Iis signo est, quod omnes littera &quot;o&quot; incipiuntur (O {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Adonai||it|qid=Q1570758}}, O [[oriens]], etc.). 

[[Breviarium Romanum]] septem [[antiphona]]s maiores continet. Ad hymnum conscribendum textus quinque ex septem [[antiphona|antiphonis]] adhibitus est. Primo hymnus anno [[1710]] in editione septima ''Psalterioli Cantionum Catholicarum'' a [[Ioannes Heringsdorf|Ioanne Heringsdorf]] compositi invenitur. In [[schola|scholis]] [[Iesuitae|Iesuitarum]] pervulgatus, tum in [[Theodisce|Theodiscam]] [[lingua Anglica|Anglicamque]] [[lingua]]s versus mox a multis communitatibus [[ecclesia|ecclesiasticis]] receptus est.    

== Hymnus ==
[[Fasciculus:Statua Bambino Gesù.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Iesulus Pragensis.]]
{{div col|2}}
{{Versus numerati|
Veni veni, Emmanuel
captivum solve Israel,
qui gemit in exsilio,
privatus Dei Filio.
R: Gaude! Gaude! Emmanuel,
nascetur pro te Israel!

Veni, O Sapientia,
quae hic disponis omnia,
veni, viam prudentiae
ut doceas et gloriae. R.

Veni, veni, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Adonai||it|qid=Q1570758}},
qui populo in Sinai
legem dedisti vertice
in maiestate gloriae. R.

Veni, O Iesse virgula,
ex hostis tuos ungula,
de spectu tuos tartari
educ et antro barathri. R.

Veni, Clavis Davidica,
regna reclude caelica,
fac iter tutum superum,
et claude vias inferum. R.

Veni, veni O Oriens,
solare nos adveniens,
noctis depelle nebulas,
dirasque mortis tenebras. R.

Veni, veni, Rex Gentium,
veni, Redemptor omnium,
ut salves tuos famulos
peccati sibi conscios. R.
}}
{{div col end}}

== Nexus externi ==
{{Vicifons|en:Veni, veni, Emmanuel}} 
* [http://www.preces-latinae.org/thesaurus/Hymni/VeniEmm.html De hymno scitu digna cum interpretatione Anglica.]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Si plus legere vis ==
* Ulrich Gabriel Heil, ''Gott, send herab uns deinen Sohn'', in: Ansgar Franz / Dominik Fugger / Martina Haag (ed.), ''Kirchenlied im Kirchenjahr: fünfzig neue und alte Lieder zu den christlichen Festen'' (= Mainzer hymnologische Studien, 8), Tubingae et Basileae 2002, 87–96. ISBN 3-7720-2918-3. 
* Hugh Keyte / Andrew Parrott, ''The New Oxford Book of Carols''. Oxoniae et Novi Eboraci 1992, 42. ISBN 0-19-353322-7.

{{Hymni et preces Christiani}}

[[Categoria:Carmina natalicia]]
{{titulus italicus}}</text>
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    <title>Historia Philippinarum</title>
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      <text bytes="5382" sha1="0ih1c5ri4ygx8dga94gtabwp2sknx51" xml:space="preserve">{{Latinitas|-2}}
'''Historia Philippinarum''' creditur coepisse abhinc plus quam annos 30,000, per [[palaeolithicum|antiquum lapideum aevum]], cum homines via ponte terrestri primum migrabant et agros incolare incipiebant. Abhinc annorum plusquam quinquaginta milia greges palaeolithici habitabant in insulas. Per multa saecula fuerunt pars commercii maritimi [[Res publica popularis Sinarum|Serici]] [[Arabia Saudiana|Arabicique]]. 
[[Fasciculus:Boxer codex.jpg|thumb|left|&lt;!--A 16th century Tagalog couple of the ''maharlika'' nobility caste--&gt;Vir et mulier generis vocantur 'maharlika' (saec. XVI)]]

A Serico tunc appellabantur Mai. Haec aggregatae insulae incolatae erat a gregibus paleolithicis per plurimas millium annorum. Fortasse Phillippinae sunt Maniola quam [[Claudius Ptolemaeus|Ptolemaeo]] descripsit in sua opera [[Geographia]].

[[Neolithicum|Aera neolithica]] incoepit in illis insulis circa 9000 annis a.C.n. usque ad circa annum 1500, et cum metallis laborabant indigeni. Oppida forsan fuerunt autocthona similia stirpibus [[aete]]. Altera fuit [[Dumagats]] quorum stirps ex [[Papua Nova Guinea]] proveniebat.

Per saecula 12 ad 15, conmigrationum series Malalaeanos quae sunt [[Indonesia]]ni [[Malaesia]]nique venerunt coeperunt incolare. [[Islamismus]] effundebat et constitit cum adventu Hispaniae. Etiam fuit systema litterarum appellatum [[Alibata]].

Postea detectae sunt [[1521]] a [[Ferdinandus Magellanus|Ferdinando Magellano]] [[Lusitania|Lusitano]], qui in insula [[Cebu]]a occisus est. Anno [[1565]], quam plurima urbes Legazpi conquisitatores [[Hispania|Hispanique]] ceperunt. Libera civitas suo proprio iure post regnum Hispaniae, anno [[1898]], declarata est, post autem regnum Civitatum Foederatarum Americae, anno [[1946]] haec declaratio in iure gentium invaluit.

== Aevo Perventis Hispanis et Antequae ==
&lt;!-- Cultura tunc Magellanos perventos --&gt;
Anno [[1521]]  [[Ferdinandus Magellanus|Magellano]] pervento, philippinensis scriptae systema, consuetudo circumcisionis usque hodie sunt,et  tunc [[Islamismus]] effundebat. In alteras, penates in dominos habebat et vocantur anitos. Ad unum deum vocantur Bathala cultus fuit. Quoti regionibus usque hodie ipsorum lingua ac consuetudoque sunt.

== Aevo Hispano ==
Hispana [[Ecclesia Catholica|Christianitatium Catholicorum Romanorum]], [[Universitas|universitatium]], [[rectio|gubernaculorum]] rationem, instrumenta talis ut aratrum, raedam, codicem iurisprudentiae, typographias, etc  intulit. Inter primos poetas fuit [[Gaspar Aquino de Belen]]. In multis regionibus, ecclesiae gerebant in loco gubernaculo. Indigenae autem iura aequalia iuribus Hispanorum non habebant.

== Fossa Clysmatena aperta ==
Anno [[1869]], [[Fossa Clysmatena]] apertu, nobiles quae vocantur [[Rerum novarum cupidi#Rerum novarum cupidi illustriores|'ilustrados'(illustriores)]] emerserunt et ideas induxerunt occidentalarum liberalismum, aequalitatum, liberarum. Hi homines iura aequalitatem et repraesentationes pro indigenos. Intra illes, maxima clara fuerunt [[Gomburza]], et [[Jose Rizal]].
{{Vide etiam|Res Novae Philippinicae}}
{{Vide etiam|Bellum Philippinicum-Americanum}}
Ei fuerunt occisi icum accusationibus falsis. Eorum mortes exacerbaverunt nationem nascentem et intulerunt rebellionem ductam a Katipunan et adiuvata ab Americanis. [[Katipunan]] indixit independentiam anno [[1898]], quam America non agnovit, in vicem gubernaculum occupavit. Altera natio, [[Germania]] tenuit cuirassato expectante occupar, si non ita fecisset Americanae. Mox constituerunt Americanis [[Consortium Populorum]] Philippinarum.

== Secundum bellum mundanum et postea ==
Anno [[1941]], cum [[secundum bellum mundanum|bello mundano secundo]] conflato [[Iaponia]] invasit. Anno 1946, Iaponia victam se declaravit. Interea [[Manuel Quezon]], tunc praeses, in exilo persuasum Congressum Americanum adeptus fuit ad liberandum qua concessu est anno [[1946]].

Anno [[1972]], tunc praeses [[Ferdinandus Marcos]] [[Lex militaris|iurem martialem]] dictus,  vicesimos annos mansit dictatore.  Anno [[1983]] [[Benignus Aquinas|Benigno Aquinas]] occisu, res nova erupit anno [[1986]]. [[Ferdinandus Marcos]] fugitu, [[Corazon Aquino]] Benigni uxori, praeses fuit. 

Hodiernus praesidens electa est [[Ferdinandus Marcos iunior|Ferdinandus Marcos iunior(vulgo Bongbong Marcos)]] abhinc anno [[2022]]. Populi paene omnes Catholici sed in australis sunt Islamici. Variae linguae omnibus sunt. Linguae publciae sunt  [[Lingua Anglica |Anglica]] et [[Lingua Philippinica|Philippinica]]. Lingua Hispana fere exstincta est. Commercium linguae vel sermo sunt Tagalog, sed exstat creola Hispana appellatur [[Chabacani|Chabacano]] (Tsabacano) sive Zamboangenio origo ex urbe cognomine Zamboanga 250000 loquentium.

[[Typhon Haiyan]] (in Philippinis Yolanda appellatus) diebus [[7 Novembris|7]] et [[8 Novembris]] anno [[2013]] saltem 4000 incolarum insularum, notabiliter in [[Leyte]] et [[Caebua]], necavit, detrimentum aliis millionibus afferens. Urbe [[Marawi]] incursu Maute copia islamico extremo, tota insula declarata a tunc [[Praeses|praeside ]] [[Rodericus Duterte|Roderico Duterte]] est sub [[Lex militaris|iure militari]] mense [[Maii]] 2017.


{{NexInt}}
* [[:Categoria:Hispania apud Philippinas]]
* [[Ultimi Philippinarum]]
* [[Michael Lopez de Legazpi]]

{{Historia Asiae}}

[[Categoria:Historia Philippinarum]]

{{Myrias|Historia}}</text>
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    <title>Ludovicus Wittgenstein</title>
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      <text bytes="16323" sha1="cjrwg2koi5gnnwz6jlgdgwneay548b3" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}

{{res|Ludovicus Wittgenstein}}, vulgo et plene ''Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein'' ([[1889]]-[[1951]]) fuit [[philosophia|philosophus]] [[Austria]]co-[[Anglia|Anglicus]], qui ineunte [[saeculum 20|saeculo XX]] magnopere [[empirismus logicus|empirismum logicum]], [[philosophia analytica|philosophiam analyticam]], ac [[philosophia linguae|philosophiam linguae]] fecundavit. Unum tantum librum ipse pervulgavit, qui inscribitur ''[[Tractatus logico-philosophicus]]'' ([[1921]]). Quo libello parva amplitudine sed magna auctoritate [[theoria linguae depictricis|logicam conexionem linguae mundique]] serie propositionum demonstrare conatur. ''Tractatu'' in medium prolato Wittgenstein omnia problemata philosophiae solvisse se putabat, et academica relicta vita fere decem annis munere ludi magistri fungebatur, donec anno [[1929]] ad vitam academicam rediit. 

[[Anni 1930|Annis 1930]] omnia, licet crediderit, problemata philosophiae nondum solvisse se perspexit. Itaque in novas vias se contulit in philosophia et natura linguae intellegendis. Fere quindecim annis adsidue operam dedit, ut in formam gravissimam disertissimamque cogitationes suas redigeret. Dum vixit, ne unum quidem librum edidit, sed suppressorum scriptorum silvam anno 1951 mortuus reliquit. Ex quibus excellebat scriptum iamiam ad edendum paratum, quod ''[[Philosophische Untersuchungen]]'' ('Investigationes philosophicae') inscriptum anno [[1953]] e prelo prodiit, alterum [[magnum opus]] Ludovici Wittgenstein, eodem anno etiam Anglice redditum. 

== De vita ==
Ludovicus Wittgenstein divitissima familia [[Iudaei|Iudaica]] [[Vindobona]]e die [[26 Aprilis]] anno [[1889]] natus est, patre [[Carolus Wittgenstein|Carolo Wittgenstein]], officinarum magistro, et Leopoldina matre. Multos habebat fratres (sicut [[Paulus Wittgenstein|Paulum]] [[clavile|clavilistam]]) et sorores (sicut [[Margarita Stonborough-Wittgenstein|Margaretam]] benefactricem).

Ab anno [[1903]] Ludovicus, qui antea domi a magistro didicerat, [[Lentia]]e eandem scholam atque [[Adolphus Hitler]] frequentavit.

Anno [[1908]], cum [[Technische Hochschule Berlin|Berolini]] tria semestria [[ingeniaria|arti ingeniariae]] studuisset, accepto testimonio dimissionis in [[Anglia]]m transiit, ut [[Universitas Mancuniensis|Mancunii]] studia [[aeronautica]] navaret. Cum quidem magis magisque fundamentis [[mathematica|mathematicis]] et [[logica|rebus logicis]] delectaretur — perlegit enim [[Gottlob Frege|Gottlobi Frege]] ''[[Die Grundlagen der Arithmetik]]'' et [[Bertrandus Russell|Bertrandi Russell]] ''[[Principia Mathematica]]'' — hortatu Frege anno [[1911]] [[Cantabrigia]]m migravit, ut sub Bertrando Russell in fundamenta logica et mathematica incumbere posset. 

Wittgenstein, postquam [[primum bellum mundanum|primo bello mundano]] militaverat, ''Tractatum logico-philosophicum'', clarissimum opus more [[positivismus logicus|positivismo logico]], scripsit. Illo tempore opus tamen exitum non habebat, nam postea [[mathematica]]e ac [[lingua Theodisca|linguae Theodiscae]] docendis in [[ludus litterarius|schola primaria]] et [[hortus|horti]] culturae operam dedit.

Ibi initium fecit operis ambitiosi, quod, quamvis perniciosum saeviret [[primum bellum mundanum|bellum mundanum]] (cui ipse intererat voluntarius), iam anno [[1918]] conficere potuit. Quod opus more [[positivismus logicus|positivismi logici]] scriptum primum [[Theodisce]] in '' Annalen der Naturphilosophie'' anno [[1921]] divulgatum est, sed proximo anno [[1922]] editio bilinguis ''Tractatus logico-philosophicus'' inscripta e prelo exiit. In ''Tractatu'' haec proponitur [[notio (philosophia)|notio]] [[lingua|linguae humanae]]: [[sententia (linguistica)|sententias]] sensibiles esse depictiones vel simulacra rerum condicionum mundi. Completo ''Tractatu'' Wittgenstein omnes magnas quaestiones philosophiae solutas esse arbitratus consilium cepit, ut ludi magister fieret in parvo vico [[Trattenbach]].   

[[Fasciculus:Wittgenstein with friends drinking coffee.jpg|thumb|left|270px|Wittgenstein (partim floribus obtectus) exeuntibus annis 1920 cum amicis et propinquis. Maxime a laeva Marguerite Respinger, amicula Ludovici.]]
Eodem tempore ''Tractatus'' studia excitare coepit praesertim inter sodales [[circulus Vindobonae|circuli Vindobonae]]. Quamquam fundamenta [[philosophia analytica|philosophiae analyticae]] multum ex ''Tractatu'' et empirismo logico aedificabantur, Wittgenstein de rebus agendis circuli Vindobonae valde dubitabat, putabat enim hos potius fideles scientificos esse quam veros philosophos.

Anno [[1929]], postquam fere decem annis philosophià se abstinuerat, Cantabrigiam rediit operam de integro resumpturus. Primum ''Tractatum'' coram [[Bertrandus Russell|Bertrando Russell]] et [[Georgius Eduardus Moore|Georgio Eduardo Moore]] examinatoribus explicuit. Quo facto Russell et Moore suadentibus die [[18 Iunii]] eodem anno gradum [[philosophiae doctor]]is consecutus est. Deinde stipendium a [[Collegium Trinitatis (Cantabrigia)|Collegio Trinitatis]] datum accepit, quo cogitationes suas plane aperire posset. Stipendio adfectus docere ac liberius vivere potuit, sed nihilo minus non satis cogitando vacare se existimabat. Itaque a Moore petivit, ut anno 1932 liber a docendo esse sibi liceret. Paucos habebat discipulos, sed eo cariores. Franciscum Skinner iuvenem mathematicum in amicitiam recepit, nec non [[Alicia Ambrose|Aliciam Ambrose]] philosopham [[CFA|Americanam]], quibus ambobus utebatur scribis, cum materiam ad ''[[Blue and Brown Books]]'' destinatam dictaret. Cum autem Alicia contra Wittgensteinii voluntatem (at hortante Moore) de philosophia Wittgensteiniana communicare vellet symbolamque scripsisset,&lt;ref&gt;Ambrose 1935.&lt;/ref&gt; tanta orta est inter praeceptorem et discipulam controversia, quae abruptum discidium conflaret.  

[[Fasciculus:21. Photographs showing Wittgenstein’s house in Norway.jpg|thumb|left|160px|Casa Ludovici Wittgenstein in vico Norvegico Skjolden]]
Finito post terminum paschalem quinquennio stipendii Collegii Trinitatis Wittgenstein de vitae curriculo sollicitus paulisper cogitabat in [[Unio Sovietica|Unionem Sovieticam]] se conferre, ut corporis labore mercedem sibi pararet, sed mox hoc omisit consilium. In hac igitur vitae parte novum quendam cursum sciscitari videbatur. Voluit enim medicinae studere ac de usu psychiatrico cum [[Mauritius O'Connor Drury|Mauritio Drury]] amico suo communicare. Ideo [[Dublinum|Dublini]] apud Drury praesertim anno 1938 versabatur. Plurimum temporis tamen in vico [[Norvegia|Norvegico]] [[Skjolden]] versabatur, ubi post mortem patris anno [[1913]] casam erexerat. Qua in solitudine  bonam cogitandi et scribendi occasionem habebat, et cum desolatum se sensit, amicos amicasque ad se invitavit.

Accidit anno [[1939]], ut Wittgenstein praeter exspectationem Georgio Moore succederet professori philosophiae. Praeterea post [[Austriae adiunctio]]nem (''Anschluß'') anno [[1938]] factam Wittgenstein, veritus Iudaicam originem magno sibi periculo esse, [[civitas Britannica|civitatem Britannicam]] petere statuit eamque Aprili mense accepit. Crederes profecto omnia feliciter evenisse: renovatum stipendium, restituti loci docendi, inpetratus gradus professoris. Praetera denuo societatem petivit [[Circulus scientiarum moralium (Cantabrigia)|circuli scientiarum moralium]], cui iam anno 1912 interfuerat proximoque iam anno reliquerat a ceteris, quod linguà favere nollet, reprehensus. Attamen ea erat natura, ut facillime fastidio quodam a vita academica abalienaretur. Nam simplicem laudabat vitam, in qua corporis labore omnes mercedem sibi parare deberent. Ita [[Franciscus Skinner|Francisco Skinner]], discipulo et amico suo amantissimo, persuasit (invitis huius parentibus), ut universitatis relictis studiis manuum mercede quaestum faceret.&lt;ref&gt;Praeterea cf. Malcolm 1958: 28.&lt;/ref&gt; Nunc quidem ipse dignitate professoris hunc modum vivendi ad effectum ducere potuit. A sua philosophia aedificanda vero numquam destitit, sed sua sponte extra iactationes academicas cogitare maluit. Initio quidem Wittgenstein muneribus professoris rite fungebatur, sed die 14 Octobris 1941 commeatum petivit, ut in [[Guy's Hospital]] valetudinario Londiniensi opus bellicum facere posset.&lt;ref&gt;McGuinness 2012: 345.&lt;/ref&gt; 

In valetudinario primum officia praestabat apparitoris medicinis dispensandis in regiones nosocomiales (''dispensary porter''), donec ineunte anno 1943 ad Ronaldum T. Grant et Basilium Reeve, qui &quot;ictum vulneris&quot; (''wound shock'') investigabant, se adiunxit et, cum Aprili mense [[Novum Castellum]] mutarent, cum iis profectus est adiutor laboratorii.&lt;ref&gt;Kinlen 2003-4.&lt;/ref&gt; Neque iam rite Cantabrigiae docebat, ut in litteris ad [[Norman Malcolm]] {{die|11|9|1943}} missis apparet:

{{Citatio|Rarissime nunc Cantabrigiam venio, fere semel in mensibus trinis. Mea reliqui conclavia in Collegio. Sine dubio exspector post bellum professoris locum recuperare, sed oportet dicere me imaginari nequire, qui id facere possim. Miror, si umquam constantius philosophiam docere potero. Non posse me potius puto.
: I very rarely come to Cambridge now, about once every threee months. I've given up my rooms in College. I'm supposed, of course, to come back there as a professor after the war, but I must say I can't quite imagine how I'll be able to do it. I wonder if I'll ever be able to teach phiosophy again regularly. I rather think I shan't be able.&lt;ref&gt;McGuinness 2012: 357.&lt;/ref&gt;}}

At cum iam proximo anno Grant et Reeve opus suum in Italiam mutarent, Wittgenstein paulisper loco mansit, donec Martio mense [[Swansea]]m profectus apud [[Rush Rhees]] discipulum atque amicum libro suo operam dabat. Octobri autem mense, initio anni academici 1944/45, Wittgestein Cantabrigiam reversus rursus docere coepit. Super seminaria, in quibus praesertim argumenta libri ''Philosophische Untersuchungen'' tractabat, etiam post Moore suscepit praesidium circuli scientiarum moralium. His annis proximis plurimum temporis in librum praeparandam incubuit, etiam feriis aestivis quas Swanseae agebat. Medio mense Novembri 1946 acroasin fecit circulo scientiarum moralium de ratione philosophiae disceptans. Paulo ante, exeunte Octobri mense, acciderat altercatio memorabills inter eum et [[Carolus Popper|Carolum Popper]], quae [[Wittgenstein cum rutabulo|rutabulum Wittgensteinii]] appellatur.&lt;ref&gt;Cf. Monk 1991: 495.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Anno [[1947]] vacationem sabbatariam rogavit, ut re vera in opus suum incumbere posset, sed Octobri mense totam professionem relinquere constituit. Georgius von Wright ei succedit professor. Deinde Dublinum profectus apud Mauritium Drury adnotationes de philosophia psychologiae scribebat, donec autumno 1948 primum post belli finem Vindobonam se contulit. Alia quoque itinera eo proximisque annis fecit. Crederes tamquam vale dicendi causa amicos proximos visere voluisse, nam iam anno 1948 mala valetudine parumque laboris patiens fuisse videtur. Novembri mense anni [[1949]] Cantabrigiae haec a medico [[Eduardus Bevan|Eduardo Bevan]] data est diagnosis: Wittgenstein [[cancer prostatae|cancro prostatae]] laborare.&lt;ref&gt;Monk 1991: 559; McGuinness 2012: 451.&lt;/ref&gt; Bevan ei praescripsit [[oestrogenum]] et [[Roentgeniani radii|radios Roentgenianos]], quibus sperabat fore, ut diutius, vel quinque annos, laborare possit. Initio quidem melius valere videbatur, ita ut ineunte anno 1950, cum [[Goethius|Goethii]] ''[[Farbenlehre (Goethe)|Farbenlehre]]'' perlegisset, ipse de coloribus scribere constitueret. Sed addito tempore minus minusque commoda utebatur valetudine, et initio anni 1951 Bevan suam domum ad [[cura terminalis|curam terminalem]] praebuit. Wittgenstein mirifice proximis mensibus scripsit, donec ultimam lineam {{die|27|4|1951}} scripsit. Demum {{die|29|4|1951}} mane mortem obiit vir, qui iam saepius mortem sibi consciscere voluerat. 

== De philosophia ==
Wittgenstein [[theoria linguae depictricis|theoriam linguae depictricis]] ad naturam linguae investigandam non sufficere animadvertit, nam canstat linguae alios etiam usus esse quam depictionem mundi. Linguà utendi modos [[ludus linguae|ludum linguae]] appellat, nam precationi, excusationi, detestationi, argumentationi scientificae aliisque lingua utendi modis sui cuique ludi linguae sunt. Item medicis, competitoribus autocineticis, catholicis, Lutheranis aliisque locutoribus sui cuique ludi linguae sunt. Wittgenstein eiusdem verbi in variis ludis linguae usùs monuit [[similitudo familialis|similitudine familiali]] coniungi. Quamquam ipse nihil in publicum emisit, docendo ac per discipulos post bellum ad philosophiam analyticam multum contulit. In ''Investigationibus'' Wittgenstein perquam nova ratione de [[philosophia linguae]] disserit ac modo peculiari [[philosophia mentis|philosophiam mentis]] tractat. Cum alia tum argumentum [[lingua privata|linguae privatae]] et hic quaestionem observandae regulae profert.

== Opera praecipua ==
Dum vivit, unus tantum liber (h.e. ''Tractatus logico-philosophicus'') promulgatus est; alia enim opera postuma sunt:
* Logisch-Philosophische Abhandlung, ''Annalen der Naturphilosophie'' 14 (anno [[1921]])
** ''Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus'', (anno [[1922]])
* ''Philosophische Untersuchungen'' (''Investigationes philosophicae'', anno [[1953]])
* ''Bemerkungen über die Grundlagen der Mathematik'' (anno [[1956]])
** ''Remarks on the Foundations of Mathematics'' (anno [[1978]])
* ''The Blue and Brown Books'' (anno [[1958]])
* ''On Certainty'' (anno [[1969]])
* ''Philosophische Bemerkungen'', ed. a Rush Rhees (anno [[1964]])
** ''Philosophical Remarks'' (anno [[1975]])
* ''Vermischte Bemerkungen'' (anno [[1977]])

{{NexInt}}
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Warren Goldfarb|&lt;&gt;|en|qid=Q7970225}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Allan, Janik &amp; Toulmin, Stephen (1972) ''Wittgenstein’s Vienna.'' Simon &amp; Schuster.
* Ambrose, Alice (1935) Finitism in Mathematics. ''Mind'' 44 (174): 186–203. 
* Andersson, Sten (2012) ''Filosofen som inte ville tala: Ett personligt porträtt av Ludwig Wittgenstein.'' Norstedts. 
* Cornish, Kimberley (1998) ''The Jew of Linz: Hitler, Wittgenstein and the Hidden Battle for Control in the 20th Century''.
* Eilenberger, Wolfram (2018) ''Zeit der Zauberer: Das große Jahrzehnt der Philosophie 1919–1929.'' Klett-Cotta.
* Goldstein, Laurence (1999) ''Clear and Queer Thinking: Wittgenstein's Development and His Relevance to Modern Thought.'' Rowman &amp; Littlefield.
* Hacker, P. M. S. (1996) ''Wittgenstein's Place in Twentieth Century Analytic Philosophy''. Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-20098-3.
* Kanterian, Edward (2007) ''Ludwig Wittgenstein.'' Reaktion Books.
* Kinlen, Leo (2003-4) Wittgenstein in Newcastle, ''Northern Review'' 13: 1–30.
* Klagge, James Carl (2001) ''Wittgenstein: Biography and Philosophy.'' Cambridge University Press.
* Malcolm, Norman (1958) ''Ludwig Wittgenstein: A Memoir.'' Oxford University Press.
* Mays, Wolfe (2015) Wittgenstein in Cambridge. ''Portraits of Wittgenstein'', ediderunt F.A. Flowers III &amp; Ian Ground. Bloomsbury.
* McGuinness, Brian (2005) ''Young Ludwig: Wittgenstein's Life, 1889–1921.'' 
* —————— (2012) ''Wittgenstein in Cambridge: Letters and Documents 1911–1951.'' John Wiley &amp; Sons.
* Monk, Ray (1991) ''Ludwig Wittgenstein: the Duty of Genius.'' Penguin Books.
* Richter, Duncan (2014) ''Historical Dictionary of Wittgenstein's Philosophy''. Rowman &amp; Littlefield. 
* Schulte, Joachim (2005) ''Ludwig Wittgenstein. Leben. Werk. Wirkung.'' Suhrkamp. 
* Sluga, Hans (2011) ''Wittgenstein''. Wiley-Blackwell.
* Wood, Alan (1957) ''Bertrand Russell: The Passionate Sceptic.'' Allen and Unwin. 
* von Wright, G. H. (1990) ''A Portrait of Wittgenstein as a Young Man: From the Diary of David Hume Pinsent 1912–1914.'' Basil Blackwell.
* Wuchterl, Kurt &amp; Hübner, Adolf (1998) ''Wittgenstein. Mit Selbstzeugnissen und Bilddokumenten.'' Rowohlt.

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://www.kfs.org/~jonathan/witt/tlph.html ''Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus.'']

{{Lifetime|1889|1951|Wittgenstein, Ludovicus}}
{{1000 paginae}}
{{Myrias|Homines}}

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  <page>
    <title>David Petraeus</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>{{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}}</comment>
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      <text bytes="5844" sha1="097597nirf8l6pyqbv7y8hfs9hpy2a7" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}

{{res|David Howell Petraeus}} (natus die [[7 Novembris]] [[1952]]) est miles [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatum Foederatarum]]. Dux supremus {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Copiae multinationales (Iracum)|copiarum multinationalium|en|qid=Q8963018}} in [[Iracum|Iraco]] militantium atque rector [[Procuratio Nuntiorum Centralis|procurationis nuntiorum centralis]] Civitatum Foederatarum meruit.

David Petraeus alumnus est [[academia Militaris Civitatum Foederatarum|academiae militaris Civitatum Foederatarum]] iuxta [[Promontorium Occidentale]], ubi professor fuit eodem quo apud scholam rerum internationalium [[universitas Princetoniensis|universitatis Princetoniensis]] studia superiora prosequebatur. Ibi anno [[1987]] gradum doctoris ascendit. 

Annis [[2001]] et 2002 in [[Bosnia]], ab anno [[2003]] in Iraco militavit. Ibi die [[26 Ianuarii]] [[2007]] dux supremus factus est copiarum multinationalium quae pro regimine Iracensi pugnabant. Quo officio usque in annum insequentem fuctus est. Die [[31 Octobris]] [[2008]] dux directionis centralis exercitus Civitatum Foederatarum, deinde die [[23 Iunii]] [[2010]] dux supremus copiarum in [[Afgania]] militantium, denuo a die [[6 Septembris]] [[2011]] rector [[Procuratio Nuntiorum Centralis|procurationis nuntiorum centralis]] factus est. Mox die [[9 Novembris]] [[2012]], documentorum secretorum ad amasiam [[Paula Broadwell|Paulam Broadwell]] diurnariam (quae vitam eius scribebat) patefactorum accusatus, id munus renuntiare coactus est.

== Scripta Davidis Petraeus ==
[[Fasciculus:Defense.gov photo essay 101207-F-6655M-022.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Robertus Gates]] secretarius a munitione et David Petraeus [[Cabura]]e anno 2010 colloquentes (imago ab Ieremia Morrison milite facta)]]
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20070911120719/http://usacac.army.mil/CAC/Repository/Materials/COIN-FM3-24.pdf &quot;FM 3-24 New Army/Marine Counterinsurgency Manual]'' (Decembri 2006), praefatione a Davide Petraeus scripta
* Rachel Dry, &quot;[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/12/AR2007011201955_pf.html Petraeus on Vietnam's Legacy]&quot; (e dissertatione Davidis Petraeus ''The American Military and the Lessons of Vietnam'') in ''[[Washington Post]]'' (14 Ianuarii 2007)

== Bibliographia ==
[[Fasciculus:Allen Petraeus Panetta cropped.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Ioannes Allen]] dux exercitus (ad sinistram), David Petraeus (media imagine), [[Leo Panetta]] qui olim rector [[Procuratio Nuntiorum Centralis|procurationis nuntiorum centralis]], recentissime secretarius a munitione merebat, in aerodromo iuxta [[Bagram]] [[Afgania]]e anno 2011 congressi (imago ab Iosua Treadwell milite classiario facta)]]
* Steven Alvarez, &quot;[https://archive.today/20121217172418/http://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/opinion/orl-alvarez2807jan28,0,3172287.story?coll=orl-opinion-headlines David and Goliath, and Petraeus]&quot; in ''Orlando Sentinel'' (28 Ianuarii 2007)
* Rick Atkinson, &quot;[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/06/AR2007010601185_pf.html Iraq Will be Petraeus' Knot to Untie]&quot; in ''[[Washington Post]]'' (6 Ianuarii 2007)
* Rick Atkinson, ''In the Company of Soldiers: A Chronicle of Combat''. Novi Eboraci: Henry Holt, 2004. ISBN 0-641-78803-7
* Julian E. Barnes, &quot;[http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/051031/31petraeus.htm An Open Mind For A New Army]&quot; in ''U.S. News &amp; World Report'' (31 Octobris 2005)
* Christopher Dickey, &quot;[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9902E5DF1230F937A35757C0A9629C8B63 The Story of O]&quot; in ''[[New York Times]]'' (4 Aprilis 2004)
* Dexter Filkins, &quot;[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/21/world/middleeast/21general.html Exiting Iraq, Petraeus Says Gains Are Fragile]&quot; in ''[[New York Times]]'' (20 Augusti 2008)
* Michael R. Gordon, &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080519231352/http://www.iraqfoundation.org/news/2003/isept/4_airborne.html 101st Airborne Scores Success in Reconstruction of Northern Iraq]&quot; in ''[[New York Times]]'' (4 Septembris 2003)
* Michael R. Gordon, &quot;[http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/05/world/middleeast/05military.html?em&amp;ex=1168146000&amp;en=eb7b05220e1d4448&amp;ei=5087%0A Bush To Name A New General To Oversee Iraq]&quot; in ''[[New York Times]]'' (5 Ianuarii 2006)
* Scott Shane, Charlie Savage, &quot;[http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/12/us/us-officials-say-petraeuss-affair-known-in-summer.html Officials Say F.B.I. Knew of Petraeus Affair in the Summer]&quot; in ''[[New York Times]]'' (11 Novembris 2012)

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|David Petraeus|Davidem Petraeus}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070911204237/http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=23&amp;Itemid=16 Biographia officialis]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080507234929/http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-8757649066985328357&amp;q=tvshow%3ACharlie_Rose Programma televisionale Charlie Rose: ''An hour with General David Petraeus''] Videographia facta [[26 Aprilis]] [[2007]]
* [http://www.wws.princeton.edu/qzalumni/testimonials/petraeus.html Biographia] apud ''Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs'' universitatis Princetoniensis
* &quot;[http://www.cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/01/26/iraq.general.ap/index.html Senate confirms new top general for Iraq]&quot; (26 Ianuarii 2007) apud ''CNN''
* &quot;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6285156.stm US Iraq chief warns of long war]&quot; (9 Iulii 2007) apud ''BBC News''
* Tom Bowman, &quot;[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6730560 Leader of the Fabled 101st to Command in Iraq]&quot; (5 Ianuarii 2007)

{{Rectores procurationis nuntiorum centralis Civitatum Foederatarum}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Petraeus, David Howell}}

[[Categoria:Nati 1952]]
[[Categoria:Homines vivi]]
[[Categoria:Professores Academiae Militaris Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Praefecti generales Exercitus Civitatum Foederatarum]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lacinia Gazetica</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <contributor>
        <username>LilyKitty</username>
        <id>18316</id>
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      <comment>de genocidio Gazae</comment>
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      <text bytes="2838" sha1="ges8xkc5pk8k8v9dcmeagnfezyunskc" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Gz-map.gif|thumb|[[Tabula geographica]] Laciniae Gazeticae [[Anglice]] inscripta.]]
'''Lacinia Gazetica'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Gross&quot;&gt;[[Nicolaus Gross]] in ''[[Ephemeris|Ephemeride]]'' [http://ephemeris.alcuinus.net/inorbe.php?id=281].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Arabice]] قطاع غزّة, translitteratione ''Qitāʿ Ghazza'') est tractus [[litus|litoralis]] ad [[Mare Mediterraneum]] situs, qui ad [[territoria Palaestinensia]] in [[Palaestina]] pertinet et qui, saltem ex forma [[lex|legis]], ab [[Auctoritas Nationalis Palaestina|Auctoritate Nationali Palaestina]] regitur. Re vera autem in Lacinia Gazetica societas quae [[Hamas]] appellatur rerum potitur.

[[Caput (urbs)|Caput]] [[regio]]nis est [[Gaza]] [[urbs]].
[[Fasciculus:UNSchool DestrMoInterior.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Schola]] [[Consociatio Nationum|Consociationis Nationum]] [[Gaza]]e anno [[2012]] destructa.]]

Die [[15 Novembris]] [[2012]], factio Hamas [[falarica]]s contra [[Israel (civitas)|Israēl]] misit; deinde Israēl [[bellum talionis]] intulit, quo multae victimae civitatis factae sunt. [[Institutum|Instituta]] inter gentes, sicut [[Amnestia Internationalis]] et [[Human Rights Watch]], abrogationem caedium civilium postulavit secundum [[humanitarium belli ius|ius belli humanitarium]], sed simul actionem e Hamas ortam condemnavit.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.hrw.org/news/2012/11/15/israel-gaza-avoid-harm-civilians Gaza: Avoid Harm to Civilians]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.&lt;/ref&gt;

A die [[7 Iulii]] [[2014]], Israēl impetus aërios bombis in terras Gazeticas continuavit, quibus 138 homines, inter quos 36 [[impubes|impuberes]], interfecti sunt, et 1255 [[domus|domūs]] destructae sunt. Societas internationalis et instituta pacis fautoria, sicut [[Human Rights Watch]], hoc facinus condemnaverunt, quod secundum [[humanitarium belli ius|ius belli humanitarium]] scelus videri potest.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/07/15/israel/palestine-unlawful-israeli-airstrikes-kill-civilians Israel/Palestine: Unlawful Israeli Airstrikes Kill Civilians]&quot; (15 Iulii 2014).&lt;/ref&gt;

Die [[7 Octobris]] [[2023]], factio [[Hamas]] impetum [[missile|missilium]] in Israēl misit. Dein [[Bellum Israëlianum-Hamasianum anni 2023|Israël bellum]] Palaestinis denuntiavit. Die autem [[17 Octobris]] [[2023]] [[valetudinarium]] in Gaza impetibus bombarum adfectum est, quo plus quam quadringenti homines necati sunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/least-500-victims-israeli-air-strike-hospital-gaza-health-ministry-2023-10-17/ In deadly day for Gaza, hospital strike hundreds].&lt;/ref&gt;

==Geographia==
Duae viae Gazam a meridie ad septentrionem transeunt: Rashid, via maritima, et Salahedinne.

{{NexInt}}
* &quot;[[A flumine ad mare]]&quot;
*[[Genocidium Gazae]]

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{polit-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Palaestina]]</text>
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    <title>Petrus Aretinus</title>
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{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Petrus Aretinus'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Lexfons}} s.v. ''PETRUS Aretinus''&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Italice]] ''Pietro Aretino,'' natus [[Arretium|Arretii]] die [[20 Aprilis]] [[1492]]; mortuus [[Venetia (urbs)|Venetiae]] die [[21 Octobris]] [[1556]]) fuit [[scriptor]], [[ludus scaenicus|ludorum scaenicorum]] [[satura]]que scriptor et [[poeta]] [[Italia|Italicus]].
[[Fasciculus:Giovanni Britto (attributed) and Pietro Aretino - Stanze di M. Pietro Aretino MET DP108988 (cropped).jpg|left|thumb|''Stanze di M. Pietro Aretino'', 1537]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Opera potiora ==
Opera nova del Fecundisimo Giovane Pietro Aretino, (1512, 1513), Gedichte
Farza (1524-25)
La Cortigiana [it; de] (1525/34), Komödie
Sonetti lussuriosi [it] (1526)
Dubbi amorosi [it] (1527-30)
Marfisa (1532, 1535)
Il Marescalco [de] (1533), Komödie
Ragionamenti [de] (also called Sei Giornate); Ragionamento della Nanna e della Antonia fatto a Roma sotto una ficaia; Dialogo nel quale la Nanna insegna alla Pippa sua figliola (1534, 1536)
Angelica (published 1536); Delle lagrime di Angelica (1538) 
Ragionamento delle corti (1538)
Orlandino (published 1540)
La Talanta [de] (1542), Komödie
Lo Ipocrito [de] (1542), Komödie
Le carte parlanti (1543)
Il Filosofo [de] (1546), Komödie
Orazia [it] (1546), Verstragödie
Astolfeida (published c. 1547)
Lettere

== Bibliographia ==
; Editiones operum collectorum
Edizione nazionale delle opere di Pietro Aretino. Seit 1992 im Erscheinen begriffene und auf 23 Bände (23 tomi) ausgelegte kritische Werkausgabe

; De vita et opere
*Elise Boillet, &quot;L'Aretin et les papes de son temps&quot; in: Florence Alazard et Frank La Brasca (eds.), ''La Papauté à la Renaissance'' (Paris, Éditions Honoré Champion, 2007) (Travaux du Centre d'Études Supérieures de la Renaissance de Tours, 12), pp.&amp;nbsp;324–363
Christopher Cairns: Pietro Aretino and The Republic of Venice. Researches on Aretino and his circle in Venice, 1527–1556. Olschki, Florenz 1985.
James Cleugh: The divine Aretino: Pietro of Arezzo, 1492-1556: a biography. Anthony Blond, London, 1965 – Rezension von: Loris Battin. In: Italica. vol. 44, no. 1, 1967, S. 96–99; JSTOR:477427
*Marco Faini, Paola Ugolini, eds., ''A Companion to Pietro Aretino'' (Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2021) {{ISBN|9789004348059}}
Paula Findlen: Humanismus, Politik und Pornographie im Italien der Renaissance. In: Lynn Hunt (Hrsg.): Die Erfindung der Pornographie. Obszönität und die Ursprünge der Moderne. Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1994, S. 44–131.
Klaus W. Hempfer: &quot;Aretinos Bezugnahme auf die Tradition des poema cavalleresco und die Problematik des anticlassicismo&quot;, in: Antike und Abendland 71 (2025), S. 91–147
* Hösle, Johannes, ''Pietro Aretinos Werk''. [[Berolinum|Berolini]] [[1969]] {{Ling|Theodisce}}
*[[Edward Hutton (writer)|Edward Hutton]], ''Pietro Aretino: The Scourge of Princes'' ([https://archive.org/details/pietroaretinosco00hutt/ London: Constable &amp; Co Ltd]; Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1922
* Bertrand Levergeois, l'Arétin ''ou l’Insolence du plaisir'', Paris, Fayard, 1999.
Giammaria Mazzuchelli: Nota sulla vita di Pietro Aretino, premessa al testo dell’Orlandino, 1540 – Tratta dalla vita di Pietro Aretino
Hermann Kesten: Pietro Aretino – Ein Journalist in Italien. In: Hermann Kesten: Lauter Literaten . Knaur Taschenbuch Verlag, München 1966.
Pietro Aretino. Nel cinquecentenario della nascita: Atti del Convegno, 2 voll. Roma, Salerno Editrice, 1995
Klaus Thiele-Dohrmann: Kurtisanenfreund und Fürstenplage – Pietro Aretino und die Kunst der Enthüllung. Artemis &amp; Winkler, Düsseldorf/Zürich 1998.
Raymond B. Waddington: Aretino’s Satyr: Sexuality, Satire, and Self-Projection in Sixteenth-Century Literature and Art. University of Toronto Press, Toronto 2003. {{ISBN|9788822265715}}
J. V. Widmann: Aus den Briefen des Aretin. In: Neue Freie Presse. № 13421 (Morgenblatt) vom 4. Januar 1902, S. 1–4.
Loel Zwecker: Pietro Aretino. Der Machiavelli der Kunstkritik. Meyer, Bern/Wien 2017.

; Specialia
*Bernadine Barnes, [https://www.academia.edu/18297326/Aretino_the_Public_and_the_Censorship_of_Michelangelos_Last_Judgment?email_work_card=reading-history &quot;Aretino, the Public, and the Censorship of Michelangelo's ''Last Judgment''&quot;] in ''Suspended License: Censorship and the Visual Arts'', ed. Elizabeth C. Childs (University of Washington Press, 1997), pp.&amp;nbsp;59–84.
* {{Article|langue=en|auteur1=Marco Faini|titre=Pietro Aretino, St. John the Baptist and the Rewriting of the Psalms|périodique=Renaissance Rewritings|pages=225–252|date=13 January 2017|isbn=978-3-11-052502-1|doi=10.1515/9783110525021-013|lire en ligne=https://www.academia.edu/34889634|via=www.academia.edu}}.
* {{Ouvrage |langue=en |auteur1=Luba Freedman  |titre=Titian's Portraits Through Aretino's Lens |éditeur=Pennsylvania State University Press |année=1995 |isbn= |lire en ligne= }}.
* Paolo Procaccioli, Aretino, Pietro, https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/pietro-aretino_(Enciclopedia-machiavelliana)/ in Enciclopedia machiavelliana, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, 2014
*[[Francine Prose]] and [[Xavier F. Salomon]], ''Titian's Pietro Aretino'' (The Frick Collection, 2020) {{ISBN|978-1-911282-71-6}}
* {{Article|auteur1= Raymond B.Waddington |titre=Pietro Aretino, religious writer|périodique=Renaissance Studies|volume=20|numéro=3|pages=277–292|année=2006|doi=10.1111/j.1477-4658.2006.00165.x|s2cid=161819659|jstor=24416742|lire en ligne=http://www.jstor.org/stable/24416742|via=JSTOR}}
*Raymond B. Waddington, ''Titian's Aretino: A Contextual Study of All the Portraits''. Leo S. Olschki editore, 2018. {{ISBN|9788822265715}}

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}
* [http://www.wga.hu/database/glossary/illustri/aretino.html Biographia apud wga.hu.] {{Ling|Anglice}}

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Lifetime|1492|1556|Aretinus, Petrus}}
[[Categoria:Petrus Aretinus|!]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Italiani]]
[[Categoria:Erotici]]
[[Categoria:Satyrici]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Italiae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores scaenici]]</text>
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{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Petrus Aretinus'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Lexfons}} s.v. ''PETRUS Aretinus''&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Italice]] ''Pietro Aretino,'' natus [[Arretium|Arretii]] die [[20 Aprilis]] [[1492]]; mortuus [[Venetia (urbs)|Venetiae]] die [[21 Octobris]] [[1556]]) fuit [[scriptor]], [[ludus scaenicus|ludorum scaenicorum]] [[satura]]que scriptor et [[poeta]] [[Italia|Italicus]].
[[Fasciculus:Giovanni Britto (attributed) and Pietro Aretino - Stanze di M. Pietro Aretino MET DP108988 (cropped).jpg|left|thumb|''Stanze di M. Pietro Aretino'', 1537]]

== Opera potiora ==
* 1512 : Opera nova del Fecundisimo Giovane Pietro Aretino, (1512, 1513), Gedichte
* 1524 : Farza (1524-25)
* 1525 : La Cortigiana [it; de] (1525/34), Komödie
* 1526 : Sonetti lussuriosi [it] (1526)
* 1527 : Dubbi amorosi [it] (1527-30)
* 1532 : Marfisa (1532, 1535)
* 1533 : Il Marescalco [de] (1533), Komödie
* 1534/1536 : Ragionamenti [de] (also called Sei Giornate); Ragionamento della Nanna e della Antonia fatto a Roma sotto una ficaia; Dialogo nel quale la Nanna insegna alla Pippa sua figliola (1534, 1536)
* 1536 : Angelica (published 1536); Delle lagrime di Angelica (1538) 
* 1538 : Ragionamento delle corti (1538)
* 1540 : Orlandino (published 1540)
* 1542 : La Talanta [de] (1542), Komödie
* 1542 : Lo Ipocrito [de] (1542), Komödie
* 1543 : Le carte parlanti (1543)
* 1546 : Il Filosofo [de] (1546), Komödie
* 1546 : Orazia [it] (1546), Verstragödie
* 1547 : Astolfeida (published c. 1547)
* Lettere

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
; Editiones operum collectorum
* Edizione nazionale delle opere di Pietro Aretino. Seit 1992 im Erscheinen begriffene und auf 23 Bände (23 tomi) ausgelegte kritische Werkausgabe

; De vita et opere
*Elise Boillet, &quot;L'Aretin et les papes de son temps&quot; in: Florence Alazard et Frank La Brasca (eds.), ''La Papauté à la Renaissance'' (Paris, Éditions Honoré Champion, 2007) (Travaux du Centre d'Études Supérieures de la Renaissance de Tours, 12), pp.&amp;nbsp;324–363
* Christopher Cairns: Pietro Aretino and The Republic of Venice. Researches on Aretino and his circle in Venice, 1527–1556. Olschki, Florenz 1985.
* James Cleugh: The divine Aretino: Pietro of Arezzo, 1492-1556: a biography. Anthony Blond, London, 1965 – Rezension von: Loris Battin. In: Italica. vol. 44, no. 1, 1967, S. 96–99; JSTOR:477427
*Marco Faini, Paola Ugolini, eds., ''A Companion to Pietro Aretino'' (Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2021) {{ISBN|9789004348059}}
* Paula Findlen: Humanismus, Politik und Pornographie im Italien der Renaissance. In: Lynn Hunt (Hrsg.): Die Erfindung der Pornographie. Obszönität und die Ursprünge der Moderne. Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1994, S. 44–131.
* Klaus W. Hempfer: &quot;Aretinos Bezugnahme auf die Tradition des poema cavalleresco und die Problematik des anticlassicismo&quot;, in: Antike und Abendland 71 (2025), S. 91–147
* Hösle, Johannes, ''Pietro Aretinos Werk''. [[Berolinum|Berolini]] [[1969]] {{Ling|Theodisce}}
*[[Edward Hutton (writer)|Edward Hutton]], ''Pietro Aretino: The Scourge of Princes'' ([https://archive.org/details/pietroaretinosco00hutt/ London: Constable &amp; Co Ltd]; Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1922
* Bertrand Levergeois, l'Arétin ''ou l’Insolence du plaisir'', Paris, Fayard, 1999.
* Giammaria Mazzuchelli: Nota sulla vita di Pietro Aretino, premessa al testo dell’Orlandino, 1540 – Tratta dalla vita di Pietro Aretino
* Hermann Kesten: Pietro Aretino – Ein Journalist in Italien. In: Hermann Kesten: Lauter Literaten . Knaur Taschenbuch Verlag, München 1966.
* ''Pietro Aretino. Nel cinquecentenario della nascita: Atti del Convegno, 1992''. 2 voll. Roma, Salerno Editrice, 1995
* Klaus Thiele-Dohrmann: Kurtisanenfreund und Fürstenplage – Pietro Aretino und die Kunst der Enthüllung. Artemis &amp; Winkler, Düsseldorf/Zürich 1998.
* Raymond B. Waddington: Aretino’s Satyr: Sexuality, Satire, and Self-Projection in Sixteenth-Century Literature and Art. University of Toronto Press, Toronto 2003. {{ISBN|9788822265715}}
* J. V. Widmann: Aus den Briefen des Aretin. In: Neue Freie Presse. № 13421 (Morgenblatt) vom 4. Januar 1902, S. 1–4.
* Loel Zwecker: Pietro Aretino. Der Machiavelli der Kunstkritik. Meyer, Bern/Wien 2017.

; Specialia
*Bernadine Barnes, [https://www.academia.edu/18297326/Aretino_the_Public_and_the_Censorship_of_Michelangelos_Last_Judgment?email_work_card=reading-history &quot;Aretino, the Public, and the Censorship of Michelangelo's ''Last Judgment''&quot;] in ''Suspended License: Censorship and the Visual Arts'', ed. Elizabeth C. Childs (University of Washington Press, 1997), pp.&amp;nbsp;59–84.
* Marco Faini|titre=Pietro Aretino, St. John the Baptist and the Rewriting of the Psalms|périodique=Renaissance Rewritings|pages=225–252|date=13 January 2017|isbn=978-3-11-052502-1|doi=10.1515/9783110525021-013|lire en ligne=https://www.academia.edu/34889634|via=www.academia.edu}}.
* Luba Freedman  |titre=Titian's Portraits Through Aretino's Lens |éditeur=Pennsylvania State University Press |année=1995 |isbn= |lire en ligne= }}.
* Paolo Procaccioli, Aretino, Pietro, https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/pietro-aretino_(Enciclopedia-machiavelliana)/ in Enciclopedia machiavelliana, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, 2014
*[[Francine Prose]] and [[Xavier F. Salomon]], ''Titian's Pietro Aretino'' (The Frick Collection, 2020) {{ISBN|978-1-911282-71-6}}
* Raymond B.Waddington |titre=Pietro Aretino, religious writer|périodique=Renaissance Studies|volume=20|numéro=3|pages=277–292|année=2006|doi=10.1111/j.1477-4658.2006.00165.x|s2cid=161819659|jstor=24416742|lire en ligne=http://www.jstor.org/stable/24416742|via=JSTOR}}
*Raymond B. Waddington, ''Titian's Aretino: A Contextual Study of All the Portraits''. Leo S. Olschki editore, 2018. {{ISBN|9788822265715}}

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}
* [http://www.wga.hu/database/glossary/illustri/aretino.html Biographia apud wga.hu.] {{Ling|Anglice}}

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Lifetime|1492|1556|Aretinus, Petrus}}
[[Categoria:Petrus Aretinus|!]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Italiani]]
[[Categoria:Erotici]]
[[Categoria:Satyrici]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Italiae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores scaenici]]</text>
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{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Petrus Aretinus'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Lexfons}} s.v. ''PETRUS Aretinus''&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Italice]] ''Pietro Aretino,'' natus [[Arretium|Arretii]] die [[20 Aprilis]] [[1492]]; mortuus [[Venetia (urbs)|Venetiae]] die [[21 Octobris]] [[1556]]) fuit [[scriptor]], [[ludus scaenicus|ludorum scaenicorum]] [[satura]]que scriptor et [[poeta]] [[Italia|Italicus]].

== Opera potiora ==
[[Fasciculus:Giovanni Britto (attributed) and Pietro Aretino - Stanze di M. Pietro Aretino MET DP108988 (cropped).jpg|thumb|''Stanze di M. Pietro Aretino'', 1537]]
* 1512 : Opera nova del Fecundisimo Giovane Pietro Aretino, (1512, 1513), Gedichte
* 1524 : Farza (1524-25)
* 1525 : La Cortigiana [it; de] (1525/34), Komödie
* 1526 : Sonetti lussuriosi [it] (1526)
* 1527 : Dubbi amorosi [it] (1527-30)
* 1532 : Marfisa (1532, 1535)
* 1533 : Il Marescalco [de] (1533), Komödie
* 1534/1536 : Ragionamenti [de] (also called Sei Giornate); Ragionamento della Nanna e della Antonia fatto a Roma sotto una ficaia; Dialogo nel quale la Nanna insegna alla Pippa sua figliola (1534, 1536)
* 1536 : Angelica (published 1536); Delle lagrime di Angelica (1538) 
* 1537 : Stanze
* 1538 : Ragionamento delle corti (1538)
* 1540 : Orlandino (published 1540)
* 1542 : La Talanta [de] (1542), Komödie
* 1542 : Lo Ipocrito [de] (1542), Komödie
* 1543 : Le carte parlanti (1543)
* 1546 : Il Filosofo [de] (1546), Komödie
* 1546 : Orazia [it] (1546), Verstragödie
* 1547 : Astolfeida (published c. 1547)
* Lettere

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
; Editiones operum collectorum
* ''Edizione nazionale delle opere di Pietro Aretino''. Seit 1992 im Erscheinen begriffene und auf 23 Bände (23 tomi) ausgelegte kritische Werkausgabe

; De vita et opere
* Christopher Cairns, ''Pietro Aretino and The Republic of Venice. Researches on Aretino and his circle in Venice, 1527–1556. Olschki, Florenz 1985.
* James Cleugh, ''The divine Aretino: Pietro of Arezzo, 1492-1556: a biography. Anthony Blond, London, 1965 – Rezension von: Loris Battin. In: Italica. vol. 44, no. 1, 1967, S. 96–99; JSTOR:477427
* Marco Faini, Paola Ugolini, edd., ''A Companion to Pietro Aretino'' (Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2021) {{ISBN|9789004348059}}
* Paula Findlen, &quot;Humanismus, Politik und Pornographie im Italien der Renaissance. In: Lynn Hunt (Hrsg.): Die Erfindung der Pornographie. Obszönität und die Ursprünge der Moderne. Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1994, S. 44–131.
* Klaus W. Hempfer, &quot;Aretinos Bezugnahme auf die Tradition des poema cavalleresco und die Problematik des anticlassicismo&quot;, in: Antike und Abendland 71 (2025), S. 91–147
* Johannes Hösle, ''Pietro Aretinos Werk''. [[Berolinum|Berolini]] [[1969]] {{Ling|Theodisce}}
* Edward Hutton, ''Pietro Aretino: The Scourge of Princes'' ([https://archive.org/details/pietroaretinosco00hutt/ London: Constable &amp; Co Ltd]; Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1922
* Bertrand Levergeois, ''L'Arétin ou l’Insolence du plaisir'', Paris, Fayard, 1999.
* Hermann Kesten, ''Pietro Aretino – Ein Journalist in Italien. In: Hermann Kesten: Lauter Literaten . Knaur Taschenbuch Verlag, München 1966.
* ''Pietro Aretino. Nel cinquecentenario della nascita: Atti del Convegno, 1992''. 2 voll. Roma, Salerno Editrice, 1995
* Klaus Thiele-Dohrmann, ''Kurtisanenfreund und Fürstenplage – Pietro Aretino und die Kunst der Enthüllung. Artemis &amp; Winkler, Düsseldorf/Zürich 1998.
* Raymond B. Waddington, ''Aretino’s Satyr: Sexuality, Satire, and Self-Projection in Sixteenth-Century Literature and Art. University of Toronto Press, Toronto 2003. {{ISBN|9788822265715}}
* Loel Zwecker, ''Pietro Aretino. Der Machiavelli der Kunstkritik. Meyer, Bern/Wien 2017.

; Specialia
*Bernadine Barnes, [https://www.academia.edu/18297326/Aretino_the_Public_and_the_Censorship_of_Michelangelos_Last_Judgment?email_work_card=reading-history &quot;Aretino, the Public, and the Censorship of Michelangelo's ''Last Judgment''&quot;] in ''Suspended License: Censorship and the Visual Arts'', ed. Elizabeth C. Childs (University of Washington Press, 1997), pp.&amp;nbsp;59–84.
*Elise Boillet, &quot;L'Aretin et les papes de son temps&quot; in: Florence Alazard et Frank La Brasca (eds.), ''La Papauté à la Renaissance'' (Paris, Éditions Honoré Champion, 2007) (Travaux du Centre d'Études Supérieures de la Renaissance de Tours, 12), pp.&amp;nbsp;324–363
* Marco Faini, &quot;Pietro Aretino, St. John the Baptist and the Rewriting of the Psalms|périodique=Renaissance Rewritings|pages=225–252|date=13 January 2017|isbn=978-3-11-052502-1|doi=10.1515/9783110525021-013|lire en ligne=https://www.academia.edu/34889634|via=www.academia.edu}}.
* Luba Freedman, &quot;Titian's Portraits Through Aretino's Lens |éditeur=Pennsylvania State University Press |année=1995 |isbn= |lire en ligne= }}.
* Paolo Procaccioli, &quot;Aretino, Pietro, https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/pietro-aretino_(Enciclopedia-machiavelliana)/ in Enciclopedia machiavelliana, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, 2014
* Francine Prose, Xavier F. Salomon, ''Titian's Pietro Aretino'' (The Frick Collection, 2020) {{ISBN|978-1-911282-71-6}}
* Raymond B. Waddington, &quot;Pietro Aretino, religious writer|périodique=Renaissance Studies|volume=20|numéro=3|pages=277–292|année=2006|doi=10.1111/j.1477-4658.2006.00165.x|s2cid=161819659|jstor=24416742|lire en ligne=http://www.jstor.org/stable/24416742|via=JSTOR}}
* Raymond B. Waddington, ''Titian's Aretino: A Contextual Study of All the Portraits''. Leo S. Olschki editore, 2018. {{ISBN|9788822265715}}

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}
* [http://www.wga.hu/database/glossary/illustri/aretino.html Biographia apud wga.hu.] {{Ling|Anglice}}

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Lifetime|1492|1556|Aretinus, Petrus}}
[[Categoria:Petrus Aretinus|!]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Italiani]]
[[Categoria:Erotici]]
[[Categoria:Satyrici]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Italiae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores scaenici]]</text>
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{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Petrus Aretinus'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Lexfons}} s.v. ''PETRUS Aretinus''&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Italice]] ''Pietro Aretino,'' natus [[Arretium|Arretii]] die [[20 Aprilis]] [[1492]]; mortuus [[Venetia (urbs)|Venetiae]] die [[21 Octobris]] [[1556]]) fuit [[scriptor]], [[ludus scaenicus|ludorum scaenicorum]] [[satura]]que scriptor et [[poeta]] [[Italia|Italicus]].

== Opera potiora ==
[[Fasciculus::Pietro aretino, opera nova del fecundissimo giovene pietro pictore arretino, per zoppino, venezia 1512 (bibl. marciana).jpg|thumb|upright=1.75|''Opera nova del fecundisimo giovane Pietro Pictore Aretino'', 1512]]
[[Fasciculus:Giovanni Britto (attributed) and Pietro Aretino - Stanze di M. Pietro Aretino MET DP108988 (cropped).jpg|thumb|''Stanze di M. Pietro Aretino'', 1537]]
* 1512 : ''Opera nova del fecundisimo giovane Pietro Pictore Aretino''
* 1524 : Farza (1524-25)
* 1525 : ''La Cortigiana''
* 1526 : ''Sonetti lussuriosi'' vel ''I modi''
* 1527 : Dubbi amorosi [it] (1527-30)
* 1532 : Marfisa (1532, 1535)
* 1533 : ''Il marescalco''
* 1534/1536 : ''Sei Giornate'' (''Ragionamento della Nanna e della Antonia''; ''Dialogo nel quale la Nanna insegna alla Pippa sua figliola'')
* 1534 : ''Sette salmi della penitenza di David''
* 1534 : ''Passione di Gesù''; 1535 : ''Umanità di Cristo''
* 1536 : Angelica (published 1536); Delle lagrime di Angelica (1538) 
* 1537 : ''Stanze in lode di madonna Angela Sirena''
* 1538 : ''Ragionamento delle corti''
* 1538 : ''Genesi''
* 1539 : ''La vita di Maria Vergine''
* 1540 : ''La vita di santa Caterina''
* 1540 : Orlandino (published 1540)
* 1542 : La Talanta [de] (1542), Komödie
* 1542 : Lo Ipocrito [de] (1542), Komödie
* 1543 : ''La vita di San Tomaso d’Aquino''
* 1543 : ''Dialogo nel quale si parla del giuoco'' (''Le carte parlanti'')
* 1546 : Il Filosofo [de] (1546), Komödie
* 1546 : ''Orazia''
* 1547 : Astolfeida (published c. 1547)
* Lettere

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
; Editiones operum collectorum
* ''Edizione nazionale delle opere di Pietro Aretino''. Seit 1992 im Erscheinen begriffene und auf 23 Bände (23 tomi) ausgelegte kritische Werkausgabe

; De vita et opere
* Christopher Cairns, ''Pietro Aretino and The Republic of Venice. Researches on Aretino and his circle in Venice, 1527–1556. Olschki, Florenz 1985.
* Thomas Caldecott Chubb, ''Aretino: Scourge of Princes''. 1946)
* James Cleugh, ''The divine Aretino: Pietro of Arezzo, 1492-1556: a biography. Anthony Blond, London, 1965 – Rezension von: Loris Battin. In: Italica. vol. 44, no. 1, 1967, S. 96–99; JSTOR:477427
* Marco Faini, Paola Ugolini, edd., ''A Companion to Pietro Aretino'' (Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2021) {{ISBN|9789004348059}}
* Paula Findlen, &quot;Humanismus, Politik und Pornographie im Italien der Renaissance. In: Lynn Hunt (Hrsg.): Die Erfindung der Pornographie. Obszönität und die Ursprünge der Moderne. Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1994, S. 44–131.
* Klaus W. Hempfer, &quot;Aretinos Bezugnahme auf die Tradition des poema cavalleresco und die Problematik des anticlassicismo&quot;, in: Antike und Abendland 71 (2025), S. 91–147
* Johannes Hösle, ''Pietro Aretinos Werk''. [[Berolinum|Berolini]] [[1969]] {{Ling|Theodisce}}
* Edward Hutton, ''Pietro Aretino: The Scourge of Princes'' ([https://archive.org/details/pietroaretinosco00hutt/ London: Constable &amp; Co Ltd]; Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1922
* Paul Larivaille, ''Pietro Aretino fra Rinascimento e Manierismo'' (Rome,1980)
* Bertrand Levergeois, ''L'Arétin ou l’Insolence du plaisir'', Paris, Fayard, 1999.
* Hermann Kesten, ''Pietro Aretino – Ein Journalist in Italien. In: Hermann Kesten: Lauter Literaten . Knaur Taschenbuch Verlag, München 1966.
* ''Pietro Aretino. Nel cinquecentenario della nascita: Atti del Convegno, 1992''. 2 voll. Roma, Salerno Editrice, 1995
* Francesco Sberlati, L’infame. Storia di Pietro Aretino (Venice, 2018)
* Klaus Thiele-Dohrmann, ''Kurtisanenfreund und Fürstenplage – Pietro Aretino und die Kunst der Enthüllung. Artemis &amp; Winkler, Düsseldorf/Zürich 1998.
* Raymond B. Waddington, ''Aretino’s Satyr: Sexuality, Satire, and Self-Projection in Sixteenth-Century Literature and Art. University of Toronto Press, Toronto 2003. {{ISBN|9788822265715}}
* Raymond B. Waddington, Subverting the System in Renaissance Italy (FarnhamT, 2013)
* Loel Zwecker, ''Pietro Aretino. Der Machiavelli der Kunstkritik. Meyer, Bern/Wien 2017.

; Specialia
*Bernadine Barnes, [https://www.academia.edu/18297326/Aretino_the_Public_and_the_Censorship_of_Michelangelos_Last_Judgment?email_work_card=reading-history &quot;Aretino, the Public, and the Censorship of Michelangelo's ''Last Judgment''&quot;] in ''Suspended License: Censorship and the Visual Arts'', ed. Elizabeth C. Childs (University of Washington Press, 1997), pp.&amp;nbsp;59–84
* Anna Bisceglia-Matteo Ceriana-Paolo Procaccioli (eds.), «Inchiostro per colore». Arte e artisti in Pietro Aretino, (Rome, 2019)
* Anna Bisceglia-Matteo Ceriana-Paolo Procaccioli (eds.), Pietro Aretino e l’arte del Rinascimento (Florence, 2019)
* Elise Boillet, &quot;L'Aretin et les papes de son temps&quot; in: Florence Alazard et Frank La Brasca (eds.), ''La Papauté à la Renaissance'' (Paris, Éditions Honoré Champion, 2007) (Travaux du Centre d'Études Supérieures de la Renaissance de Tours, 12), pp.&amp;nbsp;324–363
* Élise Boillet, L’Aretin et la Bible (Geneva, 2007)
* Marco Faini, &quot;Pietro Aretino, St. John the Baptist and the Rewriting of the Psalms|périodique=Renaissance Rewritings|pages=225–252|date=13 January 2017|isbn=978-3-11-052502-1|doi=10.1515/9783110525021-013|lire en ligne=https://www.academia.edu/34889634|via=www.academia.edu}}.
* Luba Freedman, &quot;Titian's Portraits Through Aretino's Lens |éditeur=Pennsylvania State University Press |année=1995 |isbn= |lire en ligne= }}.
* Paolo Procaccioli, &quot;Aretino, Pietro, https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/pietro-aretino_(Enciclopedia-machiavelliana)/ in Enciclopedia machiavelliana, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, 2014
* Paolo Procaccioli, “Due re in Parnaso: Aretino e Bembo nella Venezia del doge Gritti,” in Giorgio Patrizi (ed.), Sylva: studi in onore di Nino Borsellino (Rome, 2002), vol. 1, 207–231
* Francine Prose, Xavier F. Salomon, ''Titian's Pietro Aretino'' (The Frick Collection, 2020) {{ISBN|978-1-911282-71-6}}
* Bette Talvacchia’s Taking Positions. On the Erotic in Renaissance Culture (Princeton, 1999)
* Raymond B. Waddington, &quot;Pietro Aretino, religious writer|périodique=Renaissance Studies|volume=20|numéro=3|pages=277–292|année=2006|doi=10.1111/j.1477-4658.2006.00165.x|s2cid=161819659|jstor=24416742|lire en ligne=http://www.jstor.org/stable/24416742|via=JSTOR}}
* Raymond B. Waddington, ''Titian's Aretino: A Contextual Study of All the Portraits''. Leo S. Olschki editore, 2018. {{ISBN|9788822265715}}

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}
* [http://www.wga.hu/database/glossary/illustri/aretino.html Biographia apud wga.hu.] {{Ling|Anglice}}

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Lifetime|1492|1556|Aretinus, Petrus}}
[[Categoria:Petrus Aretinus|!]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Italiani]]
[[Categoria:Erotici]]
[[Categoria:Satyrici]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Italiae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores scaenici]]</text>
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{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Petrus Aretinus'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Lexfons}} s.v. ''PETRUS Aretinus''&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Italice]] ''Pietro Aretino,'' natus [[Arretium|Arretii]] die [[20 Aprilis]] [[1492]]; mortuus [[Venetia (urbs)|Venetiae]] die [[21 Octobris]] [[1556]]) fuit [[scriptor]], [[ludus scaenicus|ludorum scaenicorum]] [[satura]]que scriptor et [[poeta]] [[Italia|Italicus]].

== Opera potiora ==
[[Fasciculus:Pietro aretino, opera nova del fecundissimo giovene pietro pictore arretino, per zoppino, venezia 1512 (bibl. marciana).jpg|thumb|upright=1.75|''Opera nova del fecundissimo giovane Pietro Pictore Aretino'', 1512]]
[[Fasciculus:Giovanni Britto (attributed) and Pietro Aretino - Stanze di M. Pietro Aretino MET DP108988 (cropped).jpg|thumb|''Stanze di M. Pietro Aretino'', 1537]]
* 1512 : ''Opera nova del fecundissimo giovane Pietro Pictore Aretino''
* 1525 : ''La Cortigiana''
* 1526 : ''Sonetti lussuriosi'' (''I modi'')
* 1532-1535 : ''Marfisa''
* 1533 : ''Il marescalco''
* 1534-1536 : ''Sei Giornate'' (''Ragionamento della Nanna e della Antonia''; ''Dialogo nel quale la Nanna insegna alla Pippa sua figliola'')
* 1534 : ''Sette salmi della penitenza di David''
* 1534-1535 : ''Passione di Gesù'', ''Umanità di Cristo''
* 1536-1538 : ''Angelica'', ''De le lagrime d'Angelica'' 
* 1537 : ''Stanze in lode di madonna Angela Sirena''
* 1538-1557 : ''Lettere''
* 1538 : ''Ragionamento delle corti''
* 1538 : ''Genesi''
* 1539 : ''La vita di Maria Vergine''
* 1540 : ''La vita di santa Caterina''
* 1540 : ''Orlandino''
* 1542 : ''La Talanta''
* 1542 : ''Lo ipocrito''
* 1543 : ''La vita di San Tomaso d’Aquino''
* 1543 : ''Dialogo nel quale si parla del giuoco'', ''Le carte parlanti''
* 1546 : ''Il Filosofo''
* 1546 : ''Orazia''
* 1547 : ''Astolfeida''

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
; Editiones operum collectorum
* ''Edizione nazionale delle opere di Pietro Aretino''. 1992-

; De vita et opere
* Christopher Cairns, ''Pietro Aretino and The Republic of Venice. Researches on Aretino and his circle in Venice, 1527–1556''. Florentiae: Olschki, 1985
* Thomas Caldecott Chubb, ''Aretino: Scourge of Princes''. 1946
* James Cleugh, ''The divine Aretino: Pietro of Arezzo, 1492-1556: a biography''. Londinii: Anthony Blond, 1965
* Marco Faini, Paola Ugolini, edd., ''A Companion to Pietro Aretino''. Lugduni Batavorum: Brill, 2021 {{ISBN|9789004348059}}
* Paula Findlen, &quot;Humanismus, Politik und Pornographie im Italien der Renaissance&quot; in Lynn Hunt, ed., ''Die Erfindung der Pornographie. Obszönität und die Ursprünge der Moderne'' (Francofurti: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, 1994) pp. 44–131
* Klaus W. Hempfer, &quot;Aretinos Bezugnahme auf die Tradition des poema cavalleresco und die Problematik des anticlassicismo&quot; in ''Antike und Abendland'' vol. 71 (2025) pp. 91–147
* Johannes Hösle, ''Pietro Aretinos Werk''. Berolini, 1969
* Edward Hutton, ''Pietro Aretino: The Scourge of Princes''. Londinii: Constable, 1922; [https://archive.org/details/pietroaretinosco00hutt/ Textus]
* Paul Larivaille, ''Pietro Aretino fra Rinascimento e Manierismo''. Romae, 1980
* Bertrand Levergeois, ''L'Arétin ou l’Insolence du plaisir'', Paris, Fayard, 1999
* ''Pietro Aretino. Nel cinquecentenario della nascita: Atti del Convegno, 1992''. 2 voll. Roma, Salerno Editrice, 1995
* Francesco Sberlati, ''L’infame. Storia di Pietro Aretino''. Venetiis, 2018
* Klaus Thiele-Dohrmann, ''Kurtisanenfreund und Fürstenplage: Pietro Aretino und die Kunst der Enthüllung''. Düsseldorf: Artemis &amp; Winkler, 1998
* Raymond B. Waddington, ''Aretino’s Satyr: Sexuality, Satire, and Self-Projection in Sixteenth-Century Literature and Art''. Toronti: University of Toronto Press, 2003 {{ISBN|9788822265715}}
* Raymond B. Waddington, ''Subverting the System in Renaissance Italy''. Farnham, 2013
* Loel Zwecker, ''Pietro Aretino. Der Machiavelli der Kunstkritik''. Bernae: Meyer, 2017

; Specialia
*Bernadine Barnes, &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/18297326/Aretino_the_Public_and_the_Censorship_of_Michelangelos_Last_Judgment?email_work_card=reading-history Aretino, the public, and the censorship of Michelangelo's ''Last Judgment'']&quot; in Elizabeth C. Childs, ed., ''Suspended License: Censorship and the Visual Arts'' (University of Washington Press, 1997), pp.&amp;nbsp;59–84
* Anna Bisceglia, Matteo Ceriana, Paolo Procaccioli, edd., ''Inchiostro per colore». Arte e artisti in Pietro Aretino''. Romae, 2019
* Anna Bisceglia, Matteo Ceriana, Paolo Procaccioli, edd., ''Pietro Aretino e l’arte del Rinascimento''. Florentiae, 2019
* Elise Boillet, &quot;L'Aretin et les papes de son temps&quot; in Florence Alazard, Frank La Brasca, edd., ''La Papauté à la Renaissance'' (Lutetiae: Éditions Honoré Champion, 2007) pp.&amp;nbsp;324–363
* Élise Boillet, ''L’Aretin et la Bible''. Genavae, 2007
* Marco Faini, &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/34889634 Pietro Aretino, St. John the Baptist and the Rewriting of the Psalms]&quot; in ''Renaissance Rewritings'' (2017. ISBN 978-3-11-052502-1) pp. 225–252
* Luba Freedman, &quot;Titian's Portraits Through Aretino's Lens |éditeur=Pennsylvania State University Press |année=1995 |isbn= |lire en ligne= }}.
* Paolo Procaccioli, &quot;Aretino, Pietro, https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/pietro-aretino_(Enciclopedia-machiavelliana)/ in Enciclopedia machiavelliana, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, 2014
* Paolo Procaccioli, “Due re in Parnaso: Aretino e Bembo nella Venezia del doge Gritti,” in Giorgio Patrizi (ed.), Sylva: studi in onore di Nino Borsellino (Rome, 2002), vol. 1, 207–231
* Francine Prose, Xavier F. Salomon, ''Titian's Pietro Aretino'' (The Frick Collection, 2020) {{ISBN|978-1-911282-71-6}}
* Bette Talvacchia’s Taking Positions. On the Erotic in Renaissance Culture (Princeton, 1999)
* Raymond B. Waddington, &quot;Pietro Aretino, religious writer|périodique=Renaissance Studies|volume=20|numéro=3|pages=277–292|année=2006|doi=10.1111/j.1477-4658.2006.00165.x|s2cid=161819659|jstor=24416742|lire en ligne=http://www.jstor.org/stable/24416742|via=JSTOR}}
* Raymond B. Waddington, ''Titian's Aretino: A Contextual Study of All the Portraits''. Leo S. Olschki editore, 2018. {{ISBN|9788822265715}}

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}
* [http://www.wga.hu/database/glossary/illustri/aretino.html Biographia apud wga.hu.] {{Ling|Anglice}}

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Lifetime|1492|1556|Aretinus, Petrus}}
[[Categoria:Petrus Aretinus|!]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Italiani]]
[[Categoria:Erotici]]
[[Categoria:Satyrici]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Italiae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores scaenici]]</text>
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{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Petrus Aretinus'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Lexfons}} s.v. ''PETRUS Aretinus''&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Italice]] ''Pietro Aretino,'' natus [[Arretium|Arretii]] die [[20 Aprilis]] [[1492]]; mortuus [[Venetia (urbs)|Venetiae]] die [[21 Octobris]] [[1556]]) fuit [[scriptor]], [[ludus scaenicus|ludorum scaenicorum]] [[satura]]que scriptor et [[poeta]] [[Italia|Italicus]].

== Opera potiora ==
[[Fasciculus:Pietro aretino, opera nova del fecundissimo giovene pietro pictore arretino, per zoppino, venezia 1512 (bibl. marciana).jpg|thumb|upright=1.75|''Opera nova del fecundissimo giovane Pietro Pictore Aretino'', 1512]]
[[Fasciculus:Giovanni Britto (attributed) and Pietro Aretino - Stanze di M. Pietro Aretino MET DP108988 (cropped).jpg|thumb|''Stanze di M. Pietro Aretino'', 1537]]
* 1512 : ''Opera nova del fecundissimo giovane Pietro Pictore Aretino''
* 1525 : ''La Cortigiana''
* 1526 : ''Sonetti lussuriosi'' (''I modi'')
* 1532-1535 : ''Marfisa''
* 1533 : ''Il marescalco''
* 1534-1536 : ''Sei Giornate'' (''Ragionamento della Nanna e della Antonia''; ''Dialogo nel quale la Nanna insegna alla Pippa sua figliola'')
* 1534 : ''Sette salmi della penitenza di David''
* 1534-1535 : ''Passione di Gesù'', ''Umanità di Cristo''
* 1536-1538 : ''Angelica'', ''De le lagrime d'Angelica'' 
* 1537 : ''Stanze in lode di madonna Angela Sirena''
* 1538-1557 : ''Lettere''
* 1538 : ''Ragionamento delle corti''
* 1538 : ''Genesi''
* 1539 : ''La vita di Maria Vergine''
* 1540 : ''La vita di santa Caterina''
* 1540 : ''Orlandino''
* 1542 : ''La Talanta''
* 1542 : ''Lo ipocrito''
* 1543 : ''La vita di San Tomaso d’Aquino''
* 1543 : ''Dialogo nel quale si parla del giuoco'', ''Le carte parlanti''
* 1546 : ''Il Filosofo''
* 1546 : ''Orazia''
* 1547 : ''Astolfeida''

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
; Editiones operum collectorum
* ''Edizione nazionale delle opere di Pietro Aretino''. 1992-

; De vita et opere
* Christopher Cairns, ''Pietro Aretino and The Republic of Venice. Researches on Aretino and his circle in Venice, 1527–1556''. Florentiae: Olschki, 1985
* Thomas Caldecott Chubb, ''Aretino: Scourge of Princes''. 1946
* James Cleugh, ''The divine Aretino: Pietro of Arezzo, 1492-1556: a biography''. Londinii: Anthony Blond, 1965
* Marco Faini, Paola Ugolini, edd., ''A Companion to Pietro Aretino''. Lugduni Batavorum: Brill, 2021 {{ISBN|9789004348059}}
* Paula Findlen, &quot;Humanismus, Politik und Pornographie im Italien der Renaissance&quot; in Lynn Hunt, ed., ''Die Erfindung der Pornographie. Obszönität und die Ursprünge der Moderne'' (Francofurti: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, 1994) pp. 44–131
* Klaus W. Hempfer, &quot;Aretinos Bezugnahme auf die Tradition des poema cavalleresco und die Problematik des anticlassicismo&quot; in ''Antike und Abendland'' vol. 71 (2025) pp. 91–147
* Johannes Hösle, ''Pietro Aretinos Werk''. Berolini, 1969
* Edward Hutton, ''Pietro Aretino: The Scourge of Princes''. Londinii: Constable, 1922; [https://archive.org/details/pietroaretinosco00hutt/ Textus]
* Paul Larivaille, ''Pietro Aretino fra Rinascimento e Manierismo''. Romae, 1980
* Bertrand Levergeois, ''L'Arétin ou l’Insolence du plaisir'', Paris, Fayard, 1999
* ''Pietro Aretino. Nel cinquecentenario della nascita: Atti del Convegno, 1992''. 2 voll. Roma, Salerno Editrice, 1995
* Francesco Sberlati, ''L’infame. Storia di Pietro Aretino''. Venetiis, 2018
* Klaus Thiele-Dohrmann, ''Kurtisanenfreund und Fürstenplage: Pietro Aretino und die Kunst der Enthüllung''. Düsseldorf: Artemis &amp; Winkler, 1998
* Raymond B. Waddington, ''Aretino’s Satyr: Sexuality, Satire, and Self-Projection in Sixteenth-Century Literature and Art''. Toronti: University of Toronto Press, 2003 {{ISBN|9788822265715}}
* Raymond B. Waddington, ''Subverting the System in Renaissance Italy''. Farnham, 2013
* Loel Zwecker, ''Pietro Aretino. Der Machiavelli der Kunstkritik''. Bernae: Meyer, 2017

; Specialia
*Bernadine Barnes, &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/18297326/Aretino_the_Public_and_the_Censorship_of_Michelangelos_Last_Judgment?email_work_card=reading-history Aretino, the public, and the censorship of Michelangelo's ''Last Judgment'']&quot; in Elizabeth C. Childs, ed., ''Suspended License: Censorship and the Visual Arts'' (University of Washington Press, 1997), pp.&amp;nbsp;59–84
* Anna Bisceglia, Matteo Ceriana, Paolo Procaccioli, edd., ''Inchiostro per colore». Arte e artisti in Pietro Aretino''. Romae, 2019
* Anna Bisceglia, Matteo Ceriana, Paolo Procaccioli, edd., ''Pietro Aretino e l’arte del Rinascimento''. Florentiae, 2019
* Elise Boillet, &quot;L'Aretin et les papes de son temps&quot; in Florence Alazard, Frank La Brasca, edd., ''La Papauté à la Renaissance'' (Lutetiae: Éditions Honoré Champion, 2007) pp.&amp;nbsp;324–363
* Élise Boillet, ''L’Aretin et la Bible''. Genavae, 2007
* Marco Faini, &quot;Pietro Aretino, St. John the Baptist and the Rewriting of the Psalms&quot; in ''Renaissance Rewritings'' (2017. ISBN 978-3-11-052502-1) pp. 225–252
* Luba Freedman, ''Titian's Portraits Through Aretino's Lens''. Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995
* Paolo Procaccioli, &quot;[https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/pietro-aretino_(Enciclopedia-machiavelliana)/ Aretino, Pietro&quot; in ''Enciclopedia machiavelliana''. Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, 2014
* Paolo Procaccioli, “Due re in Parnaso: Aretino e Bembo nella Venezia del doge Gritti,” in Giorgio Patrizi, ed., ''Sylva: studi in onore di Nino Borsellino'' (Romae, 2002), vol. 1 pp. 207–231
* Francine Prose, Xavier F. Salomon, ''Titian's Pietro Aretino''. Frick Collection, 2020. {{ISBN|978-1-911282-71-6}}
* Bette Talvacchia, ''Taking Positions. On the Erotic in Renaissance Culture''. Princeton, 1999
* Raymond B. Waddington, &quot;Pietro Aretino, religious writer&quot; in ''Renaissance Studies'' vol. 20 (2006) pp. 277–292; [http://www.jstor.org/stable/24416742 JSTOR]
* Raymond B. Waddington, ''Titian's Aretino: A Contextual Study of All the Portraits''. Florentiae: Olschki, 2018. {{ISBN|9788822265715}}

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}
* [http://www.wga.hu/database/glossary/illustri/aretino.html Biographia apud wga.hu.] {{Ling|Anglice}}

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Lifetime|1492|1556|Aretinus, Petrus}}
[[Categoria:Petrus Aretinus|!]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Italiani]]
[[Categoria:Erotici]]
[[Categoria:Satyrici]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Italiae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores scaenici]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Hagenium</title>
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      <text bytes="1487" sha1="haayzvyjfc3wqg85t1cack6eeah1zjb" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
'''Hagenium'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.be/books?id=OQxlAAAAcAAJ&amp;ots=9SBznVP6Hk&amp;hl=de&amp;pg=PA218#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Wernherus Teschenmacher, Clivia, Julia, Montia, Marchia, Ravensburgia, antiquæ et modernæ, Arnhemii, 1638, pag. 218].&lt;/ref&gt; vel '''Haga'''&lt;ref&gt;Analogice secundum nomina Latina oppidorum eiusdem nominis Germanici sicut &quot;Stadthagen&quot; id est [[Haga Schaumburgi]] vel &quot;Sachsenhagen&quot; vel [[Haga Saxorum]].&lt;/ref&gt; est [[urbs]] in pago [[Empere-Rura]] in provincia [[Provincia administrativa Arnsbergum|Arnsbergo]] in [[Rhenania Septentrionalis-Vestfalia|Rhenania Septentrionali-Vestfalia]] sita, [[municipium]] pago carens.

[[Magister civium]] est Ericus O. Schulz (sine factio). Circa 194&amp;thinsp;806 incolarum urbem habitant.

==Pinacotheca==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Hagen-Friedrich-Ebert-Platz.jpg|Agora [[Fridericus Ebert|Friderici Ebert]] cum turri curiae urbis
Fasciculus:HagenHbf.jpg|[[Statio ferriviaria]] principalis
Fasciculus:Theaterhagen.JPG|[[Theatrum]]
Fasciculus:Hagen-Landgericht1-Bubo.JPG|[[Tribunal]]
Fasciculus:Hagen,_St._Marien_Kirche_(2).JPG|[[Ecclesia (aedificium)|Ecclesia]] Sanctae Mariae
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Nota ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{Communia|Hagen|Hagenium}}
{{Fontes geographici}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061104001530/http://www.hagen.de/ Situs proprius] {{Ling|Theodisce}}

{{urbs-stipula}}

{{Formula:CirculiRSV}}

[[Categoria:Urbes hanseaticae]]
[[Categoria:Urbes Rhenaniae Septentrionalis-Vestfaliae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ennius Morricone</title>
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      <text bytes="2705" sha1="jw1sl7p580q5976gs31htogc1dpxvzs" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Morricone at United Nations HQ.jpg|thumb|Ennius Moricone concentum ducens [[Urbs Novum Eboracum |Urbe Novo Eboraco]] apud [[Consociatio Nationum|Consociationem Nationum]]]]

{{res|Ennius Morricone}}, vulgo ''Ennio Morricone'' ([[Roma]]e in regione urbana [[Trans Tiberim]] die [[10 Novembris]] [[1928]] natus; mortuus die [[6 Iulii]] [[2020]]) fuit [[dux orchestrae]] [[Italia|Italus]] et [[compositor]] praecipue musicae [[pellicula]]rum. Alumnus fuit {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Academia Nationalis Sanctae Caeciliae|Academiae Nationalis Sanctae Caeciliae|en|qid=Q181410}} in urbe [[Roma]]. [[Factio socialistica Italica|Factionem socialisticam Italicam]] favebat.

Musicam illis pelliculis quinque generis ''[[Spaghetti Western]]'' accommodavit, quas [[Dispositor cinematographicus|disposuit]] [[Sergius Leone]], videlicet ''[[Per un pugno di dollari]]'' (1964), ''[[Per qualche dollaro in più]]'' (1965), ''[[Il buono, il brutto, il cattivo]]'' (1966), ''[[C'era una volta il West]]'' (1968), ''[[Giù la testa]]'' (1971). Tribus anterioribus protagonista fuit [[Clint Eastwood]], quartae autem [[Henricus Fonda]], quintae [[Rod Steiger]]. Multo tardius, eodem dispositore, Morricone musicam accommodavit pelliculae ''[[C'era una volta in America]]'' (1984).
 
== Bibliographia ==
* “[https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2020/07/06/les-hommages-au-genie-artistique-du-maestro-ennio-morricone-se-multiplient_6045368_3382.html Les hommages au « génie artistique du maestro » Ennio Morricone se multiplient]” in ''[[Le Monde]]'' (6 Iulii 2020)
* Sergio Miceli, ''Morricone: Die Musik, das Kino''. Edition Filmwerkstatt 2000, ISBN 3-930524-03-1
* Alexis Petridis, “[https://www.theguardian.com/music/2020/jul/06/ennio-morricone-10-of-his-greatest-compositions Ennio Morricone: 10 of his greatest compositions]” in ''[[The Guardian]]'' (6 Iulii 2020)
* Adam Sweeting, “[https://www.theguardian.com/music/2020/jul/06/ennio-morricone-obituary Ennio Morricone obituary]” in ''[[The Guardian]]'' (6 Iulii 2020)

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}
* {{Imdb name|0001553|Ennio Morricone}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101118024857/http://www.enniomorricone.com// Pagina officialis]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080306102946/http://www.klassikinfo.de/Interview-mit-Ennio-Morricone.105.0.html Colloquium] percontativum cum Ennio Morricone

{{DEFAULTSORT:Morricone, Ennius}}

[[Categoria:Compositores Italiae]]
[[Categoria:Duces orchestrae Italiae]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1928]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 2020]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Academiae Nationalis Sanctae Caeciliae]]
[[Categoria:Ennius Morricone|!]]

{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>De rerum natura (Lucretius)</title>
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{{Titulus italicus}}
[[Fasciculus:Lucretius, De rerum natura.jpg|thumb|Exemplar libri ''De rerum natura'' anno [[1483]] in [[Italia]] factum.]]

{{ores|De rerum natura}} est [[poesis didactica|poëma didacticum]] a [[Lucretius|Lucretio]], [[poeta]] [[philosophia|philosophoque]] [[Roma antiqua|Romano]], [[saeculum 1 a.C.n.|saeculo primo a.C.n.]] [[hexameter|hexametricis versibus]] scriptum, in quo [[auctor]] [[dogma|doctrinam]] exponit [[philosophi Epicurei|Epicuream]] ut [[homo|homines]], [[religio]]ne relicta, in sententiam [[Epicurus|Epicuri]] transeant.

== Synopsis ==
[[File:Lucretius De Rerum Natura.webm|thumb|left|''De rerum natura'']]

Epicurus affirmabat hominum tristitiam atque corruptionem penitus ex [[deus|deorum]] potestatisque notione [[ira]]eque timore, quae credebatur in calamitatibus incommodisque [[vita]]e praesentis infligi, exortam esse. Praeter hoc, secundum Epicurum, timor mortis, utrum pavor certus tormentorum nocentibus ab ipsis deis dandorum, an cura incerta ambiguaque, causa ignominiorum multorum esse. Propositio doctrinae Epicuri ipsa liberatio metuum supra dictorum conditusque [[pax|pacis]] maxime erat. Epicurus ergo deos adfirmavit, existentiam quorum non enim negabat, vivere paceque integra semper frui, omnibus affectibus, desideriis, metibusque homines sollicitantibus liberos alienosque omnino, maxime mundi incuriosos, atque hominum et virtutibus et facinoribus immotos esse. Ad hanc propositionem defendendam usus [[Democritus|Democriti]] [[atomismus|atomismo]] est, quo conatus mundum materialem demonstrare non enim ente supremo confectum esse sed ex [[elementum chemicum|elementorum]], quae semper aderant simplicibus gubernata legibus, commixtione forte evenisse. Lucretio opus datum, has doctrinas facunde, plane, et integre exponere atque explicare, conatus est demonstrare omnes mundi naturalis res legibus [[natura]]libus nullo auctore divino persolvi posse.

Incepto [[poëma]]te, Lucretius [[Venus (dea)|Venerem]] invocat ut et versus suos decoret et [[bellum]] a [[Roma antiqua|Romanis]] avertat; hi autem versus non propria vi sunt legendi, Lucretius enim [[deismus|deista]] fuit, qui dubitavit [[deus|deos]] res mundanas curare. Omnem [[universum]] vel [[natura]]m ex [[atomus|atomis]] forte concurrentibus constare sive [[clinamen|clinamine]] putabat. Quibus scriptis poeta in [[religio]]nem invectus hanc et falsam affirmat et maleficam.

{{Versus numerati|
Aeneadum genetrix, hominum divomque voluptas,
alma [[Venus (dea)|Venus]], caeli subter labentia signa
quae mare navigerum, quae terras frugiferentis
concelebras, per te quoniam genus omne animantum
concipitur visitque exortum lumina [[sol]]is:
te, dea, te fugiunt venti, te nubila caeli
adventumque tuum, tibi suavis daedala tellus
summittit flores, tibi rident aequora ponti
placatumque nitet diffuso lumine caelum.
nam simul ac species patefactast verna diei
et reserata viget genitabilis aura favoni,
aeriae primum volucris te, diva, tuumque
significant initum perculsae corda tua vi.
inde [[Animalia|ferae]] pecudes persultant pabula laeta
et rapidos tranant amnis: ita capta lepore
te sequitur cupide quo quamque inducere pergis.
denique per maria ac montis fluviosque rapacis
frondiferasque domos avium camposque virentis
omnibus incutiens blandum per pectora [[amor]]em
efficis ut cupide generatim saecla propagent.
quae quoniam '''rerum naturam''' sola gubernas
nec sine te quicquam dias in luminis oras
exoritur neque fit laetum neque amabile quicquam,
te sociam studeo scribendis versibus esse,
quos ego de rerum natura pangere conor
Memmiadae nostro, quem tu, dea, tempore in omni
omnibus ornatum voluisti excellere rebus.
| {{vf|De rerum natura (Titus Lucretius Carus)|''De rerum natura''}}, {{vf|De rerum natura (Titus Lucretius Carus)/Liber I|Liber I}}
}}

== Editiones ==
[[File:T. Lucretii Cari De rerum natura.tif|thumb|''De rerum natura'', 1570]]

* 1473 : ''De rerum natura'', Thoma Fer(r)ando editore, sine loco annove (sed Brixiae, 1473; [[editio princeps]])
* 1495 : ''De rerum natura'': Venetiis per Theodorum de Ragazonibus de Asula dictum Bresanum [http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050491/images/index.html?&amp;no=33&amp;seite=21 Textus] apud Monacenses
* 1500 : ''T. Lucretii Cari libri sex nuper emendati'', Venetiis: apud Aldum, 1500 (editio Aldina prior) [http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00056147/images/index.html?&amp;no=1&amp;seite=5 Textus] apud Monacenses
* 1511 ({{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Baptista Pius||it|qid=Q3766094}}, ed.) : ''In Carum Lucretium poetam commentarii a Joanne Baptista Pio editi''. Bononiae, in ergasterio Hieronymi Baptistae de Benedictis (editio prima cum commentario) [http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10195767-8 Textus] apud Monacenses
* 1514 ({{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Baptista Pius||it|qid=Q3766094}}, [[Iodocus Badus Ascensius]], edd.) : ''In Carum Lucretium poetam commentarii a Joanne Baptista Pio editi''. Lutetiae [http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb11199539-9 Textus] apud Monacenses
* 1515 : ''T. Lucretii Cari ... De rerum natura''. Venetiis (editio Aldina altera) [http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10171083-1 Textus] apud Monacenses
* 1531 : ''T. Lucretii Cari ... De rerum natura''. Basileae: apud Henricum Petrum [http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10195264-5 Textus] apud Monacenses [http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0003/bsb00034551/images/index.html?&amp;no=1&amp;seite=3 alibi]
* 1534 : ''T. Cari Lucretii ... De rerum natura''. Lugduni: apud Seb. Gryphium [http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10171093-2 Textus] apud Monacenses
* 1563 ([[Dionysius Lambinus]], ed.) : ''Titi Lucretii Cari De rerum natura libri sex a Dionysio Lambino emendati atque restituti &amp; commentariis illustrati''. Parisiis: in Gulielmi Rovillij aedibus, 1563 (editio Lambiniana prima) [http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb11217539-8 Textus] apud Monacenses
* 1721 : ''De rerum natura libri VI'', Patavii, excudebat Josephus Cominus (editio Cominiana prima).
* 1896-1898 : ''De rerum natura libri sex'', Textus revisio, commentarius et studia introductiva Caroli Giussani, volumina IV, Augustae Taurinorum, H. Loescher8 (editio critica potissima).

== Plura legere si cupis ==
* Julie Giovacchini, «[https://iphi.hypotheses.org/430 La folle aventure du poème de Lucrèce] », ''L'information philologique'',‎ 2016
* Frank La Brasca, «[https://revue-k.univ-lille.fr/data/images/Numero-6/6%20LA%20BRASCA%20Lucrece%20au%20Quattrocento.pdf « Ce moment unique où l’homme seul a été … » : la renaissance de Lucrèce au Quattrocento] », ''Revue trans-européenne de philosophie et arts'', no 6,‎ 2021, p. 59-75
* Alex Pepino, «[http://publis-shs.univ-rouen.fr/ceredi/index.php?id=507 Renaissance de Lucrèce : enjeux de réception] », ''Publications numériques du CÉRÉdi'',‎ 2017

== Nexus externi ==
{{Vicifons|De rerum natura (Titus Lucretius Carus)}}

* [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/lucretius.html ''De rerum natura'' apud bibliothecam Latinam,] www.thelatinlibrary.com
* [http://blog.dickinson.edu/?p=7111 Versus pauci poematis dicti,]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} blog.dickinson.edu

[[Categoria:Carmina didactica]]
[[Categoria:Carmina epica]]
[[Categoria:Epicureismus]]
[[Categoria:Libri philosophici]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae aetatis Rei Publicae]]
[[Categoria:Italiae scripta]]
[[Categoria:Metaphysica]]&lt;!--en:Metaphysics literature--&gt;
[[Categoria:Philosophia naturalis]]
[[Categoria:Scripta saeculo 1 a.C.n.]]
[[Categoria:Titus Lucretius Carus]]
&lt;!-- +
Philosophy books
Ancient philosophical literature--&gt;</text>
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    <title>Aggregatio (mathematica)</title>
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      <text bytes="7165" sha1="3rjnswekpkcwdumteeetgn1qqn5nl71" xml:space="preserve">{{res|Aggregatio}},&lt;ref name=&quot;peano-1889&quot;&gt;{{*Cfr}} {{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris = Peano
	| nomen auctoris = Ioseph
	| titulus = Arithmetices principia: nova methodo exposita
	| url = https://archive.org/details/arithmeticespri00peangoog
	| annus = 1889
	| locus = [[Augusta Taurinorum|Augustae Taurinorum]]
	| domus editoria = Fratres Bocca
	| pagina = x
	| url paginae = https://archive.org/details/arithmeticespri00peangoog/page/n16/mode/2up
}}: “{{lectio|classis}}, sive entium {{lectio|aggregatio}}”.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{*Cfr}} etiam {{LTL|aggregatio|155}}.&lt;/ref&gt; olim etiam {{res|classis}}&lt;ref name=&quot;peano-1889&quot; /&gt; (quae tamen hodie [[classis (theoria classium)|aliud]] significat), vel etiam {{res|collectio}}{{Convertimus}} vel fortasse {{res|copia}},{{LLHL26 ref|Menge|29}} in [[theoria classium]] est {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|ens mathematicum|entium mathematicorum|en|qid=Q246672}} collectio. Secundum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|definitio|definitionem|en|qid=Q101072}} [[Georgius Cantor|Georgii Cantoris]], “aggregatio est unio elementorum quae in nostra cogitatione sunt bene discreta”. In locum huius definitionis, rigore mathematico omnino carentis, postea [[axioma]]ta ab [[Ernestus Zermelo|Ernesto Zermelo]] et [[Adolfus Abraham Halevi Fraenkel|Adolfo Fränkel]] posita substituta sunt ad {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Antinomia Russelliana|antinomiam Russellianam|en|qid=Q33401}}{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1={{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Antinomia Russelliana||en|qid=Q33401}} ad quamdam aggregationem pertinet, quae, si exsisteret, sibi inesset simul ac non inesset, quod est absurdum.|2=Q33401}} aliasque [[Paradoxum|antinomias]] vitandas.
 
In [[philosophia]], aggregationes sunt {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|res abstracta (philosophia)|res abstractae|d|qid=Q123139280}}.

== Denotationes et definitiones ==
=== Denotationes ===
* Aggregationes denotari solent parenthesibus “{” et “}” usurpatis initium aut finem aggregationis indicantibus. Duas habet formas haec notatio: una elementa enumerans ({{*eg}} {1,2} aut {Gaius, Petrus, Marcus}), altera elementa describens variabili vel variabilibus et sententia vel sententiis usa: Ad quae elementa sententia sequens (''praedicatum'') pertinet, ante symbolis ''':''' aut '''|''' notatur variabilibus in parenthesibus “(” et “)” iterum adiectis. Ergo: &lt;math&gt; \lbrace x: \ S(x) \rbrace .&lt;/math&gt; Si &lt;math&gt; x_0 &lt;/math&gt; elementum huius aggregationis sit (id est: valet praedicatum variabili &lt;math&gt; x_0 &lt;/math&gt;), notatur &lt;math&gt; x_0 \in \lbrace x: S(x) \rbrace .&lt;/math&gt;

* Tales &lt;math&gt; x &lt;/math&gt; solent esse in aggregatione ''superiore'' (id est: cuncta elementa quae illi etiam huic aliis fortasse addiditis insunt). Sit &lt;math&gt; X &lt;/math&gt; talis copia superior, tum scribi solet &lt;math&gt; \lbrace x \in X: S(x) \rbrace .&lt;/math&gt; Ut indicatur X talem esse aggregationem superiorem, scribi solet &lt;math&gt; X \supset \lbrace x \in X: S(x) \rbrace &lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt; \lbrace x \in X: S(x) \rbrace \subset X.&lt;/math&gt;

=== Definitiones ===
* Aggregatio cui nulla elementa insunt ''vacua'' vel ''inanis'' appellatur. Notatur symbolis &lt;math&gt; \lbrace \rbrace &lt;/math&gt; vel &lt;math&gt; \emptyset .&lt;/math&gt;

* Aggregationes duae &lt;math&gt; A, B &lt;/math&gt; ''eaedem'' vel ''aequae'' appellantur, si aggregationi alteri &lt;math&gt; A &lt;/math&gt; eadem elementa ac alteri aggregationi &lt;math&gt; B &lt;/math&gt; insunt. (Mathematicus scriberet quod &lt;math&gt; A=B &lt;/math&gt; quotienscumque &lt;math&gt; A\subset B \land B \subset A &lt;/math&gt;.)

* ''Coniunctioni'' duarum pluriumve aggregationum omnia elementa e quaquam illarum insunt. Notatur symbolo &lt;math&gt; \cup &lt;/math&gt;. Ergo: Sint &lt;br /&gt; &lt;center&gt; &lt;math&gt; A= \lbrace x: S_1(x) \rbrace &lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt; B= \lbrace y: S_2(y) \rbrace .&lt;/math&gt; Tum: &lt;br /&gt; &lt;center&gt; &lt;math&gt; A \cup B= \lbrace z: S_1(z) \text{ vel } S_2(z) \rbrace = \lbrace z: S_1(z) \lor S_2(z) \rbrace &lt;/math&gt;. &lt;/center&gt; 

* ''Sectioni'' duarum pluriumve aggregationum sola ea elementa insunt, quae in unaquaquam eorum inveniuntur. Notatur symbolo &lt;math&gt; \cap &lt;/math&gt;. Ergo: Sint &lt;br /&gt; &lt;center&gt; &lt;math&gt; A= \lbrace x: S_1(x) \rbrace &lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt; B= \lbrace y: S_2(y) \rbrace .&lt;/math&gt; Tum: &lt;br /&gt; &lt;center&gt; &lt;math&gt; A \cap B= \lbrace z: S_1(z) \text{ atque } S_2(z) \rbrace = \lbrace z: S_1(z) \land S_2(z) \rbrace &lt;/math&gt; .&lt;/center&gt; 

* ''Complemento relativo'' vel ''differentiae'' &lt;math&gt; A \setminus B &lt;/math&gt; (in quo &lt;math&gt; A, B &lt;/math&gt; sunt aggregationes) elementa ex &lt;math&gt; A &lt;/math&gt; sola insunt quae aggregationi &lt;math&gt; B &lt;/math&gt; non insunt. Notatur symbolo '''\'''. Ergo: Sint &lt;br /&gt; &lt;center&gt; &lt;math&gt; A= \lbrace x: S_1(x) \rbrace &lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt; B= \lbrace y: S_2(y) \rbrace .&lt;/math&gt; Tum: &lt;br /&gt; &lt;center&gt; &lt;math&gt; A \setminus B= \lbrace z: S_1(z) \text{ atque non } S_2(z) \rbrace = \lbrace z: S_1(z) \land \neg S_2(z) \rbrace&lt;/math&gt;. &lt;/center&gt; 

* ''Productum [[Renatus Cartesius|Cartesianum]]'' duarum aggregationum &lt;math&gt; A &lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt; B &lt;/math&gt;, quod cruce &lt;math&gt; \times &lt;/math&gt; denotatur, est aggregatio [[par ordinatum|parium ordinatorum]] quorum res prima inest ipsi &lt;math&gt; A &lt;/math&gt; et res secunda inest ipsi &lt;math&gt; B &lt;/math&gt;. Ergo &lt;math&gt; A \times B = \lbrace (x,y): x \in A \text { atque } y \in B \rbrace . &lt;/math&gt; 

Res supra definitae per ''[[Diagramma Vennianum|diagrammata Venniana]]'' illustrantur:
&lt;gallery&gt; 
Image:Venn A subset B.svg|&lt;math&gt;A \subset B&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aggregatio A est aggregatione B inferior
Fasciculus:Venn0111.svg|&lt;math&gt;A \cup B&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Coniunctio aggregationum A&amp;nbsp;et&amp;nbsp;B
Image:Venn0001.svg|&lt;math&gt;A \cap B&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sectio aggregationum A et B.
Image:Venn0100.svg|&lt;math&gt; A \setminus B&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Quantum ipsa A ab ipsa B differat
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Exempla ==
Sint &lt;math&gt; A = \lbrace 1,2,4,7 \rbrace &lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt; B = \lbrace 1,3,5,7,9 \rbrace &lt;/math&gt;.

Tum: 

* &lt;math&gt; A \cup B = \lbrace 1,1,2,3,4,5,7,7,9 \rbrace = \lbrace 9,7,1,2,3,4,5 \rbrace .&lt;/math&gt; Licet enim elementa semel vel compluries scribere; ordo non rēfert.

* &lt;math&gt; A \cap B = \lbrace 1,7 \rbrace. &lt;/math&gt;

* &lt;math&gt; A \setminus B = \lbrace 2,4 \rbrace . &lt;/math&gt;

* &lt;math&gt;A \times B&lt;/math&gt; = &lt;math&gt;\lbrace (1,1),(1,3),(1,5),&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;(1,7),(1,9),(2,1),(2,3),(2,5),&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;(2,7),(2,9),(4,1),(4,3),(4,5),(4,7),(4,9),(7,1),&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;(7,3),(7,5),(7,7),(7,9) \rbrace .&lt;/math&gt;

[[Aequatio]] aliqua ut aggregatio describens denotari potest et solutio eius aequationis aggregatio enumerans est. Quae saepe—praecipue in scholis—''aggregatio solutionum'' appellatur. [[Aequatio#Quomodo possumus solvere aequationes gradus secundi|Aequatio quadratica]] exemplo:

: &lt;math&gt; \lbrace x \in \mathbb R: x^2-2x-3 = 0 \rbrace = \lbrace -1,3 \rbrace .&lt;/math&gt;

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Aggregatio vacua]]
* [[Algebra abstracta]]
* [[Algebra Booleana (logica)|Algebra Booleana]] 
* [[Classis_(theoria classium)|Classis]]
* [[Functio]]
* [[Graphum]]
* [[Grex (mathematica)|Grex]]
* [[N-plex]]
* [[Theoria classium]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://mathworld.wolfram.com/Set.html De aggregationibus] in encyclopaedia Wolfram MathWorld {{ling|Anglice}}

[[Categoria:Mathematica]]

{{Myrias|Mathematica}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Genocidium</title>
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      <comment>de genocidio Gazae</comment>
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[[Fasciculus:The Genocide Word by Raphael Lemkin.ogv |thumb|Origo verbi ''genocidii.'']]
'''Genocidium''',&lt;ref&gt;[http://ephemeris.alcuinus.net/archi2012/nuntius1.php?id=1069 ''Ephemeris'' 2012]; [https://web.archive.org/web/20140808230609/http://ephemeris.alcuinus.net/leonina/EL%2062.pdf ''Epistula Leonina'' LXII p. 11].&lt;/ref&gt; pura Latinitate '''internecio gentis''', est ordinata considerataque [[populus|populi]], [[gens|gentis]], [[religio]]nis, vel actus [[civitas|civitatis]] [[exstinctio]]nis. Actio [[scelus contra humanitatem]] definitur.

== Excogitatio termini ==
''Genocide'', vox [[Lingua Anglica|Anglica]] anno [[1943]] excogitata a [[Raphael Lemkin|Raphaele Lemkin]] (1900–1959) est, viro [[Polonia|Polono]] [[Iudaea|Iudaeo]]que legis prudens, apud [[Soa|Holocaustum]], ex verbo [[Lingua Graeca|Graeco]] ''génos'' (idem e quo [[Latine]] ''[[genus (familia)|genus]]'') et radice [[Latina]] ''-cid-'' ex ''occidere'' (vicissim e ''caedere''), exemplo verbi ''[[homicidium]]'' (''hominem occidere'').

In ''Noah'' ([[1933]]), Lemkin scripsit commentarium &quot;''Crime of Barbarity''&quot; (''Crimen crudelitatis''), qui generis occidionem depinxit maleficium contra ius inter civitates. Haec maleficii notio, quae non ita multo post facta est notio generis occidionis, orta est in historia [[Assyrii|Assyriorum]] trucidatorum in [[Caedes apud Simele|caede apud Simele]] in [[Iraquia]] die [[11 Augusti]] [[1933]]. In animo Lemkin, hic casus &quot;memorias [[Generis Armenorum occidio|caedis Armenianae]]&quot; per [[primum bellum mundanum]] evocavit.

Ad Consilium Legitimum [[Societas Civitatum|Societatis Civitatum]] [[Matritum|Matriti]] eodem anno primam rogationem ut tales &quot;actus [[saevitia]]e&quot; interdicantur obtulit, sed a gubernatione [[Polonia|Polonica]] (tunc [[Germania]]m [[nazi]]stam placante) condemnata, rogatio defecit.&lt;ref name=&quot;Euro&quot;&gt;[http://www.europaworld.org/issue40/raphaellemkin22601.htm Raphael Lemkin] - EuropeWorld, 22/6/2001.&lt;/ref&gt; Anno 1948 [[Conventio de Prohibitione Cohercitioneque Criminum Genocidii]] decreta est contra genocidium ac [[Iudicium Internationale Criminale]] genocidium [[crimen contra humanitatem]] definit.

{{NexInt}}
{{div col|2}}
* [[Aetas Surrepta]]
* [[Argentaria (Bosnia)]]
* [[Belli scelus]]
* [[Bellum Darfurense]]
* [[Caedes Bosniensis]]
* [[Castra carceralia]]
* [[Conventio de Prohibitione Cohercitioneque Criminum Genocidii]]
* [[Dies internationalis memoriae Soae]]
* [[Ethnic Cleansing]]
* [[Ethnocidium]] 
* [[Eugenetica nazistica]]
* [[Eugenica]]
* [[Genocidium Gazae]]
* [[Genocidium My Lai]]
* [[Iudicia Norimbergensia]]
* [[Iudicium Criminale inter Gentes pro Iugoslavia Pristina]]
* [[Iudicium Internationale Criminale]]
* [[Radovan Karadzic]]
* [[Ruanda]]
* [[Slobodan Milosevic]]
* [[Soa|Holocaustum]]
* [[Sudania]]
{{div col end}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Chalk, Frank, et Kurt Jonassohn. [[1990]]. ''The History and Sociology of Genocide: Analyses and Case Studies.'' Novus Portus: Yale University Press.
* Israel W. Charny. [[1999]]. ''Encyclopedia of Genocide.'' ABC-Clio Inc. ISBN 0-87436-928-2.
* Daniele Conversi. [[2005]]. &quot;Genocide, ethnic cleansing, and nationalism.&quot; In ''Handbook of Nations and Nationalism''. Gerard Delanty and Krishan Kumar ediderunt, 1, pp. 319–333. [[Londinium|Londini]]: Sage Publications.
* Barbara Harff. [[2003]]. ''Early Warning of Communal Conflict and Genocide: Linking Empirical Research to International Responses.'' Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-9840-1.
* M. Hassan Kakar. [[1995]]. ''[http://content.cdlib.org/xtf/view?docId=ft7b69p12h&amp;brand=eschol Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982]''. Berkeley: [[University of California]] Press. ISBN 0-520-08591-4.
* Michael J. Kelly. [[2005]]. ''Nowhere to Hide: Defeat of the Sovereign Immunity Defense for Crimes of Genocide &amp; the Trials of Slobodan Milosevic and Saddam Hussein.'' Peter Lang.
* Alexander Laban. [[2002]].; ''Genocide: An Anthropological Reader.'' Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22355-X.
* Catharine A. MacKinnon. [[2006]]. Are Women Human?: And Other International Dialogues. Belknap Press, Harvard University Press.
* Samantha Powers. [[2003]]. ''&quot;A Problem from Hell&quot;: America and the Age of Genocide.'' Harper Perennial. ISBN 0-06-054164-4.
* Gavriel D. Rosenfeld. [[1999]]. &quot;[http://hgs.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/13/1/28 The Politics of Uniqueness: Reflections on the Recent Polemical Turn in Holocaust and Genocide Scholarship].&quot; ''Holocaust and Genocide Studies'' 13(1):28–61. 
* R. J. Rummel. [[1997]]. ''[http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/NOTE1.HTM Death by Government]''. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 1-56000-927-6.
* Martin Shaw. [[2007]]. ''What is Genocide?'' Cambridge: Polity Press.
* Lyal S. Sunga. [[1997]]. ''The Emerging System of International Criminal Law: Developments in Codification and Implementation.'' Kluwer. ISBN 90-411-0472-0.
* Lyal S. Sunga. [[1992]]. ''Individual Responsibility in International Law for Serious Human Rights Violations.'' Nijhoff. ISBN 0-7923-1453-0.
* Samuel Totten, William S. Parsons, et Israel W. Charny. [[2004]]. ''Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts.'' Editio altera. Routledge.
* Valentino, Benjamin A. [[2004]]. ''Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the 20th Century.'' Ithacae Novi Eboraci: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-3965-5.

[[Categoria:Crimina]]
[[Categoria:Gentes]]
[[Categoria:Interfectio]]
[[Categoria:Ius internationale]]
{{Myrias|Societas}}</text>
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    <title>Government cheese</title>
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      <text bytes="1349" sha1="388prtji8n6co6dw55v44jpa2cmco0g" xml:space="preserve">'''Government cheese''' (scilicet &quot;Caseus Rei Publicae&quot;) sive ''Pasteurized Process American Cheese for Use in Domestic Programs'' (sc. &quot;Casei compositio Americana pasteurizata ad cives alimentandos destinata&quot;) est [[Casei compositio|caseorum mixtorum compositio]], eis qui alimenta rei publicae mereant offerta a gubernio [[C. F. A.|Civitatum Foederatarum]] praecipue per annos [[1980]]-[[1990]]; hodie etiam talis compositio, sine nomine productoris involuta, offertur et mulieribus infantibusque alimenta merentibus et civibus [[Calamitates|calamitatum]] victimis. Haec confectio e caseis ''[[Cheddar (caseus)|Cheddar]]'' Americano et ''[[Colby (caseus)|Colby]]'' aliisque lacticiniis necnon [[emulsificator]]ibus et [[sal]]e (usque ad 2%) componitur ut nutritionem praebeat, ut saporem casei dulcis imitet, ut facilius secetur et calore modico tabesceat.

{{NexInt}}
* [[American cheese]]

== Nexus externi ==
*[http://www.fsa.usda.gov/Internet/FSA_File/pcd5.pdf Regula compositionis ''Government cheese'']
*[http://www.fns.usda.gov/wic/ De alimentis mulieribus infantibusque C. F. A. praebendis]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081026092737/http://www.fns.usda.gov/fdd/programs/tefap/ De alimentis calamitatum victimis C. F. A. praebendis]

[[Categoria:Casei Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Casei compositiones]]
[[Categoria:Casei bubuli]]</text>
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    <title>Mithridates VI (rex Ponti)</title>
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[[Fasciculus:Mithridates_VI_Louvre.jpg|thumb|Mithradatis VI, [[sculptura]] [[marmor]]ea in [[Museum Lupariense|Museo Lupariensi]] conservata]]
'''Mithridates VI''' ([[Graece]]: Μιθραδάτης; [[134 a.C.n.]] in urbe [[Sinope]] natus, [[63 a.C.n.]] mortuus), titulo usitato '''Mithridates Eupator,''' fuit rex [[Pontus (regnum)|Ponti]] circa annos 119-63 a.C.n. qui se discipulum esse [[Alexander Magnus|Alexandri Magni]] et [[Darius I|Darii I]] agnovit. Inter hostes [[Roma]]e fuit per multos annos potentissimus felicissimusque, ut qui (fere usque ad mortem) bono successu contra tres Rei Publicae Romanae duces pugnavisset, videlicet [[Sulla]]m, [[Lucullus|Lucullum]], et [[Pompeius|Pompeium Magnum]].

== Initia Imperii ==
Mithridates VI fuit filius [[Mithridates V (rex Ponti)|Mithridatis V]] (150-120 a.C.n.), qui filio adhuc iuvene obiit. Hic igitur cum puerulus esset, mater eius [[Laodice (Mithridatis V uxor)|Laodice]] pro eo fortiter regnavit. Mithridates iuvenis Laodicam deiecit et in carcere inclusit anno [[115 a.C.n.]] Sic, ante inclusus, fratres Mithridatis necavit, sed non sororem eius, quam uxorem duxit. 

Mithridates regnum suum esse potentissimum esse circa [[Mare Nigrum]] cupivit. Colchide subiugo{{dubsig}}, rex Ponti ob terras inter se cum Palaco Rege [[Scythia]]e bellum gerere coepit. Multa quidem regna  cito se tradiderunt, ad aliquod praesidi adversus Scythiam, veterem hostem, sibi comparandum. Multis incursionibus repulsis et comitibus, Rhoxolanois, a Pontico legato [[Diophantus (Asclepiodori filius)|Diophanto]] interfectis, Mithridati parendum esse, declaravit gravatim. Novus rex nunc [[Roma]]nos orientes in [[Anatolia]] lacessivit. Meditatus sum facere interstitios in [[Paphlagonia]] atque [[Galatia]] cum rege [[Nicomedes III (rex Bithyniae)|Nicomede III]] [[Bithynia]]e. Atque manufestum fert Mithridati Nicomedem gubernavisse civitatem eius ad foedus cum re publica Romana contra Pontum. Societate Ponti Bithyniaeque eversa propter disputationem de finibus [[Cappadocia]] Nicomedeque multis certaminibus a Mithridate victo, Bithynia eo tunc necessitatis adducta est ut a Romanis auxilium praesidiumque sibi petere coacta sit. Cum Res Publica Pontum pro Bithynia commiserit, bellum inter Romam et Pontum necesse fuit nunc.

== [[Bella Mithridatica]] ==
Secundus rex Bithyniae, [[Nicomedes IV (rex Bithyniae)|Nicomedes IV]], enervus et compressus a Romanis fuit. Mithridates identidem ad deiiciendum Nicomedem temptavit sed Nicomedes frustravit hos conatos coepitque bellum contra Mithridatem. Mithridates Bithyniam festinanter superobruit. Graecae urbes, ceu [[Athenae]], desciverunt Mithridati quis ipsum esse defensorem Hellenismi declaravit. Exercitus Mithridatis igitur in Graecia manere tuto posuerunt dum classis Romanos ad [[Rhodes|Rhodem]] obsidebat. [[Tigranes II]], rex [[Armenia]]e, cum Mithridate sociavit contra Romam denupsitque primogenitam filiam, [[Cleopatra (Pontus)|Cleopatram]]. Occidente [[Anatolia]] vincta, Mithridates imperavit exercitum ut omnes Romani ibi habitantes necarentur.

== Fontes ==
*[[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Mithridatica''
*[[Cicero]], ''[[De imperio Cn. Pompei|De imperio Cnaei Pompei]]''
*[[Dio Cassius]], ''[[Historia Romana (Dio)|Historia Romana]]''
*[[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Pompeius]]'' et ''[[Vita Luculli (Plutarchus)|Lucullus]]''
*[[Titus Livius]], ''Periochae''
*[[Velleius Paterculus]], ''[[Historiae (Velleius)|Historiae]]''

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}

[[Categoria:Reges]]
[[Categoria:Pontus (regnum)]]
[[Categoria:Regnum Bosporanum]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Anatoliae Graecoromanae]]
[[Categoria:Bella Mithridatica]]
[[Categoria:Nati 134 a.C.n.]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 63 a.C.n.]]

{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
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[[Fasciculus:Mithridates_VI_Louvre.jpg|thumb|Mithradatis VI, [[sculptura]] [[marmor]]ea in [[Museum Lupariense|Museo Lupariensi]] conservata]]
'''Mithridates VI''' ([[Graece]]: Μιθραδάτης; [[134 a.C.n.]] in urbe [[Sinope]] natus, [[63 a.C.n.]] mortuus), titulo usitato '''Mithridates Eupator,''' fuit rex [[Pontus (regnum)|Ponti]] circa annos 119-63 a.C.n. qui se discipulum esse [[Alexander Magnus|Alexandri Magni]] et [[Darius I|Darii I]] agnovit. Inter hostes [[Roma]]e fuit per multos annos potentissimus felicissimusque, ut qui (fere usque ad mortem) bono successu contra tres Rei Publicae Romanae duces pugnavisset, videlicet [[Sulla]]m, [[Lucullus|Lucullum]], et [[Pompeius|Pompeium Magnum]].

== Initia Imperii ==
Mithridates VI fuit filius [[Mithridates V (rex Ponti)|Mithridatis V]] (150-120 a.C.n.), qui filio adhuc iuvene obiit. Hic igitur cum puerulus esset, mater eius [[Laodice (Mithridatis V uxor)|Laodice]] pro eo fortiter regnavit. Mithridates iuvenis Laodicam deiecit et in carcere inclusit anno [[115 a.C.n.]] Sic, ante inclusus, fratres Mithridatis necavit, sed non sororem eius, quam uxorem duxit. 

Mithridates regnum suum esse potentissimum esse circa [[Mare Nigrum]] cupivit. Colchide subiugo{{dubsig}}, rex Ponti ob terras inter se cum Palaco Rege [[Scythia]]e bellum gerere coepit. Multa quidem regna  cito se tradiderunt, ad aliquod praesidi adversus Scythiam, veterem hostem, sibi comparandum. Multis incursionibus repulsis et comitibus, Rhoxolanois, a Pontico legato [[Diophantus (Asclepiodori filius)|Diophanto]] interfectis, Mithridati parendum esse, declaravit gravatim. Novus rex nunc [[Roma]]nos orientes in [[Anatolia]] lacessivit. Meditatus sum facere interstitios in [[Paphlagonia]] atque [[Galatia]] cum rege [[Nicomedes III (rex Bithyniae)|Nicomede III]] [[Bithynia]]e. Atque manufestum fert Mithridati Nicomedem gubernavisse civitatem eius ad foedus cum re publica Romana contra Pontum. Societate Ponti Bithyniaeque eversa propter disputationem de finibus [[Cappadocia]] Nicomedeque multis certaminibus a Mithridate victo, Bithynia eo tunc necessitatis adducta est ut a Romanis auxilium praesidiumque sibi petere coacta sit. Cum Res Publica Pontum pro Bithynia commiserit, bellum inter Romam et Pontum necesse fuit nunc.

== [[Bella Mithridatica]] ==
Secundus rex Bithyniae, [[Nicomedes IV (rex Bithyniae)|Nicomedes IV]], enervus et compressus a Romanis fuit. Mithridates identidem ad deiiciendum Nicomedem temptavit sed Nicomedes frustravit hos conatos coepitque bellum contra Mithridatem. Mithridates Bithyniam festinanter superobruit. Graecae urbes, ceu [[Athenae]], desciverunt Mithridati quis ipsum esse defensorem Hellenismi declaravit. Exercitus Mithridatis igitur in Graecia manere tuto posuerunt dum classis Romanos ad [[Rhodes|Rhodem]] obsidebat. [[Tigranes II]], rex [[Armenia]]e, cum Mithridate sociavit contra Romam denupsitque primogenitam filiam, [[Cleopatra (Pontus)|Cleopatram]]. Occidente [[Anatolia]] vincta, Mithridates imperavit exercitum ut omnes Romani ibi habitantes necarentur.

== Fontes ==
*[[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Mithridatica''
*[[Cicero]], ''[[De imperio Cn. Pompei|De imperio Cnaei Pompei]]''
*[[Dio Cassius]], ''[[Historia Romana (Dio)|Historia Romana]]''
*[[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Pompeius]]'' et ''[[Vita Luculli (Plutarchus)|Lucullus]]''
*[[Titus Livius]], ''Periochae''
*[[Velleius Paterculus]], ''[[Historiae (Velleius)|Historiae]]''

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}

[[Categoria:Reges]]
[[Categoria:Pontus (regnum)]]
[[Categoria:Regnum Bosporanum]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Anatoliae Graecoromanae]]
[[Categoria:Bella Mithridatica]]
[[Categoria:Nati 134 a.C.n.]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 63 a.C.n.]]

{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
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[[Fasciculus:Mithridates_VI_Louvre.jpg|thumb|Mithradatis VI, [[sculptura]] [[marmor]]ea in [[Museum Lupariense|Museo Lupariensi]] conservata]]
'''Mithridates VI''' ([[Graece]]: Μιθραδάτης; [[134 a.C.n.]] in urbe [[Sinope]] natus, [[63 a.C.n.]] mortuus), titulo usitato '''Mithridates Eupator,''' fuit rex [[Pontus (regnum)|Ponti]] circa annos 119-63 a.C.n. qui se discipulum esse [[Alexander Magnus|Alexandri Magni]] et [[Darius I|Darii I]] agnovit. Inter hostes [[Roma]]e fuit per multos annos potentissimus felicissimusque, ut qui (fere usque ad mortem) bono successu contra tres Rei Publicae Romanae duces pugnavisset, videlicet [[Sulla]]m, [[Lucullus|Lucullum]], et [[Pompeius|Pompeium Magnum]].

== Initia Imperii ==
Mithridates VI fuit filius [[Mithridates V (rex Ponti)|Mithridatis V]] (150-120 a.C.n.), qui filio adhuc iuvene obiit. Hic igitur cum puerulus esset, mater eius [[Laodice (Mithridatis V uxor)|Laodice]] pro eo fortiter regnavit. Mithridates iuvenis Laodicam deiecit et in carcere inclusit anno [[115 a.C.n.]] Sic, ante inclusus, fratres Mithridatis necavit, sed non sororem eius, quam uxorem duxit. 

Mithridates regnum suum esse potentissimum esse circa [[Mare Nigrum]] cupivit. Colchide subiugo{{dubsig}}, rex Ponti ob terras inter se cum Palaco Rege [[Scythia]]e bellum gerere coepit. Multa quidem regna  cito se tradiderunt, ad aliquod praesidi adversus Scythiam, veterem hostem, sibi comparandum. Multis incursionibus repulsis et comitibus, Rhoxolanois, a Pontico legato [[Diophantus (Asclepiodori filius)|Diophanto]] interfectis, Mithridati parendum esse, declaravit gravatim. Novus rex nunc [[Roma]]nos orientes in [[Anatolia]] lacessivit. Meditatus sum facere interstitios in [[Paphlagonia]] atque [[Galatia]] cum rege [[Nicomedes III (rex Bithyniae)|Nicomede III]] [[Bithynia]]e. Atque manufestum fert Mithridati Nicomedem gubernavisse civitatem eius ad foedus cum re publica Romana contra Pontum. Societate Ponti Bithyniaeque eversa propter disputationem de finibus [[Cappadocia]] Nicomedeque multis certaminibus a Mithridate victo, Bithynia eo tunc necessitatis adducta est ut a Romanis auxilium praesidiumque sibi petere coacta sit. Cum Res Publica Pontum pro Bithynia commiserit, bellum inter Romam et Pontum necesse fuit nunc.

== [[Bella Mithridatica]] ==
Secundus rex Bithyniae, [[Nicomedes IV (rex Bithyniae)|Nicomedes IV]], enervus et compressus a Romanis fuit. Mithridates identidem ad deiiciendum Nicomedem temptavit sed Nicomedes frustravit hos conatos coepitque bellum contra Mithridatem. Mithridates Bithyniam festinanter superobruit. Graecae urbes, ceu [[Athenae]], desciverunt Mithridati quis ipsum esse defensorem Hellenismi declaravit. Exercitus Mithridatis igitur in Graecia manere tuto posuerunt dum classis Romanos ad [[Rhodes|Rhodem]] obsidebat. [[Tigranes II]], rex [[Armenia]]e, cum Mithridate sociavit contra Romam denupsitque primogenitam filiam, [[Cleopatra (Pontus)|Cleopatram]]. Occidente [[Anatolia]] vincta, Mithridates imperavit exercitum ut omnes Romani ibi habitantes necarentur.

== Fontes ==
*[[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Mithridatica''
*[[Cicero]], ''[[De imperio Cn. Pompei|De imperio Cnaei Pompei]]''
*[[Dio Cassius]], ''[[Historia Romana (Dio)|Historia Romana]]''
*[[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Pompeius]]'' et ''[[Vita Luculli (Plutarchus)|Lucullus]]''
*[[Titus Livius]], ''Periochae''
*[[Velleius Paterculus]], ''[[Historiae (Velleius)|Historiae]]''

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}

[[Categoria:Reges]]
[[Categoria:Pontus (regnum)]]
[[Categoria:Regnum Bosporanum]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Anatoliae Graecoromanae]]
[[Categoria:Bella Mithridatica]]
[[Categoria:Nati 134 a.C.n.]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 63 a.C.n.]]

{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gravedo</title>
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      <text bytes="32867" sha1="kc1ckf0devpga7pjhtfqxovuwcwsb1o" xml:space="preserve">{{videdis|Gravedo (discretiva)}}
[[Fasciculus:Rhinovirus.PNG|thumb|[[Rhinovirus]], causa plurimarum gravedinum]]
'''Gravedo,''' vel hodiernis vocibus [[medicina|medicis]] '''rhinitis acuta catarrhalis''' et '''nasopharyngitis''' et '''acutus rhinopharyngitis viralis''' et '''acuta coryza,''' est [[virus biologicum|viralis]] superioris [[systema respiratorium|systematis respiratorii]] [[morbus]], praecipue a [[rhinovirus|rhinoviris]] et [[coronavirus|coronaviris]] effectus.&lt;ref&gt;{{DorlandsDict|nine/000951572|common cold}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ea est communissimus inter [[homo|homines]] [[morbus]].
 
Communes gravedinis notae sunt [[pharyngitis]], [[rhinitis]], [[congestio nasalis]], [[sternumentum]], et [[tussis]], aliquando cum [[coniunctivitis|comiunctivitide]], [[myalgia]], [[fatigatio]]ne, [[lassitudo|lassitudine]], [[capitis dolor|capitis dolore]], [[debilitas musculorum|debilitate musculorum]], impotentia [[tremor (symptoma)|tremoris]], et [[anorexia]]. Extremae per gravedinem [[febris]] [[fatigatio]]que sunt rarae, licet usitatiores per [[influenza]]m, aliam superioris [[systema respiratorium|systematis respiratorii]] [[infectio]]nem, cuius notae notis gravedinis simillimae sunt (Eccles 2005), quamquam severiores (Nordenberg 1999).

Morbi indicia solent post circa [[hebdomas|septem dies]] non comparere, sed usque ad quattuordecim durare possunt, infantibus et parvulis graviora quam adultis. Quamquam morbus lenis et definitus esse solet, gravedine laborantes saepe auxilium medicorum confirmatorum&lt;!--certified = professional?--&gt; petunt, [[medicamentum libere coemptum|medicamentis libere coemptis]]&lt;!--over-the-counter--&gt; utuntur, et interdum scholam laboremve amittunt. Gravedinis societati per annum pretium magnopere remediorum sumptu et &quot;productivitatis&quot; amissae horis stat.
 
Non sunt [[antiviral]]ia ad contagionem curandam medicamenta rite approbata; omnia gravedinis medicamenta sunt exempla [[curatio pallians|curationis palliantis]], quae morbi notas solum extenuat. Etsi nonnulla remedia &quot;alternativa,&quot; sicut [[megapotio vitamini C]], ''[[Echinacea (planta)|echinacea]],'' et [[zincum]] proposita sunt, non sunt eorum efficacitatis firma argumenta (American Lung Association 2005); ergo nullum ab [[Administratio Ciborum et Medicamentorum|Administratione Ciborum et Medicamentorum]] ([[Anglice]] ''Food and Drug Administration'') vel [[Europaea Medicamentorum Administratio]]ne ([[Anglice]] ''European Medicines Agency'') approbatum est. Ad contagionem impediendam, [[lavatio manuum|lavatio manuum]] monstrata est efficax.&lt;!--as this minimizes person-to-person transmission of the virus.--&gt;

== Morbi notae ==
[[Fasciculus:Hapci-fr.gif|200px|thumb|Sternumentum saepe initium gravedinis significat.]]
Post contagionem, replicatio viralis post [[octo]] ad [[duodecim]] [[hora]]s incipit (Gwaltney &amp; Hayden 2006). Morbi notae mox evenire possunt, et ferme post [[duo]] ad [[quinque]] dies post contagionem, quamquam raro solum ante [[decem]] horas post contagionem (Hamilton n.d.). Primum gravedinis signum saepe est [[pharyngitis]]. Aliae notae communes sunt [[rhinorrhea]], [[congestio nasalis]], [[sternumentum]], et [[tussis]]. Haec indicia aliquando cum [[myalgia]], [[fatigatio]]ne, [[lassitudo|lassitudine]], [[capitis dolor]], [[debilitas musculorum|debilitate musculorum]], vel [[anorexia]] eveniunt (Common Cold Centre 2006); ea ferme sua sponte solvuntur post septem ad decem dies, sed nonnulla in viginti-unum dies persistunt (Heikkinen et al. 2003). [[Infantulus|Infantulis]], [[puer]]ulis, et quibus [[tabacum|tabaco]] utuntur, morbi notae possunt esse severiores, et possunt includere [[febris|febrim]] et [[urticaria]]m (American College of Allergy, Asthma &amp; Immunology n.d.; American Lung Association 2005; Canadian Lung Association 2006; Canadian Pediatric Society 2005a; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases 2006; Nordenberg 1999).
 
== Causa et mollitia ==
Gravedo saepissime efficitur ab contagione [[unus|unius]] ex plus quam [[centum]] [[serovar]]ibus [[rhinovirus|rhinoviri]], generis [[picornavirus|picornaviri]]. Alia vira gravedines moventia sunt [[coronavirus]], [[humana parainfluenzae vira]], [[respiratorium virus syncytiale humanum]], [[adenovirus|adenovira]], [[enterovirus|enterovira]], et [[metapneumovirus]] (Clinical Knowledge Summaries Service 2007; The Merck Manual Online 2005). Quia sunt multa virorum genera distincta, quae praeterea perpetuo mutantur, nullo modo fieri potest gravedinis immunitatem consequi.
[[Fasciculus:Blowing snow in Norway.jpg|thumb|left|Exponi in caelo frigido non monstratum est probabilitatem gravidinis &quot;captae&quot; augere.]]

Insomniae cum gravedine consociatae sunt. Tripliciter probabilius est ut rhinoviro expositi infectionem contrahant qui minus septenis horis in [[nox|nocte]] dormiunt quam qui magis octonis (Cohen et al. 2009).

[[Fabula]] vetus, iam communis, gravedinem contrahi docet cum quis diu caelo frigido exponitur, velut [[pluvia|pluviae]] aut [[gelu|gelui]] [[hiems|hiberno]] (Zuger 2003). Quamquam gravedines sunt tempestivae (plures per hiemem eveniunt), investigationes hactenus non probaverunt exponi in caelo frigido, etiam refrigerari, augere mollitiam infectionis; quod in se habet variationem tempestivam potius ostendere mutationem morum, sicut tempus intus auctum iuxta alios (Douglas, Couch, &amp; Lindgren 1967; Douglas, Lindgren, &amp; Couch 1968; Dowling et al. 1958; Eccles 2002; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases 2006).
 
Quod attinet ad causam notarum gravedinis similium, investigatores in Common Cold Centre [[Universitas Cardiff|Universitatis Cardiff]] (Common Cold Centre 2006) studium fecerunt ut temparetur hypothesis acute refrigerare [[pes|pedes]] initium notarum gravedinis efficere (Johnson 2005; Smith 2005).&lt;!-- Investigatio measured the subjects' self-reported cold symptoms, and belief they had a cold, but not whether an actual respiratory infection developed.--&gt; Repperit significanter{{dubsig}} maior numerus hominum refrigeratorum notas gravedinis evolvit quattuor vel quinque dies post refrigerationem. Concludit initium notarum gravedinis ab acuta [[pes|pedum]] refrigeratione effici potest. &lt;!-- Some possible explanations were suggested for the symptoms, such as placebo, or constriction of blood vessels of the nasal passages which might lead to reduced immunity, however &quot;further studies are needed to determine the relationship of symptom generation to any respiratory infection.&quot;
 
Another possibility which remains to be explored involves the role that proteins of the complement system play in the prevention of a sustained infection. Decreased temperature may result in a drop in tissue permeability and, as a result, may lead to reduced plasma leakage. Among the many proteins suspended in plasma are complement proteins (exempli gratia, C3) which serve to disable, destroy, or tag for destruction foreign particulate (in this case viral [[capsid]]s). Thus, sustained exposure to cold may inhibit the effectiveness of the complement system and allow the virus a better chance of establishing a state of infection. --&gt;
 
ICAM-1, receptor ad quem se rhinovirus ligat ut [[cellula]]s inficiat, numero et receptivitate{{dubsig}} multis stimulis respondens, [[pulvis|pulvere]] [[pollen|pollineque]] non exclusis, augetur. An [[caelum]] frigidum, cum variis [[humiditas|humiditatis]] gradibus, possit esse stimulus similis, est investigandum.

== Pathophysiologia ==
[[Fasciculus:Illu conducting passages.svg|thumb|Gravedo est morbus [[superior tractus respiratorius|superioris tractus respiratorii]] (tabula [[Anglice]] signata).]]
Virus gravedinis homines duobus modis inter se communicant: in primis contagione [[saliva|salivae]] vel secretionum nasalium hominis infecti, vel rectá formá [[aerosolium|aerosolii]]{{dubsig}} a tussibus sternutamentisque generata, vel ex superficiebus contaminatis (Kolata 2007). Morbi notae non requiruntur a virali effusione vel transmissione; aliqua subiecta asymptomatica vira in culturis nasalibus exhibent (Department of Health, Government of South Australia 2005).
 
Usitatus viri aditus est [[nasus]], sed possunt esse [[oculus|oculi]], per derivationem in [[nasopharynx|nasophyringem]] et tum per [[ductus nasilacrimalis|ductum nasilacrimalem]], unde ad intimum nasum et regionem [[adenoidum|adenoidorum]]{{dubsig}} refertur. Virus tunc se adfigit ad receptorem [[ICAM-1]], qui est in superficie [[cellula]]rum membranae nasopharyngis, ad quam receptor in superficiali viri aditu advenit. Multi viri receptores adsunt in cellulis adenoidi. Postquam se ad receptorem adfixit, virus vehitur in cellulam, ubi infectio statim initium capit (Gwaltney &amp; Hayden 2007). &lt;!--The common cold is self-limiting, and the host's [[immune system]] effectively deals with the infection. Within a few days, the body's [[humoral]] immune response begins producing specific [[antibodies]] that can prevent the virus from infecting cells. Additionally, as part of the cell-mediated immune response, [[leukocytes]] destroy the virus through [[phagocytosis]] and destroy infected cells to prevent further viral replication.--&gt; In singulis sanis et immunocompetentibus, gravedo [[septem]] [[dies|diebus]] cessare solet (Gwaltney &amp; Hayden 2006).

== Morbi complexiones ==
Gravedo [[infectio opportunistica|opportunisticas]] [[coinfectio]]nes vel [[superinfectio]]nes sicut [[bronchitis acutus|bronchitidem acutum]], [[bronchiolitis|bronchiolitidem]], [[croup]],{{dubsig}} [[pneumonia]]m, [[sinusitis|sinusitidem]], [[otitis media|otitidem mediam]], et [[fauces strepitantes]] generare potest.&lt;!--strep throat--&gt; Homines quibus sunt chronici morbi [[pulmo|nis]], sicut [[asthma]] et [[morbus chronicus obstructionis pulmonum|COPD]] (Anglice), sunt praecipue propensi. Gravedines acutas [[asthma]]e, [[emphysema]]e, et [[bronchitis chronicus|bronchitidis chronici]] exacerbationes efficere possunt (Clinical Knowledge Summaries Service 2007; Gwaltney &amp; Hayden 2006; The Merck Manual Online 2005).

== Morbi tractatio ==
Gravedo plerumque solvitur ultro per septem ad decem dies, sed aliae notae possunt persistere ad viginti unos dies (Heikkinen et al. 2003). Absunt medicamenta vel remedia herbalia quae temporis spatium morbi certo praecidere possunt. Curatio saepe datur formá [[medicamentum|medicamenti]] doloris et aliarum notarum, ut aeger adlevetur et implicationes nocentesque [[sequelae]] circumscribantur.
 
===Commendationes=== &lt;!--
[[National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases]] suggests getting plenty of rest, drinking fluids to maintain hydratio, [[gargarizatio]] cum calida aqua salsa, using cough drops, throat sprays, or [[medicamentum libere coemptum]] pain or cold medicines (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases 2006). Saline nasal drops may help alleviate congestion (PDRHealth n.d.). --&gt;
Curationes quae notas adlevant includunt: [[analgesica]]s, [[decongestans|decongestantes]], et [[res quae tusses supprimunt]], [[antihistamina]]s generationis primae sicut [[brompheniramina]]m, [[chlorpheniramina]]m, [[diphenhydramina]]m, et [[clemastina]]m&lt;!-- (which reduce mucus gland secretion and thus combat blocked/runny noses but also may make the user drowsy). Second-generation antihistamines do not have a useful effect on colds (Canadian Pediatric Society 2005b).--&gt;
 
==== Antibiotica ====
[[Antibiotica]], quia sola [[bacteria]] oppugnant, effectum salutarem contra gravedinem non habent.

==== Antivirales ====
Non sunt gravedinis [[medicamentum antivirale|medicamenta antiviralia]] rite approbata. 
 
==== Medicinae gravedinis ====
Sunt variae [[medicinae pro tussi]]bus quae postulantur notas levare. Hae medicinae [[mucolyticae|mucolyticas]]{{dubsig}}, [[expectorantes]]{{dubsig}}, [[antitussivi|antitussivos]]{{dubsig}}, [[antihistaminum|antihistamina]]{{dubsig}}, et [[anticongestantes]]{{dubsig}} includunt. Non autem commendantur pro usu puerulorum (UpToDate Inc. n.d.).

=== Curationes &quot;alternae&quot; ===
[[Fasciculus:EchinaceaPurpureaMaxima1a.UME.JPG|thumb|Tinctura ''[[Echinacea purpurea|Echinaceae]]'' a multis habetur &quot;alternativa&quot; gravedinis curatio.]]
Multae curationes &quot;alternae&quot; gravedinem curare adhibentur; nulla autem firmis indiciis [[Scientia (ratio)|scientificis]] sustinetur (American Lung Association 2005). Etenim aliae curationes &quot;alternae,&quot; sicut [[echinacea (planta)|echinacea]] (Bergner 1997; Turner et al. 2005), hactenus videntur celeritatem infectionis vel temporis spatium severitatemve notarum gravedinis non mutare (National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2005; ''New England Journal of Medicine'' 2005).
 
Aliae curationes &quot;alternae&quot;, quae similiter firmis indiciis scientificis carent, [[calendula]] (Jimenez-Medina et al. 2006), [[zingiber]] (Jakes 2007), [[Allium sativum|allium]] (Hamel &amp; Chiltoskey 1975), et supplementa [[vitaminum C|vitamini C]] (Cathcart 1996) sunt.

== Prohibitio ==
Optimus gravedinem prohibendi modus est manus penitus ordinatimque lavare, et [[oculus|oculos]], [[nasus|nasum]], [[facies|faciem]] tactas vitare. [[Sapo]]nes antibacteriales virus gravedinis non adficiunt; quod particulas viri removet est mechanica manuum lautorum sapone actio (Public Health Agency Canada 2008). &lt;!-- Anno 2002, [[Centers for Disease Control|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] recommended alcohol-based hand gels as an effective method for reducing infectious viruses on the hands of health care workers (Boyce &amp; Pittet 2002). As with hand washing with soap and water, alcohol gels provide no residual protection from re-infection. --&gt; Gravedo a multis viris variis efficitur, quae frequentissime per reproductionem mutantes stirpes virales quae perpetuo mutantur gignunt; prospera ergo [[immunizatio]] est non verisimilis.
 
== Epidemiologia ==
Infectiones in superiore tractu respiratorio sunt communissimi morbi contagiosi adultorum et adulescentium, qui duas ad [[quattuor]] infectiones respiratorias per annum patiuntur (Garibaldi 1985). Pueruli sex ad decem gravedines per annum patiuntur; pueri in scholis ad decem per annum (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases 2006; Simasek &amp; Blandino 2007).
 
In [[Hemisphaerium Septentrionale|Hemisphaerio Septentrionali]], casus gravedinum sunt [[autumnus|autumnali]] [[hiems|hiemalique]] tempore maiores, et plurimae infectiones inter Septembrem Aprilemque incidunt. Haec ratio tempestiva fortasse incipium anni scholastici ostendit, vel maius tempus cum homines intus iuxta alios sint, casu transmissionis viri augenti (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases 2006).

== Etymologia et historia ==
Gravedinis in multis [[lingua|linguis]] verbum similitudini notarum gravedinis notarumque actus [[caelum|caelo]] [[frigor|frigido]] exponendi respondet. Sic omnes [[linguae Romanicae]]:
* [[Dacoromanice]]: ''rece'' 'frigidum', ''răceală'' 'gravedo'
* [[Francogallice]]: ''froid'' 'frigidum', ''refroidissement'' 'gravedo'
* [[Hispanice]]: ''frio'' 'frigidum', ''resfriado'' ' gravedo'
* [[Lingua Italica|Italice]]: ''freddo'' 'frigidum', ''raffreddarsi'' 'frigore tangi', ''raffreddore'' 'gravedo'
* [[Lusitanice]]: ''frio'' 'frigidum', ''resfriado, resfriamento'' 'gravedo'

Sic etiam in [[lingua Graeca]]: ''κρύο [kryo]'' 'frigidum', ''(το) κρυολόγημα [(to) kryológēma]'' 'gravedo'; in [[lingua Theodisca]]: ''kühl'' 'frigidum', ''abkühlen'' 'frigore tangi'; in [[lingua Croatica]] (una ex [[linguae Slavicae|linguis Slavicis]]): ''hladno'' 'frigidum', ''prehlada'' 'gravedo', in [[lingua Hungarica]] ([[Linguae Finno-Ugricae|Finno-Ugrica]]): ''hűvös'' seu ''fagy'' seu ''hideg'' 'frigidum', ''hűl'' 'frigore tangi', ''fázik'' 'frigerare', ''meghűlés'' seu ''megfázás'' 'frigeratio'.

Sic etiam in [[lingua Havaiana]], una ex [[linguae Polynesiae|linguis Polynesiis]]: ''anu'' 'frigidum', ''anu'' 'gravedo, gravedine laborare'.
[[Fasciculus:Definition of a Cold by Benjamin Franklin Page 1.jpg|thumb|''Definition of a Cold'' ('Definitio gravedinis'): adnotationes a [[Beniaminus Franklin|Beniamino Franklin]] scriptae ut commentarium de gravedine designaret.]]

[[Lingua Anglica|Anglice]], nomen ''common cold'' [[saeculum 15|saeculo quinto decimo]] similiter evolvit.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=cold ''Online Etymology Dictionary'' apud www.etymonline.com] &quot;Cold,&quot; ''Online Etymology Dictionary,'' inventum 12 Ianuarii 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Norman Moore in sua historia studii medicinae scripsit [[Iacobus I (rex Angliae)|Iacobum I]] Angliae regem gravedinibus continenter laborasse, quae a [[Polypus (medicina)|polypis]], incommodis [[sinus|sinibus]], vel [[autotoxaemia|autotoxaemiá]] effici tunc habitae sunt (Wylie 1927:81–87). [[Saeculum 18|Saeculo duodeviginti]], [[Beniaminus Franklin]] gravedinis causas prohibitionemque animadvertit; post nonnullos investigationis annos, concludit: &quot;Homines saepe inter se gravedinem communicant cum in parvis [[conclave|conclavibus]], [[raeda|raedis]], etc. spisse includantur, et prope conlocati conloquantur ut spiritu inter se hauriant.&quot; Quamquam vira non iam reperta erant, Franklin opinatus est gravedinem inter homines per [[aer]]em communicari. Ut homines gravedinem prohibeant, commendavit exercitationem, lavationem, et in [[cibus|cibo]] [[potio]]neque continentia (American Treasures of the Library of Congress n.d.). Haec theoria de communicatione gravedinis post centum quinquaginta annos confirmata est (Andrewes et al. 1951).

In [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britanniarum Regno]], [[Unitas Gravedinis]] ([[Anglice]] ''Common Cold Unit'') anno [[1946]] abs [[Consilium Investigationis Medicae]] ([[Anglice]] ''Medical Research Council'') constituta est. Haec unitas cum voluntariis laboravit, quos variis viris infecit (Schneider 2004). [[Rhinovirus]] ibi repertum est (Tyrrell 1988). Decennio 195 exeunti, investigatores unum ex his rhinoviris in [[cultura carnis]] ([[Anglice]]: ''tissue culture'') aluerunt, quia in fertilibus [[pullus|pullorum]] [[ovum|ovis]] non crevit—ratio pro multis aliis viris adhibita. [[Decennium 198|Decennio 198]], haec unitas monstravit curationem cum [[interferon]] per incubationem rhinoviro contagionis morbum aliquantum prohibere (Tyrrell 1987), sed efficax curatio evolvi non potuit. Unitas clausa est anno [[1989]], duos annos postquam investigaverat proprietates [[pastilla]]rum [[gluconas zinci|gluconatis zinci]] ad gravedinum rhinovirorum prohibendam curandamque—solum prosperum medicamentum ab unitate factum (Al-Nakib 1987).

In [[CFA|Civitatibus Foederatis Americae]], gravedo facit ut 75 ad 100 milliones [[homo|hominum]] [[medicus|medicos]] per annum visant, sumptu $7.7 billionarum{{dubsig}} aestimatarum. Americani $2.9 billionas{{dubsig}} in [[medicamentum libere coemptum|medicamenta libere coempta]] insumunt, et alias $400 millionas{{dubsig}} in medicamenta praescripta pro levatione morbi notarum (Fendrick &amp; al. 2003; Garibaldi 1985). Plus quam tertia pars eorum qui medicum consuluerunt [[praescriptio]]nem antibioticam acceperunt—quod adficit resistentiam{{dubsig}} antibioticam propter nimium talium medicamentorum usum (Fendrick &amp; al. 2003). Fortasse 22 ad 189 milliona{{dubsig}} [[dies|dierum]] [[schola]]e ob gravedinem amittuntur. Parentes ergo circa 126 milliona dierum laboris amittuntur ut ei domi maneant liberosque curent. Quia homines ipsi a gravedinibus tacti circa 150 milliona dierum laboris amittunt, totus gravedinum effectus [[oeconomia|oeconomicus]] circa $20 billiona per annum excedit (Fendrick &amp; al. 2003; Garibaldi 1985; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases 2006).

== Investigationes scientificae ==
Societas [[Biota Holdings]] medicamentum evolvit, nunc appellatum BTA798, quod rhinovirus petit; quod medicamentum examinationes clinicas &quot;Phase IIa&quot; nuper complevit.&lt;ref name=&quot;mailonline&quot;&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-1043719/The-new-pill-signal-death-common-cold.html | title =  The new pill that could signal the death of the common cold| publisher = ''Daily Mail'' | month = August| year = 2008| accessdate = 19 August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;biotarelease&quot;&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.biota.com.au/uploaded/154/1021521_38hrvphaseiiastudyachieve.pdf | title =  Biota Press Release | month = June| year = 2009| accessdate = 19 August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Societates [[ViroPharma]] et [[Schering-Plough]] medicamentum antivirale, [[pleconaril]], evolvunt, quod [[Picornaviridae|picornaviridas]] petit, quae plurimas gravedines efficiunt; [[pleconaril]] iam probatum est in forma [[modus administrationis|per os administrata]] efficax (McConnell 1999; Pevear et al. 1999). [[Schering-Plough]] formulationem [[modus administrationis|per nasum administrandam]] evolvit quae fortasse pauciores effectus adversos habebit (National Institutes of Health 2007).

Investigatores [[Universitas Terrae Mariae, College Park|Universitatis Terrae Mariae, College Park]] et [[Universitas Visconsiniae–Madison|Universitatis Visconsiniae-Madison]] [[genoma]]ta omnium generum virorum quae gravedinem efficiunt tabulaverunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;CTgov&quot;&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.cnn.com/2009/HEALTH/02/12/cold.genome/| title = Genetic map of cold virus a step toward cure, scientists say| month = March| year = [[2009]]| accessdate = [[28 Aprilis]] [[2009]]| publisher = [[CNN]]| work = Val Willingham}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Influenza A virus]]
* [[Pituita]]
* [[Vitamin C et gravedo]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;
 
== Bibliographia ==
{{div col}}
* Al-Nakib, W., P. G. Higgins, I. Barrow, G. Batstone, et D. A. Tyrrell. [[1987]]. &quot;Prophylaxis and treatment of rhinovirus colds with zinc gluconate lozenges.&quot; ''Journal of Antimicrobiam Chemotherapy'' 20(6, Decembris):893–901. PMID 3440773.
* American College of Allergy, Asthma &amp; Immunology. N.d. ''Hives.'' [http://www.acaai.org/public/advice/urtic.htm, inventum 24 Novembris 2007]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.
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* Fendrick, A. M., A. S. Monto, B. Nightengale, et M. Sarnes. [[2003]]. &quot;The economic burden of non-influenza-related viral respiratory tract infection in the United States.&quot; ''Arch. Intern. Med.'' 163(4):487–494. PMID 12588210. http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/163/4/487.
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* Hamilton, Patsy. N.d. &quot;Facts about the Common Cold Incubation Period.&quot; [https://web.archive.org/web/20071014125019/http://healthguidance.org/entry/6125/1/Facts-about-the-Common-Cold-Incubation-Period.html ''Facts about the Common Cold Incubation Period'' apud www.healthguidance.org], inventum 3 Iulii 2007.
* Heikkinen, T., et A. Järvinen. [[2003]]. &quot;The common cold.&quot; ''The Lancet'' 361(9351):51–59.
* Jakes, Susan. [[2007]]. ''Beverage of Champions.'' 15 Ianuarii. Inventum 2 Augusti 2007.
* Jimenez-Medina E, et al. [[2006]]. &quot;A new extract of the plant Calendula officinalis produces a dual in vitro effect: cytotoxic anti-tumor activity and lymphocyte activation.&quot; ''BMC Cancer'' 6:6.
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* Zuger, Abigail. [[2003]]. &quot;'You'll Catch Your Death!' An Old Wives' Tale? Well. . . .&quot; ''[[The New York Times]]'' 4 Martii. [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D02E1DD163FF937A35750C0A9659C8B63 '''You'll Catch Your Death!' An Old Wives' Tale? Well . . . - The New York Times'' apud query.nytimes.com], inventum 817 17 Decembris.
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    <title>Plasma</title>
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      <text bytes="2827" sha1="kbcjue8v8mdr3tg8ljsroaok0t5py58" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Plasma-lamp 2.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Globus plasmatis]] nonnullas ex multiplicioribus plasmatis rebus exhibet, inter quas {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|filamentatio fluxus electrici||en|qid=Q72999506}}, ubi [[color]]es sunt eventus relaxationis [[electron]]um in statibus excitatis ad status altioris [[energia]]e postquam cum [[ion]]tibus iterum mixti sunt. Hae rationes [[lux|lucem]] emittunt in [[spectrum|spectro]] quod est proprietas excitationis [[gas]]ii.]]

{{res|Plasma}}&lt;ref name=NSLO&gt;[[Ebbe Vilborg]], ''Norstedts svensk-latinska ordbok'', editio secunda, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; ({{pns|atis|n}};&lt;ref name=NSLO/&gt; a [[Lingua Graeca antiqua|Graeco]] {{Graece|πλάσμα}} ‘figmentum’) in [[physica]] et [[chemia]] est [[status materiae|status rerum corporearum]] [[gasium|gasii]] similis, in quo certus [[particula]]rum [[numerus]] [[ion|iontizatur]], primum ab [[Irving Langmuir]] anno [[1932]] inventus. [[Calor|Calefacere]] gasium [[molecula]]s vel [[atomus|atomos]] [[iontizatio|iontizare]] potest, imminuedo aut augendo numerum [[electron]]um in eis conservatum; quod ergo in plasma commutatur, cui sunt particulae [[onus electricum|electricae]]: positiva [[ion]]ta et negativa [[electron|electrona]] vel ionta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Luo |first1=Q.-Z.|last2=D'Angelo|first2=N.|last3=Merlino|first3=R. L.| year=[[1998]]|title=Shock formation in a negative ion plasma|journal= |volume=5|issue=8|publisher=Department of Physics and Astronomy|url=http://www.physics.uiowa.edu/~rmerlino/nishocks.pdf|accessdate=[[20 Novembris]] [[2011]]}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Iontizatio aliis [[ratio]]nibus quoque induci potest, sicut [[campus electromagneticus]] fortis cui [[instrumentum lasericum]] vel generator [[microunda]]rum{{dubsig}}&lt;!--microwave--&gt; adhibetur, cum dissociatione{{dubsig}} [[vinculum moleculare|vinculorum molecularium]], si adsunt.

== Nexus interni ==
{{div col|3}}
* [[Canalis plasmaticus]]
* [[Corpus sanctum]]
* [[Diffusio]]
* [[Diffusio ambipolaris]]
* [[Fluidum]]
* [[Magnetohydrodynamica]]
* [[Nicolaus Tesla]]
* ''[[Nitriding plasmaticum]]''
* [[Parametra plasmatica]]
* [[Physica plasmatica]]
* [[Plasma quarcum-gluon]]
* [[Plasma sanguineum]]
* [[Praemium Hannes Alfvén]]
* [[Stella neutronica]]
* [[Ventus solaris]]
&lt;!-- + Electric field screening
List of plasma physicists
List of plasma (physics) articles
Important publications in plasma physics
IEEE Nuclear and Plasma Sciences Society--&gt;
{{div col end}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Plasma physics|plasma}}

{{status materiae}}

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      <text bytes="1306" sha1="kberlyoun19oiuyl5t4giswnzxmmshm" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Gollum s journey commences by Frederic Bennett.jpg|thumb|Gollum, a Tolkien ipso pictus]]
'''Gollum''' est [[Personae Legendarii Tolkien|persona]] e [[Legendarium Tolkien|legendario Tolkien]] orta. Antique Hobbit erat, Smeagol nomine;  necavit consobrinum suum Deagol, cum is invenisset Anulum Unium, ad Anulum ipsum raptandum. Potestas Anuli eum corrupsit et monstrum, odium luci Solis Lunaeque habente, mutavit.&quot;

Gollum, in libro [[Hobbitus Ille|''Hobbitus Ille'']], in cavernis [[Bilbo Baggins]] hobbitus invenit Anulumque. Gollum hobbitum apprehendit et certamen [[Aenigma|aenigmatum]] incipit ut hobbitum sumat an relinquat. Bilbo victor fit et cum anulo tutus discedit.

In libris ''[[Dominus Anulorum]]'' iterum apparet Gollum. Cum Comitatu Anuli breve tempus procedit. Videntur Smeagol originalis et Gollum corruptus inter se vehementer colloqui. Fine librorum in ignes Montis Mortis apud [[Mordor|Mordorem]] cum anulo comburitur et a [[Frodo Baggins|Frodone Baggins]] maledicitur.

Gollum saepissime et famose anulum &quot;pretiosum&quot; sive &quot;pretiosum meum&quot; vocat et ad anulum ipsum alloquitur.

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170717234841/http://www.imdb.com/character/ch0000152/ Gollum] apud ''IMDb'' 

{{pers-fict-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Personae Legendarii Tolkien]]</text>
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      <text bytes="2602" sha1="s392xq6jicr3b7fkbxaj2dvnwfks2nn" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}

{{res|Engelbertus Kämpfer}} seu {{res|plene=Engelbertus Kaempferus|Kaempferus}}&lt;ref&gt;De nomine Latino vide disputationem nostram&lt;/ref&gt; (natus {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Lemgo|Lemgoviae|de|qid=Q14817}} die [[16 Septembris]] [[1651]] – mortuus in ''[[Lieme]]'' die [[2 Novembris]] [[1716]]) fuit [[medicus]] [[historia naturalis (scientia)|naturalista]], [[botanice|botanista]] et [[explorator]] [[Germania|Germanicus]], qui multa de itineribus suis in [[Persia]]m et [[Iaponia]]m [[insula Dezima|Dezimae]] scripsit. Ante [[peregrinatio]]nem [[ambassiator]] [[Suecia]]e fuit. Post [[peregrinatio]]nem per [[Asia]]m, professor [[Academia Lugduno-Batava|Academiae Lugduno-Batavae]] factus est.

{{botanistae|Kaempf.}}

== Opera selecta ==
* ''Exercitatio politica de Majestatis divisione in realem et personalem'' quam […] in celeberr. Gedanensium Athenaei Auditorio Maximo Valedictionis loco publice ventilendam proponit Engelbertus Kämpffer Lemgovia-Westphalus Anno MDCLXXIII d. 8. Junii h. mat. [[Gedania| Dantisci]], Impr. David Fridericus Rhetius, 1673. 
* ''Disputatio Medica Inauguralis Exhibens Decadem Observationum Exoticarum'' quam […] pro gradu doctoratus […] publico examini subjicit Engelbert Kempfer, L. L. Westph. ad diem 22. Aprilis […] Lugduni Batavorum, apud Abrahanum Elzevier, Academiae Typographum, 1694. 
* ''Amoenitatum exoticarum politico-physico-medicarum fasciculi v, quibus continentur variae relationes, observationes &amp; descriptiones rerum Persicarum &amp; ulterioris Asiae, multâ attentione, in peregrinationibus per universum Orientum, collecta'' ab auctore Engelberto Kaempfero. Lemgoviae, Typis &amp; impensis H.W. Meyeri, 1712. [https://archive.org/details/b30500606_0001 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Wolfgang Michel, &quot;Engelbert Kaempfers Beschäftigung mit der japanischen Sprache&quot; in Detlef Haberland, ed., ''Engelbert Kaempfer. Werk und Wirkung'' (Stutgardiae: Boethius, 1993) pp. 194–221 [https://catalog.lib.kyushu-u.ac.jp/opac_detail_md/?lang=1&amp;amode=MD100000&amp;bibid=2893 textus]

== Nexus externi==
*{{PND|118559168}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081022014633/http://www.lemgo.de/personen/Kaempfer_start.htm Biographia]

{{bio-stipula}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaempfer, Engelbert}}
[[Categoria:Nati 1651]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1715]]
[[Categoria:Medici Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Exploratores Germanici]]
[[Categoria:Botanistae Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Latini recentiores]]
[[Categoria:Iapanologi]]
[[Categoria:Iranologi]]
[[Categoria:Exploratores Asiae]]</text>
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    <title>Formula:Praesides Guineae</title>
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      <text bytes="813" sha1="4139rfqk9d3rdgyd1yn6qtpwwgj7bzm" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa navigationis
| titulus = Praesides Guineae
| imago = {{Insigne|Guinea|scriptum=nil|amplitudo=55px|nexus=Guinea}}
| corpus = [[Ahmedus Sékou Touré]]&amp;nbsp;1958&amp;nbsp;• [[Ludovicus Lansana Béavogui]]&amp;nbsp;1984&amp;nbsp;• [[Lansana Conté]]&amp;nbsp;1984&amp;nbsp;• [[Aboubacar Somparé]]&amp;nbsp;1984&amp;nbsp;• [[Moussa Dadis Camara]]&amp;nbsp;2008&amp;nbsp;• [[Sékouba Konaté]]&amp;nbsp;2010&amp;nbsp;• [[Alpha Condé]]&amp;nbsp;2010• [[Mamadi Doumbouya]]&amp;nbsp;2021&amp;nbsp;pro&amp;nbsp;tempore
| sub = [[Opus:Geopoliticum|Opus geopoliticum]]&amp;nbsp;• [[Duces civitatum Africanarum hodiernarum]]
| sub2 = [[Formula:Primi ministri Guineae|Primi ministri Guineae]]}} &lt;noinclude&gt;

[[Categoria:Formulae Guineam spectantes]]
[[Categoria:Formulae navigationis ducum civitatum|Guinea]]
[[Categoria:Res politicae Guineënses|ß]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Henricus Patin</title>
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      <text bytes="2318" sha1="s2vdlz9huwz9ss1frz7qndx0g4jc99g" xml:space="preserve">''' Henricus Patin''' ([[Lutetia]]e natus die [[21 Augusti]] [[1793]]; mortuus die [[19 Februarii]] [[1876]]) fuit [[Lingua Graeca antiqua|Graecarum]] et [[Lingua Latina|Latinarum]] [[litterae|litterarum]] peritus [[Francia|Francicus]]. Patin, [[Academia Francica|Academiae Francicae]] sodalis, in eam anno [[1842]] cooptatus est et quinque annos Academiae secretarius perpetuus fuit accurate ab anno [[1871]] usque ad annum [[1876]]. 
==Vita==
Studiis in Schola normali finitis anno 1818 professor [[ars rhetorica|rhetoricae]] in [[collegium Henricus IV|Collegio Henrici IV]] factus est. Anno 1833 in [[Sorbona]] cathedram poeseos Latinae nactus est ubi anno 1865 decanus facultatis philosophicae electus est. Anthologiae praelectionum editae sunt sub titulis »Mélanges de littérature ancienne et moderne« (1840) et »Discours et mélanges littéraires« (1876).

== Opera ==
* ''Mélanges de littérature ancienne et moderne'' (1840)
* ''Études sur les tragiques grecs, ou Examen critique d'[[Aeschylus|Eschyle]], de [[Sophocles|Sophocle]] et d'[[Euripides|Euripide]], précédé d'une histoire générale de la tragédie grecque'' (1841-43)
* ''Œuvres d'Horace'' (1866). [https://web.archive.org/web/20051012080614/http://quintus.horatius.free.fr/trad/patin/index_patin.htm Versio interretialis]
* ''Études sur la poésie latine'' (1868-69)
* ''Discours et mélanges littéraires'' (1876)
* ''Odes d'[[Horace]]'' (1883). [https://web.archive.org/web/20051012080614/http://quintus.horatius.free.fr/trad/patin/index_patin.htm Versio interretialis]
* ''Poètes moralistes de la Grèce : [[Hesiodus|Hésiode]], [[Theognis|Théognis]], [[Callinus|Callinos]], [[Tyrtaeus|Tyrtée]], [[Mimnermus|Mimnerme]], [[Solon]], [[Simonides|Simonide d'Amorgos]], [[Phocylides|Phocylide]], [[Pythagoras|Pythagore]], [[Aristoteles|Aristote]]'' (1892)
* ''[[Lucretius|Lucrèce]]. De la Nature'' (1893)

== Nexus externus ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090213192546/http://www.academie-francaise.fr/immortels/base/academiciens/fiche.asp?param=382 Biographia] apud Academiam Francicam

{{scriptor-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patin, Henricus}}
[[Categoria:Socii Academiae Francicae]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1793 ]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1876]]
[[Categoria:Philologi Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Francogallici]]
[[Categoria:Recensores]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Elisabetha Henrietta Hyman</title>
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      <minor />
      <comment>{{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}}; Minora</comment>
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[[Fasciculus:Libbie Henrietta Hyman (1888-1969) (5493881089).jpg|thumb|'''Libbie Henrietta Hyman (1888–1969)''']]

{{res|Elisabetha Henrietta Hyman}} ([[Anglice]] ''Libbie Henrietta Hyman''; [[Monachopolis|Monachopoli]] in [[Iova]] nata die [[6 Decembris]] [[1888]], [[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]] in urbe mortua die [[3 Augusti]] [[1969]]) fuit studiosa [[zoologia]]e [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Americana]], quae presertim tamquam [[auctrix]] libri ''The Invertebrates'' memoratur.

== Vita et investigationes ==
Anno 1915 gradum doctoris obtinuit in [[Universitas Chicaginiensis|Universitate Chicaginensi]], ubi et postea laboravit, [[Hydrozoa]] et [[Turbellaria]] investigans. Cum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Dux usualis|manualia|en|qid=Q1057179}}{{dubsig}} quae tunc in usu erant ei displicuissent, melius manuale scribendum excogitavit, quod et fecit&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Manualia eius tam bene venumdabantur, ut circa annum 1930 de solis [[Dicaeoma|dicaeomatibus]] vivere posset. [[Sicagum]] ergo reliquens, Novum Eboracum petiit, ubi librum de zoologia [[Invertebrata|invertebratorum]] scribere coepit, quod semper optarat. Ab anno 1937 collaboratrix (''honorary research associate'') fuit [[Museum Historiae Naturalis Americanum|Musei Historiae Naturalis Americani]] (AMNH)&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Hyman &amp; Hutchinson'', op. cit.''&lt;/ref&gt;.

Anno 1960 [[Medalia|medaliam]] auream [[Societas Linnaeana Londiniensis|Societatis Linnaeanae Londiniensis]] recepit, quam cum ei praesentaret Carolus Pantin, tunc Societatis praeses, librum eius, qui ''The Invertebrates'' inscribitur, lexico [[Samuel Johnson|Samuelis Johnson]] comparavit atque omnem zoologum maxime debitorem eius esse opinavit&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Liber ille, in sex volumina digestus (non finitus propter mortem auctricis), etiam hodie frequenter legitur&lt;ref&gt;G. Ravindranath, ''Acknowledging Libbie Hyman — An Inspiring Zoologist'', „Resonance”, 27 (9), 2022, p. 1563–1577 [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12045-022-1449-4 lege hic]&lt;/ref&gt;.

Labores suos ita ipsa descripsit: &quot;Opinor propensionem meam ad Naturam investigandam ante omnia ad [[Aesthetica|aestheticam]] pertinere&quot; [''I believe my interest in nature is primarily aesthetic'']&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;''.''

== Opera ==
* ''A Laboratory Manual for Elementary Zoölogy'' (1919)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Libbie Henrietta Hyman, ''A laboratory manual for elementary zoölogy'' (Sicagi: University of Chicago Press, 1919); [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/32664 lege hic].&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''A Laboratory Manual for Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy'' (1922)
* ''Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy'' (1942)
* ''The Invertebrates'' :
** ''Volume 1: Protozoa through Ctenophora'' (1940)
** ''Volume 2: Platyhelminthes and Rhynchocoela'' (1951)
** ''Volume 3: Acanthocephala, Aschelminthes, and Entoprocta'' (1951)
** ''Volume 4: Echinodermata'' (1955)
** ''Volume 5: Minor coelomate phyla'' (1959)
** ''Volume 6: Mollusca 1'' (1967)

== Honores ==
Elisabetha Henrietta Hyman socia Academiae Americanae Artium et Scientiarum (anno 1960) atque [[Academia Nationalis Scientiarum Civitatum Foederatarum|Academiae Nationalis Scientiarum Civitatum Foederatarum]] (anno 1961) electa est. Medalias aureas a Societate Linnaeana Londiniensi (anno 1960) atque a Museo Historiae Naturalis Americano (anno 1969) recepit&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

In eius honorem ''Hymanella'', Turbellariorum genus, nominatum est&lt;ref&gt;William A. Castle, ''The Morphology and Life History of Hymanella retenuova, a New Species of Triclad from New England'', „The American Midland Naturalist”, 26 (1), 1941, p. 85–97 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2420756 lege hic]&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Bibliographia ==
*L. Hyman &amp; E. Hutchinson (1991) ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20230224125749/http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/hyman-libbie.pdf ''Libbie Hyman 1888–1969: A biographical memoir by Libbie Hyman and Evelyn Hutchinson.''] Vasingtoniae: National Academy of Sciences, 103–114.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{Anni vitae|1888|1969|Hyman, Elisabetha Henrietta}}
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Chicagoensis]]
[[Categoria:Taxa Hyman| ]]
[[Categoria:Zoologi Civitatum Foederatarum]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Amazones</title>
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      <text bytes="3961" sha1="cczz99fpersiudilliocqs5gfg7ycdm" xml:space="preserve">{{Videdis|Amazones (discretiva)}}
[[Fasciculus:0 Amazzone ferita - Musei Capitolini (1).JPG|thumb|&quot;Amazon vulnerata.&quot; [[Musea Capitolina]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Amazon preparing for the battle (Queen Antiope or Armed Venus) - Pierre-Eugene-Emile Hebert 1860 - NG of Arts Wash DC rotated and cropped.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Amazon se ad pugnandum parat, a [[Petrus Eugenius Aemilius Hébert|Petro Hébert]] anno [[1860]] sculpta.]]

'''Amazones''' ([[Graece]] {{Polytonic|Ἀμαζόνες}})&lt;ref&gt;Amāzōn, onis, Acc. -onem et -ona, f. (Ἀμαζών), pl. Amāzones, -um, Ac. onas.&lt;/ref&gt; in [[mythologia Graeca]] sunt gens [[mulier]]um bellatricium.&lt;!-- Haec genitivi forma mihi (QUIS ES?) quidem usitatior videtur esse quam ''bellitricum'' --&gt;

== Definitio a Forcellini Lexico Totius Latinitatis excerpta ==
[[Aegidius Forcellini]] Amazones sic describit:
&lt;blockquote&gt;fuere feminae bellicosissimae, quae [[Sarmatae|Sarmatiam]] ad [[Tanais|Tanaim]] fluvium primum incoluerunt, deinde in [[Cappadocia (provincia Romana)|Cappadocia]] ad Thermodontem consederunt. Earum arma erant arcus cum [[sagitta|sagittis]], securis, [[hasta]], et [[peltastae|pelta]] lunata. Dictae sunt Amazones, quasi sine [[mamma]], ab α (a) priv.{{dubsig}} et μαζός (mazos), ''mamma''. [[Mos]] enim fuit Amazonibus, interfectis [[mas|maribus]], quos genuissent, servare feminas, earumque infantium mammas dextras inurere, ne impedimento essent ad pugnam conserendam, et ne sagittarum jactus impediretur. At in omnibus, quae adhuc exstant, antiquis [[Ana|anaglyphis]] videre est passim Amazones utraque  mamma praeditas, quia fortasse [[sculptor|sculptores]], quod visu ingratum foedumque foret, repraesentare nolurint. . . . Origo, [[regnum]], et [[res gestae]] Amazonum a [[Marcus Iunianus Iustinus|Iustino]]&lt;ref&gt;M. Iunianus Iustinus, Historiae Philippicae, II.&lt;/ref&gt; disertissime descripta sunt. [[Quintus Curtius Rufus|Curtius]]&lt;ref&gt;Q. Curtius Rufus, Historiae Alexandri Magni, VI.&lt;/ref&gt; etiam ubi de [[Thalestris|Thalestri]] ultima earum [[regina]] verba facit, Amazonum [[cultus]] et [[mores]] breviter persequitur.&lt;ref&gt;Forcellini, ''Lexicon Totius Latinitatis'' [https://archive.org/details/totiuslatinitati01forc].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Nomina Amazonum ==
Inter Amazones enumerantur:
* [[Antiope (Amazon)|Antiope]]
* [[Hippolyta]]
* [[Penthesilea]], regina Amazonum
* [[Thalestria]] seu Thalestris, regina Amazonum (sicut a scriptoribus quibusdam asseveratur) tempore [[Alexander Magnus|Alexandri Macedonis]]

== Artes ==
Pugna Amazonum [[Bellum Troianum|Bello Troiano]] multis a [[pictor]]ibus demonstrata est, inter quos ab [[Anselmus Feuerbach|Anselmo Feuerbach]], qui bis (1869 et 1873) ''[[Amazonomachia (Feuerbach)|Amazonomachiam]]'' pinxit, et a [[Petrus Paulus Rubens|Petro Paulo Rubens]], qui anno [[1615]] [[Amazonomachia (Rubens)|picturam ominis eiusdem]] fecit. 

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*[[Aeschylus]], ''[[Prometheus vinctus]]'' 724-8
*[[Ammianus Marcellinus]] XXII.8.17-19 et 27.
*[[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Mithridatica'' 103
*[[Diodorus Siculus]], libro secundo ''[[Bibliotheca historica (Diodorus)|Bibliothecae Historicae]]'' cap.44-46
*[[Herodotus]], ''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Melpomene]]'' 110-117
*[[Isocrates]], ''[[Panegyricus (Isocrates)|Panegyricus]]'' 68-70
*[[Lysias]], ''Oratio funebris'' 4-6
* [[Pausanias]] libro primo ''[[Graeciae descriptio|Graeciae descriptionis]]'' 2.1 15.2 17.2 25.2 41.7
*[[Plutarchus]], &quot;Theseus&quot; in ''[[Vitae parallelae|Vitis Parallelis]]'' cap. 26-27 et ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Pompeius]]'' 35.5-6
* [[Procopius]], ''[[De bellis (Procopius)|De bellis]]'' 8.3.5-11
*{{Strabo}} XI.5.1-4.

{{NexInt}}
*[[1042 Amazone]]
*[[Flumen Amazonum]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Amazons|Amazones}}
* Imagines Amazonum in [https://web.archive.org/web/20140420032519/http://warburg.sas.ac.uk/vpc/VPC_search/subcats.php?cat_1=5&amp;cat_2=351 ''Musaeo Iconographico Warburgiano'']

[[Categoria:Amazones|!]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gouverneur Morris</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="1116" sha1="f8vpceuzarr2ueoc0ns4k0930wua486" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Gouverneur Morris 1753.png|thumb|Gouverneur Morris]]

'''Gouverneur Morris''' (natus in ''[[Morrisania]]'' hodie [[Urbs Novum Eboracum|Urbe Novo Eboraco]] die [[31 Ianuarii]] [[1752]]; ibidem mortuus die [[6 Novembris]] [[1816]]) fuit politicorum peritus [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Americanus]] unus ex [[Conditores CFA|Conditoribus Civitatum Foederatarum]]. Nam Morris, qui inter alia [[Philadelphiae Conventus|Philadelphia Conventui]] ut [[Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]] legatus adfuit, [[Constitutio Civitatum Foederatarum Americae|Constitutionem Civitatum Foederatarum]] subscripsit. Praeterea Morris sive in [[senatus (CFA)|senatu]] Novi Eboraci legatus fuit.

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Gouverneur Morris}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070825114340/http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/books/RevWar/ss/morrisg.htm Exercitus Americani biographia]
* {{CongBio|M000976}}

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Subscriptores Constitutionis Civitatum Foederatarum}}

{{Lifetime|1752|1816|Morris, Gouverneur}}
[[Categoria:Conditores Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Senatores Civitatum Foederatarum Novi Eboraci]]</text>
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    <title>Fasti censorum Rei Publicae Romanae</title>
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      <text bytes="9088" sha1="soblrkezqlb87tie8zv2oys10ijgf64" xml:space="preserve">Hic habes '''fastos [[censor]]um [[Res Publica Romana|Rei Publicae Romanae]]'''. Primus citatus cuiusque anni fuit patricius, alter plebeius (sed usque ad annum 363 a.C.n. ambo patricii, ab 131 a.C.n. nonnullis annis ambo plebei fuerunt).
*[[443 a.C.n.]] : [[Lucius Papirius Mugillanus]] et [[Lucius Sempronius A.f. Atratinus]]
*[[435 a.C.n.]] : [[Gaius Furius Pacilus Fusus]] et [[Marcus Geganius M.f. Macerinus]] (ambo patricii)
*[[430 a.C.n.]] (?) : Lucius Papirius et [[Publius Pinarius]] (ambo patricii)
*[[418 a.C.n.]] : [[Manius Aemilius Mam.f. Mamercinus]]
*[[403 a.C.n.]] : [[Marcus Furius Camillus]] et [[Marcus Postumius Albinus Regillensis]] (ambo patricii)
*[[393 a.C.n.]] : [[Lucius Papirius Cursor (tribunus militum anno 387 a.C.n.)|Lucius Papirius Cursor]] et [[Gaius Iulius Sp.f. Iullus]] (ambo patricii); quod Iulius officio fungens mortuus est, [[Marcus Cornelius Maluginensis (censor 393 a.C.n.)|Marcus Cornelius Maluginensis]] suffectus est, quod postea vetitum est&lt;ref&gt;[[Titus Livius]], ab urbe condita, V 31,7&lt;/ref&gt;.
* [[380 a.C.n.]] : [[Gaius Sulpicius Camerinus]] et [[Spurius Postumius Albinus Regillensis]] (ambo patricii)
* [[378 a.C.n.]] : [[Spurius Servilius Priscus]] et [[Quintus Cloelius Siculus (censor 378 a.C.n.|Quintus Cloelius Siculus]] (ambo patricii)
* [[366 a.C.n.]] : [[Gaius Sulpicius M.f. Peticus]] et Postumius Regillensis Albinus (ambo patricii)
* [[363 a.C.n.]] : [[Marcus Fabius K.f. Ambustus]] et [[Lucius Furius Sp.f. Medullinus]] (ambo patricii)
* [[351 a.C.n.]] : [[Gaius Marcius L.f. Rutilus]] (e plebe) et [[Gnaeus Manlius L.f. Capitolinus Imperiosus]] (patricius)
* [[332 a.C.n.]] : [[Spurius Postumius Albinus]] : [[Quintus Publilius Q.f. Philo]]
* [[318 a.C.n.]] : [[Lucius Papirius L.f. Crassus]] : [[Gaius Maenius P.f.]]
* [[312 a.C.n.]] : [[Appius Claudius Caecus]] : [[Gaius Plautius Venox]]
* [[307 a.C.n.]] : [[Marcus Valerius Maximus (consul 312 a.C.n.)|Marcus Valerius Maximus]] : [[Gaius Iunius Bubulcus Brutus]]
* [[304 a.C.n.]] : [[Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullianus]] : [[Publius Decius P.f. Mus]]
* [[300 a.C.n.|300]]/299 a.C.n. : [[Publius Sulpicius Saverrio]] : [[Publius Sempronius Sophus (consul 304 a.C.n.)|Publius Sempronius Sophus]]
* [[294 a.C.n.]] : [[Publius Cornelius Arvina]] : [[Gaius Marcius Rutilus Censorinus]]
* 290/[[288 a.C.n.]] : [[Quintus Fabius Maximus Gurges]] : [[Spurius Carvilius Maximus]]
* [[283 a.C.n.]] : ? : [[Quintus Caedicius Noctua]]
* [[280 a.C.n.]] : [[Lucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus]] : [[Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus Maximus]]
* [[275 a.C.n.]] : [[Quintus Aemilius Papus]] : [[Gaius Fabricius Luscinus]]
* [[272 a.C.n.|272]]/271 a.C.n. : [[Lucius Papirius Praetextatus]] : [[Manius Curius Dentatus]]
* [[269 a.C.n.]] (?) : [[Lucius Aemilius Barbula]] : [[Quintus Marcius Philippus]]
* [[265 a.C.n.]] : [[Gnaeus Cornelius Blasio]] : [[Gaius Marcius Rutilus Censorinus]]
* [[258 a.C.n.]] : [[Lucius Cornelius Scipio (consul 259 a.C.n.)|Lucius Cornelius Scipio]] : [[Gaius Duilius]]
* [[253 a.C.n.]] : [[Lucius Postumius (consul 262 a.C.n.)|Lucius Postumius]] : [[Decimus Iunius Pera]]
* [[252 a.C.n.]] : [[Manius Valerius Maximus Messalla]] : [[Publius Sempronius Sophus (consul 268 a.C.n.)|Publius Sempronius Sophus]]
* [[247 a.C.n.]] : [[Aulus Manlius Torquatus Atticus]] : [[Aulus Atilius Calatinus]]
* [[241 a.C.n.]] : [[Marcus Fabius M.f. Buteo]] : [[Gaius Aurelius Cotta]]
* [[236 a.C.n.]] : [[Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Caudinus]] : [[Quintus Lutatius Cerco]]
* [[234 a.C.n.]] : [[Aulus Postumius Albinus (consul 242 a.C.n.)|Aulus Postumius Albinus]] : [[Gaius Atilius Bulbus]]
* [[231 a.C.n.]] : [[Titus Manlius Torquatus (consul 235 a.C.n.)|Titus Manlius Torquatus]] : [[Quintus Fulvius Flaccus]]
* [[230 a.C.n.]] : [[Quintus Fabius Maximus|Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus]] : [[Marcus Sempronius C.f. Tuditanus]]
* [[225 a.C.n.]] : [[Gaius Claudius Centho]] : [[Marcus Iunius Pera]]
* [[220 a.C.n.]] : [[Lucius Aemilius Papus]] : [[Gaius Flaminius]]
* [[214 a.C.n.]] : [[Publius Furius Philus]] : [[Marcus Atilius Regulus (consul 227 a.C.n.)|Marcus Atilius Regulus]]
* [[210 a.C.n.]] : [[Lucius Veturius Philo]] : [[Publius Licinius Crassus Dives (consul 205 a.C.n.)|Publius Licinius Crassus Dives]]
* [[209 a.C.n.]] : [[Marcus Cornelius Cethegus]] : [[Publius Sempronius C.f. Tuditanus|Publius Sempronius Tuditanus]]
* [[204 a.C.n.]] : [[Gaius Claudius Nero]] : [[Marcus Livius Salinator]]
* [[199 a.C.n.]] : [[Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus]] : [[Publius Aelius Paetus]]
* [[194 a.C.n.]] : [[Gaius Cornelius Cethegus]] : [[Sextus Aelius Paetus Catus]]
* [[189 a.C.n.]] : [[Titus Quinctius Flamininus]] : [[Marcus Claudius Marcellus (consul 196 a.C.n.)|Marcus Claudius Marcellus]]
* [[184 a.C.n.]] : [[Lucius Valerius Flaccus]] : [[Marcus Porcius Cato maior|Marcus Porcius Cato]]
* [[179 a.C.n.]] : [[Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (consul 187 a.C.n. et 175 a.C.n.)|Marcus Aemilius Lepidus]] : [[Marcus Fulvius Nobilior (consul 189 a.C.n.)|Marcus Fulvius Nobilior]]
* [[174 a.C.n.]] : [[Aulus Postumius Albinus]] : [[Quintus Fulvius Flaccus]]
* [[169 a.C.n.]] : [[Gaius Claudius Pulcher]] : [[Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus (consul 177 a.C.n.)|Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus]]
* [[164 a.C.n.]] : [[Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus|Lucius Aemilius Paullus]] : [[Quintus Marcius Philippus]]
* [[159 a.C.n.]] : [[Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica (consul 162 a.C.n.)|Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica]] : [[Marcus Popilius Laenas (consul 173 a.C.n.)|Marcus Popilius Laenas]]
* [[154 a.C.n.]] : [[Marcus Valerius Messalla (consul 161 a.C.n.)|Marcus Valerius Messalla]] : [[Gaius Cassius Longinus (consul 171 a.C.n.)|Gaius Cassius Longinus]]
* [[147 a.C.n.]] : [[Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Lupus]] : [[Lucius Marcius Censorinus]]
* [[142 a.C.n.]] : [[Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus]] : [[Lucius Mummius Achaicus]]
* [[136 a.C.n.]] : [[Appius Claudius Pulcher (consul 143 a.C.n.)|Appius Claudius Pulcher]] : [[Quintus Fulvius Nobilior]]
* [[131 a.C.n.]] : [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus]] et [[Quintus Pompeius]] (ambo plebei)
* [[125 a.C.n.]] : [[Gnaeus Servilius Caepio]] : [[Lucius Cassius Longinus Ravilla]]
* [[120 a.C.n.]] : [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Balearicus]] et [[Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi (consul 133 a.C.n.)|Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi]] (ambo plebei)
* [[115 a.C.n.]] : [[Lucius Caecilius Metellus Diadematus]] et [[Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 122 a.C.n.)|Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus]] (ambo plebei)
* [[109 a.C.n.]] : [[Marcus Aemilius Scaurus (senior)|Marcus Aemilius Scaurus]] : [[Marcus Livius Drusus (consul 112 a.C.n.)|Marcus Livius Drusus]]
* [[108 a.C.n.]] : [[Quintus Fabius Maximus Eburnus]] : [[Gaius Licinius Geta]]
* [[102 a.C.n.]] : [[Gaius Caecilius Metellus Caprarius]] et [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Numidicus]] (ambo plebei)
* [[97 a.C.n.]] : [[Lucius Valerius Flaccus (consul 100 a.C.n.)|Lucius Valerius Flaccus]] : [[Marcus Antonius (consul 99 a.C.n.)|Marcus Antonius]]
* [[92 a.C.n.]] : [[Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 96 a.C.n.)|Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus]] et [[Lucius Licinius Crassus]] (ambo plebei)
* [[89 a.C.n.]] : [[Lucius Iulius Caesar (consul 90 a.C.n.)|Lucius Iulius Caesar]] : [[Publius Licinius Crassus (consul 97 a.C.n.)|Publius Licinius Crassus]]
* [[86 a.C.n.]] : [[Lucius Marcius Philippus (consul 91 a.C.n.)|Lucius Marcius Philippus]] et [[Marcus Perperna (consul 92 a.C.n.)|Marcus Perperna]] (ambo plebei)
* [[70 a.C.n.]] : [[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus]] : [[Lucius Gellius Poplicola (cos. 72 a.C.n.)|Lucius Gellius Poplicola]]
* [[65 a.C.n.]] : [[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|Marcus Licinius Crassus]] et [[Quintus Lutatius Catulus (consul 78 a.C.n.)|Quintus Lutatius Catulus]] (ambo plebei)
* [[64 a.C.n.]] : [[Lucius Aurelius Cotta (cos. 65 a.C.n.)|Lucius Aurelius Cotta]] abdicavit
* [[55 a.C.n.]] : [[Marcus Valerius Messalla Niger]] : [[Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus (consul 79 a.C.n.)|Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus]]
* [[50 a.C.n.]] : [[Appius Claudius Pulcher (consul 54 a.C.n.)|Appius Claudius Pulcher]] : [[Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus (consul 58 a.C.n.)|Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus]]
* [[42 a.C.n.]] : [[Publius Sulpicius Rufus]] : [[Gaius Antonius Hybrida]]
* [[28 a.C.n.]] : [[Gaius Iulius Caesar Octavianus Augustus|Imperator Caesar Augustus]] : [[Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa]]
* [[22 a.C.n.]] : [[Paullus Aemilius Lepidus|Lucius Aemilius Lepidus Paullus]] : [[Lucius Munatius Plancus]]

== Nexus externi ==
* &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160914064519/http://ancienthistory.about.com/library/bl/bl_time_rome_censors.htm Timeline - Censors of Rome During the Roman Republic]&quot; (fons versionis primae huius indicis)

== Bibliographia ==
* &quot;[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Censor.html Censor]&quot; in {{Smith-dgra}} pp. 260-266
* Robert Vincent Cram, &quot;The Roman Censors&quot; in ''Harvard Studies in Classical Philology'' vol. 51 (1940) pp. 71-110 (fons principalis huius indicis)

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

[[Categoria:Indices hominum]]
[[Categoria:Roma antiqua]]
[[Categoria:Censores]]</text>
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      <text bytes="9088" sha1="8r0wnuj7firfjgb5q4ci3aj05li5m0x" xml:space="preserve">Hic habes '''fastos [[censor]]um [[Res Publica Romana|Rei Publicae Romanae]]'''. Primus citatus cuiusque anni fuit patricius, alter plebeius (sed usque ad annum 363 a.C.n. ambo patricii, ab 131 a.C.n. nonnullis annis ambo plebei fuerunt).
*[[443 a.C.n.]] : [[Lucius Papirius Mugillanus]] et [[Lucius Sempronius A.f. Atratinus]]
*[[435 a.C.n.]] : [[Gaius Furius Pacilus Fusus]] et [[Marcus Geganius M.f. Macerinus]] (ambo patricii)
*[[430 a.C.n.]] (?) : Lucius Papirius et [[Publius Pinarius]] (ambo patricii)
*[[418 a.C.n.]] : [[Manius Aemilius Mam.f. Mamercinus]]
*[[403 a.C.n.]] : [[Marcus Furius Camillus]] et [[Marcus Postumius Albinus Regillensis]] (ambo patricii)
*[[393 a.C.n.]] : [[Lucius Papirius Cursor (tribunus militum anno 387 a.C.n.)|Lucius Papirius Cursor]] et [[Gaius Iulius Sp.f. Iullus]] (ambo patricii); quod Iulius officio fungens mortuus est, [[Marcus Cornelius Maluginensis (censor 393 a.C.n.)|Marcus Cornelius Maluginensis]] suffectus est, quod postea vetitum est&lt;ref&gt;[[Titus Livius]], ab urbe condita, V 31,7&lt;/ref&gt;.
* [[380 a.C.n.]] : [[Gaius Sulpicius Camerinus]] et [[Spurius Postumius Albinus Regillensis]] (ambo patricii)
* [[378 a.C.n.]] : [[Spurius Servilius Priscus]] et [[Quintus Cloelius Siculus (censor 378 a.C.n.|Quintus Cloelius Siculus]] (ambo patricii)
* [[366 a.C.n.]] : [[Gaius Sulpicius M.f. Peticus]] et Postumius Regillensis Albinus (ambo patricii)
* [[363 a.C.n.]] : [[Marcus Fabius K.f. Ambustus]] et [[Lucius Furius Sp.f. Medullinus]] (ambo patricii)
* [[351 a.C.n.]] : [[Gaius Marcius L.f. Rutilus]] (e plebe) et [[Gnaeus Manlius L.f. Capitolinus Imperiosus]] (patricius)
* [[332 a.C.n.]] : [[Spurius Postumius Albinus]] : [[Quintus Publilius Q.f. Philo]]
* [[318 a.C.n.]] : [[Lucius Papirius L.f. Crassus]] : [[Gaius Maenius P.f.]]
* [[312 a.C.n.]] : [[Appius Claudius Caecus]] : [[Gaius Plautius Venox]]
* [[307 a.C.n.]] : [[Marcus Valerius Maximus (consul 312 a.C.n.)|Marcus Valerius Maximus]] : [[Gaius Iunius Bubulcus Brutus]]
* [[304 a.C.n.]] : [[Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullianus]] : [[Publius Decius P.f. Mus]]
* [[300 a.C.n.|300]]/299 a.C.n. : [[Publius Sulpicius Saverrio]] : [[Publius Sempronius Sophus (consul 304 a.C.n.)|Publius Sempronius Sophus]]
* [[294 a.C.n.]] : [[Publius Cornelius Arvina]] : [[Gaius Marcius Rutilus Censorinus]]
* 290/[[288 a.C.n.]] : [[Quintus Fabius Maximus Gurges]] : [[Spurius Carvilius Maximus]]
* [[283 a.C.n.]] : ? : [[Quintus Caedicius Noctua]]
* [[280 a.C.n.]] : [[Lucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus]] : [[Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus Maximus]]
* [[275 a.C.n.]] : [[Quintus Aemilius Papus]] : [[Gaius Fabricius Luscinus]]
* [[272 a.C.n.|272]]/271 a.C.n. : [[Lucius Papirius Praetextatus]] : [[Manius Curius Dentatus]]
* [[269 a.C.n.]] (?) : [[Lucius Aemilius Barbula]] : [[Quintus Marcius Philippus]]
* [[265 a.C.n.]] : [[Gnaeus Cornelius Blasio]] : [[Gaius Marcius Rutilus Censorinus]]
* [[258 a.C.n.]] : [[Lucius Cornelius Scipio (consul 259 a.C.n.)|Lucius Cornelius Scipio]] : [[Gaius Duilius]]
* [[253 a.C.n.]] : [[Lucius Postumius (consul 262 a.C.n.)|Lucius Postumius]] : [[Decimus Iunius Pera]]
* [[252 a.C.n.]] : [[Manius Valerius Maximus Messalla]] : [[Publius Sempronius Sophus (consul 268 a.C.n.)|Publius Sempronius Sophus]]
* [[247 a.C.n.]] : [[Aulus Manlius Torquatus Atticus]] : [[Aulus Atilius Calatinus]]
* [[241 a.C.n.]] : [[Marcus Fabius M.f. Buteo]] : [[Gaius Aurelius Cotta]]
* [[236 a.C.n.]] : [[Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Caudinus]] : [[Quintus Lutatius Cerco]]
* [[234 a.C.n.]] : [[Aulus Postumius Albinus (consul 242 a.C.n.)|Aulus Postumius Albinus]] : [[Gaius Atilius Bulbus]]
* [[231 a.C.n.]] : [[Titus Manlius Torquatus (consul 235 a.C.n.)|Titus Manlius Torquatus]] : [[Quintus Fulvius Flaccus]]
* [[230 a.C.n.]] : [[Quintus Fabius Maximus|Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus]] : [[Marcus Sempronius C.f. Tuditanus]]
* [[225 a.C.n.]] : [[Gaius Claudius Centho]] : [[Marcus Iunius Pera]]
* [[220 a.C.n.]] : [[Lucius Aemilius Papus]] : [[Gaius Flaminius]]
* [[214 a.C.n.]] : [[Publius Furius Philus]] : [[Marcus Atilius Regulus (consul 227 a.C.n.)|Marcus Atilius Regulus]]
* [[210 a.C.n.]] : [[Lucius Veturius Philo]] : [[Publius Licinius Crassus Dives (consul 205 a.C.n.)|Publius Licinius Crassus Dives]]
* [[209 a.C.n.]] : [[Marcus Cornelius Cethegus]] : [[Publius Sempronius C.f. Tuditanus|Publius Sempronius Tuditanus]]
* [[204 a.C.n.]] : [[Gaius Claudius Nero]] : [[Marcus Livius Salinator]]
* [[199 a.C.n.]] : [[Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus]] : [[Publius Aelius Paetus]]
* [[194 a.C.n.]] : [[Gaius Cornelius Cethegus]] : [[Sextus Aelius Paetus Catus]]
* [[189 a.C.n.]] : [[Titus Quinctius Flamininus]] : [[Marcus Claudius Marcellus (consul 196 a.C.n.)|Marcus Claudius Marcellus]]
* [[184 a.C.n.]] : [[Lucius Valerius Flaccus]] : [[Marcus Porcius Cato maior|Marcus Porcius Cato]]
* [[179 a.C.n.]] : [[Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (consul 187 a.C.n. et 175 a.C.n.)|Marcus Aemilius Lepidus]] : [[Marcus Fulvius Nobilior (consul 189 a.C.n.)|Marcus Fulvius Nobilior]]
* [[174 a.C.n.]] : [[Aulus Postumius Albinus]] : [[Quintus Fulvius Flaccus]]
* [[169 a.C.n.]] : [[Gaius Claudius Pulcher]] : [[Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus (consul 177 a.C.n.)|Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus]]
* [[164 a.C.n.]] : [[Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus|Lucius Aemilius Paullus]] : [[Quintus Marcius Philippus]]
* [[159 a.C.n.]] : [[Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica (consul 162 a.C.n.)|Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica]] : [[Marcus Popilius Laenas (consul 173 a.C.n.)|Marcus Popilius Laenas]]
* [[154 a.C.n.]] : [[Marcus Valerius Messalla (consul 161 a.C.n.)|Marcus Valerius Messalla]] : [[Gaius Cassius Longinus (consul 171 a.C.n.)|Gaius Cassius Longinus]]
* [[147 a.C.n.]] : [[Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Lupus]] : [[Lucius Marcius Censorinus]]
* [[142 a.C.n.]] : [[Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus]] : [[Lucius Mummius Achaicus]]
* [[136 a.C.n.]] : [[Appius Claudius Pulcher (consul 143 a.C.n.)|Appius Claudius Pulcher]] : [[Quintus Fulvius Nobilior]]
* [[131 a.C.n.]] : [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus]] et [[Quintus Pompeius]] (ambo plebei)
* [[125 a.C.n.]] : [[Gnaeus Servilius Caepio]] : [[Lucius Cassius Longinus Ravilla]]
* [[120 a.C.n.]] : [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Balearicus]] et [[Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi (consul 133 a.C.n.)|Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi]] (ambo plebei)
* [[115 a.C.n.]] : [[Lucius Caecilius Metellus Diadematus]] et [[Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 122 a.C.n.)|Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus]] (ambo plebei)
* [[109 a.C.n.]] : [[Marcus Aemilius Scaurus (senior)|Marcus Aemilius Scaurus]] : [[Marcus Livius Drusus (consul 112 a.C.n.)|Marcus Livius Drusus]]
* [[108 a.C.n.]] : [[Quintus Fabius Maximus Eburnus]] : [[Gaius Licinius Geta]]
* [[102 a.C.n.]] : [[Gaius Caecilius Metellus Caprarius]] et [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Numidicus]] (ambo plebei)
* [[97 a.C.n.]] : [[Lucius Valerius Flaccus (consul 100 a.C.n.)|Lucius Valerius Flaccus]] : [[Marcus Antonius (consul 99 a.C.n.)|Marcus Antonius]]
* [[92 a.C.n.]] : [[Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 96 a.C.n.)|Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus]] et [[Lucius Licinius Crassus]] (ambo plebei)
* [[89 a.C.n.]] : [[Lucius Iulius Caesar (consul 90 a.C.n.)|Lucius Iulius Caesar]] : [[Publius Licinius Crassus (consul 97 a.C.n.)|Publius Licinius Crassus]]
* [[86 a.C.n.]] : [[Lucius Marcius Philippus (consul 91 a.C.n.)|Lucius Marcius Philippus]] et [[Marcus Perperna (consul 92 a.C.n.)|Marcus Perperna]] (ambo plebei)
* [[70 a.C.n.]] : [[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus]] : [[Lucius Gellius Publicola (cos. 72 a.C.n.)|Lucius Gellius Poplicola]]
* [[65 a.C.n.]] : [[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|Marcus Licinius Crassus]] et [[Quintus Lutatius Catulus (consul 78 a.C.n.)|Quintus Lutatius Catulus]] (ambo plebei)
* [[64 a.C.n.]] : [[Lucius Aurelius Cotta (cos. 65 a.C.n.)|Lucius Aurelius Cotta]] abdicavit
* [[55 a.C.n.]] : [[Marcus Valerius Messalla Niger]] : [[Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus (consul 79 a.C.n.)|Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus]]
* [[50 a.C.n.]] : [[Appius Claudius Pulcher (consul 54 a.C.n.)|Appius Claudius Pulcher]] : [[Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus (consul 58 a.C.n.)|Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus]]
* [[42 a.C.n.]] : [[Publius Sulpicius Rufus]] : [[Gaius Antonius Hybrida]]
* [[28 a.C.n.]] : [[Gaius Iulius Caesar Octavianus Augustus|Imperator Caesar Augustus]] : [[Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa]]
* [[22 a.C.n.]] : [[Paullus Aemilius Lepidus|Lucius Aemilius Lepidus Paullus]] : [[Lucius Munatius Plancus]]

== Nexus externi ==
* &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160914064519/http://ancienthistory.about.com/library/bl/bl_time_rome_censors.htm Timeline - Censors of Rome During the Roman Republic]&quot; (fons versionis primae huius indicis)

== Bibliographia ==
* &quot;[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Censor.html Censor]&quot; in {{Smith-dgra}} pp. 260-266
* Robert Vincent Cram, &quot;The Roman Censors&quot; in ''Harvard Studies in Classical Philology'' vol. 51 (1940) pp. 71-110 (fons principalis huius indicis)

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

[[Categoria:Indices hominum]]
[[Categoria:Roma antiqua]]
[[Categoria:Censores]]</text>
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    <title>Historia Iaponiae</title>
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      <text bytes="9319" sha1="tj88sauevm2dmycdj0zvw9mfxxk5kzu" xml:space="preserve">{{Latinitas|-3}}
[[Fasciculus:Byodo-in_Uji03bs2640.jpg|thumb|[[Templum]] [[Byōdō-in]] aetatis Heian, [[saeculum 11|saeculo undecimo]].]]

{{res|Historia Iaponiae}} est [[narratio]] rerum a populo Iaponiensi gestarum in [[regio]]ne propria, ex qua [[civitas]] [[Iaponia]]e profecta est. Vetustissimae [[scriptura]]e de [[historia]] Iaponiae sunt [[Kojiki]] et [[Nihon Shoki]].

== Aevo palaeolithico ==
[[Fasciculus:JomonStatue.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|Typus [[dea materna|deae maternae]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|aetas Jōmon|aetatis Jōmon|en|qid=Q52824}}.]]
Prima [[habitatio]]nis signa in Iaponia aevo [[Palaeolithicum|palaeolithico]] apparuerunt, 30 000 a.C.n. saecuto&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20090826235250/http://www.t-net.ne.jp/~keally/palaeol.html Japanese Palaeolithic Period], Charles T. Keally. {{Ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080626001634/http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/102/17/6231.pdf Global archaeological evidence for proboscidean overkill], Todd Surovell et al., [[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]], 2005. {{Ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt; 14 000 a.C.n., aevo ''Jōmon'' (縄文時代, ''Jōmon-jidai'') culto [[venatio|venatoris]], convectoris, [[agricultura|agriculturis]]. Vasa ornata sunt ex his temporibus, saepe cum tortis formis, nonnullus superati antiquissimis [[Opus fictile|figulinarum]] mundis.

== Aeva feudorum ==
Secuta aeva Cofun,&lt;ref&gt;Ubi [[Mozu Kofungun]] et [[Furuichi Kofungun]] creati sunt.&lt;/ref&gt; Asuka, Nara,&lt;ref&gt;Ubi [[Heijō-kyō]] a [[Gemmei (imperatrix)|imperatrice Gemmei]] creatum est.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Aevum Heian|Heian]], Kamakura, Edo, et multi alii qui [[feudum|feudorum]] ducebantur a ducibus [[xogun]] quos sustinuerunt [[eques|equites]] [[samurai]]. His temporibus systema graphicus et [[scriptura]], rationes, [[religio]], concepta, [[philosophia]], etc inlata sunt ex Sinensis. In multis partis, duces appellantur [[xogun]] regnabant effultis ab equis appellati [[samuraeus|samuraei]] sub feudi.

=== Introitum et interdictum peregrinorum ===
* ''Vide etiam [[Nagasacii Historia]] et [[Bellum Sovietico-Iaponiense]].''
[[Explorator]]es ex [[Europa]] medio [[saeculum 16|saeculo sexto decimo]] revera hanc [[urbs|urbem]] [[Nagasacium (urbs)|Nagasacium]] condiderunt auxeruntque, cum [[navis]] [[Portugallia|Portugalis]] sedit in ripis {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Cangoscima|Cangoscimae|ja|qid=Q15674}} [[caput (urbs)|capitis]]. Apostolus [[Iesuitae|Iesuita]] [[Franciscus Xaverius]] in [[Iaponia]]m venit anno [[1549]], sed quamquam in Sinam anno [[1551]] profectus est, ibi mortuusque est paulum post, discipuli in Iaponia manserunt et converterunt plures duces (''daimyo, [[daimyō]]''). Inter quos maximus erat [[Omura Sumitada|Bartholomaeus Sumitada Ōmura]], qui conversione maxime fructus est, quod mercis partem acceperit quam inferebant naves Portugalis in portum quem constituerunt in Nagasacio anno [[1571]] urbis conditae, se adiuvante.

Saeculo XVI&lt;ref&gt;Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan (First edition, 1983), indices &quot;Sakoku(Isolationis/ Seclusion Edicts)&quot; et Namban Boeki(Anglice, Foreign trade with Barbarians).&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; etiam, commeabant mercatores et missonaria Christianarum ce [[Lusitania]], [[Nederlandia|Batavia]], [[Anglia]], [[Hispania]] suspectantium [[Xogun|xogunatis]] praefectis Iaponarum qui timebant ne Iaponiam irrupisset. Itaque die [[18 Octobris]] [[1633]] multi [[Missionarius|missionarii]] [[Societas Iesu|Societatis Iesu]] necati sunt. A [[Tokugawa Ieyasu|Tokugawa Ieiaso]], [[Xogun|praefecto]], igitur peregrini intrantibus vetiti sunt extra mercatores Bataviarum, Sinicarum in sola porta patefacta [[Dezima]] nunc [[Nagasacum|Nagasace]] per 2000 annos donec [[Mathaeus Perry]], praefectus classis, apertum Iaponiae ad mundum compulit anno [[1854]] cum [[Conventio Kanagawa|Conventu Kanagawa]] anno [[1854]]&lt;ref&gt;Perry, Matthew Calbraith. (1856). [https://web.archive.org/web/20170519080911/http://ebook.lib.hku.hk/CTWE/B36599566/ ''Narrative of the expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan, 1856.''] {{Ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Res novae ==
:''Vide etiam [[Restauratio Meiji dicta]]'' et [[Aetas Meiji]] et [[Primum Bellum Sino-Iaponense]].
[[Fasciculus:Emperor-Meiji-British-Museum2018.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Imperator Meiji]],{{dubsig}} anno 1887 pictus.]]
[[Portus|Portis]] patefactis, nonnullos annos societas Iaponiae valde velociter mutavit occidentem contingentem renovatium. ''Meiji Ishin'', aut Renovatio Meidiana dicta, immutationes politicas ab anno [[1868]] et initium novae rei publicae rectionis in imperio Iaponica, quae societatem Iaponicam celerrime ad vitae modum civitatum occidentalium admovit, etsi primo reditum ad virtutes [[mores]]que Iaponiae veteri proprios contendebat, imprimis autem renovationem [[Imperatores Iaponiae|imperii]] (quod Tennōismus vocatur ex appellatione imperatoris, qui Iaponice Tenno vocatur). Per motum [[Restauratio Meiji dicta|Meiji Ishin]], Xogun coactus abdicare, systemate foederis abolito, imperator restitutus fuit. Posterior, valde proficiebat [[technologia]] [[Scientia (ratio)|scientiaque]]. Multi institutes occidentes adhibiti erant quarum sunt legalis, rectionis, oeconimiarum, socialibus, militaris, quae Iaponiam orbem potentiam mutavit. Iaponia, imperii cupidi, bellum cum [[Sinae (regio)|Sericis]] anno 1895 et [[Russia|Sarmatis]] anno [[1905]] commovit. Iaponia [[Corea]]m anno [[1910]] incucurrit et [[Mandshuria]]m anno [[1931]].

== Bello mundano secundo et moderna ==
:''Vide rem principalis [[Bellum Pacificum]]'' et [[Foedus Trium Imperiorum]].
Iaponia in [[secundum bellum mundanum|bello mundano secundo]] anno [[1941]] concitator erat incurrente [[Res Publica Popularis Sinarum|Serem]], [[Corea]]m, [[Philippinae|Philippinas]] etc. Incucurrit [[Indonesia]]m anno [[1942]]. [[Bomba atomica|Bombae atomis]] delapsi in [[Nagasacium|Nagasaci]] et [[Hirosima]] qua prima est in historia globalis uti armis nuclearis. Deditia Iaponia est [[bellum|bello]] in [[CFA]] [[1945]]. Die [[3 Novembris]] [[1946]], [[Constitutio Iaponiae]] nova ratione [[monarchia constitutionalis]] et [[pacifismus]] decreta est a voluntate [[populus|populi]] per Parlamentum Imperiale post [[suffragium mulierum]] universaleque. Die [[18 Novembris]] [[1951]] [[Hirohito]] imperator Iaponiae foedera pacis et securitatis cum [[CFA]] signavit. Die [[11 Martii]] [[2011]], passa est [[Terrae motus Tohoku|terraemotus magnam mensuram magnitudinis 9.0]], qui [[megacyma]]m exacerbavit invicem [[litus|litore]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/11/japan-earthquake-tsunami-questions-answers Japan earthquake and tsunami: what happened and why|World news]. The Guardian. Adeptus in 2011-04-03. {{Ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2011/usc0001xgp/neic_c0001xgp_wmt.php|title=USGS WPhase Moment Solution - NEAR EAST COAST OF HONSHU, JAPAN|accessdate=2012-12-4|author=[[United States Geologic Service|USGS]]|language=Anglice}}. {{Ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Honsua]]e 130 chiliometro ex hac urbe. Die [[1 Aprilis]] 2011, clades consequens [[Terrae motus|terraemotum]] [[megacyma]]mque appellata rectione Iaponensis, &quot;[[Terrae motus Tohoku|Magna Terraemotus Orientalis Iaponens]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20110402a6.html|work=[[The Japan Times]]|title=Kan names quake at pep talk|date=2011-04-02|accessdate=2011-04-02|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5xgiq5T7u|archivedate=2011-04-05}}. {{Ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hodie unum est ex divitiae civitatis praeclarus et in [[technologia]], et prospera utitur.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Himiko]]
* [[Historia Asiae]]
* [[Kabuki]]
* [[Litterae Iaponiae]]
* ''[[Man'yōshū]]''
* [[Nihonjinron]]
* [[Palatium Imperatorium Kyoto]]

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Daniel Bartolius, ''[https://www.google.it/books/edition/Dell_historia_della_Compagnia_di_Giesu_L/AZzcZh4HX5YC?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1 Dell'historia della Compagnia di Giesù. L'Asia descritta dal P. Daniello Bartoli della medesima Compagnia]'', liber III (Romae, 1660). {{Ling|Italice}}
* Arnoldus Montanus, Ioannes Ogilby, ''[https://www.google.it/books/edition/Atlas_Japannensis_Being_Remarkable_Addre/dX1hAAAAcAAJ?hl=it&amp;gbpv=1 Atlas Japannensis]'' (Londinii, 1670). {{Ling|Anglice}}
* Iacobus Murdoch et Isoh Yamagata, ''[https://ia800505.us.archive.org/11/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.502094/2015.502094.A-History_text.pdf A History of Japan, vol. II]'' (Londinii, 1949). {{Ling|Anglice}}
* Iosephus Franciscus Schütte, ''[https://archive.org/details/mhsi111/page/n401/mode/2up?q=Ximadono Monumenta historica Japoniae I: Textus catalogorum Japoniae aliaeque de personis domibusque S.J. in Japonia informationes et relationes, 1549-1654]'' (Romae, 1975).

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|History of Japan|historiam Iaponiae}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090826235250/http://www.t-net.ne.jp/~keally/palaeol.html]
* Berenguer-Futagami, Ferdinandus (2023), ''[https://www.academia.edu/120696485/Ferran_Berenguer_Theseos_expositio_De_Heideggeri_philosophia_deque_eius_receptione_Iaponica_fragmenta Theseos expositio: de philosophia Martini Heidegger deque eius receptione Iaponica]''. Academia Friburgiana: Publications.

{{Historia Asiae}}

[[Categoria:Historia Iaponiae|!]]
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    <title>Hydrophiidae</title>
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      <text bytes="21193" sha1="6k04tt9qxujrce5qhwd9q4xuhpyhzqz" xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| name = Serpens marina
| image = Pelamis platura, Costa Rica.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Pelamis platurus]]''
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| subphylum = [[Vertebrata]]
| classis = [[Reptilia]]
| ordo = [[Squamata]]
| subordo = [[Serpentes]]
| familia = '''Elapidae'''
| familia_authority = [[Fridericus Boie|Boie]], [[1827]]
}}

:''Pro anguibus marinis in [[mythologia]] et [[cryptozoologia]], vide [[Serpens marinus]].''

'''Serpentes marinae''' vel '''angues marini''', aliquando [[Familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] formà '''Hydrophiidae''' (e [[Lingua Graeca|Graeco]] ''hydro-'' '[[aqua]]' + ''ophis'' '[[serpens]]') appellatae, aliquando subfamilia (Elapidarum) '''Hydrophiinae''', sunt nonnullae [[species (taxinomia)|species]] [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[Elapidae|Elapidarum]], quae in [[Mare|mari]] habitant. Cum familia habeatur, duas in subfamilias dividitur, quae [[Laticaudinae]] (''[[Laticauda]]m'' tantum comprehendens) et Hydrophiinae sunt.

Corpus vitae marinae commodatur [[cauda]]e gratia, quae in [[pinna]]e formam commutata est.
Inter cunctas [[Serpentes]] Hydrophiidae [[Venenum|venenosissimae]] sunt, sed timidae, quare raro homines mordent.

Se [[evolutio|evolverunt]] ex maioribus terrestribus, sed plurimi se late ad [[vita]]m omnino [[aqua]]ticam adaptaverunt, et ergo super [[terra (humus)|terram]] moveri non possunt, [[genus (taxinomia)|genere]] ''[[Laticauda]]'' excepto, cuius [[species (taxinomia)|species]] avitas retinent proprietates quae eis motum super terram sinunt. Angues marini in calidis [[aqua|aquis]] [[litus|litoralibis]] ab [[Oceanus Indicus|Oceano Indico]] ad [[Oceanus Pacificus|Pacificum]] inveniuntur. Omnibus sunt [[cauda]]e remiformes, et multis sunt [[corpus (physicum)|corpora]] lateraliter compressa, caudarum [[Anguilliformes|anguilliformium]] similia. Omnibus, [[branchiae|branchiis]] carentibus, [[Piscis|piscium]] dissimilibus, emergendum est ut respirent. Ei sunt inter aquatissima omnium [[vertebrata|vertebratorum]] quae [[aer]]em spirant.&lt;ref name=&quot;P&amp;G77&quot;&gt;H. W. Parker et A. G. C. Grandison ([[1977]]), ''Snakes: a natural history,'' ed. 2a (British Museum (Natural History) et Cornell University Press).&lt;/ref&gt; Inter hunc gregem sunt species quibus sunt potentissima omnium serpentium [[venenum|venena]]. Nonnullae species, quibus est [[natura]] lenis, solum inritatae mordunt, sed aliae sunt hostiliores. Septendecim [[genus (taxinomia)|genera]] nunc describuntur, quibus sunt sexaginta duae [[species (taxinomia)|species]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ITIS&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NRDB&quot;/&gt;
 
== Descriptio ==
Adulti plurimarum specierum ad 120–150 cm longi sunt,&lt;ref name=&quot;Sti74&quot;&gt;Stidworthy J. 1974. Snakes of the World. Grosset &amp; Dunlap Inc. 160 pp. ISBN 0-448-11856-4.&lt;/ref&gt; quarum maxima species, ''[[Hydrophis spiralis]],'' ad 3 m crescit.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fic82&quot;&gt;G. S. Fichter, ''Poisonous Snakes: A First Book'' (Franklin Watts, 1982, ISBN 0-531-04349-5).&lt;/ref&gt; [[Oculus|Oculi]] sunt parvi, pupula rotunda praediti,&lt;ref name=&quot;Dit33&quot;&gt;R. L. Ditmars, ''Reptiles of the World,'' ed. retractata (MacMillan, 1933).&lt;/ref&gt; et plurimis sunt nares dorsales.&lt;ref name=&quot;Meh87&quot;&gt;J. M. Mehrtens, ''Living Snakes of the World in Color'' (Novi Eboraci: Sterling Publishers, 1987, ISBN 0-8069-6460-X).&lt;/ref&gt; [[Caput|Capita]] a capitibus [[elapidae|elapidarum]] terrestrium non modis maioribus discrepant, quamquam dentitio est primitiva,{{dubsig}} [[dens|dentibus]]&lt;!--fangs--&gt; brevibus et (''[[Emydocephalus|Emydocephalo]]'' excepto) ad duodeviginti minoribus dentibus post eos in [[maxilla]].&lt;ref name=&quot;P&amp;G77&quot;/&gt;
 
[[Fasciculus:Laticauda colubrina (Wakatobi).jpg|thumb|225px|left|''[[Laticauda colubrina]].'']] Plurimi angues marini sunt omnino aquatici et se ad circumiectum naturalem multis modis accommodaverunt, quorum maxime proprius&lt;!-- videas quaeso disputationem! --&gt; est cauda remiformis, quae facultatem [[natare|natandi]] auxit.&lt;ref name=&quot;RAS-FAO&quot;&gt;[ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/y0870e/y0870e65.pdf Sea snakes] at [http://www.fao.org/ Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]. Die 7 Augusti 2007 confirmatus.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Corpus (physicum)|Corpora]] multarum [[species (taxinomia)|specierum]] varie sunt lateraliter compressa, praecipue in speciebus [[pelagicus|pelagicis]].&lt;!--This has often caused the [[ventral scales]] to become reduced in size, even difficult to distinguish from the adjoining scales. Their lack of ventral scales means that they have become virtually helpless on land, but as they live out their entire life cycle at sea, they have no need to leave the water.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sti74&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Meh87&quot;/&gt;--&gt; Solum genus quod amplificatas [[squama (zoologia)|squamas]] ventrales retinet est ''[[Laticauda]],'' cui sunt quinque species. Hi serpentes putantur primitiviores,{{dubsig}} quia ei iam super terram plerumque degunt, ubi squamae ventrales manum{{dubsig}}&lt;!--grip--&gt; necessarium eis praebet.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sti74&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Meh87&quot;/&gt; ''Laticaudae'' etiam sunt soli angues marini quibus sunt [[squamae internasales]]: eorum nares non sunt dorsales.&lt;ref name=&quot;RAS-FAO&quot;/&gt;&lt;!--
 
As it is easier for a snake's tongue to fulfill its olfactory function under water, its action is short compared to that of terrestrial snake species. Only the forked tips protrude from the mouth through a divided notch in the middle of the [[rostral scale]].&lt;ref name=&quot;P&amp;G77&quot;/&gt; The nostrils have valves consisting of a specialized spongy tissue to exclude water, and the windpipe can be drawn up to where the short nasal passage opens into the roof of the mouth. This an important adaptation for an animal that must surface to breathe, but may have its head partially submerged when doing so. The lung has become very large and extends almost the entire length of the body, although it is thought that the rear portion developed to aid buoyancy rather than to exchange gas. It is also possible that the extended lung serves to store air for dives.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sti74&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Meh87&quot;/&gt; --&gt;

Plurimi angues marini per [[cutis|cutem]] respirare possunt. Inter [[reptilia]], haec potestas est inusitata, quod eorum cutis est crassa et squamosa; investigationes autem ''[[Pelamis platurus|Pelamidis platuri]],'' speciei [[pelagicus|pelagicae]], monstraverunt hanc speciem circa quinta partem [[oxygenium|oxygenii]] requisiti sic adipisci posse, et ergo diutissime urinari posse.&lt;ref name=&quot;C&amp;L04&quot;&gt;J. A. Campbell et W. W. Lamar, ''The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere'' (Ithacae et Londinii: Comstock Publishing Associates, 2004, ISBN 0-8014-4141-2).&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Fasciculus:Banded Sea Snake-jonhanson.jpg|thumb|300px|''[[Laticauda laticaudata]].'']]

Sicut alia animalia terrestria quae se ad [[vita]]m in marino circumiectu naturali accommodaverunt, angues marini multo plus [[sal]]em per diaetam sorbent quam eorum cognati terrestres.&lt;!--This meant that they had to evolve a more effective means of regulating the salt concentration of their blood.--&gt; [[Mammalia]] salem in solutione expellere possunt, plerumque in [[urina]], sed munus [[ren]]um in [[avis|avibus]] et [[reptilia|reptilibus]] est debilius; ergo in avibus, praecipue in [[sphenisciformes|sphenisciformibus]], sal ex [[glans (anatomia)|glandibus]]&lt;!--gland, non glans penis; discretiva reficienda est--&gt; nasalibus emovetur, sicut in [[iguana marina|iguanis marinis]] [[Insulae Galapagenses|Insularum Galapagensium]]. [[Chelonioidea|Chelonioideis]] sunt [[glans lacrimalis|glandes lacrimales]], quae salsissimas lacrimas proferunt. In anguibus marinis, posteriores glandes sublinguales, sub et circa vaginam [[lingua]]e, se evolverunt ut salem actione linguae eiciant.&lt;ref name=&quot;P&amp;G77&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Meh87&quot;/&gt;

Squamae inter angues marinos maxime variant. Contra terrestres serpentium species, quibus sunt squamae imbricatae ad abrasionem resistendam, squamae plurimorum anguium marinorum non imminent. Speciebus autem quae in scopulis&lt;!--reefs--&gt; habitant, sicut ''[[Aypisurus]],'' sunt squamae imbricatae ad resistendum [[curalium]] acrem. Ipsae squamae sunt leves, cum carinis praeditae,&lt;!--=keeled--&gt; spinosae, vel granulares saepe [[verruca]]rum similes. ''[[Pelamis]]'' corporeas habet squamas [[clavus|clavorum]] similes, dum squamae caudales sunt confines lamina [[hexagonum|hexagonales]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Meh87&quot;/&gt;
[[Fasciculus:Aipysurus laevis.jpg|thumb|''[[Aipysurus laevis]]'']]

''[[Aipysurus laevis|Aipysuro laevi]]'' sunt photoreceptores in [[cutis|cute]] caudali, ut [[lux|lucem]] inveniant et probabiliter faciant ut se inter formamina curalii interdiu lateant. Quamquam aliae species non investigatae sunt, ''A. laevis'' fortasse in eam partem non est unicus inter angues marinos.&lt;ref name=&quot;Z&amp;H90&quot;&gt;K. Zimmerman et H. Heatwole, &quot;Cutaneous Photoreception: A New Sensory Mechanism for Reptiles,&quot; ''Copeia'' 1990 (3) (19 Septembris): 860-862.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Area geographica et habitatio ==
Plurimi angues marini in calidis [[Oceanus Indicus|Oceani Indici]] et occidentalibus [[Oceanus Pacificus|Oceani Pacifici]] aquis [[Zona tropica|tropicis]] habitant,&lt;ref name=&quot;Sti74&quot;/&gt; paucis speciebus procul in [[Oceania]] habitantibus.&lt;ref name=&quot;USN91&quot;&gt;U.S. Navy, ''Poisonous Snakes of the World. US Govt.'' (Novi Eboraci: Dover Publications, 1991, ISBN 0-486-26629-X).&lt;/ref&gt; Area geographica unius speciei, ''[[Pelamis platurus|Pelamis platuri]],'' est latior quam area geographica omnium specierum reptilium, praeter paucas [[chelonioidea|chelonioideorum]] species.&lt;ref name=&quot;P&amp;G77&quot;/&gt; Patet ab orientali [[Africa]]e litore, a [[Dzibutum|Dzibuto]] in septentrionibus ad [[Civitas Capitis|Civitatem Capitis]] in australem (Spawls et Branch 1995) trans oceanos [[Oceanus Indicus|Indicum]] et [[Oceanus Pacificus|Pacificum]], ad australem ad septentrionale [[Nova Zelandia|Novae Zelandiae]] litus,&lt;ref name=&quot;USN91&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Slaughter R. J., Beasley D. M., Lambie B. S., Schep L. J. |title=New Zealand's venomous creatures |journal=N. Z. Med. J. |volume=122 |issue=1290 |pages=83–97 |year=2009 |pmid=19319171}}&lt;/ref&gt; adeo ad occidentale [[America]]e litus, ubi a [[Peruvia]] septentrionali in australi ([[Insulae Galapagenses|Insulis Galapagensibus]] non exclusis) ad [[Sinus Californiae|Sinum Californiae]] in septentrionibus extenditur. Specimina remota inveniuntur ad septentriones ante litus [[urbs|urbis]] [[Sanctus Clemens (urbs)|Sancti Clementis]] [[California]]e in [[CFA|Civitatibus Foederatis]].&lt;ref name=&quot;C&amp;L04&quot;/&gt;

Angues marini in [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Oceano Atlantico]] et maribus [[Mare Caribicum|Caribico]], [[Mare Rubrum|Rubro]], [[Mare Mediterraneum|Mediterraneoque]] non habitant. Aliqui angues marini in [[palus|paludibus]] [[mangle|manglis]] et in similibus aquae amarae habitationibus habitant, et duae species in [[aqua dulcis|aqua dulci]] habitant: ''[[Hydrophis semperi]]'' in [[Lacus Taal|Lacu Taal]] in [[Philippinae|Philippinis]], et ''[[Laticauda crockeri]]'' in Lacu Te Nggano [[Insula Rennell|Insulae Rennell]] in [[Insulae Salomonis|Insulis Salomonis]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Meh87&quot;/&gt;&lt;!--PLUS IN EN:--&gt;

== Victus ==
Plurimi angues marini [[piscis|piscibus]], praecipue [[Anguilliformes|anguilliformibus]], vescuntur.&lt;ref name=&quot;RAS-FAO&quot;/&gt; Una species [[mollusca]] et [[crustacea]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Meh87&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RAS-FAO&quot;/&gt; sicut [[dendrobranchiata]],&lt;ref name=&quot;USN91&quot;/&gt; anteponit, dum aliae solum [[ovum|ovis]] piscium vescuntur. Aliis speciebus quae super scopulos habitant sunt parva [[caput|capita]] et [[collum|colla]] tenuia, ut eae parva extrahant anguilliformia ex leni imi maris sabulo, ubi se celant.&lt;ref name=&quot;Meh87&quot;/&gt; Stidworthy (1974) dicit angues marinos escam ex linea piscatoria aliquando capere.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sti74&quot;/&gt;&lt;!--PLUS IN EN:--&gt;

== Taxinomia ==
&lt;!--Sea snakes were at first regarded as a unified and separate family, the Hydrophiidae, that later came to comprise two subfamilies: the Hydrophiinae, or true/aquatic sea snakes (now 16&amp;nbsp;genera with 57&amp;nbsp;species), and the more primitive Laticaudinae, or sea kraits (1&amp;nbsp;genus, ''[[Laticauda]]'', with 5&amp;nbsp;species). Eventually, as it became clear just how closely related the sea snakes are to the [[Elapidae|elapids]], the taxonomic situation became less well-defined. Some taxonomists responded by moving the sea snakes to the Elapidae, thereby creating the subfamilies Elapinae, Hydrophiinae and Laticaudinae, although the latter may be omitted if ''Laticauda'' is included in the Hydrophiinae. No one has yet been able to convincingly work out the [[phylogenetic]] relationships between the various elapid subgroups, and the situation is still unclear. Therefore, others opted to either continue to work with the older traditional arrangements, if only for practical reasons, or to lump all of the genera together in the Elapidae, with no taxonomic subdivisions, to reflect the work that remains to be done.&lt;ref name=&quot;ITIS&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NRDB&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dit33&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Meh87&quot;/&gt; --&gt;

{|cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 border=1 style=&quot;border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!bgcolor=&quot;#f0f0f0&quot;|Genus&lt;ref name=&quot;ITIS&quot;&gt;{{ITIS |id=174348 |taxon=Elapidae |accessdate=7 August 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NRDB&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20081011004551/http://www.jcvi.org/reptiles/families/elapidae.php Elapidae] apud [http://reptile-database.org/ New Reptile Database]. Nexus die 12 Augusti 2007 confirmatus est.&lt;/ref&gt;
!bgcolor=&quot;#f0f0f0&quot;|Auctor taxoni&lt;ref name=&quot;ITIS&quot;/&gt;
!bgcolor=&quot;#f0f0f0&quot;|Species&lt;ref name=&quot;ITIS&quot;/&gt;
!bgcolor=&quot;#f0f0f0&quot;|Subsp.*&lt;ref name=&quot;ITIS&quot;/&gt;
!bgcolor=&quot;#f0f0f0&quot;|Nomen Anglicum&lt;ref name=&quot;NRDB&quot;/&gt;
!bgcolor=&quot;#f0f0f0&quot;|Area geographica&lt;ref name=&quot;NRDB&quot;/&gt;
|-
|''[[Acalyptophis]]''
|[[Georgius Albertus Boulenger|Boulenger]], [[1869]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|1
|align=&quot;center&quot;|0
|Spiny-headed sea snake, horned sea snake
|style=&quot;width:40%&quot;|[[Sinus Thailandiae]]; [[Mare Sinense Australe]]; [[Fretum Taivaniae]]; et litora [[Quantunia]]e, [[Indonesia]]e, [[Philippinae|Philippinarum]], [[Nova Guinea|Novae Guineae]], [[Nova Caledonia|Novae Caledoniae]], [[Australia]]e ([[Territorium Septentrionale|Territorii Septentrionalis]], [[Terra Reginae|Terrae Reginae]], [[Australia Occidentalis|Australiae Occidentalis]]) 
|-
|''[[Aipysurus]]''
|[[Bernardus Germanus Stephanus comte de La Ville-sur-Illon La Cépède|Lacépède]], [[1804]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|7
|align=&quot;center&quot;|1
|Olive sea snakes
|[[Mare Timorense]], [[Mare Sinense Australe]], [[Sinus Thailandiae]], et litora [[Australia]]e ([[Territorium Septentrionale|Territorii Septentrionalis]], [[Terra Reginae|Terrae Reginae]], [[Australia Occidentalis|Australiae Occidentalis]]), [[Nova Caledonia|Novae Caledoniae]], [[Insulae Fidelitatis|Insularum Fidelitatis]], [[Nova Guinea|Novae Guineae]] meridianae, [[Indonesia]]e, [[Malaesia]]e, et [[Vietnamia]]e.
|-
|''[[Astrotia]]''
|Fischer, [[1855]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|1
|align=&quot;center&quot;|0
|Stoke's sea snake
|Regiones litorales ab [[India]] et [[Sri Lanka]] occidentalibus per Sinum Thailandiae ad [[Mare Sinense Australe]], in [[Malaesia]] occidentali, ab [[Indonesia]] ad [[Nova Guinea|Novam Guineam]], litora septentrionalia et orientalia [[Australia]]e, [[Philippinae]]
|-
|''[[Emydocephalus]]''
|Krefft, [[1869]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|2
|align=&quot;center&quot;|0
|Turtlehead sea snakes
|Litora [[Timoria]]e (Mare Indonesianum), [[Nova Caledonia]], [[Australia]] ([[Territorium Septentrionale]], [[Terra Reginae]], [[Australia Occidentalis]]), et in Mari Asiae Meridio-Orientalis secundum litora [[Sinae (regio)|Sinarum]], [[Taivania]]e, [[Iaponia]]e, et Insularum Ryukyu.
|-
|''[[Enhydrina]]''
|Gray, [[1849]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|2
|align=&quot;center&quot;|0
|Beaked sea snakes
|In [[Sinus Persicus|Sinu Persico]] ([[Omania]], [[Phylarchiarum Arabicarum Confoederatio]], etc.), ad meridiem ad [[Insulae Seisellenses|Insulas Seisellenses]] et [[Madagascaria]]m, Mare Asiae Meridio-Orientalis ([[Pakistania]], [[India]], Bangladesia, Myanmar, [[Thailandia]], [[Vietnamia]]), [[Australia]] ([[Territorium Septentrionale]], [[Terra Reginae]]), [[Nova Guinea]], et [[Papua Nova Guinea]].
|-
|''[[Ephalophis]]''
|[[Malcolm Arturus Smith|M. A. Smith]], [[1931]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|1
|align=&quot;center&quot;|0
|Grey's mudsnake
|[[Australia]] boreooccidentalis
|-
|''[[Hydrelaps]]''
|Boulenger, [[1896]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|1
|align=&quot;center&quot;|0
|Port Darwin mudsnake
|[[Australia]] septentrionalis, [[Nova Guinea]] australis
|-
|''[[Hydrophis]]''
|[[Petrus Andreas Latreille|Latreille]], in [[Carolus-Nicolaus-Sigisbertus Sonnini de Manoncourt|Sonnini]] &amp; Latreille, [[1801]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|34
|align=&quot;center&quot;|3
|Sea snakes
|Aquae Indoaustralianae et Asiae Meridio-Orientales.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cyb&quot;&gt;[http://www.cyberlizard.plus.com/venomous5.htm The Hydrophiidae] at [http://www.cyberlizard.plus.com/ Cyberlizard's home pages]. Accessed 12 August 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''[[Kerilia]]''
|Gray, [[1849]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|1
|align=&quot;center&quot;|0
|Jerdon's sea snake
|Aquae Asiae Meridio-Orientalis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cyb&quot;/&gt;
|-
|''[[Kolpophis]]''
|M. A. Smith, [[1926]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|1
|align=&quot;center&quot;|0
|Bighead sea snake
|[[Oceanus Indicus]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Cyb&quot;/&gt;
|-
|''[[Lapemis]]''
|Gray, [[1835]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|2
|align=&quot;center&quot;|0
|Spine-bellied sea snake, Shaw's sea snake
|A [[Sinus Persicus|Sinu Persico]] ad [[Oceanus Indicus|Oceanum Indicum]], [[Mare Sinense Australe]], archipelago Indo-Australianus, et [[Oceanus Pacificus]] occidentalis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cyb&quot;/&gt;
|-
|''[[Laticauda]]''
|[[Iosephus Nicolaus Laurenti|Laurentii]], [[1768]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|5
|align=&quot;center&quot;|0
|Sea kraits
|Aquae Asiae Meridio-Orientalis et Indoaustraliae.
|-
|''[[Parahydrophis]]''
|Burger &amp; Natsuno, [[1974]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|1
|align=&quot;center&quot;|0
|Northern mangrove sea snake
|[[Australia]] septentrionalis, [[Nova Guinea]] australis
|-
|''[[Parapistocalamus]]''
|Roux, [[1934]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|1
|align=&quot;center&quot;|0
|Hediger's snake
|[[Insula Bougainville]], [[Insulae Salomonis]]
|-
|''[[Pelamis platurus|Pelamis]]''
|Daudin, [[1803]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|1
|align=&quot;center&quot;|0
|Yellow-bellied sea snake
|Oceani [[Oceanus Indicus|Indicus]] et [[Oceanus Pacificus|Pacificus]]
|-
|''[[Praescutata]]''
|Wall, [[1921]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|1
|align=&quot;center&quot;|0
|
|A [[Sinus Persicus|Sinu Persico]] ad [[Oceanus Indicus|Oceanum Indicum]], [[Mare Sinense Australe]]&lt;!-- et northeast to the coastal region of Fujian and Strait of Taiwan.--&gt;
|-
|''[[Thalassophis]]''
|P. Schmidt, [[1852]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|1
|align=&quot;center&quot;|0
|Anomalous sea snake
|[[Mare Sinense Australe]] ([[Malaesia]], [[Sinus Thailandiae]]), [[Oceanus Indicus]] ([[Sumatra]], [[Iava]], [[Borneum]])
|-
|}
''*Subspeciebus nominatis exclusis.''&lt;!--PLUS IN EN:--&gt;
 
[[Fasciculus:Hydrophis cyanocinctus lores.jpg|thumb|240px|''[[Hydrophis cyanocinctus]]'']]

{{NexInt}}
* [[Elapidae]]
* [[Laticauda]]
* [[Hydrophis caerulescens]]
* [[Hydrophis klossi]]
* [[Pelamis platurus]]

==Notae==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

==Bibliographia==
* Graham, J. B., W. R. Lowell, I. Rubinoff, et J. Motta. [[1987]]. Surface and subsurface swimming of the sea snake Pelamis Platurus. ''Journal Exp. Biology'' 127, 27-44. [http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/reprint/127/1/27.pdf PDF] apud [Journal of Experimental Biology]. Nexus die 7 Augusti 2007 confirmatus.
* Keogh, J. S., R. Shine, et S. Donnellan. [[1998]]. Phylogenetic Relationships of Terrestrial Australo-Papuan Elapid Snakes (Subfamily Hydrophiinae) Based on Cytochrome b and 16S rRNA Sequences. In ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'' (San Diego: Elsevier), 1, 67–81. ISSN 1055-7903.
* McDowell, S. B. [[1969]]. Notes on the Australian sea-snake Ephalophis greyi M. Smith (Serpentes: Elapidae: Hydrophiinae) and the origin and classification of sea-snakes. ''Journal of the Linnean Society of London'' 48: 333–349. ISSN 0368-2935.
* McDowell, S. B. [[1972]]. The genera of sea-snakes of the Hydrophis group (Serpentes: Elapidae). ''Transactions of the Zoological Society of London'' 32: 189–247. ISSN 0084-5620.
* Rasmussen, A. R. [[1997]]. Systematics of sea snakes; a critical review. ''Symp. Zoological Society of London'' 70:15-30.
* Spawls, S. et B. Branch. [[1995]]. ''The Dangerous Snakes of Africa.'' Dubai: Oriental Press, Ralph Curtis Books. ISBN 0-88359-029-8.
* Smith, M. A. [[1926]]. ''Monograph of the sea snakes (Hydrophiidae).'' Londinii: British Museum of Natural History.
* Voris, H. K. [[1977]]. &quot;A phylogeny of the sea snakes (Hydrophiidae).&quot; ''Fieldiana Zoologica'' 70:79-169.
* Whitaker, R. [[1978]]. ''Common Indian Snakes: A Field Guide.'' Macmillan India Limited.

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biologici}}
{{CommuniaCat|Hydrophiidae|Hydrophiidas}}
{{Vicispecies|Hydrophiidae|Hydrophiidas}}
* Alexis Gillham, [http://www.townsvillebulletin.com.au/article/2010/11/08/183041_news.html Man cheats sea snake], ''Townsville Bulletin'', 8 November 2010. Nexus die 8 Novembris 2010 confirmatus.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20191115090114/https://divehappy.com/indonesia/diving-gunung-api-volcano-of-the-sea-snakes/ Diving Gunung Api: Volcano Of The Sea Snakes]
* [http://www.qatarvisitor.com/index.php?cID=430&amp;pID=1578 Sea Snakes in Qatar]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110405041703/http://scuba-doc.com/seasnks.htm Sea Snakes] at [https://web.archive.org/web/20210523234632/http://www.scuba-doc.com/ Scubadoc's Diving Medicine Online]. Nexus die 6 August 2007 confirmatus.

[[Categoria:Elapidae]]
[[Categoria:Serpentes]]</text>
      <sha1>6k04tt9qxujrce5qhwd9q4xuhpyhzqz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Index communium praefecturae Vosegi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>123776</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991336</id>
      <parentid>3990962</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T17:26:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>nomen latinum</comment>
      <origin>3991336</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21837" sha1="3uz5qr0inky2gm48xj92i6juylelawb" xml:space="preserve">Hic est index [[commune|communium]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] praefecturae [[Francia|Francicae]], cui subsunt communia 515 numero.

[[Fasciculus:Vosges-Position.png|thumb|Situs praefecturae]]
[[Fasciculus: Senones vu du Petit Paris.jpg|thumb|Despectus in ''[[ Senones ]]'']]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! [[INSEE|Numerus INSEE]]
! [[Numerus cursualis]]
! [[Commune]]
|-
| 88001
| 88270
| [[Les Ableuvenettes]]
|- 
| 88002
| 88500
| [[Ahéville]]
|- 
| 88003
| 88140
| [[Aingeville]]
|- 
| 88004
| 88320
| [[Ainvelle (Vosegus)|Ainvelle]]
|- 
| 88005
| 88110
| [[Allarmont]]
|- 
| 88006
| 88500
| [[Ambacuria]]
|- 
| 88007
| 88410
| [[Ameuvelle]]
|- 
| 88008
| 88700
| [[Anglemont]]
|- 
| 88009
| 88650
| [[Anould]]
|- 
| 88010
| 88170
| [[Aouze]]
|- 
| 88011
| 88380
| [[Arches (Vosegus)|Arches]]
|- 
| 88012
| 88380
| [[Archettes]]
|- 
| 88013
| 88170
| [[Aroffe]]
|- 
| 88014
| 88430
| [[Arrentès-de-Corcieux]]
|- 
| 88015
| 88300
| [[Attignéville]]
|- 
| 88016
| 88260
| [[Attigny (Vosegus)|Attigny]]
|- 
| 88017
| 88300
| [[Aulnois]]
|- 
| 88019
| 88300
| [[Autigny-la-Tour]]
|- 
| 88020
| 88300
| [[Autreville (Vosegus)|Autreville]]
|- 
| 88021
| 88700
| [[Autrey (Vosegus)|Autrey]]
|- 
| 88022
| 88140
| [[Auzainvilliers]]
|- 
| 88023
| 88500
| [[Avillers (Vosegus)|Avillers]]
|- 
| 88024
| 88130
| [[Avrainville (Vosegus)|Avrainville]]
|- 
| 88025
| 88630
| [[Avranville]]
|- 
| 88026
| 88600
| [[Aidella]]
|- 
| 88027
| 88330
| [[Badménil-aux-Bois]]
|- 
| 88028
| 88460
| [[La Baffe]]
|- 
| 88029
| 88240
| [[La Vôge-les-Bains]]
|- 
| 88030
| 88270
| [[Bainville-aux-Saules]]
|- 
| 88031
| 88170
| [[Balléville]]
|- 
| 88032
| 88520
| [[Aquilina (Sanctus Deodatus)|Aquilina]]
|- 
| 88033
| 88210
| [[Ban-de-Sapt]]
|- 
| 88106
| 88230
| [[Ban-sur-Meurthe-Clefcy]]
|- 
| 88035
| 88640
| [[Barbey-Seroux]]
|- 
| 88036
| 88300
| [[Barville (Vosegus)|Barville]]
|- 
| 88037
| 88120
| [[Basse-sur-le-Rupt]]
|- 
| 88038
| 88130
| [[Battexey]]
|- 
| 88039
| 88500
| [[Baudricourt]]
|- 
| 88040
| 88150
| [[Bayecourt]]
|- 
| 88041
| 88270
| [[Bazegney]]
|- 
| 88042
| 88700
| [[Bazien]]
|- 
| 88043
| 88500
| [[Bazoilles-et-Ménil]]
|- 
| 88044
| 88300
| [[Bazoilles-sur-Meuse]]
|- 
| 88045
| 88300
| [[Beaufremont]]
|- 
| 88046
| 88600
| [[Beauménil]]
|- 
| 88047
| 88270
| [[Begnécourt]]
|- 
| 88048
| 88370
| [[Bellefontaine (Vosegus)|Bellefontaine]]
|- 
| 88049
| 88260
| [[Belmont-lès-Darney]]
|- 
| 88050
| 88600
| [[Belmont-sur-Buttant]]
|- 
| 88051
| 88800
| [[Belmont-sur-Vair]]
|- 
| 88052
| 88260
| [[Belrupt]]
|- 
| 88053
| 88210
| [[Belval (Vosegus)|Belval]]
|- 
| 88054
| 88520
| [[Bertrimoutier]]
|- 
| 88055
| 88450
| [[Bettegney-Saint-Brice]]
|- 
| 88056
| 88500
| [[Bettoncourt]]
|- 
| 88057
| 88490
| [[Le Beulay]]
|- 
| 88058
| 88170
| [[Biécourt]]
|- 
| 88059
| 88430
| [[Biffontaine]]
|- 
| 88060
| 88500
| [[Blémerey (Vosegus)|Blémerey]]
|- 
| 88061
| 88410
| [[Bleurville]]
|- 
| 88062
| 88320
| [[Blevaincourt]]
|- 
| 88063
| 88270
| [[Bocquegney]]
|- 
| 88064
| 88600
| [[Bois-de-Champ]]
|- 
| 88065
| 88260
| [[Bonvillet]]
|- 
| 88066
| 88500
| [[Boulaincourt]]
|- 
| 88068
| 88470
| [[La Bourgonce]]
|- 
| 88069
| 88270
| [[Bouxières-aux-Bois]]
|- 
| 88070
| 88130
| [[Bouxurulles]]
|- 
| 88071
| 88270
| [[Bouzemont]]
|- 
| 88073
| 88130
| [[Brantigny]]
|- 
| 88074
| 88350
| [[Brechainville]]
|- 
| 88075
| 88250
| [[La Bresse]]
|- 
| 88076
| 88600
| [[Brouvelieures]]
|- 
| 88077
| 88700
| [[Brû]]
|- 
| 88078
| 88600
| [[Bruyères]]
|- 
| 88079
| 88140
| [[Boloniacivilla]]
|- 
| 88080
| 88700
| [[Bult]]
|- 
| 88081
| 88540
| [[Bussang]]
|- 
| 88082
| 88110
| [[Celles-sur-Plaine]]
|- 
| 88083
| 88300
| [[Certilleux]]
|- 
| 88084
| 88130
| [[Chamagne]]
|- 
| 88085
| 88640
| [[Champdray]]
|- 
| 88086
| 88600
| [[Ducis Campus|Champ-le-Duc]]
|- 
| 88087
| 88000
| [[Chantraine (commune)|Chantraine]]
|- 
| 88088
| 88240
| [[La Chapelle-aux-Bois]]
|- 
| 88089
| 88600
| [[La Chapelle-devant-Bruyères]]
|- 
| 88090
| 88130
| [[Carpinia]]
|- 
| 88091
| 88460
| [[Charmois-devant-Bruyères]]
|- 
| 88092
| 88270
| [[Charmois-l'Orgueilleux]]
|- 
| 88093
| 88210
| [[Châtas]]
|- 
| 88094
| 88330
| [[Châtel-sur-Moselle]]
|- 
| 88095
| 88170
| [[Châtenois (Vosegus)|Châtenois]]
|- 
| 88096
| 88410
| [[Châtillon-sur-Saône]]
|- 
| 88097
| 88500
| [[Chauffecourt]]
|- 
| 88098
| 88390
| [[Chaumousey]]
|- 
| 88099
| 88150
| [[Chavelot]]
|- 
| 88100
| 88500
| [[Chef-Haut]]
|- 
| 88101
| 88460
| [[Cheniménil]]
|- 
| 88102
| 88630
| [[Chermisey]]
|- 
| 88103
| 88270
| [[Circourt]]
|- 
| 88104
| 88300
| [[Circourt-sur-Mouzon]]
|- 
| 88105
| 88410
| [[Claudon]]
|- 
| 88107
| 88630
| [[Clérey-la-Côte]]
|- 
| 88108
| 88240
| [[Le Clerjus]]
|- 
| 88109
| 88120
| [[Cleurie]]
|- 
| 88110
| 88700
| [[Clézentaine]]
|- 
| 88111
| 88100
| [[Coinches]]
|- 
| 88113
| 88490
| [[Combrimont]]
|- 
| 88114
| 88140
| [[Gundrecivilla]]
|- 
| 88115
| 88430
| [[Corcieux]]
|- 
| 88116
| 88310
| [[Cornimont]]
|- 
| 88117
| 88170
| [[Courcelles-sous-Châtenois]]
|- 
| 88118
| 88630
| [[Cussiacum (Vosegus)|Cussiacum]]
|- 
| 88119
| 88140
| [[Crainvilliers]]
|- 
| 88120
| 88520
| [[La Croix-aux-Mines]]
|- 
| 88121
| 88330
| [[Damas-aux-Bois]]
|- 
| 88122
| 88270
| [[Damas-et-Bettegney]]
|- 
| 88123
| 88320
| [[Damblain]]
|- 
| 88124
| 88260
| [[Darney]]
|- 
| 88125
| 88170
| [[Darney-aux-Chênes]]
|- 
| 88126
| 88390
| [[Darnieulles]]
|- 
| 88127
| 88700
| [[Deinvillers]]
|- 
| 88128
| 88210
| [[Denipaire]]
|- 
| 88129
| 88270
| [[Derbamont]]
|- 
| 88130
| 88600
| [[Destord]]
|- 
| 88131
| 88600
| [[Deycimont]]
|- 
| 88132
| 88000
| [[Deyvillers]]
|- 
| 88133
| 88000
| [[Dignonville]]
|- 
| 88134
| 88000
| [[Dinozé]]
|- 
| 88135
| 88460
| [[Docelles]]
|- 
| 88136
| 88000
| [[Dogneville]]
|- 
| 88137
| 88170
| [[Dolaincourt]]
|- 
| 88138
| 88260
| [[Dombasle-devant-Darney]]
|- 
| 88139
| 88500
| [[Dombasle-en-Xaintois]]
|- 
| 88140
| 88140
| [[Dombrot-le-Sec]]
|- 
| 88141
| 88170
| [[Dombrot-sur-Vair]]
|- 
| 88144
| 88500
| [[Domèvre-sous-Montfort]]
|- 
| 88142
| 88390
| [[Domèvre-sur-Avière]]
|- 
| 88143
| 88330
| [[Domèvre-sur-Durbion]]
|- 
| 88145
| 88600
| [[Domfaing]]
|- 
| 88146
| 88800
| [[Domjulien]]
|- 
| 88147
| 88390
| [[Dommartin-aux-Bois]]
|- 
| 88148
| 88200
| [[Domnus Martinus (Romaricus Mons)]]
|- 
| 88149
| 88260
| [[Dommartin-lès-Vallois]]
|- 
| 88150
| 88170
| [[Dommartin-sur-Vraine]]
|- 
| 88151
| 88270
| [[Donoparium]]
|- 
| 88152
| 88600
| [[Dompierre (Vosegus)|Dompierre]]
|- 
| 88153
| 88700
| [[Domptail]]
|- 
| 88154
| 88630
| [[Domnum Remigium]]
|- 
| 88155
| 88500
| [[Domvallier]]
|- 
| 88156
| 88700
| [[Doncières]]
|- 
| 88157
| 88220
| [[Dounoux]]
|- 
| 88158
| 88510
| [[Éloyes]]
|- 
| 88159
| 88650
| [[Entre-deux-Eaux]]
|- 
| 88160
| 88000
| [[Spinalium]]
|- 
| 88161
| 88260
| [[Escles]]
|- 
| 88162
| 88260
| [[Esley]]
|- 
| 88163
| 88130
| [[Essegney]]
|- 
| 88164
| 88500
| [[Estrennes]]
|- 
| 88165
| 88480
| [[Étival-Clairefontaine]]
|- 
| 88166
| 88450
| [[Évaux-et-Ménil]]
|- 
| 88167
| 88460
| [[Faucompierre]]
|- 
| 88168
| 88700
| [[Fauconcourt]]
|- 
| 88169
| 88600
| [[Fays (Vosegus)|Fays]]
|- 
| 88170
| 88360
| [[Ferdrupt]]
|- 
| 88171
| 88410
| [[Fignévelle]]
|- 
| 88172
| 88600
| [[Fiménil]]
|- 
| 88173
| 88130
| [[Florémont]]
|- 
| 88174
| 88390
| [[Fomerey]]
|- 
| 88175
| 88600
| [[Fontenay (Vosegus)|Fontenay]]
|- 
| 88176
| 88240
| [[Fontiniacum]]
|- 
| 88177
| 88530
| [[La Forge (Vosegus)|La Forge]]
|- 
| 88178
| 88390
| [[Les Forges (Vosegus)|Les Forges]]
|- 
| 88179
| 88320
| [[Fouchécourt (Vosegus)|Fouchécourt]]
|- 
| 88180
| 88320
| [[Frain]]
|- 
| 88181
| 88230
| [[Fraize]]
|- 
| 88182
| 88490
| [[Frapelle]]
|- 
| 88183
| 88630
| [[Frebécourt]]
|- 
| 88184
| 88600
| [[Fremifontaine]]
|- 
| 88185
| 88500
| [[Franellum Magnum]]
|- 
| 88186
| 88500
| [[Franellum Rubeum]]
|- 
| 88187
| 88270
| [[Frasnido]]
|- 
| 88188
| 88160
| [[Frascia]]
|- 
| 88189
| 88350
| [[Frevilla (Vosegus)|Frevilla]]
|- 
| 88190
| 88440
| [[Frizon]]
|- 
| 88192
| 88270
| [[Gelvécourt-et-Adompt]]
|- 
| 88193
| 88520
| [[Gemaingoutte]]
|- 
| 88194
| 88170
| [[Geminorum curia]]
|- 
| 88195
| 88140
| [[Iandrevilla]]
|- 
| 88196
| 88400
| [[Gerardi Mare]]
|- 
| 88197
| 88120
| [[Gerbamont]]
|- 
| 88198
| 88430
| [[Gerbépal]]
|- 
| 88199
| 88320
| [[Gingivilla]]
|- 
| 88200
| 88390
| [[Gehennium]]
|- 
| 88201
| 88390
| [[Girancurtis]]
|- 
| 88202
| 88500
| [[Gircuria]]
|- 
| 88203
| 88600
| [[Girecuria]]
|- 
| 88205
| 88340
| [[Girmont-Val-d'Ajol]]
|- 
| 88206
| 88170
| [[Gironcuria (Vosegus)|Gironcuria]]
|- 
| 88208
| 88410
| [[Gondoncuria]]
|- 
| 88209
| 88190
| [[Golbey]]
|- 
| 88210
| 88270
| [[Gorhey]]
|- 
| 88212
| 88350
| [[Grannum]]
|- 
| 88213
| 88490
| [[Magna Fossa]]
|- 
| 88215
| 88210
| [[Grandrupt]]
|- 
| 88214
| 88240
| [[Grandrupt-de-Bains]]
|- 
| 88216
| 88600
| [[Granvillare]]
|- 
| 88218
| 88640
| [[Granges-Aumontzey]]
|- 
| 88219
| 88630
| [[Grussius]]
|- 
| 88220
| 88410
| [[Greniancuria]]
|- 
| 88221
| 88240
| [[Gruetum]]
|- 
| 88222
| 88600
| [[Gognacuria]]
|- 
| 88223
| 88450
| [[Guneiacum]]
|- 
| 88224
| 88330
| [[Haldiniacum]]
|- 
| 88225
| 88220
| [[Hadolia]]
|- 
| 88226
| 88270
| [[Hagericurtis]]
|- 
| 88227
| 88300
| [[Hagnéville-et-Roncourt]]
|- 
| 88228
| 88330
| [[Haillainville]]
|- 
| 88229
| 88300
| [[Harchéchamp]]
|- 
| 88230
| 88700
| [[Hardancuria]]
|- 
| 88231
| 88800
| [[Haraevilla ad Mosam]]
|- 
| 88232
| 88300
| [[Hermonis villa]]
|- 
| 88233
| 88270
| [[Harol]]
|- 
| 88236
| 88240
| [[La Haye (Vosegus)|La Haye]]
|- 
| 88237
| 88270
| [[Hennecuria]]
|- 
| 88238
| 88260
| [[Hennezel]]
|- 
| 88239
| 88130
| [[Haruniacum]]
|- 
| 88240
| 88600
| [[Herpemons]]
|- 
| 88241
| 88170
| [[Houécourt]]
|- 
| 88242
| 88300
| [[Houéville]]
|- 
| 88243
| 88700
| [[Housseras]]
|- 
| 88244
| 88430
| [[La Houssière]]
|- 
| 88245
| 88210
| [[Horbacum]]
|- 
| 88246
| 88500
| [[Hymont]]
|- 
| 88247
| 88150
| [[Igniacum (Vosegus)|Igniacum]]
|- 
| 88248
| 88320
| [[Isches]]
|- 
| 88249
| 88300
| [[Gedanis villa]]
|- 
| 88250
| 88550
| [[Jarménil]]
|- 
| 88251
| 88700
| [[Ioannis Manile]]
|- 
| 88252
| 88260
| [[Jésonville]]
|- 
| 88253
| 88000
| [[Jeuxey]]
|- 
| 88254
| 88500
| [[Jorxey]]
|- 
| 88255
| 88630
| [[Jubani villa]]
|- 
| 88256
| 88640
| [[Jussarupt]]
|- 
| 88257
| 88500
| [[Jevancuria]]
|- 
| 88258
| 88320
| [[Marchia (Vosegus)|Marchia]]
|- 
| 88259
| 88300
| [[Landini villa]]
|- 
| 88260
| 88130
| [[Langley (Vosegus)|Langley]]
|- 
| 88261
| 88600
| [[Laval-sur-Vologne]]
|- 
| 88262
| 88600
| [[Aquilina (Spinalium)|Aquilina]]
|- 
| 88263
| 88640
| [[Laveline-du-Houx]]
|- 
| 88264
| 88270
| [[Légéville-et-Bonfays]]
|- 
| 88265
| 88300
| [[Lemmecuria]]
|- 
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! [[INSEE|Numerus INSEE]]
! [[Numerus cursualis]]
! [[Commune]]
|-
| 88266
| 88600
| [[Lépanges-sur-Vologne]]
|- 
| 88267
| 88260
| [[Larino]]
|- 
| 88268
| 88490
| [[Lesseux]]
|- 
| 88269
| 88400
| [[Liézey]]
|- 
| 88270
| 88350
| [[Liffodium]]
|- 
| 88271
| 88800
| [[Legisvilla]]
|- 
| 88272
| 88410
| [[Lyroncuria]]
|- 
| 88273
| 88000
| [[Longus Campus (Vosegus)|Longus Campus]]
|- 
| 88274
| 88170
| [[Longus Campus subtus Castinetum]]
|- 
| 88275
| 88490
| [[Lubine]]
|- 
| 88276
| 88490
| [[Lussia]]
|- 
| 88277
| 88110
| [[Luviniacus]]
|- 
| 88278
| 88170
| [[Macuncurtis]]
|- 
| 88279
| 88270
| [[Madecuria]]
|- 
| 88280
| 88450
| [[Maldisinum]]
|- 
| 88281
| 88270
| [[Madonne-et-Lamerey]]
|- 
| 88283
| 88140
| [[Malini curia]]
|- 
| 88284
| 88650
| [[Mandray]]
|- 
| 88285
| 88800
| [[Manderae]]
|- 
| 88286
| 88130
| [[Mareinvilla]]
|- 
| 88287
| 88320
| [[Mariacum (Vosegus)|Mariacum]]
|- 
| 88288
| 88270
| [[Monroniscurtis]]
|- 
| 88289
| 88320
| [[Martiniacum (Vosegus)|Martiniacum]]
|- 
| 88290
| 88300
| [[Martigny-les-Gerbonvaux]]
|- 
| 88291
| 88410
| [[Martinvelle]]
|- 
| 88292
| 88500
| [[Mataincuria]]
|- 
| 88293
| 88630
| [[Maxey-sur-Meuse]]
|- 
| 88294
| 88150
| [[Mazeley]]
|- 
| 88295
| 88500
| [[Maceriolae]]
|- 
| 88296
| 88140
| [[Madonis villa]]
|- 
| 88297
| 88600
| [[Méménil]]
|- 
| 88298
| 88700
| [[Menardi Mons]]
|- 
| 88302
| 88160
| [[Le Ménil]]
|- 
| 88300
| 88210
| [[Ménil-de-Senones]]
|- 
| 88299
| 88500
| [[Mansile in Sanctesio]]
|- 
| 88301
| 88700
| [[Ménil-sur-Belvitte]]
|- 
| 88303
| 88630
| [[Mudrevallis]]
|- 
| 88304
| 88500
| [[Mirecurtium]]
|- 
| 88305
| 88630
| [[Moncel-sur-Vair]]
|- 
| 88306
| 88210
| [[Le Mont]]
|- 
| 88309
| 88800
| [[Monthureux-le-Sec]]
|- 
| 88310
| 88410
| [[Monthureux-sur-Saône]]
|- 
| 88307
| 88320
| [[Mont-lès-Lamarche]]
|- 
| 88308
| 88300
| [[Montes ante Novum Castrum]]
|- 
| 88311
| 88240
| [[Montmotier]]
|- 
| 88312
| 88170
| [[Morelli Domus]]
|- 
| 88313
| 88330
| [[Murini villa]]
|- 
| 88314
| 88320
| [[Morizécourt]]
|- 
| 88315
| 88600
| [[Mors Agni]]
|- 
| 88316
| 88140
| [[Maurivilla]]
|- 
| 88317
| 88210
| [[Moussey (Vosegus)|Moussey]]
|- 
| 88318
| 88700
| [[Medius Mons (Vosegus)|Medius Mons]]
|- 
| 88319
| 88420
| [[Medianum Monasterium]]
|- 
| 88320
| 88100
| [[Nayemont-les-Fosses]]
|- 
| 88321
| 88300
| [[Neocastrum (Francia)|Neocastrum]]
|- 
| 88322
| 88600
| [[La Neuveville-devant-Lépanges]]
|- 
| 88324
| 88170
| [[La Neuveville-sous-Châtenois]]
|- 
| 88325
| 88800
| [[La Neuveville-sous-Montfort]]
|- 
| 88326
| 88100
| [[Neuvillers-sur-Fave]]
|- 
| 88327
| 88440
| [[Nomexy]]
|- 
| 88328
| 88470
| [[Nompardivilla]]
|- 
| 88330
| 88260
| [[Novilla (Vosegus)|Novilla]]
|- 
| 88331
| 88600
| [[Nontiavilla]]
|- 
| 88332
| 88800
| [[Noretum]]
|- 
| 88333
| 88700
| [[Nossoncourt]]
|- 
| 88334
| 88500
| [[Ollevilla]]
|- 
| 88335
| 88500
| [[Offroicourt]]
|- 
| 88336
| 88170
| [[Audoleni villa]]
|- 
| 88338
| 88700
| [[Ortonis curia]]
|- 
| 88340
| 88700
| [[Padua (Vosegus)|Padua]]
|- 
| 88341
| 88100
| [[Pair-et-Grandrupt]]
|- 
| 88342
| 88330
| [[Pallegney]]
|- 
| 88343
| 88800
| [[Paretum (Vosegus)|Paretum]]
|- 
| 88344
| 88350
| [[Pargniacum subtus Mirevallem]]
|- 
| 88345
| 88490
| [[La Petite-Fosse]]
|- 
| 88346
| 88210
| [[La Petite-Raon]]
|- 
| 88347
| 88270
| [[Petraficta (Vosegus)|Petraficta]]
|- 
| 88348
| 88600
| [[Petreus Pons]]
|- 
| 88349
| 88230
| [[Plenifesium]]
|- 
| 88350
| 88170
| [[Pluvesia]]
|- 
| 88351
| 88370
| [[Plumberae]]
|- 
| 88352
| 88300
| [[Pomperra (Vosegus)|Pomperra]]
|- 
| 88353
| 88260
| [[Pons iuxta Undinovilla]]
|- 
| 88354
| 88500
| [[Pont-sur-Madon]]
|- 
| 88355
| 88330
| [[Portus Caelorum]]
|- 
| 88356
| 88600
| [[Les Poulières]]
|- 
| 88357
| 88500
| [[Portus Suavis]]
|- 
| 88358
| 88550
| [[Pouxeux]]
|- 
| 88359
| 88600
| [[Prey (Vosegus)|Prey]]
|- 
| 88360
| 88260
| [[Provenchères-lès-Darney]]
|- 
| 88361
| 88490
| [[Provenchères-et-Colroy]]
|- 
| 88362
| 88210
| [[Le Puid]]
|- 
| 88363
| 88630
| [[Purneretum]]
|- 
| 88364
| 88500
| [[Puzieux (Vosegus)|Puzieux]]
|- 
| 88365
| 88270
| [[Racécourt]]
|- 
| 88366
| 88170
| [[Radalli villa]]
|- 
| 88367
| 88700
| [[Rambervilleriae]]
|- 
| 88368
| 88500
| [[Rancuria]]
|- 
| 88369
| 88160
| [[Romarici campus]]
|- 
| 88370
| 88270
| [[Radonis curtis]]
|- 
| 88371
| 88220
| [[Rapo ad Silvas]]
|- 
| 88372
| 88110
| [[Rapo ad Stationem]]
|- 
| 88373
| 88110
| [[Raon-sur-Plaine]]
|- 
| 88374
| 88130
| [[Rapey]]
|- 
| 88375
| 88520
| [[Raves (Vosegus)|Raves]]
|- 
| 88376
| 88300
| [[Ribovilla]]
|- 
| 88377
| 88410
| [[Rainharii villa]]
|- 
| 88378
| 88450
| [[Regney]]
|- 
| 88379
| 88330
| [[Ranconis curtis]]
|- 
| 88380
| 88640
| [[Rehaupal]]
|- 
| 88381
| 88260
| [[Relangia]]
|- 
| 88382
| 88500
| [[Rimacuria]]
|- 
| 88383
| 88200
| [[Romarici Mons]]
|- 
| 88386
| 88100
| [[Remomeix]]
|- 
| 88385
| 88800
| [[Romulficuria]]
|- 
| 88387
| 88170
| [[Ramaldi villa]]
|- 
| 88388
| 88390
| [[Renauvoid]]
|- 
| 88389
| 88500
| [[Reparium]]
|- 
| 88390
| 88320
| [[Roberticuria]]
|- 
| 88391
| 88120
| [[Rochesson]]
|- 
| 88394
| 88320
| [[Romania ad Silvas]]
|- 
| 88395
| 88700
| [[Rotmundum]]
|- 
| 88398
| 88600
| [[Les Rouges-Eaux]]
|- 
| 88399
| 88460
| [[Le Roulier]]
|- 
| 88400
| 88500
| [[Ruvera in Sanctesio]]
|- 
| 88401
| 88170
| [[Roverium (Vosegus)|Roverium]]
|- 
| 88402
| 88700
| [[Rovilla ad Quercus]]
|- 
| 88403
| 88500
| [[Roserota]]
|- 
| 88404
| 88320
| [[Roseriae supra Mosunam]]
|- 
| 88406
| 88130
| [[Rugney]]
|- 
| 88407
| 88630
| [[Ruppes]]
|- 
| 88408
| 88360
| [[Rupt-sur-Moselle]]
|- 
| 88409
| 88120
| [[Saint-Amé]]
|- 
| 88411
| 88260
| [[Sanctus Basolimons]]
|- 
| 88412
| 88700
| [[Sanctus Benedictus (Vosegus)|Sanctus Benedictus]]
|- 
| 88413
| 88100
| [[Sanctus Deodatus (urbs)|Sanctus Deodatus]]
|- 
| 88410
| 88700
| [[Sancta Barbara (Vosegus)|Sancta Barbara]]
|- 
| 88418
| 88700
| [[Sancta Helena (Vosegus)|Sancta Helena]]
|- 
| 88424
| 88100
| [[Sancta Margareta (Vosegus)|Sancta Margareta]]
|- 
| 88415
| 88200
| [[Sanctus Stephanus ultra Mosellam]]
|- 
| 88416
| 88700
| [[Sanctus Genesius (Vosegus)|Sanctus Genesius]]
|- 
| 88417
| 88700
| [[Sanctus Gorgonius (Vosegus)|Sanctus Gorgonius]]
|- 
| 88419
| 88210
| [[Saint-Jean-d'Ormont]]
|- 
| 88421
| 88410
| [[Sanctus Iulianus (Vosegus)|Sanctus Iulianus]]
|- 
| 88423
| 88650
| [[Sanctus Leonardus (Vosegus)|Sanctus Leonardus]]
|- 
| 88425
| 88700
| [[Sanctus Mauricius (Vosegus)|Sanctus Mauricius]]
|- 
| 88426
| 88560
| [[Saint-Maurice-sur-Moselle]]
|- 
| 88427
| 88170
| [[Sanctus Memmius (Vosegus)|Sanctus Memmius]]
|- 
| 88428
| 88470
| [[Saint-Michel-sur-Meurthe]]
|- 
| 88429
| 88200
| [[Sanctus Nabor (Vosegus)|Sanctus Nabor]]
|- 
| 88430
| 88140
| [[Sanctus Audoenus (Vosegus)|Sanctus Audoenus]]
|- 
| 88431
| 88170
| [[Sanctus Paulus (Vosegus)|Sanctus Paulus]]
|- 
| 88432
| 88700
| [[Sanctus Petrimons]]
|- 
| 88433
| 88500
| [[Sanctus Pancratius (Vosegus)|Sanctus Pancratius]]
|- 
| 88434
| 88800
| [[Sancti Remigii Mons (Vosegus)|Sancti Remigii Mons]]
|- 
| 88435
| 88480
| [[Sanctus Remigius (Vosegus)|Sanctus Remigius]]
|- 
| 88436
| 88210
| [[Sanctus Stephanus (Vosegus)|Sanctus Stephanus]]
|- 
| 88437
| 88270
| [[Sanctus Valerius (Vosegus)|Sanctus Valerius]]
|- 
| 88438
| 88470
| [[La Salle (Vosegus)|La Salle]]
|- 
| 88439
| 88390
| [[Sanchey]]
|- 
| 88440
| 88170
| [[Sandaucuria]]
|- 
| 88441
| 88260
| [[Sans-Vallois]]
|- 
| 88442
| 88120
| [[Sapois (Vosegus)|Sapois]]
|- 
| 88443
| 88300
| [[Sartes]]
|- 
| 88444
| 88210
| [[Le Saulcy]]
|- 
| 88445
| 88580
| [[Salicetum (Vosegus)|Salicetum]]
|- 
| 88446
| 88140
| [[Salsurae (Vosegus)|Salsurae]]
|- 
| 88447
| 88290
| [[Salsuriae]]
|- 
| 88448
| 88140
| [[Seivilla]]
|- 
| 88449
| 88130
| [[Saviniacum (Vosegus)|Saviniacum]]
|- 
| 88450
| 88320
| [[Senagda]]
|- 
| 88451
| 88210
| [[Senonia (Vosegus)|Senonia]]
|- 
| 88452
| 88260
| [[Senonges]]
|- 
| 88453
| 88630
| [[Seromons]]
|- 
| 88454
| 88600
| [[Sarcus (Vosegus)|Sarcus]]
|- 
| 88455
| 88320
| [[Sirecuria]]
|- 
| 88456
| 88320
| [[Serocourt]]
|- 
| 88457
| 88630
| [[Seona (Vosegus)|Seona]]
|- 
| 88458
| 88130
| [[Solicuria]]
|- 
| 88459
| 88170
| [[Soncuria]]
|- 
| 88460
| 88630
| [[Solicia]]
|- 
| 88461
| 88140
| [[Serewavilla]]
|- 
| 88462
| 88120
| [[Le Syndicat]]
|- 
| 88463
| 88100
| [[Tinctorivus]]
|- 
| 88464
| 88460
| [[Tendon (Vosegus)|Tendon]]
|- 
| 88465
| 88150
| [[Tado]]
|- 
| 88466
| 88800
| [[Tillia]]
|- 
| 88467
| 88290
| [[Thiéfosse]]
|- 
| 88468
| 88160
| [[Le Thillot]]
|- 
| 88469
| 88500
| [[Tirocuria]]
|- 
| 88470
| 88530
| [[Le Tholy]]
|- 
| 88471
| 88410
| [[Les Thons]]
|- 
| 88472
| 88260
| [[Thuillières]]
|- 
| 88473
| 88320
| [[Tignécourt]]
|- 
| 88474
| 88300
| [[Tellum (Vosegus)|Tellum]]
|- 
| 88475
| 88320
| [[Toteleni curtis]]
|- 
| 88476
| 88500
| [[Totoni villa]]
|- 
| 88477
| 88350
| [[Trampodium]]
|- 
| 88478
| 88300
| [[Tranculfi villa]]
|- 
| 88479
| 88240
| [[Trémonzey]]
|- 
| 88480
| 88130
| [[Ubexy]]
|- 
| 88481
| 88220
| [[Uriménil]]
|- 
| 88482
| 88140
| [[Eurivilla]]
|- 
| 88483
| 88390
| [[Ursiniacum]]
|- 
| 88484
| 88220
| [[Usminga]]
|- 
| 88485
| 88140
| [[La Vacheresse-et-la-Rouillie]]
|- 
| 88486
| 88120
| [[Vainiacum]]
|- 
| 88487
| 88340
| [[Le Val-d'Ajol]]
|- 
| 88488
| 88270
| [[Valefridicurtis]]
|- 
| 88489
| 88270
| [[Vallis Regia (Vosegus)|Vallis Regia]]
|- 
| 88490
| 88800
| [[Vallis Regia Sicca]]
|- 
| 88491
| 88260
| [[Tres Valesii]]
|- 
| 88492
| 88230
| [[Le Valtin]]
|- 
| 88493
| 88450
| [[Varmonzey]]
|- 
| 88494
| 88500
| [[Vaubexy]]
|- 
| 88495
| 88000
| [[Waldinivilla]]
|- 
| 88496
| 88140
| [[Valdonis curtis (Vosegus)|Valdonis curtis]]
|- 
| 88497
| 88330
| [[Wauxoncuria]]
|- 
| 88498
| 88200
| [[Vecoux]]
|- 
| 88499
| 88270
| [[Velotte-et-Tatignécourt]]
|- 
| 88500
| 88310
| [[Ventron]]
|- 
| 88501
| 88210
| [[Le Vermont]]
|- 
| 88502
| 88600
| [[Vervezelle]]
|- 
| 88503
| 88110
| [[Vexaincourt]]
|- 
| 88504
| 88170
| [[Vicherey]]
|- 
| 88505
| 88430
| [[Vienville]]
|- 
| 88506
| 88210
| [[Vieux-Moulin (Vosegus)|Vieux-Moulin]]
|- 
| 88507
| 88500
| [[Villers (Vosegus)|Villers]]
|- 
| 88508
| 88270
| [[Ville-sur-Illon]]
|- 
| 88509
| 88150
| [[Villoncourt]]
|- 
| 88510
| 88320
| [[Villotte]]
|- 
| 88511
| 88350
| [[Villouxel]]
|- 
| 88512
| 88600
| [[Viménil]]
|- 
| 88513
| 88450
| [[Vincey]]
|- 
| 88514
| 88170
| [[Viocourt]]
|- 
| 88515
| 88260
| [[Vioménil]]
|- 
| 88516
| 88800
| [[Vittel]]
|- 
| 88517
| 88260
| [[Vivarium (Vosegus)|Vivarium]]
|- 
| 88518
| 88500
| [[Viverium]]
|- 
| 88519
| 88470
| [[La Voivre (Vosegus)|La Voivre]]
|- 
| 88520
| 88240
| [[Les Voivres]]
|- 
| 88521
| 88700
| [[Vomécourt]]
|- 
| 88522
| 88500
| [[Vomécourt-sur-Madon]]
|- 
| 88523
| 88170
| [[Vouxey]]
|- 
| 88524
| 88140
| [[Vrécourt]]
|- 
| 88525
| 88500
| [[Vroville]]
|- 
| 88526
| 88520
| [[Wisembach]]
|- 
| 88527
| 88700
| [[Xaffévillers]]
|- 
| 88528
| 88460
| [[Xamontarupt]]
|- 
| 88529
| 88130
| [[Xaronval]]
|- 
| 88530
| 88220
| [[Scatiniacum]]
|- 
| 88531
| 88400
| [[Xonrupt-Longemer]]
|- 
| 88532
| 88330
| [[Zincourt]]
|}
{{Indices communium praefecturarum Franciae}}
[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi|!]]</text>
      <sha1>3uz5qr0inky2gm48xj92i6juylelawb</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Codex Leningradensis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>127290</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991443</id>
      <parentid>3875363</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T22:58:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>{{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}}</comment>
      <origin>3991443</origin>
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      <text bytes="3317" sha1="r7jriqi07ig5f1xs8ecpcu5x3rvqdur" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Leningrad Codex Folio 474a.jpg|thumb|Codex Leningradensis, pagina ornata cum indiciis de scriptore (in [[stella Davidica]]).]]

{{res|Codex Leningradensis}},&lt;ref&gt;Bibliothecae sigla: B19&lt;sup&gt;A&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; e collectione {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Abrahamus Firkovich|Abrahami Firkovich|en|qid=Q2390259}}, est veterrimus [[codex]] [[manuscriptum|manu scriptus]], qui integrum [[Vetus Testamentum|Veteris Testamenti]] textum [[lingua Hebraica]] (sive [[Tanach]]) continet. Sunt quidem notae partes antiquiores (vide etiam: [[Manuscripta Maris Mortui]]), etiam versionis [[Lingua Graeca|Graecae]] exemplaria ([[Septuaginta]]) longe antiquiora exstant, sed nullum manuscriptum textum integrum praebet. Codex Leningradensis iure optimum [[Textus Masoreticus|Masoretici textus]] exemplar habetur. 

Hic codex, cum urbs Leningrad anno [[1991]] denuo [[Petropolis|Sankt-Peterburg]] nominata sit, '''Codex Petropolitanus''' interdum vocatur. Quod aptum non est, quia hoc nomen pro codice prophetarum anno [[1876]] publicato (bibliothecae sigla: MS. Heb B 3) adhiberi solet. Hic circiter centum annis antiquior est (ex anno 916), sed tantum libros [[propheta]]rum continet. 

== Origo ==
Manuscriptum in annum [[1008]] [[Datatio|datatur]]. Scriptor ''Samuel ben Jacob'' ipse indicat se libros ab [[Aaron ben Ascher|Aaron ben Mosche ben Ascher]] emendatos exscripsisse. Verisimiliter manuscriptum [[Cairus|Cairo]] scriptum, postea ad hominem quendam [[Damascus|Damasci]] habitantem venditum est. A [[Saeculum 19|saeculo undevicesimo]] medio codex in [[Petropolis|Petropoli]] in bibliotheca Russica gentilicia asservatur, ubi anno [[1990]] etiam photographice reproducta est.

== Textus ==
Codex Leningradensis omnes [[Biblia|Bibliorum]] libri [[Hebraice]] confecti continet eo ordine, quo editiones [[Religio Iudaica|Iudaicae]] ([[Tanach]]) imprimi solent. [[Liber I Paralipomenon|Libri Paralipomenon]] autem im Codice Leningradensi (sicut et in [[Codex Aleppensis|Codice Aleppensi]]) non sunt in fine &quot;scriptorum&quot; ([[Cetuvim]]), sed in initio eorum. Praeterea copiosae peritorum glossae inveniuntur nec non sedecim paginae ornatae. Textus tribus columnis divisus est, quibusdam in libris poeticis ([[Liber Psalmorum|Psalmi]], [[Liber Iob|Iob]], [[Liber Proverbiorum|Proverbia]]) duabus.

== Momentum ==
Una cum quibusdam manuscriptis mancis Codex Leningradensis usque ad hoc tempus est plurimarum editionum Bibliorum Hebraicorum exemplar, quia est antiquissimum manuscriptum perfectum systemate Masoretico confectum, quod a familia [[Ben Ascher]], quae a [[Textus Masoreticus|Masoretis]] disciplinae Tiberiadis saeculorum 9./10. repetit, creatum est. Etiam [[Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia]] et [[Biblia Hebraica Quinta]], quae modo editur, hoc textu innituntur.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Codex Aleppensis]]
* [[Codex Cairensis]]

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* David Noel Freedman, Astrid B. Beck, et James A. Sanders, eds. [[1998]]. ''The Leningrad Codex: A Facsimile Edition.'' ISBN 978-0-8028-3786-8.

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Codex Leningradensis|Codicem Leningradensem}}
* [http://www.tanach.us/Tanach.xml Westminster Leningrad Codex] Textus Codicis Leningradensis in Unicode (eget [[JavaScript]])

[[Categoria:Bibliotheca Nationalis Russica]]
[[Categoria:Codices Biblici]]</text>
      <sha1>r7jriqi07ig5f1xs8ecpcu5x3rvqdur</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Formula:Argumentum vicitextuale</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>130106</id>
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      <id>3991480</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-27T02:27:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
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      <comment>De themate fusco, de uniformitate</comment>
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	| border: none; background-color: inherit;
}}&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p&quot;&gt;&amp;#124;&lt;/span&gt;{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#ifeq:{{{1|+}}}|{{{1|-}}}
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		| &lt;span class=&quot;nl&quot;&gt;{{{1}}}&lt;/span&gt;
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}}{{{2|}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Disquisitiones arithmeticae</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <contributor>
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      <comment>+Fontes; titulus italicus</comment>
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      <text bytes="1495" sha1="hcs8weoq2o7bbgseo8a5jpidpzilv3t" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
[[Fasciculus:Disqvisitiones-800.jpg|thumb|Editio anni 1801 ''Disquisitionum arithmeticarum'']]

{{ores|Disquisitiones arithmeticae}} est opus [[mathematica]]e a [[Carolus Fridericus Gauss|Carolo Friderico Gauss]] publicata anno [[1801]]. Hic liber de [[congruentia (theoria numerorum)|congruentiis]], de residuis quadraticis, et de formis quadraticis tractat. Hi sunt partes libri:

* De numerorum [[Congruentia (theoria numerorum)|congruentia]] in genere
* De congruentiis primi gradus
* De residuis potestatum
* De congruentiis secundi gradus
* De formis [[Aequatio|aequationibusque]] indeterminatis secundi gradus
* Variae applicationes disquisitionum praecedentium
* De aequationibus, circuli sectiones definientibus

== Fontes ==
* {{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris = Gauss
	| nomen auctoris = Carolus Fridericus
	| commentatio de auctore = Carolus Fridericus Gauss
	| titulus = Disquisitiones arithmeticae
	| commentatio de opere = Disquisitiones arithmeticae
	| annus = 1801
	| domus editoria = Gerhardus Fleisher Junior
	| locus = [[Lipsia]]e
	| url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN235993352
}}.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Arithmetica modularis]]
* [[Carolus Fridericus Gauss]]
* [[Theoria numerorum]]
* [[Theorema fundamentale arithmeticae]]

== Nexus externus ==
{{Vicifons|Disquisitiones arithmeticae|Disquisitiones arithmeticae}}

[[Categoria:Libri mathematici]]
[[Categoria:Germaniae scripta]]
[[Categoria:Scripta 1801]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae recentioris aevi]]</text>
      <sha1>hcs8weoq2o7bbgseo8a5jpidpzilv3t</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>3991252</id>
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      <text bytes="1495" sha1="lkv5jaepaz4edfbqyy8simox8h2ybjw" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
[[Fasciculus:Disqvisitiones-800.jpg|thumb|Editio anni 1801 ''Disquisitionum arithmeticarum'']]

{{ores|Disquisitiones arithmeticae}} est opus [[mathematica]]e a [[Carolus Fridericus Gauss|Carolo Friderico Gauss]] publicata anno [[1801]]. Hic liber de [[congruentia (theoria numerorum)|congruentiis]], de residuis quadraticis, et de formis quadraticis tractat. Hi sunt partes libri:

* De numerorum [[Congruentia (theoria numerorum)|congruentia]] in genere
* De congruentiis primi gradus
* De residuis potestatum
* De congruentiis secundi gradus
* De formis [[Aequatio|aequationibusque]] indeterminatis secundi gradus
* Variae applicationes disquisitionum praecedentium
* De aequationibus, circuli sectiones definientibus

== Fontes ==
* {{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris = Gauss
	| nomen auctoris = Carolus Fridericus
	| commentatio de auctore = Carolus Fridericus Gauss
	| titulus = Disquisitiones arithmeticae
	| commentatio de opere = Disquisitiones arithmeticae
	| annus = 1801
	| domus editoria = Gerhardus Fleisher iunior
	| locus = [[Lipsia]]e
	| url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN235993352
}}.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Arithmetica modularis]]
* [[Carolus Fridericus Gauss]]
* [[Theoria numerorum]]
* [[Theorema fundamentale arithmeticae]]

== Nexus externus ==
{{Vicifons|Disquisitiones arithmeticae|Disquisitiones arithmeticae}}

[[Categoria:Libri mathematici]]
[[Categoria:Germaniae scripta]]
[[Categoria:Scripta 1801]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae recentioris aevi]]</text>
      <sha1>lkv5jaepaz4edfbqyy8simox8h2ybjw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3991254</id>
      <parentid>3991252</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T13:38:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
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      <comment>sermo</comment>
      <origin>3991254</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1505" sha1="az2zh3x3ph03bbvnmprd3nd7hw5e43o" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
[[Fasciculus:Disqvisitiones-800.jpg|thumb|Editio anni 1801 ''Disquisitionum arithmeticarum'']]

{{ores|Disquisitiones arithmeticae}} est opus [[mathematica|mathematicum]] a [[Carolus Fridericus Gauss|Carolo Friderico Gauss]] anno [[1801]] editum. Hic liber de [[congruentia (theoria numerorum)|congruentiis]], de residuis quadraticis, et de formis quadraticis tractat. Hae sunt partes libri:

* De numerorum [[Congruentia (theoria numerorum)|congruentia]] in genere
* De congruentiis primi gradus
* De residuis potestatum
* De congruentiis secundi gradus
* De formis [[Aequatio|aequationibusque]] indeterminatis secundi gradus
* Variae applicationes disquisitionum praecedentium
* De aequationibus, circuli sectiones definientibus

== Fontes ==
* {{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris = Gauss
	| nomen auctoris = Carolus Fridericus
	| commentatio de auctore = Carolus Fridericus Gauss
	| titulus = Disquisitiones arithmeticae
	| commentatio de opere = Disquisitiones arithmeticae
	| annus = 1801
	| domus editoria = Gerhardus Fleisher iunior
	| locus = [[Lipsia]]e
	| url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN235993352
}}.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Arithmetica modularis]]
* [[Carolus Fridericus Gauss]]
* [[Theoria numerorum]]
* [[Theorema fundamentale arithmeticae]]

== Nexus externus ==
{{Vicifons|Disquisitiones arithmeticae|Disquisitiones arithmeticae}}

[[Categoria:Libri mathematici]]
[[Categoria:Germaniae scripta]]
[[Categoria:Scripta 1801]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae recentioris aevi]]</text>
      <sha1>az2zh3x3ph03bbvnmprd3nd7hw5e43o</sha1>
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      <id>3991255</id>
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      <text bytes="1506" sha1="qnvr9xlduia93glc4h1byv80b2e7un6" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
[[Fasciculus:Disqvisitiones-800.jpg|thumb|Editio anni 1801 ''Disquisitionum arithmeticarum'']]

{{ores|Disquisitiones arithmeticae}} sunt opus [[mathematica|mathematicum]] a [[Carolus Fridericus Gauss|Carolo Friderico Gauss]] anno [[1801]] editum. Hic liber de [[congruentia (theoria numerorum)|congruentiis]], de residuis quadraticis, et de formis quadraticis tractat. Hae sunt partes libri:

* De numerorum [[Congruentia (theoria numerorum)|congruentia]] in genere
* De congruentiis primi gradus
* De residuis potestatum
* De congruentiis secundi gradus
* De formis [[Aequatio|aequationibusque]] indeterminatis secundi gradus
* Variae applicationes disquisitionum praecedentium
* De aequationibus, circuli sectiones definientibus

== Fontes ==
* {{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris = Gauss
	| nomen auctoris = Carolus Fridericus
	| commentatio de auctore = Carolus Fridericus Gauss
	| titulus = Disquisitiones arithmeticae
	| commentatio de opere = Disquisitiones arithmeticae
	| annus = 1801
	| domus editoria = Gerhardus Fleisher iunior
	| locus = [[Lipsia]]e
	| url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN235993352
}}.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Arithmetica modularis]]
* [[Carolus Fridericus Gauss]]
* [[Theoria numerorum]]
* [[Theorema fundamentale arithmeticae]]

== Nexus externus ==
{{Vicifons|Disquisitiones arithmeticae|Disquisitiones arithmeticae}}

[[Categoria:Libri mathematici]]
[[Categoria:Germaniae scripta]]
[[Categoria:Scripta 1801]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae recentioris aevi]]</text>
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      <text bytes="1495" sha1="3iolymr2ebsw4zk2hs53ieaqud66bb6" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
[[Fasciculus:Disqvisitiones-800.jpg|thumb|Editio anni 1801 ''Disquisitionum arithmeticarum'']]

{{ores|Disquisitiones arithmeticae}} sunt opus [[mathematica|mathematicum]] a [[Carolus Fridericus Gauss|Carolo Friderico Gauss]] anno [[1801]] editum. Hic liber [[congruentia (theoria numerorum)|congruentias]], residua quadratica, et formas quadraticas tractat. Hae sunt partes libri:

* De numerorum [[Congruentia (theoria numerorum)|congruentia]] in genere
* De congruentiis primi gradus
* De residuis potestatum
* De congruentiis secundi gradus
* De formis [[Aequatio|aequationibusque]] indeterminatis secundi gradus
* Variae applicationes disquisitionum praecedentium
* De aequationibus, circuli sectiones definientibus

== Fontes ==
* {{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris = Gauss
	| nomen auctoris = Carolus Fridericus
	| commentatio de auctore = Carolus Fridericus Gauss
	| titulus = Disquisitiones arithmeticae
	| commentatio de opere = Disquisitiones arithmeticae
	| annus = 1801
	| domus editoria = Gerhardus Fleisher iunior
	| locus = [[Lipsia]]e
	| url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN235993352
}}.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Arithmetica modularis]]
* [[Carolus Fridericus Gauss]]
* [[Theoria numerorum]]
* [[Theorema fundamentale arithmeticae]]

== Nexus externus ==
{{Vicifons|Disquisitiones arithmeticae|Disquisitiones arithmeticae}}

[[Categoria:Libri mathematici]]
[[Categoria:Germaniae scripta]]
[[Categoria:Scripta 1801]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae recentioris aevi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Historia naturalis (scientia)</title>
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      <text bytes="6197" sha1="lyx7a9ydmqq99g05igi9sexhenbc1vd" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Table of Natural History, Cyclopaedia, Volume 2.jpg|thumb|Rabula historiae naturalis in ''[[Cyclopaedia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences|Cyclopaedia]]'' vulgatae (1728).]]
[[Fasciculus:Buffon 1707-1788.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Georgius Ludovicus Leclerc de Buffon|Georgius Ludovicus Leclerc, comes de Buffon]]&lt;!-- best remembered for his ''Histoire naturelle''}}, a 44 volume encyclopedia describing everything known about the natural world.--&gt;]]

'''Historia naturalis''' est [[investigatio scientifica]] [[planta]]rum vel [[animal]]ium, &lt;!--in?--&gt; rationibus studii plus ad [[observatio]]nes quam [[experimentum|experimenta]] tendens, quae investigationes praecipue in [[periodicum scientificum|periodicis scientificis]]&lt;!--academic journals--&gt; editas comprehendit.&lt;ref name=&quot;Natural History&quot;&gt;[http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=natural+history Natural History] WordNet Search, princeton.edu.&lt;/ref&gt; Inter [[scientiae naturae|scientias naturae]] historia naturalis est systematicum cuiuslibet categoriae rerum vel [[organismus|organismorum]] naturalium studium.&lt;ref name=&quot;isbn0-19-861271-0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |author=Brown, Lesley |title=The New shorter Oxford English dictionary on historical principles |publisher=Clarendon |location=Oxford [Eng.] |year=1993 |pages= |isbn=0198612710}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Exempli gratia [[geobiologia]] ingenium vere multidisciplinarium{{dubsig}} habet, quod eruditos doctrinasque multarum [[Scientia (ratio)|scientiarum]] propriarum commiscet.&lt;!-- =combining scientists and scientific knowledge of many specialty sciences--&gt; Qui historiae naturali studet, naturalista vel historicus naturalis appellatur.

== Historia ==
Historia naturalis cum [[Aristoteles|Aristotele]] et aliis [[philosophus|philosophis]] antiquis, qui diversitatem mundi naturalis investigaverunt, coepit. Doctrina historiae naturalis post antiquitatem classicam persistit, et eruditi [[Europa]]ei [[saeculum 15|saeculo quinto decimo]] viventes in ''[[Naturalis historia (Plinius)|Historiam Naturalem]]'' [[Gaius Plinius Secundus|Plinii]] bene adsueti sunt. A tempore [[Graecia antiqua|Graecorum antiquorum]] usque ad conatus [[Carolus Linnaeus|Caroli Linnaei]] et aliorum naturalistarum [[saeculum 18|saeculi duodevicensimi]], praecipua historiae naturalis opinio erat [[scala naturae]]&lt;!--Great Chain of Being--&gt;, conlocatio notionum, quae [[minerale|mineralia]], [[vegetabilis|vegetabilia]], primigeniora [[animal]]ia, et multipliciores formas [[vita]]e per gradus &quot;perfectionis&quot; auxerunt, nostrae [[species (taxinomia)|speciei]] fastigium imponentes.

[[Liber (litterae)|Liber]] ''[[De Materia Medica]]'' [[Pedanius Dioscorides|Dioscoridis]] antiquissimum et pretiosissimum historiae [[botanica]]e opus saepe habetur.&lt;ref&gt;Gulsel M. Kavalali, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=AoWtF1ruQJsC&amp;pg=PA15&amp;dq&amp;hl=en#v=onepage&amp;q=&amp;f=false Urtica: therapeutic and nutritional aspects of stinging nettles]'' (CRC Press, 2003), 15. ISBN 041530833X.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Lingua Graeca|Graecum]] [[Aristoteles|Aristotelis]] ''[[Opera Biologica|Operum Biologicorum]]'' chirographum, [[ConstantinopolisConstantinopoli]] medio [[saeculum 9|saeculo nono]] descriptum et in [[Collegium Corporis Christi|Collegio Corporis Christi]] [[Oxonia]]e conservatum, probabiliter est veterrimum verborum chirographum, quae scientiam [[biologia]]e condiderunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;natural&quot;&gt;&quot;[http://www.historyofscience.com/G2I/timeline/index.php?category=Natural+History Natural History Timeline.&quot;] HistoryofScience.com.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Societates ==
[[Vocabulum]] ''historia naturalis'' solum, vel aliquando una cum ''[[archaeologia]],'' est nomen multarum [[societas humana|societates]] historiae naturalis [[civitas|civitatis]], [[regio]]nis, et loci quae [[data]] de [[avis|avibus]] ([[ornithologia]]), [[mammalia|mammalibus]] (mammalogia), [[insecta|insectis]] ([[entomologia]]), [[fungi]]s ([[mycologia]]), et [[planta|plantis]] ([[botanice]]) conservant. Quibus etiam partes [[microscopium|microscopiis]] utentes et [[geologia]]m tractantes sunt.

{{NexInt}}
{{div col|3}}
*[[Aevum geologicum]]
*[[Biologia]]
*[[Botanice]]
*[[Circumiecta naturalia]]
*[[Documentarium naturae]]
*[[Ethologia]]
*[[Evolutionaria vitae historia]]
*[[Historia scientiae]]
*[[Magna Historia]]
*[[Mythus Telluris planae]]
*[[Natura]]
*[[Naturalismus (philosophia)]]
*[[Oecologia]]
*[[Oecosystema]]&lt;!--
*[[Natural landscape]]--&gt;
*[[Palaeontologia]]
*[[Philosophia naturalis]]
*[[Scientia naturalis]]
*[[Scriptura de natura]]
*[[Studium naturae]]
*[[Systema naturae]]
*[[Taxinomia]]
*[[Tempora evolutionis]]
*[[Vita praehistorica]]
*[[Zoologia]]&lt;!--
*''[[Terra: The Nature of Our World]]'' (video podcast)--&gt;
{{div col end}}

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
*Allen, David Elliston. [[1994]]. ''The Naturalist in Britain: A Social History.'' Princetoniae: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691036322.
*Anstey, Peter. [[2011]]. &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110809125036/https://blogs.otago.ac.nz/emxphi/2011/01/two-forms-of-natural-history/ Two Forms of Natural History]&quot;, ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20110721051523/https://blogs.otago.ac.nz/emxphi/ Early Modern Experimental Philosophy]'', 17 Ianuarii.
*Atran, Scott. [[1990]]. ''Cognitive Foundations of Natural History: Towards an Anthropology of Science| publisher.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521438711.
*Kohler, Robert E. [[2002]]. ''Landscapes and Labscapes: Exploring the Lab-Field Border in Biology.'' Sicagi: University of Chicago Press.
*Mayr, Ernst. [[1982]]. ''The Growth of Biological Thought: Diversity, Evolution, and Inheritance.'' Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
*Rainger, Ronald, Keith R. Benson, et Jane Maienschein, eds. [[1988]]. ''The American Development of Biology.'' Philadelphiae: University of Pennsylvania Press.

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|Natural history|Historiam naturalem}}
*[http://esapubs.org/bulletin/current/history_links_list.htm ''A History of the Ecological Sciences,''] liber a Francisco N. Egerton scriptus

{{DEFAULTSORT:Historia naturalis}}
[[Categoria:Biologia]]
[[Categoria:Historia naturalis| ]]
[[Categoria:Historia scientiae]]
[[Categoria:Scientia terrae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nicki Minaj</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <minor />
      <comment>{{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}}; minora</comment>
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      <text bytes="2830" sha1="gks3gt8prqnf9a4t89eti3ceqddqp0i" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Nicki Minaj MTV VMAs 4.jpg|thumb|Nicki Minaj apud [[MTV]] anno [[2018]].]]

{{res|Onika Tania Maraj-Petty}} (nata ''Onika Tanya Maraj'' [[insula Trinitatis|Trinitate]] in [[insula]] [[Trinitas et Tabacum|Trinitatis et Tabaci]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/8462182/nicki-minaj-children-border-crisis-illegal-immigrant|title= Nicki Minaj Weighs In on Children Border Crisis: 'I Came to This Country as an Illegal Immigrant'|magazine=Billboard|last=Penrose|first=Nerisha|date=21 Iunii [[2018]]}}.&lt;/ref&gt; die [[8 Decembris]] [[1982]]), se [[munus|munere]] '''Nicki Minaj''' appellans, est [[recitatio rapiana|recitatrix rapiana]], [[cantrix]], et [[carmen|carminum]] [[compositor]], quae domicilium [[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]] in [[urbs|urbe]] [[America]]na habet. Vulgo [[famosus|celeberrima]] primum facta est postquam tris [[taeniola]]s mixtas inter [[2007]] et [[2009]] protulit. ''[[Pink Friday]]'' ('Dies Veneris Roseus'), eius primum [[album musicum]], culmen perscriptionis [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] in [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitatibus Foederatis]] attigit; cuius singulus quintus, &quot;[[Super Bass]],&quot; locum tertium in perscriptione [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] in Civitatibus Foederatis attigit, graduque [[adamas|adamantis]]&lt;!--nexus Anglice factus: [[adamante confirmatus]]--&gt; a {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Societas Industriae Perscribendi Americae|Societate Industriae Perscribendi Americae|en|qid=Q200863}} confirmatum est. ''[[Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded]]'' (2012), eius album proximum, ''[[dance-pop]]'' exploravit; cuius primus singulus, &quot;[[Starships (carmen)|Starships]]&quot; ('[[Navis stellaris|Naves Stellares]]') gradum quintum in [[orbis terrarum|orbe terrarum]] attigit.

== Discographia ==
;Alba in studio facta
* ''[[Pink Friday]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded]]'' (2012)
* ''[[The Pinkprint]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Queen (album Nicki Minaj)|Queen]]'' (2018)
* ''Pink Friday 2'' (2023)

==Filmographia==
* ''[[Ice Age: Continental Drift]]'' (2012)
* ''[[The Other Woman (pellicula 2014)|The Other Woman]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Barbershop: The Next Cut]]'' (2016)
* ''[[The Angry Birds Movie 2]]'' (2019)

==Maiora itinera==
* [[Pink Friday Tour]] (2012)
* [[Pink Friday: Reloaded Tour]] (2012)
* [[The Pinkprint Tour]] (2015–16)

{{NexInt}}
*[[Musica hiphop]]

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Hope, Clover. [[2021]]. ''The Motherlode: 100+ Women Who Made Hip-Hop.'' Harry N. Abrams. ISBN 978-1-4197-4296-5.

{{Lifetime|1982||Minaj, Nicki}}
[[Categoria:Actores Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Cantores Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Compositores Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Incolae insulae Trinitatis]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Novi Eboraci]]</text>
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    <title>Indiae Orientales Hispanicae</title>
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      <text bytes="7214" sha1="edzuwmxlubsvsll9lv8aai5hllpcnp7" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!--{{Infobox former country
|native_name            = Indias Orientales Españolas
|conventional_long_name = Indiae Orientales Hispanicae
|common_name            = Indiae Orientales Hispanicae
|continent              = Oceania
|region                 = [[Philippinae]], [[Insulae Mariannae]], [[Insulae Carolinae]]
|status                 = Colonia
|empire                 = Hispania
|status_text            = Colonia [[Hispania]]e&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Territory of the [[Viceroyalty of New Spain]] from 1565 to 1821, and province of Spain from 1821 to 1899.)&lt;/small&gt;
|year_start             = 1565
|year_end               = 1898
|date_start             = 17 Aprilis
|date_end               = 10 Decembris
|event_start            = Colonizatio
|event_end              = [[Treaty of Paris (1898)|Treaty of Paris]]
|p1                     = Nova Hispania
|p2                     = Kingdom of Tondo
|p3                     = Kingdom of Namayan
|p4                     = Kingdom of Butuan
|p5                     = Sultanate of Maguindanao
|p6                     = Sultanate of Sulu
|p7                     = British occupation of Manila{{!}}British Manila
|s1                     = Republic of Negros
|s2                     = Republic of Zamboanga 
|s3                     = First Philippine Republic 
|s4                     = United States
|s5                     = German New Guinea
|flag_p1                = Flag of New Spain.svg
|flag_p5                = Flag of Maguindanao.svg
|flag_p6                = Late 19th Century Flag of Sulu.svg
|flag_p7                = Flag of United Kingdom.svg
|flag_s1                = Flag of the Philippines.svg
|flag_s2                = ChavacanoFlag.JPG
|flag_s3                = Flag of the Philippines.svg
|flag_s4                = US flag 45 stars.svg
|flag_s5                = German new guinea flag.svg
|image_flag             = Flag of Spain (1785-1873 and 1875-1931).svg
|image_coat             = Escudo del rey de España abreviado antes de 1868 con toisón.svg
|flag                   = 
|flag_type              =
|image_map              = Spanish Provinces in the Pacific.png
|image_map_caption      = Map of the Spanish East Indies (19th century)
|capital                = [[Cebu]] &lt;br/&gt; (1565-1571) &lt;br/&gt; [[Manila]] &lt;br/&gt; (1571-1898) 
|common_languages       = [[Lingua Hispanica]] et linguae vernaculares
|religion               = [[Ecclesia Catholica|Catholicismus Romanus]]
|stat_year1 = 1877&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nscb.gov.ph/secstat/d_popn.asp Population of the Philippines Census Years 1799 to 2007]. ''National Statistical Coordination Board''.&lt;/ref&gt;
|stat_area1 = 300000
|stat_pop1 =  5567685
|title_leader           = [[Index monarcharum Hispanicorum|Monarcha]]
|leader1                = [[Philippus II (rex Hispaniae)|Philippus II]]
|year_leader1           = 1565-1598    
|leader2                = [[Alphonsus XIII (rex Hispaniae)|Alphonsus XIII]]
|year_leader2           = 1896-1898     
|title_deputy           = [[Governor-General of the Philippines#List of Spanish governors-general|Governor-General]]
|deputy1                = [[Michael López de Legazpi]]
|year_deputy1           = 1565-1572
|deputy2                = [[Diego de los Ríos]] 
|year_deputy2           = 1898
|era                    = Colonizatio Hispanica
|currency               = [[Philippine peso|Peso fuerte]]
}}--&gt;
[[Fasciculus:Itinerario legazpi.jpg|thumb|Itinera primarum expeditionum Hispanicarum in [[Insulae Philippinae|Insulis Philippinis]] (tabula [[Anglice]] signata).]] 
 
'''Indiae Orientales Hispanicae''' fuerunt territorium [[Hispania|Hispanicum]] in [[regio]]ne [[Asia]]e et [[Oceanus Pacificus|Oceani Pacifici]] constitutum, quod plus quam [[tres|tria]] durabat [[saeculum|saecula]] (1565 ad 1898). Sede administrationis [[Manila]]e sita, territorium [[Guama]]m [[insula]]sque [[Insulae Philippinae|Philippinas]], [[Insulae Mariannae|Mariannae]], [[Insulae Carolinae|Carolinas]], et partes [[Formosa Hispanica|Formosae]] ([[Taivania]]e) et [[Insulae Moluccenses|Insularum Moluccensium]] comprehendit. A [[1565]] ad [[1821]], hae terrae erant in dicione [[Viceregnum Novae Hispaniae|Viceregalitatis Novae Hispaniae]]{{dubsig}}, [[Mexicopolis|Mexicopoli]] fundatae, sed [[libertas|libertate]] Mexicana effecta, sedes administrationis fuit [[Matritum]]. [[Bellum Hispanicum-Americanum|Bello Hispanico-Americano]] anno [[1898]] confecto, plurimae insulae a Civitatibus Foederatis occupatae, terraeque reliquae [[Germania]]e per [[Foedus Germanicum-Hispanicum (1899)|Foedus Germanicum-Hispanicum]] anni [[1899]] venitae sunt. [[Monarchia Hispanica|Rex Hispaniae]] se usitate appellabat &quot;Rex Indiarum Orientalium et Occidentalium&quot; (''Rey de las Indias orientales y occidentales'').&lt;ref&gt;François Velde, &quot;[http://heraldica.org/topics/royalty/royalstyle.htm#spain Royal Styles],&quot; and the Royal Household of His Majesty the King, &quot;[http://www.casareal.es/laCorona/laCorona-iden-idweb.html The Crown].&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!--PLUS IN EN:--&gt;

Constabant Indiae Orientales: [[Philippinae|Philippinas]], [[Insulae Mariannae|Insulas Mariannae]], [[Guama]]m, [[Insulae Carolinae|Insulas Carolinas]] atque [[Belavia]]m.

{{NexInt}}
*[[Ultimi Philippinarum]]
*[[Discrimen Carolinarum Insularum]]

==Notae==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

==Bibliographia==
* Cunningham, Charles Henry. [[1919]]. ''The Audiencia in the Spanish Colonies as Illustrated by the Audiencia of Manila (1583–1800)''. Berkeleiae: University of California Press.
* Dantín Cereceda, Juan. [[1964]]. ''Exploradores y conquistadores de Indias: relatos geográficos.'' Matriti: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas.
* Phelan, John Leddy. [[1959]]. ''The Hispanization of the Philippines: Spanish Aims and Filipino Responses, 1565–1700''. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

==Nexus externi==
* [http://countrystudies.us/philippines/4.htm &quot;The Early Spanish Period,&quot;] apud countrystudies.us
* [http://www.britannica.com/ebi/article-206427 &quot;History: The Spanish Colony,&quot;] apud http://www.britannica.com/
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121103071923/http://www.guam-online.com/history/history.htm Historia et Cultura Guamae,] apud http://www.guam-online.com/
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071001215334/http://www.seasite.niu.edu/tagalog/Tagalog_Homepage99/impacts_of_spanish_rule_in_the_p.htm &quot;The Impact of Spanish Rule in the Philippines,&quot;] apud https://web.archive.org/web/20070527201849/http://www.seasite.niu.edu/
* [http://www.buenosairespe.com.ar/phils/history.htm Philippinae,] apud http://www.buenosairespe.com/{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.aeep.es/ &quot;Web oficial Asociación Española de Estudios del Pacífico,&quot;] apud http://www.aeep.es/

&lt;!-- [[Categoria:Bellum Hispano-Americanum]] --&gt;
[[Categoria:Imperium Hispanicum]]&lt;!-- 
[[Categoria:Colonizatio Europaea in Asia]]
[[Categoria:Colonizatio Europaea in Oceania]] --&gt;
[[Categoria:Historia Philippinarum]]&lt;!--
[[Categoria:Historia Foederatarum Micronesiae Civitatum]]
[[Categoria:Historia Guamae]]
[[Categoria:Historia Insularum Marsaliensium]]
[[Categoria:Historia Insularum Marianarum Septentrionalium]]
[[Categoria:Historia Palau]] --&gt;
[[Categoria:Condita 1565]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>La Bataille des vins</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <minor />
      <comment>{{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}}</comment>
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      <text bytes="9467" sha1="csxce72niwi64g7n2pochnelhsosa9f" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
[[Fasciculus:Bern Burgerbibliothek Cod. 113 f 100r detail La bataille des vins incipit.jpg|thumb|Primi versus ''La bataille des vins'' ([[Berna]], Bibliotheca publica ms. 1113 f. 100r)]]

{{ores|La Bataille des vins}} seu ''Dit des vins de France'' est [[carmen]] [[Francogallice]] [[saeculum 13|saeculo XIII]] compositum, quae comparationem exprimit [[vinum album|vinorum alborum]] praesertim [[Francia|Francicorum]] per [[narratio]]nem certaminis quae ad mensam boni regis [[Philippus II (rex Francorum)|Philippi Augusti]] accidisse praetenditur. Poëma ab [[Henricus de Andeliaco|Henrico de Andeliaco]] scriptum est, fortasse eodem anno [[1223]] quo rex mortuus esset vel anno insequenti.

== Argumentum ==
[[Fasciculus:BNF fr 837 f 231v La Bataille des vins.jpeg|thumb|upright=1.5|Initium ''La bataille des vins'' ([[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|BNF]] ms. français 837 f. 231v)]]
Narratum est bonum regem Philippum Augustum, qui vina alba appetenter bibere solebat, vina alba ex omnibus terris advehi mandavisse: advenisse ergo --&lt;ref&gt;Fonte {{qc|id=Henry (1991)}} cum editionibus anterioribus. Nomina regionum quae litteris italicis scribuntur a Vicipaediano addita sunt&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[vinum Cyprium]]
* ''vina [[Sacrum Romanum Imperium|Sacri Imperii]]'' [[vinum Alsaticum|Alsaticum]] et [[vinum Mosellanum|Mosellanum]]
* vinum [[vinum Alnense|Alnense]], [[Vinum Santonianum|Santonianum]], [[Talleburgum|Talleburgense]], [[vinum Rupellense|Rupellense]]
* ''vina [[Lombardia|Lombardica]]'' [[Mediolanum|Mediolanense]], [[Parma|Parmense]], [[Placentia|Placentinum]]
* ''vina meridiana'' [[vinum Hispanicum|Hispanicum]], [[vinum Provinciale|Provinciale]], [[Monspessulanus|Monspeliense]], [[Narbo]]nense, [[vinum Baeterranum|Baeterranum]], [[vinum Carcassonense|Carcassonense]]
* ''[[vinum Gasconicum|vina Vasconica]]'' [[Musciacum|Musciaci]] et [[semillon]]
* [[vinum Francicum|vina Francica]] (''vins françois'') [[Orcicasa]]e, [[Saint-Yon|Sancti Ionii]], [[vinum Aurelianense|Aurelianense]], [[Iargolium|Iargoliense]], [[Mellentum|Mellentense]], {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|vinum Argentolianum|Argentolianum|fr|qid=Q3560303}}, [[Augusta Suessionum|Suessonense]], [[Samesium|Samesii]], [[Tria Bardoli|de Tria Bardoli]]
* ''[[vinum Campanicum|vina Campanica]]'' [[Altum villare|Alti villaris]], [[Sezania]]e, [[Sparnacum|Sparnacense]]
* ''vina [[Bituricense|Bituricensia]] et ultra [[Liger]]im nata'' [[vinum Andegavense|Andegavense]], [[vinum Gastinium|Gastinium]], [[Exoldunum|Exoldunense]], [[Castrum Radulphi|Castroradulphense]], [[vinum Sancerrense|Sancerrense]], [[Vinum Sanportianum|Sanportianum]], [[Silviniacum|Silviniacense]], [[Vinum Cabliacense|Cabliacense]]
* ''[[vinum Burgundicum|vina Burgundica]]'' [[vinum Nivernense|Nivernense]], [[vinum Vezeliacum|Vezeliacum]], [[vinum Auxerrense|Auxerrense]], {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|vinum Tornodurense|Tornodurense|fr|qid=Q2922360}}, [[Flaviniacum|Flaviniacense]], [[vinum Belnense|Belnense]]:
deinde presbyterum quemdam Anglicum vina regionis [[Lutetia|Parisiensis]] [[Bellovacum|Bellovacense]] [[Durocatalaunum|Durocatalaunique]] et [[Stampae|Stamparum]] flatulenta et indigestibilia, vel potius homines qui loco horum vinorum adstabant, excommunicavisse:

[[Fasciculus:BNF fr 837 f 232r La Bataille des vins.jpeg|thumb|upright=1.5|Continuatio ''La bataille des vins'' ([[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|BNF]] ms. français 837 f. 232r)]]
vina [[Cenomanum|Cenomanense]] et [[vinum Turonense|Turonense]], ut quae aestate in acetum versa essent, similique modo vina septentrionalia [[Cambliacum|Cambliaci]], [[Argentiae|Argentiarum]], [[Condate Redonum|Redonum]] a cena effugisse: [[vinum Francicum|vina Francica]] (nominibusque denuo additis [[Petraficta ad Sequanam|Petraefictae]] [[Marliacum|Marliacique]] [[Diogilum|Diogilique]] et [[Mons Morentiacus|Montis Morentiaci]]) et [[vinum Campanicum|Campanica]] de bonitate inter se disputavisse, adducto etiam Autessiodurensi, reiecto [[Laudunum|Laudunensi]] ultra [[Viromandensis|Viromandensem]] orto:

[[vinum Alsaticum]] se apud [[Germania|Germanos]] et praecipue [[Colonia Agrippina|Colonienses]] venundatum praetendisse: [[vinum Rupellense]] se excellere iactavisse quod apud [[Anglia|Anglos]], [[Britannia Minor|Bretones]], [[Flandria|Flamengos]], [[Normannia|Normannos]], [[Cambria|Wallenses]], [[Scotia|Scotos]], [[Hibernia|Hibernos]], [[Norvegia|Norvegicos]], [[Dania|Danos]] venditatum pecunias reddidisset: vina [[vinum Angeriacum|Angeriacum]], [[Engolisma|Engolismense]], [[vinum Burdigalense|Burdigalense]], Santonense, [[vinum Pictaviense|Pictaviense]] suas vires iactitavisse:

vina Castroradulphense et Exoldunense cum vineis adiacentibus [[Calviniacum|Calviniaci]], [[Montricardus|Montricardi]], [[Mons Morillonis|Montis Morillonis]],[[Busentiacum|Busentiaci]], [[Lassay-sur-Croisne|Lassay]] invitationem postulavisse: vina denuo Franciae strictae se mitiores esse praetendisse, neque capita neque stomacha nocentes sicut Autessiodurense et Viromandense:

presbyterum Anglicum verbis interdum Anglicis vina omnia aestimavisse (''ise gout!''): contra omnia regem Philippum victoriam vino Cyprio adiudicavisse, titulo apostoli dato; vino {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Vinum Aquileense|Aquileensi|it|qid=Q3087964}} titulum cardinalis dedisse: tres reges, quinque comites, duodecim pares inter vina Francica creavisse.

E vinis hic enumeratis nonnulla Burgundica cum Pictavensibus Vasconicisque contra aquam in poëmate ''[[La Desputoison du vin et de l'iaue]]'' disputavisse finguntur.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
[[Fasciculus:BNF fr 837 f 232v La Bataille des vins.jpeg|thumb|upright=1.5|Explicit ''La bataille des vins'' ([[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|BNF]] ms. français 837 f. 232v)]]
; Editiones et versiones
* 1808 : &quot;La Bataille des vins&quot; in ''L'Ordène de chevalerie, avec une dissertation sur l'origine de la langue françoise, un essai sur les étimologies, quelques contes anciens, et un glossaire pour en faciliter l'intelligence''. Editio aucta. Lutetiae {{Google Books|HvQ5AAAAcAAJ}}
* 1880 : Alexandre Héron, ed., ''Œuvres de Henri d’Andeli, trouvère normand du XIIIe siècle''. Rotomagi: Société rouennaise de bibliophiles [https://archive.org/details/oeuvresdehenrida00henruoft Textus]
** Editio minor, Lutetiae: A. Claudin, l881; reimpressum, Genavae: Slatkine, 1974
* 1885 : Friedrich Augustin, ''Sprachliche Untersuchung über die Werke Henri d’Andeli’s, nebst einem Anhang enthaltend «La Bataille des vins», diplomatischer Abdruck der Berner MS''. Marburg: N. G. Elwert
* 1951 : Gaston Galtier, ''Études de géographie vinicole. 2e partie. Un document sur le vignoble et le commerce des vins dans la France médiévale. La Bataille des vins, d’Henri d’Andeli''. Montispessulani: Édition Journée vinicole, 1951
* 1968 : Gaston Galtier, &quot;La Bataille des vins d'Henri d'Andeli. Un document sur le vignoble et le commerce des vins dans la France médiévale&quot; in ''Bulletin de la Société languedocienne de géographie'' vol. 3 no. 2 (1968) pp. 5-41
* 1991 : {{ec|id=Henry (1991)|c=Albert Henry, ed., &quot;Henri d’Andeli, La Bataille des vins, édition avec introduction, notes, glossaire et tables&quot; in ''Bulletin de la classe des lettres et des sciences morales et politiques, Académie royale de Belgique'', 6a ser., vol. 2/6-9 (1991) pp. 203-248 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/barb_0001-4133_1991_num_2_1_38823 Textus]}}
* 2003 : Alain Corbellari, ed., ''Les Dits d’Henri d’Andeli''. Lutetiae: H. Champion, 2003 [https://web.archive.org/web/20190814220034/https://journals.openedition.org/crm/148 recensio huius operis]
* 2003 : Alain Corbellari, interpr., ''Les Dits d’Henri d’Andeli''. Lutetiae: H. Champion, 2003

; Historica et critica
* &quot;Les Batailles des vins&quot; in Robert Dion, ''Histoire de la vigne et du vin en France des origines au XIXe siècle'' (Lutetiae, 1959) pp. 399-414
* J.-B. Robert, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/geoca_0035-113x_1953_num_28_4_1385 	Une contribution à l'histoire et à la géographie du vignoble européen]&quot; in ''Revue de géographie de Lyon'' vol. 28 (1953) pp. 349-352 (recensio operum Gastonis Galtier)
* Michel Zink, &quot;Autour de La Bataille des Vins d'Henri d'Andeli: le blanc du prince, du pauvre et du poète&quot; in Max Milner, Martine Chatelain Courtois, edd., ''L'Imaginaire du vin, actes du colloque de Dijon (15-17 octobre 1981)'' (Marseille: éditions Jeanne Laffitte, 1989)
* François Zufferey, &quot;Un problème de paternité: Le cas d’Henri d’Andeli&quot; in ''Revue de linguistique romane'' vol. 269-270 (2004) pp. 47-78

== Nexus externi ==
* [[:s:fr:La Bataille des vins|Textus apud Vicifontem Francogallicum]]
* &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20200929111911/https://www.arlima.net/eh/henri_dandeli.html Henri d’Andeli]&quot; apud ''ARLIMA''
* [http://www.cepdivin.org/anthologie/batailledvins.html Versio Francogallica moderna] apud ''Cep Divin''
** [http://www.corpusetampois.com/cle-13-henri-vins.html Eadem fere versio cum textu et adnotationibus necnon bibliographia] (fons principalis bibliographiae nostrae)
* [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b55013464t/f472.item BNF Français 837 f. 231v-232v]
* [https://www.e-codices.ch/fr/bbb/0113/201r/0/ Bern, Burgerbibliothek cod. 113 f. 200r-201r]

[[Categoria:Carmina]]
[[Categoria:Franciae scripta]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Francogallicae antiquae]]
[[Categoria:Libri de vino]]
[[Categoria:Scripta 1224]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ceton</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
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      <comment>novissima</comment>
      <origin>3991234</origin>
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      <text bytes="826" sha1="pswsordij1bni2yls927rkz8arhgn4z" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Eglise de Ceton.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.7|Ceton: ecclesia [[Petrus|Sancto Petro]] dicata.]]
'''Ceton''' est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] {{formatnum:1734}} incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Olina (praefectura Franciae)|Olinae]] in provincia [[Normannia (regio Franciae)|Normanniae]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Olinae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Ceton|Ceton}}
{{INSEE commune|61079|de=Ceton}}
* {{opus|url=https://www.ceton.fr/ |titulus=Ceton pagina interretialis}}
* {{opus|url=http://cassini.ehess.fr/fr/html/fiche.php?select_resultat=7578 |titulus=De hoc communi |domus editoria=apud cassini.ehess.fr}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Olinae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Olinae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pactio suppletoria de abrogatione servitutis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>185382</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991442</id>
      <parentid>3875089</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T22:58:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LilyKitty</username>
        <id>18316</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>de matrimonio coacticio</comment>
      <origin>3991442</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2411" sha1="fy1en2kr85kctq11q75gysnt2agyxi2" xml:space="preserve">{{Latinitas|-2}}
'''Pactio Suppletoria ad Servitutem Abolendam''' est [[pactio]] [[Consociatio Nationum|Consociationis Nationum]] quae omnes formas [[servitus|servitutis]] et actus similes—veluti [[servus|servitutem]] debiti causa, servitutem [[agricultura]]e et [[matrimonium coacticium]] mulieribus [[puella|puellisque]] impositum—interdicit. Haec pactio decreta est die [[7 Septembris]] [[1956]] et vim legis obtinuit die [[30 Aprilis]] [[1957]]. Hodie 124 civitates eam ratam habent.&lt;ref&gt;[http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetailsIII.aspx?src=TREATY&amp;mtdsg_no=XVIII-4&amp;chapter=18&amp;Temp=mtdsg3&amp;lang=en Sigratura et ratificationes].&lt;/ref&gt;

== Summarium Pactionis ==
In praefatione [[Pactio de servitute (anno 1926)]] et Conventio [[Societas Internationalis Laboris|Societatis Internationalis Laboris]] de interdicendo [[labor coacticius|labore coacticio]] (anno 1930 decreta) commemorantur, quae huius Pactionis rationem confirmant.

'''Articulus I''' interdicere statuit servitutem debiti causa, servitutem [[agricultura]]e et id quod sub nomine “Matrimonium servitutis” contra mulieres, necnon [[mercatus hominum|mercatum]] [[impubes|impuberum]], habetur.

'''Articulus II''' iubet aetatem legitimam ad matrimonium celebrandum constitui, quo mulieres tutius defendantur.

'''Articulus IV''' fugiendi libertatem servis ipso facto spondet, ita ut continuo liberi fiant.

'''Articulus V''' vetat mutilationem, [[stigma]] vel alia signa hominibus in servitutem addictis adhibita velut [[poena]]s.

'''Articulus VII''' definitiones vocabulorum “servitus”, “homo in condicione servi” et “mercatus servorum” explanat.

'''Articulus IX''' omnes civitatum “reservationes” (si quae exceptiones ab obligationibus profi cerent) prohibet.

'''Articulus XII''' statuit hanc Pactionem etiam in illis territoriis valere quae [[sui iuris]] non sunt vel in [[colonia|coloniis]] ac quibuslibet regionibus quae ipsa non sunt liberae [[natio|nationes]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Anti-Slavery International]]
* [[Internationalis iurum humanorum lex]]
* [[Mercatus hominum]]
* [[Servitus]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://www.ohchr.org/FR/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/SupplementaryConventionAbolitionOfSlavery.aspx Textus Francogallicus.]
* [http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/f3scas.htm Textus Anglicus.]

[[Categoria:Ius internationale]]
[[Categoria:Nationes Unitae]]
[[Categoria:Servitus]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Crixus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>187858</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991407</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-26T20:48:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
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      <text bytes="1145" sha1="prlxe57wtsag43chg3q64esplhsw8be" xml:space="preserve">{{L-1}}
Crixus (natus anno incerto - mortuus [[72 a.C.n.]]) fuit [[gladiator]] &lt;ref&gt;[[Orosius]], ''Historiae'' 5.24.1&lt;/ref&gt; qui cum Spartaco pugnavit in [[Tertium Bellum Servile|tertio bello servili]] annis 73-71 a.C.n. Nomen eius in lingua Gallica significat &quot;[homo] cum capillis crispis (sive cirris)&quot;. Alii scriptores historiarum dicunt Spartacum et Crixum se dissociatos esse, [[Spartacus|Spartacum]] servos ad suos domos revertere suasisse, Crixus [[Italia]]m spoliare maluisse, sed alii dicunt consilium ad milites Romanos vincendos fuisse. Crixus mortuus est anno 72 BC dum pugnat cum consule [[Lucius Gellius Publicola (cos. 72 a.C.n.)|Gellio]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Plutarchus]], ''Crassus'' 9.&lt;/ref&gt;.  Tum Spartacus munera in suo honore celebravit et milites Romanos victos inter se usque ad mortem pugnare iussit.

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* &quot;[http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/ACL3129.0001.001/911?rgn=full+text;view=image;q1=crixus Crixus]&quot; in {{Smith-bio}} Vol. 1 p. 896

[[Categoria:Servi]]
[[Categoria:Gladiatores]]
[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 2 aut 1 a.C.n.]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 72 a.C.n.]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Historia Indonesiae</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>194947</id>
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-27T00:56:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ChomponU Pongsawet</username>
        <id>202211</id>
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      <text bytes="1703" sha1="cgc07wdeaz90ko39q1rs8a7u251w75h" xml:space="preserve">{{L-1}}
[[Fasciculus:National emblem of Indonesia Garuda Pancasila.svg|thumb|Insignia Indonesiae]]
[[Indonesia]] habitatur exstare abhinc vetustissima tempore cum [[Pithecanthropus erectus|Pithecanthropo erecto]](anglice Java Man) pro indicio. Regna varia Indonesiam imperaverunt sicut [[Srivijaya]] cum [[Palembeng]] [[Sumatra]] prout capite, et [[Sailendra]] et Sanjaya et Majapahit. In [[1511]] [[Alfonso d' Albuquerque]] [[lusitanus]] cepit [[Insulae Moluccae|moluccam]] et proximo anno [[insulae Bandanae|Bandam]] dominatum commercium condimenti praecipue [[maccis]]. Lusitani non afficebat ceteras partes Indonesiae. [[Nederlandia|Bataviani]] ducti a Houtman venerunt in 1602, superaverunt et Indonesiam condiderunt sicut colonia Nederlandiae (nomine Latino &quot;India Batava Orientalis&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;Cf. titulum operis ''Plantae Indiae Batavae Orientalis quas, in itinere per insulas Archipelagi Indici Javam, Amboinam, Celebem, Ternatam, aliasque, annis 1815-1821 exploravit Casp. Georg. Carol. Reinwardt'' (Lugduni Batavorum, 1856) [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_OJE_AAAAYAAJ Textus]&lt;/ref&gt;

Ineunte saeculo 19  amor patriae incoluit apud eruditos insulanos incipientes varias factiones motusque. [[Iaponia]] Indonesiam incurrit in 1941. Cum Iaponia perdidisset in 1945 volvivessetque, Indonesia ducto a [[Suharto]] declaravit ipsam liberatam. Suharto fuit primus praesides deinde [[Sukarno]] in 1968 deinde [[Megawati]] in 2001 deinde Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono in 2004.&lt;ref&gt;Edward Horton, ''Indonesia'' (2004)&lt;/ref&gt; Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono est hodie praeses.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Iuramentum iuvenum]]

{{Historia Asiae}}

[[Categoria:Historia Indonesiae|!]]

{{Myrias|Historia}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Petrus Martyr ab Angleria</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>198331</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Minora</comment>
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      <text bytes="22891" sha1="ju36liq5h55mnebrsjwq0p01ac5sgxz" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}

{{res|Petrus Martyr ab Angleria}}&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Petrus Martyr ab Angleria&quot;: nomen sic in titulo operis ''De orbe novo decades'' scribitur&lt;/ref&gt; (natus die [[2 Februarii]] [[1457]]&lt;ref&gt;De die et anno: {{qc|id= Ciampi (1875)}}; {{qc|id= MacNutt (1912)}} pp. 1-2 cum nota subiuncta&lt;/ref&gt; [[Aruna]]e pagi [[Mediolanum|Mediolanensis]];&lt;ref name=&quot;natural&quot;&gt;&quot;natural de Milan, nacido en la villa de Arona, que es en la ribera del lago Verbano, que por su grandeza se dice lago Mayor&quot;: sic testamentum, {{qc|id=''Documentos'' (1861)}} [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_slLx9vohI1UC/page/400/mode/2up p. 401]&lt;/ref&gt; mortuus [[Granata (Hispania)|Granatae]] mense Octobri [[1526]]) fuit [[capellanus]] regum Catholicorum [[Ferdinandus II (rex Aragoniae)|Ferdinandi]] et [[Isabella I (regina Castellae et Legionis)|Isabellae]], consiliarius imperatoris [[Carolus V (imperator)|Caroli V]], et [[auctor]] operis historici principalis, Latine compositi, de exploratione et conquisitione mediae [[America]]e. Opus principio in forma epistularum et commentationum manu scriptarum divulgatum est; diu in editionibus imperfectis, denuo titulo ''[[De orbe novo decades|De orbe novo ... decades]]'' anno [[1530]] editum est post mortem auctoris, qui textum in octo &quot;decadas&quot; ordinaverat.

[[Fasciculus:Petrus Martyr Works 1511 tp.jpg|thumb|Titulus editionis 1511 operum Petri Martyris, [[Hispalis|Hispali]] ab  {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Iacobus Cromberger|Iacobo Cromberger|es|qid=Q16580497}} editae]]
Nec praenomen nec cognomen, quod a nativitate gessit, pro certo habemus. E familia praeclara [[Angleria]]e se natum esse confessus est. Nomini Petro Martyri, aut nativo aut religioso, adiunguntur ergo '''Anglerius''', cognomen familiae (&quot;hinc sanguis noster Anglerius; hinc mea progenies&quot;),&lt;ref name=&quot;Fagiardo&quot; /&gt; atque '''Mediolanensis''', agnomen municipale. Epistulas duplici praenomine ambobusque cognominibus, sed compendiosissime, superscribere solebat: '''P. M. A. M.'''&lt;ref&gt;''[[Opus epistolarum (Petrus Martyr ab Angleria)|Opus epistolarum]]'' [https://archive.org/details/opusepistolarump00angh/page/n29/mode/2up f 1r] et passim&lt;/ref&gt;

== De iuventute Italica ==
Arunae sine dubio natus est. &quot;In id me oppidum,&quot; ait, &quot;genitrix utero me portavit et peperit,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Aruna&quot;&gt;''Opus epistolarum'' [https://archive.org/details/opusepistolarump00angh/page/n199/mode/2up f. 86r]: epistula cardinali [[Georgius de Ambacia|Georgio de Ambacia]] scripta; similiter [https://archive.org/details/opusepistolarump00angh/page/n421/mode/2up f. 197 rv]&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;ubi avitum genus meum Angleriense possessiones et domos habebat ac praedia:&quot; nihilominus &quot;utero gestatum aliunde&quot; se fuisse refert,{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1=''Opus epistolarum'' [https://archive.org/details/opusepistolarump00angh/page/n387/mode/2up f. 180r]: epistula {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Ruffus (archiepiscopus Cusentinus)|Ioanni Ruffo archiepiscopo Cusentino scripta|it|qid=Q64779142}}.|2=Q64779142}} longiusque evolvit in epistula discipulo {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Petrus Fagiardus (marchio Bellecensis)|Petro Fagiardo|es|qid=Q2615834}} missa: &quot;attamen cum me utero mater gestaret, sic volente patre, Aronam, ubi pleraque illis erant praedia domusque, concessit&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fagiardo&quot;&gt;''Opus epistolarum'' (cuius operis nostrae citationes omnes editionem 1530 referunt) [https://archive.org/details/opusepistolarump00angh/page/n145/mode/2up 59r]&lt;/ref&gt; [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] certe educatus est in aula [[Galeatius Maria Sfortia|Galeatii Mariae Sfortiae]]. Se e Mediolano ortum esse bis vel ter praetendit: &quot;me ... longe a Latio natum (quia Mediolani) et longissime vitam egisse (quia in Hispania)&quot;; &quot;ex natali patria Mediolano&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mediolani&quot;&gt;Prima citatio: ''[[De orbe novo decades]]'' dec. 2 lib. 7; altera: [https://archive.org/details/ioannesruffusfor00angh/page/n9/mode/2up epistula editioni 1516 ''Decadum'' dedicatoria]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;natural&quot; /&gt;

Comitem Aronae Ioannem Borromeum &quot;nostrae familiae benefactor[em]&quot;, argentarium Mediolanensem, patronum suum appellavit.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Optime patrone&quot;: ''Opus epistolarum'' [https://archive.org/details/opusepistolarump00angh/page/n37/mode/1up f. 4v]&lt;/ref&gt; Mediolani familiam Trivultium cognovisse censetur, sibi cognatam, et praesertim [[Ioannes Iacobus Trivultius|Ioannem Iacobum Trivultium]] marescalcum Franciae,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Est et Io. Iacobus Tri[u]ultius, Gallicarum ductor copiarum, nostrae familiae de Angleria, Triuultia antiquioris, uti ipsemet inquit, sanguine coniunctus&quot;: ''Opus epistolarum'' [https://archive.org/details/opusepistolarump00angh/page/n142/mode/1up f. 57r]&lt;/ref&gt; cui postea epistulas plures miserit. Insuper iam cognovit [[Ioannes Arcimboldus|Ioannem Arcimboldum]], qui illis annis orator apud Sanctam Sedem fungebatur pro Galeatium Mariam Sfortiam. Quo anno [[1476]] necato, Arcimboldus Romae mansit (ubi cardinalis et [[legatus a latere]] fit, atque ab anno [[1485]] archiepiscopus Mediolanensis); Petrus Martyr [[Roma]]m mox profectus est, cliens ipsius Arcimboldi et [[Ascanius Maria Sfortia|Ascanii Sfortiae Vicecomitis]] coaetanii: hic frater erat Galeatii Mariae et [[Ludovicus Sfortia|Ludovici]] ducis futuri.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;P. M. A. M. Ascanio Vícecomiti, magni Ludouici fratrí, cardinali, patrono singularí&quot;: ''Opus epistolarum'' [https://archive.org/details/opusepistolarump00angh/page/n39/mode/1up f. 5v]&lt;/ref&gt;

Sub pontificatu [[Innocentius VIII|Innocentii VIII]] Petrus Martyr secretarius meruit Francisco quodam Nigro, urbis gubernatori, titulo protonotarii apostolici; Ascanium Sfortiam, mox cardinalem creatum, patronum amborum fuisse in epistula confitetur.&lt;ref&gt;''Opus epistolarum'' [https://archive.org/details/opusepistolarump00angh/page/n43/mode/2up f. 38r]&lt;/ref&gt; Cognovit [[Iulius Pomponius Laetus|Pomponium Laetum]], cui (&quot;antiquitatis magistro doctissimo&quot;, &quot;viro singulari doctrina, amico dilecto&quot;) postea epistulas nonnullas misit.&lt;ref&gt;''Opus epistolarum'' [https://archive.org/details/opusepistolarump00angh/page/n70/mode/1up ff. 21r], [https://archive.org/details/opusepistolarump00angh/page/n104/mode/1up 38r]&lt;/ref&gt; 

Post decem annos [[Aragonia (regnum)|Aragonia]]m petivit, suadente {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Enecus Lupus Mendocius (comes Tendillae)|Eneco Lupo comite Tendillae|es|qid=Q8078615}}, qui legatus apud Sanctam Sedem merebat. Romam reliquit nolente patrono Ascanio Sfortia, cui promisit se crebriter missurum epistulas de rebus in Hispania gestis: inde ortus est maxima series epistularum quae, inter alias, in ''Opere epistolarum'' post amborum mortem anno 1530 editae sunt. Omnium epistularum prima Ascanio illo Sfortia missa est &quot;ex [[Caesaraugusta]], ubi Reges invenimus ... [[1 Ianuarii|Kalendis Ianuarii]] anno [[1488]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Opus epistolarum'' [https://archive.org/details/opusepistolarump00angh/page/n30/mode/1up f. 1r]&lt;/ref&gt;

== De maturitate Hispanica ==
In Hispania a principio paedagogus in familiae illius comitis functus est, ubi discipulos habuit {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Didacus Furtatus Mendocius|Didacum Furtatum Mendocium|es|qid=Q2297287}} poëtam et legatum, fratremque {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ludovicus Furtatus Mendocius|Ludovicum|es|qid=Q3754494}} comitem II. Tendillae. [[Salmantica]]e in [[Pontificia Universitas Salmanticensis|universitate]] mense Octobri [[1488]] morabat: ibi lectionem publicam dedit, adiuvante amico {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Lucius Marineus Siculus|L. Marineo Siculo|es|qid=Q4896779}}, qui inter studentes stans contionem de secunda ''Satira'' [[Iuvenalis]] magna voce postulavit, quam rem Martyr optime cognovit assidueque praeparaverat.&lt;ref&gt;''Opus epistolarum'' [https://archive.org/details/opusepistolarump00angh/page/n50/mode/1up ff. 11r-12r]&lt;/ref&gt; Anno insequenti cum exercitu [[Castella]]no per [[Vandalitia]]m vagans, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Giennium|Giennio|es|qid=Q15681}} morans, inter obsidia [[Basti]]orum necnon [[Almeria (Hispania)|Almeria]]e militavit et in epistulis descripsit.&lt;ref&gt;''Opus epistolarum'' [https://archive.org/details/opusepistolarump00angh/page/n58/mode/1up ff. 15r-19v]&lt;/ref&gt;
Canonicus [[Granata (Hispania)|Granatensis]] ab hoc tempore erat ibique annos fere tres manebat, sed anno [[1492]] ad aulam regiam peregrinam iussu reginae [[Isabella I (regina Castellae et Legionis)|Isabellae]] revocatus est; familiaris regum catholicorum [[Ferdinandus II (rex Aragonum)|Ferdinandi]] et Isabellae acceptus est die [[2 Octobris]] [[1492|eiusdem anni]].&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=''Documentos'' (1861)}} [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_slLx9vohI1UC/page/398/mode/2up p. 398]&lt;/ref&gt; Rem his verbis explicuit in epistula quam e [[Caesaraugusta]] ad amicos inseparabiles, videlicet &quot;Bracharae archipraesulem et Pompilonensem episcopum&quot;, die [[1 Septembris]] [[1492]] misit:
: Palaestra haec nostra Reginae ... adeo placet, ut {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Iacobus dux Ghimaraneus|Gimaranneum ducem|pt|qid=Q2698113}} (ipsi consobrinum) iusserit domum ut frequentet meum, itidem {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Alphonsus Aragonius (dux Villae Formosae)|Villae Formosae duci|es|qid=Q5667325}} (Regis ex fratre nepoti) est imperatum ab eaque nunquam per diem, ni causa ingruerit urgens, discedant, hos, quotquot Hispania utraque [i.e. Castella et Leon] iuvenes habet potentatuum heredes, secuntur. Singulos ducunt audituros una pedagogos, quibus cum domi grammaticae praecepta ex meo instituto pertractent. Et quae audiunt una repetant: haec ego!&lt;ref&gt;''Opus epistolarum'' [https://archive.org/details/opusepistolarump00angh/page/n85/mode/1up f. 28v]&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ab anno [[1493]] explorationes Hispanicas in Novum Orbem describere coepit. De [[Christophorus Columbus|Columbo]], de navigationibus terrisque nuper repertis in epistolis variis narravit, quarum breviores multae in ''Opere epistolarum'' (1530) comprehenduntur.&lt;ref&gt;Haec epistulae, ex ''Opere epistolarum'' selectae, in libello {{qc|id= Gaffarel et Louvot (1885)}} [[Francogallice]] vertuntur.&lt;/ref&gt; Longiores autem, gradatim in opus historicum commutatae, separatim collectae erint, sicut prisco patrono Ioanni Borromeo his verbis evolvit: &quot;Libros coepi de tantae rei invento perscribere. Si dabitur vivere, nil memoratu dignum praetermittam qualescunque decussi evadent: illorum ad te mittetur exemplar. Praebebo saltem viris doctis, magna scribere aggredientibus, ingens ac novum materiae pelagus.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Opus epistolarum'' [https://archive.org/details/opusepistolarump00angh/page/n95/mode/2up f. 34r]&lt;/ref&gt; Ergo prima epistula alteraque, cardinali Ascanio Sfortia diebus [[13 Novembris]] [[1493]] et [[29 Aprilis]] [[1494]] missae, denuo in libros I. et II. primae decadis conversae sunt; septem libri insequentes cardinali [[Ludovicus Aragonius|Ludovico Aragonio]], sed liber decimus patrono (olim discipulo) {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Enecus Lupus Mendocius (comes Tendillae)|Eneco Lupo Mendocio|es|qid=Q8078615}}, comite Tendillae, missae sunt. Qui decem libri titulo ''Oceani decas'' multo tardius anno 1511 congessi et divulgati sunt. Editiones posteriores semper auctae variis titulis e prelo proderunt: ''De rebus oceanis et orbe novo decades tres'' (1516), ''De nuper sub D. Carolo repertis insulis'' (i.e. quarta decas, 1521), ''De orbe novo ... decades'' (i.e. series plena decadum octo, 1530). De decade tertia iam anno [[1497]] laborare se coepisse Pomponio Laeto scripsit.&lt;ref&gt;''Opus epistolarum'' f. 44v&lt;/ref&gt; Eodem anno orator in [[Bohemia]]m paene missus statim revocatus est.

Anno [[1501]], &quot;legatione Veneta, mox Babylonica&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Legatio&quot;&gt; ''Opus epistolarum'' [https://archive.org/details/opusepistolarump00angh/page/n387/mode/2up f. 180r]&lt;/ref&gt; (id est, in [[Cairum]] [[Aegyptus|Aegypti]]) missus, bono successu duxit. In itinere oppidum natale visitavit.&lt;ref name=&quot;Legatio&quot; /&gt; Res a se visas et gestas tam in ''Legatione Babylonica'' (1511 divulgata) quam in epistulas viginti duabus ''Operis epistularum'' (1530) curiose enarrat.&lt;ref&gt;''Opus epistolarum'' [https://archive.org/details/opusepistolarump00angh/page/n136/mode/1up ff. 54r-58v]; {{qc|id= Thacher (1903)}} [https://archive.org/details/christophercolum11thac/page/n41/mode/2up pp. 12-21]&lt;/ref&gt; Magister in artibus liberalibus equitum in aula regum catholicorum die [[15 Decembris]] [[1502]] promotus est.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=''Documentos'' (1861)}} [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_slLx9vohI1UC/page/398/mode/2up p. 399]&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;De bello autem si consilium amici vis,&quot; ita [[Aloisius Marlianus|Aloisio Marliano]] imperatori protomedico anno 1508 scripsit: &quot;bella gerant bellatores; philosophis inhaereat lectionis et contemplationis studium.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Opus epistolarum'' [https://archive.org/details/opusepistolarump00angh/page/n198/mode/1up f. 85r]&lt;/ref&gt; Opera eius, non antea impressa, anno [[1511]] [[Hispalis|Hispali]] e prelo {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Iacobus Cromberger|Iacobi Cromberger|es|qid=Q16580497}} proderunt. L. Marineus Siculus amicus {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Petrus Fagiardus (marchio Bellecensis)|Petrusque Fagiardus|es|qid=Q2615834}} olim discipulus adiuverunt, si re vera librum manu scriptum operum, a Martyre paratum, e scriptorio abstractum, editori clam dederunt.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Magnum facinus et memorabile ausus sum ...&quot;: Sic confessus est Siculus ipse. An credere licet? {{qc|id= Marineus Siculus (1514)}} [https://bnedigital.bne.es/bd/es/viewer?id=0602dd8c-73a5-411d-8d23-880fba0ea0cd&amp;page=32 sig. e5 rv (imagines 32-33)]&lt;/ref&gt; Si ita sit, nihilominus ante libri divulgationem Martyr ipse epistulam dedicatoriam Eneco Lupo Mendocio, comite Tendillae, praeposuit et [[Aelius Antonius Nebrissensis|Antonius Nebrissensis]] &quot;grammaticus&quot; praefationem addidit, reginae [[Ioanna (regina Castellae et Legionis)|Ioanna]]e dicatam. Titulus libri sic sonat: ''P. Martyris Angli ''[sic]'' Mediolanensis opera: Legatio Babylonica, Occeani ''[sic]'' decas, Poemata, Epigrammata''.

Anno [[1516]] editionem trium ''Decadum'' et ''Legationis Babylonicae'' (poëmatibus omissis) paraverunt Petrus Martyr et Antonius Nebrissensis, qui iam &quot;historicus regius&quot; appellatur. Ipse Martyr chronographus (''cronista'') regum catholicorum die [[5 Martii]] [[1520]] creatus,&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=''Documentos'' (1861)}} [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_slLx9vohI1UC/page/400/mode/2up p. 400]&lt;/ref&gt; secretarius Concilii Indiarum anno [[1524]] promotus est. His autem annis praeter alias res de confectione operis sui de explorationibus laboravit, sicut ipse nimis modeste confessus est in epistula &quot;marchionibus&quot; die [[4 Novembris]] [[1522]] missa. Primam [[circumnavigatio]]nem (a [[Ferdinandus Magellanus|Magellano]] inceptam, a superviventibus nuper perfectam) refert, his verbis additis: &quot;... narrationem aliquando videbitis, decadem nanque formo quartam (tribus meis de orbe novo iamdudum c[h]alcographorum opera in vulgus emissis) successivam de hisce rebus novis ad Pontificem dirigendam.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Opus epistolarum'' [https://archive.org/details/opusepistolarump00angh/page/n404/mode/1up f. 187r]&lt;/ref&gt; Tribus decadibus anno 1516 impressis, non minus quam quinque decades additae erint, omnibus in uno volumine anno [[1530]] divulgaturis, auctore iam mortuo. [[Granata (Hispania)|Granata]]e enim anno [[1526]] mortuus est, ubi in [[ecclesia cathedralis|ecclesia cathedrali]] hoc [[epitaphium|epitaphio]] commemoratur:
: Rerum aetate nostra gestarum / et Novi Orbis ignoti hactenus / illustratori Petro Martyri Mediolanensi / Cæsareo Senatori / qui, patria relicta, / bello Granatensi miles interfuit; / mox, urbe capta, primum Canonico, / deinde Priori hujus ecclesiæ, / decanus et capitulum / carissimo collegae posuere sepulchrum / Anno MDXXVI.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id= Thacher (1903)}} [https://archive.org/details/christophercolum11thac/page/n61/mode/2up p. 33]&lt;/ref&gt;

== De indole ==
[[Fasciculus:Petrus Martyr opus epistolarum 1530 tp.jpg|thumb|''Opus epistolarum'': titulus editionis 1530]]
Coaevi pauci de vita et indole Petri Martyris scripserunt, sed L. Marineus Siculus in epistulis suis convivia eius generosa bis laudavit. Anno fere 1510 haec Petro Fagiardo scripsit, qui discipulus Martyris fuerat:
: Cum essem nudiustertius apud regiam, conveniens me Petrus Martyr &quot;Sicule,&quot; inquit, &quot;hodie apud me sis obsecro:&quot; solet enim me frequenter convivam habere. &quot;Libenter,&quot; inquam, &quot;tibi, Martyr, more geram faciendum esse enim quod iubes, in hac re praesertim, qua non Hispanos modo sed Lucullum quoque Romanum omnium convivantium omnium principem longe praestas.&quot; Martyre enim nemo liberalius nemo lautius amicos excipit. Eius igitur hospicium ingredimur. Caeterum dum Martyris pueri alii fercula parant, alii abacum struunt, igni se fovet Martyr: ego per triclinium solus incedo ... &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id= Marineus Siculus (1514)}} [https://bnedigital.bne.es/bd/es/viewer?id=0602dd8c-73a5-411d-8d23-880fba0ea0cd&amp;page=32 sig. e5 r (imago 32)]&lt;/ref&gt;

Anno ignoto, sed ante 1514, Siculus haec ipso Martyri scripsit:
: Ideoque mulctari me tuis coriandris et lymphacius haurire potum facile patiar, dum me ... ut soles liberaliter excipias et benigne, et gallinarum columborumque pullis cum sumine et petasonibus elixis expleas. Nam pavos turtures perdices phasianos coturnices turdos ficedulas attagenes merulas et alia omnia ferculorum genera quibus me satiare consuevisti, tibi caeterisque libenter relinquam, praeter dulces placentas et suaves martios panes ex nucleis amigdalis saccaroque confectos!&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id= Marineus Siculus (1514)}} [https://bnedigital.bne.es/bd/es/viewer?id=0602dd8c-73a5-411d-8d23-880fba0ea0cd&amp;page=87 sig. n4 r (imago 87)]&lt;/ref&gt;

Haec autem [[Hadrianus VI|Adrianus Traiectinus]], cardinalis [[Dertosa|Dertosensis]] Hispaniaeque regens, papa Adrianus VI futurus, scripsit mense Augusto 1521:
: Vale, felix mi Martyr, cuius hortensibus deliciis et passerculorum concentibus magis invideo, quam miserear solitudini: holera sic fovere ac rigare cura, ne nobis istuc euntibus emarcuerint.&lt;ref&gt;[[Hadrianus VI|Adrianus Traiectinus]] in: ''Opus epistolarum'' [https://archive.org/details/opusepistolarump00angh/page/n379/mode/2up f. 175v]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Opera ==
* 1511 : ''Legatio Babylonica, [[De orbe novo decades|Oceani Decas]], Poemata, Epigrammata''. Hispali: per Iacobum Corumberger; [https://web.archive.org/web/20110909233801/http://gredos.usal.es/jspui/handle/10366/83437 Textus]; [https://archive.org/details/pmartyrisanglime00angh Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* 1511-1530 : ''[[De orbe novo decades|De orbe novo ... decades]]''
* 1530 : ''[[Opus epistolarum (Petrus Martyr ab Angleria)|Opus epistolarum]] P. M. Anglerii Mediolanensis protonotarii apostolici atque a consiliis rerum Indicarum''

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
; Fontes fere coaevi
* {{ec|id=''Documentos'' (1861) |c= &quot;[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_slLx9vohI1UC/page/396/mode/2up Documentos relativos a Pedro Mártir de Anglería]&quot; in Marques de Pidal, Marques de Miraflores, Miguel Salvá, edd., ''Coleccion de documentos inéditos para la historia de España'' vol. 39 (Matriti: la viuda de Calero, 1861) pp. 398-418 }}
* {{ec|id= Marineus Siculus (1514) |c= [[Lucius Marineus Siculus]], ''Epistolarum familiarium libri decem et septem; Orationes quinque ...'' Vallisoleti: per Arnaldum Gulielmum Brocarium, 1514; [https://bnedigital.bne.es/bd/es/card?id=0602dd8c-73a5-411d-8d23-880fba0ea0cd Textus] }}

; Eruditio
{{Vide-etiam|De orbe novo decades#Bibliographia|Opus epistolarum (Petrus Martyr ab Angleria)#Bibliographia}}
* {{CathEnc|09740a|Peter Martyr d'Anghiera}}
* {{DBI|http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/pietro-martire-d-anghiera_(Dizionario-Biografico)/|Anghiera, Pietro Martire d'|Roberto Almagià|1961}}
* José A. Armillas Vicente, &quot;[https://ifc.dpz.es/recursos/publicaciones/33/63/10armillas.pdf Pedro Mártir de Anglería, contino real y cronista de Castilla. La invención de las nuevas Indias]&quot; in ''Jerónimo Zurita'' vol. 88 (2013) pp. 211-229
* {{ec|id= Ciampi (1875)|c= Ignazio Ciampi, &quot;[https://archive.org/details/sim_nuova-antologia-revista-di-lettere-scienze-ed-arti_1875-09_30/page/38/mode/2up Le fonti storiche del renascimento. 1: Pietro Martire d'Anghiera]&quot; in ''Nuova antologia di scienze, lettere ed arti'' vol. 30 (1875) pp. 39-79}}
* G. Eatough, ''Repertorium Columbianum: Selections from Peter Martyr''. Tornaci: Brepols, 1998
* {{ec|id= Gaffarel et Louvot (1885)|c= Paul Gaffarel, Fernand Louvot, interprr., ''Lettres de Pierre Martyr Anghiera relatives aux découvertes maritimes des espagnols et des portugais''. Lutetiae: Institut Géographique de Paris, 1885; [https://archive.org/details/lettresdepierrem00anghiala Textus apud Internet Archive] }}
* E. Lunardi et al., edd., ''Nuova Raccolta Colombiana: The Discovery of the New World in the Writings of Peter Martyr of Anghiera''. Romae: Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato, 1992
* {{ec|id= MacNutt (1912)|c= Francis Augustus MacNutt, interpr., ''Peter Martyr d'Anghiera: De orbe novo''. 2 voll. Novi Eboraci: Putnam, 1912; [https://archive.org/details/deorbenovoeightd01angh vol. 1], [https://archive.org/details/deorbenovoeightd02angh vol. 2 apud Internet Archive] }}
* J.-H. Mariéjol, ''Un lettré italien à la cour d'Espagne (1488-1526): Pierre Martyr d'Anghera, sa vie et ses oeuvres''. Lutetiae: Hachette, 1887; [https://archive.org/details/unlettreitalien00maririch/page/n3/mode/2up Textus]
* T. Maynard, &quot;Peter Martyr of Anghiera, Humanist and Historian&quot; in ''Catholic Historical Review'' vol. 16 (1930) pp. 435-448
* J. H. Sinclair, &quot;Bibliografia de Pedro Mártir de Anglería&quot; in ''Revista chilena de historia y geografia'' vol. 68 (1931) pp. 186-219
* {{ec|id= Thacher (1903)|c= John Boyd Thacher, ''Christopher Columbus: his life, his work, his remains'' (3 voll. Novi Eboraci, 1903–1904)  [https://archive.org/details/christophercolum11thac/page/n31/mode/2up vol. 1 pp. 1-110] }}
* Antonio de la Torre, &quot;La embajada a Egipto de Pedro Mártir de Anglería&quot; in ''Estudis universitaris catalans'' 21 (1936) pp. 433-450; [https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=10544423 DIALNET]
* Henry R. Wagner, &quot;[https://www.americanantiquarian.org/node/11329 Peter Martyr and His Works]&quot; in ''Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society'' vol. 56 (1946) pp. 239-288
* Erich Woldan, ed., ''Petrus Martyr de Angleria: Opera''. Graecii: Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt, 1966 (fac-simile editionum antiquorum)

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}

[[Categoria:Nati 1457]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1526]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Latini Renascentiae]]
[[Categoria:Aulici]]
[[Categoria:Eruditi Italiae]]
[[Categoria:Historici Hispaniae]]
[[Categoria:Politici Hispaniae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores itinerum]]
[[Categoria:Epistolographi]]
[[Categoria:Paedagogi]]
[[Categoria:Petrus Martyr ab Angleria| ]]</text>
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{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Carolus Clusius''' vel nomine Francogallico ''Charles de l'Écluse'' (natus [[Samarobriva]]e die [[19 Februarii]] [[1526]]; [[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]] mortuus die [[4 Aprilis]] [[1609]]) fuit [[herbarium|herbarius]] scriptorque et interpres operum quae de [[botanice|plantis]] exoticis, [[hortorum cultus|hortorum cultu]] et nuper repertis disseruerunt. Alumnus fuit medici [[Gulielmus Rondeletius|Gulielmi Rondeletii]] apud [[Universitas Montispessulani|universitatem Montispessulani]], sed artem medicam reliquit. Ab anno [[1573]], iussu [[Maximilianus II|Maximiliani II]] imperatoris, praefectus meruit [[Hortus Medicus Imperialis|Horti Medici Imperialis]] [[Vindobona|Vindobonensis]]. [[Lugdunum Batavorum]] anno [[1593]] petivit. Ibi professor [[Academia Lugduno-Batava|universitatis]] [[Hortus Academicus (Lugdunum Batavorum)|hortum academicum]] creare et elaborare curavit, qui hortus e schedis et indicibus Clusianis tempore nostro restitutus est.

Genus plantarum ''[[Clusia]]'' ad eius honorem a [[Carolus Plumier|Carolo Plumier]] nominatum est; quod nomen [[Carolus Linnaeus]] descriptione confirmavit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Plumier (1703)}}; {{Linnaeus SP|509}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Opera ==
[[Fasciculus:Carolus Clusius by Martin Rota.jpg|thumb|Carolus Clusius anno 1575]]
* 1557 (interpres) : [[Rembertus Dodonaeus|Rembert Dodoens]], ''[[Stirpium historiae pemptades sex|Histoire des plantes]]'' (Antverpiae) [http://www.biusante.parisdescartes.fr/histmed/medica/cote?07764 Textus] apud ''BIU Santé''
* 1557 : &quot;Petit recueil auquel est contenue la description d'aucunes gommes et liqueurs&quot; in [[Rembertus Dodonaeus|Rembert Dodoens]], ''[[Stirpium historiae pemptades sex|Histoire des plantes]]'' (Antverpiae) [http://www.biusante.parisdescartes.fr/histmed/medica/page?07764&amp;p=573 pp. 549-581]
* 1561 (interpres) : ''[[Antidotarium|Antidotarium, sive de exacta componendorum miscendorumque medicamentorum ratione]]'' (Antverpiae) {{Google Books|NTU6AAAAcAAJ}} {{Google Books|s69jAAAAcAAJ}}
* 1567 (interpres) : [[Garcias ab Orta]], ''[[Aromatum apud Indos nascentium historia|Aromatum et simplicium aliquot medicamentorum apud Indos nascentium historia]]'' (in editione secunda, 1574, [[coffeum]] primo inter Europaeos describitur et depingitur)
* 1574 (interpres) : [[Nicolaus Monardes]], ''[[Simplicium medicamentorum ex novo orbe delatorum historia|De simplicibus medicamentis ex occidentali India delatis quorum in medicina usus est]]''; opus anno 1579 recensum sub titulo ''Simplicium medicamentorum ex novo orbe delatorum, quorum in medicina usus est, historia''
* 1576 : ''Rariorum aliquot stirpium per Hispanias observatarum historia'' [https://archive.org/details/mobot33768000399827 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* 1582 : ''Aliquot notae in Garciae Aromatum historiam; Descriptiones nonnullarum stirpium, et aliarum exoticarum rerum, quae à ... Francisco Drake ... observatae sunt'' (Antverpiae: Plantin) [https://www.e-rara.ch/zuz/nagezh/content/titleinfo/9431363 Textus] apud ''e-Rara'' {{Google Books|sF5WAAAAcAAJ}}
* 1582 (interpres et editor) : collectaneum opera Garciae ab Horto et Nicolai Monardes comprehendens cum versione antehac inedita operis [[Christophorus Acosta|Christophori a Costa]], ''[[Aromatum et medicamentorum in orientali India nascentium historia|Tractado delas drogas y medicinas de las Indias orientales]]'' [https://archive.org/details/mobot31753000812856 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' {{Google Books|Y-Q9CF8jRAcC}}; anno 1593 rursus recensum [https://archive.org/details/mobot31753003634646 Textus]
* 1583 (interpres) : [[Rembertus Dodonaeus|Rembert Dodoens]], ''[[Stirpium historiae pemptades sex]]'' [https://archive.org/details/hin-wel-all-00000420-001 Textus]
* 1583 : ''Rariorum stirpium per Pannoniam, Austriam et vicinas quasdam provincias observatorum historia'' [https://archive.org/details/mobot31753000811379 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* 1589 (interpres) : [[Petrus Bellonius]], ''[[Observationes (Bellonius)|Plurimarum singularium et memorabilium rerum observationes]]''
* 1589 (interpres) : [[Petrus Bellonius]], ''[[De neglecta stirpium cultura|De neglecta stirpium cultura atque earum cognitione libellus]]'' {{Google Books|VCM6AAAAcAAJ}} [https://archive.org/details/hin-wel-all-00001827-002 Textus apud archive.org]
* 1601 : ''[[Rariorum plantarum historia]]''
* 1605 : ''[[Exoticorum libri decem]]'' cum operibus Garciae ab Horto, Nicolai Monardes, Christophori a Costa et Petri Bellonii rursus recensis et annotatis
* 1611 : ''Curae posteriores, seu plurimarum non antè cognitarum, aut descriptarum stirpium, peregrinorumque aliquot animalium novae descriptiones'' [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_18RbAAAAQAAJ Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' {{Google Books|b6joInluajkC}}
* 1619 : ''Summi botanici Caroli Clusi Galliae Belgicae corographica descriptio posthuma''. Lugduni Batavorum: typis Iacobi Marci {{Google Books|f2lUAAAAcAAJ}}
* 1900 (Gyula Istvánffi, ed.) : ''A Clusius-Codex mykologiai méltatása adatokkal Clusius életrajzához = Etudes et commentaires sur le Code de L'Escluse''. Budapestini, 1900 (editio fac-simile [[Codex Clusius|codicis Clusii]]) [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7131#/summary Textus] [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/30616#page/297/mode/1up Initium editionis fac-simile]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
{{Aromata}}
; Editiones epistularum
* Ignatius de Asso, ''Cl. Hispaniensium atque exterorum epistolae cum praefatione et notis''. Caesaraugustae: ex Typographia Regia, 1793 [http://bdh.bne.es/bnesearch/detalle/bdh0000086289 Textus]
* Josep Lluís Barona, Xavier Gómez Font, ''La correspondencia de Carolus Clusius con los científicos españoles''. Valentiae: Universitat de València, 1998 {{Google Books|dVh40-8KTwMC|Paginae selectae}}
* P. Ginori Conti, ''Lettere inedite di Charles de L’Ecluse a Matteo Caccini floricultore fiorentino''. Florentiae, 1939
* &quot;Caroli Clusii et aliorum epistolae ineditae&quot; in Gyula Istvánffi, ''A Clusius-Codex mykologiai méltatása adatokkal Clusius életrajzához'' (Budapestini, 1900) [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/30616#page/214/mode/1up pp. 205-284]
* G. B. De Toni, &quot;Il carteggio degli italiani col botanico Carlo Clusio nella Biblioteca Leidense&quot; in ''Memorie della Regia Accademia di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti, Modena'' vol. 10 (1911) pp. 1-147

; De vita et opere
* Florike Egmond, ''The World of Carolus Clusius: Natural History in the Making, 1550-1610''. Londinii: Pickering &amp; Chatto, 2010 [https://www.academia.edu/42492520/THE_WORLD_OF_CAROLUS_CLUSIUS_NATURAL_HISTORY_IN_THE_MAKING_1550_1610 Textus versionis praeliminaris]
* Florike Egmond, Paul Hoftizer, Robert Visser, edd., ''Carolus Clusius, Towards a Cultural History of a Renaissance Naturalist''. Amstelodami: Koninklijke Nederlandse Academie van Wetenschappen, 2007 [http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/wp-content/HSSN/2007-8-Carolus%20Clusius.pdf Textus versionis praeliminaris]
* Esther van Gelder, ''Tussen hof en keizerskroon. Carolus Clusius en de ontwikkeling van de botanie aan Midden-Europese hoven (1573-1593)''. Lugduni Batavorum: Leiden University Press, 2011. [https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/handle/1887/17701 Textus dissertationis praeviae]
* Friedrich Wilhelm Tobias Hunger, ''Charles de L’Escluse (Carolus Clusius) Nederlandsch kruidkundige, 1526-1609''. 2 voll. Hagae Comitum: Nijhoff, 1927-43
* Ludovic Legré, ''La Botanique en Provence au XVIe siècle: Louis Anguillara, Pierre Belon, Charles de l'Escluse, Antoine Constantin''. Massiliae: H. Aubertin &amp; G. Rolle, 1901 [https://archive.org/details/labotaniqueenpro00legr Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* Brian W. Ogilvie, ''The Science of Describing: Natural History in Renaissance Europe''. Chicagine: University of Chicago Press, 2006
* Kasper van Ommen, ed., ''The Exotic World of Carolus Clusius 1526–1609: catalogue of an exhibition on the quatercentenary of Clusius’ death, 4 April 1609''. Lugduni Batavorum: leiden University Library, 2009 [https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/handle/1887/14064 Textus]
* {{ec|id=Plumier (1703)|c=[[Carolus Plumier]], ''Nova plantarum Americanarum genera'' (1703) [https://archive.org/details/novaplantarumame00plum/page/n37/mode/2up p. 20]}}

; Specialia
* A. Ubrizsy, J. Heniger, &quot;Carolus Clusius and American Plants&quot; in ''Taxon'' vol. 32 (1983) pp. 424-435 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1221499 JSTOR]

{{NexInt}}
* ''[[Clusia]]''
* ''[[Hortus Eystettensis]]''
* [[Libri picturati A 16-30]]
* [[9364 Clusius]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120417170150/http://www.hortus.leidenuniv.nl/index.php/collectie/hortus_in_vogelvlucht/clusiustuin Hortus botanicus Leiden]: de horto a Carolo Clusio condito
* &lt;!-- Formula:Url ita hic adhibita est ne InternetArchiveBot nexum inveniat—vide Vicipaedia:Taberna#IAbot: an recte agit? --&gt;{{url|https://web.archive.org/web/20170915113347/http://clusiuscorrespondence.huygens.knaw.nl/|Editio epistolarum interretialis}}
* [http://media.leidenuniv.nl/legacy/clusius_correspondence_database.pdf Index epistularum Caroli Clusii] apud bibliothecam Academiae Lugduno-Batavae
* ''[http://bc.ub.leidenuniv.nl/bc/tentoonstelling/Clusius/Clusius.html Le pere de tous les beaux Jardins de ce pays: Carolus Clusius in books and prints]'' (catalogus expositionis)

{{botanistae|Clus.}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Clusius, Carolus}}
[[Categoria:Carolus Clusius| ]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1526]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1609]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Botanistae Austriae]]
[[Categoria:Botanistae Nederlandiae]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Montispessulani]]
[[Categoria:Professores Academiae Lugduno-Batavae]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Franco-Latini]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Hispano-Latini]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Lusitano-Latini]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes textuum Nederlandicorum]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Latini Renascentiae]]
[[Categoria:Aulici Imperatoris Rudolphi II]]</text>
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{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Carolus Clusius''' vel nomine Francogallico ''Charles de l'Écluse'' (natus [[Samarobriva]]e die [[19 Februarii]] [[1526]]; [[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]] mortuus die [[4 Aprilis]] [[1609]]) fuit [[herbarium|herbarius]] scriptorque et interpres operum quae de [[botanice|plantis]] exoticis, [[hortorum cultus|hortorum cultu]] et nuper repertis disseruerunt. Alumnus fuit medici [[Gulielmus Rondeletius|Gulielmi Rondeletii]] apud [[Universitas Montispessulani|universitatem Montispessulani]], sed artem medicam reliquit. Ab anno [[1573]], iussu [[Maximilianus II|Maximiliani II]] imperatoris, praefectus meruit [[Hortus Medicus Imperialis|Horti Medici Imperialis]] [[Vindobona|Vindobonensis]]. [[Lugdunum Batavorum]] anno [[1593]] petivit. Ibi professor [[Academia Lugduno-Batava|universitatis]] [[Hortus Academicus (Lugdunum Batavorum)|hortum academicum]] creare et elaborare curavit, qui hortus e schedis et indicibus Clusianis tempore nostro restitutus est.

Genus plantarum ''[[Clusia]]'' ad eius honorem a [[Carolus Plumier|Carolo Plumier]] nominatum est; quod nomen [[Carolus Linnaeus]] descriptione confirmavit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Plumier (1703)}}; {{Linnaeus SP|509}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Opera ==
[[Fasciculus:Carolus Clusius by Martin Rota.jpg|thumb|Carolus Clusius anno 1575]]
* 1557 (interpres) : [[Rembertus Dodonaeus|Rembert Dodoens]], ''[[Stirpium historiae pemptades sex|Histoire des plantes]]'' (Antverpiae) [http://www.biusante.parisdescartes.fr/histmed/medica/cote?07764 Textus] apud ''BIU Santé''
* 1557 : &quot;Petit recueil auquel est contenue la description d'aucunes gommes et liqueurs&quot; in [[Rembertus Dodonaeus|Rembert Dodoens]], ''[[Stirpium historiae pemptades sex|Histoire des plantes]]'' (Antverpiae) [http://www.biusante.parisdescartes.fr/histmed/medica/page?07764&amp;p=573 pp. 549-581]
* 1561 (interpres) : ''[[Antidotarium|Antidotarium, sive de exacta componendorum miscendorumque medicamentorum ratione]]'' (Antverpiae) {{Google Books|NTU6AAAAcAAJ}} {{Google Books|s69jAAAAcAAJ}}
* 1567 (interpres) : [[Garcias ab Orta]], ''[[Aromatum apud Indos nascentium historia|Aromatum et simplicium aliquot medicamentorum apud Indos nascentium historia]]'' (in editione secunda, 1574, [[coffeum]] primo inter Europaeos describitur et depingitur)
* 1574 (interpres) : [[Nicolaus Monardes]], ''[[Simplicium medicamentorum ex novo orbe delatorum historia|De simplicibus medicamentis ex occidentali India delatis quorum in medicina usus est]]''; opus anno 1579 recensum sub titulo ''Simplicium medicamentorum ex novo orbe delatorum, quorum in medicina usus est, historia''
* 1576 : ''Rariorum aliquot stirpium per Hispanias observatarum historia'' [https://archive.org/details/mobot33768000399827 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* 1582 : ''Aliquot notae in Garciae Aromatum historiam; Descriptiones nonnullarum stirpium, et aliarum exoticarum rerum, quae à ... Francisco Drake ... observatae sunt'' (Antverpiae: Plantin) [https://www.e-rara.ch/zuz/nagezh/content/titleinfo/9431363 Textus] apud ''e-Rara'' {{Google Books|sF5WAAAAcAAJ}}
* 1582 (interpres et editor) : collectaneum opera Garciae ab Horto et Nicolai Monardes comprehendens cum versione antehac inedita operis [[Christophorus Acosta|Christophori a Costa]], ''[[Aromatum et medicamentorum in orientali India nascentium historia|Tractado delas drogas y medicinas de las Indias orientales]]'' [https://archive.org/details/mobot31753000812856 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' {{Google Books|Y-Q9CF8jRAcC}}; anno 1593 rursus recensum [https://archive.org/details/mobot31753003634646 Textus]
* 1583 (interpres) : [[Rembertus Dodonaeus|Rembert Dodoens]], ''[[Stirpium historiae pemptades sex]]'' [https://archive.org/details/hin-wel-all-00000420-001 Textus]
* 1583 : ''Rariorum stirpium per Pannoniam, Austriam et vicinas quasdam provincias observatorum historia'' [https://archive.org/details/mobot31753000811379 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* 1589 (interpres) : [[Petrus Bellonius]], ''[[Observationes (Bellonius)|Plurimarum singularium et memorabilium rerum observationes]]''
* 1589 (interpres) : [[Petrus Bellonius]], ''[[De neglecta stirpium cultura|De neglecta stirpium cultura atque earum cognitione libellus]]'' {{Google Books|VCM6AAAAcAAJ}} [https://archive.org/details/hin-wel-all-00001827-002 Textus apud archive.org]
* 1601 : ''[[Rariorum plantarum historia]]''
* 1605 : ''[[Exoticorum libri decem]]'' cum operibus Garciae ab Horto, Nicolai Monardes, Christophori a Costa et Petri Bellonii rursus recensis et annotatis
* 1611 : ''Curae posteriores, seu plurimarum non antè cognitarum, aut descriptarum stirpium, peregrinorumque aliquot animalium novae descriptiones'' [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_18RbAAAAQAAJ Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' {{Google Books|b6joInluajkC}}
* 1619 : ''Summi botanici Caroli Clusi Galliae Belgicae corographica descriptio posthuma''. Lugduni Batavorum: typis Iacobi Marci {{Google Books|f2lUAAAAcAAJ}}
* 1900 (Gyula Istvánffi, ed.) : ''A Clusius-Codex mykologiai méltatása adatokkal Clusius életrajzához = Etudes et commentaires sur le Code de L'Escluse''. Budapestini, 1900 (editio fac-simile [[Codex Clusius|codicis Clusii]]) [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7131#/summary Textus] [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/30616#page/297/mode/1up Initium editionis fac-simile]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
{{Aromata}}
; Editiones epistularum
* Ignatius de Asso, ''Cl. Hispaniensium atque exterorum epistolae cum praefatione et notis''. Caesaraugustae: ex Typographia Regia, 1793 [http://bdh.bne.es/bnesearch/detalle/bdh0000086289 Textus]
* Josep Lluís Barona, Xavier Gómez Font, ''La correspondencia de Carolus Clusius con los científicos españoles''. Valentiae: Universitat de València, 1998 {{Google Books|dVh40-8KTwMC|Paginae selectae}}
* P. Ginori Conti, ''Lettere inedite di Charles de L’Ecluse a Matteo Caccini floricultore fiorentino''. Florentiae, 1939
* &quot;Caroli Clusii et aliorum epistolae ineditae&quot; in Gyula Istvánffi, ''A Clusius-Codex mykologiai méltatása adatokkal Clusius életrajzához'' (Budapestini, 1900) [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/30616#page/214/mode/1up pp. 205-284]
* G. B. De Toni, &quot;Il carteggio degli italiani col botanico Carlo Clusio nella Biblioteca Leidense&quot; in ''Memorie della Regia Accademia di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti, Modena'' vol. 10 (1911) pp. 1-147

; De vita et opere
* Florike Egmond, ''The World of Carolus Clusius: Natural History in the Making, 1550-1610''. Londinii: Pickering &amp; Chatto, 2010 [https://www.academia.edu/42492520/THE_WORLD_OF_CAROLUS_CLUSIUS_NATURAL_HISTORY_IN_THE_MAKING_1550_1610 Textus versionis praeliminaris]
* Florike Egmond, Paul Hoftizer, Robert Visser, edd., ''Carolus Clusius, Towards a Cultural History of a Renaissance Naturalist''. Amstelodami: Koninklijke Nederlandse Academie van Wetenschappen, 2007 [http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/wp-content/HSSN/2007-8-Carolus%20Clusius.pdf Textus versionis praeliminaris]
* Esther van Gelder, ''Tussen hof en keizerskroon. Carolus Clusius en de ontwikkeling van de botanie aan Midden-Europese hoven (1573-1593)''. Lugduni Batavorum: Leiden University Press, 2011. [https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/handle/1887/17701 Textus dissertationis praeviae]
* Friedrich Wilhelm Tobias Hunger, ''Charles de L’Escluse (Carolus Clusius) Nederlandsch kruidkundige, 1526-1609''. 2 voll. Hagae Comitum: Nijhoff, 1927-43
* Ludovic Legré, ''La Botanique en Provence au XVIe siècle: Louis Anguillara, Pierre Belon, Charles de l'Escluse, Antoine Constantin''. Massiliae: H. Aubertin &amp; G. Rolle, 1901 [https://archive.org/details/labotaniqueenpro00legr Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* Brian W. Ogilvie, ''The Science of Describing: Natural History in Renaissance Europe''. Chicagine: University of Chicago Press, 2006
* Kasper van Ommen, ed., ''The Exotic World of Carolus Clusius 1526–1609: catalogue of an exhibition on the quatercentenary of Clusius’ death, 4 April 1609''. Lugduni Batavorum: leiden University Library, 2009 [https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/handle/1887/14064 Textus]
* {{ec|id=Plumier (1703)|c=[[Carolus Plumier]], ''Nova plantarum Americanarum genera'' (1703) [https://archive.org/details/novaplantarumame00plum/page/n37/mode/2up p. 20]}}

; Specialia
* A. Ubrizsy, J. Heniger, &quot;Carolus Clusius and American Plants&quot; in ''Taxon'' vol. 32 (1983) pp. 424-435 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1221499 JSTOR]

{{NexInt}}
* ''[[Clusia]]''
* ''[[Hortus Eystettensis]]''
* [[Libri picturati A 16-30]]
* [[9364 Clusius]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120417170150/http://www.hortus.leidenuniv.nl/index.php/collectie/hortus_in_vogelvlucht/clusiustuin Hortus botanicus Leiden]: de horto a Carolo Clusio condito
* &lt;!-- Formula:Url ita hic adhibita est ne InternetArchiveBot nexum inveniat—vide Vicipaedia:Taberna#IAbot: an recte agit? --&gt;{{url|http://clusiuscorrespondence.huygens.knaw.nl/|Editio epistolarum interretialis}}
* [http://media.leidenuniv.nl/legacy/clusius_correspondence_database.pdf Index epistularum Caroli Clusii] apud bibliothecam Academiae Lugduno-Batavae
* ''[http://bc.ub.leidenuniv.nl/bc/tentoonstelling/Clusius/Clusius.html Le pere de tous les beaux Jardins de ce pays: Carolus Clusius in books and prints]'' (catalogus expositionis)

{{botanistae|Clus.}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Clusius, Carolus}}
[[Categoria:Carolus Clusius| ]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1526]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1609]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Botanistae Austriae]]
[[Categoria:Botanistae Nederlandiae]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Montispessulani]]
[[Categoria:Professores Academiae Lugduno-Batavae]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Franco-Latini]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Hispano-Latini]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Lusitano-Latini]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes textuum Nederlandicorum]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Latini Renascentiae]]
[[Categoria:Aulici Imperatoris Rudolphi II]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Beaurevoir</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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        <id>172405</id>
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[[Fasciculus:Beaurevoir (Aisne) mairie.JPG|left|upright=.7|thumb|Beaurevoir: vici conciliabulum.]]

''' Beaurevoir''' est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 1281 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Axona (praefectura Franciae)|Axonae]] in regione boreali [[Picardia]].

{{NexInt}}

* [[Index communium praefecturae Axonae|Indicem communium praefecturae Axonae]]
== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Beaurevoir|Beaurevoir}}

* {{INSEE commune|02057|de=Beaurevoir}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Axonae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Axonae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Index urbium, oppidorum et communium Saxoniae Inferioris</title>
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      <text bytes="226932" sha1="3je6yhwwemaw78n6l5of0inuh6hsmwo" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in Lower Saxony.svg|thumb|500px|Urbes et communia Saxoniae Inferioris.]]
'''Index urbium, oppidorum et communium in [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxonia Inferiore]]''' omnia [[commune|communia]] (Theodisce ''Gemeinden''), consociationes communium (Theodisce ''Gemeindeverbände'') atque loca nulli communium adscripta (Theodisce ''gemeindefreien Gebiete''), quae hodie in [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terra]] [[Germania|Germanica]] [[Saxonia Inferior]]e exstant, complectitur.

Postremae mutationes finium territorialium in Saxonia Inferiore [[1 Novembris|Kalendis Novembribus]] anni [[2021]] effectae sunt. Ex eo tempore [[Saxonia Inferior]] 939 communia et 25 loca nulli communi adscripta (quorum duo habitantur) habet. Quibus e communibus 159 titulo [[urbs|urbis]] (Theodisce ''Stadt'') et 49 titulo [[oppidum|oppidi]] (Theodisce ''Flecken'') utuntur.

Praeterea nonnullae proprietates exstant secundum communium administrationem: Nam 939 communia in 289 communia unitaria et 650 communia membra dividuntur; quae vero in universum 114 consociationes communium constituunt, ut munera communiter administrent. Hae consociationes communium ipsa communia non sunt, sed foedera cooperationis, quae aut ex regione aut ex communitate in qua sedes administrationis sita est nomen accipiunt. Quapropter in Saxonia Inferiore idem nomen tam communi quam consociationi communium tribui potest. Agitur tamen de duobus corporibus iuridicis distinctis, quae proprias repraesentationes atque propria munera habent.

Praeterea, propter magnitudinem suam, nonnullae communium et consociationes communium peculiarem rationem cum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulo terrae]] (Theodisce ''Landkreis'') habent:

* Decem urbes statum iuridicum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli urbani]] (Theodisce ''kreisfreien Stadt'') obtinent, nulli circulo terrae subiiciuntur atque omnia sua munera exercent.
* Septem urbes statum iuridicum urbis magnae sui iuris (Theodisce ''Große selbständige Stadt'') obtinent atque multa, sed non omnia, munera circuli terrae cui adscribuntur exercent.
* 61 communium et tria communia generalia (Theodisce ''Samtgemeinden'') statum iuridicum communis sui iuris (Theodisce ''Selbständige Gemeinde'') obtinent atque quaedam munera districtus cui adscribuntur exercent.
* 861 ceterae communium nullam peculiarem rationem cum circulo terrae cui adscribuntur habent.

=== A ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Abensium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Apensen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Obbens'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Acheimum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Grote III 1877&quot;&gt;Grote, H. (1877). ''Münzstudien: Geschichte der älteren Münzen und Urkunden des Bisthums Verden'' (Vol. VIII). Hannoverae: Hahn’sche Hofbuchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Achim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Achem'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Achestedium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1759&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Axstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ax'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Adelebsenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Funck 1736&quot;&gt;Funck, J. N. (1736). ''Disputatio Academica de Voluntaria Morte Judaeorum et Gentilium sub Praesidio S. R. I. Libero Baroni de Adelebsen Dedicata''. Rintelii: Typis Johannis Friderici Enax.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Adelebsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Adenebutla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pischke 1998&quot;&gt;Pischke, G. (Ed.) (1998). ''Das Lehnsregister der Edelherren von Meinersen: Edition und historische Untersuchung der mittelalterlichen Besitzurkunden'' (Documentum anni MCCXX). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Adenbüttel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Adenhusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1703&quot;&gt;Schlegel, J. C. (1703). ''Chronica Parochiarum ditionis Mindensis et Hildesiensis: De ecclesiis parochialibus et ditione antiqua oppidi Adenhusii''. Mindae: Typis Johannis Meyeri; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1703). ''Chronica Parochiarum ditionis Mindensis et Hildesiensis:...''. Mindae: Typis Johannis Meyeri.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ahnsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Adenthorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Höhbaum 1876&quot;&gt;Höhbaum, K. (Ed.) (1876). ''Hansisches Urkundenbuch: Monumenta Germaniae Historica e codicibus diplomaticis Bremensibus et Luneburgensibus'' (Vol. I). Halis Saxonum: Typis Orphanotrophei.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Adendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Adendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Affinghusia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rathlef 1766&quot;&gt;Rathlef, E. L. (1766). ''Geschichte der Grafschaften Hoya und Diepholz: Monimenta diplomatica et antiquitates ditionis Affinghusiae'' (Vol. I). Bremae: Försterischen Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Affinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Affinghusen'' seu ''Affjehusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aldendorpevilla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Stadtoldendorf'')
* [[Alrebekesa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Oven 1872&quot;&gt;Oven, A. von (Ed.) (1872). ''Urkundenbuch des Herzogthums Lüneburg: Diplomata, chartae et registra historica saeculi XII (Documentum anni MCXCVII de venditione praedii Alrebekesae)'' (Vol. I). Hannoverae: Carl Rümpler.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ahnsbeck'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ahusium (Saxonia Inferior)|Ahusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;&gt;Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Bremensis et Verdensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Parochiarum ditionis Corbeiensis et Hildesiensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ahausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ahusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Alfeld''; [[Saxonice]] ''Allefelle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alfhusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Alfhausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Alfhusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Algermissenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoogeweg III 1903&quot;&gt;Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1903). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Quellen und Darstellungen zur Geschichte Niedersachsens (Monimenta historica et privilegia de Algermisseno)'' (Vol. III). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Algermissen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alisni (Circulus Neoburgensis Visurgensis)|Alisni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&amp;cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&amp;lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Neoburgensis Visurgensis|Circulo Neoburgensi Visurgensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Nienburg/Weser&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Neoburgensis Visurgensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Nienburg/Weser'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus &quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latina gentilicia &quot;Neoburgensis-e&quot; et &quot;Visurgensis-e&quot; ad commune [[Nova Urbs (Saxonia Inferior)|Novam Urbem]] et flumen [[Visurgis|Visurgem]] respective referuntur. Quibus de toponymis, vide {{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Liebenau''; [[Saxonice]] ''Levenau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alisni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus terrae Paludis Visurgensis|Circulo Paludis Visurgensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Wesermarsch&quot;&gt;Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' -secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo- vertit. De Latina autem toponymia, vide Egli, J. J. (1893). ''Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume''. [[Lipsia]]e: Friedrich Brandstetter. Theodisce ''Landkreis Wesermarsch''.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elsfleth'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Almstedium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoogeweg II 1901&quot;&gt;Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1901). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Quellen und Darstellungen zur Geschichte Niedersachsens (Monimenta historica et registra de Almstedio)'' (Vol. II). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Almstedt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alorstedium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1758&quot;&gt;Pratje, J. H. (1758). ''Historische Nachrichten von dem ehemaligen berühmten Closter Harsefeld: Monumenta ac documenta saeculi XII ubi de decimis Alorstedii agitur''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ahlerstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ohlers'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alvstedium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1759&quot;&gt;Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Alfstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Alfs'' seu ''Alfst'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Amelinghusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Baring 1746&quot;&gt;Baring, E. (1746). ''Succincta Hannoverae et ditionum vicinarum Notitia Historica''. Hanoverae: Typis Nicolae Försteri.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Amelinghausen''; [[lingua Saxonica|Boreosaxonice]] ''Amekhusen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Amelkusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Anchemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ankum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Andervenia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Andervenne'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Andorlangia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1759&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Anderlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Annerlingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Antiqua Medingha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Homeyer X 2006&quot;&gt;Homeyer, J. (Ed.) (2006). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Medingen: Lüneburger Urkundenbuch (Monimenta historica saeculi XIV de parochia Medinghae) (Vol. X)''. Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Altenmedingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ohmein'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Apenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Baring 1746&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Apen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aap'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Apleremum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1703&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Apelern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Appelium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Appel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aquae Lauterbergenses in Montibus Harthicis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mirus 1826&quot;&gt;Mirus, A. (1826). ''De salubritate aquarum lauterbergensium in montibus harthicis sitarum''. Typis Regiis.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Lauterberg im Harz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aquae Nendorpenses]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Marcard 1805&quot;&gt;Marcard, H. M. (1805). ''De salubritate aquarum nendorpensium et de earum usu in morbis chronicis''. [[Goettinga]]e: Dieterich; et: Macard, H. M. (1805). ''De usu salutari fontium salinorum in territorio Hildesiensi sitorum''. [[Goettinga]]e: Dieterich.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Nenndorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aquae Zwischenahnenses]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Statisitakamt Nord 2025&quot;&gt;Statistikamt Nord (Editio Latina). ''Catalogus Urbium et Communium Germaniae''. Hamburgi, 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Zwischenahn''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Twiskenoan'' seu ''Boad Twiskenoan''; [[Saxonice]] ''Twüschenahn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aroldishusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Arholzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Artlenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Baring 1746&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Artlenburg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Artlissa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mader 1664&quot;&gt;Mader, J. J. (1664). ''Antiquitates Brunsvicenses: De antiquis parochiis Saxonum et finibus dioecesis Mindensis (Caput de parochia Artlissa)''. Helmestadii: Typis Henningi Mulleri.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Aerzen'': quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Ärzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Arx Agathae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kochen 1724&quot;&gt;Kochen, J. H. (1724). ''Introductio in Historiam Ducatus Bremensis y Verdensis: Accesserunt diplomata varia et descriptio Arcis Agathae et ditionis Stadiensis''. Stadae: Typis Caspari Holmii.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Agathenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gothenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Arx Draconis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egger 1977&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Drakenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Drakenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ascalingium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ahlden'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Asanthorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Vogell 1856&quot;&gt;Vogell, A. (Ed.) (1856). ''Urkundenbuch des Bisthums Verden und des Collegiatstifts Bardewick: Chartae, diplomata et monumenta historica saeculi XIII...''. Hannoverae: Hahn’sche Hofbuchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Harburgensis|Circulo Harburgensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Harburg&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Harburgensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Harburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Harburgum]]&quot; -ad quod gentilicium &quot;Harburgensis-e&quot; refertur-.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Asendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Asendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Asenthorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1855&quot;&gt;Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1855). ''Hoyer Urkundenbuch'' (Vol. I). Hannoverae: Jänecke Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus terrae Diepholtia|Circulo terrae Diepholtia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Diepholz&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Diepholtia&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Diepholz'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Diepholtia]]&quot;, vide {{Hofmannus}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Asendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Asendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Assena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Philippi &amp; Bar 1892&quot;&gt;Philippi, F., &amp; Bär, M. (Eds.) (1892). ''Osnabrücker Urkundenbuch: Die Urkunden der Jahre 772-1200'' (Vol. 1). Verein für Geschichte und Landeskunde von Osnabrück.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Essen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Assini]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Essen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Astanholteremarki-Scirnbeki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Osterholz-Scharmbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Oosterholt-Scharmbeek'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Asylum (Saxonia Inferior)|Asylum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Asylum&quot;&gt;Theodiscum nomen ''Freistatt'', quod ''Freistätte, Zufluchtsort, Asyl'' significat, Latine &quot;asylum&quot; reddi potest. Nam in ''Deutsches Wörterbuch'' de Weigand et Hirt vox Theodisca ''Asyl'' explicatur ut «Freistatt» et ipsa vox Theodisca ''Asyl'' e Latino &quot;asylum&quot; orta esse dicitur. Praeterea lexicon Germanico-Latinum, quod in traditione lexicographica Georgii continetur, directe tradit: ''Freistatt, -stätte'', &quot;asylum'&quot;. Itaque &quot;Asylum&quot; non est forma ficticia neque mera translatio nostra, sed aequivalentia lexicographice comprobata.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Freistatt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Freestatt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aszi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hermann&quot;&gt;Hermann Abels: ''Die Ortsnamen des Emslandes in ihrer sprachlichen und kulturgeschichtlichen Bedeutung''. S. 27f.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Esche'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aulica]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elze'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Auriacum (Saxonia Inferior)|Auriacum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Aurich''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Aurk''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Eofrisosaxonice]] ''Auerk'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== B ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Badberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Badbergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Badbern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Baddekenstedium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Menzel &amp; Ohainski X 2018&quot;&gt;Casemir, K., Menzel, F., &amp; Ohainski, U. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil X)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Baddeckenstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Barkenstäe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Balga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Udolph 1994&quot;&gt;Udolph, J. (1994). ''Namenkundliche Studien zum Germanenproblem'' (Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde, Ergänzungsbände 9). Walter de Gruyter.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Balje'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Balga Cortis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Balge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Baltrumum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wiarda III 1792&quot;&gt;Wiarda, T. D. (1792). ''Ostfriesische Geschichte: Von den ältesten Zeiten bis zum Jahre 1648'' (Vol. 3). August Friedrich Winter.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Baltrum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bamwida]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bohmte''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baumte'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bardenuvicum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bardowick''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bewick'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bardorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sudendorf 1859&quot;&gt;Sudendorf, H. (Ed.) (1859). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Herzöge von Braunschweig und Lüneburg und ihrer Lande'' (Vol. 1). Carl Rümpler Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bahrdorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kolb 1712&quot;&gt;Kolb, G. (1712). ''Compendium totius orbis: partim geographicum, partim historicum, partim genealogicum''. Typis Universitatis Carolo-Francisceae&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Barenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baarnborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bargstedum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mushard 1764&quot;&gt;Mushard, M. (1764). ''Palaeogentilismus Bremensis: Monumenta ac veterum tumuli in ducatibus Bremensi et Verdensi''. Typis Andreae Vandenhoeck.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bargstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bargst'' seu ''Bars'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barnstedum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bünting &amp; Letzner 1702&quot;&gt;Bünting, H., &amp; Letzner, J. (1702). ''Braunschweig-Lüneburgische Chronica, Oder Historische Beschreibung der Durchlauchtigsten Herzogen zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg''. Gedruckt bey Caspar Johann Jakobi.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barnstedt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barnstorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Böhmer 2007&quot;&gt;Böhmer, J. F. (2007). ''Regesta Imperii III: Salisches Haus 1024–1125. Die Regesten des Kaiserreiches unter Heinrich IV'' (T. Struve, Ed.). Böhlau Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Barnstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baarnstrup'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barsela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;&gt;Köbler, G. (2016). ''Orte in der deutschen Ortsgeschichte''. Wikiling-Zier. [[Universitas Leopoldino-Franciscea]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barßel''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bäärsel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bassel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barsingehusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Harenberg 1753&quot;&gt;Harenberg, J. C. (1753). ''Historia ecclesiae Gandershemensis diplomatica''. Typis et Impensis Joannis Christophori Meisneri.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barsinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baschehusen'' seu ''Basche'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barum (Luneburgum)|Barum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mindermann I II 2004&quot;&gt;Mindermann, A. (Ed.) (2004). ''Verdener Urkundenbuch, 1. Abteilung, Band 2: 1300–1380''. Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Luneburgensis|Circulo Luneburgensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landreis Lüneburg&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Luneburgensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landreis Lüneburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Luneburgensis-e&quot; ad [[Luneburgum]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Boorn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barum (Circulus Ulsenensis)|Barum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;AdWzG 2010&quot;&gt;Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen (2010). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter'' (K. Casemir, F. Menzel, &amp; U. Ohainski, Eds.). Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Ulsenensis|Circulo Ulsenensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Uelzen&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Ulsenensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Uelzen'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Ulsenensis-e&quot; ad [[Ulsena]]m refertur. Quo de gentilicio, vide lemma &quot;res-publica Ulsenensis&quot; apud {{Google Books|w_tWAAAAcAAJ|vide paginam dedicationis operis}}&quot;; et de topnymo, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bourm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barunvilla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;SdaedhdlM 1862&quot;&gt;Société d'archéologie et d'histoire de la Moselle (1862). ''Mémoires de la Société d'archéologie et d'histoire de la Moselle: Année 1860–1861''. Rousseau-Pallez.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barverum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Böhmer 1844&quot;&gt;Böhmer, J. F. (1844). ''Regesta Chronologico-Diplomatica Regum et Imperatorum Romanorum: Inde a Conrado I. Usque ad Henricum VII''. Typis et Sumtibus J. C. Hermann.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Barver'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barwedelum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Barwedel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Basdalum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Basdahl''; [[Saxonice]] ''Basdaal'' seu ''Basdohl'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bawinkelum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Moser 1738&quot;&gt;Moser, J. J. (1738). ''Bibliotheca Iuris Publici S. R. I. Germanici: Specially regarding the territories of Westphalia and Lower Saxony''. Typis Ioannis Georgii Cottae.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bawinkel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bowinkel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bebenhusa (Saxonia Inferior)|Bebenhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ahlfeldt 2010&quot;&gt;Ahlfeldt, J. (Ed.) (2010). ''Regnum Francorum Online: Traditio Fuldenses''. Francia-Ahlfeldt Project.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bevensen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bämsen'' seu ''Bemsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beckdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;AdWzG 2010&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Beckdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Beekdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beckedorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Beckedorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Biäkedörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beckelnum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Böhmer 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Beckeln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bedenbostelum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NL 1924&quot;&gt;Niedersächsisches Landesarchiv (1924). ''Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte''. Veröffentlichungen de Historischen Kommission für Niedersachsen und Bremen.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Beedenbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bedenbossel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beierstedum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Beierstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Barste’e'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Belmum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Moser 1738&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Belm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Belumum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mushard 1764&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Belum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Belen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bema (Saxonia Inferior)|Bema]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sudendorf 1859&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Böhme''; [[Saxonice]] ''Böhm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bendestorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bührmann 2005&quot;&gt;Bührmann, M. (2005). ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen des norddeutschen Raumes''. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bendestorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bendsdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Berga (Circulus Cellensis)|Berga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bruzen de La Martinière 1737&quot;&gt;Bruzen de La Martinière, A. A. (1737). ''Thesaurus geographicus criticus: in quo omnium orbis terrarum regionum, civitatum, oppidorum, nominibus antiquis, medii aevi et modernis''. Ex Officina Wetsteniana.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Cellensis|Circulo Cellensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Celle&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Cellensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Celle'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Cella (Germania)|Cella]]&quot; -ad quod gentilicium &quot;Cellensis-e&quot; refertur-, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bargen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Berga (Circulus Osnabrugae)|Berga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Osnabrugae|Circulo Osnabrugae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Osnabrück&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Osnabrugae&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Osnabrück'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum ''LandKreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Osnabruga|Osnabruga-ae]]&quot;, vide Pertsch, Erich: ''Langenscheidts Großes Schulwörterbuch Lateinisch-Deutsch'', Berolini et Monaci 1983, ISBN 3-468-07202-3, p. 1325.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Berge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Berga ad Dumnam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bruzen de La Martinière 1737&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bergen an der Dumme''; [[Polabice]] ''Djörska'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bergenborstelium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1855&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bahrenborstel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bornbössel'' seu ''Boornbössel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bergfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bünting &amp; Letzner 1702&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bergfeld''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Bargfeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bernsium Minus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bernsium&quot;&gt;Vide [https://emslaendische-landschaft.de/images/AFEL/Publikationen/Zeitschriften/Band_22/Heft_109_Mai_2011.pdf?utm ''Emsländische Landschaft''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Berßen, Groß oder Klein''' (...) Bernsium (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Klein Berßen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lütke Bässen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bersenbrugum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sandhoff 1785&quot;&gt;Sandhoff, J. E. (1785). ''Antistitum Osnabrugensis ecclesiae, qui per decem saecula episcopale munus in ea gesserunt, chronotaxis''. Typis Joannis Georgii Kislingii.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bersenbrück''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bessenbrügge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bersinium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kaemling 1987&quot;&gt;Kaemling, ''Atlas zur Geschichte Niedersachsens'' (1987).&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Berßen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groten Bässen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Berumburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Emmius 1616&quot;&gt;Emmius, U. (1616). ''Rerum Frisicarum Historia''. [[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]: Elzevier.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Berumbur'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bestena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Jellinghaus 1923&quot;&gt;Jellinghaus, H. (1923). ''Die westfälischen Ortsnamen nach ihren Bestandteilen''' (III ed.). Ferdinand Schöningh.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Beesten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Betzendorfum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bünting &amp; Letzner 1702&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Betzendorfum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bätzendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bevernense Castrum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bevern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beverstedum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Beverstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Beverst'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bienenbuttelum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bienenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bienbüddel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bilshusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wolf 1819&quot;&gt;Wolf, J. (1819). ''Politische Geschichte des Eichsfeldes mit Urkunden erläutert''. Johann Georg Rosenbusch.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bilshausen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Binethemum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;&gt;Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: I. Historicos Germanicos, II. Historiam Helmstadensem, III. Dissertationes de utriusque Saxoniae''. Typis Georgii Wolffgangi Hammii; et: Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: Dissertationen und historische Chroniken des Herzogtums Braunschweig-Lüneburg''. Typis Georgii Wolffii.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bentheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Binnenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Binnen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Binn’n'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bippenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bippen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bippen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Birsina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bassum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bassen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bissendorpum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bissendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bissendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Blenderum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Brosius 1993&quot;&gt;Brosius, D. (1993). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Loccum'' (Vol. 1). Wallstein Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Blender''; [[Saxonice]] ''Blenner'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bliederstorpum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Trüper 2017&quot;&gt;Trüper, H. G. (2017). ''Urkundenbuch der Herren von Zesterfleth: 1232–1657''. Wallstein Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bliedersdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bliersdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bobentunum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Ohainski &amp; Udolph&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bovenden''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Bovten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bocensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bückeburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bückeborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bocholta (Circulus Heidensis)|Bocholta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1859&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Heidensis|Circulo Heidensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Heidekreis&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Heidensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Heidekreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum suffixum ''-kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Heidensis-e&quot; Theodiscum lexema ''Heide-'' vertit.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bookholt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bocholta (Circulus Theorosburgensis)|Bocholta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilmans &amp; Hoogeweg VI 1898&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Theorosburgensis|Circulo Theorosburgensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Schaumburg&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Theorosburgensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Schaumburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino gentilicio &quot;Theorosburgensis-e&quot;, quod ad [[Theorosburgum]] refertur, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baukholt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bocholtum in Ericeto]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mindermann 2001&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz in der Nordheide''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bookholt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bochorna (Circulus Frisicus)|Bochorna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ehmck &amp; Bippen 1873&quot;&gt;Ehmck, D. R., &amp; von Bippen, W. (Ed.) (1873). ''Bremisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1. Urkunden bis zum Jahre 1300''. C. Schünemann.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Frisicus|Circulo Frisico]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Friesland&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Frisicus&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Friesland'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Frisicus-a-um&quot; ad [[Frisia (discretiva)|Frisiam]] refertur. Quod de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bockhorn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bochorna (Circulus Vetha)|Bochorna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Vetha|Circulo Vetha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Vechta&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Vetha&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Vechta'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bakum'')&lt;/small&gt; 
* [[Bochorstia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Erhard 1851&quot;&gt;Erhard, H. A. (Ed.) (1851). ''Regesta Historiae Westfaliae: Accedit Codex Diplomaticus/Regesten der Geschichte Westfalens''. Regensberg.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bockhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baukhast'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bodendicum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Brosius 1985&quot;&gt;Brosius, D. (1985). ''Aus der Geschichte der Burg Bodenteich''. Ecomed Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bodenteich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bonndiek'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bodenfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sudendorf 1859&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenfelde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bodensa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Ohainski &amp; Udolph&quot;&gt;Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2003). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Göttingen''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodensee'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bodonis Insula]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenwerder'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Boffeshusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Ohainski VI 2007&quot;&gt;Casemir, K., &amp; Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen del Landkreises Holzminden''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VI)''. Editio ab Academia Scientiarum Gottingensi. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Boffzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Boitersena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mindermann 2001&quot;&gt;Mindermann, A. (Ed.) (2001). ''Urkundenbuch der Bischöfe und des Domkapitels von Verden: Band 1''. Von den Anfängen bis 1300. [[Stadae|Stadis]]: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bötersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Boitzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Boitzia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sudendorf 1859&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Boitze''; [[Saxonice]] ''Böhtz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bokenstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sudendorf 1859&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bokensdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bokensdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bokenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bockenem''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bokeln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Borchwega]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rüther 1905&quot;&gt;Rüther, H. (Ed.) (1905). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Neuenwalde''. Halle’sche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Burweg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Borkna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Borkum''; [[lingua Frisica|Frisice]] ''Boarkum''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Börkum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Borna Castra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Berne'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Borsla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Niemeyer 2012&quot;&gt;Niemeyer, M. (Ed.) (2012). ''Deutsches Ortsnamenbuch''. De Gruyter&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bösel''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Böäsel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bäsel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Borstla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1842&quot;&gt;Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1842). ''Diepholzer Urkundenbuch: Authentische Urkunden zur Geschichte der Grafschaft Diepholz''. [[Hannovera]]e: Hahn'schen Hofbuchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Borstel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bössel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Botela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mindermann 2001&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bothel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bootel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brachia (Germania)|Brachia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Brake''; [[Saxonice]] ''Braak'' seu ''Broak'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Braclina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rübel 1881&quot;&gt;Rübel, K. (Ed.) (1881). ''Dortmunder Urkundenbuch: Band 1. Urkunden bis zum Jahre 1340''. [[Isarlohia]]e: J. Baedeker.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Brackel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Braackel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bracum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kirchbrak&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum terminationibus ''-ac'' aut ''-ach'' aut ''-ack'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-acum-i&quot; aut &quot;-achium-i&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-ac, -ach, -ack''' : -''acum,'' -''achium'' (...)&quot;. Hoc casu, latinizantia suffixa formis antiquis huius toponymi &quot;Brac&quot; applicantur; quo de toponymo, vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B77-F/NOB%20VI%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Holzminden.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''/NOB VI Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Holzminden'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Theodericus de Brach'' (...) ''Henricus de Brach'' (...) ''Henrico de Brack'' (...) villa Brac (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kirchbrak''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kerkbraak'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bramascus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bramsche'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Breddenberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilmans &amp; Hoogeweg VI 1898&quot;&gt;Wilmans, R., &amp; Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.). (1898). ''Westfälisches Urkundenbuch: Band 6. Die Urkunden des Bisthums Minden und angrenzender Gebiete''. [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Regensberg'schen Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Breddenberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bredenforda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoogeweg 1898&quot;&gt;Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1898). ''Westfälisches Urkundenbuch: Band 6. Die Urkunden des Bisthums Minden vom J. 1201-1300''. [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Regensberg'schen Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brevörde''¨; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Bräwer'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bredthorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ehmck &amp; Bippen 1873&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Breddorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Breddörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brestum (Saxonia Inferior)|Brestum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1759&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brest'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brincama]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Friedländer 1878&quot;&gt;Friedländer, E. (Ed.) (1878). ''Ostfriesisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1. (Jahre 787–1470)''. [[Emda]]e: Haynel.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brinkum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Britlinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Udolph 2004&quot;&gt;Udolph, J. (2004). ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen: Akten eines internationalen Symposiums in Uppsala''. [[Gottinga]]e: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Brietlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brietl'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brochema]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilmans &amp; Hoogeweg VI 1898&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Brockum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Broubm'' seu ''Brookm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brocleda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Janicke 1896&quot;&gt;Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1896). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 1''. [[Lipsia]]e: S. Hirzel.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bröckel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bräukel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Broclina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mindermann 2001&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Brockel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brookel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Broma]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Ohainski 2014&quot;&gt;Casemir, K., &amp; Ohainski, U. (Ed.). (2014). ''Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch: Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Gifhorn''. [[Bilivelda]]e: Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Brome''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brom'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brochusium-Vilsena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1855&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilmans &amp; Hoogeweg VI 1898&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bruchhausen-Vilsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brooksen-Vilsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brunsvicum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Braunschweig''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brunswiek''; [[lingua Saxonica|Brunsvicice]] dialectaliter ''Bronswiek'' seu ''Brönswiek'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bukina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilmans &amp; Hoogeweg VI 1898&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bücken'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bulcova]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ehmck &amp; Bippen 1873&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bülkau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bulsteda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ehmck &amp; Bippen 1873&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bülstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Büls'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brunla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bode 1893&quot;&gt;Bode, G. (Ed.) (1893). ''Urkundenbuch der Stadt Goslar und der in und bei Goslar belegenen geistlichen Stiftungen: Band 1 (922 bis 1250)''.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Braunlage'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bunda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Deiter&quot;&gt;Deiter, H. (1881). Oldeborchs, Pastoris zu Bunda in Reiderland, kleine ostfriesische Chronicke, betreffend die Jahre 1558 bis 1605. ''Jahrbuch de Gesellschaft für bildende Kunst und vaterländische Altertümer zu Emden''.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bunde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bunn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Burchardivillare]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Janicke 1892&quot;&gt;Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1892). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 1. Bis zum Jahre 1221''. S. Hirzel.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Guelpherbytensis|Circulo Guelpherbytensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Wolfenbüttel&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Guelpherbytensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Wolfenbüttel'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Guelpherbytensis-e&quot; ad [[Guelpherbytum]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide [https://vd18.gbv.de/viewer/fullscreen/006049869/1/ ''vd18.gbv.de''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Pro eo ac debuisti, urbs aerumnosa, infelix ac misera Guelpherbytum (...)&quot;; et quo de gentilicio, vide  [https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/MBRY52X6EUWPQOQRFBKHVLYBSUG4M6LS ''Carmina Votiva Honori Clarißimi atq[ue] Experientißimi Viri Dn. Samuelis Stockhausen''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Practici Guelpherbytensis (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Burgdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borgdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Burgdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Hannovera (regio)|Regione Hannovera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Burgdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borgdörp'' seu ''Bortörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Burgium (Saxonia Inferior)|Burgium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Remling VII 2026&quot;&gt;Remling, L. (2026). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Emsland''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Börger''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borger'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Buria (Saxonia Inferior)|Buria]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Ohainski &amp; Udolph&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bühren'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bursina (Saxonia Inferior)|Bursina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir 2003&quot;&gt;Casemir, K. (2003). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil III)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Börßum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Butiadinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ehmck &amp; Bippen II 1876&quot;&gt;Ehmck, D. R., &amp; Bippen, W. von. (Ed.) (1876). ''Bremisches Urkundenbuch: Band 2. 1301–1350''. D. Ed. Müller.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Butjadingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Buxtehuda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lappenberg 1842&quot;&gt;Lappenberg, J. M. (Ed.) (1842). ''Hamburgisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1''. Perthes-Besser &amp; Mauke.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Buxtehude''; [[Saxonice]] ''Buxthu'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Byspinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1859&quot;&gt;Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1859). ''Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, Fünfte Abtheilung: Archiv des Klosters St. Michaelis zu Lüneburg''. Capaun-Karlowa’sche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bispingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bissen'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== C ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Calba (Saxonia Inferior)|Calba]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kalbe&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Kalbe'' seu ''Calbe'' forma &quot;Calba&quot; latinizari solet. Cf. [[Calba ad Salam|Calbam ad Salam]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kalbe''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kalf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Calefelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-felda&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-feld(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-felda-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Falufelda]], [[Frauenfelda]], [[Heresfelda]], [[Hirutfelda]], [[Ilfelda]], [[Mansfelda]], [[Salfelda]], [[Sualafelda]], [[Alfelda]], [[Alsfelda]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Calefeldensis&quot;&gt;&quot;C&quot; pro &quot;K&quot; ponitur propter orthographiam gentilicii &quot;Calefeldensis-e&quot;. Quo de gentilicio, vide [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Abhandlungen_zur_geologischen_Specialkarte_von_Preussen_und_den_Th%C3%BCringischen_Staaten_%28IA_abhandlungenzurg8589preu%29.pdf?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=index&amp;utm_content=original ''Abhandlungen zur geologischen Specialkarte von Preussen und den Thüringischen Staaten''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Calefeldensis'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Kalefeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Campus Rufus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Stüve 1789&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Rothenfelde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Capella (Saxonia Inferior)|Capella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Philippi II 1894&quot;&gt;Philippi, F. (Ed.) (1894). ''Osnabrücker Urkundenbuch: Band 2. Die Urkunden der Jahre 1201–1250''. H. Th. Wenner.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cappeln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Castrovallium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Burgwedel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borwee'' seu ''Boorwee'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Cella (Germania)|Cella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Celle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Clenza]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Janicke II 1896&quot;&gt;Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1896). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 2. Von 1221 bis 1260''. S. Hirzel.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Clenze''; [[Polabice]] ''Kloncka'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Cloppenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Cloppenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cloppenborg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Kloppenbuurich'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Clusa (Saxonia Inferior)|Clusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kluse&quot;&gt;Theodiscum Saxonicumque toponymum ''Kluse'' derivatur a Medio-Latino vocabulo &quot;clūsa&quot;, &quot;angustum montium aditum, locum clausum&quot; significante, quae ad Latinum verbum &quot;claudere&quot; refertur; cf. Kluge, ''Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache'', s.v. ''Klause'', ubi Mediaevali Theodisco vocabulo ''klûse'', Antiquo Theodisco vocabulo ''chlûsa'' ex [[Latinitas medii aevi|Mediaevali Latino vocabulo]] &quot;clausa, clusa&quot; deducitur, et Lühr, ''Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen'', V, s.v. ''klûsa'', ubi Antiquum Theodiscum vocabulum ''klûsa'', ''Einfriedung, Engpass'' significans, ex [[Latinitas medii aevi|Mediaevali Latino vocabulo]] &quot;clūsa&quot; explicatur. Inde Theodiscum Saxonicumque toponymum ''Kluse'' ortum est.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Kluse'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Coeli Porta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Himmelpforten''; [[Saxonice]] ''Himmelpoorten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Collis (Saxonia Inferior)|Collis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Erhard 1851&quot;&gt;Erhard, H. A. (Ed.) (1851). ''Regesta Historiae Westfaliae: Accedit Codex Diplomaticus/Regesten der Geschichte Westfalens''. Regensberg.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Polle'')
* [[Cornu Curvatum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cornu Curvatum&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/curvatus?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum adiectivale praefixum ''Krumm-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;curvatus-a-um&quot;] et [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/cornu?wb=gross&amp;nr=2 Theodiscum nominale suffixum ''-hörn'' Latino nomine &quot;cornu-us&quot; (n.)] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Krummhörn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Cramma]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir 2003&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cramme'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Cranenburgum (Saxonia Inferior)|Cranenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cranenburgum&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Kranenburg'' &quot;Cranenburgum&quot; latinizari solet. Cf. [[Cranenburgum (Rhenania Septentrionalis et Vestfalia)|Cranenburgum Rhenanum]] apud ''Atlas Sive Cosmographicae Meditationes de Fabrica Mundi et Fabricati Figura'', Mercatoris.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Kranenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kronenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Curia Maiorica]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Curia Maiorica&quot;&gt;Manfred Niemeyer (Hrsg.): ''Deutsches Ortsnamenbuch''. De Gruyter, Berolini 2012, ISBN 978-3-11-018908-7, S. 298.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Jork''; [[Saxonice]] ''Jörk'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Curia Sanctae Mariae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Marienhafe&quot;&gt;Vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3134/Marienhafe.pdf ''Marienhafe''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Urkundlich wird Marienhafe erstmals am 16. Februar 1250 als „curia sancte Marie“, d.h. „Hof der heiligen Maria“ erwähnt. 1362 ist von „curia Virginis gloriose“ (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Marienhafe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Cuxhavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Cuxhaven''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cuxhoben'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== D ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Dalemia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dahlem'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dalenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rzihacek &amp; Spreitzer XI 2024&quot;&gt;Rzihacek, A., &amp; Spreitzer, F. (Ed.) (2024). ''Die Urkunden Otto IV (Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Diplomata Regum et Imperatorum Germaniae, Tomus XI). Hahnsche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dahlenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dahlenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dalum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Janicke II 1896&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dahlum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Tahln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Damma (Saxonia Inferior)|Damma]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Philippi II 1894&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Damme'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Damnatzium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Garzmann LXXVI 2004&quot;&gt;Garzmann, M. R. W. (Ed.) (2004). ''Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte: Neue Folge der Zeitschrift des Historischen Vereins für Niedersachsen (Band 76)''. Hahnsche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Damnatz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Danneberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Dannenberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dannenbarg''; [[Polabice]] ''Wajdars'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Danthorpum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Menzel % Udolph VII 2011&quot;&gt;Casemir, K., Menzel, F., &amp; Udolph, J. (2011). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII''). Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Danndorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dassela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dassel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dedenhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husaDeensen&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Dedehusen'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: Casemir, K., &amp; Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Holzminden (Veröffentlichungen del Institut für Historische Landesforschung der Universität Göttingen, Vol. 51)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Deensen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Deinsta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Deinste''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deinst'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Deinstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Deinstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deins'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Delmenhorstium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Delmenhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Demost'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dengdia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Denkte'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Derenthalia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-thalia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-thal'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-thalia-ae&quot; seu &quot;-dalia-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-thal''' : -''thalia'', -''dalia'' (...)&quot;. Animadvertendum est suffixum ''-thal'' veterem orthographiam hodierni suffixi ''-tal'' esse; ergo Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-tal'' quoque latinizari potest addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-thalia-ae&quot; seu &quot;-dalia-ae&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Derental'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dersum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egger 1977&quot;&gt;Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dersum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Derßm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dettum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egger 1977&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dettum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Detten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dicla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mooyer 1855&quot;&gt;Mooyer, E. F. (Ed.) (1855). ''Urkundenbuch des vormaligen Stiftes Minden''. J. C. C. Bruns.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dickel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Diddersa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Didderse'' et [[Saxonice]] ''Deesse'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Diekholza]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Diekholzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dielmissa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dielmissen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Diepenavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-avia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-avia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Diepenau''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Deepnau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Diepholtia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmannus&quot;&gt;{{Hofmannus}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Diepholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deefholt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dinklaga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dinklage''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dinklaoge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Disaldishusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husaDelligsen&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Disaldishusen'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: Reuter, A. (Ed.) (1950). ''1100 Jahre Delligsen: Geschichte der Hilsmulde und des Ortes Delligsen''. Verlag der Gemeinde Delligsen. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Delligsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Disna (Saxonia Inferior)|Disna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dissen am Teutoburger Wald'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dithgherscope-Twielenflethum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hollern&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/hollern-twielenfleth/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon'']. ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Luderus in Dithgherscope'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-ethum&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-eth'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-ethum-i&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Bechtsriethum]], [[Maitenbethum]] ac [[Wiesethum]] apud Vicipaediae Latinae articulum de [[Index communium Bavariae|indice communium Bavariae]]; et [[Gransebiethum]] apud Vicipaediae Latinae articulum de [[Index Communium Megapolis et Pomeraniae Citerioris|indice communium Megapolis et Pomeraniae Citerioris]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hollern-Twielenfleth''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hullern-Twielenfleth'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dohra (Terra Emesensis)|Dohra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Terrae Emesensis|Terra Emesensi]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Terrae Altenburgensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Emsland'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum &quot;terra-ae&quot; Theodiscum lexema ''-land'' vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Emesensis-e&quot; ad flumen [[Amisia|Emesam]] refertur. De hoc hydronymo, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dohren '')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dohra (Circulus Harburgensis)|Dohra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Harburgensis|Circulo Harburgensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Harburg&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dohren''; [[Saxonice]] ''Duhrn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dolnere]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Dolnere&quot;&gt;Vide [https://adw-goe.de/fileadmin/forschungsprojekte/ortsnamen_rhein_elbe/dokumente/Publikationen_Udolph_PDF/2001-2005/315._Udolph_Anmerkungen_zum_Ortsnamen_Dollern.pdf ''Anmerkugen zum Ortsnamen Dollern''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 1105 (Fälschung Mitte 12. Jh.) ''Dolnere'' (...) 1209 ''Johannes de dolnere'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dollern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Doristacus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dorstadt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dornum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egger 1977&quot;&gt;Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Dornum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dornm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dorverda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dörverden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dörbern'' seu ''Dörb'' seu ''Dörveern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dotlinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dötlingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Draga (Albis)|Draga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Drage''; [[Saxonice]] ''Draag'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Drentweda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Drentwede'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Drestadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Drestedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dreest'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Drochtersa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Drochtersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Drochters'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dudanebutli]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lappenberg 1841&quot;&gt;Lappenberg, J. M. (Ed.) (1841). ''Hamburgisches Urkundenbuch (Band 1)''. Perthes-Besser &amp; Mauke.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Düdenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Düünbeudel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Duderstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Duderstadt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dustadt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dunsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dünsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dunum  (Saxonia Inferior)|Dunum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Houtrouw 1889&quot;&gt;Houtrouw, O. G. (1889). ''Ostfriesland: Eine geschichtlich-ortskundige Wanderung gegen Ende der Fürstenzeit (Band 1)''. Dunkmann.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dunum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Duthungun]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Udolph 2004&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Duingen''; [[Saxonice|Ostfalice]] ''Daujen'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== E ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Ebbestorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Jaitner 1985&quot;&gt;Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ebstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ebstörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ebersdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Ebersdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ebersdorfium&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Ebersdorf'' in Latinam &quot;Ebersdorfium&quot; verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ebersdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eversdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Echemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-hemium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-hemium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Echem''; [[Saxonice]] ''Echen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Edemissa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Edemissen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emisse'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Egestorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Egestorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Äästörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Edewechte]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Berger 2012&quot;&gt;Berger, D. (2012). ''Edewecht''. In ''Deutsches Ortsnamenbuch''. Walter de Gruyter.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Edewecht''; [[Saxonice]] ''Erwech''; historice ''Adewacht'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eggermuhla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Eggermühlen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eggermöhlen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ehra-Lessia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ehra-Lessien'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eicklinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Eicklingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eikeln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eildissum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Stumpf-Brentano II 1865&quot;&gt;Stumpf-Brentano, K. F. (Ed.) (1865). ''Die Reichskanzler vornehmlich des X., XI. und XII. Jahrhunderts: Acta Imperii Selecta'' (Vol. 2). [[Aeni Pons (Austria)|Aeni Ponte]]: Wagner'schen Universitäts-Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Eilsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ahlsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eima (Circulus Hildesiensis)|Eima]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;/small&gt;(in [[Circulus Hildesiensis|Circulo Hildesiensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Circulus Hildesiensis&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Hildesiensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Hildesheim'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Hildesiensis-e&quot; ad [[Hildesia]]m refertur. Hac de urbe, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eime'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eima (Circulus Holtisminnensis)|Eima]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Holtisminnensis|Circulo Holtisminnensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Circulus Holtisminnensis&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Holtisminnensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Holzminden'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Holtisminni]]&quot; -ad quod gentilicium &quot;Holtisminnensis-e&quot; refertur-, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Eimen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eimka]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Eimke''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aimk'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ekelum]]&lt;ref&gt;Vide: Von Hodenberg, W. (Ed.) (1855). ''Walsroder Urkundenbuch (Urkunde Nr. 19)''. Hahnsche Hofbuchhandlung. Quo opere &quot;proprietatem bonorum in Ekelo, que ab ecclesia Walsrodensi in feodum tenuit, pro quinquaginta marcis seriosius comparavit.&quot; dicitur.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eickeloh'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Elba (Saxonia Inferior)|Elba]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elbe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Elbingeroda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-roda&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elbingerode'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eldinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eldingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Elsdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Elsdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Elsdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Elsdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Embeca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Embeca&quot;&gt;&quot;non ignobiles Saxoniae civitates, Embeca et Gottinga&quot; {{Google Books|I7pXAAAAcAAJ|p. 734}}. Interdum &quot;Embica&quot;, &quot;Embecka&quot; etc. reperis&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Einbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aimbeck'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Embsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Embsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Emden''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Oamde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emmelkampus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Emmelkampus&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.altreformiert.de/beuker/geschichte/grafschaft-bentheim/ERK-GRAFSCH_Classis_1625-1705_Prot_-_Plasger_2021_gjb.pdf?utm ''Protokolle der Classis der reformierten Prediger der Grafschaft Bentheim 1625–1705''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Domino Bernhardus Tinneken Pastorum Emmelkampum (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Emlichheim''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Batavice]] ''Emmelkamp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emmendorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Emmendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emphstece]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Emphstece&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.emstek.de/die-gemeinde/ortsteile/emstek?utm ''www.emstek.de'']; ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Urkunde aus dem Jahre 947 als „Emphstece&quot; (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Emstek''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emstäk'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emsbura]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Emsbüren''; [[Saxonice]] ''Büren'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emtinghusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Emtinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emhusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Engda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Engden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Engn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Engelschofa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-hofa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hof(f)(e)(n)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-hofa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hattenhofa (Bavaria)|Hattenhofa Bavarica]], [[Pfaffenhofa ad fluvium Glon]], [[Pfaffenhofa ad Rotam]], [[Poohofa]], [[Gundershofa]], [[Hattenhofa (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Hattenhofa Badeniae-Virtembergiae]], [[Pfaffenhofa (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Pfaffenhofa]], [[Matichofa]], [[Philshofa]] apud [[Google|Gugulam]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Engelschoff''; [[Saxonice]] ''Engelschopp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Erenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Minden II 1902&quot;&gt;Minden, G. von (Ed.) (1902). ''Urkundenbuch der Bischöfe von Verden und Minden (Band 2)''. Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ehrenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ehrenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Erkeroda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-roda&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-rode'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-roda-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Baceroda]], [[Gerningeroda]], [[Osteroda]], [[Werningroda]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Erkerode''; [[Saxonice]] ''Erkero'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ermelstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1759&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Armstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Armsdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ericetum Magnum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ericetum&quot;&gt;[https://woerterbuchnetz.de/?sigle=MeckWB&amp;lemid=H01756 Theodiscum toponymicum suffixum et vocabulum ''(-)Heide'' Latino nomine &quot;Ericetum-i&quot; vertitur.]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Magnus&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/magnus?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum praefixum ''Groß-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;magnus-a-um&quot; vertitur.]&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Großheide''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grootheid'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Escheda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Eschede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Esche'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eschershusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eschershausen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Esena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Esens'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Essel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Essel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Äsel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Esterwega]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Esterwegen''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Äästerweede'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Estorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(ad [[Visurgis|Visurgem]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Estorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Esdörp'' seu ''Esdrup'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Estorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Stadae|Circulo Stadae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Stade&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Stadae&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Stade'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Stadae]]&quot;, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Estorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Esdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Evergoteshemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-hemiumEver&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-hemium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Euergoteshem'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: H. Bresslau et. al.: ''Die Urkunden Heinrichs II. und Arduins''. In: Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Die Urkunden der deutschen Könige und Kaiser, Band 3. [[Hannovera]]e 1900–1903.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ebergötzen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Ewerchötzschen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Everinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ingaEvern&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum mediaevali formae huius toponymi ''Everinge'' testatae applicatur. Quo de mediaevali toponymo, vide: Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (1998). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises und der Stadt Hannover (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil I)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Deutsch Evern''; [[Saxonice]] ''Düütsch Äwern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eversmeer]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eversmeer'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Evessum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NOB 2004&quot;&gt;Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (2004). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter''' (NOB III). [[Gottinga]]e: Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Evessen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eydelstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Eydelstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eidelstee'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eyendorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Eyendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eyndörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eystharpa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-tharpa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-trup'' seu ''-drup'' seu ''-trop'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-tharpa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Butilingtharpa]], [[Graftharpa]], [[Gumorodingtharpa]], [[Haringtharpa]], [[Heppingtharpa]], [[Holttharpa]], [[Hurstharpa]], [[Kathingtharpa]], [[Kiedeningtharpa]], [[Marastharpa]], [[Markiligtharpa]], [[Meinbrahtingtharpa]], [[Peingtharpa]], [[Radistharpa]], [[Sutharpa]], [[Tettingtharpa]], [[Vilomaringtharpa]], [[Winikingtharpa]], [[Varetharpa]], [[Vrilingtharpa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eystrup''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eestrup'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== F ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Fallingbostela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bad Fallingbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Fambossel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fardium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Verden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Veern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Farva]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Farven''; [[Saxonice]] ''Farm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fassberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Faßberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Filsum]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Filsum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Firrel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Firrel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Florimontium (circulus Widmundensis)|Florimontium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Blomberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bloombarg'' seu ''Blombarg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Flotide]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Flotide&quot;&gt;De nominibus &quot;Flotide&quot; {{caa|780|802}}, &quot;Flathi&quot; {{caa|1013}}, &quot;Flatide&quot; {{caa|1142}}, &quot;Flothethe&quot; {{caa|1187}}, &quot;Vlothe&quot; {{caa|1189}} et &quot;Flotethe&quot; {{caa|1194}}, vide: Udolph, Jürgen. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160729194352/https://www.ndr.de/ndr1niedersachsen/programm/Ortsnamen-Uebersicht-fuer-Buchstaben-F,ortsnamenforscher111.html ''Ortsnamenforscher'']. ''NDR 1 Niedersachsen''.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Flöthe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Frankenfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-felda&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-feld(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-felda-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Falufelda]], [[Frauenfelda]], [[Heresfelda]], [[Hirutfelda]], [[Ilfelda]], [[Mansfelda]], [[Salfelda]], [[Sualafelda]], [[Alfelda]], [[Alsfelda]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Frankenfeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Freda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Freden'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fredenbiki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-biki&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-beck'' seu ''-beek'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-biki-orum&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Aesebiki]], [[Asbiki]], [[Beverbiki]], [[Gledabiki]], [[Goltbiki]], [[Sannanabiki]], [[Trobiki]], [[Walbeka|Walbiki]], [[Winesbiki]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Fredenbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Freenbeek'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Frera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Freren'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fresenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Fresenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Fräsenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Friburgum (Albis)|Friburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Friburgum&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Freiburg'' Latino toponymo &quot;Friburgum&quot; verti solet. Cf. [[Friburgum Brisgoviae]] aut [[Friburgum Nuithonum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Freiburg/Elbe''; [[Saxonice]] ''Fryborg'' seu ''Freiborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Frideburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Frideburgum&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.heimatbund-finnentrop.de/index_htm_files/Staats-%20u.%20Reisegeogr.%205.pdf?utm ''Beschreibung derer merkwürdigsten Oerter''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Frideburg, Friedeburg, lat. Frideburgum'''. Liegt im Fürstenthum Ostfriesland, an den Grenzen der Grafschaft Oldenburg (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Friedeburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Freborg'' seu ''Freebörg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Friedlandia (Saxonia Inferior)|Friedlandia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Friedland&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Friedland' in Latinam &quot;Friedlandia&quot; verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Friedland'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Frisoyta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Frisoyta&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363707446_Der_Status_animarum_im_Hochstift_Munster_und_die_Alphabetisierung_im_landlichen_Raum_eines_geistlichen_Furstentums_im_17_und_18_Jahrhundert ''Der Status animarum im Hochstift Münster und die Alphabetisierung im ländlichen Raum eines geistlichen Fürstentums im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Specificatio catholic[orum] et acatholicorum in Frisoyta (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Friesoythe''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ait''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aithe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Furstenavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Furstenavia&quot;&gt;Theodiscum nomen proprium ''Fürstenau'' in Latinam &quot;Furstenavia&quot; verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Hofmannus}}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) FURSTENAVIA Familia Germ. ''Furstenau'', ramus est Familiae Erpacensis (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Fürstenau''; [[Saxonice]] ''Fösnau'' seu ''Försnau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Furstenberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Fürstenberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== G ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Ganderkesea]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ganderkesee''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gannerseer'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gandershemium]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.fi/books?id=6kwBAAAAQAAJ&amp;pg=PA27&amp;lpg=PA27&amp;dq=Gandershemium&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=_NMr2DmhUK&amp;sig=CXPUuuKZ8W03AC7uB3YlYYNscJ4&amp;hl=fi&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=7z7WUrfrO8iC4gTGxoGYCw&amp;ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&amp;q=Gandershemium&amp;f=false R. p. Hertenberger: ''Historia pragmatica universalis, sacra et profana''], p.27;
[http://books.google.fi/books?id=yScyAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA58&amp;lpg=PA58&amp;dq=Gandershemium&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=ZoGX4tZRRD&amp;sig=8fUZc6grFgYD0jN-twVcDyzarYI&amp;hl=fi&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=7z7WUrfrO8iC4gTGxoGYCw&amp;ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q=Gandershemium&amp;f=false ''Acta Sanctorum, Junii'' (1698-1717), cit. in ''A Companion to Hrotsvit of Gandersheim (fl. 960)''], p. 58 n.103.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Gandersheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ganderssen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gandesberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gandesbergen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Gannsbargen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Garbsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Garbsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Garlstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Garlstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Garlstörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Garrel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Garrel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Garstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Garstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gastää'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gartovia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ovia&quot;&gt;[[Linguae Germanicae|Germanica]] ac [[linguae Slavicae|Slavica]] toponyma cum suffixo ''-ov'' seu ''-öv'' seu ''ow'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-ovia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Asovia]], [[Brewnovia]], [[Czernichovia]], [[Glasgovia]], [[Golnovia]], [[Grabovia]], [[Kharkovia]], [[Laszovia]], [[Ostrovia]], [[Pscovia]], [[Racovia]], [[Sucovia]], [[Tarnovia]], [[Wengrovia]], [[Witkowa]], [[Wittovia]], [[Crovia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gartow'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Geesta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Geeste''; [[Saxonice]] ''Choeiste'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Geestlandia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-landia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-land'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-landia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amelandia]], [[Bevelandia Australis]], [[Bevelandia Septentrionalis]], [[Bolandia]], [[Iutlandia]], [[Curlandia]], [[Estlandia]], [[Finlandia]], [[Flevolandia]], [[Friedlandia]], [[Islandia]], [[Gothlandia]], [[Hollandia]], [[Ingermanlandia]], [[Isalandia]] [[Lalandia]], [[Langelandia]], [[Oehtlandia]] [[Olandia]], [[Sallandia]], [[Samlandia]] [[Zelandia]], [[Selandia]] [[Fotlandia]], [[Wermelandia]] [[Withlandia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Geestland'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gehrda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Gehrde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gährde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gemmegum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gemmegum&quot;&gt;Vide ''Giminghem - der alte Name von Jemgum'' Gerhardi Kronsweide; ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Mittelalterliche urkundliche und einige neuzeitliche Nennungen von Jemgum''' (...) Gemmegum (Urkunde in lateinisch) (...) Gommegum (lat.) (...) Gemghum (lat.) (...) Gemmyngum (lat.) (...) Jemgum (Ubbo Emmius, lat.) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Jemgum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Georgsdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Georgsdorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gerdavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-avia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-avia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gerdau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gerdinum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gerdinium&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/gehrden/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Urkundlich ist der spätere Flecken möglicherweis erstmals als ''Gerdinum'' im Verzeichnis der Schenkungen (''Traditionen'') an das Kloster Corvey erwähnt, das um 826/76 angelegt wurde (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Gehrden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gieren'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gersta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gersten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Geteloha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-loha&quot;&gt;Germanica praesentia aut antiqua toponyma cum suffixis ''-loh(e)'' et ''-lo'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-loha-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ascloha]], [[Buohloha]], [[Eiloha]], [[Hadaloha]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Getelo''; [[Saxonice]] ''Getel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gevensleba]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-leba&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-leben'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-leba-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hadersleba]], [[Kintileba]], [[Meresleba]], [[Mimileba]], [[Rumerestleba]], [[Wigileba]], [[Winirichileba]], [[Albgozesleba]], [[Asoltesleba]], [[Buffileba]], [[Egisleba]], [[Gorchesleba]], [[Gozzenleba]], [[Gunderichesleba]], [[Gunzenleba]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gevensleben'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gevera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Jever'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gieboldehusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Gieboldehausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Chiwelehusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Giesa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Giesen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gifhorna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cellarius 1703&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Gifhorn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gilta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gilten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Glandorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Glandorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gleicha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gleichen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gnarrenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Gnarrenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gnarrenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Godenstorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Gödenstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gö’nstörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Goldbiki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Golmbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Goldenstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Goldenstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gollnste'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Golencampus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;campus-i&quot;&gt;[https://ewa.saw-leipzig.de/articles/80250/en?utm Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-kamp'' seu ''-kampf'' seu ''-camp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-campus-i&quot;], quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Gölenkamp''; [[Saxonice]] ''Göllenkamp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gorenthin]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gorenthin&quot;&gt;Vide [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Zeitschrift_des_Historischen_Vereins_f%C3%BCr_Niedersachsen_%28IA_zeitschriftdeshi1857hist%29.pdf?utm ''Zeitschrift des Historischen Vereins für Niedersachsen''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) villam Gorenthin '' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Göhrde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Göhr''; [[Polabice]] ''Djöra'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gorleba]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-leba&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-leben'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-leba-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hadersleba]], [[Kintileba]], [[Meresleba]], [[Mimileba]], [[Rumerestleba]], [[Wigileba]], [[Winirichileba]], [[Albgozesleba]], [[Asoltesleba]], [[Buffileba]], [[Egisleba]], [[Gorchesleba]], [[Gozzenleba]], [[Gunderichesleba]], [[Gunzenleba]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gorleben'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Goslaria]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Goslar''; [[Saxonice]] ''Goslär'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gottinga]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.com/books?id=kkM-AAAAcAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=gottingensis&amp;lr=&amp;cd=14#v=onepage&amp;q=&amp;f=false Libri Googles].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Göttingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Chöttingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grafhorstium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-horstium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-horst'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-horstium-i&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-horst''' : -''horstium'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Grafhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grafhorst'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grasberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Grasberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grasbarg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grasleba]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-leba&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-leben'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-leba-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hadersleba]], [[Kintileba]], [[Meresleba]], [[Mimileba]], [[Rumerestleba]], [[Wigileba]], [[Winirichileba]], [[Albgozesleba]], [[Asoltesleba]], [[Buffileba]], [[Egisleba]], [[Gorchesleba]], [[Gozzenleba]], [[Gunderichesleba]], [[Gunzenleba]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Grasleben''; [[Saxonice]] ''Graslewe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grethemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-hemium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-hemium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Grethem''; [[Saxonice]] ''Graitn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grona (Leina)|Grona]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gronau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grundensis Civitas Metallica]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Grund'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grunendicum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dicum&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Grünendeich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Greundiek'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Guderhandviertel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Guderhandviertel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gauderhandviddel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Guelpherbytum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wolfenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wulfenbüttel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gusbornium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-bornium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-born'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-bornium-ii&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Calenbornium (prope Aram)|Calenbornium prope Aram]] et [[Calenbornium (prope Caesariacum)|Calenbornium prope Caesariacum]] (Theodisce ''Kalenborn''); [[Calenbornium-Scheurenum]] (Theodisce ''Kalenborn-Scheuern''); [[Hasbornium (Eiflia)|Hasbornium]] (Theodisce ''Hasborn''); [[Leidenbornium]] (Theodisce ''Leidenborn''); [[Lichtenbornium]] (Theodisce ''Lichtenborn''). Quae omnia toponyma ex articulo Vicipaediae Latinae de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Rhenaniae_et_Palatinatus indice urbium et communium Rhenaniae et Palatinatus] desumpta sunt, ubi apte referuntur.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gusborn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gyhum]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Gyhum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Jeem'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== H ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Hachede]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hachede&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/marschacht/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''paludem a Blekethe vsque ad Ecclesiam Hachede'' (...) ''in quorum honore est altare in prefata ecclesia Hachethe dedicatum'' (...) ''Hinricus Bartolomei plebanus in Merschhachede'' (...) ''rector parrochialis ecclesie in Merschachtede'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Marschacht''; [[Saxonice]] ''Meschacht'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hademstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hademstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hamstorp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haeslinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Heeslingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Heeßel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haga (Saxonia Inferior)|Haga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Haga&quot;&gt;Vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3191/Hage.pdf?utm ''Historische Ortsdatenbank für Ostfriesland''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Erscheinung trat der Ort als „curatus Hagensis“ im Jahr 1400. Spätere Bezeichnungen waren „
Haga“ (um 1409)  (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hage''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Eofrisosaxonice]] ''Haag'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haga ad Teutoburgiensem Saltum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-haga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hag(e)(n)'' seu ''-ha(a)g'' seu ''-hague'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-haga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Haga (Franconia Superior)|Haga Franconiae Superioris]], [[Haga ad Ambram]], [[Haga (in Bavaria superiore)|Haga in Bavaria Superiore]] apud [[Index communium Bavariae|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Bavariae]]; [[Falkenhaga (Marchia)|Falkenhaga Marchiana]] apud [[Index communium Brandenburgi|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Brandenburgi]]; [[Haga Schauenburgi]], [[Haga Promontorium]], [[Haga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Teutoburger Wald&quot;&gt;Cfr. [[Cornelius Tacitus|Taciti]], ''[[Annales (Tacitus)|Annales]]'', {{Vf|Ab excessu divi Augusti (Annales)/Liber I|LX|I, 60}}: &quot;... haud procul '''Teutoburgiensi saltu''' in quo reliquiae Vari legionumque insepultae dicebantur&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hagen am Teutoburger Wald'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haga Bremensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-haga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hag(e)(n)'' seu ''-ha(a)g'' seu ''-hague'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-haga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Haga (Franconia Superior)|Haga Franconiae Superioris]], [[Haga ad Ambram]], [[Haga (in Bavaria superiore)|Haga in Bavaria Superiore]] apud [[Index communium Bavariae|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Bavariae]]; [[Falkenhaga (Marchia)|Falkenhaga Marchiana]] apud [[Index communium Brandenburgi|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Brandenburgi]]; [[Haga Schauenburgi]], [[Haga Promontorium]], [[Haga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Latinum gentilicium &quot;Bremensis-e&quot; Theodiscum syntagma ''im Bremischen'' vertit.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hagen im Bremischen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hagen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haga Schauenburgi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]]  ''Stadthagen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hagenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hagenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hagenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Halbemontium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-montium&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-mond'' aut ''-mont'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-montium-i&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-mond, mont''' : -''montium, mons'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Halbemond'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Halla (Holtisminni)|Halla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in Montibus [[Visurgis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Halle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Halla (Comitatus Binethensis)|Halla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Halla prope Neuenhusam&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Halle'' plerumque toponymo &quot;Halla-ae&quot; latinizatur. Qua de latinizatione, vide complures Hallae apud [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(prope [[Neuenhusa]]m&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Halle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Halvesbostel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Halvesbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hassbossel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hamala]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hameln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hamberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hambergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hambargen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hambuhra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hambühren''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hambüren'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hamele]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hamele&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/2261/NOB%20VIII_Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Peine.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''NOB VIII Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Peine'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 1146 ''in Sutherem iuxta Hamele'' (UB H.Hild. I Nr. 239 S. 222) 1180 ''in Bikem iuxta Honhamelen'' (UB H.Hild. I Nr. 396 S. 385) 1193 ''in Honhamele'' (UB H.Hild. II Nachtrag Nr. 13 S. 580) 1198 ''apud Honhamelen'' (...) 1251 ''Sutherem apud Hoenhamale'' (UB H.Hild. II Nr. 861 S. 435) 1278-1280 ''iugera Hamelen'' (Lehnregister Meinersen II Nr. 20 S. 590) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hohenhameln''; [[Saxonice]] ''Häogenhameln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hamelhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hämelhausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hämelhusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hamersa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hamersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Homersen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hamma (Saxonia Inferior)|Hamma]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ah&quot;&gt;Germanica aut Semitica aut Indoiranica toponyma cum terminatione ''-ah'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Exempli gratiā: [[Calvela]], [[Maliana]], Parra, [[Widenla]], [[Zellia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hammah''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hammoh'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Handeloha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-loha&quot;&gt;Germanica praesentia aut antiqua toponyma cum suffixis ''-loh(e)'' et ''-lo'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-loha-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ascloha]], [[Buohloha]], [[Eiloha]], [[Hadaloha]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Handeloh'' seu olim ''Handorf bei Tostedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Handörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Handorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Handorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Handörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hantharpa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-tharpa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-trup'' seu ''-drup'' seu ''-trop'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-tharpa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Butilingtharpa]], [[Graftharpa]], [[Gumorodingtharpa]], [[Haringtharpa]], [[Heppingtharpa]], [[Holttharpa]], [[Hurstharpa]], [[Kathingtharpa]], [[Kiedeningtharpa]], [[Marastharpa]], [[Markiligtharpa]], [[Meinbrahtingtharpa]], [[Peingtharpa]], [[Radistharpa]], [[Sutharpa]], [[Tettingtharpa]], [[Vilomaringtharpa]], [[Winikingtharpa]], [[Varetharpa]], [[Vrilingtharpa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Handrup'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hannovera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[caput (urbs)|caput]] [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terrae foederalis]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hannover''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hannober'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hanstadium (Circulus Harburgensis)|Hanstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Harburgensis|Circulo Harburgensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Harburg&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hanstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hanstää'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hanstadium (Circulus Ulsenensis)|Hanstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Ulsenensis|Circulo Ulsenensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Uelzen&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hanstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hanster'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hardegsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hardegsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harmstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Harmstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Harmsdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Haren'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harpstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Harpstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Harpstäe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harsfeldum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Harsefeld''; [[Saxonice]] ''Harsfeld'' seu ''Hasfeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harsum]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Harsum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hartsburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Harzburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Harzeborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hasberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hasbergen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hasburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Haßbergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Haßbargen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hasela (Saxonia Inferior)|Hasela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hasela&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/hassel/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Dort ist die ''villa Hasela'' erwähnt, also das Dorf Hassel (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hassel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hasla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hasla&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/hesel/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Der früheste schriftliche Beleg für den Ort findet sich als ''Hasla'' in einem Urbar der Abtei Werden, das sich auf das 10. Jh. datieren lässt (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hesel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hassendorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hassendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hassendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hasta (Saxonia Inferior)|Hasta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Haste'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hatta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hatten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hattorpium ad Harthicos Montes]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hattorf am Harz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hauslinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Häuslingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hüßel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haverla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Haverla&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B73-8/NOB%20III%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Wolfenb%C3%BCttel%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Salzgitter.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) um 941 (Fä. Mitte 12. Jh., kop. 17. Jh.) ''Haverlae'' (...) 1319 ''Haverla'' (UB H Hild. IV 464 S. 247) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Haverlah''; [[Saxonice]] ''Haberlah'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hechthusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hechthausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Heckthusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hedebere]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hedebere&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B73-8/NOB%20III%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Wolfenb%C3%BCttel%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Salzgitter.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''NOB III Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Antiquum Hedebere seu Minus, Novum Hedebere seu Maius'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hedeper''; [[Saxonice]] ''Heper'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heeda (Terra Emesensis)|Heeda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Heede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Häie'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heemsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heemsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heessa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heeßen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heidenavia (Saxonia Inferior)|Heidenavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-avia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-avia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heidenau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heina (Saxonia Inferior)|Heina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Heina&quot;&gt;Vide [https://hgv-hhm.de/ortsnamen-13-19-jahrhundert.html?utm ''Heimat- und Geschichtsverein für Heinade-Hellental-Merxhausen E.V.''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''villa Heina'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heinade'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heinbockel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heinbockel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heiningensis Locus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Heiningen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Heinig'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heinsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heinsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heli (Saxonia Inferior)|Heli]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Heli&quot;&gt;Vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20241109195129/https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B73-8/NOB%20III%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Wolfenb%C3%BCttel%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Salzgitter.pdf ''NOB III Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''in villa Heli'' (...) ''Heloon'' (...) ''collatio ecclesie Helen'' (...) ''Thidericus de Helenen'' (...) ''plebanos ecclesiarum de Helen'' (...) ''in campo sive marke ville Helen'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hehlen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hellwega]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hellwege''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hellweeg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Helmstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Helmstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Helmstidde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Helpsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Helpsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Helvesiecca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-siek&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ec(k)'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-ecca-ae&quot; seu &quot;-eca-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-ec, -eck''' : -''ecca'', -''ēca'' (...)&quot;. Hoc in casu, applicatur terminatio latinizans formae antiquae suffixi ''-siek'' -quae ''-sieck'', ut accidit in toponymis velut ''Bannensieck'', cuius hodierna forma ''Bannensiek'' est. Qua de ultima antiqua forma, vide [https://www.arcinsys.niedersachsen.de/arcinsys/showArchivalDescriptionDetails?archivalDescriptionId=2955251 ''Arcinsys''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Helvesiek''; [[Saxonice]] ''Helsch'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hemminga (Saxonia Inferior)|Hemminga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hemmingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hemmje'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hemmoor]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hemmoor'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hemsbunda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hemsbünde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Heemsbünnen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hemslinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hemslingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hemsloha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-loha&quot;&gt;Germanica praesentia aut antiqua toponyma cum suffixis ''-loh(e)'' et ''-lo'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-loha-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ascloha]], [[Buohloha]], [[Eiloha]], [[Hadaloha]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hemsloh''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hemzel'' seu ''Hemsel'' seu ''Hemßel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hepstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hepstedt''; [Saxonice]] ''Hepst'' seu ''Heps'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hepstidi Villa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hipstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hipst'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Herrum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Herrum&quot;&gt;Vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20241109195129/https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B73-8/NOB%20III%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Wolfenb%C3%BCttel%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Salzgitter.pdf ''NOB III Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter.''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Majori villa Herre'' (...) ''Maiori Here'' (...) ''Minori Herro'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heere'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hertzberga ad Harthicos Montes]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Herzberg am Harz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Herzlaka]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Herzlake''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hässelke'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hespa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hespe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heuerssa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Heuerßen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hoarßen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heya]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heyen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Hein'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hildesia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hildesheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hilmessen'' seu ''Hilmssen'')&lt;/small&gt; 
* [[Hilgermissa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hilgermissen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hillersa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hillerse'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hilter ad Teutoburgiensem Saltum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Teutoburger Wald&quot;&gt;Cfr. [[Cornelius Tacitus|Taciti]], ''[[Annales (Tacitus)|Annales]]'', {{Vf|Ab excessu divi Augusti (Annales)/Liber I|LX|I, 60}}: &quot;... haud procul '''Teutoburgiensi saltu''' in quo reliquiae Vari legionumque insepultae dicebantur&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hilter am Teutoburger Wald'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Himberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Himbergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Himbargen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hinuti]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hinuti&quot;&gt;Vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3180/Hinte.pdf?utm ''Historische Ortsdatenbank für Ostfriesland''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Das Dorf wurde im 10. Jahrhundert als „in Hinuti“ erstmals urkundlich erfasst (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hinte''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hint'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hitgera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hitzacker''; [[Polabice]] ''Ljauci'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hittberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hittbergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hittbargen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hlunia (commune)|Hlunia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hlunia&quot;&gt;Nomen communis Theodisce ''Lenne'' dicti suo e homonymo fluvio, Latine &quot;Hlunia&quot; nuncupato, ortum est. Latinum igitur nomen huius communis Latino ex hydronymo etiam derivandum est. Quo de Latino hydronymo, vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lenne'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hlutherun]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hlutherun&quot;&gt;Vide [https://koeblergerhard.de/ZIER-HP/ZIER-HP-06-2016/AAAKoeblerGerhardBodeinderdeutschenOrtsgeschichte20161221-965.htm?utm ''Koeble rGerhard Bodeinderdeutschen Ortsgeschichte''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Lüder''', 11. Jh., an einem Bache bei Bodenteich bei Uelzen, F1-1383 HLUTAR (lauter bzw. rein) Hlutherun, Hlutherun (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lüder'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hodenhaga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-haga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hag(e)(n)'' seu ''-ha(a)g'' seu ''-hague'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-haga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Haga (Franconia Superior)|Haga Franconiae Superioris]], [[Haga ad Ambram]], [[Haga (in Bavaria superiore)|Haga in Bavaria Superiore]] apud [[Index communium Bavariae|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Bavariae]]; [[Falkenhaga (Marchia)|Falkenhaga Marchiana]] apud [[Index communium Brandenburgi|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Brandenburgi]]; [[Haga Schauenburgi]], [[Haga Promontorium]], [[Haga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hodenhagen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hohbuoki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hohbuoki&quot;&gt;Vide [https://oar.onroerenderfgoed.be/publicaties/RELM/7/RELM007-001.pdf?utm ''The very beginning of Europe?''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''castellum hohbuoki'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Höhbeck'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hohna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hohne'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hohnhorstium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-horstium&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hohnhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hionhoste'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hohnstorpium (Albis)|Hohnstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hohnstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Haunstörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Holdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Holdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Holdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hollrup'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Holdunesteti]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hollenstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hullnst'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Holenberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Holenberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Holla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Holle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hollnsethum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ethum&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-eth'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-ethum-i&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Bechtsriethum]], [[Maitenbethum]] ac [[Wiesethum]] apud Vicipaediae Latinae articulum de [[Index communium Bavariae|indice communium Bavariae]]; et [[Gransebiethum]] apud Vicipaediae Latinae articulum de [[Index Communium Megapolis et Pomeraniae Citerioris|indice communium Megapolis et Pomeraniae Citerioris]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hollnseth'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Holsta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Holste'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Holtgaste]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Friedländer 1878&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Holtgast'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Holtisminni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Holzminden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Holtsminne'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Holtlandia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-landia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-land'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-landia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amelandia]], [[Bevelandia Australis]], [[Bevelandia Septentrionalis]], [[Bolandia]], [[Iutlandia]], [[Curlandia]], [[Estlandia]], [[Finlandia]], [[Flevolandia]], [[Friedlandia]], [[Islandia]], [[Gothlandia]], [[Hollandia]], [[Ingermanlandia]], [[Isalandia]] [[Lalandia]], [[Langelandia]], [[Oehtlandia]] [[Olandia]], [[Sallandia]], [[Samlandia]] [[Zelandia]], [[Selandia]] [[Fotlandia]], [[Wermelandia]] [[Withlandia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Holtland'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Holza]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Holzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Honengesbuthele]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Honengesbuthele&quot;&gt;Vide [https://blog.slub-dresden.de/fileadmin/groups/slubsite/Blog/2015-KristinCasimir-VortragDresden.pdf?utm ''Ortsnamen zwischen Rhein und Elbe - Onomastik im europäischen Raum''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Honengesbvthele'' statt ''Honekesbutle'' (Casemir, -büttel S. 147) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hankensbüttel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hoogsteda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hoogstede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hoogstee'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Horda ad Harthicos Montes]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hörden am Harz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Horneburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Horneburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hornborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Horstadium (Saxonia Inferior)|Horstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Horstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Horß'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hoya]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hoya''; quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Hoya/Weser''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''de Haaien'' seu ''Hejen'' seu ''Hajen'' seu ''Heien'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Huda (Circulus terrae Diepholtia)|Huda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hüde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hüde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hudha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hude'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hulseda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hülsede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hülse'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Husum (prope Novam Urbem)|Husum]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Husum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Husen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hutta Georgii et Mariae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;hutta-ae&quot;&gt;Toponyma cum suffixis ''-hütte'' aut ''-hutta'' plerumque latinizari solent Latino vocabulo &quot;Hutta-ae&quot;, quamquam huius vocabuli variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hutta vitriaria Bohemica]] apud [https://schwaben.hu/ortschaften/bohmischhutten?utm Schwaben.hu. (s. d.). ''Böhmischhütten / Csehbánya – Ortsgeschichte'']; [[Hutta Germanica]] apud [https://huta.ewk.hu/nemetbanya-1757-1781/?utm ''Németbánya. (s. s.). Németbánya története'']; [[Hutta Vitriaria]] apud https://slavistika.sk/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/2015_1.pdf?utm [Majtán, M. (1998). ''Názvy obcí Slovenskej republiky: Vývin v rokoch 1773–1997''. Bratislaviae: Veda]; Hutta apud [https://real.mtak.hu/140291/1/K%C3%A1rp%C3%A1talja%20helys%C3%A9gnevei.pdf?utm ''Kárpátalja helységnevei.'']; [[Hutta Polonica]] apud Štefánik, M. (2022). ''Italia ed Europa centro-orientale tra Medioevo ed età moderna: Economia, società, cultura''. Heidelberg University Publishing; [[Hutta (Eiflia)|Hutta Eifliae]] apud Beyer, H. (1860). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der, jetzt die Preussischen Regierungsbezirke Coblenz und Trier bildenden mittelrheinischen Territorien'' (Vol. 1). J. Hölscher, et Beyer, H. (1860). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der mittelrheinischen Territorien: Erster Band. Von den ältesten Zeiten bis zum Jahre 1169''. [[Confluentes (Germania)|Confluentibus]]: J. Hölscher.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Georgius&quot;&gt;[https://la.wiktionary.org/wiki/Georgius?utm Theodiscum praefixum ''Georg-'' Latino anthroponymo casu genetivo &quot;Georfii&quot; vertitur].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Maria&quot;&gt;[https://la.wiktionary.org/wiki/Maria?utm Theodiscum interfixum ''-marien-'' Latino anthroponymo casu genetivo &quot;Mariae&quot; vertitur].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Georgsmarienhütte'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Huvenni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Huvenni&quot;&gt;Vide [https://dokumen.pub/suffixbildungen-in-alten-ortsnamen-akten-eines-internationalen-symposiums-in-uppsala-14-16-mai-2004-9185352578.html?utm ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen: Akten eines internationalen Symposiums in Uppsala 14.-16. Mai 2004 9185352578''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Hüven (Kr. Emsland), 10. Jh. (Kopie 15. Jh.) in Huvenni (Möller 1998 S. 101, Udolph 2002a S. 238) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hüven'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== I ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Iatha (Saxonia Inferior)|Iatha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Iatha&quot;&gt;Commune nomen e flumine cepit. Quo de flumine, vide [https://www.lateinlexikon.com/lexicon_latinum_hodiernum_parsgeographica.pdf?utm ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'' Petri Lucusaltiani]{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Jade'', f ''Iatha, ae'', f [WPD: Jade (Fluss) (24.11.2019); a.1314: Jatha]  (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Jade''; [[Saxonice]] ''Jaad'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Iburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Von Schaten 1714&quot;&gt;Von Schaten, N. (1714). ''Monumenta Osnabrugensia ex historia romana, francica, saxonicaque eruta''. Typis Jodoci Henrici Meyer.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Iburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Ibig'' seu ''Ibig'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ielmstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Jelmstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Jelmstörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Iembka]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Jembke'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Iemela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Iemela&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu, latinizans suffixum primae communis Theodisce ''Jameln'' dicti mentioni, quae ''Jemelen'' est, applicatur; qua de mentione, vide [https://rcin.org.pl/ihpan/Content/30940/PDF/WA303_9438_A165-8-r1929_Slavia-Occ.pdf?utm ''Slavia Occidentalis, Tomus VIII''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Jameln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ierichsum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Jerxheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Jerksen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Iesteburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Jesteburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Jesborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ihlienverda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-verda-ae&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-worth'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-verda-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-worth''' : -''verda'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ihlienworth''; [[Saxonice]] ''Helmworth'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Indago Comitis Hoyae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Indago Comitis Hoyae&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/hoyerhagen/?utm ''kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''indago comitis Hoye'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hoyerhagen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Heierhagen'' seu ''Heyerhagen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Insula Iuistensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Iuistensis&quot;&gt;De Latino gentilicio, cf. [[binomen|epithetum binominale]] [https://turbellaria.umaine.edu/turbellaria/turb3.php?action=6&amp;code=598&amp;valid=618&amp;utm  &quot;juistensis&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Juist'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Insula Longa (Saxonia Inferior)|Insula Longa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Insula Longa&quot;&gt;Vocabulum ''Langeoog'', a vocibus [[Lingua Frisica|Frisicis Orientalibus]] ''lange-'' ([[Theodisce]] ''lang'') et ''-oog'' (Theodisce ''Insel'') compositum, [[Latine]] &quot;Insula Longa&quot; reddi potest: Buurman, in ''Hochdeutsch-Plattdeutsches Wörterbuch, s. v. oog, ostfrisicum -oog «Insel» significare tradit atque exempla Langeoog, Spiekeroog, Wangeroog affert; item Glossarium der Flurnamensammlung Ostfriesland'', s. v. ''Oog'', vocabulum Frisicum Orientale ''ôg, oge'' Theodisco ''Insel'' interpretatur. [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/lang?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum autem adiectivum ''lang'' Latine &quot;longus, -a, -um&quot;] redditur; [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/insula?wb=gross&amp;nr=2 nomen vero Theodiscum ''Insel'' Latine &quot;insula, -ae&quot; f.] dicitur. Quam ob rem compositum &quot;Insula Longa&quot; sensum toponymi fideliter reddit.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Langeoog''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Langeooch''; [[Saxonice]] ''Langoog'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Isernhaga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-haga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hag(e)(n)'' seu ''-ha(a)g'' seu ''-hague'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-haga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Haga (Franconia Superior)|Haga Franconiae Superioris]], [[Haga ad Ambram]], [[Haga (in Bavaria superiore)|Haga in Bavaria Superiore]] apud [[Index communium Bavariae|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Bavariae]]; [[Falkenhaga (Marchia)|Falkenhaga Marchiana]] apud [[Index communium Brandenburgi|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Brandenburgi]]; [[Haga Schauenburgi]], [[Haga Promontorium]], [[Haga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Isernhagen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Isernhogen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Isterberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Isterberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Isterbarg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Itterbecca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ecca&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ec(k)'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-ecca-ae&quot; seu &quot;-eca-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-ec, -eck''' : -''ecca'', -''ēca'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Itterbeck'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Iuniun]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Iunium&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B74-6/NOB%20IV%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20G%C3%B6ttingen.pdf?utm ''NOB IV Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Göttingen'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 960 Iuniun (MGH DO I. Nr. 206 S. 285) (...) 1251 (A. 14. Jh.) Johan de June (UB Göttingen I Nr. 4 S. 5) 1266 ''Godefridus de Iunen [...] sacerdos'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Jühnde'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== K ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Kakenstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kakenstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kakenstörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Karwicium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-icium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-itsch'' aut ''-itz'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-icium-i&quot; aut &quot;-itium-i&quot; aut &quot;-icia-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-itsch, -itz''' : ''-icium, -itium, -icia'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Karwitz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Katlenburgum-Lindavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-avia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-avia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Katlenburg-Lindau''; [[Saxonice]] ''Katelnborg-Lindau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kettencampus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;campus-i&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kettenkamp''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ketenkamp '')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kirchdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Kirchdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Kirchdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Karkdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kirchgellersa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kirchgellersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Karkgellsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kirchseelta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kirchseelte''; [[Saxonice]] ''Seelte'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kirchtimka]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kirchtimke''; [[Saxonice]] ''Karktimk'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kirchwalseda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kirchwalsede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Karkwals'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kissenbruga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kissenbrück''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kissenbrügge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kneitlinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kneitlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kneitling'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kneta Maior]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Großenkneten''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grotekneten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Krebecca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ecca&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Krebeck'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Krummendicum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dicum&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-di(e)k(e)'' aut ''-deich(e)'' aut ''-dijk'' aut ''-dyk(e)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dicum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Isendicum]] apud {{Graesse}}; aut [[Mardicum]] apud ''Dictionnaire universel françois et latin, vulgairement appelé Dictionnaire de Trévoux''.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Krummendeich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Krummendiek'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kusta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Küsten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kutenholtia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-holtia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-holz'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-holtia-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) -holz : -''holtia'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kutenholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kutenhult'' seu ''Kutenholt'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== L ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Laatza]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Laatzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lachendorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lachendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lachendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lacstidi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lacstidi&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.mundart-kommission.lwl.org/media/filer_public/ef/48/ef48ff64-c0e3-4be5-906f-7d8f27fdba18/ndw_39__scheuermann_der_often.pdf?utm ''Mundart Kommission''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''in locis quorum hec sunt nomina, Lacstidi, Romlo, Dudanebutli'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Loxstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lox'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ladorpe]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Abels 1929&quot;&gt;Abels, H. (1929). ''Die Ortsnamen des Emslandes, in ihrer sprachlichen und kulturgeschichtlichen Bedeutung''. [[Paderbronna]]e: Ferdinand Schöningh.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lorup''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loorp''; [[Saxonice]] ''Loorpe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Laerium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Stüve 1789&quot;&gt;Stüve, J. E. (1789). ''Beschreibung des Fürstenthums Osnabrück mit einigen Urkunden''. Kißling.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Laer'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Laga (Saxonia Inferior)|Laga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatOrtione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lage''; [[Saxonice]] ''Loage'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lahda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lähden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Löhn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lahna (Saxonia Inferior)|Lahna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lahna&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Lahn'' forma &quot;Lahna&quot; latinizari solet. Cf. [[Limburgum ad Lahnam]] et [[Laugana|Lahnam]] apud [http://www.archive.org/stream/a568395900unknuoft/a568395900unknuoft_djvu.txt ''Further correspondence respecting the relations existing between foreign governments and the court of Rome: in continuation of papers presented to the Parliament,'' March 27, 1851].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lahn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lohn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lamespringa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamespringa&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/20vs/201_MGH/1925-1933%2C_MGH%2C_5_Antiquitates._01_Poetae_04_1._Poetae_Latini_Aevi_Carolini%2C_LT.pdf?utm ''Poetae Latini Aevi Carolini''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Agius autem Lamespringae monachus fuisse videatur'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lamspringe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lamestede]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamestede&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/lamstedt/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''parochia Lamestede'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lamstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Loomst'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Landesberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Landesbergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landsebargen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Landolfshusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Landolfshausen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langa (Circulus Terrae Emesensis)|Langa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Langen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langa Inferior]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nieder&quot;&gt;Theodiscum praefixum ''Nieder-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;inferior-ius&quot; vertitur. V.gr., cf. [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniam Inferiorem]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Niederlangen''; [[[Saxonice]] ''Nederlangen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langelege]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Langelege&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/langlingen/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''ecclesia Langelege'' (Kirche Langlingen), (...) Bauern in Langlingen (''cives in Langelege'') (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Langlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Langeln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langelshemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Chemnitz 1717&quot;&gt;Chemnitz, B. P., (1717). ''Belli Sueco-Germanici Volumen Primum: In quo ostenditur, quibus de caussis Gustavus Adolphus, Suecorum Rex, in Germaniam transiverit''. Sumptibus Ioh. Caspari Meyeri.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Langelsheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langwedel (Saxonia Inferior)|Langwedel]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Langwedel&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/ZIER-HP/ZIER-HP-06-2016/AAAKoeblerGerhardLaurinderdeutschenOrtsgeschichte20161207-1612.htm?utm ''www.koeblergerhard.de''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Langwedel''', 13. Jh., bei Verden, Donb351, (Flecken in dem Landkreis Verden,) rund15000 Einwohner, (apud bzw. ad castrum) Langwedel (1220)  (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Langwedel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lare]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lare&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/3014/NOB%20XV%20Grafschaft%20Bentheim.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''NOB XV Grafschaft Bentheim'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''LAAR''' (Gem. Laar, Samtgem. Emlichheim) 1232 (A. 14. Jh.) ''totum Lare cum ecclesia'' (Gesta Episc. Traiect. S. 424 Z. 51) 1312 (Transs. 1332; A.) ''sex domos [...] de Lare'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Laar''; [[Saxonice]] ''Loar'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lasdorpe]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lasdorpe&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.lastrup.de/portal/seiten/geschichte-900000009-31120.html?utm ''Lastrup''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) „Curia Lasdorpe“ (Haupthof Lastrup) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lastrup''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Laastrup'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lauenbruga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-bruga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-brück(e)'' aut ''-brügge'' aut ''-brugg(e)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-bruga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Steinbruga]], [[Kissenbruga]], [[Bruga]], [[Bruga ad Ederum]], [[Osnabruga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lauenbrück''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lauenbrüch'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lauenforda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lauenförde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lauenhaga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-haga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hag(e)(n)'' seu ''-ha(a)g'' seu ''-hague'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-haga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Haga (Franconia Superior)|Haga Franconiae Superioris]], [[Haga ad Ambram]], [[Haga (in Bavaria superiore)|Haga in Bavaria Superiore]] apud [[Index communium Bavariae|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Bavariae]]; [[Falkenhaga (Marchia)|Falkenhaga Marchiana]] apud [[Index communium Brandenburgi|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Brandenburgi]]; [[Haga Schauenburgi]], [[Haga Promontorium]], [[Haga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lauenhagen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Loamharen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leezdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Leezdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Leezdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leha (Terrae Emesensis)|Leha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lehe''; [[Saxonice]] ''Läie'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lehrta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lehrte'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leiferda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Leiferde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lembruchium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-bruchium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-bruch'' seu ''-broich'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-bruchium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Horbruchium]] ac [[Mosbruchium]] apud articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de [[Index urbium et communium Rhenaniae et Palatinatus|indice urbium et communium Rhenaniae et Palatinatus]]; [[Legebruchium]] apud articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de [[Index communium Brandenburgi|indice communium Brandenburgi]]; [[Grevenbruchium]] apud articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de [[Index communium Rhenaniae Septentrionalis et Vestfaliae|indice communium Rhenaniae Septentrionalis et Vestfaliae]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lembruch''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lembrouk'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lemgovia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmannus&quot;&gt;{{Hofmannus}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-ovia&quot;&gt;[[Linguae Germanicae|Germanica]] ac [[linguae Slavicae|Slavica]] toponyma cum suffixo ''-ov'' seu ''-öv'' seu ''ow'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-ovia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Asovia]], [[Brewnovia]], [[Czernichovia]], [[Glasgovia]], [[Golnovia]], [[Grabovia]], [[Kharkovia]], [[Laszovia]], [[Ostrovia]], [[Pscovia]], [[Racovia]], [[Sucovia]], [[Tarnovia]], [[Wengrovia]], [[Witkowa]], [[Wittovia]], [[Crovia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lemgow'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lemwerdera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rüthning 1926&quot;&gt;Rüthning, G. (Ed.) (1926). ''Oldenburger Urkundenbuch''. Gerhard Stalling.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-ovia&quot;&gt;[[Linguae Germanicae|Germanica]] ac [[linguae Slavicae|Slavica]] toponyma cum suffixo ''-ov'' seu ''-öv'' seu ''ow'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-ovia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Asovia]], [[Brewnovia]], [[Czernichovia]], [[Glasgovia]], [[Golnovia]], [[Grabovia]], [[Kharkovia]], [[Laszovia]], [[Ostrovia]], [[Pscovia]], [[Racovia]], [[Sucovia]], [[Tarnovia]], [[Wengrovia]], [[Witkowa]], [[Wittovia]], [[Crovia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lemwerder'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lengethe]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NOB VIII&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/2261/NOB%20VIII_Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Peine.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''NOB VIII_Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Peine'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''in Lengethe'' (UB H.Hild. I Nr. 275 S. 259) 1213 ''in Lengede'' (UB H.Hild. I Nr. 660 S. 631) um 1232 ''in Lengethe archidiaconus'' (UB Goslar I Nr. 518 S. 499) 1235 ''in Lengete'' (Orig. Guelf. IV Nr. 50 S. 144) 1256 ''in archidiaconatibus de Barem et Lengede'' (UB H.Hild. II Nr. 992 S. 497) 1311 Lenghedhe apud Vusenam (UB H.Hild. IV Nr. 85 S. 45) 1316 ''in Lengede'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lengede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lenge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lengenbostel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lengenbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lengenbossel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lengirichi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lengirichi&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/Fontes/AltdeutschesNamenbuch-Bd2OrtsnamenLbisZ-3A-1913.pdf?utm ''AltdeutschesNamenbuch''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 2) Lengerich an der Wallage, Kr. Lingen (...) Lengirichi Osnabr. Ukb. ca. a. 1000. (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lengerich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lengerke'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leonis Forda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Leonis Forda&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.komoot.com/es-es/highlight/2261371 ''Iglesia Martín Lutero de Lemförde''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) La comunidad fue mencionada por primera vez en un documento en 1248. En épocas anteriores, el lugar se llamaba Löwenförde, Leonis forda (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lemförde''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Lemfouer'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leonovia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Leonovia&quot;&gt;Vide [https://sempub.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/propylaeum_vitae/de/wisski/navigate/93514/view?utm ''Propylaeum Vitae''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Leonovia-Brunsvigius (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lauenau''; [[Saxonice]] ''Laena'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leopolis (Saxonia Inferior)|Leopolis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ebel 1960&quot;&gt;Ebel, W. (1960). ''Lübisches Recht: Erster Band''. Hansischer Geschichtsverein.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bleckede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bleikd'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leri]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Leer''; [[lingua Saxonica|Eofrisosaxonice]] ''Läär''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lier'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lerin]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NOB VII&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B76-2/NOB%20VII%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Helmstedt%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Wolfsburg.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''NOB VII Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''in loco Lerin provincie Saxo[n]um iuxta flumen Ouácra'' (...) ''Lerim'' (...)''in Lere'' (mGH Urk. Hdl nr. 50 s. 71) 1196-1197 ''Lere'' (schneidmüller, Kollegiatstifte s. 311) 1234 ''in Lere'' (...) ''plebano in Lere'' (UB Braunschweig iii nr. 440 s. 325) 1344 ''in villa Leere'' (Flentje / Henrichvark, lehnbücher nr. 142 s. 69) 1380 ''Lere'' (UB Braunschweig Vii nr. 351 s. 324) 1419 ''actum in Lere'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lehre'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lethi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lethi&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/lathen/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Urkundlich ist der Ort im Emsland erstmals als ''Lethi'' im Urbar der Abtei Werden erwähnt; der Eintrag lässt sich auf das 10. Jh. datieren (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lathen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Laothen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Liebenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Liebenburg''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Liebenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Liliarum Vallis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lilienthal''; [[Saxonice]] ''Leendaal'' seu ''Lelendaal'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lindduri]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lindern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lindhorstium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-horstium&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lindhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lindhoste'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lindwedel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lindwedel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Linneweh'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Linga (Amisia)|Linga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Linsburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Linsburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Linsborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lintlo]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lintlo&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/kirchlinteln/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Urkundlich ist das Dorf erstmals 1123 als ''Lintlo'' belegt (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kirchlinteln''; [[Saxonice]] ''Karklinteln'' seu ''Kerklinteln'' seu ''Kerklinneln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Liubeme]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lübbow&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/luebbow/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Schriftlich ist das zweizeilige Reihendorf erstmals in einer kaiserlichen Urkunde aus dem Jahr 956 erwähnt: Ks. Otto I. († 973) schenkte dem Kloster Quedlinburg sechs Dörfer, darunter ''Liubeme'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lübbow'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Locus Occidentalis (Saxonia Inferior)|Locus Occidentalis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cellarius 1703&quot;&gt;Cellarius, C. (1703). ''Geographia Antiqua iuxta et Nova''. Ienae: Bielckius.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Westerstede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Westerstäe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lon]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lon&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B74-6/NOB%20IV%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20G%C3%B6ttingen.pdf?utm ''Das Güterverzeichniss Graf Heinrichs von Dale (1188)'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''parrochia Lon prope Vechtam'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lohne''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lohn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Longa Indago]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Longa Indago&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_bij005190401_01/_bij005190401_01_0009.php?utm ''www.dbnl.org''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''parrochianus de Longa Indagine'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Langenhagen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Langenhogen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Longa Villa (Saxonia Inferior)|Longa Villa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Longa Villa&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Langendorf'' Latino toponymo &quot;Longa Villa&quot; verti solet. Qua de correspondentia, vide [https://dbc.wroc.pl/Content/15237/PDF/17250.pdf?utm ''Das Waldhufendorf in Schlesien'', Gualterii Bernardi], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Langedorf ca. 1305 L.F.B.208 Longa villa (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Langendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Langendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Loninga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Löningen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lubberstedi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lubberstedi&quot;&gt;Vide [https://lübberstedt.de/ueber-unser-dorf/?utm ''Lübberstedt''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Der ursprüngliche Name „lubberstedi“ ist zusammengesetzt aus „stedi“ (Ort, Platz, Stelle), womit eine Ansiedlung bezeichnet wird, und „lubber“, dem Namen des (ursprünglichen) Familienoberhauptes des Einzelhofes bzw. der kleinen Gemeinschaftssiedlung, bedeutet also: „Lubbers-Stätte“. (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lübberstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lübbs'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Luccavia (Saxonia Inferior)|Luccavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Luccavia&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Luckau'' forma &quot;Luccavia&quot; latinizari solet. Cf. [[Luccavia]]m apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Luckau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Luchovia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Luchovia&quot;&gt;Vide [https://ia801403.us.archive.org/28/items/antiquitatessele00keys/antiquitatessele00keys.pdf ''Antiquitates selectae septentrionales et Celticae''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) De Venedicis aut Germanicis prope Luchoviam effossis Epistola ''Georgii Frid, Mithofii'' data Luchovia d. 17. Maji 1691 (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lüchow''; [[Polabice]] ''Ljauchüw'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ludersburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lüdersburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lüsborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ludersfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-felda&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-feld(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-felda-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Falufelda]], [[Frauenfelda]], [[Heresfelda]], [[Hirutfelda]], [[Ilfelda]], [[Mansfelda]], [[Salfelda]], [[Sualafelda]], [[Alfelda]], [[Alsfelda]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lüdersfeld''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lüschenfeile'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Luerdissa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lüerdissen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Luhda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Luhden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Liuen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Luneburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lüneburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lümborg'' seu ''Lünborg''; [[Lingua Saxonica antiqua|Palaeosaxonice]] ''Hliuni'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lunne]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lunne&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/haseluenne/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''civibus opidi nostri in Lunne'' (...)&quot;. Latinum autem gentilicium &quot;Haselunnensis-e&quot; est. Quo de gentilicio, vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Haselünne''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Lünne'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lunni (commune generali Spella)|Lunni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lunni&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/Fontes/AltdeutschesNamenbuch-Bd2OrtsnamenLbisZ-3A-1913.pdf?utm ''Altdeutsches Namenbuch'']; ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Lunni.''' 9. 1) Altlünne bei Plantlünne (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lünne'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lutetsburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lütetsburg''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Eofrisosaxonice]] ''Lütsbörg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Luttera Regalis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Königslutter am Elm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lyese]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lyese&quot;&gt;Vide [https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9783835341944_A39332036/preview-9783835341944_A39332036.pdf?utm ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Loccum''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) in marchia Lyese proprietatis iure (...) in campis de Lyese trans Werram (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Leese'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== M ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Maasa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Maasen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Magna Palus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Magna Palus&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/magnus?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum praefixum ''Große-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;magnus-a-um&quot;] et [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/germanistischewoerterbuecher/altsaechsischeswoerterbuch/asF.pdf Theodiscum suffixum ''-fehn'' Latino nomine &quot;palus paludis&quot; (f.)] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Großefehn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grootfehn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Maius Vrelstede]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Maius Vrelstede&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B76-2/NOB%20VII%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Helmstedt%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Wolfsburg.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der stadt WoLfsburg''] {{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 1318 ''in Maiori Vrelstede'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Frellstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Frillstidde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Markloha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-loha&quot;&gt;Germanica praesentia aut antiqua toponyma cum suffixis ''-loh(e)'' et ''-lo'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-loha-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ascloha]], [[Buohloha]], [[Eiloha]], [[Hadaloha]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Marklohe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Marlare (Saxonia Inferior)|Marlare]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Marlare&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Marl'' forma &quot;Marlare&quot; latinizari solet. Cf. [[Marlare|Marlare Rhenaniae Septentrionalis et Vestfaliae]] apud [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Marl'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Marsunnon]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Marsunnon&quot;&gt;Vide [https://historischer-rueckklick-bielefeld.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/07svhvr-texte_ocr.pdf?utm ''Die Ortsnamen des Osnabrücker Raumes''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Merzen (Marsunnon)'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Merzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Marxa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Marxen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Masingi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Messingen&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/2258/WOB%2011%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Kreises%20Paderborn.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''WOB 11 Die Ortsnamen des Kreises Paderborn''] {{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''silva Masingorum'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Messingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mechtersa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Mechtersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Mechtsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Meckelsa Maior]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Meckelsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Meckels'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Meckelsa Minor]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Klein Meckelsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lütt Meckels'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Media Lu]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Media Lu&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/mittelnkirchen/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon'']. ubi &quot;(...) Mittelnkirchen ist nach 1305 und 1322 als ''medie Lu'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Mittelnkirchen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Mittelskark'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Meinersa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Meinersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Maanze'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Melbike]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Melbeck&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.samtgemeinde-ilmenau.de/PortalData/10/Resources/historie/dokumente/Orts-_und_Gewaessernamen_im_Landkreis_Lueneburg.pdf?utm ''Orts- und Gewässernamen im Landkreis Lueneburg'']. ubi &quot;(...) Melbeck 1296 in Melbeke. 1300 in villa Melbike. 1303 in villa Melbeke (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Melbeck'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mella&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.lemgo.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/Stadtarchiv/Bib_974.pdf?utm ''Album studiosorum Academiae'']. ubi &quot;(...) Henrich Carl Kahmann Mella-Osnabrugensis (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Melle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mellinghusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Mellinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Mellgenhusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Menslaga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Menslage''; [[Saxonice]] ''Menslaoge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Meppea]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Meppen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Möppen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Merdvelde]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Merdvelde&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/martfeld/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 1318 ''Curtem in Merdvelde'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Martfeld''; [[Saxonice]] ''Mattfeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Meribiki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meribiki&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/wikiling/index.php?f=lemmaFull&amp;langType=reviews&amp;lemmaID=3296&amp;utm ''www.koeblergerhard.de''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Meerbeck''' (...) Meribiki MGd. 3 (1013) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Meerbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Mierbke'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Messencampus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;campus-i&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Messenkamp''; [[Saxonice]] ''Messenkampe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Meynum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Meine'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mittelstenaha]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Mittelstenahe''; [[Saxonice]] ''Mittelsnohn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Moisburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Moisburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Mesborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Molberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Molberga&quot;&gt;Vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camena/loescher2/loescherthreni.html ''THRENI, SEU LAMENTATIOnes Ieremiae Prophetae...''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 1318 ''Molberga vocatur'' (...) ''Sensit et externas Molberga innoxia vires'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Molbergen''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Molbiergen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mons Catonis (Saxonia Inferior)|Mons Catonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Cadenberge''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cuddeldutt'' seu ''Kumbarg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Monstere]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Monstere&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/munster-st-urbani/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''decima in Monstere'' (...)&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Munster''; [[Saxonice]] ''Munste'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Moormerlandia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-landia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-land'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-landia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amelandia]], [[Bevelandia Australis]], [[Bevelandia Septentrionalis]], [[Bolandia]], [[Iutlandia]], [[Curlandia]], [[Estlandia]], [[Finlandia]], [[Flevolandia]], [[Friedlandia]], [[Islandia]], [[Gothlandia]], [[Hollandia]], [[Ingermanlandia]], [[Isalandia]] [[Lalandia]], [[Langelandia]], [[Oehtlandia]] [[Olandia]], [[Sallandia]], [[Samlandia]] [[Zelandia]], [[Selandia]] [[Fotlandia]], [[Wermelandia]] [[Withlandia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Moormerland''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Moormerlound'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Moranga Curtis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Moringen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mundia Hannoverana]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mundia Hannoverana&quot;&gt;Vide [https://spatial.demo.geocode.earth/explore/place/wof/101810167?utm ''Geocode Earth''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) LAT preferred '''Mundia Hannoverana''' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hann. Münden'' seu ''Hannoversch Münden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hannöversch Münnen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Munimeri]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Dronke 1844&quot;&gt;Dronke, E. F. J. (Ed.) (1844). ''Traditiones et Antiquitates Fuldenses: Chartae et registra historica saeculi IX''. Fuldense: Typis Müllerianis.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Münder am Deister''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Münner'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mutha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mutha&quot;&gt;Vide [https://niedersaechsischer-heimatbund.de/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/1022-Die-echte-und-die-gef%C3%A4lschten-Urkunden-f%C3%BCr-das-Kloster-St.-MIchaelis-in-Hildesheim_compressed.pdf?utm ''Niedersächsischer Heimatbund''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) III. ''Mutha'' Güter (Urk. II S. 307); ''Mutha'' Güter (Urk. III S. 66) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Müden'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== N ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Nahrendorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Nahrendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Norndörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nenndorfium (circulus Widmundensis)|Nenndorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nenndorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nenndörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Netesse]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Netesse&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/WG33LCQUIIHK3OA7DR6IKIOFHW6FXKYJ?utm ''12 Lüneburger Ratsmannen bekunden, dass der Magister Bernard de Netesse (Neetze) ½ Rump Salz...''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Magister Bernard de Netesse (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neetze''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neetz'' seu ''Näätz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenhaus''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neenhuus'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neyenkerken]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Neyenkerken&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/neuenkirchen-lueneburger-heide/ ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''bona, que Vriban vulgariter nuncupantur, in Neyenkerken et Hellewede'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Ericetum Luneburgense|Ericeto Luneburgensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ericetum&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lüneburger&quot;&gt;Theodiscum gentilicium ''Lüneburger'' Latino &quot;Luneburgensis-e&quot; vertitur, quod ad [[Luneburgum]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lüneburger Heide&quot;&gt;Theodisce ''Lüneburger Heide''.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenkirchen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neenkerken'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Niedernwohra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Niedernwöhren''; [[Saxonice]] ''Niernweuern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nienstide]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nienstide&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/ZIER-HP/ZIER-HP-07-2017/AAAKoeblerGerhardSamtgemeindeinderdeutschenOrtsgeschichte20170710%20-%20111.htm?utm ''www.koeblergerhard.de''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...)  (Samtgemeinde in dem Landkreis Schaumburg,) rund 11000 Einwohner, Nienstide (1153-1170) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Nienstädt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nienstie'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nighunburni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Negenborn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Niägenborn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Norda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Norden''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Saxonice|Eofrisicosaxonice]] ''Nörden'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nordenham]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Norderney]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nordholz]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nordleda]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nordsehl]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nordstemmen]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nörten-Hardenberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Northemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nothemium&quot;&gt;Vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenahist/wassenberg1/Wassenberg_florus.html ''FLORUS GERMANICUS''] , ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Et VVolferbytum, Northemium, Steinbruggam, Nienburgum (...) Primo vere Tillius tribunos suos Northemium misit (...) Caesaeriani Northemium expugnant (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Northeim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nuurten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Northorna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;&gt;Egli, J. J. (1893). ''Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume''. [[Lipsia]]e: Friedrich Brandstetter.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nordhorn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nothoorn'' seu ''Notthoarn'' seu ''Netthoarn'' seu ''Noordhoorn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nortmoor]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nortrup]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Notendorpe]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Notendorpe&quot;&gt;Vide [https://mgh.de/storage/app/media/v-ed/Urkunden_Heinrich_VI_deut_franzoes_italien_Empfaenger_DD_Vorabedition_Pferschy-Maleczek_2020-02-16.pdf?utm ''Die Urkunden Heinrichs VI: Vorabedition''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''confirmamus ducentos mansos in Notendorpe'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Natendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Natendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nottensdorf]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Civitas (Saxonia Inferior)|Nova Civitas]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&amp;cq=M%C3%BCnchen&amp;lang=de''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neustadt am Rübenberge'' seu ''Neustadt a. Rbge.''; [[Saxonice]] ''Niestadt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Darchavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Neu&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-avia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-avia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neu Darchau''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nee Darchau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Domus (Saxonia Inferior)|Nova Domus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nova Domus&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Neuhaus'' Latino &quot;Nova Domum&quot; verti solet. Cf. Novas Domus apud {{Graesse}} aut [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&amp;cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&amp;lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neuhaus''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neehuus'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Ecclesia (prope Birsinam)|Nova Ecclesia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nova Ecclesia&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Neuenkirchen'' Latino &quot;Nova Ecclesia&quot; verti solet. Cf. [[Nova Ecclesia (Liebenburgum)|Novam Ecclesiam Liebenburgensem]] apud [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/2262/NOB%20X%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Goslar.pdf?utm ''NOB X Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Goslar''] {{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}; [[Nova Ecclesia (Rugia)|Novam Ecclesiam in Rugia]] apud Fabricii (anno 1862) ''Urkunden zur Geschichte des Fürstenthums Rügen unter den eingebornen Fürsten''; [[Nova Ecclesia (prope Anclamum)|Novam Ecclesiam]] prope [[Anclamum]] apud Eggert (anno 1970) ''Geschichte Pommerns: Vol. 1. Bis zum Westfälischen Frieden''; [[Nova Ecclesia (prope Brandenburgum Novum)|Novam Ecclesiam]] prope Brandenburgum Novum apud ''Mecklenburgisches Urkundenbuch'' (Vol. 9); et Novam Ecclesiam Pomeranam apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(prope [[Birsina]]m&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenkirchen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neenkarken'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Ecclesia-Vorda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nova Ecclesia&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenkirchen-Vörden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nienkerken-Vörden'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Exclusa Harlingana]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Neu&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;exclusa&gt;Vocabulum et suffixum [[lingua Saxonica|Saxonicum]] ''(-)Siel'' Theodisco vocabulum ''Schleuse'' respondet, ut iam Adelungus in ''Grammatisch-kritischem Wörterbuch der Hochdeutschen Mundart'' s. v. ''Schleuse'' testatur: &quot;Im Niederdeutschen wird eine Schleuse ... ein Siel ... [vocatur]&quot;; ipsum autem Theodiscum ''Schleuse'' Latine &quot;exclusa, -ae&quot; f. redditur, nam Adelungus ibidem ''Schleuse'' inter mediae Latinitatis vocabula &quot;exclusa&quot;, &quot;inclusura&quot;, &quot;conclusio&quot;, &quot;sclusa&quot;, &quot;clusa&quot; refert, et ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'' quoque ''Schleuse'' = &quot;exclusa, -ae&quot; f. tradit.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Harlinganus-a-um&quot;&gt;Theodiscum gentilicium interfixum ''-harlinger-'' Latino &quot;harlinganus-a-um&quot; vertitur. Quo de Latino gentilicio, vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3275/Altharlingersiel.pdf?utm Heinze, A. (2015). ''Altharlingersiel''. Ostfriesische Landschaft, Bibliothek/Ortsdatenbank], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) claustrum Harlinganum (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Neuharlingersiel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neeharlingersiel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Indago (Circulus terrae Cellensis)|Nova Indago]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nienhagen&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Nienhagen'' seu ''Nova Indago&quot; latinizari solet. Cf. [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_WfU-AAAAcAAJ/bub_gb_WfU-AAAAcAAJ_djvu.txt ''&quot;Meklenburgisches Urkundenbuch / 4 1297-1300 ; Nachträge und Register zu Band I - IV''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Nienhagen, A. Doberan, Kspl. Lichtenhagen, 13 NO Rostock, Nigenhaghen, Noua Indago, Nygenhaghen (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Nienhagen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Leha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Neu&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Neulehe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Lu]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nova Lu&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/neuenkirchen-altes-land/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) urkundlich erstmals 1274 als ''Nova Lu'' belegt (...) Landesgemeinde Altes Land (1361 eigenes Siegel, Umschrift: ''Sigillum communitates veteris terrae'') (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Vetus Terra|Vetere Terra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nova Lu&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Vetus Terra&quot;&gt;Theodisce ''Altes Land''.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenkirchen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neekark'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Palus Campensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Neu&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;campensis&quot;&gt;Theodiscum interfixum ''-kamper-'' Latino gentilicio &quot;campensis-e&quot; vertitur, quod ad vocabulum &quot;campus-i&quot; (Theodisce ''Kamp'') refertur. Revera, [https://ewa.saw-leipzig.de/articles/80250/en?utm Germanica toponyma cum lexemate ''-kamp'' seu ''-kampf'' seu ''-camp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-campus-i&quot;], quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-fehn&quot;&gt;Theodiscum suffixum ''-fehn'' Latino nomine &quot;palus paludis&quot; (f.)] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Neukamperfehn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neeikamperfehn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Scona Mora]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Neu&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Scona Mora&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.holtgast-urlaub.de/cgi-bin/hvv/index.pl?gid=&amp;id=&amp;mid=40&amp;utm ''Die Benediktinerzeit''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Der Visiator fand um 1290 im Kloster &quot;Scona Mora&quot; (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Neuschoo''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neeschoo'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Urbs (Saxonia Inferior)|Nova Urbs]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nienburg/Weser''; [[Saxonice]] ''Näinborg'' seu ''Nienborg'' seu ''Neenborg'' seu ''Negenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Novale Frigidum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Colnrade''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kollenroad'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Novum Burgium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Neu&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Neu?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum adiectivum aut praefixum ''Neu(-)'' Latino adiectivo &quot;novus-a-um&quot;] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Remling VII 2026&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neubörger''; [[Saxonice]] ''Naiboorger'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Novum Wulmstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Neu&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neu Wulmstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Vosshusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nyenkerken (Circulus Osnabrugae)|Nyenkerken]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NyenkerkenII&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_bij005190401_01/_bij005190401_01_0009.php?utm ''dbnl''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Item curtis in Nyenkerken'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Osnabrugae|Circulo Osnabrugae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Osnabrück&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenkirchen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nienkerken'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nyenkerken (Haduloha)|Nyenkerken]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nyenkerken&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/neuenkirchen-land-hadeln/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''rector parrochialis ecclesie in Nyenkerken'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Haduloha (commune generale)|Haduloha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Haduloha&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.lwl.org/westfaelische-geschichte/txt/wz-9396.pdf?utm ''Westfälische Geschichte''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) &quot;Haduloha ... - hoc enim loco nomen, ubi oceanus Saxoniam alluit (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Haduloha&quot;&gt;[[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Land Hadeln''.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenkirchen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neenkarken'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== O ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Oberlangen]]
* [[Oberndorf (Oste)|Oberndorf]]
* [[Obernfeld]]
* [[Obernholz]]
* [[Obernkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ochtersum]]
* [[Odisheim]]
* [[Oederquart]]
* [[Oerel]]
* [[Oesinga Maior]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Oesingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Oesingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oetzen]]
* [[Ohne]]
* [[Ohrum]]
* [[Oldenburgum]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oldendorf (Landkreis Stade)|Oldendorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Stade)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oldendorf (Luhe)]]
* [[Osloß]]
* [[Osnabruga]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Osnabrück''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ossenbrääch''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Lingua Saxonica|Westfalice]] ''Ossenbrügge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Osteel]]
* [[Osten (Oste)|Osten]]
* [[Osterbruch]]
* [[Ostercappeln]]
* [[Ostereistedt]]
* [[Osterode am Harz]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Osterwald]]
* [[Ostrhauderfehn]]
* [[Ottenstein (Niedersachsen)|Ottenstein]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Otter]]
* [[Otterndorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ottersberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ovelgönne]]
* [[Ovenhagium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1703&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Auhagen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oyten]]	
{{div col end}}

=== P ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Padingbüttel]]
* [[Palus Hagensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Palus Hagensis&quot;&gt;[https://www.latin-is-simple.com/de/vocabulary/noun/13172/ Theodiscum toponymicum suffixum ''-marsch'' Latino vocabulo &quot;palus paludis&quot; vertitur] et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Hagensis-e&quot;, quod ad [[Haga (Saxonia Inferior)|Hagam]] refertur, Theodiscum gentilicium praefixum ''Hager-'' vertitur. Quo de gentilicio et toponymo, vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3191/Hage.pdf?utm ''Historische Ortsdatenbank für Ostfriesland''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Erscheinung trat der Ort als „curatus Hagensis“ im Jahr 1400. Spätere Bezeichnungen waren „Haga“ (um 1409)  (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hagermarsch'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Palus Hilcae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hilkenbrook&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Hilkenbrook'', quamquam hodiernum est, syntagmate ''Palus Hilcae'' Latine verti potest. Nomen Germanicum ''Hilcke'', variatio nominis Theodisci ''Hilken-'', apud Stark ad formam Latinam &quot;Hilca-ae&quot; refertur, quae saeculo XII testata est (''Monumenta Garsensia'', n. 37; ''Monumenta Boica'' I, 27): Stark, F. (1866), ''Die Kosenamen der Germanen'', p. 318. Brook, i. e. bruoh «Sumpf, sumpfiges Gelände», Latine &quot;palus, paludis&quot; reddi potest. Itaque, anthroponomycum praefixum ''Hilken-'' ad nomen ''Hilca'' relatum et suffixum ''brook'' per vocabulum &quot;palus, paludis&quot; redditum, ''Hilkenbrook'' interpretari licet &quot;Palus Hilcae&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hilkenbrook'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Palus Regis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Palus Regis&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Moor?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum suffixum ''-moor'' Latino vocabulo &quot;palus-udis&quot; vertitur] et [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/rex?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum praefixum genetivo casu ''Königs-'' Latino genetivo &quot;regis&quot;] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Königsmoor'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Papenburg]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Parsau]]
* [[Pattensen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pegestorf]]
* [[Pennigsehl]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Pennigsähle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Petrimons]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Perizonius 1758&quot;&gt;Perizonius, J. (1758). ''Compendium historiarum antiquissimarum, civilium et ecclesiasticarum, usque ad seculum decimum octavum: Cum appendice de ducatu Westphaliae et comitatu Petrimontano''. Ex officina Wetsteniana.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Pyrmont''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Puurmont'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pohle]]
* [[Pollhagen]]
* [[Pons Cobbanus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Leuckfeld 1714&quot;&gt;Leuckfeld, J. G. (1714). ''Antiquitates Blankenburgenses, oder Historische Beschreibung derer vormals berühmten Grafen von Blankenburg, nebst dazugehörigen diplomatibus und Chartis''. Gottfried Freytag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Coppenbrügge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Poynum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Peine''; [[Saxonice]] ''Paane''; [[Lingua Theodisca alta recens|Protoneoaltotheodisce]] ''Peina'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Praefectura Neohusana]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Grupen II 1742&quot;&gt;Grupen, C. U. (1742). ''Disceptationes Forenses cum Observationibus Juris: De originibus et iurisdictione praefecturarum ditionis Brunsvicensis (Caput de Praefectura Neohusana)'' (Vol. II). Hannoverae: Förster.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Amt Neuhaus'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pratum Vitulorum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Calberlah'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Prezelle]]
* [[Prinzhöfte]]
{{div col end}}

=== Q ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Quakenbrück]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Quendorf]]
* [[Querenhorst]]
* [[Quernheim]]
{{div col end}}

=== R ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Räbke]]
* [[Radbruch]]
* [[Raddestorf]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rastörpe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rastdorf]]
* [[Rastede]]
* [[Rätzlingen (Niedersachsen)|Rätzlingen]]
* [[Rechtsupweg]]
* [[Reeßum]]
* [[Regesbostel]]
* [[Rehburg-Loccum]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rehborg-Locken'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rehden]]
* [[Rehlingen]]
* [[Reinstorf]]
* [[Remlingen (Niedersachsen)|Remlingen]]
* [[Renkenberge]]
* [[Rennau]]
* [[Reppenstedt]]
* [[Rethem (Aller)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rhade]]
* [[Rhauderfehn]]
* [[Rhede (Ems)]]
* [[Rhumspringe]]
* [[Ribbesbüttel]]
* [[Riede (Landkreis Verden)|Riede]]
* [[Rieste]]
* [[Ringe]]
* [[Ringstedt]]
* [[Rinteln]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ritterhude]]
* [[Rodenberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rodewald]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rowohle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rohrsen]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rohßen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Roklum]]
* [[Rollshausen]]
* [[Römstedt]]
* [[Ronnenberg]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ronnenbarg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rosche]]
* [[Rosdorf]]
* [[Rosengarten (Landkreis Harburg)|Rosengarten]]
* [[Rotenburgum ad Wemmam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rotenburgum ad Wemmam&quot;&gt;De Latino toponymico syntagmate &quot;[[Rotenburgum ad Wemmam]]&quot; -ad quod Latinum gentilicium &quot;Rotenburgensis-e&quot; refertur-, vide homonymas urbes apud {{Graesse}} et {{Hofmannus}}. De hydronymo &quot;[[Wemma]]&quot;, etiam vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Rotenburg''; quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Rotenburg an der Wümme''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rodenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rötgesbüttel]]
* [[Rüdershausen]]
* [[Rühen]]
* [[Rullstorf]]
{{div col end}}

=== S ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Sachsenhagen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sagterlandia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;BOV 2013&quot;&gt;Bischöfliches Offizialat Vechta (2013). ''Findbuch des Offizialatsarchivs Vechta: Altes Archiv (Abteilung A: Saterlandia, Kirchliche Unterlagen, Akte A 8: „Informatio de Sagterlandia“ aus dem Jahre 1710)''. Vechtae, in Germania: Bischöfliches Offizialat.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Saterland''; quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Sagterland''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Seelterlound'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Salis Cancellum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cellarius 1703&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Salzgitter''; [[Saxonice]] ''Soltgitter'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Salzbergen]]
* [[Salzdetfordium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Marcard 1805&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Salzdetfurth'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Salzhausen]]
* [[Salzhemmendorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Samern]]
* [[Sandbostel]]
* [[Sande (Frisia)|Sande]]
* [[Sanctae Mariae Vallis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Mariental'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sarstedt]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sassenburg]]
* [[Sathsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Sachsa'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sauensiek]]
* [[Schapen]]
* [[Scharnebeck]]
* [[Scheden]]
* [[Scheeßel]]
* [[Schellerten]]
* [[Schiffdorf]]
* [[Schladen-Werla]]
* [[Schnackenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schnega]]
* [[Schneverdingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schola Dei]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ihlow''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ihl'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Scholen]]
* [[Schönewörde]]
* [[Schöningen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schöppenstedt]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schortens]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schüttorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schwaförden]]
* [[Schwanewede]]
* [[Schwarme]]	
* [[Schwarmstedt]]
* [[Schweindorf]]
* [[Schweringen]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Swering'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schwerinsdorf]]
* [[Schwienau]]
* [[Schwülper]]
* [[Seeburg (Niedersachsen)|Seeburg]]
* [[Seedorf (bei Zeven)|Seedorf]]
* [[Seelze]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seesen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seevetal]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seggebruch]]
* [[Sehlde]]
* [[Sehlem (Niedersachsen)|Sehlem]]
* [[Sehnde]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Seinje'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Selsingen]]
* [[Semmenstedt]]
* [[Seulingen]]
* [[Sibbesse]]
* [[Sickte]]
* [[Siedenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sittensen]]
* [[Soderstorf]]
* [[Sögel]]	
* [[Söhlde]]
* [[Söllingen (Niedersachsen)|Söllingen]]
* [[Soltau]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Soltendieck]]
* [[Sottrum]]
* [[Spahnharrenstätte]]
* [[Spella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Spella&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.emsland.com/la/tour/emsland-route-395-km?utm ''www.esland.com''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) A Spella ad Rhenum: circiter XVI km (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Spelle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Spiekeroog]]
* [[Sprakensehl]]
* [[Springe]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stadae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Stade''; [[Saxonice]] ''Stood'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stadlandia]]&lt;ref&gt;Ioannes Iustus Wynkelman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=WvgaAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA617&amp;lpg=PA617&amp;dq=statlandia+saxonia&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=Ysl9JI4L06&amp;sig=2y6x3I38sU3-RcrP0HtnSkUxssI&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0CCwQ6AEwA2oVChMIwqiv-NWMxgIVQgmSCh2CZwDj#v=onepage&amp;q=statlandia%20saxonia&amp;f=false ''Notitia historico-politica veteris Saxo-Westphaliae finitimarumque regionum,''] 1667:277.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Stadland'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Staffhorst]]
* [[Staufenberg]]
* [[Stavern]]
* [[Stedesdorf]]
* [[Steimbke]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Steembke'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Steinau (Niedersachsen)|Steinau]]
* [[Steinfeld (Oldenburg)]]
* [[Steinhorst (Niedersachsen)|Steinhorst]]
* [[Steinkirchen (Altes Land)|Steinkirchen]]
* [[Stelle]]
* [[Stemmen (Landkreis Rotenburg)|Stemmen]]
* [[Stemshorn]]
* [[Steyerberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Staarbarg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stinstedt]]
* [[Stöckse]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Stöckse'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stoetze]]
* [[Stolzenau]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Stoltnaa'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stuhr]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Südbrookmerland]]
* [[Suderburg]]
* [[Südergellersen]]
* [[Südheide]]
* [[Sudwalde]]
* [[Suhlendorf]]
* [[Sulingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Süpplingen]]
* [[Süpplingenburg]]
* [[Süstedt]]
* [[Sustrum]]
* [[Surwold]]
* [[Suthfeld]]
* [[Syke]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== T ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Tappenbeck]]
* [[Tarmstedt]]
* [[Tespe]]
* [[Teuderium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Detern''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Tjootern''; [[Saxonice|Eofrisicosaxonice]] ''Däitern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Thransfellensis Ecclesia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dransfeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Thedinghausen]]
* [[Theodolfestorpum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Asseburg 1855&quot;&gt;Asseburg, J. von der. (1855). ''Urkundenbuch des Geschlechts von der Asseburg (Vol. 1)''. Hahnschen Hofbuchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dedelstorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Thomasburg]]
* [[Thorpum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Thorpum&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/ZIER-HP/ZIER-HP-06-2016/AAAKoeblerGerhardDorfinderdeutschenOrtsgeschichte20160831-7111.htm ''www.koeblergerhard.de''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Dörpen''', 9. Jh., bei Aschendorf nördlich Meppens, F2-1090 THURP (Dorf) Dorfa (7), Thorpum (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dörpen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Thuine]]
* [[Tiddische]]
* [[Tiste]]
* [[Toppenstedt]]
* [[Tostedt]]
* [[Tosterglope]]
* [[Trebel]]
* [[Triburi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Philippi &amp; Bar 1892&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Drebber'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Tülau]]
* [[Twieflingen]]
* [[Twilpstede Maius]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Twilpstede Maius&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B76-2/NOB%20VII%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Helmstedt%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Wolfsburg.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 1311 ''Twilpstede Maiori'' (...) 1311 ''Twilpstede Maiori et Minori'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Twülpstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Twülpstidde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Twist (Emsland)|Twist]]
* [[Twistringen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== U ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Uchte]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Uchte'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Uehrde]]
* [[Uelsen]]
* [[Uetze]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ulsena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]]  et [[Saxonice]] ''Uelzen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Ülz’n'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ummern]]
* [[Undeloh]]
* [[Upgant-Schott]]
* [[Uplengen]]
* [[Uslar]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Utarp]]
{{div col end}}

=== V ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Vahlberg]]
* [[Vahlbruch]]
* [[Vahlde]]
* [[Vallis Ambrae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ambra&quot;&gt;Latino de toponymo &quot;Ambra&quot; (Theodisce ''Emmer''), vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Vallis&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Tal?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum vocabulum ''T(h)al'' aut Theodiscum suffixum ''-t(h)al'' Latino vocabulo &quot;vallis-is&quot;] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Emmerthal''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emmerdaal'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vallis Augae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;SLH 1988&quot;&gt;Societas Latina Hannoverana (1988). ''Fasciculi geographici et historici: De parvis provinciis ditionis Hannoveranae et Schaumburgensis''. Hannoverae: Typis Exscripsit Libraria Scripturarum.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Auetal'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vallis Claustra-Cella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Conring 1730&quot;&gt;Conring, H. (1730). ''De Antiquitatibus Academicis Dissertationes Septem''. Officina Smeinkiana.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Clausthal-Zellerfeld''; [[Supraharthice]] ''Clasthol-Zallerfall'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vallis Mimedensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Vallis&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mimedensis&quot;&gt;Theodiscum hydronymicum praefixum ''Nieme-'' Latino gentilicio &quot;Mimedensis-e&quot; vertitur, quod ad flumen Mimede seu Mymede (Theodisce ''Nieme'') refertur. Quo de Latino hydronymo, vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B74-6/NOB%20IV%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20G%C3%B6ttingen.pdf?utm ''NOB IV Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Göttingen''] {{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''riuum, qui teutonice Mimede vocatur'' (...) ''riuum, qui toutonice Mymede vocatur'' (...) ''flumine Mimede'' (...) ''riuum, qui Mymede vocatur''  (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Niemetal'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Varel]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Varrel]]
* [[Vastorf]]
* [[Vechelde]]
* [[Velpke]]
* [[Veltheim (Ohe)]]
* [[Vetha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Vechta''; [[Saxonice]] ''Vechte'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Via Paludis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Via Paludis&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Moor?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum nominale praefixum ''Moor-'' Latino substantivo casu genetivo &quot;paludis&quot; (f.)] et [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Weg?wb=gross&amp;nr=2 Theodiscum nominale suffixum ''-weg'' Latino nomine &quot;via-ae&quot; (f.)] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Moorweg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vicus Adelaidis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ALF 2016&quot;&gt;Academia Latinitati Fovendae (2016). ''Commentarii Academiae Latinitati Fovendae: De novis parochiis et communibus Saxoniae Inferioris textus'' (Vol. XXIV). Romae: Herder.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Adelheidsdorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vicus Vetus Hassicus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Vicus Vetus Hassicus&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.fallingrain.com/world/GM/06/Hessisch_Oldendorf.html?utm ''www.fallingrain''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Other (Latin) names: Vicus Vetus Hassicus,Vicus Vetus Hassicus,Hessisch-Oldendorf,Hessisch-Oldendorf''' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hessisch Oldendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eolendörpe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vierden]]
* [[Vierhöfen]]
* [[Vildhusia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmannus&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Wildeshausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wilshusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villa Cremilonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cremlingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vintlum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Vintlum&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/schneverdingen-peter-und-paul/?utm ''Schneverdingen, Peter und Paul''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''capella in honorem sancti Anthonii in villa Vintlo parrochie Snewerdinge'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Fintel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Visbek]]
* [[Visselhövede]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vögelsen]]
* [[Vollersode]]
* [[Voltlage]]
* [[Vorda Bremensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bremervörde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bremervöör'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vordorf]]
* [[Vorwerk (Niedersachsen)|Vorwerk]]
* [[Vrees]]
{{div col end}}

=== W ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Waake]]
* [[Waddeweitz]]
* [[Wagenfeld]]
* [[Wagenhoff]]
* [[Wahrenholz]]
* [[Walchum]]
* [[Walkenried]]
* [[Wallenhorst]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wallmoden]]
* [[Walsrode]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wangelnstedt]]
* [[Wangerland]]
* [[Wangerooge]]
* [[Wanna]]
* [[Warberg]]
* [[Wardenburg]]
* [[Warmsen]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Warmsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Warpe]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Warpe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wasbüttel]]
* [[Wathlingen]]
* [[Wedemark]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Weener]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Weenzen]]
* [[Wehrbleck]]
* [[Welle]]
* [[Wendeburg]]
* [[Wendisch Evern]]
* [[Wennigsen]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wenngessen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wenzendorf]]
* [[Werdum]]
* [[Werlte]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Werpeloh]]
* [[Wesendorf]]
* [[Weste (Niedersachsen)|Weste]]
* [[Westergellersen]]
* [[Westerholt]]
* [[Westertimke]]
* [[Westerwalsede]]
* [[Westfeld (Niedersachsen)|Westfeld]]
* [[Westoverledingen]]
* [[Wetschen]]
* [[Wettrup]]
* [[Weyhausen]]
* [[Weyhe]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wieda]]
* [[Wiedensahl]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wiefelstede]]
* [[Wielen]]
* [[Wienhausen]]
* [[Wiesmoor]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wietmarschen]]
* [[Wietze]]
* [[Wietzen]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wietzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wietzendorf]]
* [[Wilhelmshaven]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wilstedt]]
* [[Wilsum]]
* [[Wingst]]
* [[Winkelsett]]
* [[Winnigstedt]]
* [[Winsen (Aller)]] 
* [[Winsenia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Büttner&quot;&gt;Büttner, D. S. (1710). ''Rudera Diluvii Testes, i.e. Zeichnung und Abbildung derer Columnarum Sceletonum''. Gottfried Zimmermann.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(ad [[Luya]]m&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Winsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Winzenburg]]
* [[Wippingen]]
* [[Wirdum]]
* [[Wischhafen]]
* [[Wistedt]]
* [[Witmundia]]&lt;ref&gt;E.g., [[Ioannes Luyts|Ioannis Luyts]] ''Introductio ad Geographiam novam et veterem'', Ultraiecti 1692, [https://books.google.fr/books?id=_o0YP3-9VTMC&amp;pg=PA281&amp;dq=Witmundia&amp;hl=ru&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjShLT7vdDrAhVJw4sKHZLLCokQ6AEwAnoECAMQAg#v=onepage&amp;q=Witmundia&amp;f=false p. 281].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wittmund'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wittingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wittmar]]
* [[Wittorf]]
* [[Wohnste]]
* [[Wolfsburgum]]&lt;ref&gt;Vide nomini arcis: Samuel Pufendorfus, ''Commentariorum de rebus Suecicis libri XXVI'' {{Google Books|lV1PAAAAcAAJ|pag. 457 et 475}}, ''Nova Acta Eruditorum'' {{Google Books|eGFlITDJFSMC|pag. 487}}, Lipsiae, anno 1756, ac ''Itininerarium Thomae Carve, Tipperariensis'' ([https://archive.org/details/itinerariumthom00kerngoog/page/n182 pag. 108]).&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Wolfsburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wulfsborg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wolfsbuurich'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wollbrandshausen]]
* [[Wollershausen]]
* [[Wölpinghausen]]
* [[Wolsdorf]]
* [[Woltersdorf (Wendland)|Woltersdorf]]
* [[Woltershausen]]
* [[Worde]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Worde&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/grossenwoerden/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Hinricus rector ecclesie in Worde'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Großenwörden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grootweurn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Worpswede]]
* [[Wremen]]
* [[Wrestedt]]
* [[Wriedel]]
* [[Wulfsen]]
* [[Wulften ad Harthicos montes]]
* [[Wunstorf]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wunsdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wurster Nordseeküste]]
* [[Wustrow (Saxonia Inferior)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== Y ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Ylsede]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ylsede&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kleinilsede.hier-im-netz.de/historis.htm ''Historisches über Klein Ilsede''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) minori ylsede (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ilsede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ilse'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Yppenerdhe]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Yppenerdhe&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.gross-ippener.de/gemeinde/geschichte.html?utm ''Groß Ippene''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Parrochia Yppenerdhe (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Ippener''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Ippner'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ysinibutle]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ysinibutle&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.arcinsys.niedersachsen.de/arcinsys/showArchivalDescriptionDetails?archivalDescriptionId=5905372&amp;utm ''Arcinsys''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Isenbüttel, Kr. Gifhorn (Ysinibutle, Ysenebutle) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Isenbüttel'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== Z ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Zernien]]
* [[Zetel]]
* [[Zeven]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Zorge]]
{{div col end}}

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris|!]]</text>
      <sha1>3je6yhwwemaw78n6l5of0inuh6hsmwo</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Deadpool</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>221834</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991344</id>
      <parentid>3991189</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T17:47:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>{{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}}</comment>
      <origin>3991344</origin>
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      <text bytes="1204" sha1="6a7vou4jqn4cwtp2nxs71xh5jfkstk9" xml:space="preserve">{{Latinitas|-2}}
[[Fasciculus:Ryan reynolds.jpg|thumb|[[Ryan Reynolds]] partes Deadpool in pellicula agit.]]
[[Fasciculus:Deadpool, Georgia Viaduct, Vancouver, April 6 2015 - 3.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|Deadpool in pellicula [[Vancuverium|Vancuverii]].]]

{{res|Deadpool}} est [[superheros]] a [[Robertus Liefeld|Roberto Liefeld]] [[pictor]]e et [[Fabianus Nicieza|Fabiano Nicieza]] [[scriptor]]e pro [[Marvel Comics]] excogitatus. [[Miles mercennarius|Mercennarius]] [[Canada|Canadiensis]] est. Nomen secretum est Wade Wilson. Vulneratu grave celeriter curatur. Desipiet et pauco dementat.&lt;!--

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;--&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Deadpool and his cast|Deadpool}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140729190437/http://marvel.com/characters/12/deadpool Deadpool] apud Marvel.com
* [http://www.marvel.com/comics/Situs interretialis Deadpool proprius.] {{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.toonopedia.com/Deadpool.htm ''Deadpool'']{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 
* [http://www.deadpool.org/ Situs a fautoribus factus.]

{{pers-fict-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Superheroes]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Historia Sinica</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-27T00:59:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ChomponU Pongsawet</username>
        <id>202211</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="6350" sha1="nxxk4gzzf9y0qkwr8hlhdy92musqd3g" xml:space="preserve">{{L}}
'''Historia [[Sinae|Sinica]]''' aevo [[Neolithicum|Neolithico]] coepit, cum multae gentes prope [[flumen|flumina]] [[Flumen Luteum|Luteum]] et [[Fluvium Longum|Longum]] [[habitatio|habitaverunt]]. [[Inscriptio]]nes [[historia]]e [[Sinae|Sinicae]] ex anno [[1200 a.C.n.]] inveniuntur, cum regnavit [[domus Shang]]. ''Scripturae Historiani Magni'' (ca. 100 a.C.n.), Annales Bambusiae, et alterae [[scriptura]]e [[antiquitas|antiquae]] [[domus Xia|domum Xia]] (c. 2100–-1700 a.C.n.) commemorant, quae ante domum Shang regnaverat, sed quae non durabilem modum scribendi habebat.

Post domum Shang erat [[domus Zhou]] (1045–-256 a.C.n.), quae saeculo 8 a.C.n. pressionibus internalibus externalibusque fracta est in civitates minores, primum [[Aevum Veris et Autumni|aevo Veris et Autumni]] et maxime [[Aevum Civitatum Bellantium|aevo Civitatum Bellantium]]. Abhinc multas civitates saepe pugnabant, saepe tamen dynastiae partes Sericae vel etiam totam Sericam in potestate sua tenebant. 

Anno [[221 a.C.n.]] [[Qin Shi Huang]] multos civitates certantes univit in [[domus Qin|domum Qin]] et se [[imperatores sinarum|imperatorem]]em nominavit. 
Primus imperator Qinshihuang (秦始皇) anno 221 a.C.n. nomen suum civitati Sinensi dedit et [[Murus Sinicus|murum longum]] construxit. Imperatores gubernationem instituerunt. Imperatores et actiones et litteras virorum doctorum gubernabant. 

[[Seditio Pugilum|Seditio]], quam instigavit hetaeria appelleta Pugiles, insurrexit versus alienos et christianos circa annum 1900. Suppressa est a copiis subitaribus internationalibus.

=== Res publica Sinarum 1912 condita ===
Domus ultima Sericae erat Qing (1644-1912), quam successit [[Res publica Sinarum]] anno [[1912]], et in continente [[Res publica popularis Sinarum]] anno 1949. Imperium anno [[1911]] collapsum est, quod imperatores contra civitates Europaeas, quae Sinam expugnare in animo habuerunt, resistere non potuerunt. Primus praeses rei publicae [[Sun Yat-Sen]] anno [[1912]] creatus est, qui eo tempore factionem [[Kuomintang]] condidit.

=== Tempus seditionum (1912-1927) ===
Primis annis rei publicae multi duces militum inter se pugnaverunt, quorum unus, [[Yuan Shikai]] etiam imperium restituere ipso imperatore petivit. Sun Yat-Sen in Iaponiam in exilium fugere coactus est. Sed anno [[1916]] Yuan Shikai mortuus est. Ab anno [[1917]] Res Publica Sinarum [[primum bellum mundanum|primo bello mundano]] contra [[Germania]]m interfuit, ut coloniam a Germania in Sina expugnata liberaret. Sed post bello finito et [[Deliberatio de pace componenda Lutetiae facta (1919)|Deliberatione de pace componenda Lutetiae facta]] haec colonia [[Iaponia]]e data est. Itaque multi incolae Sinarum, praecipue [[4 Maii]] [[1919]] contra peregrinos demonstrabant. Anno [[1921]] Sun Yat-Sen iterum praesidem se [[Nanchinum|Nanchini]] proclamavit, sed ab maioribus partibus Sinarum, ubi duces militum regnaverunt, non recognatus est. Eodem tempore [[Factio Communista Sinensins]] duce [[Mao Zedong]] condita est. Mao fuit rerum novarum fautor et dux civilis Sinensis. Ab anno [[1943]] usque ad [[mors|mortem]] procurator Factionis Communistae Sinensis fuit, quae eo ducente post victoriam in [[Bellum civile Sinense|bello civili Sinensi]] anno [[1949]] in parte continentali Sinarum ad gubernacula [[Respublica Popularis sinensis|Reipublicae Sinarum]] anno [[1949]]conditae pervenit. Anno [[1925]] Sun Yat-Sen mortuus est.

=== Decem anni Nanchini (1927-1937) ===
[[Fasciculus:Chiang Kai-shek.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Chiang Kai-shek]], dux militaris et praeses Rei Publicae Sinarum]]
Anno 1927 [[Chiang Kai-Shek]] dux militaris rerum potitus est et contra communistas se vertit, quos e [[Sciamhaevum|Sciamhaevo]] pepulit. Anno 1928 Chiang praeses rei publicae factus est. Anno [[1931]] Iaponia vi Manchuriam expugnavit et a Sina separavit. Mao Zedong autem a Kuomintang pulsus in Hunan et Iangxi regionibus Rem Publicam Sovieticam condidit. Sed Chiang Kai Shek eum adeo persequebatur, ut Communistae annis 1934-1935 &quot;itinere magno&quot; fugere coacti sunt et paene exstincti fuissent.

=== [[Primum Bellum Sino-Iaponense|Bellum contra Iaponiam (1937-1945)]] ===
[[Fasciculus:Camouflaged and poorly equipped Chinese soldiers repell a charge of 50,000 Japanese along the Salween River near Burma. - NARA - 196230.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|[[Miles|Milites]] male instructi Rei Publicae Sinarum impetum Japonicorum ad finem erga [[Birmania|Birmanicam]] defendunt]]
Die 7 iuli 1937 Iaponici Sinam invaserunt post &quot;casum pontis Marci Poli&quot;, quod fuit initium belli mundani in [[Asia]]. Iaponici magnas partes Sinarum expugnaverunt et [[Kuomintang]] et Communistas ad foedus coegerunt. Itaque dehinc una contra hostes pugnaverunt, sed in alterum fidem non habuerunt. Anno 1945 Iaponia a [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitatibus Foederatis]] coactus deditionem hostibus suis obtulit.

=== Bellum civile (1945-1949) ===
Paulo post invasores pulsos factiones Sinarum iterum bellum civile coeperunt. Sed hoc tempore communistae victoriam adepti sunt. Mense Septembri 1949 [[Chiang Kai-Shek]] cum militibus suis a terra continenti fugere coactus est et in [[Taivania]]m insulam se recepit. Quam communistae expugnare non potuerunt, quod Civitates Foederatae eos arcebant. In terra continenti [[1 Octobris]] [[1949]] [[Res Publica Popularis Sinarum]] condita est.

=== Res Publica Sinarum in insula Taivania (ab anno 1949) ===
Chiang Kai-Shek se praesidem totius Sinae esse praedicare non desistebat neque terram continentem expugnare potuit. Itaque nunc duae res publicae sinarum fuerunt. Chiang Kai-Shek dictator regnavit et paucos annos post mortem eius (anno 1975) [[Chiang Ching-kuo]], filius eius, anno [[1978]] praeses factus est. Is paulatim [[democratia]]m induxit. Anno [[2000]] denique primus praeses, qui non factioni Kuomintang interfuit, creatus est.

{{NexInt}}
*[[Mandatum caeli]]
*[[Religio vulgaris Sinica]]

== Bibliographia ==
*[http://www.britannica.com/topic/Zhou-dynasty Pagina Encyclopaediae Britannicae de domo Zhou]
*[http://www.britannica.com/topic/Han-dynasty Pagina Encyclopaediae Britannicae de domo Han]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140130033537/http://www.cultural-china.com/chinaWH/features/chinaoverview/HistoryofChina.html  Situs cultural-china de Historia Sinica]

{{Historia Asiae}}

[[Categoria:Historia Sinarum]]
{{Myrias|Historia}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Idololatria</title>
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      <text bytes="4938" sha1="5h7btqaqgm0ego4kh0dc9oxmul9evsm" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Museo nazionale del Cinema - Cabiria (Turin).jpg|thumb|Media parte, [[statua]] [[aes|aerea]] [[Moloch]], [[deus|dei]] antiqui [[Chanaan]]iti, [[Ammon]]iti, et [[Phoenices|Poeni]], similitudo [[rana]]e-[[homo|hominis]] [[cornu|cornibus]]&lt;!--deitas cornuta--&gt;, [[ala|alis]], tribusque [[oculus|oculis]] praediti.&lt;!-- (From the movie &quot;Cabiria&quot; by Giovanni Pastrone; National Museum of Cinema, Turin).--&gt;]]

'''Idololatria'''&lt;ref&gt;{{TLL}} [http://publikationen.badw.de/de/-/thesaurus/000914816.223.jpg pp. 223–24]{{Nexus deficit|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}: &quot;formae breviores ''idolatr-'' et longiores ''idololatr-'' […] ita variant in codd. et edd.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Graece]] ''{{lang|grc|εἰδωλολατρεία}}'', ab ''{{lang|grc|εἴδωλον}}'' 'idolum' et ''{{lang|grc|λατρεύω}}'' 'colo, servio') est [[veneratio]] [[idolum|idoli]] vel rei corporealis sicut [[imago cultus]] ut [[deitas]], vel usus quasi veneratio habitus, sicut formae creatae honoratae et cultae. In omnibus [[religiones Abrahamicae|religionibus Abrahamicis]] idololatria vehementer prohibetur, quamquam [[opinio]]nes de quod idololatria est intra et inter eas discrepare possunt. In aliis [[religio]]nibus, usus imaginum cultorum probatur. Quales autem imagines, notiones, et res idololatriam constituunt res aliquantulae contentionis saepe est.
[[Fasciculus:GoldCalf.jpg|thumb|''[[Adoratio Vituli Aurei]]'' [[Nicolaus Poussin|Nicolai Poussin]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Vermilion on a stone.jpg|thumb|[[Minium]] supra [[lapis|lapidem]] oblitum usitata idoli [[Hindu]] forma est.]]
[[Fasciculus:Decalogue parchment by Jekuthiel Sofer 1768.jpg|thumb|alt=This is an image of a copy of the 1675 Ten Commandments, at the Amsterdam Esnoga synagogue, produced on parchment in 1768 by [[Jekuthiel Sofer]], a prolific Jewish scribe in Amsterdam. It has Hebrew language writing in two columns separated between, and surrounded by, ornate flowery patterns.| [[Membrana (ars scribendi)|Membrana]] [[decalogus|decalogum]] imitatur. [[Pictura]] [[Iekuthiel Sofer|Iekuthielis Sofer]], [[synagoga]] [[Esnoga Amstelodamica]], [[1768]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110628201039/http://cf.uba.uva.nl/nl/publicaties/treasures/page/p34.html &quot;De Tien Geboden, gekopieerd in Amsterdam door Jekuthiel Sofer,&quot;] https://web.archive.org/web/20100412202640/http://cf.uba.uva.nl/ (Bibliotheca Rosenthaliana).&lt;/ref&gt;]]

[[Mos|Mores]] idololatria habiti vel fortasse habiti comprehendere possunt creationem ullius generis imaginis deitatis, vel aliarum figurarum magni momenti religiosi, sicut [[propheta]]e, [[sanctus|sancti]], et [[clericus|clerici]], et creatio imaginum ullius [[homo|hominis]] vel [[animal]]is ususque symbolorum religiosorum vel profanorum. Praeterea, [[theologus|theologi]] [[religio Christiana|Christiani]], [[Sanctus Paulus|Sanctum Paulum]] sequentes, notionem extenderunt ut nimium et haud aptum comprehendat aliarum religionis proptietatum momentum, vel non [[religio]]sas [[vita]]e proprietates ad summum, imaginibus etiam adeo absentibus. Exempli gratia, [[catechismus]] [[Ecclesia Catholica|Ecclesiae Catholicae]] dicit:

&lt;blockquote&gt;Idololatria non refertur solummodo ad falsos [[paganismus|paganismi]] cultus. Permanet constans fidei tentatio. Consistit in deificando id quod [[Deus]] non est. Idololatria habetur semper cum homo creaturam loco Dei honorat et reveretur, sive de diis agatur vel de [[daemon]]ibus (exempli gratia [[satanismus]]), de [[potestas|potestate]], de [[voluptas|voluptate]], de [[stirps|stirpe]], de [[atavus|atavis]], de [[status|Statu]], de [[pecunia]], etc.&lt;ref&gt;''[[Catechismus Catholicae Ecclesiae]]'', [http://www.vatican.va/archive/catechism_lt/p3s2c1a1_lt.htm#III.%20«%20Non%20habebis%20deos%20alienos%20coram%20me%20» pars 2113].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

In nonnullis [[societas hominum|societatibus]] [[Islam]]icis ultraconservativis quae [[ius saria]] sequuntur, qui idola venerantur ad [[poena capitalis|poenam capitalem]] damnari possunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zollner2008&quot;&gt;Zollner 2008:87.&lt;/ref&gt;

Evitare usum imaginum [[religio]]nis causa [[aniconismus]] appellatur. Destructio imaginum religiosarum intra certas [[cultura]]s [[iconoclasmus]] appellatur, cuius fuerunt in [[historia]] multi casus maiores.

{{NexInt}}
*[[Adoratio]]
*[[Bibliolatria]]
*[[Usor:IacobusAmor/Salon#¶ Epeolatria|Epeolatria]]
*[[Fetischismus]]
*[[Vitulus aureus]]
== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Zollner, Barbara H. E. [[2008]]. ''The Muslim Brotherhood: Hasan Al-Hudaybi and Ideology.'' Routledge. ISBN 9781134077670.

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|Idolatry|idololatriam}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20101004134827/http://galich.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=248&amp;Itemid=1 Idolum antiquum (saeculum 13 a.C.n.) in Russia Septentrionali inventum,] galich.com

[[Categoria:Idololatria| ]]
[[Categoria:Polytheismus]]
[[Categoria:Res Iudaeo-Christianae]]

{{Myrias|Philosophia}}</text>
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    <title>Réau</title>
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      <text bytes="989" sha1="itxxmarkrcqrpoauhit7putwhf8j0tk" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:R%C3%A9au_St-Julien_140.jpg |thumb|upright|left|Réau: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Sanctus Iulianus|Sancto Iuliano]] dicata]]
'''Réau''' est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] {{formatnum:2127}} incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Sequana et Matrona|Sequanae et Matronae]] in regione [[Insula Franciae (regio Franciae)|Insula Franciae]].

{{NexInt}}

* [[Index communium praefecturae Sequanae et Matronae|Indicem communium praefecturae Sequanae et Matronae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Réau|Réau}}
{{INSEE commune|77384|de=Réau}}
* {{opus|url=http://cassini.ehess.fr/fr/html/fiche.php?select_resultat=28719 |titulus=De hoc communi |domus editoria=apud cassini.ehess.fr}}
* {{opus|url=https://www.reau.fr/ |titulus=Huius communis pagina interretialis}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Sequanae et Matronae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Sequanae et Matronae]]</text>
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    <title>Iustinus Trudeau</title>
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{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Justin Trudeau - Alex Guibord.jpg|thumb|Iustinus Trudeau [[Torontum|Toronti]] anno 2014 pictus]]
{{res|Iustinus Petrus Iacobus Trudeau}} (vulgo ''Justin Pierre James''; [[Ottavia]]e natus die [[25 Decembris]] [[1971]]), alumnus [[universitas|universitatum]] [[Universitas McGill|McGill]] et [[Universitas Columbiae Britannicae|Columbiae Britannicae]], est [[civilitas|politicus]] [[Canada|Canadianus]], [[Factio Liberalis Canadae|Factionumque Liberalium]] dux, et [[primus minister]] Canadae ab anno [[2015]] ad annum [[2025]].

Trudeau est [[filius]] maior natu [[Petrus Trudeau|Petri Trudeau]], quinti decimi primi ministri Canadensis, et [[Margarita Trudeau|Margaritae Trudeau]]. [[Pueritia]]m agebat in publico{{dubsig}} cum pater primus minister esset. 

Ito{{dubsig}} ad [[universitas|universitatem]], Iustinus Trudeau multa [[negotium|negotia]] diversa habebat, qui{{dubsig}} continent custos et magister mathematicarum. Anno [[2000]], ad vitam publicam rediit ut patri laudationem daret, in quo explicavit patrem eum iubere ut observare omnes, neglegens [[religio]]nem, principium, sententias diversas, et cetera. 

Multi dubitaverant utrum Trudeaum habere potentiam civilem annon quod disciplina et negotia videntur non pertinentes esse. Crediderant rationem solam in qua Trudeau prosperus sit esse quod patris nomen habet et fortasse quod gratiam habet. Trudeau autem facultates demonstrabat. Anno [[2008]], cursum publicum coepit, eligendo currere{{dubsig}} pro officio in regione Papineau; poterat currere{{dubsig}} pro{{dubsig}} officio{{dubsig}} in [[regio]]ne in qua officium consequi facilior fuisse. Anno [[2012]], pugilationem{{dubsig}} disposuit contra [[vir publicum|virum rerum publicarum peritum]] optimatium fautorem, qui celebratus fuit pugnanti{{dubsig}} (nomine Patrocus Brazeau), ut quaereret [[pecunia]]s, quae consumentur pro [[cancer|cancri]] investigatione. Inexpectatum omnibus fuit cum Trudeau victoriam adeptus est. Anno [[2015]], cucurrit{{dubsig}} pro{{dubsig}} officio{{dubsig}} ministri primi Canadae contra Stephanum Harperum, qui annos novem primus minister Canadae fuerat. Factiones Liberales die [[19 Octobris]] [[2015]] comitia [[Parlamentum Canadae|parlamentaria]] vicerunt. A die [[4 Novembris]] [[2015]], Trudeau est [[Primus Minister Canadae|primus minister Canadae]]. 

Trudeau definito quod sit Canadianum esse diversitatem animando, primus minister fit. Etiam Trudeau promisit se [[mulier]]um libertates defensurum esse, patriciis [[vectigal]]a amplificaturum esse, plebeiis vectigala deminuturum esse, [[lex|legibus]] [[cannabis|cannabem]] confirmaturum esse, et [[pecunia]]s in opera publica collocaturum esse. Etiam promisit se [[natura]]m de [[mutatio climatica|mutatione climatica]] conservaturum esse (tamen Trudeau tubos oleo approbavit).

Iustinus Trudeau illa pretia de quibus locutus est in patris laudatione habet. Illa pretia reipublicae administrationes agunt. Exempli gratia, summum principis consilium, quod continent quindecim viri feminaeque quindecim, fecit. Communitatem [[LGBT]]Q sustinet, exsules excipit, et vitas [[indigenae|indigenarum]] emendare vult. Atque [[iuventus|iuvenes]] Canadianas hortatur ut se offerent.  

== Bibliographia ==
* Kassam, Ashifa, et Laurence Mathieu-Léger. [[2016]]. [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/15/justin-trudeau-interview-globalisation-climate-change-trump Justin Trudeau: &quot;Globalisation isn't working for ordinary people.&quot;] ''[[The Guardian]],'' 15 Decembris.
* Lawson, Guy. [[2015]]. [https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/13/magazine/trudeaus-canada-again.html?_r=1 Trudeau’s Canada, Again.] ''The New York Times,'' 8 Decembris.
* Wallenfeldt, Jeff. [[2017]]. [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Justin-Trudeau Justin Trudeau.] ''Encyclopaedia Brittanica,'' 2 Ianuarii.

== Nexus externi ==
{{Commonscat|Justin Trudeau|Iustinum Trudeau}}
{{Fontes biographici}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150916050438/http://justin.ca/ Iustini Trudeau pagina interretialis] {{Ling|Anglice}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150917005835/http://justin.ca/fr/ Iustini Trudeau pagina interretialis] {{Ling|Francogallice}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5p4NUJMPAjQ Laudatio pro Petro Trudeaui] {{Ling|Anglice}}

{{Primi ministri Canadae}}
{{Consilium Canadense Iustini Trudeau}}

{{Lifetime|1971| |Trudeau, Iustinus}}
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Columbiae Britannicae]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis McGill]]
[[Categoria:Gubernatores civitatum]]
[[Categoria:Politici Canadae]]

{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
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    <title>Grand Theft Auto (series)</title>
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'''{{Lang|en|Grand Theft Auto}}''' ('Maximus Vehiculorum Furtus'), saepe brevius '''''GTA,''''' est [[ludus computatralis|ludorum computatralium]] series a Davy Jones et Mike Dailly excogitata,&lt;ref name=&quot;Dailly&quot;&gt;[http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2012-10-22-gta-max-clifford-made-it-all-happen « ''GTA'': &quot;Max Clifford made it all happen&quot; GamesIndustry International »] in ''Gamesindustry.biz'' &lt;small style=&quot;line-height:1em;&quot;&gt;(inspectus 19 Iunii 2013).&lt;/small&gt; {{Ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt; postea a Dan et Sam Houser, Leslie Benzies, et Aaron Garbut. Anno [[1997]] nata, praecipue apud Scoticum negotium Rockstar North (priore nomine DMA Design) [[Programma computatrale|programmata]], et a Rockstar Games vulgata est. Seriei titulus evenit a {{Lang|en|grand theft auto}}, quod e [[vigil]]um ore [[autocinetum|autocineti]] [[furtum]] significat.

Plerumque seriei ludorum fabulae aguntur in fictis ab [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Americanis]] regionibus inspiratis urbibus, ut Liberty City, Vice City vel San Andreas, fictis e [[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novo Eboraco]], [[Miamia]], et [[California Meridiana|California meridionali]]. Primi ludi, duabus mensuris praediti, tribus in urbibus aguntur; alteri autem tribus mensuris praediti in diversis unius urbis locis. 

Series propter [[violentia]]m et [[erotismus|erotismum]] controversiam suscitavit.

Series anno 1997 a DMA Design coepta est. Anno 2015 denumerantur sedecim ludi, quorum quattuor [[:en:Expansion_pack|extensiones]] atque pluribus lusoribus episodium. Inter [[Histrio|histriones]] et [[musicus|musicos]] qui vocem seriei personis praebent sunt [[Ray Liotta]], [[Burt Reynolds]], [[Dionysius Hopper]], [[Samuel L. Jackson]], [[Debbie Harry]], [[Philippus Collins|Phil Collins]], [[Axl Rose]], et [[Petrus Fonda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;TakeTwo2011Sep&quot;&gt;Orland, Kyle, [https://web.archive.org/web/20150912180203/http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/37228/Grand_Theft_Auto_IV_Passes_22M_Shipped_Franchise_Above_114M.php « ''Grand Theft Auto IV'' Passes 22M Shipped, Franchise Above 114M »], in ''Gamasutra'', 14 Septembris 2011 &lt;small style=&quot;line-height:1em;&quot;&gt;(inspectus 19 Iunii 2013)&lt;/small&gt; {{Ling|Anglice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. Anno 2012 iam 150 millionum unitatum per orbem terrarum vendita sunt&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130211091544/http://www.jeuxvideo.fr/jeux/grand-theft-auto-2/grand-theft-auto-franchise-125-actu-527341.html « ''GTA'': une franchise à 125 millions »], in ''jeuxvideo.fr'', 28 Novembris 2012 &lt;small style=&quot;line-height:1em;&quot;&gt;(inspectus 1 Ianuarii 2013)&lt;/small&gt; {{Ling|Francogallice}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference cite_virgule&quot;&gt;,&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;gamekult.com&quot;&gt;[http://www.gamekult.com/actu/resultats-take-two-29-millions-de-gta-5-A112956.html « Résultats Take Two : 29 millions de ''GTA 5'' »], in ''Gamekult'', 30 Octobris 2013. &lt;small style=&quot;line-height:1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/small&gt; {{Ling|Francogallice}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://rockstargames.com/grandtheftauto/ Situs officialis] {{Ling|Anglice}}
* [http://gta.wikia.com/Main_Page Grand Theft Auto Wiki] {{Ling|Anglice}}
* [http://fr.gta.wikia.com/ Grand Theft Auto Wiki] {{Ling|Francogallice}}

{{NexInt}}
* [[Grand Theft Auto I]]
* [[Grand Theft Auto II]]
* [[Grand Theft Auto III]]
* [[Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas]]
* [[Grand Theft Auto IV]]
* [[Grand Theft Auto: The Ballad of Gay Tony]]
* [[Grand Theft Auto: The Lost and Damned]]
* [[Grand Theft Auto V]]

[[Categoria:Ludi computatrales]]
[[Categoria:Incepta 1997]]</text>
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    <title>Lucius Gellius Publicola (cos. 36 a.C.n.)</title>
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      <text bytes="4366" sha1="17n28ueiiby2fyt2gygpyumqo5yhunt" xml:space="preserve">'''Lucius Gellius Publicola''' erat vir Romanus [[Senatus Romanus|senatorii ordinis]] qui bellis civilibus primum, fortasse ob familiares necessitudines magis quam ex firmo consilio, [[Marcus Iunius Brutus|Brutum]] [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Cassiumque]] secutus est, post [[Proelium iuxta Philippos commissum|Philippensem pugnam]] ad [[Marcus Antonius|Marcum Antonium]] transiit, cuius fidelis fautor usque ad mortem mansit. [[Consul|Consulatum]] anno [[36 a.C.n.]] cum [[Marcus Cocceius Nerva (consul 36 a.C.n.)|Marco Cocceio Nerva]] gessit.
==De genere et vita privata==
Lucius Gellius filius adoptivus [[Lucius Gellius Publicola (cos. 72 a.C.n.)|consulis eiusdem nominis anni 72 a.C.n.]], frater uterinus (ambos Palla vel Polla quaedam peperit) [[Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus (consul 31 a.C.n.)|Marci Messallae Corvini]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Dio Cassius]] 47.24.&lt;/ref&gt; vulgo existimatur. Ipse Semproniam sororem Lucii Sempronii Atratini, Marci Antonii familiaris, uxorem duxit.

Multa nefanda facta de eo circumferebantur. Ab ipso patre stuprum cum noverca commisisse atque sibi insidias parasse accusatus, senatoribus consilio adhibitis absolutus est&lt;ref&gt;[[Valerius Maximus]] V,9,1.&lt;/ref&gt;. Poeta [[Catullus]] quoque eum incesti insimulat atque ob amatoriam rivalitatem contumeliosis conviciis in ''Carminibus'' suis&lt;ref&gt;Carmina 74, 80, 88-91.&lt;/ref&gt; onerat : nam Gellius adulescens [[Clodia (Metelli uxor)|Clodiam]], sororem [[Publius Clodius Pulcher|Publii Clodii Puchri]], adamasse videtur. Contra [[Horatius]] in ''Sermonibus''&lt;ref&gt;I.10.85.&lt;/ref&gt; Messallae fratrem honorifice memorat.

==De cursu honorum==
Annis 43/42 a.C.n. cum fratre [[Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus (consul 31 a.C.n.)|Marco Messalla]] in Bruti Cassique castris erat. Tum [[Dio Cassius]]&lt;ref&gt;47.24. Cf [[Titus Livius]], ''Per''. 122.&lt;/ref&gt; refert Lucium Gellium primo Marco Bruto insidias parasse qui ei deprehenso ignovit fratris Messallae gratia, ac deinde etiam Gaio Cassio cui ipsa mater, Palla nomine, indicium fecit, salutem filii prius pacta. Potest fieri ut ita in gratiam cum [[Triumviratus|triumviris]] redire temptaverit quorum [[Proscriptio|proscriptionem]] timebat&lt;ref&gt;Nisi tamen illi rumores ab Octaviani fautoribus amici Marci Antoni detrectandi causa divulgabantur.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Certe iam anno 41 a.C.n. ''quaestor pro praetore''&lt;ref&gt;Ita hodie legi solent litterae QP in nummis. At olim ''quaestor provincialis'' a quibusdam ( E. Babelon) legebantur. Nec lectio hodierna omni dubitatione vacat.&lt;/ref&gt; Marci Antonii in Asia erat et [[Denarius|denarios]] [[Aureus|aureosque]]&lt;ref&gt;E. Babelon, ''Description historique et chronologique des monnaies de la République romaine,'' 1885 : Gellia 7-8. Crawford, ''Roman Republican coinage'', 517/8.&lt;/ref&gt; cudendos curavit, ex una parte capite Marci Antonii, ex altera capite Octaviani notatos.

Anno 36 a.C.n. consulatum a [[Triumviratus|triumviris]] designatus cum Marco Cocceio Nerva gessit. [[Actiaca Pugna|Actiaca pugna]] dextrae parti classis Marci Antonii praeerat&lt;ref&gt;[[Plutarchus]] 65-66. [[Velleius Paterculus|Velleius]] II,85.&lt;/ref&gt;. Nec quicquam de eo postea accepimus, e quo colligi solet sive in ipsa pugna sive paulo post Gellium obiisse.

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Fontes ==
*[[Dio Cassius]] libro XLVII ''[[Historia Romana (Dio)|Historiae Romanae]]'' cap. 24.
* [[Plutarchus]], &quot;[[Vita Marci Antonii (Plutarchus)|Vita Marci Antonii]]&quot; 65-66
*[[Velleius Paterculus]], libro secundo ''Historiae Romanae'', cap. 85.
* [[Titus Livius]], ''Periochae'' 122.
* [[Valerius Maximus]], libro quinto ''Factorum dictorumque memorabilium'', 9,1.

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Marie-Claire Ferriès, ''[https://books.openedition.org/ausonius/4514 Les partisans d'Antoine  : des orphelins de César aux complices de Cléopâtre]''. Burdigalae : Ausonius, 2007 : [https://books.openedition.org/ausonius/4586#anchor-toc-1-76 413-414].    ISBN 2-910023-83-4 
* François Hinard (1985), ''Les proscriptions de la Rome républicaine''. Romae: École française de Rome. ISBN 2-7283-0094-1 (''Collection de l'École française de Rome'', 83) : 470-471 [http://www.persee.fr/web/ouvrages/home/prescript/monographie/efr_0000-0000_1985_ths_83_1 Hic legere potes]

{{Lifetime|saeculo 1 a.C.n.|saeculo 1 a.C.n.|Gellius Publicola, Lucius}}
[[Categoria:Consules]]
[[Categoria:Participes Belli Civilis (44-30 a.C.n.)]]</text>
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      <text bytes="4392" sha1="sch0e9vxvbqfhbab8wg7uonh00x351h" xml:space="preserve">'''Lucius Gellius Publicola''' erat vir Romanus [[Senatus Romanus|senatorii ordinis]] qui bellis civilibus primum, fortasse ob familiares necessitudines magis quam ex firmo consilio, [[Marcus Iunius Brutus|Brutum]] [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Cassiumque]] secutus est, post [[Proelium iuxta Philippos commissum|Philippensem pugnam]] ad [[Marcus Antonius|Marcum Antonium]] transiit, cuius fidelis fautor usque ad mortem mansit. [[Consul|Consulatum]] anno [[36 a.C.n.]] cum [[Marcus Cocceius Nerva (consul 36 a.C.n.)|Marco Cocceio Nerva]] gessit.
==De genere et vita privata==
Lucius Gellius filius adoptivus [[Lucius Gellius Publicola (cos. 72 a.C.n.)|consulis eiusdem nominis anni 72 a.C.n.]], frater uterinus (ambos Palla vel Polla quaedam peperit) [[Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus (consul 31 a.C.n.)|Marci Messallae Corvini]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Dio Cassius]] 47.24.&lt;/ref&gt; vulgo existimatur. Ipse Semproniam sororem Lucii Sempronii Atratini, Marci Antonii familiaris, uxorem duxit.

Multa nefanda facta de eo circumferebantur. Ab ipso patre stuprum cum noverca commisisse atque sibi insidias parasse accusatus, senatoribus consilio adhibitis absolutus est&lt;ref&gt;[[Valerius Maximus]] V,9,1.&lt;/ref&gt;. Poeta [[Catullus]] quoque eum incesti insimulat atque ob amatoriam rivalitatem contumeliosis conviciis in ''Carminibus'' suis&lt;ref&gt;Carmina 74, 80, 88-91.&lt;/ref&gt; onerat : nam Gellius adulescens [[Clodia (Metelli uxor)|Clodiam]], sororem [[Publius Clodius Pulcher|Publii Clodii Puchri]], adamasse videtur. Contra [[Horatius]] in ''Sermonibus''&lt;ref&gt;I.10.85.&lt;/ref&gt; Messallae fratrem honorifice memorat.

==De cursu honorum==
Annis 43/42 a.C.n. cum fratre [[Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus (consul 31 a.C.n.)|Marco Messalla]] in Bruti Cassique castris erat. Tum [[Dio Cassius]]&lt;ref&gt;47.24. Cf [[Titus Livius]], ''Per''. 122.&lt;/ref&gt; refert Lucium Gellium primo Marco Bruto insidias parasse qui ei deprehenso ignovit fratris Messallae gratia, ac deinde etiam Gaio Cassio cui ipsa mater, Palla nomine, indicium fecit, salutem filii prius pacta. Potest fieri ut ita in gratiam cum [[Triumviratus|triumviris]] redire temptaverit quorum [[Proscriptio|proscriptionem]] timebat&lt;ref&gt;Nisi tamen illi rumores ab Octaviani fautoribus amici Marci Antoni detrectandi causa divulgabantur.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Certe iam anno 41 a.C.n. ''quaestor pro praetore''&lt;ref&gt;Ita hodie legi solent litterae QP in nummis. At olim ''quaestor provincialis'' a quibusdam ( E. Babelon) legebantur. Nec lectio hodierna omni dubitatione vacat.&lt;/ref&gt; Marci Antonii in Asia erat et [[Denarius|denarios]] [[Aureus|aureosque]]&lt;ref&gt;E. Babelon, ''Description historique et chronologique des monnaies de la République romaine,'' 1885 : Gellia 7-8. Crawford, ''Roman Republican coinage'', 517/8.&lt;/ref&gt; cudendos curavit, ex una parte capite Marci Antonii, ex altera capite Octaviani notatos.

Anno 36 a.C.n. consulatum a [[Triumviratus|triumviris]] designatus cum Marco Cocceio Nerva gessit. [[Actiaca Pugna|Actiaca pugna]] dextrae parti classis Marci Antonii praeerat&lt;ref&gt;[[Plutarchus]] 65-66. [[Velleius Paterculus|Velleius]] II,85.&lt;/ref&gt;. Nec quicquam de eo postea accepimus, e quo colligi solet sive in ipsa pugna sive paulo post Gellium obiisse.

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Fontes ==
*[[Dio Cassius]] libro XLVII ''[[Historia Romana (Dio)|Historiae Romanae]]'' cap. 24.
* [[Plutarchus]], &quot;[[Vita Marci Antonii (Plutarchus)|Vita Marci Antonii]]&quot; 65-66
*[[Velleius Paterculus]], libro secundo ''Historiae Romanae'', cap. 85.
* [[Titus Livius]], ''Periochae'' 122.
* [[Valerius Maximus]], libro quinto ''Factorum dictorumque memorabilium'', 9,1.

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Marie-Claire Ferriès, ''[https://books.openedition.org/ausonius/4514 Les partisans d'Antoine  : des orphelins de César aux complices de Cléopâtre]''. Burdigalae : Ausonius, 2007 : [https://books.openedition.org/ausonius/4586#anchor-toc-1-76 413-414].    ISBN 2-910023-83-4 
* François Hinard (1985), ''Les proscriptions de la Rome républicaine''. Romae: École française de Rome. ISBN 2-7283-0094-1 (''Collection de l'École française de Rome'', 83) : 470-471 [http://www.persee.fr/web/ouvrages/home/prescript/monographie/efr_0000-0000_1985_ths_83_1 Hic legere potes]

{{Lifetime|saeculo 1 a.C.n.|saeculo 1 a.C.n.|Gellius Publicola, Lucius}}
[[Categoria:Consules]]
[[Categoria:Participes Belli Civilis (44-30 a.C.n.)]]
[[Categoria:Gens Gellia]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Fluvius Richelaeus</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: -[[Categoria:Quebecum]]; +[[Categoria:Flumina Quebeci]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="3810" sha1="i6fp7aqlx05jdsthd78oyra113rh78m" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Richelieu River at Saint-Marc-sur-Richelieu.JPG|thumb|Fluvius Richelaeus ad Sanctum-Marcum-super-Richelaeum.]]
'''Fluvius Richelaeus'''&lt;ref&gt;C****, M. L. [[1731]]. ''Dictionarium universale Latino-Gallicum: universali dictionario Gallico-Latino relativum ac plane conciliatum.'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=sc1ZAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=RA1-PA126&amp;lpg=RA1-PA126&amp;dq=Fluvius+Richelaeus&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=fDfRsBCW4R&amp;sig=bZzGbKDet1AZNUJZ_Fk6vrEB07M&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwinspGRwazRAhXiqlQKHRmHBu0Q6AEIKDAD#v=onepage&amp;q=Fluvius%20Richelaeus&amp;f=false Pagina 126.] Cum ''Dictionnaire universel François et Latin, vulgairement appellé dictionnaire de Trevoux'' (Lutetiae: Pierre-François Giffart, ed. nova, 1732) conglutinatum.&lt;/ref&gt; fontem habet in [[Lacus Camplenius|Lacu Camplenio]], ex quo ad [[septentrio]]nes in [[Quebecum|provincia Quebeco]] [[Canada]]e fluit atque in [[Flumen Sancti Laurentii]] defluit. Olim appellabatur '''Fluvius Iroquesius'''&lt;ref&gt;Cf. [[Foedus Iroquesiorum|de nomine]].&lt;/ref&gt; et '''Fluvius Cambliensis.'''{{dubsig}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://grandquebec.com/histoire/ Historia Quebeci.]&lt;/ref&gt; Hic amnis erat iter [[transportatio]]nis [[aqua]]tilis magni momenti [[commercium|commercii]] trans fines inter Canadam et [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitates Foederatas]] usque ad medium [[saeculum 19|saeculum undevicensimum]], cum [[ferrivia]]e advenirent.

Propter eius locum apportunum inter [[Nova Francia|Novam Franciam]] et [[Nova Anglia|Novam Angliam]], nonnulla munimenta militaria secundum amnem exstructa sunt. Fluvius pro magno itinere nonnullarum expeditionum militarium erat, locusque nonnullorum proeliorum a [[saeculum 17|saeculo septimo decimo]] exeunte ad [[saeculum 18|saeculum duodevicensimum]] iniens, primum inter Francicos et Iroquenses, tum inter Francicos et Anglicos per administrationem Novae Franciae, et ad ultimum, post [[1760]], inter Anglicos et [[Tredecim Coloniae|Americanos Coloniarum Tredecim]].
[[Fasciculus:Acipenser fulvescens GLERL.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|''[[Acipenser brevirostrum]],'' unus e [[pisces|piscibus]] in fluvio captatorum.]]
[[Fasciculus:Champlainmap.svg|thumb|Tabula [[regio]]nis&lt;!--?watershed--&gt; [[Lacus Camplenius|Lacus Camplenii]] et Fluvii Richelaeui.]]
[[Fasciculus:Richelieu River in late summer.jpg|thumb|Despectus in partem Fluvii Richelaei ex Monte Sancti Hilarii.]]

[[Iacobus Cartier]] ostium Fluvii Richelaei per eius alterum iter in [[Nova Francia]] invenit. [[Explorator]] autem [[Samuel Camplenius]] amnem nominavit ex [[Armandus Ioannes Plessaeus Richelaeus|Armando Cardinale Richelaeo]] (1585–1642), [[civilitas|viro regni administrandi perito]] Francico.

Fluvius [[lingua Abenaki|Abenakice]] appellabatur Masoliantekw '[[aqua]] ubi multus [[cibus]] reperitur'.&lt;ref&gt;[http://grandquebec.com/eaux-du-quebec/histoire-richelieu/ De maiore Quebeco.]&lt;/ref&gt; [[Colonia|Coloniá]] nuper deducta, coloni amnem Fluvium Iroquesium{{dubsig}} appellabat, et nonnulla diaria et tabulae fluvium inferiorem Fluvium Sorelianum appellabant, ex [[Petrus Sorelius|Petro Sorelio]], primo regionis ''seigneur.''

{{NexInt}}
*[[Canalis Cambliensis]]
*[[Castellum Richelaeum]]
*[[Flumen Missisquoiense]]
*[[Sinus Missisquoiensis]]&lt;!--
*[[Rivière-aux-Brochets Ecological Reserve]]
*[[Ile aux Noix]]--&gt;

==Notae==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|Richelieu River|Fluvium Richelaeus}}

{{coord|46|02|49|N|73|07|12|W|region:CA-QC_type:waterbody_source:kolossus-cawiki|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Richelaeus, fluvius}}
[[Categoria:Systema Sancti Laurentii fluminis]]
&lt;!--melius:Tributaries of the Saint Lawrence River--&gt;
[[Categoria:Flumina Montis Viridis]]
[[Categoria:Flumina Novi Eboraci]]
[[Categoria:Flumina Quebeci]]
&lt;!--
[[Categoria:Rivers of Montérégie]]
[[Category:Canada–United States border]]--&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lacus Vinnipega</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: −[[Categoria:Lacus Canadae]]; ±[[Categoria:Manitoba]]→[[Categoria:Lacus Manitobae]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="4373" sha1="skxctl9k3ahxxwnd36492ushrigymxd" xml:space="preserve">{{videdis|Vinnipega (discretiva)}}[[Fasciculus:Lake Winnipeg map.png|thumb|[[Tabula geographica|Tabula]] bathymetrica [[regio]]nis Lacus Winnipeg.]]
'''Lacus Vinnipega'''&lt;ref&gt;Vide originem nominis in commentario de [[Vinnipega]].&lt;/ref&gt; seu '''Lacus Winnipeg'''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Narratio exstat de Indianis in vicinia lacus Winnipeg&quot; {{Google Books|v27RgTSn5ScC|p. 162}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Anglice ''Lake Winnipeg''&amp;thinsp;; [[Francogallice]] ''Lac Winnipeg''), est magnus sed tenuis [[lacus]] [[aqua dulcis|aquae dulcis]], fere 24&amp;thinsp;514 [[chiliometrum quadratum|chiliometrorum quadratorum]], in [[Manitoba]] [[provinciae et territoria Canadae|provincia]] [[Canada]]e in media [[America Septentrionalis|America Septentrionali]] situs, cuius [[litus]] [[meridies|meridianus]] circa 55 [[chiliometrum|chiliometra]] ad [[septentrio]]nes [[Vinnipega]]e [[urbs|urbis]] patet. Qui est maximus lacus intra fines Canadae meridianae.

[[Fasciculus:NASA Lake Winnipeg.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Imago [[NASA]] [[regio]]nis Lacus Vinnipegae.]]
Flumina [[Saskatchewan (flumen)|Saskatchewan]], [[Flumen Rubrum (Canada)|Rubrum]] et [[Vinnipega (flumen)|Vinnipega]] in lacum se effundunt; e [[Lacus Winnipegosis|lacu Winnipegosi]] [[flumen Rallorum]] (''rivière de la Poule d'Eau'') per [[lacus Rallorum|lacum eiusdem nominis]] in [[lacus Manitobae|lacum Manitobae]] aquam fert et inde per [[flumen Vadi Securi]] (''Fairford'') et [[lacus Sancti Martini|lacum sancti Martini]] in [[flumen Delphini]] aqua fluit, quod in Vinnipegam se effundit. [[Nelson (flumen)|Nelson]] flumen e lacu oriens in [[sinus Hudsonius|sinum Hudsonium]] aquas Vinnipegae fert.

Lacus Vinnipega et lacus proximi reliquiae sunt lacus praehistorici [[Agassiz (lacus)|Agassiz]], quem [[Aevum glaciale|glaciarium]] recedens alebat; ante 10 vel 12 milia annorum aquae Agassiz per flumen Nelson novum demissae sunt.

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Canadian Action Party. [[2006]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211127094013/http://www.canadianactionparty.ca/cgi/page.cgi?aid=374&amp;_id=128&amp;zine=show Canadian action party release Devils Lake ruling.]
*Casey, A. [[2006]]. Forgotten Lake. ''Canadian Geographic'' 126 (6): 62–78.
*Chliboyko, J. [[2003]]. Trouble flows north. ''Canadian Geographic'' 123 (6): 23.
*Daily Commercial News and Construction Record. [[2003]]. Ottawa asked to help block water diversion project: Devils Lake outlet recommended by U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 76 (198): 3.
*Economist. [[2005]]. Devil down south. ''Economist'' 376(8435): 34.
*GreenPeace. [[2008]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100219002054/http://blogs.greenpeace.ca/wp-content/photos/algae_bloom_on_Lake_Winnipeg.jpg Algae bloom on Lake Winnipeg.] 26 Maii.
*Sexton, B. [[2006]]. Wastes control: Manitoba demands more scrutiny of North Dakota’s water diversion scheme. ''Outdoor Canada'' 34 (1): 32.
*Warrington, P. [[2001]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170118102301/http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/wat/wq/reference/cyanophytes.html Aquatic pathogens: cyanophytes.]
*Welch, M. A. [[2008]]. Winnipeg’s algae invasion was forewarned more than 30 years ago. ''The Canadian Press.''
*Macleans. [[2004]]. What ails Lake Winnipeg. ''Mcleans'' 117 (24): 38.
*Wilderness Committee. [[2008]] [http://www.wildernesscommittee.org/campaigns/communities/toxins/reports/Vol27No01/images/01_slimy_wave.jpg Turning the tide on Lake Winnipeg and our health.]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|Lake Winnipeg|Lacum Vinnipegam}}
{{fontes geographici}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110822095416/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&amp;Params=A1ARTA0008645 ''The Canadian Encyclopedia.'']
*[http://www.lakewinnipegresearch.org ''Lake Winnipeg Research Consortium.'']
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20180411094751/http://www.gov.mb.ca/waterstewardship/water_quality/lake_winnipeg/index.html Manitoba Water Stewardship - Lake Winnipeg.]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150207055057/http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~gmccullo/LWsat.htm Imagines ex satellite.]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120628214729/http://www.saillakewinnipeg.com/ Sail Lake Winnipeg.]

{{coord|52|7|N|97|15|W|type:waterbody_region:CA_scale:2500000|display=title}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Vinnipega, lacus}}

[[Categoria:Systema Nelsonis fluminis]]
[[Categoria:Lacus Manitobae]]

{{Myrias|Geographia}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lex Manilia</title>
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      <text bytes="1873" sha1="gx8z70ad4sfopcaig85bkryaiwm5daw" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Pompey the Great.jpg|thumb|Effigies Pompei]]

'''Lex Manilia''' suadente tribuno plebis Gaius Manilius anno [[66 a.C.n.|66]] p.C.n. lata est in concilio plebis [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Gnaeum Pompeium]] ''imperio extraordinario ''instruxit, ut [[Mithridates VI (rex Ponti)|Mithridatem VI]] atque [[Tigranes Magnus|Tigranem II]] subiceret. Proposito etiam [[Marcus Tullius Cicero]] favuisse ex oratione eius ''Pro lege Manilia'' vel ''De imperio Cn. Pompei ''intellegimus''.''

[[Bella Mithridatica|Tertium bellum Mithridaticum]] etiamsi iam anno 74 a.C.n. [[Lucius Licinius Lucullus]] bene ac feliciter gesserat tamen superiore anno seditione militum facta imperio depulsus atque in patriam revocatus erat, quo facto Romani multas clades acceperunt. Manilius itaque summum imperii Pompeio qui paucis mensibus ante bellum contra pirates prospere in Cilicia concludit tramandari. 

Nihilominus &lt;span&gt;de &lt;/span&gt;''lege Manilia ''senatores vario adsensu diu ambiguerunt. Invectus est in propositionem exempli gratia [[Quintus Hortensius Hortalus]] hac sententia: &quot; si uni omnia tribuenda sint, dignissimum esse Pompeium, sed ad unum tamen omnia deferri non oportere“.&lt;ref&gt;Cicero: ''De imperio Cn. Pompei (De lege Manilia).'' 52.&lt;/ref&gt; Pristini moris maiorum causa senatum uno tot imperia, tot milites fidere, ut iam pellendorum piratarum causa fecerat  ([[Lex Gabinia]]) aegre tulit.

Quod demum senatui lex placuit infirmitati rei publicae antiqui status obsolescentiaeque institutionum eius dari  potest.&lt;ref&gt;Plutarchus: ''Vitae parallelae, Pompeius.'' 30.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
* [[Marcus Tullius Cicero]]: ''De imperio Cn. Pompei (De lege Manilia).''
* [[Plutarchus|P]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;lutarchus: ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vitae parallelae, Pompeius]]'' 30.


[[Categoria:66 a.C.n.]]
[[Categoria:Leges Romanae|Manilia]]</text>
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'''Lex Manilia''' suadente [[Tribunus plebis|tribuno plebis]] Gaio Manilio anno [[66 a.C.n.|66]] p.C.n.  in concilio plebis lata [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Gnaeum Pompeium]] ''imperio extraordinario ''instruxit, ut [[Mithridates VI (rex Ponti)|Mithridatem VI]] atque [[Tigranes Magnus|Tigranem II]] subiceret. Huic proposito etiam [[Marcus Tullius Cicero]] favisse ex oratione eius ''Pro lege Manilia'' vel ''[[De imperio Cn. Pompei]]'' certiores fimus.

[[Bella Mithridatica|Tertium bellum Mithridaticum]] etiamsi iam anno 74 a.C.n. [[Lucius Licinius Lucullus]] bene ac feliciter gesserat tamen superiore anno seditione militum facta imperio depulsus atque in patriam revocatus erat, quo facto Romani multas clades acceperunt. Manilius itaque summum imperii Pompeio qui paucis mensibus ante bellum contra pirates prospere in Cilicia concludit tramandari. 

Nihilominus &lt;span&gt;de &lt;/span&gt;''lege Manilia ''senatores vario adsensu diu ambiguerunt. Invectus est in propositionem exempli gratia [[Quintus Hortensius Hortalus]] hac sententia: &quot; si uni omnia tribuenda sint, dignissimum esse Pompeium, sed ad unum tamen omnia deferri non oportere“.&lt;ref&gt;Cicero: ''De imperio Cn. Pompei (De lege Manilia).'' 52.&lt;/ref&gt; Pristini moris maiorum causa senatum uno tot imperia, tot milites fidere, ut iam pellendorum piratarum causa fecerat  ([[Lex Gabinia]]) aegre tulit.

Quod demum senatui lex placuit infirmitati rei publicae antiqui status obsolescentiaeque institutionum eius dari  potest.&lt;ref&gt;Plutarchus: ''Vitae parallelae, Pompeius.'' 30.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
* [[Marcus Tullius Cicero]]: ''De imperio Cn. Pompei (De lege Manilia).''
* [[Plutarchus|P]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;lutarchus: ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vitae parallelae, Pompeius]]'' 30.


[[Categoria:66 a.C.n.]]
[[Categoria:Leges Romanae|Manilia]]</text>
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      <text bytes="1902" sha1="df06edpel2dfl91atlagctlmziwfjnq" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Pompey the Great.jpg|thumb|Effigies Pompei]]

'''Lex Manilia''' suadente [[Tribunus plebis|tribuno plebis]] Gaio Manilio anno [[66 a.C.n.|66]] p.C.n.  in concilio plebis lata [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Gnaeum Pompeium]] ''imperio extraordinario ''instruxit, ut [[Mithridates VI (rex Ponti)|Mithridatem VI]] atque [[Tigranes Magnus|Tigranem II]] subiceret. Huic proposito etiam [[Marcus Tullius Cicero]] favisse ex oratione eius ''Pro lege Manilia'' vel ''[[De imperio Cn. Pompei]]'' certiores fimus.

[[Bella Mithridatica|Tertium bellum Mithridaticum]] etiamsi iam anno 74 a.C.n. [[Lucius Licinius Lucullus]] bene ac feliciter gesserat tamen superiore anno seditione militum facta imperio depulsus atque in patriam revocatus erat, quo facto Romani multas clades acceperunt. Manilius itaque summum imperii Pompeio qui paucis mensibus ante bellum contra [[Pirata|piratas]] prospere in [[Cilicia]] terminaverat. 

Nihilominus &lt;span&gt;de &lt;/span&gt;''lege Manilia ''senatores vario adsensu diu ambiguerunt. Invectus est in propositionem exempli gratia [[Quintus Hortensius Hortalus]] hac sententia: &quot; si uni omnia tribuenda sint, dignissimum esse Pompeium, sed ad unum tamen omnia deferri non oportere“.&lt;ref&gt;Cicero: ''De imperio Cn. Pompei (De lege Manilia).'' 52.&lt;/ref&gt; Pristini moris maiorum causa senatum uno tot imperia, tot milites fidere, ut iam pellendorum piratarum causa fecerat  ([[Lex Gabinia]]) aegre tulit.

Quod demum senatui lex placuit infirmitati rei publicae antiqui status obsolescentiaeque institutionum eius dari  potest.&lt;ref&gt;Plutarchus: ''Vitae parallelae, Pompeius.'' 30.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
* [[Marcus Tullius Cicero]]: ''De imperio Cn. Pompei (De lege Manilia).''
* [[Plutarchus|P]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;lutarchus: ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vitae parallelae, Pompeius]]'' 30.


[[Categoria:66 a.C.n.]]
[[Categoria:Leges Romanae|Manilia]]</text>
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      <text bytes="1920" sha1="4qew4kphf4x3gpt88aqkr8cril4jh59" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Pompey the Great.jpg|thumb|Effigies Pompei]]

'''Lex Manilia''' suadente [[Tribunus plebis|tribuno plebis]] Gaio Manilio anno [[66 a.C.n.|66]] p.C.n.  in concilio plebis lata [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Gnaeum Pompeium]] ''imperio extraordinario ''instruxit, ut [[Mithridates VI (rex Ponti)|Mithridatem VI]] atque [[Tigranes Magnus|Tigranem II]] subiceret. Huic proposito etiam [[Marcus Tullius Cicero]] favisse ex oratione eius ''Pro lege Manilia'' vel ''[[De imperio Cn. Pompei]]'' certiores fimus.

[[Bella Mithridatica|Tertium bellum Mithridaticum]] etiamsi iam anno 74 a.C.n. [[Lucius Licinius Lucullus]] bene ac feliciter gesserat tamen superiore anno seditione militum facta imperio depulsus atque in patriam revocatus erat, quo facto Romani multas clades acceperunt. Manilius itaque summum imperii Pompeio qui paucis mensibus ante bellum contra [[Pirata|piratas]] prospere in [[Cilicia]] terminaverat. 

Nihilominus &lt;span&gt;de &lt;/span&gt;''lege Manilia ''[[Senatus Romanus|senatores]] vario adsensu diu ambiguerunt. Invectus est in propositionem exempli gratia [[Quintus Hortensius Hortalus]] hac sententia: &quot; si uni omnia tribuenda sint, dignissimum esse Pompeium, sed ad unum tamen omnia deferri non oportere“.&lt;ref&gt;Cicero: ''De imperio Cn. Pompei (De lege Manilia).'' 52.&lt;/ref&gt; Pristini moris maiorum causa senatus uni homini tot imperia, tot milites fidere, ut iam pellendorum piratarum causa fecerat  ([[Lex Gabinia]]) aegre tulit.

Quod demum senatui lex placuit infirmitati rei publicae  statuique antiquo obsoleto institutorum tribuere licet.&lt;ref&gt;Plutarchus: ''Vitae parallelae, Pompeius.'' 30.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
* [[Marcus Tullius Cicero]]: ''De imperio Cn. Pompei (De lege Manilia).''
* [[Plutarchus|P]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;lutarchus: ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vitae parallelae, Pompeius]]'' 30.


[[Categoria:66 a.C.n.]]
[[Categoria:Leges Romanae|Manilia]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gradus ad Parnassum</title>
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      <comment>{{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}}</comment>
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      <text bytes="2258" sha1="53fcsjv3i3y2lbzi4d9m4jrz7e116vn" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
[[Fasciculus:GradusAdParnassum pagina.jpg|thumb|''Gradus ad Parnassum'' ab Iesuita anonymo Londinii 1720 editi pagina]]

{{ores|Gradus ad Parnassum}} lexicon est, quod [[versus]] Latinos componere iuvat. Non solum quantiatem omnium [[syllaba]]rum cuiusque vocabuli indicat, sed etiam [[Synonymia|synonyma]] collegit et sententias vel versus totos cum hoc vocabulo ex omnibus poetas sumptos citat. ''Gradus ad Parnassum'' [[Paulus Aler|Pauli Aleri]], [[Colonia Agrippina|Coloniae Agrippinae]] anno 1687 editus, primus celeber factus est et multas editiones habuit. Aler in libro suo ''Synonymorum et Epithetorum Thesauro''&lt;ref&gt;Synonymorum et epithetorum thesaurus ex omnibus probatis poetis... excerptus... ab uno e Societate Jesu P. Chastillon. - Supplementum verborum quae in hoc opere desiderantur... 1652.&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Lutetia]]e anno 1652 edito, usus est&lt;ref&gt;A. de Baecker, ''Publications de la Compagnie de Jésus (Somervogel)'', Vol. I (1890), col. 164–166.&lt;/ref&gt;. Post ''Gradum'' Aleri alii permulti libri huius generis editi sunt. 

Anno 1725 [[Ioannes Iosephus Fux]] edidit suum ''Gradum ad Parnassum sive Manuductionem ad compositionem musicae regularem'', non ad versus, sed ad musicam componendam utilem. Post ''Gradum'' Ioannis Fux nonnulla opera musica hoc nomen ceperunt. 

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Nexus interni==
* [[Eureka]]

==Nexus externi==
* [https://books.google.ru/books?id=i4NEAAAAcAAJ ''Gradus ad Parnassum''] Pauli Aleri.
* [https://archive.org/details/gradusadparnass00sintgoog/page/n4 ''Gradus ad Parnassum''] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Carolus Henricus Sintenis|Caroli Henrici Sintenis|d|qid=Q4420436}}, pars prior; [https://archive.org/details/gradusadparnass01sintgoog/page/n4 pars posterior].
* [https://archive.org/details/gradusadparnass01sintgoog/page/n4 ''Gradus ad Parnassum''] Iesuiticum anonymum.
* [https://archive.org/details/gradusadparnass00conrgoog/page/n2 ''Gradus ad Parnassum''] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Iulius Conrad|Iulii Conrad|d|qid=Q21544258}}.
* [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=PrVCAAAAcAAJ ''Gradus ad Parnassum''] Ioannis Iosephi Fux.

[[Categoria:Lexica]]
[[Categoria:Dictionaria]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae recentioris aevi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ernestus Araújo</title>
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      <text bytes="4309" sha1="9d2i7xb90f203lo7e1o0wmwedvniafm" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}
{{res|Ernestus Araújo}}, vulgo plene ''Ernesto Henrique Fraga Araújo'' (ad [[Portus Alacer (Brasilia)|Portum Alacrem]] natus die [[15 Maii]] [[1967]]), est legatus et politicus [[Brasilia]]e. 

[[Philologia]]e apud [[universitas Brasiliensis|universitatem Brasiliensem]] studuit. Apud [[ministerium rerum externarum Brasiliense|ministerium rerum externarum]] ab anno [[1991]] operam dabat, praecipue de rebus {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Mercatus communis australis||en|qid=Q4264}} agens, nonnumquam [[Bruxellae|Bruxellis]] et [[Berolinum|Berolini]] ad coniunctiones Europaeas favendas morans. Ab anno [[2007]] usque in [[2010]] [[Ottavia]]e missus est iuxta regimen [[Canada|Canadense]]. A praeside futuro [[Iairus Bolsonaro|Iairo Bolsonaro]] selectus, a die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[2019]] usque in [[29 Martii]] [[2021]] minister a rebus externis meruit. Senatoribus postulantibus demissum esse dicitur ut qui &quot;ad marginem bonae diplomatiae veritatisque rerum gestarum respectusque institutionum&quot; viveret,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://oglobo.globo.com/politica/katia-abreu-rebate-ernesto-araujo-brasil-nao-pode-mais-ter-face-de-um-marginal-1-24945460 Kátia Abreu rebate Ernesto Araújo: 'Brasil não pode mais ter a face de um marginal']&quot; in ''O globo'' (28 Martii 2021)&lt;/ref&gt; qui &quot;psychopathus, vagabundus, falsiloquus&quot; esset.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://ultimosegundo.ig.com.br/politica/2021-03-29/ernesto-araujo-e-alvo-em-grupo-de-senadores---psicopata--vagabundo-e-mentiroso-.html Ernesto Araújo é alvo em grupo de senadores: &quot;psicopata, vagabundo e mentiroso&quot;]&quot; (29 Martii 2021) apud ''Ultimo segundo''&lt;/ref&gt;

Librum carminum [[mythistoria]]sque tres edidit.

== Scripta ==
; Litterae 
* 1985 : ''Ocidente'' (&quot;Occidens&quot;, carmina)
* 1998: ''A Porta de Mogar ''. ISBN 9788529501741 (mythistoria)
* 1999: ''Xarab Fica''. ISBN 9788529500096 (mythistoria)
* 2001: ''Quatro 3''. ISBN 8529500164 (mythistoria)

; Res politicae
* 1996 (cum Sérgio Augusto de Abreu, Lima Florêncio Sobrinho) : ''Mercosul hoje''. Editora Alfa Omega.
* 2007: ''[http://funag.gov.br/loja/download/0080-O_Mercosul_negociacoes_extra_regionais.pdf O Mercosul: negociações extra-regionais]''. Brasíliopoli: Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão
* 2017: &quot;Trump e o Ocidente&quot; in ''Cadernos de Política Exterior'' vol. 3 nº 6 (Decembri 2017)

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Ricardo Balthazar, &quot;[https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/ilustrissima/2018/12/ernesto-araujo-foi-de-diplomata-discreto-a-critico-ferrenho-do-marxismo.shtml Ernesto Araújo foi de diplomata discreto a crítico ferrenho do marxismo]&quot; in ''Folha de S. Paulo'' (16 Decembris 2018) (placitis [[Olavus de Carvalho|Olai de Carvalho]] recitatis)
* Fernando Cesarotti, &quot;[https://www.vice.com/pt_br/article/xwjknz/ernesto-araujo-o-diplomata-que-leva-ideias-de-comentarista-de-portal-ao-itamaraty Ernesto Araújo: o diplomata que leva ideias de comentarista de portal ao Itamaraty] {{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&quot; e serie &quot;[https://www.vice.com/pt_br/topic/a-banca-de-bolsonaro A banca de Bolsonaro: quem são e o que pensam os ministros escolhidos pelo presidente eleito]&quot; (Novembri/Decembri 2018) apud ''Vice.com''
* João Paulo Charleaux, &quot;[https://www.nexojornal.com.br/expresso/2018/11/27/Como-o-chanceler-de-Bolsonaro-defendia-o-governo-Lula-em-2008 Como o chanceler de Bolsonaro defendia o governo Lula em 2008]&quot; in ''Nexo'' (27 Novembris 2018)
* Ricardo della Coletta, &quot;[https://brasil.elpais.com/brasil/2018/11/14/politica/1542224082_262753.html Ernesto Araújo, o chanceler contra o “marxismo cultural” que mira Trump]&quot; in ''El País'' (15 Novembris 2018)
* Miriam Gomes Saraiva, &quot;[https://www.redalyc.org/journal/358/35872854010/ South America at the core of Brazilian foreign policy during Bolsonaro’s administration (2019-2022)]&quot; in ''Revista brasileira de política internacional'' (2022)

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://www.brazilcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/6-Itamaraty-2.pdf Vita brevis] apud ''Brazil-U.S. Business Council''

{{Ministri rerum externarum Brasilienses}}

{{Lifetime|1967||Araujo, Ernesto}}
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    <title>Historia Peruviae</title>
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      <text bytes="23652" sha1="o8a9vurn83eyz7s328i5mr0cq1ogv0e" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Inca_Expansion.svg|thumb|Expansio regionum Incarum, [[1438]]–[[1533]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Sunset across Machu Picchu.jpg|thumb|Despectus in [[Machu Picchu]], coloniam ab Incis exstructam.]]
[[Fasciculus:La Independencia del Perú.jpg|thumb|[[Iosephus Sancti Martini|Iosephus de San Martín]] [[libertas|libertatem]] Peruvianam [[Lima]]e die [[28 Iulii]] [[1821]] pronuntiat. [[Pictura]] [[Ioannes Lepiani|Ioannis Lepiani]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Batalla en guerra del Pacifico (1879-1883).png|thumb|Expeditio Sierra, per Bellum Pacificum, 1882–1883. [[Pictura]] Ludovici Ferdinandi Rojas.]]
[[Fasciculus:Borders Chile 1879 and 2006 SP.png|thumb|Terrae a [[Tsilia]] Bello Pacifico captae.]]

{{res|Historia Peruviae}] quattuor [[millennium|millennia]] comprehendit, quae per nonnulla [[evolutio culturalis|evolutionis culturalis]] tempora in [[mons|montanis]] [[Andes|Andium]] [[regio]]ne [[lacus|lacubusque]] retro extenditur. E [[Peruvia]] orti sunt [[Cultus Caralensis]], veterrima [[civilizatio]] in [[America]] et una e sex veterrimis [[tellus|orbis terrarum]] [[cultura|culturis]] notis, atque [[Imperium Incarum]], maxima et provectissima [[civitas sui iuris]] in [[America praecolumbiana]]. Quod [[imperium]] vicissim ab [[Imperium Hispanicum|Imperio Hispanico]] [[saeculum 16|saeculo sexto decimo]] victa est, [[Viceregnum Peruvianum|viceregnum]] constituens ut plurimo suae dicionis in [[America Australis|America Australi]] imperaret. [[Civitas (ius civium)|Cives]] autem [[libertas|libertatem]] ab [[Hispania]] anno [[1821]] declaraverunt, sed [[res publica|rem publicam]] stabilierunt solum [[Proelium Ayacuchense|proelio Ayacuchensi]] confecto, tres annos post.

== Peruvia antiqua ==
Prima humanae praesentiae indicia in terra Peruviana a fere anno [[9000 a.C.n.]] originem trahunt. [[Caral Civilizatio|Civilizatio Caralensis]], antiquissima nota [[societas humana|societas]] multiplex in Peruvia et quidem in [[America]], iuxta [[Oceanus Pacificus|Oceanum Pacificum]] inter annos 3000 et 1800 a.C.n. [[floruit]]. Has primas [[evolutio culturalis|evolutiones]] [[archaeologia|archaeologicae]] [[cultura]]e secutae sunt, inter quas [[Chavin]]ensis, [[Cultura Paracarum|Paracensis]], [[Cultura Mochica|Mochica]], [[Cultura Nazcae|Nazcensis]], [[Tihuanacum|Tihuanaca]], [[Cultura Huariensis|Huariensis]], et [[Cultura Chimuensis|Chimuensis]] ([[Hispanice]] ''Chavín, Paracas, Moche, Nazca, Tihuanaco, Huari,'' et ''Chimú,'' proprie) excellunt. Hae gentes faciebant opera ex [[aurum|auro]] et [[argentum|argento]]. Postea in dominationem Imperii Incarum veniebant.

== Imperium Incarum ==
{{Vide-etiam|Imperium Incarum}}
[[Saeculum 15|Saeculo quinto decimo]], [[Imperium Incarum|Incae]] velut potens imperium emersere, antequam Hispanii id ceperunt. Creaverunt maximum imperium in [[America Meridionalis|America Meridionali]] [[America praecolumbiana|Praecolumbiana]]. Caput Imperium Incarum fuit [[Cuscum]]. Imperium Incarum [[Tahuantisuiu]] ([[linguá Quechua]] ''Tawantinsuyu'') nuncupatur. Sua territoria fuerunt [[Aequatoria]], [[Columbia]], [[Chilia]], [[Argentina]], [[Bolivia]], et pars Amazonii Nemi. Imperium Incarum divisum est in dominia [[Hispanice]] ''señoríos''), cum societate divisa etiam in classibus. Imperator titulum [[Sapa Inca|Sapae Incae]] habebat.

Nomen ''Incae'' significat 'dei in Terra'. [[Sacsayhuaman]] fuit sedes imperii [[Cuscum|Cusci]]. [[Tahuantinsuiu]] divisum est in [[suiu]]a (districtus): [[Chinchasuiu]], [[Antisuiu]], [[Contisuiu]], et [[Collasuiu]]. [[Lingua Quechica|Quechica]] fuit lingua imperii.

[[Andes|Antisenses]] societates in [[agricultura]] fundabantur, technicis velut [[irrigatio]]nis et [[aggestus|aggestis]] utentes; [[Camelidae|camelidarum]] [[ctenotrophia]] et piscatus quoque ponderis erant. Structura socialis [[reciprocitas|reciprocitate]] et [[redistributio]]ne nitebatur, quia hae societates nullam [[mercatus]] aut pecuniae notionem habebant.

=== Viceregnum Peruvianum ===
{{Vide-etiam|Viceregnum Peruvianum}}
Anno [[1532]], [[Conquisitatores Hispani|conquisitatorum]] circulus a [[Franciscus Pizardus|Francisco Pizardo]] ductus {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Atabalipa|Atabalipam|es|qid=Q179577}} [[Imperium Incarum|imperatorem Incarum]] vicit et cepit.&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20220721030306/https://historiahoy.com.ar/encuentro-cajamarca-pizarro-captura-atahualpa-n1371/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.deperu.com/calendario/1484/captura-del-inca-atahualpa-en-cajamarca&lt;/ref&gt; Pizardus [[aurum]] et [[argentum]] pro liberatione Incae poposcit, et quamquam ille auri plenum conclave et duo conclavia argenti usque ad attigendorum Atabalipae bracchiorum accepit, hic [[poena capitalis|supplicio affectus est]], Pizardusque [[Tahuantisuiu]] cepit, et [[Hispania|Hispanicum]] dominium imposuit. Decem annos postea, rex Hispanicus Viceregnum Peruvianum statuit, omnes [[colonia]]s [[America Australis|Austramericanas]] comprehendens. Vicerex [[Franciscus Toletanus]] ad novam rationem nationem annis a [[1570]] ad [[1579]], cum argentariis velut praecipua oeconomica activitate{{dubsig}} et cum [[Amerindi]]s sicut prima [[mita|vi laborali]] redegit. Peruvianum aurum argentumque infectum reditus Coronae Hispanicae suppeditavit et complexam reticulationem [[commercium|commercialem]] quae ex [[Europa]] in [[Philippinae|Philippinas]] patuit propulit. Attamen, [[saeculum 18|saeculo duodevicensimo]], deflorescens argenti productio et oeconomica diversificatio regales reditus valde deminuit. Velut responsum, rex [[Reformationes Burbonicae|Reformationes Burbonicas]], edictorum seriem quae vectigalia auxerunt et Viceregnum Peruvianum sciderunt, tulit. Novae [[lex|leges]] [[Tupacus Amarus|Tupaci Amari]] rebellionem et alias seditiones provocavere, quae omnes victae sunt.

=== Res publica Peruviae ===
[[Fasciculus:Angamos.jpg|thumb|[[Proelium Angamense]] ([[Hispanice]]: ''Batalla de Angamos''), decretorium proelium per [[bellum Pacifici]].]]
Ineunte [[saeculum 19|saeculo XIX]], dum maxima Americae Meridionalis pars [[bella libertatis Americae Hispanicae|bellis libertatis]] convolvebatur, Peruvia arcem regalisticam mansit. Quia electa hominum manus inter libertatem et fidelitatem Hispanicae Monarchiae dubitabat, die [[28 Iulii]] [[1821]], [[libertas|libertatem]] adsecuta est post militares [[Iosephus Sancti Martini|Iosephi Sancti Martini]] et [[Simon Bolívar|Simonis Bolívar]] expeditiones. Per ineuntes Reipublicae annos, endemicae pugnae pro potestate inter militares ductores politicam instabiliatem attulere. Nationalis identitas per hanc periodon procusa est, ubi Bolivariana proposita velut [[Congressus Panamae|Confoederatio Americae Latinae]] defecerunt et [[Confoederatio Peruviano-Boliviana|unio cum Bolivia]] evanida monstrata est. Inter annos fere a [[1840]] ad [[1870]] Peruvia [[Aera Guani (Peruvia)|stabilitatis perihodo]] fructa est, praeside [[Ramón Castilla|Raimundo Castilla]], per quo civitas suos reditus ob [[guanum|guani]] exportationem auxit. Nihilominus, per annos a [[1870]] ad [[1880]], hae opes absumptae erant, civitati multa debita erant, politicaeque pugnae denuo surrexerunt.

Peruvia a [[Chilia|Chiliensibus]] inter annos [[1879]] et [[1883]] in [[bellum Pacifici|bello Pacifici]] victa est, ubi [[Provincia Arica|Aricae]] et [[Regio Tarapacensis|Tarapăcae]] provincias in [[Foedus Anconense|Foederibus Anconensi]] [[Foedus Limae|Limensique]] foederibus perdidit. Intestinas pugnas post bellum stabilitatis periodon sub [[Factio Civilis (Peruvia)|Factione Civili]] ([[Hispanice]] ''Partido Civil'') sequebatur, quae usque ad [[Augustus B. Leguía y Salcedo|Augusti B. Leguía y Salcedo]] auctoritarii regiminis adventum duravit. [[Depressio oeconomica magna|Depressio magna]] Augusti Leguía lapsum, renovatam politicam turbam et [[foedus populare revolutionarium Americanum]] (Hispanice ''Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana'') fecit. Certamen inter hanc societatem et electae hominum manus militaremque coalitionem Peruvianam civilitatem per proxima tria decennia  definivit.

Anno [[1968]] vires armatae, ab [[Ioannes Velasco Alvarado|Ioanne Velasco Alvarado]] generali ductae, [[subitanea rerum conversio|subitaneam conversionem]] contra praesidem [[Fernandus Belaúnde Terry|Fernandum Belaúnde Terry]] perfecerunt. Novum regimen novarum rerum reformationes suscepit, quarum proposita evolutioni fovere erant, sed consequendo amplo favore cecidit. Anno [[1975]], Ioannes Velasco coacte a Generali [[Franciscus Morales Bermúdez|Francisco Morales Bermúdez]] dismissus est, qui reformationes debilitaverat et democraticae restitutioni praesiderat.

Per annos a [[1980]] ad [[1990]], Peruvia magnum debitum externum, [[inflatio]]nem semper crescentem, medicamentorum negotii furtivi apparitionem, et [[Conflictus intestinus Peruvianus|massivam politicam violentiam]] oppetebat. Fere 70&amp;thinsp;000 hominum per conflictum inter civitatis vires et [[Maoismus|Maoisticos]] [[Semita Luminosa|Semitae Luminosae]] ([[Hispanice]] ''Sendero Luminoso'') bellatores clandestinos perierunt. Inter annos [[1990]] et [[2000]], praeside [[Albertus Fujimori|Alberto Fujimori]], respublica recuperari coepit; nihilominus, [[auctoritarismus|auctoritarismi]], corruptionis, humanorum iurum violationum accusationes eius abdicationem post controversa [[Comitia Generalia Peruviana (2000)|anni 2000 comitia]] coegit. E Fujimoriani regiminis fine, Peruvia contra corruptionem pugnare conata est, interea oeconomico incremento servando; ex anno [[2006]], praeses est [[Alanus Garcia Perez|Alanus García Pérez]] a die [[28 Iulii]] [[2011]] [[Ollanta Humala]].

{{NexInt}}
*[[Historia Americae]]
*[[Historia Americae Australis]]
*[[Historia Americae Latinae]]
*[[Franciscus Pizardus]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliographia==
===Generalia===
* Dobyns, Henry F., et Paul L. Doughty. [[1976]]. ''Peru: A cultural history.'' Novi Eboraci: Oxford University Press.
* Higgins, James. [[1987]]. ''A History of Peruvian literature.'' Francis Cairns.
* Higgins, James. [[2006]]. ''Historia de la literatura peruana.'' Limae: Universidad Ricardo Palma, Editorial Universitaria. ISBN 9972236129, ISBN 9789972236129.
* Werlich, David P. [[1978]]. ''Peru: a short history.'' Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. ISBN 0809308304.

===Victoria===
* Cieza de León, Pedro de. [[1998]]. ''The Discovery and Conquest of Peru: Chronicles of the New World Encounter.'' Ed. et conversus ab Alexandra Parma Cook et David Noble Cook. Durham: Duke University Press.
* Hemming, John. [[1970]]. ''The Conquest of the Incas.'' Novi Eboraci: Harcourt Brace Janovich.
* Lockhart, James. [[1972]]. ''The Men of Cajamarca; a social and biographical study of the first conquerors of Peru.'' Austin: Institute of Latin American Studies, University of Texas Press.
* Yupanqui, Titu Cusi. [[2005]]. ''An Inca Account of the Conquest of Peru.'' Conv. Ralph Bauer. Boulder: University Press of Colorado.

===Aetas colonica===
* Andrien, Kenneth J. [[1985]]. ''Crisis and Decline: The Viceroyalty of Peru in the Seventeenth Century.'' Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
* Andrien, Kenneth J. [[2001]]. ''Andean Worlds: Indigenous History, Culture, and Consciousness under Spanish Rule, 1532–1825.'' Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
* Bakewell, Peter J. [[1988]]. ''Silver and Entrepreneurship in Seventeenth-Century Potosí: The Life and times of Antonio López de Quiroga.'' Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
* Baker, Geoffrey. [[2008]]. ''Imposing Harmony: Music and Society in Colonial Cuzco''. Durham: Duke University Press.
* Bowser, Frederick P. [[1973]]. ''The African Slave in Colonial Peru, 1524–1650.'' Stanfordiae: Stanford University Press.
* Bradley, Peter T. [[1989]]. ''The Lure of Peru: Maritime Intrusion into the South Sea, 1598–1701.'' Novi Eboraci: St. Martin's Press.
* Bradley, Peter T. [[1992]]. ''Society, Economy, and Defence in Seventeenth-Century Peru: The Administration of the Count of Alba de Liste (1655–61).'' Liverpoliae: Institute of Latin American Studies, University of Liverpool.
* Burns, Kathryn. [[1999]]. ''Colonial Habits: Convents and the Spiritual Economy of Cuzco, Peru.''
* Cahill, David. [[2002]]. ''From Rebellion to Independence in the Andes: Soundings from Southern Peru, 1750–1830.'' Amstelodami: Aksant.
* Chambers, Sarah C. [[1999]]. ''From Subjects to Citizens: Honor, Gender, and Politics in Arequipa, Peru, 1780–1854.'' University Park: Penn State Press.
* Charnay, Paul. [[2001]]. ''Indian Society in the Valley of Lima, Peru, 1532–1824.'' Blue Ridge Summit: University Press of America.
* Dean, Carolyn. [[1999]]. ''Inka Bodies and the Body of Christ: Corpus Christi in Colonial Cuzco, Peru.'' Durham: Duke University Press.
* Fisher, John. [[2003]]. ''Bourbon Peru, 1750–1824.'' Liverpoliae: Liverpool University Press.
* Fisher, John R., Allan J. Kuethe, et Anthony McFarlane, eds. [[2003]]. ''Reform and Insurrection in Bourbon New Granada and Peru.'' Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.
* Garrett, David T. [[2005]]. ''Shadows of Empire: The Indian Nobility of Cusco, 1750–1825.'' Novi Eboraci: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 052184634X.
* Griffiths, Nicholas. [[1996]]. ''The Cross and the Serpent: Religious Repression and Resurgence in Colonial Peru.'' Normanniae: University of Oklahoma Press.
* Hyland, Sabine. [[2003]]. ''The Jesuit and the Incas: The Extraordinary Life of Padre Blas Valera, S.J.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
* Jacobsen, Nils. [[1996]]. ''Mirages of Transition: The Peruvian Altiplano, 1780–1930.'' Berkeleiae: University of California Press. ISBN 0520079388. ISBN 0520082915.
* Lamana, Gonzalo. [[2008]]. ''Domination Without Dominance: Inca-Spanish Relations in Early Colonial Peru.'' Durham: Duke University Press.
* Lockhart, James. [[1968]]. ''Spanish Peru, 1532–1560: A Social History.''
* MacCormack, Sabine. [[1991]]. ''Religion in the Andes: Vision and Imagination in Colonial Peru.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press.
* Mangan, Jane E. [[2005]]. ''Trading Roles: Gender, Ethnicity, and the Urban Economy in Colonial Potosí.'' Durham: Duke University Press.
* Marks, Patricia. [[2007]]. ''Deconstructing Legitimacy: Viceroys, Merchants, and the Military in Late Colonial Peru.'' University Park: Penn State Press.
* Means, Philip Ainsworth. (1933) [[1964]]. ''Fall of the Inca Empire and the Spanish Rule in Peru: 1530–1780.'' Novi Eboraci: Gordian Press.
* Miller, Robert Ryal, ed. [[1975]]. ''Chronicle of Colonial Lima: The Diary of Joseph and Francisco Mugaburu, 1640–1697.'' Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
* Mills, Kenneth. [[1997]]. ''Idolatry and Its Enemies: Colonial Andean Religion and Extirpation, 1640–1750.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press.
* Osorio, Alejandra B. [[2008]]. ''Inventing Lima: Baroque Modernity in Peru's South Sea Metropolis.'' Novi Eboraci: Palgrave.
* Poma de Ayala, Felipe Guaman. [[2009]]. ''The First New Chronicle and Good Government: On the History of the World and the Incas up to 1615.'' Ed. et conv. Roland Hamilton. Austin: University of Texas Press.
* Porras Barrenechea, Raúl. [[2016]]. ''El nombre del Perú.'' Limae: Lápix editores. ISBN 9786124722110.
* Premo, Bianca. [[2005]]. ''Children of the Father King: Youth, Authority, and Legal Minority in Colonial Lima.'' Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
* Ramírez, Susan Elizabeth. [[1996]]. ''The World Turned Upside Down: Cross-Cultural Contact and Conflict in Sixteenth-Century Peru.'' Stanfordiae: Stanford University Press.
* Serulnikov, Sergio. [[2003]]. ''Subverting Colonial Authority: Challenges to Spanish Rule in Eighteenth-Century Southern Andes.'' Durham: Duke University Press.
* Spalding, Karen. [[1984]]. ''Huarochirí: An Andean Society Under Inca and Spanish Rule.'' Stanfordiae: Stanford University Press.
* Stavig, Ward. [[1999]]. ''The World of Tupac Amaru: Conflict, Community, and Identity in Colonial Peru.'' Lincolniae: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0803242719, ISBN 0803292554.
* Tandeter, Enrique. [[1993]]. ''Coercion and Market: Silver Mining in Colonial Potosí, 1692–1826.'' Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
* TePaske, John J., ed. et conv. [[1978]]. ''Discourse and Political Reflections on the Kingdom of Peru by Jorge Juan and Antonio Ulloa.'' Normanniae: University of Oklahoma Press.
* Thomson, Sinclair. [[2003]]. ''We Alone Will Rule: Native Andean Politics in the Age of Insurgency.'' Madisoniae: University of Wisconsin Press.
* Van Deusen, Nancy E. [[2001]]. ''Between the Sacred and the Worldly: the Institutional and Cultural Practice of Recogimiento in Colonial Lima.'' Stanfordiae: Stanford University Press.
* Varón Gabai, Rafael. [[1997]]. ''Francisco Pizarro and His Brothers: The Illusion of Power in Sixteenth-Century Peru.'' Conv. Javier Flores Espinosa. Normanniae: University of Oklahoma Press.
* Walker, Charles F. [[2008]]. ''Shaky Colonialism: The 1746 Earthquake-Tsunami in Lima, Peru, and Its Long Aftermath.'' Stay.
* Wightman, Ann M. [[1990]]. ''Indigenous Migration and Social Change: The Forasteros of Cuzco, 1570–1720.'' Durham: Duke University Press.

===Aetas post libertatem assecutam===
* Blanchard, Peter. [[1992]]. ''Slavery and Abolition in Early Republican Peru.'' Vilmingtoniae: Scholarly Resources.
* Bonilla, Heraclio. [[178]]. The War of the Pacific and the national and colonial problem in Peru. ''Past &amp; Present'' 81 (1): 92–118.
* Cueto, Marcos. [[2001]]. ''The return of epidemics: health and society in Peru during the twentieth century.'' Ashgate.
* Hünefeldt, Christine. [[194]]. ''Paying the Price of Freedom: Family and Labor Among Lima's Slaves, 1800–1854.'' Conv. Alexandra Minna Stern. Berkeleiae et Angelopoli: University of California Press.
* Kenney, Charles Dennison. [[2004]]. ''Fujimori's coup and the breakdown of democracy in Latin America.'' University of Notre Dame Press.
* Larson, Brooke. [[2004]]. ''Trials of Nation Making: Liberalism, Race, and Ethnicity in the Andes, 1810–1910.'' Novi Eboraci: Cambridge University Press.
* Méndez G., Cecilia. [[2005]]. ''The plebeian republic: the Huanta rebellion and the making of the Peruvian state, 1820–1850.'' Durham: Duke University Press.
* Miller, Rory. [[1987]]. ''Region and Class in Modern Peruvian History.'' Liverpoliae: Institute of Latin American Studies, Unhiversity of Liverpool
* Pike, Frederick B. [[1967]]. ''The Modern History of Peru.'' Londii: Weidenfeld &amp; Nicolson.
*Starn, Orin. [[1995]]. Maoism in the Andes: The Communist Party of Peru-Shining Path and the refusal of history. ''Journal of Latin American Studies'' 27 (2): 399–421.
* Walker, Charles F. [[1999]]. ''Smoldering Ashes: Cuzco and the Creation of Republican Peru, 1780–1840.'' Durham: Duke University Press.

===Historica oeconomica et laboris===
* De Secada, C. Alexander G. [[1985]]. Arms, guano, and shipping: the WR Grace interests in Peru, 1865–1885. ''Business History Review'' 59 (4): 597–621.
* Drake, Paul. [[1994]]. International Crises and Popular Movements in Latin America: Chile and Peru from the Great Depression to the Cold War. In ''Latin America in the 1940s,'' ed. David Rock, 109-140. Berkeleiae et Angelopoli: University of California Press.
* Gootenberg, Paul. [[1989]]. ''Between silver and guano: commercial policy and the state in postindependence Peru.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press.
* Gootenberg, Paul. [[2008]]. ''Andean cocaine: the making of a global drug.'' Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.*Greenhill, Robert G., et Rory M. Miller. [[1973]]. The Peruvian Government and the nitrate trade, 1873–1879. ''Journal of Latin American Studies'' 5(1): 107–131.
* Keith, Robert G. [[1979]]. ''Conquest and Agrarian Change: The Emergence of the Hacienda System on the Peruvian Coast.'' Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674162935.
* Peloso, Vincent C. [[1999]]. ''Peasants on Plantations: Subaltern Strategies of Labor and Resistance in the Pisco Valley, Peru.'' Duke University Press.
* Purser, Michael, et W. F. C. Purser. [[1971]]. ''Metal-mining in Peru, past and present.'' Novi Eboraci: Praeger Publishers.
* Quiroz, Alfonso W. [[1993]]. ''Domestic and foreign finance in modern Peru, 1850–1950: financing visions of development.'' Pittsburgi: University of Pittsburgh Press.
* Stewart, Watt. [[1946]]. ''Henry Meiggs: Yankee Pizarro.'' Durham Carolinae Septentrionalis: Duke University Press.

===Fontes primarii===
*Higgins, James, ed. [[2014]]. [https://sites.google.com/site/jhemanperu ''The Emancipation of Peru: British Eyewitness Accounts.'']

===Historiographia===
*Bonilla, Heraclio. [[1981]]. The New Profile of Peruvian History. ''Latin American Research Review'' 16(3): 210–24. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2502930 JSTOR.]
*Fryer, Darcy R. [[2015]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150923205837/http://www.common-place.org/vol-15/no-02/school/#.VP9lmV17Rk0 A Taste of Spanish America: Reading Suggestions for Teachers of Colonial North America.] ''Common-Place'' 15(2).
*Heilman, Jaymie Patricia. [[2011]]. From the Inca to the Bourbons: New writings on pre-colonial and colonial Peru. ''Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History'' 12(3). [[doi:10.1353/cch.2011.0030]].
*Restall, Matthew. [[2003]]. ''Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195160770.
*Thurner, Mark. [[2010]]. ''History's Peru: The Poetics of Colonial and Postcolonial Historiography.'' Gainesville: University Press of Florida [https://muse.jhu.edu/book/17492 Textus interretialis.]

==Nexus externi==
*[http://www.machupicchu.info De Machu Picchu: data, photographemata, tabulae.]
*[https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35762.htm De Peruvia.] US State Department Background Note.
*[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Peru.htm &quot;World Statesmen.&quot;]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061203004240/http://skylightpictures.com/film/site/film_detail/state_of_fear/ ''State of Fear.''] [[Pellicula documentaria]] de bellum contra terrorem.
*[http://www.wdl.org/en/item/235 ''An Account of a Voyage up the River de la Plata, and Thence over Land to Peru: With Observations on the Inhabitants, as Well as Indians and Spaniards, the Cities, Commerce, Fertility, and Riches of That Part of America'']{{Nexus deficit|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (1698).

==Pinacotheca==
&lt;gallery&gt;
PeruCaral01.jpg|[[Pyramis|Pyramides]] [[Cultus Caralensis]] in Supe, [[vallis|valle]] arida, 20 fere [[chiliometrum|chiliometra]] a [[litus|litore]] [[Oceanus Pacificus|Pacifico]].
Chavinmuseolarco.jpg|Diadema [[aurum|aureum]] [[Cultura Chavín|culturae Chavinensis]]&lt;!-- [[Cultural periods of Peru|Formative Epoch]]--&gt;, annis [[1200 a.C.n.|1200]]-[[300 a.C.n.]] [[Museum Larco]] Limae.
Líneas de Nazca, Nazca, Perú, 2015-07-29, DD 55.JPG|''[[Vultur gryphus]]'' [[lineae Nazcenses|lineis Nazcensibus]] a [[cultura Nazcensis|cultura Nazcensi]] factus.
Condormuseolarco.jpg|[[Cultura Mochensis]] [[fictilia]] notabilia produxit, hic  ''[[Vultur gryphus|Vulturem gryphum]] anno [[300]] fere.
Ruinas-soloco chachapoyas amazonas peru.jpg|Moenia arcis Soloco [[cultura Chachapoyas|culturae Chachapoyas]].
Piquillacta Archaeological site - street.jpg|Sedes administrationis Pikillaqta, a [[cultura Wari]]ensi [[Cuschum|Cusci]] in loco.
Vasija chimú caballito de totora (M. América 10788) 01.jpg|Vas [[Chimú]] [[piscator]]em in [[caballitos de totora]] ([[1100]]–[[1400]]) repraesentans.
Map_of_Wari_and_Tiawaku.svg|[[Tiuanacu]] et [[cultura Wariensis culture]] ad culmen circa annum [[950]].
&lt;/gallery&gt;

[[Categoria:Historia Peruviae| ]]
{{Myrias|Historia}}</text>
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    <title>Ars infirmariorum</title>
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      <text bytes="1656" sha1="g014g10xv36esbtmwrrbsvgzkqnk0lq" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:British woman tending to a baby.jpg|thumb|[[Nosocomus|Nosocoma]] Britannica [[infans|infantem]] curans.]]

{{res|Ars infirmariorum}}{{convertimus}} est professio systematis sanitarii, quae ad [[homo|hominis]], [[familia]]e, cogitoris et [[communitas|communitatis]] curam spectat. Homines eius [[nosocomus]] vel nosocoma sive [[Nosocomus|infirmarius]] vocantur.

[[Scientia]] huius rei cognoscendi curandique est [[scientia infirmariorum]].

=== Specialitates {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Infirmarius practicae clinicae|infirmarii practicae clinicae|en|qid=Q595071}} ===
* Ars infirmariorum de salute mentali et psychiatria
* Ars infirmariorum de salute materna et obstetricia et gynaecologia
* Ars infirmariorum de salute familiari
* Ars infirmariorum de salute physica et rehabilitatione (subspecialitates: cardiovascolaris, neurologica, respiratoria et musculosceletica)
* Ars infirmariorum de salute infantili et paediatria
* Ars infirmariorum de salute publica
* Ars infirmariorum de salute occupationali
* Ars infirmariorum forense
* Ars infirmariorum de dermatologia
* Ars infirmariorum de neurologia
* Ars infirmariorum de anaesthesiologia
* Ars infirmariorum de oncologia
* Ars infirmariorum de geriatria
* Ars infirmariorum palliativa
* Ars infirmariorum intensiva et critica
et caetera

{{NexInt}}
* [[Nosocomus]]
* [[Obstetricia]]
* [[Dies internationalis infirmariorum]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* ''Intl'. council of nurses'': [https://www.icn.ch/nursing-policy/nursing-definitions Definitiones infirmeriae]

[[Categoria:Ars infirmariorum|!]]
[[Categoria:Nosocomia]]

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    <title>Index communium Luxemburgi</title>
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      <text bytes="10564" sha1="68mq7pk1d25x4l2iymfea7wa5xpqh4h" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Groothertogdom LuxemburgGemeenten2.png|thumb|Tabula communium Luxemburgi]]
Hic est '''index centum duorum communium [[Luxemburgum|Luxemburgi]]'''.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160912150215/http://www.statistiques.public.lu/stat/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=12861&amp;IF_Language=fra&amp;MainTheme=2&amp;FldrName=1 Population par canton et commune] apud [https://web.archive.org/web/20041124084115/http://www.statistiques.public.lu/ STATEC], 1 Ianuarii 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Luxemburgice
!Francogallice
!Theodisce
!Latine
!Numerus incolarum
!Canto
|-
|[[Ärenzdall]]
|Vallée de l'Ernz
|Ernztalgemeinde
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:2641}}
|[[Dikrech]]
|-
|[[Bäerdref]]
|Berdorf
|Berdorf
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:1794}}
|[[Iechternach]]
|-
|[[Bartreng]]
|Bertrange
|Bartringen
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:8282}}
|[[Lëtzebuerg]]
|-
|[[Bauschelt]]
|Boulaide
|Bauschleiden
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:1307}}
|[[Wolz]]
|-
|[[Bech]]
|Bech
|Bech
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:1259}}
|[[Iechternach]]
|-
|[[Beefort]]
|Beaufort
|Befort
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:2802}}
|[[Iechternach]]
|-
|[[Beetebuerg]]
|Bettembourg
|Bettemburg
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:11197}}
|[[Esch-Uelzecht]]
|-
|Bettenduerf
|Bettendorf
|Bettendorf
|Bettonis Villa&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&amp;cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&amp;lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:2857}}
|[[Dikrech]]
|-
|[[Betzder]]
|Betzdorf
|Betzdorf
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:4002}}
|[[Gréiwemaacher]]
|-
|[[Biekerech]]
|Beckerich
|Beckerich
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:2619}}
|[[Réiden]]
|-
|[[Biissen]]
|Bissen
|Bissen
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:3183}}
|[[Miersch]]
|-
|[[Biwer]]
|Biwer
|Biwer
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:1861}}
|[[Gréiwemaacher]]
|-
|[[Buerschent]]
|Bourscheid
|Burscheid
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:1725}}
|[[Dikrech]]
|-
|[[Bus]]
|Bous
|Bous
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:1652}}
|[[Réimech]]
|-
|[[Déifferdeng]]
|Differdange
|Differdingen
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:26796}}
|[[Esch-Uelzecht]]
|-
|[[Diddeleng]]
|Dudelange
|Düdelingen
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:21087}}
|[[Esch-Uelzecht]]
|-
|[[Dikrech]]
|Diekirch
|Diekirch
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:6988}}
|[[Dikrech]]
|-
|[[Dippech]]
|Dippach
|Dippach
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:4333}}
|[[Kapellen]]
|-
|[[Duelem]]
|Dalheim
|Dalheim
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:2325}}
|[[Réimech]]
|-
|[[Ell]]
|Ell
|Ell
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:1350}}
|[[Réiden]]
|-
|[[Ëlwen]]
|Troisvierges
|Ulflingen
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:3201}}
|[[Klierf]]
|-
|[[Esch-Sauer]]
|Esch-sur-Sûre
|Esch-Sauer
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:2715}}
|[[Wolz]]
|-
|[[Esch-Uelzecht]]
|Esch-sur-Alzette
|Esch an der Alzette
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:35382}}
|[[Esch-Uelzecht]]
|-
|[[Ettelbréck]]
|Ettelbruck
|Ettelbrück
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:8926}}
|[[Dikrech]]
|-
|[[Feelen]]
|Feulen
|Feulen
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:2164}}
|[[Dikrech]]
|-
|[[Fëschbech]]
|Fischbach
|Fischbach
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:1239}}
|[[Miersch]]
|-
|[[Fiels]]
|Larochette
|Fels
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:2152}}
|[[Miersch]]
|-
|[[Fluessweller]]
|Flaxweiler
|Flaxweiler
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:2145}}
|[[Gréiwemaacher]]
|-
|[[Fréiseng]]
|Frisange
|Frisingen
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:4682}}
|[[Esch-Uelzecht]]
|-
|[[Garnech]]
|Garnich
|Garnich
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:2167}}
|[[Kapellen]]
|-
|[[Géisdref]]
|Goesdorf
|Goesdorf
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:1542}}
|[[Wolz]]
|-
|[[Gréiwemaacher]]
|Grevenmacher
|Grevenmacher
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:4904}}
|[[Gréiwemaacher]]
|-
|[[Groussbus]]
|Grosbous
|Grosbous
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:1089}}
|[[Réiden]]
|-
|[[Habscht]]
|Habscht
|Heffingen
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:4528}}
|[[Kapellen]]
|-
|[[Helperknapp]]
|Helperknapp
|Helperknapp
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:4241}}
|[[Miersch]]
|-
|[[Hesper]]
|Hesperange
|Hesperingen
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:15479}}
|[[Lëtzebuerg]]
|-
|[[Hiefenech]]
|Heffingen
|Heffingen
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:1468}}
|[[Miersch]]
|-
|[[Iechternach]]
|Echternach
|Echternach
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:5618}}
|[[Iechternach]]
|-
|[[Ierpeldeng]]
|Erpeldange
|Erpeldingen an der Sauer
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:2406}}
|[[Dikrech]]
|-
|[[Jonglënster]]
|Junglinster
|Junglinster
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:7802}}
|[[Gréiwemaacher]]
|-
|[[Käerch]]
|Koerich
|Koerich
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:2591}}
|[[Kapellen]]
|-
|[[Käerjeng]]
|Käerjeng
|Käerjeng
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:10409}}
|[[Kapellen]]
|-
|[[Keel]]
|Kayl
|Kayl
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:9315}}
|[[Esch-Uelzecht]]
|-
|[[Kielen]]
|Kehlen
|Kehlen
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:6143}}
|[[Kapellen]]
|-
|[[Kiischpelt]]
|Kiischpelt
|Kiischpelt
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:1201}}
|[[Wolz]]
|-
|[[Klierf]]
|Clervaux
|Clerf
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:5340}}
|[[Klierf]]
|-
|[[Kolmer-Bierg]]
|Colmar-Berg
|Colmar-Berg
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:2187}}
|[[Miersch]]
|-
|[[Konsdref]]
|Consdorf
|Consdorf
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:2024}}
|[[Iechternach]]
|-
|[[Konter]]
|Contern
|Contern
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:3865}}
|[[Lëtzebuerg]]
|-
|[[Koplescht]]
|Kopstal
|Kopstal
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:3884}}
|[[Kapellen]]
|-
|[[Leideleng]]
|Leudelange
|Leudelingen
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:2668}}
|[[Esch-Uelzecht]]
|-
|[[Lenneng]]
|Lenningen
|Lenningen
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:1941}}
|[[Réimech]]
|-
|[[Lëntgen]]
|Lintgen
|Lintgen
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:3108}}
|[[Miersch]]
|-
|[[Luxemburgum (urbs)|Lëtzebuerg]]
|Luxembourg
|Luxemburg
|[[Luxemburgum (urbs)|Luxemburgum]]
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:119215}}
|[[Lëtzebuerg]]
|-
|[[Luerenzweiler]]
|Lorentzweiler
|Lorentzweiler
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:4083}}
|[[Miersch]]
|-
|[[Mäertert]]
|Mertert
|Mertert
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:4563}}
|[[Gréiwemaacher]]
|-
|[[Mäerzeg]]
|Mertzig
|Mertzig
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:2251}}
|[[Dikrech]]
|-
|[[Mamer]]
|Mamer
|Mamer
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:9730}}
|[[Kapellen]]
|-
|[[Manternach]]
|Manternach
|Manternach
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:2163}}
|[[Gréiwemaacher]]
|-
|[[Miersch]]
|Mersch
|Mersch
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:9643}}
|[[Miersch]]
|-
|[[Monnerech]]
|Mondercange
|Monnerich
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:6959}}
|[[Esch-Uelzecht]]
|-
|[[Munneref]]
|Mondorf-les-Bains
|Bad Mondorf
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:5273}}
|[[Réimech]]
|-
|[[Nidderaanwen]]
|Niederanven
|Niederanven
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:6222}}
|[[Lëtzebuerg]]
|-
|[[Noumer]]
|Nommern
|Nommern
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:1421}}
|[[Miersch]]
|-
|[[Parc Housen]]
|Parc Hosingen
|Parc Hosingen
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:3591}}
|[[Klierf]]
|-
|[[Péiteng]]
|Pétange
|Petingen
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:19154}}
|[[Esch-Uelzecht]]
|-
|[[Pëtscht]]
|Putscheid
|Putscheid
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:1125}}
|[[Veianen]]
|-
|[[Préizerdaul]]
|Préizerdaul
|Préizerdaul
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:1703}}
|[[Réiden]]
|-
|[[Rammerech]]
|Rambrouch
|Rambruch
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:4419}}
|[[Réiden]]
|-
|[[Recken op der Mess]]
|Reckange-sur-Mess
|Reckingen/Mess
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:2511}}
|[[Esch-Uelzecht]]
|-
|[[Réiden]]
|Redange
|Redingen
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:2843}}
|[[Réiden]]
|-
|[[Réimech]]
|Remich
|Remich
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:3707}}
|[[Réimech]]
|-
|[[Reisduerf]]
|Reisdorf
|Reisdorf
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:1234}}
|[[Dikrech]]
|-
|[[Réiser]]
|Roeser
|Roeser
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:6459}}
|[[Esch-Uelzecht]]
|-
|[[Rëmeleng]]
|Rumelange
|Rümelingen
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:5608}}
|[[Esch-Uelzecht]]
|-
|[[Rouspert-Mompech]]
|Rosport-Mompach
|Rosport-Mompach
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:3644}}
|[[Iechternach]]
|-
|[[Sandweiler]]
|Sandweiler
|Sandweiler
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:3676}}
|[[Lëtzebuerg]]
|-
|[[Schëffleng]]
|Schifflange
|Schifflingen
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:11180}}
|[[Esch-Uelzecht]]
|-
|[[Schengen]]
|Schengen
|Schengen
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:4833}}
|[[Réimech]]
|-
|[[Schëtter]]
|Schuttrange
|Schüttringen
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:4166}}
|[[Lëtzebuerg]]
|-
|[[Schieren]]
|Schieren
|Schieren
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:2024}}
|[[Dikrech]]
|-
|[[Sëll]]
|Saeul
|Saeul
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:844}}
|[[Réiden]]
|-
|[[Stadbriedemes]]
|Stadtbredimus
|Stadtbredimus
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:1894}}
|[[Réimech]]
|-
|[[Stauséigemeng]]
|Lac de la Haute-Sûre
|Stauseegemeinde
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:1952}}
|[[Wolz]]
|-
|[[Steesel]]
|Steinsel
|Steinsel
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:5408}}
|[[Lëtzebuerg]]
|-
|[[Stengefort]]
|Steinfort
|Steinfort
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:5281}}
|[[Kapellen]]
|-
|[[Stroossen]]
|Strassen
|Strassen
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:9589}}
|[[Lëtzebuerg]]
|-
|[[Suessem]]
|Sanem
|Sassenheim
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:17277}}
|[[Esch-Uelzecht]]
|-
|[[Tandel]]
|Tandel
|Tandel
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:2083}} 
|[[Veianen]]
|-
|[[Useldeng]]
|Useldange
|Useldingen
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:1900}}
|[[Réiden]]
|-
|[[Veianen]]
|Vianden
|Vianden
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:2080}}
|[[Veianen]]
|-
|[[Viichten]]
|Vichten
|Vichten
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:1309}}
|[[Réiden]]
|-
|[[Wäisswampech]]
|Weiswampach
|Weiswampach
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:1912}}
|[[Klierf]]
|-
|[[Wal]]
|Wahl
|Wahl
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:1020}}
|[[Réiden]]
|-
|[[Waldbëlleg]]
|Waldbillig
|Waldbillig
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:1803}}
|[[Iechternach]]
|-
|[[Waldbriedemes]]
|Waldbredimus
|Waldbredimus
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:1181}}
|[[Réimech]]
|-
|[[Walfer]]
|Walferdange
|Walferdingen
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:8231}}
|[[Lëtzebuerg]]
|-
|[[Wanseler]]
|Winseler
|Winseler
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:1365}}
|[[Wolz]]
|-
|[[Weiler zum Tuerm]]
|Weiler-la-Tour
|Weiler zum Turm
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:2400}}
|[[Lëtzebuerg]]
|-
|[[Wëntger]]
|Wincrange
|Wintger
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:4392}}
|[[Klierf]]
|-
|[[Wolz]]
|Wiltz
|Wiltz
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:7066}}
|[[Wolz]]
|-
|[[Wuermeldeng]]
|Wormeldange 
|Wormeldingen
|
|align=&quot;right&quot; | {{formatnum:2921}} 
|[[Gréiwemaacher]]
|}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Loci habitati Luxemburgi|*]]
[[Categoria:Indices communium et municipiorum|Luxemburgum]]
[[Categoria:Communia|Luxemburgum]]</text>
      <sha1>68mq7pk1d25x4l2iymfea7wa5xpqh4h</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lacus servorum maior</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>284499</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991390</id>
      <parentid>3884674</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T19:40:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: −[[Categoria:Lacus Canadae]]; ±[[Categoria:Territoria septentrio-occidentalia (Canada)]]→[[Categoria:Lacus territoriorum septentrio-occidentalium Canadae]]</comment>
      <origin>3991390</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8816" sha1="jo0d6nwtjsha8u6pewk5dqi57kmx63y" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Canada.A2002160.1920.721.250m.jpg|thumb|Despectus in Maiorem servorum lacum et [[Lacus Athabasca|Lacum Athabascam]]. [[Photographema]] ex satellite [[NASA]] factum.]]
[[Fasciculus:Mackenzie River drainage basin.PNG|thumb|Pelvis exsiccationis [[Flumen Mackenzie|Fluminis Mackenzie]] locum Maioris servorum lacús in Arctica Canadae Occidentalis monstrat.]]
'''Lacus servorum maior'''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;L. Servorum maior&quot;, — {{Creanda|en|Arnold Henry Guyot|Arnoldus Henricus Guyot|Arnoldi Henrici Guyot}} ''De naturali lacuum divisione'', Berolini 1835 {{Google Books|ilMVAAAAQAAJ|p. 34}}; &quot;lacus servorum&quot; sine adiectivo, — {{Creanda|de|Ernst Meyer (Botaniker)|Ernestus Meyer}}, ''De plantis labradoricis libri tres'', Lipsiae 1830 {{Google Books|XhkAAAAAQAAJ|pp. 38, 46, 50, 62, 77}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Anglice]] ''Great Slave Lake,'' [[Francice]] ''Grand lac des Esclaves''&lt;ref&gt;[[Vocabulum]] ex nomine cuiusdam [[tribus|tribús]] [[Indi Americani|Indorum]] venit, qui Slavey appellabantur, una ex tribubus [[Athapaskana]] in ripis meridianis olim habitantibus. [[Explorator]]es [[Francia|Francici]] nomen audiebant ''esclaves'' (Mackenzie 1801: 3).&lt;/ref&gt;), est [[lacus]] secundus a maximo in [[Territoria septentrio-occidentalia (Canada)|Territoriis Septentrio-Occidentalibus]] [[Canada]]e, sub [[Lacus Ursinus magnus|Lacú Ursino magno]], maxime profundus [[corpus aquae]] [[aqua dulcis|dulcis]] in [[America Septentrionalis|America Septentrionali]], 614 [[metrum|metra]] altus, et decimus lacus a maximo in [[mundus|mundo]]. Qui est 469 [[chiliometrum|chiliometra]] longus et a 20 ad 203 chiliometra latus. [[Area (geometria)|Aream]] tegit 27,200 [[chiliometrum quadratum|chiliometrorum quadratorum]] in [[meridies|meridianá]] [[territorium|territorii]] [[regio]]ne. [[Volumen (mensura)|Volumen]] variat a 1070 chiliometris cubicis&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Schertzer | first1 = William M. | last2 = Rouse | first2 = Wayne R. | last3 = Blanken | first3 = Peter D. | last4 = Walker | first4 = Anne E. | date = August 2003 | title = Over-Lake Meteorology and Estimated Bulk Heat Exchange of Great Slave Lake in 1998 and 1999 | journal = Journal of Hydrometeorology | volume = 4 | issue = 4 | pages = 650 | doi = 10.1175/1525-7541(2003)004&lt;0649:OMAEBH&gt;2.0.CO;2 | publisher = American Meteorological Society | bibcode = 2003JHyMe...4..649S | accessdate = 2011-01-21 | url = http://www.colorado.edu/geography/blanken/PDF%20Copies%20of%20my%20papers/Over-lake%20meteorology%20and%20estimated%20bulk%20heat%20exchange%20of%20Great%20Slave%20Lake%20in%201998%20and%201999.pdf | quote = The surface area of Great Slave Lake is 27,200 km2 with a total volume of 1,070 km3 (van der Leeden et al. 1990)}}&lt;/ref&gt; ad 1580 chiliometra cubica et adeo usque ad 2088 chiliometra cubica,&lt;ref name=&quot;worldlake&quot;&gt;[http://www.worldlakes.org/lakedetails.asp?lakeid=8843 Great Slave]&lt;/ref&gt; quá pro causá lacus est decimus aut duodecimus a maximo per volumen patens.

Inter [[oppidum|oppida]] in [[litus|litoribus]] lacús iacentia sunt [[Yellowknife]], [[Hay River (Territoria Septentrio-Occidentalia)|Hay River]], [[Behchokǫ̀]], [[Fort Resolution]], [[Łutselk'e]], [[Hay River Reserve]], [[Dettah]], et [[Ndilǫ]]. Solum [[commune]] in Bracchio Orientali est Łutselk'e, [[vicus]] cui sunt 350 fere homines, plerumque indigenae [[Chipewyan]] Nationis Dene, ac [[Fort Reliance]], castra [[hiems|hiemalia]] et statio [[Societas Sinus Hudsonii|Societatis Sinús Hudsonii]], nunc relicta. Secundum litus meridianum, ad orientem Hay River versus, iacent [[Fodina Pine Point]] (nunc relicta) et [[Pine Point]], oppidum societatis.

==Corpora aquae et tributarii==
[[Flumen Mackenzie|Flumen Mackenzii]] aquas lacus aufert. Inter [[flumen|flumina]] quae in Magnum Servorum Lacum influunt [[modus horologicus|modo horologico]] a [[commune]] [[Behchokǫ̀]] sunt&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Natural Resources Canada-Canadian Geographical Names (Great Slave Lake)
| url = http://www4.rncan.gc.ca/search-place-names/unique/LAJNH 
| accessdate =20 Decembris 2014}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name= &quot;Atlas of Canada&quot;&gt;{{cite web
| title =Atlas of Canada Toporama
| url =http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/toporama/index.html
| accessdate =20 Decembris 2014}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
{{Div col|3}}
*Emile Flumen
*Snare Flumen
*Wecho Flumen
*Stagg Flumen
*[[Yellowknife Flumen]]
*Beaulieu Flumen
*Waldron Flumen
*Hoarfrost Flumen
*[[Lockhart Flumen (Territoria Septentrio-Occidentalia)|Lockhart Flumen]]
*Snowdrift Flumen
*La Loche Flumen
*Thubun Flumen
*Terhul Flumen
*[[Taltson Flumen]]
*[[Flumen Servorum]]
*Little Buffalo Flumen
*Buffalo Flumen
*[[Hay Flumen (Canada)|Hay Flumen]]
*Mosquito Rivus&lt;!--Creek--&gt;
*Duport Flumen
*Marian Lacus
*Bracchium Septentrionale
*Yellowknife Sinus
*Resolution Sinus
*Deep Sinus
*McLeod Sinus
*Christie Sinus
*Sulphur Sinus&lt;!--cove--&gt;
*Presqu'ile Sinus&lt;!--cove--&gt;
*Rocher Flumen
*Frank Canalis
{{div col end}}

==''Ice Lake Rebels''==
[[Animal Planet]], canalis [[televisio|televisificus]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Americanus]], ab anno [[2014]] ad annum [[2016]] seriem [[pellicula documentaria|pellicularum documentariarum]] produxit, ''[[Ice Lake Rebels]]'' appellatam, cuius argumentum in Magno Servorum Lacú fit, et quotidianam sequitur [[vita]]m hominum qui ad lacum [[habitatio|habitant]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Animal Planet (Ice Lake Rebels)&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.animalplanet.com/tv-shows/ice-lake-rebels/ | title=Ice Lake Rebels | accessdate=23 Septembris 2015}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Pinacotheca==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Ice Road on Great Slave Lake 2.jpg|[[Via]] [[glacies|glaciei]] Dettah in Magno Servorum Lacú.
Fasciculus:UtsingiPoint-GreatSlaveLake.JPG|Punctus Utsingi (Bracchium Orientale) in latere orientali propositi [[Vivarium Nationale Thaydene Nene|Viridii Nationalis Thaydene Nene]].
Fasciculus:Great Slave Lake.jpg|Sinus Septentrionalis Magni Servorum Lacús.
Fasciculus:Hey river NWT.jpg|[[Hay Flumen (Canada)|Hay Flumen]], unus ex tributariis Magni Servorum Lacús.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Canada. [[1981]]. ''Sailing directions, Great Slave Lake and Mackenzie River.'' Ottavae: Dept. of Fisheries and Oceans. ISBN 0-660-11022-9.
*Gibson, J. J., T. D. Prowse, et D. L. Peters. [[2006]]. &quot;Partitioning impacts of climate and regulation on water level variability in Great Slave Lake.&quot; ''Journal of Hydrology'' 329 (1): 196.
*Hicks, F., X. Chen, et D. Andres. [[1995]]. &quot;Effects of ice on the hydraulics of Mackenzie River at the outlet of Great Slave Lake, N.W.T.: A case study.&quot; ''Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering / Revue Canadienne de G̐ưenie Civil'' 22 (1): 43.
*Kasten, H. [[2004]]. ''The captain's course secrets of Great Slave Lake.'' Edmontoniae: H. Kasten. ISBN 0-9736641-0-X.
*Jenness, R. [[1963]]. ''Great Slave Lake fishing industry.'' Ottavae: Northern Co-ordination and Research Centre, Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources.
*Keleher, J. J. [[1972]]. ''Supplementary information regarding exploitation of Great Slave Lake salmonid community.'' Winnipeg: Fisheries Research Board, Freshwater Institute.
*Mackenzie, Alexander. [[1801]]. ''Voyages from Montreal, on the River St. Lawrence, through the continent of North America, to the Frozen and Pacific Oceans; in the years 1789 and 1793. With a preliminary account of the rise, progress, and present state of the Fur Trade of that country.'' Londinii: Printed for T. Cadell, Jun, and W. Davis, Stand; Cobbett and Morgan, Pall-Mall; and W. Creech, at Edinburgh, by R. Noble, Old Bailey.
*Mason, J. A. (1946). ''Notes on the Indians of the Great Slave Lake area''. New Haven: Yale University Department of Anthropology, Yale University Press.
*Noble, W. C. [[1981]]. &quot;Prehistory of the Great Slave Lake and Great Bear Lake Region.&quot; In ''Handbook of the North American Indians: Subarctic,'' vol. 6. Vasingtoniae: Smithsonian Institution.
*Sirois, J., M. A. Fournier, et M. F. Kay. [[1995]]. ''The colonial waterbirds of Great Slave Lake, Northwest Territories an annotated atlas.'' Ottavae: Canadian Wildlife Service. ISBN 0-662-23884-2.

{{NexInt}}
*[[Commercium pellis]]
*[[Sinus Hudson]]ianus

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|Great Slave Lake|Magnum Servorum Lacum}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120718011849/http://www.picsearch.com/pictures/Travel/Nature/Lakes/Great%20Slave%20Lake.html Imagines Magni Servorum Lacús.] Ex [http://www.picsearch.com Picsearch.com.]

[[Fasciculus:Late April on Yellowknife Bay, NWT, Canada..JPG|thumb|upright=3.5|centre|[[Glacies]] et [[nix]] in Sinu Yellowknife die [[28 Aprilis]] [[2012]] liquefieri incipiunt, [[transportatio]]nem inter [[navis|naves]] domesticas prope Insulam Jolliffe difficilius facientes.]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Servorum maior, lacus}}
[[Categoria:Systema Mackenzie fluminis]]
[[Categoria:Lacus territoriorum septentrio-occidentalium Canadae]]

{{Myrias|Geographia}}</text>
      <sha1>jo0d6nwtjsha8u6pewk5dqi57kmx63y</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>3991417</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>{{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}}</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8954" sha1="5ugmtxcb1itvbi5my734gu4b03plz7o" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Canada.A2002160.1920.721.250m.jpg|thumb|Despectus in Maiorem servorum lacum et [[Lacus Athabasca|Lacum Athabascam]]. [[Photographema]] ex satellite [[NASA]] factum.]]
[[Fasciculus:Mackenzie River drainage basin.PNG|thumb|Pelvis exsiccationis [[Flumen Mackenzie|Fluminis Mackenzie]] locum Maioris servorum lacús in Arctica Canadae Occidentalis monstrat.]]

{{res|Lacus servorum maior}}{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1=“L. Servorum maior”, — {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Arnoldus Henricus Guyot|Arnoldi Henrici Guyot|en|qid=Q124032}} ''De naturali lacuum divisione'', Berolini 1835 {{Google Books|ilMVAAAAQAAJ|p. 34}}; “lacus servorum” sine adiectivo, — {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ernestus Meyer||de|qid=Q62969}}, ''De plantis labradoricis libri tres'', Lipsiae 1830 {{Google Books|XhkAAAAAQAAJ|pp. 38, 46, 50, 62, 77}}.|2=Q124032|3=Q62969}} ([[Anglice]] ''Great Slave Lake,'' [[Francice]] ''Grand lac des Esclaves''&lt;ref&gt;[[Vocabulum]] ex nomine cuiusdam [[tribus|tribús]] [[Indi Americani|Indorum]] venit, qui Slavey appellabantur, una ex tribubus [[Athapaskana]] in ripis meridianis olim habitantibus. [[Explorator]]es [[Francia|Francici]] nomen audiebant ''esclaves'' (Mackenzie 1801: 3).&lt;/ref&gt;), est [[lacus]] secundus a maximo in [[Territoria septentrio-occidentalia (Canada)|Territoriis Septentrio-Occidentalibus]] [[Canada]]e, sub [[Lacus Ursinus magnus|Lacú Ursino magno]], maxime profundus [[corpus aquae]] [[aqua dulcis|dulcis]] in [[America Septentrionalis|America Septentrionali]], 614 [[metrum|metra]] altus, et decimus lacus a maximo in [[mundus|mundo]]. Qui est 469 [[chiliometrum|chiliometra]] longus et a 20 ad 203 chiliometra latus. [[Area (geometria)|Aream]] tegit 27,200 [[chiliometrum quadratum|chiliometrorum quadratorum]] in [[meridies|meridianá]] [[territorium|territorii]] [[regio]]ne. [[Volumen (mensura)|Volumen]] variat a 1070 chiliometris cubicis&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Schertzer | first1 = William M. | last2 = Rouse | first2 = Wayne R. | last3 = Blanken | first3 = Peter D. | last4 = Walker | first4 = Anne E. | date = August 2003 | title = Over-Lake Meteorology and Estimated Bulk Heat Exchange of Great Slave Lake in 1998 and 1999 | journal = Journal of Hydrometeorology | volume = 4 | issue = 4 | pages = 650 | doi = 10.1175/1525-7541(2003)004&lt;0649:OMAEBH&gt;2.0.CO;2 | publisher = American Meteorological Society | bibcode = 2003JHyMe...4..649S | accessdate = 2011-01-21 | url = http://www.colorado.edu/geography/blanken/PDF%20Copies%20of%20my%20papers/Over-lake%20meteorology%20and%20estimated%20bulk%20heat%20exchange%20of%20Great%20Slave%20Lake%20in%201998%20and%201999.pdf | quote = The surface area of Great Slave Lake is 27,200 km2 with a total volume of 1,070 km3 (van der Leeden et al. 1990)}}&lt;/ref&gt; ad 1580 chiliometra cubica et adeo usque ad 2088 chiliometra cubica,&lt;ref name=&quot;worldlake&quot;&gt;[http://www.worldlakes.org/lakedetails.asp?lakeid=8843 Great Slave]&lt;/ref&gt; quá pro causá lacus est decimus aut duodecimus a maximo per volumen patens.

Inter [[oppidum|oppida]] in [[litus|litoribus]] lacús iacentia sunt [[Yellowknife]], [[Hay River (Territoria Septentrio-Occidentalia)|Hay River]], [[Behchokǫ̀]], [[Fort Resolution]], [[Łutselk'e]], [[Hay River Reserve]], [[Dettah]], et [[Ndilǫ]]. Solum [[commune]] in Bracchio Orientali est Łutselk'e, [[vicus]] cui sunt 350 fere homines, plerumque indigenae [[Chipewyan]] Nationis Dene, ac [[Fort Reliance]], castra [[hiems|hiemalia]] et statio [[Societas Sinus Hudsonii|Societatis Sinús Hudsonii]], nunc relicta. Secundum litus meridianum, ad orientem Hay River versus, iacent [[Fodina Pine Point]] (nunc relicta) et [[Pine Point]], oppidum societatis.

==Corpora aquae et tributarii==
[[Flumen Mackenzie|Flumen Mackenzii]] aquas lacus aufert. Inter [[flumen|flumina]] quae in Magnum Servorum Lacum influunt [[modus horologicus|modo horologico]] a [[commune]] [[Behchokǫ̀]] sunt&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Natural Resources Canada-Canadian Geographical Names (Great Slave Lake)
| url = http://www4.rncan.gc.ca/search-place-names/unique/LAJNH 
| accessdate =20 Decembris 2014}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name= &quot;Atlas of Canada&quot;&gt;{{cite web
| title =Atlas of Canada Toporama
| url =http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/toporama/index.html
| accessdate =20 Decembris 2014}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
{{Div col|3}}
*Emile Flumen
*Snare Flumen
*Wecho Flumen
*Stagg Flumen
*[[Yellowknife Flumen]]
*Beaulieu Flumen
*Waldron Flumen
*Hoarfrost Flumen
*[[Lockhart Flumen (Territoria Septentrio-Occidentalia)|Lockhart Flumen]]
*Snowdrift Flumen
*La Loche Flumen
*Thubun Flumen
*Terhul Flumen
*[[Taltson Flumen]]
*[[Flumen Servorum]]
*Little Buffalo Flumen
*Buffalo Flumen
*[[Hay Flumen (Canada)|Hay Flumen]]
*Mosquito Rivus&lt;!--Creek--&gt;
*Duport Flumen
*Marian Lacus
*Bracchium Septentrionale
*Yellowknife Sinus
*Resolution Sinus
*Deep Sinus
*McLeod Sinus
*Christie Sinus
*Sulphur Sinus&lt;!--cove--&gt;
*Presqu'ile Sinus&lt;!--cove--&gt;
*Rocher Flumen
*Frank Canalis
{{div col end}}

==''Ice Lake Rebels''==
[[Animal Planet]], canalis [[televisio|televisificus]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Americanus]], ab anno [[2014]] ad annum [[2016]] seriem [[pellicula documentaria|pellicularum documentariarum]] produxit, ''[[Ice Lake Rebels]]'' appellatam, cuius argumentum in Magno Servorum Lacú fit, et quotidianam sequitur [[vita]]m hominum qui ad lacum [[habitatio|habitant]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Animal Planet (Ice Lake Rebels)&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.animalplanet.com/tv-shows/ice-lake-rebels/ | title=Ice Lake Rebels | accessdate=23 Septembris 2015}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Pinacotheca==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Ice Road on Great Slave Lake 2.jpg|[[Via]] [[glacies|glaciei]] Dettah in Magno Servorum Lacú.
Fasciculus:UtsingiPoint-GreatSlaveLake.JPG|Punctus Utsingi (Bracchium Orientale) in latere orientali propositi [[Vivarium Nationale Thaydene Nene|Viridii Nationalis Thaydene Nene]].
Fasciculus:Great Slave Lake.jpg|Sinus Septentrionalis Magni Servorum Lacús.
Fasciculus:Hey river NWT.jpg|[[Hay Flumen (Canada)|Hay Flumen]], unus ex tributariis Magni Servorum Lacús.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Canada. [[1981]]. ''Sailing directions, Great Slave Lake and Mackenzie River.'' Ottavae: Dept. of Fisheries and Oceans. ISBN 0-660-11022-9.
*Gibson, J. J., T. D. Prowse, et D. L. Peters. [[2006]]. “Partitioning impacts of climate and regulation on water level variability in Great Slave Lake.” ''Journal of Hydrology'' 329 (1): 196.
*Hicks, F., X. Chen, et D. Andres. [[1995]]. “Effects of ice on the hydraulics of Mackenzie River at the outlet of Great Slave Lake, N.W.T.: A case study.” ''Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering / Revue Canadienne de G̐ưenie Civil'' 22 (1): 43.
*Kasten, H. [[2004]]. ''The captain's course secrets of Great Slave Lake.'' Edmontoniae: H. Kasten. ISBN 0-9736641-0-X.
*Jenness, R. [[1963]]. ''Great Slave Lake fishing industry.'' Ottavae: Northern Co-ordination and Research Centre, Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources.
*Keleher, J. J. [[1972]]. ''Supplementary information regarding exploitation of Great Slave Lake salmonid community.'' Winnipeg: Fisheries Research Board, Freshwater Institute.
*Mackenzie, Alexander. [[1801]]. ''Voyages from Montreal, on the River St. Lawrence, through the continent of North America, to the Frozen and Pacific Oceans; in the years 1789 and 1793. With a preliminary account of the rise, progress, and present state of the Fur Trade of that country.'' Londinii: Printed for T. Cadell, Jun, and W. Davis, Stand; Cobbett and Morgan, Pall-Mall; and W. Creech, at Edinburgh, by R. Noble, Old Bailey.
*Mason, J. A. (1946). ''Notes on the Indians of the Great Slave Lake area''. New Haven: Yale University Department of Anthropology, Yale University Press.
*Noble, W. C. [[1981]]. “Prehistory of the Great Slave Lake and Great Bear Lake Region.” In ''Handbook of the North American Indians: Subarctic,'' vol. 6. Vasingtoniae: Smithsonian Institution.
*Sirois, J., M. A. Fournier, et M. F. Kay. [[1995]]. ''The colonial waterbirds of Great Slave Lake, Northwest Territories an annotated atlas.'' Ottavae: Canadian Wildlife Service. ISBN 0-662-23884-2.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Commercium pellis]]
* [[Sinus Hudson]]ianus

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|Great Slave Lake|Magnum Servorum Lacum}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120718011849/http://www.picsearch.com/pictures/Travel/Nature/Lakes/Great%20Slave%20Lake.html Imagines Magni Servorum Lacús.] Ex [http://www.picsearch.com Picsearch.com.]

[[Fasciculus:Late April on Yellowknife Bay, NWT, Canada..JPG|thumb|upright=3.5|centre|[[Glacies]] et [[nix]] in Sinu Yellowknife die [[28 Aprilis]] [[2012]] liquefieri incipiunt, [[transportatio]]nem inter [[navis|naves]] domesticas prope Insulam Jolliffe difficilius facientes.]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Servorum maior, lacus}}
[[Categoria:Systema Mackenzie fluminis]]
[[Categoria:Lacus territoriorum septentrio-occidentalium Canadae]]

{{Myrias|Geographia}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Quintus Caecilius Metellus Creticus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* De eius Vita */</comment>
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[[Fasciculus:Gens Caecilia Metella family tree.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Stemma Caeciliorum Metellorum.]]
'''Q. Caecilius Metellus Creticus''' ([[135 a.C.n.|135]]-[[55 a.C.n.]]) fuit [[consul]] anno [[68 a.C.n.]], et filius legati [[Scipio Aemilianus|Scipionis Aemiliani]] [[Gaius Caecilius Metellus Caprarius|Gaii Caecilii Metelli Caprarii]]. [[Consul]]e designato, ad bellum in [[Creta]]m quod [[Quintus Hortensius Hortalus|Q. Hortensium]] collegam recusavisse, missus est. Ob hanc victoriam, cognomen ''Creticum'' obtinuit.

== De eius Vita ==
{{Ltinitas dolet|Et sequenti anno (DCLXXXV a.u.c) trium legionum tulerunt Italiae imperio subdere totam insulam biennio. Victus Cydoniam, [[Cnossus|Gnoson]] et civitatibus cedere noluit Cretensibus ipso subiectionem suam et [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompei]] quae multo melius sperandum. Pompeius accepta per ''[[Lex Gabinia|Gabinia lege]]'' imperium in mari piratas dimicandum haberet occasionem rei immiscere [[Creta|Cretam.]] 

Legatis missis Pompeii (L. Octavio deinde ducitur Cornelius Sisenna ) ad deditionem. Pompeium et Metellum victis civitas diu neglecta et Cretensium legatis augeatur resistentia Pompeio freti. Igitur Metello victus [[Eleutherna|Eleuterna]] et Lappa . Et post civitatem, et dimisit Octavio capitur, et afficientes contumelia, ex ipso Metello, quidnam (Sisenna mortuus fuerat paulo ante). Octavio adduxerat copiis usus verti Cretam Metelli et Cn{{dubsig}} copiis insula fugit incertum ratione in Octavio confugit Hierapitna Ariston (nam Ierapetra ) unde fugit ut Q. Metello consulibus, relinquens in modum Cretes portibus suis fatum. Denique victisque Lasthene et Panare maxime subiit Cretam Metelli duces belli finem. 

DCLXXXVII a.u.c Metellus Romam rediit, et in senatu Pompeio negavit placere de honoribus et de [[Triumphus|triumphi]] . Metellus tamen hoc non sustinuerunt eoque rebus favorabilior DCXC a.u.c Et cum ad [[Apulia]]m contra defectionem impelli coniuratis mancipiis [[Lucius Sergius Catilina|catiliniarios]] . DCXCI annos singulos a.u.c post mortem Catilinae, ut tandem non eius in triumphantes Romam et cognomen Creticum reportavit; duobus autem seditiosi duces Lasthene et Panare, ornabant se triumphi ligati tribunus plebis Pompeio cedere. 

Pompeius adversus alios nobiles duces iunctis Creticus in Asia gestorum quin senatus consultum ratum. DCXCIII a.u.c Senatus cum duobus a Gallia miserunt. DCXCVI a.u.c iam instaurata erat in collegium pontificum ac brevi vita defunctus probabiliter. 

Liberi essent 

* Q. Caecilio Metello consulibus. 
* Caecilia Metella uxor M. Licinio Crasso triumviri filium.}}

==Nexus externi==
{{fontes biographici}}
* [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/ACL3129.0002.001/1074?rgn=full+text;view=image Vita] in ''[[Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology]]''

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;95%&quot;
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;30%&quot; | Antecessores: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; '''[[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|M. Licinio Crasso]] et [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompeio]]''' '''[[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Magno]]'''
| align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;40%&quot; | '''Consul populi Romani memorabantur''' &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; DCLXXXIV a.u.c apud [[Quintus Hortensius Hortalus|Q. Hortensium]] 
| align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;30%&quot; | Successores: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; '''L. Caecilio Metello et [[Quintus Marcius Rex|Q. Marcius Rex]]'''
|}
{{Lifetime|135 a.C.n.|55 a.C.n.|Caecilius Metellus, Quintus Creticus}}
[[Categoria:Romani antiqui]]</text>
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[[Fasciculus:Gens Caecilia Metella family tree.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Stemma Caeciliorum Metellorum.]]
'''Q. Caecilius Metellus Creticus''' ([[135 a.C.n.|135]]-[[55 a.C.n.]]) fuit [[consul]] anno [[68 a.C.n.]], et filius legati [[Scipio Aemilianus|Scipionis Aemiliani]] [[Gaius Caecilius Metellus Caprarius|Gaii Caecilii Metelli Caprarii]]. [[Consul]]e designato, ad bellum in [[Creta]]m quod [[Quintus Hortensius Hortalus|Q. Hortensium]] collegam recusavisse, missus est. Ob hanc victoriam, cognomen ''Creticum'' obtinuit.

== De eius Vita ==
{{Latinitas dolet|Et sequenti anno (DCLXXXV a.u.c) trium legionum tulerunt Italiae imperio subdere totam insulam biennio. Victus Cydoniam, [[Cnossus|Gnoson]] et civitatibus cedere noluit Cretensibus ipso subiectionem suam et [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompei]] quae multo melius sperandum. Pompeius accepta per ''[[Lex Gabinia|Gabinia lege]]'' imperium in mari piratas dimicandum haberet occasionem rei immiscere [[Creta|Cretam.]] 

Legatis missis Pompeii (L. Octavio deinde ducitur Cornelius Sisenna ) ad deditionem. Pompeium et Metellum victis civitas diu neglecta et Cretensium legatis augeatur resistentia Pompeio freti. Igitur Metello victus [[Eleutherna|Eleuterna]] et Lappa . Et post civitatem, et dimisit Octavio capitur, et afficientes contumelia, ex ipso Metello, quidnam (Sisenna mortuus fuerat paulo ante). Octavio adduxerat copiis usus verti Cretam Metelli et Cn{{dubsig}} copiis insula fugit incertum ratione in Octavio confugit Hierapitna Ariston (nam Ierapetra ) unde fugit ut Q. Metello consulibus, relinquens in modum Cretes portibus suis fatum. Denique victisque Lasthene et Panare maxime subiit Cretam Metelli duces belli finem. 

DCLXXXVII a.u.c Metellus Romam rediit, et in senatu Pompeio negavit placere de honoribus et de [[Triumphus|triumphi]] . Metellus tamen hoc non sustinuerunt eoque rebus favorabilior DCXC a.u.c Et cum ad [[Apulia]]m contra defectionem impelli coniuratis mancipiis [[Lucius Sergius Catilina|catiliniarios]] . DCXCI annos singulos a.u.c post mortem Catilinae, ut tandem non eius in triumphantes Romam et cognomen Creticum reportavit; duobus autem seditiosi duces Lasthene et Panare, ornabant se triumphi ligati tribunus plebis Pompeio cedere. 

Pompeius adversus alios nobiles duces iunctis Creticus in Asia gestorum quin senatus consultum ratum. DCXCIII a.u.c Senatus cum duobus a Gallia miserunt. DCXCVI a.u.c iam instaurata erat in collegium pontificum ac brevi vita defunctus probabiliter. 

Liberi essent 

* Q. Caecilio Metello consulibus. 
* Caecilia Metella uxor M. Licinio Crasso triumviri filium.}}

==Nexus externi==
{{fontes biographici}}
* [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/ACL3129.0002.001/1074?rgn=full+text;view=image Vita] in ''[[Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology]]''

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;95%&quot;
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;30%&quot; | Antecessores: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; '''[[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|M. Licinio Crasso]] et [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompeio]]''' '''[[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Magno]]'''
| align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;40%&quot; | '''Consul populi Romani memorabantur''' &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; DCLXXXIV a.u.c apud [[Quintus Hortensius Hortalus|Q. Hortensium]] 
| align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;30%&quot; | Successores: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; '''L. Caecilio Metello et [[Quintus Marcius Rex|Q. Marcius Rex]]'''
|}
{{Lifetime|135 a.C.n.|55 a.C.n.|Caecilius Metellus, Quintus Creticus}}
[[Categoria:Romani antiqui]]</text>
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[[Fasciculus:Gens Caecilia Metella family tree.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Stemma Caeciliorum Metellorum.]]
'''Q. Caecilius Metellus Creticus''' ([[135 a.C.n.|135]]-[[55 a.C.n.]]) fuit [[consul]] anno [[68 a.C.n.]], et filius legati [[Scipio Aemilianus|Scipionis Aemiliani]] [[Gaius Caecilius Metellus Caprarius|Gaii Caecilii Metelli Caprarii]]. [[Consul]]e designato, ad bellum in [[Creta]]m quod [[Quintus Hortensius Hortalus|Q. Hortensium]] collegam recusavisse, missus est. Ob hanc victoriam, cognomen ''Creticum'' obtinuit.

== De eius Vita ==
{{Latinitas dolet|Et sequenti anno (DCLXXXV a.u.c) trium legionum tulerunt Italiae imperio subdere totam insulam biennio. Victus Cydoniam, [[Cnossus|Gnoson]] et civitatibus cedere noluit Cretensibus ipso subiectionem suam et [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompei]] quae multo melius sperandum. Pompeius accepta per ''[[Lex Gabinia|Gabinia lege]]'' imperium in mari piratas dimicandum haberet occasionem rei immiscere [[Creta|Cretam.]] 

{{Latinitas dolet|Legatis missis Pompeii (L. Octavio deinde ducitur Cornelius Sisenna ) ad deditionem. Pompeium et Metellum victis civitas diu neglecta et Cretensium legatis augeatur resistentia Pompeio freti. Igitur Metello victus [[Eleutherna|Eleuterna]] et Lappa . Et post civitatem, et dimisit Octavio capitur, et afficientes contumelia, ex ipso Metello, quidnam (Sisenna mortuus fuerat paulo ante). Octavio adduxerat copiis usus verti Cretam Metelli et Cn{{dubsig}} copiis insula fugit incertum ratione in Octavio confugit Hierapitna Ariston (nam Ierapetra ) unde fugit ut Q. Metello consulibus, relinquens in modum Cretes portibus suis fatum. Denique victisque Lasthene et Panare maxime subiit Cretam Metelli duces belli finem. 

DCLXXXVII a.u.c Metellus Romam rediit, et in senatu Pompeio negavit placere de honoribus et de [[Triumphus|triumphi]] . Metellus tamen hoc non sustinuerunt eoque rebus favorabilior DCXC a.u.c Et cum ad [[Apulia]]m contra defectionem impelli coniuratis mancipiis [[Lucius Sergius Catilina|catiliniarios]] . DCXCI annos singulos a.u.c post mortem Catilinae, ut tandem non eius in triumphantes Romam et cognomen Creticum reportavit; duobus autem seditiosi duces Lasthene et Panare, ornabant se triumphi ligati tribunus plebis Pompeio cedere. 

Pompeius adversus alios nobiles duces iunctis Creticus in Asia gestorum quin senatus consultum ratum. DCXCIII a.u.c Senatus cum duobus a Gallia miserunt. DCXCVI a.u.c iam instaurata erat in collegium pontificum ac brevi vita defunctus probabiliter. 

Liberi essent 

* Q. Caecilio Metello consulibus. 
* Caecilia Metella uxor M. Licinio Crasso triumviri filium.}}

==Nexus externi==
{{fontes biographici}}
* [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/ACL3129.0002.001/1074?rgn=full+text;view=image Vita] in ''[[Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology]]''

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|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;30%&quot; | Antecessores: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; '''[[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|M. Licinio Crasso]] et [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompeio]]''' '''[[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Magno]]'''
| align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;40%&quot; | '''Consul populi Romani memorabantur''' &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; DCLXXXIV a.u.c apud [[Quintus Hortensius Hortalus|Q. Hortensium]] 
| align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;30%&quot; | Successores: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; '''L. Caecilio Metello et [[Quintus Marcius Rex|Q. Marcius Rex]]'''
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{{Lifetime|135 a.C.n.|55 a.C.n.|Caecilius Metellus, Quintus Creticus}}
[[Categoria:Romani antiqui]]</text>
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[[Fasciculus:Gens Caecilia Metella family tree.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Stemma Caeciliorum Metellorum.]]
'''Q. Caecilius Metellus Creticus''' ([[135 a.C.n.|135]]-[[55 a.C.n.]]) fuit [[consul]] anno [[68 a.C.n.]], et filius legati [[Scipio Aemilianus|Scipionis Aemiliani]] [[Gaius Caecilius Metellus Caprarius|Gaii Caecilii Metelli Caprarii]]. [[Consul]]e designato, ad bellum in [[Creta]]m quod [[Quintus Hortensius Hortalus|Q. Hortensium]] collegam recusavisse, missus est. Ob hanc victoriam, cognomen ''Creticum'' obtinuit.

== De eius Vita ==
{{Latinitas dolet|Et sequenti anno (DCLXXXV a.u.c) trium legionum tulerunt Italiae imperio subdere totam insulam biennio. Victus Cydoniam, [[Cnossus|Gnoson]] et civitatibus cedere noluit Cretensibus ipso subiectionem suam et [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompei]] quae multo melius sperandum. Pompeius accepta per ''[[Lex Gabinia|Gabinia lege]]'' imperium in mari piratas dimicandum haberet occasionem rei immiscere [[Creta|Cretam.]] }}

{{Latinitas dolet|Legatis missis Pompeii (L. Octavio deinde ducitur Cornelius Sisenna ) ad deditionem. Pompeium et Metellum victis civitas diu neglecta et Cretensium legatis augeatur resistentia Pompeio freti. Igitur Metello victus [[Eleutherna|Eleuterna]] et Lappa . Et post civitatem, et dimisit Octavio capitur, et afficientes contumelia, ex ipso Metello, quidnam (Sisenna mortuus fuerat paulo ante). Octavio adduxerat copiis usus verti Cretam Metelli et Cn{{dubsig}} copiis insula fugit incertum ratione in Octavio confugit Hierapitna Ariston (nam Ierapetra ) unde fugit ut Q. Metello consulibus, relinquens in modum Cretes portibus suis fatum. Denique victisque Lasthene et Panare maxime subiit Cretam Metelli duces belli finem. }}

{{Latinitas dolet|DCLXXXVII a.u.c Metellus Romam rediit, et in senatu Pompeio negavit placere de honoribus et de [[Triumphus|triumphi]] . Metellus tamen hoc non sustinuerunt eoque rebus favorabilior DCXC a.u.c Et cum ad [[Apulia]]m contra defectionem impelli coniuratis mancipiis [[Lucius Sergius Catilina|catiliniarios]] . DCXCI annos singulos a.u.c post mortem Catilinae, ut tandem non eius in triumphantes Romam et cognomen Creticum reportavit; duobus autem seditiosi duces Lasthene et Panare, ornabant se triumphi ligati tribunus plebis Pompeio cedere.}} 

Pompeius adversus alios nobiles duces iunctis Creticus in Asia gestorum quin senatus consultum ratum. DCXCIII a.u.c Senatus cum duobus a Gallia miserunt. DCXCVI a.u.c iam instaurata erat in collegium pontificum ac brevi vita defunctus probabiliter. 

Liberi essent 

* Q. Caecilio Metello consulibus. 
* Caecilia Metella uxor M. Licinio Crasso triumviri filium.}}

==Nexus externi==
{{fontes biographici}}
* [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/ACL3129.0002.001/1074?rgn=full+text;view=image Vita] in ''[[Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology]]''

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|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;30%&quot; | Antecessores: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; '''[[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|M. Licinio Crasso]] et [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompeio]]''' '''[[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Magno]]'''
| align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;40%&quot; | '''Consul populi Romani memorabantur''' &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; DCLXXXIV a.u.c apud [[Quintus Hortensius Hortalus|Q. Hortensium]] 
| align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;30%&quot; | Successores: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; '''L. Caecilio Metello et [[Quintus Marcius Rex|Q. Marcius Rex]]'''
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{{Lifetime|135 a.C.n.|55 a.C.n.|Caecilius Metellus, Quintus Creticus}}
[[Categoria:Romani antiqui]]</text>
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[[Fasciculus:Gens Caecilia Metella family tree.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Stemma Caeciliorum Metellorum.]]
'''Q. Caecilius Metellus Creticus''' ([[135 a.C.n.|135]]-[[55 a.C.n.]]) fuit [[consul]] anno [[68 a.C.n.]], et filius legati [[Scipio Aemilianus|Scipionis Aemiliani]] [[Gaius Caecilius Metellus Caprarius|Gaii Caecilii Metelli Caprarii]]. [[Consul]]e designato, ad bellum in [[Creta]]m quod [[Quintus Hortensius Hortalus|Q. Hortensium]] collegam recusavisse, missus est. Ob hanc victoriam, cognomen ''Creticum'' obtinuit.

== De eius Vita ==
{{Latinitas dolet|Et sequenti anno (DCLXXXV a.u.c) trium legionum tulerunt Italiae imperio subdere totam insulam biennio. Victus Cydoniam, [[Cnossus|Gnoson]] et civitatibus cedere noluit Cretensibus ipso subiectionem suam et [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompei]] quae multo melius sperandum. Pompeius accepta per ''[[Lex Gabinia|Gabinia lege]]'' imperium in mari piratas dimicandum haberet occasionem rei immiscere [[Creta|Cretam.]] }}

{{Latinitas dolet|Legatis missis Pompeii (L. Octavio deinde ducitur Cornelius Sisenna ) ad deditionem. Pompeium et Metellum victis civitas diu neglecta et Cretensium legatis augeatur resistentia Pompeio freti. Igitur Metello victus [[Eleutherna|Eleuterna]] et Lappa . Et post civitatem, et dimisit Octavio capitur, et afficientes contumelia, ex ipso Metello, quidnam (Sisenna mortuus fuerat paulo ante). Octavio adduxerat copiis usus verti Cretam Metelli et Cn{{dubsig}} copiis insula fugit incertum ratione in Octavio confugit Hierapitna Ariston (nam Ierapetra ) unde fugit ut Q. Metello consulibus, relinquens in modum Cretes portibus suis fatum. Denique victisque Lasthene et Panare maxime subiit Cretam Metelli duces belli finem. }}

{{Latinitas dolet|DCLXXXVII a.u.c Metellus Romam rediit, et in senatu Pompeio negavit placere de honoribus et de [[Triumphus|triumphi]] . Metellus tamen hoc non sustinuerunt eoque rebus favorabilior DCXC a.u.c Et cum ad [[Apulia]]m contra defectionem impelli coniuratis mancipiis [[Lucius Sergius Catilina|catiliniarios]] . DCXCI annos singulos a.u.c post mortem Catilinae, ut tandem non eius in triumphantes Romam et cognomen Creticum reportavit; duobus autem seditiosi duces Lasthene et Panare, ornabant se triumphi ligati tribunus plebis Pompeio cedere.}} 

{{Latinitas dolet|Pompeius adversus alios nobiles duces iunctis Creticus in Asia gestorum quin senatus consultum ratum. DCXCIII a.u.c Senatus cum duobus a Gallia miserunt. DCXCVI a.u.c iam instaurata erat in collegium pontificum ac brevi vita defunctus probabiliter}}. 

Liberi essent 

* Q. Caecilio Metello consulibus. 
* Caecilia Metella uxor M. Licinio Crasso triumviri filium.

==Nexus externi==
{{fontes biographici}}
* [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/ACL3129.0002.001/1074?rgn=full+text;view=image Vita] in ''[[Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology]]''

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;95%&quot;
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;30%&quot; | Antecessores: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; '''[[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|M. Licinio Crasso]] et [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompeio]]''' '''[[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Magno]]'''
| align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;40%&quot; | '''Consul populi Romani memorabantur''' &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; DCLXXXIV a.u.c apud [[Quintus Hortensius Hortalus|Q. Hortensium]] 
| align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;30%&quot; | Successores: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; '''L. Caecilio Metello et [[Quintus Marcius Rex|Q. Marcius Rex]]'''
|}
{{Lifetime|135 a.C.n.|55 a.C.n.|Caecilius Metellus, Quintus Creticus}}
[[Categoria:Romani antiqui]]</text>
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    <title>Historia Armeniae</title>
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      <text bytes="9078" sha1="1y6e1pzkcysoyv9z4h9964ncvq2qqca" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Yerevan 2012 February.JPG|thumb|Despectus in [[Erivanum]], [[civilitas|politicum]] Armeniae [[caput (urbs)|caput]], [[Araratus|Ararato]] [[mons|monte]] procul viso.]]
[[Fasciculus:Zorats Karer 2008, part of the stone circle.jpg|thumb|Pars [[Zorats Karer]] (etiam [[Zorats Karer|Karahunj]] appellati), megalithici [[lapis|lapidum]] [[circulus|circuli]] et [[Aetas Aenea|Aetate Aenea]] loci [[sepultura]]rum.]]
[[Fasciculus:Armenian Empire.png|thumb|[[Regnum Armeniae]] maximo ambitu, [[Tigranes Magnus|Tigrane Magno]] rege.]]
[[Fasciculus:RomanEmpire 117.svg|thumb|[[Imperium Romanum]] maximo ambitu anno [[117]], Armenia provincia Romana (&quot;Roman Province of Armenia&quot;), [[Traianus|Traiano]] [[imperator]]e.]]
'''Historia Armeniae''' [[res]] ad [[historia]]m [[Armenia|Rei Publicae Armeniae]] pertinentís tractat, cum [[Armeni]]is ipsis, [[lingua Armenia]], et [[regio]]nibus quae [[historia]]e [[geographia]]eque causa Armeniis habentur.

[[Armenia]] in [[planities montana|terris altis]] circa [[Araratus|Araratum]] [[Biblia Sacra|biblicum]] coniunctesque [[mons|montes]] patet. Primum [[civitas|civitatis]] [[nomen proprium|nomen]] Armenium erat ''[[Hayk]],'' deinde [[medium aevum|medio aevo]] ''Hayastan'' ([[Armenice]] Հայաստան), 'terra Haik' conversum, quod in nomine [[Hayasa-Azzi|Haya]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/listofdeities/haya|title=Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses – Haya (god)|publisher=Upenn.edu|access-date=10 Decembris 2015}}.&lt;/ref&gt; antiqui [[deus|dei]] [[Mesopotamia|Mesopotamici]], et ''[[-stan]]'' '[[terra]]' [[suffixum|suffixo]]  [[lingua Persica|Persico]] consistit. Historicus [[Hayk]] ([[legendum|legendarii]] Armeniae [[rectio|rectoris]]) inimicus erat [[Bel (mythologia)|Bel]], vel [[Baal]] (cognatum [[Bel (mythologia)|Bēlu]], dei [[lingua Accadica|Accadici]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=Vahan|last=Kurkjian|title=History of Armenia|chapter=The Beginnings of Armenia Chapter VIII|location=Michigan|year=1968|chapter-url=http://www.penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Asia/Armenia/_Texts/KURARM/8*.html|publisher=uchicago.edu|access-date=10 Decembris 2015}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliographia==
===Fontes primarii===
*Hacikyan, A. J., ed. [[2000]]. ''The Heritage of Armenian Literature: From the Oral Tradition to the Golden Age.'' Heritage of Armenian Literature, 1. Detroiti: PK 8532 .H47 2000 vol.1. Anthologia textuum Armeniorum.
*Khorenatsi, Movses. [[1978]]. ''Moses of Chorene.'' Conv. R. thomson. Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: Harvard University Press. Historia Armeniorum.
*Koriun. [[1985]]. ''The Life of Mashtots.'' Conv. B. Norehad. Novi Eboraci: Caravan. [[Hagiographia]] [[monachus|monachi]] qui [[abecedarium]] Armenium excogitavit.
*Łewond. [[1982]]. ''The History of Lewond.'' Conv. Z. Arzoumanian. Philadelphiae. Historia Armenia ab [[Arabi]]s victa, saeculis septimo et octavo.]
*P'arpec'i, Ghazar. [[1985]]. ''History of the Armenians and Letter to Vahan Mamikonean.'' Conv. R. Bedrosian.

===Libri===
*Adontz, Nicholas. [[1970]]. ''Armenia in the Period of Justinian: The Political Conditions Based on the Naxarar System.'' Conv. Nina G. Garsoïan.
*Hovannisian, Richard G., ed. [[2004]]. ''The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times: The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century.'' Vol. 1. Londinii: Palgrave Macmillan.
*Hovannisian, Rochard G., ed. [[2004]]. ''The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times: Foreign Dominion to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century.'' Vol. 2. Londinii: Palgrave Macmillan.
*Bournoutian, George A. [[1982]]. ''Eastern Armenia in the Last Decades of Persian Rule, 1807–1828: A Political and Socioeconomic Study of the Khanate of Erevan on the Eve of the Russian Conquest.''
*Bournoutian, George A. [[1994]]. ''A History of the Armenian People.'' 2 vol.
*Chahin, M. [[1987]]. ''The Kingdom of Armenia.'' Novi Eboraci: Dorset Press. Iterum impressus, 1991.
*Diakonoff, I. M. [[1984]]. ''The Pre-History of the Armenian People.'' Ed. retractata, conv. Lori Jennings. Novi Eboraci: Caravan Books. ISBN 0-88206-039-2.
*Fisher, William Bayne, P. Avery, G. R. G. Hambly, et C. Melville. [[1991]]. ''The Cambridge History of Iran,'' vol. 7. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521200954. [https://books.google.com/books?id=H20Xt157iYUC Google Books.]
*Lang, David Marshall. [[1980]]. ''Armenia: Cradle of Civilization.'' Ed. tertia. Londinii: George Allen &amp; Unwin.
*Langer, William L. [[1950]]. ''The Diplomacy of Imperialism: 1890–1902.'' Ed. secunda.
*Luttwak, Edward N. [[1976]]. ''The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire: From the First Century A.D. to the Third.'' Baltimorae: Johns Hopkins University Press.
*Nalbandian, Louise. [[1963]]. ''The Armenian Revolutionary Movement: The Development of Armenian Political Parties through the Nineteenth Century.''

===Aliae publicationes===
*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01736b.htm &quot;Armenia.&quot;] ''Catholic Encyclopedia.''
*''The Free Republic of Armenia 1918.'' Franciscopoli: Armenian National Committee, [1980].
*Thomson, Robert W. [[2001]]. &quot;The Crusaders through Armenian Eyes.&quot; In ''The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World,'' ed. Angeliki E. Laiou et Roy Parviz Mottahedeh. Dumbarton Oaks. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929092320/http://www.doaks.org/etexts.html Editio interretialis.]
*Gasimov, Zaur. [[2011]]. ''Kaukasus.'' Moguntiaci: Institute of European History.

===Pelliculae===
*The Armenian Genocide'' ('Genocidium Armenium'), Andrew Goldberg, [[2006]].
*''Yot yerg Hayastani masin'' ('Septem Carmina de Armenia'), Grigoriy Melik-Avagyan, [[1972]].
*''Haykakan achker'' ('Oculi Armenii'), Ruben Gevorgyants, [[1980]].
*''The Manuscript of independence (Matyan Ankakhutyan).'' Mkrtchyan, Levon, [[2002]].&lt;!--dedicated to the 10th Anniversary of independence of Armenia.--&gt;

==Bibliographia addita==
*de Waal, Thomas. [[2003]]. ''Black Garden.''.Novi Eboraci: New York University Press. ISBN 0-8147-1945-7.
*Stopka, Krzysztof. [[2016]]. ''Armenia Christiana: Armenian Religious Identity and the Churches of Constantinople and Rome (4th–15th century).'' Cracoviae: Jagiellonian University Press. [https://books.google.com/books?id=eeq-DQAAQBAJ Google Books.] ISBN 9788323395553.

{{NexInt}}
{{div col|2}}
*[[Armenia (provincia Romana)]]
*[[Bellum Magnum Patrium]]
*[[Carabachia Superior]]
*[[Caucasus]]
*[[Chazari]]
*[[Cilicia]]
*[[Foederatio Transcaucasica]]
*[[Generis Armenorum occidio]]
*[[Historia Asiae Occidentalis]]
*[[Historia Georgiae]]
*[[Historia Persiae]]
*[[Historia Russiae]]
*[[Historia Turciae]]
*[[Karen Karapetjan]]
*[[Orda Aurea]]
*[[Pontus (regnum)]]
*[[Regnum Sassanidarum]]
*[[Seleucidae|Imperium Seleucidarum]]
*[[Selgiukidae]]
*[[Spelunca Areni 1]]&lt;!--
* [[Armenian Rebellions]]
* [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union]]
* [[List of Armenian Kings]]
* [[List of Armenian Patriarchs]]
* [[List of Armenian territories and states]]
* [[List of Patriarchs of Armenia]]
* [[Politics of Armenia]]--&gt;
{{div col end}}

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|History of Armenia|historiam Armeniae}}
*Bedrosian, Robert. [http://rbedrosian.com/hsrces.html &quot;Armenian Historical Sources.&quot;]
*Kurkjian, Vahan. [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Asia/Armenia/_Texts/KURARM/home.html ''History of Armenia.'']
*Minasyan, Sergey. &quot;Armenia’s Attitude Towards its Past: History and Politics.&quot; ''Caucasus Analytical Digest'' 8. [http://www.laender-analysen.de/cad/pdf/CaucasusAnalyticalDigest08.pdf PDF.]
*Siramarc, Dicran E. [https://www.amazon.com/Armenia-Pontus-Dicran-Siramarc-ebook/dp/B07574K35H/ref=sr_1_1?s=digital-text&amp;ie=UTF8&amp;qid=1515638502&amp;sr=1-1&amp;keywords=armenia+and+the+pontus ''Armenia and the Pontus.'']
*Ter-Gabrielyan, Gevorg. &quot;The Archeology of Future Literature: Digging out Prose from Independent Armenia’s History.&quot; ''Caucasus Analytical Digest'' 14. [http://www.laender-analysen.de/cad/pdf/CaucasusAnalyticalDigest14.pdf PDF].
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20200724180940/http://www.arak29.am/PDF_PPT/7-History/Armenian%20origins.htm Arak29 &quot;Origines Armenorum&quot; (Armenice).]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20200328004715/http://www.arak29.am/PDF_PPT/7-History/Armenian_origins_eng.htm Arak29 &quot;Origins of Armenian people&quot; (Anglice).]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150503192356/http://www.livius.org/arl-arz/armenia/armenia.html De Armenia.] Livius.org.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20201020185552/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/316/ &quot;History of Armenia, by Father Michael Chamich; from B. C. 2247 to the Year of Christ 1780, or 1229 of the Armenian Era.&quot;] (1827), via World Digital Library.
*[http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011218072250/http://www.cilicia.com/bryce/a00tc.htm Index documentorum historicorum de Armeniis in Imperio Ottomanico.]
*[http://www.rulers.org/rula2.html#armenia Index rectorum Armeniae.] Rulers.org.
*[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5275.htm Nota subsidiaria de Armenia.]

{{Historia Asiae}}

[[Categoria:Historia Armeniae| ]]

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  <page>
    <title>Flumen Mackenzie</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: −[[Categoria:Flumina Canadae]]; ±[[Categoria:Territoria septentrio-occidentalia (Canada)]]→[[Categoria:Flumina territoriorum septentrio-occidentalium Canadae]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="2190" sha1="0jwcvlk20aa4w7mm5ngwrecdczoj98i" xml:space="preserve">{{flumen|Mackenzie flumen |[[Fasciculus:Mackenzie River near Fort Providence.jpg|thumb|350px|Mackenzie flumen prope ''Castellum Providentiae'' (''Fort Providence'')]]| 1738  | | 9700 | 1 805 200 | [[Lacus servorum maior]]|[[Mare Beaufortii]]|[[Territoria septentrio-occidentalia (Canada)|Territoria septentrio-occidentalia&lt;br&gt;(Canada)]]}}
{{videdis|Mackenzie}}
'''Flumen Mackenzie'''&lt;ref&gt;''Catalogus plantarum ... quas collegit ... Carolus Koch Jenensis'', in: ''Linnaea: ein Journal für die Botanik in ihrem ganzen Umfange'', vol. 15, [[Salinae Saxonicae|Salinis Saxonicis]] 1841 {{Google Books|JY5fAAAAcAAJ|p. 583}}; [https://books.google.fr/books?id=ux4iAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=mackenzie+fluvium&amp;dq=mackenzie+fluvium&amp;hl=ru&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjr-MvgjNzoAhVLwsQBHXDJArkQ6AEIMTAB Caroli Heinrich ''Monographie des Eléagnacées'', 1909, p. 21]. Vel melius ''Mackenzii flumen'', cf. binomen ''[[Hedysarum mackenzii]]''.&lt;br&gt; [[Anglice]] ''Mackenzie River'', [[Francogallice]] ''Fleuve de Mackenzie'', [[Lingua Dene|Dene]] ''Deh-Cho'', [[Linguae Escimaicae| Inuvialuktun]] ''Kuukpak''. Nomina indigena ambo ''Flumen Magnum'' significant.&lt;/ref&gt; est flumen in [[Territoria septentrio-occidentalia (Canada)|Territoriis septentrio-occidentalibus]] [[Canada]]e. Νomen [[Alexander Mackenzie|Alexandri Mackenzie]] exploratoris [[Scotia|Scotici]] cepit, qui anno 1789 ripas fluminis a meridie ad septentrionem investigavit. E [[Lacus servorum maior|Lacu servorum maiore]] prope ''Castellum Providentiae'' (''Fort Providence'') initium cepit. Circiter 1738 chiliometra patet et in [[Mare Beaufortii]] [[Oceanus Arcticus|Oceani Arctici]] effunditur. Per [[silva borealis|silvam borealem]] desertam et [[tundra]]m aquas fert. [[Lacus Ursinus magnus|Lacus Ursini magni]] aquas [[Flumen Ursinum maius]] in Mackenzie flumen affert; alii tributarii [[Liard]], [[Flumen Rubrum Arcticum]] (''Arctic Red River''), [[Athabasca]] sunt.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{fontes geographici}}
{{CommuniaCat|Mackenzie River|Mackenzie flumen}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mackenzie, flumen}}

[[Categoria:Flumina territoriorum septentrio-occidentalium Canadae]]
[[Categoria:Systema Mackenzie fluminis|!]]

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  <page>
    <title>Historia Georgiae</title>
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      <text bytes="7876" sha1="k8xd0rcgts8jjjsak5y8w9pvtn74doc" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Diauehi.svg|thumb|[[Diauehi]], [[regnum]] quod [[saeculum 12 a.C.n.|saeculo 12 a.C.n.]] vigebat.]]
'''Historia Georgiae''' historiam unius ex veterrimis [[civitas|civitatibus]] orbis terrarum tractat. [[Georgia]] ([[lingua Georgiana|Georgiane]] საქართველო ''sakartvelo'') [[regnum]] a [[Pharnabazus I|Pharnabazo I]] rege [[saeculum 4|saeculo quarto]] ineunte primum constituta est, ex variis civitatibus antecessoribus [[Colchis|Colchidis]] [[Regnum Hiberiae|Hiberia]]eque regnorum antiquorum orta. [[Regnum Georgiae]] saeculis [[saeculum 10|decimo]], [[saeculum 11|undecimo]], [[saeculum 12|duodecimo]] floruit, [[David IV (rex Georgiae)|Davide IV Aedificatore]] et [[Tamara (regina Georgiae)|Tamara]] regina familiae [[Bagratidae|Bagratidarum]] regnantibus. Regio ab [[Imperium Mongolicum|Imperio Mongolico]] ante [[1243]] capta est, ac, post brevem reconciliationem, [[Georgius V (rex Georgiae)|Georgio V Splendido]] regnante, ab [[Tamerlanes|Imperio Timuridarum]] victa est. Ante [[1490]], Georgia a variis regnis et principatibus minutis et angustis regebatur, qui ad [[autonomia]]m contra rectionem [[Imperium Ottomanicum|Imperii Ottomanici]] et [[Irania|Irania]]narum (domuum [[Safavidae|Safavidarum]], [[Afsharidae|Afsharidarum]], [[Qajar (familia)|Qajar]]) retinendam certabat, donec Georgia in dicionem [[Imperium Russicum|Imperii Russici]] [[saeculum 19|saeculo undevicensimo]] redacta esset. Post tempus libera nomine [[Respublica Democratica Georgia|Republica Democratica Georgia]] annis [[1918]]–[[1921]], Georgia erat pars [[Respublica Sovietica Foederativa Socialistica Transcaucasiana|Reipublicae Sovieticae Foederativae Socialisticae Transcaucasianae]] ab anno [[1922]] ad annum [[1936]], et tum constituta est [[Respublica Socialistica Sovietica Georgiana]] usque ad [[Unio Sovietica|Unionem Sovieticam]] dissolutam.

[[Fasciculus:Georgian States Colchis and Iberia (600-150BC)-en.svg|thumb|Regna [[Colchis]] et [[Regnum Hiberiae|Hiberia]].]]
Res publica [[Georgia]]e [[civitas sui iuris]] ex [[1991]] est. [[Zviad Gamsakhurdia]], primus [[praeses]], [[nationalismus|nationalismum]] amplificans, vovit se [[auctoritas|auctoritatem]] [[Tiphlis]]ensem in [[Abascia]]m et [[Ossetia Meridionalis|Ossetiam Meridianam]] imponiturum. Gamsakhurdia autem per cruentam [[interceptio regiminis|interceptionem regiminis]] eodem anno summoto civitas amarum [[bellum civile]] commovit, quod usque ad [[1995]] persistebat. Abascia et Ossetia Meridiana, a [[Russia]] sustentae, libertatem de facto ceperunt. [[Res Novae Rosarum]] fecerunt, ut [[Eduardus Shevardnadze]] se munere anno [[2003]] abdicaret. [[Rectio|Ii, qui reipublicae praeerant]], a [[Michael Saakašvili|Michaele Saakašvili]] recti, [[secessio]]nem tertiae reipublicae contumacis in {{Creanda|en|Adjara crisis|discrimen Adiara 2004|discrimine Adiara}} anni [[2004]] prohibuerunt, sed certamina in Abascia et Ossetia Meridiana, a [[Russia|rectione Russica]] mota, [[bellum Russiae et Georgiae]] anni [[2008]] accenderunt, et dissentiones inter Georgiam et Russiam incertae manent.

[[Fasciculus:Lazica in Late Antiquity.svg|thumb|upright=0.8|Regnum [[Lazica]].]]
Historia Georgiae in historiam [[gens|gentis]] [[Georgiani|Georgianorum]] inextricabiliter implicatur.&lt;ref&gt;David Marshal Lang: The Georgians ''Origins.''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;William Edward David Allen, ''A History of the Georgian People from the Beginning Down to the Russian Conquest in the Nineteenth Century.''&lt;/ref&gt;

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliographia==
[[Fasciculus:Ashotkurapalatgeorgia.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Ashot I (princeps Hiberiae)|Ashot]] [[Curopalata]] primus [[Bagratidae|Bagratidarum]] rex Georgiae anno [[829]] factus est]]
[[Fasciculus:David III of Tao.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[David III (Tao)|David III]] [[Bagratidae|Bagratidarum]] Georgianus  princeps [[saeculum 10|saeculo decimo]] fuit.]]
*Ammon, Philipp. [[2015]]. ''Georgien zwischen Eigenstaatlichkeit und russischer Okkupation: Die Wurzeln des russisch-georgischen Konflikts vom 18. Jahrhundert bis zum Ende der ersten georgischen Republik (1921).'' Kitab. ISBN 978-3902878458.
*Avalov, Zurab/ [[1906]]. ''Prisoedinenie Gruzii k Rossii.'' Petropoli: Montvid.
*Anchabadze, George. [[2005]]. ''History of Georgia: A Short Sketch.'' Tiphli. ISBN 99928-71-59-8.
*Allen, W. E. D. [[1932]]. ''A History of the Georgian People.''
*Assatiani, N., et A. Bendianachvili. [[1997]]. ''Histoire de la Géorgie.'' Lutetiae.
*Braund, David. [[1994]]. ''Georgia in Antiquity: A History of Colchis and Transcaucasian Iberia 550 BC–AD 562.'' Oxoniae: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-814473-3.
*Bremmer, Jan, et Ray Taras. [[1997]]. &quot;New States, New Politics: Building the Post-Soviet Nations.&quot; Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press.
*Goltz, Thomas. [[2003]]. ''Georgia Diary: A Chronicle of War and Political Chaos in the Post-Soviet Caucasus.'' Thomas Dunne Books. ISBN 0-7656-1710-2.
*Gvosdev, Nikolas K. [[2000]]. ''Imperial policies and perspectives towards Georgia: 1760–1819.'' Basingstoke: Macmillan. ISBN 0-312-22990-9.
*Iosseliani, P. [[1883]]. ''The Concise History of Georgian Church.''
*Lang, David M. [[1957]]. ''The last years of the Georgian Monarchy: 1658–1832.'' Novi Eboraci: Columbia University Press.
*Lang, David M. [[1962]]. ''A Modern History of Georgia.''
*Lang, David M. [[1966]]. ''The Georgians.''
*Maisuradze, Giorgi. &quot;Time Turned Back: On the Use of History in Georgia.&quot; '' ''Caucasus Analytical Digest'' 8. [http://www.laender-analysen.de/cad/pdf/CaucasusAnalyticalDigest08.pdf PDF.]
*Manvelichvili, A. [[1955]]. ''Histoire de la Georgie.'' Lutetiae.
*Salia, Kalistrate. [[1983]]. ''A History of the Georgian Nation.'' Lutetiae.
*Steele, Jon. [[2002]]. &quot;War Junkie: One Man`s Addiction to the Worst Places on Earth.&quot; Corgi. ISBN 0-552-14984-5.
*Suny, R. G. [[1994]]. ''The Making of the Georgian Nation.'' Ed. secunda. Bloomington et Indianapoli. ISBN 0-253-35579-6.

{{NexInt}}
{{div col|2}}
*[[Alania]]
*[[Atropateni]]
*[[Christiana Georgiana]]
*[[Lingua Atropatenica]]
*[[Lingua Lazica]]
*[[Lingua Suanica]]
*[[Georgius Margvelašvili]]
*[[Melicatus]]
*[[Pharasmanes II Fortis]]
*[[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus]]
*[[Regnum Hiberiae]]
*[[Rutheni]]
*[[Iosephus Stalin]]
*[[Šulaveri]]
{{div col end}}

==Nexus externi==
[[Fasciculus:Svetitskhoveli fresco. King Mirian.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Mirian III (HIberia)|Mirian III]], rex Hiberiae, [[Christianismus|Christianismum]] [[religio]]nem civicam in Georgia anno [[324]] instituit.]]
*Bedrosian, Robert. [http://rbedrosian.com/hsrces.html De fontibus historicis Armeniis et Georgiis.] Exempli gratia: [http://rbedrosian.com/gc1.htm ''The Georgian Chronicle.'']
*Urushadze, Levan Z. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090909222155/http://www.geocities.com/levan_urushadze_98/Georgia.html &quot;Kartuli Idea: The Georgian Idea.&quot;]
*Urushadze, Levan Z. [https://web.archive.org/web/20060514041216/http://www.iaphs.org/articles/urushadze.html ''The Bagrationi Royal Dynasty of Georgia.''] International Academy for the Promotion of Historical Studies, 2005.
*[http://www.royalhouseofgeorgia.ge Domus regia Georgiae.]
*[http://memory.loc.gov/frd/cs/getoc.html &quot;Georgia: A Country Study.&quot;] [[Bibliotheca Congressus]].
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040501103306/http://homepage.mac.com/crowns/go/avframe.html Index rectorum Georgiae.]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040907072719/http://207.218.249.154/eng/detail.php?id=5955 Tempora Georgiae: annus 2002.]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040907072716/http://207.218.249.154/eng/detail.php?id=5924 Tempora Georgiae: annus 2003.]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051118223334/http://207.218.249.154/eng/detail.php?id=8712 Tempora Georgiae: annus 2004.]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170420144629/http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=11436 2005 Tempora Georgiae.]

{{Historia Asiae}}

[[Categoria:Historia Georgiae|!]]
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    <title>Historia Arabiae Sauditae</title>
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      <text bytes="5297" sha1="icif8ixucf5gejeku06dn370j476cow" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Tribes english.png|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Tribus]] Arabiae tempore divulgationis [[religio Islamica|religionis Islamicae]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Arabia%2C Egypt%2C Nubia and Abyssinia 1883 map.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Tabula geographica]] anno [[1883]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Arabia 1914.png|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Paeninsula Arabica]] anno [[1914]].]]
[[Fasciculus:First Saudi State Big.png|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Emiratus Diriyah]]{{dubsig}}, prima [[civitas]] Saudiana, annis ab [[1744]] ad annum [[1818]].]]
{{multiple image
| align     = right
| direction = vertical
| header    = Arabia saeculo undevicensimo
| image1    = Second Saudi State Big.png
| alt1      = Civitas Saudiana secunda
| caption1  = [[Emiratus Nejd]]{{dubsig}} altera civitas Saudiana maximo spatio, annis ab [[1824]] ad annum [[1891]].
| image2    = Alrasheed hail english.png
| alt2      = Civitas Saudiana Rashidiana
| caption2  = [[Regnum]] [[Domus Rashidiana]]e{{dubsig}} maximo spatio, ab [[1830]] ad [[1921]].
}}
[[Fasciculus:Ibn Saud.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Abdulaziz Al Saud]] [[rex]], Arabiae Saudianae conditor.]]
'''Historia Arabiae Sauditae''', [[Arabia Saudita|civitatis sui iuris]] formá hodierná, orta est anno [[1744]] cum nomine [[Nadium]] cui anno [[1932]] [[Hidiazum]] et [[Alhasa]] adiuncta sunt, sed [[historia]] et [[praehistoria]] [[homo|hominum]] in [[paeninsula]] [[Arabia|Arabica]] retro ad tempora abhinc annorum 20&amp;thinsp;000 extenditur. Quae [[regio]] bis in [[historia mundi]] magnos effectus habuit: [[saeculum 7|saeculo septimo]], [[incunabula]] [[religio]]nis [[religio Islamica|Islamicae]] et [[caput|sedes]] [[caliphatus Rashidun]]{{dubsig}} facta est; atque ex [[saeculum 20|saeculo vicensimo]], vasti [[petroleum|petrolei]] [[lacus]] [[terra|subterranei]] ut Arabia Saudiana [[oeconomia|oeconomicas]] [[politica]]sque partes magni momenti in historia [[civilizatio]]nis [[tellus|orbis terrarum]] ageret fecerunt.

==Bibliographia==
*Abir, Mordechai. [[1987]]. ''Saudi Arabia in the oil era: regime and elites: conflict and collaboration.'' ISBN 978-0-7099-5129-2.
*Abir, Mordechai. [[1993]]. ''Saudi Arabia: Government, Society, and the Persian Gulf Crisis.'' ISBN 978-0-415-09325-5.
*Benoist-Mechin. [[1955]]. ''Ibn-Seoud ou la naissance d'un royaume.'' Albin Michel. 
*Bowen, Wayne H. [[2007]]. ''The History of Saudi Arabia.'' The Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations. ISBN 978-0-313-34012-3.
*Determann, Jörg. [[2013]]. ''Historiography in Saudi Arabia: Globalization and the State in the Middle East.''
*Freitag, Ulrike, ed. [[2010]]. ''Saudi-Arabien: Ein Königreich im Wandel?'' Paderborn: Schöningh. ISBN 978-350-67693-2-9.
*Freitag, Ulrike. [[2011]]. &quot;The German Contribution to Knowledge of the Historical Heritage of Jeddah, and to Urban Preservation in the Middle East.&quot; In ''The Saudi Commission for Tourism and Antiquities: Research and Heritage: Research papers on Architectural Heritage,'' 42–53. Riadi. ISBN 978-6-03-802267-2.
*Hegghammer, Thomas. [[2010]]. ''Jihad in Saudi Arabia: Violence and Pan-Islamism since 1979.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-73236-9.
*Heim, Michael. [[2004]]. &quot;Der tote Scheich im Hause Saud: Die verhängnisvolle Geschichte des Wahhabismus.&quot; ''Blätter für deutsche und internationale Politik'' 10: 1262–269.
*House, Karen Elliott. [[2012]]. ''On Saudi Arabia: Its People, Past, Religion, Fault Lines—and Future.'' Novi Eboraci: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-307-27216-4.
*Kostiner, Joseph. [[1993]]. ''The Making of Saudi Arabia, 1916–1936: From Chieftaincy to Monarchical State.'' Londinii: Oxford University Press.
*Long, David E. [[2005]]. ''Culture and Customs of Saudi Arabia.'' ISBN 978-0-313-32021-7.
*Malbouisson, Cofie D. [[2007]]. ''Focus on Islamic issues.'' ISBN 978-1-60021-204-8.
*Otto, Jan Michiel. [[2010]]. ''Sharia Incorporated: A Comparative Overview of the Legal Systems of Twelve Muslim Countries in Past and Present.'' ISBN 978-90-8728-057-4.
*Parker, Chad H. [[2015]]. ''Making the Desert Modern: Americans, Arabs, and Oil on the Saudi Frontier, 1933–1973.'' University of Massachusetts Press.
*al-Rasheed, Madawi. [[2010]]. ''A History of Saudi Arabia.'' Ed. secunda.
*Steinberg, Guido. [[2004]]. ''Saudi Arabien: Politik, Geschichte, Religion.'' Monaci: C. H. Beck.
*Steinberg, Guido. [[2005]]. &quot;The Wahhabi Ulama and the Saudi State: 1745 to the Present.&quot; In: ''Saudi Arabia in the Balance: Political Economy, Society, Foreign Affairs,'' ed Aarts et Nonneman. Hurst &amp; Co.
*Tripp, Harvey, et Peter North. [[2009]]. ''CultureShock! A Survival Guide to Customs and Etiquette.'' Ed. tertia. Ed. Marshall Cavendish.
*Vassiliev, Alexei. [[2000]]. ''The History of Saudi Arabia.'' Novi Eboraci. ISBN 0-8147-8809-2.&lt;!--Melius: editio altera, 2013--&gt;
*Wynbrandt, James, et Fawaz A. Gerges. [[2010]]. ''A Brief History of Saudi Arabia.''
{{NexInt}}
{{div col|2}}
*[[Abecedarium Arabicum]]
*[[Alcoranus]]
*[[Arabes]]
*[[Arabia Deserta]]
*[[Arabia Felix]]
*[[Arabia Petraea]]
*[[Beduini]]
*[[Cuvaitum]]
*[[Hagga]]
*[[Idumaea]]
*[[Thomas Eduardus Lawrence]]
*[[Lingua Arabica]]
*[[Mare Rubrum]]
*[[Mundus Musulmanus]]
*[[Omania]]
*[[Periplus maris Erythraei]]
*[[Quataria]]
*[[Via serica]]
{{div col end}}

{{Historia Asiae}}

[[Categoria:Historia Arabiae Sauditae|!]]
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    <title>Historia Iemeniae</title>
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      <text bytes="5994" sha1="mgv52aa4eve98in5zin2s4tgwtchrd5" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Panel Almaqah Louvre DAO18.jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[Inscriptio]] [[Sabaea]]na ad [[Almaqah]] [[deus|deum]] [[lunae]] alloquens, quinque deos [[Arabia]]e australis, duos [[monarcha]]s regnantes, duos [[gubernator]]es [[saeculum 7 a.C.n.|saeculo septimo]] commemorat.]]
[[Fasciculus:Bmane2002-1-114,1.jpg|thumb|[[Stela]] [[funus|funerea]] ex [[saeculum 1|saeculo primo]] scaenam [[musica]]m pingit.]]
[[Fasciculus:Dhamar Ali Yahbur (bust).jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|[[Dhamar Ali Yahbur II]]{{dubsig}}, [[rex]] Himyaritarum.]]
[[Fasciculus:Yemen protest.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Tumultuatio [[Sanaa]]e habita die [[3 Februarii]] [[2011]].]]
'''Historia Iemenae''' [[traditio]]nes [[cultura]]lesque [[res]] ab incolis [[Iemenia]]e [[res gestae|gestas]] tractat, unius ex veterrimis [[civilizatio]]nis sedibus quae in [[Asia]] [[Asia Occidentali|Occidentali]] ortae sunt.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/04/wap/ht04wap.htm Arabian Peninsula, 1000 B.C.–1 A.D. | Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art.]&lt;/ref&gt; Cuius enim [[terra]] et [[ager|agri]], quia imbres in [[clima]]te humido satis [[pluvia|pluit]], sunt [[fertilitas|fertiles]] ac multitudinem stabilem sustenere possunt, quam proprietatem ipse [[Ptolemaeus]] [[geographus]] [[Graecia antiqua|Graecus]] agnovit, cum Iemeniam ''[[Arabia Felix|Arabiam Felicem]]'' describeret. [[Cogitatio|Cogitatores]] Iemenienses [[abecedarium]] [[abecedarium Arabiae australis|Arabiae australis]] inter [[saeculum|saecula]] [[saeculum 12 a.C.n.|duodecimum]] et [[saeculum 8 a.C.n.|octavum]] [[a.C.n.]] evolverant, qua pro causa plurmi [[rerum gestarum scriptor]]es hodierni omnia [[regnum|regna]] Iemensia antiqua ad illud aevum attribuunt.

Inter saecula duodecimum [[a.C.n.]] et [[saeculum 6|sextum p.C.n.]], sex civilizationes continuae [[regio]]ni dominabantur, quae aliquando aemulatores inter se erant, aut sociae quidem erant, una agentes ut lucrativo [[condimentum|condimentorum]] [[commercium|commercio]] imperarentur, quae civilizationes erant [[Minaeai]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Minaei&quot;&gt;Vide [http://micmap.org/dicfro/search/gaffiot/Minaei &quot;Minaei&quot; apud Gaffiot].&lt;/ref&gt; (Arabice معين et Minaice 𐩣𐩲𐩬), [[Cattabania|Catapani]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cattabania&quot;&gt;Vide [situm interretialem Brill's New Pauly], ubi dicitur &quot;(Qatabān). Pre-Islamic people in south-western Arabia, known predominantly through inscriptions. They appear in the ancient sources as Kattabaneîs (Κατταβανεῖς, ἡ Κατταβανία, Str. 16,4,4), Kottabanoí (Κοτταβανοί, Ptol. Geog. 6,7,24) and Catapani (Plin. HN 6,153)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Arabice قتبان et Cattabanice 𐩤𐩩𐩨𐩬), [[Adrramyta]]e&lt;ref name=&quot;Adrramyta&quot;&gt;Theophrastus: ''Historia Plantarum''. 9,4. Vide etiam articulum Vicipaediae Anglicae de hoc regno, ubi dicitur &quot;Theophrastus gives the name Άδρραμύτα, a direct transcription of the Semitic name into Greek&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Arabice حضرمي et Adrramytice 𐩢𐩳𐩧𐩣𐩩), [[Ausan]]ici (Arabice أوسان), [[Sabaei]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sabaei&quot;&gt;Vide [http://micmap.org/dicfro/search/gaffiot/sabaei &quot;Sabaei&quot; apud Gaffiot].&lt;/ref&gt; (Arabice ٱلسَّبَئِيُّوْن et Sabaice 𐩪𐩨𐩱) et [[Homeritae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Homeritae&quot;&gt;Vide [http://micmap.org/dicfro/search/gaffiot/homeritae &quot;Homeritae&quot; apud Gaffiot].&lt;/ref&gt; (Arabice حِمير et Homeritice 𐩢𐩣𐩺𐩧𐩣).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/03/wap/ht03wap.htm Arabian Peninsula, 2000–1000 B.C. | Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art].&lt;/ref&gt; [[Religio]] [[religio Islamica|Islamica]] anno [[630]] advenit, et Iemenia pars [[mundus Musulmanus|mundi Musulmani]] mox facta est.

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Burrowes, Robert D., et Charles Schmitz. [[2018]]. ''Historical dictionary of Yemen.'' Ed. tertia. Lanhamiae Terrae Mariae: Rowman &amp; Littlefield Publishing Group. ISBN 9781538102329, ISBN 9781538102336 (electronica).
*Dresch, Paul. [[2000]]. ''A history of modern Yemen.'' Cantabrigiae et Novi Eboraci: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521790921, ISBN 052179482X (charta). 
*Kuehn, Thomas. [[2011]]. ''Empire, Islam, and Politics of Difference: Ottoman Rule in Yemen, 1849–1919.'' Lugduni Batavorum et Bostoniae: Brill.
*de Maigret, Alessandro. [[2002]]. ''Arabia Felix.'' Conv. Rebecca Thompson. Londinii: Stacey International. ISBN 1-900988-07-0.
*Korotayev, Andrey. [[1995]]. ''Ancient Yemen.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-922237-1. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181116013140/http://www.academia.edu/32711023/ANCIENT_YEMEN_Oxford_University_Press_1995_ Academia.edu.]  [https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0199222371 Amazon.com].
*Romano, Amy. [[2004]]. ''A historical atlas of Yemen.'' Novi Eboraci: Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 0823945022.
*Schippmann, Klaus. [[1998]]. ''Geschichte der alt-südarabischen Reiche.'' Darmstadiae: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. ISBN 3-534-11623-2.
*Strothmann, Rudolf. [[1912]]. ''Das Staatsrecht der Zaiditen.'' Strassburgi: K. J. Trübner. [http://www.archive.org/download/dasstaatsrechtde00stro/dasstaatsrechtde00stro.pdf PDF.]

{{NexInt}}
*[[Adana]]
*[[Ayyubidae]]
*[[Vexillum Iemeniae]]

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|History of Yemen|historiam Iemeniae}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140707020418/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/197802/a.dam.at.marib.htm &quot;A Dam at Marib.&quot;]&lt;!--
*{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040913083237/http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5302.htm |title=state.gov |date=2004-09-13}}
*{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212020702/http://www.al-bab.com/yemen/hist/hist.htm |title=&quot;History of Yemen.&quot; |date=2008-02-12}}
*{{webarchive |url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20020930171208/http://www.geocities.com/baja/dunes/3147/ |title=&quot;Yemenite Virtual Museum.&quot; |date=2002-09-30}}--&gt;
*[http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Asia-and-Oceania/Yemen-HISTORY.html &quot;Asia and Oceania: Yemen.&quot;] ''Encyclopedia of the Nations.''

{{Historia Asiae}}

[[Categoria:Iemenia]]
{{Myrias|Historia}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Hydrophiinae</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="8565" sha1="0vh4t6zy2aia4qg5ys2gs2o9ocdrwmy" xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| name = Hydrophiinae 
| fossil_range        = {{fossil range|3.6|0|[[Miocaenum|Miocaeno]] – Recens|ref=&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://fossilworks.org/?a=taxonInfo&amp;taxon_no=269562|title = Fossilworks: Hydrophiinae}}.&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| image = Pelamis platura, Costa Rica.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Hydrophis platurus]]'' in [[litus|litore]] [[Costarica]]e
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| classis = [[Reptilia]]
| ordo = [[Squamata]]
| subordo = [[Serpentes]]
| familia = [[Elapidae]]
| subfamilia = '''Hydrophiinae'''
| taxon = Hydrophiinae
| subfamily_authority = [[Malcolm Arthurus Smith|Smith]], [[1926]]
| range_map = Sea Snake range.png
| range_map_caption = [[Distributio geographica]] ([[viridis]]), praeter ''[[Hydrophis platurus|Hydrophem platurum]],'' [[species|speciem]] pelagicam maxime divulgatam
}}
[[Fasciculus:Laticauda colubrina (Wakatobi).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''[[Laticauda colubrina]].'']]
[[Fasciculus:Banded Sea Snake-jonhanson.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''[[Laticauda laticaudata]].'']]
[[Fasciculus:Aipysurus laevis.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''[[Aipysurus laevis]].'']]
[[Fasciculus:Hydrophis cyanocinctus lores.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|'[[Hydrophis cyanocinctus]].'']]
'''Hydrophiinae''' sunt [[subfamilia]] [[anguis|anguium]] [[venenum|venenosorum]] [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[Elapidae|Elapidarum]]. In [[circumiecta|circumiectis]] [[mare|maritimis]] plerumque [[habitatio|habitant]]. Plurimae ad [[vita]]m plene [[aqua]]ticam omnino accommodantur, et praeter [[serpens|serpentes]] [[genus (taxinomia)|generis]] ''[[Laticauda]]e,'' in [[terra]] bene movere nequeunt. In [[calor|calidis]] aquis [[litus|litoralibus]] ab [[Oceanus Indicus|Oceano Indico]] ad [[Oceanus Pacificus|Oceanum Pacificum]] inventae, arte cum anguibus venenosis [[terra|terrestribus]] in [[Australia]] coniunguntur.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hutchings 2008 &quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=The Great Barrier Reef: Biology, Environment and Management |last= Hutchings|first= Pat |year=2008 |publisher=Csiro Publishing |isbn=9780643099975 |quote=Sea snakes are true reptiles closely related to Australian venomous terrestrial snakes. Indeed, both groups are included in a single subfamily, Hydrophiinae, by most modern herpetologists. |page=345 }}.&lt;/ref&gt; Hydrophiinae in [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Oceano Atlantico]] non fiunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;Meh87&quot;/&gt;

Omnibus anguibus maritimis sunt [[cauda]]e remiformes, et multis sunt [[corpus|corpora]] lateraliter complanata, quam ob rem [[anguilla]]rum similes videntur. [[Pisces|Piscium]] autem dissimiles, eis non sunt [[branchiae]]; ergo eis supra [[superficies|superficiem]] spirandum est. Cum [[cetacea|cetaceis]], inter [[vertebrata]] planissime aquatica sunt quae [[aer]]em suspirant.&lt;ref name=&quot;P&amp;G77&quot;&gt;Parker 1977.&lt;/ref&gt; In hoc [[grex|grege]] [[taxinomia|taxinomico]] sunt [[species]] quibus sunt potentissimum omnium anguium [[venenum]]. Nonnullis autem sunt indoles clementes, qui solum irritati mordeant, cum alii hostiliores sint. Familiae hodie sunt sexaginta novem species in septendecim genera digestae.&lt;ref name=&quot;ITIS&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NRDB&quot;/&gt;

==Descriptio==
Plurimi hydrophiinarum adulti a 120 ad 150 [[centimetrum|centimetra]] [[longitudo|longi]] crescunt,&lt;ref name=&quot;Sti74&quot;&gt;Stidworthy 1974.&lt;/ref&gt; et maximus, ''[[Hydrophis spiralis]],'' usque ad 3 [[metrum|metra]] attingit.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fic82&quot;&gt;Fichter 1982.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Oculus|Oculi]] sunt parvi, [[pupilla]] rotunda,&lt;ref name=&quot;Dit33&quot;&gt;Ditmars 1933.&lt;/ref&gt; et plurimis sunt [[naris|nares]] [[dorsum|dorsaliter]] siti.&lt;ref name=&quot;Meh87&quot;&gt;Mehrtens 1987.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Calvaria]] a calvariis [[elapidae|elapidarum]] terrestrium non multum differunt, quamquam eorum [[dentitio]] est aliquantulum primitiva, [[dens|dentibus]] brevibus et (praeter ''[[Emydocephalus|Emydocephalum]]'') usque ad duodeviginti dentibus minoribus post eos in [[maxilla]].&lt;ref name=&quot;P&amp;G77&quot;/&gt;

Hydrophiinae parvis [[piscis|piscibus]] et aliquando [[octopoda|octopodis]] iuvenibus [[victus|vescuntur]]. Saepe cum ''[[Platylepas ophiophila|Platylepatibus ophiophilis]]'' consociantur, [[cirripedia|cirripediis]] maritimis, quae sese ad eorum [[cutis|cutim]] affigere solent.&lt;ref name=Vernberg&gt;Vernberg 2014: 186.&lt;/ref&gt;

{{cladogramma|title=Cladogramma
|caption=Cladogramma primas coniunctiones [[evolutio]]narias inter hydrophiinas variasque angues terrestres monstrat.
|clades={{clade| style=font-size:85%;line-height:75%;
|label1=[[Elapidae]]
|1={{clade 
	|1=[[Cobra]]
	|label2=Hydrophiinae
	|2={{clade
		|label1=
		|1=''Laticauda''
		|2={{clade
			|1=''[[Notechis]]''
			|label2=
			|2={{clade
				|1={{clade
					|1=''Emydocephalus''
					|2=''Aipysurus''
					}}
				|2={{clade
					|1=''Hydrelaps''
					|2=''Hydrophis''
					}}
				}}
			}}
		}}
	}}
}}
}}

{{NexInt}}
*[[Morsus anguis]]
*[[Serpens marinus]]

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Ditmars, R. L. [[1933]]. ''Reptiles of the World.'' Editio emendata. Macmillan.
*Fichter, G. S. [[1982]]. ''Poisonous Snakes: A First Book.'' Franklin Watts. ISBN 0-531-04349-5.
*Gopalakrishnakone, P., ed. [[1994]]. ''Sea snake toxinology.'' Singapurae: Singapore University Press, National University of Singapore. ISBN 9971691930, ISBN 9971691914.
*Graham, J. B., W. R. Lowell, I. Rubinoff, et J. Motta. [[1987]]. &quot;Surface and subsurface swimming of the sea snake ''Pelamis platurus.''&quot; ''Journal of Experimental Biology'' 127: 27–44. [http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/reprint/127/1/27.pdf PDF.]
*Kharin, V. E. [[2004]]. &quot;On the taxonomic status of the sea snake ''Hydrophis caerulescens'' (Shaw, 1802) (Serpentes: Hydrophiidae).&quot; ''Biologiya Morya'' (Vladivostok) 30 (3): 227–29.
*Keogh, J. S., R. Shine, et S. Donnellan. [[1998]]. &quot;Phylogenetic Relationships of Terrestrial Australo-Papuan Elapid Snakes (Subfamily Hydrophiinae) Based on Cytochrome b and 16S rRNA Sequences.&quot; ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'' 1: 67–81. ISSN 1055-7903.
*McDowell, S. B. [[1969]]. &quot;Notes on the Australian sea-snake ''Ephalophis greyi'' M. Smith (Serpentes: Elapidae: Hydrophiinae) and the origin and classification of sea-snakes.&quot; ''Journal of the Linnean Society of London'' 48: 333–49. ISSN 0368-2935.
*McDowell, S. B. [[1972]]. &quot;The genera of sea-snakes of the Hydrophis group (Serpentes: Elapidae).&quot; ''Transactions of the Zoological Society of London'' 32: 189–247. ISSN 0084-5620.
*Mehrtens, J. M. [[1987]]. ''Living Snakes of the World in Color.'' Novi Eboraci: Sterling Publishers. ISBN 0-8069-6460-X.
*Parker, H. W., et A. G. C. Grandison. [[1977]]. ''Snakes: a natural history.'' Ed. secunda. Londinii: British Museum (Natural History) et Cornell University Press. LCCCN 76-54625. ISBN 0-8014-1095-9,  ISBN 0-8014-9164-9.
*Rasmussen, A. R. [[1997]]. &quot;Systematics of sea snakes; a critical review.&quot; Symp. Zoological Society of London'' 70: 15–30.
*Smith, M. A. [[1926]]. ''Monograph of the sea snakes (Hydrophiidae).'' Londinii: British Museum of Natural History.
*Stidworthy J. [[1974]]. ''Snakes of the World.'' Grosset &amp; Dunlap Inc. ISBN 0-448-11856-4.
*Vernberg, F. John. [[2014]]. ''Behavior and Ecology.'' Elsevier Science. ISBN 978-0-323-16269-2. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Re_sBe-xQtQC&amp;pg=PA189 Editio interretialis: pagina 189.]
*Voris, H. K. [[1977]]. &quot;A phylogeny of the sea snakes (Hydrophiidae).&quot; ''Fieldiana Zoologica'' 70: 79–169.
*Wassenberg, T. J., J. P. Salini, H. Heatwole, et J. D. Kerr. [[1994]]. &quot;Incidental capture of sea snakes (Hydrophiidae) by prawn trawlers in the Gulf of Carpentaria.&quot; ''Australian journal of marine and freshwater research'' 45: 429–43. ISSN 0045-8511.
*Whitaker, R. [[1978]]. ''Common Indian Snakes: A Field Guide.'' Macmillan India Limited.

==Nexus externi==
{{Fontes biologici}}
*[http://www.mesa.edu.au/sea_snakes/sea_snakes01.asp Sea Snakes in Australia]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110405041703/http://scuba-doc.com/seasnks.htm Sea Snakes] at [https://web.archive.org/web/20210523234632/http://www.scuba-doc.com/ Scubadoc's Diving Medicine Online]. Situs accessus 6 Augusti 2007.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20191115090114/https://divehappy.com/indonesia/diving-gunung-api-volcano-of-the-sea-snakes/ Diving Gunung Api: Volcano Of The Sea Snakes] - first hand account of scuba divers interacting with sea snakes at the Indonesian volcano Gunung Api, Iunius 2009
* Alexis Gillham, [http://www.townsvillebulletin.com.au/article/2010/11/08/183041_news.html Man cheats sea snake], ''Townsville Bulletin'', 8 Novembris 2010. Situs accessus 8 Novembris 2010

[[Categoria:Hydrophiinae| ]]
[[Categoria:Subfamiliae animalium]]
[[Categoria:Taxa Smith]]
[[Categoria:Taxa 1926]]
{{Myrias|Biologia}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lacus Athabasca</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>291745</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991374</id>
      <parentid>3990526</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T19:24:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: -[[Categoria:Saskatchewan]]; +[[Categoria:Lacus Saskatchewanis]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="1350" sha1="t5fc1ukg9ckfnsdd2mvgfmkzgtsphx8" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Approaching-God&amp;#039;s-Country (3904537103).jpg|thumb|Athabascae lacus ex [[aeroplanum|aeroplano]] despectus]]

{{res|Athabasca}}&lt;ref&gt;{{*Cfr}} ''Bison bison athabascae''.&lt;/ref&gt; (lingua [[Cri]] ''aðapaskāw'') est lacus in ''[[Saskatchewan]]'' et ''[[Alberta]]'' provinciis [[Canada]]e. Area lacus 7850 [[chiliometrum|chm]]² est et altitudo maxima 124 [[metrum|m]]. Flumen [[Athabasca]] et [[flumen Pacis]] in lacum per [[delta fluminis|delta]] commune effunduntur; fluminis Pacis aqua tempore elubionum in lacum fluit, ceteris mensibus in [[flumen Servorum]]. Flumen {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Fundus Lacustrinus|Fundi Lacustrini|en|qid=Q1435649}} partem aquarum [[lacus Wollaston]]is in Athabascam affert. [[Servorum flumen]] in Athabasca initium cepit et in [[Lacus servorum maior|Lacum servorum maiorem]] effunditur. [[Thinium|Thinia]] arenosa mobilia ad litus meridianum iacentes amplissimae in regionibus septentrionalibus sunt. Fodinae [[Uranium|uranii]] et [[Aurum|auri]] prope litus septentrionale sitae erant.

[[Fasciculus:Athbasca-Sand dunes.jpg|thumb|Thinia Athabascae]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{fontes geographici}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Athabasca lacus}}

[[Categoria:Lacus Canadae]]
[[Categoria:Alberta]]
[[Categoria:Lacus Saskatchewanis]]
[[Categoria:Systema Mackenzie fluminis]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>3991376</id>
      <parentid>3991374</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T19:25:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: −[[Categoria:Lacus Canadae]]; ±[[Categoria:Alberta]]→[[Categoria:Lacus Albertae]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="1329" sha1="1adc2656osopwx7pqw5frn57qoprpim" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Approaching-God&amp;#039;s-Country (3904537103).jpg|thumb|Athabascae lacus ex [[aeroplanum|aeroplano]] despectus]]

{{res|Athabasca}}&lt;ref&gt;{{*Cfr}} ''Bison bison athabascae''.&lt;/ref&gt; (lingua [[Cri]] ''aðapaskāw'') est lacus in ''[[Saskatchewan]]'' et ''[[Alberta]]'' provinciis [[Canada]]e. Area lacus 7850 [[chiliometrum|chm]]² est et altitudo maxima 124 [[metrum|m]]. Flumen [[Athabasca]] et [[flumen Pacis]] in lacum per [[delta fluminis|delta]] commune effunduntur; fluminis Pacis aqua tempore elubionum in lacum fluit, ceteris mensibus in [[flumen Servorum]]. Flumen {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Fundus Lacustrinus|Fundi Lacustrini|en|qid=Q1435649}} partem aquarum [[lacus Wollaston]]is in Athabascam affert. [[Servorum flumen]] in Athabasca initium cepit et in [[Lacus servorum maior|Lacum servorum maiorem]] effunditur. [[Thinium|Thinia]] arenosa mobilia ad litus meridianum iacentes amplissimae in regionibus septentrionalibus sunt. Fodinae [[Uranium|uranii]] et [[Aurum|auri]] prope litus septentrionale sitae erant.

[[Fasciculus:Athbasca-Sand dunes.jpg|thumb|Thinia Athabascae]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{fontes geographici}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Athabasca lacus}}

[[Categoria:Lacus Albertae]]
[[Categoria:Lacus Saskatchewanis]]
[[Categoria:Systema Mackenzie fluminis]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Athabasca</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>291746</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: −[[Categoria:Flumina Canadae]]; ±[[Categoria:Alberta]]→[[Categoria:Flumina Albertae]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="809" sha1="bpuhvzrkdfex9srslexpb1oc76s9f1d" xml:space="preserve">{{flumen|Athabasca |[[Fasciculus:Athabasca River JNP.JPG|thumb|center|Athabasca in saepto nationali ''Jasper'']]| 1231 | 1520 | | 95 300  |[[Saeptum nationale]] ''Jasper''|[[Lacus Athabasca]]|[[Alberta]]}}
'''Athabasca'''&lt;ref&gt;Cf. ''Bison bison athabascae''.&lt;/ref&gt; est flumen in [[Alberta]] provincia [[Canada]]e. In montibus [[Saeptum nationale|saepti nationalis]] ''Jasper'' incipit, 1231 [[chiliometrum|chm]] patet et per [[delta fluminis|deltam]] amplissimam (area 1960 chm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) in [[Lacus Athabasca|Athabascam lacum]] effunditur. Per [[taiga|silvam borealem]] desertam in maxima parte longitudinis aquas fert.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{fontes geographici}}
{{CommuniaCat|Athabasca River|Athabascam}}

[[Categoria:Flumina Albertae]]
[[Categoria:Systema Mackenzie fluminis]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Meditrinalia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="4229" sha1="5py5c0rkjdt4waudsru6c7p6jei4zdk" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Relief of Meditrina, Roman Goddess of Wine and Health, Roman Grand (Andesina), France (7693149718).jpg|thumb|Meditrinae imago a quibusdam putatur, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Andesina|Andesinae|fr|qid=Q1492517}} reperta.]]

{{res|Meditrinalia}} fuerunt [[feriae Romanae|festum Romanum]], quod die [[11 Octobris]] (a.d. V [[Idus|Id]]. Oct.) celebrabatur. Premendae [[uva]]e fuit festum; Meditrinalibus primo [[mustum]] novum probabatur et musto vetere miscebatur. [[Marcus Terentius Varro|Varro]] haec a sacrificantibus tum dici refert: &quot;Vetus novum [[vinum]] bibo, novo veteri [[morbus|morbo]] medeor.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''De lingua Latina'' VI 21. Cf. [[Festus|Fest.]] s.v.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Meditrina]]e [[Aesculapius|Aesculapii]] filiae festum dedicatum esse dicitur, sed non sine dubio. [[Fasti Amiterni]] et [[Fasti fratrum Arvalium]] die 11 Octobris festum [[Iuppiter|Iovis]] indicant; fortasse, sicut alterae feriae vindemiatorum, [[Vinalia]] Priora et Rustica, Iovi Meditrinalia dedicata sunt.

== De Georgii Dumézil opinione ==
[[Georgius Dumézil]] fastorum Amiterni testimonio fretus festum diem Iovi sine dubio adsignabat et aestimabat vinum novum hic appellari primum sucum ex uvis expressum quem ne acerbus fieret ac melius servaretur fervefacere atque cum anni prioris vino cocto ([[Defrutum|defruto]]) miscere Romani solebant: nam [[Lucius Iunius Moderatus Columella|Columella]]&lt;ref&gt;''[[Rei rusticae libri (Columella)|Rei Rusticae libri]]'' XII.21 (&quot;Aliter, quemadmodum mustum infirmi generis ad vetustatem possit perduci&quot;): ''Mustum quam dulcissimi saporis decoquetur ad tertias et decoctum, sicut supra dixi, defrutum vocatur; quod cum defrixit, transfertur in vasa et reponitur, ut post annum sit in usu. Potest tamen et post dies novem, quam refrixerit, adici in vinum, et melius est, si anno requieverit. . . Patimur autem, cum de lacu mustum sublatum est, biduo defervescere et purgari; tertio die defrutum adicimus'' etc. Cf [[Palladius Rutilius Taurus Aemilianus|Palladius]] XI.14.&lt;/ref&gt; et alii auctores de re rustica hoc defruto velut medicamine uti ad novum mustum sanandum praecipiebant. Itaque Dumézil nomen Meditrinalia e verbo medendo ducebat triplici [[Suffixum|suffixatione]] addita: -tro (nomina instrumentorum), -ina (nomina loci ubi opera quaedam dabatur), -alia (nomina festorum). Comparabat cum pistrina, tonstrina, ustrina  e pinsendo, tondendo, urendo. E quo colligebat Meditrinalia ferias esse defruti aliorumque condimentorum in &quot;meditrinis&quot; novo musto additorum et deam Meditrinam ex eo postea inventam esse. An vini medicamina hominis quoque medicamina fuerint alia quaestio: tum quidem credidisse videntur vel credere simulasse.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
[[Fasciculus:Museo del Teatro Romano de Caesaraugusta.43.jpg|thumb|350px|[[Fasti Antiates maiores|Fasti Antiates Maiores]]: Meditrinalia mense octobri notantur (MEDI)]]

*Franz Bömer, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/41243523 Iuppiter und die Römischen Weinfeste]&quot;, ''Rheinisches Museum für Philologie'', 1941: 30-58 
*Olivier de Cazanove, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/23671022 Jupiter, Liber et le vin latin]&quot;, ''Revue de l'histoire des religions'', 1988: 245-265
* Georges Dumézil, &quot;Médication du vin et santé des hommes. Meditrinalia&quot; in	''Fêtes romaines d'été et d'automne ; suivi de Dix questions romaines'', Gallimard, 1975: 98-107. [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rhr_0035-1423_1977_num_191_1_6571 Recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_1977_num_55_2_3150_t1_0524_0000_2 Altera recensio critica] [https://books.google.fr/books?id=jbodAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT1&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]

==Nexus externi==
* [https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/meditrinalia_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/ De Meditrinalibus]  in ''Treccani'' {{ling|Italice}}
* [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Meditrinalia.html De Meditrinalibus]  in ''[[Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities]]'', 1875 {{ling|Anglice}}
*[https://nunc.ch/meditrinalia/ Nunc est bibendum] {{ling|Francogallice}}

{{Feriae Romanae}}

[[Categoria:Feriae Romanae]]
[[Categoria:Ritus Octobris]]
[[Categoria:Vinum]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Bertrandus Guégan</title>
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      <text bytes="5291" sha1="mnpgngceohyqctmikbxhgi2jsadbz1m" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Guegan Fleur tome 1 1920.jpg|thumb|Bertrand Guégan, ''La Fleur de la cuisine française'' vol. 1 (1920): titulus]]

{{res|Bertrandus Guégan}}, vulgo ''Bertrand Guégan'' (anno [[1892]] natus; in castris carceralibus [[Oranienburg-Sachsenhausen]] anno [[1943]] mortuus)&lt;ref&gt;''Le grand-oncle Bertrand Guégan, éditeur et gastronome, qui mourut en 1943 dans le camp d’Orianenburg-Sachsenhausen ...'': Didier Pourquery, “[https://www.lemonde.fr/livres/article/2011/03/10/gerard-guegan-un-ecrivain-n-ecrit-jamais-innocemment-sur-un-autre-ecrivain_1490941_3260.html Gérard Guégan : « Un écrivain n’écrit jamais innocemment sur un autre écrivain »]” in ''[[Le Monde]]'' (10 Martii 2011)&lt;/ref&gt; fuit editor textuum et scriptor de rebus litterariis coquinariisque. Nonnumquam cum [[Henricus de Régnier|Henrico de Régnier]] et [[Eduardus Nignon|Eduardo Nignon]] collaboravit. 

De pictoribus librisque pictis annorum 1920 haec anno fere 1931 scripsit: ''M. Roméo Dumoulin s'est mis à l'école de [[Iosephus Hémard|Joseph Hémard]] et illustre des livres au pochoir, dans le genre de ceux que beaucoup d'éditeurs français ont publiés depuis dix ans pour plaire au public, et que le public, moins sot qu'on ne pense, a laissés chez les libraires''.&lt;ref&gt;Bertrand Guégan in ''Arts et métiers graphiques'' no. 26 (Nov. 1931?) fide ''[http://www.dictionnaire-des-illustrateurs.com/Dumoulin-Romeo.htm Dictionnaire des illustrateurs]''&lt;/ref&gt; Ipse autem inter primos tales libros divulgari iusserat, et praesertim editionem Francogallicam ''[[Hypnerotomachia Poliphili|Hypnerotomachiae Poliphili]]'' [[Franciscus Columna|Francisci Columnae]] quae anno [[1926]] prodit.

[[Fasciculus:Aloysius Bertrand Le Keepsake fantastique cover.jpg|thumb|Bertrand Guégan, ed., ''Aloysius Bertrand: Le Keepsake fantastique'' (1923): involucrum]]
Carmina {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Marcellina Desbordes|Marcellinae Desbordes|fr|qid=Q466987}} primus recentiorum congerere et edere curavit. Praemia [[Academia Francica|Academiae Francicae]] bis meruit, propter librum receptorum historicum ''La Fleur de la cuisine française'' anno [[1922]], et versionem [[Apicius sive De re coquinaria|Apicianam]] ''Les Dix Livres de cuisine d'Apicius'' anno [[1933]] divulgatam.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt; 

== Opera ==
; Libri selecti
* 1914 (editor cum Frédéric Lachèvre) : ''S'ensuyvent les chansons de Robert La Chièvre, de Reims, trouvère du XIIIe siècle''. Imprimerie Lahure [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k131183c Textus] apud Gallica
* 1920 (praefatore [[Eduardus Nignon|Edouard Nignon]]) : ''La Fleur de la cuisine française, où l'on trouve les meilleures recettes des meilleurs cuisiniers, patissiers et limonadiers de France du XIII au XIX siècle''. Lutetiae: La Sirène [https://www.abebooks.fr/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=14439899796&amp;cm_sp=SEARCHREC-_-WIDGET-L-_-BDP-F&amp;searchurl=sortby%3D17%26tn%3Dla%2Bfleur%2Bde%2Bla%2Bcuisine%2Bfrancaise imago huius editionis]
* 1921 (praefatore Raoul Blondel) : ''La Fleur de la cuisine française. Tome II, La cuisine moderne (1800-1921): les meilleures recettes des grands cuisiniers français''. Lutetiae: La Sirène [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k42212299 Textus] apud Gallica
* 1923 (editor) : ''Aloysius Bertrand: Le Keepsake fantastique: poésies, chroniques et essais, théâtre inédit, correspondance''. Lutetiae: La Sirène [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k62599z Textus aegre legibilis] apud Gallica
* 1926  (editor) : ''Hypnerotomachie, ou Discours du songe de Poliphile, déduisant comme amour le combat à l'occasion de Polia; traduit de langage italien en français par Jean Martin et Jacques Gohorry; décoré de dessins de Mantegna, gravés sur bois par Jean Cousin et Jean Goujon''. Lutetiae: Payot [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k54425079 Textus] apud Gallica
* 1928 (editor) : ''Poésies complètes d'Alfred de Vigny, publiés avec une introduction de Henri de Régnier; texte établi par Bertrand Guégan''. Lutetiae: Payot [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9623682p Textus] apud Gallica 
* 1931 (editor) : ''Blasons anatomiques du corps féminin, publiés par le bibliophile B. G.'' Lutetiae [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k55796801 Textus] apud Gallica
* 1931-1932 (editor) : ''Poésies complètes de Marceline Desbordes-Valmore''. 2 voll. Lutetiae: Editions du Trianon [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k4247286r?rk=42918;4 vol. 1] [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k4223686b?rk=21459;2 vol. 2]
* 1933 (interpres) : ''Les Dix Livres de cuisine d'Apicius, traduits du latin pour la première fois et commentés''. Lutetiae: René Bonnel [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1521330d Textus] apud Gallica

; Commentationes selectae
* 1933 : “Kértesz et son miroir” in ''Arts et métiers graphiques'' no. 37 (Sept. 1933) p. 24

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://www.academie-francaise.fr/bertrand-guegan Index praemiorum Academiae Francicae]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Guegan, Bertrandus}}
[[Categoria:Nati 1892]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1943]]
[[Categoria:Victimae Nazistarum]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Editores]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores de re cibaria]]
[[Categoria:Philologi Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Latino-Francogallici]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lingua terrae Curonica</title>
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      <text bytes="1750" sha1="t17ngo2oxo2ari26bnxz0jkv40g5sw3" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Дюна Эфа с высоты.jpg|thumb|[[Thinium]] Ephae{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1=Nomine {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Franciscus Epha|Francisci Ephae|de|qid=Q124326}} nuncupatur.|2=Q124326}} in lingua terrae Curonica]]

{{res|Lingua terrae Curonica}}&lt;ref&gt;Cf. [[Curonicus lacus|lacunae nomen]].&lt;/ref&gt; (vel '''Kurshiensis'''&lt;ref&gt;{{ZK|Куршская коса}}&lt;/ref&gt; vel '''Isthmus Curlandiae'''; [[Russice]] Куршская коса, [[Lituanice]] ''Kuršių nerija'') est [[lingua terrae]] harenosa longissima, quae [[Curonicus lacus|lacunam Curonicam]] a [[mare Balticum|mari Baltico]] separat. In [[Districtus Memelae|districtu Memelae]] [[Lituania]]e et [[regio Kaliningradensis|regione Calininopolitana ]] Russiae sita est.

Longitudo linguae 98 chm est, latitudo minima 400 m, maxima (prope [[Nida (Lituania)|Nida]]m coloniam) 3,8 chm. [[Thinium|Thinia]] linguae Curonicae altitudinem usque ad 67 m habent. 

[[Fasciculus:Curonian Lagoon and Memel - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Memela urbs prope fretum lacum Curonicum et mare coniungens, et linguae Curonicae extremitas septentrionalis (photographema de [[Aëroplanum|aeroplano]] factum)]]
''[[Zelenogorsk]]'' urbs in fine meridionali linguae et [[Memela]] in septentrionali sitae sunt. 

Ab anno 2000 lingua Curonica [[patrimonium totius mundi]] habetur.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{fontes geographici}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Curonica, lingua terrae}}

[[Categoria:Paeninsulae Russiae Europaeae]]
[[Categoria:Geographia Lituaniae]]
[[Categoria:Regio Kaliningradensis]]
[[Categoria:Mare Balticum]]
[[Categoria:Loci hereditatis mundialis in Russia]]
[[Categoria:Loci hereditatis mundialis in Lituania]]
[[Categoria:Linguae terrae]]</text>
      <sha1>t17ngo2oxo2ari26bnxz0jkv40g5sw3</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Sal</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="7706" sha1="90xi4bhs2upm81suwimb5pa91czqocc" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:DeadSeaIsrael5.jpg|thumb|Deposita salis prope [[Mare Mortuum]].]]
{{Videhom|Sal (chemia)}}

{{res|Sal}} est [[minerale]] quod plerumque in [[natrii chloridum|natrii chlorido]] ([[NaCl]]) consistit, [[compositum chemicum|composito chemico]] quod ad magnam [[sal (chemia)|salium]] classem pertinent; sal ut minerale [[natura]]liter [[crystallum|crystallinum]] [[halites]] vel vulgo sal [[saxum|saxosus]] appellatur. Magna salis summa in [[aqua marina]] adest, atque in [[oceanus|oceano]] aperto sunt 35 [[gramma]]ta [[solidum|solidorum]] per [[litrum]] [[aqua]]e, [[salinitas]] 3.5 fere centesimarum.

[[Sodium in biologia|Sal vitae necessarius paene universae est]], et [[salsitudo]] est unus e fundamentalibus [[gustatus|gustatibus]] [[homo|humanis]]. Sal est unus ex veterrimis et latissime notis [[cibus|cibi]] [[condimentum|condimentis]], et [[salsura (cibus)|salsura]] est [[ratio]] [[conservatio cibi|cibi conservandi]] magni momenti.

== Usus condimentarii ==
[[Fasciculus:Bolivian rose salt.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Sal [[roseus]] [[Bolivia]]nus ex [[Andes|Andibus]].]]
In [[mythologia]] [[Phoenices|Phoenicum]], usus condimentorum (imprimis salis) a Misor et Sydyc [[deus|deis]] vel [[heros|heroibus]] inventus est, si de hac re credere licet [[Sanchuniathon]]i, [[auctor]]i Phoenici cuius opus hodie deperditum, a [[Philo Alexandrinus|Philone]] [[Graece]] versum, ab [[Eusebius Pamphili|Eusebio]] [[saeculum 4|saeculo quarto]] compendiose recitatur.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Μισὼρ καὶ Συδύκ&quot;: [[Eusebius Pamphili]], ''[[Praeparatio evangelica]]'' [https://archive.org/details/evangelicaepraep01euse/page/48/mode/2up cap. 1.10] ([https://www.tertullian.org/fathers/eusebius_pe_01_book1.htm versio Anglica]).&lt;/ref&gt; Eandem rem [[Polydorus Vergilius]] anno [[1499]] in libro ''De inventoribus rerum'' repetit, [[nomen proprium|nominibus]] &quot;Misor &amp; Selech&quot; datis.&lt;ref&gt;[[Polydorus Vergilius]], ''De inventoribus rerum'' {{Google Books|LEg8AAAAcAAJ|fol. i iii editionis 1503}} ([https://archive.org/details/polydorivirgilii00vergrich/page/98/mode/2up versio Anglica]).&lt;/ref&gt;

Sal in plurimis [[cibus|cibis]] adest, sed in edulibus [[res|rebus]] [[vita|vivis]] quae in [[natura]] fiunt, sicut [[caro|carnibus]], [[holera|holeribus]], et [[fructus|fructibus]], solum summis minutissimis invenitur.

== Calendarium republicanum ==
Sal in [[Francia|Francico]] [[calendarium republicanum|calendario republicano]] fuit vicensimus secundus mensis Nivosi [[dies]].&lt;ref&gt;Ph. Fr. Na. Fabre d'Églantine, [https://books.google.fr/books?id=vVtWj-W-KP8C&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false ''Rapport fait à la Convention nationale dans la séance du 3 du second mois de la seconde année de la République française,''] p. 22.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Proverbium et locutio Latina ==
[[Proverbium]] a [[Cicero|Cicerone]] memoratum omnibus notum est:  ''multos [[modius|modios]] salis simul edendos esse, ut amicitiae munus expletum sit''&lt;ref&gt;''[[Laelius de amicitia]]'' 19, 67&lt;/ref&gt;.

Item apud antiquos Romanos quia sal gustum alimentorum extollit ''sales'' [[Metaphora|metaphorice]] dicebantur verba iocosa urbanaque quae sermoni saporem addunt. E quo hodieque [[Locutio Latina|locutio Latina]] ''[[Cum grano salis|cum grano salis]]'' adhibetur cum auditores (aut lectores) monemus verba non plane ut dicuntur accipienda esse sed partim saltem tamquam iocos interpretanda. Origo fortasse ad locum [[Plinius Maior|Plinii Maioris]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Pnh}} 33.149.&lt;/ref&gt; referenda est.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
[[Fasciculus:Halit (NaCl) - Kopalnia soli Wieliczka, Polska.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Halites]] (sal lapideus) ex [[fodina]] salis [[Wieliczka]] in [[regio]]ne Małopolskie in [[Polonia]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Loading sea salt at evaporation pond, Walvis Bay (2014).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Operarii [[sal marinus|salem marinum]] onerant ad [[lacus|lacum]] salis evaporandi in [[Sinus Walvis|Sinu Walvis]] in [[Namibia]], cui [[organismus|organismi]] [[halophilia|halophilitici]] [[color]]em [[ruber|rubrum]] dant.]]
[[Fasciculus:Sea Salt.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Inaequalia [[sal marinus|salis marini]] [[crystallum|crystalla]].]]
* Barber, Elizabeth Wayland. [[1999]]. ''The Mummies of Ürümchi.'' Novi Eboraci: W. W. Norton &amp; Co. ISBN 0-393-32019-7. OCLC 48426519.
* Bergier, Jean-Francois. [[1989]]. ''Die Geschichte vom Salz.'' [Historia Salis]. Francofurti: Campus. ISBN 3-593-34089-5.
* Blümner, Hugo. [[1920]]. &quot;Salz.&quot; ''Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft (RE). Band I A,2,'' Sp. 2075–99. Stutgardiae.
* Botsch, Walter. [[1971]]. ''Salz des Lebens: Kochsalz – NaCl,'' [Sal Vitae: Sal Communis – NaCl]. Stutgardiae: Franckh. ISBN 3-440-00270-5.
* Carusi, Cristina. [[2008]]. ''Il sale nel mondo greco, VI a.C.-III d.C.: luoghi di produzione, circolazione commerciale, regimi di sfruttamento nel contesto del Mediterraneo antico.'' [Sal in mundo Graeco, ex saeculo sexto a.C.n. ad saeculum tertirum p.C.n.: Loc productionis, circulationis, et usuum mercatoriorum in Mediterraneo Antiquo]. Edipuglia. ISBN 9788872285428.
* Dalton, Dennis. [[1996]]. &quot;Introduction to Civil Disobedience.&quot; In ''Mahatma Gandhi: Selected Political Writings,'' 71–73. Hackett Publishing. ISBN 0-87220-330-1. [https://www.google.com/books/edition/Gandhi_Selected_Political_Writings/Er59fRsspgoC?hl=en Google Books.]
* Denhez, Frédéric. [[2006]]. ''Der Weg des weißen Goldes: Eine Kulturgeschichte des Salzes.'' Kehl: Kubik RvR. ISBN 3-938265-23-X.
* Emons, Hans-Heinz, et Walter Hans-Henning. [[1984]]. ''Mit dem Salz durch die Jahrtausende.'' Lipsiae: Deutscher Verlag für Grundstoffindustrie.
* Haid, Oliver, et Thomas Stöllner. [[2004]]. &quot;Salz, Salzgewinnung, Salzhandel.&quot; In ''Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde,'' ed. secunda, ed. Heinrich Beck, Dieter Geuenich, et Heiko Steuer, 26: 354–379. Berolini et Novi Eboraci.
* Kurlansky, Mark. [[2003]]. ''Salt: A World History.'' [Sal: Historia Mundialis]. Novi Eboraci: Penguin Books. ISBN 0142001619.  OCLC 48573453.
* Livingston, James V. [[2005]]. ''Agriculture and soil pollution: new research.'' Nova Publishers. ISBN 1-59454-310-0.
* McGee, Harold. [[2004]]. ''On Food and Cooking,'' ed. secunda. Novi Eboraci: Scribner. ISBN 9781416556374.
* Moosbrugger, Patty. [[1998]]. ''Solve it with salt: 110 surprising and ingenious household uses for table salt.'' Novi Eboraci: Three Rivers Press. ISBN 0609802348.
* Multhauf, Robert. [[1996]]. ''Neptune's Gift.'' Baltimorae Terrae Mariae: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0801854699.
* Saile, Theodor. [[2001]]. &quot;Salz im ur- und frühgeschichtlichen Mitteleuropa: Eine Bestandsaufnahme.&quot; ''Berichte der Römisch-Germanischen-Kommission 2000'' 81: 130–197.
* Shahidi, Fereidoon, John Shi, et Chi-Tang Ho. [[2005]]. ''Asian functional foods.'' Boca Raton Floridae: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8247-5855-2.
* Strässle, Thomas. [[2009]]. ''Salz: Eine Literaturgeschichte.'' Monaci: Hanser. ISBN 978-3-446-23417-8.
* Treml, M., et E. Jahn, eds.. [[1995]]. ''Salz, Macht, Geschichte.'' Katalog zur gleichnamigen Ausstellung) Veröff.'' Regensburgi et Augsburgi: Bayer. Gesch. u. Kultur 30.
* Wörrle, Bernhard. [[1996]]. &quot;Vom Kochen bis zum Schadenszauber: Das Salz bei Mestizen und Indianern Lateinamerikas.&quot; In ''Münchner Beiträge zur Amerikanistik.'' Monaci: Akademischer Verlag.ISBN 3-929115-75-1.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Aqua salsa]]
* [[Lacus salsus]]
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Piscis salsus||&lt;&gt;|en|qid=Q838052}}
* [[Salarium]]
* [[Salina]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Salt|salem}}
{{Victionarium|Salt|salem}}

{{Myrias|Physica}}
{{1000 paginae}}

[[Categoria:Chlorida]]
[[Categoria:Gustatus]]
[[Categoria:Natrium]]
[[Categoria:Sal| ]]</text>
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      <text bytes="7705" sha1="d0e1wsfi1uh3u5a830fc4ww1hivsae4" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:DeadSeaIsrael5.jpg|thumb|Deposita salis prope [[Mare Mortuum]].]]
{{Videhom|Sal (chemia)}}

{{res|Sal}} est [[minerale]] quod plerumque in [[natrii chloridum|natrii chlorido]] ([[NaCl]]) consistit, [[compositum chemicum|composito chemico]] quod ad magnam [[sal (chemia)|salium]] classem pertinent; sal ut minerale [[natura]]liter [[crystallum|crystallinum]] [[halites]] vel vulgo sal [[saxum|saxosus]] appellatur. Magna salis summa in [[aqua marina]] adest, atque in [[oceanus|oceano]] aperto sunt 35 [[gramma]]ta [[solidum|solidorum]] per [[litrum]] [[aqua]]e, [[salinitas]] 3.5 fere centesimarum.

[[Sodium in biologia|Sal vitae necessarius paene universae est]], et [[salsitudo]] est unus e fundamentalibus [[gustatus|gustatibus]] [[homo|humanis]]. Sal est unus ex veterrimis et latissime notis [[cibus|cibi]] [[condimentum|condimentis]], et [[salsura (cibus)|salsura]] est [[ratio]] [[conservatio cibi|cibi conservandi]] magni momenti.

== Usus condimentarii ==
[[Fasciculus:Bolivian rose salt.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Sal [[roseus]] [[Bolivia]]nus ex [[Andes|Andibus]].]]
In [[mythologia]] [[Phoenices|Phoenicum]], usus condimentorum (imprimis salis) a Misor et Sydyc [[deus|deis]] vel [[heros|heroibus]] inventus est, si de hac re credere licet [[Sanchuniathon]]i, [[auctor]]i Phoenici cuius opus hodie deperditum, a [[Philo Alexandrinus|Philone]] [[Graece]] versum, ab [[Eusebius Pamphili|Eusebio]] [[saeculum 4|saeculo quarto]] compendiose recitatur.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Μισὼρ καὶ Συδύκ&quot;: [[Eusebius Pamphili]], ''[[Praeparatio evangelica]]'' [https://archive.org/details/evangelicaepraep01euse/page/48/mode/2up cap. 1.10] ([https://www.tertullian.org/fathers/eusebius_pe_01_book1.htm versio Anglica]).&lt;/ref&gt; Eandem rem [[Polydorus Vergilius]] anno [[1499]] in libro ''De inventoribus rerum'' repetit, [[nomen proprium|nominibus]] &quot;Misor &amp; Selech&quot; datis.&lt;ref&gt;[[Polydorus Vergilius]], ''De inventoribus rerum'' {{Google Books|LEg8AAAAcAAJ|fol. i iii editionis 1503}} ([https://archive.org/details/polydorivirgilii00vergrich/page/98/mode/2up versio Anglica]).&lt;/ref&gt;

Sal in plurimis [[cibus|cibis]] adest, sed in edulibus [[res|rebus]] [[vita|vivis]] quae in [[natura]] fiunt, sicut [[caro|carnibus]], [[holera|holeribus]], et [[fructus|fructibus]], solum summis minutissimis invenitur.

== Calendarium republicanum ==
Sal in [[Francia|Francico]] [[calendarium republicanum|calendario republicano]] fuit vicensimus secundus mensis Nivosi [[dies]].&lt;ref&gt;Ph. Fr. Na. Fabre d'Églantine, [https://books.google.fr/books?id=vVtWj-W-KP8C&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false ''Rapport fait à la Convention nationale dans la séance du 3 du second mois de la seconde année de la République française,''] p. 22.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Proverbium et locutio Latina ==
[[Proverbium]] a [[Cicero|Cicerone]] memoratum omnibus notum est:  ''multos [[modius|modios]] salis simul edendos esse, ut amicitiae munus expletum sit''&lt;ref&gt;''[[Laelius de amicitia]]'' 19, 67&lt;/ref&gt;.

Item apud antiquos Romanos quia sal gustum alimentorum extollit ''sales'' [[Metaphora|metaphorice]] dicebantur verba iocosa urbanaque quae sermoni saporem addunt. E quo hodieque [[Locutio Latina|locutio Latina]] ''[[Cum grano salis|cum grano salis]]'' adhibetur cum auditores (aut lectores) monemus verba non plane ut dicuntur accipienda esse sed partim saltem tamquam iocos interpretanda. Origo fortasse ad locum [[Plinius Maior|Plinii Maioris]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Pnh}} 33.149.&lt;/ref&gt; referenda est.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
[[Fasciculus:Halit (NaCl) - Kopalnia soli Wieliczka, Polska.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Halites]] (sal lapideus) ex [[fodina]] salis [[Wieliczka]] in [[regio]]ne Małopolskie in [[Polonia]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Loading sea salt at evaporation pond, Walvis Bay (2014).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Operarii [[sal marinus|salem marinum]] onerant ad [[lacus|lacum]] salis evaporandi in [[Sinus Walvis|Sinu Walvis]] in [[Namibia]], cui [[organismus|organismi]] [[halophilia|halophilitici]] [[color]]em [[ruber|rubrum]] dant.]]
[[Fasciculus:Sea Salt.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Inaequalia [[sal marinus|salis marini]] [[crystallum|crystalla]].]]
* Barber, Elizabeth Wayland. [[1999]]. ''The Mummies of Ürümchi.'' Novi Eboraci: W. W. Norton &amp; Co. ISBN 0-393-32019-7. OCLC 48426519.
* Bergier, Jean-Francois. [[1989]]. ''Die Geschichte vom Salz.'' [Historia Salis]. Francofurti: Campus. ISBN 3-593-34089-5.
* Blümner, Hugo. [[1920]]. &quot;Salz.&quot; ''Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft (RE). Band I A,2,'' Sp. 2075–99. Stutgardiae.
* Botsch, Walter. [[1971]]. ''Salz des Lebens: Kochsalz – NaCl,'' [Sal Vitae: Sal Communis – NaCl]. Stutgardiae: Franckh. ISBN 3-440-00270-5.
* Carusi, Cristina. [[2008]]. ''Il sale nel mondo greco, VI a.C.-III d.C.: luoghi di produzione, circolazione commerciale, regimi di sfruttamento nel contesto del Mediterraneo antico.'' [Sal in mundo Graeco, ex saeculo sexto a.C.n. ad saeculum tertirum p.C.n.: Loc productionis, circulationis, et usuum mercatoriorum in Mediterraneo Antiquo]. Edipuglia. ISBN 9788872285428.
* Dalton, Dennis. [[1996]]. &quot;Introduction to Civil Disobedience.&quot; In ''Mahatma Gandhi: Selected Political Writings,'' 71–73. Hackett Publishing. ISBN 0-87220-330-1. [https://www.google.com/books/edition/Gandhi_Selected_Political_Writings/Er59fRsspgoC?hl=en Google Books.]
* Denhez, Frédéric. [[2006]]. ''Der Weg des weißen Goldes: Eine Kulturgeschichte des Salzes.'' Kehl: Kubik RvR. ISBN 3-938265-23-X.
* Emons, Hans-Heinz, et Walter Hans-Henning. [[1984]]. ''Mit dem Salz durch die Jahrtausende.'' Lipsiae: Deutscher Verlag für Grundstoffindustrie.
* Haid, Oliver, et Thomas Stöllner. [[2004]]. &quot;Salz, Salzgewinnung, Salzhandel.&quot; In ''Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde,'' ed. secunda, ed. Heinrich Beck, Dieter Geuenich, et Heiko Steuer, 26: 354–379. Berolini et Novi Eboraci.
* Kurlansky, Mark. [[2003]]. ''Salt: A World History.'' [Sal: Historia Mundialis]. Novi Eboraci: Penguin Books. ISBN 0142001619.  OCLC 48573453.
* Livingston, James V. [[2005]]. ''Agriculture and soil pollution: new research.'' Nova Publishers. ISBN 1-59454-310-0.
* McGee, Harold. [[2004]]. ''On Food and Cooking,'' ed. secunda. Novi Eboraci: Scribner. ISBN 9781416556374.
* Moosbrugger, Patty. [[1998]]. ''Solve it with salt: 110 surprising and ingenious household uses for table salt.'' Novi Eboraci: Three Rivers Press. ISBN 0609802348.
* Multhauf, Robert. [[1996]]. ''Neptune's Gift.'' Baltimorae Terrae Mariae: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0801854699.
* Saile, Theodor. [[2001]]. &quot;Salz im ur- und frühgeschichtlichen Mitteleuropa: Eine Bestandsaufnahme.&quot; ''Berichte der Römisch-Germanischen-Kommission 2000'' 81: 130–197.
* Shahidi, Fereidoon, John Shi, et Chi-Tang Ho. [[2005]]. ''Asian functional foods.'' Boca Raton Floridae: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8247-5855-2.
* Strässle, Thomas. [[2009]]. ''Salz: Eine Literaturgeschichte.'' Monaci: Hanser. ISBN 978-3-446-23417-8.
* Treml, M., et E. Jahn, eds.. [[1995]]. ''Salz, Macht, Geschichte.'' Katalog zur gleichnamigen Ausstellung) Veröff.'' Regensburgi et Augsburgi: Bayer. Gesch. u. Kultur 30.
* Wörrle, Bernhard. [[1996]]. &quot;Vom Kochen bis zum Schadenszauber: Das Salz bei Mestizen und Indianern Lateinamerikas.&quot; In ''Münchner Beiträge zur Amerikanistik.'' Monaci: Akademischer Verlag.ISBN 3-929115-75-1.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Aqua salsa]]
* [[Lacus salsus]]
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Piscis salsus|&lt;&gt;|en|qid=Q838052}}
* [[Salarium]]
* [[Salina]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Salt|salem}}
{{Victionarium|Salt|salem}}

{{Myrias|Physica}}
{{1000 paginae}}

[[Categoria:Chlorida]]
[[Categoria:Gustatus]]
[[Categoria:Natrium]]
[[Categoria:Sal| ]]</text>
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    <title>Historia Russiae</title>
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      <text bytes="7466" sha1="2kqwguin1970a0pbckjjbs12hnbez74" xml:space="preserve">{{Historia Russiae}}
'''Historia Russiae''' initium suum sumit ex [[historia|historiis]] [[Slavi|Slavorum]] Orientalium.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=History of Russia – Slavs in Russia: from 1500 BC|url=http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ac14|access-date=14 Iulii 2016|publisher=Historyworld.net}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Russian Nationalism, Past and Present|publisher=Springer|year=[[1998]]|isbn=9781349265329|editor-last=Hosking|editor-first=Geoffrey|page=8|editor-last2=Service|editor-first2=Robert}}  (v. [[Chronica Nestoris]]).&lt;/ref&gt; Tempus usu receptum historiae proprie Russicae est fundatio [[civitas|civitatis]] [[Ruthenia|Rus']] in [[septentrio]]ne anno [[862]], quam eo tempore [[Varegi]] regebant.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Повесть временных лет|url=http://www.hrono.info/dokum/1000dok/povest1.php}}.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Vetus Ladoga]] et [[Novogardia Magna|Novogardia]] primae [[urbs|urbes]] factae sunt novae [[immigratio|immigrantium]] ex [[Scandinavia]] cum Slavis [[Fenni|Fennisque]] [[societas humana|consociatarum]]. Anno [[882]], [[Helgus|Helgus Novogardensis]] [[Kiovia|Kioviam]] cepit, itaque septentrionales et [[meridies|meridianas]] Slavorum Orientalium [[terra]]s in unam [[potestas (socialis et politicus)|potestatem]] redegit. Civitas [[religio Christiana|fidem Christianam]] ab [[Imperium Byzantinum|Imperio Byzantiaca]] anno [[988]] excepit, qua accepta [[cultura]]rum Byzantiacarum et Slavicarum synthesis, culturam Russicam totum fere [[millennium]] determinans, incohata est. [[Russia Kioviensis|Ruthenia Kiovensis]] demum ob incursiones [[Imperium Mongolicum|Mongolicas]] annis ab [[1237]] ad [[1240]] factas dissoluta est.
[[Fasciculus:Памятник_тысячелетию_России_2013_06.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|left|[[Millennium]] Russiae [[monumentum]] in [[Novogardia Magna|Veliky Novgorod]], die [[8 Septembris]] [[1862]] revelatum.]]

[[Saeculum 13|Saeculo tertio decimo]] transacto, [[Moscua]] sedes [[politica]]e et [[cultura]]e facta est, ut terrae Russicae adunarentur. Exeunte [[saeculum 15|saeculo quinto decimo]], Moscua principatus Russicos boreo-orientales et boreo-occidentales coniunxit, anno [[1480]] demum iugum Mongolicum subvertit. Terra [[Moscovia|Magni Ducatus Moscuensis]] anno [[1547]] [[Regnum Russicum|Regnum Russicum]] facta sunt. Anno [[1722]], civitas a [[Petrus Magnus|Petro Magno]] [[Imperium Russicum|Imperii Russici]] appellationem assumpsit, qui per hanc rem speravit civitatem cum partis culturalibus et historicis Rutheniae antiquae coniunctum iri, contra ipsius consilia quae [[Europa Occidentalis|Europam Occidentalem]] versus tendebant.

Civitas ita porrigebatur a finibus orientalibus [[Res Publica Utriusque Nationis|Reipublicae Utriusque Nationis]] usque ad [[Oceanus Pacificus|Oceanum Pacificum]]. Russia magna [[potestas (socialis et politicus)|potestas]] facta est, Europamque [[Napoleo I (imperator Francogallorum)|Napoleone]] devicto dominabantur. Seditiones plebeiorum crebro usu veniebant, quarum omnia accriter supprimebantur. [[Alexander II (imperator Russiae)|Alexander II]] imperator condicionem bastagariam{{dubsig}} abolevit, paupertas vero remansit, compressio eversionis invaluit. Subsequentibus decenniis, conatus reformandi, constitutio anni [[1906]], [[Duma|Diaeta Russica]] [[oeconomia]]m aperire et liberalibus principiis accomodare periclitabantur; [[imperator]] vero dicionem [[autocratia|autocraticam]] repudiavit, potestatem communicare detrectavit.
[[Fasciculus:Territorial_Expansion_of_Russia.svg|right|thumb|upright=1|Expansio Russiae et Unionis Sovieticae (1300–1945).]]

Oeconomici naufragii, lassitudinis bellicae mixtura animique molestia propter systema regiminis autocraticum, quod res novas exoriendas esse curavit. Initio [[Res novae Russiae (1917)|monarchiae eversio]] coalitionem liberalium moderatorumque socialistarum ad potestatem elevavit, eorum vero consilia politica ad potentiam anno 1917 a [[communismus|communistis]] prehensam adducebantur. Anno [[1922]], [[Russica Sovietica Foederativa Socialistica Res Publica|Russia Sovietica]], una cum [[Ucraina]], [[Ruthenia Alba]], et [[Russica Sovietica Foederativa Socialistica Res Publica|Transcaucasia]] tractatum, de creanda [[Unio Rerum Publicarum Sovieticarum Socialisticarum|Unione Sovietica]] subscripserunt, quattuor respublicas in quandam civitatem confuserunt. Inter annos 1922 et [[1991]], historia Russiae fuit historia Unionis Sovieticae.

{{NexInt}}
{{div col|3}}
* [[Bellum Crimaeanum]]
* [[Bellum mundanum secundum]]
* [[Bellum Russo-Iaponicum]]
* [[Bellum Sovietico-Iaponicum]]
* [[Cosaci]]
* [[Crateologia]]
* [[Cremlinus (Moscua)|Cremlinus]]
* [[Emptio Alascana]]
* [[Falx et malleus]]
* [[Foedus Trium Imperatorum]]
* [[Incursio Russica in Ucrainam (2022)|IIncursio Russica in Ucrainam]]
* [[Moscovia]]
* [[Mosqua tertia Roma]]
* [[Vladimirus Lenin]]
* [[Litterae Russicae]]
* [[Museum Solitarium]]
* [[Alexander Nevensis]]
* [[Orda Aurea]]
* [[Palatinatus]]
* [[Alexander Puškin]]
* [[Vladimirus Putin]]
* [[Rebellio Decembristarum]]
* [[Rebellio Novembris]]
* [[Regnum Russicum]]
* [[Res novae Russiae (1917)]]
* [[Ruthenia]]
* [[Sovieti]]
* [[Iosephus Stalin]]
* [[Leo Trotski]]
* [[Tzar]]
{{div col end}}

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Bibliographia==
===Summaria===
* Auty, Robert, et Dimitri Obolensky, eds. [[1981]]. ''Companion to Russian Studies: vol 1: An Introduction to Russian History.''
* Bartlett, Roger P. [[2005]]. ''A history of Russia.''
* Brown, Archie, et al. eds. [[1994]]. ''The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Russia and the Former Soviet Union.'' Ed. secunda.
* Bushkovitch, Paul. [[2011]]. ''A Concise History of Russia.''
* Connolly, Richard. [[2020]]. ''The Russian Economy: A Very Short Introduction.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press.
* Figes, Orlando. [[2002]]. ''Natasha's Dance: A Cultural History of Russia.''
* Florinsky, Michael T. ed. [[1961]]. ''McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Russia and the Soviet Union.''
* Freeze, Gregory L., ed. [[2002]]. ''Russia: A History.'' Ed. secunda. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-860511-0.
* Harcave, Sidney, ed. [[1962]]. ''Readings in Russian history.''
* Hosking, Geoffrey A. [[2011]]. ''Russia and the Russians: a history.''
* Jelavich, Barbara. [[1974]]. ''St. Petersburg and Moscow: Tsarist and Soviet Foreign Policy, 1814–1974.''
* Kort, Michael. [[2008]]. ''A brief history of Russia.''
* McKenzie, David, et Michael W. Curran. [[2001]]. ''A History of Russia, the Soviet Union, and Beyond.'' Ed. sexta. Belmont Californiae: Wadsworth Publishing. ISBN 0-534-58698-8.
* Millar, James, ed. [[2003]]. ''Encyclopedia of Russian History.'' 4 vol.
* Pares, Bernard. [[1926]]. ''A History of Russia.''
* Paxton, John. [[1983]]. ''Companion to Russian History.''
* Paxton, John. [[1993]]. ''Encyclopedia of Russian History.''
* Perrie, Maureen, et al. [[2006]]. ''The Cambridge History of Russia.'' 3 vol. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press.
* Riasanovsky, Nicholas V., et Mark D. Steinberg. [[2018]]. ''A History of Russia.'' Ed. nona.
* Service, Robert. [[2009]]. ''A History of Modern Russia: From Tsarism to the Twenty-First Century.'' Ed. tertia. Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: Harvard University Press.
* Stone, David. ''A Military History of Russia: From Ivan the Terrible to the War in Chechnya.''
* Ziegler, Charles E. [[1999]]. ''The History of Russia.'' Greenwood Press.

{{Myrias|Historia}}
{{Historia Asiae}}

[[Categoria:Historia Russiae|!]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Capsaicinum</title>
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      <comment>{{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}}</comment>
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      <text bytes="3635" sha1="60pb5rkn4gvu6kx7glypxvtq2x5srg9" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Capsaicin-3D-vdW.png|thumb|Capsaicini structura]]

{{res|Capsaicinum}}, nomine systematico {{res|8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamidum}}, in [[Capsicum (fructus)|fructibus]] generis ''[[Capsicum (genus)|Capsici]]'' natura producitur, sicut et alia [[Capsaicinoides|capsaicinoidea]]. Inde gignitur caliditas vel {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|pungentia||en|qid=Q1517948}} [[Gustatus|gustativa]] horum fructuum (a nonnullis [[sapor]], ab aliis dolor censita) quam homines mammaliaque sentiunt. 

== Bibliographia ==
; Botanica et oecologica
* G. A. Cordell, O. A. Araujo, &quot;Capsaicin: identification, nomenclature, and pharmacotherapy&quot; in ''Annals of Pharmacotherapy'' vol. 27 (1993) pp. 330–336 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8453173/ Epitome]
* David C. Haak et al., &quot;[https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2011.2091 Why are not all chilies hot? A trade-off limits pungency]&quot; in ''Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences'' vol. 279 (2011/2012)
* Seungill Kim et al., &quot;[https://www.nature.com/articles/ng.2877 Genome sequence of the hot pepper provides insights into the evolution of pungency in Capsicum species]&quot; in ''[[Nature]] Genetics'' vol. 46 (2014) pp. 270–278
* D. J. Levey et al., &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273766563_Evolutionary_ecology_of_secondary_compounds_in_ripe_fruit_Case_studies_with_capsaicin_and_emodin Evolutionary ecology of secondary compounds in ripe fruit: case studies with capsaicin and emodin]&quot; in A. J. Dennis et al., edd., ''Seed dispersal: theory and its application in a changing world'' (CAB International, 2007) pp. 37-58
* Joshua J. Tewksbury et al., &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20220625191614/https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.0802691105 Evolutionary ecology of pungency in wild chilies]&quot; in {{PNAS}} vol. 105 (2008) pp. 11808-11811

; Pharmacologica et diaetetica
* Kiran D. K. Ahuja et al., &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6959003 Effects of chili consumption on postprandial glucose, insulin, and energy metabolism]&quot; in ''American Journal of Clinical Nutrition'' vol. 84 (2006) pp. 63-69
* Padmamalini Baskaran et al., &quot;[https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-45050-0 Assessment of pharmacology, safety, and metabolic activity of Capsaicin Feeding in Mice]&quot; in ''[[Nature]] Scientific Reports'' vol. 9 (2019) 8588
* Mauro Bortolotti, &quot;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3959448/ Red pepper: an aid for gut functional diseases with pain?]&quot; in ''Annals of Gastroenterology'' vol. 26 (2013) p. 276
* Gyula Mozsik, ed., ''Capsaicin and its Human Therapeutic Development''. IntechOpen, 2018. ISBN 978-1-78923-521-0; [https://www.intechopen.com/books/6810 Textus]
* Gaber El-Saber Batiha et al., &quot;[https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/15/5179 Biological Properties, Bioactive Constituents, and Pharmacokinetics of Some Capsicum spp. and Capsaicinoids]&quot; in ''International Journal of Molecular Sciences'' vol. 21 xv no. 5179 (22 Iulii 2020)
* Baskaran Thyagarajan et al., &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240813060403/https://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/jpet/early/2008/12/31/jpet.109.156901.full.pdf Capsaicin Protects Mouse Neuromuscular Junctions from the Neuroparalytic Effects of Botulinum Neurotoxin A]&quot; in ''Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics'' vol. 331 (2009) pp. 361-371

; Coquina
* Krista Bustamante et al., &quot;Thermal Degradation of Capsaicin and Dihydrocapsaicin During Cooking&quot; in ''Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science'' vol. 49 (2021), pp. 99-108 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/27189217 JSTOR]

[[Categoria:Capsaicinoidea]]
[[Categoria:Sapores]]</text>
      <sha1>60pb5rkn4gvu6kx7glypxvtq2x5srg9</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mamadi Doumbouya</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>303905</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991494</id>
      <parentid>3833577</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-27T09:55:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aboubacarkhoraa</username>
        <id>131096</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3991494</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3263" sha1="rycixqhswr4bk0snddp1o3q451l9ynb" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Mamadi Doumbouya''', litteris Arabicis مامادي دومبوي (in regione urbis [[Kankan]] die 5 12 [[1984]] natus) est miles qui die [[1 Octobris]] [[2021]] praeses ad interim [[Guinea]]e creatus est, antecessore [[Alpha Condé]].

E gente [[Mandingae|Mandingarum]] ortus,&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=BBC (2021)}}&lt;/ref&gt; alumnus est scholarum militarium [[Lutetia|Parisiensium]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000038144219 Arrêté du 12 février 2019]&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; [[universitas Panthei et Assacii|universitatisque Panthei et Assacii]] in eadem urbe. In [[Legio Externa Francica|legione externa Francica]] usque in annum [[2009]] militavit. In patriam anno [[2012]] reditus dux factus est gregis copiarum specialium quae contra terroristas committi solent. Quo grege adiuvante die [[5 Septembris]] [[2021]] praesidem Alpha Condé ex officio suo deiecit moxque se praesidem proclamari effecit.

Anno [[2018]] in [[Burkina Faso]], sed sub aegide exercitus [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatum Foederatarum]], duci copiarum specialium [[Malia|Maliensium]] futuroque usurpatori [[Assimi Goïta]] incurrerat; socii postea ut videtur collaborant.&lt;ref&gt;Diallo Boubacar, &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20220910141602/https://www.africaguinee.com/articles/2022/08/04/guinee-mali-assimi-goita-et-doumbouya-se-rapprochent-davantage Guinée-Mali: Assimi Goita et Doumbouya se rapprochent davantage…]&quot; (4 Augusti 2022) apud ''Africaguinee''; cf. &quot;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58761621 Mamady Doumbouya: Guinea coup leader sworn in as president]&quot; (1 Octobris 2021) apud ''BBC News''&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* &quot;[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1227529/politique/guinee-tentative-de-coup-detat-en-cours-a-conakry/ Coup d’État en Guinée : ce que l’on sait du putsch qui a renversé Alpha Condé]&quot; in ''[[Jeune Afrique]]'' (5 Septembris 2021)

== Nexus externi ==
* {{CIDOB|https://www.cidob.org/biografias_de_lideres_politicos/africa/guinea/mamady_doumbouya|Mamady Doumbouya}}
* Peter Kum, &quot;[https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/afrique/qui-est-le-colonel-mamady-doumbouya-nouvel-homme-fort-de-la-guinée-biographie/2356680 Qui est le colonel Mamady Doumbouya, nouvel homme fort de la Guinée ? (Biographie)]&quot; (6 Septembris 2021) apud ''AA''
* &quot;[https://africa24tv.com/guinee-portrait-du-colonel-mamady-doumbouya-auteur-du-putsch-du-5-septembre-2021/ Guinée : portrait du colonel Mamady Doumbouya, auteur du putsch du 5 septembre 2021]&quot; (5 Septembrus 2021) apud ''Africa 24''
* &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20220928094732/https://lejournaldelafrique.com/guinee-mamady-doumbouya-met-en-place-un-gouvernement-de-lombre/ Guinée : Mamady Doumbouya met en place un « gouvernement de l’ombre »]&quot; (11 Ianuarii 2022) apud ''Journal de l'Afrique''
* {{ec|id=BBC (2021)|c=&quot;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58461971 Guinea coup: Who is Col Mamady Doumbouya?]&quot; (1 Octobris 2021) apud ''BBC News''}}

{{Praesides Guineae}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Doumbouya, Mamady}}
[[Categoria:Nati 1980]]
[[Categoria:Homines vivi]]
[[Categoria:Milites Guineae]]
[[Categoria:Milites Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Politici Guineae]]
[[Categoria:Duces civitatum]]
[[Categoria:Alumni scholarum militarium Parisiensium]]
[[Categoria:Mandingae]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3991495</id>
      <parentid>3991494</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-27T09:56:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aboubacarkhoraa</username>
        <id>131096</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Aboubacarkhoraa movit paginam [[Mamady Doumbouya]] ad [[Mamadi Doumbouya]]: Titulus male scriptus</comment>
      <origin>3991494</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3263" sha1="rycixqhswr4bk0snddp1o3q451l9ynb" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Mamadi Doumbouya''', litteris Arabicis مامادي دومبوي (in regione urbis [[Kankan]] die 5 12 [[1984]] natus) est miles qui die [[1 Octobris]] [[2021]] praeses ad interim [[Guinea]]e creatus est, antecessore [[Alpha Condé]].

E gente [[Mandingae|Mandingarum]] ortus,&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=BBC (2021)}}&lt;/ref&gt; alumnus est scholarum militarium [[Lutetia|Parisiensium]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000038144219 Arrêté du 12 février 2019]&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; [[universitas Panthei et Assacii|universitatisque Panthei et Assacii]] in eadem urbe. In [[Legio Externa Francica|legione externa Francica]] usque in annum [[2009]] militavit. In patriam anno [[2012]] reditus dux factus est gregis copiarum specialium quae contra terroristas committi solent. Quo grege adiuvante die [[5 Septembris]] [[2021]] praesidem Alpha Condé ex officio suo deiecit moxque se praesidem proclamari effecit.

Anno [[2018]] in [[Burkina Faso]], sed sub aegide exercitus [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatum Foederatarum]], duci copiarum specialium [[Malia|Maliensium]] futuroque usurpatori [[Assimi Goïta]] incurrerat; socii postea ut videtur collaborant.&lt;ref&gt;Diallo Boubacar, &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20220910141602/https://www.africaguinee.com/articles/2022/08/04/guinee-mali-assimi-goita-et-doumbouya-se-rapprochent-davantage Guinée-Mali: Assimi Goita et Doumbouya se rapprochent davantage…]&quot; (4 Augusti 2022) apud ''Africaguinee''; cf. &quot;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58761621 Mamady Doumbouya: Guinea coup leader sworn in as president]&quot; (1 Octobris 2021) apud ''BBC News''&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* &quot;[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1227529/politique/guinee-tentative-de-coup-detat-en-cours-a-conakry/ Coup d’État en Guinée : ce que l’on sait du putsch qui a renversé Alpha Condé]&quot; in ''[[Jeune Afrique]]'' (5 Septembris 2021)

== Nexus externi ==
* {{CIDOB|https://www.cidob.org/biografias_de_lideres_politicos/africa/guinea/mamady_doumbouya|Mamady Doumbouya}}
* Peter Kum, &quot;[https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/afrique/qui-est-le-colonel-mamady-doumbouya-nouvel-homme-fort-de-la-guinée-biographie/2356680 Qui est le colonel Mamady Doumbouya, nouvel homme fort de la Guinée ? (Biographie)]&quot; (6 Septembris 2021) apud ''AA''
* &quot;[https://africa24tv.com/guinee-portrait-du-colonel-mamady-doumbouya-auteur-du-putsch-du-5-septembre-2021/ Guinée : portrait du colonel Mamady Doumbouya, auteur du putsch du 5 septembre 2021]&quot; (5 Septembrus 2021) apud ''Africa 24''
* &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20220928094732/https://lejournaldelafrique.com/guinee-mamady-doumbouya-met-en-place-un-gouvernement-de-lombre/ Guinée : Mamady Doumbouya met en place un « gouvernement de l’ombre »]&quot; (11 Ianuarii 2022) apud ''Journal de l'Afrique''
* {{ec|id=BBC (2021)|c=&quot;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58461971 Guinea coup: Who is Col Mamady Doumbouya?]&quot; (1 Octobris 2021) apud ''BBC News''}}

{{Praesides Guineae}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Doumbouya, Mamady}}
[[Categoria:Nati 1980]]
[[Categoria:Homines vivi]]
[[Categoria:Milites Guineae]]
[[Categoria:Milites Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Politici Guineae]]
[[Categoria:Duces civitatum]]
[[Categoria:Alumni scholarum militarium Parisiensium]]
[[Categoria:Mandingae]]</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mixtrum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>309204</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991418</id>
      <parentid>3905077</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T22:18:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>{{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}}; de fontibus</comment>
      <origin>3991418</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2390" sha1="10mafdj28tbemssq88kw2s72h9dmyn9" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:WMF Kult X Standmixer-4157.jpg|thumb|Mixtrum electricum]]
[[Fasciculus:HB109 black.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|left|Mixtrum electricum gestabile]]

{{res|Mixtrum}}&lt;ref&gt;Cfr. {{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris = Gross
	| nomen auctoris = Nicolaus
	| commentatio de auctore = Nicolaus Gross
	| titulus = Epistula XXXI
	| contextus = Epistulae Leoninae
	| tempus = 2010-03-07
	| pagina = 41
	| url = http://ephemeris.alcuinus.net/leonina/leo_XXXI.pdf
	| retrospectio = 20250404124659
	| salus url = obiit
	| tempus inspectionis = 2023-09-26
}}: &quot;Theodisce ''Mixer'', Anglice ''blender'', Francogallice ''mélangeur'', Hispanice ''batidora de vaso'', Italice ''frullatore'', Latine *'''mixtrum''', -ī n.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; sive '''machina mixtoria'''&lt;ref&gt;[[Christianus Helfer]], ''Lexicon auxiliare'', editio tertia (Saraviponte: 1991), 378.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;John C. Traupman, ''The New College Latin and English Dictionary,'' ed. tertia (Novi Eboraci: Bantam Books, 2007), 597, s.v. ''mixer.''&lt;/ref&gt; est [[instrumentum]] [[ars coquinaria|coquinarium]] ad [[cibus|cibum]] vel aliam [[materies|materiem]] [[solidum|solidam]] frangendam, contundendam, emulgendam, et miscendam adhibitum.

Mixtra stativa ex [[vas|vase]] circum [[axis|axem]] rotantem ({{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|rotrum||it|qid=Q15141537}}) consistunt, a quo, prope fundum vasis, palae metallicae surgunt et quem [[motrum electricum]], quod in fundo vasis haeret, movet.

Motrum autem super rotrum et nullum vas sunt {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|mixtrum gestabile|mixtris gestabilibus|en|qid=Q1934490}}, quae motro facto etiam manubrio in quodcumque vas immergi possunt.

Nonnulla fortia exemplaria etiam [[glacies|glaciem]] et [[cibus|cibos]] glaciatos frangere possunt. {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Consumptio electrica||en|qid=Q29954}} mixtrorum inter 300 et 1000 [[vattium|W]] esse solet.&lt;ref name=&quot;consumer-reports-2013&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| omnes auctores aliique = Consumer Reports
	| titulus = Top Blender Ratings - Blender Buying Guide
	| annus = 2013
	| mensis = 11
	| domus editoria = consumerreports.org
	| url = https://www.consumerreports.org/appliances/blenders/buying-guide/
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Blenders|mixtrum}}

{{Tech-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Ars coquinaria]]
[[Categoria:Instrumenta culinaria]]
[[Categoria:Instrumenta domestica]]</text>
      <sha1>10mafdj28tbemssq88kw2s72h9dmyn9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3991419</id>
      <parentid>3991418</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T22:19:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>3991419</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="2405" sha1="h7p1u407c9e5y3h8quxfqqzy7yib7ab" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:WMF Kult X Standmixer-4157.jpg|thumb|Mixtrum electricum]]
[[Fasciculus:HB109 black.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|left|Mixtrum electricum gestabile]]

{{res|Mixtrum}}&lt;ref&gt;Cfr. {{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris = Gross
	| nomen auctoris = Nicolaus
	| commentatio de auctore = Nicolaus Gross
	| titulus = Epistula XXXI
	| contextus = Epistulae Leoninae
	| tempus = 2010-03-07
	| pagina = 41
	| url = http://ephemeris.alcuinus.net/leonina/leo_XXXI.pdf
	| retrospectio = 20250404124659
	| salus url = obiit
	| tempus inspectionis = 2023-09-26
}}: “Theodisce ''Mixer'', Anglice ''blender'', Francogallice ''mélangeur'', Hispanice ''batidora de vaso'', Italice ''frullatore'', Latine {{lectio|*mixtrum}}, {{pns|ī|n}}”&lt;/ref&gt; sive '''machina mixtoria'''&lt;ref&gt;[[Christianus Helfer]], ''Lexicon auxiliare'', editio tertia (Saraviponte: 1991), 378.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;John C. Traupman, ''The New College Latin and English Dictionary,'' ed. tertia (Novi Eboraci: Bantam Books, 2007), 597, s.v. ''mixer.''&lt;/ref&gt; est [[instrumentum]] [[ars coquinaria|coquinarium]] ad [[cibus|cibum]] vel aliam [[materies|materiem]] [[solidum|solidam]] frangendam, contundendam, emulgendam, et miscendam adhibitum.

Mixtra stativa ex [[vas|vase]] circum [[axis|axem]] rotantem ({{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|rotrum||it|qid=Q15141537}}) consistunt, a quo, prope fundum vasis, palae metallicae surgunt et quem [[motrum electricum]], quod in fundo vasis haeret, movet.

Motrum autem super rotrum et nullum vas sunt {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|mixtrum gestabile|mixtris gestabilibus|en|qid=Q1934490}}, quae motro facto etiam manubrio in quodcumque vas immergi possunt.

Nonnulla fortia exemplaria etiam [[glacies|glaciem]] et [[cibus|cibos]] glaciatos frangere possunt. {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Consumptio electrica||en|qid=Q29954}} mixtrorum inter 300 et 1000 [[vattium|W]] esse solet.&lt;ref name=&quot;consumer-reports-2013&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| omnes auctores aliique = Consumer Reports
	| titulus = Top Blender Ratings - Blender Buying Guide
	| annus = 2013
	| mensis = 11
	| domus editoria = consumerreports.org
	| url = https://www.consumerreports.org/appliances/blenders/buying-guide/
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Blenders|mixtrum}}

{{Tech-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Ars coquinaria]]
[[Categoria:Instrumenta culinaria]]
[[Categoria:Instrumenta domestica]]</text>
      <sha1>h7p1u407c9e5y3h8quxfqqzy7yib7ab</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3991420</id>
      <parentid>3991419</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T22:19:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>3991420</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2407" sha1="knfai5y5fsusgpe16t5f3oei1mgatju" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:WMF Kult X Standmixer-4157.jpg|thumb|Mixtrum electricum]]
[[Fasciculus:HB109 black.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|left|Mixtrum electricum gestabile]]

{{res|Mixtrum}}&lt;ref&gt;Cfr. {{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris = Gross
	| nomen auctoris = Nicolaus
	| commentatio de auctore = Nicolaus Gross
	| titulus = Epistula XXXI
	| contextus = Epistulae Leoninae
	| tempus = 2010-03-07
	| pagina = 41
	| url = http://ephemeris.alcuinus.net/leonina/leo_XXXI.pdf
	| retrospectio = 20250404124659
	| salus url = obiit
	| tempus inspectionis = 2023-09-26
}}: “Theodisce ''Mixer'', Anglice ''blender'', Francogallice ''mélangeur'', Hispanice ''batidora de vaso'', Italice ''frullatore'', Latine {{lectio|*mixtrum}}, {{pns|ī|n}}”&lt;/ref&gt; sive {{res|machina mixtoria}}&lt;ref&gt;[[Christianus Helfer]], ''Lexicon auxiliare'', editio tertia (Saraviponte: 1991), 378.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;John C. Traupman, ''The New College Latin and English Dictionary,'' ed. tertia (Novi Eboraci: Bantam Books, 2007), 597, s.v. ''mixer.''&lt;/ref&gt; est [[instrumentum]] [[ars coquinaria|coquinarium]] ad [[cibus|cibum]] vel aliam [[materies|materiem]] [[solidum|solidam]] frangendam, contundendam, emulgendam, et miscendam adhibitum.

Mixtra stativa ex [[vas|vase]] circum [[axis|axem]] rotantem ({{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|rotrum||it|qid=Q15141537}}) consistunt, a quo, prope fundum vasis, palae metallicae surgunt et quem [[motrum electricum]], quod in fundo vasis haeret, movet.

Motrum autem super rotrum et nullum vas sunt {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|mixtrum gestabile|mixtris gestabilibus|en|qid=Q1934490}}, quae motro facto etiam manubrio in quodcumque vas immergi possunt.

Nonnulla fortia exemplaria etiam [[glacies|glaciem]] et [[cibus|cibos]] glaciatos frangere possunt. {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Consumptio electrica||en|qid=Q29954}} mixtrorum inter 300 et 1000 [[vattium|W]] esse solet.&lt;ref name=&quot;consumer-reports-2013&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| omnes auctores aliique = Consumer Reports
	| titulus = Top Blender Ratings - Blender Buying Guide
	| annus = 2013
	| mensis = 11
	| domus editoria = consumerreports.org
	| url = https://www.consumerreports.org/appliances/blenders/buying-guide/
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Blenders|mixtrum}}

{{Tech-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Ars coquinaria]]
[[Categoria:Instrumenta culinaria]]
[[Categoria:Instrumenta domestica]]</text>
      <sha1>knfai5y5fsusgpe16t5f3oei1mgatju</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bellum Israëlianum-Hamasianum anni 2023</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>309536</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991459</id>
      <parentid>3991083</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-27T00:17:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LilyKitty</username>
        <id>18316</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>de genocidio Gazae</comment>
      <origin>3991459</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="54193" sha1="glw5gj9w0ejp0bkdckjb5byu071jtys" xml:space="preserve">{{Eventus currens}}
{{Latinitas|-5}}
[[Fasciculus:Gaza conflict map2.png|thumb|[[Carta geographica]] belli in lacinia Gazetica.]]
[[Fasciculus:Fars Photo of Casualties in Gaza Strip during 2023 War 26.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Medicus]] puerum impuberem, ab impetu Israēliano in Gaza vulneratum, fert.]]

{{res|Bellum Israëlianum-Hamasianum anni 2023}} est [[bellum]] inter [[Israël]] et factionem [[Hamas]], quae in [[lacinia Gazetica]] imperium obtinet. Die [[7 Octobris]] [[2023]] ortum est et inter [[Contentio Arabo-Israëlitica|bella Arabo-Israēliana]] numeratur. Causa belli proximior fuit impetus [[missile|missilium]] a [[Hamas]] contra Israēl emissorum.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-middle-east-67041499 Watch: How Hamas' shock attack on Isreal unfolded]&lt;/ref&gt; Deinde [[Israël]] rectioni [[Palaestini|Palaestinae]] [[indictio belli|bellum]] denuntiavit. Plus quam quattuor milia hominum interfecti sunt et multi coacti sunt fugere propter impetum a Hamas ortum atque responsiones Israēlianas. Rectio Israēl hunc eventum ad calamitatem &quot;[[11 Septembris 2001|11 Septembris]]&quot; comparavit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-the-papers-67043868 Newspaper headlines: 'Human shiled horror' and 'Israel's 9/11 moment'].&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] et [[Unio Europaea]] impetum a [[Hamas]] tromocraticum condemnaverunt et ius Israēlis se defendendi tutati sunt. At [[Irania]], [[Hizbullah]] et [[Foedus Arabicum]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.arabnews.com/node/2391731/middle-east Gaza invasion could lead to 'genocide': Arab League, African Union]&lt;/ref&gt; Hamas defendunt. [[Russia]] et [[Res publica popularis Sinarum]] neutram partem publice ceperunt. Organizationes de iuribus humanis, sicut [[Amnestia Internationalis]] et [[Human Rights Watch]], actiones Israēlis contra ius belli humanitarium et quasi [[scelus bellicum|scelera bellica]] condemnant.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/10/09/israel/palestine-devastating-civilian-toll-parties-flout-legal-obligations Israel/Palestine: Devastating Civilian Toll as Parties Flout Legal Obligations]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maiores eventūs ==
* {{Latinitas dolet|Die [[16 Octobris]] [[2023]], auctoritas discrimen populi in [[miseria]] vertisse publicavit, cum incolae aquam, alimenta et [[electricitas|electricitatem]] habere non possint, propter cladem bellicam.}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/gaza-people-resort-drinking-salty-water-garbage-piles-up-2023-10-16/ In Gaza, people resort to drinking salty water, garbage piles up]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[17 Octobris]] [[2023]], [[valetudinarium]] in [[Gaza]] impetibus bombarum, quibus Israēl accusatur, subiectum est, quo plus quam quingenti homines civiles interierunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/least-500-victims-israeli-air-strike-hospital-gaza-health-ministry-2023-10-17/ In deadly day for Gaza+, hospital strike kills hundreds]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[18 Octobris]] [[2023]] resolutio quae &quot;[[indutiae|indutias]] humanitarias&quot; inter Hamas et Israēl poscebat a [[Brasilia]] in [[Consilium securitatis]] perlata est, sed &quot;veto&quot; [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatum Foederatarum]] interposita repulsa est.&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/10/1142507 Isreal-Gaza crisis: US vetoes Security Council resolution]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[22 Octobris]] [[2023]], plus quam centum viginti [[infans|infantes]] in periculo in valetudinariis Gazae versabantur, absentia electricitatis ingruente, quamquam alimenta ex [[Aegyptus|Aegypto]] die 21 Octobris apportari coepta sunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67186181 Dead and wounded strain Gaza hospital as air strikes intensify]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[25 Octobris]] [[2023]], rectio Israēl dimissionem officii [[Antonius Guterres|Antonii Guterres]] postulavit, quod ille in oratione quadam de bello locutus esset.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67215620 Isreal demand UN chief resign over Hamas attack comments]&lt;/ref&gt; Ille autem die [[26 Octobris]] respondit, scelera et caedes a Hamas factas condemnavit,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y7ihLto-fV4 &quot;UN's Antonio Guterres says he is shocked by 'misrepresentations' his comments on Israel.&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt; seque recte sensisse confirmavit.
* Die [[26 Octobris]] [[2023]], [[Conventus generalis (Nationes Unitae)|Conventus Generalis Nationum Unitarum]] resolutionem de &quot;indutiis humanitariis&quot; in lacinia Gazetica statim constituendis comprobavit, suffragantibus centum viginti civitatibus, cum quattuordecim dissentientibus et quadraginta quinque abstinentibus.&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/10/1142847 UN General Assembly adopts Gaza resolution calling for immediate and sustained 'humanitarian truce']&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[27 Octobris]] [[2023]], [[exercitus]] Israēl actionem militarem auctam in Gaza coepit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/10/27/israel-hamas-war-live-israel-bombs-gaza-overnight-more-than-7000-dead &quot;Israel-Hamas war live: Israel ground force 'expanding operations' in Gaza.&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[29 Octobris]] [[2023]], Auctoritas Palaestinensis plus quam octo milia hominum in Gaza necatos esse dixit, cum exercitus Israēl regionem septentrionalem enclavis incursaret.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67039975 &quot;What is happening in Israel and Gaza, and what is Hamas?&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Latinitas dolet|Die [[1 Novembris]] [[2023]], valetudinarium unicum in Gaza, quod aegros [[cancer (morbus)|cancro]] laborantes curat, propter inopiam [[fomes fossilis|fomis]] ob sanctiones Israēlis claudi coactum est.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/1/gazas-only-cancer-treatment-hospital-shuts-down-after-running-out-of-fuel Gaza'a only cancer treatment hospital shuts down after running out of fuel]&lt;/ref&gt; Auctoritas Palaestinae octo milia septingentos nonaginta sex homines, inter quos tria milia [[impubes|impuberes]], ab impetu bombarum Israēlianarum post diem 7 Octobris esse interfectos pronuntiavit.}} Multi [[peregrinus|peregrini]] et vulnerati per portam Rafah in [[Aegyptus|Aegyptum]] fugerunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2023/11/1/rafah-crossing-opens-briefly-to-allow-some-foreigners-wounded-to-exit-gaza &quot;Rafah crossing opens briefly to allow some foreigners, wounded to exit Gaza.&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[2 Novembris]] [[2023]], quidam peritus [[Consociatio Nationum|Consociationis Nationum]] dixit Palaestinos in Gaza in &quot;magno periculo [[genocidium|genocidii]]&quot; versari, atque indutias postulavit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/un-experts-say-ceasefire-needed-palestinians-grave-risk-genocide-2023-11-02/ &quot;UN experts say ceasefire needed as Palestinians at 'grave risk of genocide.'&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[3 Novembris]] [[2023]], [[Motus internationalis Crucis Rubrae et Lunae Rubrae|Societas Lunae Rubrae]] declaravit se probare impetum militarem Israēlis contra quandam [[arcera]]m, quo quindecim homines occisi sunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67316463 &quot;Red Crescent says 15 killed in strike on Gaza ambulance outside Al-Shifa hospital.&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[5 Novembris]] [[2023]], minister Israēlianus, nomine [[Amichai Eliyahu]], dixit arma nuclearia contra Gazam adhiberi posse,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.newarab.com/news/israel-minister-says-nuclear-attack-gaza-option &quot;Israeli minister Amichai Eliyahu says nuclear attack on Gaza is 'an option.'&quot;]{{Nexus deficit|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; sed [[Beniaminus Netanjahu]] rem negavit.
* Die [[7 Novembris]] [[2023]], minister salutis laciniae Gazeticae, qui Hamas paret, dixit plus quam decem milia hominum, inter quos quattuor milia impuberum, a die 17 Octobris 2023 usque nunc interfectos esse. [[Ordo mundi sanitarius]] hanc rem confirmavit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67332684 Isreal Gaza war: Hamas-run health ministry says Gaza death toll passes 10,000]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[8 Novembris]] [[2023]], {{Latinitas dolet|[[Grex Septem]] (&quot;G7&quot;) universus &quot;quietem humanitariam&quot; poposcit, ut auxilium civibus [[Palaestini]]s in lacinia Gazetica afferretur.}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/8/g7-nations-unanimously-call-for-humanitarian-pauses-in-israel-gaza-war &quot;G7 calls for 'humanitarian pauses' in Israel's bombardment of Gaza.&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt; 
* Die [[9 Novembris]] [[2023]], [[Antonius Blinken]], [[Civitatum Foederatarum Secretarius Civitatis]], dixit Israēlem post bellum Gazam militer non debere occupare, atque regimen laciniae Gazeticae ab [[Auctoritas Nationalis Palaestina|Auctoritate Nationali Palaestina]] in [[Cisripa Iordanis|occidentali ripa fluminis Iordanis]] administrari oportere.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67355319 US warns Israel against reoccupying Gaza after war]&lt;/ref&gt; Ioannes Kirby, orator Consilii Securitatis Nationalis Civitatum Foederatarum, declaravit Israēlem &quot;quattuor horis quotidie&quot; impetūs militares in Gazam intermissa esse facturum.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67372035 UN says Israel to begin daily four-hours military pauses in Gaza]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[11 Novembris]] [[2023]], {{Latinitas dolet|[[autocurrus armatus|autocurri armati]] Israēliani viginti metris a valetudinario al-Quds steterunt,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/11/11/israel-hamas-war-live-pleas-for-help-as-israel-bombards-gaza-hospitals Isreal-Gaza war live: Isreal tanks 20 meters from al-Quds hospital]&lt;/ref&gt; et [[Emmanuel Macron]], praeses [[Francia]]e, ne Israēl mulieres atque infantes in Gaza interficeret vehementer postulavit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-67356581 Macron calls on Israel to stopkilling Gaza's women and babies]&lt;/ref&gt;}}
* Die [[13 Novembris]] [[2023]], [[valetudinarium al-Shifa]], maximum nosocomium in Gaza, impetibus militiae Israēlianae afflicta est, multosque cives in discrimen vitae adduxit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/13/israeli-troops-at-gazas-main-hospital-gates-thousands-of-civilians-flee Death and disease as Israel troops approach Gaza's al-Shifa Hospital]&lt;/ref&gt; [[Nationes Unitae]] centum et unum sociorum [[Procuratio Auxilii Operumque pro Profugis Palaestinis in Oriente Propinquo Consociationis Nationum|UNRWA]] qui necati sunt honore silentii commemoraverunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20231114171732/https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/11/1143512 UN honours 101 staff killed in Gaza conflict]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[15 Novembris]] [[2023]], miles Israēl in valetudinarium al-Shifa ingressus est, ut milites Hamas ibi latitantes oppugnaret. [[UNICEF]] hoc factum contra [[ius belli humanitarium]] esse dixit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/11/1143592 Gaza: 'Hospitals are not battlegrounds', 'children's suffering must stop, UN humanitarians says]{{Nexus deficit|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Eadem die [[Beliza]] necessitudines diplomaticas cum Israēl propter bellum in Gaza interrompit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/15/belize-suspends-ties-with-israel-due-to-gaza-bombardment Belize joins diplomatic backlash against Isreal over Gaza bombardmemt]&lt;/ref&gt; [[Consilium securitatis]] Resolutionem 2712 de bello Israēlo-Hamasiano decrevit, quae liberationem captivorum a Hamas, &quot;quietem humanitariam&quot; et [[auxilium humanitarium]] populo Gazae postulavit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/11/1143632 Isreal-Palestine crisis: Security Council calls for urgent, extended humanitarian pauses in Gaza]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[16 Novembris]] [[2023]], praeses nosocomii al-Shifa clamavit multos homines intra valetudinarium in mortis periculo versari.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/11/16/israel-hamas-war-live-israel-rejects-un-security-council-gaza-resolution Update Isreal-Hamas war live: Al-Shifa Hospital head warns 'people will die']&lt;/ref&gt; Quidam medicus rettulit circiter septuaginta centesimas patientium in sectione curae intensivae (ICU) iam perisse.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20231118191738/https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20231116_25/ Nearly 70% of ICU patients at Al-Shifa Hospital have died, doctor says]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[17 Novembris]] [[2023]], [[Iosephus Biden]] cum emiro [[Qataria]]e telephonice egit de liberatione captivorum e Hamas et de auxilio humanitario in Gazam mittendo.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/17/biden-and-qatars-emir-discuss-gaza-hostages-humanitarian-aid Biden and Qatar's emir discuss Gaza hostages, humanitarian aid]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[19 Novembris]] [[2023]], triginta unus infantes, qui adhuc in nosocomio al-Shifa manserant, ad [[Aegyptus|Aegyptum]] translati sunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67466601 Premature babies evacuated from al-Shifa hospital]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[22 Novembris]] [[2023]], minister rerum externarum Qatariae nuntiavit quattuor dies &quot;quietis&quot; in bello, atque liberationem quinquaginta captivorum, ex conventione cum Israēl et Hamas pactione facta, fore; spatium autem extendi posse.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/qatar-says-four-day-humanitarian-pause-gaza-subject-extension-2023-11-22/ Qatar says four-day humanitarian pause in Gaza subject to extension]&lt;/ref&gt; Papa [[Franciscus (papa)|Franciscus]] hoc bellum &quot;non iam bellum, sed [[tromocratia]]m&quot; appellavit et pacem pro Gaza efflagitavit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/22/terrorism-israel-hamas-conflict-has-gone-beyond-war-says-pope-francis 'Terrorism': Israel-Hamas conflict has gone 'beyond war' says Pope Francis]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[25 Novembris]] [[2023]], quadraginta duo [[Palaestini]] (e quibus duodeviginti mulieres et viginti quattuor impuberes) ab auctoritate Israēl liberati sunt; et tredĕcim captivorum Iudaeorum (inter quos mulieres, impuberes, decem gemini Siamici, unusque [[Philippinae|Philippinus]]) a Hamas dimissi sunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/25/israel-hamas-war-list-of-key-events-day-50 Israel-Hamas war: List of key events, day 50]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[27 Novembris]] [[2023]], bellum per duos dies ulterius intermitti placuit Israēli et Hamas consentientibus.
* Die [[28 Novembris]] [[2023]], sexaginta Palaestini e captivitate Israēliana liberati sunt; et undecim, sex ex [[Argentina]], tres ex [[Francia]], duo ex [[Germania]], a Hamas dimissi sunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/28/israel-hamas-war-list-of-key-events-day-53 Isreal-Hamas war: List of key events 53]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[30 Novembris]] [[2023]], inter Israēl et Hamas consensus factus est ad unam diem quietatis belli prorogandam.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/11/30/israel-hamas-war-live-sixth-captive-prisoner-swap-ahead-of-truce-deadline Israel-Hamas war live: Gaza residents still fearful after truce extended]&lt;/ref&gt; Ab initio belli die 7 Octobris usque ad diem 30 Novembris 2023, interfecti sunt circiter quindecim milia [[Palaestini]], inter quos decem milia mulierum et impuberum numerantur.
* Die [[1 Decembris]] [[2023]], Israēl finem quietis belli publice nuntiavit atque impetus bombarum in Gazam renovavit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/1/the-israel-hamas-truce-has-ended-what-we-know-so-far The Israel-Hamas truce has ended: What we know so far]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[2 Decembris]] [[2023]], quidam activista Americanus, motibus contra bellum favens, se ipsum apud [[legatio]]nem Israēlis in [[Atlanta (Georgia)|Atlanta]] incendit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-67597395 Protester sets themself on fire outside Israel consulate in Atlanta, Georgia]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[3 Decembris]] [[2023]], miles Israēl in partem australem laciniae Gazeticae irrumpens bellum amplificavit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67601891 Israel-Gaza war: Residents of Khan Younis say Israeli strikes heaviest since start of war]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[4 Decembris]] [[2023]], [[Medici sine finibus]] requies impetus bombarum et [[indutiae]] immediate postulaverunt, ob discrimen humanitarium, quoniam circiter quindecim milia nongenti cives interfecti sunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/doctors-without-borders-calls-for-pressuring-israel-to-stop-attacks-on-gaza/3073071 Doctors Without Borders calls for pressuring Israel to stop attacks on Gaza]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[6 Decembris]] [[2023]], [[Antonius Guterres]], secretarius generalis Nationum Unitarum, ius suum ex Articulo 99 [[Charta Nationum Unitarum|Chartae]] exercuit, poposcitque pacem et securitatem internationalem in lacinia Gazetica tuendam.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/7/israels-war-on-gaza-can-guterress-use-of-uns-article-99-bring-peace Israel's war on Gaza: Can Guterres's use of UN's Article 99 bring peace?]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[9 Decembris]] [[2023]], [[Consilium securitatis]] conabatur novam resolutionem ferre quae indutias humanitarias in Gazam statim postularet, sed rursus &quot;veto&quot; [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatum Foederatarum]] profectum est.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20231211185535/https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/12/1144562 &quot;US vetoes resolution on Gaza which called for 'immediate humanitarian ceasifire.'&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[11 Decembris]] [[2023]], variae organizationes et defensores iurium humanorum in toto orbe terrarum [[operistitium]] contra bellum Israēlis in lacinia Gazetica fecerunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/11/israel-hamas-war-list-of-key-events-day-66 Israel-Hamas war: List of key events, day 66]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[12 Decembris]] [[2023]], [[Conventus generalis (Nationes Unitae)|Conventus Generalis Nationum Unitarum]] in sessione extraordinaria novam resolutionem de indutiis humanitariis in Gazam postulandis tulit, quae a centum quinquaginta tribus civitatibus probata, a decem reiecta et a viginti tribus neglecta est.&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/02/1144717 UN General Assembly votes by large majority for immediate humanitarian ceasfire during emergency session]{{Nexus deficit|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[15 Decembris]] [[2023]], ex initio belli in Gaza, plus quam decem milia [[impubes|impuberum]] interfecta sunt, nec non viginti quattuor milia impuberum parentibus orbata.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/15/war-is-stupid-and-i-want-it-to-end-injured-palestinian-children-say 'War is stupid and I want it to end': Injured Palestinian children speak]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[16 Decembris]] [[2023]], vir [[diurnariorum ars|diurnarius]] e statione [[Al Jazeera]] a pyrobolis [[teleplanum|teleplani]] Israēliani occisus est in Gaza,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67737038 Samer Abudaqa: Al Jazeera cameraman killed in Gaza drone strike]&lt;/ref&gt; quo facto res ad [[Iudicium Internationale Criminale]] deferri poterit.
* Die [[21 Decembris]] [[2023]], [[Curator supremus Nationum Unitarum iuribus humanis tuendis]] Israēlianos milites accusavit, quod plus quam undecim Palaestinos in Gaza inermes, coram suis familiis, necavissent, idque scelus bellicum esse.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/21/idf-executed-palestinian-men-in-front-of-their-families-un-confirms UN calls for probe as Israeli army accused of killing unarmed Palestinians]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[22 Decembris]] [[2023]], [[Consilium securitatis]] resolutionem ad [[auxilium humanitarium]] in Gaza amplificandum tulit, quae tredecim civitatibus faventibus probata est, nec non Russia et Civitates Foederatae Americae non interfuerunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/12/1145022 Security Council adopts key resolution on gaza crisis]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[26 Decembris]] [[2023]], miles Israēl impetus proelia in castra profugorum mediae Gazae intulit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67825465 Israel expanding ground offensive into central Gaza refugee camps]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[2 Ianuarii]] [[2024]], rectio Israēl se causam accusationis de [[genocidium Gazae|genocidio]], quam [[Africa Australis]] contra eam apud [[Iudicium Internationale Criminale]] submovisset, repulsuram esse nuntiavit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67866342 Israel to fight South Africa's Gaza genocide claim to court]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[8 Ianuarii]] [[2024]], [[Antonius Blinken]], [[Civitatum Foederatarum Secretarius Civitatis]], dixit populum Palaestinum in Gaza consistere debere neque in alias regiones expelli.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67907336 Palestinians must be able to stay in Gaza - Blinken]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[14 Ianuarii]] [[2024]], post centum dies ab initio Belli, plus quam viginti tria milia hominum interfecta esse dicuntur, inter quos multi impuberes et mulieres.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67972962 100 days since Hamas attacked Israel, triggering war in Gaza]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[19 Ianuarii]] [[2024]], ex initio Belli plus quam viginti quattuor milia hominum periisse nuntiatur, inter quos complures feminae et impuberes. [[Officium Coordinationis Rerum Humanitariarum]] (OCHA) denuntiat tot impuberes perisse ut futura generatio valde discrimine urgeatur.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68023080 Gaza destruction risks lost generation of children, says UN official]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[23 Ianuarii]] [[2024]], rectio Israēl viginti quattuor milites proprios in uno die proelio necatos esse declaravit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68065903 Isreal-Gaza war: IDF says 24 soldiers in Gaza in one day]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[25 Ianuarii]] [[2024]], [[Iudicium inter Civitates]] (ICJ) sententiam iudicialem protulit, qua Israēli imperat bellum in lacinia Gazetica desinere.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68059715 Gaza war: ICJ to rule on call for Israeli to stop military action]&lt;/ref&gt; Idem nuntiat plus quam viginti quinque milia [[Palaestini]] civium necatos esse, inter quos multae feminae et multi impuberes.
* Die [[28 Ianuarii]] [[2024]], [[Britanniarum Regnum]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]], [[Australia]], [[Canada]], [[Italia]], [[Finlandia]], [[Nederlandia]], [[Helvetia]] et [[Germania]] auxilia pecuniaria ad [[Procuratio Auxilii Operumque pro Profugis Palaestinis in Oriente Propinquo Consociationis Nationum|UNRWA]] sustulerunt, ob socios qui impetus a [[Hamas]] factos adiuvasse putantur.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68104203 UNRWA claims: UK halts aid to UN agency over allegation staff helped Hamas attack]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[9 Februarii]] [[2024]], iuris peritus Marcus Ellis pelliculas militum Israēlianorum ostendit, in quibus [[bello captus|bello captos]] tractari contra [[ius internationale]] potuisse videtur.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68249962 Isreali soldier videos from Gaza could breach international law, experts say]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[13 Februarii]] [[2024]], colloquia de [[indutiae|indutiis]] inter rectionem Israēl et Hamas in [[Cairus|Cairo]] Aegypti habita sunt, ne discrimen humanitarium in urbe Rafah gravius fieret.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68284819 Israel gaza: Ceasifire talks resume as Rafah under fire]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[20 Februarii]] [[2024]], Civitates Foederatae Americae “veto” interposuerunt contra resolutionem quae indutias immediatas in lacinia Gazetica postulabat,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240321221134/https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/02/1146697 UN vetoes Algerian resolution demanding immediate ceasfire in Gaza]&lt;/ref&gt; ut discrimen humanitarium in Rafah levaretur.
* Die [[29 Februarii]] [[2024]], plus quam centum Palaestini cives prope urbem Gazam, dum [[cibus|alimenta]] et [[auxilium humanitarium]] petunt, ab impetu militum Israēlianorum necati sunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68434443 Israel-Gaza war: More than 100 reported killed in crowd near Gaza aid convoy]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[4 Martii]] [[2024]], [[Ordo mundi sanitarius]] dixit impuberes in septentrionali parte laciniae Gazeticae passim mori propter [[Conditio nutrimentorum prava|conditionem nutrimentorum pravam]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68471572 Children starving to death in northern Gaza - WHO]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[9 Martii]] [[2024]], [[Suecia]] et [[Canada]] auxilia UNRWA repetiverunt, ob discrimen humanitarium intolerabile.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-68518468 UNRWA: Sweden and Canada resume funding for UN agency for Palestinian refugees]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[15 Martii]] [[2024]], [[UNICEF]] publicavit plus quam viginti tres infantes per unam solam hebdomadam ex malnutrimento in septentrionali lacinia Gazetica periisse.&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/03/1147616 Gaza: 23 million tonnes of debris 'will take year to clear'; acute malnutrition doubles in a month]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[20 Martii]] [[2024]], miles Israēl rettulit nonaginta homines in valetudinario al-Shifa necatos esse post custodiam et torturem quam fecerant,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/20/israeli-military-says-90-people-killed-in-gazas-al-shifa-hospital-raid Israeli military says 90 people killed in Gaza's al-Shifa Hospital raid]&lt;/ref&gt; id quod Hamas vehementer infitiatus est.
* Die [[25 Martii]] [[2024]], [[Consilium securitatis]] resolutionem protulit quae, tempore [[Ramadanus|Ramadani]], indutias in lacinia Gazetica postulabat.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/26/will-the-un-ceasefire-resolution-stop-israels-war-on-gaza Will the UN ceasefire resolution stop Isreal's war on Gaza?]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[2 Aprilis]] [[2024]], sex legati [[Irania]]e in [[Damascus|Damasco]] [[Syria]]e ab impetu bombarum Israēliano interfecti sunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68708923 Iran accuses Israel of killing generals in Syria strike]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[5 Aprilis]] [[2024]], coram [[Consilium securitatis|Consilio securitatis]] Ramensh Rajasingham, director OCHA, de discrimine civium Palaestinorum sine ulla defensione egit, et de impunitate actorum Israēlianorum questus est.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240406130211/https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/04/1148276 Gaza: 'No protection' for civilians, aid workers, Security Council hears]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[6 Aprilis]] [[2024]], nonnulli politici [[Factio democratica (Civitates Foederatae)|Factionis Democraticae]] et ipsa [[Nancy Pelosi]] postulaverunt ne Biden regimen arma Israēli suppeditaret, propter bellum in Gaza gerendum.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/6/us-democrats-urge-biden-to-halt-weapons-transfer-to-israel-amid-gaza-war Pelosi joins US Democrats call for Biden to halt arms transfer to Isreal]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[8 Aprilis]] [[2024]], milites Israēl ex terra australi laciniae Gazeticae se recessuros esse minati sunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68755724 Israel's military confrms 'decline in force' in Southern Gaza]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[12 Aprilis]] [[2024]], [[Iosephus Biden]] admonuit regimina [[Irania]]e ne Israēl quamvis vi oppugnarent.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68796363 &quot;Joe Biden expects Iran to attack Israel 'sooner than later.'&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[14 Aprilis]] [[2024]], regimen [[Irania]]e contra Israēl impulsionem missilem fecit et omnem ultionem audacem promisit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68811241 Iran warns Israel against 'reckless' retaliation]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[26 Aprilis]] [[2024]], copiae militum [[CFA|Civitatum Foederatarum]] structuram super mare colligere coeperunt, ut auxilium humanitarium populo Gazetico facilius subveherent.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68904209 Gaza pier: US begins building floating base to boost aid]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[30 Aprilis]] [[2024]], [[Beniaminus Netanjahu]] dixit impetum contra urbem Rafah, quamvis colloquia pacis exspectarentur, futurum esse.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68928996 Rafah attack will happen regardless of deal]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[1 Maii]] [[2024]], nonnulli studentes universitatis Columbianae in motibus contra bellum occupati a vigilibus deprehensi sunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-68933066 Arrests at Columbia of Gaza protesters after NYPD raid]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[3 Maii]] [[2024]], regimen [[Turcia]]e [[commercium]] cum Israēl suspendit, ob cladem humanitariam in lacinia Gazetica.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68945380 Turkey halts trade with Israel over 'humanitarian tragedy' in Gaza]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[6 Maii]] [[2024]], regimen Israēl officium [[Al Jazeera]] in Israēl claudi iussit,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68961753 Al Jazerra office raided as Israel takes channel off air]&lt;/ref&gt; simulque populum Palaestinum in Rafah incolentem hortatus est ut fugeret ante novum impetum militarem.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/5/6/why-is-israel-forcing-the-evacuation-of-part-of-rafah-gazas-last-refuge Why is Israel forcing the evacuation of part of Rafah, Gaza's last refuge?]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[7 Maii]] [[2024]], copiae Israēlianae pyrobola in Rafah iecerunt, ubi Palaestini profugi collecti erant, et indutias negaverunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68967397 Gaza: Israel takes Rafah crossing as truce talks continue]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[10 Maii]] [[2024]], [[Beniaminus Netanjahu]] dixit se bellum in Rafah gerere, “ut Hamas deleretur,” licet [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|CFA]] comminationem fecerint ne arma suppeditarentur si impetus continuaretur.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68980826 Gaza war: Netanyafu vows to defeat Hamas in Rafah despite US arms threat]&lt;/ref&gt; [[Conventus generalis (Nationes Unites)|Conventus Generalis Nationum Unitarum]] resolutionem tulit qua [[Civitas Palaestinae]] plena membra fieri deberet, 143 civitatibus pro, novem contra, viginti quinque abstinentibus.&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/05/1149596 UN General Assembly presses Security Council to give 'favourable consideration' to full Palestinian membership]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[14 Maii]] [[2024]], nonnulli Israelis vehementer oppugnaverunt autocineta oneraria auxilium humanitarium in Gazam veherentia prope [[Cisiordania]]m.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cg300jek94zo Israel protesters attack aid trucks destined for Gaza]&lt;/ref&gt; [[Domus Alba]] hos impetus condemnavit.
* Die [[20 Maii]] [[2024]], [[Tribunal criminale internationale]] (ICC) mandata de comprehensione [[Beniaminus Netanjahu|Beniamini Netanjahu]], [[Ioab Gallant]] et ducis Hamas promulgavit, ob suspiciones [[scelus bellicum|scelerum bellicorum]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3ggpe3qj6wo Isreal Gaza war: ICC prosecutor seeks arrest of Isreali and Hamas leaders]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[24 Maii]] [[2024]], [[Iudicium inter Civitates|Tribunal Internationale Hagense]] impetum Israēlis in Rafah reprimi iussit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/crggvmyz03vo Gaza war: ICJ orders Israel to stop Rafah offensive]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[28 Maii]] [[2024]], copiae Israēlianae, [[autocurrus armatus|autocurribus armatis]] instructae, in ipso corde urbis Rafah ingruerunt, plus quam viginti uno homines Palaestinos necantes.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-middle-east-69068028 Isreali tanks in the heart of Rafah as 21 reported killed in latest strikes]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[1 Iunii]] [[2024]], [[Iosephus Biden]] propositionem, quam Israēl paraverat ad finem belli in Gaza perducendum, vulgavit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cw8860gn1nwo Biden unveils Israeli proposal to end Gaza war]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[4 Iunii]] [[2024]], Israēl mortem quattuor captivorum novam divulgavit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cgrrng3l6jro Israel confirms deaths of four more hostages]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[6 Iunii]] [[2024]], [[classis aeria]] Israēl scholam Nationum Unitarum in media Gaza pyrobolis petivit, quo impetu plus quam triginta quinque homines interfecti sunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/crggq0jygq6o Israeli strike on UN school in Gaza reportedly kills at least 35]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[7 Iunii]] [[2024]], Civitates Foederatae Israēlem hortatae sunt ut claras rationes de impetu in scholam UN redderet.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cekkd8k2gy9o US urges Israel to be transparent over Gaza school strike]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[11 Iunii]] [[2024]], [[Consilium securitatis]] resolutionem Civitatum Foederatarum probavit, quae “indutias plenissimas statimque ineundas” mandat atque postulavit ut captivi per tractatus liberarentur.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240611224957/https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/06/1150886 Gaza: Security Council adopts US resolution calling for 'immediate, full and complete ceasifire]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[13 Iulii]] [[2024]], copiae Israēlianae iterum impetus in lacinia Gazetica fecerunt, quo septuaginta plus homines ceciderunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cyx0qdkn45eo Hamas-run health ministry says 71 killed in Israeli strike in Gaza]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[19 Iulii]] [[2024]], [[Iudicium inter Cvitates|Tribunal Internationale Hagense]] occupationem [[Cisiordania]]e et laciniae Gazeticae contra [[ius internationale]] pronuntiavit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cjerjzxlpvdo UN top court says Israeli occupation of Palestinian territories is illegal]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[25 Iulii]] [[2024]], [[Beniaminus Netanjahu]] apud [[Capitolium Civitatum Foederatarum]] orationem habuit, quibusdam hominibus extrinsecus de sceleribus bellicis protestantibus.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4ng9ed3gj0o Netanyahu defends Gaza war as protesters rally outside US Congress]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[31 Iulii]] [[2024]], nuntiatum est [[Ismail Haniyeh]], dux politicus [[Hamas]], in [[Irania]] impetu ignoto esse mortuum, quo facto regimen Iraniae Israēl condemnavit vindictamque comminatus est.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ck7g0g4mk4zo Hamas political leader Ismail Haniyeh killed in Iran]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[6 Augusti]] [[2024]], quaedam organizatio iurium humanorum in Israēl violentiam et cruciatus contra [[bello captus|bello captos]] in carceribus Israēlianis divulgavit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2yylgze4ro Blindfolded and beaten: Palestinians tell Israeli jail abuse]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[10 Augusti]] [[2024]], classis aeria Israēl scholam in media urbe Gaza pyrobolis vexavit, ubi amplius septuaginta homines perierunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c8erk37yn2no Israeli strike in Gaza kills more than 70, hospital head says]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[12 Augusti]] [[2024]], [[Motus internationalis Crucis Rubrae et Lunae Rubrae]] pronuntiavit se arbitrari tot impetūs in cives, praesertim impuberes, contra [[ius belli humanitarium]] esse, nec non plus quam quadraginta milia civium ab initio belli interfecta esse.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/8/12/israel-civilian-deaths-and-the-question-of-proportionality Isreal, civilian deaths and the question of proportionality]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[15 Augusti]] [[2024]], in [[Doha]] consultatio facta est de indutiis constituendis in Gaza et captivis liberandis, sed duces [[Hamas]] afuerunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cjw32jj4973o High-stakes Gaza ceasfire and hostage talks resume in Doha]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[25 Augusti]] [[2024]], miles Israēl impetus [[teleplanum|teleplanis]] ad sedem [[Hizbullah]] in [[Libanus|Libano]] fecit; inde Hizbullah impetus rochetis reddidit. [[Antonius Guterres]], secretarius generalis [[Nationes Unitae|Nationum Unitarum]], ut bellum reprimeretur postulavit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cr40dz5524qo UN urges calm after Israel and Hezbolla trade strikes]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[20 Augusti]] [[2024]], [[Ordo mundi sanitarius]] regimini Israēl persuadere conatus est, ut vaccinationem contra [[poliomyelitis]] in Gaza sineret.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cn02z5kjn40o Isreal agrees to pauses in fighting for polio vaccine drive]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[10 Septembris]] [[2024]], miles Israēl pyrobola in zonam humanitariam laciniae Gazeticae Australis iecit, quo impetu plus quam undeviginti homines interfecti sunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cwyx9znxl4eo Israeli strike in Gaza humanitarian zone kills 19, Hamas run health ministry says]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[18 Septembris]] [[2024]], [[Conventus generalis (Nationes Unitae)|Conventus Generalis Nationum Unitarum]] resolutionem tulit qua Israēl de “praesentia iniusta” in terra Palaestinensi, inclusa [[Cisiordania]], accusatur.&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/09/1154496 UN General Assembly demands Israel end 'unlawful presence' in Occupied Palestinian Territory]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[20 Septembris]] [[2024]], miles Israēl telum missile in [[Berytus|Berytum]] movit, ubi duces Hizbullah interficere volebat.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5y9wyy9pr2o Beirut strike: Top Hezbollah commanders killed in Israeli on Beirut]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[23 Septembris]] [[2024]], plus quam quadringenti nonaginta duo homines in [[Libanus|Libano]], inter eos feminae et impuberes, necati esse feruntur ob impetus Israēlianos; [[Nationes Unitae]] cives Libani fugere hortatae sunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/9/23/israel-warns-lebanon-civilians-of-air-strikes-on-hezbollah Lebanon sees deadliest day since civil war as Israeli attacks kill 492]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[1 Octobris]] [[2024]], regimen [[Irania]]e impetum missilium contra Israēl fecit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-20385306 Whant are Isreal's Iron Dome, David's Sling and Arrow missile defences?]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[2 Octobris]] [[2024]], [[Antonius Guterres]] rem Iraniae condemnavit, sed [[Israel Katz]], minister rerum externarum Israēlianus, Guterres pro “[[persona non grata|persona non grata]]” habere voluit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cy43j9944lno UN chief condemns Iran attack after Israel ban]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[15 Octobris]] [[2024]], regimen [[Libanus|Libani]] retulit viginti unum Christianos a milite Israēliano interfectos esse prope regionem septentrionalem [[Berytus|Beryti]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5y80p1yr9qo Lebanon says 21 killed in Israeli strike in country's north]&lt;/ref&gt; Eodem die [[Nationes Unitae]] magnam caedem civilem in parte septentrionali Gazetica condemnaverunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5y5zy1vvmlo UN condemns 'large number of civilian casualties' in north Gaza]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[16 Octobris]] [[2024]], Israēl nuntiavit se [[Yahya Sinwar]], ducem Hamas, pyrobolo necavisse.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/17/israel-claims-hamas-leader-yahya-sinwar-has-been-killed Israel claims Hamas leader Yahya Sinwar has been killed]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[22 Octobris]] [[2024]], regimen Libani dixit tredecim homines (inter quos impuberes) prope valetudinarium in parte meridiana [[Berytus|Beryti]] interfectos esse per impetum Israēlianum.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5y80p1v1z4o Lebanon says 13 killed in Israeli strike near southern Beirut hospital]{{Nexus deficit|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[26 Octobris]] [[2024]], Israēl ictum missilium in urbem [[Teheranum]] dedit, ut in regimine Iraniae minaretur.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5yr5ek4r8ro Israel says it lauched 'targeted' air strikes on Iran]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[29 Octobris]] [[2024]], Israēl decretis suis interdicere conatus est [[Procuratio Auxilii Operumque pro Profugis Palaestinis in Oriente Propinquo Consociationis Nationum|UNRWA]] in terra sua.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20241029162212/https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/10/1156236 UNRWA cannot be replaced, say UN top officials in response to Knesset ban]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[8 Novembris]] [[2024]], officium de iuribus humanis [[Nationes Unitae|Nationum Unitarum]] pronuntiavit septuaginta centesimas victimarum belli in Gaza esse mulieres et impuberes.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cn5wel11pgdo Nearly 70% of Gaza war dead are women and children, UN says]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[9 Novembris]] [[2024]], regimen [[Quataria]]e a munere medii inter Israēl et Hamas recedere proclamavit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/topics/c2vdnvdg6xxt Quatar withdraws as mediator between Israel and Hamas, UN says]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[12 Novembris]] [[2024]], Israēl metas obligatas ad [[auxilium humanitarium]] in Gaza recipiendum non explevisse inventum est, quam ob rem minatur Civitatum Foederatarum subsidium militare imminui.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c8rl0v76nxyo Israel has missed US deadline to boost Gaza aid, UN agency says]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[13 Novembris]] [[2024]], princeps [[Arabia Saudita|Arabiae Sauditae]] [[Mahometus Salmani filius]] appellavit caedem Israēlianam in Gaza “[[genocidium]]”.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cp8x5570514o Saudi crown prince says Israel committing 'genocide' in Gaza]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[20 Novembris]] [[2024]], Civitas Foederata iterum “veto” in Consilio securitatis imposuit contra resolutionem quae “indutias” in Gaza postulabat.&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/11/1157216 United States vetoes Gaza ceasfire resolution at Security Council]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[21 Novembris]] [[2024]], [[Tribunal criminale internationale]] mandatum comprehensionis contra [[Beniaminus Netanjahu|Netanjahu]], [[Ioab Gallant]] et ducem Hamas Mohamĕdem Deif edidit, ob suspiciones scelerum bellicorum.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cly2exvx944o Arrest warrants issued for Netaniahu, Gallent and Hamas commander over alleged war crimes].&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[26 Novembris]] [[2024]], [[Iosephus Biden]] dixit se indutias inter Israēl et [[Hezbollah]] pactas confecisse.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cnvjl42g9m1t Biden confirms Israel-Hezbollah ceasefire deal agreed]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[27 Decembris]] [[2024]], quinque diurnarii in Gaza per impetum Israēlianum necati sunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/articles/c5yg57wrgl7o Five Gaza journalists killed in Israeli strike targeting armed group]{{Nexus deficit|date=January 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[10 Ianuarii]] [[2025]], [[Officium Coordinationis Rerum Humanitariarum]] mortem multorum civium ob inopiam [[fomes fossilis|fomis]] iterum deploravit, cum auxilia vitalia intermitti cogerentur.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20250112072924/https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/01/1158926 Criticaal aid blocked in Gaza, as fuel shortages threten livesaving services]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[15 Ianuarii]] [[2025]], regimen Israēl et Hamas de cessatione armorum in lacinia Gazetica, simulque de captivis liberandis, pacti sunt, quae a die [[19 Ianuarii]] [[2025]] valitura sit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/live/c3rwqpj70ert Israel and Hamas reach Gaza ceasfire and hostage release deal]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[5 Februarii]] [[2025]], [[Donaldus Trump]] propositium quod Civitates Foederatarum laciniam Gazeticam possedet publicavit, quod contra [[ius internationale]] potest.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/2/5/how-us-politicians-responded-to-trumps-proposal-for-us-to-own-gaza How US politicians responded to Trump's proposal for US to 'own' Gaza]&lt;/ref&gt; 
* Die [[5 Martii]] [[2025]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] et Israël propositum [[Foedus Arabicum|Foederis Arabici]] negant, quod pupuli Palaestini in lacinia Gazetica habitare postulat.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cn7vd4pnxx3o US and Israel reject Arab aliternative to Trump's Gaza plan]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[18 Martii]] [[2025]], miles Israël impetum bombarum in lacinia Gazerica dedit, quod plus quam 400 populi [[Palaestini]] necati sunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c9vy3k4dpz0o Israel launches waves of strikes on Gaza with more than 400 reportedly killed]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[23 Martii]] [[2025]], [[medicus|medici]] socii [[Motus internationalis Crucis Rubrae et Lunae Rubrae|Motus Lunae Rubrae]] Palaestini in lacinia Gazetica necati sunt ab impetu militaris Israël.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/crkxm1rg6k1o Gaza: Red Cross outraged over killing of medics by Israeli force in Gaza]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[8 Aprilis]] [[2025]], [[Antonius Guterres]], secretarus generalis Nationum Unitarum, liberationem omnium captivorum a Hamas et provisionem [[auxilium humanitarium|auxili humanitarii]] pro Palaestinibus in discrimine vitae a rectione Israël dare postulat.&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/04/1161996 Gaza: Guterres calls on Israel to ensure life-savingaid resarches civilians].&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[4 Maii]] [[2025]], rectio Israël incursionis in lacinam Gazeticam amplificationem per vis militaris admissit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cm2e44y44gjo Israel army starts calling up reservists for planned explasion to Gaza offensive]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[9 Maii]] [[2025]], milites Israël scholas Nationum Unitarum ([[Procuratio Auxilii Operumque pro Profugis Palaestinis in Oriente Propinquo Consociationis Nationum|UNRWA]]) in [[Hierosolyma]]te Oriente per vim abrogavit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cqxej00w3wno Israeli forces close Unrwa-run schools in East Jerusalem]&lt;/ref&gt;  
* Die [[16 Maii]] [[2025]], Impetus magnus bombarum a milite Israël in lacina Gazatica septentrionali fit, quod plus quam 100 homines necati sunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/crr704wwklgo Nealy 100 people killed in Israeli attack on north Gaza, rescues says]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[21 Maii]] [[2025]], Impetus bombarum a milite Israël delegatione internationali [[diplomatia]]e in [[Cisiordania]] fit, quod [[legatus (civilitas)|legati]] [[Hispania]]e, [[Aegyptus|Aegypti]], [[Francia]]e, [[Turcia]]e [[Hibernia]]e et [[Italia]]e victimas facti sunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cvg776ewgn2o Israel fires 'warming shot' near diplomats in West Bank]&lt;/ref&gt; 8
* Die [[9 Iunii]] [[2025]], navis [[auxilium humanitarium|auxilii humanitarii]] a [[Margarita Thunberg]] in custodia datur a milite Israël ante sinum lacinae Gazeticae ventum.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/live/clyg5x15n3zt Gaza activists' aid boat with Greta Thunberg on board docks in Israel]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[12 Iunii]] [[2025]], [[Conventus generalis (Nationes Unitae)|Conventus generalis Nationum Unitarum]] resolutionem decernat, quod indutias rapidas sine conditione postulat, pro 149 civitatibus, 12 civitatibus contra et 12 neutris civitatibus.&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/06/1164346 UN Gerenal Assembly adopts Gaza ceasfire resolution by overwhelming majority]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[13 Iunii]] [[2025]], rectio Israël impetum bombarum ad institutiones [[energia nuclearis|nucleares]] [[Irania]]e dedit, quod [[marescalcus|marescalos]] iraniae necavit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://edition.cnn.com/2025/06/13/middleeast/israel-attack-iran-nuclear-program-explainer-intl An Israeli operation hit Iran's nuclear progmam and top military officials.]&lt;/ref&gt; 
* Die [[17 Iunii]] [[2025]], milites Israël impetum bombarum populos civiles in situm lacinae Gazaticae, qui auxilium humanitarium quaerebant, dedit, quod plus quam 51 cives necati sunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c74zj9kv2xjo Israeli forces kill 51 Palestinians waiting for flour at Gaza aid site, witnesses and rescuers say]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[22 Iunii]] [[2025]], [[Donaldus Trump]] [[Praeses Civitatum Foederatarum Americae]] in [[Irania]]{{dubsig}} officina [[uranium|uranii]] subterrenias telis bombisque  explosivis devastant. A quo, Segneraris generalis Nationum Unitarum [[Antonius Guterres]] rem modo [[diplomatia|diplomatico]], non [[res militares|militari]] solvare postulat.&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/06/1164756 US strikes on Iran's nuclear sites 'marks perilous turn' Diplomacy must prevail. says Guterres]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[5 Iulii]] [[2025]], socii [[CFA|Amaricanus]] pro auxilio humanitario [[vulnus|vulnerati]] sunt ab impetu Israël apud Fundationem Humanitariam Gazeticam.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cp3kx9pwxwwo &quot;US aid workers wounded, says Gaza Humanitarian Foundation.&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt; 
* Die [[24 Iulii]] [[2025]], [[Emmanuel Macron]] praeses [[Francia]]e statum legalis [[Civitas Palaestinae|civitatis Palaestinae]] admittere dixit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ckg5g4p3245o France to recognize Palastinian state, Macron says]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[31 Iulii]] [[2025]], [[Marcus Carney]], primus minister [[Canada]]e statum legalis civitatis Palaestinae admittere sine Hamas dixit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ceqyx35d9x2o Canada follows France and UK with plan to recognize Palestinian state]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[8 Augusti]] [[2025]], rectio Israël propositum [[Gaza]]m completam [[incursio magna|incrusionis]] declaravit, quod societas internationalis opposuit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c207p49wrypo Israel rejects international criticism of Gaza city takeover plan]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[23 Augusti]] [[2025]], [[Antonius Guterres]], secretarius generalis Consociationis Nationum, [[realitas|realitatem]] [[fames|famis]] in Gaza &quot;defectum [[humanitas|humanitatis]]&quot; iudicat.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c05ed5rgld3o Famine in Gaza City is 'failure of humanity', UN chief says.]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[1 Septembris]] [[2025]], Consociatio Internationalis Specialistarum de Genocidio rectionem Israël [[genocidium]] in lacina Gazatica facere declaravit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cde3eyzdr63o Israel committing genocide in Gaza, world's leading experts say].&lt;/ref&gt; 
* Die [[9 Septembris]] [[2025]], miles Israël impetum bombarum in [[Doha]], caput [[Quataria]]e dedit, ad duces [[Hamas]] necendum. Quod rectio Quatariae et covitates Arabicae rectionem Israël ut violationem [[ius internationale|iuris internationalis]] condemnaverunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/9/9/israel-attacks-hamas-leadership-in-qatar-all-to-know Israel attacks Hamas leadership in Qatar: What we know]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[11 Septembris]] [[2025]], impetus bombarum intensivus in [[Gaza]] fit, quod discrimen humanitarium et [[conditio nutrimentorum prava]] pro [[impubes|impuberibus]] aggravant.&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/09/1165825 Gaza City Daily bombarment, more displacement amid escalating military offensive]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[17 Septembris]] [[2025]], [[Ursula de Leyen]] praeses [[Commissio Europaea|Commisionis Europaeae]] restrictionem mercatus cum hominibus rectionis Israël proposuit, ad [[genocidium]] in lacina Gazetica imminuendum.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cvgr4nj7405o EU Commission proposes curbs on trade with Israel over Gaza war]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[18 Septembris]] [[2025]], Apud [[Consilium securitatis]], legatio [[CFA|Civitatatum Foedratatum Amaricae]] propositum [[indutiae|indutiarum]] perpetuarum in lacina Gazetica vetat.&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/09/1165881 Security Council: US votes against resolution on Gaza ceasfire]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[21 Septembris]] [[2025]], [[Keir Starmer]] primus minister [[Britanniarum regnum|Brittaianrum regni]] formaliter statum diplomaticum [[Civitas Palaestinae|Civitatis Palaestinae]] admisit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce800enrglzo UK formaly recognises Palestinian state]&lt;/ref&gt; Deinde [[Canada]] et [[Australia]] statum diplimaticum Civitatis Palaestinae admiserunt.
* Die [[22 Septembris]] [[2025]], [[Emmanuel Macron]], praeses [[Francia]]e statum diplomaticum Civitatis Palaestinae admisit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1jz8rdypw4o &quot;France to recognise Palestinian state but German and Italy say not yet.&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt; Et apud [[Conventus generalis (Nationes Unitae)|Conventum generalem]], Emmanuel Macron co-preases cum legato [[Arabia Saudita|Arabicae Saudi]] colloquii de quastione Palaestinae factus est. 
* Die [[23 Septembris]] [[2025]], [[Antonius Guterres]] reiectionem solutionis duo-civitatium ab Israël apud [[Consilium securitatis]] condemnavit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/01/1145807 Rejection of two-State solution by Israeli leadership 'unacceptable', says Guterres]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[25 Septembris]] [[2025]], [[Mahmudus Abbas]] praeses [[Civitas Palaestinae|civitatis Palaestinae]] orationem apud [[Conventus generalis (Nationes Unitae)|Conventum generalem]] per [[telecommunicatio]]ne dedit, et impetum Israël ad Gazam condemnat et recognitionem diplomaticam civitatis Palaestinae mundialem postulat.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/czdjgdnjnlgo Palestinian president says ready to work with Trump for two-state peace plan]&lt;/ref&gt;  
* Die [[3 Octobris]] [[2025]], [[Hamas]] liberationem captivorum Israëlicorum admisit, sed in conditione si programma Civitatum Foederatarum de lacina Gazetica mutatur.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cdxq7zp7002o Hamas says it agrees to release Israeli hostages but seeks change to US Gaza peace plan]&lt;/ref&gt; 
* Die [[9 Octobris]] [[2025]], rectio Israël et Hamas [[indutiae|indutias]] et liberationem captivorum omnium admiserunt, per negotium a Donaldo Trump propositum est.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c75q2w4g4y5o Israeli government appoves Gaza ceasfire and hostage deal]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[28 Octobris]] [[2025]], impetus magnus in [[lacinia Gazetica]] fit a milite Israël fit, ratione conditionis captivorum. Quod plus quam 104 homines necati sunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cgjdy5eevn2o Israeli strikes in Gaza kill 104, health ministy says, after Hamas accuced of killing soldier]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[17 Novembris]] [[2025]], [[Consilium securitatis]] resolutionem de indutiis temporali in lacina Gazetica decreta a Civitatibus Foederatis Americae admisit, ratione 13 pro et neutris a Russia et Sinis.&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/11/1166385 Security Council LIVE: US hails 'historic and constructive resolution' on Gaza]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[21 Novembris]] [[2025]], [[UNICEF]] datum publicat a quo duo [[impubes|impuberes]] per diem necati sunt a milite Israël.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20251119220554/https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/11/1166406 Gaza: Two children killed every day during fragile ceasfire, says UNICEF]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[22 Decembris]] [[2025]], [[Organizatio re publica vacans|Organizationes re publica vacantes]] et ''[[Save the Children]]'' quae non adnotatae adhuc die 31 Decembris 2025 clausae esse et auxilium humanitarium in Lacina Gazetica non dare posse dixit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2dmj7p8y2o NGO fear Israel registration rules risk collapse of Gaza aid operations].&lt;/ref&gt;
* Die [[31 Martii]] [[2026]], parlamentum Israël a lege nova [[poena capitalis|poenam capitalem]] solum pri hominibus [[Palaestini]]s facere decernat.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cp8dkd6lnjdo Palestinians convicted of lethal attacks face death penalty under new Israeli law]&lt;/ref&gt;

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Contentio Arabo-Israëlitica]]
* [[Genocidium Gazae]]
* [[Raphia]]

[[Categoria:Bella]]
[[Categoria:Gaza]]
[[Categoria:Israel]]
[[Categoria:Palaestina]]
[[Categoria:2023]]
[[Categoria:2024]]
[[Categoria:2025]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cratinus</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>{{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}}</comment>
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      <text bytes="2627" sha1="6n4m76cr18ra67drz0ig2i3rbuk182c" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}

{{res|Cratinus}} ([[Graece]] Κρατῖνος). saeculo VI a.C.n. exeunte natus et inter annum 423 et 421 mortuus, fuit poeta [[comicus]] Graecus, poetarum [[Vetus comoedia|comoediae veteris]] notissimus. Opera Cratini deperdita sunt, fragmenta parva extant,

== Vita ==

In [[Dionysia|Dionysiis]] octies in certamine poetarum vicit et in [[Lenaea|Lenaeis]] ter. Ultima eius victoria fuit, cum [[Aristophanes]] in [[parabasis|parabasi]] ''[[Equites (Aristophanes)|Equitum]]'' Cratinum descripsisset ut senem, qui pro vino nimio ingenium abusus est; tum Cratinus comoediam ''Laguncula'' (Πυτίνη) egit, cuius fabulae personae fuerunt ipse, Comoedia uxor ipsius legitima et Ebrietas (Μέθη) puella. Hoc ultimum eius drama fuit. Res [[mythos|fabulosas]] in comoediis saepissime tractavit, ut fabularum nomina testantur.

== Index fabularum ==

{{div col|2}}
* Ἀρχίλοχοι (&quot;[[Archilochus|Archilochi]]&quot;) (c. 448 a.C.n.)
* Βούκολοι (&quot;Bubulci&quot;)
* Βούσιρις (&quot;[[Busiris (Greek mythology)|Busiris]]&quot;)
* Δηλιάδες (&quot;[[Delos|Deliae]]&quot;)
* Διδασκαλίαι (&quot;Doctrinae&quot;)
* Δραπέτιδες (&quot;Fugitivae&quot;)
* Ἐμπιπράμενοι ἢ Ἰδαῖοι (&quot;Incensi vel Idaei&quot;)
* Εὐνεῖδαι (&quot;Eunidae&quot;)
* Θρᾷτται (&quot;Thressae&quot;)
* Κλεοβουλῖναι (&quot;Cleobulinae&quot;)
* Λάκωνες (&quot;Lacones&quot;)
* Μαλθακοί (&quot;Molles&quot;)
* Νέμεσις (&quot;[[Nemesis]]&quot;)
* Νόμοι (&quot;Leges&quot;)
* Ὀδυσσῆς (&quot;Ulixes multi&quot;)
* Πανόπται (&quot;[[Argus (gigas)|Panoptae]]&quot;)
* Πλοῦτοι (&quot;[[Plutus (deus)|Pluti]]&quot;)
* Πυλαία (&quot;[[Pylaea]]&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Dies festus [[Amphictyonia]]e.&lt;/ref&gt;)
* Σάτυροι (&quot;Satyri&quot;), 424 a.C.n.
* Σερίφιοι (&quot;[[Seriphos|Seriphii]]&quot;)
* Τροφώνιος (&quot;[[Trophonius]]&quot;)
* Χειμαζόμενοι (&quot;Hieme capti&quot;), 425 a.C.n.
* Χείρωνες (&quot;[[Chiron]]es&quot;)
* Ὧραι (&quot;Tempora&quot;)
{{div col end}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus interni ==
* ''[[Eupolis atque Cratinus]]''

== Nexus externi ==
{{fontes biographici}}
* [https://books.google.ru/books?id=6dtoENcL4WoC ''Cratinus et Eupolis''], {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Carolus Guilielmus Lucas|Caroli Guilielmi Lucae|d|qid=Q21544765}} dissertatio Latina
* [https://books.google.ru/books?id=vvo7UCpA2k8C ''Comicorum Graecorum reliquiae''], [[Theodorus Kock|Theodori Kock]] editio cum adnotationibus Latinis

{{Anni vitae|saeculo 6 a.C.n.|422 a.C.n.}}

[[Categoria:Auctores Graeci antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Comici]]
[[Categoria:Poetae Graeciae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Graeci antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores operum deperditorum]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>311249</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Notae */</comment>
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      <text bytes="1740" sha1="7b5p47btrriq7zpx1zkj3x67i9itxup" xml:space="preserve">'''Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura''' (...- mortuus [[Roma]]e anno [[63 a.C.n.]] in carcere Tulliano) fuit vir publicus et [[consul]] [[res publica Romana|rei publicae Romanae]].

== Vita ==
Quando Lentulus, ''patricius ex gente clarissuma Corneliorum''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;De Catilinae Coniuratione&quot;, caput LV&lt;/ref&gt;, natus sit ignotum est, sed [[quaestor]] rei publicae Romanae fuisse anno [[81 a.C.n.]] pro certo traditur. Anno [[75 a.C.n.]] [[praetor]], postea propraetor [[Sicilia (provincia Romana)|Siciliae]] fuit et anno [[71 a.C.n.]] [[consul]] cum Gnaeo Aufidio Oreste electus est. Posthac probri causa a [[censor]]ibus [[Senatus Romanus|senatu]] expulsus est; nihilominus denuo [[praetor]] anno [[63 a.C.n.]] fuit. Deinde, magnitudine [[Aes alienum|aeris alieni]] coopertus, ad sequaces [[Lucius Sergius Catilina|Catilinae]] [[Res novae|rerum mutationem]] parantes se adiunxit, familiaris illius factus est et [[Catilinae coniuratio|coniurationi]] favit. Tamen, post fugam Catilinae, a [[Allobroges|Gallis Allobrogibus]] (qui primum adfirmaverant se socios coniuratorum) proditus est et [[Scelus|scelera]] sua a consule [[Marcus Tullius Cicero|Marco Tullio Cicerone]] comperta sunt. Quare in carcerem Tullianum deductus est et ibi vindices rerum capitalium eum [[Poena capitalis|supplicio capitis]] affecerunt.

== Bibliographia ==
G. Sallustii Crispi &quot;De Catilinae Coniuratione&quot;, sive &quot;Bellum Catilinae&quot;

== Nexus externi ==
[https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/publio-lentulo-sura_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/ De Lentulo Sura in Encyclopaedia Treccani]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Lifetime|saeculo 2 aut 1 a.C.n.|63 a.C.n.|Cornelius Lentulus Sura, Publius}}
[[Categoria:Catilinae coniuratio]]
[[Categoria:Consules]]
[[Categoria:Gens Cornelia]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Saskatchewan (flumen)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>3991366</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: −[[Categoria:Flumina Canadae]]; ±[[Categoria:Manitoba]]→[[Categoria:Flumina Manitobae]]; ±[[Categoria:Saskatchewan]]→[[Categoria:Flumina Saskatchewanis]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="1770" sha1="3y68y2duu1a3ondbjzgvsh98x53v9v2" xml:space="preserve">{{flumen|Saskatchewan|[[Fasciculus:2009-0519-CDNtrip-005-GrandRapidsMB.jpg|thumb|center|Pons trans Saskatchewanem in ''Grand Rapids'' [[Manitoba]]e ]]| 550 | | 590 | 335 900 |Confluentia [[Saskatchewan Borealis|Saskatchewanis Borealis]]&lt;br&gt;et [[Saskatchewan Australis|Saskatchewanis Australis]] |[[Lacus Vinnipega]]|[[Saskatchewan]], [[Manitoba]]}}
'''Saskatchewan'''&lt;ref&gt;[[Augustinus Pyramus de Candolle]], ''[[Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis]]'', [https://books.google.ru/books?id=JjSf5gDMtHsC&amp;pg=PA273&amp;dq=Saskatchewan+(flumen)&amp;hl=ru&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjswvn3npKEAxUfFxAIHa8MACsQ6AF6BAgGEAI#v=onepage&amp;q=Saskatchewan%20(flumen)&amp;f=false pars VII, sectio 1, p. 273]; [https://books.google.ru/books?id=DLQ7AQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=RA7-PA76&amp;dq=Saskatchewan+(flumen)&amp;hl=ru&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjswvn3npKEAxUfFxAIHa8MACsQ6AF6BAgHEAI#v=onepage&amp;q=Saskatchewan%20(flumen)&amp;f=false ''Bibliotheca botanica'', vol. 19, 1890 (''Monographie der Gattung Orobanche''),  p. 76].&lt;/ref&gt; est flumen [[Canada]]e. In provincia [[Saskatchewan|cui nomen suum dedit]] oritur e confluentia [[Saskatchewan Borealis|Saskatchewanis Borealis]] et [[Saskatchewan Australis|Saskatchewanis Australis]], qui de [[Montes Saxosi|Montes Saxosis]] defluunt. Circa 550 [[chm]] fluit et in [[Manitoba]] per [[lacus Cedrorum|lacum Cedrorum]] transiens in [[lacus Vinnipega|lacum Vinnipegam]] se effundit. [[Electrificina|Hydrolelectrificinae]] tres nunc in Saskatchewane constructae sunt. 

Nomen de lingua [[Cri]] mutuatum est, ubi ''kisiskāciwani-sīpiy'' 'flumen rapidum' valebat. 

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{fontes geographici}}

[[Categoria:Flumina Manitobae]]
[[Categoria:Flumina Saskatchewanis]]
[[Categoria:Systema Nelsonis fluminis]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nelson (flumen)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>311332</id>
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      <id>3991362</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-26T19:14:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: −[[Categoria:Flumina Canadae]]; ±[[Categoria:Manitoba]]→[[Categoria:Flumina Manitobae]]</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="948" sha1="ntvl6c9c2and0p68lnzjsvqhyb136jg" xml:space="preserve">{{flumen|Nelson|[[Fasciculus:Nelson River near Norway House, from the air.jpg|thumb|center|Nelson prope ad ''Domum Norvegicum'' (''Norway House'')]]| 644| | 2800 | 1 093 442 |[[Lacus Vinnipega]]|[[Sinus Hudsonius]]|[[Manitoba]]}}
'''Nelson'''&lt;ref&gt;Cf. [[Nelson]] de formis Latinis.&lt;/ref&gt; est flumen [[Canada]]e (in provincia [[Manitoba]] situs). E [[lacus Vinnipega|lacu Vinnipega]] oritur, circa 644 [[chm]] fluit et in [[Sinus Hudsonius|sinum Hudsonium]] se effundit. Trans lacus plurimos transit. [[Cataracta (angustiae)|Cataractas]] habuit multas; nunc [[Electrificina|hydrolelectrificinae]] et [[receptaculum aquae|receptacula aquae]] tredecim in Nelsone constructa sunt. 

{{Creanda|en|Thomas Button|Thomas Button}} anno 1612 flumen invenit et nomen navitae sui  gubernatoris hic mortui ei dedit.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{fontes geographici}}

[[Categoria:Flumina Manitobae]]
[[Categoria:Systema Nelsonis fluminis|!]]</text>
      <sha1>ntvl6c9c2and0p68lnzjsvqhyb136jg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3991415</id>
      <parentid>3991362</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T22:02:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>{{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}}</comment>
      <origin>3991415</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="989" sha1="mq0l303t6c35wk8zs1d3hpcd66srqhz" xml:space="preserve">{{flumen|Nelson|[[Fasciculus:Nelson River near Norway House, from the air.jpg|thumb|center|Nelson prope ad ''Domum Norvegicum'' (''Norway House'')]]| 644| | 2800 | 1 093 442 |[[Lacus Vinnipega]]|[[Sinus Hudsonius]]|[[Manitoba]]}}

{{res|Nelson}}&lt;ref&gt;Cf. [[Nelson]] de formis Latinis.&lt;/ref&gt; est flumen [[Canada]]e (in provincia [[Manitoba]] situs). E [[lacus Vinnipega|lacu Vinnipega]] oritur, circa 644 [[chm]] fluit et in [[Sinus Hudsonius|sinum Hudsonium]] se effundit. Trans lacus plurimos transit. [[Cataracta (angustiae)|Cataractas]] habuit multas; nunc [[Electrificina|hydrolelectrificinae]] et [[receptaculum aquae|receptacula aquae]] tredecim in Nelsone constructa sunt. 

{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Thomas Button||en|qid=Q1338420}} anno 1612 flumen invenit et nomen navitae sui  gubernatoris hic mortui ei dedit.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{fontes geographici}}

[[Categoria:Flumina Manitobae]]
[[Categoria:Systema Nelsonis fluminis| ]]</text>
      <sha1>mq0l303t6c35wk8zs1d3hpcd66srqhz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Churchill (flumen)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>311659</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991359</id>
      <parentid>3989625</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T19:11:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: −[[Categoria:Flumina Canadae]]; ±[[Categoria:Manitoba]]→[[Categoria:Flumina Manitobae]]; ±[[Categoria:Saskatchewan]]→[[Categoria:Flumina Saskatchewanis]]</comment>
      <origin>3991359</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1898" sha1="dljtwt14e3tz3w2zh2c7o2838zp7dql" xml:space="preserve">{{videdis|Churchill}}{{flumen|Churchill|[[Fasciculus:Otter rapids.jpg|thumb|center|[[Cataracta (angustiae)|Cataractae]] ''Otter'' Churchilli fluminis]]| 1609| | 1200| 282 000 |[[Lacus Churchill]]|[[Sinus Hudsonius]]|[[Saskatchewan]], [[Manitoba]]}}

{{res|Churchill}}&lt;ref&gt;Cf. [[Churchill]] de formis Latinis.&lt;/ref&gt; est [[flumen]] [[Canada]]e, in [[Provinciae et territoria Canadae|provinciis]] [[Saskatchewan]] et [[Manitoba]] situm. E [[lacus Churchill|lacu Churchill]] oritur, circa 1609 [[chm]] fluit, et in [[Sinus Hudsonius|sinum Hudsonium]] in [[Churchillpolis|Churchillpoli]] urbe se effundit. Trans [[lacus]] plurimos transit, quorum [[Lacus Indorum Australis]] maximus est. [[Cataracta (angustiae)|Cataractas]] habet multas; nunc fluxu inferiore per lacus et [[canalis|canales]] 60 centesimae aquae Churchilli in [[Nelson (flumen)|Nelsonem]] fluvium abducitur ad usum [[Electrificina|hydrolelectrificinarum]] magnarum Nelsonis. 

Accola Churchillis maximus {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|flumen Castorum||en|qid=Q2244}} est; {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|flumen Tarandorum||en|qid=Q1431460}} aquam [[lacus Tarandorum]] et [[lacus Wollaston]]ensis in Churchillem affert.

[[Saeculum 17|Saeculo XVII]] medio, [[ostium fluminis]] inventum est; tunc ''flumen Anglicum'' (''English River'') nominabatur. Anno [[1688]], Arx Churchilli (''Fort Churchill'') in ostio constructum est (quae nunc est  [[Churchillpolis]]), nomine [[Ioannes Churchillus (dux Marlburiensis)|Ioannis Churchilli]] nominatus, qui eo tempore praeses {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Societas Sinus Hudsonii|Societatis Sinus Hudsonii|en|qid=Q76039}} erat; de arce et flumen nomen accepit.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{fontes geographici}}

[[Categoria:Flumina Manitobae]]
[[Categoria:Flumina Saskatchewanis]]
[[Categoria:Systema Churchilli fluminis|!]]</text>
      <sha1>dljtwt14e3tz3w2zh2c7o2838zp7dql</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Flumen Rubrum (Canada)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>311667</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991363</id>
      <parentid>3820618</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T19:14:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: -[[Categoria:Manitoba]]; +[[Categoria:Flumina Manitobae]]</comment>
      <origin>3991363</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1745" sha1="dmtug4rjyhyfa7z0yja8a72vpp97kxj" xml:space="preserve">{{Videdis|Flumen Rubrum}}{{Flumen|Flumen Rubrum| [[Fasciculus:Wpgriversky.jpg|thumb|center|Flumen Rubrum in [[Vinnipega]] urbe]] | 877 | 289 | 244 | 287&amp;thinsp;500 | Confluentia ''Bois de Sioux'' et&lt;br&gt;''Otter Tail'' fluminum| [[Lacus Vinnipega]] | [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]], &lt;br&gt;[[Canada]] }}
'''Flumen Rubrum'''&lt;ref&gt;Cf. fontes de altero [[Flumen Rubrum (Civitates Foederatae)|Flumine Rubro]], — [[Augustinus Pyramus de Candolle|Augustini]] et [[Alphonsus Pyramus de Candolle|Alphonsi Pyramorum de Candolle]] [https://books.google.ru/books?id=r72-X2HCfqsC&amp;q=flumen+rubrum#v=snippet&amp;q=flumen%20rubrum&amp;f=false ''Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis'', pars XVII, Parisiis, 1873, p. 228]&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Anglice]] ''Red River'', [[Francice]] ''Rivière Rouge'') vel '''Flumen Rubrum Septentrionale''' (''Red River of the North'') est [[flumen]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitatum Foederatarum]] et [[Canada]]e, circiter 877 [[chiliometrum|chiliometra]] longum. In confinio [[Minnesota]]e et [[Dacota Septentrionalis|Dacotae Septentrionalis]] a confluxu duorum fluviorum minorum ''Bois de Sioux'' et ''Otter Tail'' oritur et ad septentrionem per hoc confinum fluit. [[Fargo]] urbs Dacotae Septentrionalis maxima et ''Grand Forks'' urbs Minnesotae ad Flumen Rubrum sitae sunt. Postea in [[Canada]] per [[Manitoba]]m provinciam fluit, ubi [[Vinnipega]] urbs Manitobae capitalis ad ripam eius iacet, et in [[Lacus Vinnipega|lacum Vinnipegam]] se effundit.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Nexus externi==
{{fontes geographici}}

[[Categoria:Flumina Minnesotae]]
[[Categoria:Flumina Dacotae Septentrionalis]]
[[Categoria:Flumina Canadae]]
[[Categoria:Flumina Manitobae]]
[[Categoria:Systema Nelsonis fluminis]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rubrum, flumen}}</text>
      <sha1>dmtug4rjyhyfa7z0yja8a72vpp97kxj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3991364</id>
      <parentid>3991363</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T19:15:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: -[[Categoria:Flumina Canadae]]</comment>
      <origin>3991364</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1715" sha1="462vjpbmvuy1xt8nzd6dc2ojzrje7oj" xml:space="preserve">{{Videdis|Flumen Rubrum}}{{Flumen|Flumen Rubrum| [[Fasciculus:Wpgriversky.jpg|thumb|center|Flumen Rubrum in [[Vinnipega]] urbe]] | 877 | 289 | 244 | 287&amp;thinsp;500 | Confluentia ''Bois de Sioux'' et&lt;br&gt;''Otter Tail'' fluminum| [[Lacus Vinnipega]] | [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]], &lt;br&gt;[[Canada]] }}
'''Flumen Rubrum'''&lt;ref&gt;Cf. fontes de altero [[Flumen Rubrum (Civitates Foederatae)|Flumine Rubro]], — [[Augustinus Pyramus de Candolle|Augustini]] et [[Alphonsus Pyramus de Candolle|Alphonsi Pyramorum de Candolle]] [https://books.google.ru/books?id=r72-X2HCfqsC&amp;q=flumen+rubrum#v=snippet&amp;q=flumen%20rubrum&amp;f=false ''Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis'', pars XVII, Parisiis, 1873, p. 228]&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Anglice]] ''Red River'', [[Francice]] ''Rivière Rouge'') vel '''Flumen Rubrum Septentrionale''' (''Red River of the North'') est [[flumen]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitatum Foederatarum]] et [[Canada]]e, circiter 877 [[chiliometrum|chiliometra]] longum. In confinio [[Minnesota]]e et [[Dacota Septentrionalis|Dacotae Septentrionalis]] a confluxu duorum fluviorum minorum ''Bois de Sioux'' et ''Otter Tail'' oritur et ad septentrionem per hoc confinum fluit. [[Fargo]] urbs Dacotae Septentrionalis maxima et ''Grand Forks'' urbs Minnesotae ad Flumen Rubrum sitae sunt. Postea in [[Canada]] per [[Manitoba]]m provinciam fluit, ubi [[Vinnipega]] urbs Manitobae capitalis ad ripam eius iacet, et in [[Lacus Vinnipega|lacum Vinnipegam]] se effundit.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Nexus externi==
{{fontes geographici}}

[[Categoria:Flumina Minnesotae]]
[[Categoria:Flumina Dacotae Septentrionalis]]
[[Categoria:Flumina Manitobae]]
[[Categoria:Systema Nelsonis fluminis]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rubrum, flumen}}</text>
      <sha1>462vjpbmvuy1xt8nzd6dc2ojzrje7oj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Flumen Rubrum Arcticum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>311685</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991387</id>
      <parentid>3819666</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T19:38:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: −[[Categoria:Flumina Canadae]]; ±[[Categoria:Territoria septentrio-occidentalia (Canada)]]→[[Categoria:Flumina territoriorum septentrio-occidentalium Canadae]]</comment>
      <origin>3991387</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2384" sha1="6h1zxt9jthmkxnwqvr88xu4imbspvyz" xml:space="preserve">{{Videdis|Flumen Rubrum}}{{Flumen|Flumen Rubrum Arcticum | [[Fasciculus:Tsiigatchic Arctic Red River.JPG|thumb|center|Flumen Rubrum Arcticum in Tsiigehtchic sub ecclesia Mariae Virginis]] | 450 | | 150 | 18&amp;thinsp;800 | [[Montes Mackenzie]]| [[Flumen Mackenzie]] |[[Territoria septentrio-occidentalia (Canada)|Territoria boreoccidentalia]] &lt;br&gt;[[Canada]]e }}
'''Flumen Rubrum Arcticum'''{{convertimus}}&lt;ref&gt;Cf. fontes de altero [[Flumen Rubrum (Civitates Foederatae)|Flumine Rubro]], — [[Augustinus Pyramus de Candolle|Augustini]] et [[Alphonsus Pyramus de Candolle|Alphonsi Pyramorum de Candolle]] [https://books.google.ru/books?id=r72-X2HCfqsC&amp;q=flumen+rubrum#v=snippet&amp;q=flumen%20rubrum&amp;f=false ''Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis'', pars XVII (Parisiis: 1873), 228].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Anglice]] ''Arctic Red River'') est [[flumen]] [[Territoria septentrio-occidentalia (Canada)|Territoriorum boreoccidentalium]] [[Canada]]e, circiter 450 [[chiliometrum|chiliometra]] longum. In [[glaciarium|glaciariis]] borealis [[montes Mackenzie|montium Mackenzie]] partis oritur, et fluxu superiore sub declivibus iugorum fluit; fluxu medio in [[canno (angustiae)|cannone]] profundo, fluxu inferiore in vallem [[flumen Mackenzie|fluminis Mackenzie]] exit, [[circulus Arcticus|circulus polarem]] transit, duos tributarios maximos, ''Granswick'' et '' Sainville,'' accipit, et in [[flumen Mackenzie]] haud longe ab initio [[delta fluminis|delta]] eius se effundit, magnum lutum afferens.

In [[ostium fluminis|ostio fluminis]] Rubri Arctici ''[[Tsiigehtchik]]'' vicus situs est, qui est unicus locus in ripis fluminis Rubri Arctici habitatus, usque ad annum [[1994]] ''Flumen Rubrum Arcticum'' nuncupatus; ''Tsiigehtchik'' autem est et nomen fluminis in [[lingua Gwichin|Gwichin]] lingua [[Indi Americani|Indiana]], quod ''flumen Ferreum'' valet.  

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Nexus externi==
{{fontes geographici}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150923203118/http://www.chrs.ca/Rivers/ArcticRed/ArcticRed_e.php Flumen Rubrum Arcticum] in ''Canadian Heritage Rivers System'' {{ling|Anglice}}
* [https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/arctic-red-river Flumen Rubrum Arcticum] in ''Encyclopaedia Canadae'' {{ling|Anglice}}

[[Categoria:Systema Mackenzie fluminis]]
[[Categoria:Flumina territoriorum septentrio-occidentalium Canadae]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rubrum Arcticum, flumen}}</text>
      <sha1>6h1zxt9jthmkxnwqvr88xu4imbspvyz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Genshin Impact</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>311902</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991258</id>
      <parentid>3991155</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T13:42:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IacobusAmor</username>
        <id>1163</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>~</comment>
      <origin>3991258</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="26148" sha1="hyys50ioyxhjcyml50wgi9l5rk3c65n" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
{{Latinitas|-3}}
{{Capsa ludi electronici
	| Titulus = ''Genshin Impact''
	| Tituluslatinus = Impactus Allogenerum
	| Imago = Genshin Impact wordmark.svg
	| Auctor = [[HoYoverse]], sub [[miHoYo]]
	| Editor = [[miHoYo]]
	| Designator = [[miHoYo]]
	| Series = Impactus Honkai (extensus)
	| Motorium = [[miHoYo]]
	| Divulgatio = [[28 Septembris]] [[2020]]
	| Genus = Ludus personarum&lt;br&gt;Ludus mundi aperti
	| Modus = Lusor singularis
	| Systema = [[Microsoft Windows]]&lt;br&gt;[[PlayStation 4]]/5&lt;br&gt;[[Android]], [[iOS]]
	| Media = [[Corpus programmatum]]&lt;br&gt;cum [[Unitas|Unitate]]
	| Postulatio = 8 GB+ [[RAM]], 50 GB+ [[ROM]]
	| Gubernacula = [[Claviatura]], [[Mus (computatralis)|mus]]
}}

{{Ores|Genshin Impact}} (''Gen Shin'' est [[pronuntiatus]] [[Iaponia|Iaponicus]] locutionis [[Res publica popularis Sinarum|Sinicae]] 原神, ''Yuan Shen'', ubi ''Yuan'' 原 'primigenium' et ''Shen'' 神 [[deus|'deum']] et '[[potestas|potestatem]]' significant) est [[ars electrica|electronicus]] [[ludus personarum]] a [[miHoYo]] [[societas mercatoria|societate mercatoria]] anno [[2020]] editus. In Tiva agitur, [[mundus|mundo]] [[fictio|commenticio]] septem [[natio|nationes]] continente.

== Mechanici ==
Lusor per [[tabula geographica|tabulam geographicam]] atque quattuor personas {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Mundus patens|mundum patentem|en|qid=Q867123}} suo arbitrio explorare potest. Personis conceditur pugnare, labi, et natare. Lusori quidam quaestus complendus est dum eius persona [[opes]], [[arma]], artifactaque cumulat. In Fontana{{dubsig}} unā cum Statua Focaloris{{dubsig}} personae urinari possunt.

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Septem Elementa in Tiva{{dubsig}}&lt;!--Quid est haec res?--&gt;
! Capitulum !! Elementum !! Praefixum !! Natio !! Deus !! Sententia
|-
| Prologus || [[Aër]] || Anemo-{{dubsig}} || Monstadia || Barbatos || Mea [[libertas]], meus canor
|-
| 1 || [[Tellus (planeta)|Terra]] || Geo- || Ligua || Morax || Ruat [[caelum]], fiat pactum
|-
| 2 || [[Ambra|Electrum]] || Electro- || Inazuma || Beelzebul || Perpetua, perennis, impervia
|-
| 3 || [[Arbor]] || Dendro- || Sumeru || Buer || Sub floribus lumen sagacitatis
|-
| 4 || [[Aqua]] || Hydro- || Fontana || Focalor || Iustitia omnia vincit
|-
| 5 || [[Ignis]] || Pyro- || Natlan || Haborym || Surge, vir fortis, i natam victoriam
|-
| 6 || [[Glacies]] || Cryo- || Snezhnaya || ? || Ducam, regina mea gloria, haud pluribus impar
|-
| Epilogus || (Nullum) || (Nullum) || Caenria || (Nullus) || (Nulla)
|}

== Personae ==
Litterae typis gravibus quinque stellas (★★★★★) indicant.&lt;ref&gt;[https://wiki.hoyolab.com/pc/genshin/aggregate/character Per visionem.]&lt;/ref&gt;
In potentibus personae cum visione ascenditur Caenriae.

=== Protagonistae ===
[[Protagonista]]e ''Impactus Allogenerum'' sunt ''Aether'' et ''Lumina'', Deae Incognitae (Asmodeo) obsistendo abhinc quingentos annos dirempti sunt; alter clausus est et potentia spoliatus, altera emissa Ordinem Abyssi ducit.

=== Monstadia ===
Monstadia ([[Theodisce]] ''Mondstadt'', Urbs Lunae) ex [[Europa]] [[Linguae Germanicae|Germanica]] oritur.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis&amp;nbsp;linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''Albedo'''&amp;nbsp;(''m''.,&amp;nbsp;''-inis'') || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Albedo || Terra || Gladius
| Homunculus, alchemista potissimus et capitaneus investigatorum Equitum Favonii.
|-
| Alicia || [[Anglice|en.]] Alice || Ignis || Catalysta
| Mater Cleae et prima maga Circuli.
|-
| Amata || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Amy / &lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Fischl von Luftschloß Narfidort || Electrum || Arcus
| Investigatrix in Collegio Adventorum, quae comitat Benedictum.
|-
| Amber&amp;nbsp;(''f''.,&amp;nbsp;''Ambris'') || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Amber || Ignis || Arcus
| Antecursatrix sola in Equitibus Favonii. Prima compania obtenta in hoc ludo.
|-
| Barbara || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Barbara Pegg || Aqua || Catalysta
| Diacona Ecclesiae Favonii et soror iunior Ioannae. Obtinetur post prologum.
|-
| Benedictus || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Bennett || Ignis || Gladius
| Orphanus inclusus Collegio Adventorum, quius fama infortunatissimus habetur; e Mari Iivari in Natlane deiectus.
|-
| '''Clea''' || [[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Klee || Ignis || Catalysta
| Filia Aliciae, pyrobolatrix Equitum Favonii.
|-
| Dahlius || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Dahlia || Aqua || Lancea
| Diaconus Ecclesiae Favonii, qui amicitias inter Venti et Rosariam colit.
|-
| '''Dilux''' (''m''., ''-cis'') || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Diluc(ulum) [[Lingua Norvegica|no.]] Ragnvindr || Ignis || Gladius Maior
| Possessor Vinorum Aurorae. Legatus Caballarius Favonii ante Gaium fuit.
|-
| Diona || [[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Diona Kätzlein || Glacies || Arcus
| Mixologista felina in Cauda Felis.
|-
| '''Durin''' (''-nis'') || [[Lingua Norvegica|no.]] Durin || Ignis || Gladius
| Draco ab Circulo Magarum creatus, cuius corpus homunculum ab Albedine confectum est.
|-
| '''Eula''' || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Eula Lawrence || Glacies || Gladius Maior
| Gladiatrix de Aristocratia Laurentia.
|-
| Gaius || [[Lingua Norvegica|no.]] Kaeya Alberich || Glacies || Gladius
| Gladiator et Legatus ex Caenrio. Secundo obtinetur.
|-
| '''Ioanna''' || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Jean&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Norvegica|no.]] Gunnhildr || Aër || Gladius
| Praefecta Equitum Favonii sub Varco et soror maior Barbarae.
|-
| Lisa || [[Lingua Italiana|it.]] Lisa Minci || Electrum || Catalysta
| Librariana Equitum Favonii atque genius Academiae Sumerianae. Tertio obtinetur.
|-
| Lonus || [[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Lohen || Glacies || Lancea
| Vice-Legatus Quintus.
|-
| Michael (''-lis'') || [[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Mika Schmidt || Glacies || Lancea
| Recognitor cartographicus Equitum Favonii.
|-
| '''Mona''' || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Mona Megistus || Aqua || Catalysta
| Maga astrologista et reportatrix Avis Vaporis.
|-
| Natalia || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Noëlle || Terra || Gladius Maior
| Servitrix Equitum Favonii, eques fieri cupiens.
|-
| Pruna || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Prune || Aër || Catalysta
| Puella magica quasi Clea, qui matrem Cleae Aliciam venatur.
|-
| Rasor (''-ris'') || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Razor || Electrum || Gladius Maior
| Puer a lupis alitus, a Lisa Minci et Varka adiutus.
|-
| Rosaria || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Rosaria || Glacies || Lancea
| Nonna ab Accumulatoribus Thesauricis rapta.
|-
| Saccharosa || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Sucrose || Aër || Catalysta
| Alchemista canina sub Albedine.
|-
| Varcus || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]] ورقه || Aër || Gladius Maior
| Capitanus Equitum Favonii, qui conquerebat in Ruina Hyperboreae.
|-
| '''Venti'''&amp;nbsp;(''-orum'')&lt;br&gt;sive '''Barbatos'''&amp;nbsp;(''-osis'') || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Venti || Aër || Arcus
| Deus ventorum.
|}

=== Ligua ===
Ligua&lt;ref&gt;Latinizatione confer [[Confucius]], [[Mencius]], [[Micius]].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Sinice]] {{Notulae|璃:Lí|月:yuè}}, Luna Lazuli) ex [[Sinae (regio)|Sinis]] oritur.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Sinice !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''Baichu''' || {{Notulae|白: ㄅㄞ´|朮: ㄓㄨ´}} || Arbor || Catalysta || [[Medicus]] ex [[Pharmacopolium|Pharmacopolio]] impraedicibili.
|-
| Beido (''-us'') || {{Notulae|北: ㄅㄟˇ|斗: ㄉㄡˇ}} || Electrum || Gladius Maior || Capitanea Navium Liguae “Crucis” (Crux).
|-
| '''Capricorna''' || {{Notulae|甘:ㄍㄢ|雨: ㄩˇ}} || Glacies || Arcus || Secretaria semicapricorna, quae Septentrionem Liguae servit.
|-
| '''Chunglius'''&lt;br /&gt;sive '''Morax''' || {{Notulae|鍾:ㄓㄨㄥ|離: ㄌㄧˊ}} || Terra || Lancea || Deus terrae, notatus quam “Rex Lapis” sive “Deus Auri”.
|-
| Chungynus || {{Notulae|重: ㄔㄨㄥˊ|雲: ㄩㄣˊ}} || Glacies || Gladius Maior
| Exorcista spiritu positivo puro praeditus, exorcizans.
|-
| '''Cibea''' || {{Notulae|兹:ㄗ|白: ㄅㄞ´}} || Terra || Gladius || Angela quam Adepta equina, quae Lancanopolem antediluvianam dominabat.
|-
| '''Elena''' || {{Notulae|夜: ㄧㄝ`|蘭: ㄌㄢˊ}} || Aqua || Arcus
| Secretaria Lucis Condensae, senatrix prima de facto.
|-
| Gamingus || style=&quot;text-wrap: nowrap;&quot;|{{Notulae|葉:Yip6| |嘉:Ga1|明:ming4}} || Ignis || Gladius Maior
| Cursator leoninus e valle ''Ch'in-Yu''.
|-
| Hianglima || style=&quot;text-wrap: nowrap;&quot;|{{Notulae|卯: ㄇㄠˇ| |香:ㄒㄧㄤ|菱: ㄌㄧㄥˊ}} || Ignis || Lancea
| Coctrix in Popina Populi.
|-
| '''Hianyna''' || {{Notulae|閒: ㄒㄧㄢˊ|雲: ㄩㄣˊ}} || Aër || Catalysta || Adepta gruida “Retenatrix Nubis”.
|-
| '''Hiao''' || {{Notulae|魈:ㄒㄧㄠ}} || Aër || Lancea
| Iaxus solus, Liguam contra spiritus deosque malos tuens.
|-
| Hincius || {{Notulae|行: ㄒㄧㄥˊ|秋:ㄑㄧㄡ}} || Aqua || Gladius
| Filius secundus Mercatoris Nubis Volantis.
|-
| '''Hu Tao''' || {{Notulae|胡: ㄏㄨˊ| |桃: ㄊㄠˊ}} || Ignis || Lancea
| Funeratrix septuagesima septima in Ligua.
|-
| Iao-Iao || {{Notulae|瑤: ㄧㄠˊ|瑤: ㄧㄠˊ}} || Arbor || Lancea
| Discipula Adeptae e rure ''K'ing-ts'e''.
|-
| Ienfecia || {{Notulae|煙:ㄧㄢ|緋:ㄈㄟ}} || Ignis || Catalysta
| Legislatrix bicornis Liguae serviens.
|-
| Iun Cin || {{Notulae|雲: ㄩㄣˊ|堇: ㄐㄧㄣˇ}} || Terra || Lancea
| Saltatrix famosa in Ligua.
|-
| '''Kecima''' || {{Notulae|刻: ㄎㄜˋ|晴: ㄑㄧㄥˊ}} || Electrum || Gladius
| Senatrix quinta (“Alioth”) Septentrionis Liguae, Regem Lapidem Adeptosque detestans.
|-
| Lan Ien || {{Notulae|藍: ㄌㄢˊ| |硯: ㄧㄢˋ}} || Aër || Catalysta
| [[Faber|Fabra]] argenti e valle ''Ch'in-Yu'' (Gemma Summersa).
|-
| Ninguama || {{Notulae|凝: ㄋㄧㄥˊ|光:ㄍㄨㄤ}} || Terra || Catalysta
| Senatrix quarta (“Megrez”) Septentrionis Liguae.
|-
| '''Septima Septuplex''' || {{Notulae|七:ㄑㄧ|七:ㄑㄧ}} || Glacies || Gladius
| Puella [[Mors|Mortua]] in [[Pharmacopolium|Pharmacopolio]] Impraedicibili.
|-
| Sinena || {{Notulae|辛:ㄒㄧㄣ|焱: ㄧㄢˋ}} || Ignis || Gladius Maior
| Cantatrix famosa in Ligua.
|-
| '''Xenica''' || {{Notulae|申:ㄕㄣ|鶴: ㄏㄜˋ}} || Glacies || Lancea
| Exorcista sola, Chungyni matertera.
|}

===Inazuma===
Inazuma (sive Inaduma, [[Iaponice]] {{Notulae|稲:いな|妻:づま}} ''Inaduma'', Fulgur) ex [[Iaponia]] oritur.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Iaponice&lt;ref&gt;[[Kana]] ante annum [[1945]].&lt;/ref&gt; !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''Aiaca Kamisato''' || {{Notulae|神:かみ|里:さと| |綾:あや|華:か}} || Glacies || Gladius
| Principissa Commissionis Culturalis, soror iunior Aiati.
|-
| '''Aiatus Kamisato''' || {{Notulae|神:かみ|里:さと| |綾:あや|人:と}} || Aqua || Gladius
| Princeps Commissionis Culturalis, frater maior Aiacae.
|-
| '''Cafedefarus Cazufa''' || {{Notulae|楓:かへで|原:はら| |万:かず|葉:は}} || Aër || Gladius
| Vagabundus et nauta Crucis Liguanae.
|-
| '''Chloris''' || {{Notulae|千:ち|織:おり}} || Terra || Gladius
| Textilatrix, in Fontanam demigrans, decreto compescente spreto.
|-
| '''Cocomis Regiae Sango''' || style=&quot;text-wrap: nowrap;&quot;|{{Notulae|珊:さん|瑚:ご|の|宮:みや| |心:ここ|海:み}} || Aqua || Catalysta
| Sacerdos contra Deam Electri.
|-
| Feizaus de Claustro Sikano || {{Notulae|鹿:しか|野:の|院:ゐん| |平:へい|藏:ざう}} || Aër || Catalysta
| Inquisitor e Commissione Administrativa.
|-
| '''Generalis Fulminis'''&lt;br&gt;sive '''Ei'''&lt;br&gt;sive '''Beelzebul''' || {{Notulae|雷:らい|電:でん| |将:しやう|軍:ぐん}}&lt;br&gt;
{{Notulae|雷:らい|電:でん| |影:えい}}
| Electrum || Lancea
| Dea secunda electri, post sororem suam Baelen (vel Makoto).
|-
| Goraus || ゴロー／{{Notulae|五:ご|郎:らう}}&lt;ref&gt;[[Litterae Sinicae]] e [[lingua Sinica]] sunt.&lt;/ref&gt; || Terra || Arcus
| Generalissimus caninus Cocomis.
|-
| '''Iofimia Naganofara''' || {{Notulae|長:なが|野:の|原:はら| |宵:よひ|宮:みや}} || Ignis || Arcus
| Bombatrix famosissima in Inazuma.
|-
| '''Ittus Arataki''' || {{Notulae|荒:あら|滝:たき| |一:いつ|斗:と}} || Terra || Gladius Maior
| Onius perniciosus, a Sara Kudeo olim captus.
|-
| Kirara || {{Notulae|綺:き|良:ら|々:ら}} || Arbor || Gladius
| Cursatrix et [[Nekomata|felis dupla]].
|-
| '''Midukis Iumemiduki''' || {{Notulae|夢:ゆめ|見:み|月:づき| |瑞:みづ|希:き}} || Aër || Catalysta
| Meditatrix tapira, in Balneis Aisae serviens.
|-
| '''Miko Iae''' (''Mikonis'') || {{Notulae|八:や|重:へ| |神:み|子:こ}} || Electrum || Catalysta
| Diacona deae electri.
|-
| Saio (''-us'') || {{Notulae|早:さ|柚:ゆ}} || Aër || Gladius Maior
| Ninzia in Commissione Culturali.
|-
| Sara Kudeo || {{Notulae|九:く|條:でう| |裟:さ|羅:ら}} || Electrum || Arcus
| Legata Tenguina e Commissione Administrativa.
|-
| Sinobs Kuki || {{Notulae|久:く|岐:き| |忍:しのぶ}} || Electrum || Gladius
| Puella secunda sacerdotula quae est ministra Itti Arataki.
|-
| Thomas || トーマ&lt;br&gt;([[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Thoma) || Ignis || Lancea
| Minister Commissionis Culturalis, Monstadiensis.
|}

===Sumeru===
Sumeru (-''us'', [[Sanscrite]] सुमेरु ''Sumeru'', [[Accadice]] 𒋗𒈨𒊒 ''Šumeru'') in silvam desertaque dividitur. Silva Sumeriana ex [[India]] [[Imperium Achaemenidarum|Persiaque]] oritur, deserta autem ex [[Arabia]] [[Aegyptus|Aegyptoque]].
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis&amp;nbsp;linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''[[Alhazenus]]''' || [[Lingua Arabica|ar.]]&amp;nbsp;الهيثم || Arbor || Gladius
| Scriptor Academiae Sumerianae et legatus sagax.
|-
| [[Candace]]|| [[Lingua Graeca|el.]]&amp;nbsp;Κανδάκη || Aqua || Lancea
| Curatrix ruris Aaru.
|-
| Cona || [[Lingua Cambrica|cy.]]&amp;nbsp;Collei || Arbor || Arcus
| Discipula Tignarii et amica optima Amberis.
|-
| '''[[Cyon]]''' (''Cynis'') || [[Lingua Graeca|el.]]&amp;nbsp;Κύων || Electrum || Lancea
| Ordinis capitaneus et physicista Academiae Sumerianae.
|-
| '''[[Dehia]]''' || [[Linguae Libycae|ber.]]&amp;nbsp;ⴷⵉⵀⵢⴰ || Ignis || Gladius Maior
| Eremita, Nahidam protegens.
|-
| [[Doris]] || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]]&amp;nbsp;دوری سنگماه بای || Electrum || Gladius Maior
| Mercatrix parva, in Palatio Castro habitans.
|-
| Faruzan (-''nis'') || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]]&amp;nbsp;فروزان || Aër || Arcus
| Archaeologa e Academia Sumeriana.
|-
| Kaveus || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]]&amp;nbsp;كاوه || Arbor || Gladius Maior
| Architectus e Academia Sumeriana.
|-
| Laila || [[Lingua Arabica|ar.]]&amp;nbsp;ليلى || Glacies || Gladius
| Astrologa e Academia Sumeriana.
|-
| '''[[Nahida]]'''&lt;br&gt;sive '''Buer''' || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]]&amp;nbsp;ناهيد || Arbor || Catalysta
| Dea Arboris, Domina Minor Kusanali.
|-
| '''[[Nilo]]'''&amp;nbsp;(-''onis'') || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]]&amp;nbsp;نيلو || Aqua || Gladius
| Saltatrix in Theatro Zubaeris.
|-
| [[Sethos]] || [[Lingua Graeca|el.]]&amp;nbsp;Σεθός&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Aegyptia|egy.]] ''st'' &lt;hiero&gt;st y&lt;/hiero&gt; || Electrum || Arcus
| Heres Templi Silentis, vasculusque Hermanubidis ante Cynem.
|-
| '''[[Tignarius]]''' || [[Lingua Arabica|ar.]]&amp;nbsp;طغنري || Arbor || Arcus
| Forestator Avidiensis ex Academia Sumeriana, decendensis Canis (Vulpes) Desertensis ([[Lingua Sanscrita|sa.]] वालुकाशुन ''Vālukāśuna'').
|-
| '''[[Vagabundus]]''' || &lt;del&gt;[[Lingua Iaponica|ja.]]&amp;nbsp;{{Notulae|国:くに|崩:くづし|／|傾:かぶ|奇:き|者:もの}}&lt;/del&gt;
|| Aër || Catalysta
| Homunculus a Beelzebule creatus, in Sumeru errans, quondam sextus Ductor Fatuorum “Scaramouche” [[Lingua francogallica|(fr.)]].
|}

===Fontana===
Fontana ([[Francogallice]] ''Fontaine'', Fontana) ex [[Europa]] [[Linguae Italicae|Romanica]] oritur.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis&amp;nbsp;linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''[[Aemilia]]''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Émilie || Arbor || Catalysta || [[Unguentaria]] stylista et amica Caprosiae.
|-
| '''[[Augustus Escoffier|Augusta&amp;nbsp;Escoffier]]'''&lt;ref&gt;Praenomen suspectum est.&lt;/ref&gt; || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Escoffier || Glacies || Lancea || Coquinaria pulsa ex Hospitali Debord, amica Varesae.
|-
| '''[[Clorinda]]''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Clorinde || Electrum || Gladius || Gladiatrix Prima et de facto protectrix Furinae, quae Carolum Caspar necavit.
|-
| [[Carlotta]] || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Charlotte || Glacies || Catalysta || Reportatrix Avis Vaporis.
|-
| [[Caprosia]] || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Chevreuse || Ignis || Lancea || [[Mosquetum|Mosquetaria]] capitanaque patroliae securitatis survigillantiaeque specialis (PS³).
|-
| '''[[Henricus Wriothesley|Dux&amp;nbsp;Wriothesley]]''' || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]]&amp;nbsp;''Duke''&amp;nbsp;Wriothesley || Glacies || Catalysta || Dux Fortis Meropidis.
|-
| Freminittus || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Fréminet&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Снежевич || Glacies || Gladius Maior || Subaqueus Fontanae celeberrimus et filius adoptatus Perverae.
|-
| '''[[Furina]]''' || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Furina&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] de&amp;nbsp;Fontaine || Aqua || Gladius || Dea Aquae, quae corpus '''Focaloris''' fuerat, antequam se deleret.
|-
| '''Linus''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Lyney&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Снежевич || Ignis || Arcus || Magus celeberrimus in Fontana et filius adoptatus Perverae.
|-
| Linitta || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Lynette&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Снежевна || Aër || Gladius || Adiutatrix felina sororque Lini.
|-
| '''[[Navia]]''' || [[Lingua Latina|la.]]/[[Lingua Hispanica|es.]]&amp;nbsp;Navia&amp;nbsp;Caspar || Terra || Gladius Maior || Ducissa Spinae Rosulae, quae patri suo Carolo successit.
|-
| '''[[Novillittus]]''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Neuvillette || Aqua || Catalysta || [[Draco]] Aquae, qui regulo Fontanae fungitur.
|-
| '''Sigevina''' || [[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Sigewinne || Aqua || Arcus || Nutritrix [[melusina]] Fortis Meropidis.
|}

=== Natlan ===
Natlan (''f.'' -''anis'', [[Lingua Navatlaca|navatlace]] ''Natlan'', Mea Domus) est orta ex [[Africa Subsahariana]], [[Americae|Americis]], et [[Oceania]].
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| Cacina || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Uthabiti&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Hopiana|hop.]] Katsina || Terra || Lancea
| Excavatrix iuvenis et determinata ex Tepetlisauris.
|-
| '''Ciasca''' || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Vuka&lt;br&gt;[[Linguae Quechuae|qu.]] Ch'asca || Aër || Arcus
| Pacificatrix populi Qucusaurorum.
|-
| '''Cinix''' (''-ichis'') || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Malipo&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Maiensis|myn.]] Kinich || Arbor || Gladius Maior
| Curator heroque ex Yumkasauris, cuius comes est Dominus Decimus Natlanteanus “Immortalis Obscurus” ([[Lingua Maiensis|myn.]] “Aj Imuch' Paxlaq Lahun Ch'ule-L” / “K'uhul Ajaw”).
|-
| '''Citlalis''' || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Ukumbuko&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Navatlaca|nah.]] Citlali || Glacies || Catalysta
| Astrologista Ictomisaurium quae ducentos annos vixit.
|-
| Iansa || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Uwezo&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Iorubensis|yo.]] Yàńsàn-án / Yansã || Electrum || Lancea
| Exercitrix famosa in Natlane ex Tatankasauris.
|-
| Ifeus || [[Lingua Iorubensis|yo.]] Ifá/ìfẹ́ || Aër || Catalysta
| Medicus Sauri ex Qucusauris.
|-
| '''Mavuica''' || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Kiongozi&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Havaiana|haw.]] Mavuika || Ignis || Gladius Maior
| Dea Ignis, ex hominibus Yumkasaurorum orta ad Haborym.
|-
| '''Mualanis''' || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Umoja&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Havaiana|haw.]] Mualani || Aqua || Catalysta
| Athleta aquatica ex Koholosauris.
|-
| Oloron (''-ontis'') || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Bidii&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Iorubensis|yo.]] Ọlọrun || Electrum || Arcus
| Agricultor vespertilionidus et filius adoptatus Citlalis.
|-
| '''Varesa''' || [[Lingua Zuluana|zu.]] Waresa || Electrum || Catalysta
| Minotaura, pomaria bellica ex Tatankasauris.
|-
| '''Xilonen''' || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Baraka&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Navatlaca|nah.]] Xilonen || Terra || Gladius
| Fabricatrix metallorum pumina ex Tepetlisauris.
|}

=== Snezhnaea ===
Snezhnaea ([[Russice]] ''Снежная'', Nivea) ex [[Europa]] [[Linguae Slavicae|Slavica]] oritur (''prime'' [[Russia]] Caesarica), ubi Regio Nodocraea ([[Russice]] ''Нод-Край'') ex nationibus circum [[Mare Balticum]] oritur. Undecim Ductores Fatuorum nomina ficta [[lingua Italiana]] ferunt.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis&amp;nbsp;linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| [[Aino]] (''f., -onis'') || [[Lingua Finnica|fi.]] Aino || Aqua || Gladius maior || Proprietrix Rotularii Tactici, quae Ineffam creavit.
|-
| '''[[Aiax]]''' (''m., -antis'') || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Аякс (ex [[Lingua Graeca|el.]] Αἴας) || Aqua || Arcus || Undecimus et Ultimus Ductor Fatuorum “Tartaglia”.
|-
| Alexius || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Алёша (dim. Алексей) || Electrum || Lancea || Venator quam Canis.
|-
| '''[[Anastasia Theodori puella Snezhnaea]]''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Анастасия Фёдоровна Снежная || Glacies || Lancea || Dea glaciei, notata quam “Imperatrix Snezhnaeae”.
|-
| '''Columbina Hyposelenia'''&lt;br&gt;sive '''Kuutar''' || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Columbina Hyposelenia&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Finnica|fi.]] Kuutar || Aqua || Catalysta || Dea Virgo Lunae, “Luna Nova”, quae tertia Ductrix Fatuorum “Columbina” fuit.
|-
| '''Cyrillus Cydomiri filius Flins''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Кирилл Чудомирович Флинс || Electrum || Lancea || Decanus Custodum Luminis, cuius ministri contra Abyssum cassi sunt (Venationem Silvaticam).
|-
| '''Danica''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Даника || Electrum || ? || Ancilla ex Sodalibus Caesaris.
|-
| '''Demetrius''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Митя (dim. Дмитрий) || Electrum || ? || Commissor Imperialis Snezhnaeanus de Energia.
|-
| [[Iahoda]] || [[Lingua Bohemica|cs.]] Jahoda || Aër || Arcus || Convectrix capitalis e Mercatoribus Voenicis.
|-
| [[Illugius]] || [[Lingua Islandica|is.]] Illuga || Terra || Lancea || Investigator Custodum Luminis.
|-
| '''Ineffa''' || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Ineffa(bilis) || Electrum || Lancea || Gynoides Ainonis, ex parte bona Dominae Undecimae Natlanteanae “Crastinae Reflextricis” creata ([[Linguae Maienses|myn.]] ''Ix Raq'lapuj Chue'q Buluk Ch'ule-L'').
|-
| '''[[Lauma]]''' || [[Lingua Lettonica|lv.]] Lauma || Arbor || Catalysta || Diacona Puerorum Gelunae, sapiens et sacra.
|-
| '''Linnaea''' || (''forma feminina'')&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Latina|la.]] [[Linnaeus]] || Terra || Arcus || Adventrix Botanista, ''Avis Auguria'' quae est amica Ainonis.
|-
| '''Marionetta''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Marionette Guillotin || Glacies || Lancea || Septima Ductrix Fatuorum “Sandrone”.
|- 
| '''Mircus Radovidi filius Vilex''' || Мирко Радувидович Вилешек || Aqua || ? || Quintus Ductor Fatuorum “Pulcinella”.
|-
| '''[[Nefer]]''' (''f., -ris'') || [[Lingua Aegyptia|egy.]] ''nfr'' &lt;hiero&gt;nfr&lt;/hiero&gt; || Arbor || Catalysta || Ductrix Curatorii Secretorum, Sumeriana, amica Doridis.
|-
| '''Odetta''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Одетта (ex [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Odette) || Glacies || Gladius || Ballerina Prima ex Theatro Regale, atque simul heres Octavae Ductricis Fatuorum “Signora” (Rosalina Crucica Flammatinea).
|-
| '''Pervera''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Peruère&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Снежевна || Ignis || Lancea || Quarta Ductrix Fatuorum “Arlecchino”, quae orphanes cultivat pro Fatui.
|-
| '''Theophanes Sergii filius Vexel''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Феофан Сергеевич Вексель || ? || ? || Nonus Ductor Fatuorum “Pantalone”.
|-
| Valerius || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Валерий || Electrum || ? || Maior sub Palatio Armamentario.
|-
| '''Vesna''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Весна || Aër || Gladius || Vila ex Sodalibus Caesaris.
|-
| '''Vodianissa''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Водяница || Aqua || Catalysta || Sirena, Cantrix Tripula Prima ex Theatro Regale.
|}

===Aliae regiones===
Caenrium&lt;ref&gt;
{{blockquote|&lt;poem&gt;Non custos si fingar ille Caenrium
Non fulmineus ego lyrae barbatos
Non si pegaseo ferar volatu
Non morphes niveae citaeque bigae
Adde huc plumipedas volatilesque
Ventorumque simul require cursum
Quos iunctos amica mea mihi dicares
Defessus tamen omnibus medullis
Et multis languoribus peresus
Essem te mihi amica quaeritando
Caelum dilabitur
falsitas collabitur&lt;/poem&gt;}}
{{Norma dextra|[https://genshin-impact.fandom.com/wiki/Mysterious_Letter Charta mysteriosa sub Casma Liguana]}}&lt;/ref&gt; est regnum a Septem Deis delendum, ex [[Scandinavia]] [[Prussia]]que ortum.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''[[:en:Aloy|Aloisia]]''' || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Aloy || Glacies || Arcus || Protagonista ex [[Horizon Zero Dawn|Horizonte Nullo: Aurora]].
|-
| Dainsleus || [[Lingua Norvegica|no.]] Dáinsleif || (Quantum)? || ? || Caballarius Caenrianus, cum Lumina vagatus, Aetheri occurrit.
|-
| '''Excirca''' || [[Lingua Islandica|is.]] Skirk || Glacies || Gladius || Mentrix Aiantis extraterrestris.
|-
| '''Nicola''' || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Nicole Reeyn || Ignis || Catalysta || Maga N, una Angela immaculata.
|}

'''Mannequinus''' et '''Mannequina''' sunt introducti in ''Terra Mirabili “Miliastra”'', ab Octavia creati.

=== Personae significantes non ludibiles ===
Obliqua indicant feminas.
* '''''Paimon''''' (''f., -onis''), deuteragonista, Viatorem/Viatricem clamans.
* '''''Catherinae''''', receptionistae roboticae bionicae, a septima Ductrice Fatuorum “Sandrone” in Snezhnaya creatae, singulae per nationem.

== Synopsis ==
=== Prologus ===
Viator in Mondstadia vagavit.

=== Carmen Lunae Vanae ===
Viator in Nodocraea vagat, quande Columbina Fatuis partita est.

== Nexus interni ==
*Alii ludi personarum ex [[Hoyoversum|Hoyoverso]]:
** [[Impactus Apocalypsis]] (''Honkai Impact'')
** [[Impactus Apocalypsis: Interstellaris]] (''Honkai: Star Rail'')
** [[Nefariae Naturae Nihil]] (''Zenless Zone Zero'')
** [[Impactus Apocalypsis: Nexus Anima]] (''Honkai: Nexus Anima'')
** [[Planeta Petittus]] (''Petit Planet'')
*[[Gnosis]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Categoria:Ludi personarum]]</text>
      <sha1>hyys50ioyxhjcyml50wgi9l5rk3c65n</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3991491</id>
      <parentid>3991258</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-27T05:29:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-52113-98</username>
        <id>215381</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Snezhnaea */</comment>
      <origin>3991491</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="26236" sha1="lfwye840l0mjnuyrzyohbkon3f6mn2y" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
{{Latinitas|-3}}
{{Capsa ludi electronici
	| Titulus = ''Genshin Impact''
	| Tituluslatinus = Impactus Allogenerum
	| Imago = Genshin Impact wordmark.svg
	| Auctor = [[HoYoverse]], sub [[miHoYo]]
	| Editor = [[miHoYo]]
	| Designator = [[miHoYo]]
	| Series = Impactus Honkai (extensus)
	| Motorium = [[miHoYo]]
	| Divulgatio = [[28 Septembris]] [[2020]]
	| Genus = Ludus personarum&lt;br&gt;Ludus mundi aperti
	| Modus = Lusor singularis
	| Systema = [[Microsoft Windows]]&lt;br&gt;[[PlayStation 4]]/5&lt;br&gt;[[Android]], [[iOS]]
	| Media = [[Corpus programmatum]]&lt;br&gt;cum [[Unitas|Unitate]]
	| Postulatio = 8 GB+ [[RAM]], 50 GB+ [[ROM]]
	| Gubernacula = [[Claviatura]], [[Mus (computatralis)|mus]]
}}

{{Ores|Genshin Impact}} (''Gen Shin'' est [[pronuntiatus]] [[Iaponia|Iaponicus]] locutionis [[Res publica popularis Sinarum|Sinicae]] 原神, ''Yuan Shen'', ubi ''Yuan'' 原 'primigenium' et ''Shen'' 神 [[deus|'deum']] et '[[potestas|potestatem]]' significant) est [[ars electrica|electronicus]] [[ludus personarum]] a [[miHoYo]] [[societas mercatoria|societate mercatoria]] anno [[2020]] editus. In Tiva agitur, [[mundus|mundo]] [[fictio|commenticio]] septem [[natio|nationes]] continente.

== Mechanici ==
Lusor per [[tabula geographica|tabulam geographicam]] atque quattuor personas {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Mundus patens|mundum patentem|en|qid=Q867123}} suo arbitrio explorare potest. Personis conceditur pugnare, labi, et natare. Lusori quidam quaestus complendus est dum eius persona [[opes]], [[arma]], artifactaque cumulat. In Fontana{{dubsig}} unā cum Statua Focaloris{{dubsig}} personae urinari possunt.

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Septem Elementa in Tiva{{dubsig}}&lt;!--Quid est haec res?--&gt;
! Capitulum !! Elementum !! Praefixum !! Natio !! Deus !! Sententia
|-
| Prologus || [[Aër]] || Anemo-{{dubsig}} || Monstadia || Barbatos || Mea [[libertas]], meus canor
|-
| 1 || [[Tellus (planeta)|Terra]] || Geo- || Ligua || Morax || Ruat [[caelum]], fiat pactum
|-
| 2 || [[Ambra|Electrum]] || Electro- || Inazuma || Beelzebul || Perpetua, perennis, impervia
|-
| 3 || [[Arbor]] || Dendro- || Sumeru || Buer || Sub floribus lumen sagacitatis
|-
| 4 || [[Aqua]] || Hydro- || Fontana || Focalor || Iustitia omnia vincit
|-
| 5 || [[Ignis]] || Pyro- || Natlan || Haborym || Surge, vir fortis, i natam victoriam
|-
| 6 || [[Glacies]] || Cryo- || Snezhnaya || ? || Ducam, regina mea gloria, haud pluribus impar
|-
| Epilogus || (Nullum) || (Nullum) || Caenria || (Nullus) || (Nulla)
|}

== Personae ==
Litterae typis gravibus quinque stellas (★★★★★) indicant.&lt;ref&gt;[https://wiki.hoyolab.com/pc/genshin/aggregate/character Per visionem.]&lt;/ref&gt;
In potentibus personae cum visione ascenditur Caenriae.

=== Protagonistae ===
[[Protagonista]]e ''Impactus Allogenerum'' sunt ''Aether'' et ''Lumina'', Deae Incognitae (Asmodeo) obsistendo abhinc quingentos annos dirempti sunt; alter clausus est et potentia spoliatus, altera emissa Ordinem Abyssi ducit.

=== Monstadia ===
Monstadia ([[Theodisce]] ''Mondstadt'', Urbs Lunae) ex [[Europa]] [[Linguae Germanicae|Germanica]] oritur.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis&amp;nbsp;linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''Albedo'''&amp;nbsp;(''m''.,&amp;nbsp;''-inis'') || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Albedo || Terra || Gladius
| Homunculus, alchemista potissimus et capitaneus investigatorum Equitum Favonii.
|-
| Alicia || [[Anglice|en.]] Alice || Ignis || Catalysta
| Mater Cleae et prima maga Circuli.
|-
| Amata || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Amy / &lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Fischl von Luftschloß Narfidort || Electrum || Arcus
| Investigatrix in Collegio Adventorum, quae comitat Benedictum.
|-
| Amber&amp;nbsp;(''f''.,&amp;nbsp;''Ambris'') || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Amber || Ignis || Arcus
| Antecursatrix sola in Equitibus Favonii. Prima compania obtenta in hoc ludo.
|-
| Barbara || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Barbara Pegg || Aqua || Catalysta
| Diacona Ecclesiae Favonii et soror iunior Ioannae. Obtinetur post prologum.
|-
| Benedictus || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Bennett || Ignis || Gladius
| Orphanus inclusus Collegio Adventorum, quius fama infortunatissimus habetur; e Mari Iivari in Natlane deiectus.
|-
| '''Clea''' || [[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Klee || Ignis || Catalysta
| Filia Aliciae, pyrobolatrix Equitum Favonii.
|-
| Dahlius || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Dahlia || Aqua || Lancea
| Diaconus Ecclesiae Favonii, qui amicitias inter Venti et Rosariam colit.
|-
| '''Dilux''' (''m''., ''-cis'') || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Diluc(ulum) [[Lingua Norvegica|no.]] Ragnvindr || Ignis || Gladius Maior
| Possessor Vinorum Aurorae. Legatus Caballarius Favonii ante Gaium fuit.
|-
| Diona || [[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Diona Kätzlein || Glacies || Arcus
| Mixologista felina in Cauda Felis.
|-
| '''Durin''' (''-nis'') || [[Lingua Norvegica|no.]] Durin || Ignis || Gladius
| Draco ab Circulo Magarum creatus, cuius corpus homunculum ab Albedine confectum est.
|-
| '''Eula''' || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Eula Lawrence || Glacies || Gladius Maior
| Gladiatrix de Aristocratia Laurentia.
|-
| Gaius || [[Lingua Norvegica|no.]] Kaeya Alberich || Glacies || Gladius
| Gladiator et Legatus ex Caenrio. Secundo obtinetur.
|-
| '''Ioanna''' || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Jean&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Norvegica|no.]] Gunnhildr || Aër || Gladius
| Praefecta Equitum Favonii sub Varco et soror maior Barbarae.
|-
| Lisa || [[Lingua Italiana|it.]] Lisa Minci || Electrum || Catalysta
| Librariana Equitum Favonii atque genius Academiae Sumerianae. Tertio obtinetur.
|-
| Lonus || [[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Lohen || Glacies || Lancea
| Vice-Legatus Quintus.
|-
| Michael (''-lis'') || [[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Mika Schmidt || Glacies || Lancea
| Recognitor cartographicus Equitum Favonii.
|-
| '''Mona''' || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Mona Megistus || Aqua || Catalysta
| Maga astrologista et reportatrix Avis Vaporis.
|-
| Natalia || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Noëlle || Terra || Gladius Maior
| Servitrix Equitum Favonii, eques fieri cupiens.
|-
| Pruna || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Prune || Aër || Catalysta
| Puella magica quasi Clea, qui matrem Cleae Aliciam venatur.
|-
| Rasor (''-ris'') || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Razor || Electrum || Gladius Maior
| Puer a lupis alitus, a Lisa Minci et Varka adiutus.
|-
| Rosaria || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Rosaria || Glacies || Lancea
| Nonna ab Accumulatoribus Thesauricis rapta.
|-
| Saccharosa || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Sucrose || Aër || Catalysta
| Alchemista canina sub Albedine.
|-
| Varcus || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]] ورقه || Aër || Gladius Maior
| Capitanus Equitum Favonii, qui conquerebat in Ruina Hyperboreae.
|-
| '''Venti'''&amp;nbsp;(''-orum'')&lt;br&gt;sive '''Barbatos'''&amp;nbsp;(''-osis'') || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Venti || Aër || Arcus
| Deus ventorum.
|}

=== Ligua ===
Ligua&lt;ref&gt;Latinizatione confer [[Confucius]], [[Mencius]], [[Micius]].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Sinice]] {{Notulae|璃:Lí|月:yuè}}, Luna Lazuli) ex [[Sinae (regio)|Sinis]] oritur.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Sinice !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''Baichu''' || {{Notulae|白: ㄅㄞ´|朮: ㄓㄨ´}} || Arbor || Catalysta || [[Medicus]] ex [[Pharmacopolium|Pharmacopolio]] impraedicibili.
|-
| Beido (''-us'') || {{Notulae|北: ㄅㄟˇ|斗: ㄉㄡˇ}} || Electrum || Gladius Maior || Capitanea Navium Liguae “Crucis” (Crux).
|-
| '''Capricorna''' || {{Notulae|甘:ㄍㄢ|雨: ㄩˇ}} || Glacies || Arcus || Secretaria semicapricorna, quae Septentrionem Liguae servit.
|-
| '''Chunglius'''&lt;br /&gt;sive '''Morax''' || {{Notulae|鍾:ㄓㄨㄥ|離: ㄌㄧˊ}} || Terra || Lancea || Deus terrae, notatus quam “Rex Lapis” sive “Deus Auri”.
|-
| Chungynus || {{Notulae|重: ㄔㄨㄥˊ|雲: ㄩㄣˊ}} || Glacies || Gladius Maior
| Exorcista spiritu positivo puro praeditus, exorcizans.
|-
| '''Cibea''' || {{Notulae|兹:ㄗ|白: ㄅㄞ´}} || Terra || Gladius || Angela quam Adepta equina, quae Lancanopolem antediluvianam dominabat.
|-
| '''Elena''' || {{Notulae|夜: ㄧㄝ`|蘭: ㄌㄢˊ}} || Aqua || Arcus
| Secretaria Lucis Condensae, senatrix prima de facto.
|-
| Gamingus || style=&quot;text-wrap: nowrap;&quot;|{{Notulae|葉:Yip6| |嘉:Ga1|明:ming4}} || Ignis || Gladius Maior
| Cursator leoninus e valle ''Ch'in-Yu''.
|-
| Hianglima || style=&quot;text-wrap: nowrap;&quot;|{{Notulae|卯: ㄇㄠˇ| |香:ㄒㄧㄤ|菱: ㄌㄧㄥˊ}} || Ignis || Lancea
| Coctrix in Popina Populi.
|-
| '''Hianyna''' || {{Notulae|閒: ㄒㄧㄢˊ|雲: ㄩㄣˊ}} || Aër || Catalysta || Adepta gruida “Retenatrix Nubis”.
|-
| '''Hiao''' || {{Notulae|魈:ㄒㄧㄠ}} || Aër || Lancea
| Iaxus solus, Liguam contra spiritus deosque malos tuens.
|-
| Hincius || {{Notulae|行: ㄒㄧㄥˊ|秋:ㄑㄧㄡ}} || Aqua || Gladius
| Filius secundus Mercatoris Nubis Volantis.
|-
| '''Hu Tao''' || {{Notulae|胡: ㄏㄨˊ| |桃: ㄊㄠˊ}} || Ignis || Lancea
| Funeratrix septuagesima septima in Ligua.
|-
| Iao-Iao || {{Notulae|瑤: ㄧㄠˊ|瑤: ㄧㄠˊ}} || Arbor || Lancea
| Discipula Adeptae e rure ''K'ing-ts'e''.
|-
| Ienfecia || {{Notulae|煙:ㄧㄢ|緋:ㄈㄟ}} || Ignis || Catalysta
| Legislatrix bicornis Liguae serviens.
|-
| Iun Cin || {{Notulae|雲: ㄩㄣˊ|堇: ㄐㄧㄣˇ}} || Terra || Lancea
| Saltatrix famosa in Ligua.
|-
| '''Kecima''' || {{Notulae|刻: ㄎㄜˋ|晴: ㄑㄧㄥˊ}} || Electrum || Gladius
| Senatrix quinta (“Alioth”) Septentrionis Liguae, Regem Lapidem Adeptosque detestans.
|-
| Lan Ien || {{Notulae|藍: ㄌㄢˊ| |硯: ㄧㄢˋ}} || Aër || Catalysta
| [[Faber|Fabra]] argenti e valle ''Ch'in-Yu'' (Gemma Summersa).
|-
| Ninguama || {{Notulae|凝: ㄋㄧㄥˊ|光:ㄍㄨㄤ}} || Terra || Catalysta
| Senatrix quarta (“Megrez”) Septentrionis Liguae.
|-
| '''Septima Septuplex''' || {{Notulae|七:ㄑㄧ|七:ㄑㄧ}} || Glacies || Gladius
| Puella [[Mors|Mortua]] in [[Pharmacopolium|Pharmacopolio]] Impraedicibili.
|-
| Sinena || {{Notulae|辛:ㄒㄧㄣ|焱: ㄧㄢˋ}} || Ignis || Gladius Maior
| Cantatrix famosa in Ligua.
|-
| '''Xenica''' || {{Notulae|申:ㄕㄣ|鶴: ㄏㄜˋ}} || Glacies || Lancea
| Exorcista sola, Chungyni matertera.
|}

===Inazuma===
Inazuma (sive Inaduma, [[Iaponice]] {{Notulae|稲:いな|妻:づま}} ''Inaduma'', Fulgur) ex [[Iaponia]] oritur.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Iaponice&lt;ref&gt;[[Kana]] ante annum [[1945]].&lt;/ref&gt; !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''Aiaca Kamisato''' || {{Notulae|神:かみ|里:さと| |綾:あや|華:か}} || Glacies || Gladius
| Principissa Commissionis Culturalis, soror iunior Aiati.
|-
| '''Aiatus Kamisato''' || {{Notulae|神:かみ|里:さと| |綾:あや|人:と}} || Aqua || Gladius
| Princeps Commissionis Culturalis, frater maior Aiacae.
|-
| '''Cafedefarus Cazufa''' || {{Notulae|楓:かへで|原:はら| |万:かず|葉:は}} || Aër || Gladius
| Vagabundus et nauta Crucis Liguanae.
|-
| '''Chloris''' || {{Notulae|千:ち|織:おり}} || Terra || Gladius
| Textilatrix, in Fontanam demigrans, decreto compescente spreto.
|-
| '''Cocomis Regiae Sango''' || style=&quot;text-wrap: nowrap;&quot;|{{Notulae|珊:さん|瑚:ご|の|宮:みや| |心:ここ|海:み}} || Aqua || Catalysta
| Sacerdos contra Deam Electri.
|-
| Feizaus de Claustro Sikano || {{Notulae|鹿:しか|野:の|院:ゐん| |平:へい|藏:ざう}} || Aër || Catalysta
| Inquisitor e Commissione Administrativa.
|-
| '''Generalis Fulminis'''&lt;br&gt;sive '''Ei'''&lt;br&gt;sive '''Beelzebul''' || {{Notulae|雷:らい|電:でん| |将:しやう|軍:ぐん}}&lt;br&gt;
{{Notulae|雷:らい|電:でん| |影:えい}}
| Electrum || Lancea
| Dea secunda electri, post sororem suam Baelen (vel Makoto).
|-
| Goraus || ゴロー／{{Notulae|五:ご|郎:らう}}&lt;ref&gt;[[Litterae Sinicae]] e [[lingua Sinica]] sunt.&lt;/ref&gt; || Terra || Arcus
| Generalissimus caninus Cocomis.
|-
| '''Iofimia Naganofara''' || {{Notulae|長:なが|野:の|原:はら| |宵:よひ|宮:みや}} || Ignis || Arcus
| Bombatrix famosissima in Inazuma.
|-
| '''Ittus Arataki''' || {{Notulae|荒:あら|滝:たき| |一:いつ|斗:と}} || Terra || Gladius Maior
| Onius perniciosus, a Sara Kudeo olim captus.
|-
| Kirara || {{Notulae|綺:き|良:ら|々:ら}} || Arbor || Gladius
| Cursatrix et [[Nekomata|felis dupla]].
|-
| '''Midukis Iumemiduki''' || {{Notulae|夢:ゆめ|見:み|月:づき| |瑞:みづ|希:き}} || Aër || Catalysta
| Meditatrix tapira, in Balneis Aisae serviens.
|-
| '''Miko Iae''' (''Mikonis'') || {{Notulae|八:や|重:へ| |神:み|子:こ}} || Electrum || Catalysta
| Diacona deae electri.
|-
| Saio (''-us'') || {{Notulae|早:さ|柚:ゆ}} || Aër || Gladius Maior
| Ninzia in Commissione Culturali.
|-
| Sara Kudeo || {{Notulae|九:く|條:でう| |裟:さ|羅:ら}} || Electrum || Arcus
| Legata Tenguina e Commissione Administrativa.
|-
| Sinobs Kuki || {{Notulae|久:く|岐:き| |忍:しのぶ}} || Electrum || Gladius
| Puella secunda sacerdotula quae est ministra Itti Arataki.
|-
| Thomas || トーマ&lt;br&gt;([[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Thoma) || Ignis || Lancea
| Minister Commissionis Culturalis, Monstadiensis.
|}

===Sumeru===
Sumeru (-''us'', [[Sanscrite]] सुमेरु ''Sumeru'', [[Accadice]] 𒋗𒈨𒊒 ''Šumeru'') in silvam desertaque dividitur. Silva Sumeriana ex [[India]] [[Imperium Achaemenidarum|Persiaque]] oritur, deserta autem ex [[Arabia]] [[Aegyptus|Aegyptoque]].
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis&amp;nbsp;linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''[[Alhazenus]]''' || [[Lingua Arabica|ar.]]&amp;nbsp;الهيثم || Arbor || Gladius
| Scriptor Academiae Sumerianae et legatus sagax.
|-
| [[Candace]]|| [[Lingua Graeca|el.]]&amp;nbsp;Κανδάκη || Aqua || Lancea
| Curatrix ruris Aaru.
|-
| Cona || [[Lingua Cambrica|cy.]]&amp;nbsp;Collei || Arbor || Arcus
| Discipula Tignarii et amica optima Amberis.
|-
| '''[[Cyon]]''' (''Cynis'') || [[Lingua Graeca|el.]]&amp;nbsp;Κύων || Electrum || Lancea
| Ordinis capitaneus et physicista Academiae Sumerianae.
|-
| '''[[Dehia]]''' || [[Linguae Libycae|ber.]]&amp;nbsp;ⴷⵉⵀⵢⴰ || Ignis || Gladius Maior
| Eremita, Nahidam protegens.
|-
| [[Doris]] || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]]&amp;nbsp;دوری سنگماه بای || Electrum || Gladius Maior
| Mercatrix parva, in Palatio Castro habitans.
|-
| Faruzan (-''nis'') || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]]&amp;nbsp;فروزان || Aër || Arcus
| Archaeologa e Academia Sumeriana.
|-
| Kaveus || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]]&amp;nbsp;كاوه || Arbor || Gladius Maior
| Architectus e Academia Sumeriana.
|-
| Laila || [[Lingua Arabica|ar.]]&amp;nbsp;ليلى || Glacies || Gladius
| Astrologa e Academia Sumeriana.
|-
| '''[[Nahida]]'''&lt;br&gt;sive '''Buer''' || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]]&amp;nbsp;ناهيد || Arbor || Catalysta
| Dea Arboris, Domina Minor Kusanali.
|-
| '''[[Nilo]]'''&amp;nbsp;(-''onis'') || [[Lingua Persica|fa.]]&amp;nbsp;نيلو || Aqua || Gladius
| Saltatrix in Theatro Zubaeris.
|-
| [[Sethos]] || [[Lingua Graeca|el.]]&amp;nbsp;Σεθός&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Aegyptia|egy.]] ''st'' &lt;hiero&gt;st y&lt;/hiero&gt; || Electrum || Arcus
| Heres Templi Silentis, vasculusque Hermanubidis ante Cynem.
|-
| '''[[Tignarius]]''' || [[Lingua Arabica|ar.]]&amp;nbsp;طغنري || Arbor || Arcus
| Forestator Avidiensis ex Academia Sumeriana, decendensis Canis (Vulpes) Desertensis ([[Lingua Sanscrita|sa.]] वालुकाशुन ''Vālukāśuna'').
|-
| '''[[Vagabundus]]''' || &lt;del&gt;[[Lingua Iaponica|ja.]]&amp;nbsp;{{Notulae|国:くに|崩:くづし|／|傾:かぶ|奇:き|者:もの}}&lt;/del&gt;
|| Aër || Catalysta
| Homunculus a Beelzebule creatus, in Sumeru errans, quondam sextus Ductor Fatuorum “Scaramouche” [[Lingua francogallica|(fr.)]].
|}

===Fontana===
Fontana ([[Francogallice]] ''Fontaine'', Fontana) ex [[Europa]] [[Linguae Italicae|Romanica]] oritur.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis&amp;nbsp;linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''[[Aemilia]]''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Émilie || Arbor || Catalysta || [[Unguentaria]] stylista et amica Caprosiae.
|-
| '''[[Augustus Escoffier|Augusta&amp;nbsp;Escoffier]]'''&lt;ref&gt;Praenomen suspectum est.&lt;/ref&gt; || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Escoffier || Glacies || Lancea || Coquinaria pulsa ex Hospitali Debord, amica Varesae.
|-
| '''[[Clorinda]]''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Clorinde || Electrum || Gladius || Gladiatrix Prima et de facto protectrix Furinae, quae Carolum Caspar necavit.
|-
| [[Carlotta]] || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Charlotte || Glacies || Catalysta || Reportatrix Avis Vaporis.
|-
| [[Caprosia]] || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Chevreuse || Ignis || Lancea || [[Mosquetum|Mosquetaria]] capitanaque patroliae securitatis survigillantiaeque specialis (PS³).
|-
| '''[[Henricus Wriothesley|Dux&amp;nbsp;Wriothesley]]''' || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]]&amp;nbsp;''Duke''&amp;nbsp;Wriothesley || Glacies || Catalysta || Dux Fortis Meropidis.
|-
| Freminittus || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Fréminet&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Снежевич || Glacies || Gladius Maior || Subaqueus Fontanae celeberrimus et filius adoptatus Perverae.
|-
| '''[[Furina]]''' || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Furina&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] de&amp;nbsp;Fontaine || Aqua || Gladius || Dea Aquae, quae corpus '''Focaloris''' fuerat, antequam se deleret.
|-
| '''Linus''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Lyney&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Снежевич || Ignis || Arcus || Magus celeberrimus in Fontana et filius adoptatus Perverae.
|-
| Linitta || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Lynette&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Снежевна || Aër || Gladius || Adiutatrix felina sororque Lini.
|-
| '''[[Navia]]''' || [[Lingua Latina|la.]]/[[Lingua Hispanica|es.]]&amp;nbsp;Navia&amp;nbsp;Caspar || Terra || Gladius Maior || Ducissa Spinae Rosulae, quae patri suo Carolo successit.
|-
| '''[[Novillittus]]''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Neuvillette || Aqua || Catalysta || [[Draco]] Aquae, qui regulo Fontanae fungitur.
|-
| '''Sigevina''' || [[Lingua Theodisca|de.]] Sigewinne || Aqua || Arcus || Nutritrix [[melusina]] Fortis Meropidis.
|}

=== Natlan ===
Natlan (''f.'' -''anis'', [[Lingua Navatlaca|navatlace]] ''Natlan'', Mea Domus) est orta ex [[Africa Subsahariana]], [[Americae|Americis]], et [[Oceania]].
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| Cacina || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Uthabiti&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Hopiana|hop.]] Katsina || Terra || Lancea
| Excavatrix iuvenis et determinata ex Tepetlisauris.
|-
| '''Ciasca''' || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Vuka&lt;br&gt;[[Linguae Quechuae|qu.]] Ch'asca || Aër || Arcus
| Pacificatrix populi Qucusaurorum.
|-
| '''Cinix''' (''-ichis'') || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Malipo&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Maiensis|myn.]] Kinich || Arbor || Gladius Maior
| Curator heroque ex Yumkasauris, cuius comes est Dominus Decimus Natlanteanus “Immortalis Obscurus” ([[Lingua Maiensis|myn.]] “Aj Imuch' Paxlaq Lahun Ch'ule-L” / “K'uhul Ajaw”).
|-
| '''Citlalis''' || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Ukumbuko&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Navatlaca|nah.]] Citlali || Glacies || Catalysta
| Astrologista Ictomisaurium quae ducentos annos vixit.
|-
| Iansa || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Uwezo&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Iorubensis|yo.]] Yàńsàn-án / Yansã || Electrum || Lancea
| Exercitrix famosa in Natlane ex Tatankasauris.
|-
| Ifeus || [[Lingua Iorubensis|yo.]] Ifá/ìfẹ́ || Aër || Catalysta
| Medicus Sauri ex Qucusauris.
|-
| '''Mavuica''' || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Kiongozi&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Havaiana|haw.]] Mavuika || Ignis || Gladius Maior
| Dea Ignis, ex hominibus Yumkasaurorum orta ad Haborym.
|-
| '''Mualanis''' || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Umoja&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Havaiana|haw.]] Mualani || Aqua || Catalysta
| Athleta aquatica ex Koholosauris.
|-
| Oloron (''-ontis'') || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Bidii&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Iorubensis|yo.]] Ọlọrun || Electrum || Arcus
| Agricultor vespertilionidus et filius adoptatus Citlalis.
|-
| '''Varesa''' || [[Lingua Zuluana|zu.]] Waresa || Electrum || Catalysta
| Minotaura, pomaria bellica ex Tatankasauris.
|-
| '''Xilonen''' || [[Lingua Suahelica|sw.]]&amp;nbsp;Baraka&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Navatlaca|nah.]] Xilonen || Terra || Gladius
| Fabricatrix metallorum pumina ex Tepetlisauris.
|}

=== Snezhnaea ===
Snezhnaea ([[Russice]] ''Снежная'', Nivea) ex [[Europa]] [[Linguae Slavicae|Slavica]] oritur (''prime'' [[Russia]] Caesarica), ubi Regio Nodocraea ([[Russice]] ''Нод-Край'') ex nationibus circum [[Mare Balticum]] oritur. Undecim Ductores Fatuorum nomina ficta [[lingua Italiana]] ferunt.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis&amp;nbsp;linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| [[Aino]] (''f., -onis'') || [[Lingua Finnica|fi.]] Aino || Aqua || Gladius maior || Proprietrix Rotularii Tactici, quae Ineffam creavit.
|-
| '''[[Aiax]]''' (''m., -antis'') || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Аякс (ex [[Lingua Graeca|el.]] Αἴας) || Aqua || Arcus || Undecimus et Ultimus Ductor Fatuorum “Tartaglia”.
|-
| Alexius || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Алёша (dim. Алексей) || Electrum || Lancea || Venator quam Canis.
|-
| '''[[Anastasia Theodori puella Snezhnaea]]''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Анастасия Фёдоровна Снежная || Glacies || Lancea || Dea glaciei, notata quam “Imperatrix Snezhnaeae”.
|-
| '''Columbina Hyposelenia'''&lt;br&gt;sive '''Kuutar''' || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Columbina Hyposelenia&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Finnica|fi.]] Kuutar || Aqua || Catalysta || Dea Virgo Lunae, “Luna Nova”, quae tertia Ductrix Fatuorum “Columbina” fuit.
|-
| '''Cyrillus Cydomiri filius Flins''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Кирилл Чудомирович Флинс || Electrum || Lancea || Decanus Custodum Luminis, cuius ministri contra Abyssum cassi sunt (Venationem Silvaticam).
|-
| '''Danica''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Даника Постельницкая || Electrum || ? || Ancilla ex Sodalibus Caesaris.
|-
| '''Demetrius''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Митя (dim. Дмитрий) || Electrum || ? || Commissor Imperialis Snezhnaeanus de Energia.
|-
| [[Iahoda]] || [[Lingua Bohemica|cs.]] Jahoda || Aër || Arcus || Convectrix capitalis e Mercatoribus Voenicis.
|-
| [[Illugius]] || [[Lingua Islandica|is.]] Illuga || Terra || Lancea || Investigator Custodum Luminis.
|-
| '''Ineffa''' || [[Lingua Latina|la.]] Ineffa(bilis) || Electrum || Lancea || Gynoides Ainonis, ex parte bona Dominae Undecimae Natlanteanae “Crastinae Reflextricis” creata ([[Linguae Maienses|myn.]] ''Ix Raq'lapuj Chue'q Buluk Ch'ule-L'').
|-
| '''[[Lauma]]''' || [[Lingua Lettonica|lv.]] Lauma || Arbor || Catalysta || Diacona Puerorum Gelunae, sapiens et sacra.
|-
| '''Linnaea''' || (''forma feminina'')&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Latina|la.]] [[Linnaeus]] || Terra || Arcus || Adventrix Botanista, ''Avis Auguria'' quae est amica Ainonis.
|-
| '''Marionetta''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Marionette Guillotin || Glacies || Lancea || Septima Ductrix Fatuorum “Sandrone”.
|- 
| '''Mircus Radovidi filius Vilex''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Мирко Радувидович Вилешек || Aqua || ? || Quintus Ductor Fatuorum “Pulcinella”.
|-
| '''[[Nefer]]''' (''f., -ris'') || [[Lingua Aegyptia|egy.]] ''nfr'' &lt;hiero&gt;nfr&lt;/hiero&gt; || Arbor || Catalysta || Ductrix Curatorii Secretorum, Sumeriana, amica Doridis.
|-
| '''Odetta''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Одетта (ex [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Odette) || Glacies || Gladius || Ballerina Prima ex Theatro Regale, atque simul heres Octavae Ductricis Fatuorum “Signora” (Rosalina Crucica Flammatinea).
|-
| '''Pervera''' || [[Lingua Francogallica|fr.]] Peruère&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Снежевна || Ignis || Lancea || Quarta Ductrix Fatuorum “Arlecchino”, quae orphanes cultivat pro Fatui.
|-
| '''Theophanes Sergii filius Vexel''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Феофан Сергеевич Вексель || ? || ? || Nonus Ductor Fatuorum “Pantalone”.
|-
| Valerius || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Валерий || Electrum || ? || Maior sub Palatio Armamentario.
|-
| '''Vesna''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Весна Бенигновна Стривожа || Aër || Gladius || Vila ex Sodalibus Caesaris.
|-
| '''Vodianissa''' || [[Lingua Russica|ru.]] Водяница || Aqua || Catalysta || Sirena, Cantrix Tripula Prima ex Theatro Regale.
|}

===Aliae regiones===
Caenrium&lt;ref&gt;
{{blockquote|&lt;poem&gt;Non custos si fingar ille Caenrium
Non fulmineus ego lyrae barbatos
Non si pegaseo ferar volatu
Non morphes niveae citaeque bigae
Adde huc plumipedas volatilesque
Ventorumque simul require cursum
Quos iunctos amica mea mihi dicares
Defessus tamen omnibus medullis
Et multis languoribus peresus
Essem te mihi amica quaeritando
Caelum dilabitur
falsitas collabitur&lt;/poem&gt;}}
{{Norma dextra|[https://genshin-impact.fandom.com/wiki/Mysterious_Letter Charta mysteriosa sub Casma Liguana]}}&lt;/ref&gt; est regnum a Septem Deis delendum, ex [[Scandinavia]] [[Prussia]]que ortum.
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Persona !! Suis linguis !! Elementum !! Arma !! Synopsis
|-
| '''[[:en:Aloy|Aloisia]]''' || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Aloy || Glacies || Arcus || Protagonista ex [[Horizon Zero Dawn|Horizonte Nullo: Aurora]].
|-
| Dainsleus || [[Lingua Norvegica|no.]] Dáinsleif || (Quantum)? || ? || Caballarius Caenrianus, cum Lumina vagatus, Aetheri occurrit.
|-
| '''Excirca''' || [[Lingua Islandica|is.]] Skirk || Glacies || Gladius || Mentrix Aiantis extraterrestris.
|-
| '''Nicola''' || [[Lingua Anglica|en.]] Nicole Reeyn || Ignis || Catalysta || Maga N, una Angela immaculata.
|}

'''Mannequinus''' et '''Mannequina''' sunt introducti in ''Terra Mirabili “Miliastra”'', ab Octavia creati.

=== Personae significantes non ludibiles ===
Obliqua indicant feminas.
* '''''Paimon''''' (''f., -onis''), deuteragonista, Viatorem/Viatricem clamans.
* '''''Catherinae''''', receptionistae roboticae bionicae, a septima Ductrice Fatuorum “Sandrone” in Snezhnaya creatae, singulae per nationem.

== Synopsis ==
=== Prologus ===
Viator in Mondstadia vagavit.

=== Carmen Lunae Vanae ===
Viator in Nodocraea vagat, quande Columbina Fatuis partita est.

== Nexus interni ==
*Alii ludi personarum ex [[Hoyoversum|Hoyoverso]]:
** [[Impactus Apocalypsis]] (''Honkai Impact'')
** [[Impactus Apocalypsis: Interstellaris]] (''Honkai: Star Rail'')
** [[Nefariae Naturae Nihil]] (''Zenless Zone Zero'')
** [[Impactus Apocalypsis: Nexus Anima]] (''Honkai: Nexus Anima'')
** [[Planeta Petittus]] (''Petit Planet'')
*[[Gnosis]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Categoria:Ludi personarum]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Hippias</title>
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        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>{{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}}; +{{[[Formula:Capsa hominis Vicidatorum|capsa hominis Vicidatorum]]}}</comment>
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      <text bytes="6846" sha1="tsg24dwrksbiia24yl762hw97wdkzxe" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}

{{res|Hippias}} fuit [[Sophistae|sophista]] ex [[Elis|Elide]] in [[Peloponnesus|Peloponneso]], qui exeunte [[saeculum 5 a.C.n.|saeculo quinto a.C.n.]] [[floruit|floruit]] et paene omnibus artibus scientiisque sui temporis excellere sese iactabat&lt;ref&gt;Plato 368.&lt;/ref&gt;. [[Encyclopaedia|Encyclopaedicus]] enim homo esse volebat. [[Olympia antiqua|Olympicis ludis]] dissertationes de qualicumque re habebat&lt;ref&gt;[[Plato]] 363c-364a.&lt;/ref&gt; atque adulescentes magno pretio erudiebat&lt;ref&gt;''[[Apologia Socratis (Plato)|Apologia Socratis]]'' 19e et ''Hippias Maior'' 281b-282c.&lt;/ref&gt;. Persona praecipua in duos {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Dialogus Socraticus|dialogos Socraticos|en|qid=Q3026054}} inducitur, ''[[Hippias minor]]'' et ''[[Hippias maior]]'' inscriptos. Apparet quoque in [[Plato|Platonico]] ''[[Protagoras (Plato)|Protagora]]''&lt;ref&gt;337c-338b.&lt;/ref&gt; et in [[Xenophon|Xenophontis]] ''[[Memorabilia (Xenophon)|Memorabilibus]]''&lt;ref&gt;IV.4.5-15.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== De persona Platonica ==
In Platonis operibus Hippias tamquam homo vanus, gloriosus, nimis sibi confidens describitur. Ita  ''[[Hippias minor]]'' [[Comoedia|comoediae]] [[Scaena theatri|scaenae]] similior videtur. Nonne [[Olympia]]m quondam venisse sese gloriabatur nihil gerentem nisi quod sua manu fecissetː tam calceos quam [[tunica]]m, [[anulus|anulum]], [[sigillum]], zonam, pallium...?&lt;ref&gt;Plato 368b-c.&lt;/ref&gt; Non tantum [[Arithmetica|arithmeticae]]&lt;ref&gt;Plato 366c-e&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Geometria|geometriae]]&lt;ref&gt;ibid. 367d-e&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Astronomia|astronomiae]]&lt;ref&gt;Ibid. 368a. ''[[Protagoras (Plato)|Protagoras]]'' 315c. ''Hippias Maior'' 285c.&lt;/ref&gt; peritissimus iudicabatur sed de poesi&lt;ref&gt;''[[Protagoras (Plato)|Protagoras]]''  347a-b et ''[[Hippias minor]]'' passim. ''Hippias Maior'' 285c-d.&lt;/ref&gt;, rythmo, harmonia, grammatica libentissime disserebat atque [[Memoria|mnemotechnica]] arte maxime gloriabatur&lt;ref&gt;Plato 368b-e necnon 285e-286a.&lt;/ref&gt;. Politicarum rerum quoque peritus erat ut qui saepe a civibus ob dicendi facultatem ad legationes externas eligebatur atque publice in Siciliam Spartam, Ahenas ibat ubi opera sua quoque recitabat atque maiores pecuniam adulescentibus docendis quam ceteri sophistae colligebat&lt;ref&gt;''Hip. Mai.'' 281a-286c.&lt;/ref&gt;. [[Dialectica|Dialecticae]] vero imperitus ostenditur siquidem cum [[Socrates|Socrate]] compares et in ''Hippia Maiore''  Socraticam investigandi methodum iratus denigrat tamquam ideas minutim concidentem&lt;ref&gt;''Hip. Mai.'' 304a: ''κνήσματά τοί ἐστι καὶ περιτμήματα τῶν λόγων, ὅπερ ἄρτι ἔλεγον, κατὰ βραχὺ διῃρημένα''... ''σμικρολογίας''... &lt;/ref&gt; atque omnia miscentem.

== De scriptis ==
Multa scripsit Hippias. Socrates apud Platonem ei [[Tragoedia|tragoedias]], [[Poësis epica|epica poemata]], [[Oratio|orationes]] omnis generis ei tribuebat&lt;ref&gt;Plato 368d.&lt;/ref&gt;. E quibus unum fragmentum tantum exstat apud [[Clemens Alexandrinus|Clementem Alexandrinum]]&lt;ref&gt;''Stromata'' VI.15.&lt;/ref&gt; et varii tituli ut catalogus [[Olympionices|Olympionicarum]] parva fide dignus&lt;ref&gt;[[Plutarchus]], ''Vita Numae'' 1.5.&lt;/ref&gt;. In [[Mathematica|mathematica]] [[quadratrix|quadratricis]] inventor fuisse traditur&lt;ref&gt;[[Proclus]], ''In Euclidem'' 272.3.&lt;/ref&gt; qua problema [[Circulus|circuli]] [[Quadratura (mathematica)|quadraturae]] solvere conabatur atque [[Angulus|angulum]] rectum in tres aequas partes dividebat. Nonnulli moderni indagatores eum unum e primis doxologiae scriptoribus fuisse credunt, qui opiniones priorum philosophorum recensuisset&lt;ref&gt;A. Patzer 1986.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ita multa quae de [[Thales Milesius|Thale]] aut [[Heraclitus|Heraclito]] apud [[Aristoteles|Aristotelem]] legimus ad Hippian fortasse referenda essent.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
* [[Plato]], ''[[Hippias minor]]'' et ''[[Hippias maior]]'' et ''[[Protagoras (Plato)|Protagoras]]'' 315b-c, 318e et 337c-338b et ''[[Phaedrus (Plato)|Phaedrus]]'' 267b

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Aldo Brancacci, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/43739101 La Pensée politique d'Hippias]&quot;, ''Méthexis'', 2013: 23-38 
* J. Brunschwig, &quot;Hippias d'Élis, philosophe-ambassadeur&quot;, in: K. Boudouris (ed.), ''The Sophistic Movement'', 1984ː 269-276
*Eugène Dupréel, ''Les Sophistes : Protagoras, Gorgias, Prodicus, Hippias'' (Bibliothèque scientifique, 14. Philosophie et Histoire), [[Novicastrum (Helvetia)|Novicastri]], Editions du griffon, 1948 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1951_num_53_1_3450_t1_0138_0000_1 Recensio critica]
*Slobodan Dušanić, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20862048 Hippias the Elean: the revolutionary activities and political attitudes of a Sophist]&quot;.  ''Aevum'', 2008ː 41–50
* Arnaud Macé, &quot;[https://www.cairn.info/revue-dialogues-d-histoire-ancienne-2023-Suppl%C3%A9ment27-page-415.htm Les lieux de l’homme qui savait tout. Hippias et la topologie comparée des savoirs selon Platon]&quot; in  ''Dialogues d'histoire ancienne'' 2023/Supplément27ː 415-431
* Evelyne Méron, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_2000_num_102_3_4801 Jugement d'un rhéteur, par un sophiste et par un philosophe. Le petit Hippias de Platon]&quot;, ''Revue des Études Anciennes'', 2000ː 379-392
*Andreas Patzer, ''Der Sophist Hippias als Philosophiehistoriker''. Alber, Freiburg und München 1986.
*Eckart Schütrumpf, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4475715 Kosmopolitismus oder Panhellenismus? Zur Interpretation des Ausspruchs von Hippias in Platons Protagoras (337cff.)]&quot;, ''Hermes'', 1972: 5-29
*Mario Untersteiner, ''I sofisti'' (secunda ed.), 1967 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1968_num_70_1_3815_t1_0163_0000_2 Recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/phlou_0035-3841_1994_num_92_1_6840_t1_0100_0000_2 Recensio critica Francogallicae versionis]
*Bohdan Wisniewski, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1959_num_28_1_3366 Hippias d'Élis et Aristote]&quot;, ''L'Antiquité Classique'',  1959ː 80-97

== Nexus externi ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20240522131637/https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/5290225/mwHippiasBNJ6-libre.pdf?1390840813=&amp;response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DHippias_of_Elis_BNJ_6_FGrHist_6.pdf&amp;Expires=1716387231&amp;Signature=LNyQ53c3XACZqS7ZF3t5qE28vCb~YWI5MiBaeG4dJaTgo4kQoIDt5DY6VHnltZwwRTgu3P1IFrQ8YHJyaErztAz6kSgheSCm~TtDg-aZmGChKMe5bMDkmeFh0FFCn-CPI4paYUQ9kDY-EHIaKAQWc1KRowgXI3UqahyCYNcFOpWc71nr5~~t2047LEFQ6cmIWxCVqu2t9xVxwJTFRw5Pg4YCtcdnRSTc7fVvQqujTHHr4g1uKwybeP28mEN6mhW1sCvVMuTDb1437UWvGy3eBw3HhzPC~K074ZW8ee5UN2hKxl~heIu-fQQDqhtOWDCUZaI~6dpEHsNkML6p28gtGg__&amp;Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA Hippias] apud Brill's New Jacoby.

{{Philosophi ante Socratem}}

{{Anni vitae|saeculo 5 a.C.n.|saeculo 4 a.C.n.|Hippias}}
[[Categoria:Auctores Graeci]]
[[Categoria:Personae Platonis]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Graeciae]]
[[Categoria:Sophistae]]</text>
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    <title>Karim Findi</title>
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{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Abdulcerimus''' vel '''Karimus Findi''' ([[Curdice]] ''Ebdulkerîm Findî'', natus anno 1946, prope ad Duhok urbem [[Regio Curdistania|Curdistaniae regionis Iracensis]]) est scriptor et diurnarius [[Curdi|Curdus]]. Anno 1974 in departamento Anglico facultatis artium Universitatis [[Mausilium|Mausiliensis]] graduatus est.

Libros de pluribus rebus, inter quas politica, geographia, lingua, litterae et historia, in diversis linguis sicut [[Anglice]], [[Curdice]], [[Arabice]] edidit. &lt;ref&gt;[http://findi.info/ebdulkerim-findi/ Karim Findi biography] Findi Info {{Ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fuit unus ex conditoribus Syndicatus Diurnariorum Curdistaniae.

Anno 1997 praefectus redactotum fuit revistae{{dubsig}} ''Karwan'', quae a Ministerio Culturae edebatur. Praefuit etiam revistae ''Dijla'' ab initio usque ad finem (No. 42), quae prima revista in litteris Latinis a Ministerio Culturae Curdistaniae edita est.&lt;ref&gt;[http://findi.info/blog/2015/07/15/karim-findi/ About Karim Findi] Findi Info Website {{Ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Libri editi ==
* Collectio Bakir bag Al-Arizee poematum, collecta et enucleata, 1982, {{ling|Curdice}}
* Mairo, litteris Latinis in Arabicas litteras translatus, 1985, {{ling|Curdice}}
* Gulchin, transliteratus ab Akleerky in arabicas litteras, 1988, {{ling|Curdice}}
* [https://www.amazon.com/dp/B084ZXT615 Capita Eylul Revolutionis in Kurdistan - Iraq] scripta 1995 {{ling|Arabice}}
* Rector de Duhok Governorate, 1997. {{ling|Arabice}} {{ling|Anglice}}
* Kurdish tribus in parte septentrionali civitatis Mossel, 1996. ex Anglica in Kurdish translata. {{ling|Curdice}}
* Khani Festivitas, parata, 1996, {{ling|Curdice}}
* Amedi in diversis aetatibus, criticis et analysibus, 1997,{{ling|Arabice}}
* (PDK) Per absentiam Barzani (1946-1958), 1998, {{ling|Arabice}}
* Iubilaeum aureum Peshmarge. MCMXCIX. Dialectica et ex litteris Arabicis in latinos translatus. {{ling|Curdice}}
* Barzani non dat, MMI. ex litteris Arabicis Kirmanji australis in Latinis litteris Kirmanji septentrionalis translatus.
* Badinan Castle et nonnulla loca historica, 2012, {{ling|Arabice}}
* [https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1291412212?pf_rd_p=2d1ab404-3b11-4c97-b3db-48081e145e35&amp;pf_rd_r=B1CK9RRTA0QHH0TN8R95 Badinan Castle] ,2012, Lingua Arabica.
* Lingua Kurdish in regione Badinana 2012, {{ling|Curdice}} {{ling|Arabice}}

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://hekar.files.wordpress.com/2014/01/kerim-findi-nubun-121.pdf Karim Findi story] [https://web.archive.org/web/20150408203128/https://hekar.files.wordpress.com/2014/01/kerim-findi-nubun-121.pdf date=2015-04-08 Nubun magazine, issue 121, 2012] {{Ling|Anglice}}
* [http://findi.info/ebdulkerim-findi/ Karim Findi biography] Findi Info {{Ling|Anglice}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150716225930/http://www.dunyatv.com.tr/index.php?dil=15&amp;video_ctgr=&amp;video_id=1209. Interview with Karim Findi] [https://web.archive.org/web/20150716225930/http://www.dunyatv.com.tr/index.php?dil=15&amp;video_ctgr=&amp;video_id=1209.|date=2015-07-16 Dunya TV] {{Ling|Anglice}}
* [http://findi.info/blog/2015/07/15/karim-findi/ Findi Info Website] {{Ling|Anglice}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Lifetime|1946| |Findi, Abdulcerimus}}

[[Categoria:Diurnarii Iracae]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Mausiliensis]]
[[Categoria:Homines vivi]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1946]]</text>
      <sha1>gdeuclkfftqn7fsohr4ittcs0t08w7z</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Index operum Latinorum saeculi 19</title>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
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      <comment>/* Mathesis */ +Fons</comment>
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      <text bytes="18979" sha1="5m70phy0h6uhrnjc1ii2g42rklm8hqh" xml:space="preserve">== Commentationes scientificae ==
=== Ephemerides scientificae ===
* Saeculum 18-19. {{Op|Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis}}, Gottingae

=== Mathesis ===
* 1801. {{Op|[[Disquisitiones arithmeticae]]}}, [[Carolus Fridericus Gauss]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris = Gauss
	| nomen auctoris = Carolus Fridericus
	| commentatio de auctore = Carolus Fridericus Gauss
	| titulus = Disquisitiones arithmeticae
	| commentatio de opere = Disquisitiones arithmeticae
	| annus = 1801
	| domus editoria = Gerhardus Fleisher Junior
	| locus = [[Lipsia]]e
	| url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN235993352
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1807. {{Op|Elementorum matheseos}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Antonius Ambschell||hu|qid=Q689332}} [[Iesuita|SI]]
* 1808. {{Op|&quot;Theorematis arithmetici demonstratio nova}}, Carolus Fridericus Gauss
* 1811. {{Op|Summatio quarundam serierum singularium}}, Carolus Fridericus Gauss
* 1812. {{Op|De analyticis nonnullis aequationum formis}}, Petrus Schönberg&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.avhandlingar.se/om/Petrus+Schönberg/?startrecord=1&amp;fulltext= De eo].&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1815. {{Op|Methodus nova integralium valores per approximationem inveniendi}}, Carolus Fridericus Gauss
* 1816. {{Op|Demonstratio nova altera theorematis omnem functionem algebraicam rationalem integram unius variabilis in factores reales primi vel secundi gradus resolvi posse}}, Carolus Fridericus Gauss
* 1824. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=y-49AAAAcAAJ De decompositione fractionum rationalium dissertatio mathematica]}}, Christian G. Berlin, Julius Fredric Vult von Steyern
* 1828. {{Op|Theoria residuorum biquadraticorum, Commentatio prima}}, Carolus Fridericus Gauss
* 1830. {{Op|Fundamenta nova theoriae functionum ellipticarum}}, [[Carolus Gustavus Iacobus Jacobi]].
* 1831. {{Op|Appendix}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Bolyai||hu|qid=Q16924}}
* 1832. {{Op|Tentamen}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Wolfgangus Bolyai||hu|qid=Q252311}}
* 1835. {{Op|Elementorum matheseos}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Andreas Caraffa||it|qid=Q3615571}}
* 1837. {{Op|Dissertatio mathematica de invenienda aequatione causticarum}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Carolus Ioannes Matthes||d|qid=Q13455587}}
* 1845. {{Op|Elementorum calculi differentialis et integralis, itemque calculi differentiarum finitarum}}, Andreas Caraffa
* 1847. {{Op|Dissertatio mathematica inauguralis de lemniscata Bernouillana}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|David Bierens Haan||nl|qid=Q567937}}
* 1852. {{Op|Logarithmorum VI decimalium nova tabula berolinensis}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Carolus Bremiker||de|qid=Q97338}}
* 1869. {{Op|De transformatione formarum ternariarum quadraticarum}}, [[Georgius Cantor]]
* 1870. {{Op|Dissertatio de methodo mathematica}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Thomas Victor Charpentier||d|qid=Q55587447}}
* 1889. {{Op|Arithmetices principia, nova methodo exposita}}, [[Iosephus Peano]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris = Peano
	| nomen auctoris = Ioseph
	| titulus = Arithmetices principia: nova methodo exposita
	| url = https://archive.org/details/arithmeticespri00peangoog
	| annus = 1889
	| locus = [[Augusta Taurinorum|Augustae Taurinorum]]
	| domus editoria = Fratres Bocca
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Physica et astronomia ===
* 1809. {{Op| Theoria motus corporum coelestium in sectionibus conicis solem ambientium}}, [[Carolus Fridericus Gauss]]
* 1820. {{Op|Experimenta circa effectum conflictus electrici in acum magneticam}}, [[Ioannes Christianus Ørsted]]
* 1826. {{Op|Dissertatio physico-mathematica de propagatione soni}}, Andreas Caraffa
* 1839. {{Op|Tentamen publicum e Physica ... ex Institutine primi semestris Aniani Jedlik}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Anianus Jedlik||hu|qid=Q252142}}
* 1845. {{Op|Tentamen publicum e Physica quod in regia univers. Hung. e praelectionibus}}, Anianus Jedlik
* 1863. {{Op|Disquisitiones de systematibus curvarum isothermarum}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Guillelmus Wernicke||d|qid=Q95257832}}

=== Biologia et botanica ===
* 1805. {{Op|Synopsis plantarum,seu Enchiridium botanicum, complectens enumerationem systematicam specierum hucusque cognitarum}}, [[Christianus Henricus Persoon]]
* 1810. {{Op|Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Robertus Brown||en|qid=Q155764}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20081120041555/http://www.botanicus.org/title/b13218943 ]
* 1823. {{Op|De effectibus variarum aeris specierum in plantas}},  {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Georgius Fridericus de Jaeger||de|qid=Q1504377}}
* 1840. {{Op|Flora Brasiliensis}}, [[Carolus Fridericus Philippus de Martius]] [http://florabrasiliensis.cria.org.br/opus?vol=1&amp;part=1 ]
* 1864. {{Op|1=[https://archive.org/details/philosophiazool00hoevgoog/page/n74 Philosophia zoologica]}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes van der Hoeven||nl|qid=Q322636}}.

=== Medicina et anatomia ===
* 1806. {{Op|1=[https://kulturpool.at/institutionen/oenb/%252BZ185547104 Specimen practicum de remediis efficacissimis in morbis contagiosis ac pestilentialibus]}}, Christophorus Mayr
* 1807. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=nddqxasR5WAC De insidiosa quarundam febrium intermittentium tum remittentium natura et de illarum curatione variis experimentis illustrata]}}, Iacobus (''Jacques'') Richard
* 1810. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=jsBRAAAAcAAJ Relatio officiosa generalis de nosocomiis pro nobili insurgente militia hungarica anno 1809 erectis et administratis]}}, Franciscus Eckstein&lt;ref&gt;[[:commons:File:Franz Eckstein Litho.JPG|Ille]].&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1812. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=ik1PAAAAcAAJ De fumigationibus acidis in morbis contagiosis]}}, Franciscus S. Kosak
* 1816. {{Op|Physiologia medicinalis}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Michael Ignatius a Lenhossék||hu|qid=Q1129116}}
* 1821. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=D1NOAAAAcAAJ De mangani natura et medicamentis]}}, Arminius Seyl
* 1824. {{Op|Dissertatio anatomico-pathologica de prolapsu vesicae}}, Fredericus Johannes Onnen&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.ru/books?hl=ru&amp;id=1jABAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=Fredericus+Johannes+Onnen#v=snippet&amp;q=Fredericus%20Johannes%20Onnen&amp;f=false ''Album studiosorum Academiae rheno-traiectinae MDCXXXVI-MDCCCLXXXV'']. p. 221.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1832. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=H_FSAAAAcAAJ De morgagni observatione]}}, Paulus Rigoli
* 1832. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=p7C9rJDPlLkC Dissertatio inauguralis anatomico-pathologica sistens hydroencephaloceles casum singularem]}}, Carolus Fridericus Franciscus Buettner
* 1833. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=Re1SAAAAcAAJ De nervorum opticorum origine et decussatione]}}, Aloysius Ciniselli
* 1833. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=pupjAAAAcAAJ Dissertatio anatomico-pathologica inauguralis, de talipedibus varis]}}, Henricus Wolfgang Stork
* 1834. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=yWYYOgAACAAJ Dissertatio inauguralis medica de conservatione dentium]}}, Bartholomaeus Ubl Bohemus Bieleschoviensis
* 1835. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=ecZkAAAAcAAJ Dissertatio anatomico-pathologica inauguralis, de telae fibrosae regeneratione et morbis organicis]}}, Abrahamus Frijda Amstelodamemsis
* 1835. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=8RBjAAAAcAAJ Dissertatio anatomico-pathologica inauguralis de osteogenesi naturali et praeternaturali]}}, Laurentius Johannes Baptista van Heyst&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/molh003nieu01_01/molh003nieu01_01_1767.php DBNL]; [https://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/retroboeken/nnbw/#source=1&amp;page=563&amp;view=imagePane Nieuw Nederlandsch Biografisch Woordenboek].&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1836. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=_tVOAAAAcAAJ De pigmento indico eiusque effectibus in organismo]}}, Theodorus Drecks Curonus
* 1837. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=aAxjAAAAcAAJ Specimen medicum inaugurale de eclampsia]}}, Elias Samuel Stein Haganus
* 1837. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=PlVPAAAAcAAJ De diabete]}}, Carolus Iosephus Huelsmann Guestphalo-Warendorpiensis
* 1837. {{Op|De cavitatibus organismi humani}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Eberhardus Iulius Bonsdorff||fi|qid=Q5581965}}
* 1838. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=kKhlAAAAcAAJ Dissertatio anatomico-pathologica de vitiis nervorum organicis]}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Petrus Theodorus van der Lith||d|qid=Q63003759}}
* 1839. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=LTNCAAAAcAAJ De functionibus nervorum cerebralium et nervi sympathici libri quattuor]}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Gabriel Gustavus Valentin||de|qid=Q68146}}
* 1841. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=bo5PAAAAcAAJ De morbo haemorrhoidali]}}, Franciscus (''Franz'') Demme
* 1842. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=heFSAAAAcAAJ Hysteria et leucorrhea]}}, Gustavus de Kottowitz
* 1842. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=sv5OAAAAcAAJ De effectu atmosphaerae in corpus humanum]}}, Henricus Martinus Kuisel Monachensis
* 1842. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=UQVjAAAAcAAJ Dissertatio anatomico-pathologica inauguralis, de dementia]}}, Janus Jacobus Homoet
* 1843. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=hvRjAAAAcAAJ Physiologia generalis corporis humani]}}, Augustus Arnold Sebastian&lt;ref&gt;[[:commons:File:AugustusSebastian1862.jpg|Imago illius]]; Opera eiusdem: 
*[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/007374567 ''De hydrope vesiculae felleae ...''], 1827; 
*[https://books.google.ru/books?id=MdqY-Sz6INQC ''Oratio de batavorum saeculo decimo septimo de anatome meritis atque inventis in ea praestantissimis''], 1833; 
* [https://books.google.ru/books?id=WT1kAAAAcAAJ ''Physiologia generalis''], 1835; 
*[https://books.google.ru/books?id=MdqY-Sz6INQC ''Oratio de animo et ingenio gentium suis de medicina meritis evidentissimo''], 1837; 
*[https://books.google.ru/books?id=EXFhAAAAcAAJ ''Recherches anatomiques, physiologiques, pathologiques, et séméiologiques, sur les glandes labiales''], 1842; 
* [https://books.google.ru/books?id=s0NnAAAAcAAJ ''Aanteekeningen bij het ontleden van eene Nubische giraffe''], 1845.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1844. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=2ixmAAAAcAAJ Dissertatio anatomico-pathologica inauguralis, de nephritidis et lithogenesis quibusdam momentis, renum subtiliori fabrica illustratis]}}, Ioannes Ruijssenaers
* 1849. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=JAhjAAAAcAAJ De potuum spirituosorum effectibus nocivis in corpus humanum]}}, Antonius David Fuhri
* 1849. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=2i9PAAAAcAAJ Nonnulla novae de irritatione cordis observationes]}}, Mauritius (''Moritz'') Hoffa
* 1866. {{Op|De haemoglobino observationes et experimenta}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Guillelmus Preyer||de|qid=Q532117}}

=== Chemia ===
* 1800. {{Op|Nova analysis aquarum Medeviensium}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Iacobus Berzelius||sv|qid=Q151911}}
* 1802. {{Op|De electricitatis galvanicæ apparatu cel. Volta excitæ in corpora organica effectu}}, Iacobus Berzelius
* 1805. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=xy1QAAAAcAAJ Dissertatio chemica de sulphate barytae]}}, Carolus Plantin Cavander
* 1814. {{Op|Tentamen nomenclaturae chemicae}}, [[Ioannes Christianus Ørsted]]
* 1816. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=pQY_AAAAcAAJ Tractatus physico-medicus de atmosphaera et aere atmosphaerico: nec non de variis gazis, vaporibus, effluviisque in eis contentis, respectu eorum in corpus humanum effectuum]}}, Hermannus Iosephus Jäger
* 1821. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=N_VOAAAAcAAJ De plumbo ejusque vi noxia in corpus humanum]}}, Carolus Christophorus Lebrecht Trüstedt
* 1823. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=U3BSAAAAcAAJ De iodino: dissertatio chemica inauguralis]}}, Georgius Ricardus Funk
* 1824. {{Op|Institutiones Physicae: Pars II. Complectens Physicam Particularem.}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Adamus Tomtsányi||hu|qid=Q12761863}}
* 1825. {{Op|Systema fossilium analysibus chemicis examinatorum}}, [[Ioannes Gadolin]]
* 1829. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=uw9PAAAAcAAJ De efficacia bromi interna experimentis illustrata]}}, Ludolphus Erneatus Butzke
* 1834. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=z4pOAAAAcAAJ De mutua materiarum relatione chymica]}}, Maximilianus Schreiner
* 1838. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=3GJPAAAAcAAJ De veneficio ex acido sulphurico]}}, Guillelmus Kuhn
* 1836. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=-LVUAAAAcAAJ De euphorbiae canariensis succo ejusque analysi dissertatio]}}, Demetrius Calzoni
* 1838. {{Op|Dissertatio chemica de stannatibus}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Adolphus Moberg||fi|qid=Q6154532}}
* 1838. {{Op|De oxydorum densitalis calculo reperiendae modo}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Hermannus Kopp||de|qid=Q65813}}
* 1839. {{Op|De thermoelectricitate crystallorum}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Guillelmus Gottlieb Hankel||de|qid=Q214567}}
* 1843. {{Op|Dissertatio chemica inauguralis de balaena}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Petrus Ioannes van Kerckhoff||d|qid=Q21546611}}
* 1844. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.de/books?id=3TFPAAAAcAAJ De inhalationum aetheris sulphurici usu in arte obstetricia]}}, Franciscus Orlowski
* 1845. {{Op|1=[http://digital.bib-bvb.de/view/bvb_single/single.jsp?dvs=1730826544343~614&amp;locale=la&amp;VIEWER_URL=/view/bvb_single/single.jsp?&amp;DELIVERY_RULE_ID=39&amp;bfe=view/action/singleViewer.do?dvs=&amp;frameId=1&amp;usePid1=true&amp;usePid2=true De restitutione oxygenii in atmosphaera]{{Nexus deficit|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}}}, Matthias Schneider
* 1846. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.de/books?id=YHVQAAAAcAAJ De oxygeno]}}, Clemens Rinaldi
* 1848. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.de/books?id=6Iqe14d110MC De acidis polythionicis]}}, Fridericus Kessler
* 1854. {{Op|Conferuntur quaedam ad Berylliam cognoscendam}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Iulius Weeren||de|qid=Q1713050}}
* 1856. {{Op|De plantarum partibus anorganicis}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Eduardus Reichardt||de|qid=Q1289638}}
* 1857. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.de/books?id=YoFaN6m39sgC De corporum quae Halogenia appellantur actione in aquam]}}, Wernherus Schmid
* 1858. {{Op| De conditione magnetica compositionum quarundam cupri}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Guillelmus Krumme||d|qid=Q55134301}}
* 1859. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.de/books?id=aCOT52Qw4xsC De acidis organico-sulphuricis]}}, Guilelmus Boldt
* 1861. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.de/books?id=PawAAAAAcAAJ De atomis quas philosophia et de rerum natura disciplinae statuunt: Dissertatio inauguralis philosophica]}}, Guilelmus Bauer&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz008304-5.html De eo].&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1861. {{Op|De gasorum perniciosorum origine eorumque in metallicis effectibus}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Hermannus Guilelmus Leonhard||de|qid=Q1569793}}
* 1863. {{Op|De toluidino sustantiisque ab eo derivatio. Dissertatio chemica}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Eugenius Sell||de|qid=Q18224079}}
* 1863. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books/about/De_kalio_atque_ea_ratione_quam_idem_cum.html?id=0JcISQAACAAJ&amp;redir_esc=y De kalio atque ea ratione quam idem cum carbone oxydato et gase oxygenii habeat]}}, Gottholdus Bernhardus Henricus Kühnemann
* 1866. {{Op|De nonnullis recentioribus typi ammoniaci coniunctionibus}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Carolus Engler||de|qid=Q77551}}
* 1867. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.de/books?id=znYqPFYAeDcC De vi quam natrium in materias organicas]}}, Carolus Casimirus Pannes&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz93743.html De eo?]&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!--
=== Technica ===
{{Pars augenda}}
--&gt;

=== Glottologia et grammatica ===
* 1837. {{Op|Grammatica linguae Sinensis}}
* 1844. {{Op|Elementa grammatices Syrjaenae}}, [[Matthias Castrén]]
* 1845. {{Op|Elementa grammatices Tscheremissae}}, Matthias Castrén
* 1850. {{Op|De affixis personalibus linguarum altaicarum dissertatio}}, Matthias Castrén
* 1850. {{Op|Grammatica linguae Thai}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Baptista Pallegoix||fr|qid=Q1355913}}

=== Oeconomica ===
* 1811. {{Op|Dissertatio oeconomico-politica de laboris divisione}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Ackersdijck||de|qid=Q2440545}}
* 1826. {{Op|Dissertatio inauguralis juridica de legali usurae taxatione, ex oeconomia}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Georgius de Bavay||nl|qid=Q15875584}}
* 1827. {{Op|Oratio de oeconomia politica}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ianus Ricardus de Brueys||de|qid=Q15992074}}
* 1829. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.de/books?id=AhJEAAAAcAAJ De ratione qua mercatura divitiis gignendis et augendis inserviat]}}, Elbert Waller, H. I. filius
* 1831. {{Op|Introductio in oeconomiam politicam alias nationalem}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Henfner||hu|qid=Q1035287}}
* 1836. {{Op|De valoris et pretii vi et monumentis in oeconomia politica}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Wilhelmus Kosegarten||de|qid=Q1805473}}
* 1838. {{Op|De valoris natura}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Gorlov||ru|qid=Q4144436}}

=== Psychologia ===
* 1827. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=HaRRAAAAcAAJ Psychologia empirica]}}, Iosephus Verner
&lt;!--
=== Documenta internationalia ===
{{Pars augenda}}
--&gt;

== Opera cetera ==
* 1806. {{Op|De conditione et indole rusticorum in Hungaria}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Gregorius Berziviczy||hu|qid=Q715058}}
* 1819-1821. {{Op|Anatome Testudinis Europaeae}}, [[Ludovicus Henricus Bojanus]]
* 1821. {{Op|Quaedam de acupunctura Orientalium ex oblivionis tenebris ab Europaeis medicis nuper revocata.}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Gustavus Eduardus Woost||d|qid=Q95256583}}
* 1826. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=AclcAAAAcAAJ Grammatica Anglica]}}, [[Ioannes Baptista Lemouton]]
* 1838. {{Op|[[De valoris natura dissertatio inauguralis|De valoris natura]]}}, [[Ioannes Iacobus Gorlof]]
* 1891. {{Op|De primis socialismi germanici lineamentis apud Lutherum, Kant, Fichte et Hegel}}, [[Ioannes Jaurès]]''

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index operum Latinorum aevi moderni et recentioris]]
* [[Index operum Latinorum saeculi 16]]
* [[Index operum Latinorum saeculi 17]]
* [[Index operum Latinorum saeculi 18]]
* [[Index operum Latinorum saeculi 20]]
* [[Index operum Latinorum saeculi 21]]
* [[Libri Latine redditi]]

[[Categoria:Indices litteraturae]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae recentioris aevi|!]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>3991247</id>
      <parentid>3991246</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T13:23:40Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>/* Mathesis */</comment>
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      <text bytes="18979" sha1="klys2oy2zu86chqslro8fi8cy5r06t5" xml:space="preserve">== Commentationes scientificae ==
=== Ephemerides scientificae ===
* Saeculum 18-19. {{Op|Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis}}, Gottingae

=== Mathesis ===
* 1801. {{Op|[[Disquisitiones arithmeticae]]}},&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris = Gauss
	| nomen auctoris = Carolus Fridericus
	| commentatio de auctore = Carolus Fridericus Gauss
	| titulus = Disquisitiones arithmeticae
	| commentatio de opere = Disquisitiones arithmeticae
	| annus = 1801
	| domus editoria = Gerhardus Fleisher Junior
	| locus = [[Lipsia]]e
	| url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN235993352
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Carolus Fridericus Gauss]]
* 1807. {{Op|Elementorum matheseos}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Antonius Ambschell||hu|qid=Q689332}} [[Iesuita|SI]]
* 1808. {{Op|&quot;Theorematis arithmetici demonstratio nova}}, Carolus Fridericus Gauss
* 1811. {{Op|Summatio quarundam serierum singularium}}, Carolus Fridericus Gauss
* 1812. {{Op|De analyticis nonnullis aequationum formis}}, Petrus Schönberg&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.avhandlingar.se/om/Petrus+Schönberg/?startrecord=1&amp;fulltext= De eo].&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1815. {{Op|Methodus nova integralium valores per approximationem inveniendi}}, Carolus Fridericus Gauss
* 1816. {{Op|Demonstratio nova altera theorematis omnem functionem algebraicam rationalem integram unius variabilis in factores reales primi vel secundi gradus resolvi posse}}, Carolus Fridericus Gauss
* 1824. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=y-49AAAAcAAJ De decompositione fractionum rationalium dissertatio mathematica]}}, Christian G. Berlin, Julius Fredric Vult von Steyern
* 1828. {{Op|Theoria residuorum biquadraticorum, Commentatio prima}}, Carolus Fridericus Gauss
* 1830. {{Op|Fundamenta nova theoriae functionum ellipticarum}}, [[Carolus Gustavus Iacobus Jacobi]].
* 1831. {{Op|Appendix}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Bolyai||hu|qid=Q16924}}
* 1832. {{Op|Tentamen}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Wolfgangus Bolyai||hu|qid=Q252311}}
* 1835. {{Op|Elementorum matheseos}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Andreas Caraffa||it|qid=Q3615571}}
* 1837. {{Op|Dissertatio mathematica de invenienda aequatione causticarum}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Carolus Ioannes Matthes||d|qid=Q13455587}}
* 1845. {{Op|Elementorum calculi differentialis et integralis, itemque calculi differentiarum finitarum}}, Andreas Caraffa
* 1847. {{Op|Dissertatio mathematica inauguralis de lemniscata Bernouillana}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|David Bierens Haan||nl|qid=Q567937}}
* 1852. {{Op|Logarithmorum VI decimalium nova tabula berolinensis}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Carolus Bremiker||de|qid=Q97338}}
* 1869. {{Op|De transformatione formarum ternariarum quadraticarum}}, [[Georgius Cantor]]
* 1870. {{Op|Dissertatio de methodo mathematica}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Thomas Victor Charpentier||d|qid=Q55587447}}
* 1889. {{Op|Arithmetices principia, nova methodo exposita}}, [[Iosephus Peano]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris = Peano
	| nomen auctoris = Ioseph
	| titulus = Arithmetices principia: nova methodo exposita
	| url = https://archive.org/details/arithmeticespri00peangoog
	| annus = 1889
	| locus = [[Augusta Taurinorum|Augustae Taurinorum]]
	| domus editoria = Fratres Bocca
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Physica et astronomia ===
* 1809. {{Op| Theoria motus corporum coelestium in sectionibus conicis solem ambientium}}, [[Carolus Fridericus Gauss]]
* 1820. {{Op|Experimenta circa effectum conflictus electrici in acum magneticam}}, [[Ioannes Christianus Ørsted]]
* 1826. {{Op|Dissertatio physico-mathematica de propagatione soni}}, Andreas Caraffa
* 1839. {{Op|Tentamen publicum e Physica ... ex Institutine primi semestris Aniani Jedlik}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Anianus Jedlik||hu|qid=Q252142}}
* 1845. {{Op|Tentamen publicum e Physica quod in regia univers. Hung. e praelectionibus}}, Anianus Jedlik
* 1863. {{Op|Disquisitiones de systematibus curvarum isothermarum}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Guillelmus Wernicke||d|qid=Q95257832}}

=== Biologia et botanica ===
* 1805. {{Op|Synopsis plantarum,seu Enchiridium botanicum, complectens enumerationem systematicam specierum hucusque cognitarum}}, [[Christianus Henricus Persoon]]
* 1810. {{Op|Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Robertus Brown||en|qid=Q155764}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20081120041555/http://www.botanicus.org/title/b13218943 ]
* 1823. {{Op|De effectibus variarum aeris specierum in plantas}},  {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Georgius Fridericus de Jaeger||de|qid=Q1504377}}
* 1840. {{Op|Flora Brasiliensis}}, [[Carolus Fridericus Philippus de Martius]] [http://florabrasiliensis.cria.org.br/opus?vol=1&amp;part=1 ]
* 1864. {{Op|1=[https://archive.org/details/philosophiazool00hoevgoog/page/n74 Philosophia zoologica]}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes van der Hoeven||nl|qid=Q322636}}.

=== Medicina et anatomia ===
* 1806. {{Op|1=[https://kulturpool.at/institutionen/oenb/%252BZ185547104 Specimen practicum de remediis efficacissimis in morbis contagiosis ac pestilentialibus]}}, Christophorus Mayr
* 1807. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=nddqxasR5WAC De insidiosa quarundam febrium intermittentium tum remittentium natura et de illarum curatione variis experimentis illustrata]}}, Iacobus (''Jacques'') Richard
* 1810. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=jsBRAAAAcAAJ Relatio officiosa generalis de nosocomiis pro nobili insurgente militia hungarica anno 1809 erectis et administratis]}}, Franciscus Eckstein&lt;ref&gt;[[:commons:File:Franz Eckstein Litho.JPG|Ille]].&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1812. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=ik1PAAAAcAAJ De fumigationibus acidis in morbis contagiosis]}}, Franciscus S. Kosak
* 1816. {{Op|Physiologia medicinalis}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Michael Ignatius a Lenhossék||hu|qid=Q1129116}}
* 1821. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=D1NOAAAAcAAJ De mangani natura et medicamentis]}}, Arminius Seyl
* 1824. {{Op|Dissertatio anatomico-pathologica de prolapsu vesicae}}, Fredericus Johannes Onnen&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.ru/books?hl=ru&amp;id=1jABAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=Fredericus+Johannes+Onnen#v=snippet&amp;q=Fredericus%20Johannes%20Onnen&amp;f=false ''Album studiosorum Academiae rheno-traiectinae MDCXXXVI-MDCCCLXXXV'']. p. 221.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1832. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=H_FSAAAAcAAJ De morgagni observatione]}}, Paulus Rigoli
* 1832. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=p7C9rJDPlLkC Dissertatio inauguralis anatomico-pathologica sistens hydroencephaloceles casum singularem]}}, Carolus Fridericus Franciscus Buettner
* 1833. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=Re1SAAAAcAAJ De nervorum opticorum origine et decussatione]}}, Aloysius Ciniselli
* 1833. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=pupjAAAAcAAJ Dissertatio anatomico-pathologica inauguralis, de talipedibus varis]}}, Henricus Wolfgang Stork
* 1834. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=yWYYOgAACAAJ Dissertatio inauguralis medica de conservatione dentium]}}, Bartholomaeus Ubl Bohemus Bieleschoviensis
* 1835. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=ecZkAAAAcAAJ Dissertatio anatomico-pathologica inauguralis, de telae fibrosae regeneratione et morbis organicis]}}, Abrahamus Frijda Amstelodamemsis
* 1835. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=8RBjAAAAcAAJ Dissertatio anatomico-pathologica inauguralis de osteogenesi naturali et praeternaturali]}}, Laurentius Johannes Baptista van Heyst&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/molh003nieu01_01/molh003nieu01_01_1767.php DBNL]; [https://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/retroboeken/nnbw/#source=1&amp;page=563&amp;view=imagePane Nieuw Nederlandsch Biografisch Woordenboek].&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1836. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=_tVOAAAAcAAJ De pigmento indico eiusque effectibus in organismo]}}, Theodorus Drecks Curonus
* 1837. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=aAxjAAAAcAAJ Specimen medicum inaugurale de eclampsia]}}, Elias Samuel Stein Haganus
* 1837. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=PlVPAAAAcAAJ De diabete]}}, Carolus Iosephus Huelsmann Guestphalo-Warendorpiensis
* 1837. {{Op|De cavitatibus organismi humani}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Eberhardus Iulius Bonsdorff||fi|qid=Q5581965}}
* 1838. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=kKhlAAAAcAAJ Dissertatio anatomico-pathologica de vitiis nervorum organicis]}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Petrus Theodorus van der Lith||d|qid=Q63003759}}
* 1839. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=LTNCAAAAcAAJ De functionibus nervorum cerebralium et nervi sympathici libri quattuor]}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Gabriel Gustavus Valentin||de|qid=Q68146}}
* 1841. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=bo5PAAAAcAAJ De morbo haemorrhoidali]}}, Franciscus (''Franz'') Demme
* 1842. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=heFSAAAAcAAJ Hysteria et leucorrhea]}}, Gustavus de Kottowitz
* 1842. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=sv5OAAAAcAAJ De effectu atmosphaerae in corpus humanum]}}, Henricus Martinus Kuisel Monachensis
* 1842. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=UQVjAAAAcAAJ Dissertatio anatomico-pathologica inauguralis, de dementia]}}, Janus Jacobus Homoet
* 1843. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=hvRjAAAAcAAJ Physiologia generalis corporis humani]}}, Augustus Arnold Sebastian&lt;ref&gt;[[:commons:File:AugustusSebastian1862.jpg|Imago illius]]; Opera eiusdem: 
*[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/007374567 ''De hydrope vesiculae felleae ...''], 1827; 
*[https://books.google.ru/books?id=MdqY-Sz6INQC ''Oratio de batavorum saeculo decimo septimo de anatome meritis atque inventis in ea praestantissimis''], 1833; 
* [https://books.google.ru/books?id=WT1kAAAAcAAJ ''Physiologia generalis''], 1835; 
*[https://books.google.ru/books?id=MdqY-Sz6INQC ''Oratio de animo et ingenio gentium suis de medicina meritis evidentissimo''], 1837; 
*[https://books.google.ru/books?id=EXFhAAAAcAAJ ''Recherches anatomiques, physiologiques, pathologiques, et séméiologiques, sur les glandes labiales''], 1842; 
* [https://books.google.ru/books?id=s0NnAAAAcAAJ ''Aanteekeningen bij het ontleden van eene Nubische giraffe''], 1845.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1844. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=2ixmAAAAcAAJ Dissertatio anatomico-pathologica inauguralis, de nephritidis et lithogenesis quibusdam momentis, renum subtiliori fabrica illustratis]}}, Ioannes Ruijssenaers
* 1849. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=JAhjAAAAcAAJ De potuum spirituosorum effectibus nocivis in corpus humanum]}}, Antonius David Fuhri
* 1849. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=2i9PAAAAcAAJ Nonnulla novae de irritatione cordis observationes]}}, Mauritius (''Moritz'') Hoffa
* 1866. {{Op|De haemoglobino observationes et experimenta}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Guillelmus Preyer||de|qid=Q532117}}

=== Chemia ===
* 1800. {{Op|Nova analysis aquarum Medeviensium}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Iacobus Berzelius||sv|qid=Q151911}}
* 1802. {{Op|De electricitatis galvanicæ apparatu cel. Volta excitæ in corpora organica effectu}}, Iacobus Berzelius
* 1805. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=xy1QAAAAcAAJ Dissertatio chemica de sulphate barytae]}}, Carolus Plantin Cavander
* 1814. {{Op|Tentamen nomenclaturae chemicae}}, [[Ioannes Christianus Ørsted]]
* 1816. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=pQY_AAAAcAAJ Tractatus physico-medicus de atmosphaera et aere atmosphaerico: nec non de variis gazis, vaporibus, effluviisque in eis contentis, respectu eorum in corpus humanum effectuum]}}, Hermannus Iosephus Jäger
* 1821. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=N_VOAAAAcAAJ De plumbo ejusque vi noxia in corpus humanum]}}, Carolus Christophorus Lebrecht Trüstedt
* 1823. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=U3BSAAAAcAAJ De iodino: dissertatio chemica inauguralis]}}, Georgius Ricardus Funk
* 1824. {{Op|Institutiones Physicae: Pars II. Complectens Physicam Particularem.}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Adamus Tomtsányi||hu|qid=Q12761863}}
* 1825. {{Op|Systema fossilium analysibus chemicis examinatorum}}, [[Ioannes Gadolin]]
* 1829. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=uw9PAAAAcAAJ De efficacia bromi interna experimentis illustrata]}}, Ludolphus Erneatus Butzke
* 1834. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=z4pOAAAAcAAJ De mutua materiarum relatione chymica]}}, Maximilianus Schreiner
* 1838. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=3GJPAAAAcAAJ De veneficio ex acido sulphurico]}}, Guillelmus Kuhn
* 1836. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=-LVUAAAAcAAJ De euphorbiae canariensis succo ejusque analysi dissertatio]}}, Demetrius Calzoni
* 1838. {{Op|Dissertatio chemica de stannatibus}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Adolphus Moberg||fi|qid=Q6154532}}
* 1838. {{Op|De oxydorum densitalis calculo reperiendae modo}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Hermannus Kopp||de|qid=Q65813}}
* 1839. {{Op|De thermoelectricitate crystallorum}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Guillelmus Gottlieb Hankel||de|qid=Q214567}}
* 1843. {{Op|Dissertatio chemica inauguralis de balaena}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Petrus Ioannes van Kerckhoff||d|qid=Q21546611}}
* 1844. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.de/books?id=3TFPAAAAcAAJ De inhalationum aetheris sulphurici usu in arte obstetricia]}}, Franciscus Orlowski
* 1845. {{Op|1=[http://digital.bib-bvb.de/view/bvb_single/single.jsp?dvs=1730826544343~614&amp;locale=la&amp;VIEWER_URL=/view/bvb_single/single.jsp?&amp;DELIVERY_RULE_ID=39&amp;bfe=view/action/singleViewer.do?dvs=&amp;frameId=1&amp;usePid1=true&amp;usePid2=true De restitutione oxygenii in atmosphaera]{{Nexus deficit|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}}}, Matthias Schneider
* 1846. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.de/books?id=YHVQAAAAcAAJ De oxygeno]}}, Clemens Rinaldi
* 1848. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.de/books?id=6Iqe14d110MC De acidis polythionicis]}}, Fridericus Kessler
* 1854. {{Op|Conferuntur quaedam ad Berylliam cognoscendam}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Iulius Weeren||de|qid=Q1713050}}
* 1856. {{Op|De plantarum partibus anorganicis}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Eduardus Reichardt||de|qid=Q1289638}}
* 1857. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.de/books?id=YoFaN6m39sgC De corporum quae Halogenia appellantur actione in aquam]}}, Wernherus Schmid
* 1858. {{Op| De conditione magnetica compositionum quarundam cupri}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Guillelmus Krumme||d|qid=Q55134301}}
* 1859. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.de/books?id=aCOT52Qw4xsC De acidis organico-sulphuricis]}}, Guilelmus Boldt
* 1861. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.de/books?id=PawAAAAAcAAJ De atomis quas philosophia et de rerum natura disciplinae statuunt: Dissertatio inauguralis philosophica]}}, Guilelmus Bauer&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz008304-5.html De eo].&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1861. {{Op|De gasorum perniciosorum origine eorumque in metallicis effectibus}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Hermannus Guilelmus Leonhard||de|qid=Q1569793}}
* 1863. {{Op|De toluidino sustantiisque ab eo derivatio. Dissertatio chemica}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Eugenius Sell||de|qid=Q18224079}}
* 1863. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books/about/De_kalio_atque_ea_ratione_quam_idem_cum.html?id=0JcISQAACAAJ&amp;redir_esc=y De kalio atque ea ratione quam idem cum carbone oxydato et gase oxygenii habeat]}}, Gottholdus Bernhardus Henricus Kühnemann
* 1866. {{Op|De nonnullis recentioribus typi ammoniaci coniunctionibus}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Carolus Engler||de|qid=Q77551}}
* 1867. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.de/books?id=znYqPFYAeDcC De vi quam natrium in materias organicas]}}, Carolus Casimirus Pannes&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz93743.html De eo?]&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!--
=== Technica ===
{{Pars augenda}}
--&gt;

=== Glottologia et grammatica ===
* 1837. {{Op|Grammatica linguae Sinensis}}
* 1844. {{Op|Elementa grammatices Syrjaenae}}, [[Matthias Castrén]]
* 1845. {{Op|Elementa grammatices Tscheremissae}}, Matthias Castrén
* 1850. {{Op|De affixis personalibus linguarum altaicarum dissertatio}}, Matthias Castrén
* 1850. {{Op|Grammatica linguae Thai}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Baptista Pallegoix||fr|qid=Q1355913}}

=== Oeconomica ===
* 1811. {{Op|Dissertatio oeconomico-politica de laboris divisione}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Ackersdijck||de|qid=Q2440545}}
* 1826. {{Op|Dissertatio inauguralis juridica de legali usurae taxatione, ex oeconomia}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Georgius de Bavay||nl|qid=Q15875584}}
* 1827. {{Op|Oratio de oeconomia politica}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ianus Ricardus de Brueys||de|qid=Q15992074}}
* 1829. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.de/books?id=AhJEAAAAcAAJ De ratione qua mercatura divitiis gignendis et augendis inserviat]}}, Elbert Waller, H. I. filius
* 1831. {{Op|Introductio in oeconomiam politicam alias nationalem}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Henfner||hu|qid=Q1035287}}
* 1836. {{Op|De valoris et pretii vi et monumentis in oeconomia politica}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Wilhelmus Kosegarten||de|qid=Q1805473}}
* 1838. {{Op|De valoris natura}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Gorlov||ru|qid=Q4144436}}

=== Psychologia ===
* 1827. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=HaRRAAAAcAAJ Psychologia empirica]}}, Iosephus Verner
&lt;!--
=== Documenta internationalia ===
{{Pars augenda}}
--&gt;

== Opera cetera ==
* 1806. {{Op|De conditione et indole rusticorum in Hungaria}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Gregorius Berziviczy||hu|qid=Q715058}}
* 1819-1821. {{Op|Anatome Testudinis Europaeae}}, [[Ludovicus Henricus Bojanus]]
* 1821. {{Op|Quaedam de acupunctura Orientalium ex oblivionis tenebris ab Europaeis medicis nuper revocata.}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Gustavus Eduardus Woost||d|qid=Q95256583}}
* 1826. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=AclcAAAAcAAJ Grammatica Anglica]}}, [[Ioannes Baptista Lemouton]]
* 1838. {{Op|[[De valoris natura dissertatio inauguralis|De valoris natura]]}}, [[Ioannes Iacobus Gorlof]]
* 1891. {{Op|De primis socialismi germanici lineamentis apud Lutherum, Kant, Fichte et Hegel}}, [[Ioannes Jaurès]]''

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index operum Latinorum aevi moderni et recentioris]]
* [[Index operum Latinorum saeculi 16]]
* [[Index operum Latinorum saeculi 17]]
* [[Index operum Latinorum saeculi 18]]
* [[Index operum Latinorum saeculi 20]]
* [[Index operum Latinorum saeculi 21]]
* [[Libri Latine redditi]]

[[Categoria:Indices litteraturae]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae recentioris aevi|!]]</text>
      <sha1>klys2oy2zu86chqslro8fi8cy5r06t5</sha1>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-26T13:32:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Mathesis */</comment>
      <origin>3991253</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18979" sha1="m5dtb22j40pw2ogjqa9smhzc5ryg79c" xml:space="preserve">== Commentationes scientificae ==
=== Ephemerides scientificae ===
* Saeculum 18-19. {{Op|Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis}}, Gottingae

=== Mathesis ===
* 1801. {{Op|[[Disquisitiones arithmeticae]]}},&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris = Gauss
	| nomen auctoris = Carolus Fridericus
	| commentatio de auctore = Carolus Fridericus Gauss
	| titulus = Disquisitiones arithmeticae
	| commentatio de opere = Disquisitiones arithmeticae
	| annus = 1801
	| domus editoria = Gerhardus Fleisher iunior
	| locus = [[Lipsia]]e
	| url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN235993352
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Carolus Fridericus Gauss]]
* 1807. {{Op|Elementorum matheseos}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Antonius Ambschell||hu|qid=Q689332}} [[Iesuita|SI]]
* 1808. {{Op|&quot;Theorematis arithmetici demonstratio nova}}, Carolus Fridericus Gauss
* 1811. {{Op|Summatio quarundam serierum singularium}}, Carolus Fridericus Gauss
* 1812. {{Op|De analyticis nonnullis aequationum formis}}, Petrus Schönberg&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.avhandlingar.se/om/Petrus+Schönberg/?startrecord=1&amp;fulltext= De eo].&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1815. {{Op|Methodus nova integralium valores per approximationem inveniendi}}, Carolus Fridericus Gauss
* 1816. {{Op|Demonstratio nova altera theorematis omnem functionem algebraicam rationalem integram unius variabilis in factores reales primi vel secundi gradus resolvi posse}}, Carolus Fridericus Gauss
* 1824. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=y-49AAAAcAAJ De decompositione fractionum rationalium dissertatio mathematica]}}, Christian G. Berlin, Julius Fredric Vult von Steyern
* 1828. {{Op|Theoria residuorum biquadraticorum, Commentatio prima}}, Carolus Fridericus Gauss
* 1830. {{Op|Fundamenta nova theoriae functionum ellipticarum}}, [[Carolus Gustavus Iacobus Jacobi]].
* 1831. {{Op|Appendix}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Bolyai||hu|qid=Q16924}}
* 1832. {{Op|Tentamen}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Wolfgangus Bolyai||hu|qid=Q252311}}
* 1835. {{Op|Elementorum matheseos}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Andreas Caraffa||it|qid=Q3615571}}
* 1837. {{Op|Dissertatio mathematica de invenienda aequatione causticarum}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Carolus Ioannes Matthes||d|qid=Q13455587}}
* 1845. {{Op|Elementorum calculi differentialis et integralis, itemque calculi differentiarum finitarum}}, Andreas Caraffa
* 1847. {{Op|Dissertatio mathematica inauguralis de lemniscata Bernouillana}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|David Bierens Haan||nl|qid=Q567937}}
* 1852. {{Op|Logarithmorum VI decimalium nova tabula berolinensis}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Carolus Bremiker||de|qid=Q97338}}
* 1869. {{Op|De transformatione formarum ternariarum quadraticarum}}, [[Georgius Cantor]]
* 1870. {{Op|Dissertatio de methodo mathematica}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Thomas Victor Charpentier||d|qid=Q55587447}}
* 1889. {{Op|Arithmetices principia, nova methodo exposita}}, [[Iosephus Peano]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris = Peano
	| nomen auctoris = Ioseph
	| titulus = Arithmetices principia: nova methodo exposita
	| url = https://archive.org/details/arithmeticespri00peangoog
	| annus = 1889
	| locus = [[Augusta Taurinorum|Augustae Taurinorum]]
	| domus editoria = Fratres Bocca
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Physica et astronomia ===
* 1809. {{Op| Theoria motus corporum coelestium in sectionibus conicis solem ambientium}}, [[Carolus Fridericus Gauss]]
* 1820. {{Op|Experimenta circa effectum conflictus electrici in acum magneticam}}, [[Ioannes Christianus Ørsted]]
* 1826. {{Op|Dissertatio physico-mathematica de propagatione soni}}, Andreas Caraffa
* 1839. {{Op|Tentamen publicum e Physica ... ex Institutine primi semestris Aniani Jedlik}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Anianus Jedlik||hu|qid=Q252142}}
* 1845. {{Op|Tentamen publicum e Physica quod in regia univers. Hung. e praelectionibus}}, Anianus Jedlik
* 1863. {{Op|Disquisitiones de systematibus curvarum isothermarum}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Guillelmus Wernicke||d|qid=Q95257832}}

=== Biologia et botanica ===
* 1805. {{Op|Synopsis plantarum,seu Enchiridium botanicum, complectens enumerationem systematicam specierum hucusque cognitarum}}, [[Christianus Henricus Persoon]]
* 1810. {{Op|Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Robertus Brown||en|qid=Q155764}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20081120041555/http://www.botanicus.org/title/b13218943 ]
* 1823. {{Op|De effectibus variarum aeris specierum in plantas}},  {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Georgius Fridericus de Jaeger||de|qid=Q1504377}}
* 1840. {{Op|Flora Brasiliensis}}, [[Carolus Fridericus Philippus de Martius]] [http://florabrasiliensis.cria.org.br/opus?vol=1&amp;part=1 ]
* 1864. {{Op|1=[https://archive.org/details/philosophiazool00hoevgoog/page/n74 Philosophia zoologica]}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes van der Hoeven||nl|qid=Q322636}}.

=== Medicina et anatomia ===
* 1806. {{Op|1=[https://kulturpool.at/institutionen/oenb/%252BZ185547104 Specimen practicum de remediis efficacissimis in morbis contagiosis ac pestilentialibus]}}, Christophorus Mayr
* 1807. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=nddqxasR5WAC De insidiosa quarundam febrium intermittentium tum remittentium natura et de illarum curatione variis experimentis illustrata]}}, Iacobus (''Jacques'') Richard
* 1810. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=jsBRAAAAcAAJ Relatio officiosa generalis de nosocomiis pro nobili insurgente militia hungarica anno 1809 erectis et administratis]}}, Franciscus Eckstein&lt;ref&gt;[[:commons:File:Franz Eckstein Litho.JPG|Ille]].&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1812. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=ik1PAAAAcAAJ De fumigationibus acidis in morbis contagiosis]}}, Franciscus S. Kosak
* 1816. {{Op|Physiologia medicinalis}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Michael Ignatius a Lenhossék||hu|qid=Q1129116}}
* 1821. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=D1NOAAAAcAAJ De mangani natura et medicamentis]}}, Arminius Seyl
* 1824. {{Op|Dissertatio anatomico-pathologica de prolapsu vesicae}}, Fredericus Johannes Onnen&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.ru/books?hl=ru&amp;id=1jABAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=Fredericus+Johannes+Onnen#v=snippet&amp;q=Fredericus%20Johannes%20Onnen&amp;f=false ''Album studiosorum Academiae rheno-traiectinae MDCXXXVI-MDCCCLXXXV'']. p. 221.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1832. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=H_FSAAAAcAAJ De morgagni observatione]}}, Paulus Rigoli
* 1832. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=p7C9rJDPlLkC Dissertatio inauguralis anatomico-pathologica sistens hydroencephaloceles casum singularem]}}, Carolus Fridericus Franciscus Buettner
* 1833. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=Re1SAAAAcAAJ De nervorum opticorum origine et decussatione]}}, Aloysius Ciniselli
* 1833. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=pupjAAAAcAAJ Dissertatio anatomico-pathologica inauguralis, de talipedibus varis]}}, Henricus Wolfgang Stork
* 1834. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=yWYYOgAACAAJ Dissertatio inauguralis medica de conservatione dentium]}}, Bartholomaeus Ubl Bohemus Bieleschoviensis
* 1835. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=ecZkAAAAcAAJ Dissertatio anatomico-pathologica inauguralis, de telae fibrosae regeneratione et morbis organicis]}}, Abrahamus Frijda Amstelodamemsis
* 1835. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=8RBjAAAAcAAJ Dissertatio anatomico-pathologica inauguralis de osteogenesi naturali et praeternaturali]}}, Laurentius Johannes Baptista van Heyst&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/molh003nieu01_01/molh003nieu01_01_1767.php DBNL]; [https://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/retroboeken/nnbw/#source=1&amp;page=563&amp;view=imagePane Nieuw Nederlandsch Biografisch Woordenboek].&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1836. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=_tVOAAAAcAAJ De pigmento indico eiusque effectibus in organismo]}}, Theodorus Drecks Curonus
* 1837. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=aAxjAAAAcAAJ Specimen medicum inaugurale de eclampsia]}}, Elias Samuel Stein Haganus
* 1837. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=PlVPAAAAcAAJ De diabete]}}, Carolus Iosephus Huelsmann Guestphalo-Warendorpiensis
* 1837. {{Op|De cavitatibus organismi humani}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Eberhardus Iulius Bonsdorff||fi|qid=Q5581965}}
* 1838. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=kKhlAAAAcAAJ Dissertatio anatomico-pathologica de vitiis nervorum organicis]}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Petrus Theodorus van der Lith||d|qid=Q63003759}}
* 1839. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=LTNCAAAAcAAJ De functionibus nervorum cerebralium et nervi sympathici libri quattuor]}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Gabriel Gustavus Valentin||de|qid=Q68146}}
* 1841. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=bo5PAAAAcAAJ De morbo haemorrhoidali]}}, Franciscus (''Franz'') Demme
* 1842. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=heFSAAAAcAAJ Hysteria et leucorrhea]}}, Gustavus de Kottowitz
* 1842. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=sv5OAAAAcAAJ De effectu atmosphaerae in corpus humanum]}}, Henricus Martinus Kuisel Monachensis
* 1842. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=UQVjAAAAcAAJ Dissertatio anatomico-pathologica inauguralis, de dementia]}}, Janus Jacobus Homoet
* 1843. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=hvRjAAAAcAAJ Physiologia generalis corporis humani]}}, Augustus Arnold Sebastian&lt;ref&gt;[[:commons:File:AugustusSebastian1862.jpg|Imago illius]]; Opera eiusdem: 
*[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/007374567 ''De hydrope vesiculae felleae ...''], 1827; 
*[https://books.google.ru/books?id=MdqY-Sz6INQC ''Oratio de batavorum saeculo decimo septimo de anatome meritis atque inventis in ea praestantissimis''], 1833; 
* [https://books.google.ru/books?id=WT1kAAAAcAAJ ''Physiologia generalis''], 1835; 
*[https://books.google.ru/books?id=MdqY-Sz6INQC ''Oratio de animo et ingenio gentium suis de medicina meritis evidentissimo''], 1837; 
*[https://books.google.ru/books?id=EXFhAAAAcAAJ ''Recherches anatomiques, physiologiques, pathologiques, et séméiologiques, sur les glandes labiales''], 1842; 
* [https://books.google.ru/books?id=s0NnAAAAcAAJ ''Aanteekeningen bij het ontleden van eene Nubische giraffe''], 1845.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1844. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=2ixmAAAAcAAJ Dissertatio anatomico-pathologica inauguralis, de nephritidis et lithogenesis quibusdam momentis, renum subtiliori fabrica illustratis]}}, Ioannes Ruijssenaers
* 1849. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=JAhjAAAAcAAJ De potuum spirituosorum effectibus nocivis in corpus humanum]}}, Antonius David Fuhri
* 1849. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=2i9PAAAAcAAJ Nonnulla novae de irritatione cordis observationes]}}, Mauritius (''Moritz'') Hoffa
* 1866. {{Op|De haemoglobino observationes et experimenta}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Guillelmus Preyer||de|qid=Q532117}}

=== Chemia ===
* 1800. {{Op|Nova analysis aquarum Medeviensium}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Iacobus Berzelius||sv|qid=Q151911}}
* 1802. {{Op|De electricitatis galvanicæ apparatu cel. Volta excitæ in corpora organica effectu}}, Iacobus Berzelius
* 1805. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=xy1QAAAAcAAJ Dissertatio chemica de sulphate barytae]}}, Carolus Plantin Cavander
* 1814. {{Op|Tentamen nomenclaturae chemicae}}, [[Ioannes Christianus Ørsted]]
* 1816. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=pQY_AAAAcAAJ Tractatus physico-medicus de atmosphaera et aere atmosphaerico: nec non de variis gazis, vaporibus, effluviisque in eis contentis, respectu eorum in corpus humanum effectuum]}}, Hermannus Iosephus Jäger
* 1821. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=N_VOAAAAcAAJ De plumbo ejusque vi noxia in corpus humanum]}}, Carolus Christophorus Lebrecht Trüstedt
* 1823. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=U3BSAAAAcAAJ De iodino: dissertatio chemica inauguralis]}}, Georgius Ricardus Funk
* 1824. {{Op|Institutiones Physicae: Pars II. Complectens Physicam Particularem.}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Adamus Tomtsányi||hu|qid=Q12761863}}
* 1825. {{Op|Systema fossilium analysibus chemicis examinatorum}}, [[Ioannes Gadolin]]
* 1829. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=uw9PAAAAcAAJ De efficacia bromi interna experimentis illustrata]}}, Ludolphus Erneatus Butzke
* 1834. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=z4pOAAAAcAAJ De mutua materiarum relatione chymica]}}, Maximilianus Schreiner
* 1838. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=3GJPAAAAcAAJ De veneficio ex acido sulphurico]}}, Guillelmus Kuhn
* 1836. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=-LVUAAAAcAAJ De euphorbiae canariensis succo ejusque analysi dissertatio]}}, Demetrius Calzoni
* 1838. {{Op|Dissertatio chemica de stannatibus}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Adolphus Moberg||fi|qid=Q6154532}}
* 1838. {{Op|De oxydorum densitalis calculo reperiendae modo}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Hermannus Kopp||de|qid=Q65813}}
* 1839. {{Op|De thermoelectricitate crystallorum}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Guillelmus Gottlieb Hankel||de|qid=Q214567}}
* 1843. {{Op|Dissertatio chemica inauguralis de balaena}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Petrus Ioannes van Kerckhoff||d|qid=Q21546611}}
* 1844. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.de/books?id=3TFPAAAAcAAJ De inhalationum aetheris sulphurici usu in arte obstetricia]}}, Franciscus Orlowski
* 1845. {{Op|1=[http://digital.bib-bvb.de/view/bvb_single/single.jsp?dvs=1730826544343~614&amp;locale=la&amp;VIEWER_URL=/view/bvb_single/single.jsp?&amp;DELIVERY_RULE_ID=39&amp;bfe=view/action/singleViewer.do?dvs=&amp;frameId=1&amp;usePid1=true&amp;usePid2=true De restitutione oxygenii in atmosphaera]{{Nexus deficit|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}}}, Matthias Schneider
* 1846. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.de/books?id=YHVQAAAAcAAJ De oxygeno]}}, Clemens Rinaldi
* 1848. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.de/books?id=6Iqe14d110MC De acidis polythionicis]}}, Fridericus Kessler
* 1854. {{Op|Conferuntur quaedam ad Berylliam cognoscendam}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Iulius Weeren||de|qid=Q1713050}}
* 1856. {{Op|De plantarum partibus anorganicis}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Eduardus Reichardt||de|qid=Q1289638}}
* 1857. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.de/books?id=YoFaN6m39sgC De corporum quae Halogenia appellantur actione in aquam]}}, Wernherus Schmid
* 1858. {{Op| De conditione magnetica compositionum quarundam cupri}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Guillelmus Krumme||d|qid=Q55134301}}
* 1859. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.de/books?id=aCOT52Qw4xsC De acidis organico-sulphuricis]}}, Guilelmus Boldt
* 1861. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.de/books?id=PawAAAAAcAAJ De atomis quas philosophia et de rerum natura disciplinae statuunt: Dissertatio inauguralis philosophica]}}, Guilelmus Bauer&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz008304-5.html De eo].&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1861. {{Op|De gasorum perniciosorum origine eorumque in metallicis effectibus}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Hermannus Guilelmus Leonhard||de|qid=Q1569793}}
* 1863. {{Op|De toluidino sustantiisque ab eo derivatio. Dissertatio chemica}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Eugenius Sell||de|qid=Q18224079}}
* 1863. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books/about/De_kalio_atque_ea_ratione_quam_idem_cum.html?id=0JcISQAACAAJ&amp;redir_esc=y De kalio atque ea ratione quam idem cum carbone oxydato et gase oxygenii habeat]}}, Gottholdus Bernhardus Henricus Kühnemann
* 1866. {{Op|De nonnullis recentioribus typi ammoniaci coniunctionibus}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Carolus Engler||de|qid=Q77551}}
* 1867. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.de/books?id=znYqPFYAeDcC De vi quam natrium in materias organicas]}}, Carolus Casimirus Pannes&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz93743.html De eo?]&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!--
=== Technica ===
{{Pars augenda}}
--&gt;

=== Glottologia et grammatica ===
* 1837. {{Op|Grammatica linguae Sinensis}}
* 1844. {{Op|Elementa grammatices Syrjaenae}}, [[Matthias Castrén]]
* 1845. {{Op|Elementa grammatices Tscheremissae}}, Matthias Castrén
* 1850. {{Op|De affixis personalibus linguarum altaicarum dissertatio}}, Matthias Castrén
* 1850. {{Op|Grammatica linguae Thai}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Baptista Pallegoix||fr|qid=Q1355913}}

=== Oeconomica ===
* 1811. {{Op|Dissertatio oeconomico-politica de laboris divisione}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Ackersdijck||de|qid=Q2440545}}
* 1826. {{Op|Dissertatio inauguralis juridica de legali usurae taxatione, ex oeconomia}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Georgius de Bavay||nl|qid=Q15875584}}
* 1827. {{Op|Oratio de oeconomia politica}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ianus Ricardus de Brueys||de|qid=Q15992074}}
* 1829. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.de/books?id=AhJEAAAAcAAJ De ratione qua mercatura divitiis gignendis et augendis inserviat]}}, Elbert Waller, H. I. filius
* 1831. {{Op|Introductio in oeconomiam politicam alias nationalem}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Henfner||hu|qid=Q1035287}}
* 1836. {{Op|De valoris et pretii vi et monumentis in oeconomia politica}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Wilhelmus Kosegarten||de|qid=Q1805473}}
* 1838. {{Op|De valoris natura}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Gorlov||ru|qid=Q4144436}}

=== Psychologia ===
* 1827. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=HaRRAAAAcAAJ Psychologia empirica]}}, Iosephus Verner
&lt;!--
=== Documenta internationalia ===
{{Pars augenda}}
--&gt;

== Opera cetera ==
* 1806. {{Op|De conditione et indole rusticorum in Hungaria}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Gregorius Berziviczy||hu|qid=Q715058}}
* 1819-1821. {{Op|Anatome Testudinis Europaeae}}, [[Ludovicus Henricus Bojanus]]
* 1821. {{Op|Quaedam de acupunctura Orientalium ex oblivionis tenebris ab Europaeis medicis nuper revocata.}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Gustavus Eduardus Woost||d|qid=Q95256583}}
* 1826. {{Op|1=[https://books.google.ru/books?id=AclcAAAAcAAJ Grammatica Anglica]}}, [[Ioannes Baptista Lemouton]]
* 1838. {{Op|[[De valoris natura dissertatio inauguralis|De valoris natura]]}}, [[Ioannes Iacobus Gorlof]]
* 1891. {{Op|De primis socialismi germanici lineamentis apud Lutherum, Kant, Fichte et Hegel}}, [[Ioannes Jaurès]]''

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index operum Latinorum aevi moderni et recentioris]]
* [[Index operum Latinorum saeculi 16]]
* [[Index operum Latinorum saeculi 17]]
* [[Index operum Latinorum saeculi 18]]
* [[Index operum Latinorum saeculi 20]]
* [[Index operum Latinorum saeculi 21]]
* [[Libri Latine redditi]]

[[Categoria:Indices litteraturae]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae recentioris aevi|!]]</text>
      <sha1>m5dtb22j40pw2ogjqa9smhzc5ryg79c</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Momentum silentii</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>315068</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991444</id>
      <parentid>3875782</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T22:59:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>{{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}}</comment>
      <origin>3991444</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1185" sha1="imyz2g4g3fubk675poucdetac2phnqn" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Moment of silence.jpg|thumb|Momentum silentii in [[Austria]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Jim Langley minute silence.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Momentum silentii sociorum [[pediludium|pediludiorum]]{{dubsig}} pro [[Iacobus Langley|Iacobo Langley]] annis 2007-2008.]]

{{Res|Momentum silentii}}{{FD ref}} est forma [[prex|precationis]] vel [[meditatio|meditationis]] per [[silentium|silentium]] unius vel plurium [[minutum|minutorum]] pro [[mors|mortuis]] vel victimis [[bellum|bellorum]] vel [[calamitas|calamitatum]], quod primum more [[laicismus|laico]] ab {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Eduardus Georgius Honey|Eduardo Georgio Honey|d|en|qid=Q5343091}} inductum est.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-11-09/edward-honey-origin-of-the-one-minutes-silence/10461280 &quot;The little-known origin of the minute's silence.&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;

In historia, primum momentum silentii a [[Georgius V (rex Britanniarum)|Georgio V]] rege Britanniarum publice institutum est post constitutionem [[Dies recordationis|diei recordationis]], qui die [[11 Novembris]] [[1918]] incepit.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{societas-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Mors]]
[[Categoria:Preces]]
[[Categoria:Silentium]]</text>
      <sha1>imyz2g4g3fubk675poucdetac2phnqn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ars canum alendorum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>315735</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991428</id>
      <parentid>3870494</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T22:39:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>{{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}}; +stipula</comment>
      <origin>3991428</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="918" sha1="f6hfxgv9es5kwohm0rg7io7nkfxyqog" xml:space="preserve">{{res|Ars canum alendorum}}{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1={{*Eg}}, [[Clemens Alexandrinus|Clementis Alexandrini]] ''Stromateis'', versio {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Gentianus Hervetus|Gentiani Herveti|fr|qid=Q3100865}}, [https://books.google.ru/books?hl=ru&amp;id=7HJaAAAAcAAJ&amp;q=Ars+canum+alendorum#v=snippet&amp;q=Ars%20canum%20alendorum&amp;f=false Florentiae 1551, p. 11].|2=Q3100865}} est [[educatio]] [[canis|canum]] ad [[pecunia]]m. Canum pecuarius deligit [[seminium|varietatem]] caninam et facit eos reproducere. Scientia [[genetica]] necessaria est. Ars canum alendorum dissimlis [[educatio animalium|arte pecorum, suum, vel boum alendorum]]: canes non eduntur.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://old.bigenc.ru/agriculture/text/3588396 Ars canum alendorum] in ''Encyclopaedia Russica magna.''

{{Stipula}}

[[Categoria:Agricultura]]&lt;!--???--&gt;
[[Categoria:Canis]]</text>
      <sha1>f6hfxgv9es5kwohm0rg7io7nkfxyqog</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gaia BH1</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>315867</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991433</id>
      <parentid>3873475</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T22:51:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>{{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}}; +{{[[Formula:Opus|opus]]}}; minora</comment>
      <origin>3991433</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="7962" sha1="6ijwuxtn7ltezpzyxl0hz803rd9wd88" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Gaia BH1 PanSTARRS.jpg|thumb|Stella luminosissima est Gaia BH1, quam observatorium [[Pan-STARRS]] photographavit.]]
[[Fasciculus:Artist’s impression of the closest black hole to Earth and its Sun-like companion star (noirlab2227a).tiff|thumb|Illustratio systematis Gaiae BH1 prope foramen nigrum observati.]]

{{Res|Gaia BH1}}, dudum {{Res|Gaia DR3 4373465352415301632}}, est [[stella binaria|systema stellare binarium]] in [[constellatio]]ne [[Ophiuchus (constellatio)|Ophiuchi]] situm, e [[stella]] [[Pumilio flava|classis G]] et verisimiliter [[foramen nigrum|foramine nigro]] stellari compositum, a [[systema solare|systemate solari]] circa 1560 [[annus luce mensus|annos luce mensos]] (478 pc) distans.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT-20221105&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen = Overbye
	| nomen = Dennis
	| titulus = Astronomers Find a Black Hole in Our Cosmic Back Yard - Just 1,600 light-years away, the black hole is the closest known to Earth. The good news: It's dormant, at least for now.
	| contextus = The New York Times
	| commentatio de contextu = The New York Times
	| tempus = 2022-11-05
	| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/05/science/astronomy-black-hole.html
	| tempus inspectionis = 2022-11-06
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; {{*Labente|2024|5}}, tale systema est proximum notum quod [[astronomus|astronomi]] foramen nigrum continere putant. Ultra ipsum, [[Tellus|Telluri]] proxima foramina nigra sunt {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Gaia BH3||en|qid=Q90472389}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Gaia BH2||en|qid=Q116986835}} et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|A0620-00||en|qid=Q279292}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;El-Badry2022&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen 1 = El-Badry
	| nomen 1 = Kareem
	| cognomen 2 = Rix
	| nomen 2 = Hans-Walter
	| cognomen 3 = Quataert
	| nomen 3 = Eliot
	| cognomen 4 = Howard
	| nomen 4 = Andrew W.
	| cognomen 5 = Isaacson
	| nomen 5 = Howard
	| cognomen 6 = Fuller
	| nomen 6 = Jim
	| cognomen 7 = Hawkins
	| nomen 7 = Keith
	| cognomen 8 = Breivik
	| nomen 8 = Katelyn
	| cognomen 9 = Wong
	| nomen 9 = Kaze W. K.
	| cognomen 10 = Rodriguez
	| nomen 10 = Antonio C.
	| cognomen 11 = Conroy
	| nomen 11 = Charlie
	| cognomen 12 = Shahaf
	| nomen 12 = Sahar
	| cognomen 13 = Mazeh
	| nomen 13 = Tsevi
	| cognomen 14 = Arenou
	| nomen 14 = Frédéric
	| cognomen 15 = Burdge
	| nomen 15 = Kevin B.
	| auctores dumtaxat = 2
	| titulus = A Sun-like star orbiting a black hole
	| contextus = [[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]]
	| volumen = 518
	| fasciculus = 1
	| tempus = 2022-11-02
	| paginae = 1057–1085
	| bibcode = 2023MNRAS.518.1057E
	| doi = 10.1093/mnras/stac3140
	| accessus ad doi = liberus
	| arxiv = 2209.06833
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NOIRLab2227&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Astronomers Discover Closest Black Hole to Earth
	| tempus = 2022-11-04
	| domus editoria = noirlab.edu
	| url = https://noirlab.edu/public/news/noirlab2227/
	| tempus inspectionis = 2022-11-04
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== De systemate ==
[[Fasciculus:Gaia BH1.gif|thumb|Simulatio orbitarum stellae Soli similis (per [[circulus|circulum]] [[caeruleus|caeruleum]]) et foraminis nigri (per circulum [[ruber|rubrum]]) in Gaia BH1.]]
Stella ac foramen nigrum [[periodus orbitalis|periodo]] 185.59 dierum et [[eccentricitas|eccentricitate]] 0.45 inter se circumeunt. Foramini nigro est [[massa]] circa {{Massae astronomicae|9.62|sol}}, cui [[radius Schwarzschildianus]] circa 28 [[chiliometrum|chiliometrorum]] congruit. Stella autem, massā fere {{Massae astronomicae|0.93|sol}}, radio {{Radii astronomici|0.99|sol}} et [[temperatura|temperaturā]] circiter 5850 [[kelvinus (unitas)|K]] (5580 [[gradus Celsianus|°C]]), est [[Sol]]i similis.&lt;ref name=&quot;El-Badry2022&quot;/&gt;

== De inventione ==
Systema per observationes [[astrometria|astrometricas]] [[speculatrum spatiale|speculatri spatialis]] [[Gaia (astronavis)|''Gaiae'']] anno [[2022]] inventum est, et postea per {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Velocitas radialis|velocitatem radialem|en|qid=Q240105}} stellae etiam observatum. Grex inventorum nullum aliud [[corpus caeleste]] quod stellae visibilis motum explicaret, praeter foramen nigrum, excogitare potuit. Systema ab “impostoribus foraminum nigrorum”, velut {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|LB-1||en|qid=Q76883568}} et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|HR 6819||en|qid=Q9065071}}, in eo differt, quod indicium foraminis nigri nec e massa stellae neque ex inclinatione [[orbita]]e dependet, atque tale corpus compactum nullam [[materia (physica)|materiem]] e stella furari videtur.&lt;ref name=&quot;El-Badry2022&quot;/&gt; Dehinc alius astronomorum grex idem foramen nigrum in Gaia BH1 detexit, at parametra paulum dissimilia discrevit.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chakrabarti2022&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen 1 = Chakrabarti
	| nomen 1 = Sukanya
	| cognomen 2 = Simon
	| nomen 2 = Joshua D.
	| cognomen 3 = Craig
	| nomen 3 = Peter A.
	| cognomen 4 = Reggiani
	| nomen 4 = Henrique
	| cognomen 5 = Guhathakurta
	| nomen 5 = Puragra
	| cognomen 6 = Dalba
	| nomen 6 = Paul A.
	| cognomen 7 = Kirby
	| nomen 7 = Evan N.
	| cognomen 8 = Chang
	| nomen 8 = Philip
	| cognomen 9 = Hey
	| nomen 9 = Daniel R.
	| cognomen 10 = Savino
	| nomen 10 = Alessandro
	| cognomen 11 = Geha
	| nomen 11 = Marla
	| auctores dumtaxat = 2
	| titulus = A Noninteracting Galactic Black Hole Candidate in a Binary System with a Main-sequence Star
	| contextus = The Astronomical Journal
	| volumen = 166
	| fasciculus = 1
	| annus = 2023
	| pagina = 6
	| bibcode = 2023AJ....166....6C
	| doi = 10.3847/1538-3881/accf21
	| accessus ad doi = liberus
	| arxiv = 2210.05003
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Astronomi qui Gaia BH1 invenerunt et aliud systema quoque prodiderunt in quo putabant candidatum foraminis nigri iacere. Ab alio grege astronomorum eādem causā indicatum&lt;ref name=&quot;El-Badry2022&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tanikawa2022&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen 1 = Tanikawa
	| nomen 1 = Ataru
	| cognomen 2 = Hattori
	| nomen 2 = Kohei
	| cognomen 3 = Kawanaka
	| nomen 3 = Norita
	| cognomen 4 = Kinugawa
	| nomen 4 = Tomoya
	| cognomen 5 = Shikauchi
	| nomen 5 = Minori
	| cognomen 6 = Tsuna
	| nomen 6 = Daichi
	| auctores dumtaxat = 2
	| titulus = Search for a Black Hole Binary in Gaia DR3 Astrometric Binary Stars with Spectroscopic Data
	| contextus = The Astrophysical Journal
	| volumen = 946
	| fasciculus = 2
	| annus = 2023
	| pagina = 79
	| bibcode = 2023ApJ...946...79T
	| doi = 10.3847/1538-4357/acbf36
	| accessus ad doi = liberus
	| arxiv = 2209.05632
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ac postremo anno [[2023]] probatum, hoc aliud systema nomine {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Gaia BH2|Gaiae BH2|en|qid=Q116986835}} censum est.&lt;ref name=&quot;El-Badry2023&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen 1 = El-Badry
	| nomen 1 = Kareem
	| cognomen 2 = Rix
	| nomen 2 = Hans-Walter
	| cognomen 3 = Cendes
	| nomen 3 = Yvette
	| cognomen 4 = Rodriguez
	| nomen 4 = Antonio C.
	| cognomen 5 = Conroy
	| nomen 5 = Charlie
	| cognomen 6 = Quataert
	| nomen 6 = Eliot
	| cognomen 7 = Hawkins
	| nomen 7 = Keith
	| cognomen 8 = Zari
	| nomen 8 = Eleonora
	| cognomen 9 = Hobson
	| nomen 9 = Melissa
	| cognomen 10 = Breivik
	| nomen 10 = Katelyn
	| cognomen 11 = Rau
	| nomen 11 = Arne
	| cognomen 12 = Berger
	| nomen 12 = Edo
	| cognomen 13 = Shahaf
	| nomen 13 = Sahar
	| cognomen 14 = Seeburger
	| nomen 14 = Rhys
	| cognomen 15 = Burdge
	| nomen 15 = Kevin B.
	| auctores dumtaxat = 2
	| titulus = A red giant orbiting a black hole
	| contextus = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
	| volumen = 521
	| fasciculus = 3
	| tempus = 2023-02-01
	| paginae = 4323–4348
	| bibcode = 2023MNRAS.521.4323E
	| doi = 10.1093/mnras/stad799
	| accessus ad doi = liberus
	| arxiv = 2302.07880
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Foramen nigrum]]
* [[Foramen nigrum stellare]]
* [[Sagittarius A*]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Gaia BH1|Gaiam BH1}}

{{Caelum|17|28|41.09661|-|0|34|51.5234}}
{{astro-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Astrophysica]]
[[Categoria:Foramina nigra]]
[[Categoria:Stellae binariae]]</text>
      <sha1>6ijwuxtn7ltezpzyxl0hz803rd9wd88</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3991434</id>
      <parentid>3991433</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T22:53:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Nexus interni */ +{{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}}</comment>
      <origin>3991434</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8027" sha1="sj8r4n0tzlqoe3e4f3llu0fxx32tgkb" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Gaia BH1 PanSTARRS.jpg|thumb|Stella luminosissima est Gaia BH1, quam observatorium [[Pan-STARRS]] photographavit.]]
[[Fasciculus:Artist’s impression of the closest black hole to Earth and its Sun-like companion star (noirlab2227a).tiff|thumb|Illustratio systematis Gaiae BH1 prope foramen nigrum observati.]]

{{Res|Gaia BH1}}, dudum {{Res|Gaia DR3 4373465352415301632}}, est [[stella binaria|systema stellare binarium]] in [[constellatio]]ne [[Ophiuchus (constellatio)|Ophiuchi]] situm, e [[stella]] [[Pumilio flava|classis G]] et verisimiliter [[foramen nigrum|foramine nigro]] stellari compositum, a [[systema solare|systemate solari]] circa 1560 [[annus luce mensus|annos luce mensos]] (478 pc) distans.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT-20221105&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen = Overbye
	| nomen = Dennis
	| titulus = Astronomers Find a Black Hole in Our Cosmic Back Yard - Just 1,600 light-years away, the black hole is the closest known to Earth. The good news: It's dormant, at least for now.
	| contextus = The New York Times
	| commentatio de contextu = The New York Times
	| tempus = 2022-11-05
	| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/05/science/astronomy-black-hole.html
	| tempus inspectionis = 2022-11-06
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; {{*Labente|2024|5}}, tale systema est proximum notum quod [[astronomus|astronomi]] foramen nigrum continere putant. Ultra ipsum, [[Tellus|Telluri]] proxima foramina nigra sunt {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Gaia BH3||en|qid=Q90472389}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Gaia BH2||en|qid=Q116986835}} et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|A0620-00||en|qid=Q279292}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;El-Badry2022&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen 1 = El-Badry
	| nomen 1 = Kareem
	| cognomen 2 = Rix
	| nomen 2 = Hans-Walter
	| cognomen 3 = Quataert
	| nomen 3 = Eliot
	| cognomen 4 = Howard
	| nomen 4 = Andrew W.
	| cognomen 5 = Isaacson
	| nomen 5 = Howard
	| cognomen 6 = Fuller
	| nomen 6 = Jim
	| cognomen 7 = Hawkins
	| nomen 7 = Keith
	| cognomen 8 = Breivik
	| nomen 8 = Katelyn
	| cognomen 9 = Wong
	| nomen 9 = Kaze W. K.
	| cognomen 10 = Rodriguez
	| nomen 10 = Antonio C.
	| cognomen 11 = Conroy
	| nomen 11 = Charlie
	| cognomen 12 = Shahaf
	| nomen 12 = Sahar
	| cognomen 13 = Mazeh
	| nomen 13 = Tsevi
	| cognomen 14 = Arenou
	| nomen 14 = Frédéric
	| cognomen 15 = Burdge
	| nomen 15 = Kevin B.
	| auctores dumtaxat = 2
	| titulus = A Sun-like star orbiting a black hole
	| contextus = [[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]]
	| volumen = 518
	| fasciculus = 1
	| tempus = 2022-11-02
	| paginae = 1057–1085
	| bibcode = 2023MNRAS.518.1057E
	| doi = 10.1093/mnras/stac3140
	| accessus ad doi = liberus
	| arxiv = 2209.06833
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NOIRLab2227&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Astronomers Discover Closest Black Hole to Earth
	| tempus = 2022-11-04
	| domus editoria = noirlab.edu
	| url = https://noirlab.edu/public/news/noirlab2227/
	| tempus inspectionis = 2022-11-04
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== De systemate ==
[[Fasciculus:Gaia BH1.gif|thumb|Simulatio orbitarum stellae Soli similis (per [[circulus|circulum]] [[caeruleus|caeruleum]]) et foraminis nigri (per circulum [[ruber|rubrum]]) in Gaia BH1.]]
Stella ac foramen nigrum [[periodus orbitalis|periodo]] 185.59 dierum et [[eccentricitas|eccentricitate]] 0.45 inter se circumeunt. Foramini nigro est [[massa]] circa {{Massae astronomicae|9.62|sol}}, cui [[radius Schwarzschildianus]] circa 28 [[chiliometrum|chiliometrorum]] congruit. Stella autem, massā fere {{Massae astronomicae|0.93|sol}}, radio {{Radii astronomici|0.99|sol}} et [[temperatura|temperaturā]] circiter 5850 [[kelvinus (unitas)|K]] (5580 [[gradus Celsianus|°C]]), est [[Sol]]i similis.&lt;ref name=&quot;El-Badry2022&quot;/&gt;

== De inventione ==
Systema per observationes [[astrometria|astrometricas]] [[speculatrum spatiale|speculatri spatialis]] [[Gaia (astronavis)|''Gaiae'']] anno [[2022]] inventum est, et postea per {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Velocitas radialis|velocitatem radialem|en|qid=Q240105}} stellae etiam observatum. Grex inventorum nullum aliud [[corpus caeleste]] quod stellae visibilis motum explicaret, praeter foramen nigrum, excogitare potuit. Systema ab “impostoribus foraminum nigrorum”, velut {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|LB-1||en|qid=Q76883568}} et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|HR 6819||en|qid=Q9065071}}, in eo differt, quod indicium foraminis nigri nec e massa stellae neque ex inclinatione [[orbita]]e dependet, atque tale corpus compactum nullam [[materia (physica)|materiem]] e stella furari videtur.&lt;ref name=&quot;El-Badry2022&quot;/&gt; Dehinc alius astronomorum grex idem foramen nigrum in Gaia BH1 detexit, at parametra paulum dissimilia discrevit.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chakrabarti2022&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen 1 = Chakrabarti
	| nomen 1 = Sukanya
	| cognomen 2 = Simon
	| nomen 2 = Joshua D.
	| cognomen 3 = Craig
	| nomen 3 = Peter A.
	| cognomen 4 = Reggiani
	| nomen 4 = Henrique
	| cognomen 5 = Guhathakurta
	| nomen 5 = Puragra
	| cognomen 6 = Dalba
	| nomen 6 = Paul A.
	| cognomen 7 = Kirby
	| nomen 7 = Evan N.
	| cognomen 8 = Chang
	| nomen 8 = Philip
	| cognomen 9 = Hey
	| nomen 9 = Daniel R.
	| cognomen 10 = Savino
	| nomen 10 = Alessandro
	| cognomen 11 = Geha
	| nomen 11 = Marla
	| auctores dumtaxat = 2
	| titulus = A Noninteracting Galactic Black Hole Candidate in a Binary System with a Main-sequence Star
	| contextus = The Astronomical Journal
	| volumen = 166
	| fasciculus = 1
	| annus = 2023
	| pagina = 6
	| bibcode = 2023AJ....166....6C
	| doi = 10.3847/1538-3881/accf21
	| accessus ad doi = liberus
	| arxiv = 2210.05003
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Astronomi qui Gaia BH1 invenerunt et aliud systema quoque prodiderunt in quo putabant candidatum foraminis nigri iacere. Ab alio grege astronomorum eādem causā indicatum&lt;ref name=&quot;El-Badry2022&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tanikawa2022&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen 1 = Tanikawa
	| nomen 1 = Ataru
	| cognomen 2 = Hattori
	| nomen 2 = Kohei
	| cognomen 3 = Kawanaka
	| nomen 3 = Norita
	| cognomen 4 = Kinugawa
	| nomen 4 = Tomoya
	| cognomen 5 = Shikauchi
	| nomen 5 = Minori
	| cognomen 6 = Tsuna
	| nomen 6 = Daichi
	| auctores dumtaxat = 2
	| titulus = Search for a Black Hole Binary in Gaia DR3 Astrometric Binary Stars with Spectroscopic Data
	| contextus = The Astrophysical Journal
	| volumen = 946
	| fasciculus = 2
	| annus = 2023
	| pagina = 79
	| bibcode = 2023ApJ...946...79T
	| doi = 10.3847/1538-4357/acbf36
	| accessus ad doi = liberus
	| arxiv = 2209.05632
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ac postremo anno [[2023]] probatum, hoc aliud systema nomine {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Gaia BH2|Gaiae BH2|en|qid=Q116986835}} censum est.&lt;ref name=&quot;El-Badry2023&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen 1 = El-Badry
	| nomen 1 = Kareem
	| cognomen 2 = Rix
	| nomen 2 = Hans-Walter
	| cognomen 3 = Cendes
	| nomen 3 = Yvette
	| cognomen 4 = Rodriguez
	| nomen 4 = Antonio C.
	| cognomen 5 = Conroy
	| nomen 5 = Charlie
	| cognomen 6 = Quataert
	| nomen 6 = Eliot
	| cognomen 7 = Hawkins
	| nomen 7 = Keith
	| cognomen 8 = Zari
	| nomen 8 = Eleonora
	| cognomen 9 = Hobson
	| nomen 9 = Melissa
	| cognomen 10 = Breivik
	| nomen 10 = Katelyn
	| cognomen 11 = Rau
	| nomen 11 = Arne
	| cognomen 12 = Berger
	| nomen 12 = Edo
	| cognomen 13 = Shahaf
	| nomen 13 = Sahar
	| cognomen 14 = Seeburger
	| nomen 14 = Rhys
	| cognomen 15 = Burdge
	| nomen 15 = Kevin B.
	| auctores dumtaxat = 2
	| titulus = A red giant orbiting a black hole
	| contextus = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
	| volumen = 521
	| fasciculus = 3
	| tempus = 2023-02-01
	| paginae = 4323–4348
	| bibcode = 2023MNRAS.521.4323E
	| doi = 10.1093/mnras/stad799
	| accessus ad doi = liberus
	| arxiv = 2302.07880
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Foramen nigrum]]
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Foramen nigrum stellare|&lt;&gt;|en|qid=Q1047034}}
* [[Sagittarius A*]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Gaia BH1|Gaiam BH1}}

{{Caelum|17|28|41.09661|-|0|34|51.5234}}
{{astro-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Astrophysica]]
[[Categoria:Foramina nigra]]
[[Categoria:Stellae binariae]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>3991435</id>
      <parentid>3991434</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T22:53:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
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      <origin>3991435</origin>
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      <text bytes="8023" sha1="slibhuygkmy3o89q6v7c4bu727c4wat" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Gaia BH1 PanSTARRS.jpg|thumb|Stella luminosissima est Gaia BH1, quam observatorium [[Pan-STARRS]] photographavit.]]
[[Fasciculus:Artist’s impression of the closest black hole to Earth and its Sun-like companion star (noirlab2227a).tiff|thumb|Illustratio systematis Gaiae BH1 prope foramen nigrum observati.]]

{{Res|Gaia BH1}}, dudum {{Res|Gaia DR3 4373465352415301632}}, est [[stella binaria|systema stellare binarium]] in [[constellatio]]ne [[Ophiuchus (constellatio)|Ophiuchi]] situm, e [[stella]] [[Pumilio flava|classis G]] et verisimiliter [[foramen nigrum|foramine nigro]] stellari compositum, a [[systema solare|systemate solari]] circa 1560 [[annus luce mensus|annos luce mensos]] (478 pc) distans.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT-20221105&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen = Overbye
	| nomen = Dennis
	| titulus = Astronomers Find a Black Hole in Our Cosmic Back Yard - Just 1,600 light-years away, the black hole is the closest known to Earth. The good news: It's dormant, at least for now.
	| contextus = The New York Times
	| commentatio de contextu = The New York Times
	| tempus = 2022-11-05
	| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/05/science/astronomy-black-hole.html
	| tempus inspectionis = 2022-11-06
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; {{*Labente|2024|5}}, tale systema est proximum notum quod [[astronomus|astronomi]] foramen nigrum continere putant. Ultra ipsum, [[Tellus|Telluri]] proxima foramina nigra sunt {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Gaia BH3||en|qid=Q90472389}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Gaia BH2||en|qid=Q116986835}} et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|A0620-00||en|qid=Q279292}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;El-Badry2022&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen 1 = El-Badry
	| nomen 1 = Kareem
	| cognomen 2 = Rix
	| nomen 2 = Hans-Walter
	| cognomen 3 = Quataert
	| nomen 3 = Eliot
	| cognomen 4 = Howard
	| nomen 4 = Andrew W.
	| cognomen 5 = Isaacson
	| nomen 5 = Howard
	| cognomen 6 = Fuller
	| nomen 6 = Jim
	| cognomen 7 = Hawkins
	| nomen 7 = Keith
	| cognomen 8 = Breivik
	| nomen 8 = Katelyn
	| cognomen 9 = Wong
	| nomen 9 = Kaze W. K.
	| cognomen 10 = Rodriguez
	| nomen 10 = Antonio C.
	| cognomen 11 = Conroy
	| nomen 11 = Charlie
	| cognomen 12 = Shahaf
	| nomen 12 = Sahar
	| cognomen 13 = Mazeh
	| nomen 13 = Tsevi
	| cognomen 14 = Arenou
	| nomen 14 = Frédéric
	| cognomen 15 = Burdge
	| nomen 15 = Kevin B.
	| auctores dumtaxat = 2
	| titulus = A Sun-like star orbiting a black hole
	| contextus = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
	| volumen = 518
	| fasciculus = 1
	| tempus = 2022-11-02
	| paginae = 1057–1085
	| bibcode = 2023MNRAS.518.1057E
	| doi = 10.1093/mnras/stac3140
	| accessus ad doi = liberus
	| arxiv = 2209.06833
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NOIRLab2227&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Astronomers Discover Closest Black Hole to Earth
	| tempus = 2022-11-04
	| domus editoria = noirlab.edu
	| url = https://noirlab.edu/public/news/noirlab2227/
	| tempus inspectionis = 2022-11-04
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== De systemate ==
[[Fasciculus:Gaia BH1.gif|thumb|Simulatio orbitarum stellae Soli similis (per [[circulus|circulum]] [[caeruleus|caeruleum]]) et foraminis nigri (per circulum [[ruber|rubrum]]) in Gaia BH1.]]
Stella ac foramen nigrum [[periodus orbitalis|periodo]] 185.59 dierum et [[eccentricitas|eccentricitate]] 0.45 inter se circumeunt. Foramini nigro est [[massa]] circa {{Massae astronomicae|9.62|sol}}, cui [[radius Schwarzschildianus]] circa 28 [[chiliometrum|chiliometrorum]] congruit. Stella autem, massā fere {{Massae astronomicae|0.93|sol}}, radio {{Radii astronomici|0.99|sol}} et [[temperatura|temperaturā]] circiter 5850 [[kelvinus (unitas)|K]] (5580 [[gradus Celsianus|°C]]), est [[Sol]]i similis.&lt;ref name=&quot;El-Badry2022&quot;/&gt;

== De inventione ==
Systema per observationes [[astrometria|astrometricas]] [[speculatrum spatiale|speculatri spatialis]] [[Gaia (astronavis)|''Gaiae'']] anno [[2022]] inventum est, et postea per {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Velocitas radialis|velocitatem radialem|en|qid=Q240105}} stellae etiam observatum. Grex inventorum nullum aliud [[corpus caeleste]] quod stellae visibilis motum explicaret, praeter foramen nigrum, excogitare potuit. Systema ab “impostoribus foraminum nigrorum”, velut {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|LB-1||en|qid=Q76883568}} et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|HR 6819||en|qid=Q9065071}}, in eo differt, quod indicium foraminis nigri nec e massa stellae neque ex inclinatione [[orbita]]e dependet, atque tale corpus compactum nullam [[materia (physica)|materiem]] e stella furari videtur.&lt;ref name=&quot;El-Badry2022&quot;/&gt; Dehinc alius astronomorum grex idem foramen nigrum in Gaia BH1 detexit, at parametra paulum dissimilia discrevit.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chakrabarti2022&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen 1 = Chakrabarti
	| nomen 1 = Sukanya
	| cognomen 2 = Simon
	| nomen 2 = Joshua D.
	| cognomen 3 = Craig
	| nomen 3 = Peter A.
	| cognomen 4 = Reggiani
	| nomen 4 = Henrique
	| cognomen 5 = Guhathakurta
	| nomen 5 = Puragra
	| cognomen 6 = Dalba
	| nomen 6 = Paul A.
	| cognomen 7 = Kirby
	| nomen 7 = Evan N.
	| cognomen 8 = Chang
	| nomen 8 = Philip
	| cognomen 9 = Hey
	| nomen 9 = Daniel R.
	| cognomen 10 = Savino
	| nomen 10 = Alessandro
	| cognomen 11 = Geha
	| nomen 11 = Marla
	| auctores dumtaxat = 2
	| titulus = A Noninteracting Galactic Black Hole Candidate in a Binary System with a Main-sequence Star
	| contextus = The Astronomical Journal
	| volumen = 166
	| fasciculus = 1
	| annus = 2023
	| pagina = 6
	| bibcode = 2023AJ....166....6C
	| doi = 10.3847/1538-3881/accf21
	| accessus ad doi = liberus
	| arxiv = 2210.05003
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Astronomi qui Gaia BH1 invenerunt et aliud systema quoque prodiderunt in quo putabant candidatum foraminis nigri iacere. Ab alio grege astronomorum eādem causā indicatum&lt;ref name=&quot;El-Badry2022&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tanikawa2022&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen 1 = Tanikawa
	| nomen 1 = Ataru
	| cognomen 2 = Hattori
	| nomen 2 = Kohei
	| cognomen 3 = Kawanaka
	| nomen 3 = Norita
	| cognomen 4 = Kinugawa
	| nomen 4 = Tomoya
	| cognomen 5 = Shikauchi
	| nomen 5 = Minori
	| cognomen 6 = Tsuna
	| nomen 6 = Daichi
	| auctores dumtaxat = 2
	| titulus = Search for a Black Hole Binary in Gaia DR3 Astrometric Binary Stars with Spectroscopic Data
	| contextus = The Astrophysical Journal
	| volumen = 946
	| fasciculus = 2
	| annus = 2023
	| pagina = 79
	| bibcode = 2023ApJ...946...79T
	| doi = 10.3847/1538-4357/acbf36
	| accessus ad doi = liberus
	| arxiv = 2209.05632
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ac postremo anno [[2023]] probatum, hoc aliud systema nomine {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Gaia BH2|Gaiae BH2|en|qid=Q116986835}} censum est.&lt;ref name=&quot;El-Badry2023&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen 1 = El-Badry
	| nomen 1 = Kareem
	| cognomen 2 = Rix
	| nomen 2 = Hans-Walter
	| cognomen 3 = Cendes
	| nomen 3 = Yvette
	| cognomen 4 = Rodriguez
	| nomen 4 = Antonio C.
	| cognomen 5 = Conroy
	| nomen 5 = Charlie
	| cognomen 6 = Quataert
	| nomen 6 = Eliot
	| cognomen 7 = Hawkins
	| nomen 7 = Keith
	| cognomen 8 = Zari
	| nomen 8 = Eleonora
	| cognomen 9 = Hobson
	| nomen 9 = Melissa
	| cognomen 10 = Breivik
	| nomen 10 = Katelyn
	| cognomen 11 = Rau
	| nomen 11 = Arne
	| cognomen 12 = Berger
	| nomen 12 = Edo
	| cognomen 13 = Shahaf
	| nomen 13 = Sahar
	| cognomen 14 = Seeburger
	| nomen 14 = Rhys
	| cognomen 15 = Burdge
	| nomen 15 = Kevin B.
	| auctores dumtaxat = 2
	| titulus = A red giant orbiting a black hole
	| contextus = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
	| volumen = 521
	| fasciculus = 3
	| tempus = 2023-02-01
	| paginae = 4323–4348
	| bibcode = 2023MNRAS.521.4323E
	| doi = 10.1093/mnras/stad799
	| accessus ad doi = liberus
	| arxiv = 2302.07880
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Foramen nigrum]]
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Foramen nigrum stellare|&lt;&gt;|en|qid=Q1047034}}
* [[Sagittarius A*]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Gaia BH1|Gaiam BH1}}

{{Caelum|17|28|41.09661|-|0|34|51.5234}}
{{astro-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Astrophysica]]
[[Categoria:Foramina nigra]]
[[Categoria:Stellae binariae]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Caietanus Kossowicz</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>316214</id>
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        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>{{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}}</comment>
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      <text bytes="3307" sha1="m0z2hukh2m4ntttibkt4swqkiqmbiea" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}

{{res|Caietanus Andreae filius Kossowicz}} ([[Russice]] ''Каэтан Андреевич Коссович''), [[2 Maii]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Greg|[[14 Maii]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1814 [[Polotia]]e natus et [[26 Ianuarii]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Greg|[[7 Februarii]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; anno 1883 [[Petropolis|Petropoli]] mortuus, fuit hellenista et orientalista Russicus originis Polonicae vel Albaruthenicae, [[Avesta]]e interpres Latinus et inscriptionum Persicarum editor.

== Vita ==
In familia sacerdotis [[Ecclesiae Catholicae Orientales|Graeco-Catholici]] natus, [[Ignatius Kossowicz|Ignatii Kossowicz]] frater, in schola [[Ordo Clericorum Regularium Pauperum Matris Dei Scholarum Piarum|Piaristarum]] Polotiae, post in gymnasio [[Vitebscum|Vitebscensi]] et in [[Universitas Moscuensis|Universitate Moscuensi]] educatus, quam anno 1836 finivit; [[Bessario Belinskij|Bessarionem Belinskij]] ibi novit, postea apud [[Stephanus Ševyrëv|Stephanum Ševyrëv]] habitabat et [[Boris Čiċerin|Borisi Čiċerin]] [[Ioannes Minaiev|Ioannisque Minaiev]] magister fuit. In gymnasiis [[Tueria]]e (ab anno 1839 ad 1843) et Moscuae (1843—1849) docebat, ab anno 1849 in [[Petropolis|Petropoli]], ubi [[Alexius Maikov|Alexii Maikov]] magister fuit, ab anno 1850 in [[Bibliotheca Nationalis Russica]] et ab anno 1858 in [[Universitas Petropolitana|Universitate Petropolitana]]. Multas linguas orientales docebat, [[Sanscrita]]m et [[lingua Hebraica|Hebraicam]], et primus in Russia [[lingua Avestana|Avestanam]] et [[lingua Persica antiqua|Persicam antiquam]]. 

== Opera ==
Cum fratre Ignatio lexicon Graeco-Russicum edidit (1848); ipse lexicon Sancsrito-Russicum componere coepit (1859), sed opus non perfecit. {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Raphael Kühner|Raphaelis Kühner|de|qid=Q77632}} artem grammaticam Graecam Russice vertit et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Guilielmus Gesenius|Guilielmi Gesenii|de|qid=Q61525}} artem grammaticam et chrestomatiam Hebraicam. 

Multa opera Sancritica Russice vertit (inter alia [[Bhagavadgītā]]m) et partes Avestae Russice et Latine&lt;ref&gt;V. [[Sanctae Scripturae Latine#Zoroastrianismus|indicem editionum plenum]].&lt;/ref&gt;. Opus Kossowicz magnum est editio inscriptionum Persicarum [[Scriptura cuneiformis|cuneiformium]] plena cum versione Latina (1874).

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}

* [[:s:ru:РБС/ВТ/Коссович, Каетан Андреевич|De Kossowicz]] in lexico biographico Polovtsov
* [https://archive.org/details/inscriptionespal00koss/page/n19/mode/2up ''Inscriptiones palaeo-persicae Achaemenidarum quot hucusque repertae sunt ... typis primus edidit et explicavit commentarios criticos adjecit glossariumque comparativum palaeo-persicum subjunxit dr. Caietanus Kossowicz'']
* [https://books.google.ru/books?id=ibc-AAAAcAAJ ''Decem Sendavestae excerpta latine vertit ... Caietanus Kossowicz].

{{Anni vitae|1814|1883|Kossowicz, Caietanus}}
[[Categoria:Bibliotheca Nationalis Russica]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Moscuensis]]
[[Categoria:Indologi]]
[[Categoria:Philologi Russiae]]
[[Categoria:Iranologi]]
[[Categoria:Bibliothecarii Russiae]]
[[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Petropolitanae]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes textuum Sanscriticorum]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes textuum Persicorum]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Flumen Servorum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>3991382</id>
      <parentid>3884375</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T19:31:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: −[[Categoria:Flumina Canadae]]; ± 2 categoriae</comment>
      <origin>3991382</origin>
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      <text bytes="1614" sha1="rnpmy357752etajvpkk6r15uxiq5oin" xml:space="preserve">{{flumen|Flumen Servorum|[[Fasciculus:Fort Smith Nashornpelikane 1 98-07-01.jpg|thumb|''[[Pelecanus erythrorhynchos|Pelecani erythrorhynchi]]'' in flumine Servorum prope ''Castellum Smithii'' (''Fort Smith'')]]| 434| 210 | | 616 400 | [[Lacus Athabasca]]| [[Lacus servorum maior]]|[[Alberta]], [[Territoria septentrio-occidentalia (Canada)|Territoria septentrio-occidentalia]]}}
'''Flumen Servorum'''&lt;ref&gt;V. fontes [[Lacus servorum maior|de lacu]]. In omnibus linguis nomen vertitur, &quot;Rivière des Esclaves, Fiume degli Schiavi, Невольничья река&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Anglice]] ''Slave River'') est [[flumen]] in [[Alberta]] et [[Territoria septentrio-occidentalia (Canada)|Territoriis septentrio-occidentalibus]] [[Canada]]e. A gente [[Indi Americani|Indorum]] ''Slavy'' nomen cepit. E [[lacus Athabasca|lacu Athabasca]] oritur, in regione [[delta fluminis|delta]] communis [[flumen Pacis|fluminis Pacis]] (''Peace River'', cuius [[ramus fluviatilis|rami]] aliquot in lacum, aliquot in flumen ipsum Servorum defluunt) et fluminis [[Athabasca]]e. In boreoccidentem per [[silva borealis|silvam borealem]] desertam circa 434 [[chm]] fluit, donec in [[Lacus servorum maior|Lacum servorum maiorem]] se effundit. Oppida &quot;Castellum Smithii&quot; (&quot;Fort Smith&quot;), &quot;Castellum Fitzgeraldii&quot; (&quot;Fort Fitzgerald&quot;), &quot;Castellum Resolutionis&quot; (&quot;Fort Resolution&quot;) ad flumen Servorum sita sunt.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{fontes geographici}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Servorum, flumen}}
[[Categoria:Flumina Albertae]]
[[Categoria:Systema Mackenzie fluminis]]
[[Categoria:Flumina territoriorum septentrio-occidentalium]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>3991383</id>
      <parentid>3991382</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T19:33:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: -[[Categoria:Flumina territoriorum septentrio-occidentalium]]; +[[Categoria:Flumina territoriorum septentrio-occidentalium Canadae]]</comment>
      <origin>3991383</origin>
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      <text bytes="1622" sha1="o2xa44e8vvum1l71lht4gwwat7h9bdm" xml:space="preserve">{{flumen|Flumen Servorum|[[Fasciculus:Fort Smith Nashornpelikane 1 98-07-01.jpg|thumb|''[[Pelecanus erythrorhynchos|Pelecani erythrorhynchi]]'' in flumine Servorum prope ''Castellum Smithii'' (''Fort Smith'')]]| 434| 210 | | 616 400 | [[Lacus Athabasca]]| [[Lacus servorum maior]]|[[Alberta]], [[Territoria septentrio-occidentalia (Canada)|Territoria septentrio-occidentalia]]}}
'''Flumen Servorum'''&lt;ref&gt;V. fontes [[Lacus servorum maior|de lacu]]. In omnibus linguis nomen vertitur, &quot;Rivière des Esclaves, Fiume degli Schiavi, Невольничья река&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Anglice]] ''Slave River'') est [[flumen]] in [[Alberta]] et [[Territoria septentrio-occidentalia (Canada)|Territoriis septentrio-occidentalibus]] [[Canada]]e. A gente [[Indi Americani|Indorum]] ''Slavy'' nomen cepit. E [[lacus Athabasca|lacu Athabasca]] oritur, in regione [[delta fluminis|delta]] communis [[flumen Pacis|fluminis Pacis]] (''Peace River'', cuius [[ramus fluviatilis|rami]] aliquot in lacum, aliquot in flumen ipsum Servorum defluunt) et fluminis [[Athabasca]]e. In boreoccidentem per [[silva borealis|silvam borealem]] desertam circa 434 [[chm]] fluit, donec in [[Lacus servorum maior|Lacum servorum maiorem]] se effundit. Oppida &quot;Castellum Smithii&quot; (&quot;Fort Smith&quot;), &quot;Castellum Fitzgeraldii&quot; (&quot;Fort Fitzgerald&quot;), &quot;Castellum Resolutionis&quot; (&quot;Fort Resolution&quot;) ad flumen Servorum sita sunt.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{fontes geographici}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Servorum, flumen}}
[[Categoria:Flumina Albertae]]
[[Categoria:Systema Mackenzie fluminis]]
[[Categoria:Flumina territoriorum septentrio-occidentalium Canadae]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Flumen Pacis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>316754</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991381</id>
      <parentid>3986021</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T19:30:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: −[[Categoria:Flumina Canadae]]; ±[[Categoria:Alberta]]→[[Categoria:Flumina Albertae]]</comment>
      <origin>3991381</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1596" sha1="85qu2ppfeeux71zk5jge2j4aybernrb" xml:space="preserve">{{flumen|Flumen Pacis|[[Fasciculus:Peace River aerial.jpg|thumb|Flumen Pacis prope ad [[Urbs Fluminis Pacis|urbem eiusdem nominis]]]]| 1923 | 1140| 2100 )in ''Peace Poit'') | 306 000 | [[Lacus Willistonensis]]| [[Flumen Servorum]] |[[Columbia Britannica]], [[Alberta]]}}

{{res|Flumen Pacis}}{{Convertimus}} ([[Anglice]] ''Peace River'') est [[flumen]] [[Canada]]e, quod per provincias [[Columbia Britannica|Columbiam Britannicam]] et [[Alberta]]m fluit. Nomen accepit a loco, ubi gentium [[Indi Americani|Indorum]] consilia gerebantur (nunc &quot;Peace Point&quot;, &quot;Locus Pacis&quot;). In [[Montes Saxosi|Montibus Saxosis]] a confluentia fluminum [[Finlay]] et [[Parsnip]] oritur, quae confluentia nunc [[receptaculum aquae|lacu artificiali]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Lacus Willistonensis|Willistonensi|en|qid=Q967775}}, anno 1968 creato, operta est. Per [[taiga|silvam borealem]] desertam et saxosam circa 1923 [[chm]] ad boreorientem fluit et in [[flumen Servorum]] prope ad initium eius et [[lacus Athabasca|lacum Athabascam]] se effundit, magnum [[delta fluminis|delta]] commune cum [[Athabasca]] flumine faciens; post [[eluvio verna|eluvionem vernam]] aquae fluminis Pacis in lacum Athabascam fluunt, ceteris mensibus in flumen Servorum. Oppida [[Urbs Fluminis Pacis]] (&quot;Peace River&quot;) et [[Castellum Sancti Ioannis]] (&quot;Fort St. John&quot;) ad flumen Pacis sita sunt. 

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{fontes geographici}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pacis, flumen}}
[[Categoria:Flumina Albertae]]
[[Categoria:Flumina Columbiae Britannicae]]
[[Categoria:Systema Mackenzie fluminis]]</text>
      <sha1>85qu2ppfeeux71zk5jge2j4aybernrb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Flumen Ursinum maius</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>316765</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991388</id>
      <parentid>3884491</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T19:38:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: −[[Categoria:Flumina Canadae]]; ±[[Categoria:Territoria septentrio-occidentalia (Canada)]]→[[Categoria:Flumina territoriorum septentrio-occidentalium Canadae]]</comment>
      <origin>3991388</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1389" sha1="0ehuqa2y9waadq043k87gviskk724jt" xml:space="preserve">{{flumen|Flumen Ursinum maius|[[Fasciculus:The upper end of a proposed portage road on the Great Bear River - N-1981-002-0011.jpg|thumb|Flumen Ursinum maius (photographema anno 1932 factum)]]| 113| 156| 528 | 156 500 | [[Lacus Ursinus magnus|Lacus Ursinus maior]]| [[Flumen Mackenzie|Flumen Mackaenzii]]|[[Territoria septentrio-occidentalia (Canada)|Territoria septentrio-occidentalia]]}}
'''Flumen Ursinum maius'''{{Convertimus}} ([[Anglice]] ''Great Bear River'', [[Francogallice]] ''Grande rivière de l'Ours'') est [[flumen]] in [[Territoria septentrio-occidentalia (Canada)|Territoriis septentrio-occidentalibus]] [[Canada]]e. E bracchio Keithii (&quot;Keith Arm&quot;) [[Lacus Ursinus magnus|Lacus Ursini maioris]] initium cepit, per [[palus|paludes]] circa 113 [[chm]] fluit et in  [[Flumen Mackenzie|flumen Mackenzii]] se effundit. Tres vel quattuor menses per annum glacie vacat, sed [[Cataracta (angustiae)|cataractae]] Sancti Caroli (&quot;St. Charles&quot;) navigationem impediunt. [[Flumen Ursinum minus]] accola fluminis Ursini maioris est.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{fontes geographici}}
* [https://geonames.nrcan.gc.ca/search-place-names/unique?id=LAJNA Flumen Ursinum maius] in ''Canadian Geographical Names Database''

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ursinum maius, flumen}}

[[Categoria:Systema Mackenzie fluminis]]
[[Categoria:Flumina territoriorum septentrio-occidentalium Canadae]]</text>
      <sha1>0ehuqa2y9waadq043k87gviskk724jt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lacus Tarandorum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>316771</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991354</id>
      <parentid>3884676</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T18:57:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: −[[Categoria:Lacus Canadae]]; ±[[Categoria:Manitoba]]→[[Categoria:Lacus Manitobae]]</comment>
      <origin>3991354</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1167" sha1="jrzuswl7q9j4v5gna258ppj9wyif4xq" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Canada.A2002236.1810.721.250m NASA.jpg|thumb|Lacus Tarandorum. [[Photographema]] spatiale cum [[inscriptio]]nibus Anglicis.]]
'''Lacus Tarandorum'''{{Convertimus}} ([[Anglice]] ''Reindeer Lake'') est [[lacus]] [[Canada]]e, cuius maior pars in [[Provinciae et territoria Canadae|provincia]] [[Saskatchewan]]o et minor in [[Manitoba]] sita est. Area lacustrina 6650 [[chiliometrum|chm]],² et altitudo media 17 [[metrum|m]] est. [[Litus|Litora]] habet sinuosissima et plus quam 5500 insulas. In parte lacus australi Sinus Profundus (&quot;Deep Bay&quot;) situs est, figurae rotundae et altitudinis ad 220 m, qui [[Meteorites|meteoritis]] crater antiquus est.

Multa flumina in lacum influunt, quorum [[Cochrane]] e [[Lacus Wollaston|lacu Wollastonensi]] fluit; [[Flumen Tarandorum]] aquam lacus Tarandorum in [[Churchill (flumen)|Churchillum]] fluvium aufert. ''[[Esox lucius]]'', ''[[Sander]]'', ''[[Thymallus]]'', ''[[Salvelinus namaycush]]'' in lacu gignuntur.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Nexus externi==
{{fontes geographici}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tarandorum, lacus}}

[[Categoria:Lacus Manitobae]]
[[Categoria:Saskatchewan]]
[[Categoria:Systema Churchilli fluminis]]</text>
      <sha1>jrzuswl7q9j4v5gna258ppj9wyif4xq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3991373</id>
      <parentid>3991354</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T19:24:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: -[[Categoria:Saskatchewan]]; +[[Categoria:Lacus Saskatchewanis]]</comment>
      <origin>3991373</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1175" sha1="jregyb53im19wjqhovfainre39tc70f" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Canada.A2002236.1810.721.250m NASA.jpg|thumb|Lacus Tarandorum. [[Photographema]] spatiale cum [[inscriptio]]nibus Anglicis.]]
'''Lacus Tarandorum'''{{Convertimus}} ([[Anglice]] ''Reindeer Lake'') est [[lacus]] [[Canada]]e, cuius maior pars in [[Provinciae et territoria Canadae|provincia]] [[Saskatchewan]]o et minor in [[Manitoba]] sita est. Area lacustrina 6650 [[chiliometrum|chm]],² et altitudo media 17 [[metrum|m]] est. [[Litus|Litora]] habet sinuosissima et plus quam 5500 insulas. In parte lacus australi Sinus Profundus (&quot;Deep Bay&quot;) situs est, figurae rotundae et altitudinis ad 220 m, qui [[Meteorites|meteoritis]] crater antiquus est.

Multa flumina in lacum influunt, quorum [[Cochrane]] e [[Lacus Wollaston|lacu Wollastonensi]] fluit; [[Flumen Tarandorum]] aquam lacus Tarandorum in [[Churchill (flumen)|Churchillum]] fluvium aufert. ''[[Esox lucius]]'', ''[[Sander]]'', ''[[Thymallus]]'', ''[[Salvelinus namaycush]]'' in lacu gignuntur.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Nexus externi==
{{fontes geographici}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tarandorum, lacus}}

[[Categoria:Lacus Manitobae]]
[[Categoria:Lacus Saskatchewanis]]
[[Categoria:Systema Churchilli fluminis]]</text>
      <sha1>jregyb53im19wjqhovfainre39tc70f</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lacus Wollaston</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>316788</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991370</id>
      <parentid>3893776</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T19:21:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: −[[Categoria:Lacus Canadae]]; ±[[Categoria:Saskatchewan]]→[[Categoria:Lacus Saskatchewanis]]</comment>
      <origin>3991370</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1853" sha1="sreqto309o8rf6ek9qfkk7axmiq1zyo" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Sundown wallaston lake northern Saskatchewan.jpg|thumb|Solis occasus in lacu Wollastonensi]]
'''Lacus Wollaston'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Creanda|en|Arnold Henry Guyot|Arnoldus Henricus Guyot|Arnoldi Henrici Guyot}} [https://books.google.ru/books?hl=ru&amp;id=ilMVAAAAQAAJ&amp;q=Wollaston#v=snippet&amp;q=Wollaston&amp;f=false ''De naturali lacuum divisione'', Berolini 1835, p. 38].&lt;/ref&gt; vel '''Wollastonensis'''&lt;ref&gt;Cf. [[binomen|binomina]] '' Pecten wollastonensis, Chlamys wollastonensis''.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Anglice]] ''Wollaston Lake'') est [[lacus]] [[Canada]]e in [[Provinciae et territoria Canadae|provincia]] [[Saskatchewan]]o sita. Area lacustrina 2681 [[chiliometrum|chm]]² est, altitudo media 20,6 [[metrum|m]]. maxima 97 m. Insulas habet innumeras. Litora [[silva borealis]] operit. 

Lacus in [[divortium aquarum|divortio aquarum]] situs est et in duo varia systemata fluviorum defluxum habet, ad duas [[pelvis siccationis|pelves siccationis]] pertinens. Maximus est lacus tali genere in orbe terrarum. Nam circa 10 centesimas partes aquae defluentis per flumen {{Creanda|en|Fond du Lac River (Saskatchewan)|Fundus Lacustrinus|Fundi Lacustrini}} in boreoccidentem in [[lacus Athabasca|lacum Athabascam]] et per systema [[flumen Mackenzie|fluminis Mackenzie]] in [[mare Beaufortii]] abit, ceterae aquae ex angulo lacus boreorientali per flumen [[Cochrane]] in [[lacus Tarandorum|lacum Tarandorum]] et inde per systema [[Churchill (flumen)|Churchilli]] fluvii in [[sinus Hudsonius|sinum Hudsonium]] fluit. 

Pisces ''[[Esox lucius]]'', ''[[Sander]]'', ''[[Thymallus]]'', ''[[Salvelinus namaycush]]'' in lacu gignuntur.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Nexus externi==
{{fontes geographici}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wollaston, lacus}}

[[Categoria:Lacus Saskatchewanis]]
[[Categoria:Systema Churchilli fluminis]]
[[Categoria:Systema Mackenzie fluminis]]
[[Categoria:Bifurcationes]]</text>
      <sha1>sreqto309o8rf6ek9qfkk7axmiq1zyo</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3991416</id>
      <parentid>3991370</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T22:02:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>{{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}}</comment>
      <origin>3991416</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1955" sha1="g3dkrtnpwy6mr11v621teet3flqxaae" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Sundown wallaston lake northern Saskatchewan.jpg|thumb|Solis occasus in lacu Wollastonensi]]

{{res|Lacus Wollaston}}{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1={{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Arnoldus Henricus Guyot|Arnoldi Henrici Guyot|en|qid=Q124032}} [https://books.google.ru/books?hl=ru&amp;id=ilMVAAAAQAAJ&amp;q=Wollaston#v=snippet&amp;q=Wollaston&amp;f=false ''De naturali lacuum divisione'', Berolini 1835, p. 38].|2=Q124032}} vel '''Wollastonensis'''&lt;ref&gt;Cf. [[binomen|binomina]] '' Pecten wollastonensis, Chlamys wollastonensis''.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Anglice]] ''Wollaston Lake'') est [[lacus]] [[Canada]]e in [[Provinciae et territoria Canadae|provincia]] [[Saskatchewan]]o sita. Area lacustrina 2681 [[chiliometrum|chm]]² est, altitudo media 20,6 [[metrum|m]]. maxima 97 m. Insulas habet innumeras. Litora [[silva borealis]] operit. 

Lacus in [[divortium aquarum|divortio aquarum]] situs est et in duo varia systemata fluviorum defluxum habet, ad duas [[pelvis siccationis|pelves siccationis]] pertinens. Maximus est lacus tali genere in orbe terrarum. Nam circa 10 centesimas partes aquae defluentis per flumen {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Fundus Lacustrinus|Fundi Lacustrini|en|qid=Q1435649}} in boreoccidentem in [[lacus Athabasca|lacum Athabascam]] et per systema [[flumen Mackenzie|fluminis Mackenzie]] in [[mare Beaufortii]] abit, ceterae aquae ex angulo lacus boreorientali per flumen [[Cochrane]] in [[lacus Tarandorum|lacum Tarandorum]] et inde per systema [[Churchill (flumen)|Churchilli]] fluvii in [[sinus Hudsonius|sinum Hudsonium]] fluit. 

Pisces ''[[Esox lucius]]'', ''[[Sander]]'', ''[[Thymallus]]'', ''[[Salvelinus namaycush]]'' in lacu gignuntur.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{fontes geographici}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wollaston, lacus}}

[[Categoria:Lacus Saskatchewanis]]
[[Categoria:Systema Churchilli fluminis]]
[[Categoria:Systema Mackenzie fluminis]]
[[Categoria:Bifurcationes]]</text>
      <sha1>g3dkrtnpwy6mr11v621teet3flqxaae</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Formula:Nexus/doc</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>316871</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991313</id>
      <parentid>3885202</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T16:49:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Ulteriora si cupis */</comment>
      <origin>3991313</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1292" sha1="7ulksf73lrzbzwca2lv0uw0qgf22fyr" xml:space="preserve">{{Subpagina documentationis}}
{{Formula substituibilis|...}}

Haec formula est [[Auxilium:Nexus|nexūs]] manu scribendo similis, at secundum argumentum vacuum nullum effectum exhibit.

== De usu ==
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Nexus|Vicipaedia:Pagina prima|Pagina prima}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;[[Vicipaedia:Pagina prima|Pagina prima]]&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*:: ↳ {{Nexus|Vicipaedia:Pagina prima|Pagina prima}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Nexus|Vicipaedia:Pagina prima}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;[[Vicipaedia:Pagina prima]]&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*:: ↳ {{Nexus|Vicipaedia:Pagina prima}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Nexus|Vicipaedia:Pagina prima|      }}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;[[Vicipaedia:Pagina prima]]&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*:: ↳ {{Nexus|Vicipaedia:Pagina prima|      }}

== Ulteriora si cupis ==
* [[:Categoria:Formulae nexuales]]
* {{Fn|Url}}

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{in harenario aut alibi||
&lt;!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --&gt;
[[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae intra versum accommodandae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae nexuales|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Metaformulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>7ulksf73lrzbzwca2lv0uw0qgf22fyr</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>3991323</id>
      <parentid>3991313</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T17:03:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>3991323</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1289" sha1="swokdz8p0tc7zvclqh5ubl3z7zxqjl1" xml:space="preserve">{{Subpagina documentationis}}
{{Formula substituibilis|...}}

Haec formula est [[Auxilium:Nexus|nexui]] manu scripto similis, at secundum argumentum vacuum nullum effectum exhibit.

== De usu ==
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Nexus|Vicipaedia:Pagina prima|Pagina prima}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;[[Vicipaedia:Pagina prima|Pagina prima]]&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*:: ↳ {{Nexus|Vicipaedia:Pagina prima|Pagina prima}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Nexus|Vicipaedia:Pagina prima}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;[[Vicipaedia:Pagina prima]]&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*:: ↳ {{Nexus|Vicipaedia:Pagina prima}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Nexus|Vicipaedia:Pagina prima|      }}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;[[Vicipaedia:Pagina prima]]&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*:: ↳ {{Nexus|Vicipaedia:Pagina prima|      }}

== Ulteriora si cupis ==
* [[:Categoria:Formulae nexuales]]
* {{Fn|Url}}

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{in harenario aut alibi||
&lt;!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --&gt;
[[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae intra versum accommodandae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae nexuales|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Metaformulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>swokdz8p0tc7zvclqh5ubl3z7zxqjl1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3991325</id>
      <parentid>3991323</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T17:05:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>3991325</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1440" sha1="kxtok4r59hc240ajt1nsm92evleurw4" xml:space="preserve">{{Subpagina documentationis}}
{{Formula substituibilis|...}}

Haec formula est [[Auxilium:Nexus|nexui]] manu scripto similis, sed quum secundum argumentum est vacuum vicitextum &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{{1}}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; in locum &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;[{{{1}}}]&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; substituit.

== De usu ==
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Nexus|Vicipaedia:Pagina prima|Pagina prima}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;[[Vicipaedia:Pagina prima|Pagina prima]]&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*:: ↳ {{Nexus|Vicipaedia:Pagina prima|Pagina prima}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Nexus|Vicipaedia:Pagina prima}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;[[Vicipaedia:Pagina prima]]&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*:: ↳ {{Nexus|Vicipaedia:Pagina prima}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Nexus|Vicipaedia:Pagina prima|      }}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;[[Vicipaedia:Pagina prima]]&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*:: ↳ {{Nexus|Vicipaedia:Pagina prima|      }}

== Ulteriora si cupis ==
* [[:Categoria:Formulae nexuales]]
* {{Fn|Url}}

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{in harenario aut alibi||
&lt;!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --&gt;
[[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae intra versum accommodandae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae nexuales|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Metaformulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>kxtok4r59hc240ajt1nsm92evleurw4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Formula:Et alibi</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>316872</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991316</id>
      <parentid>3907352</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T16:53:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Minora</comment>
      <origin>3991316</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="658" sha1="s5kxv40j7u95ohzrcxpljek0litos5a" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#invoke:params|
	sequential|
	trimming_values|
	with_value_not_matching||strict|
	mapping_by_replacing|_| |plain|
	snapshotting|
	renaming_by_mixing|1 $#|
	entering_substack|
		mapping_by_replacing|#| § |1|plain|
		renaming_by_mixing|2 $#|
		merging_substack|
	grouping_by_calling|Nexus|
	squeezing|
	setting|n/h/i/f|{{Error|Error: Nexus absunt.}}|&lt;div style{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;=}}&quot;display: flow-root; margin: 0 0 .5em 0; padding: .2em 1em; background-color: #ffe6ac; border-radius: 1em;&quot;&gt;
Haec disputatio et alibi progressa est:
* |
* |
&lt;/div&gt;|
	list_values
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>s5kxv40j7u95ohzrcxpljek0litos5a</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>3991339</id>
      <parentid>3991316</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T17:34:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>3991339</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="658" sha1="23iehfb76g57ysqfg4qs4q7yw9omj1u" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#invoke:params|
	sequential|
	trimming_values|
	with_value_not_matching||strict|
	mapping_by_replacing|_| |plain|
	snapshotting|
	renaming_by_mixing|1 $#|
	entering_substack|
		mapping_by_replacing|%s*#%s*| § |1|
		renaming_by_mixing|2 $#|
		merging_substack|
	grouping_by_calling|Nexus|
	squeezing|
	setting|n/h/i/f|{{Error|Error: Nexus absunt.}}|&lt;div style{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;=}}&quot;display: flow-root; margin: 0 0 .5em 0; padding: .2em 1em; background-color: #ffe6ac; border-radius: 1em;&quot;&gt;
Haec disputatio et alibi progressa est:
* |
* |
&lt;/div&gt;|
	list_values
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>23iehfb76g57ysqfg4qs4q7yw9omj1u</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Ottavia (flumen)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>317006</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991396</id>
      <parentid>3886428</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T19:47:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: −[[Categoria:Flumina Canadae]]; ±[[Categoria:Quebecum]]→[[Categoria:Flumina Quebeci]]; ±[[Categoria:Ontario]]→[[Categoria:Flumina Ontarionis]]</comment>
      <origin>3991396</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1304" sha1="qvqn156m1p9gdq772hdi8890m6xowuq" xml:space="preserve">{{disambig2|flumine|urbem|Ottavia}}{{flumen|Ottavia|[[Fasciculus:River Ottawa (view from the Peace Tower of Parliament Centre Block).JPG|thumb|Ottavia inter utbes Ottaviam (a laeva) et Gatineau (a dextra)]]| 1271| | 1,950 | 146 000 |[[Planities elevata Laurentii]]| [[Flumen Sancti Laurentii]] in [[Mons Regius|Monte Regio]] |[[Quebecum]], [[Ontario]]}}
'''Ottavia'''&lt;ref&gt;Vide fontes [[Ottavia|de urbe]].&lt;/ref&gt; est [[flumen]] [[Canada]]e per provincias [[Quebecum]] et [[Ontario]]nem fluit. Nomen gentis [[Indi Americani|Indorum]], quae saeculo XVII ripas incoluerat, accepit. E lacu in [[Planities elevata Laurentii|planitie elevata Laurentii]] oritur et circa 1271 [[chm]] fluit. [[Ottavia]] Canadae caput in ripa fluminis dextra in Ontatione provincia sita est et contra eam in ripa laeva [[Gatineau]] urbs Quebeci; nam his locis per confinium provinciarum Ottavia fluit. Hic inter urbes et [[aqua cadens|aquae cadentes]] ''Chaudière'' sitae sunt; inferius flumen navigabile est. In [[flumen Sancti Laurentii]] Ottavia se effundit, multas insulas formans; his in insulis [[Mons Regius]] Canadae urbs maxima sita est.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{fontes geographici}}

[[Categoria:Flumina Quebeci]]
[[Categoria:Flumina Ontarionis]]
[[Categoria:Systema Sancti Laurentii fluminis]]</text>
      <sha1>qvqn156m1p9gdq772hdi8890m6xowuq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Saskatchewan Borealis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>317046</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991369</id>
      <parentid>3887023</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T19:20:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: −[[Categoria:Flumina Canadae]]; ±[[Categoria:Alberta]]→[[Categoria:Flumina Albertae]]; ±[[Categoria:Saskatchewan]]→[[Categoria:Flumina Saskatchewanis]]</comment>
      <origin>3991369</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1766" sha1="ffayor5tt9fgb2jixjmg1lme018ml3h" xml:space="preserve">{{flumen|Saskatchewan Borealis|[[Fasciculus:Saskatchewan Glacier Alberta Canada.jpg|thumb|center|Glaciarium Saskatchewan et fons Saskatchewanis Borealis]]| 1287|2080 | 245 | 122 800 |[[Saskatchewan (glaciarium)|Glaciarium Saskatchewan]] |[[Saskatchewan (flumen)|Flumen Saskatchewan]]| [[Alberta]], [[Saskatchewan]]}}
'''Saskatchewan Borealis'''&lt;ref&gt;[[Augustinus Pyramus de Candolle]], ''[[Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis]]'', [https://books.google.ru/books?id=JjSf5gDMtHsC&amp;pg=PA273&amp;dq=Saskatchewan+(flumen)&amp;hl=ru&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjswvn3npKEAxUfFxAIHa8MACsQ6AF6BAgGEAI#v=onepage&amp;q=Saskatchewan%20(flumen)&amp;f=false pars VII, sectio 1, p. 273]; [https://books.google.ru/books?id=DLQ7AQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=RA7-PA76&amp;dq=Saskatchewan+(flumen)&amp;hl=ru&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjswvn3npKEAxUfFxAIHa8MACsQ6AF6BAgHEAI#v=onepage&amp;q=Saskatchewan%20(flumen)&amp;f=false ''Bibliotheca botanica'', vol. 19, 1890 (''Monographie der Gattung Orobanche''),  p. 76].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Anglice]] ''North Saskatchewan'')  est flumen [[Canada]]e. In [[montes Saxosi|montibus Saxosis]] provinciae [[Alberta]]e de [[glaciarium|glaciario]], quod etiam Saskatchewan appellatur, oritur et ad boreorientem, postea ad austrorientem fluit. Longutudinem circa 1287 [[chm]] habet. [[Edmundopolis]] Albertae caput ad Saskatchewanem Borealem situs est. In provincia, [[Saskatchewan|cui nomen suum dedit]], post [[Urbs Principis Alberti|urbem Principis Alberti]] cum [[Saskatchewan Australis|Saskatchewane Australi]] confluit, quod [[Saskatchewan (flumen)|Saskatchewanis fluminis]] initium est.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{fontes geographici}}

[[Categoria:Flumina Albertae]]
[[Categoria:Flumina Saskatchewanis]]
[[Categoria:Systema Nelsonis fluminis]]</text>
      <sha1>ffayor5tt9fgb2jixjmg1lme018ml3h</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Formula:Machina temporis interretialis/doc</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>317428</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991341</id>
      <parentid>3898280</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T17:36:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Ulteriora si cupis */</comment>
      <origin>3991341</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4946" sha1="c20vs4qhz1wcoz0effw6oc5216ggdtb" xml:space="preserve">{{Subpagina documentationis}}
{{Formula substituibilis|...}}
{{Lua|Modulus:Params}}
{{Compendia formulae|memento|mti}}

Utere hac formula ut nexum ad ''[https://web.archive.org/ Wayback Machine]'' facile ostendas.

== De usu ==
; Syntaxis
: &lt;code&gt;&amp;#123;&amp;#123;'''Machina temporis interretialis'''&amp;#124;''URL originale''&amp;#124;''[verba ostendenda]''&amp;#124;''nota temporis 1''&amp;#124;''nota temporis 2''&amp;#124;'' ... ''&amp;#124;''nota temporis N''&amp;#125;&amp;#125;&lt;/code&gt;

Saltem ''nota temporis'' una tibi scribenda sit, si potes. {{Ancora tacita|De nota temporis|''Nota temporis'' est numerus qui in [[URL]] ad ''Wayback Machine'' ante ''URL originale'' apparet, illustris in hoc exemplo:}}
: &lt;code&gt;ht&lt;nowiki /&gt;tps:/&lt;nowiki /&gt;/web&lt;nowiki /&gt;.archive.org/web/&lt;mark&gt;'''20080619060938'''&lt;/mark&gt;/ht&lt;nowiki /&gt;tp:/&lt;nowiki /&gt;/www&lt;nowiki /&gt;.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2004/oct/HQ_04351_time_drags.html&lt;/code&gt;

=== Exempla ===
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{mti|http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2004/oct/HQ_04351_time_drags.html|As The World Turns, It Drags Space And Time|20080619060938}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{mti|http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2004/oct/HQ_04351_time_drags.html|As The World Turns, It Drags Space And Time|20080619060938}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{mti|http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2004/oct/HQ_04351_time_drags.html|As The World Turns, It Drags Space And Time|20041111092435|20060222051642|20080619060938}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{mti|http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2004/oct/HQ_04351_time_drags.html|As The World Turns, It Drags Space And Time|20041111092435|20060222051642|20080619060938}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{mti|http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2004/oct/HQ_04351_time_drags.html||20080619060938}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{mti|http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2004/oct/HQ_04351_time_drags.html||20080619060938}} 
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{mti|http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2004/oct/HQ_04351_time_drags.html|As The World Turns, It Drags Space And Time}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{mti|http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2004/oct/HQ_04351_time_drags.html|As The World Turns, It Drags Space And Time}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{mti|http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2004/oct/HQ_04351_time_drags.html}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{mti|http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2004/oct/HQ_04351_time_drags.html}}

Formula et in plures versūs dividi potest:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{Machina temporis interretialis
	| http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2004/oct/HQ_04351_time_drags.html
	| As The World Turns, It Drags Space And Time
	| 20041111092435
	| 20060222051642
	| 20080619060938
}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Quod gignit:

{{Machina temporis interretialis
	| http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2004/oct/HQ_04351_time_drags.html
	| As The World Turns, It Drags Space And Time
	| 20041111092435
	| 20060222051642
	| 20080619060938
}}

=== Consilia pro celeri usu ===
Ad usum huius formulae expediendum hos passūs sequi potes:

# Transclude hanc formulam ''cum uno argumento tantum'' (URL) et ostende prospectum ''nolens recensionem divulgare''
#: E.g.: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{mti|http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2004/oct/HQ_04351_time_drags.html}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
#:: ↳ {{mti|http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2004/oct/HQ_04351_time_drags.html}}
# Aperi nexum sic genitum ''in novam schedam'', quaere paginae titulum, dehinc id transcribe ''secundum argumentum'' et ostende prospectum ''nolens recensionem divulgare''
#: E.g.: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{mti|http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2004/oct/HQ_04351_time_drags.html|As The World Turns, It Drags Space And Time}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
#:: ↳ {{mti|http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2004/oct/HQ_04351_time_drags.html|As The World Turns, It Drags Space And Time}}
# Aperi nexum “quaere num nexus factus sit tabularium” ''in novam schedam'' et quaere tabularium opportunum, dehinc [[#De nota temporis|notam temporis]] transcribe ''tertium argumentum''
#: E.g.: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{mti|http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2004/oct/HQ_04351_time_drags.html|As The World Turns, It Drags Space And Time|20080619060938}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
#:: ↳ {{mti|http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2004/oct/HQ_04351_time_drags.html|As The World Turns, It Drags Space And Time|20080619060938}}
# Si ulteriora tabularia requiris, denuo itera punctum #3

== Synonyma ==
* {{Fn|Memento}}
* {{Fn|Mti}}

== Ulteriora si cupis ==
* [[:Categoria:Formulae nexuales]]
* {{Fn|Nexus deficit}}
* {{Fn|Url}}
* [[Vicipaedia:Nexus deficit]]

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{in harenario aut alibi||
&lt;!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --&gt;
[[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae intra versum accommodandae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae nexuales|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae variadicae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae administrationis Vicipaediae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>c20vs4qhz1wcoz0effw6oc5216ggdtb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Genocidium Gazae</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>320898</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991457</id>
      <parentid>3952696</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T23:57:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LilyKitty</username>
        <id>18316</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>de bello Israeliano-Hamaniano anni 2024, Curia International Iustitiae et ceterni notionibus</comment>
      <origin>3991457</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3220" sha1="4c3ll5euchj5oxd8u5gky5aa8yp7gsh" xml:space="preserve">{{Pagina non annexa}}
{{Augenda|2025|10}}
{{Vicificanda}}
{{Latinitas|-4}}
{{res|Genocidium Gazae}}{{Convertimus}} est continuum, cogtatum, et ordinatum [[Palaestini|gentis Palaestinensis]] in [[Gaza]] excidium, quod ab [[Israel]]e per [[bellum Gazeticum]] committi habetur. Inter acta [[genocidium|genocidii]] sunt caedes ingentes, [[fames]], gravia damna [[corpus|corporis]] et [[mens|mentis]] inflicta, et partus impediti.{{dubsig}} Alia acta sunt excidium infrastructurarum civilium, excidium [[valetudinarium|aedificiorum curationis valetudinis]], nex operariorum curationis valetudinis et auxilii petentium, [[migratio]] coactam ingentis causandam, [[violentia sexualis|violentiam sexualem]] perpetrandam, et excidium locorum [[educatio|eruditionis]], [[religio]]nis, et [[cultura]]e. Genocidium agnitum est a praecipua et inquisitiva [[Consociatio Nationum|Consociatonis Nationum]] atque Associationis Internationalis Studiosorum Genocidii, multis coetibus [[iura humana|iurum humanorum]], multisque [[ius gentium|iurum inter gentes]] peritis, aliisque hominibus nuentibus.

Mense Octobri 2025, Ministerium Salutis Gazae rettulerat saltem 66 148 homines in Gaza necatos esse, post [[bellum Israëlianum-Hamasianum anni 2023]]. Plerique victimarum civiles sunt, quorum saltem 50 centesimae mulieres et pueri. Comparati cum aliis recentibus bellis globalibus, numeri mortuum diurnariorum, operariorum humanitariorum et sanitariorum, et puerorum notorum inter altissimos numerantur. Milia mortuorum innumerabilium sub ruinis aedificiorum destructorum esse putantur. Studium in periodico &quot;The Lancet&quot; divulgatum aestimavit mortes ex vulneribus traumaticis ante mensem Iunium anni 2024 subestimatas esse, dum numerum mortuorum potentialem maiorem notavit cum mortes &quot;indirectae&quot; includuntur.&lt;!--Adde notam--&gt; Mense Maio anni 2025, mortes ex vulneribus traumaticis aestimantur ad 93,000, quae 4-5 centesimae incolarum Gazae ante bellum repraesentant. Numerus vulneratorum maior est quam 160 000. Gaza plurimos pueros amputatos per capita in mundo habet; genocidium plus quam 21,000 puerorum [[invaliditas|debilitates]] effecit.

Obsidio Israelis coacta magnopere ad famem continuam et famem confirmatam contulit. Projectiones paene prope 100% incolarum ostendunt nunc experientiam &quot;altos gradus periculorum acutis cibi&quot;, cum circiter 641,000 homines gradus calamitososos sicut Augusti 2025 experiuntur. Primo in conflictu Israel Gazam aquam et electricitatem abscidit, sed postea partim aquam restituit. Cum mense Maio 2024, 84% Gazae salus centra deperdita vel vexata est. Israel multas situs hereditatis culturalis delevit, cum omnes Gazae universitates 12 et 80% scholas eius delevit. Plus 1.9 decies centena millia Palaestinorum id est 85% incolarum Gazae sunt violenter motae.

Gubernatio Africae Australis litem, Africa Australis contra Israelem, apud [[Tribunal internationale Hagense|Curiam Internationalem Iustitiae]] (CIJ) instituit, pro violationem [[Conventio de genocidio praeveniendo et puniendo|Conventionis de Genocidio]].

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{NexInt}}
*[[Bellum Israëlianum-Hamasianum anni 2023]]
&lt;!--?--&gt;

[[Categoria:Historia Israelis]]
[[Categoria:Mali casus]]
[[Categoria:Palaestina]]</text>
      <sha1>4c3ll5euchj5oxd8u5gky5aa8yp7gsh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3991462</id>
      <parentid>3991457</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-27T00:49:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LilyKitty</username>
        <id>18316</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>fontem addo</comment>
      <origin>3991462</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3376" sha1="mwsd7pv7kt8qkhw5417f7o71fxydwah" xml:space="preserve">{{Augenda|2025|10}}
{{Vicificanda}}
{{Latinitas|-4}}
{{res|Genocidium Gazae}}{{Convertimus}} est continuum, cogtatum, et ordinatum [[Palaestini|gentis Palaestinensis]] in [[lacinia Gezetica|Gaza]] excidium, quod ab [[Israel]]e per [[bellum Gazeticum]] committi habetur. Inter acta [[genocidium|genocidii]] sunt caedes ingentes, [[fames]], gravia damna [[corpus|corporis]] et [[mens|mentis]] inflicta, et partus impediti.{{dubsig}} Alia acta sunt excidium infrastructurarum civilium, excidium [[valetudinarium|aedificiorum curationis valetudinis]], nex operariorum curationis valetudinis et auxilii petentium, [[migratio]] coactam ingentis causandam, [[violentia sexualis|violentiam sexualem]] perpetrandam, et excidium locorum [[educatio|eruditionis]], [[religio]]nis, et [[cultura]]e. Genocidium agnitum est a praecipua et inquisitiva [[Consociatio Nationum|Consociatonis Nationum]] atque Associationis Internationalis Studiosorum Genocidii, multis coetibus [[iura humana|iurum humanorum]], multisque [[ius gentium|iurum inter gentes]] peritis, aliisque hominibus nuentibus.

Mense Octobri 2025, Ministerium Salutis Gazae rettulerat saltem 66 148 homines in Gaza necatos esse, post [[bellum Israëlianum-Hamasianum anni 2023]]. Plerique victimarum civiles sunt, quorum saltem 50 centesimae mulieres et pueri. Comparati cum aliis recentibus bellis globalibus, numeri mortuum diurnariorum, operariorum humanitariorum et sanitariorum, et puerorum notorum inter altissimos numerantur. Milia mortuorum innumerabilium sub ruinis aedificiorum destructorum esse putantur. Studium in periodico &quot;The Lancet&quot; divulgatum aestimavit mortes ex vulneribus traumaticis ante mensem Iunium anni 2024 subestimatas esse, dum numerum mortuorum potentialem maiorem notavit cum mortes &quot;indirectae&quot; includuntur.&lt;!--Adde notam--&gt; Mense Maio anni 2025, mortes ex vulneribus traumaticis aestimantur ad 93,000, quae 4-5 centesimae incolarum Gazae ante bellum repraesentant. Numerus vulneratorum maior est quam 160 000. Gaza plurimos pueros amputatos per capita in mundo habet; genocidium plus quam 21,000 puerorum [[invaliditas|debilitates]] effecit.

Obsidio Israelis coacta magnopere ad famem continuam et famem confirmatam contulit. Projectiones paene prope 100% incolarum ostendunt nunc experientiam &quot;altos gradus periculorum acutis cibi&quot;, cum circiter 641,000 homines gradus calamitososos sicut Augusti 2025 experiuntur. Primo in conflictu Israel Gazam aquam et electricitatem abscidit, sed postea partim aquam restituit. Cum mense Maio 2024, 84% Gazae salus centra deperdita vel vexata est. Israel multas situs hereditatis culturalis delevit, cum omnes Gazae universitates 12 et 80% scholas eius delevit. Plus 1.9 decies centena millia Palaestinorum id est 85% incolarum Gazae sunt violenter motae.

Gubernatio Africae Australis litem, [[Africa Australis]] contra Israelem, apud [[Tribunal internationale Hagense|Curiam Internationalem Iustitiae]] (CIJ) die [[2 Ianuarii]] anni [[2024]] instituit, pro violationem [[Conventio de genocidio praeveniendo et puniendo|Conventionis de Genocidio]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67866342 Israel to fight South Africa's Gaza genocide claim in court]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{NexInt}}
*[[Bellum Israëlianum-Hamasianum anni 2023]]
&lt;!--?--&gt;

[[Categoria:Historia Israelis]]
[[Categoria:Mali casus]]
[[Categoria:Palaestina]]</text>
      <sha1>mwsd7pv7kt8qkhw5417f7o71fxydwah</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>320925</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991448</id>
      <parentid>3987836</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T23:07:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Protected &quot;[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve]]&quot;: Formula, suam substitutionem protrahens, si male mutatur damnum facere potest ([Recensio=Sinere solum magistratus] (infinita) [Motio=Sinere solum magistratus] (infinita))</comment>
      <origin>3987836</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2522" sha1="2kpvt4v36f4nnw4rq2ar4o5qkas8fqn" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#if:{{{1|}}}
	| {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#invoke:params|
		trimming_values|
		discarding|propositum|
		reassigning|Wikidata|d|rename|
		reassigning|wikidata|d|rename|
		entering_substack|new|
			pulling|2|
			detaching_substack|
			providing|2||
			reassigning|2|#verba-primigenia|rename|
			entering_substack|
				reassigning|#verba-primigenia|#verba-ostendenda|rename|
				entering_substack|
					with_value_matching|&lt;&gt;|strict|
					detaching_substack|
					mixing_names_and_values|#nomen-venturum|praevalebit|
					providing|#nomen-venturum|rejicietur|
				merging_substack|
				providing|#verba-ostendenda||
			merging_substack|
		leaving_substack|
		entering_substack|new|
			pulling|1|
			detaching_substack|
			renaming_by_mixing|$@|
			renaming_by_replacing|^(.).*$|%1|1|
			renaming_to_uppercase|
			mapping_by_replacing|^.(.*)$|%1|1|
			mixing_names_and_values|#forma-canonica-desiderata|$#$@|
		leaving_substack|
		snapshotting|entering_substack|
			entering_substack|new|
				pulling|qid|
				pulling|d|
				detaching_substack|
				mapping_by_invoking|vicidata|eadem_tessera_si_exsistit_aut_nihil|
				with_value_not_matching|^%s*$|
				renaming_by_mixing|#qid|
				snapshotting|
				reassigning|#qid|NOMEN_CADUCUM|rename|
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				mixing_names_and_values|NOMEN_CADUCUM|$#wiki&lt;&lt;&gt;&gt;$@|
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			keeping_at_most|1|
			mixing_names_and_values|NOMEN_CADUCUM|$@wiki&lt;&lt;&gt;&gt;{{{1}}}|
			flushing|
			entering_substack|
				detaching_substack|
			dropping_substack|
			reinterpreting|NOMEN_CADUCUM|splitter_string||setter_string|&lt;&lt;&gt;&gt;|trim_all|
			mapping_by_invoking|vicidata|tessera|names_and_values_as|2|1|
			with_value_not_matching|^%s*$|
			renaming_by_mixing|#qid|
			flushing|
			snapshotting|entering_substack|
				reassigning|#qid|#instantia-iam-creata|rename|
				mapping_by_invoking|vicidata|titulus_barbarus|values_only_as|tessera|let|1|lawiki|
			merging_substack|
			providing|#qid||
		merging_substack|
		discarding|qid|
		squeezing|
		flushing|
		flushing|
		concat_and_call|Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve/bivium
			| #titulus-iam-creatus = {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#ifexist:{{{1}}}|{{{1}}}}}
			| #pagina-desiderata = {{{1}}}
			| #propositum = {{{propositum|}}}
	}}
	| {{Error|Error: Nomen paginae Latinae ({{para|1}}) abest.}}
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>2kpvt4v36f4nnw4rq2ar4o5qkas8fqn</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve/bivium</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>320926</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991449</id>
      <parentid>3988041</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T23:08:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Protected &quot;[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve/bivium]]&quot;: Formula, suam substitutionem protrahens, si male mutatur damnum facere potest ([Recensio=Sinere solum magistratus] (infinita) [Motio=Sinere solum magistratus] (infinita))</comment>
      <origin>3988041</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5495" sha1="cis6qhj6xz2gmdj9x492suy7dtdahc4" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#if:{{{#instantia-iam-creata|}}}
	| {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#ifeq:{{{#nomen-venturum}}}|praevalebit
		| {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#ifeq:{{{#forma-canonica-desiderata}}}|{{{#pagina-desiderata}}}
			| [[{{{#instantia-iam-creata}}}]]
			| [[{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;lcfirst:{{{#instantia-iam-creata}}}}}]]
		}}
		| {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#if:

			{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#ifeq:{{{#forma-canonica-desiderata}}}|{{{#instantia-iam-creata}}}
				| + 
				| {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#ifeq:{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#invoke:redirection|get_target_page|{{{#forma-canonica-desiderata}}}}}|{{{#instantia-iam-creata|}}}
					| +
				}}
			}}

			| {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#if:{{{#verba-ostendenda|}}}
				| {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#ifeq:{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;ucfirst:{{{#verba-ostendenda}}}}}|{{{#forma-canonica-desiderata}}}
					| [[{{{#verba-ostendenda}}}]]
					| [[{{{#pagina-desiderata}}}|{{{#verba-ostendenda}}}]]
				}}
				| [[{{{#pagina-desiderata}}}]]
			}}
			| {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#if:{{{#verba-ostendenda|}}}
				| {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#ifeq:{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;ucfirst:{{{#verba-ostendenda}}}}}|{{{#instantia-iam-creata}}}
					| [[{{{#verba-ostendenda}}}]]
					| [[{{{#instantia-iam-creata}}}|{{{#verba-ostendenda}}}]]
				}}
				| [[{{{#instantia-iam-creata}}}|{{{#pagina-desiderata}}}]]
			}}
		}}

	}}{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#ifeq:{{{#propositum|}}}|exhibitio||{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Si in substitutione||{{Recensio vacua exspectatur|summarium=Formulam {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve]]}} detraxi, quia pagina creata est.}}}}}}
	| {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#if:{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Si in substitutione|/}}
		| &lt;noinclude /&gt;{&lt;noinclude /&gt;{&lt;noinclude /&gt;safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;!}}{{{#pagina-desiderata}}}{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;!}}{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#if:{{{#verba-primigenia|}}}
			| {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#ifeq:{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;ucfirst:{{{#verba-ostendenda}}}}}|{{{#forma-canonica-desiderata}}}
				|
				| {{{#verba-primigenia}}}
			}}
		}}{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#if:{{{#qid|}}}
			| {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#invoke:params|
				with_name_not_matching|^#|
				entering_substack|
					excluding_numeric_names|
					detaching_substack|
					mapping_by_mixing|$#|
				leaving_substack|
				renaming_by_mixing|$@|
				flushing|
				discarding||
				all_sorted|
				for_each|{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;!}}$#}}{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;!}}qid{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;=}}{{{#qid}}}
			| {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#invoke:params|
				excluding_numeric_names|
				with_name_not_matching|^#|
				with_value_not_matching||strict|
				all_sorted|
				setting|hi/p|{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;!}}|{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;=}}|
				list
			}}
		}}&lt;noinclude /&gt;}&lt;noinclude /&gt;}&lt;noinclude /&gt;
		| {{#if:{{{#qid|}}}
			| {{#if:{{{#verba-ostendenda|}}}
				| [[{{{#pagina-desiderata}}}|{{{#verba-ostendenda|}}}]]
				| [[{{{#pagina-desiderata}}}]]
			}}{{Sin secus
				| 1 = {{#invoke:params|
					with_name_not_matching|^#|
					entering_substack|
						excluding_numeric_names|
						detaching_substack|
					leaving_substack|
					renaming_by_mixing|$@|
					flushing|
					discarding||
					entering_substack|new|
						pulling|d|
						detaching_substack|
						mapping_by_calling|Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve/nexus|
							names_only_as|lingua|
							let|pagina|{{{#qid}}}#sitelinks-wikipedia|
							let|latine|{{{#pagina-desiderata}}}|
							let|propositum|{{{#propositum}}}|
					leaving_substack|
					mapping_by_calling|Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve/legatio|names_only|
						let|#qid|{{{#qid}}}|
						let|#latine|{{{#pagina-desiderata}}}|
					flushing|
					all_sorted|
					list_values
				}}
				| 2 = &lt;sup style=&quot;font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;[[:d:{{{#qid}}}#sitelinks-wikipedia|(d)]]&lt;/sup&gt;
				| 3 = &lt;sup style=&quot;font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;
				| 4 = &lt;/sup&gt;
			}}{{#if:{{{#titulus-iam-creatus|}}}|{{Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve/nectenda|qid={{{#qid}}}|propositum={{{#propositum}}}}}}}
			| {{#if:{{{#verba-ostendenda|}}}
				| [[{{{#pagina-desiderata}}}|{{{#verba-ostendenda|}}}]]
				| [[{{{#pagina-desiderata}}}]]
			}}{{#invoke:params|
				excluding_numeric_names|
				with_name_not_matching|^#|
				all_sorted|
				with_value_not_matching||strict|
				mapping_by_calling|Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve/nexus|
					names_and_values_as|lingua|pagina|
					let|latine|{{{#pagina-desiderata}}}|
					let|propositum|{{{#propositum}}}|
				setting|h/f/n|&lt;sup style{{=}}&quot;font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;|&lt;/sup&gt;{{#if:{{{#titulus-iam-creatus|}}}
					| {{Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve/nectenda|qid=|propositum={{{#propositum}}}}}
					| {{#ifeq:{{{#propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Paginae quae ad paginas interviciales sine Vicidatis nectuntur]]}}
				}}|&lt;sup style{{=}}&quot;padding-left: 1px; font-size: .75em; cursor: help; color: #090;&quot; title{{=}}&quot;Significatio huius nexus rubri non intellegitur; adde nexum intervicialem si potes (e.g. ‘…&amp;#124;en&amp;#61;{{Textus planus|{{{#pagina-desiderata}}}}}’).&quot;&gt;&amp;#91;&lt;i&gt;nexus intervicialis desideratur ([[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|auxilium]])&lt;/i&gt;&amp;#93;&lt;/sup&gt;{{#ifeq:{{{#propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Paginae quae nexus internos obscuros exhibent]]}}|
				list_values
			}}
		}}
	}}
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio formulae machinariae}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>cis6qhj6xz2gmdj9x492suy7dtdahc4</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Vicipaedia:Taberna</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>322071</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991262</id>
      <parentid>3990943</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T14:52:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andrew Dalby</username>
        <id>1084</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* IAbot: an recte agit? */ nova pars</comment>
      <origin>3991262</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="48512" sha1="tcdqjxu88b165ar5sihfm44kf5exl2r" xml:space="preserve">{{/Praefatio}}

== De paginis nimis magnis quae formulā {{[[Formula:Augenda|Augenda]]}} utuntur ==
In [[:Categoria:Corrigenda|Categoriam:Corrigenda]] plures subcategoriae formulā {{Fn|Augenda}} stipantur (e.g. [[:Categoria:Augenda a mense Februario 2023]], [[:Categoria:Augenda a mense Ianuario 2024]], [[:Categoria:Augenda a mense Decembri 2025]], et cetera). Inspiciens, multas harum paginarum invenii quae longiores sunt 1000 octobitis (e.g. [[Graecia archaica]]: 2928 octobiti). Quid censeatis si mechanema cum monitu in formulam {{Fn|Augenda}} inseram, ne in paginis longioribus quam 1000 octobitorum adhibeatur? Nam si pagina est satis longa, vanum est legentes monere paginam intra tres menses esse augendam. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:30, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:Pagina de [[Graecia archaica]] (#1) lemmate proprio, (#2) definitione idonea, et (#3) fonte externo caret, et omnis Vicipadia ut videtur (#4) nexibus ad hanc paginam ducentibus caret. That's all four of the formula's four criteria. ¶ For the difference between a stub and more-than-a-stub, the cutoff I've been using has been 2,000 octeti for general articles and 1,900 for articles with a taxobox. I don't recall a consensus on that limit, but articles having 4,000, 5,000, 6,000 octeti have been marked &quot;stipula&quot;; that's likely too high a limit, and I'd suggest that 2,000 (or possibly your 1,000) is a more defensible upper limit for stubs. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 03:15, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:::For example, just today, someone added &quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{urbs-stipula}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot; to the article on [[Barcino]], which already had more than 3,500 octeti! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 15:04, 28 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:::: ''Stipulae'' are not problematic from an administrative point of view, because in theory they can remain as such forever. Barcellona is an important city with a lot of history that can be written in an encyclopedia, it can be understandable if someone feels that the current page can be greatly improved. Instead, what scares me about the {{Fn|Augenda}} template is that it is not only an invitation to improve pages, it also asks us to delete pages after three months (which is why it should be used with care). --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:57, 28 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:::::Then why not change the verb from ''will'' to ''may'' or introduce some other indication of indeterminacy? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 16:31, 28 Februarii 2026 (UTC) 
:: [[Usor:IacobusAmor|Iacobus]], we can set any limit we want, but what I think makes little sense is saying that a page must be increased within three months, but then after three months nothing happens and the categories above keep growing. We must set a realistic (relatively low) threshold and then, after that, be ready to '''delete''' the pages that do not respect our threshold (in [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 35#De novo spatio nominali adumbrationum proponendo|another thread]] I had proposed the &lt;code&gt;adumbratio:&lt;/code&gt; namespace where after three months all these “augenda” pages can be moved, but that is a separate topic). A page like [[Graecia archaica]] only needs relatively little work to be adjusted—certainly does not deserve to be deleted. What I want to stress here is that every time you add {{Fn|Augenda}} to a page you are basically saying “If the page stays like this, I am okay if after three months it gets deleted”. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 03:58, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:::That's correct, but I heartily endorse a separate namespace, a kind of purgatory, where such pages can go until they've become worthy of standing in the mainspace. As a rule, I don't work on formulas, so I likely had nothing to do with the wording of this one, but three months must have been the original consensus. If memory serves, @Andrew Dalby and perhaps others have occasionally enforced the three-month rule, though sometimes after well more than three months have elapsed. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 13:08, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:::: Intellego. Novum spatium nominale a “Phabricatore” petiturus sum. Quid censeres si in paginis amplioribus (e.g. inter 2000 et 1000) formulā {{Fn|Nondum stipula}} (quae nullam categoriam cum tempore praefinito imponit) pro formulā {{Fn|Augenda}} utereris? Aut aliam novam formulam quoque nobis excogitare licet. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:57, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
::::: {{Tpe|Nova}} Hic nuper petivi ut novum spatium nominale adumbrationum crearetur: [[phab:T418706|New “Draft” namespace for lawiki: “Adumbratio”]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 01:01, 2 Martii 2026 (UTC)
:::::: {{Tpe|Novissima}} Euax! Spatium nominale adumbrationum [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|habemus]]! Textus paginae [[MediaWiki:Noarticletext]] nobis sic mutandus est ut adumbrationes, si exsistunt, detegantur. Postea aliquid excogitabo. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 19:34, 2 Martii 2026 (UTC)
@[[Usor:IacobusAmor|Iacobe]]: What would you think if we created a &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Pagina neglecta}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; template, and established that when we find a page that was created more than three months ago (e.g. [[Agrinium]], created in 2004!), instead of {{Fn|Augenda}} we add the new template instead? The &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Pagina neglecta}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; template could look more or less like this:

{{Capsa annuntiationis
	| color = #7f83d7
	| pigmentum = #f3f4fb
	| imago = P writing.svg
	| 1 =

'''Commentationem neglectam augeamus!'''

Haec commentatio longe neglecta videtur mansa esse. Sodes, adiuva paginam augere!

}}

We can then have [[:Categoria:Paginae neglectae]], where all these pages will be automatically collected. I am proposing this because I think that it makes little sense to warn that a page that was created 22 years ago must be improved within three months! It will be an empty warning. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:40, 9 Martii 2026 (UTC)
:That might be useful. How would it differ from the Adumbratio solution? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:01, 9 Martii 2026 (UTC)
:: Following [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio|the rules]] that I partly translated from English Wikipedia, we must not move pages that were created long ago to the &lt;code&gt;Adumbratio:&lt;/code&gt; namespace. So the picture should look as follows:
::* '''Case 1:''' The page is is too short and was recently created. We have three possibilities:
::*# We improve it (prefereable solution)
::*# We move it to the &lt;code&gt;Adumbratio:&lt;/code&gt; namespace (less prefereable than improving the page but more prefearable than the following)
::*# We add {{Fn|Augenda}} (less prefereable)
::*#: ↳ If three months after adding {{Fn|Augenda}} nothing has changed we delete the page for real
::* '''Case 2:''' The page is too short and was created more than three months ago. Two possibilities:
::*# We improve it (prefereable solution)
::*# We have no other choice but adding &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Pagina neglecta}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
::*#: ↳ We must take into account that the page might stay like that indefinitely
::* '''Case 3:''' The page was in the &lt;code&gt;Adumbratio:&lt;/code&gt; namespace and was moved to the main namespace prematurely:
::*# We add {{Fn|Augenda}}
::*#: ↳ If after three months nothing has changed we delete the page for real
:: The rationale is that pages that are too old might no longer have someone that checks them and is able to fulfill our expectations. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 12:42, 9 Martii 2026 (UTC)

== De novo spatio adumbrationum ==
{{Collaboratio|Alex1011|Alexander Gerashchenko|Amahoney|Andreas Raether|Andrew Dalby|Aylin|Bartholomite|Bis-Taurinus|Demetrius Talpa|Giorno2|IacobusAmor|Ioscius|Iustinus|Lesgles|LilyKitty|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Neander|Pippobuono|Rafaelgarcia|Sigur|Utilo|UV|Xaverius
	| alacres = IacobusAmor
	| alacritas = mensis
	| res = Magistratūs usoresque strenuos vocavi. Veniam peto si alicuius oblitus sum.
	| subscriptio = [[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:43, 3 Martii 2026 (UTC)
}}

Nuper novum spatium nominale &lt;code&gt;Adumbratio:&lt;/code&gt; condidimus. Nunc oportet regulas nostras definire. Apud [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] paginam Anglicam [[:en:Wikipedia:Drafts]] partim verti, sed de nostra propria ratione consentiendum est.

Notandum est Vicipaediam Anglicam [[:en:Wikipedia:Drafts#Reasons not to move an article to draftspace|regulam habere]] qua vetatur paginam in spatio principali sitam in spatium adumbrationum movere “si commentatio ante plus quam 90 dies creata est”. Re quidem vera, nuper paginam [[Alkinum]] ad [[Adumbratio:Alkinum]] movi (praesertim ad lineamenta technica novi spatii nominalis experienda), attamen mihi visum est parum rectum paginam anno 2006 creatam (et [[Vicipaedia:Paginae quas omnibus Vicipaediis contineri oportet/Expansio#Materies chemicales|quam omnibus Vicipaediis contineri oportet]]!) ibi movere.

Quo facto suasus sum ut nobis vetandum sit formulam {{Fn|Augenda}} paginis ante plus quam tres menses creatis addere. Nam, si pagina nimis brevis olim creata est et usque talis mansit, si nos eam negleximus nec animadvertimus nisi nunc, meā sententiā duae optiones tantum nobis patent: aut eam relinquimus intactam, aut formulam {{Fn|Delenda}} apponimus.

Ceterum, a vobis peto ut paginam [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] inspiciatis, novas regulas proponatis, aut regulas a me scriptas emendetis.

Valete! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:43, 3 Martii 2026 (UTC)

==De loco vel gradu Vicipaediae apud Meta==
Does moving articles counted among the 10,000 most important (like 
&quot;[[Alkinum]]&quot; &amp; &quot;[[Oxidum]]&quot;) into the limbo marked by &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Adumbratio}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; and/or &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Neglecta}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; lower Vicipaedia's score at Meta? (Vide [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias_by_expanded_sample_of_articles|&quot;List of Wikipedias by expanded sample of articles&quot;].) In other words, do they need to remain in the mainspace to boost Vicipaedia's score? ¶ Ten years ago, in March 2016, Vicipaedia was ranked thirty-ninth among all the wikis; at the end of last month, it was ranked fifty-second. This is not an encouraging trend, and deliberately accelerating it might not be considered advisable. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:52, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)
: Hi Iacobus. Moving pages to the &lt;code&gt;Adumbratio:&lt;/code&gt; namespace definitely counts as removing them from the encyclopedia. Adding {{Fn|Pagina neglecta}} (or any other template) instead has no effects. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:09, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)
::&lt;nowiki&gt;{{ping|IacobusAmor}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;, is there a page that specifies the number of articles from this list that we have? -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 19:47, 3 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::{{ping|IacobusAmor}}, idk why my previous ping got wrapped by nowiki. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 19:48, 3 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::Ecce (but it needs to be updated): https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usor:Amahoney/Myrias_epitome [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:04, 3 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::::So, as Grufo says, moving one of the &quot;10,000&quot; pages into Adumbratio space removes it from the encyclopedia and from the score that Iacobus mentions. In the case of a page in that list, maybe it's better for it to be in mainspace, with a warning template (''neglecta/augenda/...'') on it? If it's in mainspace, more editors might see it and be tempted to improve it. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:29, 14 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::::: Hi Andrew. Indeed. When I created the page [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] by (partially) translating [[:en:Wikipedia:Drafts]], I also translated the rule that a page can be moved away from the mainspace to the &lt;code&gt;Adumbratio:&lt;/code&gt; namespace only if it is a newly created page (&lt; 90 days). So pages that have long been among our 10000 pages are safe. P.S. The rules in [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] still need our consensus, so if you have time, please give that page a look. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:58, 14 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== Template:Weather box ==
{{Excepta|Vicipaedia:Officina|Template:Weather box|Locus opportunior --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]]}}

== Quid significat expectatio vacuae mutationis? ==

Dicitur in pagina [[Topologia classium punctorum]] quod &quot;Haec pagina mutationem vacuam expectat&quot;. Et rogat me, &quot;nihil tangens&quot;, sibi ostendere mutationes.

Ad quem dirigitur haec monitio, et quas mutationes oportet eum sibi ostendere? Non intelligo. [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 04:29, 19 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

: Salve, [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]. Illa icon significat vicitextum &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Spatium topologicum|spatia topologica|en|qid=Q179899}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; ad hunc vicitextum, si paginam emendas, sponte mutatum iri: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;[[Spatium topologicum|spatia topologica]]&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; (vide [[Special:Diff/3954206/3955454|meam ultimam recensionem]] et documentationem formulae {{fsn|pcc}}), quoniam nunc [[Spatium topologicum|paginam]] habemus quae cum entitate Vicidatorum [[:d:Q179899]] nectitur. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 04:44, 19 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::Gratias habeo—mirum tamen mihi videtur, quod substitutio &quot;cref&quot; tantum unam tesseram (siquidem recte lexi) sumat ut argumentum. Quomodo ergo facio, si notam duos habeat nexus ad paginas creatas?--[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:29, 20 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::: Immo, infinitatem tesserarum formula {{fsn|cref}} accipit. Vide, exempli gratia, hanc annotationem in pagina “[[Carpates]]”, ubi sunt ambae entitates [[:d:Q6776713]] et [[:d:Q11699202]]:
:::: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1={{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Martinus Szent-Ivany|Martini Szent-Ivany|hu|qid=Q6776713}} [...] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Gabriel Rzaczynski|Gabrielis Rzączyński|pl|qid=Q11699202}} [...]|2=Q6776713|3=Q11699202}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
::: Vide etiam {{Caput|Formula:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|Quomodo tesseram invenio?}}. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:43, 20 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== Annon corrigere possumus titulos &quot;instrumentorum&quot;? ==

Exempli gratia: video unum &quot;instrumentum&quot; appellari &quot;Paginam prehendere formá PDF&quot;. Videtur mihi hic titulus mendam habere et corrigi posse accentus acutus ad macron. Sed nescio utrum corrigibilis sit ab usoribus. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:47, 24 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
: Salve [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]. Usoribus non licet [[Specialis:Nuntia systematis|nuntia systematis]] recensere (vide etiam &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[{{fullurl:Special:Allpages|namespace=8}} spatium “&lt;code&gt;MediaWiki:&lt;/code&gt;”]&lt;/span&gt;), sed usores possunt a magistratibus petere ut nuntia recenseant (et multa nuntia exstant quae meliora facere aut etiam omnino vertere oportet!). Non invenio ubi “Paginam prehendere formá PDF” iaceat; fortasse @[[Usor:UV|UV]] adiuvare potest. P.S. “accentus acutus” revera est [[Apex (orthographia Latina)|apex]], forma antiquior [[macron|macri]]; attamen concordo uniformia signa diacritica nobis esse sequenda. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:42, 24 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::Non potest prehendere paginas disputationum formā PDF. Sed paginas encyclopediae possumus; e.g. [[Macron]]. At ibi apparet &quot;Paginam prehendere formá PDF&quot;. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 02:04, 26 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::: Nexum video, sed quid nuntium gignat non invenio. Exempli gratia, [[MediaWiki:Contributions|haec pagina]] nuntium “User contributions” ad nuntium Latinum “Conlationes usoris” vertit; sed quid vertit “Download PDF” ad “Paginam prehendere formá PDF”? Nescio. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:44, 26 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::Ignosce inclaritatem meam—sed prime (ut ita dicam) &quot;Instrumenta&quot; et videbis instrumentorum titulos. Titulus primus (ut mihi ostenduntur) est &quot;Movere&quot;; titulus novissimus est &quot;Res Wikidata&quot;; et unus titulorum est &quot;Paginam prehendere formá PDF&quot;. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:46, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::: @[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]: Ut dixi, oculis meis textum video, sed ignoro e qua pagina aut e quo nuntio systematis oriatur. Nequeo textum corrigere si nescio quid mihi sit emendandum. Conatus sum aliqua similia nuntia vertere ([[MediaWiki:Wikisource-download-pdf|#1]], [[MediaWiki:Minerva-download|#2]], [[MediaWiki:Electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-print-text|#3]], [[MediaWiki:Electronpdfservice-download-label|#4]], [[MediaWiki:Electronpdfservice-special-page-headline|#5]]), sed nuntium quod quaeris non inveni. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:54, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::::bzgrep utebar perlegere totam Vicipaediam Latinam; non tamen inveni.  Mirum! --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:25, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::::: @[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]: Potesne, quaeso, etiam situm https://translatewiki.net/ per “bzgrep” inspicere? Etiam illic non inveni textum. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:28, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::::::[https://translatewiki.net/wiki/MediaWiki:Coll-download_as/la Fontem] inveni huius textus, non autem bzgrep utens. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:12, 28 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::::::: Gratias tibi ago. Correxi. Post paucos dies abhinc nova translatio etiam in Vicipaedia Latina ostendetur. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 01:34, 28 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::::::::Fortasse nostis [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/MediaWiki?uselang=qqx hunc nexum] per quem tandem inveni. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:37, 28 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== Regula generalis de intellegentia artificiali ==
[[:meta:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|Apud MetaVici disputatur]] utrum regula generalis de intellegentiae artificialis usu introducenda sit necne. Quum etiam nos tanget, vos hortor ut sententias vestras feratis. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:42, 26 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

:Non penitus intelligo quomodo nos tangeat. Annon iam habemus regulam de plasmatibus (ut ita dicam) linguarum? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:50, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:: Regulae globales omnes Vicipaedias afficiunt, atque illa regula proponitur globalis. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:56, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::Gratias habeo; nonne autem, si Vicipaedia Latina haberet regulam, supersedeat regulam generalem? Et simili modo respectu aliarum Vicipaediarum? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:01, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::: Non sum certus, sed timeo ne regulae globales vincant. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 01:05, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::::Ita; intelligo. Scisne utrum restrictionem an laxationem habeat favorem iuris? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:12, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::::: Apud Vicipaediam Latinam nulla est regula scripta; paginae tamen quae omnino intellegentiā artificiali sine ulla humana recensione vertuntur pittacio {{Fn|Pagina autotranslata}} signantur atque post unam hebdomadam delentur. Prima regula globalis proposita mihi videtur hoc tantum postulare, ut, ''praeter translationes'', usus intellegentiae artificialis aperte declaretur. Altera autem regula globalis vetat intellegentiā artificiali ūtī ''nisi in translationibus''. Meā sententiā, hoc nobis incommodum contrarium efficit, quia hic magnopere laboramus ad translationes machinarias moderandas; alii autem usūs intellegentiae artificialis nobis non sunt incommodo. Non puto magni rēferre usum ipsum declarare, sed potius oportere responsa intellegentiae artificialis diligenter inspicere ac recensere. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 01:45, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== Quomodo melius invenire titula proposita pro articulo nondum existente? ==

Volui creare articulum pro &quot;poset&quot; (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q474715).

Scio, quod est formula &quot;subst:pcc&quot; alicubi in hac Vicipaedia per quam statuitur titulum huius articuli. Sed nescio, et &quot;bzgrep&quot; iterum inutilis est.

Estne methodus inventionis talium &quot;titulorum articulorum nondum existentium&quot;? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 04:47, 30 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

: Formula {{fsn|pcc}} nescit quod nomen Latinum novae paginae (“nexui rubro”) assignandum sit, istud erit tibi eligendum. Ad formulam adhibendam tibi sufficiet titulum Latinum et linguā aliā scribere. E.g.:
:: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:pcc|en=Partially ordered set|Aggregatio partim ordinata}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
::: ↳ {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Aggregatio partim ordinata||en|qid=Q474715}}
: Aut, si vis, potes autem tesseram Vicidatorum praebere:
:: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:pcc|Aggregatio partim ordinata||en|qid=Q474715}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
::: ↳ {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Aggregatio partim ordinata||en|qid=Q474715}}
: Non exstat ullus index paginarum creandarum. Nomina inveniuntur simul ac paginae creantur. Attamen, si quis paginam “Aggregatio partim ordinat'''issima'''” postea creet at ad [[:d:Q474715]] eam nectat, pagina ubi nexus ruber “Aggregatio partim ordinata” ostendebatur nunc ad paginam “Aggregatio partim ordinatissima” nectetur. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 06:13, 30 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== Quomodo citare librum, quod numerum librarium uniformem inter gentes caret? ==

[[Cancellum (mathematica)|Hac pagina]] conor citare librum quoddam, sed caret ISBN/NLUIG. Habet tamen numerum Catalogii Librarii Congressus (LCCN), sed nescio quomodo hanc numerum affigere rei citatae.

Multas habeo gratias pro auxilio vestro! --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 02:09, 18 Maii 2026 (UTC)

== Num verbum natio Anglico verbo “nation” respondet? ==
Salvete omnes! Hic scribo nec in [[Disputatio:Natio|pagina disputationis]] quod hoc verbum in multis commentariis est. Secundum [https://archive.org/details/practicalint00arno/page/41/mode/1up librum Arnoldi] “Natio is rarely used of a civilised and organised nation ; it means a people, or tribe, sprung from one race, of the same blood (nascor).” Secundum dictionarium “Cassell’s Latin Dictionary Latin-English English-Latin” natio significat “a tribe, race, people, esp. uncivilized”, et verbum Anglicum nation significat “populus, gens (=people, stock), civitas (=body of citizens), respublica (=state), natio (=tribe, not highly civilized)”. Liber Arnoldi quoque monet ut iis vocabulis Latinis utamur. Commentarius [[Natio|natio]] illud Ciceronis habet: “Omnēs nātiōnēs servitūtem ferre possunt, nostra cīvitās nōn potest; …” in quo orator optimus populum Romanum a nationibus distinguet. Quid vobis videtur de hac re? Valete! -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 20:58, 29 Maii 2026 (UTC)

:Haec &quot;natio&quot; a primis temporibus Vicipaediae originem obscuram ducit, mihi non placet, sed permulta corrigenda sunt, si eam mutare volumus. Civitas (de civibus), civitas sui iuris? [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 22:09, 29 Maii 2026 (UTC)
:: Aut etiam possibile est dicere, etiam secundum linguas recentiores, ipsam notionem “nationis” quodammodo “civitati” adversari. Id est, sunt qui putent, etiam linguis hodiernis, “nationem” (Anglice ''nation'', Italice ''nazione'', et cetera) semper aliquid minus civile quam “civitatem” (Anglice ''state'', Italice ''Stato'', et cetera), immo vero tribale, significare. Cum hoc tamen concordo, paginam illam nimis veterem esse atque redintegrandam. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:41, 29 Maii 2026 (UTC)
:::Melius est quaedam omittere quam nihil corrigere. Video nos habere commentarios qui vocantur [[Civitas]] (Ang. [[w:en:State (polity)]]), [[Gens]] (Ang. [[w:en:Gens]], nescio cur hic commentarius Latine non sit solis de gentibus Romanis), [[Populus]] (Ang. [[w:en:People]]), [[Res publica]] (Ang. [[w:en:Republic]]), et [[Tribus (anthropologia)]] ([[w:en:Tribe]]). Secundum dictionarium “Cassell’s Latin Dictionary”, tribus significat”originally a third part if the Roman people. Hence a tribe, a division of the Roman people …”. Hoc dictionarium monet ut verbo “natio” vel verbo “gens” utamur si scribere “tribe” velimus nec de tribubus Romanis scribamus. Vero non possum novum nomen commentarii [[Natio]] commendare quod nescio cur vikipedia tot commentarios habeat. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 14:38, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC)
::::Pagina non est delenda, si hoc consulis. &quot;Natio&quot; [http://lexica.linguax.com/forc2.php?searchedLG=natio verbum est Latinum], cur id ne explicemus. Si nexum intervicialem ad paginam Anglicam male congruere putas, ita est, non perfectissime congruit. Sed cum de notionibus abstractis agitur, nexus interviciales saepius tales sunt. Hoc malum in Vicipaediα inevitabile est et hoc non est malum, si res explicatur. Paginae ipsius loca quaedam corrigenda est, Ciceronis interpretatio mutanda, et, quod maxime interest, inter [[Specialis:Nexus_ad_paginam/Natio|nexus ad eam]] hi multi corrigendi sunt, ubi &quot;natio&quot; in modum Anglicum civitatem sui iuris significat. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 18:22, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC)
:::::Pagina scilicet delenda non est. Vidi paginas in Vikipedia Hebraica et Ucrainica ad paginam Anglicam bene congruere nec nostram paginam. Natio est verbum Latinum, cuius sensu Latino uti debemus, nec sensi Anglico. Delere nolo sed mutare et fortasse movere. Eo consilio hunc sermonem coepi ut sensibus Latinis verborum uteremur. Vero nescio cur Vikipedia Anglica tot paginas habeat et quid sit discrimen inter “nation” et “state”, propter quod non possum verbum meliorum commendare. Potestne pagina Anglica nostrae paginae [[Natio]] esse [[w:en:Tribe]]? Tribus quoque verbum Latinum est sed secundum dictionarium non idem significat et verbum Anglicum tribe. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 19:24, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC)
:::::: ''Tribus'' est quaedam divisio populi, non tota natio ([https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry=tribus]). Possum falli, sed secundum illam Ciceronis sententiam (“Omnēs nātiōnēs servitūtem ferre possunt …”) mihi videtur praecipua differentia inter ''civitatem'' et ''nationem'' hoc esse, quod ''civitas'' rem publicam civium significat, ''nationes'' autem alios populos tamquam gentes spectatos. Ita ''civitas'' erat Roma, ''nationes'' erant ceteri populi. P.S. {{*Cfr}} etiam “eruditissima illa Graecorum natio” (Cic.). Nam Graecis erat una natio sed plures civitates. Hoc usu vocabulum mihi videtur fere eodem sensu adhiberi ac in linguis hodiernis. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 23:07, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::Nexus interviciales perutiles sunt (ad minimum, lectores novos nobis dirigunt!) sed non nos regunt. Omnis lingua, sicut [[civitas sui iuris]], libera est. Debemus (1) verba Latina Latinitate classica definire (2) alia verba quibus significationes cognatae sunt (e.g. gens, tribus, civitas) distinguere, nexibus datis (3) significationes apud Latinistas recentiores explicare, si differunt (4) praeter alia, de re principali pellucide disserere.
:::::::Cicero his verbis, ''omnes nationes servitutem fere possunt: nostra civitas non potest'' (Phil. 10.10.20) inter ''nationes'' et ''nostram civitatem'' quoquomodo distinguere videtur ... sed alibi ''omnes &lt;u&gt;exteras&lt;/u&gt; nationes'' et ''eruditissimam Graecorum nationem'' indicat (Imp. Pomp. 11.31; De Or. 2.4.18) -- unde intellego, apud Ciceronem, plures ''nationes'' exstitisse tam sub imperio S.P.Q.R. quam extra limites. Ex his sententiis, si volumus, inter civitatem et nationem facile erit distinguere: sed inter ''populos'' et ''nationes'' ...? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 09:06, 1 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::Nolite oblivisci ''gentes''&amp;thinsp;! Cassell's nobis dicit (p. 742) ''international law'' locutionem Anglicam nostra lingua esse ''ius gentium,'' ac Traupman (ed. 3, p. 575) nobis dicit ''international'' ipsum verbum Anglicum esse ''inter gentes.'' [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:12, 1 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::Sententias vestras perlegi et commentarium inveni [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311975311_On_the_Roman_Concept_of_Natio “On the Roman Concept of Natio”] quem quoque legi, et iam intellego quanta difficilis sit haec res. In libro Arnoldi et in dictionario legi nationem esse “esp. uncivilized”, nec autores Romanos scripisisse Nationem Romanam. Putavi nationem esse tribe nec unquam civilised nation. Iam nesio a bonus sit hic nexus. Veritus sum ne homines dum Latine scribebant solis nexibus uterentur, nec deliberarent quid sit verbum optimum. De pagina nostra [[Respublica]] vos consulere quoque volo. Secundum dictionarium “Cassell’s Latin Dictionary” “'''republic''' ''respublica'', ''civitas'' (= state, simply): a —, as opp. to other forms of government, ''respublica'' (or ''civitas''” ''libera'' or ''popularis''.” Respublica et civitas idem significare mihi videntur. Nonne melius est movere hanc paginam ut novem nomen sit Respublica popularis? Haec res non est solo de nexu sed quoque de ipsa pagina. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:38, 1 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::::Fortasse, sed iam est commentarius de &quot;People's republic&quot; in vicipaedia Anglica. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:31, 1 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::::: De differentia inter ''gentem'' et ''nationem'' conferatur etiam {{LTL|natio|335}}: “A ''gente'' aliquando ita differt, ut genus a specie: ''gens'' enim latius patet, et plures nationes complectitur, ut ''gens'' Graeca habet Atticos, Boeotos, Thebanos, qui ejusdem gentis nationes sunt.” Saepissime tamen gens et natio sunt synonyma. @[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]: Graeci non erant “uncivilized”, attamen erant natio vel plures nationes. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:53, 2 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::::Multae paginae in Vicipaedia connexae sunt; ''United Nations'' vertitur ut [[Nationes Unitae]], multis cum fontibus (duabus encyclicis aliisque). Hoc mutare nequimus, et pagina de [[natio]]ne nec huic sensui contradicere debet; haec causa, cur paginae Anglicae '&quot;Nation&quot; ceterisque de hac natione moderna narrantibus alliganda sit. Sed de pagina [[Nationes mundi]], exempli gratia, iam dubito, et &quot;civitates mundi&quot; nationibus praeferam, [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 20:50, 4 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::Iam intellego. Huic sensu, quo utuntur encyclici, contradicere scilicet nequimus. Gratias omnibus vobis ago quia mihi hanc rem explanavistis. 
:::::::::::{{ping|Grufo}}, Quaesivi nec inveni ubi Cicero nationem Graecam scripserit. Testimonium encyclicorum mihi videtur bonum esse, scire tamen volo ubi orator optimus his verbis usus sit. 
:::::::::::Valete. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 21:14, 5 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::: @[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]: {{Op|[[De oratore]]}}, {{Vf|De oratore/Liber II|18|2.4.18}}: “eruditissima illa Graecorum natio”. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:09, 5 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::::Gratias tibi ago! -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:45, 7 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::De commentario qui [[Nationes mundi]] (Anglice [[w:en:List of sovereign states|List of sovereign states]]) vocatur, nonne melius nomen est “''Index civitatum sui iuris''”? 
:::::::::::Vide commentarios:
:::::::::::* [[Civitas sui iuris]]
:::::::::::* [[Index communium Badeniae et Virtembergiae]]
:::::::::::* [[Index urbium et communium Rhenaniae et Palatinatus]]
:::::::::::* [[Index fluviorum Germaniae]]
:::::::::::* [[Index asteroidum]]
:::::::::::* [[Index siglorum ordinum ecclesiae catholicae]]
:::::::::::Hic commentarius est index. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 16:50, 9 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::::::Sic, [[Index civitatum sui iuris]] bonum nomen est, multae paginae huius generis in Vicipaedia Latina &quot;indices&quot; nominantur. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 19:47, 9 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::::Vobis consentio. Hanc paginam satis antiquam renominare oportet. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:39, 10 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::::::::Utrum possumus paginam renominate an oportet [[Formula:Movenda]] utere? -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:21, 10 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::Formula ad disputandum in pagina disputationis ponitur, sed nunc hic erat disputaio, fornula non necessaria est. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 15:55, 10 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::: Paginam movi. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:02, 10 Iunii 2026 (UTC)

== &quot;-karyotica&quot; vel &quot;-caryotica&quot;? ==
In pagina de [[Cellula|cellulis]] ambae formae extant. Videtur mihi melius, si unicam noscamus formam. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 03:14, 16 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:&quot;-caryotica&quot; melius. Vocabulum est antiquum, Graecae originis (κάρυον), nullae sunt causae, ut &quot;k&quot; scribatur. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 12:05, 17 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::Consentio. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:16, 17 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::&quot;nullae sunt causae&quot;: consentiebam imprimis sed nunc occursit mihi formae &quot;-karyota&quot; esse in taxonomia Linnaeana. Etenim (cuius ratione fortasse) redirigitur [[Eucaryota]] ad &quot;Eukaryota&quot; et [[Procaryota]] ad &quot;Prokaryota&quot;. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:38, 20 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::Si alterum rectum est, alterum fontibus biloolgicis testatum, unum eligere non possumus, eligas, quod velis. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 07:10, 20 Iunii 2026 (UTC)

== Pagina mensis Iulii 2026 abest ==
{{Excepta|Disputatio Vicipaediae:Pagina mensis|2026}}

== Paginae de praenominibus: lemmata typis italicis necne? ==
In disputatione {{caput|Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|Carolus: Cur titulus italicus?}}, noster [[Usor:IacobusAmor|Iacobus]] suadet ut lemmata qualia illa paginarum de praenominibus scribantur typis italicis. Ego nescio quid sit faciendum. Praenomina apud Vicipaediam Anglicam et alibi non scribuntur typis italicis (e.g. [[:en:Martin (name)]]), sed nobis licet aliam regulam nostram statuere. Attamen, si hanc conventionem adoptamus, oportebit eam ubique adhibere, atque multae paginae emendandae erunt. Quid dicatis? Censeatisne lemmata in paginis de praenominibus scribenda esse typis italicis? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:34, 18 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
:::And yet, Grufo, in the article that you cite (&quot;[[:en:Martin (name)]]&quot;), you'll find this heading: &quot;The name ''Martin'' in different regions&quot;! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:50, 18 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
:::: I am not against using italics for words cited as words, I am just wondering whether ''the page's lemma'' should be italicized (i.e. &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Titulus italicus}} ... {{ires|Martinus}} est praenomen ...&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;). Having somewhere below the lead something like &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;Nomen ''Martinus'' ...&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, seems pretty fine to me, especially when discussing etimologies. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:01, 19 Augusti 2026 (UTC)

:Non, hoc insolitum est, multos annos Vicipaedia sine hoc italico vivebat. Argumentum Jacobi est: 
:* Leo XIV est pontifex, sed eius nomen familiare est ''Robertus'' (vel &quot;Robertus&quot;), — 
:hic de praenomine ut nomine, non de homine vel de re agitur, hic scriptura italica vel virgulae possibiles sunt. Sed pagina de ipso praenomine hoc praenomen ut rem describendam tractat.  Nullae sunt causae, ut huius generis paginarum formam mutemus. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 17:10, 18 Augusti 2026 (UTC)

:::Iste locus omnino rectus non est. &quot;''Robertus'' (vel &quot;Robertus&quot;)&quot; non scripsi. Quod scripsi est:
::::[[Leo XIV]] est [[Episcopus Romanus]], sed eius nomen familiare est ''Robertus.''
:::At least in English, and in the English wikipedia, words cited as words are customarily italicized (not quoted); however, as noted in effect by Grufo, many writers, including those of the English wikipedia, make an exception for capitalized nouns. Much of the time, that's perhaps unobjectionable, as it doesn't lead to misreading, but it can generate curious locutions, for example:
::::Henry Edward Manning has been translated '[[Henricus Eduardus Manning]].'
:::This is curious because, for people reading these words for the first time, the lack of italics in the text effectively marks Manning as a human being, not a set of words, and human beings can't be translated, unless, of course, they're bishops, who can indeed be translated (from see to see); but Manning was never a bishop of anywhere except Westminster, so he was never translated—making ''both'' of these sentences true. but ''only'' when italics are selectively deployed:
::::''Henry Edward Manning'' was often translated.
::::Henry Edward Manning was never translated.
:::Granted, this is a rare example, but it's most definitely a valid contrastive minimal pair. In any event, relying on capitalization may prove problematic in general, since many nouns capitalized in the Anglo-German world are ''not'' capitalized in many other languages, and that's &quot;a whole nother can of worms.&quot; [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:38, 18 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
::::Okay, but in the title of a Wikipedia article, the name is not taken as word, but as an object that the article treats. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 09:29, 19 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
:::::That's true. Substantive &quot;Xxxx (nomen)&quot; articles have some reasons not to exist in an encyclopaedia at all: so far as I remember, they exist on Vicipaedia because (a) there is an anonymous contributor who likes creating them, and generally does no harm, (b) they could remain useful as disambiguation pages if they offer links to more than one existing substantive article. I suggest not making any special rule for formatting them here, when there's no such rule on other Wikipedias. Formatting is a distraction, and Latin is light on formatting compared with other modern printed languages. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 07:30, 23 Augusti 2026 (UTC)

== [[:Categoria:Portae]] ==

[[:Categoria:Portae]] nunc includit paginas sui generis, quod vulgo ''portal'' nominatur, sed habemus aliquot paginas de portis veris, de aedificiis huius generis ([[Porta Aurea]], [[Porta nigra]], [[Porta Praenestina]], [[Porta Brandenburgensis]], [[Porta Graach]] etc.) Puto categoriae portalium aliud nomen dandum esse, e.g. &quot;Portae Vicipaedianae&quot;, &quot;Portae (Vicipaedia)&quot;, in [[:categoria:Portae]] autem portas veras colligendas. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 09:57, 21 Augusti 2026 (UTC) &lt;!-- Si nomen tuum addere vis, tantummodo substitue “subst:Assenserunt” in locum verbi “Assenserunt” hic: --&gt;{{Assenserunt|Grufo=2026-08-21 11:00:42}}
: Categoriam “[[:Categoria:Portae Vicipaedianae|Portae Vicipaedianae]]” creavi et nonnullas subcategorias ibi movi, sed nunc tantummodo telephonio geatabili recensere possum; postea ceteras subcategorias illūc movebo. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 11:25, 21 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
:: {{Ok}} Factum est. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:04, 21 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
:::Gratias ago maximas! [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 19:32, 21 Augusti 2026 (UTC)

== De paginis inter dies 12 Iulii et 5 Augusti 2026 creatis ==
Septuaginta duas novas paginas quotidianas die 25 Iunii 2026 posteriores [[Specialis:Diff/3985927/3985929|addidi]], attamen paginas inter dies 12 Iulii et 5 Augusti 2026 scriptas inspicere non potui. Si bonarum paginarum illis diebus scriptarum meministis, quaeso, [[Specialis:EditPage/Vicipaedia:Index paginarum cottidianarum/Promovendae|addite indici]]! Valete! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:09, 5 Septembris 2026 (UTC)

== Ascalon Adumbratio? ==

Non intellego cur pagina Ascalon in adumbrationibus relegata permaneat (oblivio?) cum tot pessimae et brevissimae paginae (de eis nuncupatim loqui nolo) nostram Vicipaediam dehonestant. [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 17:07, 8 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
: Et ego censeo paginam iam maturam esse ut in encyclopaediam recipiatur. Idem auctorem rogavi (confer {{Caput|Disputatio Adumbrationis:Ascalon|Non iam adumbratio}}), sed ipse respondit se plura de recentiore historia Ascalonis et nonnulla de aetate Turcica ac Britannica scribere velle. Mea sententia, paginam in encyclopaediam {{Nexus cum parametris|Specialis:Paginam movere/Adumbratio:Ascalon|movere|wpReason=Demum commentatio parata est|wpNewTitle=Ascalon|prefix=}} possumus. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 20:25, 8 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
:: Nihil impedit enim quominus paginam emendet in Vicipaedia iusta ut omnes quotidie facimus. Praeterea iam duos menses pagina non iam aucta est et ex aliis Vicipaediis invisibilis iacet. Censeo et ipse movendam esse.--[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 20:42, 8 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
::: {{Factum est}} --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:15, 8 Septembris 2026 (UTC)

== Articulum de [[XGBoost]] scribere volo. ==
'''Articulum de XGBoost componere cupio, qui originem, structuram algorithmicam, rationem gradientis boosting, praecipuos usus atque partes eius in machinali doctrina accurate exponat.'''

[[Usor:נתנאל שטרן|נתנאל שטרן]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:נתנאל שטרן|disputatio]]) 06:19, 11 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
: Posses articulum e Vicipaedia Anglica vertere.  --[[Usor:Maria.martelli|Maria.martelli]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Maria.martelli|disputatio]]) 15:23, 11 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
::Gratias tibi ago pro consilio. Articulum Anglicum de XGBoost in Latinum vertere conabor, sed textum etiam ad morem et stilum Vicipaediae Latinae accommodare velim. [[Usor:נתנאל שטרן|נתנאל שטרן]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:נתנאל שטרן|disputatio]]) 06:20, 14 Septembris 2026 (UTC)

== De intellegentiae artificialis usu ==
Nondum sunt in nostra Vicipaedia regulae de usu intellegentiae artificialis, quamquam [[MediaWiki:Editcheck-copyvio-llm-policylink|systema MediaViciale eas quaerit]]; idcirco [[Vicipaedia:Intellegentiae artificialis ope Vicipaediam recensere|hoc consilium]] proposui. Hae suasiones praecipue me adiuvaverunt ad paginam parandam:
* [[:Mw:Help:Edit check#LLM Paste check|Mw:Help:Edit check § LLM Paste check]]
* [[:En:Wikipedia:Writing articles with large language models]]
* [[:Meta:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy#AI-assisted editing and human accountability|Meta:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy § AI-assisted editing and human accountability]]
Tertius nexus simile consilium meum ostendit. Quaeso, ferte hic sententias vestras. Valete! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 06:49, 25 Septembris 2026 (UTC)

== IAbot: an recte agit? ==
Amicis quam plurimis loquor! -- Observavi IAbot in pagina [[Carolus Clusius]] (per exemplum) ter hoc anno nexus &quot;mortuos&quot; pronuntiavit, qui (per me) vivi sunt. Magister huius boti me suggerit (vide [[:m:User Talk:InternetArchiveBot#IAbot malfunctioning on la:wiki]]) hanc dissonantiam productam esse e limitibus geographicis a divulgatoribus sitorum interretialium impositis. An possumus hanc rem per experientiam probare? Si volitis, has tres paginas, ab IAbot mortuas pronuntiatas, temptate et responsum subter scribite:
I'm asking as many friends as possible to help: -- I notice that IAbot in the page [[Carolus Clusius]] (for example) three times this year pronounced links &quot;dead&quot;, when for me those links are still alive. The botmaster suggests (see [[:m:User Talk:InternetArchiveBot#IAbot malfunctioning on la:wiki]]) that the different results are caused by geoblocks on the internet sites (ii.e. they are not accessible worldwide). Could we please test this? If you're willing, please try these three pages, reported dead by IAbot, and report whether they work for you or not. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:52, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
:[https://www.e-rara.ch/zuz/nagezh/content/titleinfo/9431363 1. E-rara]
* Viva. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:52, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
:[http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/wp-content/HSSN/2007-8-Carolus%20Clusius.pdf Clusius Correspondence]
* Viva. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:52, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
:[http://clusiuscorrespondence.huygens.knaw.nl/ Clusius Correspondence]
* Viva. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:52, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>tcdqjxu88b165ar5sihfm44kf5exl2r</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3991263</id>
      <parentid>3991262</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T14:54:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andrew Dalby</username>
        <id>1084</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* IAbot: an recte agit? */</comment>
      <origin>3991263</origin>
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      <text bytes="48527" sha1="nqbxixj43e0c2zgm0tgthvjzuy9au9b" xml:space="preserve">{{/Praefatio}}

== De paginis nimis magnis quae formulā {{[[Formula:Augenda|Augenda]]}} utuntur ==
In [[:Categoria:Corrigenda|Categoriam:Corrigenda]] plures subcategoriae formulā {{Fn|Augenda}} stipantur (e.g. [[:Categoria:Augenda a mense Februario 2023]], [[:Categoria:Augenda a mense Ianuario 2024]], [[:Categoria:Augenda a mense Decembri 2025]], et cetera). Inspiciens, multas harum paginarum invenii quae longiores sunt 1000 octobitis (e.g. [[Graecia archaica]]: 2928 octobiti). Quid censeatis si mechanema cum monitu in formulam {{Fn|Augenda}} inseram, ne in paginis longioribus quam 1000 octobitorum adhibeatur? Nam si pagina est satis longa, vanum est legentes monere paginam intra tres menses esse augendam. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:30, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:Pagina de [[Graecia archaica]] (#1) lemmate proprio, (#2) definitione idonea, et (#3) fonte externo caret, et omnis Vicipadia ut videtur (#4) nexibus ad hanc paginam ducentibus caret. That's all four of the formula's four criteria. ¶ For the difference between a stub and more-than-a-stub, the cutoff I've been using has been 2,000 octeti for general articles and 1,900 for articles with a taxobox. I don't recall a consensus on that limit, but articles having 4,000, 5,000, 6,000 octeti have been marked &quot;stipula&quot;; that's likely too high a limit, and I'd suggest that 2,000 (or possibly your 1,000) is a more defensible upper limit for stubs. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 03:15, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:::For example, just today, someone added &quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{urbs-stipula}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot; to the article on [[Barcino]], which already had more than 3,500 octeti! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 15:04, 28 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:::: ''Stipulae'' are not problematic from an administrative point of view, because in theory they can remain as such forever. Barcellona is an important city with a lot of history that can be written in an encyclopedia, it can be understandable if someone feels that the current page can be greatly improved. Instead, what scares me about the {{Fn|Augenda}} template is that it is not only an invitation to improve pages, it also asks us to delete pages after three months (which is why it should be used with care). --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:57, 28 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:::::Then why not change the verb from ''will'' to ''may'' or introduce some other indication of indeterminacy? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 16:31, 28 Februarii 2026 (UTC) 
:: [[Usor:IacobusAmor|Iacobus]], we can set any limit we want, but what I think makes little sense is saying that a page must be increased within three months, but then after three months nothing happens and the categories above keep growing. We must set a realistic (relatively low) threshold and then, after that, be ready to '''delete''' the pages that do not respect our threshold (in [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 35#De novo spatio nominali adumbrationum proponendo|another thread]] I had proposed the &lt;code&gt;adumbratio:&lt;/code&gt; namespace where after three months all these “augenda” pages can be moved, but that is a separate topic). A page like [[Graecia archaica]] only needs relatively little work to be adjusted—certainly does not deserve to be deleted. What I want to stress here is that every time you add {{Fn|Augenda}} to a page you are basically saying “If the page stays like this, I am okay if after three months it gets deleted”. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 03:58, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:::That's correct, but I heartily endorse a separate namespace, a kind of purgatory, where such pages can go until they've become worthy of standing in the mainspace. As a rule, I don't work on formulas, so I likely had nothing to do with the wording of this one, but three months must have been the original consensus. If memory serves, @Andrew Dalby and perhaps others have occasionally enforced the three-month rule, though sometimes after well more than three months have elapsed. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 13:08, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:::: Intellego. Novum spatium nominale a “Phabricatore” petiturus sum. Quid censeres si in paginis amplioribus (e.g. inter 2000 et 1000) formulā {{Fn|Nondum stipula}} (quae nullam categoriam cum tempore praefinito imponit) pro formulā {{Fn|Augenda}} utereris? Aut aliam novam formulam quoque nobis excogitare licet. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:57, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
::::: {{Tpe|Nova}} Hic nuper petivi ut novum spatium nominale adumbrationum crearetur: [[phab:T418706|New “Draft” namespace for lawiki: “Adumbratio”]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 01:01, 2 Martii 2026 (UTC)
:::::: {{Tpe|Novissima}} Euax! Spatium nominale adumbrationum [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|habemus]]! Textus paginae [[MediaWiki:Noarticletext]] nobis sic mutandus est ut adumbrationes, si exsistunt, detegantur. Postea aliquid excogitabo. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 19:34, 2 Martii 2026 (UTC)
@[[Usor:IacobusAmor|Iacobe]]: What would you think if we created a &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Pagina neglecta}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; template, and established that when we find a page that was created more than three months ago (e.g. [[Agrinium]], created in 2004!), instead of {{Fn|Augenda}} we add the new template instead? The &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Pagina neglecta}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; template could look more or less like this:

{{Capsa annuntiationis
	| color = #7f83d7
	| pigmentum = #f3f4fb
	| imago = P writing.svg
	| 1 =

'''Commentationem neglectam augeamus!'''

Haec commentatio longe neglecta videtur mansa esse. Sodes, adiuva paginam augere!

}}

We can then have [[:Categoria:Paginae neglectae]], where all these pages will be automatically collected. I am proposing this because I think that it makes little sense to warn that a page that was created 22 years ago must be improved within three months! It will be an empty warning. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:40, 9 Martii 2026 (UTC)
:That might be useful. How would it differ from the Adumbratio solution? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:01, 9 Martii 2026 (UTC)
:: Following [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio|the rules]] that I partly translated from English Wikipedia, we must not move pages that were created long ago to the &lt;code&gt;Adumbratio:&lt;/code&gt; namespace. So the picture should look as follows:
::* '''Case 1:''' The page is is too short and was recently created. We have three possibilities:
::*# We improve it (prefereable solution)
::*# We move it to the &lt;code&gt;Adumbratio:&lt;/code&gt; namespace (less prefereable than improving the page but more prefearable than the following)
::*# We add {{Fn|Augenda}} (less prefereable)
::*#: ↳ If three months after adding {{Fn|Augenda}} nothing has changed we delete the page for real
::* '''Case 2:''' The page is too short and was created more than three months ago. Two possibilities:
::*# We improve it (prefereable solution)
::*# We have no other choice but adding &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Pagina neglecta}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
::*#: ↳ We must take into account that the page might stay like that indefinitely
::* '''Case 3:''' The page was in the &lt;code&gt;Adumbratio:&lt;/code&gt; namespace and was moved to the main namespace prematurely:
::*# We add {{Fn|Augenda}}
::*#: ↳ If after three months nothing has changed we delete the page for real
:: The rationale is that pages that are too old might no longer have someone that checks them and is able to fulfill our expectations. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 12:42, 9 Martii 2026 (UTC)

== De novo spatio adumbrationum ==
{{Collaboratio|Alex1011|Alexander Gerashchenko|Amahoney|Andreas Raether|Andrew Dalby|Aylin|Bartholomite|Bis-Taurinus|Demetrius Talpa|Giorno2|IacobusAmor|Ioscius|Iustinus|Lesgles|LilyKitty|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Neander|Pippobuono|Rafaelgarcia|Sigur|Utilo|UV|Xaverius
	| alacres = IacobusAmor
	| alacritas = mensis
	| res = Magistratūs usoresque strenuos vocavi. Veniam peto si alicuius oblitus sum.
	| subscriptio = [[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:43, 3 Martii 2026 (UTC)
}}

Nuper novum spatium nominale &lt;code&gt;Adumbratio:&lt;/code&gt; condidimus. Nunc oportet regulas nostras definire. Apud [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] paginam Anglicam [[:en:Wikipedia:Drafts]] partim verti, sed de nostra propria ratione consentiendum est.

Notandum est Vicipaediam Anglicam [[:en:Wikipedia:Drafts#Reasons not to move an article to draftspace|regulam habere]] qua vetatur paginam in spatio principali sitam in spatium adumbrationum movere “si commentatio ante plus quam 90 dies creata est”. Re quidem vera, nuper paginam [[Alkinum]] ad [[Adumbratio:Alkinum]] movi (praesertim ad lineamenta technica novi spatii nominalis experienda), attamen mihi visum est parum rectum paginam anno 2006 creatam (et [[Vicipaedia:Paginae quas omnibus Vicipaediis contineri oportet/Expansio#Materies chemicales|quam omnibus Vicipaediis contineri oportet]]!) ibi movere.

Quo facto suasus sum ut nobis vetandum sit formulam {{Fn|Augenda}} paginis ante plus quam tres menses creatis addere. Nam, si pagina nimis brevis olim creata est et usque talis mansit, si nos eam negleximus nec animadvertimus nisi nunc, meā sententiā duae optiones tantum nobis patent: aut eam relinquimus intactam, aut formulam {{Fn|Delenda}} apponimus.

Ceterum, a vobis peto ut paginam [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] inspiciatis, novas regulas proponatis, aut regulas a me scriptas emendetis.

Valete! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:43, 3 Martii 2026 (UTC)

==De loco vel gradu Vicipaediae apud Meta==
Does moving articles counted among the 10,000 most important (like 
&quot;[[Alkinum]]&quot; &amp; &quot;[[Oxidum]]&quot;) into the limbo marked by &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Adumbratio}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; and/or &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Neglecta}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; lower Vicipaedia's score at Meta? (Vide [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias_by_expanded_sample_of_articles|&quot;List of Wikipedias by expanded sample of articles&quot;].) In other words, do they need to remain in the mainspace to boost Vicipaedia's score? ¶ Ten years ago, in March 2016, Vicipaedia was ranked thirty-ninth among all the wikis; at the end of last month, it was ranked fifty-second. This is not an encouraging trend, and deliberately accelerating it might not be considered advisable. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:52, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)
: Hi Iacobus. Moving pages to the &lt;code&gt;Adumbratio:&lt;/code&gt; namespace definitely counts as removing them from the encyclopedia. Adding {{Fn|Pagina neglecta}} (or any other template) instead has no effects. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:09, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)
::&lt;nowiki&gt;{{ping|IacobusAmor}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;, is there a page that specifies the number of articles from this list that we have? -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 19:47, 3 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::{{ping|IacobusAmor}}, idk why my previous ping got wrapped by nowiki. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 19:48, 3 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::Ecce (but it needs to be updated): https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usor:Amahoney/Myrias_epitome [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:04, 3 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::::So, as Grufo says, moving one of the &quot;10,000&quot; pages into Adumbratio space removes it from the encyclopedia and from the score that Iacobus mentions. In the case of a page in that list, maybe it's better for it to be in mainspace, with a warning template (''neglecta/augenda/...'') on it? If it's in mainspace, more editors might see it and be tempted to improve it. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:29, 14 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::::: Hi Andrew. Indeed. When I created the page [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] by (partially) translating [[:en:Wikipedia:Drafts]], I also translated the rule that a page can be moved away from the mainspace to the &lt;code&gt;Adumbratio:&lt;/code&gt; namespace only if it is a newly created page (&lt; 90 days). So pages that have long been among our 10000 pages are safe. P.S. The rules in [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] still need our consensus, so if you have time, please give that page a look. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:58, 14 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== Template:Weather box ==
{{Excepta|Vicipaedia:Officina|Template:Weather box|Locus opportunior --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]]}}

== Quid significat expectatio vacuae mutationis? ==

Dicitur in pagina [[Topologia classium punctorum]] quod &quot;Haec pagina mutationem vacuam expectat&quot;. Et rogat me, &quot;nihil tangens&quot;, sibi ostendere mutationes.

Ad quem dirigitur haec monitio, et quas mutationes oportet eum sibi ostendere? Non intelligo. [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 04:29, 19 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

: Salve, [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]. Illa icon significat vicitextum &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Spatium topologicum|spatia topologica|en|qid=Q179899}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; ad hunc vicitextum, si paginam emendas, sponte mutatum iri: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;[[Spatium topologicum|spatia topologica]]&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; (vide [[Special:Diff/3954206/3955454|meam ultimam recensionem]] et documentationem formulae {{fsn|pcc}}), quoniam nunc [[Spatium topologicum|paginam]] habemus quae cum entitate Vicidatorum [[:d:Q179899]] nectitur. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 04:44, 19 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::Gratias habeo—mirum tamen mihi videtur, quod substitutio &quot;cref&quot; tantum unam tesseram (siquidem recte lexi) sumat ut argumentum. Quomodo ergo facio, si notam duos habeat nexus ad paginas creatas?--[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:29, 20 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::: Immo, infinitatem tesserarum formula {{fsn|cref}} accipit. Vide, exempli gratia, hanc annotationem in pagina “[[Carpates]]”, ubi sunt ambae entitates [[:d:Q6776713]] et [[:d:Q11699202]]:
:::: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1={{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Martinus Szent-Ivany|Martini Szent-Ivany|hu|qid=Q6776713}} [...] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Gabriel Rzaczynski|Gabrielis Rzączyński|pl|qid=Q11699202}} [...]|2=Q6776713|3=Q11699202}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
::: Vide etiam {{Caput|Formula:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|Quomodo tesseram invenio?}}. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:43, 20 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== Annon corrigere possumus titulos &quot;instrumentorum&quot;? ==

Exempli gratia: video unum &quot;instrumentum&quot; appellari &quot;Paginam prehendere formá PDF&quot;. Videtur mihi hic titulus mendam habere et corrigi posse accentus acutus ad macron. Sed nescio utrum corrigibilis sit ab usoribus. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:47, 24 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
: Salve [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]. Usoribus non licet [[Specialis:Nuntia systematis|nuntia systematis]] recensere (vide etiam &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[{{fullurl:Special:Allpages|namespace=8}} spatium “&lt;code&gt;MediaWiki:&lt;/code&gt;”]&lt;/span&gt;), sed usores possunt a magistratibus petere ut nuntia recenseant (et multa nuntia exstant quae meliora facere aut etiam omnino vertere oportet!). Non invenio ubi “Paginam prehendere formá PDF” iaceat; fortasse @[[Usor:UV|UV]] adiuvare potest. P.S. “accentus acutus” revera est [[Apex (orthographia Latina)|apex]], forma antiquior [[macron|macri]]; attamen concordo uniformia signa diacritica nobis esse sequenda. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:42, 24 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::Non potest prehendere paginas disputationum formā PDF. Sed paginas encyclopediae possumus; e.g. [[Macron]]. At ibi apparet &quot;Paginam prehendere formá PDF&quot;. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 02:04, 26 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::: Nexum video, sed quid nuntium gignat non invenio. Exempli gratia, [[MediaWiki:Contributions|haec pagina]] nuntium “User contributions” ad nuntium Latinum “Conlationes usoris” vertit; sed quid vertit “Download PDF” ad “Paginam prehendere formá PDF”? Nescio. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:44, 26 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::Ignosce inclaritatem meam—sed prime (ut ita dicam) &quot;Instrumenta&quot; et videbis instrumentorum titulos. Titulus primus (ut mihi ostenduntur) est &quot;Movere&quot;; titulus novissimus est &quot;Res Wikidata&quot;; et unus titulorum est &quot;Paginam prehendere formá PDF&quot;. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:46, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::: @[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]: Ut dixi, oculis meis textum video, sed ignoro e qua pagina aut e quo nuntio systematis oriatur. Nequeo textum corrigere si nescio quid mihi sit emendandum. Conatus sum aliqua similia nuntia vertere ([[MediaWiki:Wikisource-download-pdf|#1]], [[MediaWiki:Minerva-download|#2]], [[MediaWiki:Electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-print-text|#3]], [[MediaWiki:Electronpdfservice-download-label|#4]], [[MediaWiki:Electronpdfservice-special-page-headline|#5]]), sed nuntium quod quaeris non inveni. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:54, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::::bzgrep utebar perlegere totam Vicipaediam Latinam; non tamen inveni.  Mirum! --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:25, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::::: @[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]: Potesne, quaeso, etiam situm https://translatewiki.net/ per “bzgrep” inspicere? Etiam illic non inveni textum. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:28, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::::::[https://translatewiki.net/wiki/MediaWiki:Coll-download_as/la Fontem] inveni huius textus, non autem bzgrep utens. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:12, 28 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::::::: Gratias tibi ago. Correxi. Post paucos dies abhinc nova translatio etiam in Vicipaedia Latina ostendetur. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 01:34, 28 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::::::::Fortasse nostis [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/MediaWiki?uselang=qqx hunc nexum] per quem tandem inveni. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:37, 28 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== Regula generalis de intellegentia artificiali ==
[[:meta:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|Apud MetaVici disputatur]] utrum regula generalis de intellegentiae artificialis usu introducenda sit necne. Quum etiam nos tanget, vos hortor ut sententias vestras feratis. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:42, 26 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

:Non penitus intelligo quomodo nos tangeat. Annon iam habemus regulam de plasmatibus (ut ita dicam) linguarum? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:50, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:: Regulae globales omnes Vicipaedias afficiunt, atque illa regula proponitur globalis. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:56, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::Gratias habeo; nonne autem, si Vicipaedia Latina haberet regulam, supersedeat regulam generalem? Et simili modo respectu aliarum Vicipaediarum? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:01, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::: Non sum certus, sed timeo ne regulae globales vincant. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 01:05, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::::Ita; intelligo. Scisne utrum restrictionem an laxationem habeat favorem iuris? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:12, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::::: Apud Vicipaediam Latinam nulla est regula scripta; paginae tamen quae omnino intellegentiā artificiali sine ulla humana recensione vertuntur pittacio {{Fn|Pagina autotranslata}} signantur atque post unam hebdomadam delentur. Prima regula globalis proposita mihi videtur hoc tantum postulare, ut, ''praeter translationes'', usus intellegentiae artificialis aperte declaretur. Altera autem regula globalis vetat intellegentiā artificiali ūtī ''nisi in translationibus''. Meā sententiā, hoc nobis incommodum contrarium efficit, quia hic magnopere laboramus ad translationes machinarias moderandas; alii autem usūs intellegentiae artificialis nobis non sunt incommodo. Non puto magni rēferre usum ipsum declarare, sed potius oportere responsa intellegentiae artificialis diligenter inspicere ac recensere. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 01:45, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== Quomodo melius invenire titula proposita pro articulo nondum existente? ==

Volui creare articulum pro &quot;poset&quot; (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q474715).

Scio, quod est formula &quot;subst:pcc&quot; alicubi in hac Vicipaedia per quam statuitur titulum huius articuli. Sed nescio, et &quot;bzgrep&quot; iterum inutilis est.

Estne methodus inventionis talium &quot;titulorum articulorum nondum existentium&quot;? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 04:47, 30 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

: Formula {{fsn|pcc}} nescit quod nomen Latinum novae paginae (“nexui rubro”) assignandum sit, istud erit tibi eligendum. Ad formulam adhibendam tibi sufficiet titulum Latinum et linguā aliā scribere. E.g.:
:: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:pcc|en=Partially ordered set|Aggregatio partim ordinata}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
::: ↳ {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Aggregatio partim ordinata||en|qid=Q474715}}
: Aut, si vis, potes autem tesseram Vicidatorum praebere:
:: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:pcc|Aggregatio partim ordinata||en|qid=Q474715}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
::: ↳ {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Aggregatio partim ordinata||en|qid=Q474715}}
: Non exstat ullus index paginarum creandarum. Nomina inveniuntur simul ac paginae creantur. Attamen, si quis paginam “Aggregatio partim ordinat'''issima'''” postea creet at ad [[:d:Q474715]] eam nectat, pagina ubi nexus ruber “Aggregatio partim ordinata” ostendebatur nunc ad paginam “Aggregatio partim ordinatissima” nectetur. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 06:13, 30 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== Quomodo citare librum, quod numerum librarium uniformem inter gentes caret? ==

[[Cancellum (mathematica)|Hac pagina]] conor citare librum quoddam, sed caret ISBN/NLUIG. Habet tamen numerum Catalogii Librarii Congressus (LCCN), sed nescio quomodo hanc numerum affigere rei citatae.

Multas habeo gratias pro auxilio vestro! --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 02:09, 18 Maii 2026 (UTC)

== Num verbum natio Anglico verbo “nation” respondet? ==
Salvete omnes! Hic scribo nec in [[Disputatio:Natio|pagina disputationis]] quod hoc verbum in multis commentariis est. Secundum [https://archive.org/details/practicalint00arno/page/41/mode/1up librum Arnoldi] “Natio is rarely used of a civilised and organised nation ; it means a people, or tribe, sprung from one race, of the same blood (nascor).” Secundum dictionarium “Cassell’s Latin Dictionary Latin-English English-Latin” natio significat “a tribe, race, people, esp. uncivilized”, et verbum Anglicum nation significat “populus, gens (=people, stock), civitas (=body of citizens), respublica (=state), natio (=tribe, not highly civilized)”. Liber Arnoldi quoque monet ut iis vocabulis Latinis utamur. Commentarius [[Natio|natio]] illud Ciceronis habet: “Omnēs nātiōnēs servitūtem ferre possunt, nostra cīvitās nōn potest; …” in quo orator optimus populum Romanum a nationibus distinguet. Quid vobis videtur de hac re? Valete! -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 20:58, 29 Maii 2026 (UTC)

:Haec &quot;natio&quot; a primis temporibus Vicipaediae originem obscuram ducit, mihi non placet, sed permulta corrigenda sunt, si eam mutare volumus. Civitas (de civibus), civitas sui iuris? [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 22:09, 29 Maii 2026 (UTC)
:: Aut etiam possibile est dicere, etiam secundum linguas recentiores, ipsam notionem “nationis” quodammodo “civitati” adversari. Id est, sunt qui putent, etiam linguis hodiernis, “nationem” (Anglice ''nation'', Italice ''nazione'', et cetera) semper aliquid minus civile quam “civitatem” (Anglice ''state'', Italice ''Stato'', et cetera), immo vero tribale, significare. Cum hoc tamen concordo, paginam illam nimis veterem esse atque redintegrandam. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:41, 29 Maii 2026 (UTC)
:::Melius est quaedam omittere quam nihil corrigere. Video nos habere commentarios qui vocantur [[Civitas]] (Ang. [[w:en:State (polity)]]), [[Gens]] (Ang. [[w:en:Gens]], nescio cur hic commentarius Latine non sit solis de gentibus Romanis), [[Populus]] (Ang. [[w:en:People]]), [[Res publica]] (Ang. [[w:en:Republic]]), et [[Tribus (anthropologia)]] ([[w:en:Tribe]]). Secundum dictionarium “Cassell’s Latin Dictionary”, tribus significat”originally a third part if the Roman people. Hence a tribe, a division of the Roman people …”. Hoc dictionarium monet ut verbo “natio” vel verbo “gens” utamur si scribere “tribe” velimus nec de tribubus Romanis scribamus. Vero non possum novum nomen commentarii [[Natio]] commendare quod nescio cur vikipedia tot commentarios habeat. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 14:38, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC)
::::Pagina non est delenda, si hoc consulis. &quot;Natio&quot; [http://lexica.linguax.com/forc2.php?searchedLG=natio verbum est Latinum], cur id ne explicemus. Si nexum intervicialem ad paginam Anglicam male congruere putas, ita est, non perfectissime congruit. Sed cum de notionibus abstractis agitur, nexus interviciales saepius tales sunt. Hoc malum in Vicipaediα inevitabile est et hoc non est malum, si res explicatur. Paginae ipsius loca quaedam corrigenda est, Ciceronis interpretatio mutanda, et, quod maxime interest, inter [[Specialis:Nexus_ad_paginam/Natio|nexus ad eam]] hi multi corrigendi sunt, ubi &quot;natio&quot; in modum Anglicum civitatem sui iuris significat. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 18:22, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC)
:::::Pagina scilicet delenda non est. Vidi paginas in Vikipedia Hebraica et Ucrainica ad paginam Anglicam bene congruere nec nostram paginam. Natio est verbum Latinum, cuius sensu Latino uti debemus, nec sensi Anglico. Delere nolo sed mutare et fortasse movere. Eo consilio hunc sermonem coepi ut sensibus Latinis verborum uteremur. Vero nescio cur Vikipedia Anglica tot paginas habeat et quid sit discrimen inter “nation” et “state”, propter quod non possum verbum meliorum commendare. Potestne pagina Anglica nostrae paginae [[Natio]] esse [[w:en:Tribe]]? Tribus quoque verbum Latinum est sed secundum dictionarium non idem significat et verbum Anglicum tribe. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 19:24, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC)
:::::: ''Tribus'' est quaedam divisio populi, non tota natio ([https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry=tribus]). Possum falli, sed secundum illam Ciceronis sententiam (“Omnēs nātiōnēs servitūtem ferre possunt …”) mihi videtur praecipua differentia inter ''civitatem'' et ''nationem'' hoc esse, quod ''civitas'' rem publicam civium significat, ''nationes'' autem alios populos tamquam gentes spectatos. Ita ''civitas'' erat Roma, ''nationes'' erant ceteri populi. P.S. {{*Cfr}} etiam “eruditissima illa Graecorum natio” (Cic.). Nam Graecis erat una natio sed plures civitates. Hoc usu vocabulum mihi videtur fere eodem sensu adhiberi ac in linguis hodiernis. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 23:07, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::Nexus interviciales perutiles sunt (ad minimum, lectores novos nobis dirigunt!) sed non nos regunt. Omnis lingua, sicut [[civitas sui iuris]], libera est. Debemus (1) verba Latina Latinitate classica definire (2) alia verba quibus significationes cognatae sunt (e.g. gens, tribus, civitas) distinguere, nexibus datis (3) significationes apud Latinistas recentiores explicare, si differunt (4) praeter alia, de re principali pellucide disserere.
:::::::Cicero his verbis, ''omnes nationes servitutem fere possunt: nostra civitas non potest'' (Phil. 10.10.20) inter ''nationes'' et ''nostram civitatem'' quoquomodo distinguere videtur ... sed alibi ''omnes &lt;u&gt;exteras&lt;/u&gt; nationes'' et ''eruditissimam Graecorum nationem'' indicat (Imp. Pomp. 11.31; De Or. 2.4.18) -- unde intellego, apud Ciceronem, plures ''nationes'' exstitisse tam sub imperio S.P.Q.R. quam extra limites. Ex his sententiis, si volumus, inter civitatem et nationem facile erit distinguere: sed inter ''populos'' et ''nationes'' ...? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 09:06, 1 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::Nolite oblivisci ''gentes''&amp;thinsp;! Cassell's nobis dicit (p. 742) ''international law'' locutionem Anglicam nostra lingua esse ''ius gentium,'' ac Traupman (ed. 3, p. 575) nobis dicit ''international'' ipsum verbum Anglicum esse ''inter gentes.'' [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:12, 1 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::Sententias vestras perlegi et commentarium inveni [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311975311_On_the_Roman_Concept_of_Natio “On the Roman Concept of Natio”] quem quoque legi, et iam intellego quanta difficilis sit haec res. In libro Arnoldi et in dictionario legi nationem esse “esp. uncivilized”, nec autores Romanos scripisisse Nationem Romanam. Putavi nationem esse tribe nec unquam civilised nation. Iam nesio a bonus sit hic nexus. Veritus sum ne homines dum Latine scribebant solis nexibus uterentur, nec deliberarent quid sit verbum optimum. De pagina nostra [[Respublica]] vos consulere quoque volo. Secundum dictionarium “Cassell’s Latin Dictionary” “'''republic''' ''respublica'', ''civitas'' (= state, simply): a —, as opp. to other forms of government, ''respublica'' (or ''civitas''” ''libera'' or ''popularis''.” Respublica et civitas idem significare mihi videntur. Nonne melius est movere hanc paginam ut novem nomen sit Respublica popularis? Haec res non est solo de nexu sed quoque de ipsa pagina. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:38, 1 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::::Fortasse, sed iam est commentarius de &quot;People's republic&quot; in vicipaedia Anglica. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:31, 1 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::::: De differentia inter ''gentem'' et ''nationem'' conferatur etiam {{LTL|natio|335}}: “A ''gente'' aliquando ita differt, ut genus a specie: ''gens'' enim latius patet, et plures nationes complectitur, ut ''gens'' Graeca habet Atticos, Boeotos, Thebanos, qui ejusdem gentis nationes sunt.” Saepissime tamen gens et natio sunt synonyma. @[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]: Graeci non erant “uncivilized”, attamen erant natio vel plures nationes. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:53, 2 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::::Multae paginae in Vicipaedia connexae sunt; ''United Nations'' vertitur ut [[Nationes Unitae]], multis cum fontibus (duabus encyclicis aliisque). Hoc mutare nequimus, et pagina de [[natio]]ne nec huic sensui contradicere debet; haec causa, cur paginae Anglicae '&quot;Nation&quot; ceterisque de hac natione moderna narrantibus alliganda sit. Sed de pagina [[Nationes mundi]], exempli gratia, iam dubito, et &quot;civitates mundi&quot; nationibus praeferam, [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 20:50, 4 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::Iam intellego. Huic sensu, quo utuntur encyclici, contradicere scilicet nequimus. Gratias omnibus vobis ago quia mihi hanc rem explanavistis. 
:::::::::::{{ping|Grufo}}, Quaesivi nec inveni ubi Cicero nationem Graecam scripserit. Testimonium encyclicorum mihi videtur bonum esse, scire tamen volo ubi orator optimus his verbis usus sit. 
:::::::::::Valete. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 21:14, 5 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::: @[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]: {{Op|[[De oratore]]}}, {{Vf|De oratore/Liber II|18|2.4.18}}: “eruditissima illa Graecorum natio”. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:09, 5 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::::Gratias tibi ago! -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:45, 7 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::De commentario qui [[Nationes mundi]] (Anglice [[w:en:List of sovereign states|List of sovereign states]]) vocatur, nonne melius nomen est “''Index civitatum sui iuris''”? 
:::::::::::Vide commentarios:
:::::::::::* [[Civitas sui iuris]]
:::::::::::* [[Index communium Badeniae et Virtembergiae]]
:::::::::::* [[Index urbium et communium Rhenaniae et Palatinatus]]
:::::::::::* [[Index fluviorum Germaniae]]
:::::::::::* [[Index asteroidum]]
:::::::::::* [[Index siglorum ordinum ecclesiae catholicae]]
:::::::::::Hic commentarius est index. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 16:50, 9 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::::::Sic, [[Index civitatum sui iuris]] bonum nomen est, multae paginae huius generis in Vicipaedia Latina &quot;indices&quot; nominantur. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 19:47, 9 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::::Vobis consentio. Hanc paginam satis antiquam renominare oportet. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:39, 10 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::::::::Utrum possumus paginam renominate an oportet [[Formula:Movenda]] utere? -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:21, 10 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::Formula ad disputandum in pagina disputationis ponitur, sed nunc hic erat disputaio, fornula non necessaria est. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 15:55, 10 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::: Paginam movi. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:02, 10 Iunii 2026 (UTC)

== &quot;-karyotica&quot; vel &quot;-caryotica&quot;? ==
In pagina de [[Cellula|cellulis]] ambae formae extant. Videtur mihi melius, si unicam noscamus formam. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 03:14, 16 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:&quot;-caryotica&quot; melius. Vocabulum est antiquum, Graecae originis (κάρυον), nullae sunt causae, ut &quot;k&quot; scribatur. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 12:05, 17 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::Consentio. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:16, 17 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::&quot;nullae sunt causae&quot;: consentiebam imprimis sed nunc occursit mihi formae &quot;-karyota&quot; esse in taxonomia Linnaeana. Etenim (cuius ratione fortasse) redirigitur [[Eucaryota]] ad &quot;Eukaryota&quot; et [[Procaryota]] ad &quot;Prokaryota&quot;. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:38, 20 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::Si alterum rectum est, alterum fontibus biloolgicis testatum, unum eligere non possumus, eligas, quod velis. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 07:10, 20 Iunii 2026 (UTC)

== Pagina mensis Iulii 2026 abest ==
{{Excepta|Disputatio Vicipaediae:Pagina mensis|2026}}

== Paginae de praenominibus: lemmata typis italicis necne? ==
In disputatione {{caput|Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|Carolus: Cur titulus italicus?}}, noster [[Usor:IacobusAmor|Iacobus]] suadet ut lemmata qualia illa paginarum de praenominibus scribantur typis italicis. Ego nescio quid sit faciendum. Praenomina apud Vicipaediam Anglicam et alibi non scribuntur typis italicis (e.g. [[:en:Martin (name)]]), sed nobis licet aliam regulam nostram statuere. Attamen, si hanc conventionem adoptamus, oportebit eam ubique adhibere, atque multae paginae emendandae erunt. Quid dicatis? Censeatisne lemmata in paginis de praenominibus scribenda esse typis italicis? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:34, 18 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
:::And yet, Grufo, in the article that you cite (&quot;[[:en:Martin (name)]]&quot;), you'll find this heading: &quot;The name ''Martin'' in different regions&quot;! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:50, 18 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
:::: I am not against using italics for words cited as words, I am just wondering whether ''the page's lemma'' should be italicized (i.e. &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Titulus italicus}} ... {{ires|Martinus}} est praenomen ...&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;). Having somewhere below the lead something like &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;Nomen ''Martinus'' ...&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, seems pretty fine to me, especially when discussing etimologies. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:01, 19 Augusti 2026 (UTC)

:Non, hoc insolitum est, multos annos Vicipaedia sine hoc italico vivebat. Argumentum Jacobi est: 
:* Leo XIV est pontifex, sed eius nomen familiare est ''Robertus'' (vel &quot;Robertus&quot;), — 
:hic de praenomine ut nomine, non de homine vel de re agitur, hic scriptura italica vel virgulae possibiles sunt. Sed pagina de ipso praenomine hoc praenomen ut rem describendam tractat.  Nullae sunt causae, ut huius generis paginarum formam mutemus. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 17:10, 18 Augusti 2026 (UTC)

:::Iste locus omnino rectus non est. &quot;''Robertus'' (vel &quot;Robertus&quot;)&quot; non scripsi. Quod scripsi est:
::::[[Leo XIV]] est [[Episcopus Romanus]], sed eius nomen familiare est ''Robertus.''
:::At least in English, and in the English wikipedia, words cited as words are customarily italicized (not quoted); however, as noted in effect by Grufo, many writers, including those of the English wikipedia, make an exception for capitalized nouns. Much of the time, that's perhaps unobjectionable, as it doesn't lead to misreading, but it can generate curious locutions, for example:
::::Henry Edward Manning has been translated '[[Henricus Eduardus Manning]].'
:::This is curious because, for people reading these words for the first time, the lack of italics in the text effectively marks Manning as a human being, not a set of words, and human beings can't be translated, unless, of course, they're bishops, who can indeed be translated (from see to see); but Manning was never a bishop of anywhere except Westminster, so he was never translated—making ''both'' of these sentences true. but ''only'' when italics are selectively deployed:
::::''Henry Edward Manning'' was often translated.
::::Henry Edward Manning was never translated.
:::Granted, this is a rare example, but it's most definitely a valid contrastive minimal pair. In any event, relying on capitalization may prove problematic in general, since many nouns capitalized in the Anglo-German world are ''not'' capitalized in many other languages, and that's &quot;a whole nother can of worms.&quot; [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:38, 18 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
::::Okay, but in the title of a Wikipedia article, the name is not taken as word, but as an object that the article treats. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 09:29, 19 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
:::::That's true. Substantive &quot;Xxxx (nomen)&quot; articles have some reasons not to exist in an encyclopaedia at all: so far as I remember, they exist on Vicipaedia because (a) there is an anonymous contributor who likes creating them, and generally does no harm, (b) they could remain useful as disambiguation pages if they offer links to more than one existing substantive article. I suggest not making any special rule for formatting them here, when there's no such rule on other Wikipedias. Formatting is a distraction, and Latin is light on formatting compared with other modern printed languages. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 07:30, 23 Augusti 2026 (UTC)

== [[:Categoria:Portae]] ==

[[:Categoria:Portae]] nunc includit paginas sui generis, quod vulgo ''portal'' nominatur, sed habemus aliquot paginas de portis veris, de aedificiis huius generis ([[Porta Aurea]], [[Porta nigra]], [[Porta Praenestina]], [[Porta Brandenburgensis]], [[Porta Graach]] etc.) Puto categoriae portalium aliud nomen dandum esse, e.g. &quot;Portae Vicipaedianae&quot;, &quot;Portae (Vicipaedia)&quot;, in [[:categoria:Portae]] autem portas veras colligendas. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 09:57, 21 Augusti 2026 (UTC) &lt;!-- Si nomen tuum addere vis, tantummodo substitue “subst:Assenserunt” in locum verbi “Assenserunt” hic: --&gt;{{Assenserunt|Grufo=2026-08-21 11:00:42}}
: Categoriam “[[:Categoria:Portae Vicipaedianae|Portae Vicipaedianae]]” creavi et nonnullas subcategorias ibi movi, sed nunc tantummodo telephonio geatabili recensere possum; postea ceteras subcategorias illūc movebo. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 11:25, 21 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
:: {{Ok}} Factum est. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:04, 21 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
:::Gratias ago maximas! [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 19:32, 21 Augusti 2026 (UTC)

== De paginis inter dies 12 Iulii et 5 Augusti 2026 creatis ==
Septuaginta duas novas paginas quotidianas die 25 Iunii 2026 posteriores [[Specialis:Diff/3985927/3985929|addidi]], attamen paginas inter dies 12 Iulii et 5 Augusti 2026 scriptas inspicere non potui. Si bonarum paginarum illis diebus scriptarum meministis, quaeso, [[Specialis:EditPage/Vicipaedia:Index paginarum cottidianarum/Promovendae|addite indici]]! Valete! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:09, 5 Septembris 2026 (UTC)

== Ascalon Adumbratio? ==

Non intellego cur pagina Ascalon in adumbrationibus relegata permaneat (oblivio?) cum tot pessimae et brevissimae paginae (de eis nuncupatim loqui nolo) nostram Vicipaediam dehonestant. [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 17:07, 8 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
: Et ego censeo paginam iam maturam esse ut in encyclopaediam recipiatur. Idem auctorem rogavi (confer {{Caput|Disputatio Adumbrationis:Ascalon|Non iam adumbratio}}), sed ipse respondit se plura de recentiore historia Ascalonis et nonnulla de aetate Turcica ac Britannica scribere velle. Mea sententia, paginam in encyclopaediam {{Nexus cum parametris|Specialis:Paginam movere/Adumbratio:Ascalon|movere|wpReason=Demum commentatio parata est|wpNewTitle=Ascalon|prefix=}} possumus. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 20:25, 8 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
:: Nihil impedit enim quominus paginam emendet in Vicipaedia iusta ut omnes quotidie facimus. Praeterea iam duos menses pagina non iam aucta est et ex aliis Vicipaediis invisibilis iacet. Censeo et ipse movendam esse.--[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 20:42, 8 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
::: {{Factum est}} --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:15, 8 Septembris 2026 (UTC)

== Articulum de [[XGBoost]] scribere volo. ==
'''Articulum de XGBoost componere cupio, qui originem, structuram algorithmicam, rationem gradientis boosting, praecipuos usus atque partes eius in machinali doctrina accurate exponat.'''

[[Usor:נתנאל שטרן|נתנאל שטרן]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:נתנאל שטרן|disputatio]]) 06:19, 11 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
: Posses articulum e Vicipaedia Anglica vertere.  --[[Usor:Maria.martelli|Maria.martelli]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Maria.martelli|disputatio]]) 15:23, 11 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
::Gratias tibi ago pro consilio. Articulum Anglicum de XGBoost in Latinum vertere conabor, sed textum etiam ad morem et stilum Vicipaediae Latinae accommodare velim. [[Usor:נתנאל שטרן|נתנאל שטרן]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:נתנאל שטרן|disputatio]]) 06:20, 14 Septembris 2026 (UTC)

== De intellegentiae artificialis usu ==
Nondum sunt in nostra Vicipaedia regulae de usu intellegentiae artificialis, quamquam [[MediaWiki:Editcheck-copyvio-llm-policylink|systema MediaViciale eas quaerit]]; idcirco [[Vicipaedia:Intellegentiae artificialis ope Vicipaediam recensere|hoc consilium]] proposui. Hae suasiones praecipue me adiuvaverunt ad paginam parandam:
* [[:Mw:Help:Edit check#LLM Paste check|Mw:Help:Edit check § LLM Paste check]]
* [[:En:Wikipedia:Writing articles with large language models]]
* [[:Meta:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy#AI-assisted editing and human accountability|Meta:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy § AI-assisted editing and human accountability]]
Tertius nexus simile consilium meum ostendit. Quaeso, ferte hic sententias vestras. Valete! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 06:49, 25 Septembris 2026 (UTC)

== IAbot: an recte agit? ==
Amicis quam plurimis loquor! -- Observavi IAbot in pagina [[Carolus Clusius]] (per exemplum) ter hoc anno nexus &quot;mortuos&quot; pronuntiavit, qui (per me) vivi sunt. Magister huius boti me suggerit (vide [[:m:User Talk:InternetArchiveBot#IAbot malfunctioning on la:wiki]]) hanc dissonantiam productam esse e limitibus geographicis a divulgatoribus sitorum interretialium impositis. An possumus hanc rem per experientiam probare? Si volitis, has tres paginas, ab IAbot mortuas pronuntiatas, temptate et responsum subter scribite:
I'm asking as many friends as possible to help: -- I notice that IAbot in the page [[Carolus Clusius]] (for example) three times this year pronounced links &quot;dead&quot;, when for me those links are still alive. The botmaster suggests (see [[:m:User Talk:InternetArchiveBot#IAbot malfunctioning on la:wiki]]) that the different results are caused by geoblocks on the internet sites (ii.e. they are not accessible worldwide). Could we please test this? If you're willing, please try these three pages, reported dead by IAbot, and report whether they work for you or not. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:52, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
:[https://www.e-rara.ch/zuz/nagezh/content/titleinfo/9431363 1. E-rara]
* Viva. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:52, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
:[http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/wp-content/HSSN/2007-8-Carolus%20Clusius.pdf 2. Clusius Correspondence pdf]
* Viva. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:52, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
:[http://clusiuscorrespondence.huygens.knaw.nl/ 3. Clusius Correspondence html]
* Viva. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:52, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>nqbxixj43e0c2zgm0tgthvjzuy9au9b</sha1>
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== De paginis nimis magnis quae formulā {{[[Formula:Augenda|Augenda]]}} utuntur ==
In [[:Categoria:Corrigenda|Categoriam:Corrigenda]] plures subcategoriae formulā {{Fn|Augenda}} stipantur (e.g. [[:Categoria:Augenda a mense Februario 2023]], [[:Categoria:Augenda a mense Ianuario 2024]], [[:Categoria:Augenda a mense Decembri 2025]], et cetera). Inspiciens, multas harum paginarum invenii quae longiores sunt 1000 octobitis (e.g. [[Graecia archaica]]: 2928 octobiti). Quid censeatis si mechanema cum monitu in formulam {{Fn|Augenda}} inseram, ne in paginis longioribus quam 1000 octobitorum adhibeatur? Nam si pagina est satis longa, vanum est legentes monere paginam intra tres menses esse augendam. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:30, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:Pagina de [[Graecia archaica]] (#1) lemmate proprio, (#2) definitione idonea, et (#3) fonte externo caret, et omnis Vicipadia ut videtur (#4) nexibus ad hanc paginam ducentibus caret. That's all four of the formula's four criteria. ¶ For the difference between a stub and more-than-a-stub, the cutoff I've been using has been 2,000 octeti for general articles and 1,900 for articles with a taxobox. I don't recall a consensus on that limit, but articles having 4,000, 5,000, 6,000 octeti have been marked &quot;stipula&quot;; that's likely too high a limit, and I'd suggest that 2,000 (or possibly your 1,000) is a more defensible upper limit for stubs. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 03:15, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:::For example, just today, someone added &quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{urbs-stipula}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot; to the article on [[Barcino]], which already had more than 3,500 octeti! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 15:04, 28 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:::: ''Stipulae'' are not problematic from an administrative point of view, because in theory they can remain as such forever. Barcellona is an important city with a lot of history that can be written in an encyclopedia, it can be understandable if someone feels that the current page can be greatly improved. Instead, what scares me about the {{Fn|Augenda}} template is that it is not only an invitation to improve pages, it also asks us to delete pages after three months (which is why it should be used with care). --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:57, 28 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:::::Then why not change the verb from ''will'' to ''may'' or introduce some other indication of indeterminacy? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 16:31, 28 Februarii 2026 (UTC) 
:: [[Usor:IacobusAmor|Iacobus]], we can set any limit we want, but what I think makes little sense is saying that a page must be increased within three months, but then after three months nothing happens and the categories above keep growing. We must set a realistic (relatively low) threshold and then, after that, be ready to '''delete''' the pages that do not respect our threshold (in [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 35#De novo spatio nominali adumbrationum proponendo|another thread]] I had proposed the &lt;code&gt;adumbratio:&lt;/code&gt; namespace where after three months all these “augenda” pages can be moved, but that is a separate topic). A page like [[Graecia archaica]] only needs relatively little work to be adjusted—certainly does not deserve to be deleted. What I want to stress here is that every time you add {{Fn|Augenda}} to a page you are basically saying “If the page stays like this, I am okay if after three months it gets deleted”. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 03:58, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:::That's correct, but I heartily endorse a separate namespace, a kind of purgatory, where such pages can go until they've become worthy of standing in the mainspace. As a rule, I don't work on formulas, so I likely had nothing to do with the wording of this one, but three months must have been the original consensus. If memory serves, @Andrew Dalby and perhaps others have occasionally enforced the three-month rule, though sometimes after well more than three months have elapsed. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 13:08, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:::: Intellego. Novum spatium nominale a “Phabricatore” petiturus sum. Quid censeres si in paginis amplioribus (e.g. inter 2000 et 1000) formulā {{Fn|Nondum stipula}} (quae nullam categoriam cum tempore praefinito imponit) pro formulā {{Fn|Augenda}} utereris? Aut aliam novam formulam quoque nobis excogitare licet. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:57, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
::::: {{Tpe|Nova}} Hic nuper petivi ut novum spatium nominale adumbrationum crearetur: [[phab:T418706|New “Draft” namespace for lawiki: “Adumbratio”]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 01:01, 2 Martii 2026 (UTC)
:::::: {{Tpe|Novissima}} Euax! Spatium nominale adumbrationum [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|habemus]]! Textus paginae [[MediaWiki:Noarticletext]] nobis sic mutandus est ut adumbrationes, si exsistunt, detegantur. Postea aliquid excogitabo. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 19:34, 2 Martii 2026 (UTC)
@[[Usor:IacobusAmor|Iacobe]]: What would you think if we created a &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Pagina neglecta}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; template, and established that when we find a page that was created more than three months ago (e.g. [[Agrinium]], created in 2004!), instead of {{Fn|Augenda}} we add the new template instead? The &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Pagina neglecta}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; template could look more or less like this:

{{Capsa annuntiationis
	| color = #7f83d7
	| pigmentum = #f3f4fb
	| imago = P writing.svg
	| 1 =

'''Commentationem neglectam augeamus!'''

Haec commentatio longe neglecta videtur mansa esse. Sodes, adiuva paginam augere!

}}

We can then have [[:Categoria:Paginae neglectae]], where all these pages will be automatically collected. I am proposing this because I think that it makes little sense to warn that a page that was created 22 years ago must be improved within three months! It will be an empty warning. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:40, 9 Martii 2026 (UTC)
:That might be useful. How would it differ from the Adumbratio solution? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:01, 9 Martii 2026 (UTC)
:: Following [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio|the rules]] that I partly translated from English Wikipedia, we must not move pages that were created long ago to the &lt;code&gt;Adumbratio:&lt;/code&gt; namespace. So the picture should look as follows:
::* '''Case 1:''' The page is is too short and was recently created. We have three possibilities:
::*# We improve it (prefereable solution)
::*# We move it to the &lt;code&gt;Adumbratio:&lt;/code&gt; namespace (less prefereable than improving the page but more prefearable than the following)
::*# We add {{Fn|Augenda}} (less prefereable)
::*#: ↳ If three months after adding {{Fn|Augenda}} nothing has changed we delete the page for real
::* '''Case 2:''' The page is too short and was created more than three months ago. Two possibilities:
::*# We improve it (prefereable solution)
::*# We have no other choice but adding &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Pagina neglecta}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
::*#: ↳ We must take into account that the page might stay like that indefinitely
::* '''Case 3:''' The page was in the &lt;code&gt;Adumbratio:&lt;/code&gt; namespace and was moved to the main namespace prematurely:
::*# We add {{Fn|Augenda}}
::*#: ↳ If after three months nothing has changed we delete the page for real
:: The rationale is that pages that are too old might no longer have someone that checks them and is able to fulfill our expectations. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 12:42, 9 Martii 2026 (UTC)

== De novo spatio adumbrationum ==
{{Collaboratio|Alex1011|Alexander Gerashchenko|Amahoney|Andreas Raether|Andrew Dalby|Aylin|Bartholomite|Bis-Taurinus|Demetrius Talpa|Giorno2|IacobusAmor|Ioscius|Iustinus|Lesgles|LilyKitty|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Neander|Pippobuono|Rafaelgarcia|Sigur|Utilo|UV|Xaverius
	| alacres = IacobusAmor
	| alacritas = mensis
	| res = Magistratūs usoresque strenuos vocavi. Veniam peto si alicuius oblitus sum.
	| subscriptio = [[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:43, 3 Martii 2026 (UTC)
}}

Nuper novum spatium nominale &lt;code&gt;Adumbratio:&lt;/code&gt; condidimus. Nunc oportet regulas nostras definire. Apud [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] paginam Anglicam [[:en:Wikipedia:Drafts]] partim verti, sed de nostra propria ratione consentiendum est.

Notandum est Vicipaediam Anglicam [[:en:Wikipedia:Drafts#Reasons not to move an article to draftspace|regulam habere]] qua vetatur paginam in spatio principali sitam in spatium adumbrationum movere “si commentatio ante plus quam 90 dies creata est”. Re quidem vera, nuper paginam [[Alkinum]] ad [[Adumbratio:Alkinum]] movi (praesertim ad lineamenta technica novi spatii nominalis experienda), attamen mihi visum est parum rectum paginam anno 2006 creatam (et [[Vicipaedia:Paginae quas omnibus Vicipaediis contineri oportet/Expansio#Materies chemicales|quam omnibus Vicipaediis contineri oportet]]!) ibi movere.

Quo facto suasus sum ut nobis vetandum sit formulam {{Fn|Augenda}} paginis ante plus quam tres menses creatis addere. Nam, si pagina nimis brevis olim creata est et usque talis mansit, si nos eam negleximus nec animadvertimus nisi nunc, meā sententiā duae optiones tantum nobis patent: aut eam relinquimus intactam, aut formulam {{Fn|Delenda}} apponimus.

Ceterum, a vobis peto ut paginam [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] inspiciatis, novas regulas proponatis, aut regulas a me scriptas emendetis.

Valete! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:43, 3 Martii 2026 (UTC)

==De loco vel gradu Vicipaediae apud Meta==
Does moving articles counted among the 10,000 most important (like 
&quot;[[Alkinum]]&quot; &amp; &quot;[[Oxidum]]&quot;) into the limbo marked by &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Adumbratio}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; and/or &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Neglecta}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; lower Vicipaedia's score at Meta? (Vide [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias_by_expanded_sample_of_articles|&quot;List of Wikipedias by expanded sample of articles&quot;].) In other words, do they need to remain in the mainspace to boost Vicipaedia's score? ¶ Ten years ago, in March 2016, Vicipaedia was ranked thirty-ninth among all the wikis; at the end of last month, it was ranked fifty-second. This is not an encouraging trend, and deliberately accelerating it might not be considered advisable. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:52, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)
: Hi Iacobus. Moving pages to the &lt;code&gt;Adumbratio:&lt;/code&gt; namespace definitely counts as removing them from the encyclopedia. Adding {{Fn|Pagina neglecta}} (or any other template) instead has no effects. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:09, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)
::&lt;nowiki&gt;{{ping|IacobusAmor}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;, is there a page that specifies the number of articles from this list that we have? -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 19:47, 3 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::{{ping|IacobusAmor}}, idk why my previous ping got wrapped by nowiki. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 19:48, 3 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::Ecce (but it needs to be updated): https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usor:Amahoney/Myrias_epitome [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:04, 3 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::::So, as Grufo says, moving one of the &quot;10,000&quot; pages into Adumbratio space removes it from the encyclopedia and from the score that Iacobus mentions. In the case of a page in that list, maybe it's better for it to be in mainspace, with a warning template (''neglecta/augenda/...'') on it? If it's in mainspace, more editors might see it and be tempted to improve it. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:29, 14 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::::: Hi Andrew. Indeed. When I created the page [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] by (partially) translating [[:en:Wikipedia:Drafts]], I also translated the rule that a page can be moved away from the mainspace to the &lt;code&gt;Adumbratio:&lt;/code&gt; namespace only if it is a newly created page (&lt; 90 days). So pages that have long been among our 10000 pages are safe. P.S. The rules in [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] still need our consensus, so if you have time, please give that page a look. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:58, 14 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== Template:Weather box ==
{{Excepta|Vicipaedia:Officina|Template:Weather box|Locus opportunior --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]]}}

== Quid significat expectatio vacuae mutationis? ==

Dicitur in pagina [[Topologia classium punctorum]] quod &quot;Haec pagina mutationem vacuam expectat&quot;. Et rogat me, &quot;nihil tangens&quot;, sibi ostendere mutationes.

Ad quem dirigitur haec monitio, et quas mutationes oportet eum sibi ostendere? Non intelligo. [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 04:29, 19 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

: Salve, [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]. Illa icon significat vicitextum &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Spatium topologicum|spatia topologica|en|qid=Q179899}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; ad hunc vicitextum, si paginam emendas, sponte mutatum iri: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;[[Spatium topologicum|spatia topologica]]&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; (vide [[Special:Diff/3954206/3955454|meam ultimam recensionem]] et documentationem formulae {{fsn|pcc}}), quoniam nunc [[Spatium topologicum|paginam]] habemus quae cum entitate Vicidatorum [[:d:Q179899]] nectitur. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 04:44, 19 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::Gratias habeo—mirum tamen mihi videtur, quod substitutio &quot;cref&quot; tantum unam tesseram (siquidem recte lexi) sumat ut argumentum. Quomodo ergo facio, si notam duos habeat nexus ad paginas creatas?--[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:29, 20 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::: Immo, infinitatem tesserarum formula {{fsn|cref}} accipit. Vide, exempli gratia, hanc annotationem in pagina “[[Carpates]]”, ubi sunt ambae entitates [[:d:Q6776713]] et [[:d:Q11699202]]:
:::: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1={{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Martinus Szent-Ivany|Martini Szent-Ivany|hu|qid=Q6776713}} [...] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Gabriel Rzaczynski|Gabrielis Rzączyński|pl|qid=Q11699202}} [...]|2=Q6776713|3=Q11699202}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
::: Vide etiam {{Caput|Formula:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|Quomodo tesseram invenio?}}. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:43, 20 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== Annon corrigere possumus titulos &quot;instrumentorum&quot;? ==

Exempli gratia: video unum &quot;instrumentum&quot; appellari &quot;Paginam prehendere formá PDF&quot;. Videtur mihi hic titulus mendam habere et corrigi posse accentus acutus ad macron. Sed nescio utrum corrigibilis sit ab usoribus. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:47, 24 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
: Salve [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]. Usoribus non licet [[Specialis:Nuntia systematis|nuntia systematis]] recensere (vide etiam &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[{{fullurl:Special:Allpages|namespace=8}} spatium “&lt;code&gt;MediaWiki:&lt;/code&gt;”]&lt;/span&gt;), sed usores possunt a magistratibus petere ut nuntia recenseant (et multa nuntia exstant quae meliora facere aut etiam omnino vertere oportet!). Non invenio ubi “Paginam prehendere formá PDF” iaceat; fortasse @[[Usor:UV|UV]] adiuvare potest. P.S. “accentus acutus” revera est [[Apex (orthographia Latina)|apex]], forma antiquior [[macron|macri]]; attamen concordo uniformia signa diacritica nobis esse sequenda. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:42, 24 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::Non potest prehendere paginas disputationum formā PDF. Sed paginas encyclopediae possumus; e.g. [[Macron]]. At ibi apparet &quot;Paginam prehendere formá PDF&quot;. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 02:04, 26 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::: Nexum video, sed quid nuntium gignat non invenio. Exempli gratia, [[MediaWiki:Contributions|haec pagina]] nuntium “User contributions” ad nuntium Latinum “Conlationes usoris” vertit; sed quid vertit “Download PDF” ad “Paginam prehendere formá PDF”? Nescio. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:44, 26 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::Ignosce inclaritatem meam—sed prime (ut ita dicam) &quot;Instrumenta&quot; et videbis instrumentorum titulos. Titulus primus (ut mihi ostenduntur) est &quot;Movere&quot;; titulus novissimus est &quot;Res Wikidata&quot;; et unus titulorum est &quot;Paginam prehendere formá PDF&quot;. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:46, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::: @[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]: Ut dixi, oculis meis textum video, sed ignoro e qua pagina aut e quo nuntio systematis oriatur. Nequeo textum corrigere si nescio quid mihi sit emendandum. Conatus sum aliqua similia nuntia vertere ([[MediaWiki:Wikisource-download-pdf|#1]], [[MediaWiki:Minerva-download|#2]], [[MediaWiki:Electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-print-text|#3]], [[MediaWiki:Electronpdfservice-download-label|#4]], [[MediaWiki:Electronpdfservice-special-page-headline|#5]]), sed nuntium quod quaeris non inveni. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:54, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::::bzgrep utebar perlegere totam Vicipaediam Latinam; non tamen inveni.  Mirum! --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:25, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::::: @[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]: Potesne, quaeso, etiam situm https://translatewiki.net/ per “bzgrep” inspicere? Etiam illic non inveni textum. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:28, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::::::[https://translatewiki.net/wiki/MediaWiki:Coll-download_as/la Fontem] inveni huius textus, non autem bzgrep utens. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:12, 28 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::::::: Gratias tibi ago. Correxi. Post paucos dies abhinc nova translatio etiam in Vicipaedia Latina ostendetur. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 01:34, 28 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::::::::Fortasse nostis [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/MediaWiki?uselang=qqx hunc nexum] per quem tandem inveni. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:37, 28 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== Regula generalis de intellegentia artificiali ==
[[:meta:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|Apud MetaVici disputatur]] utrum regula generalis de intellegentiae artificialis usu introducenda sit necne. Quum etiam nos tanget, vos hortor ut sententias vestras feratis. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:42, 26 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

:Non penitus intelligo quomodo nos tangeat. Annon iam habemus regulam de plasmatibus (ut ita dicam) linguarum? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:50, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:: Regulae globales omnes Vicipaedias afficiunt, atque illa regula proponitur globalis. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:56, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::Gratias habeo; nonne autem, si Vicipaedia Latina haberet regulam, supersedeat regulam generalem? Et simili modo respectu aliarum Vicipaediarum? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:01, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::: Non sum certus, sed timeo ne regulae globales vincant. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 01:05, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::::Ita; intelligo. Scisne utrum restrictionem an laxationem habeat favorem iuris? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:12, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::::: Apud Vicipaediam Latinam nulla est regula scripta; paginae tamen quae omnino intellegentiā artificiali sine ulla humana recensione vertuntur pittacio {{Fn|Pagina autotranslata}} signantur atque post unam hebdomadam delentur. Prima regula globalis proposita mihi videtur hoc tantum postulare, ut, ''praeter translationes'', usus intellegentiae artificialis aperte declaretur. Altera autem regula globalis vetat intellegentiā artificiali ūtī ''nisi in translationibus''. Meā sententiā, hoc nobis incommodum contrarium efficit, quia hic magnopere laboramus ad translationes machinarias moderandas; alii autem usūs intellegentiae artificialis nobis non sunt incommodo. Non puto magni rēferre usum ipsum declarare, sed potius oportere responsa intellegentiae artificialis diligenter inspicere ac recensere. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 01:45, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== Quomodo melius invenire titula proposita pro articulo nondum existente? ==

Volui creare articulum pro &quot;poset&quot; (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q474715).

Scio, quod est formula &quot;subst:pcc&quot; alicubi in hac Vicipaedia per quam statuitur titulum huius articuli. Sed nescio, et &quot;bzgrep&quot; iterum inutilis est.

Estne methodus inventionis talium &quot;titulorum articulorum nondum existentium&quot;? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 04:47, 30 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

: Formula {{fsn|pcc}} nescit quod nomen Latinum novae paginae (“nexui rubro”) assignandum sit, istud erit tibi eligendum. Ad formulam adhibendam tibi sufficiet titulum Latinum et linguā aliā scribere. E.g.:
:: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:pcc|en=Partially ordered set|Aggregatio partim ordinata}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
::: ↳ {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Aggregatio partim ordinata||en|qid=Q474715}}
: Aut, si vis, potes autem tesseram Vicidatorum praebere:
:: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:pcc|Aggregatio partim ordinata||en|qid=Q474715}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
::: ↳ {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Aggregatio partim ordinata||en|qid=Q474715}}
: Non exstat ullus index paginarum creandarum. Nomina inveniuntur simul ac paginae creantur. Attamen, si quis paginam “Aggregatio partim ordinat'''issima'''” postea creet at ad [[:d:Q474715]] eam nectat, pagina ubi nexus ruber “Aggregatio partim ordinata” ostendebatur nunc ad paginam “Aggregatio partim ordinatissima” nectetur. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 06:13, 30 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== Quomodo citare librum, quod numerum librarium uniformem inter gentes caret? ==

[[Cancellum (mathematica)|Hac pagina]] conor citare librum quoddam, sed caret ISBN/NLUIG. Habet tamen numerum Catalogii Librarii Congressus (LCCN), sed nescio quomodo hanc numerum affigere rei citatae.

Multas habeo gratias pro auxilio vestro! --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 02:09, 18 Maii 2026 (UTC)

== Num verbum natio Anglico verbo “nation” respondet? ==
Salvete omnes! Hic scribo nec in [[Disputatio:Natio|pagina disputationis]] quod hoc verbum in multis commentariis est. Secundum [https://archive.org/details/practicalint00arno/page/41/mode/1up librum Arnoldi] “Natio is rarely used of a civilised and organised nation ; it means a people, or tribe, sprung from one race, of the same blood (nascor).” Secundum dictionarium “Cassell’s Latin Dictionary Latin-English English-Latin” natio significat “a tribe, race, people, esp. uncivilized”, et verbum Anglicum nation significat “populus, gens (=people, stock), civitas (=body of citizens), respublica (=state), natio (=tribe, not highly civilized)”. Liber Arnoldi quoque monet ut iis vocabulis Latinis utamur. Commentarius [[Natio|natio]] illud Ciceronis habet: “Omnēs nātiōnēs servitūtem ferre possunt, nostra cīvitās nōn potest; …” in quo orator optimus populum Romanum a nationibus distinguet. Quid vobis videtur de hac re? Valete! -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 20:58, 29 Maii 2026 (UTC)

:Haec &quot;natio&quot; a primis temporibus Vicipaediae originem obscuram ducit, mihi non placet, sed permulta corrigenda sunt, si eam mutare volumus. Civitas (de civibus), civitas sui iuris? [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 22:09, 29 Maii 2026 (UTC)
:: Aut etiam possibile est dicere, etiam secundum linguas recentiores, ipsam notionem “nationis” quodammodo “civitati” adversari. Id est, sunt qui putent, etiam linguis hodiernis, “nationem” (Anglice ''nation'', Italice ''nazione'', et cetera) semper aliquid minus civile quam “civitatem” (Anglice ''state'', Italice ''Stato'', et cetera), immo vero tribale, significare. Cum hoc tamen concordo, paginam illam nimis veterem esse atque redintegrandam. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:41, 29 Maii 2026 (UTC)
:::Melius est quaedam omittere quam nihil corrigere. Video nos habere commentarios qui vocantur [[Civitas]] (Ang. [[w:en:State (polity)]]), [[Gens]] (Ang. [[w:en:Gens]], nescio cur hic commentarius Latine non sit solis de gentibus Romanis), [[Populus]] (Ang. [[w:en:People]]), [[Res publica]] (Ang. [[w:en:Republic]]), et [[Tribus (anthropologia)]] ([[w:en:Tribe]]). Secundum dictionarium “Cassell’s Latin Dictionary”, tribus significat”originally a third part if the Roman people. Hence a tribe, a division of the Roman people …”. Hoc dictionarium monet ut verbo “natio” vel verbo “gens” utamur si scribere “tribe” velimus nec de tribubus Romanis scribamus. Vero non possum novum nomen commentarii [[Natio]] commendare quod nescio cur vikipedia tot commentarios habeat. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 14:38, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC)
::::Pagina non est delenda, si hoc consulis. &quot;Natio&quot; [http://lexica.linguax.com/forc2.php?searchedLG=natio verbum est Latinum], cur id ne explicemus. Si nexum intervicialem ad paginam Anglicam male congruere putas, ita est, non perfectissime congruit. Sed cum de notionibus abstractis agitur, nexus interviciales saepius tales sunt. Hoc malum in Vicipaediα inevitabile est et hoc non est malum, si res explicatur. Paginae ipsius loca quaedam corrigenda est, Ciceronis interpretatio mutanda, et, quod maxime interest, inter [[Specialis:Nexus_ad_paginam/Natio|nexus ad eam]] hi multi corrigendi sunt, ubi &quot;natio&quot; in modum Anglicum civitatem sui iuris significat. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 18:22, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC)
:::::Pagina scilicet delenda non est. Vidi paginas in Vikipedia Hebraica et Ucrainica ad paginam Anglicam bene congruere nec nostram paginam. Natio est verbum Latinum, cuius sensu Latino uti debemus, nec sensi Anglico. Delere nolo sed mutare et fortasse movere. Eo consilio hunc sermonem coepi ut sensibus Latinis verborum uteremur. Vero nescio cur Vikipedia Anglica tot paginas habeat et quid sit discrimen inter “nation” et “state”, propter quod non possum verbum meliorum commendare. Potestne pagina Anglica nostrae paginae [[Natio]] esse [[w:en:Tribe]]? Tribus quoque verbum Latinum est sed secundum dictionarium non idem significat et verbum Anglicum tribe. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 19:24, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC)
:::::: ''Tribus'' est quaedam divisio populi, non tota natio ([https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry=tribus]). Possum falli, sed secundum illam Ciceronis sententiam (“Omnēs nātiōnēs servitūtem ferre possunt …”) mihi videtur praecipua differentia inter ''civitatem'' et ''nationem'' hoc esse, quod ''civitas'' rem publicam civium significat, ''nationes'' autem alios populos tamquam gentes spectatos. Ita ''civitas'' erat Roma, ''nationes'' erant ceteri populi. P.S. {{*Cfr}} etiam “eruditissima illa Graecorum natio” (Cic.). Nam Graecis erat una natio sed plures civitates. Hoc usu vocabulum mihi videtur fere eodem sensu adhiberi ac in linguis hodiernis. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 23:07, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::Nexus interviciales perutiles sunt (ad minimum, lectores novos nobis dirigunt!) sed non nos regunt. Omnis lingua, sicut [[civitas sui iuris]], libera est. Debemus (1) verba Latina Latinitate classica definire (2) alia verba quibus significationes cognatae sunt (e.g. gens, tribus, civitas) distinguere, nexibus datis (3) significationes apud Latinistas recentiores explicare, si differunt (4) praeter alia, de re principali pellucide disserere.
:::::::Cicero his verbis, ''omnes nationes servitutem fere possunt: nostra civitas non potest'' (Phil. 10.10.20) inter ''nationes'' et ''nostram civitatem'' quoquomodo distinguere videtur ... sed alibi ''omnes &lt;u&gt;exteras&lt;/u&gt; nationes'' et ''eruditissimam Graecorum nationem'' indicat (Imp. Pomp. 11.31; De Or. 2.4.18) -- unde intellego, apud Ciceronem, plures ''nationes'' exstitisse tam sub imperio S.P.Q.R. quam extra limites. Ex his sententiis, si volumus, inter civitatem et nationem facile erit distinguere: sed inter ''populos'' et ''nationes'' ...? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 09:06, 1 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::Nolite oblivisci ''gentes''&amp;thinsp;! Cassell's nobis dicit (p. 742) ''international law'' locutionem Anglicam nostra lingua esse ''ius gentium,'' ac Traupman (ed. 3, p. 575) nobis dicit ''international'' ipsum verbum Anglicum esse ''inter gentes.'' [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:12, 1 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::Sententias vestras perlegi et commentarium inveni [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311975311_On_the_Roman_Concept_of_Natio “On the Roman Concept of Natio”] quem quoque legi, et iam intellego quanta difficilis sit haec res. In libro Arnoldi et in dictionario legi nationem esse “esp. uncivilized”, nec autores Romanos scripisisse Nationem Romanam. Putavi nationem esse tribe nec unquam civilised nation. Iam nesio a bonus sit hic nexus. Veritus sum ne homines dum Latine scribebant solis nexibus uterentur, nec deliberarent quid sit verbum optimum. De pagina nostra [[Respublica]] vos consulere quoque volo. Secundum dictionarium “Cassell’s Latin Dictionary” “'''republic''' ''respublica'', ''civitas'' (= state, simply): a —, as opp. to other forms of government, ''respublica'' (or ''civitas''” ''libera'' or ''popularis''.” Respublica et civitas idem significare mihi videntur. Nonne melius est movere hanc paginam ut novem nomen sit Respublica popularis? Haec res non est solo de nexu sed quoque de ipsa pagina. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:38, 1 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::::Fortasse, sed iam est commentarius de &quot;People's republic&quot; in vicipaedia Anglica. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:31, 1 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::::: De differentia inter ''gentem'' et ''nationem'' conferatur etiam {{LTL|natio|335}}: “A ''gente'' aliquando ita differt, ut genus a specie: ''gens'' enim latius patet, et plures nationes complectitur, ut ''gens'' Graeca habet Atticos, Boeotos, Thebanos, qui ejusdem gentis nationes sunt.” Saepissime tamen gens et natio sunt synonyma. @[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]: Graeci non erant “uncivilized”, attamen erant natio vel plures nationes. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:53, 2 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::::Multae paginae in Vicipaedia connexae sunt; ''United Nations'' vertitur ut [[Nationes Unitae]], multis cum fontibus (duabus encyclicis aliisque). Hoc mutare nequimus, et pagina de [[natio]]ne nec huic sensui contradicere debet; haec causa, cur paginae Anglicae '&quot;Nation&quot; ceterisque de hac natione moderna narrantibus alliganda sit. Sed de pagina [[Nationes mundi]], exempli gratia, iam dubito, et &quot;civitates mundi&quot; nationibus praeferam, [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 20:50, 4 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::Iam intellego. Huic sensu, quo utuntur encyclici, contradicere scilicet nequimus. Gratias omnibus vobis ago quia mihi hanc rem explanavistis. 
:::::::::::{{ping|Grufo}}, Quaesivi nec inveni ubi Cicero nationem Graecam scripserit. Testimonium encyclicorum mihi videtur bonum esse, scire tamen volo ubi orator optimus his verbis usus sit. 
:::::::::::Valete. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 21:14, 5 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::: @[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]: {{Op|[[De oratore]]}}, {{Vf|De oratore/Liber II|18|2.4.18}}: “eruditissima illa Graecorum natio”. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:09, 5 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::::Gratias tibi ago! -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:45, 7 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::De commentario qui [[Nationes mundi]] (Anglice [[w:en:List of sovereign states|List of sovereign states]]) vocatur, nonne melius nomen est “''Index civitatum sui iuris''”? 
:::::::::::Vide commentarios:
:::::::::::* [[Civitas sui iuris]]
:::::::::::* [[Index communium Badeniae et Virtembergiae]]
:::::::::::* [[Index urbium et communium Rhenaniae et Palatinatus]]
:::::::::::* [[Index fluviorum Germaniae]]
:::::::::::* [[Index asteroidum]]
:::::::::::* [[Index siglorum ordinum ecclesiae catholicae]]
:::::::::::Hic commentarius est index. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 16:50, 9 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::::::Sic, [[Index civitatum sui iuris]] bonum nomen est, multae paginae huius generis in Vicipaedia Latina &quot;indices&quot; nominantur. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 19:47, 9 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::::Vobis consentio. Hanc paginam satis antiquam renominare oportet. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:39, 10 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::::::::Utrum possumus paginam renominate an oportet [[Formula:Movenda]] utere? -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:21, 10 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::Formula ad disputandum in pagina disputationis ponitur, sed nunc hic erat disputaio, fornula non necessaria est. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 15:55, 10 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::: Paginam movi. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:02, 10 Iunii 2026 (UTC)

== &quot;-karyotica&quot; vel &quot;-caryotica&quot;? ==
In pagina de [[Cellula|cellulis]] ambae formae extant. Videtur mihi melius, si unicam noscamus formam. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 03:14, 16 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:&quot;-caryotica&quot; melius. Vocabulum est antiquum, Graecae originis (κάρυον), nullae sunt causae, ut &quot;k&quot; scribatur. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 12:05, 17 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::Consentio. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:16, 17 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::&quot;nullae sunt causae&quot;: consentiebam imprimis sed nunc occursit mihi formae &quot;-karyota&quot; esse in taxonomia Linnaeana. Etenim (cuius ratione fortasse) redirigitur [[Eucaryota]] ad &quot;Eukaryota&quot; et [[Procaryota]] ad &quot;Prokaryota&quot;. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:38, 20 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::Si alterum rectum est, alterum fontibus biloolgicis testatum, unum eligere non possumus, eligas, quod velis. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 07:10, 20 Iunii 2026 (UTC)

== Pagina mensis Iulii 2026 abest ==
{{Excepta|Disputatio Vicipaediae:Pagina mensis|2026}}

== Paginae de praenominibus: lemmata typis italicis necne? ==
In disputatione {{caput|Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|Carolus: Cur titulus italicus?}}, noster [[Usor:IacobusAmor|Iacobus]] suadet ut lemmata qualia illa paginarum de praenominibus scribantur typis italicis. Ego nescio quid sit faciendum. Praenomina apud Vicipaediam Anglicam et alibi non scribuntur typis italicis (e.g. [[:en:Martin (name)]]), sed nobis licet aliam regulam nostram statuere. Attamen, si hanc conventionem adoptamus, oportebit eam ubique adhibere, atque multae paginae emendandae erunt. Quid dicatis? Censeatisne lemmata in paginis de praenominibus scribenda esse typis italicis? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:34, 18 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
:::And yet, Grufo, in the article that you cite (&quot;[[:en:Martin (name)]]&quot;), you'll find this heading: &quot;The name ''Martin'' in different regions&quot;! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:50, 18 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
:::: I am not against using italics for words cited as words, I am just wondering whether ''the page's lemma'' should be italicized (i.e. &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Titulus italicus}} ... {{ires|Martinus}} est praenomen ...&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;). Having somewhere below the lead something like &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;Nomen ''Martinus'' ...&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, seems pretty fine to me, especially when discussing etimologies. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:01, 19 Augusti 2026 (UTC)

:Non, hoc insolitum est, multos annos Vicipaedia sine hoc italico vivebat. Argumentum Jacobi est: 
:* Leo XIV est pontifex, sed eius nomen familiare est ''Robertus'' (vel &quot;Robertus&quot;), — 
:hic de praenomine ut nomine, non de homine vel de re agitur, hic scriptura italica vel virgulae possibiles sunt. Sed pagina de ipso praenomine hoc praenomen ut rem describendam tractat.  Nullae sunt causae, ut huius generis paginarum formam mutemus. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 17:10, 18 Augusti 2026 (UTC)

:::Iste locus omnino rectus non est. &quot;''Robertus'' (vel &quot;Robertus&quot;)&quot; non scripsi. Quod scripsi est:
::::[[Leo XIV]] est [[Episcopus Romanus]], sed eius nomen familiare est ''Robertus.''
:::At least in English, and in the English wikipedia, words cited as words are customarily italicized (not quoted); however, as noted in effect by Grufo, many writers, including those of the English wikipedia, make an exception for capitalized nouns. Much of the time, that's perhaps unobjectionable, as it doesn't lead to misreading, but it can generate curious locutions, for example:
::::Henry Edward Manning has been translated '[[Henricus Eduardus Manning]].'
:::This is curious because, for people reading these words for the first time, the lack of italics in the text effectively marks Manning as a human being, not a set of words, and human beings can't be translated, unless, of course, they're bishops, who can indeed be translated (from see to see); but Manning was never a bishop of anywhere except Westminster, so he was never translated—making ''both'' of these sentences true. but ''only'' when italics are selectively deployed:
::::''Henry Edward Manning'' was often translated.
::::Henry Edward Manning was never translated.
:::Granted, this is a rare example, but it's most definitely a valid contrastive minimal pair. In any event, relying on capitalization may prove problematic in general, since many nouns capitalized in the Anglo-German world are ''not'' capitalized in many other languages, and that's &quot;a whole nother can of worms.&quot; [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:38, 18 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
::::Okay, but in the title of a Wikipedia article, the name is not taken as word, but as an object that the article treats. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 09:29, 19 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
:::::That's true. Substantive &quot;Xxxx (nomen)&quot; articles have some reasons not to exist in an encyclopaedia at all: so far as I remember, they exist on Vicipaedia because (a) there is an anonymous contributor who likes creating them, and generally does no harm, (b) they could remain useful as disambiguation pages if they offer links to more than one existing substantive article. I suggest not making any special rule for formatting them here, when there's no such rule on other Wikipedias. Formatting is a distraction, and Latin is light on formatting compared with other modern printed languages. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 07:30, 23 Augusti 2026 (UTC)

== [[:Categoria:Portae]] ==

[[:Categoria:Portae]] nunc includit paginas sui generis, quod vulgo ''portal'' nominatur, sed habemus aliquot paginas de portis veris, de aedificiis huius generis ([[Porta Aurea]], [[Porta nigra]], [[Porta Praenestina]], [[Porta Brandenburgensis]], [[Porta Graach]] etc.) Puto categoriae portalium aliud nomen dandum esse, e.g. &quot;Portae Vicipaedianae&quot;, &quot;Portae (Vicipaedia)&quot;, in [[:categoria:Portae]] autem portas veras colligendas. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 09:57, 21 Augusti 2026 (UTC) &lt;!-- Si nomen tuum addere vis, tantummodo substitue “subst:Assenserunt” in locum verbi “Assenserunt” hic: --&gt;{{Assenserunt|Grufo=2026-08-21 11:00:42}}
: Categoriam “[[:Categoria:Portae Vicipaedianae|Portae Vicipaedianae]]” creavi et nonnullas subcategorias ibi movi, sed nunc tantummodo telephonio geatabili recensere possum; postea ceteras subcategorias illūc movebo. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 11:25, 21 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
:: {{Ok}} Factum est. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:04, 21 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
:::Gratias ago maximas! [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 19:32, 21 Augusti 2026 (UTC)

== De paginis inter dies 12 Iulii et 5 Augusti 2026 creatis ==
Septuaginta duas novas paginas quotidianas die 25 Iunii 2026 posteriores [[Specialis:Diff/3985927/3985929|addidi]], attamen paginas inter dies 12 Iulii et 5 Augusti 2026 scriptas inspicere non potui. Si bonarum paginarum illis diebus scriptarum meministis, quaeso, [[Specialis:EditPage/Vicipaedia:Index paginarum cottidianarum/Promovendae|addite indici]]! Valete! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:09, 5 Septembris 2026 (UTC)

== Ascalon Adumbratio? ==

Non intellego cur pagina Ascalon in adumbrationibus relegata permaneat (oblivio?) cum tot pessimae et brevissimae paginae (de eis nuncupatim loqui nolo) nostram Vicipaediam dehonestant. [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 17:07, 8 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
: Et ego censeo paginam iam maturam esse ut in encyclopaediam recipiatur. Idem auctorem rogavi (confer {{Caput|Disputatio Adumbrationis:Ascalon|Non iam adumbratio}}), sed ipse respondit se plura de recentiore historia Ascalonis et nonnulla de aetate Turcica ac Britannica scribere velle. Mea sententia, paginam in encyclopaediam {{Nexus cum parametris|Specialis:Paginam movere/Adumbratio:Ascalon|movere|wpReason=Demum commentatio parata est|wpNewTitle=Ascalon|prefix=}} possumus. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 20:25, 8 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
:: Nihil impedit enim quominus paginam emendet in Vicipaedia iusta ut omnes quotidie facimus. Praeterea iam duos menses pagina non iam aucta est et ex aliis Vicipaediis invisibilis iacet. Censeo et ipse movendam esse.--[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 20:42, 8 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
::: {{Factum est}} --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:15, 8 Septembris 2026 (UTC)

== Articulum de [[XGBoost]] scribere volo. ==
'''Articulum de XGBoost componere cupio, qui originem, structuram algorithmicam, rationem gradientis boosting, praecipuos usus atque partes eius in machinali doctrina accurate exponat.'''

[[Usor:נתנאל שטרן|נתנאל שטרן]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:נתנאל שטרן|disputatio]]) 06:19, 11 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
: Posses articulum e Vicipaedia Anglica vertere.  --[[Usor:Maria.martelli|Maria.martelli]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Maria.martelli|disputatio]]) 15:23, 11 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
::Gratias tibi ago pro consilio. Articulum Anglicum de XGBoost in Latinum vertere conabor, sed textum etiam ad morem et stilum Vicipaediae Latinae accommodare velim. [[Usor:נתנאל שטרן|נתנאל שטרן]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:נתנאל שטרן|disputatio]]) 06:20, 14 Septembris 2026 (UTC)

== De intellegentiae artificialis usu ==
Nondum sunt in nostra Vicipaedia regulae de usu intellegentiae artificialis, quamquam [[MediaWiki:Editcheck-copyvio-llm-policylink|systema MediaViciale eas quaerit]]; idcirco [[Vicipaedia:Intellegentiae artificialis ope Vicipaediam recensere|hoc consilium]] proposui. Hae suasiones praecipue me adiuvaverunt ad paginam parandam:
* [[:Mw:Help:Edit check#LLM Paste check|Mw:Help:Edit check § LLM Paste check]]
* [[:En:Wikipedia:Writing articles with large language models]]
* [[:Meta:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy#AI-assisted editing and human accountability|Meta:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy § AI-assisted editing and human accountability]]
Tertius nexus simile consilium meum ostendit. Quaeso, ferte hic sententias vestras. Valete! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 06:49, 25 Septembris 2026 (UTC)

== IAbot: an recte agit? ==
Amicis quam plurimis loquor! -- Observavi IAbot in pagina [[Carolus Clusius]] (per exemplum) ter hoc anno nexus &quot;mortuos&quot; pronuntiavit, qui (per me) vivi sunt. Magister huius boti me suggerit (vide [[:m:User Talk:InternetArchiveBot#IAbot malfunctioning on la:wiki]]) hanc dissonantiam productam esse e limitibus geographicis a divulgatoribus sitorum interretialium impositis. An possumus hanc rem per experientiam probare? Si volitis, has tres paginas, ab IAbot mortuas pronuntiatas, temptate et responsum subter scribite:

I'm asking as many friends as possible to help: -- I notice that IAbot in the page [[Carolus Clusius]] (for example) three times this year pronounced links &quot;dead&quot;, when for me those links are still alive. The botmaster suggests (see [[:m:User Talk:InternetArchiveBot#IAbot malfunctioning on la:wiki]]) that the different results are caused by geoblocks on the internet sites (ii.e. they are not accessible worldwide). Could we please test this? If you're willing, please try these three pages, reported dead by IAbot, and report whether they work for you or not. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:52, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
:[https://www.e-rara.ch/zuz/nagezh/content/titleinfo/9431363 1. E-rara]
* Viva. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:52, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
:[http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/wp-content/HSSN/2007-8-Carolus%20Clusius.pdf 2. Clusius Correspondence pdf]
* Viva. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:52, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
:[http://clusiuscorrespondence.huygens.knaw.nl/ 3. Clusius Correspondence html]
* Viva. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:52, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>jqtg2p2u40ox4cgmyrim0accehkk3sz</sha1>
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== De paginis nimis magnis quae formulā {{[[Formula:Augenda|Augenda]]}} utuntur ==
In [[:Categoria:Corrigenda|Categoriam:Corrigenda]] plures subcategoriae formulā {{Fn|Augenda}} stipantur (e.g. [[:Categoria:Augenda a mense Februario 2023]], [[:Categoria:Augenda a mense Ianuario 2024]], [[:Categoria:Augenda a mense Decembri 2025]], et cetera). Inspiciens, multas harum paginarum invenii quae longiores sunt 1000 octobitis (e.g. [[Graecia archaica]]: 2928 octobiti). Quid censeatis si mechanema cum monitu in formulam {{Fn|Augenda}} inseram, ne in paginis longioribus quam 1000 octobitorum adhibeatur? Nam si pagina est satis longa, vanum est legentes monere paginam intra tres menses esse augendam. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:30, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:Pagina de [[Graecia archaica]] (#1) lemmate proprio, (#2) definitione idonea, et (#3) fonte externo caret, et omnis Vicipadia ut videtur (#4) nexibus ad hanc paginam ducentibus caret. That's all four of the formula's four criteria. ¶ For the difference between a stub and more-than-a-stub, the cutoff I've been using has been 2,000 octeti for general articles and 1,900 for articles with a taxobox. I don't recall a consensus on that limit, but articles having 4,000, 5,000, 6,000 octeti have been marked &quot;stipula&quot;; that's likely too high a limit, and I'd suggest that 2,000 (or possibly your 1,000) is a more defensible upper limit for stubs. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 03:15, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:::For example, just today, someone added &quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{urbs-stipula}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot; to the article on [[Barcino]], which already had more than 3,500 octeti! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 15:04, 28 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:::: ''Stipulae'' are not problematic from an administrative point of view, because in theory they can remain as such forever. Barcellona is an important city with a lot of history that can be written in an encyclopedia, it can be understandable if someone feels that the current page can be greatly improved. Instead, what scares me about the {{Fn|Augenda}} template is that it is not only an invitation to improve pages, it also asks us to delete pages after three months (which is why it should be used with care). --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:57, 28 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:::::Then why not change the verb from ''will'' to ''may'' or introduce some other indication of indeterminacy? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 16:31, 28 Februarii 2026 (UTC) 
:: [[Usor:IacobusAmor|Iacobus]], we can set any limit we want, but what I think makes little sense is saying that a page must be increased within three months, but then after three months nothing happens and the categories above keep growing. We must set a realistic (relatively low) threshold and then, after that, be ready to '''delete''' the pages that do not respect our threshold (in [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 35#De novo spatio nominali adumbrationum proponendo|another thread]] I had proposed the &lt;code&gt;adumbratio:&lt;/code&gt; namespace where after three months all these “augenda” pages can be moved, but that is a separate topic). A page like [[Graecia archaica]] only needs relatively little work to be adjusted—certainly does not deserve to be deleted. What I want to stress here is that every time you add {{Fn|Augenda}} to a page you are basically saying “If the page stays like this, I am okay if after three months it gets deleted”. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 03:58, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:::That's correct, but I heartily endorse a separate namespace, a kind of purgatory, where such pages can go until they've become worthy of standing in the mainspace. As a rule, I don't work on formulas, so I likely had nothing to do with the wording of this one, but three months must have been the original consensus. If memory serves, @Andrew Dalby and perhaps others have occasionally enforced the three-month rule, though sometimes after well more than three months have elapsed. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 13:08, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:::: Intellego. Novum spatium nominale a “Phabricatore” petiturus sum. Quid censeres si in paginis amplioribus (e.g. inter 2000 et 1000) formulā {{Fn|Nondum stipula}} (quae nullam categoriam cum tempore praefinito imponit) pro formulā {{Fn|Augenda}} utereris? Aut aliam novam formulam quoque nobis excogitare licet. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:57, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
::::: {{Tpe|Nova}} Hic nuper petivi ut novum spatium nominale adumbrationum crearetur: [[phab:T418706|New “Draft” namespace for lawiki: “Adumbratio”]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 01:01, 2 Martii 2026 (UTC)
:::::: {{Tpe|Novissima}} Euax! Spatium nominale adumbrationum [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|habemus]]! Textus paginae [[MediaWiki:Noarticletext]] nobis sic mutandus est ut adumbrationes, si exsistunt, detegantur. Postea aliquid excogitabo. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 19:34, 2 Martii 2026 (UTC)
@[[Usor:IacobusAmor|Iacobe]]: What would you think if we created a &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Pagina neglecta}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; template, and established that when we find a page that was created more than three months ago (e.g. [[Agrinium]], created in 2004!), instead of {{Fn|Augenda}} we add the new template instead? The &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Pagina neglecta}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; template could look more or less like this:

{{Capsa annuntiationis
	| color = #7f83d7
	| pigmentum = #f3f4fb
	| imago = P writing.svg
	| 1 =

'''Commentationem neglectam augeamus!'''

Haec commentatio longe neglecta videtur mansa esse. Sodes, adiuva paginam augere!

}}

We can then have [[:Categoria:Paginae neglectae]], where all these pages will be automatically collected. I am proposing this because I think that it makes little sense to warn that a page that was created 22 years ago must be improved within three months! It will be an empty warning. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:40, 9 Martii 2026 (UTC)
:That might be useful. How would it differ from the Adumbratio solution? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:01, 9 Martii 2026 (UTC)
:: Following [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio|the rules]] that I partly translated from English Wikipedia, we must not move pages that were created long ago to the &lt;code&gt;Adumbratio:&lt;/code&gt; namespace. So the picture should look as follows:
::* '''Case 1:''' The page is is too short and was recently created. We have three possibilities:
::*# We improve it (prefereable solution)
::*# We move it to the &lt;code&gt;Adumbratio:&lt;/code&gt; namespace (less prefereable than improving the page but more prefearable than the following)
::*# We add {{Fn|Augenda}} (less prefereable)
::*#: ↳ If three months after adding {{Fn|Augenda}} nothing has changed we delete the page for real
::* '''Case 2:''' The page is too short and was created more than three months ago. Two possibilities:
::*# We improve it (prefereable solution)
::*# We have no other choice but adding &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Pagina neglecta}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
::*#: ↳ We must take into account that the page might stay like that indefinitely
::* '''Case 3:''' The page was in the &lt;code&gt;Adumbratio:&lt;/code&gt; namespace and was moved to the main namespace prematurely:
::*# We add {{Fn|Augenda}}
::*#: ↳ If after three months nothing has changed we delete the page for real
:: The rationale is that pages that are too old might no longer have someone that checks them and is able to fulfill our expectations. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 12:42, 9 Martii 2026 (UTC)

== De novo spatio adumbrationum ==
{{Collaboratio|Alex1011|Alexander Gerashchenko|Amahoney|Andreas Raether|Andrew Dalby|Aylin|Bartholomite|Bis-Taurinus|Demetrius Talpa|Giorno2|IacobusAmor|Ioscius|Iustinus|Lesgles|LilyKitty|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Neander|Pippobuono|Rafaelgarcia|Sigur|Utilo|UV|Xaverius
	| alacres = IacobusAmor
	| alacritas = mensis
	| res = Magistratūs usoresque strenuos vocavi. Veniam peto si alicuius oblitus sum.
	| subscriptio = [[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:43, 3 Martii 2026 (UTC)
}}

Nuper novum spatium nominale &lt;code&gt;Adumbratio:&lt;/code&gt; condidimus. Nunc oportet regulas nostras definire. Apud [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] paginam Anglicam [[:en:Wikipedia:Drafts]] partim verti, sed de nostra propria ratione consentiendum est.

Notandum est Vicipaediam Anglicam [[:en:Wikipedia:Drafts#Reasons not to move an article to draftspace|regulam habere]] qua vetatur paginam in spatio principali sitam in spatium adumbrationum movere “si commentatio ante plus quam 90 dies creata est”. Re quidem vera, nuper paginam [[Alkinum]] ad [[Adumbratio:Alkinum]] movi (praesertim ad lineamenta technica novi spatii nominalis experienda), attamen mihi visum est parum rectum paginam anno 2006 creatam (et [[Vicipaedia:Paginae quas omnibus Vicipaediis contineri oportet/Expansio#Materies chemicales|quam omnibus Vicipaediis contineri oportet]]!) ibi movere.

Quo facto suasus sum ut nobis vetandum sit formulam {{Fn|Augenda}} paginis ante plus quam tres menses creatis addere. Nam, si pagina nimis brevis olim creata est et usque talis mansit, si nos eam negleximus nec animadvertimus nisi nunc, meā sententiā duae optiones tantum nobis patent: aut eam relinquimus intactam, aut formulam {{Fn|Delenda}} apponimus.

Ceterum, a vobis peto ut paginam [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] inspiciatis, novas regulas proponatis, aut regulas a me scriptas emendetis.

Valete! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:43, 3 Martii 2026 (UTC)

==De loco vel gradu Vicipaediae apud Meta==
Does moving articles counted among the 10,000 most important (like 
&quot;[[Alkinum]]&quot; &amp; &quot;[[Oxidum]]&quot;) into the limbo marked by &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Adumbratio}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; and/or &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Neglecta}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; lower Vicipaedia's score at Meta? (Vide [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias_by_expanded_sample_of_articles|&quot;List of Wikipedias by expanded sample of articles&quot;].) In other words, do they need to remain in the mainspace to boost Vicipaedia's score? ¶ Ten years ago, in March 2016, Vicipaedia was ranked thirty-ninth among all the wikis; at the end of last month, it was ranked fifty-second. This is not an encouraging trend, and deliberately accelerating it might not be considered advisable. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:52, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)
: Hi Iacobus. Moving pages to the &lt;code&gt;Adumbratio:&lt;/code&gt; namespace definitely counts as removing them from the encyclopedia. Adding {{Fn|Pagina neglecta}} (or any other template) instead has no effects. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:09, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)
::&lt;nowiki&gt;{{ping|IacobusAmor}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;, is there a page that specifies the number of articles from this list that we have? -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 19:47, 3 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::{{ping|IacobusAmor}}, idk why my previous ping got wrapped by nowiki. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 19:48, 3 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::Ecce (but it needs to be updated): https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usor:Amahoney/Myrias_epitome [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:04, 3 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::::So, as Grufo says, moving one of the &quot;10,000&quot; pages into Adumbratio space removes it from the encyclopedia and from the score that Iacobus mentions. In the case of a page in that list, maybe it's better for it to be in mainspace, with a warning template (''neglecta/augenda/...'') on it? If it's in mainspace, more editors might see it and be tempted to improve it. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:29, 14 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::::: Hi Andrew. Indeed. When I created the page [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] by (partially) translating [[:en:Wikipedia:Drafts]], I also translated the rule that a page can be moved away from the mainspace to the &lt;code&gt;Adumbratio:&lt;/code&gt; namespace only if it is a newly created page (&lt; 90 days). So pages that have long been among our 10000 pages are safe. P.S. The rules in [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] still need our consensus, so if you have time, please give that page a look. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:58, 14 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== Template:Weather box ==
{{Excepta|Vicipaedia:Officina|Template:Weather box|Locus opportunior --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]]}}

== Quid significat expectatio vacuae mutationis? ==

Dicitur in pagina [[Topologia classium punctorum]] quod &quot;Haec pagina mutationem vacuam expectat&quot;. Et rogat me, &quot;nihil tangens&quot;, sibi ostendere mutationes.

Ad quem dirigitur haec monitio, et quas mutationes oportet eum sibi ostendere? Non intelligo. [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 04:29, 19 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

: Salve, [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]. Illa icon significat vicitextum &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Spatium topologicum|spatia topologica|en|qid=Q179899}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; ad hunc vicitextum, si paginam emendas, sponte mutatum iri: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;[[Spatium topologicum|spatia topologica]]&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; (vide [[Special:Diff/3954206/3955454|meam ultimam recensionem]] et documentationem formulae {{fsn|pcc}}), quoniam nunc [[Spatium topologicum|paginam]] habemus quae cum entitate Vicidatorum [[:d:Q179899]] nectitur. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 04:44, 19 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::Gratias habeo—mirum tamen mihi videtur, quod substitutio &quot;cref&quot; tantum unam tesseram (siquidem recte lexi) sumat ut argumentum. Quomodo ergo facio, si notam duos habeat nexus ad paginas creatas?--[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:29, 20 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::: Immo, infinitatem tesserarum formula {{fsn|cref}} accipit. Vide, exempli gratia, hanc annotationem in pagina “[[Carpates]]”, ubi sunt ambae entitates [[:d:Q6776713]] et [[:d:Q11699202]]:
:::: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1={{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Martinus Szent-Ivany|Martini Szent-Ivany|hu|qid=Q6776713}} [...] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Gabriel Rzaczynski|Gabrielis Rzączyński|pl|qid=Q11699202}} [...]|2=Q6776713|3=Q11699202}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
::: Vide etiam {{Caput|Formula:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|Quomodo tesseram invenio?}}. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:43, 20 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== Annon corrigere possumus titulos &quot;instrumentorum&quot;? ==

Exempli gratia: video unum &quot;instrumentum&quot; appellari &quot;Paginam prehendere formá PDF&quot;. Videtur mihi hic titulus mendam habere et corrigi posse accentus acutus ad macron. Sed nescio utrum corrigibilis sit ab usoribus. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:47, 24 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
: Salve [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]. Usoribus non licet [[Specialis:Nuntia systematis|nuntia systematis]] recensere (vide etiam &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[{{fullurl:Special:Allpages|namespace=8}} spatium “&lt;code&gt;MediaWiki:&lt;/code&gt;”]&lt;/span&gt;), sed usores possunt a magistratibus petere ut nuntia recenseant (et multa nuntia exstant quae meliora facere aut etiam omnino vertere oportet!). Non invenio ubi “Paginam prehendere formá PDF” iaceat; fortasse @[[Usor:UV|UV]] adiuvare potest. P.S. “accentus acutus” revera est [[Apex (orthographia Latina)|apex]], forma antiquior [[macron|macri]]; attamen concordo uniformia signa diacritica nobis esse sequenda. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:42, 24 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::Non potest prehendere paginas disputationum formā PDF. Sed paginas encyclopediae possumus; e.g. [[Macron]]. At ibi apparet &quot;Paginam prehendere formá PDF&quot;. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 02:04, 26 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::: Nexum video, sed quid nuntium gignat non invenio. Exempli gratia, [[MediaWiki:Contributions|haec pagina]] nuntium “User contributions” ad nuntium Latinum “Conlationes usoris” vertit; sed quid vertit “Download PDF” ad “Paginam prehendere formá PDF”? Nescio. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:44, 26 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::Ignosce inclaritatem meam—sed prime (ut ita dicam) &quot;Instrumenta&quot; et videbis instrumentorum titulos. Titulus primus (ut mihi ostenduntur) est &quot;Movere&quot;; titulus novissimus est &quot;Res Wikidata&quot;; et unus titulorum est &quot;Paginam prehendere formá PDF&quot;. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:46, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::: @[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]: Ut dixi, oculis meis textum video, sed ignoro e qua pagina aut e quo nuntio systematis oriatur. Nequeo textum corrigere si nescio quid mihi sit emendandum. Conatus sum aliqua similia nuntia vertere ([[MediaWiki:Wikisource-download-pdf|#1]], [[MediaWiki:Minerva-download|#2]], [[MediaWiki:Electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-print-text|#3]], [[MediaWiki:Electronpdfservice-download-label|#4]], [[MediaWiki:Electronpdfservice-special-page-headline|#5]]), sed nuntium quod quaeris non inveni. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:54, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::::bzgrep utebar perlegere totam Vicipaediam Latinam; non tamen inveni.  Mirum! --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:25, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::::: @[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]: Potesne, quaeso, etiam situm https://translatewiki.net/ per “bzgrep” inspicere? Etiam illic non inveni textum. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:28, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::::::[https://translatewiki.net/wiki/MediaWiki:Coll-download_as/la Fontem] inveni huius textus, non autem bzgrep utens. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:12, 28 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::::::: Gratias tibi ago. Correxi. Post paucos dies abhinc nova translatio etiam in Vicipaedia Latina ostendetur. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 01:34, 28 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::::::::Fortasse nostis [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/MediaWiki?uselang=qqx hunc nexum] per quem tandem inveni. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:37, 28 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== Regula generalis de intellegentia artificiali ==
[[:meta:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|Apud MetaVici disputatur]] utrum regula generalis de intellegentiae artificialis usu introducenda sit necne. Quum etiam nos tanget, vos hortor ut sententias vestras feratis. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:42, 26 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

:Non penitus intelligo quomodo nos tangeat. Annon iam habemus regulam de plasmatibus (ut ita dicam) linguarum? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:50, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:: Regulae globales omnes Vicipaedias afficiunt, atque illa regula proponitur globalis. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:56, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::Gratias habeo; nonne autem, si Vicipaedia Latina haberet regulam, supersedeat regulam generalem? Et simili modo respectu aliarum Vicipaediarum? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:01, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::: Non sum certus, sed timeo ne regulae globales vincant. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 01:05, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::::Ita; intelligo. Scisne utrum restrictionem an laxationem habeat favorem iuris? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:12, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::::: Apud Vicipaediam Latinam nulla est regula scripta; paginae tamen quae omnino intellegentiā artificiali sine ulla humana recensione vertuntur pittacio {{Fn|Pagina autotranslata}} signantur atque post unam hebdomadam delentur. Prima regula globalis proposita mihi videtur hoc tantum postulare, ut, ''praeter translationes'', usus intellegentiae artificialis aperte declaretur. Altera autem regula globalis vetat intellegentiā artificiali ūtī ''nisi in translationibus''. Meā sententiā, hoc nobis incommodum contrarium efficit, quia hic magnopere laboramus ad translationes machinarias moderandas; alii autem usūs intellegentiae artificialis nobis non sunt incommodo. Non puto magni rēferre usum ipsum declarare, sed potius oportere responsa intellegentiae artificialis diligenter inspicere ac recensere. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 01:45, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== Quomodo melius invenire titula proposita pro articulo nondum existente? ==

Volui creare articulum pro &quot;poset&quot; (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q474715).

Scio, quod est formula &quot;subst:pcc&quot; alicubi in hac Vicipaedia per quam statuitur titulum huius articuli. Sed nescio, et &quot;bzgrep&quot; iterum inutilis est.

Estne methodus inventionis talium &quot;titulorum articulorum nondum existentium&quot;? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 04:47, 30 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

: Formula {{fsn|pcc}} nescit quod nomen Latinum novae paginae (“nexui rubro”) assignandum sit, istud erit tibi eligendum. Ad formulam adhibendam tibi sufficiet titulum Latinum et linguā aliā scribere. E.g.:
:: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:pcc|en=Partially ordered set|Aggregatio partim ordinata}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
::: ↳ {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Aggregatio partim ordinata||en|qid=Q474715}}
: Aut, si vis, potes autem tesseram Vicidatorum praebere:
:: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:pcc|Aggregatio partim ordinata||en|qid=Q474715}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
::: ↳ {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Aggregatio partim ordinata||en|qid=Q474715}}
: Non exstat ullus index paginarum creandarum. Nomina inveniuntur simul ac paginae creantur. Attamen, si quis paginam “Aggregatio partim ordinat'''issima'''” postea creet at ad [[:d:Q474715]] eam nectat, pagina ubi nexus ruber “Aggregatio partim ordinata” ostendebatur nunc ad paginam “Aggregatio partim ordinatissima” nectetur. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 06:13, 30 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== Quomodo citare librum, quod numerum librarium uniformem inter gentes caret? ==

[[Cancellum (mathematica)|Hac pagina]] conor citare librum quoddam, sed caret ISBN/NLUIG. Habet tamen numerum Catalogii Librarii Congressus (LCCN), sed nescio quomodo hanc numerum affigere rei citatae.

Multas habeo gratias pro auxilio vestro! --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 02:09, 18 Maii 2026 (UTC)

== Num verbum natio Anglico verbo “nation” respondet? ==
Salvete omnes! Hic scribo nec in [[Disputatio:Natio|pagina disputationis]] quod hoc verbum in multis commentariis est. Secundum [https://archive.org/details/practicalint00arno/page/41/mode/1up librum Arnoldi] “Natio is rarely used of a civilised and organised nation ; it means a people, or tribe, sprung from one race, of the same blood (nascor).” Secundum dictionarium “Cassell’s Latin Dictionary Latin-English English-Latin” natio significat “a tribe, race, people, esp. uncivilized”, et verbum Anglicum nation significat “populus, gens (=people, stock), civitas (=body of citizens), respublica (=state), natio (=tribe, not highly civilized)”. Liber Arnoldi quoque monet ut iis vocabulis Latinis utamur. Commentarius [[Natio|natio]] illud Ciceronis habet: “Omnēs nātiōnēs servitūtem ferre possunt, nostra cīvitās nōn potest; …” in quo orator optimus populum Romanum a nationibus distinguet. Quid vobis videtur de hac re? Valete! -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 20:58, 29 Maii 2026 (UTC)

:Haec &quot;natio&quot; a primis temporibus Vicipaediae originem obscuram ducit, mihi non placet, sed permulta corrigenda sunt, si eam mutare volumus. Civitas (de civibus), civitas sui iuris? [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 22:09, 29 Maii 2026 (UTC)
:: Aut etiam possibile est dicere, etiam secundum linguas recentiores, ipsam notionem “nationis” quodammodo “civitati” adversari. Id est, sunt qui putent, etiam linguis hodiernis, “nationem” (Anglice ''nation'', Italice ''nazione'', et cetera) semper aliquid minus civile quam “civitatem” (Anglice ''state'', Italice ''Stato'', et cetera), immo vero tribale, significare. Cum hoc tamen concordo, paginam illam nimis veterem esse atque redintegrandam. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:41, 29 Maii 2026 (UTC)
:::Melius est quaedam omittere quam nihil corrigere. Video nos habere commentarios qui vocantur [[Civitas]] (Ang. [[w:en:State (polity)]]), [[Gens]] (Ang. [[w:en:Gens]], nescio cur hic commentarius Latine non sit solis de gentibus Romanis), [[Populus]] (Ang. [[w:en:People]]), [[Res publica]] (Ang. [[w:en:Republic]]), et [[Tribus (anthropologia)]] ([[w:en:Tribe]]). Secundum dictionarium “Cassell’s Latin Dictionary”, tribus significat”originally a third part if the Roman people. Hence a tribe, a division of the Roman people …”. Hoc dictionarium monet ut verbo “natio” vel verbo “gens” utamur si scribere “tribe” velimus nec de tribubus Romanis scribamus. Vero non possum novum nomen commentarii [[Natio]] commendare quod nescio cur vikipedia tot commentarios habeat. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 14:38, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC)
::::Pagina non est delenda, si hoc consulis. &quot;Natio&quot; [http://lexica.linguax.com/forc2.php?searchedLG=natio verbum est Latinum], cur id ne explicemus. Si nexum intervicialem ad paginam Anglicam male congruere putas, ita est, non perfectissime congruit. Sed cum de notionibus abstractis agitur, nexus interviciales saepius tales sunt. Hoc malum in Vicipaediα inevitabile est et hoc non est malum, si res explicatur. Paginae ipsius loca quaedam corrigenda est, Ciceronis interpretatio mutanda, et, quod maxime interest, inter [[Specialis:Nexus_ad_paginam/Natio|nexus ad eam]] hi multi corrigendi sunt, ubi &quot;natio&quot; in modum Anglicum civitatem sui iuris significat. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 18:22, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC)
:::::Pagina scilicet delenda non est. Vidi paginas in Vikipedia Hebraica et Ucrainica ad paginam Anglicam bene congruere nec nostram paginam. Natio est verbum Latinum, cuius sensu Latino uti debemus, nec sensi Anglico. Delere nolo sed mutare et fortasse movere. Eo consilio hunc sermonem coepi ut sensibus Latinis verborum uteremur. Vero nescio cur Vikipedia Anglica tot paginas habeat et quid sit discrimen inter “nation” et “state”, propter quod non possum verbum meliorum commendare. Potestne pagina Anglica nostrae paginae [[Natio]] esse [[w:en:Tribe]]? Tribus quoque verbum Latinum est sed secundum dictionarium non idem significat et verbum Anglicum tribe. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 19:24, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC)
:::::: ''Tribus'' est quaedam divisio populi, non tota natio ([https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry=tribus]). Possum falli, sed secundum illam Ciceronis sententiam (“Omnēs nātiōnēs servitūtem ferre possunt …”) mihi videtur praecipua differentia inter ''civitatem'' et ''nationem'' hoc esse, quod ''civitas'' rem publicam civium significat, ''nationes'' autem alios populos tamquam gentes spectatos. Ita ''civitas'' erat Roma, ''nationes'' erant ceteri populi. P.S. {{*Cfr}} etiam “eruditissima illa Graecorum natio” (Cic.). Nam Graecis erat una natio sed plures civitates. Hoc usu vocabulum mihi videtur fere eodem sensu adhiberi ac in linguis hodiernis. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 23:07, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::Nexus interviciales perutiles sunt (ad minimum, lectores novos nobis dirigunt!) sed non nos regunt. Omnis lingua, sicut [[civitas sui iuris]], libera est. Debemus (1) verba Latina Latinitate classica definire (2) alia verba quibus significationes cognatae sunt (e.g. gens, tribus, civitas) distinguere, nexibus datis (3) significationes apud Latinistas recentiores explicare, si differunt (4) praeter alia, de re principali pellucide disserere.
:::::::Cicero his verbis, ''omnes nationes servitutem fere possunt: nostra civitas non potest'' (Phil. 10.10.20) inter ''nationes'' et ''nostram civitatem'' quoquomodo distinguere videtur ... sed alibi ''omnes &lt;u&gt;exteras&lt;/u&gt; nationes'' et ''eruditissimam Graecorum nationem'' indicat (Imp. Pomp. 11.31; De Or. 2.4.18) -- unde intellego, apud Ciceronem, plures ''nationes'' exstitisse tam sub imperio S.P.Q.R. quam extra limites. Ex his sententiis, si volumus, inter civitatem et nationem facile erit distinguere: sed inter ''populos'' et ''nationes'' ...? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 09:06, 1 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::Nolite oblivisci ''gentes''&amp;thinsp;! Cassell's nobis dicit (p. 742) ''international law'' locutionem Anglicam nostra lingua esse ''ius gentium,'' ac Traupman (ed. 3, p. 575) nobis dicit ''international'' ipsum verbum Anglicum esse ''inter gentes.'' [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:12, 1 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::Sententias vestras perlegi et commentarium inveni [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311975311_On_the_Roman_Concept_of_Natio “On the Roman Concept of Natio”] quem quoque legi, et iam intellego quanta difficilis sit haec res. In libro Arnoldi et in dictionario legi nationem esse “esp. uncivilized”, nec autores Romanos scripisisse Nationem Romanam. Putavi nationem esse tribe nec unquam civilised nation. Iam nesio a bonus sit hic nexus. Veritus sum ne homines dum Latine scribebant solis nexibus uterentur, nec deliberarent quid sit verbum optimum. De pagina nostra [[Respublica]] vos consulere quoque volo. Secundum dictionarium “Cassell’s Latin Dictionary” “'''republic''' ''respublica'', ''civitas'' (= state, simply): a —, as opp. to other forms of government, ''respublica'' (or ''civitas''” ''libera'' or ''popularis''.” Respublica et civitas idem significare mihi videntur. Nonne melius est movere hanc paginam ut novem nomen sit Respublica popularis? Haec res non est solo de nexu sed quoque de ipsa pagina. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:38, 1 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::::Fortasse, sed iam est commentarius de &quot;People's republic&quot; in vicipaedia Anglica. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:31, 1 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::::: De differentia inter ''gentem'' et ''nationem'' conferatur etiam {{LTL|natio|335}}: “A ''gente'' aliquando ita differt, ut genus a specie: ''gens'' enim latius patet, et plures nationes complectitur, ut ''gens'' Graeca habet Atticos, Boeotos, Thebanos, qui ejusdem gentis nationes sunt.” Saepissime tamen gens et natio sunt synonyma. @[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]: Graeci non erant “uncivilized”, attamen erant natio vel plures nationes. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:53, 2 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::::Multae paginae in Vicipaedia connexae sunt; ''United Nations'' vertitur ut [[Nationes Unitae]], multis cum fontibus (duabus encyclicis aliisque). Hoc mutare nequimus, et pagina de [[natio]]ne nec huic sensui contradicere debet; haec causa, cur paginae Anglicae '&quot;Nation&quot; ceterisque de hac natione moderna narrantibus alliganda sit. Sed de pagina [[Nationes mundi]], exempli gratia, iam dubito, et &quot;civitates mundi&quot; nationibus praeferam, [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 20:50, 4 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::Iam intellego. Huic sensu, quo utuntur encyclici, contradicere scilicet nequimus. Gratias omnibus vobis ago quia mihi hanc rem explanavistis. 
:::::::::::{{ping|Grufo}}, Quaesivi nec inveni ubi Cicero nationem Graecam scripserit. Testimonium encyclicorum mihi videtur bonum esse, scire tamen volo ubi orator optimus his verbis usus sit. 
:::::::::::Valete. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 21:14, 5 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::: @[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]: {{Op|[[De oratore]]}}, {{Vf|De oratore/Liber II|18|2.4.18}}: “eruditissima illa Graecorum natio”. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:09, 5 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::::Gratias tibi ago! -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:45, 7 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::De commentario qui [[Nationes mundi]] (Anglice [[w:en:List of sovereign states|List of sovereign states]]) vocatur, nonne melius nomen est “''Index civitatum sui iuris''”? 
:::::::::::Vide commentarios:
:::::::::::* [[Civitas sui iuris]]
:::::::::::* [[Index communium Badeniae et Virtembergiae]]
:::::::::::* [[Index urbium et communium Rhenaniae et Palatinatus]]
:::::::::::* [[Index fluviorum Germaniae]]
:::::::::::* [[Index asteroidum]]
:::::::::::* [[Index siglorum ordinum ecclesiae catholicae]]
:::::::::::Hic commentarius est index. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 16:50, 9 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::::::Sic, [[Index civitatum sui iuris]] bonum nomen est, multae paginae huius generis in Vicipaedia Latina &quot;indices&quot; nominantur. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 19:47, 9 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::::Vobis consentio. Hanc paginam satis antiquam renominare oportet. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:39, 10 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::::::::Utrum possumus paginam renominate an oportet [[Formula:Movenda]] utere? -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:21, 10 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::Formula ad disputandum in pagina disputationis ponitur, sed nunc hic erat disputaio, fornula non necessaria est. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 15:55, 10 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::: Paginam movi. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:02, 10 Iunii 2026 (UTC)

== &quot;-karyotica&quot; vel &quot;-caryotica&quot;? ==
In pagina de [[Cellula|cellulis]] ambae formae extant. Videtur mihi melius, si unicam noscamus formam. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 03:14, 16 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:&quot;-caryotica&quot; melius. Vocabulum est antiquum, Graecae originis (κάρυον), nullae sunt causae, ut &quot;k&quot; scribatur. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 12:05, 17 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::Consentio. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:16, 17 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::&quot;nullae sunt causae&quot;: consentiebam imprimis sed nunc occursit mihi formae &quot;-karyota&quot; esse in taxonomia Linnaeana. Etenim (cuius ratione fortasse) redirigitur [[Eucaryota]] ad &quot;Eukaryota&quot; et [[Procaryota]] ad &quot;Prokaryota&quot;. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:38, 20 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::Si alterum rectum est, alterum fontibus biloolgicis testatum, unum eligere non possumus, eligas, quod velis. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 07:10, 20 Iunii 2026 (UTC)

== Pagina mensis Iulii 2026 abest ==
{{Excepta|Disputatio Vicipaediae:Pagina mensis|2026}}

== Paginae de praenominibus: lemmata typis italicis necne? ==
In disputatione {{caput|Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|Carolus: Cur titulus italicus?}}, noster [[Usor:IacobusAmor|Iacobus]] suadet ut lemmata qualia illa paginarum de praenominibus scribantur typis italicis. Ego nescio quid sit faciendum. Praenomina apud Vicipaediam Anglicam et alibi non scribuntur typis italicis (e.g. [[:en:Martin (name)]]), sed nobis licet aliam regulam nostram statuere. Attamen, si hanc conventionem adoptamus, oportebit eam ubique adhibere, atque multae paginae emendandae erunt. Quid dicatis? Censeatisne lemmata in paginis de praenominibus scribenda esse typis italicis? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:34, 18 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
:::And yet, Grufo, in the article that you cite (&quot;[[:en:Martin (name)]]&quot;), you'll find this heading: &quot;The name ''Martin'' in different regions&quot;! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:50, 18 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
:::: I am not against using italics for words cited as words, I am just wondering whether ''the page's lemma'' should be italicized (i.e. &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Titulus italicus}} ... {{ires|Martinus}} est praenomen ...&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;). Having somewhere below the lead something like &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;Nomen ''Martinus'' ...&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, seems pretty fine to me, especially when discussing etimologies. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:01, 19 Augusti 2026 (UTC)

:Non, hoc insolitum est, multos annos Vicipaedia sine hoc italico vivebat. Argumentum Jacobi est: 
:* Leo XIV est pontifex, sed eius nomen familiare est ''Robertus'' (vel &quot;Robertus&quot;), — 
:hic de praenomine ut nomine, non de homine vel de re agitur, hic scriptura italica vel virgulae possibiles sunt. Sed pagina de ipso praenomine hoc praenomen ut rem describendam tractat.  Nullae sunt causae, ut huius generis paginarum formam mutemus. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 17:10, 18 Augusti 2026 (UTC)

:::Iste locus omnino rectus non est. &quot;''Robertus'' (vel &quot;Robertus&quot;)&quot; non scripsi. Quod scripsi est:
::::[[Leo XIV]] est [[Episcopus Romanus]], sed eius nomen familiare est ''Robertus.''
:::At least in English, and in the English wikipedia, words cited as words are customarily italicized (not quoted); however, as noted in effect by Grufo, many writers, including those of the English wikipedia, make an exception for capitalized nouns. Much of the time, that's perhaps unobjectionable, as it doesn't lead to misreading, but it can generate curious locutions, for example:
::::Henry Edward Manning has been translated '[[Henricus Eduardus Manning]].'
:::This is curious because, for people reading these words for the first time, the lack of italics in the text effectively marks Manning as a human being, not a set of words, and human beings can't be translated, unless, of course, they're bishops, who can indeed be translated (from see to see); but Manning was never a bishop of anywhere except Westminster, so he was never translated—making ''both'' of these sentences true. but ''only'' when italics are selectively deployed:
::::''Henry Edward Manning'' was often translated.
::::Henry Edward Manning was never translated.
:::Granted, this is a rare example, but it's most definitely a valid contrastive minimal pair. In any event, relying on capitalization may prove problematic in general, since many nouns capitalized in the Anglo-German world are ''not'' capitalized in many other languages, and that's &quot;a whole nother can of worms.&quot; [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:38, 18 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
::::Okay, but in the title of a Wikipedia article, the name is not taken as word, but as an object that the article treats. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 09:29, 19 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
:::::That's true. Substantive &quot;Xxxx (nomen)&quot; articles have some reasons not to exist in an encyclopaedia at all: so far as I remember, they exist on Vicipaedia because (a) there is an anonymous contributor who likes creating them, and generally does no harm, (b) they could remain useful as disambiguation pages if they offer links to more than one existing substantive article. I suggest not making any special rule for formatting them here, when there's no such rule on other Wikipedias. Formatting is a distraction, and Latin is light on formatting compared with other modern printed languages. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 07:30, 23 Augusti 2026 (UTC)

== [[:Categoria:Portae]] ==

[[:Categoria:Portae]] nunc includit paginas sui generis, quod vulgo ''portal'' nominatur, sed habemus aliquot paginas de portis veris, de aedificiis huius generis ([[Porta Aurea]], [[Porta nigra]], [[Porta Praenestina]], [[Porta Brandenburgensis]], [[Porta Graach]] etc.) Puto categoriae portalium aliud nomen dandum esse, e.g. &quot;Portae Vicipaedianae&quot;, &quot;Portae (Vicipaedia)&quot;, in [[:categoria:Portae]] autem portas veras colligendas. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 09:57, 21 Augusti 2026 (UTC) &lt;!-- Si nomen tuum addere vis, tantummodo substitue “subst:Assenserunt” in locum verbi “Assenserunt” hic: --&gt;{{Assenserunt|Grufo=2026-08-21 11:00:42}}
: Categoriam “[[:Categoria:Portae Vicipaedianae|Portae Vicipaedianae]]” creavi et nonnullas subcategorias ibi movi, sed nunc tantummodo telephonio geatabili recensere possum; postea ceteras subcategorias illūc movebo. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 11:25, 21 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
:: {{Ok}} Factum est. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:04, 21 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
:::Gratias ago maximas! [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 19:32, 21 Augusti 2026 (UTC)

== De paginis inter dies 12 Iulii et 5 Augusti 2026 creatis ==
Septuaginta duas novas paginas quotidianas die 25 Iunii 2026 posteriores [[Specialis:Diff/3985927/3985929|addidi]], attamen paginas inter dies 12 Iulii et 5 Augusti 2026 scriptas inspicere non potui. Si bonarum paginarum illis diebus scriptarum meministis, quaeso, [[Specialis:EditPage/Vicipaedia:Index paginarum cottidianarum/Promovendae|addite indici]]! Valete! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:09, 5 Septembris 2026 (UTC)

== Ascalon Adumbratio? ==

Non intellego cur pagina Ascalon in adumbrationibus relegata permaneat (oblivio?) cum tot pessimae et brevissimae paginae (de eis nuncupatim loqui nolo) nostram Vicipaediam dehonestant. [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 17:07, 8 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
: Et ego censeo paginam iam maturam esse ut in encyclopaediam recipiatur. Idem auctorem rogavi (confer {{Caput|Disputatio Adumbrationis:Ascalon|Non iam adumbratio}}), sed ipse respondit se plura de recentiore historia Ascalonis et nonnulla de aetate Turcica ac Britannica scribere velle. Mea sententia, paginam in encyclopaediam {{Nexus cum parametris|Specialis:Paginam movere/Adumbratio:Ascalon|movere|wpReason=Demum commentatio parata est|wpNewTitle=Ascalon|prefix=}} possumus. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 20:25, 8 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
:: Nihil impedit enim quominus paginam emendet in Vicipaedia iusta ut omnes quotidie facimus. Praeterea iam duos menses pagina non iam aucta est et ex aliis Vicipaediis invisibilis iacet. Censeo et ipse movendam esse.--[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 20:42, 8 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
::: {{Factum est}} --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:15, 8 Septembris 2026 (UTC)

== Articulum de [[XGBoost]] scribere volo. ==
'''Articulum de XGBoost componere cupio, qui originem, structuram algorithmicam, rationem gradientis boosting, praecipuos usus atque partes eius in machinali doctrina accurate exponat.'''

[[Usor:נתנאל שטרן|נתנאל שטרן]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:נתנאל שטרן|disputatio]]) 06:19, 11 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
: Posses articulum e Vicipaedia Anglica vertere.  --[[Usor:Maria.martelli|Maria.martelli]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Maria.martelli|disputatio]]) 15:23, 11 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
::Gratias tibi ago pro consilio. Articulum Anglicum de XGBoost in Latinum vertere conabor, sed textum etiam ad morem et stilum Vicipaediae Latinae accommodare velim. [[Usor:נתנאל שטרן|נתנאל שטרן]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:נתנאל שטרן|disputatio]]) 06:20, 14 Septembris 2026 (UTC)

== De intellegentiae artificialis usu ==
Nondum sunt in nostra Vicipaedia regulae de usu intellegentiae artificialis, quamquam [[MediaWiki:Editcheck-copyvio-llm-policylink|systema MediaViciale eas quaerit]]; idcirco [[Vicipaedia:Intellegentiae artificialis ope Vicipaediam recensere|hoc consilium]] proposui. Hae suasiones praecipue me adiuvaverunt ad paginam parandam:
* [[:Mw:Help:Edit check#LLM Paste check|Mw:Help:Edit check § LLM Paste check]]
* [[:En:Wikipedia:Writing articles with large language models]]
* [[:Meta:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy#AI-assisted editing and human accountability|Meta:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy § AI-assisted editing and human accountability]]
Tertius nexus simile consilium meum ostendit. Quaeso, ferte hic sententias vestras. Valete! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 06:49, 25 Septembris 2026 (UTC)

== IAbot: an recte agit? ==
Amicis quam plurimis loquor! -- Observavi IAbot in pagina [[Carolus Clusius]] (per exemplum) ter hoc anno nexus &quot;mortuos&quot; pronuntiavit, qui (per me) vivi sunt. Magister huius boti me suggerit (vide [[:m:User Talk:InternetArchiveBot#IAbot malfunctioning on la:wiki]]) hanc dissonantiam productam esse e limitibus geographicis a divulgatoribus sitorum interretialium impositis. An possumus hanc rem per experientiam probare? Si volitis, has tres paginas, ab IAbot mortuas pronuntiatas, temptate et responsum subter scribite:

I'm asking as many friends as possible to help: -- I notice that IAbot in the page [[Carolus Clusius]] (for example) three times this year pronounced links &quot;dead&quot;, when for me those links are still alive. The botmaster suggests (see [[:m:User Talk:InternetArchiveBot#IAbot malfunctioning on la:wiki]]) that different results may be caused by geoblocks on the internet sites (i.e. they are not accessible worldwide). Could we please test this? If you're willing, please try these three pages, reported dead by IAbot, and report whether they work for you or not (Viva/Mortua). [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:52, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
:[https://www.e-rara.ch/zuz/nagezh/content/titleinfo/9431363 1. E-rara]
* Viva. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:52, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
:[http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/wp-content/HSSN/2007-8-Carolus%20Clusius.pdf 2. Clusius Correspondence pdf]
* Viva. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:52, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
:[http://clusiuscorrespondence.huygens.knaw.nl/ 3. Clusius Correspondence html]
* Viva. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:52, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>fghjgll49swq3wam3ewkv234pxwxmtz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3991268</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Andrew Dalby</username>
        <id>1084</id>
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== De paginis nimis magnis quae formulā {{[[Formula:Augenda|Augenda]]}} utuntur ==
In [[:Categoria:Corrigenda|Categoriam:Corrigenda]] plures subcategoriae formulā {{Fn|Augenda}} stipantur (e.g. [[:Categoria:Augenda a mense Februario 2023]], [[:Categoria:Augenda a mense Ianuario 2024]], [[:Categoria:Augenda a mense Decembri 2025]], et cetera). Inspiciens, multas harum paginarum invenii quae longiores sunt 1000 octobitis (e.g. [[Graecia archaica]]: 2928 octobiti). Quid censeatis si mechanema cum monitu in formulam {{Fn|Augenda}} inseram, ne in paginis longioribus quam 1000 octobitorum adhibeatur? Nam si pagina est satis longa, vanum est legentes monere paginam intra tres menses esse augendam. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:30, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:Pagina de [[Graecia archaica]] (#1) lemmate proprio, (#2) definitione idonea, et (#3) fonte externo caret, et omnis Vicipadia ut videtur (#4) nexibus ad hanc paginam ducentibus caret. That's all four of the formula's four criteria. ¶ For the difference between a stub and more-than-a-stub, the cutoff I've been using has been 2,000 octeti for general articles and 1,900 for articles with a taxobox. I don't recall a consensus on that limit, but articles having 4,000, 5,000, 6,000 octeti have been marked &quot;stipula&quot;; that's likely too high a limit, and I'd suggest that 2,000 (or possibly your 1,000) is a more defensible upper limit for stubs. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 03:15, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:::For example, just today, someone added &quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{urbs-stipula}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot; to the article on [[Barcino]], which already had more than 3,500 octeti! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 15:04, 28 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:::: ''Stipulae'' are not problematic from an administrative point of view, because in theory they can remain as such forever. Barcellona is an important city with a lot of history that can be written in an encyclopedia, it can be understandable if someone feels that the current page can be greatly improved. Instead, what scares me about the {{Fn|Augenda}} template is that it is not only an invitation to improve pages, it also asks us to delete pages after three months (which is why it should be used with care). --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:57, 28 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:::::Then why not change the verb from ''will'' to ''may'' or introduce some other indication of indeterminacy? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 16:31, 28 Februarii 2026 (UTC) 
:: [[Usor:IacobusAmor|Iacobus]], we can set any limit we want, but what I think makes little sense is saying that a page must be increased within three months, but then after three months nothing happens and the categories above keep growing. We must set a realistic (relatively low) threshold and then, after that, be ready to '''delete''' the pages that do not respect our threshold (in [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 35#De novo spatio nominali adumbrationum proponendo|another thread]] I had proposed the &lt;code&gt;adumbratio:&lt;/code&gt; namespace where after three months all these “augenda” pages can be moved, but that is a separate topic). A page like [[Graecia archaica]] only needs relatively little work to be adjusted—certainly does not deserve to be deleted. What I want to stress here is that every time you add {{Fn|Augenda}} to a page you are basically saying “If the page stays like this, I am okay if after three months it gets deleted”. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 03:58, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:::That's correct, but I heartily endorse a separate namespace, a kind of purgatory, where such pages can go until they've become worthy of standing in the mainspace. As a rule, I don't work on formulas, so I likely had nothing to do with the wording of this one, but three months must have been the original consensus. If memory serves, @Andrew Dalby and perhaps others have occasionally enforced the three-month rule, though sometimes after well more than three months have elapsed. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 13:08, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:::: Intellego. Novum spatium nominale a “Phabricatore” petiturus sum. Quid censeres si in paginis amplioribus (e.g. inter 2000 et 1000) formulā {{Fn|Nondum stipula}} (quae nullam categoriam cum tempore praefinito imponit) pro formulā {{Fn|Augenda}} utereris? Aut aliam novam formulam quoque nobis excogitare licet. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:57, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
::::: {{Tpe|Nova}} Hic nuper petivi ut novum spatium nominale adumbrationum crearetur: [[phab:T418706|New “Draft” namespace for lawiki: “Adumbratio”]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 01:01, 2 Martii 2026 (UTC)
:::::: {{Tpe|Novissima}} Euax! Spatium nominale adumbrationum [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|habemus]]! Textus paginae [[MediaWiki:Noarticletext]] nobis sic mutandus est ut adumbrationes, si exsistunt, detegantur. Postea aliquid excogitabo. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 19:34, 2 Martii 2026 (UTC)
@[[Usor:IacobusAmor|Iacobe]]: What would you think if we created a &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Pagina neglecta}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; template, and established that when we find a page that was created more than three months ago (e.g. [[Agrinium]], created in 2004!), instead of {{Fn|Augenda}} we add the new template instead? The &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Pagina neglecta}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; template could look more or less like this:

{{Capsa annuntiationis
	| color = #7f83d7
	| pigmentum = #f3f4fb
	| imago = P writing.svg
	| 1 =

'''Commentationem neglectam augeamus!'''

Haec commentatio longe neglecta videtur mansa esse. Sodes, adiuva paginam augere!

}}

We can then have [[:Categoria:Paginae neglectae]], where all these pages will be automatically collected. I am proposing this because I think that it makes little sense to warn that a page that was created 22 years ago must be improved within three months! It will be an empty warning. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:40, 9 Martii 2026 (UTC)
:That might be useful. How would it differ from the Adumbratio solution? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:01, 9 Martii 2026 (UTC)
:: Following [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio|the rules]] that I partly translated from English Wikipedia, we must not move pages that were created long ago to the &lt;code&gt;Adumbratio:&lt;/code&gt; namespace. So the picture should look as follows:
::* '''Case 1:''' The page is is too short and was recently created. We have three possibilities:
::*# We improve it (prefereable solution)
::*# We move it to the &lt;code&gt;Adumbratio:&lt;/code&gt; namespace (less prefereable than improving the page but more prefearable than the following)
::*# We add {{Fn|Augenda}} (less prefereable)
::*#: ↳ If three months after adding {{Fn|Augenda}} nothing has changed we delete the page for real
::* '''Case 2:''' The page is too short and was created more than three months ago. Two possibilities:
::*# We improve it (prefereable solution)
::*# We have no other choice but adding &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Pagina neglecta}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
::*#: ↳ We must take into account that the page might stay like that indefinitely
::* '''Case 3:''' The page was in the &lt;code&gt;Adumbratio:&lt;/code&gt; namespace and was moved to the main namespace prematurely:
::*# We add {{Fn|Augenda}}
::*#: ↳ If after three months nothing has changed we delete the page for real
:: The rationale is that pages that are too old might no longer have someone that checks them and is able to fulfill our expectations. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 12:42, 9 Martii 2026 (UTC)

== De novo spatio adumbrationum ==
{{Collaboratio|Alex1011|Alexander Gerashchenko|Amahoney|Andreas Raether|Andrew Dalby|Aylin|Bartholomite|Bis-Taurinus|Demetrius Talpa|Giorno2|IacobusAmor|Ioscius|Iustinus|Lesgles|LilyKitty|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Neander|Pippobuono|Rafaelgarcia|Sigur|Utilo|UV|Xaverius
	| alacres = IacobusAmor
	| alacritas = mensis
	| res = Magistratūs usoresque strenuos vocavi. Veniam peto si alicuius oblitus sum.
	| subscriptio = [[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:43, 3 Martii 2026 (UTC)
}}

Nuper novum spatium nominale &lt;code&gt;Adumbratio:&lt;/code&gt; condidimus. Nunc oportet regulas nostras definire. Apud [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] paginam Anglicam [[:en:Wikipedia:Drafts]] partim verti, sed de nostra propria ratione consentiendum est.

Notandum est Vicipaediam Anglicam [[:en:Wikipedia:Drafts#Reasons not to move an article to draftspace|regulam habere]] qua vetatur paginam in spatio principali sitam in spatium adumbrationum movere “si commentatio ante plus quam 90 dies creata est”. Re quidem vera, nuper paginam [[Alkinum]] ad [[Adumbratio:Alkinum]] movi (praesertim ad lineamenta technica novi spatii nominalis experienda), attamen mihi visum est parum rectum paginam anno 2006 creatam (et [[Vicipaedia:Paginae quas omnibus Vicipaediis contineri oportet/Expansio#Materies chemicales|quam omnibus Vicipaediis contineri oportet]]!) ibi movere.

Quo facto suasus sum ut nobis vetandum sit formulam {{Fn|Augenda}} paginis ante plus quam tres menses creatis addere. Nam, si pagina nimis brevis olim creata est et usque talis mansit, si nos eam negleximus nec animadvertimus nisi nunc, meā sententiā duae optiones tantum nobis patent: aut eam relinquimus intactam, aut formulam {{Fn|Delenda}} apponimus.

Ceterum, a vobis peto ut paginam [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] inspiciatis, novas regulas proponatis, aut regulas a me scriptas emendetis.

Valete! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:43, 3 Martii 2026 (UTC)

==De loco vel gradu Vicipaediae apud Meta==
Does moving articles counted among the 10,000 most important (like 
&quot;[[Alkinum]]&quot; &amp; &quot;[[Oxidum]]&quot;) into the limbo marked by &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Adumbratio}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; and/or &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Neglecta}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; lower Vicipaedia's score at Meta? (Vide [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias_by_expanded_sample_of_articles|&quot;List of Wikipedias by expanded sample of articles&quot;].) In other words, do they need to remain in the mainspace to boost Vicipaedia's score? ¶ Ten years ago, in March 2016, Vicipaedia was ranked thirty-ninth among all the wikis; at the end of last month, it was ranked fifty-second. This is not an encouraging trend, and deliberately accelerating it might not be considered advisable. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:52, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)
: Hi Iacobus. Moving pages to the &lt;code&gt;Adumbratio:&lt;/code&gt; namespace definitely counts as removing them from the encyclopedia. Adding {{Fn|Pagina neglecta}} (or any other template) instead has no effects. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:09, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)
::&lt;nowiki&gt;{{ping|IacobusAmor}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;, is there a page that specifies the number of articles from this list that we have? -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 19:47, 3 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::{{ping|IacobusAmor}}, idk why my previous ping got wrapped by nowiki. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 19:48, 3 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::Ecce (but it needs to be updated): https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usor:Amahoney/Myrias_epitome [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:04, 3 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::::So, as Grufo says, moving one of the &quot;10,000&quot; pages into Adumbratio space removes it from the encyclopedia and from the score that Iacobus mentions. In the case of a page in that list, maybe it's better for it to be in mainspace, with a warning template (''neglecta/augenda/...'') on it? If it's in mainspace, more editors might see it and be tempted to improve it. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:29, 14 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::::: Hi Andrew. Indeed. When I created the page [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] by (partially) translating [[:en:Wikipedia:Drafts]], I also translated the rule that a page can be moved away from the mainspace to the &lt;code&gt;Adumbratio:&lt;/code&gt; namespace only if it is a newly created page (&lt; 90 days). So pages that have long been among our 10000 pages are safe. P.S. The rules in [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] still need our consensus, so if you have time, please give that page a look. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:58, 14 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== Template:Weather box ==
{{Excepta|Vicipaedia:Officina|Template:Weather box|Locus opportunior --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]]}}

== Quid significat expectatio vacuae mutationis? ==

Dicitur in pagina [[Topologia classium punctorum]] quod &quot;Haec pagina mutationem vacuam expectat&quot;. Et rogat me, &quot;nihil tangens&quot;, sibi ostendere mutationes.

Ad quem dirigitur haec monitio, et quas mutationes oportet eum sibi ostendere? Non intelligo. [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 04:29, 19 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

: Salve, [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]. Illa icon significat vicitextum &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Spatium topologicum|spatia topologica|en|qid=Q179899}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; ad hunc vicitextum, si paginam emendas, sponte mutatum iri: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;[[Spatium topologicum|spatia topologica]]&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; (vide [[Special:Diff/3954206/3955454|meam ultimam recensionem]] et documentationem formulae {{fsn|pcc}}), quoniam nunc [[Spatium topologicum|paginam]] habemus quae cum entitate Vicidatorum [[:d:Q179899]] nectitur. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 04:44, 19 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::Gratias habeo—mirum tamen mihi videtur, quod substitutio &quot;cref&quot; tantum unam tesseram (siquidem recte lexi) sumat ut argumentum. Quomodo ergo facio, si notam duos habeat nexus ad paginas creatas?--[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:29, 20 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::: Immo, infinitatem tesserarum formula {{fsn|cref}} accipit. Vide, exempli gratia, hanc annotationem in pagina “[[Carpates]]”, ubi sunt ambae entitates [[:d:Q6776713]] et [[:d:Q11699202]]:
:::: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1={{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Martinus Szent-Ivany|Martini Szent-Ivany|hu|qid=Q6776713}} [...] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Gabriel Rzaczynski|Gabrielis Rzączyński|pl|qid=Q11699202}} [...]|2=Q6776713|3=Q11699202}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
::: Vide etiam {{Caput|Formula:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|Quomodo tesseram invenio?}}. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:43, 20 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== Annon corrigere possumus titulos &quot;instrumentorum&quot;? ==

Exempli gratia: video unum &quot;instrumentum&quot; appellari &quot;Paginam prehendere formá PDF&quot;. Videtur mihi hic titulus mendam habere et corrigi posse accentus acutus ad macron. Sed nescio utrum corrigibilis sit ab usoribus. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:47, 24 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
: Salve [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]. Usoribus non licet [[Specialis:Nuntia systematis|nuntia systematis]] recensere (vide etiam &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[{{fullurl:Special:Allpages|namespace=8}} spatium “&lt;code&gt;MediaWiki:&lt;/code&gt;”]&lt;/span&gt;), sed usores possunt a magistratibus petere ut nuntia recenseant (et multa nuntia exstant quae meliora facere aut etiam omnino vertere oportet!). Non invenio ubi “Paginam prehendere formá PDF” iaceat; fortasse @[[Usor:UV|UV]] adiuvare potest. P.S. “accentus acutus” revera est [[Apex (orthographia Latina)|apex]], forma antiquior [[macron|macri]]; attamen concordo uniformia signa diacritica nobis esse sequenda. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:42, 24 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::Non potest prehendere paginas disputationum formā PDF. Sed paginas encyclopediae possumus; e.g. [[Macron]]. At ibi apparet &quot;Paginam prehendere formá PDF&quot;. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 02:04, 26 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::: Nexum video, sed quid nuntium gignat non invenio. Exempli gratia, [[MediaWiki:Contributions|haec pagina]] nuntium “User contributions” ad nuntium Latinum “Conlationes usoris” vertit; sed quid vertit “Download PDF” ad “Paginam prehendere formá PDF”? Nescio. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:44, 26 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::Ignosce inclaritatem meam—sed prime (ut ita dicam) &quot;Instrumenta&quot; et videbis instrumentorum titulos. Titulus primus (ut mihi ostenduntur) est &quot;Movere&quot;; titulus novissimus est &quot;Res Wikidata&quot;; et unus titulorum est &quot;Paginam prehendere formá PDF&quot;. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:46, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::: @[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]: Ut dixi, oculis meis textum video, sed ignoro e qua pagina aut e quo nuntio systematis oriatur. Nequeo textum corrigere si nescio quid mihi sit emendandum. Conatus sum aliqua similia nuntia vertere ([[MediaWiki:Wikisource-download-pdf|#1]], [[MediaWiki:Minerva-download|#2]], [[MediaWiki:Electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-print-text|#3]], [[MediaWiki:Electronpdfservice-download-label|#4]], [[MediaWiki:Electronpdfservice-special-page-headline|#5]]), sed nuntium quod quaeris non inveni. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:54, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::::bzgrep utebar perlegere totam Vicipaediam Latinam; non tamen inveni.  Mirum! --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:25, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::::: @[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]: Potesne, quaeso, etiam situm https://translatewiki.net/ per “bzgrep” inspicere? Etiam illic non inveni textum. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:28, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::::::[https://translatewiki.net/wiki/MediaWiki:Coll-download_as/la Fontem] inveni huius textus, non autem bzgrep utens. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:12, 28 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::::::: Gratias tibi ago. Correxi. Post paucos dies abhinc nova translatio etiam in Vicipaedia Latina ostendetur. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 01:34, 28 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::::::::Fortasse nostis [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/MediaWiki?uselang=qqx hunc nexum] per quem tandem inveni. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:37, 28 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== Regula generalis de intellegentia artificiali ==
[[:meta:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|Apud MetaVici disputatur]] utrum regula generalis de intellegentiae artificialis usu introducenda sit necne. Quum etiam nos tanget, vos hortor ut sententias vestras feratis. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:42, 26 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

:Non penitus intelligo quomodo nos tangeat. Annon iam habemus regulam de plasmatibus (ut ita dicam) linguarum? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:50, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:: Regulae globales omnes Vicipaedias afficiunt, atque illa regula proponitur globalis. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:56, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::Gratias habeo; nonne autem, si Vicipaedia Latina haberet regulam, supersedeat regulam generalem? Et simili modo respectu aliarum Vicipaediarum? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:01, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::: Non sum certus, sed timeo ne regulae globales vincant. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 01:05, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::::Ita; intelligo. Scisne utrum restrictionem an laxationem habeat favorem iuris? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:12, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::::: Apud Vicipaediam Latinam nulla est regula scripta; paginae tamen quae omnino intellegentiā artificiali sine ulla humana recensione vertuntur pittacio {{Fn|Pagina autotranslata}} signantur atque post unam hebdomadam delentur. Prima regula globalis proposita mihi videtur hoc tantum postulare, ut, ''praeter translationes'', usus intellegentiae artificialis aperte declaretur. Altera autem regula globalis vetat intellegentiā artificiali ūtī ''nisi in translationibus''. Meā sententiā, hoc nobis incommodum contrarium efficit, quia hic magnopere laboramus ad translationes machinarias moderandas; alii autem usūs intellegentiae artificialis nobis non sunt incommodo. Non puto magni rēferre usum ipsum declarare, sed potius oportere responsa intellegentiae artificialis diligenter inspicere ac recensere. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 01:45, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== Quomodo melius invenire titula proposita pro articulo nondum existente? ==

Volui creare articulum pro &quot;poset&quot; (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q474715).

Scio, quod est formula &quot;subst:pcc&quot; alicubi in hac Vicipaedia per quam statuitur titulum huius articuli. Sed nescio, et &quot;bzgrep&quot; iterum inutilis est.

Estne methodus inventionis talium &quot;titulorum articulorum nondum existentium&quot;? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 04:47, 30 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

: Formula {{fsn|pcc}} nescit quod nomen Latinum novae paginae (“nexui rubro”) assignandum sit, istud erit tibi eligendum. Ad formulam adhibendam tibi sufficiet titulum Latinum et linguā aliā scribere. E.g.:
:: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:pcc|en=Partially ordered set|Aggregatio partim ordinata}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
::: ↳ {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Aggregatio partim ordinata||en|qid=Q474715}}
: Aut, si vis, potes autem tesseram Vicidatorum praebere:
:: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:pcc|Aggregatio partim ordinata||en|qid=Q474715}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
::: ↳ {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Aggregatio partim ordinata||en|qid=Q474715}}
: Non exstat ullus index paginarum creandarum. Nomina inveniuntur simul ac paginae creantur. Attamen, si quis paginam “Aggregatio partim ordinat'''issima'''” postea creet at ad [[:d:Q474715]] eam nectat, pagina ubi nexus ruber “Aggregatio partim ordinata” ostendebatur nunc ad paginam “Aggregatio partim ordinatissima” nectetur. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 06:13, 30 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== Quomodo citare librum, quod numerum librarium uniformem inter gentes caret? ==

[[Cancellum (mathematica)|Hac pagina]] conor citare librum quoddam, sed caret ISBN/NLUIG. Habet tamen numerum Catalogii Librarii Congressus (LCCN), sed nescio quomodo hanc numerum affigere rei citatae.

Multas habeo gratias pro auxilio vestro! --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 02:09, 18 Maii 2026 (UTC)

== Num verbum natio Anglico verbo “nation” respondet? ==
Salvete omnes! Hic scribo nec in [[Disputatio:Natio|pagina disputationis]] quod hoc verbum in multis commentariis est. Secundum [https://archive.org/details/practicalint00arno/page/41/mode/1up librum Arnoldi] “Natio is rarely used of a civilised and organised nation ; it means a people, or tribe, sprung from one race, of the same blood (nascor).” Secundum dictionarium “Cassell’s Latin Dictionary Latin-English English-Latin” natio significat “a tribe, race, people, esp. uncivilized”, et verbum Anglicum nation significat “populus, gens (=people, stock), civitas (=body of citizens), respublica (=state), natio (=tribe, not highly civilized)”. Liber Arnoldi quoque monet ut iis vocabulis Latinis utamur. Commentarius [[Natio|natio]] illud Ciceronis habet: “Omnēs nātiōnēs servitūtem ferre possunt, nostra cīvitās nōn potest; …” in quo orator optimus populum Romanum a nationibus distinguet. Quid vobis videtur de hac re? Valete! -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 20:58, 29 Maii 2026 (UTC)

:Haec &quot;natio&quot; a primis temporibus Vicipaediae originem obscuram ducit, mihi non placet, sed permulta corrigenda sunt, si eam mutare volumus. Civitas (de civibus), civitas sui iuris? [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 22:09, 29 Maii 2026 (UTC)
:: Aut etiam possibile est dicere, etiam secundum linguas recentiores, ipsam notionem “nationis” quodammodo “civitati” adversari. Id est, sunt qui putent, etiam linguis hodiernis, “nationem” (Anglice ''nation'', Italice ''nazione'', et cetera) semper aliquid minus civile quam “civitatem” (Anglice ''state'', Italice ''Stato'', et cetera), immo vero tribale, significare. Cum hoc tamen concordo, paginam illam nimis veterem esse atque redintegrandam. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:41, 29 Maii 2026 (UTC)
:::Melius est quaedam omittere quam nihil corrigere. Video nos habere commentarios qui vocantur [[Civitas]] (Ang. [[w:en:State (polity)]]), [[Gens]] (Ang. [[w:en:Gens]], nescio cur hic commentarius Latine non sit solis de gentibus Romanis), [[Populus]] (Ang. [[w:en:People]]), [[Res publica]] (Ang. [[w:en:Republic]]), et [[Tribus (anthropologia)]] ([[w:en:Tribe]]). Secundum dictionarium “Cassell’s Latin Dictionary”, tribus significat”originally a third part if the Roman people. Hence a tribe, a division of the Roman people …”. Hoc dictionarium monet ut verbo “natio” vel verbo “gens” utamur si scribere “tribe” velimus nec de tribubus Romanis scribamus. Vero non possum novum nomen commentarii [[Natio]] commendare quod nescio cur vikipedia tot commentarios habeat. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 14:38, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC)
::::Pagina non est delenda, si hoc consulis. &quot;Natio&quot; [http://lexica.linguax.com/forc2.php?searchedLG=natio verbum est Latinum], cur id ne explicemus. Si nexum intervicialem ad paginam Anglicam male congruere putas, ita est, non perfectissime congruit. Sed cum de notionibus abstractis agitur, nexus interviciales saepius tales sunt. Hoc malum in Vicipaediα inevitabile est et hoc non est malum, si res explicatur. Paginae ipsius loca quaedam corrigenda est, Ciceronis interpretatio mutanda, et, quod maxime interest, inter [[Specialis:Nexus_ad_paginam/Natio|nexus ad eam]] hi multi corrigendi sunt, ubi &quot;natio&quot; in modum Anglicum civitatem sui iuris significat. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 18:22, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC)
:::::Pagina scilicet delenda non est. Vidi paginas in Vikipedia Hebraica et Ucrainica ad paginam Anglicam bene congruere nec nostram paginam. Natio est verbum Latinum, cuius sensu Latino uti debemus, nec sensi Anglico. Delere nolo sed mutare et fortasse movere. Eo consilio hunc sermonem coepi ut sensibus Latinis verborum uteremur. Vero nescio cur Vikipedia Anglica tot paginas habeat et quid sit discrimen inter “nation” et “state”, propter quod non possum verbum meliorum commendare. Potestne pagina Anglica nostrae paginae [[Natio]] esse [[w:en:Tribe]]? Tribus quoque verbum Latinum est sed secundum dictionarium non idem significat et verbum Anglicum tribe. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 19:24, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC)
:::::: ''Tribus'' est quaedam divisio populi, non tota natio ([https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry=tribus]). Possum falli, sed secundum illam Ciceronis sententiam (“Omnēs nātiōnēs servitūtem ferre possunt …”) mihi videtur praecipua differentia inter ''civitatem'' et ''nationem'' hoc esse, quod ''civitas'' rem publicam civium significat, ''nationes'' autem alios populos tamquam gentes spectatos. Ita ''civitas'' erat Roma, ''nationes'' erant ceteri populi. P.S. {{*Cfr}} etiam “eruditissima illa Graecorum natio” (Cic.). Nam Graecis erat una natio sed plures civitates. Hoc usu vocabulum mihi videtur fere eodem sensu adhiberi ac in linguis hodiernis. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 23:07, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::Nexus interviciales perutiles sunt (ad minimum, lectores novos nobis dirigunt!) sed non nos regunt. Omnis lingua, sicut [[civitas sui iuris]], libera est. Debemus (1) verba Latina Latinitate classica definire (2) alia verba quibus significationes cognatae sunt (e.g. gens, tribus, civitas) distinguere, nexibus datis (3) significationes apud Latinistas recentiores explicare, si differunt (4) praeter alia, de re principali pellucide disserere.
:::::::Cicero his verbis, ''omnes nationes servitutem fere possunt: nostra civitas non potest'' (Phil. 10.10.20) inter ''nationes'' et ''nostram civitatem'' quoquomodo distinguere videtur ... sed alibi ''omnes &lt;u&gt;exteras&lt;/u&gt; nationes'' et ''eruditissimam Graecorum nationem'' indicat (Imp. Pomp. 11.31; De Or. 2.4.18) -- unde intellego, apud Ciceronem, plures ''nationes'' exstitisse tam sub imperio S.P.Q.R. quam extra limites. Ex his sententiis, si volumus, inter civitatem et nationem facile erit distinguere: sed inter ''populos'' et ''nationes'' ...? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 09:06, 1 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::Nolite oblivisci ''gentes''&amp;thinsp;! Cassell's nobis dicit (p. 742) ''international law'' locutionem Anglicam nostra lingua esse ''ius gentium,'' ac Traupman (ed. 3, p. 575) nobis dicit ''international'' ipsum verbum Anglicum esse ''inter gentes.'' [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:12, 1 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::Sententias vestras perlegi et commentarium inveni [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311975311_On_the_Roman_Concept_of_Natio “On the Roman Concept of Natio”] quem quoque legi, et iam intellego quanta difficilis sit haec res. In libro Arnoldi et in dictionario legi nationem esse “esp. uncivilized”, nec autores Romanos scripisisse Nationem Romanam. Putavi nationem esse tribe nec unquam civilised nation. Iam nesio a bonus sit hic nexus. Veritus sum ne homines dum Latine scribebant solis nexibus uterentur, nec deliberarent quid sit verbum optimum. De pagina nostra [[Respublica]] vos consulere quoque volo. Secundum dictionarium “Cassell’s Latin Dictionary” “'''republic''' ''respublica'', ''civitas'' (= state, simply): a —, as opp. to other forms of government, ''respublica'' (or ''civitas''” ''libera'' or ''popularis''.” Respublica et civitas idem significare mihi videntur. Nonne melius est movere hanc paginam ut novem nomen sit Respublica popularis? Haec res non est solo de nexu sed quoque de ipsa pagina. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:38, 1 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::::Fortasse, sed iam est commentarius de &quot;People's republic&quot; in vicipaedia Anglica. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:31, 1 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::::: De differentia inter ''gentem'' et ''nationem'' conferatur etiam {{LTL|natio|335}}: “A ''gente'' aliquando ita differt, ut genus a specie: ''gens'' enim latius patet, et plures nationes complectitur, ut ''gens'' Graeca habet Atticos, Boeotos, Thebanos, qui ejusdem gentis nationes sunt.” Saepissime tamen gens et natio sunt synonyma. @[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]: Graeci non erant “uncivilized”, attamen erant natio vel plures nationes. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:53, 2 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::::Multae paginae in Vicipaedia connexae sunt; ''United Nations'' vertitur ut [[Nationes Unitae]], multis cum fontibus (duabus encyclicis aliisque). Hoc mutare nequimus, et pagina de [[natio]]ne nec huic sensui contradicere debet; haec causa, cur paginae Anglicae '&quot;Nation&quot; ceterisque de hac natione moderna narrantibus alliganda sit. Sed de pagina [[Nationes mundi]], exempli gratia, iam dubito, et &quot;civitates mundi&quot; nationibus praeferam, [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 20:50, 4 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::Iam intellego. Huic sensu, quo utuntur encyclici, contradicere scilicet nequimus. Gratias omnibus vobis ago quia mihi hanc rem explanavistis. 
:::::::::::{{ping|Grufo}}, Quaesivi nec inveni ubi Cicero nationem Graecam scripserit. Testimonium encyclicorum mihi videtur bonum esse, scire tamen volo ubi orator optimus his verbis usus sit. 
:::::::::::Valete. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 21:14, 5 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::: @[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]: {{Op|[[De oratore]]}}, {{Vf|De oratore/Liber II|18|2.4.18}}: “eruditissima illa Graecorum natio”. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:09, 5 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::::Gratias tibi ago! -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:45, 7 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::De commentario qui [[Nationes mundi]] (Anglice [[w:en:List of sovereign states|List of sovereign states]]) vocatur, nonne melius nomen est “''Index civitatum sui iuris''”? 
:::::::::::Vide commentarios:
:::::::::::* [[Civitas sui iuris]]
:::::::::::* [[Index communium Badeniae et Virtembergiae]]
:::::::::::* [[Index urbium et communium Rhenaniae et Palatinatus]]
:::::::::::* [[Index fluviorum Germaniae]]
:::::::::::* [[Index asteroidum]]
:::::::::::* [[Index siglorum ordinum ecclesiae catholicae]]
:::::::::::Hic commentarius est index. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 16:50, 9 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::::::Sic, [[Index civitatum sui iuris]] bonum nomen est, multae paginae huius generis in Vicipaedia Latina &quot;indices&quot; nominantur. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 19:47, 9 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::::Vobis consentio. Hanc paginam satis antiquam renominare oportet. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:39, 10 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::::::::Utrum possumus paginam renominate an oportet [[Formula:Movenda]] utere? -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:21, 10 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::Formula ad disputandum in pagina disputationis ponitur, sed nunc hic erat disputaio, fornula non necessaria est. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 15:55, 10 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::: Paginam movi. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:02, 10 Iunii 2026 (UTC)

== &quot;-karyotica&quot; vel &quot;-caryotica&quot;? ==
In pagina de [[Cellula|cellulis]] ambae formae extant. Videtur mihi melius, si unicam noscamus formam. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 03:14, 16 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:&quot;-caryotica&quot; melius. Vocabulum est antiquum, Graecae originis (κάρυον), nullae sunt causae, ut &quot;k&quot; scribatur. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 12:05, 17 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::Consentio. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:16, 17 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::&quot;nullae sunt causae&quot;: consentiebam imprimis sed nunc occursit mihi formae &quot;-karyota&quot; esse in taxonomia Linnaeana. Etenim (cuius ratione fortasse) redirigitur [[Eucaryota]] ad &quot;Eukaryota&quot; et [[Procaryota]] ad &quot;Prokaryota&quot;. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:38, 20 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::Si alterum rectum est, alterum fontibus biloolgicis testatum, unum eligere non possumus, eligas, quod velis. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 07:10, 20 Iunii 2026 (UTC)

== Pagina mensis Iulii 2026 abest ==
{{Excepta|Disputatio Vicipaediae:Pagina mensis|2026}}

== Paginae de praenominibus: lemmata typis italicis necne? ==
In disputatione {{caput|Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|Carolus: Cur titulus italicus?}}, noster [[Usor:IacobusAmor|Iacobus]] suadet ut lemmata qualia illa paginarum de praenominibus scribantur typis italicis. Ego nescio quid sit faciendum. Praenomina apud Vicipaediam Anglicam et alibi non scribuntur typis italicis (e.g. [[:en:Martin (name)]]), sed nobis licet aliam regulam nostram statuere. Attamen, si hanc conventionem adoptamus, oportebit eam ubique adhibere, atque multae paginae emendandae erunt. Quid dicatis? Censeatisne lemmata in paginis de praenominibus scribenda esse typis italicis? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:34, 18 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
:::And yet, Grufo, in the article that you cite (&quot;[[:en:Martin (name)]]&quot;), you'll find this heading: &quot;The name ''Martin'' in different regions&quot;! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:50, 18 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
:::: I am not against using italics for words cited as words, I am just wondering whether ''the page's lemma'' should be italicized (i.e. &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Titulus italicus}} ... {{ires|Martinus}} est praenomen ...&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;). Having somewhere below the lead something like &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;Nomen ''Martinus'' ...&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, seems pretty fine to me, especially when discussing etimologies. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:01, 19 Augusti 2026 (UTC)

:Non, hoc insolitum est, multos annos Vicipaedia sine hoc italico vivebat. Argumentum Jacobi est: 
:* Leo XIV est pontifex, sed eius nomen familiare est ''Robertus'' (vel &quot;Robertus&quot;), — 
:hic de praenomine ut nomine, non de homine vel de re agitur, hic scriptura italica vel virgulae possibiles sunt. Sed pagina de ipso praenomine hoc praenomen ut rem describendam tractat.  Nullae sunt causae, ut huius generis paginarum formam mutemus. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 17:10, 18 Augusti 2026 (UTC)

:::Iste locus omnino rectus non est. &quot;''Robertus'' (vel &quot;Robertus&quot;)&quot; non scripsi. Quod scripsi est:
::::[[Leo XIV]] est [[Episcopus Romanus]], sed eius nomen familiare est ''Robertus.''
:::At least in English, and in the English wikipedia, words cited as words are customarily italicized (not quoted); however, as noted in effect by Grufo, many writers, including those of the English wikipedia, make an exception for capitalized nouns. Much of the time, that's perhaps unobjectionable, as it doesn't lead to misreading, but it can generate curious locutions, for example:
::::Henry Edward Manning has been translated '[[Henricus Eduardus Manning]].'
:::This is curious because, for people reading these words for the first time, the lack of italics in the text effectively marks Manning as a human being, not a set of words, and human beings can't be translated, unless, of course, they're bishops, who can indeed be translated (from see to see); but Manning was never a bishop of anywhere except Westminster, so he was never translated—making ''both'' of these sentences true. but ''only'' when italics are selectively deployed:
::::''Henry Edward Manning'' was often translated.
::::Henry Edward Manning was never translated.
:::Granted, this is a rare example, but it's most definitely a valid contrastive minimal pair. In any event, relying on capitalization may prove problematic in general, since many nouns capitalized in the Anglo-German world are ''not'' capitalized in many other languages, and that's &quot;a whole nother can of worms.&quot; [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:38, 18 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
::::Okay, but in the title of a Wikipedia article, the name is not taken as word, but as an object that the article treats. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 09:29, 19 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
:::::That's true. Substantive &quot;Xxxx (nomen)&quot; articles have some reasons not to exist in an encyclopaedia at all: so far as I remember, they exist on Vicipaedia because (a) there is an anonymous contributor who likes creating them, and generally does no harm, (b) they could remain useful as disambiguation pages if they offer links to more than one existing substantive article. I suggest not making any special rule for formatting them here, when there's no such rule on other Wikipedias. Formatting is a distraction, and Latin is light on formatting compared with other modern printed languages. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 07:30, 23 Augusti 2026 (UTC)

== [[:Categoria:Portae]] ==

[[:Categoria:Portae]] nunc includit paginas sui generis, quod vulgo ''portal'' nominatur, sed habemus aliquot paginas de portis veris, de aedificiis huius generis ([[Porta Aurea]], [[Porta nigra]], [[Porta Praenestina]], [[Porta Brandenburgensis]], [[Porta Graach]] etc.) Puto categoriae portalium aliud nomen dandum esse, e.g. &quot;Portae Vicipaedianae&quot;, &quot;Portae (Vicipaedia)&quot;, in [[:categoria:Portae]] autem portas veras colligendas. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 09:57, 21 Augusti 2026 (UTC) &lt;!-- Si nomen tuum addere vis, tantummodo substitue “subst:Assenserunt” in locum verbi “Assenserunt” hic: --&gt;{{Assenserunt|Grufo=2026-08-21 11:00:42}}
: Categoriam “[[:Categoria:Portae Vicipaedianae|Portae Vicipaedianae]]” creavi et nonnullas subcategorias ibi movi, sed nunc tantummodo telephonio geatabili recensere possum; postea ceteras subcategorias illūc movebo. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 11:25, 21 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
:: {{Ok}} Factum est. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:04, 21 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
:::Gratias ago maximas! [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 19:32, 21 Augusti 2026 (UTC)

== De paginis inter dies 12 Iulii et 5 Augusti 2026 creatis ==
Septuaginta duas novas paginas quotidianas die 25 Iunii 2026 posteriores [[Specialis:Diff/3985927/3985929|addidi]], attamen paginas inter dies 12 Iulii et 5 Augusti 2026 scriptas inspicere non potui. Si bonarum paginarum illis diebus scriptarum meministis, quaeso, [[Specialis:EditPage/Vicipaedia:Index paginarum cottidianarum/Promovendae|addite indici]]! Valete! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:09, 5 Septembris 2026 (UTC)

== Ascalon Adumbratio? ==

Non intellego cur pagina Ascalon in adumbrationibus relegata permaneat (oblivio?) cum tot pessimae et brevissimae paginae (de eis nuncupatim loqui nolo) nostram Vicipaediam dehonestant. [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 17:07, 8 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
: Et ego censeo paginam iam maturam esse ut in encyclopaediam recipiatur. Idem auctorem rogavi (confer {{Caput|Disputatio Adumbrationis:Ascalon|Non iam adumbratio}}), sed ipse respondit se plura de recentiore historia Ascalonis et nonnulla de aetate Turcica ac Britannica scribere velle. Mea sententia, paginam in encyclopaediam {{Nexus cum parametris|Specialis:Paginam movere/Adumbratio:Ascalon|movere|wpReason=Demum commentatio parata est|wpNewTitle=Ascalon|prefix=}} possumus. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 20:25, 8 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
:: Nihil impedit enim quominus paginam emendet in Vicipaedia iusta ut omnes quotidie facimus. Praeterea iam duos menses pagina non iam aucta est et ex aliis Vicipaediis invisibilis iacet. Censeo et ipse movendam esse.--[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 20:42, 8 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
::: {{Factum est}} --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:15, 8 Septembris 2026 (UTC)

== Articulum de [[XGBoost]] scribere volo. ==
'''Articulum de XGBoost componere cupio, qui originem, structuram algorithmicam, rationem gradientis boosting, praecipuos usus atque partes eius in machinali doctrina accurate exponat.'''

[[Usor:נתנאל שטרן|נתנאל שטרן]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:נתנאל שטרן|disputatio]]) 06:19, 11 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
: Posses articulum e Vicipaedia Anglica vertere.  --[[Usor:Maria.martelli|Maria.martelli]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Maria.martelli|disputatio]]) 15:23, 11 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
::Gratias tibi ago pro consilio. Articulum Anglicum de XGBoost in Latinum vertere conabor, sed textum etiam ad morem et stilum Vicipaediae Latinae accommodare velim. [[Usor:נתנאל שטרן|נתנאל שטרן]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:נתנאל שטרן|disputatio]]) 06:20, 14 Septembris 2026 (UTC)

== De intellegentiae artificialis usu ==
Nondum sunt in nostra Vicipaedia regulae de usu intellegentiae artificialis, quamquam [[MediaWiki:Editcheck-copyvio-llm-policylink|systema MediaViciale eas quaerit]]; idcirco [[Vicipaedia:Intellegentiae artificialis ope Vicipaediam recensere|hoc consilium]] proposui. Hae suasiones praecipue me adiuvaverunt ad paginam parandam:
* [[:Mw:Help:Edit check#LLM Paste check|Mw:Help:Edit check § LLM Paste check]]
* [[:En:Wikipedia:Writing articles with large language models]]
* [[:Meta:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy#AI-assisted editing and human accountability|Meta:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy § AI-assisted editing and human accountability]]
Tertius nexus simile consilium meum ostendit. Quaeso, ferte hic sententias vestras. Valete! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 06:49, 25 Septembris 2026 (UTC)

== IAbot: an recte agit? ==
Amicis quam plurimis loquor! -- Observavi IAbot in pagina [[Carolus Clusius]] (per exemplum) ter hoc anno nexus &quot;mortuos&quot; pronuntiavit, qui (per me) vivi sunt. Magister huius boti me suggerit (vide [[:m:User Talk:InternetArchiveBot#IAbot malfunctioning on la:wiki]]) hanc dissonantiam productam esse e limitibus geographicis a divulgatoribus sitorum interretialium impositis. An possumus hanc rem per experientiam probare? Si volitis, has tres paginas, ab IAbot mortuas pronuntiatas, temptate et responsum subter scribite:

I'm asking as many friends as possible to help: -- I notice that IAbot in the page [[Carolus Clusius]] (for example) three times this year pronounced links &quot;dead&quot;, when for me those links are still alive. The botmaster suggests (see [[:m:User Talk:InternetArchiveBot#IAbot malfunctioning on la:wiki]]) that different results may be caused by geoblocks on the internet sites (i.e. they are not accessible worldwide). Could we please test this? If you're willing, please try these three pages, reported dead by IAbot, and report whether they work for you or not (Viva/Mortua). [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:52, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
;[https://www.e-rara.ch/zuz/nagezh/content/titleinfo/9431363 1. E-rara]
* Viva. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:52, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
;[http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/wp-content/HSSN/2007-8-Carolus%20Clusius.pdf 2. Clusius Correspondence pdf]
* Viva. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:52, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
;[http://clusiuscorrespondence.huygens.knaw.nl/ 3. Clusius Correspondence html]
* Viva. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:52, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>4e18v75p03bvfm3f5jnenzzqbs1xw2u</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3991272</id>
      <parentid>3991268</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T15:17:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IacobusAmor</username>
        <id>1163</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* IAbot: an recte agit? */ +</comment>
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      <text bytes="48900" sha1="tb51qrlwoqalxahhh9obcez961xdz4f" xml:space="preserve">{{/Praefatio}}

== De paginis nimis magnis quae formulā {{[[Formula:Augenda|Augenda]]}} utuntur ==
In [[:Categoria:Corrigenda|Categoriam:Corrigenda]] plures subcategoriae formulā {{Fn|Augenda}} stipantur (e.g. [[:Categoria:Augenda a mense Februario 2023]], [[:Categoria:Augenda a mense Ianuario 2024]], [[:Categoria:Augenda a mense Decembri 2025]], et cetera). Inspiciens, multas harum paginarum invenii quae longiores sunt 1000 octobitis (e.g. [[Graecia archaica]]: 2928 octobiti). Quid censeatis si mechanema cum monitu in formulam {{Fn|Augenda}} inseram, ne in paginis longioribus quam 1000 octobitorum adhibeatur? Nam si pagina est satis longa, vanum est legentes monere paginam intra tres menses esse augendam. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:30, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:Pagina de [[Graecia archaica]] (#1) lemmate proprio, (#2) definitione idonea, et (#3) fonte externo caret, et omnis Vicipadia ut videtur (#4) nexibus ad hanc paginam ducentibus caret. That's all four of the formula's four criteria. ¶ For the difference between a stub and more-than-a-stub, the cutoff I've been using has been 2,000 octeti for general articles and 1,900 for articles with a taxobox. I don't recall a consensus on that limit, but articles having 4,000, 5,000, 6,000 octeti have been marked &quot;stipula&quot;; that's likely too high a limit, and I'd suggest that 2,000 (or possibly your 1,000) is a more defensible upper limit for stubs. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 03:15, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:::For example, just today, someone added &quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{urbs-stipula}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot; to the article on [[Barcino]], which already had more than 3,500 octeti! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 15:04, 28 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:::: ''Stipulae'' are not problematic from an administrative point of view, because in theory they can remain as such forever. Barcellona is an important city with a lot of history that can be written in an encyclopedia, it can be understandable if someone feels that the current page can be greatly improved. Instead, what scares me about the {{Fn|Augenda}} template is that it is not only an invitation to improve pages, it also asks us to delete pages after three months (which is why it should be used with care). --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:57, 28 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:::::Then why not change the verb from ''will'' to ''may'' or introduce some other indication of indeterminacy? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 16:31, 28 Februarii 2026 (UTC) 
:: [[Usor:IacobusAmor|Iacobus]], we can set any limit we want, but what I think makes little sense is saying that a page must be increased within three months, but then after three months nothing happens and the categories above keep growing. We must set a realistic (relatively low) threshold and then, after that, be ready to '''delete''' the pages that do not respect our threshold (in [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 35#De novo spatio nominali adumbrationum proponendo|another thread]] I had proposed the &lt;code&gt;adumbratio:&lt;/code&gt; namespace where after three months all these “augenda” pages can be moved, but that is a separate topic). A page like [[Graecia archaica]] only needs relatively little work to be adjusted—certainly does not deserve to be deleted. What I want to stress here is that every time you add {{Fn|Augenda}} to a page you are basically saying “If the page stays like this, I am okay if after three months it gets deleted”. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 03:58, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:::That's correct, but I heartily endorse a separate namespace, a kind of purgatory, where such pages can go until they've become worthy of standing in the mainspace. As a rule, I don't work on formulas, so I likely had nothing to do with the wording of this one, but three months must have been the original consensus. If memory serves, @Andrew Dalby and perhaps others have occasionally enforced the three-month rule, though sometimes after well more than three months have elapsed. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 13:08, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:::: Intellego. Novum spatium nominale a “Phabricatore” petiturus sum. Quid censeres si in paginis amplioribus (e.g. inter 2000 et 1000) formulā {{Fn|Nondum stipula}} (quae nullam categoriam cum tempore praefinito imponit) pro formulā {{Fn|Augenda}} utereris? Aut aliam novam formulam quoque nobis excogitare licet. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:57, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
::::: {{Tpe|Nova}} Hic nuper petivi ut novum spatium nominale adumbrationum crearetur: [[phab:T418706|New “Draft” namespace for lawiki: “Adumbratio”]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 01:01, 2 Martii 2026 (UTC)
:::::: {{Tpe|Novissima}} Euax! Spatium nominale adumbrationum [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|habemus]]! Textus paginae [[MediaWiki:Noarticletext]] nobis sic mutandus est ut adumbrationes, si exsistunt, detegantur. Postea aliquid excogitabo. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 19:34, 2 Martii 2026 (UTC)
@[[Usor:IacobusAmor|Iacobe]]: What would you think if we created a &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Pagina neglecta}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; template, and established that when we find a page that was created more than three months ago (e.g. [[Agrinium]], created in 2004!), instead of {{Fn|Augenda}} we add the new template instead? The &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Pagina neglecta}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; template could look more or less like this:

{{Capsa annuntiationis
	| color = #7f83d7
	| pigmentum = #f3f4fb
	| imago = P writing.svg
	| 1 =

'''Commentationem neglectam augeamus!'''

Haec commentatio longe neglecta videtur mansa esse. Sodes, adiuva paginam augere!

}}

We can then have [[:Categoria:Paginae neglectae]], where all these pages will be automatically collected. I am proposing this because I think that it makes little sense to warn that a page that was created 22 years ago must be improved within three months! It will be an empty warning. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:40, 9 Martii 2026 (UTC)
:That might be useful. How would it differ from the Adumbratio solution? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:01, 9 Martii 2026 (UTC)
:: Following [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio|the rules]] that I partly translated from English Wikipedia, we must not move pages that were created long ago to the &lt;code&gt;Adumbratio:&lt;/code&gt; namespace. So the picture should look as follows:
::* '''Case 1:''' The page is is too short and was recently created. We have three possibilities:
::*# We improve it (prefereable solution)
::*# We move it to the &lt;code&gt;Adumbratio:&lt;/code&gt; namespace (less prefereable than improving the page but more prefearable than the following)
::*# We add {{Fn|Augenda}} (less prefereable)
::*#: ↳ If three months after adding {{Fn|Augenda}} nothing has changed we delete the page for real
::* '''Case 2:''' The page is too short and was created more than three months ago. Two possibilities:
::*# We improve it (prefereable solution)
::*# We have no other choice but adding &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Pagina neglecta}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
::*#: ↳ We must take into account that the page might stay like that indefinitely
::* '''Case 3:''' The page was in the &lt;code&gt;Adumbratio:&lt;/code&gt; namespace and was moved to the main namespace prematurely:
::*# We add {{Fn|Augenda}}
::*#: ↳ If after three months nothing has changed we delete the page for real
:: The rationale is that pages that are too old might no longer have someone that checks them and is able to fulfill our expectations. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 12:42, 9 Martii 2026 (UTC)

== De novo spatio adumbrationum ==
{{Collaboratio|Alex1011|Alexander Gerashchenko|Amahoney|Andreas Raether|Andrew Dalby|Aylin|Bartholomite|Bis-Taurinus|Demetrius Talpa|Giorno2|IacobusAmor|Ioscius|Iustinus|Lesgles|LilyKitty|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Neander|Pippobuono|Rafaelgarcia|Sigur|Utilo|UV|Xaverius
	| alacres = IacobusAmor
	| alacritas = mensis
	| res = Magistratūs usoresque strenuos vocavi. Veniam peto si alicuius oblitus sum.
	| subscriptio = [[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:43, 3 Martii 2026 (UTC)
}}

Nuper novum spatium nominale &lt;code&gt;Adumbratio:&lt;/code&gt; condidimus. Nunc oportet regulas nostras definire. Apud [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] paginam Anglicam [[:en:Wikipedia:Drafts]] partim verti, sed de nostra propria ratione consentiendum est.

Notandum est Vicipaediam Anglicam [[:en:Wikipedia:Drafts#Reasons not to move an article to draftspace|regulam habere]] qua vetatur paginam in spatio principali sitam in spatium adumbrationum movere “si commentatio ante plus quam 90 dies creata est”. Re quidem vera, nuper paginam [[Alkinum]] ad [[Adumbratio:Alkinum]] movi (praesertim ad lineamenta technica novi spatii nominalis experienda), attamen mihi visum est parum rectum paginam anno 2006 creatam (et [[Vicipaedia:Paginae quas omnibus Vicipaediis contineri oportet/Expansio#Materies chemicales|quam omnibus Vicipaediis contineri oportet]]!) ibi movere.

Quo facto suasus sum ut nobis vetandum sit formulam {{Fn|Augenda}} paginis ante plus quam tres menses creatis addere. Nam, si pagina nimis brevis olim creata est et usque talis mansit, si nos eam negleximus nec animadvertimus nisi nunc, meā sententiā duae optiones tantum nobis patent: aut eam relinquimus intactam, aut formulam {{Fn|Delenda}} apponimus.

Ceterum, a vobis peto ut paginam [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] inspiciatis, novas regulas proponatis, aut regulas a me scriptas emendetis.

Valete! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:43, 3 Martii 2026 (UTC)

==De loco vel gradu Vicipaediae apud Meta==
Does moving articles counted among the 10,000 most important (like 
&quot;[[Alkinum]]&quot; &amp; &quot;[[Oxidum]]&quot;) into the limbo marked by &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Adumbratio}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; and/or &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Neglecta}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; lower Vicipaedia's score at Meta? (Vide [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias_by_expanded_sample_of_articles|&quot;List of Wikipedias by expanded sample of articles&quot;].) In other words, do they need to remain in the mainspace to boost Vicipaedia's score? ¶ Ten years ago, in March 2016, Vicipaedia was ranked thirty-ninth among all the wikis; at the end of last month, it was ranked fifty-second. This is not an encouraging trend, and deliberately accelerating it might not be considered advisable. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:52, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)
: Hi Iacobus. Moving pages to the &lt;code&gt;Adumbratio:&lt;/code&gt; namespace definitely counts as removing them from the encyclopedia. Adding {{Fn|Pagina neglecta}} (or any other template) instead has no effects. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:09, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)
::&lt;nowiki&gt;{{ping|IacobusAmor}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;, is there a page that specifies the number of articles from this list that we have? -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 19:47, 3 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::{{ping|IacobusAmor}}, idk why my previous ping got wrapped by nowiki. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 19:48, 3 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::Ecce (but it needs to be updated): https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usor:Amahoney/Myrias_epitome [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:04, 3 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::::So, as Grufo says, moving one of the &quot;10,000&quot; pages into Adumbratio space removes it from the encyclopedia and from the score that Iacobus mentions. In the case of a page in that list, maybe it's better for it to be in mainspace, with a warning template (''neglecta/augenda/...'') on it? If it's in mainspace, more editors might see it and be tempted to improve it. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:29, 14 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::::: Hi Andrew. Indeed. When I created the page [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] by (partially) translating [[:en:Wikipedia:Drafts]], I also translated the rule that a page can be moved away from the mainspace to the &lt;code&gt;Adumbratio:&lt;/code&gt; namespace only if it is a newly created page (&lt; 90 days). So pages that have long been among our 10000 pages are safe. P.S. The rules in [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] still need our consensus, so if you have time, please give that page a look. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:58, 14 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== Template:Weather box ==
{{Excepta|Vicipaedia:Officina|Template:Weather box|Locus opportunior --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]]}}

== Quid significat expectatio vacuae mutationis? ==

Dicitur in pagina [[Topologia classium punctorum]] quod &quot;Haec pagina mutationem vacuam expectat&quot;. Et rogat me, &quot;nihil tangens&quot;, sibi ostendere mutationes.

Ad quem dirigitur haec monitio, et quas mutationes oportet eum sibi ostendere? Non intelligo. [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 04:29, 19 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

: Salve, [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]. Illa icon significat vicitextum &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Spatium topologicum|spatia topologica|en|qid=Q179899}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; ad hunc vicitextum, si paginam emendas, sponte mutatum iri: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;[[Spatium topologicum|spatia topologica]]&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; (vide [[Special:Diff/3954206/3955454|meam ultimam recensionem]] et documentationem formulae {{fsn|pcc}}), quoniam nunc [[Spatium topologicum|paginam]] habemus quae cum entitate Vicidatorum [[:d:Q179899]] nectitur. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 04:44, 19 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::Gratias habeo—mirum tamen mihi videtur, quod substitutio &quot;cref&quot; tantum unam tesseram (siquidem recte lexi) sumat ut argumentum. Quomodo ergo facio, si notam duos habeat nexus ad paginas creatas?--[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:29, 20 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::: Immo, infinitatem tesserarum formula {{fsn|cref}} accipit. Vide, exempli gratia, hanc annotationem in pagina “[[Carpates]]”, ubi sunt ambae entitates [[:d:Q6776713]] et [[:d:Q11699202]]:
:::: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1={{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Martinus Szent-Ivany|Martini Szent-Ivany|hu|qid=Q6776713}} [...] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Gabriel Rzaczynski|Gabrielis Rzączyński|pl|qid=Q11699202}} [...]|2=Q6776713|3=Q11699202}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
::: Vide etiam {{Caput|Formula:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|Quomodo tesseram invenio?}}. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:43, 20 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== Annon corrigere possumus titulos &quot;instrumentorum&quot;? ==

Exempli gratia: video unum &quot;instrumentum&quot; appellari &quot;Paginam prehendere formá PDF&quot;. Videtur mihi hic titulus mendam habere et corrigi posse accentus acutus ad macron. Sed nescio utrum corrigibilis sit ab usoribus. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:47, 24 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
: Salve [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]. Usoribus non licet [[Specialis:Nuntia systematis|nuntia systematis]] recensere (vide etiam &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[{{fullurl:Special:Allpages|namespace=8}} spatium “&lt;code&gt;MediaWiki:&lt;/code&gt;”]&lt;/span&gt;), sed usores possunt a magistratibus petere ut nuntia recenseant (et multa nuntia exstant quae meliora facere aut etiam omnino vertere oportet!). Non invenio ubi “Paginam prehendere formá PDF” iaceat; fortasse @[[Usor:UV|UV]] adiuvare potest. P.S. “accentus acutus” revera est [[Apex (orthographia Latina)|apex]], forma antiquior [[macron|macri]]; attamen concordo uniformia signa diacritica nobis esse sequenda. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:42, 24 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::Non potest prehendere paginas disputationum formā PDF. Sed paginas encyclopediae possumus; e.g. [[Macron]]. At ibi apparet &quot;Paginam prehendere formá PDF&quot;. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 02:04, 26 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::: Nexum video, sed quid nuntium gignat non invenio. Exempli gratia, [[MediaWiki:Contributions|haec pagina]] nuntium “User contributions” ad nuntium Latinum “Conlationes usoris” vertit; sed quid vertit “Download PDF” ad “Paginam prehendere formá PDF”? Nescio. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:44, 26 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::Ignosce inclaritatem meam—sed prime (ut ita dicam) &quot;Instrumenta&quot; et videbis instrumentorum titulos. Titulus primus (ut mihi ostenduntur) est &quot;Movere&quot;; titulus novissimus est &quot;Res Wikidata&quot;; et unus titulorum est &quot;Paginam prehendere formá PDF&quot;. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:46, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::: @[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]: Ut dixi, oculis meis textum video, sed ignoro e qua pagina aut e quo nuntio systematis oriatur. Nequeo textum corrigere si nescio quid mihi sit emendandum. Conatus sum aliqua similia nuntia vertere ([[MediaWiki:Wikisource-download-pdf|#1]], [[MediaWiki:Minerva-download|#2]], [[MediaWiki:Electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-print-text|#3]], [[MediaWiki:Electronpdfservice-download-label|#4]], [[MediaWiki:Electronpdfservice-special-page-headline|#5]]), sed nuntium quod quaeris non inveni. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:54, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::::bzgrep utebar perlegere totam Vicipaediam Latinam; non tamen inveni.  Mirum! --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:25, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::::: @[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]: Potesne, quaeso, etiam situm https://translatewiki.net/ per “bzgrep” inspicere? Etiam illic non inveni textum. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:28, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::::::[https://translatewiki.net/wiki/MediaWiki:Coll-download_as/la Fontem] inveni huius textus, non autem bzgrep utens. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:12, 28 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::::::: Gratias tibi ago. Correxi. Post paucos dies abhinc nova translatio etiam in Vicipaedia Latina ostendetur. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 01:34, 28 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::::::::Fortasse nostis [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/MediaWiki?uselang=qqx hunc nexum] per quem tandem inveni. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:37, 28 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== Regula generalis de intellegentia artificiali ==
[[:meta:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|Apud MetaVici disputatur]] utrum regula generalis de intellegentiae artificialis usu introducenda sit necne. Quum etiam nos tanget, vos hortor ut sententias vestras feratis. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:42, 26 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

:Non penitus intelligo quomodo nos tangeat. Annon iam habemus regulam de plasmatibus (ut ita dicam) linguarum? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:50, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:: Regulae globales omnes Vicipaedias afficiunt, atque illa regula proponitur globalis. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:56, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::Gratias habeo; nonne autem, si Vicipaedia Latina haberet regulam, supersedeat regulam generalem? Et simili modo respectu aliarum Vicipaediarum? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:01, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::: Non sum certus, sed timeo ne regulae globales vincant. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 01:05, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::::Ita; intelligo. Scisne utrum restrictionem an laxationem habeat favorem iuris? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:12, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::::: Apud Vicipaediam Latinam nulla est regula scripta; paginae tamen quae omnino intellegentiā artificiali sine ulla humana recensione vertuntur pittacio {{Fn|Pagina autotranslata}} signantur atque post unam hebdomadam delentur. Prima regula globalis proposita mihi videtur hoc tantum postulare, ut, ''praeter translationes'', usus intellegentiae artificialis aperte declaretur. Altera autem regula globalis vetat intellegentiā artificiali ūtī ''nisi in translationibus''. Meā sententiā, hoc nobis incommodum contrarium efficit, quia hic magnopere laboramus ad translationes machinarias moderandas; alii autem usūs intellegentiae artificialis nobis non sunt incommodo. Non puto magni rēferre usum ipsum declarare, sed potius oportere responsa intellegentiae artificialis diligenter inspicere ac recensere. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 01:45, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== Quomodo melius invenire titula proposita pro articulo nondum existente? ==

Volui creare articulum pro &quot;poset&quot; (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q474715).

Scio, quod est formula &quot;subst:pcc&quot; alicubi in hac Vicipaedia per quam statuitur titulum huius articuli. Sed nescio, et &quot;bzgrep&quot; iterum inutilis est.

Estne methodus inventionis talium &quot;titulorum articulorum nondum existentium&quot;? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 04:47, 30 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

: Formula {{fsn|pcc}} nescit quod nomen Latinum novae paginae (“nexui rubro”) assignandum sit, istud erit tibi eligendum. Ad formulam adhibendam tibi sufficiet titulum Latinum et linguā aliā scribere. E.g.:
:: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:pcc|en=Partially ordered set|Aggregatio partim ordinata}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
::: ↳ {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Aggregatio partim ordinata||en|qid=Q474715}}
: Aut, si vis, potes autem tesseram Vicidatorum praebere:
:: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:pcc|Aggregatio partim ordinata||en|qid=Q474715}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
::: ↳ {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Aggregatio partim ordinata||en|qid=Q474715}}
: Non exstat ullus index paginarum creandarum. Nomina inveniuntur simul ac paginae creantur. Attamen, si quis paginam “Aggregatio partim ordinat'''issima'''” postea creet at ad [[:d:Q474715]] eam nectat, pagina ubi nexus ruber “Aggregatio partim ordinata” ostendebatur nunc ad paginam “Aggregatio partim ordinatissima” nectetur. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 06:13, 30 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== Quomodo citare librum, quod numerum librarium uniformem inter gentes caret? ==

[[Cancellum (mathematica)|Hac pagina]] conor citare librum quoddam, sed caret ISBN/NLUIG. Habet tamen numerum Catalogii Librarii Congressus (LCCN), sed nescio quomodo hanc numerum affigere rei citatae.

Multas habeo gratias pro auxilio vestro! --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 02:09, 18 Maii 2026 (UTC)

== Num verbum natio Anglico verbo “nation” respondet? ==
Salvete omnes! Hic scribo nec in [[Disputatio:Natio|pagina disputationis]] quod hoc verbum in multis commentariis est. Secundum [https://archive.org/details/practicalint00arno/page/41/mode/1up librum Arnoldi] “Natio is rarely used of a civilised and organised nation ; it means a people, or tribe, sprung from one race, of the same blood (nascor).” Secundum dictionarium “Cassell’s Latin Dictionary Latin-English English-Latin” natio significat “a tribe, race, people, esp. uncivilized”, et verbum Anglicum nation significat “populus, gens (=people, stock), civitas (=body of citizens), respublica (=state), natio (=tribe, not highly civilized)”. Liber Arnoldi quoque monet ut iis vocabulis Latinis utamur. Commentarius [[Natio|natio]] illud Ciceronis habet: “Omnēs nātiōnēs servitūtem ferre possunt, nostra cīvitās nōn potest; …” in quo orator optimus populum Romanum a nationibus distinguet. Quid vobis videtur de hac re? Valete! -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 20:58, 29 Maii 2026 (UTC)

:Haec &quot;natio&quot; a primis temporibus Vicipaediae originem obscuram ducit, mihi non placet, sed permulta corrigenda sunt, si eam mutare volumus. Civitas (de civibus), civitas sui iuris? [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 22:09, 29 Maii 2026 (UTC)
:: Aut etiam possibile est dicere, etiam secundum linguas recentiores, ipsam notionem “nationis” quodammodo “civitati” adversari. Id est, sunt qui putent, etiam linguis hodiernis, “nationem” (Anglice ''nation'', Italice ''nazione'', et cetera) semper aliquid minus civile quam “civitatem” (Anglice ''state'', Italice ''Stato'', et cetera), immo vero tribale, significare. Cum hoc tamen concordo, paginam illam nimis veterem esse atque redintegrandam. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:41, 29 Maii 2026 (UTC)
:::Melius est quaedam omittere quam nihil corrigere. Video nos habere commentarios qui vocantur [[Civitas]] (Ang. [[w:en:State (polity)]]), [[Gens]] (Ang. [[w:en:Gens]], nescio cur hic commentarius Latine non sit solis de gentibus Romanis), [[Populus]] (Ang. [[w:en:People]]), [[Res publica]] (Ang. [[w:en:Republic]]), et [[Tribus (anthropologia)]] ([[w:en:Tribe]]). Secundum dictionarium “Cassell’s Latin Dictionary”, tribus significat”originally a third part if the Roman people. Hence a tribe, a division of the Roman people …”. Hoc dictionarium monet ut verbo “natio” vel verbo “gens” utamur si scribere “tribe” velimus nec de tribubus Romanis scribamus. Vero non possum novum nomen commentarii [[Natio]] commendare quod nescio cur vikipedia tot commentarios habeat. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 14:38, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC)
::::Pagina non est delenda, si hoc consulis. &quot;Natio&quot; [http://lexica.linguax.com/forc2.php?searchedLG=natio verbum est Latinum], cur id ne explicemus. Si nexum intervicialem ad paginam Anglicam male congruere putas, ita est, non perfectissime congruit. Sed cum de notionibus abstractis agitur, nexus interviciales saepius tales sunt. Hoc malum in Vicipaediα inevitabile est et hoc non est malum, si res explicatur. Paginae ipsius loca quaedam corrigenda est, Ciceronis interpretatio mutanda, et, quod maxime interest, inter [[Specialis:Nexus_ad_paginam/Natio|nexus ad eam]] hi multi corrigendi sunt, ubi &quot;natio&quot; in modum Anglicum civitatem sui iuris significat. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 18:22, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC)
:::::Pagina scilicet delenda non est. Vidi paginas in Vikipedia Hebraica et Ucrainica ad paginam Anglicam bene congruere nec nostram paginam. Natio est verbum Latinum, cuius sensu Latino uti debemus, nec sensi Anglico. Delere nolo sed mutare et fortasse movere. Eo consilio hunc sermonem coepi ut sensibus Latinis verborum uteremur. Vero nescio cur Vikipedia Anglica tot paginas habeat et quid sit discrimen inter “nation” et “state”, propter quod non possum verbum meliorum commendare. Potestne pagina Anglica nostrae paginae [[Natio]] esse [[w:en:Tribe]]? Tribus quoque verbum Latinum est sed secundum dictionarium non idem significat et verbum Anglicum tribe. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 19:24, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC)
:::::: ''Tribus'' est quaedam divisio populi, non tota natio ([https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry=tribus]). Possum falli, sed secundum illam Ciceronis sententiam (“Omnēs nātiōnēs servitūtem ferre possunt …”) mihi videtur praecipua differentia inter ''civitatem'' et ''nationem'' hoc esse, quod ''civitas'' rem publicam civium significat, ''nationes'' autem alios populos tamquam gentes spectatos. Ita ''civitas'' erat Roma, ''nationes'' erant ceteri populi. P.S. {{*Cfr}} etiam “eruditissima illa Graecorum natio” (Cic.). Nam Graecis erat una natio sed plures civitates. Hoc usu vocabulum mihi videtur fere eodem sensu adhiberi ac in linguis hodiernis. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 23:07, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::Nexus interviciales perutiles sunt (ad minimum, lectores novos nobis dirigunt!) sed non nos regunt. Omnis lingua, sicut [[civitas sui iuris]], libera est. Debemus (1) verba Latina Latinitate classica definire (2) alia verba quibus significationes cognatae sunt (e.g. gens, tribus, civitas) distinguere, nexibus datis (3) significationes apud Latinistas recentiores explicare, si differunt (4) praeter alia, de re principali pellucide disserere.
:::::::Cicero his verbis, ''omnes nationes servitutem fere possunt: nostra civitas non potest'' (Phil. 10.10.20) inter ''nationes'' et ''nostram civitatem'' quoquomodo distinguere videtur ... sed alibi ''omnes &lt;u&gt;exteras&lt;/u&gt; nationes'' et ''eruditissimam Graecorum nationem'' indicat (Imp. Pomp. 11.31; De Or. 2.4.18) -- unde intellego, apud Ciceronem, plures ''nationes'' exstitisse tam sub imperio S.P.Q.R. quam extra limites. Ex his sententiis, si volumus, inter civitatem et nationem facile erit distinguere: sed inter ''populos'' et ''nationes'' ...? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 09:06, 1 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::Nolite oblivisci ''gentes''&amp;thinsp;! Cassell's nobis dicit (p. 742) ''international law'' locutionem Anglicam nostra lingua esse ''ius gentium,'' ac Traupman (ed. 3, p. 575) nobis dicit ''international'' ipsum verbum Anglicum esse ''inter gentes.'' [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:12, 1 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::Sententias vestras perlegi et commentarium inveni [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311975311_On_the_Roman_Concept_of_Natio “On the Roman Concept of Natio”] quem quoque legi, et iam intellego quanta difficilis sit haec res. In libro Arnoldi et in dictionario legi nationem esse “esp. uncivilized”, nec autores Romanos scripisisse Nationem Romanam. Putavi nationem esse tribe nec unquam civilised nation. Iam nesio a bonus sit hic nexus. Veritus sum ne homines dum Latine scribebant solis nexibus uterentur, nec deliberarent quid sit verbum optimum. De pagina nostra [[Respublica]] vos consulere quoque volo. Secundum dictionarium “Cassell’s Latin Dictionary” “'''republic''' ''respublica'', ''civitas'' (= state, simply): a —, as opp. to other forms of government, ''respublica'' (or ''civitas''” ''libera'' or ''popularis''.” Respublica et civitas idem significare mihi videntur. Nonne melius est movere hanc paginam ut novem nomen sit Respublica popularis? Haec res non est solo de nexu sed quoque de ipsa pagina. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:38, 1 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::::Fortasse, sed iam est commentarius de &quot;People's republic&quot; in vicipaedia Anglica. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:31, 1 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::::: De differentia inter ''gentem'' et ''nationem'' conferatur etiam {{LTL|natio|335}}: “A ''gente'' aliquando ita differt, ut genus a specie: ''gens'' enim latius patet, et plures nationes complectitur, ut ''gens'' Graeca habet Atticos, Boeotos, Thebanos, qui ejusdem gentis nationes sunt.” Saepissime tamen gens et natio sunt synonyma. @[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]: Graeci non erant “uncivilized”, attamen erant natio vel plures nationes. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:53, 2 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::::Multae paginae in Vicipaedia connexae sunt; ''United Nations'' vertitur ut [[Nationes Unitae]], multis cum fontibus (duabus encyclicis aliisque). Hoc mutare nequimus, et pagina de [[natio]]ne nec huic sensui contradicere debet; haec causa, cur paginae Anglicae '&quot;Nation&quot; ceterisque de hac natione moderna narrantibus alliganda sit. Sed de pagina [[Nationes mundi]], exempli gratia, iam dubito, et &quot;civitates mundi&quot; nationibus praeferam, [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 20:50, 4 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::Iam intellego. Huic sensu, quo utuntur encyclici, contradicere scilicet nequimus. Gratias omnibus vobis ago quia mihi hanc rem explanavistis. 
:::::::::::{{ping|Grufo}}, Quaesivi nec inveni ubi Cicero nationem Graecam scripserit. Testimonium encyclicorum mihi videtur bonum esse, scire tamen volo ubi orator optimus his verbis usus sit. 
:::::::::::Valete. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 21:14, 5 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::: @[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]: {{Op|[[De oratore]]}}, {{Vf|De oratore/Liber II|18|2.4.18}}: “eruditissima illa Graecorum natio”. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:09, 5 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::::Gratias tibi ago! -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:45, 7 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::De commentario qui [[Nationes mundi]] (Anglice [[w:en:List of sovereign states|List of sovereign states]]) vocatur, nonne melius nomen est “''Index civitatum sui iuris''”? 
:::::::::::Vide commentarios:
:::::::::::* [[Civitas sui iuris]]
:::::::::::* [[Index communium Badeniae et Virtembergiae]]
:::::::::::* [[Index urbium et communium Rhenaniae et Palatinatus]]
:::::::::::* [[Index fluviorum Germaniae]]
:::::::::::* [[Index asteroidum]]
:::::::::::* [[Index siglorum ordinum ecclesiae catholicae]]
:::::::::::Hic commentarius est index. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 16:50, 9 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::::::Sic, [[Index civitatum sui iuris]] bonum nomen est, multae paginae huius generis in Vicipaedia Latina &quot;indices&quot; nominantur. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 19:47, 9 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::::Vobis consentio. Hanc paginam satis antiquam renominare oportet. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:39, 10 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::::::::Utrum possumus paginam renominate an oportet [[Formula:Movenda]] utere? -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:21, 10 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::Formula ad disputandum in pagina disputationis ponitur, sed nunc hic erat disputaio, fornula non necessaria est. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 15:55, 10 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::: Paginam movi. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:02, 10 Iunii 2026 (UTC)

== &quot;-karyotica&quot; vel &quot;-caryotica&quot;? ==
In pagina de [[Cellula|cellulis]] ambae formae extant. Videtur mihi melius, si unicam noscamus formam. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 03:14, 16 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:&quot;-caryotica&quot; melius. Vocabulum est antiquum, Graecae originis (κάρυον), nullae sunt causae, ut &quot;k&quot; scribatur. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 12:05, 17 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::Consentio. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:16, 17 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::&quot;nullae sunt causae&quot;: consentiebam imprimis sed nunc occursit mihi formae &quot;-karyota&quot; esse in taxonomia Linnaeana. Etenim (cuius ratione fortasse) redirigitur [[Eucaryota]] ad &quot;Eukaryota&quot; et [[Procaryota]] ad &quot;Prokaryota&quot;. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:38, 20 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::Si alterum rectum est, alterum fontibus biloolgicis testatum, unum eligere non possumus, eligas, quod velis. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 07:10, 20 Iunii 2026 (UTC)

== Pagina mensis Iulii 2026 abest ==
{{Excepta|Disputatio Vicipaediae:Pagina mensis|2026}}

== Paginae de praenominibus: lemmata typis italicis necne? ==
In disputatione {{caput|Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|Carolus: Cur titulus italicus?}}, noster [[Usor:IacobusAmor|Iacobus]] suadet ut lemmata qualia illa paginarum de praenominibus scribantur typis italicis. Ego nescio quid sit faciendum. Praenomina apud Vicipaediam Anglicam et alibi non scribuntur typis italicis (e.g. [[:en:Martin (name)]]), sed nobis licet aliam regulam nostram statuere. Attamen, si hanc conventionem adoptamus, oportebit eam ubique adhibere, atque multae paginae emendandae erunt. Quid dicatis? Censeatisne lemmata in paginis de praenominibus scribenda esse typis italicis? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:34, 18 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
:::And yet, Grufo, in the article that you cite (&quot;[[:en:Martin (name)]]&quot;), you'll find this heading: &quot;The name ''Martin'' in different regions&quot;! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:50, 18 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
:::: I am not against using italics for words cited as words, I am just wondering whether ''the page's lemma'' should be italicized (i.e. &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Titulus italicus}} ... {{ires|Martinus}} est praenomen ...&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;). Having somewhere below the lead something like &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;Nomen ''Martinus'' ...&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, seems pretty fine to me, especially when discussing etimologies. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:01, 19 Augusti 2026 (UTC)

:Non, hoc insolitum est, multos annos Vicipaedia sine hoc italico vivebat. Argumentum Jacobi est: 
:* Leo XIV est pontifex, sed eius nomen familiare est ''Robertus'' (vel &quot;Robertus&quot;), — 
:hic de praenomine ut nomine, non de homine vel de re agitur, hic scriptura italica vel virgulae possibiles sunt. Sed pagina de ipso praenomine hoc praenomen ut rem describendam tractat.  Nullae sunt causae, ut huius generis paginarum formam mutemus. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 17:10, 18 Augusti 2026 (UTC)

:::Iste locus omnino rectus non est. &quot;''Robertus'' (vel &quot;Robertus&quot;)&quot; non scripsi. Quod scripsi est:
::::[[Leo XIV]] est [[Episcopus Romanus]], sed eius nomen familiare est ''Robertus.''
:::At least in English, and in the English wikipedia, words cited as words are customarily italicized (not quoted); however, as noted in effect by Grufo, many writers, including those of the English wikipedia, make an exception for capitalized nouns. Much of the time, that's perhaps unobjectionable, as it doesn't lead to misreading, but it can generate curious locutions, for example:
::::Henry Edward Manning has been translated '[[Henricus Eduardus Manning]].'
:::This is curious because, for people reading these words for the first time, the lack of italics in the text effectively marks Manning as a human being, not a set of words, and human beings can't be translated, unless, of course, they're bishops, who can indeed be translated (from see to see); but Manning was never a bishop of anywhere except Westminster, so he was never translated—making ''both'' of these sentences true. but ''only'' when italics are selectively deployed:
::::''Henry Edward Manning'' was often translated.
::::Henry Edward Manning was never translated.
:::Granted, this is a rare example, but it's most definitely a valid contrastive minimal pair. In any event, relying on capitalization may prove problematic in general, since many nouns capitalized in the Anglo-German world are ''not'' capitalized in many other languages, and that's &quot;a whole nother can of worms.&quot; [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:38, 18 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
::::Okay, but in the title of a Wikipedia article, the name is not taken as word, but as an object that the article treats. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 09:29, 19 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
:::::That's true. Substantive &quot;Xxxx (nomen)&quot; articles have some reasons not to exist in an encyclopaedia at all: so far as I remember, they exist on Vicipaedia because (a) there is an anonymous contributor who likes creating them, and generally does no harm, (b) they could remain useful as disambiguation pages if they offer links to more than one existing substantive article. I suggest not making any special rule for formatting them here, when there's no such rule on other Wikipedias. Formatting is a distraction, and Latin is light on formatting compared with other modern printed languages. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 07:30, 23 Augusti 2026 (UTC)

== [[:Categoria:Portae]] ==

[[:Categoria:Portae]] nunc includit paginas sui generis, quod vulgo ''portal'' nominatur, sed habemus aliquot paginas de portis veris, de aedificiis huius generis ([[Porta Aurea]], [[Porta nigra]], [[Porta Praenestina]], [[Porta Brandenburgensis]], [[Porta Graach]] etc.) Puto categoriae portalium aliud nomen dandum esse, e.g. &quot;Portae Vicipaedianae&quot;, &quot;Portae (Vicipaedia)&quot;, in [[:categoria:Portae]] autem portas veras colligendas. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 09:57, 21 Augusti 2026 (UTC) &lt;!-- Si nomen tuum addere vis, tantummodo substitue “subst:Assenserunt” in locum verbi “Assenserunt” hic: --&gt;{{Assenserunt|Grufo=2026-08-21 11:00:42}}
: Categoriam “[[:Categoria:Portae Vicipaedianae|Portae Vicipaedianae]]” creavi et nonnullas subcategorias ibi movi, sed nunc tantummodo telephonio geatabili recensere possum; postea ceteras subcategorias illūc movebo. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 11:25, 21 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
:: {{Ok}} Factum est. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:04, 21 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
:::Gratias ago maximas! [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 19:32, 21 Augusti 2026 (UTC)

== De paginis inter dies 12 Iulii et 5 Augusti 2026 creatis ==
Septuaginta duas novas paginas quotidianas die 25 Iunii 2026 posteriores [[Specialis:Diff/3985927/3985929|addidi]], attamen paginas inter dies 12 Iulii et 5 Augusti 2026 scriptas inspicere non potui. Si bonarum paginarum illis diebus scriptarum meministis, quaeso, [[Specialis:EditPage/Vicipaedia:Index paginarum cottidianarum/Promovendae|addite indici]]! Valete! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:09, 5 Septembris 2026 (UTC)

== Ascalon Adumbratio? ==

Non intellego cur pagina Ascalon in adumbrationibus relegata permaneat (oblivio?) cum tot pessimae et brevissimae paginae (de eis nuncupatim loqui nolo) nostram Vicipaediam dehonestant. [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 17:07, 8 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
: Et ego censeo paginam iam maturam esse ut in encyclopaediam recipiatur. Idem auctorem rogavi (confer {{Caput|Disputatio Adumbrationis:Ascalon|Non iam adumbratio}}), sed ipse respondit se plura de recentiore historia Ascalonis et nonnulla de aetate Turcica ac Britannica scribere velle. Mea sententia, paginam in encyclopaediam {{Nexus cum parametris|Specialis:Paginam movere/Adumbratio:Ascalon|movere|wpReason=Demum commentatio parata est|wpNewTitle=Ascalon|prefix=}} possumus. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 20:25, 8 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
:: Nihil impedit enim quominus paginam emendet in Vicipaedia iusta ut omnes quotidie facimus. Praeterea iam duos menses pagina non iam aucta est et ex aliis Vicipaediis invisibilis iacet. Censeo et ipse movendam esse.--[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 20:42, 8 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
::: {{Factum est}} --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:15, 8 Septembris 2026 (UTC)

== Articulum de [[XGBoost]] scribere volo. ==
'''Articulum de XGBoost componere cupio, qui originem, structuram algorithmicam, rationem gradientis boosting, praecipuos usus atque partes eius in machinali doctrina accurate exponat.'''

[[Usor:נתנאל שטרן|נתנאל שטרן]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:נתנאל שטרן|disputatio]]) 06:19, 11 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
: Posses articulum e Vicipaedia Anglica vertere.  --[[Usor:Maria.martelli|Maria.martelli]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Maria.martelli|disputatio]]) 15:23, 11 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
::Gratias tibi ago pro consilio. Articulum Anglicum de XGBoost in Latinum vertere conabor, sed textum etiam ad morem et stilum Vicipaediae Latinae accommodare velim. [[Usor:נתנאל שטרן|נתנאל שטרן]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:נתנאל שטרן|disputatio]]) 06:20, 14 Septembris 2026 (UTC)

== De intellegentiae artificialis usu ==
Nondum sunt in nostra Vicipaedia regulae de usu intellegentiae artificialis, quamquam [[MediaWiki:Editcheck-copyvio-llm-policylink|systema MediaViciale eas quaerit]]; idcirco [[Vicipaedia:Intellegentiae artificialis ope Vicipaediam recensere|hoc consilium]] proposui. Hae suasiones praecipue me adiuvaverunt ad paginam parandam:
* [[:Mw:Help:Edit check#LLM Paste check|Mw:Help:Edit check § LLM Paste check]]
* [[:En:Wikipedia:Writing articles with large language models]]
* [[:Meta:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy#AI-assisted editing and human accountability|Meta:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy § AI-assisted editing and human accountability]]
Tertius nexus simile consilium meum ostendit. Quaeso, ferte hic sententias vestras. Valete! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 06:49, 25 Septembris 2026 (UTC)

== IAbot: an recte agit? ==
Amicis quam plurimis loquor! -- Observavi IAbot in pagina [[Carolus Clusius]] (per exemplum) ter hoc anno nexus &quot;mortuos&quot; pronuntiavit, qui (per me) vivi sunt. Magister huius boti me suggerit (vide [[:m:User Talk:InternetArchiveBot#IAbot malfunctioning on la:wiki]]) hanc dissonantiam productam esse e limitibus geographicis a divulgatoribus sitorum interretialium impositis. An possumus hanc rem per experientiam probare? Si volitis, has tres paginas, ab IAbot mortuas pronuntiatas, temptate et responsum subter scribite:

I'm asking as many friends as possible to help: -- I notice that IAbot in the page [[Carolus Clusius]] (for example) three times this year pronounced links &quot;dead&quot;, when for me those links are still alive. The botmaster suggests (see [[:m:User Talk:InternetArchiveBot#IAbot malfunctioning on la:wiki]]) that different results may be caused by geoblocks on the internet sites (i.e. they are not accessible worldwide). Could we please test this? If you're willing, please try these three pages, reported dead by IAbot, and report whether they work for you or not (Viva/Mortua). [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:52, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
;[https://www.e-rara.ch/zuz/nagezh/content/titleinfo/9431363 1. E-rara]
* Viva. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:52, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
* Viva. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 15:16, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
;[http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/wp-content/HSSN/2007-8-Carolus%20Clusius.pdf 2. Clusius Correspondence pdf]
* Viva. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:52, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
* Viva. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 15:16, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
;[http://clusiuscorrespondence.huygens.knaw.nl/ 3. Clusius Correspondence html]
* Viva. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:52, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
* Viva. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 15:16, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>tb51qrlwoqalxahhh9obcez961xdz4f</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3991279</id>
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        <id>2059</id>
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== De paginis nimis magnis quae formulā {{[[Formula:Augenda|Augenda]]}} utuntur ==
In [[:Categoria:Corrigenda|Categoriam:Corrigenda]] plures subcategoriae formulā {{Fn|Augenda}} stipantur (e.g. [[:Categoria:Augenda a mense Februario 2023]], [[:Categoria:Augenda a mense Ianuario 2024]], [[:Categoria:Augenda a mense Decembri 2025]], et cetera). Inspiciens, multas harum paginarum invenii quae longiores sunt 1000 octobitis (e.g. [[Graecia archaica]]: 2928 octobiti). Quid censeatis si mechanema cum monitu in formulam {{Fn|Augenda}} inseram, ne in paginis longioribus quam 1000 octobitorum adhibeatur? Nam si pagina est satis longa, vanum est legentes monere paginam intra tres menses esse augendam. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:30, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:Pagina de [[Graecia archaica]] (#1) lemmate proprio, (#2) definitione idonea, et (#3) fonte externo caret, et omnis Vicipadia ut videtur (#4) nexibus ad hanc paginam ducentibus caret. That's all four of the formula's four criteria. ¶ For the difference between a stub and more-than-a-stub, the cutoff I've been using has been 2,000 octeti for general articles and 1,900 for articles with a taxobox. I don't recall a consensus on that limit, but articles having 4,000, 5,000, 6,000 octeti have been marked &quot;stipula&quot;; that's likely too high a limit, and I'd suggest that 2,000 (or possibly your 1,000) is a more defensible upper limit for stubs. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 03:15, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:::For example, just today, someone added &quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{urbs-stipula}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot; to the article on [[Barcino]], which already had more than 3,500 octeti! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 15:04, 28 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:::: ''Stipulae'' are not problematic from an administrative point of view, because in theory they can remain as such forever. Barcellona is an important city with a lot of history that can be written in an encyclopedia, it can be understandable if someone feels that the current page can be greatly improved. Instead, what scares me about the {{Fn|Augenda}} template is that it is not only an invitation to improve pages, it also asks us to delete pages after three months (which is why it should be used with care). --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:57, 28 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:::::Then why not change the verb from ''will'' to ''may'' or introduce some other indication of indeterminacy? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 16:31, 28 Februarii 2026 (UTC) 
:: [[Usor:IacobusAmor|Iacobus]], we can set any limit we want, but what I think makes little sense is saying that a page must be increased within three months, but then after three months nothing happens and the categories above keep growing. We must set a realistic (relatively low) threshold and then, after that, be ready to '''delete''' the pages that do not respect our threshold (in [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 35#De novo spatio nominali adumbrationum proponendo|another thread]] I had proposed the &lt;code&gt;adumbratio:&lt;/code&gt; namespace where after three months all these “augenda” pages can be moved, but that is a separate topic). A page like [[Graecia archaica]] only needs relatively little work to be adjusted—certainly does not deserve to be deleted. What I want to stress here is that every time you add {{Fn|Augenda}} to a page you are basically saying “If the page stays like this, I am okay if after three months it gets deleted”. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 03:58, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:::That's correct, but I heartily endorse a separate namespace, a kind of purgatory, where such pages can go until they've become worthy of standing in the mainspace. As a rule, I don't work on formulas, so I likely had nothing to do with the wording of this one, but three months must have been the original consensus. If memory serves, @Andrew Dalby and perhaps others have occasionally enforced the three-month rule, though sometimes after well more than three months have elapsed. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 13:08, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:::: Intellego. Novum spatium nominale a “Phabricatore” petiturus sum. Quid censeres si in paginis amplioribus (e.g. inter 2000 et 1000) formulā {{Fn|Nondum stipula}} (quae nullam categoriam cum tempore praefinito imponit) pro formulā {{Fn|Augenda}} utereris? Aut aliam novam formulam quoque nobis excogitare licet. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:57, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
::::: {{Tpe|Nova}} Hic nuper petivi ut novum spatium nominale adumbrationum crearetur: [[phab:T418706|New “Draft” namespace for lawiki: “Adumbratio”]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 01:01, 2 Martii 2026 (UTC)
:::::: {{Tpe|Novissima}} Euax! Spatium nominale adumbrationum [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|habemus]]! Textus paginae [[MediaWiki:Noarticletext]] nobis sic mutandus est ut adumbrationes, si exsistunt, detegantur. Postea aliquid excogitabo. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 19:34, 2 Martii 2026 (UTC)
@[[Usor:IacobusAmor|Iacobe]]: What would you think if we created a &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Pagina neglecta}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; template, and established that when we find a page that was created more than three months ago (e.g. [[Agrinium]], created in 2004!), instead of {{Fn|Augenda}} we add the new template instead? The &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Pagina neglecta}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; template could look more or less like this:

{{Capsa annuntiationis
	| color = #7f83d7
	| pigmentum = #f3f4fb
	| imago = P writing.svg
	| 1 =

'''Commentationem neglectam augeamus!'''

Haec commentatio longe neglecta videtur mansa esse. Sodes, adiuva paginam augere!

}}

We can then have [[:Categoria:Paginae neglectae]], where all these pages will be automatically collected. I am proposing this because I think that it makes little sense to warn that a page that was created 22 years ago must be improved within three months! It will be an empty warning. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:40, 9 Martii 2026 (UTC)
:That might be useful. How would it differ from the Adumbratio solution? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:01, 9 Martii 2026 (UTC)
:: Following [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio|the rules]] that I partly translated from English Wikipedia, we must not move pages that were created long ago to the &lt;code&gt;Adumbratio:&lt;/code&gt; namespace. So the picture should look as follows:
::* '''Case 1:''' The page is is too short and was recently created. We have three possibilities:
::*# We improve it (prefereable solution)
::*# We move it to the &lt;code&gt;Adumbratio:&lt;/code&gt; namespace (less prefereable than improving the page but more prefearable than the following)
::*# We add {{Fn|Augenda}} (less prefereable)
::*#: ↳ If three months after adding {{Fn|Augenda}} nothing has changed we delete the page for real
::* '''Case 2:''' The page is too short and was created more than three months ago. Two possibilities:
::*# We improve it (prefereable solution)
::*# We have no other choice but adding &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Pagina neglecta}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
::*#: ↳ We must take into account that the page might stay like that indefinitely
::* '''Case 3:''' The page was in the &lt;code&gt;Adumbratio:&lt;/code&gt; namespace and was moved to the main namespace prematurely:
::*# We add {{Fn|Augenda}}
::*#: ↳ If after three months nothing has changed we delete the page for real
:: The rationale is that pages that are too old might no longer have someone that checks them and is able to fulfill our expectations. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 12:42, 9 Martii 2026 (UTC)

== De novo spatio adumbrationum ==
{{Collaboratio|Alex1011|Alexander Gerashchenko|Amahoney|Andreas Raether|Andrew Dalby|Aylin|Bartholomite|Bis-Taurinus|Demetrius Talpa|Giorno2|IacobusAmor|Ioscius|Iustinus|Lesgles|LilyKitty|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Neander|Pippobuono|Rafaelgarcia|Sigur|Utilo|UV|Xaverius
	| alacres = IacobusAmor
	| alacritas = mensis
	| res = Magistratūs usoresque strenuos vocavi. Veniam peto si alicuius oblitus sum.
	| subscriptio = [[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:43, 3 Martii 2026 (UTC)
}}

Nuper novum spatium nominale &lt;code&gt;Adumbratio:&lt;/code&gt; condidimus. Nunc oportet regulas nostras definire. Apud [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] paginam Anglicam [[:en:Wikipedia:Drafts]] partim verti, sed de nostra propria ratione consentiendum est.

Notandum est Vicipaediam Anglicam [[:en:Wikipedia:Drafts#Reasons not to move an article to draftspace|regulam habere]] qua vetatur paginam in spatio principali sitam in spatium adumbrationum movere “si commentatio ante plus quam 90 dies creata est”. Re quidem vera, nuper paginam [[Alkinum]] ad [[Adumbratio:Alkinum]] movi (praesertim ad lineamenta technica novi spatii nominalis experienda), attamen mihi visum est parum rectum paginam anno 2006 creatam (et [[Vicipaedia:Paginae quas omnibus Vicipaediis contineri oportet/Expansio#Materies chemicales|quam omnibus Vicipaediis contineri oportet]]!) ibi movere.

Quo facto suasus sum ut nobis vetandum sit formulam {{Fn|Augenda}} paginis ante plus quam tres menses creatis addere. Nam, si pagina nimis brevis olim creata est et usque talis mansit, si nos eam negleximus nec animadvertimus nisi nunc, meā sententiā duae optiones tantum nobis patent: aut eam relinquimus intactam, aut formulam {{Fn|Delenda}} apponimus.

Ceterum, a vobis peto ut paginam [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] inspiciatis, novas regulas proponatis, aut regulas a me scriptas emendetis.

Valete! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:43, 3 Martii 2026 (UTC)

==De loco vel gradu Vicipaediae apud Meta==
Does moving articles counted among the 10,000 most important (like 
&quot;[[Alkinum]]&quot; &amp; &quot;[[Oxidum]]&quot;) into the limbo marked by &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Adumbratio}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; and/or &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Neglecta}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; lower Vicipaedia's score at Meta? (Vide [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias_by_expanded_sample_of_articles|&quot;List of Wikipedias by expanded sample of articles&quot;].) In other words, do they need to remain in the mainspace to boost Vicipaedia's score? ¶ Ten years ago, in March 2016, Vicipaedia was ranked thirty-ninth among all the wikis; at the end of last month, it was ranked fifty-second. This is not an encouraging trend, and deliberately accelerating it might not be considered advisable. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:52, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)
: Hi Iacobus. Moving pages to the &lt;code&gt;Adumbratio:&lt;/code&gt; namespace definitely counts as removing them from the encyclopedia. Adding {{Fn|Pagina neglecta}} (or any other template) instead has no effects. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:09, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)
::&lt;nowiki&gt;{{ping|IacobusAmor}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;, is there a page that specifies the number of articles from this list that we have? -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 19:47, 3 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::{{ping|IacobusAmor}}, idk why my previous ping got wrapped by nowiki. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 19:48, 3 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::Ecce (but it needs to be updated): https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usor:Amahoney/Myrias_epitome [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:04, 3 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::::So, as Grufo says, moving one of the &quot;10,000&quot; pages into Adumbratio space removes it from the encyclopedia and from the score that Iacobus mentions. In the case of a page in that list, maybe it's better for it to be in mainspace, with a warning template (''neglecta/augenda/...'') on it? If it's in mainspace, more editors might see it and be tempted to improve it. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:29, 14 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::::: Hi Andrew. Indeed. When I created the page [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] by (partially) translating [[:en:Wikipedia:Drafts]], I also translated the rule that a page can be moved away from the mainspace to the &lt;code&gt;Adumbratio:&lt;/code&gt; namespace only if it is a newly created page (&lt; 90 days). So pages that have long been among our 10000 pages are safe. P.S. The rules in [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] still need our consensus, so if you have time, please give that page a look. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:58, 14 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== Template:Weather box ==
{{Excepta|Vicipaedia:Officina|Template:Weather box|Locus opportunior --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]]}}

== Quid significat expectatio vacuae mutationis? ==

Dicitur in pagina [[Topologia classium punctorum]] quod &quot;Haec pagina mutationem vacuam expectat&quot;. Et rogat me, &quot;nihil tangens&quot;, sibi ostendere mutationes.

Ad quem dirigitur haec monitio, et quas mutationes oportet eum sibi ostendere? Non intelligo. [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 04:29, 19 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

: Salve, [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]. Illa icon significat vicitextum &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Spatium topologicum|spatia topologica|en|qid=Q179899}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; ad hunc vicitextum, si paginam emendas, sponte mutatum iri: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;[[Spatium topologicum|spatia topologica]]&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; (vide [[Special:Diff/3954206/3955454|meam ultimam recensionem]] et documentationem formulae {{fsn|pcc}}), quoniam nunc [[Spatium topologicum|paginam]] habemus quae cum entitate Vicidatorum [[:d:Q179899]] nectitur. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 04:44, 19 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::Gratias habeo—mirum tamen mihi videtur, quod substitutio &quot;cref&quot; tantum unam tesseram (siquidem recte lexi) sumat ut argumentum. Quomodo ergo facio, si notam duos habeat nexus ad paginas creatas?--[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:29, 20 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::: Immo, infinitatem tesserarum formula {{fsn|cref}} accipit. Vide, exempli gratia, hanc annotationem in pagina “[[Carpates]]”, ubi sunt ambae entitates [[:d:Q6776713]] et [[:d:Q11699202]]:
:::: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1={{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Martinus Szent-Ivany|Martini Szent-Ivany|hu|qid=Q6776713}} [...] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Gabriel Rzaczynski|Gabrielis Rzączyński|pl|qid=Q11699202}} [...]|2=Q6776713|3=Q11699202}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
::: Vide etiam {{Caput|Formula:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|Quomodo tesseram invenio?}}. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:43, 20 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== Annon corrigere possumus titulos &quot;instrumentorum&quot;? ==

Exempli gratia: video unum &quot;instrumentum&quot; appellari &quot;Paginam prehendere formá PDF&quot;. Videtur mihi hic titulus mendam habere et corrigi posse accentus acutus ad macron. Sed nescio utrum corrigibilis sit ab usoribus. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:47, 24 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
: Salve [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]. Usoribus non licet [[Specialis:Nuntia systematis|nuntia systematis]] recensere (vide etiam &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[{{fullurl:Special:Allpages|namespace=8}} spatium “&lt;code&gt;MediaWiki:&lt;/code&gt;”]&lt;/span&gt;), sed usores possunt a magistratibus petere ut nuntia recenseant (et multa nuntia exstant quae meliora facere aut etiam omnino vertere oportet!). Non invenio ubi “Paginam prehendere formá PDF” iaceat; fortasse @[[Usor:UV|UV]] adiuvare potest. P.S. “accentus acutus” revera est [[Apex (orthographia Latina)|apex]], forma antiquior [[macron|macri]]; attamen concordo uniformia signa diacritica nobis esse sequenda. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:42, 24 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::Non potest prehendere paginas disputationum formā PDF. Sed paginas encyclopediae possumus; e.g. [[Macron]]. At ibi apparet &quot;Paginam prehendere formá PDF&quot;. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 02:04, 26 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::: Nexum video, sed quid nuntium gignat non invenio. Exempli gratia, [[MediaWiki:Contributions|haec pagina]] nuntium “User contributions” ad nuntium Latinum “Conlationes usoris” vertit; sed quid vertit “Download PDF” ad “Paginam prehendere formá PDF”? Nescio. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:44, 26 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::Ignosce inclaritatem meam—sed prime (ut ita dicam) &quot;Instrumenta&quot; et videbis instrumentorum titulos. Titulus primus (ut mihi ostenduntur) est &quot;Movere&quot;; titulus novissimus est &quot;Res Wikidata&quot;; et unus titulorum est &quot;Paginam prehendere formá PDF&quot;. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:46, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::: @[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]: Ut dixi, oculis meis textum video, sed ignoro e qua pagina aut e quo nuntio systematis oriatur. Nequeo textum corrigere si nescio quid mihi sit emendandum. Conatus sum aliqua similia nuntia vertere ([[MediaWiki:Wikisource-download-pdf|#1]], [[MediaWiki:Minerva-download|#2]], [[MediaWiki:Electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-print-text|#3]], [[MediaWiki:Electronpdfservice-download-label|#4]], [[MediaWiki:Electronpdfservice-special-page-headline|#5]]), sed nuntium quod quaeris non inveni. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:54, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::::bzgrep utebar perlegere totam Vicipaediam Latinam; non tamen inveni.  Mirum! --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:25, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::::: @[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]: Potesne, quaeso, etiam situm https://translatewiki.net/ per “bzgrep” inspicere? Etiam illic non inveni textum. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:28, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::::::[https://translatewiki.net/wiki/MediaWiki:Coll-download_as/la Fontem] inveni huius textus, non autem bzgrep utens. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:12, 28 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::::::: Gratias tibi ago. Correxi. Post paucos dies abhinc nova translatio etiam in Vicipaedia Latina ostendetur. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 01:34, 28 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::::::::Fortasse nostis [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/MediaWiki?uselang=qqx hunc nexum] per quem tandem inveni. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:37, 28 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== Regula generalis de intellegentia artificiali ==
[[:meta:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|Apud MetaVici disputatur]] utrum regula generalis de intellegentiae artificialis usu introducenda sit necne. Quum etiam nos tanget, vos hortor ut sententias vestras feratis. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:42, 26 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

:Non penitus intelligo quomodo nos tangeat. Annon iam habemus regulam de plasmatibus (ut ita dicam) linguarum? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:50, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:: Regulae globales omnes Vicipaedias afficiunt, atque illa regula proponitur globalis. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:56, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::Gratias habeo; nonne autem, si Vicipaedia Latina haberet regulam, supersedeat regulam generalem? Et simili modo respectu aliarum Vicipaediarum? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:01, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::: Non sum certus, sed timeo ne regulae globales vincant. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 01:05, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::::Ita; intelligo. Scisne utrum restrictionem an laxationem habeat favorem iuris? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:12, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::::: Apud Vicipaediam Latinam nulla est regula scripta; paginae tamen quae omnino intellegentiā artificiali sine ulla humana recensione vertuntur pittacio {{Fn|Pagina autotranslata}} signantur atque post unam hebdomadam delentur. Prima regula globalis proposita mihi videtur hoc tantum postulare, ut, ''praeter translationes'', usus intellegentiae artificialis aperte declaretur. Altera autem regula globalis vetat intellegentiā artificiali ūtī ''nisi in translationibus''. Meā sententiā, hoc nobis incommodum contrarium efficit, quia hic magnopere laboramus ad translationes machinarias moderandas; alii autem usūs intellegentiae artificialis nobis non sunt incommodo. Non puto magni rēferre usum ipsum declarare, sed potius oportere responsa intellegentiae artificialis diligenter inspicere ac recensere. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 01:45, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== Quomodo melius invenire titula proposita pro articulo nondum existente? ==

Volui creare articulum pro &quot;poset&quot; (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q474715).

Scio, quod est formula &quot;subst:pcc&quot; alicubi in hac Vicipaedia per quam statuitur titulum huius articuli. Sed nescio, et &quot;bzgrep&quot; iterum inutilis est.

Estne methodus inventionis talium &quot;titulorum articulorum nondum existentium&quot;? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 04:47, 30 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

: Formula {{fsn|pcc}} nescit quod nomen Latinum novae paginae (“nexui rubro”) assignandum sit, istud erit tibi eligendum. Ad formulam adhibendam tibi sufficiet titulum Latinum et linguā aliā scribere. E.g.:
:: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:pcc|en=Partially ordered set|Aggregatio partim ordinata}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
::: ↳ {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Aggregatio partim ordinata||en|qid=Q474715}}
: Aut, si vis, potes autem tesseram Vicidatorum praebere:
:: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:pcc|Aggregatio partim ordinata||en|qid=Q474715}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
::: ↳ {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Aggregatio partim ordinata||en|qid=Q474715}}
: Non exstat ullus index paginarum creandarum. Nomina inveniuntur simul ac paginae creantur. Attamen, si quis paginam “Aggregatio partim ordinat'''issima'''” postea creet at ad [[:d:Q474715]] eam nectat, pagina ubi nexus ruber “Aggregatio partim ordinata” ostendebatur nunc ad paginam “Aggregatio partim ordinatissima” nectetur. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 06:13, 30 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== Quomodo citare librum, quod numerum librarium uniformem inter gentes caret? ==

[[Cancellum (mathematica)|Hac pagina]] conor citare librum quoddam, sed caret ISBN/NLUIG. Habet tamen numerum Catalogii Librarii Congressus (LCCN), sed nescio quomodo hanc numerum affigere rei citatae.

Multas habeo gratias pro auxilio vestro! --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 02:09, 18 Maii 2026 (UTC)

== Num verbum natio Anglico verbo “nation” respondet? ==
Salvete omnes! Hic scribo nec in [[Disputatio:Natio|pagina disputationis]] quod hoc verbum in multis commentariis est. Secundum [https://archive.org/details/practicalint00arno/page/41/mode/1up librum Arnoldi] “Natio is rarely used of a civilised and organised nation ; it means a people, or tribe, sprung from one race, of the same blood (nascor).” Secundum dictionarium “Cassell’s Latin Dictionary Latin-English English-Latin” natio significat “a tribe, race, people, esp. uncivilized”, et verbum Anglicum nation significat “populus, gens (=people, stock), civitas (=body of citizens), respublica (=state), natio (=tribe, not highly civilized)”. Liber Arnoldi quoque monet ut iis vocabulis Latinis utamur. Commentarius [[Natio|natio]] illud Ciceronis habet: “Omnēs nātiōnēs servitūtem ferre possunt, nostra cīvitās nōn potest; …” in quo orator optimus populum Romanum a nationibus distinguet. Quid vobis videtur de hac re? Valete! -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 20:58, 29 Maii 2026 (UTC)

:Haec &quot;natio&quot; a primis temporibus Vicipaediae originem obscuram ducit, mihi non placet, sed permulta corrigenda sunt, si eam mutare volumus. Civitas (de civibus), civitas sui iuris? [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 22:09, 29 Maii 2026 (UTC)
:: Aut etiam possibile est dicere, etiam secundum linguas recentiores, ipsam notionem “nationis” quodammodo “civitati” adversari. Id est, sunt qui putent, etiam linguis hodiernis, “nationem” (Anglice ''nation'', Italice ''nazione'', et cetera) semper aliquid minus civile quam “civitatem” (Anglice ''state'', Italice ''Stato'', et cetera), immo vero tribale, significare. Cum hoc tamen concordo, paginam illam nimis veterem esse atque redintegrandam. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:41, 29 Maii 2026 (UTC)
:::Melius est quaedam omittere quam nihil corrigere. Video nos habere commentarios qui vocantur [[Civitas]] (Ang. [[w:en:State (polity)]]), [[Gens]] (Ang. [[w:en:Gens]], nescio cur hic commentarius Latine non sit solis de gentibus Romanis), [[Populus]] (Ang. [[w:en:People]]), [[Res publica]] (Ang. [[w:en:Republic]]), et [[Tribus (anthropologia)]] ([[w:en:Tribe]]). Secundum dictionarium “Cassell’s Latin Dictionary”, tribus significat”originally a third part if the Roman people. Hence a tribe, a division of the Roman people …”. Hoc dictionarium monet ut verbo “natio” vel verbo “gens” utamur si scribere “tribe” velimus nec de tribubus Romanis scribamus. Vero non possum novum nomen commentarii [[Natio]] commendare quod nescio cur vikipedia tot commentarios habeat. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 14:38, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC)
::::Pagina non est delenda, si hoc consulis. &quot;Natio&quot; [http://lexica.linguax.com/forc2.php?searchedLG=natio verbum est Latinum], cur id ne explicemus. Si nexum intervicialem ad paginam Anglicam male congruere putas, ita est, non perfectissime congruit. Sed cum de notionibus abstractis agitur, nexus interviciales saepius tales sunt. Hoc malum in Vicipaediα inevitabile est et hoc non est malum, si res explicatur. Paginae ipsius loca quaedam corrigenda est, Ciceronis interpretatio mutanda, et, quod maxime interest, inter [[Specialis:Nexus_ad_paginam/Natio|nexus ad eam]] hi multi corrigendi sunt, ubi &quot;natio&quot; in modum Anglicum civitatem sui iuris significat. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 18:22, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC)
:::::Pagina scilicet delenda non est. Vidi paginas in Vikipedia Hebraica et Ucrainica ad paginam Anglicam bene congruere nec nostram paginam. Natio est verbum Latinum, cuius sensu Latino uti debemus, nec sensi Anglico. Delere nolo sed mutare et fortasse movere. Eo consilio hunc sermonem coepi ut sensibus Latinis verborum uteremur. Vero nescio cur Vikipedia Anglica tot paginas habeat et quid sit discrimen inter “nation” et “state”, propter quod non possum verbum meliorum commendare. Potestne pagina Anglica nostrae paginae [[Natio]] esse [[w:en:Tribe]]? Tribus quoque verbum Latinum est sed secundum dictionarium non idem significat et verbum Anglicum tribe. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 19:24, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC)
:::::: ''Tribus'' est quaedam divisio populi, non tota natio ([https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry=tribus]). Possum falli, sed secundum illam Ciceronis sententiam (“Omnēs nātiōnēs servitūtem ferre possunt …”) mihi videtur praecipua differentia inter ''civitatem'' et ''nationem'' hoc esse, quod ''civitas'' rem publicam civium significat, ''nationes'' autem alios populos tamquam gentes spectatos. Ita ''civitas'' erat Roma, ''nationes'' erant ceteri populi. P.S. {{*Cfr}} etiam “eruditissima illa Graecorum natio” (Cic.). Nam Graecis erat una natio sed plures civitates. Hoc usu vocabulum mihi videtur fere eodem sensu adhiberi ac in linguis hodiernis. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 23:07, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::Nexus interviciales perutiles sunt (ad minimum, lectores novos nobis dirigunt!) sed non nos regunt. Omnis lingua, sicut [[civitas sui iuris]], libera est. Debemus (1) verba Latina Latinitate classica definire (2) alia verba quibus significationes cognatae sunt (e.g. gens, tribus, civitas) distinguere, nexibus datis (3) significationes apud Latinistas recentiores explicare, si differunt (4) praeter alia, de re principali pellucide disserere.
:::::::Cicero his verbis, ''omnes nationes servitutem fere possunt: nostra civitas non potest'' (Phil. 10.10.20) inter ''nationes'' et ''nostram civitatem'' quoquomodo distinguere videtur ... sed alibi ''omnes &lt;u&gt;exteras&lt;/u&gt; nationes'' et ''eruditissimam Graecorum nationem'' indicat (Imp. Pomp. 11.31; De Or. 2.4.18) -- unde intellego, apud Ciceronem, plures ''nationes'' exstitisse tam sub imperio S.P.Q.R. quam extra limites. Ex his sententiis, si volumus, inter civitatem et nationem facile erit distinguere: sed inter ''populos'' et ''nationes'' ...? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 09:06, 1 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::Nolite oblivisci ''gentes''&amp;thinsp;! Cassell's nobis dicit (p. 742) ''international law'' locutionem Anglicam nostra lingua esse ''ius gentium,'' ac Traupman (ed. 3, p. 575) nobis dicit ''international'' ipsum verbum Anglicum esse ''inter gentes.'' [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:12, 1 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::Sententias vestras perlegi et commentarium inveni [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311975311_On_the_Roman_Concept_of_Natio “On the Roman Concept of Natio”] quem quoque legi, et iam intellego quanta difficilis sit haec res. In libro Arnoldi et in dictionario legi nationem esse “esp. uncivilized”, nec autores Romanos scripisisse Nationem Romanam. Putavi nationem esse tribe nec unquam civilised nation. Iam nesio a bonus sit hic nexus. Veritus sum ne homines dum Latine scribebant solis nexibus uterentur, nec deliberarent quid sit verbum optimum. De pagina nostra [[Respublica]] vos consulere quoque volo. Secundum dictionarium “Cassell’s Latin Dictionary” “'''republic''' ''respublica'', ''civitas'' (= state, simply): a —, as opp. to other forms of government, ''respublica'' (or ''civitas''” ''libera'' or ''popularis''.” Respublica et civitas idem significare mihi videntur. Nonne melius est movere hanc paginam ut novem nomen sit Respublica popularis? Haec res non est solo de nexu sed quoque de ipsa pagina. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:38, 1 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::::Fortasse, sed iam est commentarius de &quot;People's republic&quot; in vicipaedia Anglica. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:31, 1 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::::: De differentia inter ''gentem'' et ''nationem'' conferatur etiam {{LTL|natio|335}}: “A ''gente'' aliquando ita differt, ut genus a specie: ''gens'' enim latius patet, et plures nationes complectitur, ut ''gens'' Graeca habet Atticos, Boeotos, Thebanos, qui ejusdem gentis nationes sunt.” Saepissime tamen gens et natio sunt synonyma. @[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]: Graeci non erant “uncivilized”, attamen erant natio vel plures nationes. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:53, 2 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::::Multae paginae in Vicipaedia connexae sunt; ''United Nations'' vertitur ut [[Nationes Unitae]], multis cum fontibus (duabus encyclicis aliisque). Hoc mutare nequimus, et pagina de [[natio]]ne nec huic sensui contradicere debet; haec causa, cur paginae Anglicae '&quot;Nation&quot; ceterisque de hac natione moderna narrantibus alliganda sit. Sed de pagina [[Nationes mundi]], exempli gratia, iam dubito, et &quot;civitates mundi&quot; nationibus praeferam, [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 20:50, 4 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::Iam intellego. Huic sensu, quo utuntur encyclici, contradicere scilicet nequimus. Gratias omnibus vobis ago quia mihi hanc rem explanavistis. 
:::::::::::{{ping|Grufo}}, Quaesivi nec inveni ubi Cicero nationem Graecam scripserit. Testimonium encyclicorum mihi videtur bonum esse, scire tamen volo ubi orator optimus his verbis usus sit. 
:::::::::::Valete. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 21:14, 5 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::: @[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]: {{Op|[[De oratore]]}}, {{Vf|De oratore/Liber II|18|2.4.18}}: “eruditissima illa Graecorum natio”. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:09, 5 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::::Gratias tibi ago! -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:45, 7 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::De commentario qui [[Nationes mundi]] (Anglice [[w:en:List of sovereign states|List of sovereign states]]) vocatur, nonne melius nomen est “''Index civitatum sui iuris''”? 
:::::::::::Vide commentarios:
:::::::::::* [[Civitas sui iuris]]
:::::::::::* [[Index communium Badeniae et Virtembergiae]]
:::::::::::* [[Index urbium et communium Rhenaniae et Palatinatus]]
:::::::::::* [[Index fluviorum Germaniae]]
:::::::::::* [[Index asteroidum]]
:::::::::::* [[Index siglorum ordinum ecclesiae catholicae]]
:::::::::::Hic commentarius est index. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 16:50, 9 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::::::Sic, [[Index civitatum sui iuris]] bonum nomen est, multae paginae huius generis in Vicipaedia Latina &quot;indices&quot; nominantur. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 19:47, 9 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::::Vobis consentio. Hanc paginam satis antiquam renominare oportet. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:39, 10 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::::::::Utrum possumus paginam renominate an oportet [[Formula:Movenda]] utere? -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:21, 10 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::Formula ad disputandum in pagina disputationis ponitur, sed nunc hic erat disputaio, fornula non necessaria est. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 15:55, 10 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::: Paginam movi. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:02, 10 Iunii 2026 (UTC)

== &quot;-karyotica&quot; vel &quot;-caryotica&quot;? ==
In pagina de [[Cellula|cellulis]] ambae formae extant. Videtur mihi melius, si unicam noscamus formam. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 03:14, 16 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:&quot;-caryotica&quot; melius. Vocabulum est antiquum, Graecae originis (κάρυον), nullae sunt causae, ut &quot;k&quot; scribatur. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 12:05, 17 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::Consentio. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:16, 17 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::&quot;nullae sunt causae&quot;: consentiebam imprimis sed nunc occursit mihi formae &quot;-karyota&quot; esse in taxonomia Linnaeana. Etenim (cuius ratione fortasse) redirigitur [[Eucaryota]] ad &quot;Eukaryota&quot; et [[Procaryota]] ad &quot;Prokaryota&quot;. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:38, 20 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::Si alterum rectum est, alterum fontibus biloolgicis testatum, unum eligere non possumus, eligas, quod velis. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 07:10, 20 Iunii 2026 (UTC)

== Pagina mensis Iulii 2026 abest ==
{{Excepta|Disputatio Vicipaediae:Pagina mensis|2026}}

== Paginae de praenominibus: lemmata typis italicis necne? ==
In disputatione {{caput|Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|Carolus: Cur titulus italicus?}}, noster [[Usor:IacobusAmor|Iacobus]] suadet ut lemmata qualia illa paginarum de praenominibus scribantur typis italicis. Ego nescio quid sit faciendum. Praenomina apud Vicipaediam Anglicam et alibi non scribuntur typis italicis (e.g. [[:en:Martin (name)]]), sed nobis licet aliam regulam nostram statuere. Attamen, si hanc conventionem adoptamus, oportebit eam ubique adhibere, atque multae paginae emendandae erunt. Quid dicatis? Censeatisne lemmata in paginis de praenominibus scribenda esse typis italicis? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:34, 18 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
:::And yet, Grufo, in the article that you cite (&quot;[[:en:Martin (name)]]&quot;), you'll find this heading: &quot;The name ''Martin'' in different regions&quot;! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:50, 18 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
:::: I am not against using italics for words cited as words, I am just wondering whether ''the page's lemma'' should be italicized (i.e. &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Titulus italicus}} ... {{ires|Martinus}} est praenomen ...&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;). Having somewhere below the lead something like &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;Nomen ''Martinus'' ...&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, seems pretty fine to me, especially when discussing etimologies. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:01, 19 Augusti 2026 (UTC)

:Non, hoc insolitum est, multos annos Vicipaedia sine hoc italico vivebat. Argumentum Jacobi est: 
:* Leo XIV est pontifex, sed eius nomen familiare est ''Robertus'' (vel &quot;Robertus&quot;), — 
:hic de praenomine ut nomine, non de homine vel de re agitur, hic scriptura italica vel virgulae possibiles sunt. Sed pagina de ipso praenomine hoc praenomen ut rem describendam tractat.  Nullae sunt causae, ut huius generis paginarum formam mutemus. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 17:10, 18 Augusti 2026 (UTC)

:::Iste locus omnino rectus non est. &quot;''Robertus'' (vel &quot;Robertus&quot;)&quot; non scripsi. Quod scripsi est:
::::[[Leo XIV]] est [[Episcopus Romanus]], sed eius nomen familiare est ''Robertus.''
:::At least in English, and in the English wikipedia, words cited as words are customarily italicized (not quoted); however, as noted in effect by Grufo, many writers, including those of the English wikipedia, make an exception for capitalized nouns. Much of the time, that's perhaps unobjectionable, as it doesn't lead to misreading, but it can generate curious locutions, for example:
::::Henry Edward Manning has been translated '[[Henricus Eduardus Manning]].'
:::This is curious because, for people reading these words for the first time, the lack of italics in the text effectively marks Manning as a human being, not a set of words, and human beings can't be translated, unless, of course, they're bishops, who can indeed be translated (from see to see); but Manning was never a bishop of anywhere except Westminster, so he was never translated—making ''both'' of these sentences true. but ''only'' when italics are selectively deployed:
::::''Henry Edward Manning'' was often translated.
::::Henry Edward Manning was never translated.
:::Granted, this is a rare example, but it's most definitely a valid contrastive minimal pair. In any event, relying on capitalization may prove problematic in general, since many nouns capitalized in the Anglo-German world are ''not'' capitalized in many other languages, and that's &quot;a whole nother can of worms.&quot; [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:38, 18 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
::::Okay, but in the title of a Wikipedia article, the name is not taken as word, but as an object that the article treats. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 09:29, 19 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
:::::That's true. Substantive &quot;Xxxx (nomen)&quot; articles have some reasons not to exist in an encyclopaedia at all: so far as I remember, they exist on Vicipaedia because (a) there is an anonymous contributor who likes creating them, and generally does no harm, (b) they could remain useful as disambiguation pages if they offer links to more than one existing substantive article. I suggest not making any special rule for formatting them here, when there's no such rule on other Wikipedias. Formatting is a distraction, and Latin is light on formatting compared with other modern printed languages. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 07:30, 23 Augusti 2026 (UTC)

== [[:Categoria:Portae]] ==

[[:Categoria:Portae]] nunc includit paginas sui generis, quod vulgo ''portal'' nominatur, sed habemus aliquot paginas de portis veris, de aedificiis huius generis ([[Porta Aurea]], [[Porta nigra]], [[Porta Praenestina]], [[Porta Brandenburgensis]], [[Porta Graach]] etc.) Puto categoriae portalium aliud nomen dandum esse, e.g. &quot;Portae Vicipaedianae&quot;, &quot;Portae (Vicipaedia)&quot;, in [[:categoria:Portae]] autem portas veras colligendas. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 09:57, 21 Augusti 2026 (UTC) &lt;!-- Si nomen tuum addere vis, tantummodo substitue “subst:Assenserunt” in locum verbi “Assenserunt” hic: --&gt;{{Assenserunt|Grufo=2026-08-21 11:00:42}}
: Categoriam “[[:Categoria:Portae Vicipaedianae|Portae Vicipaedianae]]” creavi et nonnullas subcategorias ibi movi, sed nunc tantummodo telephonio geatabili recensere possum; postea ceteras subcategorias illūc movebo. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 11:25, 21 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
:: {{Ok}} Factum est. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:04, 21 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
:::Gratias ago maximas! [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 19:32, 21 Augusti 2026 (UTC)

== De paginis inter dies 12 Iulii et 5 Augusti 2026 creatis ==
Septuaginta duas novas paginas quotidianas die 25 Iunii 2026 posteriores [[Specialis:Diff/3985927/3985929|addidi]], attamen paginas inter dies 12 Iulii et 5 Augusti 2026 scriptas inspicere non potui. Si bonarum paginarum illis diebus scriptarum meministis, quaeso, [[Specialis:EditPage/Vicipaedia:Index paginarum cottidianarum/Promovendae|addite indici]]! Valete! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:09, 5 Septembris 2026 (UTC)

== Ascalon Adumbratio? ==

Non intellego cur pagina Ascalon in adumbrationibus relegata permaneat (oblivio?) cum tot pessimae et brevissimae paginae (de eis nuncupatim loqui nolo) nostram Vicipaediam dehonestant. [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 17:07, 8 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
: Et ego censeo paginam iam maturam esse ut in encyclopaediam recipiatur. Idem auctorem rogavi (confer {{Caput|Disputatio Adumbrationis:Ascalon|Non iam adumbratio}}), sed ipse respondit se plura de recentiore historia Ascalonis et nonnulla de aetate Turcica ac Britannica scribere velle. Mea sententia, paginam in encyclopaediam {{Nexus cum parametris|Specialis:Paginam movere/Adumbratio:Ascalon|movere|wpReason=Demum commentatio parata est|wpNewTitle=Ascalon|prefix=}} possumus. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 20:25, 8 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
:: Nihil impedit enim quominus paginam emendet in Vicipaedia iusta ut omnes quotidie facimus. Praeterea iam duos menses pagina non iam aucta est et ex aliis Vicipaediis invisibilis iacet. Censeo et ipse movendam esse.--[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 20:42, 8 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
::: {{Factum est}} --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:15, 8 Septembris 2026 (UTC)

== Articulum de [[XGBoost]] scribere volo. ==
'''Articulum de XGBoost componere cupio, qui originem, structuram algorithmicam, rationem gradientis boosting, praecipuos usus atque partes eius in machinali doctrina accurate exponat.'''

[[Usor:נתנאל שטרן|נתנאל שטרן]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:נתנאל שטרן|disputatio]]) 06:19, 11 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
: Posses articulum e Vicipaedia Anglica vertere.  --[[Usor:Maria.martelli|Maria.martelli]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Maria.martelli|disputatio]]) 15:23, 11 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
::Gratias tibi ago pro consilio. Articulum Anglicum de XGBoost in Latinum vertere conabor, sed textum etiam ad morem et stilum Vicipaediae Latinae accommodare velim. [[Usor:נתנאל שטרן|נתנאל שטרן]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:נתנאל שטרן|disputatio]]) 06:20, 14 Septembris 2026 (UTC)

== De intellegentiae artificialis usu ==
Nondum sunt in nostra Vicipaedia regulae de usu intellegentiae artificialis, quamquam [[MediaWiki:Editcheck-copyvio-llm-policylink|systema MediaViciale eas quaerit]]; idcirco [[Vicipaedia:Intellegentiae artificialis ope Vicipaediam recensere|hoc consilium]] proposui. Hae suasiones praecipue me adiuvaverunt ad paginam parandam:
* [[:Mw:Help:Edit check#LLM Paste check|Mw:Help:Edit check § LLM Paste check]]
* [[:En:Wikipedia:Writing articles with large language models]]
* [[:Meta:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy#AI-assisted editing and human accountability|Meta:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy § AI-assisted editing and human accountability]]
Tertius nexus simile consilium meum ostendit. Quaeso, ferte hic sententias vestras. Valete! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 06:49, 25 Septembris 2026 (UTC)

== IAbot: an recte agit? ==
Amicis quam plurimis loquor! -- Observavi IAbot in pagina [[Carolus Clusius]] (per exemplum) ter hoc anno nexus &quot;mortuos&quot; pronuntiavit, qui (per me) vivi sunt. Magister huius boti me suggerit (vide [[:m:User Talk:InternetArchiveBot#IAbot malfunctioning on la:wiki]]) hanc dissonantiam productam esse e limitibus geographicis a divulgatoribus sitorum interretialium impositis. An possumus hanc rem per experientiam probare? Si volitis, has tres paginas, ab IAbot mortuas pronuntiatas, temptate et responsum subter scribite:

I'm asking as many friends as possible to help: -- I notice that IAbot in the page [[Carolus Clusius]] (for example) three times this year pronounced links &quot;dead&quot;, when for me those links are still alive. The botmaster suggests (see [[:m:User Talk:InternetArchiveBot#IAbot malfunctioning on la:wiki]]) that different results may be caused by geoblocks on the internet sites (i.e. they are not accessible worldwide). Could we please test this? If you're willing, please try these three pages, reported dead by IAbot, and report whether they work for you or not (Viva/Mortua). [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:52, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
;[https://www.e-rara.ch/zuz/nagezh/content/titleinfo/9431363 1. E-rara]
* Viva. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:52, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
* Viva. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 15:16, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
*Viva. --[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 15:28, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
;[http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/wp-content/HSSN/2007-8-Carolus%20Clusius.pdf 2. Clusius Correspondence pdf]
* Viva. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:52, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
* Viva. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 15:16, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
*Viva --[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 15:28, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
;[http://clusiuscorrespondence.huygens.knaw.nl/ 3. Clusius Correspondence html]
* Viva. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:52, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
* Viva. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 15:16, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
*Viva.--[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 15:28, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>lzesva6vfv779yxc0znmvivwtzdmiqi</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3991285</id>
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        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* IAbot: an recte agit? */ Re</comment>
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== De paginis nimis magnis quae formulā {{[[Formula:Augenda|Augenda]]}} utuntur ==
In [[:Categoria:Corrigenda|Categoriam:Corrigenda]] plures subcategoriae formulā {{Fn|Augenda}} stipantur (e.g. [[:Categoria:Augenda a mense Februario 2023]], [[:Categoria:Augenda a mense Ianuario 2024]], [[:Categoria:Augenda a mense Decembri 2025]], et cetera). Inspiciens, multas harum paginarum invenii quae longiores sunt 1000 octobitis (e.g. [[Graecia archaica]]: 2928 octobiti). Quid censeatis si mechanema cum monitu in formulam {{Fn|Augenda}} inseram, ne in paginis longioribus quam 1000 octobitorum adhibeatur? Nam si pagina est satis longa, vanum est legentes monere paginam intra tres menses esse augendam. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:30, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:Pagina de [[Graecia archaica]] (#1) lemmate proprio, (#2) definitione idonea, et (#3) fonte externo caret, et omnis Vicipadia ut videtur (#4) nexibus ad hanc paginam ducentibus caret. That's all four of the formula's four criteria. ¶ For the difference between a stub and more-than-a-stub, the cutoff I've been using has been 2,000 octeti for general articles and 1,900 for articles with a taxobox. I don't recall a consensus on that limit, but articles having 4,000, 5,000, 6,000 octeti have been marked &quot;stipula&quot;; that's likely too high a limit, and I'd suggest that 2,000 (or possibly your 1,000) is a more defensible upper limit for stubs. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 03:15, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:::For example, just today, someone added &quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{urbs-stipula}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot; to the article on [[Barcino]], which already had more than 3,500 octeti! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 15:04, 28 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:::: ''Stipulae'' are not problematic from an administrative point of view, because in theory they can remain as such forever. Barcellona is an important city with a lot of history that can be written in an encyclopedia, it can be understandable if someone feels that the current page can be greatly improved. Instead, what scares me about the {{Fn|Augenda}} template is that it is not only an invitation to improve pages, it also asks us to delete pages after three months (which is why it should be used with care). --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:57, 28 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:::::Then why not change the verb from ''will'' to ''may'' or introduce some other indication of indeterminacy? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 16:31, 28 Februarii 2026 (UTC) 
:: [[Usor:IacobusAmor|Iacobus]], we can set any limit we want, but what I think makes little sense is saying that a page must be increased within three months, but then after three months nothing happens and the categories above keep growing. We must set a realistic (relatively low) threshold and then, after that, be ready to '''delete''' the pages that do not respect our threshold (in [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 35#De novo spatio nominali adumbrationum proponendo|another thread]] I had proposed the &lt;code&gt;adumbratio:&lt;/code&gt; namespace where after three months all these “augenda” pages can be moved, but that is a separate topic). A page like [[Graecia archaica]] only needs relatively little work to be adjusted—certainly does not deserve to be deleted. What I want to stress here is that every time you add {{Fn|Augenda}} to a page you are basically saying “If the page stays like this, I am okay if after three months it gets deleted”. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 03:58, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:::That's correct, but I heartily endorse a separate namespace, a kind of purgatory, where such pages can go until they've become worthy of standing in the mainspace. As a rule, I don't work on formulas, so I likely had nothing to do with the wording of this one, but three months must have been the original consensus. If memory serves, @Andrew Dalby and perhaps others have occasionally enforced the three-month rule, though sometimes after well more than three months have elapsed. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 13:08, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:::: Intellego. Novum spatium nominale a “Phabricatore” petiturus sum. Quid censeres si in paginis amplioribus (e.g. inter 2000 et 1000) formulā {{Fn|Nondum stipula}} (quae nullam categoriam cum tempore praefinito imponit) pro formulā {{Fn|Augenda}} utereris? Aut aliam novam formulam quoque nobis excogitare licet. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:57, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
::::: {{Tpe|Nova}} Hic nuper petivi ut novum spatium nominale adumbrationum crearetur: [[phab:T418706|New “Draft” namespace for lawiki: “Adumbratio”]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 01:01, 2 Martii 2026 (UTC)
:::::: {{Tpe|Novissima}} Euax! Spatium nominale adumbrationum [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|habemus]]! Textus paginae [[MediaWiki:Noarticletext]] nobis sic mutandus est ut adumbrationes, si exsistunt, detegantur. Postea aliquid excogitabo. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 19:34, 2 Martii 2026 (UTC)
@[[Usor:IacobusAmor|Iacobe]]: What would you think if we created a &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Pagina neglecta}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; template, and established that when we find a page that was created more than three months ago (e.g. [[Agrinium]], created in 2004!), instead of {{Fn|Augenda}} we add the new template instead? The &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Pagina neglecta}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; template could look more or less like this:

{{Capsa annuntiationis
	| color = #7f83d7
	| pigmentum = #f3f4fb
	| imago = P writing.svg
	| 1 =

'''Commentationem neglectam augeamus!'''

Haec commentatio longe neglecta videtur mansa esse. Sodes, adiuva paginam augere!

}}

We can then have [[:Categoria:Paginae neglectae]], where all these pages will be automatically collected. I am proposing this because I think that it makes little sense to warn that a page that was created 22 years ago must be improved within three months! It will be an empty warning. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:40, 9 Martii 2026 (UTC)
:That might be useful. How would it differ from the Adumbratio solution? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:01, 9 Martii 2026 (UTC)
:: Following [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio|the rules]] that I partly translated from English Wikipedia, we must not move pages that were created long ago to the &lt;code&gt;Adumbratio:&lt;/code&gt; namespace. So the picture should look as follows:
::* '''Case 1:''' The page is is too short and was recently created. We have three possibilities:
::*# We improve it (prefereable solution)
::*# We move it to the &lt;code&gt;Adumbratio:&lt;/code&gt; namespace (less prefereable than improving the page but more prefearable than the following)
::*# We add {{Fn|Augenda}} (less prefereable)
::*#: ↳ If three months after adding {{Fn|Augenda}} nothing has changed we delete the page for real
::* '''Case 2:''' The page is too short and was created more than three months ago. Two possibilities:
::*# We improve it (prefereable solution)
::*# We have no other choice but adding &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Pagina neglecta}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
::*#: ↳ We must take into account that the page might stay like that indefinitely
::* '''Case 3:''' The page was in the &lt;code&gt;Adumbratio:&lt;/code&gt; namespace and was moved to the main namespace prematurely:
::*# We add {{Fn|Augenda}}
::*#: ↳ If after three months nothing has changed we delete the page for real
:: The rationale is that pages that are too old might no longer have someone that checks them and is able to fulfill our expectations. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 12:42, 9 Martii 2026 (UTC)

== De novo spatio adumbrationum ==
{{Collaboratio|Alex1011|Alexander Gerashchenko|Amahoney|Andreas Raether|Andrew Dalby|Aylin|Bartholomite|Bis-Taurinus|Demetrius Talpa|Giorno2|IacobusAmor|Ioscius|Iustinus|Lesgles|LilyKitty|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Neander|Pippobuono|Rafaelgarcia|Sigur|Utilo|UV|Xaverius
	| alacres = IacobusAmor
	| alacritas = mensis
	| res = Magistratūs usoresque strenuos vocavi. Veniam peto si alicuius oblitus sum.
	| subscriptio = [[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:43, 3 Martii 2026 (UTC)
}}

Nuper novum spatium nominale &lt;code&gt;Adumbratio:&lt;/code&gt; condidimus. Nunc oportet regulas nostras definire. Apud [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] paginam Anglicam [[:en:Wikipedia:Drafts]] partim verti, sed de nostra propria ratione consentiendum est.

Notandum est Vicipaediam Anglicam [[:en:Wikipedia:Drafts#Reasons not to move an article to draftspace|regulam habere]] qua vetatur paginam in spatio principali sitam in spatium adumbrationum movere “si commentatio ante plus quam 90 dies creata est”. Re quidem vera, nuper paginam [[Alkinum]] ad [[Adumbratio:Alkinum]] movi (praesertim ad lineamenta technica novi spatii nominalis experienda), attamen mihi visum est parum rectum paginam anno 2006 creatam (et [[Vicipaedia:Paginae quas omnibus Vicipaediis contineri oportet/Expansio#Materies chemicales|quam omnibus Vicipaediis contineri oportet]]!) ibi movere.

Quo facto suasus sum ut nobis vetandum sit formulam {{Fn|Augenda}} paginis ante plus quam tres menses creatis addere. Nam, si pagina nimis brevis olim creata est et usque talis mansit, si nos eam negleximus nec animadvertimus nisi nunc, meā sententiā duae optiones tantum nobis patent: aut eam relinquimus intactam, aut formulam {{Fn|Delenda}} apponimus.

Ceterum, a vobis peto ut paginam [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] inspiciatis, novas regulas proponatis, aut regulas a me scriptas emendetis.

Valete! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:43, 3 Martii 2026 (UTC)

==De loco vel gradu Vicipaediae apud Meta==
Does moving articles counted among the 10,000 most important (like 
&quot;[[Alkinum]]&quot; &amp; &quot;[[Oxidum]]&quot;) into the limbo marked by &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Adumbratio}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; and/or &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Neglecta}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; lower Vicipaedia's score at Meta? (Vide [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias_by_expanded_sample_of_articles|&quot;List of Wikipedias by expanded sample of articles&quot;].) In other words, do they need to remain in the mainspace to boost Vicipaedia's score? ¶ Ten years ago, in March 2016, Vicipaedia was ranked thirty-ninth among all the wikis; at the end of last month, it was ranked fifty-second. This is not an encouraging trend, and deliberately accelerating it might not be considered advisable. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:52, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)
: Hi Iacobus. Moving pages to the &lt;code&gt;Adumbratio:&lt;/code&gt; namespace definitely counts as removing them from the encyclopedia. Adding {{Fn|Pagina neglecta}} (or any other template) instead has no effects. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:09, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)
::&lt;nowiki&gt;{{ping|IacobusAmor}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;, is there a page that specifies the number of articles from this list that we have? -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 19:47, 3 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::{{ping|IacobusAmor}}, idk why my previous ping got wrapped by nowiki. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 19:48, 3 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::Ecce (but it needs to be updated): https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usor:Amahoney/Myrias_epitome [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:04, 3 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::::So, as Grufo says, moving one of the &quot;10,000&quot; pages into Adumbratio space removes it from the encyclopedia and from the score that Iacobus mentions. In the case of a page in that list, maybe it's better for it to be in mainspace, with a warning template (''neglecta/augenda/...'') on it? If it's in mainspace, more editors might see it and be tempted to improve it. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:29, 14 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::::: Hi Andrew. Indeed. When I created the page [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] by (partially) translating [[:en:Wikipedia:Drafts]], I also translated the rule that a page can be moved away from the mainspace to the &lt;code&gt;Adumbratio:&lt;/code&gt; namespace only if it is a newly created page (&lt; 90 days). So pages that have long been among our 10000 pages are safe. P.S. The rules in [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] still need our consensus, so if you have time, please give that page a look. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:58, 14 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== Template:Weather box ==
{{Excepta|Vicipaedia:Officina|Template:Weather box|Locus opportunior --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]]}}

== Quid significat expectatio vacuae mutationis? ==

Dicitur in pagina [[Topologia classium punctorum]] quod &quot;Haec pagina mutationem vacuam expectat&quot;. Et rogat me, &quot;nihil tangens&quot;, sibi ostendere mutationes.

Ad quem dirigitur haec monitio, et quas mutationes oportet eum sibi ostendere? Non intelligo. [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 04:29, 19 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

: Salve, [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]. Illa icon significat vicitextum &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Spatium topologicum|spatia topologica|en|qid=Q179899}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; ad hunc vicitextum, si paginam emendas, sponte mutatum iri: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;[[Spatium topologicum|spatia topologica]]&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; (vide [[Special:Diff/3954206/3955454|meam ultimam recensionem]] et documentationem formulae {{fsn|pcc}}), quoniam nunc [[Spatium topologicum|paginam]] habemus quae cum entitate Vicidatorum [[:d:Q179899]] nectitur. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 04:44, 19 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::Gratias habeo—mirum tamen mihi videtur, quod substitutio &quot;cref&quot; tantum unam tesseram (siquidem recte lexi) sumat ut argumentum. Quomodo ergo facio, si notam duos habeat nexus ad paginas creatas?--[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:29, 20 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::: Immo, infinitatem tesserarum formula {{fsn|cref}} accipit. Vide, exempli gratia, hanc annotationem in pagina “[[Carpates]]”, ubi sunt ambae entitates [[:d:Q6776713]] et [[:d:Q11699202]]:
:::: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1={{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Martinus Szent-Ivany|Martini Szent-Ivany|hu|qid=Q6776713}} [...] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Gabriel Rzaczynski|Gabrielis Rzączyński|pl|qid=Q11699202}} [...]|2=Q6776713|3=Q11699202}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
::: Vide etiam {{Caput|Formula:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|Quomodo tesseram invenio?}}. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:43, 20 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== Annon corrigere possumus titulos &quot;instrumentorum&quot;? ==

Exempli gratia: video unum &quot;instrumentum&quot; appellari &quot;Paginam prehendere formá PDF&quot;. Videtur mihi hic titulus mendam habere et corrigi posse accentus acutus ad macron. Sed nescio utrum corrigibilis sit ab usoribus. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:47, 24 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
: Salve [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]. Usoribus non licet [[Specialis:Nuntia systematis|nuntia systematis]] recensere (vide etiam &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[{{fullurl:Special:Allpages|namespace=8}} spatium “&lt;code&gt;MediaWiki:&lt;/code&gt;”]&lt;/span&gt;), sed usores possunt a magistratibus petere ut nuntia recenseant (et multa nuntia exstant quae meliora facere aut etiam omnino vertere oportet!). Non invenio ubi “Paginam prehendere formá PDF” iaceat; fortasse @[[Usor:UV|UV]] adiuvare potest. P.S. “accentus acutus” revera est [[Apex (orthographia Latina)|apex]], forma antiquior [[macron|macri]]; attamen concordo uniformia signa diacritica nobis esse sequenda. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:42, 24 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::Non potest prehendere paginas disputationum formā PDF. Sed paginas encyclopediae possumus; e.g. [[Macron]]. At ibi apparet &quot;Paginam prehendere formá PDF&quot;. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 02:04, 26 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::: Nexum video, sed quid nuntium gignat non invenio. Exempli gratia, [[MediaWiki:Contributions|haec pagina]] nuntium “User contributions” ad nuntium Latinum “Conlationes usoris” vertit; sed quid vertit “Download PDF” ad “Paginam prehendere formá PDF”? Nescio. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:44, 26 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::Ignosce inclaritatem meam—sed prime (ut ita dicam) &quot;Instrumenta&quot; et videbis instrumentorum titulos. Titulus primus (ut mihi ostenduntur) est &quot;Movere&quot;; titulus novissimus est &quot;Res Wikidata&quot;; et unus titulorum est &quot;Paginam prehendere formá PDF&quot;. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:46, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::: @[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]: Ut dixi, oculis meis textum video, sed ignoro e qua pagina aut e quo nuntio systematis oriatur. Nequeo textum corrigere si nescio quid mihi sit emendandum. Conatus sum aliqua similia nuntia vertere ([[MediaWiki:Wikisource-download-pdf|#1]], [[MediaWiki:Minerva-download|#2]], [[MediaWiki:Electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-print-text|#3]], [[MediaWiki:Electronpdfservice-download-label|#4]], [[MediaWiki:Electronpdfservice-special-page-headline|#5]]), sed nuntium quod quaeris non inveni. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:54, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::::bzgrep utebar perlegere totam Vicipaediam Latinam; non tamen inveni.  Mirum! --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:25, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::::: @[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]: Potesne, quaeso, etiam situm https://translatewiki.net/ per “bzgrep” inspicere? Etiam illic non inveni textum. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:28, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::::::[https://translatewiki.net/wiki/MediaWiki:Coll-download_as/la Fontem] inveni huius textus, non autem bzgrep utens. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:12, 28 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::::::: Gratias tibi ago. Correxi. Post paucos dies abhinc nova translatio etiam in Vicipaedia Latina ostendetur. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 01:34, 28 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::::::::Fortasse nostis [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/MediaWiki?uselang=qqx hunc nexum] per quem tandem inveni. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:37, 28 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== Regula generalis de intellegentia artificiali ==
[[:meta:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|Apud MetaVici disputatur]] utrum regula generalis de intellegentiae artificialis usu introducenda sit necne. Quum etiam nos tanget, vos hortor ut sententias vestras feratis. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:42, 26 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

:Non penitus intelligo quomodo nos tangeat. Annon iam habemus regulam de plasmatibus (ut ita dicam) linguarum? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:50, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:: Regulae globales omnes Vicipaedias afficiunt, atque illa regula proponitur globalis. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:56, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::Gratias habeo; nonne autem, si Vicipaedia Latina haberet regulam, supersedeat regulam generalem? Et simili modo respectu aliarum Vicipaediarum? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:01, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::: Non sum certus, sed timeo ne regulae globales vincant. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 01:05, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::::Ita; intelligo. Scisne utrum restrictionem an laxationem habeat favorem iuris? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:12, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::::: Apud Vicipaediam Latinam nulla est regula scripta; paginae tamen quae omnino intellegentiā artificiali sine ulla humana recensione vertuntur pittacio {{Fn|Pagina autotranslata}} signantur atque post unam hebdomadam delentur. Prima regula globalis proposita mihi videtur hoc tantum postulare, ut, ''praeter translationes'', usus intellegentiae artificialis aperte declaretur. Altera autem regula globalis vetat intellegentiā artificiali ūtī ''nisi in translationibus''. Meā sententiā, hoc nobis incommodum contrarium efficit, quia hic magnopere laboramus ad translationes machinarias moderandas; alii autem usūs intellegentiae artificialis nobis non sunt incommodo. Non puto magni rēferre usum ipsum declarare, sed potius oportere responsa intellegentiae artificialis diligenter inspicere ac recensere. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 01:45, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== Quomodo melius invenire titula proposita pro articulo nondum existente? ==

Volui creare articulum pro &quot;poset&quot; (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q474715).

Scio, quod est formula &quot;subst:pcc&quot; alicubi in hac Vicipaedia per quam statuitur titulum huius articuli. Sed nescio, et &quot;bzgrep&quot; iterum inutilis est.

Estne methodus inventionis talium &quot;titulorum articulorum nondum existentium&quot;? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 04:47, 30 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

: Formula {{fsn|pcc}} nescit quod nomen Latinum novae paginae (“nexui rubro”) assignandum sit, istud erit tibi eligendum. Ad formulam adhibendam tibi sufficiet titulum Latinum et linguā aliā scribere. E.g.:
:: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:pcc|en=Partially ordered set|Aggregatio partim ordinata}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
::: ↳ {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Aggregatio partim ordinata||en|qid=Q474715}}
: Aut, si vis, potes autem tesseram Vicidatorum praebere:
:: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:pcc|Aggregatio partim ordinata||en|qid=Q474715}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
::: ↳ {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Aggregatio partim ordinata||en|qid=Q474715}}
: Non exstat ullus index paginarum creandarum. Nomina inveniuntur simul ac paginae creantur. Attamen, si quis paginam “Aggregatio partim ordinat'''issima'''” postea creet at ad [[:d:Q474715]] eam nectat, pagina ubi nexus ruber “Aggregatio partim ordinata” ostendebatur nunc ad paginam “Aggregatio partim ordinatissima” nectetur. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 06:13, 30 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== Quomodo citare librum, quod numerum librarium uniformem inter gentes caret? ==

[[Cancellum (mathematica)|Hac pagina]] conor citare librum quoddam, sed caret ISBN/NLUIG. Habet tamen numerum Catalogii Librarii Congressus (LCCN), sed nescio quomodo hanc numerum affigere rei citatae.

Multas habeo gratias pro auxilio vestro! --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 02:09, 18 Maii 2026 (UTC)

== Num verbum natio Anglico verbo “nation” respondet? ==
Salvete omnes! Hic scribo nec in [[Disputatio:Natio|pagina disputationis]] quod hoc verbum in multis commentariis est. Secundum [https://archive.org/details/practicalint00arno/page/41/mode/1up librum Arnoldi] “Natio is rarely used of a civilised and organised nation ; it means a people, or tribe, sprung from one race, of the same blood (nascor).” Secundum dictionarium “Cassell’s Latin Dictionary Latin-English English-Latin” natio significat “a tribe, race, people, esp. uncivilized”, et verbum Anglicum nation significat “populus, gens (=people, stock), civitas (=body of citizens), respublica (=state), natio (=tribe, not highly civilized)”. Liber Arnoldi quoque monet ut iis vocabulis Latinis utamur. Commentarius [[Natio|natio]] illud Ciceronis habet: “Omnēs nātiōnēs servitūtem ferre possunt, nostra cīvitās nōn potest; …” in quo orator optimus populum Romanum a nationibus distinguet. Quid vobis videtur de hac re? Valete! -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 20:58, 29 Maii 2026 (UTC)

:Haec &quot;natio&quot; a primis temporibus Vicipaediae originem obscuram ducit, mihi non placet, sed permulta corrigenda sunt, si eam mutare volumus. Civitas (de civibus), civitas sui iuris? [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 22:09, 29 Maii 2026 (UTC)
:: Aut etiam possibile est dicere, etiam secundum linguas recentiores, ipsam notionem “nationis” quodammodo “civitati” adversari. Id est, sunt qui putent, etiam linguis hodiernis, “nationem” (Anglice ''nation'', Italice ''nazione'', et cetera) semper aliquid minus civile quam “civitatem” (Anglice ''state'', Italice ''Stato'', et cetera), immo vero tribale, significare. Cum hoc tamen concordo, paginam illam nimis veterem esse atque redintegrandam. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:41, 29 Maii 2026 (UTC)
:::Melius est quaedam omittere quam nihil corrigere. Video nos habere commentarios qui vocantur [[Civitas]] (Ang. [[w:en:State (polity)]]), [[Gens]] (Ang. [[w:en:Gens]], nescio cur hic commentarius Latine non sit solis de gentibus Romanis), [[Populus]] (Ang. [[w:en:People]]), [[Res publica]] (Ang. [[w:en:Republic]]), et [[Tribus (anthropologia)]] ([[w:en:Tribe]]). Secundum dictionarium “Cassell’s Latin Dictionary”, tribus significat”originally a third part if the Roman people. Hence a tribe, a division of the Roman people …”. Hoc dictionarium monet ut verbo “natio” vel verbo “gens” utamur si scribere “tribe” velimus nec de tribubus Romanis scribamus. Vero non possum novum nomen commentarii [[Natio]] commendare quod nescio cur vikipedia tot commentarios habeat. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 14:38, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC)
::::Pagina non est delenda, si hoc consulis. &quot;Natio&quot; [http://lexica.linguax.com/forc2.php?searchedLG=natio verbum est Latinum], cur id ne explicemus. Si nexum intervicialem ad paginam Anglicam male congruere putas, ita est, non perfectissime congruit. Sed cum de notionibus abstractis agitur, nexus interviciales saepius tales sunt. Hoc malum in Vicipaediα inevitabile est et hoc non est malum, si res explicatur. Paginae ipsius loca quaedam corrigenda est, Ciceronis interpretatio mutanda, et, quod maxime interest, inter [[Specialis:Nexus_ad_paginam/Natio|nexus ad eam]] hi multi corrigendi sunt, ubi &quot;natio&quot; in modum Anglicum civitatem sui iuris significat. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 18:22, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC)
:::::Pagina scilicet delenda non est. Vidi paginas in Vikipedia Hebraica et Ucrainica ad paginam Anglicam bene congruere nec nostram paginam. Natio est verbum Latinum, cuius sensu Latino uti debemus, nec sensi Anglico. Delere nolo sed mutare et fortasse movere. Eo consilio hunc sermonem coepi ut sensibus Latinis verborum uteremur. Vero nescio cur Vikipedia Anglica tot paginas habeat et quid sit discrimen inter “nation” et “state”, propter quod non possum verbum meliorum commendare. Potestne pagina Anglica nostrae paginae [[Natio]] esse [[w:en:Tribe]]? Tribus quoque verbum Latinum est sed secundum dictionarium non idem significat et verbum Anglicum tribe. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 19:24, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC)
:::::: ''Tribus'' est quaedam divisio populi, non tota natio ([https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry=tribus]). Possum falli, sed secundum illam Ciceronis sententiam (“Omnēs nātiōnēs servitūtem ferre possunt …”) mihi videtur praecipua differentia inter ''civitatem'' et ''nationem'' hoc esse, quod ''civitas'' rem publicam civium significat, ''nationes'' autem alios populos tamquam gentes spectatos. Ita ''civitas'' erat Roma, ''nationes'' erant ceteri populi. P.S. {{*Cfr}} etiam “eruditissima illa Graecorum natio” (Cic.). Nam Graecis erat una natio sed plures civitates. Hoc usu vocabulum mihi videtur fere eodem sensu adhiberi ac in linguis hodiernis. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 23:07, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::Nexus interviciales perutiles sunt (ad minimum, lectores novos nobis dirigunt!) sed non nos regunt. Omnis lingua, sicut [[civitas sui iuris]], libera est. Debemus (1) verba Latina Latinitate classica definire (2) alia verba quibus significationes cognatae sunt (e.g. gens, tribus, civitas) distinguere, nexibus datis (3) significationes apud Latinistas recentiores explicare, si differunt (4) praeter alia, de re principali pellucide disserere.
:::::::Cicero his verbis, ''omnes nationes servitutem fere possunt: nostra civitas non potest'' (Phil. 10.10.20) inter ''nationes'' et ''nostram civitatem'' quoquomodo distinguere videtur ... sed alibi ''omnes &lt;u&gt;exteras&lt;/u&gt; nationes'' et ''eruditissimam Graecorum nationem'' indicat (Imp. Pomp. 11.31; De Or. 2.4.18) -- unde intellego, apud Ciceronem, plures ''nationes'' exstitisse tam sub imperio S.P.Q.R. quam extra limites. Ex his sententiis, si volumus, inter civitatem et nationem facile erit distinguere: sed inter ''populos'' et ''nationes'' ...? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 09:06, 1 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::Nolite oblivisci ''gentes''&amp;thinsp;! Cassell's nobis dicit (p. 742) ''international law'' locutionem Anglicam nostra lingua esse ''ius gentium,'' ac Traupman (ed. 3, p. 575) nobis dicit ''international'' ipsum verbum Anglicum esse ''inter gentes.'' [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:12, 1 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::Sententias vestras perlegi et commentarium inveni [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311975311_On_the_Roman_Concept_of_Natio “On the Roman Concept of Natio”] quem quoque legi, et iam intellego quanta difficilis sit haec res. In libro Arnoldi et in dictionario legi nationem esse “esp. uncivilized”, nec autores Romanos scripisisse Nationem Romanam. Putavi nationem esse tribe nec unquam civilised nation. Iam nesio a bonus sit hic nexus. Veritus sum ne homines dum Latine scribebant solis nexibus uterentur, nec deliberarent quid sit verbum optimum. De pagina nostra [[Respublica]] vos consulere quoque volo. Secundum dictionarium “Cassell’s Latin Dictionary” “'''republic''' ''respublica'', ''civitas'' (= state, simply): a —, as opp. to other forms of government, ''respublica'' (or ''civitas''” ''libera'' or ''popularis''.” Respublica et civitas idem significare mihi videntur. Nonne melius est movere hanc paginam ut novem nomen sit Respublica popularis? Haec res non est solo de nexu sed quoque de ipsa pagina. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:38, 1 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::::Fortasse, sed iam est commentarius de &quot;People's republic&quot; in vicipaedia Anglica. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:31, 1 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::::: De differentia inter ''gentem'' et ''nationem'' conferatur etiam {{LTL|natio|335}}: “A ''gente'' aliquando ita differt, ut genus a specie: ''gens'' enim latius patet, et plures nationes complectitur, ut ''gens'' Graeca habet Atticos, Boeotos, Thebanos, qui ejusdem gentis nationes sunt.” Saepissime tamen gens et natio sunt synonyma. @[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]: Graeci non erant “uncivilized”, attamen erant natio vel plures nationes. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:53, 2 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::::Multae paginae in Vicipaedia connexae sunt; ''United Nations'' vertitur ut [[Nationes Unitae]], multis cum fontibus (duabus encyclicis aliisque). Hoc mutare nequimus, et pagina de [[natio]]ne nec huic sensui contradicere debet; haec causa, cur paginae Anglicae '&quot;Nation&quot; ceterisque de hac natione moderna narrantibus alliganda sit. Sed de pagina [[Nationes mundi]], exempli gratia, iam dubito, et &quot;civitates mundi&quot; nationibus praeferam, [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 20:50, 4 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::Iam intellego. Huic sensu, quo utuntur encyclici, contradicere scilicet nequimus. Gratias omnibus vobis ago quia mihi hanc rem explanavistis. 
:::::::::::{{ping|Grufo}}, Quaesivi nec inveni ubi Cicero nationem Graecam scripserit. Testimonium encyclicorum mihi videtur bonum esse, scire tamen volo ubi orator optimus his verbis usus sit. 
:::::::::::Valete. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 21:14, 5 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::: @[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]: {{Op|[[De oratore]]}}, {{Vf|De oratore/Liber II|18|2.4.18}}: “eruditissima illa Graecorum natio”. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:09, 5 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::::Gratias tibi ago! -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:45, 7 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::De commentario qui [[Nationes mundi]] (Anglice [[w:en:List of sovereign states|List of sovereign states]]) vocatur, nonne melius nomen est “''Index civitatum sui iuris''”? 
:::::::::::Vide commentarios:
:::::::::::* [[Civitas sui iuris]]
:::::::::::* [[Index communium Badeniae et Virtembergiae]]
:::::::::::* [[Index urbium et communium Rhenaniae et Palatinatus]]
:::::::::::* [[Index fluviorum Germaniae]]
:::::::::::* [[Index asteroidum]]
:::::::::::* [[Index siglorum ordinum ecclesiae catholicae]]
:::::::::::Hic commentarius est index. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 16:50, 9 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::::::Sic, [[Index civitatum sui iuris]] bonum nomen est, multae paginae huius generis in Vicipaedia Latina &quot;indices&quot; nominantur. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 19:47, 9 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::::Vobis consentio. Hanc paginam satis antiquam renominare oportet. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:39, 10 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::::::::Utrum possumus paginam renominate an oportet [[Formula:Movenda]] utere? -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:21, 10 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::Formula ad disputandum in pagina disputationis ponitur, sed nunc hic erat disputaio, fornula non necessaria est. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 15:55, 10 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::: Paginam movi. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:02, 10 Iunii 2026 (UTC)

== &quot;-karyotica&quot; vel &quot;-caryotica&quot;? ==
In pagina de [[Cellula|cellulis]] ambae formae extant. Videtur mihi melius, si unicam noscamus formam. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 03:14, 16 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:&quot;-caryotica&quot; melius. Vocabulum est antiquum, Graecae originis (κάρυον), nullae sunt causae, ut &quot;k&quot; scribatur. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 12:05, 17 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::Consentio. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:16, 17 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::&quot;nullae sunt causae&quot;: consentiebam imprimis sed nunc occursit mihi formae &quot;-karyota&quot; esse in taxonomia Linnaeana. Etenim (cuius ratione fortasse) redirigitur [[Eucaryota]] ad &quot;Eukaryota&quot; et [[Procaryota]] ad &quot;Prokaryota&quot;. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:38, 20 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::Si alterum rectum est, alterum fontibus biloolgicis testatum, unum eligere non possumus, eligas, quod velis. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 07:10, 20 Iunii 2026 (UTC)

== Pagina mensis Iulii 2026 abest ==
{{Excepta|Disputatio Vicipaediae:Pagina mensis|2026}}

== Paginae de praenominibus: lemmata typis italicis necne? ==
In disputatione {{caput|Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|Carolus: Cur titulus italicus?}}, noster [[Usor:IacobusAmor|Iacobus]] suadet ut lemmata qualia illa paginarum de praenominibus scribantur typis italicis. Ego nescio quid sit faciendum. Praenomina apud Vicipaediam Anglicam et alibi non scribuntur typis italicis (e.g. [[:en:Martin (name)]]), sed nobis licet aliam regulam nostram statuere. Attamen, si hanc conventionem adoptamus, oportebit eam ubique adhibere, atque multae paginae emendandae erunt. Quid dicatis? Censeatisne lemmata in paginis de praenominibus scribenda esse typis italicis? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:34, 18 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
:::And yet, Grufo, in the article that you cite (&quot;[[:en:Martin (name)]]&quot;), you'll find this heading: &quot;The name ''Martin'' in different regions&quot;! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:50, 18 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
:::: I am not against using italics for words cited as words, I am just wondering whether ''the page's lemma'' should be italicized (i.e. &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Titulus italicus}} ... {{ires|Martinus}} est praenomen ...&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;). Having somewhere below the lead something like &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;Nomen ''Martinus'' ...&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, seems pretty fine to me, especially when discussing etimologies. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:01, 19 Augusti 2026 (UTC)

:Non, hoc insolitum est, multos annos Vicipaedia sine hoc italico vivebat. Argumentum Jacobi est: 
:* Leo XIV est pontifex, sed eius nomen familiare est ''Robertus'' (vel &quot;Robertus&quot;), — 
:hic de praenomine ut nomine, non de homine vel de re agitur, hic scriptura italica vel virgulae possibiles sunt. Sed pagina de ipso praenomine hoc praenomen ut rem describendam tractat.  Nullae sunt causae, ut huius generis paginarum formam mutemus. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 17:10, 18 Augusti 2026 (UTC)

:::Iste locus omnino rectus non est. &quot;''Robertus'' (vel &quot;Robertus&quot;)&quot; non scripsi. Quod scripsi est:
::::[[Leo XIV]] est [[Episcopus Romanus]], sed eius nomen familiare est ''Robertus.''
:::At least in English, and in the English wikipedia, words cited as words are customarily italicized (not quoted); however, as noted in effect by Grufo, many writers, including those of the English wikipedia, make an exception for capitalized nouns. Much of the time, that's perhaps unobjectionable, as it doesn't lead to misreading, but it can generate curious locutions, for example:
::::Henry Edward Manning has been translated '[[Henricus Eduardus Manning]].'
:::This is curious because, for people reading these words for the first time, the lack of italics in the text effectively marks Manning as a human being, not a set of words, and human beings can't be translated, unless, of course, they're bishops, who can indeed be translated (from see to see); but Manning was never a bishop of anywhere except Westminster, so he was never translated—making ''both'' of these sentences true. but ''only'' when italics are selectively deployed:
::::''Henry Edward Manning'' was often translated.
::::Henry Edward Manning was never translated.
:::Granted, this is a rare example, but it's most definitely a valid contrastive minimal pair. In any event, relying on capitalization may prove problematic in general, since many nouns capitalized in the Anglo-German world are ''not'' capitalized in many other languages, and that's &quot;a whole nother can of worms.&quot; [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:38, 18 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
::::Okay, but in the title of a Wikipedia article, the name is not taken as word, but as an object that the article treats. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 09:29, 19 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
:::::That's true. Substantive &quot;Xxxx (nomen)&quot; articles have some reasons not to exist in an encyclopaedia at all: so far as I remember, they exist on Vicipaedia because (a) there is an anonymous contributor who likes creating them, and generally does no harm, (b) they could remain useful as disambiguation pages if they offer links to more than one existing substantive article. I suggest not making any special rule for formatting them here, when there's no such rule on other Wikipedias. Formatting is a distraction, and Latin is light on formatting compared with other modern printed languages. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 07:30, 23 Augusti 2026 (UTC)

== [[:Categoria:Portae]] ==

[[:Categoria:Portae]] nunc includit paginas sui generis, quod vulgo ''portal'' nominatur, sed habemus aliquot paginas de portis veris, de aedificiis huius generis ([[Porta Aurea]], [[Porta nigra]], [[Porta Praenestina]], [[Porta Brandenburgensis]], [[Porta Graach]] etc.) Puto categoriae portalium aliud nomen dandum esse, e.g. &quot;Portae Vicipaedianae&quot;, &quot;Portae (Vicipaedia)&quot;, in [[:categoria:Portae]] autem portas veras colligendas. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 09:57, 21 Augusti 2026 (UTC) &lt;!-- Si nomen tuum addere vis, tantummodo substitue “subst:Assenserunt” in locum verbi “Assenserunt” hic: --&gt;{{Assenserunt|Grufo=2026-08-21 11:00:42}}
: Categoriam “[[:Categoria:Portae Vicipaedianae|Portae Vicipaedianae]]” creavi et nonnullas subcategorias ibi movi, sed nunc tantummodo telephonio geatabili recensere possum; postea ceteras subcategorias illūc movebo. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 11:25, 21 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
:: {{Ok}} Factum est. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:04, 21 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
:::Gratias ago maximas! [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 19:32, 21 Augusti 2026 (UTC)

== De paginis inter dies 12 Iulii et 5 Augusti 2026 creatis ==
Septuaginta duas novas paginas quotidianas die 25 Iunii 2026 posteriores [[Specialis:Diff/3985927/3985929|addidi]], attamen paginas inter dies 12 Iulii et 5 Augusti 2026 scriptas inspicere non potui. Si bonarum paginarum illis diebus scriptarum meministis, quaeso, [[Specialis:EditPage/Vicipaedia:Index paginarum cottidianarum/Promovendae|addite indici]]! Valete! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:09, 5 Septembris 2026 (UTC)

== Ascalon Adumbratio? ==

Non intellego cur pagina Ascalon in adumbrationibus relegata permaneat (oblivio?) cum tot pessimae et brevissimae paginae (de eis nuncupatim loqui nolo) nostram Vicipaediam dehonestant. [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 17:07, 8 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
: Et ego censeo paginam iam maturam esse ut in encyclopaediam recipiatur. Idem auctorem rogavi (confer {{Caput|Disputatio Adumbrationis:Ascalon|Non iam adumbratio}}), sed ipse respondit se plura de recentiore historia Ascalonis et nonnulla de aetate Turcica ac Britannica scribere velle. Mea sententia, paginam in encyclopaediam {{Nexus cum parametris|Specialis:Paginam movere/Adumbratio:Ascalon|movere|wpReason=Demum commentatio parata est|wpNewTitle=Ascalon|prefix=}} possumus. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 20:25, 8 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
:: Nihil impedit enim quominus paginam emendet in Vicipaedia iusta ut omnes quotidie facimus. Praeterea iam duos menses pagina non iam aucta est et ex aliis Vicipaediis invisibilis iacet. Censeo et ipse movendam esse.--[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 20:42, 8 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
::: {{Factum est}} --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:15, 8 Septembris 2026 (UTC)

== Articulum de [[XGBoost]] scribere volo. ==
'''Articulum de XGBoost componere cupio, qui originem, structuram algorithmicam, rationem gradientis boosting, praecipuos usus atque partes eius in machinali doctrina accurate exponat.'''

[[Usor:נתנאל שטרן|נתנאל שטרן]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:נתנאל שטרן|disputatio]]) 06:19, 11 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
: Posses articulum e Vicipaedia Anglica vertere.  --[[Usor:Maria.martelli|Maria.martelli]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Maria.martelli|disputatio]]) 15:23, 11 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
::Gratias tibi ago pro consilio. Articulum Anglicum de XGBoost in Latinum vertere conabor, sed textum etiam ad morem et stilum Vicipaediae Latinae accommodare velim. [[Usor:נתנאל שטרן|נתנאל שטרן]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:נתנאל שטרן|disputatio]]) 06:20, 14 Septembris 2026 (UTC)

== De intellegentiae artificialis usu ==
Nondum sunt in nostra Vicipaedia regulae de usu intellegentiae artificialis, quamquam [[MediaWiki:Editcheck-copyvio-llm-policylink|systema MediaViciale eas quaerit]]; idcirco [[Vicipaedia:Intellegentiae artificialis ope Vicipaediam recensere|hoc consilium]] proposui. Hae suasiones praecipue me adiuvaverunt ad paginam parandam:
* [[:Mw:Help:Edit check#LLM Paste check|Mw:Help:Edit check § LLM Paste check]]
* [[:En:Wikipedia:Writing articles with large language models]]
* [[:Meta:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy#AI-assisted editing and human accountability|Meta:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy § AI-assisted editing and human accountability]]
Tertius nexus simile consilium meum ostendit. Quaeso, ferte hic sententias vestras. Valete! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 06:49, 25 Septembris 2026 (UTC)

== IAbot: an recte agit? ==
Amicis quam plurimis loquor! -- Observavi IAbot in pagina [[Carolus Clusius]] (per exemplum) ter hoc anno nexus &quot;mortuos&quot; pronuntiavit, qui (per me) vivi sunt. Magister huius boti me suggerit (vide [[:m:User Talk:InternetArchiveBot#IAbot malfunctioning on la:wiki]]) hanc dissonantiam productam esse e limitibus geographicis a divulgatoribus sitorum interretialium impositis. An possumus hanc rem per experientiam probare? Si volitis, has tres paginas, ab IAbot mortuas pronuntiatas, temptate et responsum subter scribite:

I'm asking as many friends as possible to help: -- I notice that IAbot in the page [[Carolus Clusius]] (for example) three times this year pronounced links &quot;dead&quot;, when for me those links are still alive. The botmaster suggests (see [[:m:User Talk:InternetArchiveBot#IAbot malfunctioning on la:wiki]]) that different results may be caused by geoblocks on the internet sites (i.e. they are not accessible worldwide). Could we please test this? If you're willing, please try these three pages, reported dead by IAbot, and report whether they work for you or not (Viva/Mortua). [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:52, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
;[https://www.e-rara.ch/zuz/nagezh/content/titleinfo/9431363 1. E-rara]
* Viva. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:52, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
* Viva. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 15:16, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
*Viva. --[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 15:28, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
* Viva. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:58, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
;[http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/wp-content/HSSN/2007-8-Carolus%20Clusius.pdf 2. Clusius Correspondence pdf]
* Viva. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:52, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
* Viva. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 15:16, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
*Viva --[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 15:28, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
* Viva. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:58, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
;[http://clusiuscorrespondence.huygens.knaw.nl/ 3. Clusius Correspondence html]
* Viva. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:52, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
* Viva. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 15:16, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
*Viva.--[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 15:28, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
* Viva. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:58, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>er8koqi3df9bfji0l5kn285f6fypndu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3991311</id>
      <parentid>3991285</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T16:47:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* IAbot: an recte agit? */ De formula {{[[Formula:Url|Url]]}}</comment>
      <origin>3991311</origin>
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      <text bytes="50015" sha1="acrn2cutqw2i6nfj07ztnkvt3sh1039" xml:space="preserve">{{/Praefatio}}

== De paginis nimis magnis quae formulā {{[[Formula:Augenda|Augenda]]}} utuntur ==
In [[:Categoria:Corrigenda|Categoriam:Corrigenda]] plures subcategoriae formulā {{Fn|Augenda}} stipantur (e.g. [[:Categoria:Augenda a mense Februario 2023]], [[:Categoria:Augenda a mense Ianuario 2024]], [[:Categoria:Augenda a mense Decembri 2025]], et cetera). Inspiciens, multas harum paginarum invenii quae longiores sunt 1000 octobitis (e.g. [[Graecia archaica]]: 2928 octobiti). Quid censeatis si mechanema cum monitu in formulam {{Fn|Augenda}} inseram, ne in paginis longioribus quam 1000 octobitorum adhibeatur? Nam si pagina est satis longa, vanum est legentes monere paginam intra tres menses esse augendam. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:30, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:Pagina de [[Graecia archaica]] (#1) lemmate proprio, (#2) definitione idonea, et (#3) fonte externo caret, et omnis Vicipadia ut videtur (#4) nexibus ad hanc paginam ducentibus caret. That's all four of the formula's four criteria. ¶ For the difference between a stub and more-than-a-stub, the cutoff I've been using has been 2,000 octeti for general articles and 1,900 for articles with a taxobox. I don't recall a consensus on that limit, but articles having 4,000, 5,000, 6,000 octeti have been marked &quot;stipula&quot;; that's likely too high a limit, and I'd suggest that 2,000 (or possibly your 1,000) is a more defensible upper limit for stubs. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 03:15, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:::For example, just today, someone added &quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{urbs-stipula}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot; to the article on [[Barcino]], which already had more than 3,500 octeti! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 15:04, 28 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:::: ''Stipulae'' are not problematic from an administrative point of view, because in theory they can remain as such forever. Barcellona is an important city with a lot of history that can be written in an encyclopedia, it can be understandable if someone feels that the current page can be greatly improved. Instead, what scares me about the {{Fn|Augenda}} template is that it is not only an invitation to improve pages, it also asks us to delete pages after three months (which is why it should be used with care). --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:57, 28 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:::::Then why not change the verb from ''will'' to ''may'' or introduce some other indication of indeterminacy? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 16:31, 28 Februarii 2026 (UTC) 
:: [[Usor:IacobusAmor|Iacobus]], we can set any limit we want, but what I think makes little sense is saying that a page must be increased within three months, but then after three months nothing happens and the categories above keep growing. We must set a realistic (relatively low) threshold and then, after that, be ready to '''delete''' the pages that do not respect our threshold (in [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 35#De novo spatio nominali adumbrationum proponendo|another thread]] I had proposed the &lt;code&gt;adumbratio:&lt;/code&gt; namespace where after three months all these “augenda” pages can be moved, but that is a separate topic). A page like [[Graecia archaica]] only needs relatively little work to be adjusted—certainly does not deserve to be deleted. What I want to stress here is that every time you add {{Fn|Augenda}} to a page you are basically saying “If the page stays like this, I am okay if after three months it gets deleted”. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 03:58, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:::That's correct, but I heartily endorse a separate namespace, a kind of purgatory, where such pages can go until they've become worthy of standing in the mainspace. As a rule, I don't work on formulas, so I likely had nothing to do with the wording of this one, but three months must have been the original consensus. If memory serves, @Andrew Dalby and perhaps others have occasionally enforced the three-month rule, though sometimes after well more than three months have elapsed. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 13:08, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:::: Intellego. Novum spatium nominale a “Phabricatore” petiturus sum. Quid censeres si in paginis amplioribus (e.g. inter 2000 et 1000) formulā {{Fn|Nondum stipula}} (quae nullam categoriam cum tempore praefinito imponit) pro formulā {{Fn|Augenda}} utereris? Aut aliam novam formulam quoque nobis excogitare licet. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:57, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
::::: {{Tpe|Nova}} Hic nuper petivi ut novum spatium nominale adumbrationum crearetur: [[phab:T418706|New “Draft” namespace for lawiki: “Adumbratio”]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 01:01, 2 Martii 2026 (UTC)
:::::: {{Tpe|Novissima}} Euax! Spatium nominale adumbrationum [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|habemus]]! Textus paginae [[MediaWiki:Noarticletext]] nobis sic mutandus est ut adumbrationes, si exsistunt, detegantur. Postea aliquid excogitabo. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 19:34, 2 Martii 2026 (UTC)
@[[Usor:IacobusAmor|Iacobe]]: What would you think if we created a &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Pagina neglecta}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; template, and established that when we find a page that was created more than three months ago (e.g. [[Agrinium]], created in 2004!), instead of {{Fn|Augenda}} we add the new template instead? The &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Pagina neglecta}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; template could look more or less like this:

{{Capsa annuntiationis
	| color = #7f83d7
	| pigmentum = #f3f4fb
	| imago = P writing.svg
	| 1 =

'''Commentationem neglectam augeamus!'''

Haec commentatio longe neglecta videtur mansa esse. Sodes, adiuva paginam augere!

}}

We can then have [[:Categoria:Paginae neglectae]], where all these pages will be automatically collected. I am proposing this because I think that it makes little sense to warn that a page that was created 22 years ago must be improved within three months! It will be an empty warning. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:40, 9 Martii 2026 (UTC)
:That might be useful. How would it differ from the Adumbratio solution? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:01, 9 Martii 2026 (UTC)
:: Following [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio|the rules]] that I partly translated from English Wikipedia, we must not move pages that were created long ago to the &lt;code&gt;Adumbratio:&lt;/code&gt; namespace. So the picture should look as follows:
::* '''Case 1:''' The page is is too short and was recently created. We have three possibilities:
::*# We improve it (prefereable solution)
::*# We move it to the &lt;code&gt;Adumbratio:&lt;/code&gt; namespace (less prefereable than improving the page but more prefearable than the following)
::*# We add {{Fn|Augenda}} (less prefereable)
::*#: ↳ If three months after adding {{Fn|Augenda}} nothing has changed we delete the page for real
::* '''Case 2:''' The page is too short and was created more than three months ago. Two possibilities:
::*# We improve it (prefereable solution)
::*# We have no other choice but adding &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Pagina neglecta}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
::*#: ↳ We must take into account that the page might stay like that indefinitely
::* '''Case 3:''' The page was in the &lt;code&gt;Adumbratio:&lt;/code&gt; namespace and was moved to the main namespace prematurely:
::*# We add {{Fn|Augenda}}
::*#: ↳ If after three months nothing has changed we delete the page for real
:: The rationale is that pages that are too old might no longer have someone that checks them and is able to fulfill our expectations. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 12:42, 9 Martii 2026 (UTC)

== De novo spatio adumbrationum ==
{{Collaboratio|Alex1011|Alexander Gerashchenko|Amahoney|Andreas Raether|Andrew Dalby|Aylin|Bartholomite|Bis-Taurinus|Demetrius Talpa|Giorno2|IacobusAmor|Ioscius|Iustinus|Lesgles|LilyKitty|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Neander|Pippobuono|Rafaelgarcia|Sigur|Utilo|UV|Xaverius
	| alacres = IacobusAmor
	| alacritas = mensis
	| res = Magistratūs usoresque strenuos vocavi. Veniam peto si alicuius oblitus sum.
	| subscriptio = [[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:43, 3 Martii 2026 (UTC)
}}

Nuper novum spatium nominale &lt;code&gt;Adumbratio:&lt;/code&gt; condidimus. Nunc oportet regulas nostras definire. Apud [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] paginam Anglicam [[:en:Wikipedia:Drafts]] partim verti, sed de nostra propria ratione consentiendum est.

Notandum est Vicipaediam Anglicam [[:en:Wikipedia:Drafts#Reasons not to move an article to draftspace|regulam habere]] qua vetatur paginam in spatio principali sitam in spatium adumbrationum movere “si commentatio ante plus quam 90 dies creata est”. Re quidem vera, nuper paginam [[Alkinum]] ad [[Adumbratio:Alkinum]] movi (praesertim ad lineamenta technica novi spatii nominalis experienda), attamen mihi visum est parum rectum paginam anno 2006 creatam (et [[Vicipaedia:Paginae quas omnibus Vicipaediis contineri oportet/Expansio#Materies chemicales|quam omnibus Vicipaediis contineri oportet]]!) ibi movere.

Quo facto suasus sum ut nobis vetandum sit formulam {{Fn|Augenda}} paginis ante plus quam tres menses creatis addere. Nam, si pagina nimis brevis olim creata est et usque talis mansit, si nos eam negleximus nec animadvertimus nisi nunc, meā sententiā duae optiones tantum nobis patent: aut eam relinquimus intactam, aut formulam {{Fn|Delenda}} apponimus.

Ceterum, a vobis peto ut paginam [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] inspiciatis, novas regulas proponatis, aut regulas a me scriptas emendetis.

Valete! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:43, 3 Martii 2026 (UTC)

==De loco vel gradu Vicipaediae apud Meta==
Does moving articles counted among the 10,000 most important (like 
&quot;[[Alkinum]]&quot; &amp; &quot;[[Oxidum]]&quot;) into the limbo marked by &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Adumbratio}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; and/or &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Neglecta}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; lower Vicipaedia's score at Meta? (Vide [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias_by_expanded_sample_of_articles|&quot;List of Wikipedias by expanded sample of articles&quot;].) In other words, do they need to remain in the mainspace to boost Vicipaedia's score? ¶ Ten years ago, in March 2016, Vicipaedia was ranked thirty-ninth among all the wikis; at the end of last month, it was ranked fifty-second. This is not an encouraging trend, and deliberately accelerating it might not be considered advisable. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:52, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)
: Hi Iacobus. Moving pages to the &lt;code&gt;Adumbratio:&lt;/code&gt; namespace definitely counts as removing them from the encyclopedia. Adding {{Fn|Pagina neglecta}} (or any other template) instead has no effects. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:09, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)
::&lt;nowiki&gt;{{ping|IacobusAmor}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;, is there a page that specifies the number of articles from this list that we have? -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 19:47, 3 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::{{ping|IacobusAmor}}, idk why my previous ping got wrapped by nowiki. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 19:48, 3 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::Ecce (but it needs to be updated): https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usor:Amahoney/Myrias_epitome [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:04, 3 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::::So, as Grufo says, moving one of the &quot;10,000&quot; pages into Adumbratio space removes it from the encyclopedia and from the score that Iacobus mentions. In the case of a page in that list, maybe it's better for it to be in mainspace, with a warning template (''neglecta/augenda/...'') on it? If it's in mainspace, more editors might see it and be tempted to improve it. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:29, 14 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::::: Hi Andrew. Indeed. When I created the page [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] by (partially) translating [[:en:Wikipedia:Drafts]], I also translated the rule that a page can be moved away from the mainspace to the &lt;code&gt;Adumbratio:&lt;/code&gt; namespace only if it is a newly created page (&lt; 90 days). So pages that have long been among our 10000 pages are safe. P.S. The rules in [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] still need our consensus, so if you have time, please give that page a look. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:58, 14 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== Template:Weather box ==
{{Excepta|Vicipaedia:Officina|Template:Weather box|Locus opportunior --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]]}}

== Quid significat expectatio vacuae mutationis? ==

Dicitur in pagina [[Topologia classium punctorum]] quod &quot;Haec pagina mutationem vacuam expectat&quot;. Et rogat me, &quot;nihil tangens&quot;, sibi ostendere mutationes.

Ad quem dirigitur haec monitio, et quas mutationes oportet eum sibi ostendere? Non intelligo. [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 04:29, 19 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

: Salve, [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]. Illa icon significat vicitextum &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Spatium topologicum|spatia topologica|en|qid=Q179899}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; ad hunc vicitextum, si paginam emendas, sponte mutatum iri: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;[[Spatium topologicum|spatia topologica]]&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; (vide [[Special:Diff/3954206/3955454|meam ultimam recensionem]] et documentationem formulae {{fsn|pcc}}), quoniam nunc [[Spatium topologicum|paginam]] habemus quae cum entitate Vicidatorum [[:d:Q179899]] nectitur. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 04:44, 19 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::Gratias habeo—mirum tamen mihi videtur, quod substitutio &quot;cref&quot; tantum unam tesseram (siquidem recte lexi) sumat ut argumentum. Quomodo ergo facio, si notam duos habeat nexus ad paginas creatas?--[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:29, 20 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::: Immo, infinitatem tesserarum formula {{fsn|cref}} accipit. Vide, exempli gratia, hanc annotationem in pagina “[[Carpates]]”, ubi sunt ambae entitates [[:d:Q6776713]] et [[:d:Q11699202]]:
:::: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1={{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Martinus Szent-Ivany|Martini Szent-Ivany|hu|qid=Q6776713}} [...] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Gabriel Rzaczynski|Gabrielis Rzączyński|pl|qid=Q11699202}} [...]|2=Q6776713|3=Q11699202}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
::: Vide etiam {{Caput|Formula:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|Quomodo tesseram invenio?}}. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:43, 20 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== Annon corrigere possumus titulos &quot;instrumentorum&quot;? ==

Exempli gratia: video unum &quot;instrumentum&quot; appellari &quot;Paginam prehendere formá PDF&quot;. Videtur mihi hic titulus mendam habere et corrigi posse accentus acutus ad macron. Sed nescio utrum corrigibilis sit ab usoribus. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:47, 24 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
: Salve [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]. Usoribus non licet [[Specialis:Nuntia systematis|nuntia systematis]] recensere (vide etiam &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[{{fullurl:Special:Allpages|namespace=8}} spatium “&lt;code&gt;MediaWiki:&lt;/code&gt;”]&lt;/span&gt;), sed usores possunt a magistratibus petere ut nuntia recenseant (et multa nuntia exstant quae meliora facere aut etiam omnino vertere oportet!). Non invenio ubi “Paginam prehendere formá PDF” iaceat; fortasse @[[Usor:UV|UV]] adiuvare potest. P.S. “accentus acutus” revera est [[Apex (orthographia Latina)|apex]], forma antiquior [[macron|macri]]; attamen concordo uniformia signa diacritica nobis esse sequenda. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:42, 24 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::Non potest prehendere paginas disputationum formā PDF. Sed paginas encyclopediae possumus; e.g. [[Macron]]. At ibi apparet &quot;Paginam prehendere formá PDF&quot;. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 02:04, 26 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::: Nexum video, sed quid nuntium gignat non invenio. Exempli gratia, [[MediaWiki:Contributions|haec pagina]] nuntium “User contributions” ad nuntium Latinum “Conlationes usoris” vertit; sed quid vertit “Download PDF” ad “Paginam prehendere formá PDF”? Nescio. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:44, 26 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::Ignosce inclaritatem meam—sed prime (ut ita dicam) &quot;Instrumenta&quot; et videbis instrumentorum titulos. Titulus primus (ut mihi ostenduntur) est &quot;Movere&quot;; titulus novissimus est &quot;Res Wikidata&quot;; et unus titulorum est &quot;Paginam prehendere formá PDF&quot;. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:46, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::: @[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]: Ut dixi, oculis meis textum video, sed ignoro e qua pagina aut e quo nuntio systematis oriatur. Nequeo textum corrigere si nescio quid mihi sit emendandum. Conatus sum aliqua similia nuntia vertere ([[MediaWiki:Wikisource-download-pdf|#1]], [[MediaWiki:Minerva-download|#2]], [[MediaWiki:Electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-print-text|#3]], [[MediaWiki:Electronpdfservice-download-label|#4]], [[MediaWiki:Electronpdfservice-special-page-headline|#5]]), sed nuntium quod quaeris non inveni. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:54, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::::bzgrep utebar perlegere totam Vicipaediam Latinam; non tamen inveni.  Mirum! --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:25, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::::: @[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]: Potesne, quaeso, etiam situm https://translatewiki.net/ per “bzgrep” inspicere? Etiam illic non inveni textum. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:28, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::::::[https://translatewiki.net/wiki/MediaWiki:Coll-download_as/la Fontem] inveni huius textus, non autem bzgrep utens. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:12, 28 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::::::: Gratias tibi ago. Correxi. Post paucos dies abhinc nova translatio etiam in Vicipaedia Latina ostendetur. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 01:34, 28 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::::::::Fortasse nostis [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/MediaWiki?uselang=qqx hunc nexum] per quem tandem inveni. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:37, 28 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== Regula generalis de intellegentia artificiali ==
[[:meta:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|Apud MetaVici disputatur]] utrum regula generalis de intellegentiae artificialis usu introducenda sit necne. Quum etiam nos tanget, vos hortor ut sententias vestras feratis. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:42, 26 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

:Non penitus intelligo quomodo nos tangeat. Annon iam habemus regulam de plasmatibus (ut ita dicam) linguarum? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:50, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:: Regulae globales omnes Vicipaedias afficiunt, atque illa regula proponitur globalis. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:56, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::Gratias habeo; nonne autem, si Vicipaedia Latina haberet regulam, supersedeat regulam generalem? Et simili modo respectu aliarum Vicipaediarum? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:01, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::: Non sum certus, sed timeo ne regulae globales vincant. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 01:05, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::::Ita; intelligo. Scisne utrum restrictionem an laxationem habeat favorem iuris? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:12, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::::: Apud Vicipaediam Latinam nulla est regula scripta; paginae tamen quae omnino intellegentiā artificiali sine ulla humana recensione vertuntur pittacio {{Fn|Pagina autotranslata}} signantur atque post unam hebdomadam delentur. Prima regula globalis proposita mihi videtur hoc tantum postulare, ut, ''praeter translationes'', usus intellegentiae artificialis aperte declaretur. Altera autem regula globalis vetat intellegentiā artificiali ūtī ''nisi in translationibus''. Meā sententiā, hoc nobis incommodum contrarium efficit, quia hic magnopere laboramus ad translationes machinarias moderandas; alii autem usūs intellegentiae artificialis nobis non sunt incommodo. Non puto magni rēferre usum ipsum declarare, sed potius oportere responsa intellegentiae artificialis diligenter inspicere ac recensere. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 01:45, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== Quomodo melius invenire titula proposita pro articulo nondum existente? ==

Volui creare articulum pro &quot;poset&quot; (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q474715).

Scio, quod est formula &quot;subst:pcc&quot; alicubi in hac Vicipaedia per quam statuitur titulum huius articuli. Sed nescio, et &quot;bzgrep&quot; iterum inutilis est.

Estne methodus inventionis talium &quot;titulorum articulorum nondum existentium&quot;? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 04:47, 30 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

: Formula {{fsn|pcc}} nescit quod nomen Latinum novae paginae (“nexui rubro”) assignandum sit, istud erit tibi eligendum. Ad formulam adhibendam tibi sufficiet titulum Latinum et linguā aliā scribere. E.g.:
:: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:pcc|en=Partially ordered set|Aggregatio partim ordinata}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
::: ↳ {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Aggregatio partim ordinata||en|qid=Q474715}}
: Aut, si vis, potes autem tesseram Vicidatorum praebere:
:: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:pcc|Aggregatio partim ordinata||en|qid=Q474715}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
::: ↳ {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Aggregatio partim ordinata||en|qid=Q474715}}
: Non exstat ullus index paginarum creandarum. Nomina inveniuntur simul ac paginae creantur. Attamen, si quis paginam “Aggregatio partim ordinat'''issima'''” postea creet at ad [[:d:Q474715]] eam nectat, pagina ubi nexus ruber “Aggregatio partim ordinata” ostendebatur nunc ad paginam “Aggregatio partim ordinatissima” nectetur. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 06:13, 30 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== Quomodo citare librum, quod numerum librarium uniformem inter gentes caret? ==

[[Cancellum (mathematica)|Hac pagina]] conor citare librum quoddam, sed caret ISBN/NLUIG. Habet tamen numerum Catalogii Librarii Congressus (LCCN), sed nescio quomodo hanc numerum affigere rei citatae.

Multas habeo gratias pro auxilio vestro! --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 02:09, 18 Maii 2026 (UTC)

== Num verbum natio Anglico verbo “nation” respondet? ==
Salvete omnes! Hic scribo nec in [[Disputatio:Natio|pagina disputationis]] quod hoc verbum in multis commentariis est. Secundum [https://archive.org/details/practicalint00arno/page/41/mode/1up librum Arnoldi] “Natio is rarely used of a civilised and organised nation ; it means a people, or tribe, sprung from one race, of the same blood (nascor).” Secundum dictionarium “Cassell’s Latin Dictionary Latin-English English-Latin” natio significat “a tribe, race, people, esp. uncivilized”, et verbum Anglicum nation significat “populus, gens (=people, stock), civitas (=body of citizens), respublica (=state), natio (=tribe, not highly civilized)”. Liber Arnoldi quoque monet ut iis vocabulis Latinis utamur. Commentarius [[Natio|natio]] illud Ciceronis habet: “Omnēs nātiōnēs servitūtem ferre possunt, nostra cīvitās nōn potest; …” in quo orator optimus populum Romanum a nationibus distinguet. Quid vobis videtur de hac re? Valete! -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 20:58, 29 Maii 2026 (UTC)

:Haec &quot;natio&quot; a primis temporibus Vicipaediae originem obscuram ducit, mihi non placet, sed permulta corrigenda sunt, si eam mutare volumus. Civitas (de civibus), civitas sui iuris? [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 22:09, 29 Maii 2026 (UTC)
:: Aut etiam possibile est dicere, etiam secundum linguas recentiores, ipsam notionem “nationis” quodammodo “civitati” adversari. Id est, sunt qui putent, etiam linguis hodiernis, “nationem” (Anglice ''nation'', Italice ''nazione'', et cetera) semper aliquid minus civile quam “civitatem” (Anglice ''state'', Italice ''Stato'', et cetera), immo vero tribale, significare. Cum hoc tamen concordo, paginam illam nimis veterem esse atque redintegrandam. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:41, 29 Maii 2026 (UTC)
:::Melius est quaedam omittere quam nihil corrigere. Video nos habere commentarios qui vocantur [[Civitas]] (Ang. [[w:en:State (polity)]]), [[Gens]] (Ang. [[w:en:Gens]], nescio cur hic commentarius Latine non sit solis de gentibus Romanis), [[Populus]] (Ang. [[w:en:People]]), [[Res publica]] (Ang. [[w:en:Republic]]), et [[Tribus (anthropologia)]] ([[w:en:Tribe]]). Secundum dictionarium “Cassell’s Latin Dictionary”, tribus significat”originally a third part if the Roman people. Hence a tribe, a division of the Roman people …”. Hoc dictionarium monet ut verbo “natio” vel verbo “gens” utamur si scribere “tribe” velimus nec de tribubus Romanis scribamus. Vero non possum novum nomen commentarii [[Natio]] commendare quod nescio cur vikipedia tot commentarios habeat. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 14:38, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC)
::::Pagina non est delenda, si hoc consulis. &quot;Natio&quot; [http://lexica.linguax.com/forc2.php?searchedLG=natio verbum est Latinum], cur id ne explicemus. Si nexum intervicialem ad paginam Anglicam male congruere putas, ita est, non perfectissime congruit. Sed cum de notionibus abstractis agitur, nexus interviciales saepius tales sunt. Hoc malum in Vicipaediα inevitabile est et hoc non est malum, si res explicatur. Paginae ipsius loca quaedam corrigenda est, Ciceronis interpretatio mutanda, et, quod maxime interest, inter [[Specialis:Nexus_ad_paginam/Natio|nexus ad eam]] hi multi corrigendi sunt, ubi &quot;natio&quot; in modum Anglicum civitatem sui iuris significat. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 18:22, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC)
:::::Pagina scilicet delenda non est. Vidi paginas in Vikipedia Hebraica et Ucrainica ad paginam Anglicam bene congruere nec nostram paginam. Natio est verbum Latinum, cuius sensu Latino uti debemus, nec sensi Anglico. Delere nolo sed mutare et fortasse movere. Eo consilio hunc sermonem coepi ut sensibus Latinis verborum uteremur. Vero nescio cur Vikipedia Anglica tot paginas habeat et quid sit discrimen inter “nation” et “state”, propter quod non possum verbum meliorum commendare. Potestne pagina Anglica nostrae paginae [[Natio]] esse [[w:en:Tribe]]? Tribus quoque verbum Latinum est sed secundum dictionarium non idem significat et verbum Anglicum tribe. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 19:24, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC)
:::::: ''Tribus'' est quaedam divisio populi, non tota natio ([https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry=tribus]). Possum falli, sed secundum illam Ciceronis sententiam (“Omnēs nātiōnēs servitūtem ferre possunt …”) mihi videtur praecipua differentia inter ''civitatem'' et ''nationem'' hoc esse, quod ''civitas'' rem publicam civium significat, ''nationes'' autem alios populos tamquam gentes spectatos. Ita ''civitas'' erat Roma, ''nationes'' erant ceteri populi. P.S. {{*Cfr}} etiam “eruditissima illa Graecorum natio” (Cic.). Nam Graecis erat una natio sed plures civitates. Hoc usu vocabulum mihi videtur fere eodem sensu adhiberi ac in linguis hodiernis. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 23:07, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::Nexus interviciales perutiles sunt (ad minimum, lectores novos nobis dirigunt!) sed non nos regunt. Omnis lingua, sicut [[civitas sui iuris]], libera est. Debemus (1) verba Latina Latinitate classica definire (2) alia verba quibus significationes cognatae sunt (e.g. gens, tribus, civitas) distinguere, nexibus datis (3) significationes apud Latinistas recentiores explicare, si differunt (4) praeter alia, de re principali pellucide disserere.
:::::::Cicero his verbis, ''omnes nationes servitutem fere possunt: nostra civitas non potest'' (Phil. 10.10.20) inter ''nationes'' et ''nostram civitatem'' quoquomodo distinguere videtur ... sed alibi ''omnes &lt;u&gt;exteras&lt;/u&gt; nationes'' et ''eruditissimam Graecorum nationem'' indicat (Imp. Pomp. 11.31; De Or. 2.4.18) -- unde intellego, apud Ciceronem, plures ''nationes'' exstitisse tam sub imperio S.P.Q.R. quam extra limites. Ex his sententiis, si volumus, inter civitatem et nationem facile erit distinguere: sed inter ''populos'' et ''nationes'' ...? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 09:06, 1 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::Nolite oblivisci ''gentes''&amp;thinsp;! Cassell's nobis dicit (p. 742) ''international law'' locutionem Anglicam nostra lingua esse ''ius gentium,'' ac Traupman (ed. 3, p. 575) nobis dicit ''international'' ipsum verbum Anglicum esse ''inter gentes.'' [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:12, 1 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::Sententias vestras perlegi et commentarium inveni [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311975311_On_the_Roman_Concept_of_Natio “On the Roman Concept of Natio”] quem quoque legi, et iam intellego quanta difficilis sit haec res. In libro Arnoldi et in dictionario legi nationem esse “esp. uncivilized”, nec autores Romanos scripisisse Nationem Romanam. Putavi nationem esse tribe nec unquam civilised nation. Iam nesio a bonus sit hic nexus. Veritus sum ne homines dum Latine scribebant solis nexibus uterentur, nec deliberarent quid sit verbum optimum. De pagina nostra [[Respublica]] vos consulere quoque volo. Secundum dictionarium “Cassell’s Latin Dictionary” “'''republic''' ''respublica'', ''civitas'' (= state, simply): a —, as opp. to other forms of government, ''respublica'' (or ''civitas''” ''libera'' or ''popularis''.” Respublica et civitas idem significare mihi videntur. Nonne melius est movere hanc paginam ut novem nomen sit Respublica popularis? Haec res non est solo de nexu sed quoque de ipsa pagina. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:38, 1 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::::Fortasse, sed iam est commentarius de &quot;People's republic&quot; in vicipaedia Anglica. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:31, 1 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::::: De differentia inter ''gentem'' et ''nationem'' conferatur etiam {{LTL|natio|335}}: “A ''gente'' aliquando ita differt, ut genus a specie: ''gens'' enim latius patet, et plures nationes complectitur, ut ''gens'' Graeca habet Atticos, Boeotos, Thebanos, qui ejusdem gentis nationes sunt.” Saepissime tamen gens et natio sunt synonyma. @[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]: Graeci non erant “uncivilized”, attamen erant natio vel plures nationes. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:53, 2 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::::Multae paginae in Vicipaedia connexae sunt; ''United Nations'' vertitur ut [[Nationes Unitae]], multis cum fontibus (duabus encyclicis aliisque). Hoc mutare nequimus, et pagina de [[natio]]ne nec huic sensui contradicere debet; haec causa, cur paginae Anglicae '&quot;Nation&quot; ceterisque de hac natione moderna narrantibus alliganda sit. Sed de pagina [[Nationes mundi]], exempli gratia, iam dubito, et &quot;civitates mundi&quot; nationibus praeferam, [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 20:50, 4 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::Iam intellego. Huic sensu, quo utuntur encyclici, contradicere scilicet nequimus. Gratias omnibus vobis ago quia mihi hanc rem explanavistis. 
:::::::::::{{ping|Grufo}}, Quaesivi nec inveni ubi Cicero nationem Graecam scripserit. Testimonium encyclicorum mihi videtur bonum esse, scire tamen volo ubi orator optimus his verbis usus sit. 
:::::::::::Valete. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 21:14, 5 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::: @[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]: {{Op|[[De oratore]]}}, {{Vf|De oratore/Liber II|18|2.4.18}}: “eruditissima illa Graecorum natio”. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:09, 5 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::::Gratias tibi ago! -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:45, 7 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::De commentario qui [[Nationes mundi]] (Anglice [[w:en:List of sovereign states|List of sovereign states]]) vocatur, nonne melius nomen est “''Index civitatum sui iuris''”? 
:::::::::::Vide commentarios:
:::::::::::* [[Civitas sui iuris]]
:::::::::::* [[Index communium Badeniae et Virtembergiae]]
:::::::::::* [[Index urbium et communium Rhenaniae et Palatinatus]]
:::::::::::* [[Index fluviorum Germaniae]]
:::::::::::* [[Index asteroidum]]
:::::::::::* [[Index siglorum ordinum ecclesiae catholicae]]
:::::::::::Hic commentarius est index. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 16:50, 9 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::::::Sic, [[Index civitatum sui iuris]] bonum nomen est, multae paginae huius generis in Vicipaedia Latina &quot;indices&quot; nominantur. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 19:47, 9 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::::Vobis consentio. Hanc paginam satis antiquam renominare oportet. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:39, 10 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::::::::Utrum possumus paginam renominate an oportet [[Formula:Movenda]] utere? -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:21, 10 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::Formula ad disputandum in pagina disputationis ponitur, sed nunc hic erat disputaio, fornula non necessaria est. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 15:55, 10 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::: Paginam movi. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:02, 10 Iunii 2026 (UTC)

== &quot;-karyotica&quot; vel &quot;-caryotica&quot;? ==
In pagina de [[Cellula|cellulis]] ambae formae extant. Videtur mihi melius, si unicam noscamus formam. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 03:14, 16 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:&quot;-caryotica&quot; melius. Vocabulum est antiquum, Graecae originis (κάρυον), nullae sunt causae, ut &quot;k&quot; scribatur. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 12:05, 17 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::Consentio. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:16, 17 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::&quot;nullae sunt causae&quot;: consentiebam imprimis sed nunc occursit mihi formae &quot;-karyota&quot; esse in taxonomia Linnaeana. Etenim (cuius ratione fortasse) redirigitur [[Eucaryota]] ad &quot;Eukaryota&quot; et [[Procaryota]] ad &quot;Prokaryota&quot;. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:38, 20 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::Si alterum rectum est, alterum fontibus biloolgicis testatum, unum eligere non possumus, eligas, quod velis. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 07:10, 20 Iunii 2026 (UTC)

== Pagina mensis Iulii 2026 abest ==
{{Excepta|Disputatio Vicipaediae:Pagina mensis|2026}}

== Paginae de praenominibus: lemmata typis italicis necne? ==
In disputatione {{caput|Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|Carolus: Cur titulus italicus?}}, noster [[Usor:IacobusAmor|Iacobus]] suadet ut lemmata qualia illa paginarum de praenominibus scribantur typis italicis. Ego nescio quid sit faciendum. Praenomina apud Vicipaediam Anglicam et alibi non scribuntur typis italicis (e.g. [[:en:Martin (name)]]), sed nobis licet aliam regulam nostram statuere. Attamen, si hanc conventionem adoptamus, oportebit eam ubique adhibere, atque multae paginae emendandae erunt. Quid dicatis? Censeatisne lemmata in paginis de praenominibus scribenda esse typis italicis? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:34, 18 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
:::And yet, Grufo, in the article that you cite (&quot;[[:en:Martin (name)]]&quot;), you'll find this heading: &quot;The name ''Martin'' in different regions&quot;! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:50, 18 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
:::: I am not against using italics for words cited as words, I am just wondering whether ''the page's lemma'' should be italicized (i.e. &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Titulus italicus}} ... {{ires|Martinus}} est praenomen ...&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;). Having somewhere below the lead something like &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;Nomen ''Martinus'' ...&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, seems pretty fine to me, especially when discussing etimologies. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:01, 19 Augusti 2026 (UTC)

:Non, hoc insolitum est, multos annos Vicipaedia sine hoc italico vivebat. Argumentum Jacobi est: 
:* Leo XIV est pontifex, sed eius nomen familiare est ''Robertus'' (vel &quot;Robertus&quot;), — 
:hic de praenomine ut nomine, non de homine vel de re agitur, hic scriptura italica vel virgulae possibiles sunt. Sed pagina de ipso praenomine hoc praenomen ut rem describendam tractat.  Nullae sunt causae, ut huius generis paginarum formam mutemus. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 17:10, 18 Augusti 2026 (UTC)

:::Iste locus omnino rectus non est. &quot;''Robertus'' (vel &quot;Robertus&quot;)&quot; non scripsi. Quod scripsi est:
::::[[Leo XIV]] est [[Episcopus Romanus]], sed eius nomen familiare est ''Robertus.''
:::At least in English, and in the English wikipedia, words cited as words are customarily italicized (not quoted); however, as noted in effect by Grufo, many writers, including those of the English wikipedia, make an exception for capitalized nouns. Much of the time, that's perhaps unobjectionable, as it doesn't lead to misreading, but it can generate curious locutions, for example:
::::Henry Edward Manning has been translated '[[Henricus Eduardus Manning]].'
:::This is curious because, for people reading these words for the first time, the lack of italics in the text effectively marks Manning as a human being, not a set of words, and human beings can't be translated, unless, of course, they're bishops, who can indeed be translated (from see to see); but Manning was never a bishop of anywhere except Westminster, so he was never translated—making ''both'' of these sentences true. but ''only'' when italics are selectively deployed:
::::''Henry Edward Manning'' was often translated.
::::Henry Edward Manning was never translated.
:::Granted, this is a rare example, but it's most definitely a valid contrastive minimal pair. In any event, relying on capitalization may prove problematic in general, since many nouns capitalized in the Anglo-German world are ''not'' capitalized in many other languages, and that's &quot;a whole nother can of worms.&quot; [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:38, 18 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
::::Okay, but in the title of a Wikipedia article, the name is not taken as word, but as an object that the article treats. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 09:29, 19 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
:::::That's true. Substantive &quot;Xxxx (nomen)&quot; articles have some reasons not to exist in an encyclopaedia at all: so far as I remember, they exist on Vicipaedia because (a) there is an anonymous contributor who likes creating them, and generally does no harm, (b) they could remain useful as disambiguation pages if they offer links to more than one existing substantive article. I suggest not making any special rule for formatting them here, when there's no such rule on other Wikipedias. Formatting is a distraction, and Latin is light on formatting compared with other modern printed languages. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 07:30, 23 Augusti 2026 (UTC)

== [[:Categoria:Portae]] ==

[[:Categoria:Portae]] nunc includit paginas sui generis, quod vulgo ''portal'' nominatur, sed habemus aliquot paginas de portis veris, de aedificiis huius generis ([[Porta Aurea]], [[Porta nigra]], [[Porta Praenestina]], [[Porta Brandenburgensis]], [[Porta Graach]] etc.) Puto categoriae portalium aliud nomen dandum esse, e.g. &quot;Portae Vicipaedianae&quot;, &quot;Portae (Vicipaedia)&quot;, in [[:categoria:Portae]] autem portas veras colligendas. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 09:57, 21 Augusti 2026 (UTC) &lt;!-- Si nomen tuum addere vis, tantummodo substitue “subst:Assenserunt” in locum verbi “Assenserunt” hic: --&gt;{{Assenserunt|Grufo=2026-08-21 11:00:42}}
: Categoriam “[[:Categoria:Portae Vicipaedianae|Portae Vicipaedianae]]” creavi et nonnullas subcategorias ibi movi, sed nunc tantummodo telephonio geatabili recensere possum; postea ceteras subcategorias illūc movebo. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 11:25, 21 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
:: {{Ok}} Factum est. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:04, 21 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
:::Gratias ago maximas! [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 19:32, 21 Augusti 2026 (UTC)

== De paginis inter dies 12 Iulii et 5 Augusti 2026 creatis ==
Septuaginta duas novas paginas quotidianas die 25 Iunii 2026 posteriores [[Specialis:Diff/3985927/3985929|addidi]], attamen paginas inter dies 12 Iulii et 5 Augusti 2026 scriptas inspicere non potui. Si bonarum paginarum illis diebus scriptarum meministis, quaeso, [[Specialis:EditPage/Vicipaedia:Index paginarum cottidianarum/Promovendae|addite indici]]! Valete! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:09, 5 Septembris 2026 (UTC)

== Ascalon Adumbratio? ==

Non intellego cur pagina Ascalon in adumbrationibus relegata permaneat (oblivio?) cum tot pessimae et brevissimae paginae (de eis nuncupatim loqui nolo) nostram Vicipaediam dehonestant. [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 17:07, 8 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
: Et ego censeo paginam iam maturam esse ut in encyclopaediam recipiatur. Idem auctorem rogavi (confer {{Caput|Disputatio Adumbrationis:Ascalon|Non iam adumbratio}}), sed ipse respondit se plura de recentiore historia Ascalonis et nonnulla de aetate Turcica ac Britannica scribere velle. Mea sententia, paginam in encyclopaediam {{Nexus cum parametris|Specialis:Paginam movere/Adumbratio:Ascalon|movere|wpReason=Demum commentatio parata est|wpNewTitle=Ascalon|prefix=}} possumus. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 20:25, 8 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
:: Nihil impedit enim quominus paginam emendet in Vicipaedia iusta ut omnes quotidie facimus. Praeterea iam duos menses pagina non iam aucta est et ex aliis Vicipaediis invisibilis iacet. Censeo et ipse movendam esse.--[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 20:42, 8 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
::: {{Factum est}} --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:15, 8 Septembris 2026 (UTC)

== Articulum de [[XGBoost]] scribere volo. ==
'''Articulum de XGBoost componere cupio, qui originem, structuram algorithmicam, rationem gradientis boosting, praecipuos usus atque partes eius in machinali doctrina accurate exponat.'''

[[Usor:נתנאל שטרן|נתנאל שטרן]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:נתנאל שטרן|disputatio]]) 06:19, 11 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
: Posses articulum e Vicipaedia Anglica vertere.  --[[Usor:Maria.martelli|Maria.martelli]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Maria.martelli|disputatio]]) 15:23, 11 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
::Gratias tibi ago pro consilio. Articulum Anglicum de XGBoost in Latinum vertere conabor, sed textum etiam ad morem et stilum Vicipaediae Latinae accommodare velim. [[Usor:נתנאל שטרן|נתנאל שטרן]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:נתנאל שטרן|disputatio]]) 06:20, 14 Septembris 2026 (UTC)

== De intellegentiae artificialis usu ==
Nondum sunt in nostra Vicipaedia regulae de usu intellegentiae artificialis, quamquam [[MediaWiki:Editcheck-copyvio-llm-policylink|systema MediaViciale eas quaerit]]; idcirco [[Vicipaedia:Intellegentiae artificialis ope Vicipaediam recensere|hoc consilium]] proposui. Hae suasiones praecipue me adiuvaverunt ad paginam parandam:
* [[:Mw:Help:Edit check#LLM Paste check|Mw:Help:Edit check § LLM Paste check]]
* [[:En:Wikipedia:Writing articles with large language models]]
* [[:Meta:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy#AI-assisted editing and human accountability|Meta:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy § AI-assisted editing and human accountability]]
Tertius nexus simile consilium meum ostendit. Quaeso, ferte hic sententias vestras. Valete! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 06:49, 25 Septembris 2026 (UTC)

== IAbot: an recte agit? ==
Amicis quam plurimis loquor! -- Observavi IAbot in pagina [[Carolus Clusius]] (per exemplum) ter hoc anno nexus &quot;mortuos&quot; pronuntiavit, qui (per me) vivi sunt. Magister huius boti me suggerit (vide [[:m:User Talk:InternetArchiveBot#IAbot malfunctioning on la:wiki]]) hanc dissonantiam productam esse e limitibus geographicis a divulgatoribus sitorum interretialium impositis. An possumus hanc rem per experientiam probare? Si volitis, has tres paginas, ab IAbot mortuas pronuntiatas, temptate et responsum subter scribite:

I'm asking as many friends as possible to help: -- I notice that IAbot in the page [[Carolus Clusius]] (for example) three times this year pronounced links &quot;dead&quot;, when for me those links are still alive. The botmaster suggests (see [[:m:User Talk:InternetArchiveBot#IAbot malfunctioning on la:wiki]]) that different results may be caused by geoblocks on the internet sites (i.e. they are not accessible worldwide). Could we please test this? If you're willing, please try these three pages, reported dead by IAbot, and report whether they work for you or not (Viva/Mortua). [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:52, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
;[https://www.e-rara.ch/zuz/nagezh/content/titleinfo/9431363 1. E-rara]
* Viva. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:52, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
* Viva. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 15:16, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
*Viva. --[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 15:28, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
* Viva. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:58, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
;[http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/wp-content/HSSN/2007-8-Carolus%20Clusius.pdf 2. Clusius Correspondence pdf]
* Viva. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:52, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
* Viva. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 15:16, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
*Viva --[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 15:28, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
* Viva. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:58, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
;[http://clusiuscorrespondence.huygens.knaw.nl/ 3. Clusius Correspondence html]
* Viva. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:52, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
* Viva. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 15:16, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
*Viva.--[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 15:28, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
* Viva. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:58, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)

{{Ast}}

[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrea]], fortasse interim formula {{Fn|Url}} est [[Specialis:Diff/3991119/3991308|solutio]] ne InternetArchiveBot nexūs inveniat (sed nescio valeatne). --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:46, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>acrn2cutqw2i6nfj07ztnkvt3sh1039</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3991338</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-26T17:32:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* IAbot: an recte agit? */ Nexum correxi</comment>
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      <text bytes="50015" sha1="4qq5glsar9n5b84wth3vn0os82spkt5" xml:space="preserve">{{/Praefatio}}

== De paginis nimis magnis quae formulā {{[[Formula:Augenda|Augenda]]}} utuntur ==
In [[:Categoria:Corrigenda|Categoriam:Corrigenda]] plures subcategoriae formulā {{Fn|Augenda}} stipantur (e.g. [[:Categoria:Augenda a mense Februario 2023]], [[:Categoria:Augenda a mense Ianuario 2024]], [[:Categoria:Augenda a mense Decembri 2025]], et cetera). Inspiciens, multas harum paginarum invenii quae longiores sunt 1000 octobitis (e.g. [[Graecia archaica]]: 2928 octobiti). Quid censeatis si mechanema cum monitu in formulam {{Fn|Augenda}} inseram, ne in paginis longioribus quam 1000 octobitorum adhibeatur? Nam si pagina est satis longa, vanum est legentes monere paginam intra tres menses esse augendam. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:30, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:Pagina de [[Graecia archaica]] (#1) lemmate proprio, (#2) definitione idonea, et (#3) fonte externo caret, et omnis Vicipadia ut videtur (#4) nexibus ad hanc paginam ducentibus caret. That's all four of the formula's four criteria. ¶ For the difference between a stub and more-than-a-stub, the cutoff I've been using has been 2,000 octeti for general articles and 1,900 for articles with a taxobox. I don't recall a consensus on that limit, but articles having 4,000, 5,000, 6,000 octeti have been marked &quot;stipula&quot;; that's likely too high a limit, and I'd suggest that 2,000 (or possibly your 1,000) is a more defensible upper limit for stubs. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 03:15, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:::For example, just today, someone added &quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{urbs-stipula}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot; to the article on [[Barcino]], which already had more than 3,500 octeti! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 15:04, 28 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:::: ''Stipulae'' are not problematic from an administrative point of view, because in theory they can remain as such forever. Barcellona is an important city with a lot of history that can be written in an encyclopedia, it can be understandable if someone feels that the current page can be greatly improved. Instead, what scares me about the {{Fn|Augenda}} template is that it is not only an invitation to improve pages, it also asks us to delete pages after three months (which is why it should be used with care). --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:57, 28 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:::::Then why not change the verb from ''will'' to ''may'' or introduce some other indication of indeterminacy? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 16:31, 28 Februarii 2026 (UTC) 
:: [[Usor:IacobusAmor|Iacobus]], we can set any limit we want, but what I think makes little sense is saying that a page must be increased within three months, but then after three months nothing happens and the categories above keep growing. We must set a realistic (relatively low) threshold and then, after that, be ready to '''delete''' the pages that do not respect our threshold (in [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 35#De novo spatio nominali adumbrationum proponendo|another thread]] I had proposed the &lt;code&gt;adumbratio:&lt;/code&gt; namespace where after three months all these “augenda” pages can be moved, but that is a separate topic). A page like [[Graecia archaica]] only needs relatively little work to be adjusted—certainly does not deserve to be deleted. What I want to stress here is that every time you add {{Fn|Augenda}} to a page you are basically saying “If the page stays like this, I am okay if after three months it gets deleted”. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 03:58, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:::That's correct, but I heartily endorse a separate namespace, a kind of purgatory, where such pages can go until they've become worthy of standing in the mainspace. As a rule, I don't work on formulas, so I likely had nothing to do with the wording of this one, but three months must have been the original consensus. If memory serves, @Andrew Dalby and perhaps others have occasionally enforced the three-month rule, though sometimes after well more than three months have elapsed. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 13:08, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:::: Intellego. Novum spatium nominale a “Phabricatore” petiturus sum. Quid censeres si in paginis amplioribus (e.g. inter 2000 et 1000) formulā {{Fn|Nondum stipula}} (quae nullam categoriam cum tempore praefinito imponit) pro formulā {{Fn|Augenda}} utereris? Aut aliam novam formulam quoque nobis excogitare licet. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:57, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
::::: {{Tpe|Nova}} Hic nuper petivi ut novum spatium nominale adumbrationum crearetur: [[phab:T418706|New “Draft” namespace for lawiki: “Adumbratio”]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 01:01, 2 Martii 2026 (UTC)
:::::: {{Tpe|Novissima}} Euax! Spatium nominale adumbrationum [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|habemus]]! Textus paginae [[MediaWiki:Noarticletext]] nobis sic mutandus est ut adumbrationes, si exsistunt, detegantur. Postea aliquid excogitabo. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 19:34, 2 Martii 2026 (UTC)
@[[Usor:IacobusAmor|Iacobe]]: What would you think if we created a &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Pagina neglecta}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; template, and established that when we find a page that was created more than three months ago (e.g. [[Agrinium]], created in 2004!), instead of {{Fn|Augenda}} we add the new template instead? The &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Pagina neglecta}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; template could look more or less like this:

{{Capsa annuntiationis
	| color = #7f83d7
	| pigmentum = #f3f4fb
	| imago = P writing.svg
	| 1 =

'''Commentationem neglectam augeamus!'''

Haec commentatio longe neglecta videtur mansa esse. Sodes, adiuva paginam augere!

}}

We can then have [[:Categoria:Paginae neglectae]], where all these pages will be automatically collected. I am proposing this because I think that it makes little sense to warn that a page that was created 22 years ago must be improved within three months! It will be an empty warning. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:40, 9 Martii 2026 (UTC)
:That might be useful. How would it differ from the Adumbratio solution? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:01, 9 Martii 2026 (UTC)
:: Following [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio|the rules]] that I partly translated from English Wikipedia, we must not move pages that were created long ago to the &lt;code&gt;Adumbratio:&lt;/code&gt; namespace. So the picture should look as follows:
::* '''Case 1:''' The page is is too short and was recently created. We have three possibilities:
::*# We improve it (prefereable solution)
::*# We move it to the &lt;code&gt;Adumbratio:&lt;/code&gt; namespace (less prefereable than improving the page but more prefearable than the following)
::*# We add {{Fn|Augenda}} (less prefereable)
::*#: ↳ If three months after adding {{Fn|Augenda}} nothing has changed we delete the page for real
::* '''Case 2:''' The page is too short and was created more than three months ago. Two possibilities:
::*# We improve it (prefereable solution)
::*# We have no other choice but adding &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Pagina neglecta}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
::*#: ↳ We must take into account that the page might stay like that indefinitely
::* '''Case 3:''' The page was in the &lt;code&gt;Adumbratio:&lt;/code&gt; namespace and was moved to the main namespace prematurely:
::*# We add {{Fn|Augenda}}
::*#: ↳ If after three months nothing has changed we delete the page for real
:: The rationale is that pages that are too old might no longer have someone that checks them and is able to fulfill our expectations. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 12:42, 9 Martii 2026 (UTC)

== De novo spatio adumbrationum ==
{{Collaboratio|Alex1011|Alexander Gerashchenko|Amahoney|Andreas Raether|Andrew Dalby|Aylin|Bartholomite|Bis-Taurinus|Demetrius Talpa|Giorno2|IacobusAmor|Ioscius|Iustinus|Lesgles|LilyKitty|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Neander|Pippobuono|Rafaelgarcia|Sigur|Utilo|UV|Xaverius
	| alacres = IacobusAmor
	| alacritas = mensis
	| res = Magistratūs usoresque strenuos vocavi. Veniam peto si alicuius oblitus sum.
	| subscriptio = [[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:43, 3 Martii 2026 (UTC)
}}

Nuper novum spatium nominale &lt;code&gt;Adumbratio:&lt;/code&gt; condidimus. Nunc oportet regulas nostras definire. Apud [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] paginam Anglicam [[:en:Wikipedia:Drafts]] partim verti, sed de nostra propria ratione consentiendum est.

Notandum est Vicipaediam Anglicam [[:en:Wikipedia:Drafts#Reasons not to move an article to draftspace|regulam habere]] qua vetatur paginam in spatio principali sitam in spatium adumbrationum movere “si commentatio ante plus quam 90 dies creata est”. Re quidem vera, nuper paginam [[Alkinum]] ad [[Adumbratio:Alkinum]] movi (praesertim ad lineamenta technica novi spatii nominalis experienda), attamen mihi visum est parum rectum paginam anno 2006 creatam (et [[Vicipaedia:Paginae quas omnibus Vicipaediis contineri oportet/Expansio#Materies chemicales|quam omnibus Vicipaediis contineri oportet]]!) ibi movere.

Quo facto suasus sum ut nobis vetandum sit formulam {{Fn|Augenda}} paginis ante plus quam tres menses creatis addere. Nam, si pagina nimis brevis olim creata est et usque talis mansit, si nos eam negleximus nec animadvertimus nisi nunc, meā sententiā duae optiones tantum nobis patent: aut eam relinquimus intactam, aut formulam {{Fn|Delenda}} apponimus.

Ceterum, a vobis peto ut paginam [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] inspiciatis, novas regulas proponatis, aut regulas a me scriptas emendetis.

Valete! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:43, 3 Martii 2026 (UTC)

==De loco vel gradu Vicipaediae apud Meta==
Does moving articles counted among the 10,000 most important (like 
&quot;[[Alkinum]]&quot; &amp; &quot;[[Oxidum]]&quot;) into the limbo marked by &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Adumbratio}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; and/or &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Neglecta}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; lower Vicipaedia's score at Meta? (Vide [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias_by_expanded_sample_of_articles|&quot;List of Wikipedias by expanded sample of articles&quot;].) In other words, do they need to remain in the mainspace to boost Vicipaedia's score? ¶ Ten years ago, in March 2016, Vicipaedia was ranked thirty-ninth among all the wikis; at the end of last month, it was ranked fifty-second. This is not an encouraging trend, and deliberately accelerating it might not be considered advisable. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:52, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)
: Hi Iacobus. Moving pages to the &lt;code&gt;Adumbratio:&lt;/code&gt; namespace definitely counts as removing them from the encyclopedia. Adding {{Fn|Pagina neglecta}} (or any other template) instead has no effects. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:09, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)
::&lt;nowiki&gt;{{ping|IacobusAmor}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;, is there a page that specifies the number of articles from this list that we have? -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 19:47, 3 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::{{ping|IacobusAmor}}, idk why my previous ping got wrapped by nowiki. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 19:48, 3 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::Ecce (but it needs to be updated): https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usor:Amahoney/Myrias_epitome [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:04, 3 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::::So, as Grufo says, moving one of the &quot;10,000&quot; pages into Adumbratio space removes it from the encyclopedia and from the score that Iacobus mentions. In the case of a page in that list, maybe it's better for it to be in mainspace, with a warning template (''neglecta/augenda/...'') on it? If it's in mainspace, more editors might see it and be tempted to improve it. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:29, 14 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::::: Hi Andrew. Indeed. When I created the page [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] by (partially) translating [[:en:Wikipedia:Drafts]], I also translated the rule that a page can be moved away from the mainspace to the &lt;code&gt;Adumbratio:&lt;/code&gt; namespace only if it is a newly created page (&lt; 90 days). So pages that have long been among our 10000 pages are safe. P.S. The rules in [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] still need our consensus, so if you have time, please give that page a look. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:58, 14 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== Template:Weather box ==
{{Excepta|Vicipaedia:Officina|Template:Weather box|Locus opportunior --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]]}}

== Quid significat expectatio vacuae mutationis? ==

Dicitur in pagina [[Topologia classium punctorum]] quod &quot;Haec pagina mutationem vacuam expectat&quot;. Et rogat me, &quot;nihil tangens&quot;, sibi ostendere mutationes.

Ad quem dirigitur haec monitio, et quas mutationes oportet eum sibi ostendere? Non intelligo. [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 04:29, 19 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

: Salve, [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]. Illa icon significat vicitextum &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Spatium topologicum|spatia topologica|en|qid=Q179899}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; ad hunc vicitextum, si paginam emendas, sponte mutatum iri: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;[[Spatium topologicum|spatia topologica]]&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; (vide [[Special:Diff/3954206/3955454|meam ultimam recensionem]] et documentationem formulae {{fsn|pcc}}), quoniam nunc [[Spatium topologicum|paginam]] habemus quae cum entitate Vicidatorum [[:d:Q179899]] nectitur. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 04:44, 19 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::Gratias habeo—mirum tamen mihi videtur, quod substitutio &quot;cref&quot; tantum unam tesseram (siquidem recte lexi) sumat ut argumentum. Quomodo ergo facio, si notam duos habeat nexus ad paginas creatas?--[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:29, 20 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::: Immo, infinitatem tesserarum formula {{fsn|cref}} accipit. Vide, exempli gratia, hanc annotationem in pagina “[[Carpates]]”, ubi sunt ambae entitates [[:d:Q6776713]] et [[:d:Q11699202]]:
:::: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1={{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Martinus Szent-Ivany|Martini Szent-Ivany|hu|qid=Q6776713}} [...] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Gabriel Rzaczynski|Gabrielis Rzączyński|pl|qid=Q11699202}} [...]|2=Q6776713|3=Q11699202}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
::: Vide etiam {{Caput|Formula:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|Quomodo tesseram invenio?}}. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:43, 20 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== Annon corrigere possumus titulos &quot;instrumentorum&quot;? ==

Exempli gratia: video unum &quot;instrumentum&quot; appellari &quot;Paginam prehendere formá PDF&quot;. Videtur mihi hic titulus mendam habere et corrigi posse accentus acutus ad macron. Sed nescio utrum corrigibilis sit ab usoribus. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:47, 24 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
: Salve [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]. Usoribus non licet [[Specialis:Nuntia systematis|nuntia systematis]] recensere (vide etiam &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[{{fullurl:Special:Allpages|namespace=8}} spatium “&lt;code&gt;MediaWiki:&lt;/code&gt;”]&lt;/span&gt;), sed usores possunt a magistratibus petere ut nuntia recenseant (et multa nuntia exstant quae meliora facere aut etiam omnino vertere oportet!). Non invenio ubi “Paginam prehendere formá PDF” iaceat; fortasse @[[Usor:UV|UV]] adiuvare potest. P.S. “accentus acutus” revera est [[Apex (orthographia Latina)|apex]], forma antiquior [[macron|macri]]; attamen concordo uniformia signa diacritica nobis esse sequenda. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:42, 24 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::Non potest prehendere paginas disputationum formā PDF. Sed paginas encyclopediae possumus; e.g. [[Macron]]. At ibi apparet &quot;Paginam prehendere formá PDF&quot;. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 02:04, 26 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::: Nexum video, sed quid nuntium gignat non invenio. Exempli gratia, [[MediaWiki:Contributions|haec pagina]] nuntium “User contributions” ad nuntium Latinum “Conlationes usoris” vertit; sed quid vertit “Download PDF” ad “Paginam prehendere formá PDF”? Nescio. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:44, 26 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::Ignosce inclaritatem meam—sed prime (ut ita dicam) &quot;Instrumenta&quot; et videbis instrumentorum titulos. Titulus primus (ut mihi ostenduntur) est &quot;Movere&quot;; titulus novissimus est &quot;Res Wikidata&quot;; et unus titulorum est &quot;Paginam prehendere formá PDF&quot;. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:46, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::: @[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]: Ut dixi, oculis meis textum video, sed ignoro e qua pagina aut e quo nuntio systematis oriatur. Nequeo textum corrigere si nescio quid mihi sit emendandum. Conatus sum aliqua similia nuntia vertere ([[MediaWiki:Wikisource-download-pdf|#1]], [[MediaWiki:Minerva-download|#2]], [[MediaWiki:Electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-print-text|#3]], [[MediaWiki:Electronpdfservice-download-label|#4]], [[MediaWiki:Electronpdfservice-special-page-headline|#5]]), sed nuntium quod quaeris non inveni. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:54, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::::bzgrep utebar perlegere totam Vicipaediam Latinam; non tamen inveni.  Mirum! --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:25, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::::: @[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]: Potesne, quaeso, etiam situm https://translatewiki.net/ per “bzgrep” inspicere? Etiam illic non inveni textum. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:28, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::::::[https://translatewiki.net/wiki/MediaWiki:Coll-download_as/la Fontem] inveni huius textus, non autem bzgrep utens. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:12, 28 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::::::: Gratias tibi ago. Correxi. Post paucos dies abhinc nova translatio etiam in Vicipaedia Latina ostendetur. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 01:34, 28 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::::::::Fortasse nostis [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/MediaWiki?uselang=qqx hunc nexum] per quem tandem inveni. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:37, 28 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== Regula generalis de intellegentia artificiali ==
[[:meta:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|Apud MetaVici disputatur]] utrum regula generalis de intellegentiae artificialis usu introducenda sit necne. Quum etiam nos tanget, vos hortor ut sententias vestras feratis. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:42, 26 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

:Non penitus intelligo quomodo nos tangeat. Annon iam habemus regulam de plasmatibus (ut ita dicam) linguarum? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:50, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:: Regulae globales omnes Vicipaedias afficiunt, atque illa regula proponitur globalis. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:56, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::Gratias habeo; nonne autem, si Vicipaedia Latina haberet regulam, supersedeat regulam generalem? Et simili modo respectu aliarum Vicipaediarum? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:01, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::: Non sum certus, sed timeo ne regulae globales vincant. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 01:05, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::::Ita; intelligo. Scisne utrum restrictionem an laxationem habeat favorem iuris? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:12, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::::: Apud Vicipaediam Latinam nulla est regula scripta; paginae tamen quae omnino intellegentiā artificiali sine ulla humana recensione vertuntur pittacio {{Fn|Pagina autotranslata}} signantur atque post unam hebdomadam delentur. Prima regula globalis proposita mihi videtur hoc tantum postulare, ut, ''praeter translationes'', usus intellegentiae artificialis aperte declaretur. Altera autem regula globalis vetat intellegentiā artificiali ūtī ''nisi in translationibus''. Meā sententiā, hoc nobis incommodum contrarium efficit, quia hic magnopere laboramus ad translationes machinarias moderandas; alii autem usūs intellegentiae artificialis nobis non sunt incommodo. Non puto magni rēferre usum ipsum declarare, sed potius oportere responsa intellegentiae artificialis diligenter inspicere ac recensere. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 01:45, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== Quomodo melius invenire titula proposita pro articulo nondum existente? ==

Volui creare articulum pro &quot;poset&quot; (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q474715).

Scio, quod est formula &quot;subst:pcc&quot; alicubi in hac Vicipaedia per quam statuitur titulum huius articuli. Sed nescio, et &quot;bzgrep&quot; iterum inutilis est.

Estne methodus inventionis talium &quot;titulorum articulorum nondum existentium&quot;? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 04:47, 30 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

: Formula {{fsn|pcc}} nescit quod nomen Latinum novae paginae (“nexui rubro”) assignandum sit, istud erit tibi eligendum. Ad formulam adhibendam tibi sufficiet titulum Latinum et linguā aliā scribere. E.g.:
:: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:pcc|en=Partially ordered set|Aggregatio partim ordinata}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
::: ↳ {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Aggregatio partim ordinata||en|qid=Q474715}}
: Aut, si vis, potes autem tesseram Vicidatorum praebere:
:: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:pcc|Aggregatio partim ordinata||en|qid=Q474715}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
::: ↳ {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Aggregatio partim ordinata||en|qid=Q474715}}
: Non exstat ullus index paginarum creandarum. Nomina inveniuntur simul ac paginae creantur. Attamen, si quis paginam “Aggregatio partim ordinat'''issima'''” postea creet at ad [[:d:Q474715]] eam nectat, pagina ubi nexus ruber “Aggregatio partim ordinata” ostendebatur nunc ad paginam “Aggregatio partim ordinatissima” nectetur. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 06:13, 30 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== Quomodo citare librum, quod numerum librarium uniformem inter gentes caret? ==

[[Cancellum (mathematica)|Hac pagina]] conor citare librum quoddam, sed caret ISBN/NLUIG. Habet tamen numerum Catalogii Librarii Congressus (LCCN), sed nescio quomodo hanc numerum affigere rei citatae.

Multas habeo gratias pro auxilio vestro! --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 02:09, 18 Maii 2026 (UTC)

== Num verbum natio Anglico verbo “nation” respondet? ==
Salvete omnes! Hic scribo nec in [[Disputatio:Natio|pagina disputationis]] quod hoc verbum in multis commentariis est. Secundum [https://archive.org/details/practicalint00arno/page/41/mode/1up librum Arnoldi] “Natio is rarely used of a civilised and organised nation ; it means a people, or tribe, sprung from one race, of the same blood (nascor).” Secundum dictionarium “Cassell’s Latin Dictionary Latin-English English-Latin” natio significat “a tribe, race, people, esp. uncivilized”, et verbum Anglicum nation significat “populus, gens (=people, stock), civitas (=body of citizens), respublica (=state), natio (=tribe, not highly civilized)”. Liber Arnoldi quoque monet ut iis vocabulis Latinis utamur. Commentarius [[Natio|natio]] illud Ciceronis habet: “Omnēs nātiōnēs servitūtem ferre possunt, nostra cīvitās nōn potest; …” in quo orator optimus populum Romanum a nationibus distinguet. Quid vobis videtur de hac re? Valete! -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 20:58, 29 Maii 2026 (UTC)

:Haec &quot;natio&quot; a primis temporibus Vicipaediae originem obscuram ducit, mihi non placet, sed permulta corrigenda sunt, si eam mutare volumus. Civitas (de civibus), civitas sui iuris? [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 22:09, 29 Maii 2026 (UTC)
:: Aut etiam possibile est dicere, etiam secundum linguas recentiores, ipsam notionem “nationis” quodammodo “civitati” adversari. Id est, sunt qui putent, etiam linguis hodiernis, “nationem” (Anglice ''nation'', Italice ''nazione'', et cetera) semper aliquid minus civile quam “civitatem” (Anglice ''state'', Italice ''Stato'', et cetera), immo vero tribale, significare. Cum hoc tamen concordo, paginam illam nimis veterem esse atque redintegrandam. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:41, 29 Maii 2026 (UTC)
:::Melius est quaedam omittere quam nihil corrigere. Video nos habere commentarios qui vocantur [[Civitas]] (Ang. [[w:en:State (polity)]]), [[Gens]] (Ang. [[w:en:Gens]], nescio cur hic commentarius Latine non sit solis de gentibus Romanis), [[Populus]] (Ang. [[w:en:People]]), [[Res publica]] (Ang. [[w:en:Republic]]), et [[Tribus (anthropologia)]] ([[w:en:Tribe]]). Secundum dictionarium “Cassell’s Latin Dictionary”, tribus significat”originally a third part if the Roman people. Hence a tribe, a division of the Roman people …”. Hoc dictionarium monet ut verbo “natio” vel verbo “gens” utamur si scribere “tribe” velimus nec de tribubus Romanis scribamus. Vero non possum novum nomen commentarii [[Natio]] commendare quod nescio cur vikipedia tot commentarios habeat. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 14:38, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC)
::::Pagina non est delenda, si hoc consulis. &quot;Natio&quot; [http://lexica.linguax.com/forc2.php?searchedLG=natio verbum est Latinum], cur id ne explicemus. Si nexum intervicialem ad paginam Anglicam male congruere putas, ita est, non perfectissime congruit. Sed cum de notionibus abstractis agitur, nexus interviciales saepius tales sunt. Hoc malum in Vicipaediα inevitabile est et hoc non est malum, si res explicatur. Paginae ipsius loca quaedam corrigenda est, Ciceronis interpretatio mutanda, et, quod maxime interest, inter [[Specialis:Nexus_ad_paginam/Natio|nexus ad eam]] hi multi corrigendi sunt, ubi &quot;natio&quot; in modum Anglicum civitatem sui iuris significat. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 18:22, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC)
:::::Pagina scilicet delenda non est. Vidi paginas in Vikipedia Hebraica et Ucrainica ad paginam Anglicam bene congruere nec nostram paginam. Natio est verbum Latinum, cuius sensu Latino uti debemus, nec sensi Anglico. Delere nolo sed mutare et fortasse movere. Eo consilio hunc sermonem coepi ut sensibus Latinis verborum uteremur. Vero nescio cur Vikipedia Anglica tot paginas habeat et quid sit discrimen inter “nation” et “state”, propter quod non possum verbum meliorum commendare. Potestne pagina Anglica nostrae paginae [[Natio]] esse [[w:en:Tribe]]? Tribus quoque verbum Latinum est sed secundum dictionarium non idem significat et verbum Anglicum tribe. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 19:24, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC)
:::::: ''Tribus'' est quaedam divisio populi, non tota natio ([https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry=tribus]). Possum falli, sed secundum illam Ciceronis sententiam (“Omnēs nātiōnēs servitūtem ferre possunt …”) mihi videtur praecipua differentia inter ''civitatem'' et ''nationem'' hoc esse, quod ''civitas'' rem publicam civium significat, ''nationes'' autem alios populos tamquam gentes spectatos. Ita ''civitas'' erat Roma, ''nationes'' erant ceteri populi. P.S. {{*Cfr}} etiam “eruditissima illa Graecorum natio” (Cic.). Nam Graecis erat una natio sed plures civitates. Hoc usu vocabulum mihi videtur fere eodem sensu adhiberi ac in linguis hodiernis. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 23:07, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::Nexus interviciales perutiles sunt (ad minimum, lectores novos nobis dirigunt!) sed non nos regunt. Omnis lingua, sicut [[civitas sui iuris]], libera est. Debemus (1) verba Latina Latinitate classica definire (2) alia verba quibus significationes cognatae sunt (e.g. gens, tribus, civitas) distinguere, nexibus datis (3) significationes apud Latinistas recentiores explicare, si differunt (4) praeter alia, de re principali pellucide disserere.
:::::::Cicero his verbis, ''omnes nationes servitutem fere possunt: nostra civitas non potest'' (Phil. 10.10.20) inter ''nationes'' et ''nostram civitatem'' quoquomodo distinguere videtur ... sed alibi ''omnes &lt;u&gt;exteras&lt;/u&gt; nationes'' et ''eruditissimam Graecorum nationem'' indicat (Imp. Pomp. 11.31; De Or. 2.4.18) -- unde intellego, apud Ciceronem, plures ''nationes'' exstitisse tam sub imperio S.P.Q.R. quam extra limites. Ex his sententiis, si volumus, inter civitatem et nationem facile erit distinguere: sed inter ''populos'' et ''nationes'' ...? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 09:06, 1 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::Nolite oblivisci ''gentes''&amp;thinsp;! Cassell's nobis dicit (p. 742) ''international law'' locutionem Anglicam nostra lingua esse ''ius gentium,'' ac Traupman (ed. 3, p. 575) nobis dicit ''international'' ipsum verbum Anglicum esse ''inter gentes.'' [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:12, 1 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::Sententias vestras perlegi et commentarium inveni [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311975311_On_the_Roman_Concept_of_Natio “On the Roman Concept of Natio”] quem quoque legi, et iam intellego quanta difficilis sit haec res. In libro Arnoldi et in dictionario legi nationem esse “esp. uncivilized”, nec autores Romanos scripisisse Nationem Romanam. Putavi nationem esse tribe nec unquam civilised nation. Iam nesio a bonus sit hic nexus. Veritus sum ne homines dum Latine scribebant solis nexibus uterentur, nec deliberarent quid sit verbum optimum. De pagina nostra [[Respublica]] vos consulere quoque volo. Secundum dictionarium “Cassell’s Latin Dictionary” “'''republic''' ''respublica'', ''civitas'' (= state, simply): a —, as opp. to other forms of government, ''respublica'' (or ''civitas''” ''libera'' or ''popularis''.” Respublica et civitas idem significare mihi videntur. Nonne melius est movere hanc paginam ut novem nomen sit Respublica popularis? Haec res non est solo de nexu sed quoque de ipsa pagina. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:38, 1 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::::Fortasse, sed iam est commentarius de &quot;People's republic&quot; in vicipaedia Anglica. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:31, 1 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::::: De differentia inter ''gentem'' et ''nationem'' conferatur etiam {{LTL|natio|335}}: “A ''gente'' aliquando ita differt, ut genus a specie: ''gens'' enim latius patet, et plures nationes complectitur, ut ''gens'' Graeca habet Atticos, Boeotos, Thebanos, qui ejusdem gentis nationes sunt.” Saepissime tamen gens et natio sunt synonyma. @[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]: Graeci non erant “uncivilized”, attamen erant natio vel plures nationes. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:53, 2 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::::Multae paginae in Vicipaedia connexae sunt; ''United Nations'' vertitur ut [[Nationes Unitae]], multis cum fontibus (duabus encyclicis aliisque). Hoc mutare nequimus, et pagina de [[natio]]ne nec huic sensui contradicere debet; haec causa, cur paginae Anglicae '&quot;Nation&quot; ceterisque de hac natione moderna narrantibus alliganda sit. Sed de pagina [[Nationes mundi]], exempli gratia, iam dubito, et &quot;civitates mundi&quot; nationibus praeferam, [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 20:50, 4 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::Iam intellego. Huic sensu, quo utuntur encyclici, contradicere scilicet nequimus. Gratias omnibus vobis ago quia mihi hanc rem explanavistis. 
:::::::::::{{ping|Grufo}}, Quaesivi nec inveni ubi Cicero nationem Graecam scripserit. Testimonium encyclicorum mihi videtur bonum esse, scire tamen volo ubi orator optimus his verbis usus sit. 
:::::::::::Valete. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 21:14, 5 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::: @[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]: {{Op|[[De oratore]]}}, {{Vf|De oratore/Liber II|18|2.4.18}}: “eruditissima illa Graecorum natio”. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:09, 5 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::::Gratias tibi ago! -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:45, 7 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::De commentario qui [[Nationes mundi]] (Anglice [[w:en:List of sovereign states|List of sovereign states]]) vocatur, nonne melius nomen est “''Index civitatum sui iuris''”? 
:::::::::::Vide commentarios:
:::::::::::* [[Civitas sui iuris]]
:::::::::::* [[Index communium Badeniae et Virtembergiae]]
:::::::::::* [[Index urbium et communium Rhenaniae et Palatinatus]]
:::::::::::* [[Index fluviorum Germaniae]]
:::::::::::* [[Index asteroidum]]
:::::::::::* [[Index siglorum ordinum ecclesiae catholicae]]
:::::::::::Hic commentarius est index. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 16:50, 9 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::::::Sic, [[Index civitatum sui iuris]] bonum nomen est, multae paginae huius generis in Vicipaedia Latina &quot;indices&quot; nominantur. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 19:47, 9 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::::Vobis consentio. Hanc paginam satis antiquam renominare oportet. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:39, 10 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::::::::Utrum possumus paginam renominate an oportet [[Formula:Movenda]] utere? -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:21, 10 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::Formula ad disputandum in pagina disputationis ponitur, sed nunc hic erat disputaio, fornula non necessaria est. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 15:55, 10 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::: Paginam movi. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:02, 10 Iunii 2026 (UTC)

== &quot;-karyotica&quot; vel &quot;-caryotica&quot;? ==
In pagina de [[Cellula|cellulis]] ambae formae extant. Videtur mihi melius, si unicam noscamus formam. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 03:14, 16 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:&quot;-caryotica&quot; melius. Vocabulum est antiquum, Graecae originis (κάρυον), nullae sunt causae, ut &quot;k&quot; scribatur. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 12:05, 17 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::Consentio. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:16, 17 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
::&quot;nullae sunt causae&quot;: consentiebam imprimis sed nunc occursit mihi formae &quot;-karyota&quot; esse in taxonomia Linnaeana. Etenim (cuius ratione fortasse) redirigitur [[Eucaryota]] ad &quot;Eukaryota&quot; et [[Procaryota]] ad &quot;Prokaryota&quot;. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:38, 20 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
:::Si alterum rectum est, alterum fontibus biloolgicis testatum, unum eligere non possumus, eligas, quod velis. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 07:10, 20 Iunii 2026 (UTC)

== Pagina mensis Iulii 2026 abest ==
{{Excepta|Disputatio Vicipaediae:Pagina mensis|2026}}

== Paginae de praenominibus: lemmata typis italicis necne? ==
In disputatione {{caput|Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|Carolus: Cur titulus italicus?}}, noster [[Usor:IacobusAmor|Iacobus]] suadet ut lemmata qualia illa paginarum de praenominibus scribantur typis italicis. Ego nescio quid sit faciendum. Praenomina apud Vicipaediam Anglicam et alibi non scribuntur typis italicis (e.g. [[:en:Martin (name)]]), sed nobis licet aliam regulam nostram statuere. Attamen, si hanc conventionem adoptamus, oportebit eam ubique adhibere, atque multae paginae emendandae erunt. Quid dicatis? Censeatisne lemmata in paginis de praenominibus scribenda esse typis italicis? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:34, 18 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
:::And yet, Grufo, in the article that you cite (&quot;[[:en:Martin (name)]]&quot;), you'll find this heading: &quot;The name ''Martin'' in different regions&quot;! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:50, 18 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
:::: I am not against using italics for words cited as words, I am just wondering whether ''the page's lemma'' should be italicized (i.e. &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Titulus italicus}} ... {{ires|Martinus}} est praenomen ...&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;). Having somewhere below the lead something like &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;Nomen ''Martinus'' ...&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, seems pretty fine to me, especially when discussing etimologies. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:01, 19 Augusti 2026 (UTC)

:Non, hoc insolitum est, multos annos Vicipaedia sine hoc italico vivebat. Argumentum Jacobi est: 
:* Leo XIV est pontifex, sed eius nomen familiare est ''Robertus'' (vel &quot;Robertus&quot;), — 
:hic de praenomine ut nomine, non de homine vel de re agitur, hic scriptura italica vel virgulae possibiles sunt. Sed pagina de ipso praenomine hoc praenomen ut rem describendam tractat.  Nullae sunt causae, ut huius generis paginarum formam mutemus. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 17:10, 18 Augusti 2026 (UTC)

:::Iste locus omnino rectus non est. &quot;''Robertus'' (vel &quot;Robertus&quot;)&quot; non scripsi. Quod scripsi est:
::::[[Leo XIV]] est [[Episcopus Romanus]], sed eius nomen familiare est ''Robertus.''
:::At least in English, and in the English wikipedia, words cited as words are customarily italicized (not quoted); however, as noted in effect by Grufo, many writers, including those of the English wikipedia, make an exception for capitalized nouns. Much of the time, that's perhaps unobjectionable, as it doesn't lead to misreading, but it can generate curious locutions, for example:
::::Henry Edward Manning has been translated '[[Henricus Eduardus Manning]].'
:::This is curious because, for people reading these words for the first time, the lack of italics in the text effectively marks Manning as a human being, not a set of words, and human beings can't be translated, unless, of course, they're bishops, who can indeed be translated (from see to see); but Manning was never a bishop of anywhere except Westminster, so he was never translated—making ''both'' of these sentences true. but ''only'' when italics are selectively deployed:
::::''Henry Edward Manning'' was often translated.
::::Henry Edward Manning was never translated.
:::Granted, this is a rare example, but it's most definitely a valid contrastive minimal pair. In any event, relying on capitalization may prove problematic in general, since many nouns capitalized in the Anglo-German world are ''not'' capitalized in many other languages, and that's &quot;a whole nother can of worms.&quot; [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:38, 18 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
::::Okay, but in the title of a Wikipedia article, the name is not taken as word, but as an object that the article treats. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 09:29, 19 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
:::::That's true. Substantive &quot;Xxxx (nomen)&quot; articles have some reasons not to exist in an encyclopaedia at all: so far as I remember, they exist on Vicipaedia because (a) there is an anonymous contributor who likes creating them, and generally does no harm, (b) they could remain useful as disambiguation pages if they offer links to more than one existing substantive article. I suggest not making any special rule for formatting them here, when there's no such rule on other Wikipedias. Formatting is a distraction, and Latin is light on formatting compared with other modern printed languages. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 07:30, 23 Augusti 2026 (UTC)

== [[:Categoria:Portae]] ==

[[:Categoria:Portae]] nunc includit paginas sui generis, quod vulgo ''portal'' nominatur, sed habemus aliquot paginas de portis veris, de aedificiis huius generis ([[Porta Aurea]], [[Porta nigra]], [[Porta Praenestina]], [[Porta Brandenburgensis]], [[Porta Graach]] etc.) Puto categoriae portalium aliud nomen dandum esse, e.g. &quot;Portae Vicipaedianae&quot;, &quot;Portae (Vicipaedia)&quot;, in [[:categoria:Portae]] autem portas veras colligendas. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 09:57, 21 Augusti 2026 (UTC) &lt;!-- Si nomen tuum addere vis, tantummodo substitue “subst:Assenserunt” in locum verbi “Assenserunt” hic: --&gt;{{Assenserunt|Grufo=2026-08-21 11:00:42}}
: Categoriam “[[:Categoria:Portae Vicipaedianae|Portae Vicipaedianae]]” creavi et nonnullas subcategorias ibi movi, sed nunc tantummodo telephonio geatabili recensere possum; postea ceteras subcategorias illūc movebo. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 11:25, 21 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
:: {{Ok}} Factum est. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:04, 21 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
:::Gratias ago maximas! [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 19:32, 21 Augusti 2026 (UTC)

== De paginis inter dies 12 Iulii et 5 Augusti 2026 creatis ==
Septuaginta duas novas paginas quotidianas die 25 Iunii 2026 posteriores [[Specialis:Diff/3985927/3985929|addidi]], attamen paginas inter dies 12 Iulii et 5 Augusti 2026 scriptas inspicere non potui. Si bonarum paginarum illis diebus scriptarum meministis, quaeso, [[Specialis:EditPage/Vicipaedia:Index paginarum cottidianarum/Promovendae|addite indici]]! Valete! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:09, 5 Septembris 2026 (UTC)

== Ascalon Adumbratio? ==

Non intellego cur pagina Ascalon in adumbrationibus relegata permaneat (oblivio?) cum tot pessimae et brevissimae paginae (de eis nuncupatim loqui nolo) nostram Vicipaediam dehonestant. [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 17:07, 8 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
: Et ego censeo paginam iam maturam esse ut in encyclopaediam recipiatur. Idem auctorem rogavi (confer {{Caput|Disputatio Adumbrationis:Ascalon|Non iam adumbratio}}), sed ipse respondit se plura de recentiore historia Ascalonis et nonnulla de aetate Turcica ac Britannica scribere velle. Mea sententia, paginam in encyclopaediam {{Nexus cum parametris|Specialis:Paginam movere/Adumbratio:Ascalon|movere|wpReason=Demum commentatio parata est|wpNewTitle=Ascalon|prefix=}} possumus. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 20:25, 8 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
:: Nihil impedit enim quominus paginam emendet in Vicipaedia iusta ut omnes quotidie facimus. Praeterea iam duos menses pagina non iam aucta est et ex aliis Vicipaediis invisibilis iacet. Censeo et ipse movendam esse.--[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 20:42, 8 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
::: {{Factum est}} --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:15, 8 Septembris 2026 (UTC)

== Articulum de [[XGBoost]] scribere volo. ==
'''Articulum de XGBoost componere cupio, qui originem, structuram algorithmicam, rationem gradientis boosting, praecipuos usus atque partes eius in machinali doctrina accurate exponat.'''

[[Usor:נתנאל שטרן|נתנאל שטרן]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:נתנאל שטרן|disputatio]]) 06:19, 11 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
: Posses articulum e Vicipaedia Anglica vertere.  --[[Usor:Maria.martelli|Maria.martelli]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Maria.martelli|disputatio]]) 15:23, 11 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
::Gratias tibi ago pro consilio. Articulum Anglicum de XGBoost in Latinum vertere conabor, sed textum etiam ad morem et stilum Vicipaediae Latinae accommodare velim. [[Usor:נתנאל שטרן|נתנאל שטרן]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:נתנאל שטרן|disputatio]]) 06:20, 14 Septembris 2026 (UTC)

== De intellegentiae artificialis usu ==
Nondum sunt in nostra Vicipaedia regulae de usu intellegentiae artificialis, quamquam [[MediaWiki:Editcheck-copyvio-llm-policylink|systema MediaViciale eas quaerit]]; idcirco [[Vicipaedia:Intellegentiae artificialis ope Vicipaediam recensere|hoc consilium]] proposui. Hae suasiones praecipue me adiuvaverunt ad paginam parandam:
* [[:Mw:Help:Edit check#LLM Paste check|Mw:Help:Edit check § LLM Paste check]]
* [[:En:Wikipedia:Writing articles with large language models]]
* [[:Meta:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy#AI-assisted editing and human accountability|Meta:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy § AI-assisted editing and human accountability]]
Tertius nexus simile consilium meum ostendit. Quaeso, ferte hic sententias vestras. Valete! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 06:49, 25 Septembris 2026 (UTC)

== IAbot: an recte agit? ==
Amicis quam plurimis loquor! -- Observavi IAbot in pagina [[Carolus Clusius]] (per exemplum) ter hoc anno nexus &quot;mortuos&quot; pronuntiavit, qui (per me) vivi sunt. Magister huius boti me suggerit (vide [[:m:User Talk:InternetArchiveBot#IAbot malfunctioning on la:wiki]]) hanc dissonantiam productam esse e limitibus geographicis a divulgatoribus sitorum interretialium impositis. An possumus hanc rem per experientiam probare? Si volitis, has tres paginas, ab IAbot mortuas pronuntiatas, temptate et responsum subter scribite:

I'm asking as many friends as possible to help: -- I notice that IAbot in the page [[Carolus Clusius]] (for example) three times this year pronounced links &quot;dead&quot;, when for me those links are still alive. The botmaster suggests (see [[:m:User Talk:InternetArchiveBot#IAbot malfunctioning on la:wiki]]) that different results may be caused by geoblocks on the internet sites (i.e. they are not accessible worldwide). Could we please test this? If you're willing, please try these three pages, reported dead by IAbot, and report whether they work for you or not (Viva/Mortua). [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:52, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
;[https://www.e-rara.ch/zuz/nagezh/content/titleinfo/9431363 1. E-rara]
* Viva. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:52, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
* Viva. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 15:16, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
*Viva. --[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 15:28, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
* Viva. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:58, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
;[http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/wp-content/HSSN/2007-8-Carolus%20Clusius.pdf 2. Clusius Correspondence pdf]
* Viva. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:52, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
* Viva. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 15:16, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
*Viva --[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 15:28, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
* Viva. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:58, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
;[http://clusiuscorrespondence.huygens.knaw.nl/ 3. Clusius Correspondence html]
* Viva. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:52, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
* Viva. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 15:16, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
*Viva.--[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 15:28, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
* Viva. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:58, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)

{{Ast}}

[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrea]], fortasse interim formula {{Fn|Url}} est [[Specialis:Diff/3991119/3991337|solutio]] ne InternetArchiveBot nexūs inveniat (sed nescio valeatne). --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:46, 26 Septembris 2026 (UTC)</text>
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    <title>Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici</title>
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Haec pagina nuntios technicos qui e [[MediaVici]] proveniunt praebet.

Vide etiam [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2016|nuntios anni 2016]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2017|nuntios anni 2017]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2018|nuntios anni 2018]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2019|nuntios anni 2019]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2020|nuntios anni 2020]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2021|nuntios anni 2021]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2022|nuntios anni 2022]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2023|nuntios anni 2023]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2024|nuntios anni 2024]] et [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2025|nuntios anni 2025]].
}}

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-03&lt;/span&gt; ==
{{Accepta|Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2025|Tech News: 2026-03|Nuntia ad novum annum mota --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]]}}
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W03&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product &amp; Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* As part of the current work of Community Tech team on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W372|Multiple watchlists]] project, the display of [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]] will be updated as a first step towards multiple watchlists. Additionally, the pagination on [[Special:Search|Search]] will be updated too, as a part of the work on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W186|Revamp pagination / page navigation]] wish. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411596]
* [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] is a MediaWiki [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that lets you see your watchlists from different wikis on the same page. It was recently updated to look more like the regular [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]], such as preparing it for temporary accounts in IP masking (including rerouting user links to contributions pages), making page titles bold, and opening links in edit summaries and tags in new browser tabs. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398361][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298919][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273526][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T286309]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where global blocks did not have the option to disable sending emails, has now been fixed, and will be available for use in the week of January 13. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401293]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Citation tool|VisualEditor citation tool]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] now support &quot;map&quot; as a reference type. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411083]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.10|MediaWiki]]/[[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.11|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W03&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:32, 12 Ianuarii 2026 (UTC)
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== Thank You for Last Year – Join Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 ==
{{Accepta|Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2025|Thank You for Last Year – Join Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Nuntium ad novum annum motum --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]]}}
Dear Wikimedia communities,

We hope you are doing well, and we wish you a happy New Year.

''Last year, we captured light. This year, we’ll capture legacy.''

In 2025, communities around the world shared the glow of Ramadan nights and the warmth of collective iftars. In 2026, ''Wiki Loves Ramadan'' is expanding, bringing more stories, more cultures, and deeper global connections across Wikimedia projects.

We invite you to explore the ''Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026'' [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Meta page]] to learn how you can participate and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026/Participating communities|sign up]] your community.

📷 ''Photo campaign on '' [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Wikimedia Commons]]

If you have questions about the project, please refer to the FAQs:  
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ/|Meta-Wiki]]
* [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ|Wikimedia Commons]]

''Early registration for updates is now open via the '''[[m:Special:RegisterForEvent/2710|Event page]]'''''

''Stay connected and receive updates:''  
* [https://t.me/WikiLovesRamadan Telegram channel]  
* [https://lists.wikimedia.org/postorius/lists/wikilovesramadan.lists.wikimedia.org/ Mailing list]

We look forward to collaborating with you and your community.

'''The Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 Organizing Team''' 19:45, 16 Ianuarii 2026 (UTC)
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== Feminism and Folklore 2026 starts soon ==

&lt;div style=&quot;border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;&quot;&gt;

[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]]
::&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; width: 100%;&quot;&gt;''{{int:please-translate}}''&lt;/div&gt;
;Invitation to Organize Feminism and Folklore 2026 

Dear Wiki Community,

We are pleased to invite Wikimedia communities, affiliates, and independent contributors to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026]]''' writing competition on your local Wikipedia.

The international campaign will run from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and aims to improve coverage of feminism, women’s histories, gender-related topics, and folk culture across Wikipedia projects.

;About the Campaign 
'''Feminism and Folklore''' is a global writing initiative that complements the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2026|Wiki Loves Folklore]]''' photography competition. While Wiki Loves Folklore focuses on visual documentation, this writing campaign addresses the '''gender gap on Wikipedia''' by improving encyclopedic content related to folk culture and marginalized voices.

;What Can Participants Write About? 
Communities can contribute by creating, expanding, or translating articles related to:
* Folk festivals, rituals, and celebrations  
* Folk dances, music, and traditional performances  
* Women and queer figures in folklore  
* Women in mythology and oral traditions  
* Women warriors, witches, and witch-hunting narratives  
* Fairy tales, folk stories, and legends  
* Folk games, sports, and cultural practices  

Participants may work from curated article lists or generate new article suggestions using campaign tools.

;How to Sign Up as an Organizer 
Organizers are requested to complete the following steps to register their community:
# Create a local project page on your wiki [[:m:Feminism and Folklore/Sample|(see sample)]] 
# Set up the campaign using the '''CampWiz''' tool  
# Prepare a local article list and clearly mention:
#* Campaign timeline  
#* Local and international prizes  
# Request a site notice from local administrators [[:mr:Template:SN-FNF|(see sample)]]  
# Add your local project page and CampWiz link to the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta project page]]'''

;Campaign Tools

The Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced tools to support organizers and participants:

* '''Article List Generator by Topic''' – Helps identify articles available on English Wikipedia but missing in your local language Wikipedia. The tool allows customized filters and provides downloadable article lists in CSV and wikitable formats.
* '''CampWiz''' – Enables communities to manage writing campaigns effectively, including jury-based evaluation. This will be the third year CampWiz is officially used for Feminism and Folklore.

Both tools are now available for use in the campaign.  '''[https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ Click here to access the tools]'''

;Learn More &amp; Get Support
For detailed information about rules, timelines, and prizes, please visit the  
'''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 project page]]'''.

If you have any questions or need assistance, feel free to reach out via:
* '''[[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta talk page]]'''
* Email us using details on the contact page.

;Join Us 
We look forward to your collaboration and coordination in making Feminism and Folklore 2026 a meaningful and impactful campaign for closing gender gaps and enriching folk culture content on Wikipedia.

Thank you and best wishes,
  
'''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 International Team]]'''

----

''Stay connected:''  
[[File:B&amp;W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&amp;nbsp;
[[File:B&amp;W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]]
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Invitation to Host Wiki Loves Folklore 2026 in Your Country ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; width: 100%;&quot;&gt;''{{int:please-translate}}''&lt;/div&gt;

[[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]]
Hello everyone,

We are delighted to invite Wikimedia affiliates, user groups, and community organizations worldwide to participate in '''Wiki Loves Folklore 2026''', an international initiative dedicated to documenting and celebrating folk culture across the globe.

;About Wiki Loves Folklore 

'''Wiki Loves Folklore''' is an annual international photography competition hosted on Wikimedia Commons. The campaign runs from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and encourages photographers, cultural enthusiasts, and community members to contribute photographs that highlight:
* Folk traditions and rituals  
* Cultural festivals and celebrations  
* Traditional attire and crafts 
* Performing arts, music, and dance  
* Everyday practices rooted in folk heritage  

Through this campaign, we aim to preserve and promote diverse folk cultures and make them freely accessible to the world.

[[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026|Project page on Wikimedia Commons]] 

; Host a Local Edition 

As we celebrate the '''eight edition''' of Wiki Loves Folklore, we warmly invite communities to organize a local edition in their country or region. Hosting a local campaign is a great opportunity to:
* Increase visibility of your region’s folk culture  
* Engage new contributors in your community  
* Enrich Wikimedia Commons with high-quality cultural content  

'''[[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026/Organize|Sign up to organize]]:'''  

If your team prefers to organize the competition in ''either February or March only'', please feel free to let us know.

If you are unable to organize, we encourage you to share this opportunity with other interested groups or organizations in your region.

;Get in Touch 
If you have any questions, need support, or would like to explore collaboration opportunities, please feel free to contact us via:

* The project Talk pages  
* Email: '''support@wikilovesfolklore.org'''

We are also happy to connect via an online meeting if your team would like to discuss planning or coordination in more detail.

Warm regards,  

'''The Wiki Loves Folklore International Team'''
&lt;/div&gt;
[[Usor:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:MediaWiki message delivery|disputatio]]) 13:21, 18 Ianuarii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-04&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W04&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The tray shown on [[Special:Diff|Special:Diff]] in mobile view has been redesigned. It is now collapsed by default, and incorporates a link to undo the edit being viewed, making it easier for mobile editors and reviewers to take action while keeping the interface uncluttered. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402297] 
* [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now automatically determines the text direction (ensuring correct display of sites with unusual domain names) and shows detailed descriptions for log actions. Later this week, a new permanent link for page creations and CSS classes for each entry element will be added. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T412505][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287929][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262768][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414135]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the previously observed issue in Vector 2022, where anchor link targets were obscured by the sticky header, has now been addressed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406114]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* As mentioned in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|October 2025 deprecation announcement]], MediaWiki Interfaces team will begin sunsetting all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the MediaWiki REST API the week of January 26. Changes are expected to roll out to all wikis on or before January 30th. All API users currently calling them are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. Both endpoint variations can be found, compared, and tested using the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox]. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in Phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board].
* Interactive reference documentation for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia REST API|Wikimedia REST API]] has moved. Requests to API docs previously hosted through [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RESTBase|RESTBase]] (e.g.: &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/&lt;/code&gt;) are now redirected to the [[w:en:Special:RestSandbox|REST Sandbox]].
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|WMF Wikidata Platform team]] (WDP) has published its [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|January 2026 newsletter]]. It includes updates on the legacy full-graph endpoint decommissioning, the User-Agent policy change, the monthly Blazegraph migration office hours, and efforts to reduce regressions caused by the legacy endpoint shutdown. As a reminder, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/WDP team updates|subscribe to the WDP newsletter]]!
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.12|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026|Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026]] will take place on 13-14 March 2026 in Arnhem, the Netherlands. Applications opened mid-December and will close soon or when capacity is reached. It's a two-day, technically oriented hackathon bringing together Wikimedians from the region. Hope to see you there!

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W04&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:29, 19 Ianuarii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Annual review of the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
I am writing to you to let you know the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines is open now. You can make suggestions for changes through 9 February 2026. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2026|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]].

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate.

-- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]])&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

21:01, 19 Ianuarii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-05&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W05&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Wikimedia Foundation invites comments on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Year1 Reflections and Proposed Way Forward 2026 Update|proposed future]] of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] until 28 February.
* All users with registered accounts can now use passkeys for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] (2FA). Passkeys are a simple way to log in without using a second device. They verify the user's identity using a fingerprint, face scan, or a PIN code. To set up a passkey, first set up a regular 2FA method. Currently, to log in with a passkey, users must also use a password. Later this quarter, passwordless login will allow users to log in with a single click and a passkey. Users with advanced rights will also be required to have 2FA enabled. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project.
* Unregistered contributors on blocked IPs or blocked IP ranges can now interact on-wiki to appeal a block by creating a temporary account to appeal a block on the user talk page, unless the &quot;prevent this user from editing their own talk page&quot; is enabled. This solves the problem of logged-out users unable to use the default unblock process via user talk page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398673]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) methods description on the management page has been updated. It is now clearer and easier for users to understand and make use of. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332385]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* A new AbuseFilter variable, &lt;code&gt;account_type&lt;/code&gt;, has been added to provide a reliable way to determine the account type being created in the &lt;code&gt;createaccount&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;autocreateaccount&lt;/code&gt; actions. As part of this change, the variable &lt;code&gt;accountname&lt;/code&gt; has been renamed to &lt;code&gt;account_name&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;accountname&lt;/code&gt; is now deprecated. Edit filter managers should update any filters that use hardcoded account type checks or the deprecated variable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414049]
* Image thumbnails that are requested in non-standard sizes, and using non-standard methods such as direct requests to &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;upload.wikimedia.org/…&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; will stop working in the near future. This change is to prevent ongoing external abuse by web-scrapers and bots. Some users with custom CSS/JS, Interface Admins who can fix gadgets and local skins, and Tool-authors, will need to update their code to use standard thumbnail sizes. [[phab:T414805|Details, search-links, and examples of how to fix them, are available in the task]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.13|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W05&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:17, 26 Ianuarii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-06&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W06&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The &quot;{{int:pageinfo-toolboxlink}}&quot; feature, which gives validating information about a page ([{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=info}} example]), now automatically includes a table of contents. If there is a local [[{{ns:8}}:Pageinfo-header]] page created by individual users, it can now be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363726]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, VisualEditor previously added bold or italic formatting inside link descriptions, making the wikicode complex. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409669]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* There was no XML dump on 20 January. Additionally, from now on, dumps will be generated once per month only. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414389]
* The MediaWiki Interfaces team removed support for all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/API:REST%20API MediaWiki REST API]. All API users currently calling those endpoints are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.14|MediaWiki]]

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Users are reminded that the Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product &amp; Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W06&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:43, 2 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-07&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W07&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Logged-in contributors who manage large or complex watchlists can now organise and filter watched pages in ways that improve their workflows with the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|Watchlist labels]] feature. By adding custom labels (for example: pages you created, pages being monitored for vandalism, or discussion pages) users can more quickly identify what needs attention, reduce cognitive load, and respond more efficiently. This improves watchlist usability, especially for highly active editors.
* A new feature available on [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] shows [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] that are likely operated by the same person, and so makes patrolling less time-consuming. Upon checking contributions of a temporary account, users with access to temporary account IP addresses can now see a view of contributions from the related temporary accounts. The feature looks up all the IPs associated with a given temporary account within the data retention period and shows all the contributions of all temporary accounts that have used these IPs. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts#February 2026: Improvements to the patroller tooling|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415674] 
* When editors preview a wikitext edit, the reminder box that they are only seeing a preview (which is shown at the top), now has a grey/neutral background instead of a yellow/warning background. This makes it easier to distinguish preview notes from actual warnings (for example, edit conflicts or problematic redirect targets), which will now be shown in separate warning or error boxes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414742]
* The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now properly supports more than one Wikibase site, for example both [[d:|Wikidata]] and [[testwikidata:|testwikidata]]. In addition, issues regarding text direction have been fixed for users who prefer Wikidata or other Wikibase sites in right-to-left (RTL) languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415440][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415458]
* The automatic &quot;magic links&quot; for ISBN, RFC, and PMID numbers have been [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic links|deprecated in wikitext since 2021]] due to inflexibility and difficulties with localization. Several wikis have successfully replaced RFC and PMID magic links with equivalent external links, but a template was often required to replace the functionality of the ISBN magic link. There is now a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#isbn|built-in parser function]] &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#isbn}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; available to replace the basic functionality of the ISBN magic link. This makes it easier for wikis who wish to migrate off of the deprecated magic link functionality to do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T145604]
* Two new wikis have been created: 
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35401|Jju]] ([[w:kaj:|&lt;code&gt;w:kaj:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413283]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q1186896|Nawat]] ([[w:ppl:|&lt;code&gt;w:ppl:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413273]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. 

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* A new global user group has been created: [[{{int:grouppage-local-bot}}|{{int:group-local-bot}}]]. It will be used internally by the software to allow community bots to bypass rate limits that are applied to abusive [[w:en:Web scraping|web scrapers]]. Accounts that are approved as bots on at least one Wikimedia wiki will be automatically added to this group. It will not change what user permissions the bot has. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415588]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.15|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Spring 2026|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference, Spring 2026]] will be held March 25–27 in Salt Lake City, USA. This event is organized by and for the third-party MediaWiki community. You can propose sessions and register to attend. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/AZBWVI46SDEB65PGR5J6E4TYOQQEZXM7/]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W07&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:29, 9 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-08&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W08&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Site Reliability Engineering|SRE Team]] will be performing a cleanup of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Etherpad|Etherpad]] instance, the web-based editor for real-time collaborative document editing. All pads will be permanently deleted after 30 April, 2026 – if there are still migration projects in progress at that point the team can revisit the date on a case by case basis. Please create local backups of any content you wish to keep, as deleted data cannot be recovered. This cleanup helps reduce database size and minimize infrastructure footprint. Etherpad will continue to support real-time collaboration, but long-term storage should not be expected. Additional cleanups may occur in the future without prior notice. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415237]

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Information Retrieval team will be launching an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|Android mobile app experiment]] that tests hybrid search capabilities which can handle both semantic and keyword queries. The improvement of on-platform search will enable readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily. The experiment will first be launched on Greek Wikipedia in late February, followed by English, French, and Portuguese in March. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/01/08/semantic-search-making-it-easier-to-find-the-information-readers-want/ Read more] on Diff blog. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Information_Retrieval]
* The Reader Growth team will run [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/WE3.10.2 Mobile Table of Contents|an experiment]] for mobile web users, that adds a table of contents and automatically expands all article sections, to learn more about navigation issues they face. The test will be available on Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias.
* Previously, site notices ([[{{ns:8}}:Sitenotice]] and [[{{ns:8}}:Anonnotice]]) would only render on the desktop site. Now, they will render on all platforms. Users on mobile web will now see these notices and be informed. Site administrators should be prepared to test and fix notices on mobile devices to avoid interference with articles. To opt out, interface admins can add &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;#siteNotice { display: none; }&lt;/code&gt; to [[{{ns:8}}:Minerva.css]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138572][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416644]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue on [[Special:RecentChanges|Special:RecentChanges]] has been fixed. Previously, clicking hide in the active filters caused the &quot;view new changes since…&quot; button to disappear, though it should have remained visible. The button now behaves as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406339]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* New documentation is now available to help editors debug on-site search features. It supports troubleshooting when pages do not appear in results, when ranking seems unexpected, and when you need to inspect what content is being indexed, helping make search behavior easier to understand and analyze. [[mw:Help:CirrusSearch/Debug|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411169]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.16|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W08&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:16, 16 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-09&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W09&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Reference Check|Reference Check]] has been deployed to English Wikipedia, completing its rollout across all Wikipedias. The feature prompts newcomers to add a citation before publishing new content, helping reduce common citation-related reverts and improve verifiability. In A/B testing, the impact was substantial: newcomers shown Reference Check were approximately 2.2 times more likely to include a reference on desktop and about 17.5 times more likely on mobile web. [https://analytics.wikimedia.org/published/reports/editing/reference_check_ab_test_report_final_2025.html]
'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:InterwikiSorting|InterwikiSorting extension]], which allowed for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interwiki sorting order|sorting of interwiki links]], has been undeployed from Wikipedia. As a result, editors who had enabled interwiki link sorting in non-compact mode (full list format) will now see links reordered. The links moving forward will be listed in the alphabetical order of language code. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253764]
* Later this week, people who are editing a page-section using the mobile visual editor, will notice a new &quot;Edit full page&quot; button. When tapped, you will be able to edit the entire article. This helps when the change you want to make is outside the section you initially opened. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387175][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409112]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|The Reader Experience team]] is inviting editors to assess whether dark mode should still be considered &quot;beta&quot; on their wiki, based on their experience of how well it functions on desktop and mobile. If the feature is deemed mature, editors can update the interface messages in &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;MediaWiki:skin-theme-description&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;MediaWiki:Vector-night-mode-beta-tag&lt;/code&gt; to indicate that dark mode is ready and no longer considered beta.
* The improved [[mw:Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Activity_Tab|Activity tab]] which displays user-insights is now available to all users of the Wikipedia iOS app (version 7.9.0 and later). Following earlier A/B testing that showed higher account creation among users with access to the feature, it has been rolled out to 100% of users along with some updates. The Activity tab now shows your edited articles in the timeline, offers editing impact insights like contribution counts and article view trends, and customization options to improve in-app experience for users.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug that prevented [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] from working on mobile has now been fixed, restoring full functionality. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415303]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that makes this possible continues to improve. The latest upgrade is the inclusion of a [[mw:Extension:GlobalWatchlist#hook|new hook]], &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ext.globalwatchlist.rebuild&lt;/code&gt;, which fires after each watchlist rebuild. This allows you to run gadgets and user scripts for the Special page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275159]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.17|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W09&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:03, 23 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-10&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W10&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Wikipedia 25 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments|Birthday mode]] is now live on Betawi, Breton, Chinese, Czech, Dutch, English, French, Gorontalo, Indonesian, Italian, Luxembourgish, Madurese, Sicilian, Spanish, Thai, and Vietnamese Wikipedias! This limited-time campaign feature celebrates 25 years of Wikipedia with a birthday mascot, Baby Globe. When turned on, Baby Globe is shown on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments/article configuration|~2,500 articles]], waiting to be discovered by readers. Communities can choose to turn Birthday mode on by getting consensus from their community and asking an admin to enable the feature and customize it via [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments#Community Configuration Demo|community configuration]] on the local wiki.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new feature to re-use references with different details has been released to Swedish Wikipedia, Polish Wikipedia and [[:phab:T418209|a couple of other wikis]]. You can [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#test|try the feature]] on these projects or on testwiki and [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Sub-referencing betawiki]. Learnings from the first pilot wiki German Wikipedia have been [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Learnings|published in a report]]. Reach out to the Wikimedia Deutschland team if you are [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Pilot wikis|interested in becoming a pilot wiki]].
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Paste check|Paste Check]] will become available at all Wikipedias this week. The feature prompts newcomers who are pasting text they are not likely to have written into VisualEditor to consider whether doing so risks a copyright violation. Paste Check [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tags|tags]] all edits where it is shown for potential review. Local administrators can configure various aspects of the feature via [[{{#special:EditChecks}}]]. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Paste Check#A/B Experiment|Research]] across 22 wikis found that Paste Check resulted in an 18% decrease in relative reverted-edits compared to the control group. Translators can [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&amp;group=ext-visualeditor-ve-mw-editcheck&amp;filter=&amp;optional=1&amp;action=translate help to localize] this and related features.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] will be standardizing the user menu in the top right for all mobile users so that it is closer to the desktop experience. Currently this user menu is only visible to users with Advanced Mobile Controls (AMC) turned on. The only change is that a couple buttons previously in the left-side menu will move to the top right for users who do not have AMC turned on. This change is expected to go out March 9 and seeks to improve the user interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413912]
* Starting in the week of March 2, the emails sent out when an email address was added, removed, or changed for an account will switch to a substantially nicer and clearer HTML email from the prior plaintext one. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T410807]
* Notifications are currently limited to 2,000 historic entries per user, and extend back to 2013 when the feature was released. This is going to be changed to only store Notifications from the last 5 years, but up to 10,000 of them. This will help with long-term infrastructure health and help to prevent more recent notifications from disappearing too soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948]
* The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page continues to see improvements. The latest update improves label usage experience. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] now allows activating the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Language#Fallback languages|language fallback system]] for Wikidata items without labels in the viewed language, and showing those labels in the user’s preferred Wikidata language if no &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;uselang=&lt;/code&gt; URL parameter is provided. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373686][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416111]
* The Wikipedia Android team has started a beta test of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|hybrid search]] on Greek Wikipedia. Hybrid search capabilities can handle both semantic and keyword queries enabling readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily.
* For security reasons, members of certain user groups are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|required to have two-factor authentication]] (2FA) enabled. Currently, 2FA is required to use the group, but not to be a member of it. Given that this model still has some vulnerabilities, the situation will [[phab:T418580|gradually change in March]]. Members of these groups will be unable to disable last 2FA method on their account, and it will be impossible to add users without 2FA to these groups. Users will still be able to add new authentication methods or remove them, as long as at least one method is continuously enabled. In the second half of March, users without 2FA will be removed from these groups. This applies to: CentralNotice administrators, checkusers, interface administrators, suppressors, Wikidata staff, Wikifunctions staff, WMF Office IT and WMF Trust &amp; Safety. Nothing will change for other users. See the linked task for deployment schedule. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418580]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue preventing users from creating an instance in [https://www.wikibase.cloud/ Wikibase.cloud] has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416807]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], over the next month the Wikimedia Foundation will implement global API rate limits across our APIs. In early March, stricter limits will be applied to unidentified requests from outside Toolforge/WMCS and API requests that are made from web browsers. In April, higher limits will be applied to identified traffic. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]].
* The Wikidata Query Service Linked Data Fragment (LDF) endpoint will be decommissioned in February. This endpoint served limited traffic, which was successfully migrated to other data access methods that were better suited to support existing use cases. The hardware used to support the LDF endpoint will be reallocated to support the ongoing backend migration efforts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415696]
* The new Parsoid parser [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Updates|continues to be deployed to additional wikis]], improving platform sustainability and making it easier to introduce new reading and editing features. Parsoid is now the default parser on 488 WMF wikis (268 Wikipedias), now covering more than 10% of all Wikipedia page views.
* The process and criteria for [[Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise#Access|requesting exceptional access]] to the high volume feed of the ''Wikimedia Enterprise'' APIs (at no cost for mission-aligned usecases), [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Enterprise#Exceptional access criteria|have now been published]]. This is to provide more thorough and clearer documentation for users.
* [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/ Tech Blog], the blog dedicated to the Wikimedia technical community [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2026/02/24/a-tech-blog-diff/ will be migrating] to [[diffblog:|Diff]], the community news and event blog. The migration should be complete in April 2026, after which new posts will be accepted for publishing. Readers will be able to access posts – old and new – on the landing page at https://diff.wikimedia.org/techblog.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.18|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W10&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:51, 2 Martii 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30137798 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-11&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W11&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies.
* Last week, all wikis had 2 hours of read-only time, and extended unavailability for user-scripts and gadgets. This was due to a security incident which has since been resolved. Work is ongoing to prevent re-occurrences. For current information please see the [[m:Steward's noticeboard#Statement on Meta about today's user script security incident|post on the Stewards' noticeboard]] ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Product Safety and Integrity/March 2026 User Script Incident|translations]]).

'''Updates for editors'''
* Users facing multiple blocks on mobile will now see the reasons for each block separately, instead of a generic message. This helps them understand why they are blocked and what steps they can take to resolve the issue. For example, users affected for using common VPNs (such as [[Special:MyLanguage/Apple iCloud Private Relay|iCloud Private Relay]]) will receive clearer guidance on what they need to do to start editing again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357118]
* Later this week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] will become available as a beta feature within the visual editor at all Wikipedias. This feature proactively suggests various types of actions that people can consider taking to improve Wikipedia articles, and learn about related guidelines. The feature is locally configurable, and can also be locally expanded with custom Suggestions. Current settings can be seen at [[Special:EditChecks]] and there are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#For administrators %E2%80%93 local customization|instructions for how administrators can customize]] the links to point to local guidelines. The feature is connected to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|Edit check]] which suggests improvements while someone is writing new content. In the future, the Editing team plans to evaluate the feature's impact with newcomers through a controlled experiment. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404600]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where the cursor became misaligned during the use of CodeMirror’s syntax highlighting, which makes wikitext and code easier to read, has now been fixed. This problem specifically affected users who defined a font rule in a custom stylesheet while creating a new topic with DiscussionTools. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418793]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* API rate limiting update: To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], global API rate limits will be applied this week to requests without a compliant User-Agent that originate from outside Toolforge/WMCS and to unauthenticated requests made from web browsers. Higher limits will be applied to identified traffic in April. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]].
* The new GraphQL API has been released. The API was developed as a flexible alternative to select features of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS), to improve developer experience and foster adaptability, and efficient data access. Try it out and [[d:Wikidata:Wikibase GraphQL#Feedback and development|give feedback]]. You can also [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/GraphQLAPI/apply sign up for usability tests].
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|PTAC Unsupported Tools Working Group]] continued improvements to [[commons:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons#|Video2Commons]] in February, with fixes addressing authentication errors, large-file handling, task queue visibility, and clearer upload behavior. Work is still ongoing in some areas, including changes related to deprecated server-side uploads. Read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group#February 2026|this update]] to learn more.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.19|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The Article Guidance team invites experienced Wikipedia editors from selected [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators#Collaborators|pilot wikis]] and interested contributors from other Wikipedias to fill out this questionnaire which is available in [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfmLeVWnxmsCbPoI_UF2jyRcn73WRGWCVPHzerXb4Cz97X_Ag/viewform English], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd6rzr4XXQw8r4024fE3geTPFe13M_6w7Mitj-YJi0sOlWTAw/viewform?usp=header Arabic], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdok3-RfB18lcugYTUMGkpwmqG_8p760Wv4dCXitOXOszjUDw/viewform?usp=header Bengali], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfjTfYp4jEo0akA4B1e-Nfg3QZPCudUjhJzHzzDi6AHyAaMGA/viewform?usp=header Japanese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScteVoI29Aue4xc72dekk-6RYtvmMgQxzMI900UOawrFrSTWg/viewform?usp=header Portuguese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSetdxnYwL3ub2vqA7awCg5hJZPMIYcDPaiTe12rY9h0GYnVlw/viewform?usp=header Persian], and [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScNvfJF-Ot-4pzA4qAN771_0QDJ4Li19YcUsaTgSKW8Nc7U_Q/viewform?usp=header Turkish]. Your answers will help the team customize guidance for less experienced editors and help them learn community policies and practices while creating an article. Learn more [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|on the project page]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W11&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:52, 9 Martii 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30213008 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-12&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W12&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature, also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], has been used for wikitext syntax highlighting since November 2024. It will be promoted out of beta by May 2026 in order to bring improvements and new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Features|features]] to all editors who use the standard syntax highlighter. If you have any questions or concerns about promoting the feature out of beta, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|please share]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059]
* Some changes to local user groups are performed by stewards on Meta-Wiki and logged there only. Now, interwiki rights changes will be logged both on Meta-Wiki and the wiki of the target user to make it easier to access a full record of user's rights changes on a local wiki. Past log entries for such changes will be backfilled in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T6055]
* On wikis using [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Flagged Revisions|Flagged Revisions]], the number of pending changes shown on [[{{#Special:PendingChanges}}]] previously counted pages which were no longer pending review, because they have been removed from the system without being reviewed, e.g. due to being deleted, moved to a different namespace, or due to wiki configuration changes. The count will be correct now. On some wikis the number shown will be much smaller than before. There should be no change to the list of pages itself. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413016]
* Wikifunctions composition language has been rewritten, resulting in a new version of the language. This change aims to increase service stability by reducing the orchestrator's memory consumption. This rewrite also enables substantial latency reduction, code simplification, and better abstractions, which will open the door to later feature additions. Read more about [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-11|the changes]].
* Users can now sort search results alphabetically by page title. The update gives an additional option to finding pages more easily and quickly. Previously, results could be sorted by Edit date, Creation date, or Relevance. To use the new option, open 'Advanced Search' on the search results page and select 'Alphabetically' under 'Sorting Order'. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403775]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented UploadWizard on Wikimedia Commons from importing files from Flickr has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419263]
'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* A new special page, [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}]], has been created to list transcluded pages that are flagged as containing lint errors to help users discover them easily. The list is sorted by the number of transclusions with errors. For example: [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}/night-mode-unaware-background-color]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170874]
* Users of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature have been using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages, for some time now. Along with promoting CodeMirror 6 out of beta, the plan is to replace CodeEditor as the standard editor for these content models by May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|Feedback or concerns are welcome]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] JavaScript modules will soon be upgraded to CodeMirror 6. Leading up to the upgrade, loading the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ext.CodeMirror&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ext.CodeMirror.lib&lt;/code&gt; modules from gadgets and user scripts was deprecated in July 2025. The use of the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ext.CodeMirror.switch&lt;/code&gt; hook was also deprecated in March 2025. Contributors can now make their scripts or gadgets compatible with CodeMirror 6. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror#Gadgets and user scripts|migration guide]] for more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373720]
* The MediaWiki Interfaces team is expanding coverage of REST API module definitions to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API/Extensions|extension APIs]]. REST API modules are groups of related endpoints that can be independently managed and versioned. Modules now exist for [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414470 GrowthExperiments] and [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419053 Wikifunctions] APIs. As we migrate extension APIs to this structure, documentation will move out of the main MediaWiki OpenAPI spec and REST Sandbox view, and will instead be accessible via module-specific options in the dropdown on the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox] (i.e., [[{{#Special:RestSandbox}}]], available on all wiki projects).
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]] extension provides different pieces of information about the wiki where the module is being used via the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual|mw.site]] library. Starting last week, the library also provides a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#mw.site.wikiId|way]] of accessing the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Wiki ID|wiki ID]] that can be used to facilitate cross-wiki module maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T146616]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.20|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|2026 Coolest Tool Award]] celebrating outstanding community tools, is now open for nominations! Nominate your favorite tool using the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/435684?lang=en nomination survey] form by 23 March 2026. For more information on privacy and data handling, please see the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Coolest_Tool_Award_2026_Survey_Privacy_Statement|survey privacy statement]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W12&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:35, 16 Martii 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30260505 --&gt;
== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-13&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W13&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Wikimedia site users can now log in without a password using passkeys. This is a secure method supported by fingerprint, facial recognition, or PIN. With this change, all users who opt for passwordless login will find it easier, faster, and more secure to log in to their accounts using any device. The new passkey login option currently appears as an autofill suggestion in the username field. An additional [[phab:T417120|&quot;Log in with passkey&quot; button]] will soon be available for users who have already registered a passkey. This update will improve security and user experience. The [[c:File:Passwordless_login_screencast.webm|screen recording]] demonstrates the passwordless login process step by step.
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Wikimedia site users can now export their notifications older than 5 years using a [[toolforge:echo-chamber|new Toolforge tool]]. This will ensure that users retain their important notifications and avoid them being lost based on the planned change to delete notifications older than 5 years, as previously announced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948]
* Wikipedia editors in Indonesian, Thai, Turkish, and Simple English now have access to Special:PersonalDashboard. This is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Dashboard|early version of an experience]] that introduces newer editors to patrolling workflows, making it easier for them to move from making edits to participating in more advanced moderation work on their project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402647]
* The [[Special:Block]] now has two minor interface changes. Administrators can now easily perform indefinite blocks through a dedicated radio button in the expiry section. Also, choosing an indefinite expiry provides a different set of common reasons to select from, which can be changed at: [[MediaWiki:Ipbreason-indef-dropdown]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401823]
* Mobile editors [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#Logged-out|at several wikis]] can now see an improved logged-out edit warning, thanks to the recent updates from the Growth team. These changes released last week are part of ongoing efforts and tests to enhance [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|account creation experience on mobile]] and then increase participation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408484]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:36}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:36|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented mobile web users from seeing the block information when affected by multiple blocks has been fixed. They can now see messages of all the blocks currently affecting them when they access Wikipedia.

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Images built using Toolforge will soon get the upgraded buildpacks version, bringing support for newer language versions and other upstream improvements and fixes. If you use Toolforge Build Service, review the recent [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EMYTA32EV2V5SQ2JIEOD2CL66YFIZEKV/ cloud-announce email] and update your build configuration as necessary to ensure your tools are compatible. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Toolforge/Building_container_images&amp;oldid=2392097#Buildpack_environment_upgrade_process][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380127]

* The [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page API Portal] documentation wiki will shut down in June 2026. API keys created on the API Portal will continue to work normally. api.wikimedia.org endpoints will be deprecated gradually starting in July 2026. Documentation on the API Portal is moving to [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|mediawiki.org]]. Learn more on the [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|project page]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.21|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] is considering improvements to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|automatically generated reference names in VisualEditor]]. Please check out the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Proposed solutions|proposed solutions]] and participate in the [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Request for comment|request for comment]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W13&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:50, 23 Martii 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30268305 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-14&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W14&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Beta version of [[abstract:|Abstract Wikipedia]] a new Wikimedia project which is language-independent, was launched last week. The project allows communities to build Wikipedia articles in their native language, which can be readily accessed by other users in their own languages. The wiki is powered by instructions from Wikifunctions and also based on structured content from Wikidata. [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-26|Read more]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Growth team is running an A/B test to evaluate a clearer, more user-friendly message that promotes account creation on wikis. Currently when logged-out mobile users begin editing, they see a jarring warning message that can feel abrupt and discouraging. This also presents temporary account editing as the default rather than encouraging account creation. The test is running on ten Wikipedias, including Arabic, French, Spanish and German. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#2. Improve logged-out warning message (T415160)|Read more]].
* The Wikimedia Apps team is inviting feedback on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Future of Editing on the Mobile Apps|how editing should work on the Wikipedia mobile apps]]. The discussion focuses on improving how users access editing tools when they tap &quot;Edit&quot;. This is part of a broader effort to convert readers who develop an interest in editing, to access a more user-friendly pathway to start contributing.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:45}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:45|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where citation fetching from the large newspaper archive [https://www.newspapers.com Newspapers.com] was no longer working, due to a block in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid|Citoid]] requests, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419903]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.22|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W14&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:25, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30329462 --&gt;

== Join the sixth Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia! ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia 2026.png|right|250px|thumb|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ukraine%27s_Cultural_Diplomacy_Month_2026|Join our campaign!]]
{{int:please-translate}}

Dear Wikipedians!

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the sixth edition of writing challenge &quot;'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''&quot;, which lasts from '''1st April''' until '''30th April 2026'''.

The initiative aims to promote knowledge about Ukrainian culture abroad by creating and improving Wikipedia articles in multiple languages. This year marks the sixth edition of the campaign, which will focus on contemporary culture, making today’s artistic voices and practices more visible to international audiences.

🧩'''How to participate?'''

Choose an article from the suggested list → Write an article in your language, or improve an existing one according to the rules → Add your contribution to the contest page and calculate your points → Win prizes and receive a certificate of participation → Become a promoter of truthful knowledge about Ukraine.

🧩'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Check our main page for more information]]'''.

'''If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest.'''

If not, then we encourage you to translate the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|landing page of the contest]] and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MessageGroupStats?group=Centralnotice-tgroup-UCDM2026banner&amp;messages=&amp;language=en&amp;x=D banner] into your own language.

Also, we set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in this challenge! 

[[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]]) 04:35, 1 April 2026 (UTC)
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== Action Required: Update templates/modules for electoral maps (Migrating from P1846 to P14226) ==

Hello everyone,

This is a notice regarding an ongoing data migration on Wikidata that may affect your election-related templates and Lua modules (such as &lt;code&gt;Module:Itemgroup/list&lt;/code&gt;).

'''The Change:'''&lt;br /&gt;
Currently, many templates pull electoral maps from Wikidata using the property [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]], combined with the qualifier [[:d:Property:P180|P180]]: [[:d:Q19571328|Q19571328]]. 

We are migrating this data (across roughly 4,000 items) to a newly created, dedicated property: '''[[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]]'''.

'''What You Need To Do:'''&lt;br /&gt;
To ensure your templates and infoboxes do not break or lose their maps, please update your local code to fetch data from [[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]] instead of the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] + [[:d:Property:P180|P180]] structure. A [[m:Wikidata/Property Migration: P1846 to P14226/List|list of pages]] was generated using Wikimedia Global Search.

'''Deadline:'''&lt;br /&gt;
We are temporarily retaining the old data on [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] to allow for a smooth transition. However, to complete the data cleanup on Wikidata, the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] statements will be removed after '''May 1, 2026'''. Please update your modules and templates before this date to prevent any disruption to your wiki's election articles.

Let us know if you have any questions or need assistance with the query logic. Thank you for your help! [[User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] using [[Usor:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:MediaWiki message delivery|disputatio]]) 17:11, 3 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-15&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W15&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''

* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] now includes a new group goal-setting feature, enabling organizers to set and track event goals such as the number of articles created and participating contributors in real time. Similarly, participants can work toward shared targets and see their collective impact as the event unfolds. The feature is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. Learn more in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Collaborative contributions#Goal setting|the documentation]].
* [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|watchlist labels]] feature (announced in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Tech News 2026-07]]) is now available via VisualEditor, the source editor, and the 'watchstar' (or watch link, for skins that don't have a star icon). Previously it was only possible to assign labels via [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]]. In all three places it is a new field following the expiry field.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where talk pages on mobile with Parsoid are unusable after empty section headers, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419171]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing feature]], which lets editors add details to an existing reference without duplicating it, will be gradually rolled out to [[phab:T414094|more wikis]] later this year. Wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]] gadget are encouraged to update their version (typically at [[m:MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js|MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]] as shown [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=1344408362 here]) to ensure compatibility. Other reference-related gadgets may also be affected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416304]
* All Wikinews editions will be closed and switched to read-only mode on 4 May 2026. Content will remain accessible, but no new edits or articles can be added. This closure was approved by the Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation following extended discussions. [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard#Board of Trustees Approves Closure of Wikinews|Read more]].
* The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Action API|Action API]] has had several formats for requested output. One of them, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;format=php&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, is being removed soon. Please ensure your scripts or bots use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Data formats#Output|JSON format]]. This removal should affect very few scripts and bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T118538]
* The [[Special:NamespaceInfo|Special:NamespaceInfo]] page now includes namespace aliases. For example &quot;WP&quot; for the &quot;Project&quot; (&quot;Wikipedia&quot;) namespace on the German Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381455]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.23|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W15&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:18, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-16&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W16&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Experienced editors are invited to [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Main_Page test] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] feature, designed to help less-experienced editors create well-structured, policy-compliant Wikipedia articles. Testing instructions are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Test feature guide|available]]. Also, after reviewing [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance the outlines], please provide feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Article guidance|project talk page]]. Based on your input, the feature will be refined and transferred to the pilot Wikipedias to translate and adapt. Check out [[c:File:Article Guidance workflow demo - April 2026.webm|the video]] explaining the feature.
'''Updates for editors'''
* On most wikis, all autoconfirmed users can now use [[Special:ChangeContentModel|Special:ChangeContentModel]] page to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|create new pages with custom content models]], such as mass message lists, making custom page formats more accessible. Check [[Special:ListGroupRights|Special:ListGroupRights]] for the status of your wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248294]
* The Growth team has launched an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account_Creation_Experiments|account creation experiment]] to evaluate whether adding an account creation button to the mobile web header increases new account registrations and encourages more mobile users to contribute to the wikis. The experiment is currently live on Hindi, Indonesian, Bengali, Thai, and Hebrew Wikipedia, and targets 10% of logged-out mobile web users.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where VisualEditor could get stuck loading on Windows devices with animations turned off, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382856]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Starting later this week, {{int:group-abusefilter}} who have the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature enabled will have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] as the editor at [[Special:AbuseFilter|Special:AbuseFilter]]. This is part of the broader effort to make the user experience more consistent across all editors. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399673][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332]
* Tools and bots that access the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications/API|Notifications API]] (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;action=query&amp;meta=notifications&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;) will need to update their OAuth or BotPassword grants to also include access to private notifications. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421991]
* Due to a library upgrade, listings on category pages may be displayed out of order starting on Monday, 20th April. A migration script will be run to correct this, and will take hours to days depending on the size of the wiki (up to a week for English Wikipedia). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T422544]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.24|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W16&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 15:18, 13 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-17&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W17&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* After two years of development, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]], also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], is to be promoted out of beta on Tuesday, April 21. It brings better code and wikitext readability, reduction in typing errors, and other [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|benefits]] to all users of the standard syntax highlighter. A huge thank you to volunteer [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/p/Bhsd/ Bhsd] who developed many of the new features, including [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Code folding|code folding]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Autocompletion|autocompletion]], and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|linting]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059]
* A major update to the Wikipedia app for iOS is now rolling out, redesigning the interface to align with Apple's latest &quot;Liquid Glass&quot; visual design. [https://apps.apple.com/us/app/wikipedia/id324715238 Download the latest version] and explore the update.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|Reading lists]] is a feature which allows readers to save articles to a list for reading later. This feature is now in beta on Arabic, French, Indonesian, Vietnamese, and Chinese Wikipedias and by default for all new accounts on all Wikipedias.
* An experiment which explores extending [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews|Page Previews to mobile web]] will be launched in the week of April 20 on Arabic, English, French, Italian, Polish, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. Page Previews are pop-ups that display a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and a link to open the full article of a blue link, thereby improving content discovery. The feature is already available on desktop and in the apps. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/List of experiments in Product and Technology#Template|Read more about this experiment and others]].
* On several wikis, logged-in editors who haven't [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email confirmation|confirmed their email addresses]] can now see a banner encouraging them to do so. Having the email address confirmed allows a user to restore access to the account if they lose it. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security#Encouraging users to confirm their email addresses|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421366]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:15}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:15|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where editing very large wiki pages in the 2017 wikitext editor caused slow loading, preview and scrolling lag, and performance issues when selecting, cutting, or pasting content, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184857]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* As part of the promotion of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] from a beta feature, all users will use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332]
* The &lt;code&gt;mirrors.wikimedia.org&lt;/code&gt; service for Debian and Ubuntu users will sunset and stop working on May 15. The resources for the service will be replaced with new and better options. Some users may need to switch to a different server which should take about a minute. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LJYRIS4WB66HIRCAO4GIDTXCMDVZRBMA/ You can read more]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416707]
* The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;image&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;oldimage&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; table will be removed from [[wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|wikireplicas]]. If your tools or queries access &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;image&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; or &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;oldimage&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; directly, please update them to use the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;file&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;filerevision&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; table before 28 May. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T28741]
* Following the recent implementation of global API rate limits on unidentified traffic, the Wikimedia Foundation will continue efforts to ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]] by applying global limits to identified API traffic beginning the last week of April. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]].
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Attribution API|Attribution API]] is now available as a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Stability policy|beta]]. The API fetches information for crediting Wikimedia articles and media files wherever they are used. Reference documentation is available through the REST Sandbox special page available on all Wikimedia wikis (such as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?api=attribution.v0-beta&amp;title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST sandbox on English Wikipedia]). Share your feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Attribution API|project talk page]].
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W17&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 14:59, 20 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
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== Request for comment (global AI policy) ==
&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Apologies for writing in English. {{int:Please-translate}}
A [[:m:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|request for comment]] is currently being held to decide on a global AI policy. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}}
[[Usor:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:MediaWiki message delivery|disputatio]]) 00:58, 26 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-18&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W18&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* There is a change in how new users are autoconfirmed that will improve anti-vandalism protection. Currently, users who have had an account for a few days and made a few edits are automatically added to the [[{{int:grouppage-autoconfirmed/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}|{{int:group-autoconfirmed}}]] group. This configuration tends to be exploited by some vandals, who create accounts and start to use them only after some time. To mitigate this, the configuration will be updated next week so that – for the purpose of becoming autoconfirmed – the account age will be counted from their first edit, instead of registration date. The numeric value of the age threshold will remain the same. This change will be deployed only to wikis which require at least one edit as part of the autoconfirmation conditions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418484]
* All Wikipedia users with new accounts and those who activated the &quot;automatically enable most beta features&quot; option in their preference can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|reading lists]] beta feature to save articles for later reading. This helps organize reading interests in one place for convenient access. 
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where infobox images have huge padding in Firefox, has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423676]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* As a reminder, the global API rate limits will be applied this week to identified API traffic. This is to help ensure [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]]. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, including the actual rate limits, see [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.26|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W18&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:05, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-19&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W19&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] team invites experienced editors of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators|pilot Wikipedias]]—Arabic, Bangla, Japanese, Portuguese, Persian, Turkish, Simple English, Spanish, and French—to help translate and adapt [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance sample outlines]. These outlines will guide editors in creating clear, well-structured, and policy-compliant articles when using [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Special:NewArticle the feature] once it is launched in May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance#Adapting a sample outline in a Wikipedia|Simple instructions]] on how to translate and adapt the outlines are available.
'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] has published [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|draft recommendations]] on a model that affiliates can follow when contributing to the technical space. Community members are invited to provide feedback on the recommendation until May 8th [[:m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|on the talk page]].
* The number of available thumbnail size preferences in MediaWiki is being reduced to three standardized options—Small (180px), Regular (250px), and Large (400px), as part of ongoing efforts to improve performance and reduce strain on thumbnail services. As a result, existing preferences will be mapped to the nearest new size (for example, smaller selections like 120px or 150px will render at 180px, while larger ones like 300px or 360px will render at 400px). The preferences interface will soon be updated to reflect these changes, and users who wish to opt out or provide feedback can do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424909]
* From now on, even when a permission expires automatically, users will receive an Echo notification similar to the standard notification for permission changes. There is a difference between this and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]] in that the latter reminds users a week ''before'' the rights are due to expire, so that they can renew the rights.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the problem where the ULS language selector in [[m:Special:Translate|Special:Translate]] would scroll vertically when it shouldn't, has been resolved. Previously, when users opened the &quot;Translate to English&quot; dropdown and typed certain inputs, the dialog would scroll vertically by a few pixels even when there was enough space to display all results. The dropdown no longer shifts unnecessarily when filtering languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358864] 
* The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]], which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page, continues to improve. For example, watchlists for Wikibase sites such as [[:d:|Wikidata]] now support [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:EntitySchema|EntitySchema]] elements for better tracking. The Live Updates mode now refreshes the special page every 60 seconds to comply with the updated [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|global API rate limits]] for improved real-time responsiveness. Additionally, a directionality bug that displayed links as &quot;changes 3&quot; instead of &quot;3 changes&quot; in mixed-direction lists has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415450][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424422][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418091]
'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The second phase of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|global API rate limits]] has been rolled out to reduce the [[diffblog:2026/03/26/quo-vadis-crawlers-progress-and-whats-next-on-safeguarding-our-infrastructure/|impact of AI crawlers]] and ensure fair, sustainable access to Wikimedia resources, prioritising human and mission-aligned traffic. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits#Limits|Limits]] have been shifted from per-hour to per-minute, producing smoother traffic patterns and more predictable API load. Community users are not expected to be affected, and no action is required. Early indications show some User-Agent-based requestors are adjusting behaviour, and around 64% of automated API traffic has been identified. Monitoring continues, and Wikimedia Enterprise remains available for commercial support.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.27|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W19&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:42, 4 Maii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-20&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W20&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Community Tech has published [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/How to write a good wish|new guidance]] explaining how wishes on Community Wishlist are triaged and prioritized. The documentation is intended to help contributors write stronger proposals by clarifying the factors that influence prioritization decisions. Beyond vote counts, the guidance highlights considerations such as potential impact on the community when determining which wishes move forward.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Reader Growth team is launching an experiment to test a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Share_Card|Share Card feature]] that allows readers to create visually engaging cards from Wikipedia articles or selected article sections and share them online, with each card linking back to the original article to help expand readership and article discovery. The mobile-only A/B test will be available to a portion of readers on Arabic, Chinese, French, Vietnamese, and English Wikipedia to better understand reading and sharing habits, and is scheduled to begin the week of May 18 and run for four weeks.
* The Android and iOS Wikipedia apps recently released the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/25th_Birthday_Reading_Challenge|25-day reading challenge]] into Beta, as part of efforts to drive reader engagement by encouraging users to complete reading milestones. To track their reading streak during the challenge, App users can add a widget featuring Baby Globe to their home screen. The challenge officially begins May 11.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:17}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:17|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the global preference for enabling syntax highlighting in wikitext could unexpectedly disable itself after being turned on, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T425286]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The ResourceLoader module &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;mediawiki.ui.input&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, deprecated since [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|September 2023]], will be removed this week. There is a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Migrating_from_MediaWiki_UI|guide for migrating from MediaWiki UI to Codex]] for any tools that use it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T420125]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.2|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W20&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:20, 11 Maii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-21&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W21&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/21|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Abstract Wikipedia team has identified five potential pilot wikis to assess their interest in adopting abstract articles on their wikis. The pilots are Malayalam, Bengali, Dagbani, Arabic, and Indonesian Wikipedia. The feedback period will be open until May 22. If your community is interested in becoming a pilot, [[m:Talk:Abstract Wikipedia|let us know on Meta]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* An experiment to show [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists]] to logged-out readers on mobile web will launch on May 18 across German, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Dutch, Turkish, and Urdu Wikipedias, and will run for one month. The effort supports broader goals of helping readers save and organize articles for later reading, while encouraging habits that could lead to future Wikipedia contributions.
* To support a bookmark button in the Reading List beta feature, the &quot;Tools &gt; Action&quot; menu has been updated to display icons, including the watch star indicator that helps editors identify temporarily watched articles. The icons now also match those used on mobile, improving consistency across platforms. The change is currently limited to the actions menu and mainly affects editors with privileged user rights. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T426008]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] was released as an [[w:en:A/B test|A/B test]] for newcomer editors on the mobile website at [[phab:T421189|~15 Wikipedias]]. The experiment will measure the impact that Suggestion Mode has on the proportion of newcomer mobile web edit sessions that result in constructive (un-reverted) article edits. The experiment will also evaluate the feature's impact on editor retention, and monitor changes in revert and block rates.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue in the Wikipedia Android app where images could sometimes fail to load after opening a recommended reading list notification, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418231]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|Wikidata Platform team]] has published its [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/Backend Replacement|backend replacement recommendation]] and accompanying [[wikitech:Wikidata Query Service/WDQS Architecture re-design|technical architecture]] for the migration of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS) away from Blazegraph. Feedback is invited until May 25th 2026, especially on potential gaps and impacts on advanced use cases. Wikidata community members and WDQS users are also encouraged to help identify high-impact tools and workflows that may need attention on [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/High-Impact Use Cases|this page]]. Feedback can be shared on the [[d:Wikidata talk:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update|Migration talk page]] or during the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Blazegraph Migration Office Hours|next office hour]]. See the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|WDP team newsletter]] for more details.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.3|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''

* On English, French, Japanese, and a few other Wikipedias, there was a [[diffblog:2025/09/02/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha/|trial of hCaptcha]], a third-party bot detection service. The trial showed that hCaptcha effectively detects and deters some bad-faith automated activity, on its own and by giving [[w:en:Wikipedia:Village pump (technical)/Archive 225#Introducing SuggestedInvestigations|checkusers and stewards]] signals to look into. Because the results were positive, hCaptcha will be rolled out across all wikis over the next few weeks. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/hCaptcha|See the hCaptcha project page]] for technical information about the implementation and privacy protections. [[diffblog:2026/05/04/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha-part-2/|Learn more]].
* The latest Community Tech update is now available, with progress across several Community Wishlist initiatives, including Reading Lists expansion from the mobile app to the website, new language support for &quot;Who Wrote That&quot; and the Personal Dashboard, improvements to 3D rendering and Charts, and upcoming work on talk page sorting, audio playback, and editing workflows. The update also shares current priorities, wishlist status trends, and opportunities for community feedback on future focus areas and the Wikimedia Foundation’s 2026–2027 Annual Plan. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#May 13, 2026: Latest updates from the Community Tech team|Read the full newsletter for details]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/21|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W21&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:21, 18 Maii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-22&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W22&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/22|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Following a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#LOWM|successful account creation experiment]], an improved logged-out edit warning message will be deployed to all Wikimedia wikis in the first week of June. The change will only affect logged-out users on mobile web who open an editing session. The updated experience is designed to encourage account creation more clearly, while still allowing users to edit with temporary accounts. Results from the experiment showed a significant increase in account creation, with a 27% relative lift among users shown the updated message. As expected, as more people funnel into account creation, temporary accounts decreased by a relative 16%. The experiment did not show any significant changes in constructive edit rates or other monitored contributor metrics. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424595] 

'''Updates for editors'''
* For security reasons, members of certain user groups are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|required to have two-factor authentication]] (2FA) enabled. Members of these groups will be unable to disable the last 2FA method on their account, and it will be impossible to add users without 2FA to these groups. Users will still be able to add new authentication methods or remove them, as long as at least one method is continuously enabled. In the next few weeks, users without 2FA will be removed from these groups. Notably, this applies to bureaucrats. See the linked tasks for deployment schedules. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423119][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423120]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] will run an [[w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] on [[:phab:T415904|10 wikis]], testing [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/Reference Previews|potential improvements for Reference Previews]]. The experiment will run for ~2 weeks at the end of May / beginning of June and will affect 10% of desktop readers on the participating wikis.
* After two successful experiments, the Reader Growth team is rolling out an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|Image Browsing]] beta feature for all Wikipedias on mobile on May 25. This means that anyone who has all beta features on by default will start to see this feature, and others can check the box to turn it on in their preferences. The beta feature will include a carousel of all an article's images at the top of the article, with controls for editors to [[mw:Readers/Reader_Growth/Image_Browsing#Phase_2.1_beta_feature|exclude images from the article's carousel or to exclude an article from the feature entirely]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, three dimensional STL files were being rendered incorrectly by the media viewer 3D extension which is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416723]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The legacy CSS classes &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;tleft&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;tright&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; have been replaced with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;floatleft&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;floatright&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; as the former do not work consistently across all MediaWiki platforms, notably mobile web and mobile apps. Projects relying on these classes are encouraged to review related usage and plan for migration. Please note that &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;floatleft&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;floatright&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; may also be deprecated in future, although there are currently no plans to do so. [[phab:T426452|Read more]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.4|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/22|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W22&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:51, 25 Maii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Vote now in the 2026 U4C election&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2026 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|2026 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 2 June 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780358400 00:00 UTC].

Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 14 June 2026. -- In cooperation with the U4C,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 17:14, 27 Maii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-23&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W23&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/23|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] is conducting an experiment to show the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|reading lists]] feature, which is still in development, to logged-out mobile readers to test whether it encourages account creation at a higher rate compared to the watchstar button. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists#Experiment timeline|experiment]] was launched on May 18th on German, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Dutch, Turkish, and Urdu wikis, and it will run for a month.
* The Wikimedia Apps team released [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh/Phase 1|Phase 1]] of the redesigned Home Feed to the Android Beta app. The new Home Feed includes a refreshed &quot;Community&quot; tab and a personalized &quot;For You&quot; tab featuring daily updated reading recommendations. The redesign is part of a broader effort to improve content discovery and create more engaging learning experiences in the Wikipedia apps.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:18}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:18|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where images could fail to load for some suggested edits on [[w:Special:Homepage|Special:Homepage]], leaving the thumbnail stuck in a loading state, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424048]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.5|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/23|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W23&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:08, 1 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-24&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W24&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/24|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Wikimedia Enterprise has increased the free usage limits for its API offerings. The monthly request limit for the On-demand API has increased from 5,000 to 50,000 requests, while the Snapshot API limit has increased from 15 to 30 requests per month. In addition, Structured Contents snapshots are now available for free accounts. These changes expand access to Wikimedia Enterprise data for developers, researchers, and organizations using Wikimedia content. [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/enhanced-free-api]

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh/Phase 1|refreshed Explore Feed]], now called the Home Feed, is rolling out to 50% of users of the Wikipedia Android app. The Home Feed helps readers discover relevant content through two new tabs: ''Community'' and ''For You''. The Community tab provides a scrollable feed of curated content and updates from the broader Wikimedia community and movement, while the ''For You'' tab offers a full-screen, swipeable experience that shows content tailored to a user's interests. The redesign is part of a broader effort to improve discovery and enhance the learning experience in the Wikipedia app.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/&quot;Which came first?&quot; Game|Which came first?]] daily trivia game is now available in the beta version of the Wikipedia iOS app in English, German, French, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Arabic, Chinese, and Turkish. The game uses historical events from Wikipedia's &quot;On This Day&quot; content and challenges readers to guess which of two events happened first. The game was previously released on Android. Communities interested in making the game available in their languages can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Games#Game availability by language|read the instructions and requirements]].
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new MediaWiki feature that allows editors to reuse references with different details, will begin rolling out to Wikimedia wikis following a successful pilot phase. Deployment will start on 8 June for most [[wikitech:Deployments/Train#Wednesday|Group 1 wikis]] and French Wikipedia, with additional Wikipedia language editions receiving the feature over the coming months. Communities are encouraged to prepare by checking for [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&amp;group=ext-cite&amp;language=en&amp;action_source=search&amp;filter=%21translated&amp;optional=1&amp;action=translate untranslated Cite extension messages] in their language and reviewing any use of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]], which may require [[:phab:T416304#11668731|updates]] to support the new functionality. Wikis using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] do not need to take any action. Communities may also wish to create the ''cite-tracking-category-ref-details'' [[Special:TrackingCategories|tracking category]] as a hidden category using &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;__HIDDENCAT__&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; (or a dedicated template), and connect it to the corresponding Wikidata item [[d:Q129764848]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T425662]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews#Experimentation|Page Previews experiment]] on mobile web has concluded. The team decided not to roll out the feature after the results showed no statistically significant impact on reader retention, as the primary success metric was retention improvement. Page Previews, which are already available on desktop and in the apps, display a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and link to the full article when readers tap a blue link. The experiment tested this experience on mobile web across six Wikipedias.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Design/Icons|user interface icon library]] will be [[phab:T399175|updated later this week or next week]]. Most of the ~300 icons have been slightly refined and ~30 new icons have been added. These changes improve the icons to make them more consistent and comprehensible, and provide more visual balance when they are used in groups.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Language Selector|Universal Language Selector]] (ULS) interface in MediaWiki, which helps users select content in other languages, has been updated. The new version improves speed and accessibility, and users of Wikimedia projects can now pin languages for quicker language switching. The deployment to Wikimedia sites will happen gradually in the coming weeks. You can test it now as a beta feature by selecting [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta features]] in your profile preferences and share your feedback on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Language Selector/New ULS|the project page]]. 
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the Pageviews Analysis dashboard on pageviews.wmcloud.org stopped updating graph data in May 2026, affecting all users, has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427171]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The function signature for &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;mw.util.addPortletLink()&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; has been simplified. Developers can now pass a configuration object instead of a list of positional parameters when creating portlet links. The previous function signature remains supported for backwards compatibility. For example, instead of: &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;mw.util.addPortletLink('p-cactions', '#', 'Stub', 'ca-stubtag', 'Add a stub tag to this page');&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; use &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;mw.util.addPortletLink('p-cactions', { href: '#', text: 'Stub', id: 'ca-stubtag', tooltip: 'Add a stub tag to this page' });&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. Script maintainers are encouraged to review existing uses of &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;addPortletLink()&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and update them where appropriate. This change will be available on all wikis from 11 June. Thanks to community volunteer Gerges for contributing this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427945]
* '''Community Wishlist discussion''': Product &amp; Technology [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#May 20, 2026: Community Tech becomes a program|introduced changes]] meant to increase the number and complexity of wishes fulfilled, including the disbanding of the Community Tech team. They are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates|engaging in discussions]] about a [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist#Proposed direction for Wishlist|proposed direction for the wishlist]] from community members. Includes ways to structure annual voting, better tracking of wishes, removing focus areas, and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates|staffing updates]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.6|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/24|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W24&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:29, 8 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-25&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W25&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/25|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth|Reader Growth team]] has launched an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|Image Browsing]] beta feature on the mobile web version of all Wikipedias. The feature shows an image carousel at the top of articles with 3 or more images. Editors can configure this feature with the following controls: to hide a specific image from a page, either use &lt;code&gt;class=notpageimage&lt;/code&gt; excluding it from thumbnail previews, or &lt;code&gt;class=noviewer&lt;/code&gt; excluding it from MediaViewer. The carousel can also be disabled from a page entirely, with the magic word &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;__NOMEDIAVIEWERCAROUSEL__&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. To submit feedback or flag bugs, please visit the [[mw:Talk:Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|project page]]. 
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tables#class=&quot;wikitable&quot;|Wikitables]] can now be [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Sortable tables#Forcing the initial sort direction|sorted in descending order]] on the first click by adding &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;data-sort-order=&quot;desc&quot;&lt;/code&gt; to the header cell. Previously, by default, clicking a column header for the first time sorts it in ascending order. This addition to a Wikitable gives it more control and flexibility, while the default behavior for subsequent clicks remains unchanged. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398416]

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] feature is currently being tested with some editors creating new articles on the Simple English, French, and Turkish Wikipedias. The experiment will soon begin on the Arabic and Bangla Wikipedias as well. [[w:simple:Special:NewArticle|This feature]] gives editors community-curated guidance to help them create articles that follow community standards. Experienced editors can continue creating or adapting outlines for specific article types that are commonly created by less experienced contributors. The outlines guide less experienced editors in creating high-quality articles. A quick guide to markups used in outlines can be found on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Test feature guide#Markups in outlines|this page]]. [[w:simple:Wikipedia:Article Guidance|Example outlines]] that can be adapted and instructions for how to adapt them are on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance#Adapting a sample outline in a Wikipedia|this section]] of the project page.
* Wikis that wish to replace the &quot;indefinitely&quot; button in Special:Block for temporary accounts (for example, wikis that block temporary users only until account expiration) will be able to do so by creating [[MediaWiki:ipb-indefinite-expiry-temporary-account]] with the block duration they want. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427125]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:41}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:41|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* By the end of June, a valid user-agent string will be required for automated dumps downloads from the dumps.wikimedia.org website. Automated requests that provide a generic or empty user-agent will be blocked. This [[phab:T400119|extends enforcement]] of the long standing [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Wikimedia Foundation User-Agent Policy|user-agent policy]]. Access to dumps through Wikimedia Cloud Services will not change.
* The roll out of global [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|API rate limits]] is now complete, with limits enforced across all APIs and at the documented levels for all groups. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki remain exempt. All bots should continue to follow the documented best practices to avoid being rate limited.
* The [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page API Portal wiki] will be read only starting this week (June 15-18). The following week (June 22-25), all API Portal wiki URLs will redirect to [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|Wikimedia APIs on mediawiki.org]]. Learn more on the [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|project page]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.7|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* On June 17th at 6pm UTC the WMF will be holding Discord call focused on a code review. We've heard through the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Developer Satisfaction Survey/2026|Developer Satisfaction Survey]] that volunteers are struggling with code review and we'd like to discuss these experiences with the goal of surfacing workable solutions. You can join the call [https://discord.gg/wikipedia?event=1514727511102062664 via the Wikimedia Community Discord server].
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Conferencia Wikimedia de América Latina 2026|Latin American Wikimedia Conference]] will host a regional hackathon that will bring together the Wikimedia movement’s technical community including developers, system administrators, data scientists, and users with extended rights. Interested technical contributors can [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSf4osJzTHBJjQbYJk7TMVEJjTEQv7IgtsUDfP-o-qTgeRQQxw/viewform apply for a scholarship] to participate until June 21 at midnight (Bolivia time, UTC-4).
* Sign up for Wikimania Team Challenges to join this special event. The Team challenges will take place online and in person from July 21 to 22, before Wikimania conference. Everyone is welcome, regardless of skills or Wikimania registration. Teams will work on 10 important challenges supporting the Wikimedia community. For details, visit [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2026:Team challenges|the Team Challenges page]] and [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/wm/teamchallenges/ register there]. Registration closes on June 20th at 11pm UTC. 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/25|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W25&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:48, 15 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-26&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W26&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/26|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth features]] are [[phab:T418115|now available at Wikidata]]. This update enables access to Mentorship ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|if configured]]), Impact module, the Help Panel, and a simplified Newcomer Homepage (without Suggested Edits). Wikidata administrators are still configuring the features through Community Configuration.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The special page [[{{#special:RangeCalculator}}]] has been created. It allows users to find an IP range without needing to rely on external tools. Until now, this tool was only available to CheckUsers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T268429]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]] is a new MediaWiki feature that allows editors to reuse references with different details. It will be deployed to most small and medium-sized Wikipedia language versions on June 23. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#deployment|FAQ]] lists possible actions to take on your wiki to support the deployment. Check the [[:phab:T414094|rollout plan]] for the next deployment steps. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T428902]
* Starting next week, users will get a notification when they are blocked or unblocked from editing, or if this block changes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100974]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Starting next week, abuse filters that are set to &quot;require CAPTCHA verification&quot; will begin to also affect users with the &lt;code&gt;skipcaptcha&lt;/code&gt; right, which includes most autoconfirmed users. Bots are exempted. This change only affects edits that trigger an abuse filter. The &lt;code&gt;skipcaptcha&lt;/code&gt; right will continue to exempt users from having to solve CAPTCHAs in the ordinary course of using the wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402595]
* Reference documentation for the [[wikitech:Machine_Learning/LiftWing/API|Lift Wing API]] has moved from the API Portal to the interactive [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?api=lift-wing&amp;title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST Sandbox].
* The API Portal wiki is now closed. For API documentation, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_APIs|Wikimedia APIs on mediawiki.org]]. All API Portal wiki URLs (https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/) will redirect to the mediawiki.org page starting June 22. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427537]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.8|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* Join an online call on 25 June at 2:30pm UTC to meet the current Wikimedia interns for [[mw:Google_Summer_of_Code/2026|Google Summer of Code]] and [[mw:Outreachy/Round_32|Outreachy]]. Interns will provide an overview of their projects and a brief demo of their work so far. Attendees are encouraged to [[mw:event:Google_Summer_of_Code/Summer_2026_June_Internship_open_session|share ideas and connections in their community]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/26|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W26&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 13:04, 23 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
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== RFC about AI-generated content in Wikimedia Commons ==

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Apologies for writing in English, please help translate this message to your language. You are invited to participate in a [[c:Commons:Requests for comment/Policy update for AI content|request for comment on Wikimedia Commons about a policy update for AI content]]. This may affect files that are uploaded to Wikimedia Commons for use on this project. Thank you. [[m:User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[m:User talk:Codename Noreste|disputatio]])&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:11, 23 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Deployment of Legal and Safety Contacts Link in the Footer of Your Wiki&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;Message&quot;/&gt;
'''Legal &amp; Safety Contacts'''

Hello community, the Wikimedia Foundation has provided a [[wmf:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contact Information|single legal and safety contact page]], to be linked in the footer of your wiki, to ensure access to accurate legal information. This is a regulatory requirement. We have already rolled out links to English, German, Italian, Spanish and other wikis and we will deploy to your wiki soon. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_and_Safety_Contacts_FAQ|Please read more on the project page]] and leave any comments in this thread or on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contacts FAQ|talk page]].

&lt;section end=&quot;Message&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:29, 25 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-27&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W27&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/27|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* As part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|Account Creation Experiments]], the Growth team tested adding a user account icon in the mobile web header for logged-out users, providing direct access to &quot;Create account&quot; and &quot;Log in&quot; actions. The experiment increased account creation by about 20% without negatively affecting edit quality or constructive edit rates. The feature will now be rolled out to all Wikimedia Foundation wikis on mobile web in the first week of July. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T428220]
* After a [[phab:T426248|successful experiment]], logged-in users who did not [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email_confirmation|confirm their email address]] when their account was created see a new banner asking them to complete that process. This helps reduce the risk that users get locked out of their account, and makes account email addresses overall more reliable. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T428292]
* An update to [[Special:Search|Search]] is refining how the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;-prefix:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; behaves when used to exclude results. Previously, using &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;-prefix:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; with negation could unintentionally broaden search results by adding the namespaces included in the search scope, leading to confusing behavior for users expecting a straightforward exclusion filter. With the update, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;-prefix:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; will now strictly exclude matching page titles as intended and may display a warning if the relevant namespace has not been explicitly selected. The behavior of &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;prefix:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; without negation however remains unchanged. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427443]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:33}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:33|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where reviewers using the Page Curation toolbar were not automatically subscribed to talk page discussions they started has now been fixed. Reviewers will now receive notifications when someone replies to those discussions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329346]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Starting June 29th, automated downloads from the dumps.wikimedia.org website will be subject to the [[Foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Wikimedia Foundation User-Agent Policy|user-agent policy]]. Automated requests that provide a generic or empty user-agent will be blocked. Access to dumps through Wikimedia Cloud Services remains unaffected. This is a follow up to the announcement made in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/25|2026/25 issue of Tech News]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.9|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/27|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W27&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 11:47, 29 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-28&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W28&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/28|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:34}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:34|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the search bar results on Wikidata, showed English results instead of using the correct language fallback for users of language variants, has now been fixed. Search suggestions will now follow the expected language fallback chain. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429769]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* In preparation for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Celebrate Women|Celebrate Women campaign]] planned for March 2027, the Wikimedia Foundation’s [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Advancement/Community Growth/Content Enablement|Content Enablement team]] has launched a 22-question survey to better understand technical contributions by women+ (anyone who identifies as a woman) across Wikimedia projects. The survey takes approximately 15–20 minutes to complete and will remain open until 20 July 2026. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Celebrate Women/Technical contributions survey|questions]] are also available on-wiki for review in advance.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Score|Score extension]] now supports rendering music scores as SVG images in addition to PNG, addressing a long-standing [[:phab:T49578|feature request]] and resolving historical image quality issues. Both formats are now provided to clients, with PNG in the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;src&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; attribute and SVG in the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;srcset&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; attribute.
* The new [[wikitech:Parsoid|Parsoid]] parser [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Updates|continues to be deployed to additional wikis]], making it easier to introduce new reading and editing features. It was enabled on French Wikipedia, bringing total progress to covering 78.9% of Wikipedia page views. Rollout to English Wikipedia desktop will progress through this week.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.10|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The Wikimedia Hackathon 2026 [[diffblog:2026/06/29/wikimedia-hackathon-2026-building-collaborating-and-shaping-the-future-together/|recap blog post]] is now live. It highlights the projects, sessions, and social activities from this year’s event, and shares initial plans for the 2027 Wikimedia Hackathon.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/28|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W28&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 13:56, 6 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-29&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W29&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/29|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Revise_Tone|Revise Tone]] helps newcomers identify passages in Wikipedia articles that may contain non-encyclopedic language and encourages them to consider revising the tone. The feature was [[w:en:A/B_testing|A/B tested]] on the Arabic, English, French, and Portuguese Wikipedias, where newcomer task completion rates [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Revise_Tone#Experiment_Results|increased by 38.7%]] compared to the default Copyedit task, with no decrease in edit quality. The test ended on July 9, and the feature is now available for everyone on these wikis, configurable via Community Configuration. [[phab:T426364|The plan]] is to release Revise Tone to more wikis.
* The community configuration that allows [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship#Automated mentor list cleanup|automatic removal of inactive mentors]] based on configurable criteria will be enabled on Thursday 16, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Deployment|on some wikis]] to keep mentor lists up to date. Mentors are experienced contributors who opt in to help new users on-wiki through the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth Features]]. Administrators can now prepare the settings via [[w:Special:CommunityConfiguration/Mentorship|Special:CommunityConfiguration/Mentorship]]; they will take effect starting Thursday.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:38}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:38|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where some users of the Wikipedia Android app were logged out immediately after signing in, preventing them from staying logged in and editing pages, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316916]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Editing a page via user scripts or gadgets was causing watchlist labels that the user had assigned to that page to reset. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423778]
* To work around a Safari bug (see [[phab:T425211]]), on Parsoid-enabled wikis, wikilink hrefs now use absolute urls instead of protocol-relative urls. REST API output remains unchanged and continue to use protocol-relative urls. Gadgets, user scripts, bots, and CSS might need to be adapted if they relied on the presence of protocol-relative urls in wikilink hrefs. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T431358]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.11|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation’s Experiment Platform Team has published a blog post reflecting on its first year of structured experimentation. It highlights successful experiments such as Paste Check, Reference Check, and Tone Check, which improved editing outcomes and have been rolled out to more users, as well as experiments that did not lead to product changes. [[diffblog:2026/07/07/moving-the-needle-how-we-test-new-ideas-across-wikimedia-projects|Read more]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/29|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W29&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:10, 13 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-30&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W30&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/30|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reader/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] has incorporated community feedback around the placement of watchstar and watchlist buttons for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|Reading Lists beta feature]], which would allow for saving articles for later reading – a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W102|wishlist item]] to bring the functionality to web. Editors are invited to enable the beta feature to test it out and [[phab:T426453|share their thoughts]].
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] offers edit suggestions within the VisualEditor for improving Wikipedia articles. [[Special:EditChecks|All suggestions]] are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#For administrators – local customization|community-configurable]]. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/TextMatch|TextMatch]] feature is a way for volunteers to create custom local suggestions. The feature searches in articles for strings of text, and now includes support for regular expressions. This gives volunteers greater precision and flexibility over the kinds of local suggestions they can create. Note: Suggestions [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration#:~:text=maximumEditcount|can be targeted]] based on the edit count of the person editing as well as other aspects of the page. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#Create custom local types of Suggestions|find examples from other communities]] for inspiration, including TextMatches that detect: typos, grammar-errors, potential advertisements, clichés, incorrect dash or hyphen usage, non-specific time keywords, outdated names, and more. Any [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|feedback]] is appreciated.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the SVG Translate tool could use an outdated version of a file, causing existing translations to be overwritten when new ones were uploaded, has now [[phab:T430577|been fixed]]. Overall, in the last quarter from April – June 2026 about 337 community tasks were resolved by the Wikimedia Foundation.

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* On Parsoid-enabled wikis, Parsoid now renders a maximum of 1,250 images per page. A new tracking category, &quot;media-limit-reached&quot;, will be soon made available to identify pages where this limit is reached, making it easier to find content whose media output may have been restricted during rendering. See [[phab:T430854]] for more information and to provide feedback.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.12|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/30|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W30&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 05:45, 21 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
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== Request for comment (the future of Abstract Wikipedia) ==
&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Apologies if this has not yet been translated into your wiki's language. {{int:Please-translate}}
You are invited to voice your opinions in a [[:m:Requests for comment/The future of Abstract Wikipedia|request for comment about the future of Abstract Wikipedia]]. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}
[[:m:User:Kowal2701|Kowal2701]] ([[:m:User talk:Kowal2701|talk]])  12:24, 24 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-31&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W31&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/31|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ContentTranslation|Content Translation]] now supports dark mode, fulfilling a [[m:Community Wishlist/W544|Community Wishlist request]]. This brings the tool in line with the accessibility features available in the Vector 2022 and Minerva skins, helping reduce visual fatigue for users translating content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367077]
* DiscussionTools' source mode and the 2017 wikitext editor will now offer autocomplete for links (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;), templates (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;), HTML and parser tags (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;), and magic words (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;__&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;), making it quicker and easier to insert links, templates, and other wiki markup while editing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T432400]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews|Readers Growth team]] has concluded its experiment with mobile page previews and will not roll out the feature. Page Previews are a pop-up bottom sheet that appears when readers tap a blue link, showing a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and an option to open the article. The experiment showed flat retention and negative indicator metrics, suggesting that mobile web readers preferred navigating directly to linked articles rather than using page previews.
* The Reader Experience team has seen encouraging early results from the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists feature]], with 93% of participating users reporting that it was useful. Reading Lists help active readers save articles for future reading and support their learning goals on Wikimedia projects. The team plans further improvements before expanding the feature to more users.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh|Explore Feed Refresh]] initiative was tested with new and casual Wikipedia app readers. The refreshed feed helps readers discover new and relevant content. After a 10.5% increase in engagement with the feed, Wikimedia Apps team has decided to scale the Home Feed redesign to iOS with the learnings from the Android release applied.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where subject names in the Article Guidance feature were displayed with incorrect capitalization on French Wikipedia, has now been fixed. Subject names will now follow the correct capitalization rules for the language. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427201]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* After running several [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|Account Creation Experiments]] to improve registration completion rates, a new version of the username field on [[Special:CreateAccount|Create Account]] has been rolled out. It includes [[:c:File:Create account - July 2026 updates.png|a popover summarizing the username policy]] to provide clearer guidance during account creation. As part of this change, the messages &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;createacct-helpusername&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;createacct-username-help&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; that several communities have configured will no longer be used. If communities want to customize the guidance shown in the new popover, they can instead edit the following messages: &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;createacct-username-policy-popover-bullet1&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;createacct-username-policy-popover-bullet2&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;createacct-username-policy-popover-bullet3&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T430604]
* Later this week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror syntax highlighter]] will offer [[w:en:Theme (computing)|themes]]. The themes can be picked from a dropdown menu in the full [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#CodeMirror preferences|CodeMirror preferences]] dialog. For wikitext, available themes are default, colorblind-friendly (previously the colorblind preference option on [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing]]) and no-highlighting. For code languages (i.e., CSS/JavaScript/JSON/Vue/Lua), there are several themes available. These same themes will eventually be available for wikitext, too. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T163533]
* From now on, wikis can restrict editing in the &quot;User&quot; namespace to only the page owner and certain user groups. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:$wgRestrictUserPageEditing|Read the configuration documentation]] to learn more.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.14|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/31|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W31&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:48, 27 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-32&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W32&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/32|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] has developed a [https://82db7c8d4b.catalyst.wmcloud.org/w/index.php?title=Regent%27s_Park&amp;uselang=de patch demo] that wraps the page toolbar onto two lines when there is not enough horizontal space for all the buttons. This aims to reduce crowding in the Vector 2022 toolbar, which can occur on some language Wikipedias at certain screen widths. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429518]
* The Reader Experience team is planning to launch [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists]], a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Mobile and apps/Have Apps reading lists available on Destop/Mobile|Community Wishlist item]], which is currently available to try in beta, as a full feature in September. Before then, volunteer translator help is needed for [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&amp;group=ext-readinglists&amp;filter=&amp;action=translate string translations] into a number of languages. The feature supports reading and learning goals on Wikipedia.
* Next week, the table of contents on Wikimedia Commons file pages will be improved by consolidating the file page table of contents with the page table of contents. This will make it easier to understand a file page’s structure, navigate to specific sections, and share links to individual sections. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332644]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where some [[w:TIFF|TIFF]] images failed to load after clicking their thumbnail, causing a broken image to be displayed instead of the full-size image, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429326]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The variable and function selector in AbuseFilter has been updated to support search and autocomplete. It will allow filter maintainers to find the desired variable or function more quickly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T323698]
* The MJPEG and VP8 formats are removed from the video player. The MP4 format (MPEG-4 Part 2) is added instead, which provides higher quality videos to older iPhone devices. It may take a few weeks to retroactively update all existing videos. The default format for modern devices stays the same (VP9/WebM). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358266]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.15|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/32|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W32&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:45, 3 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-33&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W33&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/33|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new ChartWizard is [[c:Special:ChartWizard/Data:Example.Pie.chart|now available on Wikimedia Commons]] for users interested in creating charts from their own data. The wizard makes the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Chart extension]] more beginner-friendly by allowing editors to create charts, such as bar and pie charts, without needing to use JSON. Users can still switch to the JSON editor if they prefer. Feedback on the new tool is welcome on the [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist/W414|wish talk page]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the Wikipedia iOS app’s Picture of the Day widget displayed the same image every day instead of updating daily, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T430692]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Math|Math formula]] SVG images will soon be generated in the browser instead of on the server. MathML continues to be generated on the server and renders in the browser without JavaScript. Wikibooks will see this change on 12 August, Wikisource on 19 August and Wikipedia from 20-27 August. You can try this by selecting &quot;{{int:Mw-math-mathjax}}&quot; in your preferences. This change is part of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RESTBase/deprecation|deprecating RESTBase]] and [[phab:T431372|deprecating Mathoid]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271001]
* Category pages will soon support sorting entries by the time they are added to a category. This will make it easier to find recently or long-standing categorized pages. It will also improve workflows for maintenance categories such as deletion backlogs and other time-based review tasks. You can use &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;cldsort=timestamp&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; URL argument in category view to sort the entries. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433768]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] and user scripts on Wikimedia wikis may now use [[phab:T395347|ES2018 features]] and [[phab:T419142|ES2019 features]] in JavaScript code. Previously, the platform only allowed up to ES2017. MediaWiki validates the source code to protect functionality from syntax errors and to ensure scripts are valid in all [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility#Browser_support_matrix|supported browsers]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419142]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.16|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/33|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W33&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:44, 10 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-34&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W34&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/34|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Worklist|Worklist feature]] for the Event Registration tool is now live on all Wikimedia wikis. With Worklist, event organizers can add the articles their event will focus on directly to the event page. The Worklist also powers [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Worklist#How Event Pathways uses the worklist|Event Pathways]] which notifies other editors of the upcoming or ongoing event when they edit an article featured in the event's Worklist. This is the minimum viable version (MVP), and feedback is welcome. Organizers are encouraged to try the feature. A hands-on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Worklist Setup Workshop: Get Your Event Ready|Worklist Setup Workshop]] will take place on 18 August at 16:00 UTC and 19 August at 11:00 UTC.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[Special:ShortPages]] displays short pages by their size, but in many cases it gets filled with disambiguations and soft redirects, making it harder to find the short articles themselves. Starting this weekend, you will be able to choose not to include an article in the special page by adding the magic word &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;__EXPECTSHORTPAGE__&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433203]
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q3436680|Bole]] ([[w:bol:|&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;w:bol:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429921]
* Starting the week of August 17, the page toolbar will wrap onto two lines when there is not enough horizontal space for all the buttons. This is a [[phab:T429518|fully merged patch from the Reader Experience team]] which aims to reduce crowding in the Vector 2022 toolbar, that may occur on some language Wikipedias at certain screen widths.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:16}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:16|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, uploading large files to Wikimedia Commons has become more stable and less prone to failure following some fixes related to the “Could not acquire lock” upload error. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386640]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Debian Bullseye will reach the end of its Long Term Support on 31 August 2026. [[phab:T434103|Some Cloud VPS projects]] still have instances running Debian Bullseye. Maintainers of those projects are encouraged to migrate to Debian Bookworm or Debian Trixie. A [[wikitech:Help:Cloud VPS instance operating system migration|migration guide]] is available to help with the process, and users may also want to consider whether their workload is better suited to Toolforge. If you need help or cannot complete the migration by 31 August, please contact the Cloud VPS admins as soon as possible. [[listarchive:list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/RVIPQSYLKMSL5M46JP6NEJVGVE6I2RXQ/|Read more]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.16|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/34|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W34&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:02, 17 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-35&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W35&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/35|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[Special:CreateAccount|Special:CreateAccount]] page has been simplified as part of ongoing work to modernize the account creation experience. The panel showing project statistics no longer appears next to the form on desktop and mobile web. Multiple account creation experiments show that a simpler form helps newcomers complete registration. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433783]
* In order to improve page performance, images now load when they are viewed. This means images lower down an article will not load if a reader never scrolls to that part of the page, which may affect some image-related metrics. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T148047]

* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:42}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:42|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where image thumbnails in Abstract Wikipedia could fail to display after the corresponding file was moved on Wikimedia Commons, has now been fixed. Thumbnails will now update correctly when files are moved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433448]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* User Info card is a feature that helps patrollers see information about user accounts. So far, it has been available only in places such as page history, logs and recent changes. Now, it's possible to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CheckUser#User_Info_card_in_page_content|place it in the page content]] as well, using the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#uic:}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; parser function. It can be particularly useful in templates like [[:en:Template:Userlinks|&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Userlinks}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;]] (or their specialized variants), as it will make it easier to see the context about a user on various noticeboard pages. The card will be displayed only to users who have it enabled in their [[Special:Preferences#mw-input-wpcheckuser-userinfocard-enable|preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424466]
* Due to user security and privacy risks, we have disabled access to &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;Special:MyPage&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; URLs when specifically using &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;action=raw&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. If you are impacted by this, consider whether you can use an alternative approach. &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;Special:MyPage&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; URLs can still be accessed and used without &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;action=raw&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. Specified user page URLs (e.g. &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;User:Myusername&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;) can still be used with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;action=raw&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T120386]
* Due to an update, the thumbnailing software has been improved. This includes upgrading &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;librsvg&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; to 2.60 and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;ImageMagick&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; to 7, as well as resolving a number of long-standing thumbnailing bugs like rendering errors. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419815#12222841]

* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.17|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/35|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W35&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:44, 24 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-36&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W36&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/36|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* A new format for the Community Wishlist is open for feedback. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Community Wishlist 2027|read the proposed ideas on Meta]]. This new process plans to improve how wishes are triaged, voted on, and prioritized in a way that is transparent and balanced across project families and language editions. This consultation is open for two weeks.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The latest release of the Wikipedia Android app includes updates to the Saved feature, bringing the app’s saving experience closer to iOS and Web. The update redesigns the Saved tab with an “All articles” view, removes the default “Saved” reading list, renames reading lists to “Collections,” and modernizes the article-saving experience. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T420788]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists]] feature was enabled for all logged-in users on Bengali, Chinese, Czech and Vietnamese Wikipedias on August 25, after several months as a beta feature. Reading Lists will be available to all logged-in users on Arabic, French and Indonesian Wikipedias on September 1, followed by English Wikipedia on September 14, and all other Wikipedia wikis on September 28.
* At the end of the month, some logged-out readers on Bengali, Czech, Persian, English, and Polish Wikipedias using the Minerva skin on mobile will see an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Minimal_Minerva|updated navigation bar]] in an [[w:A/B test|A/B test]]. The test will compare the current navigation bar with a new version designed to make it easier to find information more quickly. The goal is to determine whether these changes encourage readers to return more often. This experiment will not change the experience for logged-in readers and/or editors.
* Editors who maintain redirects, templates, and categories used on redirect pages now have improved ways for finding and curating redirects. Previously, redirects pages could not be searched. Two new search keywords, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;onlyredirects:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;withredirects:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, now allow redirects to be searched directly and can be combined with existing keywords such as &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;incategory:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;intitle:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;insource:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T204089]
* The ISBN lookup tools for generating citations were recently not working because of external service problems. Developers are working on solutions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435179]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where searching for pages by category using &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;deepcat&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; could return no results or unrelated results has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414859]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The domain of URLs for thumbnails is changing from upload.wikimedia.org to thumb.wikimedia.org. The old URLs will continue to work for the foreseeable future but MediaWiki will advertise the new domain instead. URLs to other types of media such as original files, videos and transcodes will still be served from upload.wikimedia.org. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427465]
* The Wikimedia [https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?api=wmf-math%2Fv1&amp;title=Special%3ARestSandbox Math API] is now deprecated. These endpoints will be fully sunset by the end of September 2026. Developers who call these endpoints should transition to alternative math rendering solutions, such as the native [https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/MathML MathML] or [https://www.mathjax.org/ MathJax]. Third-party MediaWiki installations that utilize the Math extension for formula rendering are required to upgrade to v1.43+ to avoid disruption of service.

* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.18|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* Read more about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check/TextMatch|TextMatch]] in a Diff post titled, [[diffblog:2026/08/28/custom-edit-suggestions-for-every-wiki-how-communities-are-shaping-suggestion-mode-with-textmatch/|Custom edit suggestions for every wiki: How communities are shaping Suggestion Mode with TextMatch]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/36|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W36&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:52, 31 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-37&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W37&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/37|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add_a_link|Add a Link]] has been upgraded for English Wikipedia users with improved detection of links that have different capitalization. This will help reduce ambiguous suggestions caused by differences in capitalization in article titles, including articles about cultural goods. A second phase of improvements is planned, which will also prepare the feature for release in other languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435526#12240876] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T434259]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article_guidance|Article guidance]] feature will be enabled by default for junior editors on Simple English and Turkish Wikipedia starting 10 September 2026 following [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article_guidance/Updates#Summary_of_experiment_result|an experiment]]. Junior editors with 0 to 99 edits will automatically see the feature when they click a red link or use the &quot;[[tr:Vikipedi:Madde_sihirbazı|Madde oluşturto]]&quot; option on Turkish Wikipedia to create a new article. The change is intended to help junior editors create higher-quality articles that meet each Wikipedia’s standards. [[phab:maniphest/query/z3tcTjmLMxk5/#R|Additional improvements]] will continue based on the experiment results and community feedback.
* The [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org Pageviews Analysis] tool which allows users to compare pageviews across multiple pages, turns 10 years old this year and several new features have been added. They include [[toolforge:wikinav|WikiNav]] which provides insights into how readers of Wikipedia explore the content, editing stats in [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/siteviews?range=latest-30&amp;sites=en.wikipedia.org Siteviews], the ability to [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/massviews?source=wikiproject&amp;project=en.wikipedia.org lookup articles belonging to a WikiProject], and support for dark mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378549]
* A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Minimal_Minerva|visually simplified Minerva]] navigation bar is being tested for logged-out readers using mobile web on the Bengali, Czech, English, Farsi, and Polish Wikipedias. The experiment aims to determine whether simplifying the navigation improves reader retention. The test will run from August 31 to September 28, and no action is required from users.
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] is working on improving [[en:Wikipedia:VisualEditor/Named references|auto-generated reference names in VisualEditor]]. Editors will only notice a slight change starting this week. When adding automatic reference names the numbering will start at &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;:1&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; instead of &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;:0&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. Read more on the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|project page]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/VisualEditor/VisualEditor/+/1332704]
*  All wikis will be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|read-only for a few minutes]] on September 23. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433363]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] could mishandle nested nowiki tags, causing content to be lost and displaying unwanted text has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435116]
'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Interface administrators can configure gadgets from [[MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition]]. The definition format has been updated and no longer requires the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;ResourceLoader&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; option, as gadgets are always loaded through &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;ResourceLoader&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. This simplifies gadget configuration by removing an option that is no longer necessary, making gadget definitions easier for administrators. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298199]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.19|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/37|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W37&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:43, 7 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-38&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W38&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/38|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Future Audiences team has started a [[en:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia:Village pump (proposals)#New proposed experiment to let readers know about “Google preferred sources”|discussion on English Wikipedia]] about a proposed new experiment to show a temporary notice about the new [https://blog.google/products-and-platforms/products/search/original-high-quality-content-search/ Google Preferred Sources] feature to Wikipedia readers coming from Google. The experiment is to test whether this notice makes visitors come back to Wikipedia more often. Preferred Sources feature lets users choose websites they trust so Google can highlight content from those sources more prominently in Search and AI experiences. We are interested in testing this on other languages that Google supports and would welcome assistance with starting conversations on other wikis. If interested, please reach out to Future Audiences on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Preferred sources|talk page]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* The chat platform Discord is releasing a new self-service framework that websites can use to specify how their links should look when shared on Discord. The Future Audiences team is planning to start using this new framework to improve how Wikipedia links look when shared on Discord, giving better attribution and credit to contributors. The link appearance and behavior won't change in the first phase of this project as we want to first collect some baseline data to assess the impact of future changes. However, if community members who are active on Discord spot any issues, they can reach out on [[phab:tag/future-audiences/|Phabricator]] or [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences|Metawiki]].
* The Reader Growth team will be running an experiment to test whether [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Compact Lead|compacting article lead sections on mobiles]] with the addition of a &quot;read more&quot; button improves reader retention. The test will begin on September 17 on Arabic, Spanish, French, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Portuguese, Vietnamese, and Chinese Wikipedias and will run for four weeks.
* All wikis will be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|read-only for a few minutes]] on September 23. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433363]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where [https://wikistats.wmcloud.org/ Wikistats] for Wikipedias was returning an HTTP 500 error and could not be reached, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435959]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Developers who maintain a tool that queries the Wikimedia Commons links tables need to update their code to connect to the new x4 database cluster. The links tables have been moved from the s4 cluster to x4, and will no longer receive updates on s4. The page and redirect tables remain available on both clusters. A wiki replica for the x4 cluster will be set up afterwards. The change is being made because the s4 cluster has grown too large to operate efficiently. You can [[wikitech:Special:MyLanguage/News/2026 Commons links tables database split|read more]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.20|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/38|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W38&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 15:30, 14 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=31039826 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Server switch - Your wiki will be read-only for a short time soon&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]

The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will switch the traffic between its data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster.

All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2026-09-23|en}}'''. The switch will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2026-09-23T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2026-09-23T14:00}}]'''.

Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. 

A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation. 
You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&amp;group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&amp;task=view&amp;language=&amp;filter=&amp;action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text.

'''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.'''

* You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2026-09-23|en}}.
* If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case.

''Other effects'':

* Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped.
* We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards.
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes.

This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. 

'''Please share this information with your community.'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] 12:58, 15 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&amp;oldid=30513874 --&gt;

== Your feedback wanted: Remove ''(Language link added:) and similar'' edits from Special:RecentChanges ==
''(Apologies for posting in English. You can help by translating it)''

Hello, I’m Danny from [[:en:w:Wikimedia_Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland’s]] [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team.&lt;br/&gt;
We have been investigating and examining how Wikidata’s use in the [[Special:RecentChanges]] and [[Special:Watchlist]] pages can be made to be more useful, or less ‘noisy’ (fewer edits that have little value to the reader).

We are currently exploring to make a change in the volume and the type of Wikidata edits that appear in these pages, and '''we need your feedback''' to help us ensure this is a positive change for the Wikis and won’t disrupt your workflows.&lt;br/&gt;
Language links are also known as sitelinks or interlanguage links and describe when a Wikidata item is connected to a Wiki, adding it to the language dropdown tool for other connected Wikis.
[[File:Types of Lang Link changes.png|x350px|frame|A variety of &quot;Language Link&quot; edits as seen in the Recent Changes feed]]

The request for feedback is whether you support the removal of these language link edits from the Recent Changes and Watchlist feed, or would you oppose such a change and if so, why?
Please share you thoughts on the dedicated '''[[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|metawiki Talk page]]'''. 

Further information about this change: [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Hide_Language_Link_edits]]

Thank you for any participation or feedback you give, -- [[m:User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 15:16, 22 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_test_list&amp;oldid=31067455 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-39&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W39&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/39|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 23 September 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1790172000 14:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Special:MyLanguage/Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433363]

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Growth team tested a new post-edit notice designed to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#4. Encourage Temporary Accounts to Register|encourage Temporary Account holders to register for a permanent account]]. The new notice replaced multiple dialogs and a simultaneous welcome notification with a single message highlighting the benefits of creating an account. The experiment increased permanent account creation from 1.94% to 3.66%, an 87% relative increase. The change will now be released to all wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433551]
* For Wikipedia editors using the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|&quot;Suggestion mode&quot; Beta Feature]], there is a [[Special:Preferences#mw-input-wpvisualeditor-editcheck-experimental|new opt-in user preference]] for showing &quot;experimental&quot; edit checks and suggestions. These types are listed at [[Special:EditChecks#experimental-checks|Special:EditChecks]], and are intended for early developer-testing and for gathering feedback from experienced users. Administrators can change the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration|configuration details]] for each suggestion as usual. Administrators can also [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#Experimental Suggestions|use this feature]] to help test their community's ideas for locally created checks and suggestions. Experimental types will have a more distinct visual style later this week. [[mw:Talk:VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Feedback is welcome]].
* The [[m:CEE Technical Village Pump|CEE Technical Village Pump]] has been launched as a space for technical discussions and collaboration among Wikimedia communities in Central and Eastern Europe.
* A new tool, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Language Onboarding and Development/Starter kit|Starter Kit]], is now available for new and small language Wikipedia communities. It brings together guided tasks, tools, and resources to help communities get started, monitor their progress, and collaborate with the broader Wikimedia community. Starter Kit is hosted on Wikimedia Toolforge and is designed for Wikipedias with fewer than 50,000 articles. Learn more about how Starter Kit works and how communities have been using it in [[diffblog:2026/09/18/introducing-starter-kit-for-new-and-small-language-wikipedias/|this Diff blog post]].
* The Reader Growth team is launching a retest of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|image carousel experiment]]. The retest will use three new versions of the design, updated based on community feedback. The team will assess results and determine with communities whether or not to proceed with the feature. The experiment will begin the week of September 28 and will run on Arabic, Bengali, Chinese, Czech, English, Farsi, French, German, Indonesian, Japanese, Polish, Portuguese, Spanish, Swedish, and Vietnamese Wikipedias.
* After successful rollouts to Arabic, Bengali, Chinese, Czech, English, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists feature]] from the Reader Experience team will be available to all logged-in users on all Wikipedia wikis starting September 28.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the mentor status script repeatedly updated mentors’ status even when nothing had changed, creating unnecessary Recent Changes entries, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T436659]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;abusefilters&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; list query API, used to retrieve specific details about active or historical abuse filters configured on a wiki, has been updated to support the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;formatversion=2&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; configuration parameter, thereby leading to breaking changes to the API response. All users who maintain user-scripts or other code need to check if they use the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;abusefilters&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; list query API, and respond to any breaking changes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435828]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.21|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/39|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W39&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 11:55, 27 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=31085309 --&gt;</text>
      <sha1>m38rep5n6njvok2t7by45ieyt4ma6dr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Formula:Url</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>323569</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991303</id>
      <parentid>3944611</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T16:34:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Grufo movit paginam [[Formula:URL]] ad [[Formula:Url]] praeter redirectionem: Nomen facilius</comment>
      <origin>3944611</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="216" sha1="tdcjo6armgfvnhs64xaeusaml0vyvsp" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#if:{{{1|}}}
	| {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#if:{{{2|}}}
		| [{{{1}}} {{{2}}}]
		| {{{1}}}
	}}
	| {{Error|Error: URL abest.}}
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>tdcjo6armgfvnhs64xaeusaml0vyvsp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Formula:Url/doc</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>323570</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991305</id>
      <parentid>3944614</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T16:34:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Grufo movit paginam [[Formula:URL/doc]] ad [[Formula:Url/doc]] sine redirectione: Nomen facilius</comment>
      <origin>3944614</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="765" sha1="a368ed7rway7wg6d6bcjr0mi7123h8y" xml:space="preserve">{{Subpagina documentationis}}
{{Metaformula tantum}}
{{Formula substituibilis|...}}

== De usu ==
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{URL|http://www.example.org}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{URL|http://www.example.org}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{URL|http://www.example.org|exemplum}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{URL|http://www.example.org|exemplum}}

== Synonyma ==
* {{Fn|Url}}

== Ulteriora si cupis ==
* [[:Categoria:Formulae nexuum externorum]]
* {{Fn|Nexus ad fasciculi exteri speciem}}

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{in harenario aut alibi||
&lt;!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --&gt;
[[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae intra versum accommodandae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae nexuum externorum|{{PAGENAME}}]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>a368ed7rway7wg6d6bcjr0mi7123h8y</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3991306</id>
      <parentid>3991305</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T16:35:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Documentationem redintegravi</comment>
      <origin>3991306</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="731" sha1="bfqmu32mvep3vha4bgf4yu49b5l9jar" xml:space="preserve">{{Subpagina documentationis}}
{{Formula substituibilis|...}}

== De usu ==
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{url|http://www.example.org}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{url|http://www.example.org}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{url|http://www.example.org|exemplum}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{url|http://www.example.org|exemplum}}

== Synonyma ==
* {{Fn|URL}}

== Ulteriora si cupis ==
* [[:Categoria:Formulae nexuum externorum]]
* {{Fn|Nexus ad fasciculi exteri speciem}}

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{in harenario aut alibi||
&lt;!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --&gt;
[[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae intra versum accommodandae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae nexuum externorum| ]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bfqmu32mvep3vha4bgf4yu49b5l9jar</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3991312</id>
      <parentid>3991306</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T16:49:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Ulteriora si cupis */</comment>
      <origin>3991312</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="746" sha1="culfj6ybwc4y6nhf3csilakt4huybab" xml:space="preserve">{{Subpagina documentationis}}
{{Formula substituibilis|...}}

== De usu ==
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{url|http://www.example.org}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{url|http://www.example.org}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{url|http://www.example.org|exemplum}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{url|http://www.example.org|exemplum}}

== Synonyma ==
* {{Fn|URL}}

== Ulteriora si cupis ==
* [[:Categoria:Formulae nexuum externorum]]
* {{Fn|Nexus ad fasciculi exteri speciem}}
* {{Fn|Nexus}}

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{in harenario aut alibi||
&lt;!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --&gt;
[[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae intra versum accommodandae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae nexuum externorum| ]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>culfj6ybwc4y6nhf3csilakt4huybab</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3991340</id>
      <parentid>3991312</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T17:35:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Ulteriora si cupis */</comment>
      <origin>3991340</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="786" sha1="pr9cqf7hzm6ys8xq44yqdlwtk1huy16" xml:space="preserve">{{Subpagina documentationis}}
{{Formula substituibilis|...}}

== De usu ==
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{url|http://www.example.org}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{url|http://www.example.org}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{url|http://www.example.org|exemplum}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{url|http://www.example.org|exemplum}}

== Synonyma ==
* {{Fn|URL}}

== Ulteriora si cupis ==
* [[:Categoria:Formulae nexuum externorum]]
* {{Fn|Nexus ad fasciculi exteri speciem}}
* {{Fn|Nexus}}
* {{Fn|Machina temporis interretialis}}

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{in harenario aut alibi||
&lt;!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --&gt;
[[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae intra versum accommodandae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae nexuum externorum| ]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>pr9cqf7hzm6ys8xq44yqdlwtk1huy16</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Saturni sidus lividum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>324465</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991455</id>
      <parentid>3991053</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T23:33:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>3991455</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3393" sha1="gvc34j7vxlwqansmy6buwv4tx0826s3" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus ad litteram}}
{{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}}
{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum
	| titulus =
	| imago =
	| descriptio =
	| categoria =
	| numerus =
	| auctor =
	| argumenta =
	| tempus =
	| lingua =
	| contextus =
	| praecedens =
	| sequens =
}}

{{lores|Saturni sidus lividum}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero LXVIII reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carminamatoria56-70&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Carmina amatoria 56–70
	| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cam1.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|1.}}Saturni sidus lividum Mercurio micante
fugatur ab Apolline Risum Iovis nudante;
redit ab exilio ver coma rutilante.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|2.}}Cantu nemus avium
lascivia canentium
suave delinitur,
fronde redimitur;
vernant spine floribus
micantibus,
signantibus
Venerem, quia spina pungit, flos blanditur.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|3.}}Mater Venus subditis amori
dulcia
stipendia
copia
largiri delectatur uberiori.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|4.}}Dulcis aura Zephyri
spirans ab occidente
Iovis favet sideri
alacriori mente,
Aquilonem carceri
Eolo nolente
deputans; sic ceteri
glaciales spiritus diffugiunt repente.
redit calor etheri,
dum caligo nubium rarescit Sole Taurum tenente.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|5.}}Sic beati spes, halitus fiagrans oris tenelli,
dum acclinat basium,
scindit nubem omnium
curarum; sed avelli
nescit, ni congressio sit arcani medica duelli.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|6.}}Felix hora huius duelli,
cui contingit nectar adunare melli!
quam felix unio,
cuius suavitatis poculo
sopiuntur sensus et ocelli!&lt;ref name=&quot;Carminamatoria56-70&quot;/&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Hoc carmen, quod ad sectionem amatoriam pertinet, reditum [[ver]]is cum [[Mythologia|mythologicis]] et [[Astrologia|astrologicis]] imaginibus celebrat. [[Poëta]] describit quomodo frigus [[Saturnus (deus)|Saturni]] et hiemis ab [[Apollo|Apolline]] (sole) fugetur, dum natura refloret et aves rursus canunt. [[Metaphora]] spinae et floris adhibetur ad naturam duplicem Veneris indicandam, quae simul pungit et blanditur.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carminamatoria56-70&quot;/&gt;

In secunda parte, carmen ad sphaeram humanam et eroticam transit, ubi aura [[Zephyrus|Zephyri]] et calor solis in [[Taurus (astrologia)|signo Tauri]] amantes fovent. Ultimae strophae momentum coniunctionis amatoriae efferunt, quod quasi dulce “[[duellum]]” describitur, ubi oscula et unio corporum curas mentis delent et sensūs in beatitudine sopiunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carminamatoria56-70&quot;/&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Lehtonen, 1995
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen = Lehtonen
		| nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel
		| nomenclatura = compendiaria
		| titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy
		| annus = 1995
		| lingua = en
		| locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]]
		| domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]]
		| isbn = 978-951-717-846-4
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum
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	| argumenta =
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{{lres|Estas in exilium}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero LXIX reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carminamatoria56-70&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Carmina amatoria 56–70
	| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cam1.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|1.}}Estas in exilium
iam peregrinatur,
leto nemus avium
cantu viduatur,
pallet viror frondium,
campus defloratur.
exaruit,
quod floruit,
quia felicem statum nemoris
vis frigoris
sinistra denudavit
et ethera silentio
turbavit,
exilio
dum aves relegavit.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|2.}}Sed amorem,
qui calorem
nutrit, nulla vis frigoris valet attenuare,
sed ea riformare
studet, que corruperat brume torpor. amare
crucior,
morior
vulnere, quo glorior.
eia, si me sanare
uno vellet osculo,
que cor felici iaculo
gaudet vulnerare!

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|3.}}Lasciva, blandi risus,
omnes in se trahit visus.
labia
Veneria
tumentia
– sed castigate – dant errorem
leniorem,
dum dulcorem
instillant, favum mellis, osculando,
ut me mortalem negem aliquando.
leta frons tam nivea,
lux oculorum aurea,
cesaries subrubea,
manus vincentes lilia
me trahunt in suspiria.
rideo,
cum video
cuncta tam elegantia,
tam regia,
tam suavia,
tam dulcia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carminamatoria56-70&quot;/&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Hoc carmen ad secundam sectionem codicis, scilicet ad carmina amatoria, pertinet et argumentum tractat transitūs a [[aestas|tempore aestivo]] ad [[hiems|hiemem]]. Poëta describit naturam quae, adventu frigoris, vigore et avium cantu privatur, metaphora exilii utens ad declinationem mundi naturalis significandam.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carminamatoria56-70&quot;/&gt;

Attamen, contra rigorem hiemis, auctor vires Amoris extollit, qui solus calorem in corde fovere potest. In parte finali, carmen in laudem pulchritudinis mulieris vertitur, ubi singulae partes corporis (labia, frons, oculi, manus) subtili stilo celebrantur, usque ad statum exstasis ubi amans se mortalem esse negat.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carminamatoria56-70&quot;/&gt;

== Investigatio critica ==
Hoc carmen singulari proprietate distinguitur, quum exordium a {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|bruma||en|qid=Q207932}} sumat ut deinde invictam Amoris vim per omnia tempora rerumque condiciones efferat. Hiems enim inducitur non finis, sed scaena, qua rursus potentia cupiditatis eluceat. Tertia {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|stropha||en|qid=Q207804}} in laudem amatae tota vertitur, quae secundum rationem litterariam illorum carminum, quae vulgo “plazer” dicuntur, exornatur. Similis hiemalis descriptio, quae argumentum introducit, etiam in [[Sevit aure spiritus|carmine octogesimo tertio]] inveniri potest.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-p265&quot;&gt;{{qc|Rossi, 2006}}, p. 265.&lt;/ref&gt;

Poëta se vulnere mori profitetur, cuius tamen plaga ei gloriae est. Haec conditio amantis, quae spiritualem auctoris dignitatem constituit, saepe cum mortis angore comparatur, ut paradoxon doloris delectatissimi exprimatur. Ita passio carnalis in experientiam paene mysticam vertitur, ubi cruciatus et triumphus idem valere videntur.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-p265&quot; /&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Rossi, 2006
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen redactoris = Rossi
		| nomen redactoris = Petrus Victorius
		| titulus = Carmina Burana. Testo latino a fronte
		| annus = 2006
		| annus primae editionis = 1989
		| editio = 8
		| locus = [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]]
		| domus editoria = Tascabili Bompiani
		| isbn = 88-452-5307-4
		| lingua = it
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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{{lres|Estas in exilium}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero LXIX reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carminamatoria56-70&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Carmina amatoria 56–70
	| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cam1.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|1.}}Estas in exilium
iam peregrinatur,
leto nemus avium
cantu viduatur,
pallet viror frondium,
campus defloratur.
exaruit,
quod floruit,
quia felicem statum nemoris
vis frigoris
sinistra denudavit
et ethera silentio
turbavit,
exilio
dum aves relegavit.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|2.}}Sed amorem,
qui calorem
nutrit, nulla vis frigoris valet attenuare,
sed ea riformare
studet, que corruperat brume torpor. amare
crucior,
morior
vulnere, quo glorior.
eia, si me sanare
uno vellet osculo,
que cor felici iaculo
gaudet vulnerare!

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|3.}}Lasciva, blandi risus,
omnes in se trahit visus.
labia
Veneria
tumentia
—sed castigate—dant errorem
leniorem,
dum dulcorem
instillant, favum mellis, osculando,
ut me mortalem negem aliquando.
leta frons tam nivea,
lux oculorum aurea,
cesaries subrubea,
manus vincentes lilia
me trahunt in suspiria.
rideo,
cum video
cuncta tam elegantia,
tam regia,
tam suavia,
tam dulcia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carminamatoria56-70&quot;/&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Hoc carmen ad secundam sectionem codicis, scilicet ad carmina amatoria, pertinet et argumentum tractat transitūs a [[aestas|tempore aestivo]] ad [[hiems|hiemem]]. Poëta describit naturam quae, adventu frigoris, vigore et avium cantu privatur, metaphora exilii utens ad declinationem mundi naturalis significandam.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carminamatoria56-70&quot;/&gt;

Attamen, contra rigorem hiemis, auctor vires Amoris extollit, qui solus calorem in corde fovere potest. In parte finali, carmen in laudem pulchritudinis mulieris vertitur, ubi singulae partes corporis (labia, frons, oculi, manus) subtili stilo celebrantur, usque ad statum exstasis ubi amans se mortalem esse negat.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carminamatoria56-70&quot;/&gt;

== Investigatio critica ==
Hoc carmen singulari proprietate distinguitur, quum exordium a {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|bruma||en|qid=Q207932}} sumat ut deinde invictam Amoris vim per omnia tempora rerumque condiciones efferat. Hiems enim inducitur non finis, sed scaena, qua rursus potentia cupiditatis eluceat. Tertia {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|stropha||en|qid=Q207804}} in laudem amatae tota vertitur, quae secundum rationem litterariam illorum carminum, quae vulgo “plazer” dicuntur, exornatur. Similis hiemalis descriptio, quae argumentum introducit, etiam in [[Sevit aure spiritus|carmine octogesimo tertio]] inveniri potest.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-p265&quot;&gt;{{qc|Rossi, 2006}}, p. 265.&lt;/ref&gt;

Poëta se vulnere mori profitetur, cuius tamen plaga ei gloriae est. Haec conditio amantis, quae spiritualem auctoris dignitatem constituit, saepe cum mortis angore comparatur, ut paradoxon doloris delectatissimi exprimatur. Ita passio carnalis in experientiam paene mysticam vertitur, ubi cruciatus et triumphus idem valere videntur.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-p265&quot; /&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Rossi, 2006
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen redactoris = Rossi
		| nomen redactoris = Petrus Victorius
		| titulus = Carmina Burana. Testo latino a fronte
		| annus = 2006
		| annus primae editionis = 1989
		| editio = 8
		| locus = [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]]
		| domus editoria = Tascabili Bompiani
		| isbn = 88-452-5307-4
		| lingua = it
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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{{lores|Estas in exilium}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero LXIX reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carminamatoria56-70&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Carmina amatoria 56–70
	| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cam1.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|1.}}Estas in exilium
iam peregrinatur,
leto nemus avium
cantu viduatur,
pallet viror frondium,
campus defloratur.
exaruit,
quod floruit,
quia felicem statum nemoris
vis frigoris
sinistra denudavit
et ethera silentio
turbavit,
exilio
dum aves relegavit.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|2.}}Sed amorem,
qui calorem
nutrit, nulla vis frigoris valet attenuare,
sed ea riformare
studet, que corruperat brume torpor. amare
crucior,
morior
vulnere, quo glorior.
eia, si me sanare
uno vellet osculo,
que cor felici iaculo
gaudet vulnerare!

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|3.}}Lasciva, blandi risus,
omnes in se trahit visus.
labia
Veneria
tumentia
—sed castigate—dant errorem
leniorem,
dum dulcorem
instillant, favum mellis, osculando,
ut me mortalem negem aliquando.
leta frons tam nivea,
lux oculorum aurea,
cesaries subrubea,
manus vincentes lilia
me trahunt in suspiria.
rideo,
cum video
cuncta tam elegantia,
tam regia,
tam suavia,
tam dulcia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carminamatoria56-70&quot;/&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Hoc carmen ad secundam sectionem codicis, scilicet ad carmina amatoria, pertinet et argumentum tractat transitūs a [[aestas|tempore aestivo]] ad [[hiems|hiemem]]. Poëta describit naturam quae, adventu frigoris, vigore et avium cantu privatur, metaphora exilii utens ad declinationem mundi naturalis significandam.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carminamatoria56-70&quot;/&gt;

Attamen, contra rigorem hiemis, auctor vires Amoris extollit, qui solus calorem in corde fovere potest. In parte finali, carmen in laudem pulchritudinis mulieris vertitur, ubi singulae partes corporis (labia, frons, oculi, manus) subtili stilo celebrantur, usque ad statum exstasis ubi amans se mortalem esse negat.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carminamatoria56-70&quot;/&gt;

== Investigatio critica ==
Hoc carmen singulari proprietate distinguitur, quum exordium a {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|bruma||en|qid=Q207932}} sumat ut deinde invictam Amoris vim per omnia tempora rerumque condiciones efferat. Hiems enim inducitur non finis, sed scaena, qua rursus potentia cupiditatis eluceat. Tertia {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|stropha||en|qid=Q207804}} in laudem amatae tota vertitur, quae secundum rationem litterariam illorum carminum, quae vulgo “plazer” dicuntur, exornatur. Similis hiemalis descriptio, quae argumentum introducit, etiam in [[Sevit aure spiritus|carmine octogesimo tertio]] inveniri potest.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-p265&quot;&gt;{{qc|Rossi, 2006}}, p. 265.&lt;/ref&gt;

Poëta se vulnere mori profitetur, cuius tamen plaga ei gloriae est. Haec conditio amantis, quae spiritualem auctoris dignitatem constituit, saepe cum mortis angore comparatur, ut paradoxon doloris delectatissimi exprimatur. Ita passio carnalis in experientiam paene mysticam vertitur, ubi cruciatus et triumphus idem valere videntur.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-p265&quot; /&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Rossi, 2006
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen redactoris = Rossi
		| nomen redactoris = Petrus Victorius
		| titulus = Carmina Burana. Testo latino a fronte
		| annus = 2006
		| annus primae editionis = 1989
		| editio = 8
		| locus = [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]]
		| domus editoria = Tascabili Bompiani
		| isbn = 88-452-5307-4
		| lingua = it
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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{{lores|Estas in exilium}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero LXIX reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carminamatoria56-70&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Carmina amatoria 56–70
	| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cam1.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|1.}}Estas in exilium
iam peregrinatur,
leto nemus avium
cantu viduatur,
pallet viror frondium,
campus defloratur.
exaruit,
quod floruit,
quia felicem statum nemoris
vis frigoris
sinistra denudavit
et ethera silentio
turbavit,
exilio
dum aves relegavit.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|2.}}Sed amorem,
qui calorem
nutrit, nulla vis frigoris valet attenuare,
sed ea riformare
studet, que corruperat brume torpor. amare
crucior,
morior
vulnere, quo glorior.
eia, si me sanare
uno vellet osculo,
que cor felici iaculo
gaudet vulnerare!

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|3.}}Lasciva, blandi risus,
omnes in se trahit visus.
labia
Veneria
tumentia
—sed castigate—dant errorem
leniorem,
dum dulcorem
instillant, favum mellis, osculando,
ut me mortalem negem aliquando.
leta frons tam nivea,
lux oculorum aurea,
cesaries subrubea,
manus vincentes lilia
me trahunt in suspiria.
rideo,
cum video
cuncta tam elegantia,
tam regia,
tam suavia,
tam dulcia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carminamatoria56-70&quot;/&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Hoc carmen ad secundam sectionem codicis, scilicet ad carmina amatoria, pertinet et argumentum tractat transitūs a [[aestas|tempore aestivo]] ad [[hiems|hiemem]]. Poëta describit naturam quae, adventu frigoris, vigore et avium cantu privatur, metaphora exilii utens ad declinationem mundi naturalis significandam.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carminamatoria56-70&quot;/&gt;

Attamen, contra rigorem hiemis, auctor vires Amoris extollit, qui solus calorem in corde fovere potest. In parte finali, carmen in laudem pulchritudinis mulieris vertitur, ubi singulae partes corporis (labia, frons, oculi, manus) subtili stilo celebrantur, usque ad statum exstasis ubi amans se mortalem esse negat.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carminamatoria56-70&quot;/&gt;

== Investigatio critica ==
Hoc carmen singulari proprietate distinguitur, quum exordium a {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|bruma||en|qid=Q207932}} sumat ut deinde invictam Amoris vim per omnia tempora rerumque condiciones efferat. Hiems enim inducitur non finis, sed [[scena]], qua rursus potentia cupiditatis eluceat. Tertia {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|stropha||en|qid=Q207804}} in laudem amatae tota vertitur, quae secundum rationem litterariam illorum carminum, quae vulgo “plazer” dicuntur, exornatur. Similis hiemalis descriptio, quae argumentum introducit, etiam in [[Sevit aure spiritus|carmine octogesimo tertio]] inveniri potest.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-p265&quot;&gt;{{qc|Rossi, 2006}}, p. 265.&lt;/ref&gt;

Poëta se vulnere mori profitetur, cuius tamen plaga ei gloriae est. Haec conditio amantis, quae spiritualem auctoris dignitatem constituit, saepe cum mortis angore comparatur, ut paradoxon doloris delectatissimi exprimatur. Ita passio carnalis in experientiam paene mysticam vertitur, ubi cruciatus et triumphus idem valere videntur.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-p265&quot; /&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Rossi, 2006
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen redactoris = Rossi
		| nomen redactoris = Petrus Victorius
		| titulus = Carmina Burana. Testo latino a fronte
		| annus = 2006
		| annus primae editionis = 1989
		| editio = 8
		| locus = [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]]
		| domus editoria = Tascabili Bompiani
		| isbn = 88-452-5307-4
		| lingua = it
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sanctus Iulianus</title>
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      <comment>/* Francia */ +1</comment>
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      <text bytes="8815" sha1="14iskn1vv0sf4p8pwgg7u6h5pmjxyj2" xml:space="preserve">{{discretiva}}

'''Sanctus Iulianus''' ad complures sanctos refertur, nomine '''Iulianus'''. Inde multi loci nomini horum sanctorum vocantur.

== Sancti ==
* [[Iulianus Hospitator]], martyr cum [[Sancta Basilissa]] in [[Aegyptus|Aegypto]], qui celebratur [[6 Ianuarii]]&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://archive.org/details/MartRom2004/page/86/mode/2up?q=Iuliani|titulus=Martyrologium Romanum |annus=2004|domus editoria=Typis Vaticanis|pagina=86}}&lt;/ref&gt; seu [[12 Februarii]].&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/5680/Saint-Julien-l-Hospitalier.html|titulus=Saint Julien l'Hospitalier|domus editoria=Nominis}} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[Iulianus Soranus]], martyr [[Sora (Italia)|Sorae]] in tempore [[Antoninus Pius|Antonini Pii]], qui celebratur [[27 Ianuarii]].&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://archive.org/details/MartRom2004/page/118/mode/2up?q=Iuliani|titulus=Martyrologium Romanum |annus=2004|domus editoria=Typis Vaticanis|pagina=118}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/5416/Saint-Julien-de-Sora.html |domus editoria=Nominis|titulus=Saint Julien de Sora}} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

* ''Iulianus'' († [[250]]), et Eunus servus eius, martyres in Aegypto, qui celebrantur localiter [[27 Februarii]].&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/713/Saints-Julien-et-Eunus.html |domus editoria=Nominis|titulus= Saints Julien et Eunus}} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

* Iulianus Carthaginensis († [[259]]), cum Lucio, Montano, Victorico, Flaviano, Victori, Primole, Reno et Donatiano, martyres [[Carthago|Carthaginis]] in tempore [[Valerianus]], qui celebrantur [[23 Maii]]&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/1208/Saints-Lucius--Montanus.html |domus editoria=Nominis|titulus= Saints Lucius, Montanus et leurs compagnons}} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt; in Occidente&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://archive.org/details/MartRom2004/page/298/mode/2up?q=Iuliani|titulus=Martyrologium Romanum |annus=2004|domus editoria=Typis Vaticanis|pagina=299}}&lt;/ref&gt; et [[24 Februarii]]&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://www.forum-orthodoxe.com/~forum/viewtopic.php?f=5&amp;t=467&amp;p=2172&amp;hilit=+LUCIEN+MONTAN#p2172|domus editoria= Forum orthodoxe.com|titulus=Forum orthodoxe : saints pour le 24 février du calendrier ecclésiastique}} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt; in Oriente.

* [[Iulianus Terracinae]] († [[268]] seu [[269]]), sacerdos, et [[Cesarius Terracinae|Cesarius]], diaconus, martyres [[Terracina]]e in [[Campania]] in tempore [[Claudius Gothicus|Claudii Gothici]], qui celebrantur [[7 Octobris]].&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/8465/Saints-Julien-et-Cesaire.html |domus editoria=Nominis|titulus=Saints Julien et Césaire}} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[Iulianus Emesensis]] († {{circa}} [[284]]), medicator natus [[Emesa]]e in [[Syria]], martyr, qui celebratur die [[6 Februarii]].

* [[Iulianus Brivatensis]] ([[saeculum 3|saeculum III]]), martyr in [[Arvernia]], qui celebratur [[28 Augusti]].&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/1753/Saint-Julien-de-Brioude.html |domus editoria=Nominis|titulus= Saint Julien de Brioude}} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[Iulianus Cenomanensis]] ([[saeculum 4|saeculo IV]]), episcopus [[Dioecesis Cenomanensis|Cenomanensis]], qui celebratur [[27 Ianuarii]].&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://archive.org/details/MartRom2004/page/118/mode/2up?q=Iuliani|titulus=Martyrologium Romanum |annus=2004|domus editoria=Typis Vaticanis|pagina=119}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/516/Saint-Julien-du-Mans.html |domus editoria=Nominis|titulus= Saint Julien du Mans}} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[Iulianus Galatas]] († [[303]] seu [[305]] seu etiam [[320]] ?), forte sacerdos, cum quadraginta sociis, martyres in [[Galatia]] in tempore [[Diocletianus|Diocletiano]] seu [[Licinius|Licinii]] ; qui celebrantur [[13 Septembris]] in Occidente&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/10401/Saint-Julien-de-Galatie.html |domus editoria=Nominis|titulus= Saint Julien de Galatie}} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt; et [[12 Septembris]] in Oriente&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://www.forum-orthodoxe.com/~forum/viewtopic.php?f=5&amp;t=921&amp;p=4521&amp;hilit=JULIEN+DE+GALATIE#p4521 |domus editoria=Forum orthodoxe.com|titulus=saints pour le 12 septembre du calendrier ecclésiastique}} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.

* [[Iulianus Tarsensis]] († inter [[305]] et [[311]]) seu ''Iulianus Antiochensis'', martyr sub persecutionem [[Galerius|Galerii]], qui celebratur [[21 Iunii]] in Oriente et [[16 Martii]] in [[Ecclesia Latina]].&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://archive.org/details/MartRom2004/page/192/mode/2up?q=Iuliani|titulus=Martyrologium Romanum |annus=2004|domus editoria=Typis Vaticanis|pagina=192}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[Iulianus Sabas]] († [[377]]), eremita in [[Osrohena]] [[Mesopotamia (provincia Romana)|Mesopotamiae]], qui celebratur [[18 Octobris]] in Oriente&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://www.forum-orthodoxe.com/~forum/viewtopic.php?f=5&amp;t=975&amp;p=4923&amp;hilit=JULIEN+SABAS#p4923 |titulus=saints pour le 18 octobre du calendrier ecclésiastique (Julien Sabas)|domus editoria=Forum orthodoxe.com}}.&lt;/ref&gt; et [[17 Ianuarii]] in Occidente.&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/5222/Saint-Julien-Sabas.html |domus editoria=Nominis|titulus= Saint Julien Sabas}} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

* Iulianus († [[391]]), diaconus in [[Horta (Pedemontium)|Horta]], frater [[Iulius ab Horta|Iulii sacerdotis]], qui celebrantur [[31 Ianuarii]].&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/5494/Saint-Jules.html |domus editoria=Nominis|titulus= Saints Jules et Saint Julien}} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://archive.org/details/MartRom2004/page/126/mode/2up?q=Iulii|titulus=Martyrologium Romanum |annus=2004|domus editoria=Typis Vaticanis|pagina=126}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[Iulianus Viennensis]] († post [[533]]&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|auctor=Leo Cristiani|url=https://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/rhef_0300-9505_1945_num_31_118_2986 |titulus=Liste chronologique des saints de France, des origines à l'avènement des carolingiens (essai critique)|domus editoria=Revue d'histoire de l'Église de France|annus=1945|volumen=31|numerus=118|paginae=5-96, 42}}&lt;/ref&gt;), episcopus [[Archidoecesis Viennensis|Viennensis]], qui [[saeculum 2|saeculo II]] [[concilium Aurelianense]] participavit, celebratum [[22 Aprilis]]&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|auctor=Jacobus Longueval|url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=QyEIS6SsmHsC&amp;vq=aspais&amp;dq=PA392&amp;hl=fr&amp;pg=PA392#v= |titulus=Histoire de l’Église gallicane|volumen=2|annus= 1732|pagina=392}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

* [[Iulianus Constantinopolitanus]] († inter [[726]] et [[730]]), cum suis nono sociis&lt;ref&gt;Qui sunt: Marcianus, Ioannes, Iacobus, Alexis, Démètre, Photios, Petrus et Leontius, monaches, necnon Maria Patricia.&lt;/ref&gt; martyres sub [[Leo III Isaurianus|Leonem III Isaurianum]] per persecutionem [[Iconoclasmus|iconoclastam]], qui celebrantur [[9 Augusti]].&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/7834/Saints-Julien-et-ses-compagnons.html |domus editoria=nominis.cef.fr|titulus=Saints Julien et ses compagnons }} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=https://www.forum-orthodoxe.com/~forum/viewtopic.php?t=143 |domus editoria=forum-orthodoxe.com|titulus=Forum orthodoxe francophone : Saints pour le 9 août du calendrier ecclésiastique}} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

*[[Petus Iulianus Eymard|Sanctus Iulianus Eymard]] (1811-1868), sacerdos ab [[Isara (praefectura Franciae)|Isara]], conditor [[Societas Sanctissimi Sacramenti|Societatis Sanctissimi Sacramenti]], canonisatus anno 1963, qui celebratur die [[2 Augusti]].

* [[Iulianus Maunoir]] ([[saeculum 17|saeculum XVII]]), sacerdos britannicus, qui celebratur die [[28 Ianuarii]].&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|url=http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/521/Saint-Julien-Maunoir.html |domus editoria=Nominis|titulus= Saint Julien Maunoir}} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Toponyma ==

=== Francia ===
* [[Sanctus Iulianus (Corsica)|Sanctus Iulianus]] (Corsica)
* [[Sanctus Iulianus (Vosegus)|Sanctus Iulianus]] (Vosegus)
* [[Sanctus Iulianus de Concellis]] (Liger Atlanticus)
* [[Sanctus Iulianus de Voantis]] (Liger Atlanticus)

* [[Fanum Sancti Iuliani (Rhodanus et Alpes)|Fanum Sancti Iuliani]] (Sabaudia Superior)
* [[Fanum Sancti Iuliani-Mons Dionisius]] (Sabaudia)

=== Italia ===
* [[Sanctus Iulianus (Molisium)|Sanctus Iulianus]], commune provinciae Campobassensis;
* [[Fanum Sancti Iuliani (Urbs metropolitana Mediolanensis)|Fanum Sancti Iuliani]], Urbs in [[Urbs metropolitana Mediolanensis|Urbe metropolitana Mediolanensis]];
* [[Fanum Sancti Iuliani Samniticum]], commune [[Provincia Campobassensis|provinciae Campobassensis]]; 
* [[Aquae Pisanae|Fanum Sancti Iuliani ad Aquas]], urbs [[Provincia Pisana|Provinciae Pisanae]];

== Notae et Fontes ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Sancti|Iulianus]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sanctus Iulianus (Vosegus)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>325575</id>
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      <id>3991236</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+discretiva</comment>
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      <text bytes="1025" sha1="klhwm1kiuc6uy2fyst219q1qxehdx04" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
{{videdis|Sanctus Iulianus}}
[[Fasciculus:Saint-Julien (2).JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Sanctus Iulianus: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Sanctus Iulianus|Sancto Iuliano]] dicata.]]
{{res|Sanctus Iulianus }}&lt;ref&gt;{{Graesse}}, t.2, p. 312.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Francogallice]]: ''Saint-Julien'') est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 103 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] in regione [[Magnus Oriens|Magno Oriente]].

== Civis notabilis ==
* [[Andrea Gallais]] (1898-1995), nata Chardin, officialis [[Legio Honoris|Legionis Honoris]], deportata pugnatrix resistentiae ab anno 1939 ad annum 1945, hic habitavit et ibi scholam frequentavit.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Vosegi]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Saint-Julien (Vosges)|Sanctum Iulianum}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vosegi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Formula:Nota argumenti vicitextualis/doc</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+{{[[Formula:Vicitextus concors|Vicitextus concors]]}}</comment>
      <origin>3991481</origin>
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      <text bytes="2788" sha1="l68ynwaur0nhtybouf8hc9fvwuztdir" xml:space="preserve">{{Subpagina documentationis|proprietas=distributa}}
{{Formula substituibilis|...}}
{{Vicitextus concors
	| Nota argumenti vicitextualis
	| Nota argumenti vicitextualis sine typographia
}}
{{Videatur etiam|Formula:Argumentum vicitextuale}}

Formulae {{Fn|Nota argumenti vicitextualis}} et {{Fn|Nota argumenti vicitextualis sine typographia}} parametra ostendunt sicut in formulis visa.

== De usu ==
=== {{[[Formula:Nota argumenti vicitextualis|Nota argumenti vicitextualis]]}} ===
{{Compendia formulae|narg|param}}

* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{narg|1}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{narg|1}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{narg|nomen}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{narg|nomen}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{narg|nomen|}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{narg|nomen|}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{narg|lorem|ipsum}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{narg|lorem|ipsum}}

=== {{[[Formula:Nota argumenti vicitextualis sine typographia|Nota argumenti vicitextualis sine typographia]]}} ===
{{Compendia formulae|nargn|paramn}}

* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{nargn|1}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{nargn|1}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{nargn|nomen}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{nargn|nomen}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{nargn|nomen|}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{nargn|nomen|}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{nargn|lorem|ipsum}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{nargn|lorem|ipsum}}

=== De ambabus formulis in unā adhibitis ===
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Nota argumenti vicitextualis|lorem|{{paramn|ipsum|dolor}}}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{Nota argumenti vicitextualis|lorem|{{paramn|ipsum|dolor}}}}

== De argumentis ==

&lt;templatedata&gt;{
	&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Haec formula parametra ostendit sicut in formulis visa..&quot;,
	&quot;params&quot;: {
		&quot;1&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Nomen parametri&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Nomen parametri&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: true,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;lorem&quot;
		},
		&quot;2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Alius textus&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Alius textus ostendendus&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;ipsum&quot;
		},
		&quot;color-nominis&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Color nominis&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Color nominis parametri&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;#007676&quot;,
			&quot;default&quot;: &quot;#19177c&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		}
	}
}&lt;/templatedata&gt;

== Ulteriora si cupis ==
* {{Fn|Argumentum vicitextuale}}
* {{Fn|Mora parametri}}
* {{Fn|Fn}}
* {{Fn|Fnp}}
* {{Fn|Fsn}}
* {{Fn|Fsnp}}

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{in harenario aut alibi||
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[[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae intra versum accommodandae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae administrationis Vicipaediae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae documentationis|{{PAGENAME}}]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Niagara</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-26T19:47:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: −[[Categoria:Flumina Canadae]]; ±[[Categoria:Ontario]]→[[Categoria:Flumina Ontarionis]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="2276" sha1="jgsjz1pd41shyfnt8xkh2wlqkkeo7ei" xml:space="preserve">{{Flumen|Niagara|[[Fasciculus:Edward Walsh - Queenstown, Upper Canada on the Niagara (a.k.a. Queenston, Ontario).jpg|thumb|Niagara in Urbe Reginae (''Queenston''; [[hydrochroma]] Eduardi Walsh, 1805)]]|56||5700|665 000|[[Lacus Erieus]]|[[Lacus Ontarius]]|[[Novum Eboracum]], [[Ontario]]}}
{{res|Niagara}}&lt;ref&gt;P. J. Hollman, [https://www.google.com/books/edition/Quo_tendimus/f7hnAAAAcAAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=aquae+cadentes+niagara*&amp;pg=PA55&amp;printsec=frontcover ''Quo tendimus? Studium historicum''] (Alcmariae: 1893), 55. Cf. [[binomen]] ''[[Stephanodiscus niagarae]]''.&lt;/ref&gt; est flumen [[America Borealis|Americae Borealis]], quod e [[lacus Erieus|lacu Erieo]] aquam [[Magni Lacus|Lacuum Magnorum]] in [[lacus Ontarius|lacum Ontarium]] fert. Longitudinem 56 [[chm]] habet.

[[Fasciculus:20160930 19 Niagara River (27453343679).jpg|thumb|Niagara in angustiis post aquas cadentes]]
==Situs et fluxus==

A meridie ad septentrionem fluit; confinium est [[Canada]]e (provinciae [[Ontario]]nis in ripa laeva occidentali) et [[CFA|Civitatum Foederatarum Americae]] (civitatis [[Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]] in ripa dextra orientali). In fluxu superiore duobus ramis fluit et Insulam Magnam (''Grand Island'') ceterasque insulas minores (inter quas et [[insula Cayuga|Cayugam]]) facit. In fluxu medio per [[Aquae cadentes Niagarenses|Aquas cadentes Niagarenses]] cadit, qua de causa navibus prorsus invia est (per [[canalis Wellandianus|canalem Wellandianum]] naves ex Erieo in Ontarium navigant).

==Urbes==

[[Buffalo]] urbs magna prope fontem Niagarae sita est, duae urbes eiusdem nominis ''Niagara Falls'', ''Aquae Cadentes Niagarenses'', una [[Aquae Cadentes Niagarenses (urbs Civitatum Foederatarum)|Civitatum Foederatarum]], altera [[Aquae Cadentes Niagarenses (urbs Canadae)|Canadae]], ad aquas cadentes adiacent; urbs [[Niagara ad Lacum]] (''Niagara on the Lake'') in ostio fluminis aedificata est.

==Nomen==

Nomen fluminis [[Linguae Iroquesiae|Iroquesium]] ''Ongniara'', i.e. «terra dimidiata», fuit.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Nexus externi==
{{fontes geographici}}

[[Categoria:Flumina Novi Eboraci]]
[[Categoria:Systema Sancti Laurentii fluminis]]
[[Categoria:Flumina Ontarionis]]
[[Categoria:Fines Novi Eboraci]]
[[Categoria:Fines Canadae et Civitatum Foederatarum]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Computatio distributa</title>
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        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
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      <comment>+{{Vicificanda}}; +{{Pagina polienda}}</comment>
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{{Pagina polienda}}

[[Computatio distributa]] est campus [[scientia computeralis|scientiae computeralis]] qui systemata distributa studet, quae definiuntur ut [[systema computerale|systemata computeralia]] quorum partes inter se communicantes in diversis [[computatrale reticulatum|computatralibus reticulatis]] sitae sunt.

Partes systematis distributi communicant et actiones suas coordinant [[traditio nuntiorum|nuntios ad invicem tradendo]] ad finem communem assequendum. Tria certamina systematum distributorum sunt: [[concurrentia|concurrentiam]] partium conservare, defectum [[synchronizatio horologii|horologii universalis]] superare, et defectiones independentes partium administrare. Cum pars unius systematis deficit, totum systema non deficit. Exempla systematum distributorum variant a [[architectura orientata ad servitia|systematibus SOA-fundatis]] ad [[microservitia]], a [[ludus in linea cum plurimis participantibus|ludis in linea cum plurimis participantibus]] ad [[computatio inter pares|applicationes inter pares]]. Systemata distributa plus constant quam architecturae monolithicae, praecipue propter necessitates auctas instrumentorum additionaliorum, ministrorum, portarum, muralium ignium, subreticulorum novorum, procuratorum, et similium. Systemata distributa etiam ab [[errores computationis distributae|erroribus computationis distributae]] pati possunt. E contrario, systema distributum bene designatum est magis scalabile, magis durabile, magis mutabile, et accuratius quam [[applicatio monolithica]] in una machina posita. Secundum Marcum Brooker: &quot;systema scalabile est in ambitu ubi [[sumptus marginalis]] oneris additionalis fere constans est.&quot; [[Computatio sine ministro|Technologiae sine ministro]] hanc definitionem conveniunt, sed sumptus totalis proprietatis, non solum sumptus infrastructurae, considerandus est.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Detroitum (flumen)</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: −[[Categoria:Flumina Canadae]]; ±[[Categoria:Ontario]]→[[Categoria:Flumina Ontarionis]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="1441" sha1="fs73dlqu7dzxztyto0pcilbinqz2zk5" xml:space="preserve">{{Flumen|Detroitum |[[Fasciculus:WindsorDetroitpark.jpg|thumb|Detroitum in [[Windesoria (Canada)|Windesoria]] Canadae]]|52||5700|665 000|[[Lacus Sanctae Clarae]]|[[Lacus Erieus]]|[[Michigania]], [[Ontario]]}}
{{res|Detroitum}}&lt;ref&gt;''[http://www.heruitgeverij.be/276ind.htm Dictionnaire Latin-Français des Noms propres de Lieux ayant une certaine notoriété principalement au point de vue ecclésiastique et monastique]'' (1897). Adiect. &quot;Detroitensis&quot;: vide {{CathHierDiocese|detr|Archidioecesis Detroitensis}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Anglice]] ''Detroit,'' [[Francogallice]] ''Détroit'', i.e. ''fretum'')  est flumen [[America Borealis|Americae Borealis]], quod e [[lacus Sanctae Clarae|lacu Sanctae Clarae]] aquam [[Magni Lacus|Lacuum Magnorum]] in [[lacus Erieus|lacum Erieum]] fert. Longitudinem 52 [[chm]] habet. 

A septentrione ad meridiem fluit; confinium est [[Canada]]e (provinciae [[Ontario]]nis in ripa laeva orientali) et [[CFA|Civitatum Foederatarum Americae]] (civitatis [[Michigania]]e in ripa dextra occidentali). [[Detroitum]] urbs maxima prope ad fontem fluminis in ripa dextra sita est, et ibidem [[Windesoria (Canada)|Windesoria]] urbs Canadae in ripa laeva.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Nexus externi==
{{fontes geographici}}

[[Categoria:Flumina Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Michigania]]
[[Categoria:Flumina Ontarionis]]
[[Categoria:Systema Sancti Laurentii fluminis]]
[[Categoria:Fines Canadae et Civitatum Foederatarum]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Flumen Sanctae Clarae</title>
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      <id>3991397</id>
      <parentid>3988654</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T19:48:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: −[[Categoria:Flumina Canadae]]; ±[[Categoria:Ontario]]→[[Categoria:Flumina Ontarionis]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="1451" sha1="d99va23czql5tl9zrkzo4cdlcwc8ab5" xml:space="preserve">{{Flumen|Flumen Sanctae Clarae |[[Fasciculus:Ste Claire Ship Canal, lower entrance (NBY 1888).jpg|thumb|Introitus in canalem navigabilem in flumine Sanctae Clarae ([[charta cursualis]], 1888)]]|65||5200|3776|[[Lacus Huronum]]|[[Lacus Sanctae Clarae]]|[[Michigania]], [[Ontario]]}}
{{res|Flumen Sanctae Clarae}}{{Convertimus}} ([[Anglice]] ''St. Clair River,'' [[Francogallice]] ''Rivière Sainte-Claire'')  est flumen [[America Borealis|Americae Borealis]], quod e [[lacus Huronum|lacu Huronum]] in [[lacus Sanctae Clarae|lacum Sanctae Clarae]] aquam [[Magni Lacus|Lacuum Magnorum]] fert. Longitudinem 65 [[chm]] habet. 

A septentrione ad meridiem fluit; confinium est [[Canada]]e (provinciae [[Ontario]]nis in ripa laeva orientali) et [[CFA|Civitatum Foederatarum Americae]] (civitatis [[Michigania]]e in ripa dextra occidentali). [[Portus Huronum]] urbs Michiganiae prope ad fontem fluminis in ripa dextra sita est, et ibidem [[Sarnia (Canada)|Sarnia]] urbs Canadae in ripa laeva. In ostio [[delta fluminis|delta]] format, in tria bracchia divisum: Canalem Borealem, Medium et Australem ([[Anglice]] ''North, Middle, South Channels''). 

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Nexus externi==
{{fontes geographici}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sanctae Clarae, flumen}}
[[Categoria:Flumina Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Michigania]]
[[Categoria:Flumina Ontarionis]]
[[Categoria:Systema Sancti Laurentii fluminis]]
[[Categoria:Fines Canadae et Civitatum Foederatarum]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Interactio Fermiana</title>
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      <comment>Sermo; minora</comment>
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      <text bytes="37112" sha1="0ta1o0ljp4nzkyuix4rhsn9fc6lla92" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Beta-minus Decay.svg|thumb|Dilapsio β&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt; in [[nucleus atomicus|nucleo atomico]] ({{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|antineutrinum||it|qid=Q1066748}} comitans omittitur). In imagine dilapsio β&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt; [[neutron]]is liberi ostenditur. Utroque in processu emissio {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Bosones W et Z|bosonis {{mvar|1=W&lt;sup style=&quot;font-style: inherit;&quot;&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;}}|en|qid=Q211922}} intermedii (qui deinde in [[electron]]em et antineutrinum dilabitur) non ostenditur.]]

In [[physica particularum]], {{res|interactio Fermiana}}, etiam {{res|plene=Interactio quadrifermionica|quadrifermionica}} dicta, est explanatio {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|dilapsio beta|dilapsionis beta|en|qid=Q306786}} quam [[Henricus Fermi]] anno [[1933]] proposuit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Yang, 2012}}, pp. 27–30.&lt;/ref&gt; Eius [[theoria]] postulat quattuor [[fermion]]es in eodem vertice {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|diagramma Feynmanianum|diagrammatis Feynmaniani|en|qid=Q386272}} inter se ita agere ut dilapsio beta [[neutron]]is per copulationem directam ipsius cum [[electron]]e, [[neutrinum|neutrino]] (quod postea {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|antineutrinum||it|qid=Q1066748}} esse statutum est) et [[proton]]e explicari possit.&lt;ref name=&quot;feynman-1962-capp6-7&quot;&gt;{{qc|Feynman, 1962}}, capitula VI &amp; VII.&lt;/ref&gt;

Fermi suam theoriam anno [[1933]] edidit.&lt;ref name=&quot;fermi-1933&quot;&gt;{{qc|Fermi, 1933}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fermi-1934&quot;&gt;{{qc|Fermi, 1934}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fermi-1933-bis&quot;&gt;{{qc|Fermi, 1934 bis}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;griffiths-2009-pp314-315&quot;&gt;{{qc|Griffiths, 2009 [1987]}}, [https://archive.org/details/elementarypartic00grif/page/n328 pp. 314–315].&lt;/ref&gt; Eius explanatio theoriam [[interactio debilis|interactionis debilis]] praecedebat, in qua interactiones inter protonem et neutronem atque inter electronem et antineutrinum per {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Bosones W et Z|bosonem {{mvar|1=W&lt;sup style=&quot;font-style: inherit;&quot;&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;}}|en|qid=Q211922}} intercedentem fiunt. Theoria Fermiana est {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|theoria campi efficax||en|qid=Q281778}}, tantummodo in regiminibus humilium [[energia]]rum valida.

Secundum [[Eugenius Wigner|Eugenium Wigner]], qui unā cum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Paschalis Jordan|Paschali Jordan|en|qid=Q61761}} {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|transformatio Jordana-Wigneriana|transformationem Jordanam-Wignerianam|en|qid=Q898893}} introduxit, commentatio Fermiana de dilapsione beta inter praecipua physici Italici opera in [[historia physicae|historiam physicae]] numeratur.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Cronin, 2004}}, pp. 241–244.&lt;/ref&gt;

== De prima recusatione et de posteriore editione ==
Fermi theoriam suam de dilapsione beta, quam ipse “temptativam” appellavit (Italice {{barbarice|lingua=it|tentativo}}),&lt;ref name=&quot;fermi-1934&quot;&gt;{{qc|Fermi, 1934}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ad inclitam ephemeridem scientificam ''[[Nature]]'' primitus misit; quae tamen theoriam recusavit quum putaret eam “speculationes a veritate nimis remotas continere ut lectori usui essent”.&lt;ref&gt;{{*Cfr}} {{qc|Rasetti, 1962}}, [https://web.archive.org/web/20230523070233/https://operedigitali.lincei.it/Fermi/Fermi-omnia1_testo.pdf vol. 1], p. 540: “Fermi intended to announce the results of his beta-decay theory in a letter to ‘Nature’, but the manuscript was rejected by the Editor of that journal as containing abstract speculations too remote from physical reality to be of interest to the readers. He then sent a somewhat longer paper {{ellipsis sparsa}} to ‘Ricerca Scientifica’ where it was promptly published.”&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;close-2012&quot;&gt;{{qc|Close, 2012}}, p. 24.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Pais, 1986}}, [https://archive.org/details/inwardboundofmat00pais_0/page/418 p. 418].&lt;/ref&gt; Traditum est postea ''Nature'' hanc recusationem inter maximos errores suae historiae editoriae numeravisse; David N. Schwartz tamen, biographus Henrici Fermi, huic [[traditio]]ni obiecit eam nec comprobatam neque verisimilem esse.{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1={{Cfr.}} {{qc|Schwartz, 2017}}, annotationes 60, 61, 63 sectione octava secundae partis. Secundum Schwartz, incertum est ephemerisne [[manuscriptum]] reiecerit, quoniam tabularia ad illa tempora pertinentia, sede ephemeridis translata, amissa sunt. Argumentatur quoque parum verisimile esse Fermi serio petivisse ut opus suum in illa ephemeride divulgaretur, quoniam eo tempore ''Nature'' de similibus commentationibus tantummodo brevissimas annotationes edebat, neque apta erat ad novas theorias physicas divulgandas. Aptior, si quid, fuisset ephemeris ''{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Proceedings of the Royal Society|&lt;&gt;|en|qid=Q1193201}}''.|2=Q1193201}} Fermi versiones commentationis suae ad ephemerides [[Italia|Italicas]] et [[Germania|Germanicas]] misit, quae annis [[1933]] et [[1934]] acceperunt atque ediderunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;fermi-1933&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fermi-1933-bis&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fermi-1934&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fermi-et-wilson-1968&quot;&gt;{{qc|Fermi &amp; Wilson, 1968}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Anno [[1968]] prima editio [[Lingua Anglica|Anglica]] in ephemeride ''{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|American Journal of Physics||en|qid=Q465346}}'' apparuit.&lt;ref name=&quot;close-2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fermi-et-wilson-1968&quot; /&gt;

Fermi primam recusationem commentationis suae adeo graviter tulit ut aliquantum temporis a [[physica theoretica]] abesset et solam {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|physica experimentalis|physicam experimentalem|en|qid=Q18366}} exerceret. Paulo post, haec mutatio studiorum ad praeclarum opus de {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Temperatura neutronica|activatione nucleorum|en|qid=Q1969703}} ope {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Neutron thermicus|neutronum tardorum|it|qid=Q951990}} eum perduxit, cuius gratiā [[Praemium Nobelianum physicae]] anno [[1938]] accepit.

== ''“{{Op|Tentativo|plene=𝘛𝘦𝘯𝘵𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘷𝘰 𝘥𝘪 𝘶𝘯𝘢 𝘵𝘦𝘰𝘳𝘪𝘢 𝘥𝘦𝘪 𝘳𝘢𝘨𝘨𝘪 𝛽|lingua=it}}”'' ==
Theoria Fermiana tria genera particularum tractat, quae directe inter se interagere putantur: primitus “{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|nucleon|particula gravis|en|qid=Q102165}}” in “statu neutronico” (&lt;math&gt;\rho = +1&lt;/math&gt;), quae deinde, electrone neutrinoque emissis, in “statum protonicum” (&lt;math&gt;\rho = -1&lt;/math&gt;) transit.

==== Status electronis ====
Electronis {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|functio undae||en|qid=Q2362761}} hac [[aequatio]]ne describitur:

: &lt;math&gt;\psi = \sum_s \psi_s a_s&lt;/math&gt;

ubi &lt;math&gt;\psi&lt;/math&gt; est {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|functio undae Coulombiana||en|qid=Q17007968}} unius electronis et &lt;math&gt;\psi_s&lt;/math&gt; sunt eius {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|status stationarius|statūs stationarii|en|qid=Q911951}}.

&lt;math&gt;a_s&lt;/math&gt; est {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Operatra creationis annihilationisque|operatrum quod electronem in statu {{mvar|s}} annihilat|en|qid=Q902336}}, quod in {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|spatium Fockianum|spatio Fockiano|en|qid=Q899044}} hoc modo agit:

: &lt;math&gt;a_s \Psi(N_1, N_2, \ldots, N_s, \ldots) = (-1)^{N_1 + N_2 + \cdots + N_s - 1} (1 - N_s) \Psi(N_1, N_2, \ldots, 1 - N_s, \ldots)&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;a_s^*&lt;/math&gt; est {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|operatrum (mathematica)|operatrum|en|qid=Q131030}} creationis electronis in statu {{mvar|s}}:

: &lt;math&gt;a_s^* \Psi(N_1, N_2, \ldots, N_s, \ldots) = (-1)^{N_1 + N_2 + \cdots + N_s - 1} N_s \Psi(N_1, N_2, \ldots, 1 - N_s, \ldots)&lt;/math&gt;

==== Status neutrini ====
Similiter, functio undae neutrini (&lt;math&gt;\phi&lt;/math&gt;) hac aequatione describitur

: &lt;math&gt;\phi = \sum_\sigma \phi_\sigma b_\sigma&lt;/math&gt;

ubi &lt;math&gt;\phi_\sigma&lt;/math&gt; sunt statūs stationarii unius neutrini.

&lt;math&gt;b_\sigma&lt;/math&gt; est operatrum quod neutrinum in statu {{mvar|σ}} annihilat et quod in spatio Fockiano hoc modo agit:

: &lt;math&gt;b_\sigma \Phi(M_1, M_2, \ldots, M_\sigma, \ldots) = (-1)^{M_1 + M_2 + \cdots + M_\sigma - 1} (1 - M_\sigma) \Phi(M_1, M_2, \ldots, 1 - M_\sigma, \ldots)&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;b_\sigma^*&lt;/math&gt; est creationis operatrum neutrini in statu {{mvar|σ}}.

==== Status particulae gravis ====
&lt;math&gt;\rho&lt;/math&gt; est {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|operatrum (mathematica)|operatrum|en|qid=Q131030}} a [[Wernerus Heisenberg|Wernero Heisenberg]] introductum (postea in notione {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|vertigo isotopica|vertiginis isotopicae|en|qid=Q836938}} ampliatum) quo status {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|nucleon|particulae gravis|en|qid=Q102165}} describitur; si particula est neutron valorem proprium {{math|+1}} habet, et {{math|−1}} si particula est proton. Itaque statūs particularum gravium per vectores columnarios duarum componentium repraesentabuntur, ubi

: &lt;math&gt;\begin{pmatrix}1\\0\end{pmatrix}&lt;/math&gt;

neutronem repraesentat, et

: &lt;math&gt;\begin{pmatrix}0\\1\end{pmatrix}&lt;/math&gt;

protonem repraesentat (in illa repraesentatione in qua &lt;math&gt;\rho&lt;/math&gt; est consueta {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|matrix Pauliana||en|qid=Q336233}} &lt;math&gt;\sigma_z&lt;/math&gt;).

Operatra quae particulam gravem e statu protonicum in neutronicum et vice versa mutant per

: &lt;math&gt;Q = \sigma_x - i \sigma_y = \begin{pmatrix}0 &amp; 1\\ 0 &amp; 0\end{pmatrix}&lt;/math&gt;

et

: &lt;math&gt;Q^* = \sigma_x + i \sigma_y = \begin{pmatrix}0 &amp; 0\\ 1 &amp; 0\end{pmatrix}&lt;/math&gt;

repraesentantur.

&lt;math&gt;u_n(x)&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;v_n(x)&lt;/math&gt; sunt functiones propriae particulae gravis in {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|status stationarius|statu stationario|en|qid=Q911951}} {{comp|&lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt;&lt;sup&gt;mo&lt;/sup&gt;|“Ennensimo”}}, quum &lt;math&gt;\rho = +1&lt;/math&gt; (neutron) et &lt;math&gt;\rho = -1&lt;/math&gt; (proton), ubi &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; est positio particulae gravis.

=== Operatrum Hamiltonianum ===
{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Operatrum Hamiltonianum||en|qid=Q660488}} tribus partibus constat: pars &lt;math&gt;H_\text{h.p.}&lt;/math&gt;, quae energiam liberarum particularum gravium repraesentat; pars &lt;math&gt;H_\text{l.p.}&lt;/math&gt;, quae energiam liberarum particularum levium repraesentat; et pars &lt;math&gt;H_\text{int.}&lt;/math&gt;, quae interactionem praebet.

: &lt;math&gt;H_\text{h.p.} = \frac{1}{2}(1 + \rho)N + \frac{1}{2}(1 - \rho)P&lt;/math&gt;

ubi &lt;math&gt;N&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;P&lt;/math&gt; sunt operatra energiae neutronis et protonis, ita ut, si &lt;math&gt;\rho = 1&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;H_\text{h.p.} = N&lt;/math&gt;, et, si &lt;math&gt;\rho = -1&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;H_\text{h.p.} = P&lt;/math&gt;.

: &lt;math&gt;H_\text{l.p.} = \sum_s H_s N_s + \sum_\sigma K_\sigma M_\sigma&lt;/math&gt;

ubi &lt;math&gt;H_s&lt;/math&gt; est energia electronis in statu &lt;math&gt;s&lt;/math&gt; intra campum Coulombianum [[nucleus atomicus|nuclei]], et &lt;math&gt;N_s&lt;/math&gt; est numerus electronum in illo statu; &lt;math&gt;M_\sigma&lt;/math&gt; est numerus neutrinorum in statu &lt;math&gt;\sigma&lt;/math&gt;, et &lt;math&gt;K_\sigma&lt;/math&gt; est energia uniuscuiusque talis neutrini (quod in libero statu {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|unda plana|undae planae|en|qid=Q122518}} assumitur).

In parte interactionis terminus continendus est qui transformationem protonis in neutronem, unā cum emissione electronis et neutrini (nunc scimus hoc esse antineutrinum), repraesentet, necnon terminus qui processum inversum repraesentet; {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|vis electrica|vis Coulombiana|en|qid=Q83152}} inter electronem et protonem omittitur, quia ad dilapsionem β non pertinet.

Fermi duo valores possibiles quantitatis &lt;math&gt;H_\text{int.}&lt;/math&gt; proposuit: primum, quandam formam non relativisticam in qua [[vertigo quantica|vertigo]] omittitur:

: &lt;math&gt;H_\text{int.} = g \left[ Q \psi(x) \phi(x) + Q^* \psi^*(x) \phi^*(x) \right]&lt;/math&gt;

deinde, quum assumeret particulas leves esse {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|volutor Diracianus|volutores Diracianos|en|qid=Q688945}} componentium quattuor, sed velocitatem particularum gravium parvam esse respectu constantis &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;, et omnes interactionis terminos qui {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|potentialis vectorialis|potentiali vectoriali|en|qid=Q521126}} electromagnetico similes erant omitti posse, hanc formam alteram:

: &lt;math&gt;H_\text{int.} = g \left[ Q \tilde{\psi}^* \delta \phi + Q^* \tilde{\psi} \delta \phi^* \right]&lt;/math&gt;

ubi &lt;math&gt;\psi&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;\phi&lt;/math&gt; nunc sunt {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|volutor (geometria)|volutores|en|qid=Q604907}} Diraciani componentium quattuor, &lt;math&gt;\tilde{\psi}&lt;/math&gt; {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Matrix transposita coniugata|coniugatam Hermitianam|en|qid=Q2051983}} ipsius &lt;math&gt;\psi&lt;/math&gt; repraesentat, et &lt;math&gt;\delta&lt;/math&gt; est matrix

: &lt;math&gt;\begin{pmatrix}
0 &amp; -1 &amp; 0 &amp; 0\\
1 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0\\
0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 1\\
0 &amp; 0 &amp; -1 &amp; 0
\end{pmatrix}&lt;/math&gt;

=== Elementa matricis ===
Status systematis [[n-plex|sequentiā ''en''plici]] &lt;math&gt;\rho, n, N_1, N_2, \ldots, M_1, M_2, \ldots&lt;/math&gt; dari intellegitur, ubi &lt;math&gt;\rho = \pm 1&lt;/math&gt; indicat utrum particula gravis sit neutron an proton, &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt; est status quanticus particulae gravis, &lt;math&gt;N_s&lt;/math&gt; est numerus electronum in statu &lt;math&gt;s&lt;/math&gt;, et &lt;math&gt;M_\sigma&lt;/math&gt; est numerus neutrinorum in statu &lt;math&gt;\sigma&lt;/math&gt;.

Formā relativisticā quantitatis &lt;math&gt;H_\text{int.}&lt;/math&gt; utens, Fermi illud elementum matricis exhibet inter condicionem in qua neutron est in statu &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt; et nulli electrones in statu &lt;math&gt;s&lt;/math&gt; nullaque neutrina in statu &lt;math&gt;\sigma&lt;/math&gt; adsunt, et condicionem in qua proton est in statu &lt;math&gt;m&lt;/math&gt; et electron ac neutrino in statibus &lt;math&gt;s&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;\sigma&lt;/math&gt; adsunt,

: &lt;math&gt;H^{\rho=1, n, N_s=0, M_\sigma=0}_{\rho=-1,m,N_s=1,M_\sigma=1} = \pm g \int v_m^* u_n \tilde{\psi}_s \delta \phi^*_\sigma d\tau&lt;/math&gt;

dummodo [[integrale]] per totum spatium configurationis particularum gravium (praeter &lt;math&gt;\rho&lt;/math&gt;) computetur. Signum &lt;math&gt;\pm&lt;/math&gt; ex eo dependet, utrum numerus omnium particularum levium sit impar (−) an par (+).

=== Probabilitas transitionis ===
Ad tempus vitae mediocre neutronis in statu &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt; secundum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|theoria perturbationum quantica|theoriam perturbationum quanticam|en|qid=Q911364}} computandum, elementa matricis supradicta de omnibus statibus electronum et neutrinorum nondum occupatis summanda sunt. Hoc simplicatur assumendo functiones proprias electronis et neutrini &lt;math&gt;\psi_s&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;\phi_\sigma&lt;/math&gt; intra nucleum esse constantes ({{*ie}} {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Longitudo undae Comptoniana|longitudines undarum Comptonianarum|en|qid=Q1145377}} electronis et neutrini multo maiores esse quam magnitudinem nuclei). Hoc dat,

: &lt;math&gt;H^{\rho=1, n, N_s=0, M_\sigma=0}_{\rho=-1,m,N_s=1,M_\sigma=1} = \pm g \tilde{\psi}_s \delta \phi_\sigma^* \int v_m^* u_n d\tau&lt;/math&gt;

ubi nunc &lt;math&gt;\psi_s&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;\phi_\sigma&lt;/math&gt; in positione nuclei aestimantur.

Secundum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|regula aurea Fermiana|regulam auream Fermianam|en|qid=Q1073295}}, probabilitas huius transitionis est

: &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\left|a^{\rho=1, n, N_s=0, M_\sigma=0}_{\rho=-1,m,N_s=1,M_\sigma=1}\right|^2 &amp;= \left|H^{\rho=1, n, N_s=0, M_\sigma=0}_{\rho=-1,m,N_s=1,M_\sigma=1} \times \frac{\exp{\frac{2\pi i}{h} (-W + H_s + K_\sigma) t} - 1}{-W + H_s + K_\sigma}\right|^2 \\
&amp;= 4 \left|H^{\rho=1, n, N_s=0, M_\sigma=0}_{\rho=-1,m,N_s=1,M_\sigma=1}\right|^2 \times \frac{\sin^2\left(\frac{\pi t}{h}(-W + H_s + K_\sigma)\right)}{(-W + H_s + K_\sigma)^2},
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;

ubi &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; est differentia energetica inter statum protonis et statum neutronis.

Per omnes directiones [[medietas|medietatem]] omnium [[vertigo quantica|vertiginum]] et omnium [[motus|motuum]] neutrinorum capiendo qui energiam habent positivam (ubi &lt;math&gt;\Omega^{-1}&lt;/math&gt; est densitas statuum neutrinorum, quae postremo ad infinitum tendere sumitur), habetur:

: &lt;math&gt; \left\langle \left|H^{\rho=1, n, N_s=0, M_\sigma=0}_{\rho=-1,m,N_s=1,M_\sigma=1}\right|^2 \right \rangle_\text{avg} = \frac{g^2}{4\Omega} \left|\int v_m^* u_n d\tau\right|^2 \left( \tilde{\psi}_s \psi_s - \frac{\mu c^2}{K_\sigma} \tilde{\psi}_s \beta \psi_s\right)&lt;/math&gt;

ubi &lt;math&gt;\mu&lt;/math&gt; est {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|massa quietis||en|qid=Q1097654}} neutrini et &lt;math&gt;\beta&lt;/math&gt; est {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|matrices Diracianae|matrix Diraciana|en|qid=Q1151645}}.

Quum valoribus &lt;math&gt;p_\sigma&lt;/math&gt; quibus &lt;math&gt;-W + H_s + K_\sigma = 0&lt;/math&gt; probabilitas transitionis fiat maxima, prior formula in sequentem formam redigi potest:

: &lt;math&gt; t\frac{8\pi^3 g^2}{h^4} \times \left| \int v_m^* u_n d\tau \right|^2 \frac{p_\sigma^2}{v_\sigma}\left(\tilde{\psi}_s \psi_s - \frac{\mu c^2}{K_\sigma} \tilde{\psi}_s \beta \psi_s\right),&lt;/math&gt;

ubi &lt;math&gt;p_\sigma&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;K_\sigma&lt;/math&gt; sunt valores quibus &lt;math&gt;-W + H_s + K_\sigma = 0&lt;/math&gt;.

Fermi tria de hac functione observavit:
* Quum statūs neutrinorum habeantur liberi, &lt;math&gt;K_\sigma &gt; \mu c^2&lt;/math&gt;, atque ideo limes superior spectri continui &lt;math&gt;\beta&lt;/math&gt; est &lt;math&gt;H_s \leq W - \mu c^2&lt;/math&gt;.
* Quum respectu electronum [[inaequatio]] &lt;math&gt;H_s &gt; mc^2&lt;/math&gt; sit vera, energiae protonis secundum inaequationem &lt;math&gt;W \geq (m + \mu)c^2&lt;/math&gt; ab energia neutronis ita differendum est ut dilapsio β eveniat.
* In probabilitate transitionis factori &lt;math&gt;Q_{mn}^* = \int v_m^* u_n d\tau&lt;/math&gt; magnitudinis unius esse solet; sed aliquando, peculiaribus condicionibus, evanescit; inde (approximatae) {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|regula selectionis|regulae selectionis|en|qid=Q570412}} dilapsionis β oriuntur.

=== Transitiones prohibitae ===
Ut supra dictum est, quum multiplicatio &lt;math&gt;Q_{mn}^*&lt;/math&gt; inter statūs &lt;math&gt;u_n&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;v_m&lt;/math&gt; particulae gravis evanescit, talis transitus dicitur “prohibitus” (vel potius multo minus probabilis quam casibus quibus eadem multiplicatio uni propinqua est).

Si descriptio nuclei per singulos statūs quanticos protonum et neutronum satis accurate valet, tum &lt;math&gt;Q_{mn}^*&lt;/math&gt; evanescit nisi status neutronicus &lt;math&gt;u_n&lt;/math&gt; et status protonicus &lt;math&gt;v_m&lt;/math&gt; idem momentum angulare habent; alioquin, momentum angulare totius nuclei ante et post dilapsionem describendum est.

== De primis effectibus novae theoriae ==
Paulo postquam theoria Fermiana apparuit, [[Wernerus Heisenberg]] in [[epistula]] ad [[Volfgangus Pauli|Volfgangum Pauli]] missa&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Hermann &amp; al., 1985 [1979]}}, p. 250, littera {{*numero}} 341, ''Wernerus Heisenberg Volfgango Pauli salutem dicit'', die 18 Ianuarii anno 1934.&lt;/ref&gt; animadvertit emissionem et absorptionem neutrinorum electronumque in nucleo, in secundo ordine {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|theoria perturbationum|theoriae perturbationum|en|qid=Q10886678}}, vim gignere qua protones et neutrones in vicem se attraherent, item ut emissio et absorptio [[photon|photonum]] vim electromagneticam gignebat. Ipse invēnit talem vim formam &lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{Const.}}{r^5}&lt;/math&gt; habituram esse, sed animadvertit [[experimentum|experimenta]] illius temporis quantitatem nimis parvam, ordine [[magnitudo|magnitudinis]] circiter unius [[millio]]nensimae partis, indicare.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Brown, 1996}}, sectio 3.3.&lt;/ref&gt;

Anno sequenti, [[Hideki Yukawa]] eandem notionem secutus est,&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Yukawa, 1935}}, p. 1.&lt;/ref&gt; sed in {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|interactio Yukawiana|sua theoria|en|qid=Q31387}} in locum neutrinorum electronumque novam particulam [[hypothesis|opinabilem]], cuius [[massa]] quietis circiter ducentiens maior erat quam massa electronis, substituit. Postea talis particula “{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|pion||en|qid=Q4097}}” appellata est.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Mehra, 2001}}, p. 832.&lt;/ref&gt;

== De posteriore progressu ==
[[Fasciculus:MuonFermiDecay.gif|thumb|upright=0.8|Interactio Fermiana per [[vector|vectores]] quattuor in singulum punctum sub constante Fermiana {{mvar/G_F}} convergentes hic ostenditur.]]

Theoria Fermiana quadrifermionica [[interactio debilis|interactionem debilem]] egregie describit. Infeliciter, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|sectio efficax||en|qid=Q17128025}} calculata, {{*ie}} probabilitas interactionis per aream interactionis communem multiplicata, secundum quadratum energiae crescit, velut &lt;math&gt; \sigma \approx G_{\rm F}^2 E^2 &lt;/math&gt; (in aequatione &lt;math&gt;G_{\rm F}&lt;/math&gt; est [[constans Fermiana]], quae vim interactionis debilis aestimat). Quum sectio efficax sine fine crescat, ad energias multo maiores quam fere 100 [[electronvolta|GeV]] theoria valere cessat. Hinc demum theoria amplior orta est quae interactionem quadrifermionicam per {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|completio ultraviolacea|completionem ultraviolaceam|en|qid=Q7876097}} explanat; in nova theoria, quae {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|theoria electrodebilis|electrodebilis|en|qid=Q466416}} appellatur, interactio interpositione {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|bosones W et Z|bosonis {{mvar|W}} aut {{mvar|Z}}|en|qid=Q211922}} explanatur.

Nova theoria electrodebilis, eādem vi fundamentali agente, per interactionem inter [[muon]]em, antineutrinum electronicum, neutrinum muonicum et electronem etiam dilapsionem muonis explanare poterat. Haec hypothesis a {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Semyon Gershtein||en|qid=Q2269323}} et [[Iacobus Zel'dovič|Yakov Zeldovich]] proposita est, atque hodie nota est nomine “hypothesis conservationis fluxūs vectorialis”.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Gerstein &amp; Zeldovich, 1955}}, pp. 698–699.&lt;/ref&gt;

In sua theoria Fermi censuit interactioni esse formam copulationis, cuiusdam contactu duorum fluxuum vectorialium effectae. Postea tamen [[Tsung-Dao Lee]] et [[Chen Ning Yang|Yang Chen-Ning]] ostenderunt nihil impedire quin fluxus quidam axialis, qui {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|paritas (physica)|paritatem|en|qid=Q141160}} violaret, appareret. {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Experimentum Wu|Experimenta|en|qid=Q1303351}} a {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Chien-Shiung Wu||en|qid=Q450317}} peracta violationem paritatis probaverunt.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lee &amp; Yang, 1956}}, pp. 254–258.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Wu &amp; al., 1957}}, pp. 1413–1415.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Georgius Gamov]] et [[Eduardus Teller]] primum siverunt violationem paritatis in interactionem Fermianam includere. Nam postea intellectum est {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|transitiones Gamowianae-Tellerianae||en|qid=Q5520378}} dilapsionibus “permissis”—paritatem violantibus―et dilapsionibus “superpermissis”—paritatem conservantibus—secundum [[vertigo quantica|vertiginem]] electronis antiparallelam et vertiginem parallelam neutrini interactionem Fermianam describere. Iam ante adventum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|theoria electrodebilis|theoriae electrodebilis|en|qid=Q466416}} et [[theoria canonica|theoriae canonicae]], {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Georgius Sudarshan|&lt;&gt;|en|qid=Q1384866}} et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Robertus Marshak|&lt;&gt;|en|qid=Q181687}}, atque, suo uterque consilio, [[Ricardus Feynman]] et [[Murray Gell-Mann]], structuram tensorialem ({{*ie}} [[vector (mathematica)|vector]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Pseudovector|vectore axiali|en|qid=Q621476}} detracto, {{math|''V'' − ''A''}}) interactionis quadrifermionicae determinare potuerunt.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Feynman &amp; Gell-Mann, 1958}}, p. 193.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Sudarshan &amp; Marshak, 1958}}, p. 1860.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Constans Fermiana ==
{{Pagina principalis|Constans Fermiana}}
[[Constans Fermiana]] vim interactionis debilis in regiminibus humilium energiarum aestimat. Duae formae eiusdem constantis ({{mvar/G_F}} et, formā naturali, {{mvar/G0_F}} notatae), cuius [[dimensio]]nes sunt {{Dimensiones|5|1|−2}} ({{mvar/G_F}}) et {{Dimensiones|−4|−2|4}} ({{mvar/G0_F}}), hac ratione inter se coniunguntur:

: &lt;math&gt;G_{\rm F}^0=\frac{G_{\rm F}}{(\hbar c)^3}&lt;/math&gt;

Accuratissima determinatio e mensurā {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|dilapsio exponentialis|temporis vitae|en|qid=Q574576}} [[muon]]is habetur, quod inversē {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|proportio|proportionale|en|qid=Q117209928}} est [[quadratura (mathematica)|quadrato]] constantis Fermianae ({{mvar/G_F}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;chitwood-et-al-2007&quot;&gt;{{qc|Chitwood &amp; al., 2007}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Forma naturalis constantis—{{*ie}} {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|unitates naturales|unitatibus naturalibus|en|qid=Q3962243}} expressa—est,&lt;ref name=&quot;griffiths-2009-pp314-315&quot; /&gt;

: &lt;math&gt;G_{\rm F}^0=\frac{\sqrt{2}}{8}\frac{g^{2}}{M_{\rm W}^{2} c^4}&lt;/math&gt;

ubi {{mvar|g}} est {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|constans copulationis||en|qid=Q1193095}} [[Vis debilis|interactionis debilis]] et {{math|{{mvar|M}}&lt;sub&gt;W&lt;/sub&gt;}} est massa {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Bosones W et Z|bosonis {{mvar|W}}|en|qid=Q211922}}, qui, intercedens, dilapsionem de qua agitur moderatur.

Ex hoc invenitur constantem Fermianam valere {{val|1.435851|(7)|e=-62|u=[[chiliogramma|kg]]&amp;thinsp;[[metrum|m]]&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;thinsp;[[secundum|s]]&lt;sup&gt;−2&lt;/sup&gt;}}, atque constantem Fermianam naturalem valere {{val|4.5437956|(23)|e=14|u=[[chiliogramma|kg]]&lt;sup&gt;−2&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;thinsp;[[metrum|m]]&lt;sup&gt;−4&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;thinsp;[[secundum|s]]&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;}}.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

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		| paginae = 1–19
		| doi = 10.1007/BF02959820
		| bibcode = 1934NCim...11....1F
		| s2cid = 123342095
	}}
}}.
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Fermi, 1934 bis
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen auctoris = Fermi
		| nomen auctoris = Henricus
		| commentatio de auctore = Henricus Fermi
		| nomenclatura = compendiaria
		| titulus = Versuch einer Theorie der beta-Strahlen. I
		| contextus = Zeitschrift für Physik
		| volumen = 88
		| fasciculus = 3–4
		| annus = 1934
		| lingua = de
		| pagina = 161
		| bibcode = 1934ZPhy...88..161F
		| doi = 10.1007/BF01351864
		| s2cid = 125763380
	}}
}}.
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Fermi &amp; Wilson, 1968
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen auctoris = Fermi
		| nomen auctoris = Henricus
		| commentatio de auctore = Henricus Fermi
		| cognomen interpretis = Wilson
		| nomen interpretis = Fred L.
		| nomenclatura = compendiaria
		| titulus = Fermi's Theory of Beta Decay
		| contextus = American Journal of Physics
		| volumen = 36
		| fasciculus = 12
		| lingua = en
		| annus = 1968
		| annus primae editionis = 1934
		| paginae = 1150–1160
		| url = https://microboone-docdb.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/RetrieveFile?docid=953;filename=FermiBetaDecay1934.pdf;version=1
		| accessus ad url = emptoribus
		| bibcode = 1968AmJPh..36.1150W
		| doi = 10.1119/1.1974382
	}}
}}.
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Feynman &amp; Gell-Mann, 1958
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen auctoris 1 = Feynman
		| nomen auctoris 1 = Ricardus Phillippus
		| commentatio de auctore 1 = Ricardus Feynman
		| cognomen auctoris 2 = Gell-Mann
		| nomen auctoris 2 = Murray
		| nomenclatura = compendiaria
		| titulus = Theory of the Fermi interaction
		| contextus = Physical Review
		| lingua = en
		| volumen = 109
		| fasciculus = 1
		| annus = 1958
		| url = https://authors.library.caltech.edu/3514/1/FEYpr58.pdf
		| bibcode = 1958PhRv..109..193F
		| doi = 10.1103/physrev.109.193
	}}
}}.
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Feynman, 1962
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen = Feynman
		| nomen = Ricardus Phillippus
		| commentatio de auctore = Ricardus Feynman
		| nomenclatura = compendiaria
		| titulus = Theory of Fundamental Processes
		| lingua = en
		| annus = 1962
		| domus editoria = W. A. Benjamin
	}}
}}.
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Gerstein &amp; Zeldovich, 1955
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen 1 = Gerstein
		| nomen 1 = S. S.
		| cognomen 2 = Zeldovich
		| nomen 2 = Ya. B.
		| titulus = Meson corrections in the theory of beta decay
		| contextus = Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz.
		| annus = 1955
		| lingua = en
	}}
}}.
* &lt;!-- Etiam prima editio in interrete invenitur: https://archive.org/details/GriffithsD.IntroductiontoelementaryparticlesWiley1987 --&gt;{{Ecce citatio
	| id = Griffiths, 2009 [1987]
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen auctoris = Griffiths
		| nomen auctoris = David
		| nomenclatura = compendiaria
		| titulus = Introduction to Elementary Particles
		| lingua = en
		| annus = 2009
		| editio = 2
		| annus primae editionis = 1987
		| url = https://archive.org/details/elementarypartic00grif
		| isbn = 978-3-527-40601-2
	}}
}}.
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Hermann &amp; al., 1985 [1979]
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen auctoris = Pauli
		| nomen auctoris = Volfgangus
		| commentatio de auctore = Volfgangus Pauli
		| cognomen redactoris 1 = Hermann
		| nomen redactoris 1 = A.
		| cognomen redactoris 2 = von Meyenn
		| nomen redactoris 2 = K.
		| cognomen redactoris 3 = Weisskopf
		| nomen redactoris 3 = V. F.
		| nomenclatura = compendiaria
		| titulus = Scientific Correspondence with Bohr, Einstein, Heisenberg a.o. Volume II: 1930–1939
		| lingua = en
		| annus = 1985
		| annus primae editionis = 1979
		| domus editoria = Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH
	}}
}}.
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Lee &amp; Yang, 1956
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen 1 = Lee
		| nomen 1 = T. D.
		| cognomen 2 = Yang
		| nomen 2 = C. N.
		| titulus = Question of Parity Conservation in Weak Interactions
		| contextus = Physical Review
		| volumen = 104
		| fasciculus = 1
		| annus = 1956
		| lingua = en
		| bibcode = 1956PhRv..104..254L
		| doi = 10.1103/PhysRev.104.254
		| accessus ad doi = liberus
	}}
}}.
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Mehra, 2001
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen = Mehra
		| nomen = Jagdish
		| titulus = The Historical Development of Quantum Theory, Volume 6 Part 2 (1932–1941)
		| lingua = en
		| annus = 2001
		| domus editoria = Springer
	}}
}}.
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Pais, 1986
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen auctoris = Pais
		| nomen auctoris = Abraham
		| titulus = Inward Bound
		| tempus = 1986-09-12
		| lingua = en
		| locus = Oxford
		| domus editoria = Oxford University Press
		| url = https://archive.org/details/inwardboundofmat00pais_0
		| accessus ad url = sociis
		| isbn = 0-19-851997-4
	}}
}}.
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Rasetti, 1962
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen redactoris = Rasetti
		| nomen redactoris = Francus
		| titulus = Enrico Fermi: Note e Memorie
		| annus = 1962
		| domus editoria = Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei
		| locus = [[Roma]]e
		| url = https://operedigitali.lincei.it/Fermi/index.php
		| retrospectio = 20230522093259
		| salus url = vivit
	}}
}}.
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Schwartz, 2017
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen = Schwartz
		| nomen = David N.
		| titulus = The Last Man Who Knew Everything. The Life and Times of Enrico Fermi, Father of the Nuclear Age
		| lingua = en
		| tempus = 2017-09-12
		| domus editoria = Basic Books
		| isbn = 978-0-465-09312-0
	}}
}}.
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Sudarshan &amp; Marshak, 1958
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen 1 = Sudarshan
		| nomen 1 = E. C.
		| cognomen 2 = Marshak
		| nomen 2 = R. E.
		| titulus = Chirality invariance and the universal Fermi interaction
		| contextus = Physical Review
		| lingua = en
		| volumen = 109
		| fasciculus = 5
		| annus = 1958
		| bibcode = 1958PhRv..109.1860S
		| doi = 10.1103/physrev.109.1860.2
	}}
}}.
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Wu &amp; al., 1957
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen 1 = Wu
		| nomen 1 = C. S.
		| cognomen 2 = Ambler
		| nomen 2 = E
		| cognomen 3 = Hayward
		| nomen 3 = R. W.
		| cognomen 4 = Hoppes
		| nomen 4 = D. D.
		| cognomen 5 = Hudson
		| nomen 5 = R. P.
		| titulus = Experimental Test of Parity Conservation in Beta Decay
		| contextus = Physical Review
		| volumen = 105
		| fasciculus = 4
		| annus = 1957
		| lingua = en
		| bibcode = 1957PhRv..105.1413W
		| doi = 10.1103/PhysRev.105.1413
		| accessus ad doi = liberus
	}}
}}.
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Yang, 2012
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen 1 = Yang
		| nomen 1 = C. N.
		| titulus = Fermi's β-decay Theory
		| contextus = Asia Pacific Physics Newsletter
		| lingua = en
		| volumen = 1
		| fasciculus = 1
		| annus = 2012
		| doi = 10.1142/s2251158x12000045
	}}
}}.
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Yukawa, 1935
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen = Yukawa
		| nomen = H.
		| titulus = On the interaction of elementary particles
		| contextus = Proceedings of the Physico-Mathematical Society of Japan
		| volumen = 17
		| annus = 1935
		| lingua = en
	}}
}}.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Constans Fermiana]]
* [[Henricus Fermi]]
* [[Vis debilis]]

[[Categoria:Henricus Fermi]]
[[Categoria:Interactio debilis]]
[[Categoria:Notiones in physica]]
[[Categoria:Physica]]</text>
      <sha1>0ta1o0ljp4nzkyuix4rhsn9fc6lla92</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Flumen Sanctae Mariae</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>328701</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991398</id>
      <parentid>3988811</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T19:48:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: −[[Categoria:Flumina Canadae]]; ±[[Categoria:Ontario]]→[[Categoria:Flumina Ontarionis]]</comment>
      <origin>3991398</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1551" sha1="1pcoj8c3f6cyy7eisuf4wt9xrj1f925" xml:space="preserve">{{Flumen|Flumen Sanctae Mariae |[[Fasciculus:Soo Locks-Sault-Ste Marie.png|thumb|Pons trans flumen Sanctae Mariae inter urbem Cataractam Sanctae Mariae Canadae et urbem eiusdem nominis Civitatum Foederatarum]]|120||2135|210 000|[[Lacus Superior]]|[[Lacus Huronum]]|[[Michigania]], [[Ontario]]}}
{{res|Flumen Sanctae Mariae}}{{Convertimus}} ([[Anglice]] ''Saint Marys River,'' [[Francogallice]] ''Rivière Sainte-Marie'')  est flumen [[America Borealis|Americae Borealis]], quod e [[lacus Superior|lacu Superiore]] in [[lacus Huronum|lacum Huronum]] aquam [[Magni Lacus|Lacuum Magnorum]] fert. Longitudinem 120 [[chm]] habet. 

A boreoccidente ad austrorientem fluit; confinium est [[Canada]]e (provinciae [[Ontario]]nis in ripa laeva) et [[CFA|Civitatum Foederatarum Americae]] (civitatis [[Michigania]]e in ripa dextra). Duobus ramis, insulam Sancti Iosephi ambientibus in lacum Huronum influit. [[cataracta (angustiae)|Cataractas]] habet magnas, quas naves nunc per canales artificiales ambeunt. Ad cataractas duae urbes eiusdem nominis &quot;Cataracta Sanctae Mariae&quot; (''Sault Ste. Marie''), una [[Cataracta Sanctae Mariae (Canada)|Canadensis]], altera [[Cataracta Sanctae Mariae (Civitates Foederatae)|Civitatum Foederatarum]], sitae sunt.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Nexus externi==
{{fontes geographici}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sanctae Mariae, flumen}}
[[Categoria:Flumina Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Michigania]]
[[Categoria:Flumina Ontarionis]]
[[Categoria:Systema Sancti Laurentii fluminis]]
[[Categoria:Fines Canadae et Civitatum Foederatarum]]</text>
      <sha1>1pcoj8c3f6cyy7eisuf4wt9xrj1f925</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Vinnipega (flumen)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>328930</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991365</id>
      <parentid>3990543</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T19:16:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: −[[Categoria:Flumina Canadae]]; ±[[Categoria:Manitoba]]→[[Categoria:Flumina Manitobae]]; ±[[Categoria:Ontario]]→[[Categoria:Flumina Ontarionis]]</comment>
      <origin>3991365</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1246" sha1="3eekouhqafn21noucb4vd59cx1bjy6d" xml:space="preserve">{{videdis|Vinnipega (discretiva)}}{{flumen|Vinnipega|[[Fasciculus:Lac du Bonnet MB 2.jpg|thumb|center|Vinnipega prope ad lacum Bonnet]]| 320| 323 |  | 135 800 |[[Lacus Silvestris]]|[[Lacus Vinnipega]]|[[Ontario]], [[Manitoba]]}}
{{res|Vinnipega}}&lt;ref&gt;Cf. de nomine in pagina de [[Vinnipega|urbe eiusdem nominis]].&lt;/ref&gt; est [[flumen]] [[Canada]]e in [[provincia|provinciis]] [[Ontario]]ne et [[Manitoba]] situm. E [[lacus Silvestris|lacu Silvestri]] exoritur, circa 320 [[chm]] fluens et se in [[Lacus Vinnipega|lacum Vinnipegam]] effundens. Trans plurimos [[lacus]] transit. [[Cataracta (angustiae)|Cataractas]] habuit multas; nunc [[Electrificina|hydrolelectrificinae]] septem in Vinnipega constructae sunt, et [[receptaculum aquae|receptacula aquae]] [[cataracta (angustiae)|cataractas]] multas operiunt. 

{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Petrus Gaulterius de Varennes et de la Vérendrye|Petrus Gaulterius de Vérendrye|fr|qid=Q970183}} [[Europaei|Europaeorum]] primus flumen invenit. Nomen in [[lingua Cri]] ''aquam limosam, aquam obscuram'' valet.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Nexus externi ==
{{fontes geographici}}

[[Categoria:Flumina Manitobae]]
[[Categoria:Flumina Ontarionis]]
[[Categoria:Systema Nelsonis fluminis]]</text>
      <sha1>3eekouhqafn21noucb4vd59cx1bjy6d</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Manitoba (lacus)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>328932</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991353</id>
      <parentid>3990699</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T18:57:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: −[[Categoria:Lacus Canadae]]; ±[[Categoria:Manitoba]]→[[Categoria:Lacus Manitobae]]</comment>
      <origin>3991353</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1504" sha1="h9qoo7n5u19m90s7twfh2a2ibb3wxtb" xml:space="preserve">{{disambig2|lacu|provinciam Canadae|Manitoba}}[[Fasciculus:Delta Marsh Field Station Manitoba Canada (3).JPG|thumb|Lacus Manitoba.]]
{{res|Lacus Manitoba}}&lt;ref&gt;De nomina vide [[Manitoba|paginam de provincia]].&lt;/ref&gt; est magnus sed tenuis [[lacus]] [[aqua dulcis|aquae dulcis]] in [[Manitoba]] provincia [[Canada]]e, trium lacuum Manitobae maiorum ([[Lacus Vinnipega|Vinnipega]], [[lacus Winnipegosis|Winnipegosis]] et Manitoba) minimus. [[Area (geometria)|Aream]] 4624 [[chiliometrum quadratum|chm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;]] habet, altitudinem mediam 7 [[metrum|m]], altitudinem maximam 20 m. Duabus partibus compositum est freto tenui coniunctis, boreali formae irregularis paeninsulis et insulis abundanti et australi paene rectangulari. [[Flumen Rallorum]] e lacu [[lacus Winnipegosis|Winnipegosi]] aquam ferens est tributarius lacus Manitobae maximus; aqua autem Manitobae per [[flumen Vadi Securi]] (''Fairford''), [[lacus Sancti Martini|lacum sancti Martini]] et [[flumen Delphini]] in [[lacus Vinnipega|lacum Vinnipegam]] abit. In partem Manitobae borealem flumen Rallorum se effundit ibidemque flumen Vadi Securi oritur.

Lacus Manitoba et lacus proximi reliquiae sunt lacus praehistorici [[Agassiz (lacus)|Agassiz]], quem [[Aevum glaciale|glaciarium]] recedens alebat; ante 10 vel 12 milia annorum aquae Agassiz per [[Nelson (flumen)|flumen Nelson]] novum demissae sunt.

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Nexus externi==
{{fontes geographici}}

[[Categoria:Systema Nelsonis fluminis]]
[[Categoria:Lacus Manitobae]]</text>
      <sha1>h9qoo7n5u19m90s7twfh2a2ibb3wxtb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Winnipegosis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>328934</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991357</id>
      <parentid>3990698</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T18:58:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: −[[Categoria:Lacus Canadae]]; ±[[Categoria:Manitoba]]→[[Categoria:Lacus Manitobae]]</comment>
      <origin>3991357</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1696" sha1="r643tm1soapvz1amjejuzoz3f2tellf" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Lake Winnipegosis low water level 2025.png|thumb|Lacus Winnipegosis aquae aequore humili anno 2025.]]
{{res|Lacus Winnipegosis}} est magnus sed tenuis [[lacus]] [[aqua dulcis|aquae dulcis]] in [[Manitoba]] provincia [[Canada]]e, trium lacuum Manitobae maiorum ([[Lacus Vinnipega|Vinnipega]], Winnipegosis et [[Manitoba (lacus)|Manitoba]]) secundus. [[Area (geometria)|Aream]] 5370 [[chiliometrum quadratum|chm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;]] habet, altitudinem mediam 12 [[metrum|m]], altitudinem maximam 18 m. Formae\m habet complexam irregularem paeninsulisque et insulis abundant. Tributarii maiores sunt [[flumen Cygnorum]] (''Swan River''), [[flumen Cervorum]] (''Red Deer River''), [[flumen Silvestre]]  (''Woody River''). [[Flumen Rallorum]] e Winnipegosi aquam aufert per [[Lacus Rallorum|lacum eiusdem nominis]] in [[Manitoba (lacus)|lacum Manitobam]], cuius tributarius est maximus. 

{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Petrus Gaulterius de Varennes et de la Vérendrye|Petrus Gaulterius de Vérendrye|fr|qid=Q970183}} [[Europaei|Europaeorum]] anno 1739 primus lacum exploravit.  

Nomen e lingua [[lingua Cri|Cri]] ortum ''aqua obscura minor'' valet.

''[[Salvelinus namaycush]]'', ''[[Oncorhynchus mykiss]]'', ''[[Esox lucius]]'', ''[[Sander lucioperca]]'', ''[[Perca flavescens]]'' in Winnipegosi gignuntur.

Lacus Winnipegosis et lacus proximi reliquiae sunt lacus praehistorici [[Agassiz (lacus)|Agassiz]], quem [[Aevum glaciale|glaciarium]] recedens alebat; ante 10 vel 12 milia annorum aquae Agassiz per [[Nelson (flumen)|flumen Nelson]] novum demissae sunt.

==Nexus externi==
{{fontes geographici}}

[[Categoria:Systema Nelsonis fluminis]]
[[Categoria:Lacus Manitobae]]</text>
      <sha1>r643tm1soapvz1amjejuzoz3f2tellf</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Octavia maior</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>328952</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991483</id>
      <parentid>3990987</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-27T02:44:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bartholomite</username>
        <id>116968</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3991483</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1409" sha1="mizolbqlk7lblxtoev3rkfjwr3gk3h1" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Octavia Maior.jpg|thumb|Imago Octaviae maioris ex Augustarum imagines aeris formis expressae: vitae quoque earundum breviter enarratae, signorum etiam quae in posteriori parte numismatum efficta sunt, ratio explicata.]]
{{res|Octavia maior}}, soror ex parte patris [[Augustus (imperator)|Augusti]], minus nota erat. Filia [[Gaius Octavius|Gaii Octavii]] erat. Pauca de ea traduntur, quippe quae vitam multo secretiorem quam soror eius illustrior, Octavia minor, degeret. [[Sextus Appuleius (consul 29 a.C.n.)|Sexto Appuleio]] nupsit atque unum filium, eodem nomine Sextum Appuleium, peperit; fieri etiam potest ut alterum filium, [[Marcus Appuleius|Marcum Appuleium]] nomine, habuerit.

== Bibliographia ==
* Herzog-Hauser, Gertrud. Octavia 95. In: ''Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft'', vol. XVII 2, col. 1858–1859. {{ling|Theodisce}}
* [[Suetonius]]. ''Vita Augusti''.
* Singer, Mary White (1948). &quot;The Problem of Octavia Minor and Octavia Maior&quot;. ''Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association, 79''. The Johns Hopkins University Press: 268–274. doi:[https://doi.org/10.2307%2F283365 10.2307/283365]. 
* Syme, Ronald (1989). ''Augustan Aristocracy'' (Oxford University Press). ISBN 0-19-814731-7, ISBN 978-0-19-814731-2 {{ling|Anglice}}

{{bio-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Mulieres]]
[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 1 a.C.n.]]
[[Categoria:Romani antiqui]]</text>
      <sha1>mizolbqlk7lblxtoev3rkfjwr3gk3h1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Disputatio Usoris:Garak</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>328961</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991233</id>
      <parentid>3991220</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T12:00:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Recensiones a conlatore [[Special:Contributions/~2026-51877-01|~2026-51877-01]] ([[User talk:~2026-51877-01|Disputatio]]) factas in superiorem redactionem a conlatore [[User:Grufo|Grufo]] factam restitui</comment>
      <origin>3991112</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="974" sha1="fltr635qyn4saxesqky1iwi4xjhuedr" xml:space="preserve">== Move ==
Hi @[[Usor:Garak|Garak]] when possible please help us to move on italian wiki dab pages: 1) [[it:Almirante]] to [[it:Almirante (disambigua)]] ; 2) [[it:Benveniste]] to [[it:Benveniste (disambigua)]]. Thanks for contribution. [[Specialis:Conlationes/~2026-51788-73|~2026-51788-73]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:~2026-51788-73|talk]]) 12:04, 25 Septembris 2026 (UTC)

:Done [[Usor:Garak|Garak]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Garak|disputatio]]) 15:28, 25 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
::@[[Usor:Garak|Garak]] when you have time, please also help us to fix: [[it:Sla]] to [[it:Sla (disambigua)]] ; [[it:F1]] to [[it:F1 (disambigua)]]. Thank you. [[Specialis:Conlationes/~2026-51734-52|~2026-51734-52]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:~2026-51734-52|talk]]) 16:59, 25 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
::: Just out of curiosity, why are you guys commenting here about housekeeping stuff that concerns Italian Wikipedia? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 20:37, 25 Septembris 2026 (UTC)</text>
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      <text bytes="11630" sha1="fihlqsjyj7z87joq9s4votz6oruba2o" xml:space="preserve">'''Historia Thailandiae''' incipit cum sitibus Aetatis Aeneae et Ferreae sicut [[Ban Chiang]], qui circa annum 1500 a.C.n. habitabantur.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 Sep 2005 |title=Ban Chiang Archaeological Site |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/575/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260128061920/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/575/ |archive-date=28 Jan 2026 |access-date=18 May 2026 |website=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; Millennio primo, regio a communitatibus [[Mon (populus)|Monensibus]], [[Lawa (populus)|Lawaensibus]], [[Khmer (populus)|Khmerensibus]] et [[Malaici|Malaicis]] tenebatur. Greges [[Tai (populus)|Tai]] [[Linguae Kra-Dai|linguis Kra-Dai loquentes]] ex [[Sinae Meridianae|Sinis meridianis]] in [[Asia Meridio-Orientalis|Asiam meridianam et orientalem continentem]] inter saecula octavum et decimum migraverunt, et in numero maiore saeculo tertio decimo sub vi [[Imperium Mongolicum|exercituum Mongolicorum in Sinis]]. In septentrione et in civitatibus urbibusque centralibus sicut [[Lavo|Lavo]] consederunt, cum populis indigenis permixti sunt, et [[Dvaravati|culturam Dvaravati]] in [[Menam|Pelvi Chao Phraya]] susceperunt.

In [[Thailandia Septentrionalis|Thailandia septentrionali]], regione antiquissima, grex ethnicus principalis, [[Tai-Yuan]], regna propria condidit, semi-fabulosum [[Singhanavati]] (691 a.C.n.–638 p.C.n.) et deinde [[Ngoenyang]] (638–1292). [[Sukhothai|Sukhothai]] capta est anno 1238 et facta est caput [[Regnum Sukhothai|Regni Sukhothai]] (1238–1438), quod usque ad saeculum tertium decimum [[Mon (populus)|regna Monensia]] in [[Thailandia Centralis|Thailandia centrali]] substituerat; quousque oppidum antea sub auctoritate Ankorensi stetisset, et quomodo eventus anni 1238 interpretandi sint, ambo in disputatione sunt. Principes [[Suphannabhum|Suphannabhumenses]] [[Lavo|Lavo]] ab [[Imperium Khmerense|Imperio Khmerensi]] separaverunt. Sub rege [[Ramkhamhaeng]], [[Abecedarium Thailandicum|scriptura Thailandensis]] creata est anno 1283,&lt;ref name=&quot;hartmann&quot;&gt;{{citation |last1=Hartmann |first1=John F. |title=The spread of South Indic scripts in Southeast Asia |date=1986 |page=8}}&lt;/ref&gt; artes floruerunt,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 Aug 2021 |title=History of Thailand |url=https://www.edrawmind.com/article/history-of-thailand.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813092902/https://www.edrawmind.com/article/history-of-thailand.html |archive-date=13 Aug 2024 |access-date=21 March 2025 |website=EdrawMind}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Insight Guides&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |first= |title=Thailand history and timeline |url=https://www.insightguides.com/destinations/asia-pacific/thailand/historical-highlights |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250321154706/https://www.insightguides.com/destinations/asia-pacific/thailand/historical-highlights |archive-date=21 March 2025 |access-date=21 March 2025 |website=Insight Guides}}&lt;/ref&gt; instituta Thailandensia formam ceperunt, et populus se Thai vocavit quasi a dominatione aliena liberi. Anno 1351 civitas-urbs [[Suphannabhum]], hodierna [[Provincia Suphanburi|Suphan Buri]], et Lavo, hodierna [[Provincia Lopburi|Lop Buri]], in [[Regnum Ayutthaya]] super [[Menam|flumen Chao Phraya]] contributae sunt, iungentes Tai-Yuan septentrionis cum populis Monensibus pelvis. [[Eduardus Fernandes|Duarte Fernandes]] Ayutthayam pervenit anno 1511, primus Europaeus qui id fecit.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lourido |first=Rui D' Avila |date=1996 |title=European Trade Between Macao and Siam, from Its Beginnings to 1663 |url=https://thesiamsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/1996/03/JSS_084_2f_Lourido_EuropeanTradeBetweenMacaoAndSiamTo1663.pdf |access-date=2 July 2024 |website=The Siam Society}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eius administratio principio bilinguis in linguis [[Lingua Thailandica|Thailandensi]] et [[Lingua Khmerensis|Khmerensi]] fuit, sed Thailandensis [[Lingua franca|lingua franca]] facta est post [[Angkor|Angkor lapsum]] anno 1431 et Sukhothai expugnatam anno 1438.

Siamum et Birmania 26 [[Bella Birmanico-Siamensia|bella]] inter saeculum sextum decimum et initium saeculi undevicesimi gesserunt. [[Regnum Ayutthaya|Ayutthaya]] cecidit cum caput eius direptum est in [[Bellum Birmanico-Siamense (1765–1767)|Bello Birmanico-Siamensi (1765–1767)]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC-2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 March 2019 |title=Thailand profile - timeline |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-15641745 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250215042934/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-15641745 |archive-date=15 Feb 2025 |access-date=21 March 2025 |website=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Taksin]] Birmanicos expulit, quinque civitates regionales bellantes reunificavit et breve [[Regnum Thonburi]] anno 1767 condidit.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC-2019&quot; /&gt; A praefecto suo [[Rama I|Chao Phraya Chakri]] depositus est, qui [[Regnum Rattanakosin]] (1782–1932) condidit; in maxima eius extensione annis 1805–1812 comprehendit [[Provinciae Thailandiae|25 civitates]], inter quas hodiernam [[Cambosia|Cambodiam]], [[Laotia|Laotiam]], [[Malaesia|Malaysiam]] septentrionalem et [[Birmania|Birmaniam]] orientalem. [[Mongkut|Rex Mongkut]] (Rama IV) novitates Occidentales suscepit et modernizationem patriae incepit.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC-2019&quot; /&gt; Thailandia fuit sola civitas in Asia meridiana et orientali quae per [[Colonialismus|colonizationem Europaeam]] annorum 1511 usque ad 1984 independens mansit. Plurimae res huius causae sunt: reformationes centralizantes [[Chulalongkorn|regis Chulalongkorn]], consilium quod commoda Britannica contra Gallica librabat, itinera regis in Europam annis 1897 et 1907, magnae concessiones territoriales ad [[Indosina Francica|Indosinam Gallicam]], et voluntas ambarum potentiarum ut Siamum tamquam [[Civitas interiecta|civitatem interiectam]] inter colonias suas tenerent. Edictum anni 1874 reformationes incepit quae [[Servitus|servitutem]] anno 1905 aboleverunt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Phongpaichit |first=Pasuk |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/history-of-thailand/chronology/BBF6288CB75E38CB70167248809DCCDE |title=A History of Thailand |date=13 April 2022 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |edition=4th |location=Cambridge University Press (cambridge.org) |publication-date=13 April 2022 |pages=Chronology chapter |doi=10.1017/9781009029797.003 |isbn=978-1-009-01483-0 |language=English |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617133121/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/history-of-thailand/chronology/BBF6288CB75E38CB70167248809DCCDE |archive-date=17 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Siamum cum [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britanniarum Regno]] anno 1917 foedus fecit et se [[Socii (Bellum Mundanum Primum)|Sociis Belli Orbis Terrarum I]] iunxit.&lt;ref name=&quot;CountryReports&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Thailand History Timeline |url=https://www.countryreports.org/country/Thailand/timeline.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004190338/https://www.countryreports.org/country/Thailand/timeline.htm |archive-date=4 Oct 2024 |access-date=21 Mar 2025 |website=CountryReports}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Res novae Siamenses anni 1932|Revolutio Siamensis anni 1932]] monarchiae absolutae finem imposuit et [[Prajadhipok]] (Rama VII) regem constitutionalem fecit, et anno 1939 patria denuo Thailandia, &quot;Terra Liberorum,&quot; nominata est.&lt;ref name=&quot;CountryReports&quot; /&gt; [[Bellum Francogallico-Thailandense]] annorum 1940–1941 territorium in controversiam vocatum in Cambodia et Laotia ex [[Indosina Francica|Indosina Gallica]] acquisivit. Thailandia initio [[Bellum Mundanum Secundum|Belli Orbis Terrarum II]] [[Civitas neutralis|neutralis]] erat, sed se Axi iunxit post [[Invasio Iaponica in Thailandiam|Invasionem Iaponicam Thailandiae]] die 8 Decembris 1941,&lt;ref name=&quot;CountryReports&quot; /&gt; annectens territorium in controversiam vocatum in Birmania ([[Saharat Thai Doem]]) et Malaya ([[Sirat Malai]]); haec omnia post bellum, cum omnibus vindicationibus bellicis, renuntiavit in vicem admissionis in [[Consociatio Nationum|Nationes Unitas]] et auxilii Americani.&lt;ref&gt;David Porter Chandler and David Joel Steinberg eds. ''In Search of Southeast Asia: A Modern History''. p. 388&lt;/ref&gt; In regno 70 annorum [[Bhumibol Adulyadej|regis Bhumibol Adulyadej]], patria 10 res novas cum [[Dictatura militaris|regiminibus militaribus]] et 17 constitutiones habuit.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wongcha-Um |first=Panu Wongcha-Um |date=18 December 2020 |title=Timeline: Thailand's Coups, Kings and Protests |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/asia-pacific/timeline-thailands-coups-kings-and-protests-idUSKBN28S1BZ/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240817145001/https://www.reuters.com/article/world/asia-pacific/timeline-thailands-coups-kings-and-protests-idUSKBN28S1BZ/ |archive-date=17 August 2024 |access-date=21 March 2025 |website=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ab anno 1962 [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatibus Foederatis]] usum castrorum in [[Bellum Indosinense II|Bello Vietnamensi]] permisit et [[Copiae|copias]] in [[Vietnamia Meridionalis|Vietnamiam Meridianam]] misit,&lt;ref name=&quot;CountryReports&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC-2019&quot; /&gt; et [[Gubernatio Thailandiae|Gubernatio Thailandensis]] [[Rebellio communistica in Thailandia|rebellionem]] a [[Factio communistica Thailandiae|Fatione Communistica Thailandiae (CPT)]] anno 1965 inceptam ad annum 1973 devicit. Thailandia membrum conditor [[ASEAN|Consociationis Nationum Asiae Meridio-Orientalis (ASEAN)]] anno 1967 fuit.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Liow |first1=Joseph |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G5KLBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA82 |title=Dictionary of the Modern Politics of Southeast Asia |last2=Leifer |first2=Michael |date=20 November 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-62233-8 |pages=82–85 |access-date=7 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Rebelliones rusticorum Thailandensium annorum 1970]], ad aes alienum agricolarum minuendum et pretia iusta [[Oryza sativa|oryzae]] praestanda, Legem de Imperio Reditus Terreni (LRCA) mense Decembri 1974 attulerunt. Auctus oeconomicus rapidus erat ab anno 1993 ad 1997,&lt;ref name=&quot;Insight Guides&quot; /&gt; donec [[Crisis nummaria Asiatica anni 1997]] conturbationes et inopiam operarum attulit,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC-2019&quot; /&gt; recuperatione annis 1998 et 1999 secuta. [[Senatus Thailandiae|Senatus]] primum anno 2000 electus est.&lt;ref name=&quot;Insight Guides&quot; /&gt; [[Sappaya-Sapasathan]], aedificium parlamentarium maximum in orbe terrarum, die 1 Maii 2021 apertum est.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 April 2021 |title=Eight years and billions of baht later, world's largest Parliament opens in Thailand amid controversy |url=https://www.thaipbsworld.com/eight-years-and-billions-of-baht-later-worlds-largest-parliament-opens-in-thailand-amid-controversy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512060301/https://www.thaipbsworld.com/eight-years-and-billions-of-baht-later-worlds-largest-parliament-opens-in-thailand-amid-controversy/ |archive-date=12 May 2021 |access-date=25 March 2025 |website=Thai PBS World |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referentiae ==
{{Reflist}}

== Nexus externi ==
*[http://countrystudies.us/thailand/ Thailand] [[Library of Congress Country Studies|Country Study for the Library of Congress]], 1987. Barbara Leitch LePoer, editor. This text comes from the Country Studies Program. The series presents a description and analysis of the historical setting and the social, economic, political, and national security systems and institutions of countries throughout the world. &lt;!--This is a US government document and is not copyright.--&gt;
*[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-15641745 Thailand profile – Timeline] at the [[BBC News Online]]

{{Historia Asiae}}

[[Categoria:Historia Thailandiae|!]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Frascia</title>
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      <comment>creatio e francica documentatione</comment>
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      <text bytes="1506" sha1="hgjqpk1guzl86lm32p3yqrt7ro8lb0r" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Eglise Saint-Brice de Fresse-sur-Moselle (2).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Frascia: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Sanctus Brictius|Sancto Brictio]] dicata.]]
{{res|Frascia}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Graesse}}, t. 2, p. 103.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Francogallice]] ''Fresse-sur-Moselle'') est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] {{formatnum:1662}} incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] in regione [[Magnus Oriens|Magno Oriente]]. 

== Cives notabiles ==
* Henricus Félix (1792–1867), magister, postea demarchus [[Romarici Mons|Romarici Montis]] (1851–1853), qui rationem linguae Latinae docendae conscripsit, Nanceii anno 1864 editam, hic natus est.
* [[Andreas Boileau]] (1894–1997), legatus ad parlamentum pro praefectura Vosego, hic natus est.
* [[Christianus Spiller]] (1935–2009), legatus ad parlamentum pro praefectura Vosego, hic natus est.
* [[Christophorus Leduc]] (??-), officinae cithararum fabricandarum in hoc communi anno 1981 conditor, societas anno 1984 vendita est.
* [[Eugenius Grandclaude]] (1826–1900), clericus, praelatus domus pontificiae atque vicarius generalis [[dioecesis Sancti Deodati]], hic natus est.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Vosegi]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Fresse-sur-Moselle|Frasciam}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vosegi]]</text>
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    <title>Disputatio:Frascia</title>
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    <title>Lucius Gellius Publicola (cos. 72 a.C.n.)</title>
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      <comment>Paginam instituit, scribens ''''Lucius Gellius Publicola''' fuit [[senatus Romanus|senator Romanus]] plebeius secundo saeculo a.C.n. natus et post 55 a.C.n. mortuus. [[Consul|Consulatum]] anno [[72 a.C.n.]] gessit et usque ad censuram pervenit. In discordiis civilibus [[Pompeius|Pompei]] fautor erat.  == De familia == Homo novus erat sed [[Lucius Gellius Publicola (cos. 36 a.C.n.)|filium quem adoptavit]] consulatum anno [[36 a.C.n.]] gessit. Quamquam saepe pater quoque Publicola appellatur...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="798" sha1="5dpvkh1stlui12k6alcvyv1bk34o7tb" xml:space="preserve">'''Lucius Gellius Publicola''' fuit [[senatus Romanus|senator Romanus]] plebeius secundo saeculo a.C.n. natus et post 55 a.C.n. mortuus. [[Consul|Consulatum]] anno [[72 a.C.n.]] gessit et usque ad censuram pervenit. In discordiis civilibus [[Pompeius|Pompei]] fautor erat.

== De familia ==
Homo novus erat sed [[Lucius Gellius Publicola (cos. 36 a.C.n.)|filium quem adoptavit]] consulatum anno [[36 a.C.n.]] gessit. Quamquam saepe pater quoque Publicola appellatur revera hoc [[cognomen]] ad filium primum pertinuisse videtur. Qui filius adulterii cum secunda patris uxore accusatus est&lt;ref&gt;[[Valerius Maximus]] V.9.1.&lt;/ref&gt;.


{{Lifetime|saeculo 2 a.C.n.|saeculo 1 a.C.n.|Gellius Publicola, Lucius}}
[[Categoria:Censores]]
[[Categoria:Consules]]
[[Categoria:Senatores]]
[[Categoria:Gens Gellia]]</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-26T15:16:14Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="900" sha1="g7m2ptk76qssf6sgawl2ssfcw6tuym0" xml:space="preserve">'''Lucius Gellius Publicola''' fuit [[senatus Romanus|senator Romanus]] plebeius secundo saeculo a.C.n. natus et post 55 a.C.n. mortuus. [[Consul|Consulatum]] anno [[72 a.C.n.]] gessit et usque ad censuram pervenit. In discordiis civilibus [[Pompeius|Pompei]] fautor erat.

== De familia ==
Homo novus erat sed [[Lucius Gellius Publicola (cos. 36 a.C.n.)|filium quem adoptavit]] consulatum anno [[36 a.C.n.]] gessit. Quamquam saepe pater quoque Publicola appellatur revera hoc [[cognomen]] ad filium primum pertinuisse videtur. Qui filius adulterii cum secunda patris uxore accusatus est non sine suspicione parricidii cogitati: postremo consultis multis senatoribus a patre absolutus est.&lt;ref&gt;[[Valerius Maximus]] V.9.1.&lt;/ref&gt;.


{{Lifetime|saeculo 2 a.C.n.|saeculo 1 a.C.n.|Gellius Publicola, Lucius}}
[[Categoria:Censores]]
[[Categoria:Consules]]
[[Categoria:Senatores]]
[[Categoria:Gens Gellia]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>3991274</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-26T15:20:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* De familia */</comment>
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      <text bytes="929" sha1="5pjtvr5gjc1h3v43hf4lodluk3t6b92" xml:space="preserve">'''Lucius Gellius Publicola''' fuit [[senatus Romanus|senator Romanus]] plebeius secundo saeculo a.C.n. natus et post 55 a.C.n. mortuus. [[Consul|Consulatum]] anno [[72 a.C.n.]] gessit et usque ad censuram pervenit. In discordiis civilibus [[Pompeius|Pompei]] fautor erat.

== De familia ==
Homo novus erat sed [[Lucius Gellius Publicola (cos. 36 a.C.n.)|filium quem adoptavit]] consulatum anno [[36 a.C.n.]] gessit. Quamquam saepe pater quoque Publicola appellatur revera hoc [[cognomen]] ad filium primum pertinuisse videtur. Qui filius adulterii cum secunda patris uxore accusatus est non sine suspicione parricidii cogitati: postremo consultis multis senatoribus a patre absolutus est.&lt;ref&gt;[[Valerius Maximus]] V.9.1.&lt;/ref&gt;.


== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;


{{Lifetime|saeculo 2 a.C.n.|saeculo 1 a.C.n.|Gellius Publicola, Lucius}}
[[Categoria:Censores]]
[[Categoria:Consules]]
[[Categoria:Senatores]]
== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-26T15:21:22Z</timestamp>
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        <id>2059</id>
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      <comment>/* Notae */</comment>
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      <text bytes="956" sha1="amwd1hh03ww714q08gfp0z10vkt5tnr" xml:space="preserve">'''Lucius Gellius Publicola''' fuit [[senatus Romanus|senator Romanus]] plebeius secundo saeculo a.C.n. natus et post 55 a.C.n. mortuus. [[Consul|Consulatum]] anno [[72 a.C.n.]] gessit et usque ad censuram pervenit. In discordiis civilibus [[Pompeius|Pompei]] fautor erat.

== De familia ==
Homo novus erat sed [[Lucius Gellius Publicola (cos. 36 a.C.n.)|filium quem adoptavit]] consulatum anno [[36 a.C.n.]] gessit. Quamquam saepe pater quoque Publicola appellatur revera hoc [[cognomen]] ad filium primum pertinuisse videtur. Qui filius adulterii cum secunda patris uxore accusatus est non sine suspicione parricidii cogitati: postremo consultis multis senatoribus a patre absolutus est.&lt;ref&gt;[[Valerius Maximus]] V.9.1.&lt;/ref&gt;.


== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;


{{Lifetime|saeculo 2 a.C.n.|saeculo 1 a.C.n.|Gellius Publicola, Lucius}}
[[Categoria:Censores]]
[[Categoria:Consules]]
[[Categoria:Senatores]]
[[Categoria:Gens Gellia]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>amwd1hh03ww714q08gfp0z10vkt5tnr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3991280</id>
      <parentid>3991275</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T15:36:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* De familia */</comment>
      <origin>3991280</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1447" sha1="rlg0o4h9xyqab9t88lmr49rchi9gxxu" xml:space="preserve">'''Lucius Gellius Publicola''' fuit [[senatus Romanus|senator Romanus]] plebeius secundo saeculo a.C.n. natus et post 55 a.C.n. mortuus. [[Consul|Consulatum]] anno [[72 a.C.n.]] gessit et usque ad censuram pervenit. In discordiis civilibus [[Pompeius|Pompei]] fautor erat.

== De familia ==
Homo novus erat sed [[Lucius Gellius Publicola (cos. 36 a.C.n.)|filium quem adoptavit]] consulatum anno [[36 a.C.n.]] gessit. Quamquam saepe pater quoque Publicola appellatur revera hoc [[cognomen]] ad filium primum pertinuisse videtur. Qui filius adulterii cum secunda patris uxore accusatus est non sine suspicione parricidii cogitati: postremo consultis multis senatoribus a patre absolutus est.&lt;ref&gt;[[Valerius Maximus]] V.9.1.&lt;/ref&gt;.


== De cursu honorum ==
* 96: Aedilis
* 94: Praetor peregrinus. Post praetura provinciam Asiaticam rexit.
* 72: Consul cum [[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus|Gnaeo Cornelio Lentulo Clodiano]]. Quo anno ambo consules adversus servos rebelles missi sunt. [[Crixus|Crixum]] primo proelio quidem vicit, mox tamen a [[Spartacus|Spartaco]] fusus est una cum collega. Quocirca senatus bellum gerendum consulibus ademit atque [[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|Marco Licinio Crasso]] tradidit.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;


{{Lifetime|saeculo 2 a.C.n.|saeculo 1 a.C.n.|Gellius Publicola, Lucius}}
[[Categoria:Censores]]
[[Categoria:Consules]]
[[Categoria:Senatores]]
[[Categoria:Gens Gellia]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>rlg0o4h9xyqab9t88lmr49rchi9gxxu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3991281</id>
      <parentid>3991280</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T15:37:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* De cursu honorum */</comment>
      <origin>3991281</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1526" sha1="kal5gxhi7k08bmbjalvwe9u2f0od30n" xml:space="preserve">'''Lucius Gellius Publicola''' fuit [[senatus Romanus|senator Romanus]] plebeius secundo saeculo a.C.n. natus et post 55 a.C.n. mortuus. [[Consul|Consulatum]] anno [[72 a.C.n.]] gessit et usque ad censuram pervenit. In discordiis civilibus [[Pompeius|Pompei]] fautor erat.

== De familia ==
Homo novus erat sed [[Lucius Gellius Publicola (cos. 36 a.C.n.)|filium quem adoptavit]] consulatum anno [[36 a.C.n.]] gessit. Quamquam saepe pater quoque Publicola appellatur revera hoc [[cognomen]] ad filium primum pertinuisse videtur. Qui filius adulterii cum secunda patris uxore accusatus est non sine suspicione parricidii cogitati: postremo consultis multis senatoribus a patre absolutus est.&lt;ref&gt;[[Valerius Maximus]] V.9.1.&lt;/ref&gt;.


== De cursu honorum ==
* 96: Aedilis
* 94: Praetor peregrinus. Post praetura provinciam Asiaticam rexit.
* 72: Consul cum [[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus|Gnaeo Cornelio Lentulo Clodiano]]. Quo anno ambo consules adversus servos rebelles missi sunt. [[Crixus|Crixum]] primo proelio quidem vicit, mox tamen a [[Spartacus|Spartaco]] fusus est una cum collega. Quocirca senatus bellum gerendum consulibus ademit atque [[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|Marco Licinio Crasso]] tradidit&lt;ref&gt;[[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]] libro primo ''Bellorum civilium''&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;


{{Lifetime|saeculo 2 a.C.n.|saeculo 1 a.C.n.|Gellius Publicola, Lucius}}
[[Categoria:Censores]]
[[Categoria:Consules]]
[[Categoria:Senatores]]
[[Categoria:Gens Gellia]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>kal5gxhi7k08bmbjalvwe9u2f0od30n</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3991283</id>
      <parentid>3991281</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T15:41:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* De cursu honorum */</comment>
      <origin>3991283</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1674" sha1="owg7djcvf3q8utqt909j7m4d1592ofd" xml:space="preserve">'''Lucius Gellius Publicola''' fuit [[senatus Romanus|senator Romanus]] plebeius secundo saeculo a.C.n. natus et post 55 a.C.n. mortuus. [[Consul|Consulatum]] anno [[72 a.C.n.]] gessit et usque ad censuram pervenit. In discordiis civilibus [[Pompeius|Pompei]] fautor erat.

== De familia ==
Homo novus erat sed [[Lucius Gellius Publicola (cos. 36 a.C.n.)|filium quem adoptavit]] consulatum anno [[36 a.C.n.]] gessit. Quamquam saepe pater quoque Publicola appellatur revera hoc [[cognomen]] ad filium primum pertinuisse videtur. Qui filius adulterii cum secunda patris uxore accusatus est non sine suspicione parricidii cogitati: postremo consultis multis senatoribus a patre absolutus est.&lt;ref&gt;[[Valerius Maximus]] V.9.1.&lt;/ref&gt;.


== De cursu honorum ==
* 96: [[Aedilis]]
* 94: [[Praetor]] peregrinus. Post praetura provinciam Asiaticam rexit.
* 72: Consul cum [[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus|Gnaeo Cornelio Lentulo Clodiano]]. Quo anno ambo consules adversus servos rebelles missi sunt. [[Crixus|Crixum]] primo proelio quidem vicit, mox tamen a [[Spartacus|Spartaco]] fusus est una cum collega. Quocirca senatus bellum gerendum consulibus ademit atque [[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|Marco Licinio Crasso]] tradidit&lt;ref&gt;[[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]] libro primo ''Bellorum civilium''&lt;/ref&gt;.
* 70: Censor cum eodem Gnaeo Cornelio Lentulo Clodiano 64 senatores indignos e senatu expulit&lt;ref&gt;[[Titus Livius]], ''Periocha'' 98.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;


{{Lifetime|saeculo 2 a.C.n.|saeculo 1 a.C.n.|Gellius Publicola, Lucius}}
[[Categoria:Censores]]
[[Categoria:Consules]]
[[Categoria:Senatores]]
[[Categoria:Gens Gellia]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>owg7djcvf3q8utqt909j7m4d1592ofd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3991284</id>
      <parentid>3991283</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T15:57:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* De familia */</comment>
      <origin>3991284</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1873" sha1="g17vmec2nkf2gstp007zqgw44iwt5mt" xml:space="preserve">'''Lucius Gellius Publicola''' fuit [[senatus Romanus|senator Romanus]] plebeius secundo saeculo a.C.n. natus et post 55 a.C.n. mortuus. [[Consul|Consulatum]] anno [[72 a.C.n.]] gessit et usque ad censuram pervenit. In discordiis civilibus [[Pompeius|Pompei]] fautor erat.

== De familia ==
Homo novus erat sed [[Lucius Gellius Publicola (cos. 36 a.C.n.)|filium quem adoptavit]] consulatum anno [[36 a.C.n.]] gessit. Quamquam saepe pater quoque Publicola appellatur revera hoc [[cognomen]] ad filium primum pertinuisse videtur. Qui filius adulterii cum secunda patris uxore accusatus est non sine suspicione parricidii cogitati: postremo consultis multis senatoribus a patre absolutus est.&lt;ref&gt;[[Valerius Maximus]] V.9.1.&lt;/ref&gt;.
 
Adulescens Lucius Gellius comes et discipulus in arte dicendi [[Gaius Papirius Carbo|Gai Papiri Carbonis]] fuisse dicitur quem admirabatur&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''[[Brutus (Cicero)|Brutus]]'' 105.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== De cursu honorum ==
* 96: [[Aedilis]]
* 94: [[Praetor]] peregrinus. Post praetura provinciam Asiaticam rexit.
* 72: Consul cum [[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus|Gnaeo Cornelio Lentulo Clodiano]]. Quo anno ambo consules adversus servos rebelles missi sunt. [[Crixus|Crixum]] primo proelio quidem vicit, mox tamen a [[Spartacus|Spartaco]] fusus est una cum collega. Quocirca senatus bellum gerendum consulibus ademit atque [[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|Marco Licinio Crasso]] tradidit&lt;ref&gt;[[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]] libro primo ''Bellorum civilium''&lt;/ref&gt;.
* 70: Censor cum eodem Gnaeo Cornelio Lentulo Clodiano 64 senatores indignos e senatu expulit&lt;ref&gt;[[Titus Livius]], ''Periocha'' 98.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;


{{Lifetime|saeculo 2 a.C.n.|saeculo 1 a.C.n.|Gellius Publicola, Lucius}}
[[Categoria:Censores]]
[[Categoria:Consules]]
[[Categoria:Senatores]]
[[Categoria:Gens Gellia]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>g17vmec2nkf2gstp007zqgw44iwt5mt</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3991286</id>
      <parentid>3991284</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T16:02:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* De cursu honorum */</comment>
      <origin>3991286</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2056" sha1="qhpeknm1jeoj0y54ba78xebgxezgs79" xml:space="preserve">'''Lucius Gellius Publicola''' fuit [[senatus Romanus|senator Romanus]] plebeius secundo saeculo a.C.n. natus et post 55 a.C.n. mortuus. [[Consul|Consulatum]] anno [[72 a.C.n.]] gessit et usque ad censuram pervenit. In discordiis civilibus [[Pompeius|Pompei]] fautor erat.

== De familia ==
Homo novus erat sed [[Lucius Gellius Publicola (cos. 36 a.C.n.)|filium quem adoptavit]] consulatum anno [[36 a.C.n.]] gessit. Quamquam saepe pater quoque Publicola appellatur revera hoc [[cognomen]] ad filium primum pertinuisse videtur. Qui filius adulterii cum secunda patris uxore accusatus est non sine suspicione parricidii cogitati: postremo consultis multis senatoribus a patre absolutus est.&lt;ref&gt;[[Valerius Maximus]] V.9.1.&lt;/ref&gt;.
 
Adulescens Lucius Gellius comes et discipulus in arte dicendi [[Gaius Papirius Carbo|Gai Papiri Carbonis]] fuisse dicitur quem admirabatur&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''[[Brutus (Cicero)|Brutus]]'' 105.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== De cursu honorum ==
* 96: [[Aedilis]]
* 94: [[Praetor]] peregrinus. Post praetura provinciam Asiaticam rexit.
* 72: Consul cum [[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus|Gnaeo Cornelio Lentulo Clodiano]]. Quo anno ambo consules adversus servos rebelles missi sunt. [[Crixus|Crixum]] primo proelio quidem vicit, mox tamen a [[Spartacus|Spartaco]] fusus est una cum collega. Quocirca senatus bellum gerendum consulibus ademit atque [[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|Marco Licinio Crasso]] tradidit&lt;ref&gt;[[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]] libro primo ''Bellorum civilium''&lt;/ref&gt;.
* 70: Censor cum eodem Gnaeo Cornelio Lentulo Clodiano severitate insignis 64 senatores indignos e senatu expulit&lt;ref&gt;[[Titus Livius]], ''Periocha'' 98.&lt;/ref&gt;. IIdem censores Pompeium post equestres militias absolutas honesta missione donarunt&lt;ref&gt;[[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 22.5-9.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;


{{Lifetime|saeculo 2 a.C.n.|saeculo 1 a.C.n.|Gellius Publicola, Lucius}}
[[Categoria:Censores]]
[[Categoria:Consules]]
[[Categoria:Senatores]]
[[Categoria:Gens Gellia]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>qhpeknm1jeoj0y54ba78xebgxezgs79</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3991287</id>
      <parentid>3991286</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T16:07:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* De cursu honorum */</comment>
      <origin>3991287</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2261" sha1="nzrd9dljj4ft8ukgwlcaezlxmu7on2e" xml:space="preserve">'''Lucius Gellius Publicola''' fuit [[senatus Romanus|senator Romanus]] plebeius secundo saeculo a.C.n. natus et post 55 a.C.n. mortuus. [[Consul|Consulatum]] anno [[72 a.C.n.]] gessit et usque ad censuram pervenit. In discordiis civilibus [[Pompeius|Pompei]] fautor erat.

== De familia ==
Homo novus erat sed [[Lucius Gellius Publicola (cos. 36 a.C.n.)|filium quem adoptavit]] consulatum anno [[36 a.C.n.]] gessit. Quamquam saepe pater quoque Publicola appellatur revera hoc [[cognomen]] ad filium primum pertinuisse videtur. Qui filius adulterii cum secunda patris uxore accusatus est non sine suspicione parricidii cogitati: postremo consultis multis senatoribus a patre absolutus est.&lt;ref&gt;[[Valerius Maximus]] V.9.1.&lt;/ref&gt;.
 
Adulescens Lucius Gellius comes et discipulus in arte dicendi [[Gaius Papirius Carbo|Gai Papiri Carbonis]] fuisse dicitur quem admirabatur&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''[[Brutus (Cicero)|Brutus]]'' 105.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== De cursu honorum ==
* 96: [[Aedilis]]
* 94: [[Praetor]] peregrinus. Post praetura provinciam Asiaticam rexit.
* 72: Consul cum [[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus|Gnaeo Cornelio Lentulo Clodiano]]. Quo anno ambo consules adversus servos rebelles missi sunt. [[Crixus|Crixum]] primo proelio quidem vicit, mox tamen a [[Spartacus|Spartaco]] fusus est una cum collega. Quocirca senatus bellum gerendum consulibus ademit atque [[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|Marco Licinio Crasso]] tradidit&lt;ref&gt;[[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]] libro primo ''Bellorum civilium''&lt;/ref&gt;.
* 70: Censor cum eodem Gnaeo Cornelio Lentulo Clodiano severitate insignis 64 senatores indignos e senatu expulit&lt;ref&gt;[[Titus Livius]], ''Periocha'' 98.&lt;/ref&gt;. IIdem censores Pompeium post equestres militias absolutas honesta missione donarunt&lt;ref&gt;[[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 22.5-9.&lt;/ref&gt;
* legatus Pompei fuit in [[Pirata|bello piratico]] cui [[Mare Tyrrhenum|Tyrrhenum mare]] et Italiae litus custodienda mandavit imperator&lt;ref&gt;[[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Mithridatica'' 95.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;


{{Lifetime|saeculo 2 a.C.n.|saeculo 1 a.C.n.|Gellius Publicola, Lucius}}
[[Categoria:Censores]]
[[Categoria:Consules]]
[[Categoria:Senatores]]
[[Categoria:Gens Gellia]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>nzrd9dljj4ft8ukgwlcaezlxmu7on2e</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3991290</id>
      <parentid>3991287</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T16:09:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3991290</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2385" sha1="baele1x0nd52xf8764dow4d486l3blc" xml:space="preserve">'''Lucius Gellius Publicola''' fuit [[senatus Romanus|senator Romanus]] plebeius secundo saeculo a.C.n. natus et post 55 a.C.n. mortuus. [[Consul|Consulatum]] anno [[72 a.C.n.]] gessit et usque ad censuram pervenit. In discordiis civilibus [[Pompeius|Pompei]] fautor erat.

== De familia ==
Homo novus erat sed [[Lucius Gellius Publicola (cos. 36 a.C.n.)|filium quem adoptavit]] consulatum anno [[36 a.C.n.]] gessit. Quamquam saepe pater quoque Publicola appellatur revera hoc [[cognomen]] ad filium primum pertinuisse videtur. Qui filius adulterii cum secunda patris uxore accusatus est non sine suspicione parricidii cogitati: postremo consultis multis senatoribus a patre absolutus est.&lt;ref&gt;[[Valerius Maximus]] V.9.1.&lt;/ref&gt;.
 
Adulescens Lucius Gellius comes et discipulus in arte dicendi [[Gaius Papirius Carbo|Gai Papiri Carbonis]] fuisse dicitur quem admirabatur&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''[[Brutus (Cicero)|Brutus]]'' 105.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== De cursu honorum ==
* 96: [[Aedilis]]
* 94: [[Praetor]] peregrinus. Post praetura provinciam Asiaticam rexit.
* 72: Consul cum [[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus|Gnaeo Cornelio Lentulo Clodiano]]. Quo anno ambo consules adversus servos rebelles missi sunt. [[Crixus|Crixum]] primo proelio quidem vicit, mox tamen a [[Spartacus|Spartaco]] fusus est una cum collega. Quocirca senatus bellum gerendum consulibus ademit atque [[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|Marco Licinio Crasso]] tradidit&lt;ref&gt;[[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]] libro primo ''Bellorum civilium''&lt;/ref&gt;.
* 70: Censor cum eodem Gnaeo Cornelio Lentulo Clodiano severitate insignis 64 senatores indignos e senatu expulit&lt;ref&gt;[[Titus Livius]], ''Periocha'' 98.&lt;/ref&gt;. IIdem censores Pompeium post equestres militias absolutas honesta missione donarunt&lt;ref&gt;[[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 22.5-9.&lt;/ref&gt;
* legatus Pompei fuit in [[Pirata|bello piratico]] cui [[Mare Tyrrhenum|Tyrrhenum mare]] et Italiae litus custodienda mandavit imperator&lt;ref&gt;[[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Mithridatica'' 95.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
*[https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/RE:Gellius_17 Gellius 17] apud [[Paulys Real-Enzyklopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft]]

{{Lifetime|saeculo 2 a.C.n.|saeculo 1 a.C.n.|Gellius Publicola, Lucius}}
[[Categoria:Censores]]
[[Categoria:Consules]]
[[Categoria:Senatores]]
[[Categoria:Gens Gellia]]</text>
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    <revision>
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      <parentid>3991290</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T16:12:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
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      <text bytes="2429" sha1="4vvbbhch56gev0g0l0picmsbwyw4jol" xml:space="preserve">'''Lucius Gellius Publicola''' fuit [[senatus Romanus|senator Romanus]] plebeius secundo saeculo a.C.n. natus et post 55 a.C.n. mortuus. [[Consul|Consulatum]] anno [[72 a.C.n.]] gessit et usque ad censuram pervenit. In discordiis civilibus [[Pompeius|Pompei]] fautor erat.

== De familia ==
Homo novus erat sed [[Lucius Gellius Publicola (cos. 36 a.C.n.)|filium quem adoptavit]] consulatum anno [[36 a.C.n.]] gessit. Quamquam saepe pater quoque Publicola appellatur revera hoc [[cognomen]] ad filium primum pertinuisse videtur. Qui filius adulterii cum secunda patris uxore accusatus est non sine suspicione parricidii cogitati: postremo consultis multis senatoribus a patre absolutus est.&lt;ref&gt;[[Valerius Maximus]] V.9.1.&lt;/ref&gt;.
 
Adulescens Lucius Gellius comes et discipulus in arte dicendi [[Gaius Papirius Carbo|Gai Papiri Carbonis]] fuisse dicitur quem admirabatur&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''[[Brutus (Cicero)|Brutus]]'' 105.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== De cursu honorum ==
* 96: [[Aedilis]]
* 94: [[Praetor]] peregrinus. Post praetura provinciam Asiaticam rexit.
* 72: Consul cum [[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus|Gnaeo Cornelio Lentulo Clodiano]]. Quo anno ambo consules adversus servos rebelles missi sunt. [[Crixus|Crixum]] primo proelio quidem vicit, mox tamen a [[Spartacus|Spartaco]] fusus est una cum collega. Quocirca senatus bellum gerendum consulibus ademit atque [[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|Marco Licinio Crasso]] tradidit&lt;ref&gt;[[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]] libro primo ''Bellorum civilium''&lt;/ref&gt;.
* 70: Censor cum eodem Gnaeo Cornelio Lentulo Clodiano severitate insignis 64 senatores indignos e senatu expulit&lt;ref&gt;[[Titus Livius]], ''Periocha'' 98.&lt;/ref&gt;. IIdem censores Pompeium post equestres militias absolutas honesta missione donarunt&lt;ref&gt;[[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 22.5-9.&lt;/ref&gt;
* legatus Pompei fuit in [[Pirata|bello piratico]] cui [[Mare Tyrrhenum|Tyrrhenum mare]] et Italiae litus custodienda mandavit imperator&lt;ref&gt;[[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Mithridatica'' 95.&lt;/ref&gt; una cum sempiterno collega Cornelio Lentulo.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
*[https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/RE:Gellius_17 Gellius 17] apud [[Paulys Real-Enzyklopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft]]

{{Lifetime|saeculo 2 a.C.n.|saeculo 1 a.C.n.|Gellius Publicola, Lucius}}
[[Categoria:Censores]]
[[Categoria:Consules]]
[[Categoria:Senatores]]
[[Categoria:Gens Gellia]]</text>
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        <id>2059</id>
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      <text bytes="2429" sha1="kcwsdwwimuj6w1t20mv81y3q55bowwj" xml:space="preserve">'''Lucius Gellius Publicola''' fuit [[senatus Romanus|senator Romanus]] plebeius secundo saeculo a.C.n. natus et post 55 a.C.n. mortuus. [[Consul|Consulatum]] anno [[72 a.C.n.]] gessit et usque ad censuram pervenit. In discordiis civilibus [[Pompeius|Pompei]] fautor erat.

== De familia ==
Homo novus erat sed [[Lucius Gellius Publicola (cos. 36 a.C.n.)|filium quem adoptavit]] consulatum anno [[36 a.C.n.]] gessit. Quamquam saepe pater quoque Publicola appellatur revera hoc [[cognomen]] ad filium primum pertinuisse videtur. Qui filius adulterii cum secunda patris uxore accusatus est non sine suspicione parricidii cogitati: postremo consultis multis senatoribus a patre absolutus est.&lt;ref&gt;[[Valerius Maximus]] V.9.1.&lt;/ref&gt;.
 
Adulescens Lucius Gellius comes et discipulus in arte dicendi [[Gaius Papirius Carbo|Gai Papiri Carbonis]] fuisse dicitur quem admirabatur&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''[[Brutus (Cicero)|Brutus]]'' 105.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== De cursu honorum ==
* 96: [[Aedilis]]
* 94: [[Praetor]] peregrinus. Post praetura provinciam Asiaticam rexit.
* 72: Consul cum [[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus|Gnaeo Cornelio Lentulo Clodiano]]. Quo anno ambo consules adversus servos rebelles missi sunt. [[Crixus|Crixum]] primo proelio quidem vicit, mox tamen a [[Spartacus|Spartaco]] fusus est una cum collega. Quocirca senatus bellum gerendum consulibus ademit atque [[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|Marco Licinio Crasso]] tradidit&lt;ref&gt;[[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]] libro primo ''Bellorum civilium''&lt;/ref&gt;.
* 70: Censor cum eodem Gnaeo Cornelio Lentulo Clodiano severitate insignis 64 senatores indignos e senatu expulit&lt;ref&gt;[[Titus Livius]], ''Periocha'' 98.&lt;/ref&gt;. IIdem censores Pompeium post equestres militias absolutas honesta missione donarunt&lt;ref&gt;[[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 22.5-9.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Legatus Pompei fuit in [[Pirata|bello piratico]] cui [[Mare Tyrrhenum|Tyrrhenum mare]] et Italiae litus custodienda mandavit imperator&lt;ref&gt;[[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Mithridatica'' 95.&lt;/ref&gt; una cum sempiterno collega Cornelio Lentulo.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
*[https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/RE:Gellius_17 Gellius 17] apud [[Paulys Real-Enzyklopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft]]

{{Lifetime|saeculo 2 a.C.n.|saeculo 1 a.C.n.|Gellius Publicola, Lucius}}
[[Categoria:Censores]]
[[Categoria:Consules]]
[[Categoria:Senatores]]
[[Categoria:Gens Gellia]]</text>
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      <contributor>
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      <text bytes="2610" sha1="jla0483m07ysvw50sny9870ux0x9yc7" xml:space="preserve">'''Lucius Gellius Publicola''' fuit [[senatus Romanus|senator Romanus]] plebeius secundo saeculo a.C.n. natus et post 55 a.C.n. mortuus. [[Consul|Consulatum]] anno [[72 a.C.n.]] gessit et usque ad censuram pervenit. In discordiis civilibus [[Pompeius|Pompei]] fautor erat.

== De familia ==
Homo novus erat sed [[Lucius Gellius Publicola (cos. 36 a.C.n.)|filium quem adoptavit]] consulatum anno [[36 a.C.n.]] gessit. Quamquam saepe pater quoque Publicola appellatur revera hoc [[cognomen]] ad filium primum pertinuisse videtur. Qui filius adulterii cum secunda patris uxore accusatus est non sine suspicione parricidii cogitati: postremo consultis multis senatoribus a patre absolutus est.&lt;ref&gt;[[Valerius Maximus]] V.9.1.&lt;/ref&gt;.
 
Adulescens Lucius Gellius comes et discipulus in arte dicendi [[Gaius Papirius Carbo|Gai Papiri Carbonis]] fuisse dicitur quem admirabatur&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''[[Brutus (Cicero)|Brutus]]'' 105.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== De cursu honorum ==
* 96: [[Aedilis]]
* 94: [[Praetor]] peregrinus. Post praetura provinciam Asiaticam rexit.
* 72: Consul cum [[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus|Gnaeo Cornelio Lentulo Clodiano]]. Quo anno ambo consules adversus servos rebelles missi sunt. [[Crixus|Crixum]] primo proelio quidem vicit, mox tamen a [[Spartacus|Spartaco]] fusus est una cum collega. Quocirca senatus bellum gerendum consulibus ademit atque [[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|Marco Licinio Crasso]] tradidit&lt;ref&gt;[[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]] libro primo ''Bellorum civilium''&lt;/ref&gt;.
* 70: Censor cum eodem Gnaeo Cornelio Lentulo Clodiano severitate insignis 64 senatores indignos e senatu expulit&lt;ref&gt;[[Titus Livius]], ''Periocha'' 98.&lt;/ref&gt;. IIdem censores Pompeium post equestres militias absolutas honesta missione donarunt&lt;ref&gt;[[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 22.5-9.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 67: Legatus Pompei fuit in [[Pirata|bello piratico]] cui [[Mare Tyrrhenum|Tyrrhenum mare]] et Italiae litus custodienda mandavit imperator&lt;ref&gt;[[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Mithridatica'' 95.&lt;/ref&gt; una cum sempiterno collega Cornelio Lentulo.
*63: Ciceronem adiuvit adversus [[Catilina|Catilinarios]].
*59: Legi agrariae consulis [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Iulii Caesaris]] adversabatur.
*57 et 55 adhuc memoratur in senatu.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
*[https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/RE:Gellius_17 Gellius 17] apud [[Paulys Real-Enzyklopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft]]

{{Lifetime|saeculo 2 a.C.n.|saeculo 1 a.C.n.|Gellius Publicola, Lucius}}
[[Categoria:Censores]]
[[Categoria:Consules]]
[[Categoria:Senatores]]
[[Categoria:Gens Gellia]]</text>
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      <text bytes="2681" sha1="sdhwd7q7nqavcaob5ermxv5o7c15rrx" xml:space="preserve">'''Lucius Gellius Publicola''' fuit [[senatus Romanus|senator Romanus]] plebeius secundo saeculo a.C.n. natus et post 55 a.C.n. mortuus. [[Consul|Consulatum]] anno [[72 a.C.n.]] gessit et usque ad censuram pervenit. In discordiis civilibus [[Pompeius|Pompei]] fautor erat.

== De familia ==
Homo novus erat sed [[Lucius Gellius Publicola (cos. 36 a.C.n.)|filium quem adoptavit]] consulatum anno [[36 a.C.n.]] gessit. Quamquam saepe pater quoque Publicola appellatur revera hoc [[cognomen]] ad filium primum pertinuisse videtur. Qui filius adulterii cum secunda patris uxore accusatus est non sine suspicione parricidii cogitati: postremo consultis multis senatoribus a patre absolutus est.&lt;ref&gt;[[Valerius Maximus]] V.9.1.&lt;/ref&gt;.
 
Adulescens Lucius Gellius comes et discipulus in arte dicendi [[Gaius Papirius Carbo|Gai Papiri Carbonis]] fuisse dicitur quem admirabatur&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''[[Brutus (Cicero)|Brutus]]'' 105.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== De cursu honorum ==
* 96: [[Aedilis]]
* 94: [[Praetor]] peregrinus. Post praetura provinciam Asiaticam rexit.
* 72: Consul cum [[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus|Gnaeo Cornelio Lentulo Clodiano]]. Quo anno ambo consules adversus servos rebelles missi sunt. [[Crixus|Crixum]] primo proelio quidem vicit, mox tamen a [[Spartacus|Spartaco]] fusus est una cum collega. Quocirca senatus bellum gerendum consulibus ademit atque [[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|Marco Licinio Crasso]] tradidit&lt;ref&gt;[[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]] libro primo ''Bellorum civilium''&lt;/ref&gt;.
* 70: Censor cum eodem Gnaeo Cornelio Lentulo Clodiano severitate insignis 64 senatores indignos e senatu expulit&lt;ref&gt;[[Titus Livius]], ''Periocha'' 98.&lt;/ref&gt;. IIdem censores Pompeium post equestres militias absolutas honesta missione donarunt&lt;ref&gt;[[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 22.5-9.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 67: Legatus Pompei fuit in [[Pirata|bello piratico]] cui [[Mare Tyrrhenum|Tyrrhenum mare]] et Italiae litus custodienda mandavit imperator&lt;ref&gt;[[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Mithridatica'' 95.&lt;/ref&gt; una cum sempiterno collega Cornelio Lentulo.
*63: Ciceronem adiuvit adversus [[Catilina|Catilinarios]].
*59: Legi agrariae consulis [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Iulii Caesaris]] adversabatur&lt;ref&gt;Plutarchus, ''[[Vita Ciceronis (Plutarchus)|Cicero]]'' 26.2.&lt;/ref&gt;.
*57 et 55 adhuc memoratur in senatu.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
*[https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/RE:Gellius_17 Gellius 17] apud [[Paulys Real-Enzyklopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft]]

{{Lifetime|saeculo 2 a.C.n.|saeculo 1 a.C.n.|Gellius Publicola, Lucius}}
[[Categoria:Censores]]
[[Categoria:Consules]]
[[Categoria:Senatores]]
[[Categoria:Gens Gellia]]</text>
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        <id>2059</id>
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      <text bytes="2884" sha1="9ebnxphinz4f0dhuulr5e96m5mw5uan" xml:space="preserve">'''Lucius Gellius Publicola''' fuit [[senatus Romanus|senator Romanus]] plebeius secundo saeculo a.C.n. natus et post 55 a.C.n. mortuus. [[Consul|Consulatum]] anno [[72 a.C.n.]] gessit et usque ad censuram pervenit. In discordiis civilibus [[Pompeius|Pompei]] fautor erat.

== De familia ==
Homo novus erat sed [[Lucius Gellius Publicola (cos. 36 a.C.n.)|filium quem adoptavit]] consulatum anno [[36 a.C.n.]] gessit. Quamquam saepe pater quoque Publicola appellatur revera hoc [[cognomen]] ad filium primum pertinuisse videtur. Qui filius adulterii cum secunda patris uxore accusatus est non sine suspicione parricidii cogitati: postremo consultis multis senatoribus a patre absolutus est.&lt;ref&gt;[[Valerius Maximus]] V.9.1.&lt;/ref&gt;.
 
Adulescens Lucius Gellius comes et discipulus in arte dicendi [[Gaius Papirius Carbo|Gai Papiri Carbonis]] fuisse dicitur quem admirabatur&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''[[Brutus (Cicero)|Brutus]]'' 105.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== De cursu honorum ==
* 96: [[Aedilis]]
* 94: [[Praetor]] peregrinus. Post praetura provinciam Asiaticam rexit.
* 72: Consul cum [[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus|Gnaeo Cornelio Lentulo Clodiano]]. Quo anno ambo consules adversus servos rebelles missi sunt. [[Crixus|Crixum]] primo proelio quidem vicit, mox tamen a [[Spartacus|Spartaco]] fusus est una cum collega. Quocirca senatus bellum gerendum consulibus ademit atque [[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|Marco Licinio Crasso]] tradidit&lt;ref&gt;[[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]] libro primo ''Bellorum civilium''&lt;/ref&gt;.
* 70: Censor cum eodem Gnaeo Cornelio Lentulo Clodiano severitate insignis 64 senatores indignos e senatu expulit&lt;ref&gt;[[Titus Livius]], ''Periocha'' 98.&lt;/ref&gt;. IIdem censores Pompeium post equestres militias absolutas honesta missione donarunt&lt;ref&gt;[[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 22.5-9.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 67: Legatus Pompei fuit in [[Pirata|bello piratico]] cui [[Mare Tyrrhenum|Tyrrhenum mare]] et Italiae litus custodienda mandavit imperator&lt;ref&gt;[[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Mithridatica'' 95.&lt;/ref&gt; una cum sempiterno collega Cornelio Lentulo.
*63: Ciceronem adiuvit adversus [[Catilina|Catilinarios]].
*59: Legi agrariae consulis [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Iulii Caesaris]] adversabatur&lt;ref&gt;Plutarchus, ''[[Vita Ciceronis (Plutarchus)|Cicero]]'' 26.2.&lt;/ref&gt;.
*57 et 55 adhuc memoratur in senatu.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;


== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Catherine Steel, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/24432812 The roman Senate and the post-sullan &quot;Res-Publica]&quot;, ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2014: 323-339

== Nexus externi ==
*[https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/RE:Gellius_17 Gellius 17] apud [[Paulys Real-Enzyklopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft]]

{{Lifetime|saeculo 2 a.C.n.|saeculo 1 a.C.n.|Gellius Publicola, Lucius}}
[[Categoria:Censores]]
[[Categoria:Consules]]
[[Categoria:Senatores]]
[[Categoria:Gens Gellia]]</text>
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      <text bytes="2884" sha1="3sb6kemkyxjh3xfdcilpft0thpxexyl" xml:space="preserve">'''Lucius Gellius Publicola''' fuit [[senatus Romanus|senator Romanus]] plebeius secundo saeculo a.C.n. natus et post 55 a.C.n. mortuus. [[Consul|Consulatum]] anno [[72 a.C.n.]] gessit et usque ad censuram pervenit. In discordiis civilibus [[Pompeius|Pompei]] fautor erat.

== De familia ==
Homo novus erat sed [[Lucius Gellius Publicola (cos. 36 a.C.n.)|filium quem adoptavit]] consulatum anno [[36 a.C.n.]] gessit. Quamquam saepe pater quoque Publicola appellatur revera hoc [[cognomen]] ad filium primum pertinuisse videtur. Qui filius adulterii cum secunda patris uxore accusatus est non sine suspicione parricidii cogitati: postremo consultis multis senatoribus a patre absolutus est.&lt;ref&gt;[[Valerius Maximus]] V.9.1.&lt;/ref&gt;.
 
Adulescens Lucius Gellius comes et discipulus in arte dicendi [[Gaius Papirius Carbo|Gai Papiri Carbonis]] fuisse dicitur quem admirabatur&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''[[Brutus (Cicero)|Brutus]]'' 105.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== De cursu honorum ==
* 96: [[Aedilis]]
* 94: [[Praetor]] peregrinus. Post praetura provinciam Asiaticam rexit.
* 72: Consul cum [[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus|Gnaeo Cornelio Lentulo Clodiano]]. Quo anno ambo consules adversus servos rebelles missi sunt. [[Crixus|Crixum]] primo proelio quidem vicit, mox tamen a [[Spartacus|Spartaco]] fusus est una cum collega. Quocirca senatus bellum gerendum consulibus ademit atque [[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|Marco Licinio Crasso]] tradidit&lt;ref&gt;[[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]] libro primo ''Bellorum civilium''&lt;/ref&gt;.
* 70: Censor cum eodem Gnaeo Cornelio Lentulo Clodiano severitate insignis 64 senatores indignos e senatu expulit&lt;ref&gt;[[Titus Livius]], ''Periocha'' 98.&lt;/ref&gt;. Iidem censores Pompeium post equestres militias absolutas honesta missione donarunt&lt;ref&gt;[[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 22.5-9.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 67: Legatus Pompei fuit in [[Pirata|bello piratico]] cui [[Mare Tyrrhenum|Tyrrhenum mare]] et Italiae litus custodienda mandavit imperator&lt;ref&gt;[[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Mithridatica'' 95.&lt;/ref&gt; una cum sempiterno collega Cornelio Lentulo.
*63: Ciceronem adiuvit adversus [[Catilina|Catilinarios]].
*59: Legi agrariae consulis [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Iulii Caesaris]] adversabatur&lt;ref&gt;Plutarchus, ''[[Vita Ciceronis (Plutarchus)|Cicero]]'' 26.2.&lt;/ref&gt;.
*57 et 55 adhuc memoratur in senatu.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;


== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Catherine Steel, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/24432812 The roman Senate and the post-sullan &quot;Res-Publica]&quot;, ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2014: 323-339

== Nexus externi ==
*[https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/RE:Gellius_17 Gellius 17] apud [[Paulys Real-Enzyklopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft]]

{{Lifetime|saeculo 2 a.C.n.|saeculo 1 a.C.n.|Gellius Publicola, Lucius}}
[[Categoria:Censores]]
[[Categoria:Consules]]
[[Categoria:Senatores]]
[[Categoria:Gens Gellia]]</text>
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        <id>2059</id>
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      <text bytes="2924" sha1="5781u73ck7wccg3v0ozmmnreq5j05sr" xml:space="preserve">'''Lucius Gellius Publicola''' fuit [[senatus Romanus|senator Romanus]] plebeius secundo saeculo a.C.n. natus et post 55 a.C.n. mortuus. [[Consul|Consulatum]] anno [[72 a.C.n.]] gessit et usque ad censuram pervenit. In discordiis civilibus [[Pompeius|Pompei]] fautor erat.

== De familia ==
Homo novus erat sed [[Lucius Gellius Publicola (cos. 36 a.C.n.)|filium quem adoptavit]] consulatum anno [[36 a.C.n.]] gessit. Quamquam saepe pater quoque Publicola appellatur revera hoc [[cognomen]] ad filium primum pertinuisse videtur. Qui filius adulterii cum secunda patris uxore accusatus est non sine suspicione parricidii cogitati: postremo consultis multis senatoribus a patre absolutus est.&lt;ref&gt;[[Valerius Maximus]] V.9.1.&lt;/ref&gt;.
 
Adulescens Lucius Gellius comes et discipulus in arte dicendi [[Gaius Papirius Carbo|Gai Papiri Carbonis]] fuisse dicitur quem admirabatur&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''[[Brutus (Cicero)|Brutus]]'' 105.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== De cursu honorum ==
* 96: [[Aedilis]]
* 94: [[Praetor]] peregrinus. Post praetura provinciam Asiaticam rexit.
* 72: Consul cum [[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus|Gnaeo Cornelio Lentulo Clodiano]]. Quo anno ambo consules adversus servos rebelles missi sunt. [[Crixus|Crixum]] primo proelio quidem vicit, mox tamen a [[Spartacus|Spartaco]] fusus est una cum collega. Quocirca senatus bellum gerendum consulibus ademit atque [[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|Marco Licinio Crasso]] tradidit&lt;ref&gt;[[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]] libro primo ''Bellorum civilium''&lt;/ref&gt;.
* 70: Censor cum eodem Gnaeo Cornelio Lentulo Clodiano severitate insignis 64 senatores indignos e senatu expulit&lt;ref&gt;[[Titus Livius]], ''Periocha'' 98.&lt;/ref&gt;. Iidem censores Pompeium post equestres militias absolutas honesta missione donarunt&lt;ref&gt;[[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 22.5-9.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 67: Legatus Pompei fuit in [[Pirata|bello piratico]] cui [[Mare Tyrrhenum|Tyrrhenum mare]] et Italiae litus custodienda mandavit imperator&lt;ref&gt;[[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Mithridatica'' 95.&lt;/ref&gt; una cum sempiterno collega Cornelio Lentulo.
*63: Ciceronem adiuvit adversus [[Catilina|Catilinarios]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''In Pisonem'' 3.&lt;/ref&gt;.
*59: Legi agrariae consulis [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Iulii Caesaris]] adversabatur&lt;ref&gt;Plutarchus, ''[[Vita Ciceronis (Plutarchus)|Cicero]]'' 26.2.&lt;/ref&gt;.
*57 et 55 adhuc memoratur in senatu.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;


== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Catherine Steel, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/24432812 The roman Senate and the post-sullan &quot;Res-Publica]&quot;, ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2014: 323-339

== Nexus externi ==
*[https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/RE:Gellius_17 Gellius 17] apud [[Paulys Real-Enzyklopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft]]

{{Lifetime|saeculo 2 a.C.n.|saeculo 1 a.C.n.|Gellius Publicola, Lucius}}
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[[Categoria:Senatores]]
[[Categoria:Gens Gellia]]</text>
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      <text bytes="3139" sha1="jersphlixsza9k5ld5mp5muz3hhg75u" xml:space="preserve">'''Lucius Gellius Publicola''' fuit [[senatus Romanus|senator Romanus]] plebeius secundo saeculo a.C.n. natus et post 55 a.C.n. mortuus. [[Consul|Consulatum]] anno [[72 a.C.n.]] gessit et usque ad censuram pervenit. In discordiis civilibus [[Pompeius|Pompei]] fautor erat.

== De familia ==
Homo novus erat sed [[Lucius Gellius Publicola (cos. 36 a.C.n.)|filium quem adoptavit]] consulatum anno [[36 a.C.n.]] gessit. Quamquam saepe pater quoque Publicola appellatur revera hoc [[cognomen]] ad filium primum pertinuisse videtur. Qui filius adulterii cum secunda patris uxore accusatus est non sine suspicione parricidii cogitati: postremo consultis multis senatoribus a patre absolutus est.&lt;ref&gt;[[Valerius Maximus]] V.9.1.&lt;/ref&gt;.
 
Adulescens Lucius Gellius comes et discipulus in arte dicendi [[Gaius Papirius Carbo|Gai Papiri Carbonis]] fuisse dicitur quem admirabatur&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''[[Brutus (Cicero)|Brutus]]'' 105.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ipse tamen orator mediocris a Cicerone iudicabatur&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem 174.&lt;/ref&gt;. Provectam senectutem eum adsecutum ex ipsis verbis Arpinatis oratoris liquet: ''ita diu vixit ut multarum aetatum oratoribus implicaretur''.

== De cursu honorum ==
* 96: [[Aedilis]]
* 94: [[Praetor]] peregrinus. Post praetura provinciam Asiaticam rexit.
* 72: Consul cum [[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus|Gnaeo Cornelio Lentulo Clodiano]]. Quo anno ambo consules adversus servos rebelles missi sunt. [[Crixus|Crixum]] primo proelio quidem vicit, mox tamen a [[Spartacus|Spartaco]] fusus est una cum collega. Quocirca senatus bellum gerendum consulibus ademit atque [[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|Marco Licinio Crasso]] tradidit&lt;ref&gt;[[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]] libro primo ''Bellorum civilium''&lt;/ref&gt;.
* 70: Censor cum eodem Gnaeo Cornelio Lentulo Clodiano severitate insignis 64 senatores indignos e senatu expulit&lt;ref&gt;[[Titus Livius]], ''Periocha'' 98.&lt;/ref&gt;. Iidem censores Pompeium post equestres militias absolutas honesta missione donarunt&lt;ref&gt;[[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 22.5-9.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 67: Legatus Pompei fuit in [[Pirata|bello piratico]] cui [[Mare Tyrrhenum|Tyrrhenum mare]] et Italiae litus custodienda mandavit imperator&lt;ref&gt;[[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Mithridatica'' 95.&lt;/ref&gt; una cum sempiterno collega Cornelio Lentulo.
*63: Ciceronem adiuvit adversus [[Catilina|Catilinarios]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''In Pisonem'' 3.&lt;/ref&gt;.
*59: Legi agrariae consulis [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Iulii Caesaris]] adversabatur&lt;ref&gt;Plutarchus, ''[[Vita Ciceronis (Plutarchus)|Cicero]]'' 26.2.&lt;/ref&gt;.
*57 et 55 adhuc memoratur in senatu.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;


== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Catherine Steel, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/24432812 The roman Senate and the post-sullan &quot;Res-Publica]&quot;, ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2014: 323-339

== Nexus externi ==
*[https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/RE:Gellius_17 Gellius 17] apud [[Paulys Real-Enzyklopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft]]

{{Lifetime|saeculo 2 a.C.n.|saeculo 1 a.C.n.|Gellius Publicola, Lucius}}
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[[Categoria:Consules]]
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      <text bytes="3154" sha1="rmp5b1efok13d4h7g4on4r343t6qbev" xml:space="preserve">'''Lucius Gellius Publicola''' fuit [[senatus Romanus|senator Romanus]] plebeius secundo saeculo a.C.n. natus et post 55 a.C.n. mortuus. [[Consul|Consulatum]] anno [[72 a.C.n.]] gessit et usque ad censuram pervenit. In discordiis civilibus [[Pompeius|Pompei]] fautor erat.

== De familia et vita civili ==
Homo novus erat sed [[Lucius Gellius Publicola (cos. 36 a.C.n.)|filium quem adoptavit]] consulatum anno [[36 a.C.n.]] gessit. Quamquam saepe pater quoque Publicola appellatur revera hoc [[cognomen]] ad filium primum pertinuisse videtur. Qui filius adulterii cum secunda patris uxore accusatus est non sine suspicione parricidii cogitati: postremo consultis multis senatoribus a patre absolutus est.&lt;ref&gt;[[Valerius Maximus]] V.9.1.&lt;/ref&gt;.
 
Adulescens Lucius Gellius comes et discipulus in arte dicendi [[Gaius Papirius Carbo|Gai Papiri Carbonis]] fuisse dicitur quem admirabatur&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''[[Brutus (Cicero)|Brutus]]'' 105.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ipse tamen orator mediocris a Cicerone iudicabatur&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem 174.&lt;/ref&gt;. Provectam senectutem eum adsecutum ex ipsis verbis Arpinatis oratoris liquet: ''ita diu vixit ut multarum aetatum oratoribus implicaretur''.

== De cursu honorum ==
* 96: [[Aedilis]]
* 94: [[Praetor]] peregrinus. Post praetura provinciam Asiaticam rexit.
* 72: Consul cum [[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus|Gnaeo Cornelio Lentulo Clodiano]]. Quo anno ambo consules adversus servos rebelles missi sunt. [[Crixus|Crixum]] primo proelio quidem vicit, mox tamen a [[Spartacus|Spartaco]] fusus est una cum collega. Quocirca senatus bellum gerendum consulibus ademit atque [[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|Marco Licinio Crasso]] tradidit&lt;ref&gt;[[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]] libro primo ''Bellorum civilium''&lt;/ref&gt;.
* 70: Censor cum eodem Gnaeo Cornelio Lentulo Clodiano severitate insignis 64 senatores indignos e senatu expulit&lt;ref&gt;[[Titus Livius]], ''Periocha'' 98.&lt;/ref&gt;. Iidem censores Pompeium post equestres militias absolutas honesta missione donarunt&lt;ref&gt;[[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 22.5-9.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 67: Legatus Pompei fuit in [[Pirata|bello piratico]] cui [[Mare Tyrrhenum|Tyrrhenum mare]] et Italiae litus custodienda mandavit imperator&lt;ref&gt;[[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Mithridatica'' 95.&lt;/ref&gt; una cum sempiterno collega Cornelio Lentulo.
*63: Ciceronem adiuvit adversus [[Catilina|Catilinarios]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''In Pisonem'' 3.&lt;/ref&gt;.
*59: Legi agrariae consulis [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Iulii Caesaris]] adversabatur&lt;ref&gt;Plutarchus, ''[[Vita Ciceronis (Plutarchus)|Cicero]]'' 26.2.&lt;/ref&gt;.
*57 et 55 adhuc memoratur in senatu.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;


== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Catherine Steel, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/24432812 The roman Senate and the post-sullan &quot;Res-Publica]&quot;, ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2014: 323-339

== Nexus externi ==
*[https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/RE:Gellius_17 Gellius 17] apud [[Paulys Real-Enzyklopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft]]

{{Lifetime|saeculo 2 a.C.n.|saeculo 1 a.C.n.|Gellius Publicola, Lucius}}
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      <text bytes="3187" sha1="233ejo5ztuls6bce79gfqgzxpj6721t" xml:space="preserve">'''Lucius Gellius Publicola''' fuit [[senatus Romanus|senator Romanus]] plebeius secundo saeculo a.C.n. natus et post 55 a.C.n. mortuus. [[Consul|Consulatum]] anno [[72 a.C.n.]] gessit et usque ad censuram pervenit. In discordiis civilibus [[Pompeius|Pompei]] fautor erat.

== De familia et vita civili ==
Homo novus erat sed [[Lucius Gellius Publicola (cos. 36 a.C.n.)|filium quem adoptavit]] consulatum anno [[36 a.C.n.]] gessit. Quamquam saepe pater quoque Publicola appellatur revera hoc [[cognomen]] ad filium primum pertinuisse videtur. Qui filius adulterii cum secunda patris uxore accusatus est non sine suspicione parricidii cogitati: postremo consultis multis senatoribus a patre absolutus est.&lt;ref&gt;[[Valerius Maximus]] V.9.1.&lt;/ref&gt;.
 
Adulescens Lucius Gellius comes et discipulus in arte dicendi [[Gaius Papirius Carbo|Gai Papiri Carbonis]] fuisse dicitur quem admirabatur&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''[[Brutus (Cicero)|Brutus]]'' 105.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ipse tamen orator mediocris a Cicerone iudicabatur&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem 174.&lt;/ref&gt;. Provectam senectutem eum adsecutum ex ipsis verbis Arpinatis oratoris liquet: ''ita diu vixit ut multarum aetatum oratoribus implicaretur''.

== De cursu honorum ==
* 96: [[Aedilis]]
* 94: [[Praetor]] peregrinus. Post praetura provinciam Asiaticam rexit.
* 72: Consul cum [[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus|Gnaeo Cornelio Lentulo Clodiano]]. Quo anno ambo consules adversus servos rebelles missi sunt. [[Crixus|Crixum]] primo proelio quidem vicit, mox tamen a [[Spartacus|Spartaco]] fusus est una cum collega. Quocirca senatus bellum gerendum consulibus ademit atque [[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|Marco Licinio Crasso]] tradidit&lt;ref&gt;[[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]] libro primo ''Bellorum civilium''&lt;/ref&gt;.
* 70: Censor cum eodem Gnaeo Cornelio Lentulo Clodiano severitate insignis 64 senatores indignos e senatu expulit&lt;ref&gt;[[Titus Livius]], ''Periocha'' 98.&lt;/ref&gt;. Iidem censores Pompeium post equestres militias absolutas honesta missione donarunt&lt;ref&gt;[[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 22.5-9.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 67: Legatus Pompei fuit in [[Pirata|bello piratico]] cui [[Mare Tyrrhenum|Tyrrhenum mare]] et Italiae litus custodienda mandavit imperator&lt;ref&gt;[[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Mithridatica'' 95.&lt;/ref&gt; una cum sempiterno collega Cornelio Lentulo.
*63: Ciceronem adiuvit adversus [[Catilina|Catilinarios]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''In Pisonem'' 3. ''Post reditum ad Quirites'' 17.&lt;/ref&gt;.
*59: Legi agrariae consulis [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Iulii Caesaris]] adversabatur&lt;ref&gt;Plutarchus, ''[[Vita Ciceronis (Plutarchus)|Cicero]]'' 26.2.&lt;/ref&gt;.
*57 et 55 adhuc memoratur in senatu.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;


== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Catherine Steel, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/24432812 The roman Senate and the post-sullan &quot;Res-Publica]&quot;, ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2014: 323-339

== Nexus externi ==
*[https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/RE:Gellius_17 Gellius 17] apud [[Paulys Real-Enzyklopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft]]

{{Lifetime|saeculo 2 a.C.n.|saeculo 1 a.C.n.|Gellius Publicola, Lucius}}
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      <text bytes="3294" sha1="2hnix97dszl5jn89uw3yy001f39a0op" xml:space="preserve">'''Lucius Gellius Publicola''' fuit [[senatus Romanus|senator Romanus]] plebeius secundo saeculo a.C.n. natus et post 55 a.C.n. mortuus. [[Consul|Consulatum]] anno [[72 a.C.n.]] gessit et usque ad censuram pervenit. In discordiis civilibus [[Pompeius|Pompei]] fautor erat. Cicero quoque post [[Catilinae coniuratio|Catilinae coniurationem]] Gellium ''suum familarem'' nuncupabat.

== De familia et vita civili ==
Homo novus erat sed [[Lucius Gellius Publicola (cos. 36 a.C.n.)|filium quem adoptavit]] consulatum anno [[36 a.C.n.]] gessit. Quamquam saepe pater quoque Publicola appellatur revera hoc [[cognomen]] ad filium primum pertinuisse videtur. Qui filius adulterii cum secunda patris uxore accusatus est non sine suspicione parricidii cogitati: postremo consultis multis senatoribus a patre absolutus est.&lt;ref&gt;[[Valerius Maximus]] V.9.1.&lt;/ref&gt;.
 
Adulescens Lucius Gellius comes et discipulus in arte dicendi [[Gaius Papirius Carbo|Gai Papiri Carbonis]] fuisse dicitur quem admirabatur&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''[[Brutus (Cicero)|Brutus]]'' 105.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ipse tamen orator mediocris a Cicerone iudicabatur&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem 174.&lt;/ref&gt;. Provectam senectutem eum adsecutum ex ipsis verbis Arpinatis oratoris liquet: ''ita diu vixit ut multarum aetatum oratoribus implicaretur''.

== De cursu honorum ==
* 96: [[Aedilis]]
* 94: [[Praetor]] peregrinus. Post praetura provinciam Asiaticam rexit.
* 72: Consul cum [[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus|Gnaeo Cornelio Lentulo Clodiano]]. Quo anno ambo consules adversus servos rebelles missi sunt. [[Crixus|Crixum]] primo proelio quidem vicit, mox tamen a [[Spartacus|Spartaco]] fusus est una cum collega. Quocirca senatus bellum gerendum consulibus ademit atque [[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|Marco Licinio Crasso]] tradidit&lt;ref&gt;[[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]] libro primo ''Bellorum civilium''&lt;/ref&gt;.
* 70: Censor cum eodem Gnaeo Cornelio Lentulo Clodiano severitate insignis 64 senatores indignos e senatu expulit&lt;ref&gt;[[Titus Livius]], ''Periocha'' 98.&lt;/ref&gt;. Iidem censores Pompeium post equestres militias absolutas honesta missione donarunt&lt;ref&gt;[[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 22.5-9.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 67: Legatus Pompei fuit in [[Pirata|bello piratico]] cui [[Mare Tyrrhenum|Tyrrhenum mare]] et Italiae litus custodienda mandavit imperator&lt;ref&gt;[[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Mithridatica'' 95.&lt;/ref&gt; una cum sempiterno collega Cornelio Lentulo.
*63: Ciceronem adiuvit adversus [[Catilina|Catilinarios]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''In Pisonem'' 3. ''Post reditum ad Quirites'' 17.&lt;/ref&gt;.
*59: Legi agrariae consulis [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Iulii Caesaris]] adversabatur&lt;ref&gt;Plutarchus, ''[[Vita Ciceronis (Plutarchus)|Cicero]]'' 26.2.&lt;/ref&gt;.
*57 et 55 adhuc memoratur in senatu.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;


== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Catherine Steel, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/24432812 The roman Senate and the post-sullan &quot;Res-Publica]&quot;, ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2014: 323-339

== Nexus externi ==
*[https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/RE:Gellius_17 Gellius 17] apud [[Paulys Real-Enzyklopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft]]

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[[Categoria:Consules]]
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      <text bytes="3367" sha1="1gzrospxnid1a7wkoef8gt09g4jm3ij" xml:space="preserve">'''Lucius Gellius Publicola''' fuit [[senatus Romanus|senator Romanus]] plebeius secundo saeculo a.C.n. natus et post 55 a.C.n. mortuus. [[Consul|Consulatum]] anno [[72 a.C.n.]] gessit et usque ad censuram pervenit. In discordiis civilibus [[Pompeius|Pompei]] fautor erat. Cicero quoque post [[Catilinae coniuratio|Catilinae coniurationem]] Gellium ''suum familarem'' nuncupabat.

== De familia et vita civili ==
Homo novus erat sed [[Lucius Gellius Publicola (cos. 36 a.C.n.)|filium quem adoptavit]] consulatum anno [[36 a.C.n.]] gessit. Quamquam saepe pater quoque Publicola appellatur revera hoc [[cognomen]] ad filium primum pertinuisse videtur. Qui filius adulterii cum secunda patris uxore accusatus est non sine suspicione parricidii cogitati: postremo consultis multis senatoribus a patre absolutus est.&lt;ref&gt;[[Valerius Maximus]] V.9.1.&lt;/ref&gt;.
 
Adulescens Lucius Gellius comes et discipulus in arte dicendi [[Gaius Papirius Carbo|Gai Papiri Carbonis]] fuisse dicitur quem admirabatur&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''[[Brutus (Cicero)|Brutus]]'' 105.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ipse tamen orator mediocris a Cicerone iudicabatur&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem 174.&lt;/ref&gt;. Provectam senectutem eum adsecutum ex ipsis verbis Arpinatis oratoris liquet: ''ita diu vixit ut multarum aetatum oratoribus implicaretur''.

== De cursu honorum ==
* 96: [[Aedilis]]
* 94: [[Praetor]] peregrinus. Post praeturam provinciam Asiaticam rexisse videtur&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], [[De legibus (Cicero)|De legibus]] I.53&lt;/ref&gt;.
* 72: Consul cum [[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus|Gnaeo Cornelio Lentulo Clodiano]]. Quo anno ambo consules adversus servos rebelles missi sunt. [[Crixus|Crixum]] primo proelio quidem vicit, mox tamen a [[Spartacus|Spartaco]] fusus est una cum collega. Quocirca senatus bellum gerendum consulibus ademit atque [[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|Marco Licinio Crasso]] tradidit&lt;ref&gt;[[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]] libro primo ''Bellorum civilium''&lt;/ref&gt;.
* 70: Censor cum eodem Gnaeo Cornelio Lentulo Clodiano severitate insignis 64 senatores indignos e senatu expulit&lt;ref&gt;[[Titus Livius]], ''Periocha'' 98.&lt;/ref&gt;. Iidem censores Pompeium post equestres militias absolutas honesta missione donarunt&lt;ref&gt;[[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 22.5-9.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 67: Legatus Pompei fuit in [[Pirata|bello piratico]] cui [[Mare Tyrrhenum|Tyrrhenum mare]] et Italiae litus custodienda mandavit imperator&lt;ref&gt;[[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Mithridatica'' 95.&lt;/ref&gt; una cum sempiterno collega Cornelio Lentulo.
*63: Ciceronem adiuvit adversus [[Catilina|Catilinarios]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''In Pisonem'' 3. ''Post reditum ad Quirites'' 17.&lt;/ref&gt;.
*59: Legi agrariae consulis [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Iulii Caesaris]] adversabatur&lt;ref&gt;Plutarchus, ''[[Vita Ciceronis (Plutarchus)|Cicero]]'' 26.2.&lt;/ref&gt;.
*57 et 55 adhuc memoratur in senatu.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;


== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Catherine Steel, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/24432812 The roman Senate and the post-sullan &quot;Res-Publica]&quot;, ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2014: 323-339

== Nexus externi ==
*[https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/RE:Gellius_17 Gellius 17] apud [[Paulys Real-Enzyklopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft]]

{{Lifetime|saeculo 2 a.C.n.|saeculo 1 a.C.n.|Gellius Publicola, Lucius}}
[[Categoria:Censores]]
[[Categoria:Consules]]
[[Categoria:Senatores]]
[[Categoria:Gens Gellia]]</text>
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      <text bytes="3539" sha1="sefe0bgmjng7ebmf4kdbd4hxiz0x8mm" xml:space="preserve">'''Lucius Gellius Publicola''' fuit [[senatus Romanus|senator Romanus]] plebeius secundo saeculo a.C.n. natus et post 55 a.C.n. mortuus. [[Consul|Consulatum]] anno [[72 a.C.n.]] gessit et usque ad censuram pervenit. In discordiis civilibus [[Pompeius|Pompei]] fautor erat. Cicero quoque post [[Catilinae coniuratio|Catilinae coniurationem]] Gellium ''suum familarem'' nuncupabat.

== De familia et vita civili ==
Homo novus erat sed [[Lucius Gellius Publicola (cos. 36 a.C.n.)|filium quem adoptavit]] consulatum anno [[36 a.C.n.]] gessit. Quamquam saepe pater quoque Publicola appellatur revera hoc [[cognomen]] ad filium primum pertinuisse videtur. Qui filius adulterii cum secunda patris uxore accusatus est non sine suspicione parricidii cogitati: postremo consultis multis senatoribus a patre absolutus est.&lt;ref&gt;[[Valerius Maximus]] V.9.1.&lt;/ref&gt;.
 
Adulescens Lucius Gellius comes et discipulus in arte dicendi [[Gaius Papirius Carbo|Gai Papiri Carbonis]] fuisse dicitur quem admirabatur&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''[[Brutus (Cicero)|Brutus]]'' 105.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ipse tamen orator mediocris a Cicerone iudicabatur&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem 174.&lt;/ref&gt;. Provectam senectutem eum adsecutum ex ipsis verbis Arpinatis oratoris liquet: ''ita diu vixit ut multarum aetatum oratoribus implicaretur''.

== De cursu honorum ==
* 96: [[Aedilis]]
* 94: [[Praetor]] peregrinus. Post praeturam provinciam Asiaticam rexisse videtur&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], [[De legibus (Cicero)|De legibus]] I.53&lt;/ref&gt;. In itinere Athenis philosophiae magistros convocasse narrabatur auxilium suum pollicitus si vellent controversiis inter se modum ponere. Quod consilium multum irrisum est.
* 72: Consul cum [[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus|Gnaeo Cornelio Lentulo Clodiano]]. Quo anno ambo consules adversus servos rebelles missi sunt. [[Crixus|Crixum]] primo proelio quidem vicit, mox tamen a [[Spartacus|Spartaco]] fusus est una cum collega. Quocirca senatus bellum gerendum consulibus ademit atque [[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|Marco Licinio Crasso]] tradidit&lt;ref&gt;[[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]] libro primo ''Bellorum civilium''&lt;/ref&gt;.
* 70: Censor cum eodem Gnaeo Cornelio Lentulo Clodiano severitate insignis 64 senatores indignos e senatu expulit&lt;ref&gt;[[Titus Livius]], ''Periocha'' 98.&lt;/ref&gt;. Iidem censores Pompeium post equestres militias absolutas honesta missione donarunt&lt;ref&gt;[[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 22.5-9.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 67: Legatus Pompei fuit in [[Pirata|bello piratico]] cui [[Mare Tyrrhenum|Tyrrhenum mare]] et Italiae litus custodienda mandavit imperator&lt;ref&gt;[[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Mithridatica'' 95.&lt;/ref&gt; una cum sempiterno collega Cornelio Lentulo.
*63: Ciceronem adiuvit adversus [[Catilina|Catilinarios]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''In Pisonem'' 3. ''Post reditum ad Quirites'' 17.&lt;/ref&gt;.
*59: Legi agrariae consulis [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Iulii Caesaris]] adversabatur&lt;ref&gt;Plutarchus, ''[[Vita Ciceronis (Plutarchus)|Cicero]]'' 26.2.&lt;/ref&gt;.
*57 et 55 adhuc memoratur in senatu.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;


== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Catherine Steel, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/24432812 The roman Senate and the post-sullan &quot;Res-Publica]&quot;, ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2014: 323-339

== Nexus externi ==
*[https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/RE:Gellius_17 Gellius 17] apud [[Paulys Real-Enzyklopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft]]

{{Lifetime|saeculo 2 a.C.n.|saeculo 1 a.C.n.|Gellius Publicola, Lucius}}
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[[Categoria:Consules]]
[[Categoria:Senatores]]
[[Categoria:Gens Gellia]]</text>
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      <text bytes="3544" sha1="q8bb86cucnqsqr4sm453xdp1xu944df" xml:space="preserve">'''Lucius Gellius Publicola''' fuit [[senatus Romanus|senator Romanus]] plebeius secundo saeculo a.C.n. natus et post 55 a.C.n. mortuus. [[Consul|Consulatum]] anno [[72 a.C.n.]] gessit et usque ad censuram pervenit. In discordiis civilibus [[Pompeius|Pompei]] fautor erat. Cicero quoque post [[Catilinae coniuratio|Catilinae coniurationem]] Gellium ''suum familarem'' nuncupabat.

== De familia et vita civili ==
Homo novus erat sed [[Lucius Gellius Publicola (cos. 36 a.C.n.)|filium quem adoptavit]] consulatum anno [[36 a.C.n.]] gessit. Quamquam saepe pater quoque Publicola appellatur revera hoc [[cognomen]] ad filium primum pertinuisse videtur. Qui filius adulterii cum secunda patris uxore accusatus est non sine suspicione parricidii cogitati: postremo consultis multis senatoribus a patre absolutus est.&lt;ref&gt;[[Valerius Maximus]] V.9.1.&lt;/ref&gt;.
 
Adulescens Lucius Gellius comes et discipulus in arte dicendi [[Gaius Papirius Carbo|Gai Papiri Carbonis]] fuisse dicitur quem admirabatur&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''[[Brutus (Cicero)|Brutus]]'' 105.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ipse tamen orator mediocris a Cicerone iudicabatur&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem 174.&lt;/ref&gt;. Provectam senectutem eum adsecutum ex ipsis verbis Arpinatis oratoris liquet: ''ita diu vixit ut multarum aetatum oratoribus implicaretur''.

== De cursu honorum ==
* ante 96: [[Aedilis]]
* 94: [[Praetor]] peregrinus. Post praeturam provinciam Asiaticam rexisse videtur&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], [[De legibus (Cicero)|De legibus]] I.53&lt;/ref&gt;. In itinere Athenis philosophiae magistros convocasse narrabatur auxilium suum pollicitus si vellent controversiis inter se modum ponere. Quod consilium multum irrisum est.
* 72: Consul cum [[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus|Gnaeo Cornelio Lentulo Clodiano]]. Quo anno ambo consules adversus servos rebelles missi sunt. [[Crixus|Crixum]] primo proelio quidem vicit, mox tamen a [[Spartacus|Spartaco]] fusus est una cum collega. Quocirca senatus bellum gerendum consulibus ademit atque [[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|Marco Licinio Crasso]] tradidit&lt;ref&gt;[[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]] libro primo ''Bellorum civilium''&lt;/ref&gt;.
* 70: Censor cum eodem Gnaeo Cornelio Lentulo Clodiano severitate insignis 64 senatores indignos e senatu expulit&lt;ref&gt;[[Titus Livius]], ''Periocha'' 98.&lt;/ref&gt;. Iidem censores Pompeium post equestres militias absolutas honesta missione donarunt&lt;ref&gt;[[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 22.5-9.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 67: Legatus Pompei fuit in [[Pirata|bello piratico]] cui [[Mare Tyrrhenum|Tyrrhenum mare]] et Italiae litus custodienda mandavit imperator&lt;ref&gt;[[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Mithridatica'' 95.&lt;/ref&gt; una cum sempiterno collega Cornelio Lentulo.
*63: Ciceronem adiuvit adversus [[Catilina|Catilinarios]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''In Pisonem'' 3. ''Post reditum ad Quirites'' 17.&lt;/ref&gt;.
*59: Legi agrariae consulis [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Iulii Caesaris]] adversabatur&lt;ref&gt;Plutarchus, ''[[Vita Ciceronis (Plutarchus)|Cicero]]'' 26.2.&lt;/ref&gt;.
*57 et 55 adhuc memoratur in senatu.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;


== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Catherine Steel, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/24432812 The roman Senate and the post-sullan &quot;Res-Publica]&quot;, ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2014: 323-339

== Nexus externi ==
*[https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/RE:Gellius_17 Gellius 17] apud [[Paulys Real-Enzyklopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft]]

{{Lifetime|saeculo 2 a.C.n.|saeculo 1 a.C.n.|Gellius Publicola, Lucius}}
[[Categoria:Censores]]
[[Categoria:Consules]]
[[Categoria:Senatores]]
[[Categoria:Gens Gellia]]</text>
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        <id>2059</id>
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      <text bytes="3636" sha1="2oalsvor66udmrbrgugzgg2qt4buor6" xml:space="preserve">'''Lucius Gellius Publicola''' fuit [[senatus Romanus|senator Romanus]] plebeius secundo saeculo a.C.n. natus et post 55 a.C.n. mortuus. [[Consul|Consulatum]] anno [[72 a.C.n.]] gessit et usque ad censuram pervenit. In discordiis civilibus [[Pompeius|Pompei]] fautor erat. Cicero quoque post [[Catilinae coniuratio|Catilinae coniurationem]] Gellium ''suum familarem'' nuncupabat.

== De familia et vita civili ==
Homo novus erat sed [[Lucius Gellius Publicola (cos. 36 a.C.n.)|filium quem adoptavit]] consulatum anno [[36 a.C.n.]] gessit. Quamquam saepe pater quoque Publicola appellatur revera hoc [[cognomen]] ad filium primum pertinuisse videtur. Qui filius adulterii cum secunda patris uxore accusatus est non sine suspicione parricidii cogitati: postremo consultis multis senatoribus a patre absolutus est.&lt;ref&gt;[[Valerius Maximus]] V.9.1.&lt;/ref&gt;.
 
Adulescens Lucius Gellius comes et discipulus in arte dicendi [[Gaius Papirius Carbo|Gai Papiri Carbonis]] fuisse dicitur quem admirabatur&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''[[Brutus (Cicero)|Brutus]]'' 105.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ipse tamen orator mediocris a Cicerone iudicabatur&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem 174.&lt;/ref&gt;. Provectam senectutem eum adsecutum ex ipsis verbis Arpinatis oratoris liquet: ''ita diu vixit ut multarum aetatum oratoribus implicaretur''.

== De cursu honorum ==
* ante 96: [[Aedilis]]
* 94: [[Praetor]] peregrinus&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.attalus.org/docs/sig2/s732.html Sylloge inscriptionum Graecarum 732]&lt;/ref&gt;. Post praeturam provinciam Asiaticam rexisse videtur&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], [[De legibus (Cicero)|De legibus]] I.53&lt;/ref&gt;. In itinere Athenis philosophiae magistros convocasse narrabatur auxilium suum pollicitus si vellent controversiis inter se modum ponere. Quod consilium multum irrisum est.
* 72: Consul cum [[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus|Gnaeo Cornelio Lentulo Clodiano]]. Quo anno ambo consules adversus servos rebelles missi sunt. [[Crixus|Crixum]] primo proelio quidem vicit, mox tamen a [[Spartacus|Spartaco]] fusus est una cum collega. Quocirca senatus bellum gerendum consulibus ademit atque [[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|Marco Licinio Crasso]] tradidit&lt;ref&gt;[[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]] libro primo ''Bellorum civilium''&lt;/ref&gt;.
* 70: Censor cum eodem Gnaeo Cornelio Lentulo Clodiano severitate insignis 64 senatores indignos e senatu expulit&lt;ref&gt;[[Titus Livius]], ''Periocha'' 98.&lt;/ref&gt;. Iidem censores Pompeium post equestres militias absolutas honesta missione donarunt&lt;ref&gt;[[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 22.5-9.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 67: Legatus Pompei fuit in [[Pirata|bello piratico]] cui [[Mare Tyrrhenum|Tyrrhenum mare]] et Italiae litus custodienda mandavit imperator&lt;ref&gt;[[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Mithridatica'' 95.&lt;/ref&gt; una cum sempiterno collega Cornelio Lentulo.
*63: Ciceronem adiuvit adversus [[Catilina|Catilinarios]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''In Pisonem'' 3. ''Post reditum ad Quirites'' 17.&lt;/ref&gt;.
*59: Legi agrariae consulis [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Iulii Caesaris]] adversabatur&lt;ref&gt;Plutarchus, ''[[Vita Ciceronis (Plutarchus)|Cicero]]'' 26.2.&lt;/ref&gt;.
*57 et 55 adhuc memoratur in senatu.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;


== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Catherine Steel, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/24432812 The roman Senate and the post-sullan &quot;Res-Publica]&quot;, ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2014: 323-339

== Nexus externi ==
*[https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/RE:Gellius_17 Gellius 17] apud [[Paulys Real-Enzyklopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft]]

{{Lifetime|saeculo 2 a.C.n.|saeculo 1 a.C.n.|Gellius Publicola, Lucius}}
[[Categoria:Censores]]
[[Categoria:Consules]]
[[Categoria:Senatores]]
[[Categoria:Gens Gellia]]</text>
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        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
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      <text bytes="3673" sha1="ay16yificsd8nrglfz0y0tvhes40s2p" xml:space="preserve">'''Lucius Gellius Publicola''' fuit [[senatus Romanus|senator Romanus]] plebeius secundo saeculo a.C.n. natus et post 55 a.C.n. mortuus. [[Consul|Consulatum]] anno [[72 a.C.n.]] gessit et usque ad censuram pervenit. In discordiis civilibus [[Pompeius|Pompei]] fautor erat. Cicero quoque post [[Catilinae coniuratio|Catilinae coniurationem]] Gellium ''suum familarem'' nuncupabat.

== De familia et vita civili ==
Homo novus erat sed [[Lucius Gellius Publicola (cos. 36 a.C.n.)|filium quem adoptavit]] consulatum anno [[36 a.C.n.]] gessit. Quamquam saepe pater quoque Publicola appellatur revera hoc [[cognomen]] ad filium primum pertinuisse videtur. Qui filius adulterii cum secunda patris uxore accusatus est non sine suspicione parricidii cogitati: postremo consultis multis senatoribus a patre absolutus est.&lt;ref&gt;[[Valerius Maximus]] V.9.1.&lt;/ref&gt;.
 
Adulescens Lucius Gellius comes et discipulus in arte dicendi [[Gaius Papirius Carbo|Gai Papiri Carbonis]] fuisse dicitur quem admirabatur&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''[[Brutus (Cicero)|Brutus]]'' 105.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ipse tamen orator mediocris a Cicerone iudicabatur&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem 174.&lt;/ref&gt;. Provectam senectutem eum adsecutum ex ipsis verbis Arpinatis oratoris liquet: ''ita diu vixit ut multarum aetatum oratoribus implicaretur''.

== De cursu honorum ==
* ante 96: [[Aedilis]]
* 94: [[Praetor]] peregrinus&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.attalus.org/docs/sig2/s732.html Sylloge inscriptionum Graecarum 732]&lt;/ref&gt;. Post praeturam provinciam Asiaticam rexisse videtur&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], [[De legibus (Cicero)|De legibus]] I.53&lt;/ref&gt;. In itinere Athenis philosophiae magistros convocasse narrabatur auxilium suum pollicitus si vellent controversiis inter se modum ponere. Quod consilium multum irrisum est.
* 72: Consul cum [[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus|Gnaeo Cornelio Lentulo Clodiano]]. Quo anno ambo consules adversus servos rebelles missi sunt. [[Crixus|Crixum]] primo proelio quidem ad [[Garganus mons|montem Garganum]] vicit, mox tamen a [[Spartacus|Spartaco]] fusus est una cum collega. Quocirca senatus bellum gerendum consulibus ademit atque [[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|Marco Licinio Crasso]] tradidit&lt;ref&gt;[[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]] libro primo ''Bellorum civilium''&lt;/ref&gt;.
* 70: Censor cum eodem Gnaeo Cornelio Lentulo Clodiano severitate insignis 64 senatores indignos e senatu expulit&lt;ref&gt;[[Titus Livius]], ''Periocha'' 98.&lt;/ref&gt;. Iidem censores Pompeium post equestres militias absolutas honesta missione donarunt&lt;ref&gt;[[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 22.5-9.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 67: Legatus Pompei fuit in [[Pirata|bello piratico]] cui [[Mare Tyrrhenum|Tyrrhenum mare]] et Italiae litus custodienda mandavit imperator&lt;ref&gt;[[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Mithridatica'' 95.&lt;/ref&gt; una cum sempiterno collega Cornelio Lentulo.
*63: Ciceronem adiuvit adversus [[Catilina|Catilinarios]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''In Pisonem'' 3. ''Post reditum ad Quirites'' 17.&lt;/ref&gt;.
*59: Legi agrariae consulis [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Iulii Caesaris]] adversabatur&lt;ref&gt;Plutarchus, ''[[Vita Ciceronis (Plutarchus)|Cicero]]'' 26.2.&lt;/ref&gt;.
*57 et 55 adhuc memoratur in senatu.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;


== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Catherine Steel, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/24432812 The roman Senate and the post-sullan &quot;Res-Publica]&quot;, ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2014: 323-339

== Nexus externi ==
*[https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/RE:Gellius_17 Gellius 17] apud [[Paulys Real-Enzyklopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft]]

{{Lifetime|saeculo 2 a.C.n.|saeculo 1 a.C.n.|Gellius Publicola, Lucius}}
[[Categoria:Censores]]
[[Categoria:Consules]]
[[Categoria:Senatores]]
[[Categoria:Gens Gellia]]</text>
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      <contributor>
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      <comment>Grufo movit paginam [[Formula:URL]] ad [[Formula:Url]] praeter redirectionem: Nomen facilius</comment>
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      <text bytes="25" sha1="7g6y1jubzy7snm4o020jr88h91c19s1" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Formula:Url]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Frasnido</title>
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        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
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      <comment>creatio e francica documentatione</comment>
      <origin>3991318</origin>
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      <text bytes="722" sha1="1n28eg4rw7ljqxeyrrtso8q8ajhlakg" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Frénois, Mairie-chapelle 1.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Frasnido: [[vici conciliabulum]] cum campanaria turri.]]
{{res|Frasnido}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Graesse}}, t. 2, p. 103.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Francogallice]] ''Frénois'') est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 48 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] in regione [[Magnus Oriens|Magno Oriente]]. 

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Vosegi]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Frénois (Vosges)|Frasnidonem}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vosegi]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>3991319</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T17:00:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>attributio</comment>
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      <text bytes="45" sha1="o9znepymhc92rkza12gm91cqa528f3y" xml:space="preserve">{{attributio|fr|Frénois (Vosges)|238957670}}</text>
      <sha1>o9znepymhc92rkza12gm91cqa528f3y</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Franellum Rubeum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>328982</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991329</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T17:10:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>creatio e francica documentatione</comment>
      <origin>3991329</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="836" sha1="fk0nj3ch58kk8v8lzxafr5y6p2896gs" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
{{videdis|Franellum (discretiva)}}
[[Fasciculus:Frenelle-la-Petite, Eglise Saint-Élophe.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Franellum Rubeum: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Sanctus Eliphius|Sancto Eliphio]] dicata.]]
{{res|Franellum Rubeum}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Graesse}}, t. 2, p. 102.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Francogallice]] ''Frenelle-la-Petite'') est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 49 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] in regione [[Magnus Oriens|Magno Oriente]]. 

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Vosegi]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Frenelle-la-Petite|Franellum Rubeum}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vosegi]]</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Disputatio:Franellum Rubeum</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>328983</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991330</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T17:12:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>attributio</comment>
      <origin>3991330</origin>
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      <text bytes="46" sha1="oa1shogego7746jh124mmsjc8oo51kc" xml:space="preserve">{{attributio|fr|Frenelle-la-Petite|238957530}}</text>
      <sha1>oa1shogego7746jh124mmsjc8oo51kc</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Franellum Magnum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>328984</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991331</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T17:17:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>creatio e francica documentatione</comment>
      <origin>3991331</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="841" sha1="3v02e15flo0285lvxcbdhpb1kgf781f" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
{{videdis|Franellum (discretiva)}}
[[Fasciculus:Frenelle-la-Grande, Eglise Saint-Léger.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Franellum Magnum: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Sanctus Leodegarius|Sancto Leodegario]] dicata.]]
{{res|Franellum Magnum}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Graesse}}, t. 2, p. 102.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Francogallice]] ''Frenelle-la-Grande'') est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 97 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] in regione [[Magnus Oriens|Magno Oriente]]. 

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Vosegi]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Frenelle-la-Grande|Franellum Magnum}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vosegi]]</text>
      <sha1>3v02e15flo0285lvxcbdhpb1kgf781f</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Disputatio:Franellum Magnum</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>328985</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991332</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T17:18:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>attributio</comment>
      <origin>3991332</origin>
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      <text bytes="46" sha1="6z8b8dxermigm6d80q0dvogpzev5ad2" xml:space="preserve">{{attributio|fr|Frenelle-la-Grande|238957525}}</text>
      <sha1>6z8b8dxermigm6d80q0dvogpzev5ad2</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Franellum (discretiva)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>328986</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991334</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T17:25:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
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      <comment>creatio</comment>
      <origin>3991334</origin>
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      <text bytes="279" sha1="hex6wpx89w69ovs9c3dvvzlzs46y1i7" xml:space="preserve">{{discretiva}}
'''Franellum''' potest signifcare:

* '''[[Franellum Magnum]]''': commune Francicum [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|praefecturae Vosegi]], in septentrionali parte; 
* '''[[Franellum Rubeum]]''': commune Francicum praefecturae Vosegi, ad occidentem Franelli Magni.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>3991335</id>
      <parentid>3991334</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T17:25:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>typo</comment>
      <origin>3991335</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="280" sha1="0dpwkvl85c1pendx6si5jwl5sqxy2ex" xml:space="preserve">{{discretiva}}
'''Franellum''' potest significare:

* '''[[Franellum Magnum]]''': commune Francicum [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|praefecturae Vosegi]], in septentrionali parte; 
* '''[[Franellum Rubeum]]''': commune Francicum praefecturae Vosegi, ad occidentem Franelli Magni.</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lacus Silvestris</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>328987</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991347</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T18:49:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>nova</comment>
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      <text bytes="1509" sha1="mc4je5a366je3y0t4a2ij9pjpq1t96i" xml:space="preserve">[[Imago:Lake fall.jpg|thumb|Lacus Silvestris in parte Canadensi anno 2008]]
{{res|Lacus Silvestris}}{{Convertimus}} ([[Anglice]] ''Lake of the Woods'', [[Francogallice]] ''Lac des Bois'') est lacus in [[America Septentrionalis|America Serptentrionali]]  Pars lacus borealis in provinciis Canadensibus [[Ontario]]neet [[Manitoba]] sita est, pars australis in civitate [[Minnesota]] ([[CFA]]); ripae occidentali adiacet pars Minnesotae terris Canadensibus crcumcincta, quae ''Angulus Boreoccidentalis'' (''Northwest Angle'') nominatur.

[[Area (geometria)|Aream]] habet  4350 [[chiliometrum quadratum|chm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;]]; pars austroccidentalis aperta est, sed partes ceterae labyrinthum perplexissimum fretorum, sinuum, insularum paeninsularum praebet. Circa 14 milia insularum per lacum Silvestrem dispersa sunt. 

In silvis desertis et paludinosis lacus situs est. [[Vinnipega (flumen)|Vinnipega flumen]] e parte lacus borrali oritur prope da urbem [[Kenora]]m et in [[Lacus Vinnipega|lacum eiusdem niminis]] quam lacus Silvestris aufert.

Lacus Silvestris et lacus [[Manitoba]]e magni reliquiae sunt lacus praehistorici [[Agassiz (lacus)|Agassiz]] vel [[systema fluviorum|systematis]] eius, quem [[Aevum glaciale|glaciarium]] recedens alebat; ante 10 vel 12 milia annorum aquae Agassiz per [[Nelson (flumen)|flumen Nelson]] novum demissae sunt.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes geographici}}

[[Categoria:Lacus Ontarionis]]
[[Categoria:Lacus Manitobae]]
[[Categoria:Lacus Minnesotae]]</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Categoria:Lacus Manitobae</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>328988</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991349</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T18:52:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>nova</comment>
      <origin>3991349</origin>
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      <text bytes="68" sha1="pmxausfjw4f58qb0ljec668jslxxyxx" xml:space="preserve">[[Categoria:Lacus Canadae]]
[[Categoria:Res geographicae Manitobae]]</text>
      <sha1>pmxausfjw4f58qb0ljec668jslxxyxx</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3991351</id>
      <parentid>3991349</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T18:54:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: -[[Categoria:Res geographicae Manitobae]]; +[[Categoria:Geographia Manitobae]]</comment>
      <origin>3991351</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="62" sha1="k8jfryfwhip92tbjt7uqacjond51jjx" xml:space="preserve">[[Categoria:Lacus Canadae]]
[[Categoria:Geographia Manitobae]]</text>
      <sha1>k8jfryfwhip92tbjt7uqacjond51jjx</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3991371</id>
      <parentid>3991351</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T19:22:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3991371</origin>
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      <text bytes="71" sha1="eb5y9j9vvaq5v6rkh012icljmcnmj5u" xml:space="preserve">[[Categoria:Lacus Canadae|Manitoba]]
[[Categoria:Geographia Manitobae]]</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Categoria:Geographia Manitobae</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>328989</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991352</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T18:55:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>nova</comment>
      <origin>3991352</origin>
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      <text bytes="55" sha1="8x0lwtmd9hm8ld46mrqt591lvmpq9ie" xml:space="preserve">[[Categoria:Manitoba]]
[[Categoria:Geographia Canadae]]</text>
      <sha1>8x0lwtmd9hm8ld46mrqt591lvmpq9ie</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3991361</id>
      <parentid>3991352</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T19:13:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: new key for [[Categoria:Geographia Canadae]]: &quot;Manitoba&quot;</comment>
      <origin>3991361</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="64" sha1="tes02qiwlzlijw0aiuxrirvof8vr95a" xml:space="preserve">[[Categoria:Manitoba]]
[[Categoria:Geographia Canadae|Manitoba]]</text>
      <sha1>tes02qiwlzlijw0aiuxrirvof8vr95a</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Categoria:Flumina Manitobae</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>328990</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991360</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T19:12:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>nova</comment>
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      <text bytes="73" sha1="7b1qfgmpa49n3nnb2lkvnpnia4o7rzl" xml:space="preserve">[[Categoria:Geographia Manitobae]]
[[Categoria:Flumina Canadae|Manitoba]]</text>
      <sha1>7b1qfgmpa49n3nnb2lkvnpnia4o7rzl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Categoria:Flumina Saskatchewanis</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>328991</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991367</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T19:17:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>nova</comment>
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      <text bytes="82" sha1="hy7tv34ce5fheah89zhvyyi9d17ygvn" xml:space="preserve">[[Categoria:Geographia Saskatchewanis]]
[[Categoria:Flumina Canadae|Saskatchewan]]</text>
      <sha1>hy7tv34ce5fheah89zhvyyi9d17ygvn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Categoria:Geographia Saskatchewanis</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>328992</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991368</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T19:19:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>nova</comment>
      <origin>3991368</origin>
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      <text bytes="72" sha1="p7mw0yvzomz0tw3cjfzthauzmju7r60" xml:space="preserve">[[Categoria:Saskatchewan]]
[[Categoria:Geographia Canadae|Saskatchewan]]</text>
      <sha1>p7mw0yvzomz0tw3cjfzthauzmju7r60</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Categoria:Lacus Saskatchewanis</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>328993</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991372</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T19:23:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>nova</comment>
      <origin>3991372</origin>
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      <text bytes="82" sha1="iravi4hodi89r4itnvuyxau6slr3j1r" xml:space="preserve">[[Categoria:Lacus Canadae|Saskatchewanis]]
[[Categoria:Geographia Saskatchewanis]]</text>
      <sha1>iravi4hodi89r4itnvuyxau6slr3j1r</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Categoria:Lacus Albertae</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>328994</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991377</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T19:26:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>nova</comment>
      <origin>3991377</origin>
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      <text bytes="70" sha1="g22sgj2z2qow9tahiof4taz4o5w1771" xml:space="preserve">[[Categoria:Lacus Canadae|Albertae]]
[[Categoria:Geographia Albertae]]</text>
      <sha1>g22sgj2z2qow9tahiof4taz4o5w1771</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Categoria:Geographia Albertae</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>328995</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991378</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T19:27:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>nova</comment>
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      <text bytes="62" sha1="0mtnuyoxh2z1fq40rcfjbi9rh56iejq" xml:space="preserve">[[Categoria:Alberta]]
[[Categoria:Geographia Canadae|Alberta]]</text>
      <sha1>0mtnuyoxh2z1fq40rcfjbi9rh56iejq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Categoria:Flumina Albertae</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>328996</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991379</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T19:29:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>nova</comment>
      <origin>3991379</origin>
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      <text bytes="72" sha1="iax3p7kgq7fxc0lbfxx5ulwwx94c0ba" xml:space="preserve">[[Categoria:Geographia Albertae]]
[[Categoria:Flumina Canadae|Albertae]]</text>
      <sha1>iax3p7kgq7fxc0lbfxx5ulwwx94c0ba</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Categoria:Flumina territoriorum septentrio-occidentalium Canadae</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>328997</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991384</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T19:34:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>nova</comment>
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      <text bytes="140" sha1="kt13saboxr6dzml5pogrit3pzuib0at" xml:space="preserve">[[Categoria:Geographia territoriorum septentrio-occidentalium Canadae]]
[[Categoria:Flumina Canadae|territoriorum septentrio-occidentalium]]</text>
      <sha1>kt13saboxr6dzml5pogrit3pzuib0at</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Categoria:Geographia territoriorum septentrio-occidentalium Canadae</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>328998</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991386</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T19:36:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>nova</comment>
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      <text bytes="127" sha1="d09oqtm6k28euizzolrg706ouvsb825" xml:space="preserve">[[Categoria:Territoria septentrio-occidentalia (Canada)]]
[[Categoria:Geographia Canadae|territoriorum septentrio-occidentali]]</text>
      <sha1>d09oqtm6k28euizzolrg706ouvsb825</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Categoria:Lacus territoriorum septentrio-occidentalium Canadae</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>328999</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991391</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T19:41:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>nova</comment>
      <origin>3991391</origin>
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      <text bytes="138" sha1="rltx045xd2j8txji1hu6sfdcq286kkn" xml:space="preserve">[[Categoria:Geographia territoriorum septentrio-occidentalium Canadae]]
[[Categoria:Lacus Canadae|territoriorum septentrio-occidentalium]]</text>
      <sha1>rltx045xd2j8txji1hu6sfdcq286kkn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Categoria:Flumina Ontarionis</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>329000</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991393</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T19:45:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>nova</comment>
      <origin>3991393</origin>
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      <text bytes="88" sha1="8e9bjm0wmzk11woexo331u1jhgq164w" xml:space="preserve">[[Categoria:Conformationes terrestres Ontarionis]]
[[Categoria:Flumina Canadae|Ontario]]</text>
      <sha1>8e9bjm0wmzk11woexo331u1jhgq164w</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Categoria:Flumina Quebeci</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>329001</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991399</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T19:48:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>nova</comment>
      <origin>3991399</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="70" sha1="753iio5ov2xiavkmu3er80ozymef0bg" xml:space="preserve">[[Categoria:Geographia Quebeci]]
[[Categoria:Flumina Canadae|Quebeci]]</text>
      <sha1>753iio5ov2xiavkmu3er80ozymef0bg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Categoria:Geographia Quebeci</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>329002</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991400</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T19:50:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>nova</comment>
      <origin>3991400</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="64" sha1="88g3obo55feyafh7kzg5o4198srqkjk" xml:space="preserve">[[Categoria:Quebecum]]
[[Categoria:Geographia Canadae|Quebecum]]</text>
      <sha1>88g3obo55feyafh7kzg5o4198srqkjk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Formula:Historia Asiae</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>329003</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991463</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-27T00:51:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ChomponU Pongsawet</username>
        <id>202211</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Paginam instituit, scribens '{{Capsa navigationis | titulus = Historia [[Asia]]e | corpus = [[Historia Afganiae|Afgania]] · [[Historia Arabiae Sauditae|Arabia Saudita]] · [[Historia Armeniae|Armenia]] · [[Historia Atropatenae|Atropatene]] · [[Historia Baharinae|Baharina]] · [[Historia Bangladesae|Bangladesa]] · [[Historia Birmaniae|Birmania]] · [[Historia Butaniae|Butania]] · [[Historia Cambosiae|Cambosia]] · [[Historia Casachiae|Casachia]] · [[Historia Chirgisiae|Chirgisia]] ·...'</comment>
      <origin>3991463</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1964" sha1="ldi8g4hdklqi8ogcccntqrxpnc8970s" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa navigationis
| titulus = Historia [[Asia]]e
| corpus = [[Historia Afganiae|Afgania]] · [[Historia Arabiae Sauditae|Arabia Saudita]] · [[Historia Armeniae|Armenia]] · [[Historia Atropatenae|Atropatene]] · [[Historia Baharinae|Baharina]] · [[Historia Bangladesae|Bangladesa]] · [[Historia Birmaniae|Birmania]] · [[Historia Butaniae|Butania]] · [[Historia Cambosiae|Cambosia]] · [[Historia Casachiae|Casachia]] · [[Historia Chirgisiae|Chirgisia]] · [[Historia Coreae Meridianae|Corea Meridiana]] · [[Historia Coreae Septentrionalis|Corea Septentrionalis]] · [[Historia Cuvaiti|Cuvaitum]] · [[Historia Cypri|Cyprus]] · [[Historia Emiratuum Arabicorum Coniunctorum|Emiratus Arabici Coniuncti]] · [[Historia Georgiae|Georgia]] · [[Historia Iaponiae|Iaponia]] · [[Historia Iemeniae|Iemenia]] · [[Historia Indiae|India]] · [[Historia Indonesiae|Indonesia]] · [[Historia Iordaniae|Iordania]] · [[Historia Iracae|Iraca]] · [[Historia Iraniae|Irania]] · [[Historia Israelis|Israël]] · [[Historia Laotiae|Laotia]] · [[Historia Libani|Libanus]] · [[Historia Malaesiae|Malaesia]] · [[Historia Maldivarum|Maldivae]] · [[Historia Mongoliae|Mongolia]] · [[Historia Nepaliae|Nepalia]] · [[Historia Omaniae|Omania]] · [[Historia Pakistaniae|Pakistania]] · [[Historia Palaestinae|Palaestina]] · [[Historia Philippinarum|Philippinae]] · [[Historia Quatariae|Quataria]] · [[Historia Russiae|Russia]] · [[Historia Sinarum|Sinae]] · [[Historia Singapurae|Singapura]] · [[Historia Srilancae|Srilanca]] · [[Historia Syriae|Syria]] · [[Historia Tadzikistaniae|Tadzikistania]] · [[Historia Taivaniae|Taivania]] · [[Historia Thailandiae|Thailandia]] · [[Historia Timoriae Orientalis|Timoria Orientalis]] · [[Historia Turciae|Turcia]] · [[Historia Turcomanniae|Turcomannia]] · [[Historia Uzbeciae|Uzbecia]] · [[Historia Vietnamiae|Vietnamia]]
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Categoria:Asia|ß]]
[[Categoria:Formulae navigationis civitatum]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3991474</id>
      <parentid>3991463</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-27T00:58:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ChomponU Pongsawet</username>
        <id>202211</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>3991474</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1963" sha1="ifr0o59t4h0j4o7ag2nw8rgo8rottgv" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa navigationis
| titulus = Historia [[Asia]]e
| corpus = [[Historia Afganiae|Afgania]] · [[Historia Arabiae Sauditae|Arabia Saudita]] · [[Historia Armeniae|Armenia]] · [[Historia Atropatenae|Atropatene]] · [[Historia Baharinae|Baharina]] · [[Historia Bangladesae|Bangladesa]] · [[Historia Birmaniae|Birmania]] · [[Historia Butaniae|Butania]] · [[Historia Cambosiae|Cambosia]] · [[Historia Casachiae|Casachia]] · [[Historia Chirgisiae|Chirgisia]] · [[Historia Coreae Meridianae|Corea Meridiana]] · [[Historia Coreae Septentrionalis|Corea Septentrionalis]] · [[Historia Cuvaiti|Cuvaitum]] · [[Historia Cypri|Cyprus]] · [[Historia Emiratuum Arabicorum Coniunctorum|Emiratus Arabici Coniuncti]] · [[Historia Georgiae|Georgia]] · [[Historia Iaponiae|Iaponia]] · [[Historia Iemeniae|Iemenia]] · [[Historia Indiae|India]] · [[Historia Indonesiae|Indonesia]] · [[Historia Iordaniae|Iordania]] · [[Historia Iracae|Iraca]] · [[Historia Iraniae|Irania]] · [[Historia Israelis|Israël]] · [[Historia Laotiae|Laotia]] · [[Historia Libani|Libanus]] · [[Historia Malaesiae|Malaesia]] · [[Historia Maldivarum|Maldivae]] · [[Historia Mongoliae|Mongolia]] · [[Historia Nepaliae|Nepalia]] · [[Historia Omaniae|Omania]] · [[Historia Pakistaniae|Pakistania]] · [[Historia Palaestinae|Palaestina]] · [[Historia Philippinarum|Philippinae]] · [[Historia Quatariae|Quataria]] · [[Historia Russiae|Russia]] · [[Historia Sinica|Sinae]] · [[Historia Singapurae|Singapura]] · [[Historia Srilancae|Srilanca]] · [[Historia Syriae|Syria]] · [[Historia Tadzikistaniae|Tadzikistania]] · [[Historia Taivaniae|Taivania]] · [[Historia Thailandiae|Thailandia]] · [[Historia Timoriae Orientalis|Timoria Orientalis]] · [[Historia Turciae|Turcia]] · [[Historia Turcomanniae|Turcomannia]] · [[Historia Uzbeciae|Uzbecia]] · [[Historia Vietnamiae|Vietnamia]]
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Categoria:Asia|ß]]
[[Categoria:Formulae navigationis civitatum]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ifr0o59t4h0j4o7ag2nw8rgo8rottgv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3991477</id>
      <parentid>3991474</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-27T01:11:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>+nexuli recensorii</comment>
      <origin>3991477</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1990" sha1="mnnsvbzzmrd4i3dujteg9u5o5ujl0wi" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa navigationis
| titulus = Historia [[Asia]]e
| formula = Historia Asiae
| corpus = [[Historia Afganiae|Afgania]] · [[Historia Arabiae Sauditae|Arabia Saudita]] · [[Historia Armeniae|Armenia]] · [[Historia Atropatenae|Atropatene]] · [[Historia Baharinae|Baharina]] · [[Historia Bangladesae|Bangladesa]] · [[Historia Birmaniae|Birmania]] · [[Historia Butaniae|Butania]] · [[Historia Cambosiae|Cambosia]] · [[Historia Casachiae|Casachia]] · [[Historia Chirgisiae|Chirgisia]] · [[Historia Coreae Meridianae|Corea Meridiana]] · [[Historia Coreae Septentrionalis|Corea Septentrionalis]] · [[Historia Cuvaiti|Cuvaitum]] · [[Historia Cypri|Cyprus]] · [[Historia Emiratuum Arabicorum Coniunctorum|Emiratus Arabici Coniuncti]] · [[Historia Georgiae|Georgia]] · [[Historia Iaponiae|Iaponia]] · [[Historia Iemeniae|Iemenia]] · [[Historia Indiae|India]] · [[Historia Indonesiae|Indonesia]] · [[Historia Iordaniae|Iordania]] · [[Historia Iracae|Iraca]] · [[Historia Iraniae|Irania]] · [[Historia Israelis|Israël]] · [[Historia Laotiae|Laotia]] · [[Historia Libani|Libanus]] · [[Historia Malaesiae|Malaesia]] · [[Historia Maldivarum|Maldivae]] · [[Historia Mongoliae|Mongolia]] · [[Historia Nepaliae|Nepalia]] · [[Historia Omaniae|Omania]] · [[Historia Pakistaniae|Pakistania]] · [[Historia Palaestinae|Palaestina]] · [[Historia Philippinarum|Philippinae]] · [[Historia Quatariae|Quataria]] · [[Historia Russiae|Russia]] · [[Historia Sinica|Sinae]] · [[Historia Singapurae|Singapura]] · [[Historia Srilancae|Srilanca]] · [[Historia Syriae|Syria]] · [[Historia Tadzikistaniae|Tadzikistania]] · [[Historia Taivaniae|Taivania]] · [[Historia Thailandiae|Thailandia]] · [[Historia Timoriae Orientalis|Timoria Orientalis]] · [[Historia Turciae|Turcia]] · [[Historia Turcomanniae|Turcomannia]] · [[Historia Uzbeciae|Uzbecia]] · [[Historia Vietnamiae|Vietnamia]]
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Categoria:Asia|ß]]
[[Categoria:Formulae navigationis civitatum]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>mnnsvbzzmrd4i3dujteg9u5o5ujl0wi</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3991482</id>
      <parentid>3991477</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-27T02:35:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>“Historia [[Asia|Asiae]]” → “[[Historia Asiae]]”</comment>
      <origin>3991482</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1990" sha1="nfid78bbqiicbe5z5qbb374rp028b0a" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa navigationis
| titulus = [[Historia Asiae]]
| formula = Historia Asiae
| corpus = [[Historia Afganiae|Afgania]] · [[Historia Arabiae Sauditae|Arabia Saudita]] · [[Historia Armeniae|Armenia]] · [[Historia Atropatenae|Atropatene]] · [[Historia Baharinae|Baharina]] · [[Historia Bangladesae|Bangladesa]] · [[Historia Birmaniae|Birmania]] · [[Historia Butaniae|Butania]] · [[Historia Cambosiae|Cambosia]] · [[Historia Casachiae|Casachia]] · [[Historia Chirgisiae|Chirgisia]] · [[Historia Coreae Meridianae|Corea Meridiana]] · [[Historia Coreae Septentrionalis|Corea Septentrionalis]] · [[Historia Cuvaiti|Cuvaitum]] · [[Historia Cypri|Cyprus]] · [[Historia Emiratuum Arabicorum Coniunctorum|Emiratus Arabici Coniuncti]] · [[Historia Georgiae|Georgia]] · [[Historia Iaponiae|Iaponia]] · [[Historia Iemeniae|Iemenia]] · [[Historia Indiae|India]] · [[Historia Indonesiae|Indonesia]] · [[Historia Iordaniae|Iordania]] · [[Historia Iracae|Iraca]] · [[Historia Iraniae|Irania]] · [[Historia Israelis|Israël]] · [[Historia Laotiae|Laotia]] · [[Historia Libani|Libanus]] · [[Historia Malaesiae|Malaesia]] · [[Historia Maldivarum|Maldivae]] · [[Historia Mongoliae|Mongolia]] · [[Historia Nepaliae|Nepalia]] · [[Historia Omaniae|Omania]] · [[Historia Pakistaniae|Pakistania]] · [[Historia Palaestinae|Palaestina]] · [[Historia Philippinarum|Philippinae]] · [[Historia Quatariae|Quataria]] · [[Historia Russiae|Russia]] · [[Historia Sinica|Sinae]] · [[Historia Singapurae|Singapura]] · [[Historia Srilancae|Srilanca]] · [[Historia Syriae|Syria]] · [[Historia Tadzikistaniae|Tadzikistania]] · [[Historia Taivaniae|Taivania]] · [[Historia Thailandiae|Thailandia]] · [[Historia Timoriae Orientalis|Timoria Orientalis]] · [[Historia Turciae|Turcia]] · [[Historia Turcomanniae|Turcomannia]] · [[Historia Uzbeciae|Uzbecia]] · [[Historia Vietnamiae|Vietnamia]]
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Categoria:Asia|ß]]
[[Categoria:Formulae navigationis civitatum]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Usor:ChomponU Pongsawet</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>329004</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991476</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-27T01:06:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ChomponU Pongsawet</username>
        <id>202211</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>3991476</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1525" sha1="bnx3wqervf1vip8pltmh65s39uqaleo" xml:space="preserve">Salvete omnes! Ego sum ChomponU Pongsawet. Thailandensis sum et in urbe Phitsanulok in [[Thailandia]] habito. Omnia incepta Vicimediorum Fundationis meliora faciam. ^_^

== 🪄Capsae speciales in Vicipaedia ==
&lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 10px; justify-content: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;width: 48%; min-width: 320px; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; padding: 15px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 10px;&quot;&gt;Paginam novam crea (nomen paginae specifica)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;inputbox&gt;
type=create
width=40
break=no
&lt;/inputbox&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;width: 48%; min-width: 320px; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; padding: 15px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 10px;&quot;&gt;Novum argumentum disputationis incipe&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;inputbox&gt;
type=comment
width=40
break=no
&lt;/inputbox&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;width: 48%; min-width: 320px; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; padding: 15px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 10px;&quot;&gt;Quaerere articulos Vicipaediae&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;inputbox&gt;
type=search
width=40
break=no
&lt;/inputbox&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;width: 48%; min-width: 320px; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; padding: 15px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 10px;&quot;&gt;Quaerere textum in omnibus paginis&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;inputbox&gt;
type=fulltext
width=40
break=no
&lt;/inputbox&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bnx3wqervf1vip8pltmh65s39uqaleo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Devprayag</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>329005</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991488</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-27T05:02:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Paresh Kumar 1</username>
        <id>215378</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Paginam instituit, scribens 'Devprayag est oppidulum in India Septentrionali situm, celebre ob divinum confluentem fluminum Alaknanda et Bhagirathi, qui *Devprayag Sangam* appellatur. Hic est ultimus ac clarissimus confluens inter quinque illos confluentes sacros (Panch Prayag) in regione Uttarakhand.&lt;ref&gt;'''[https://www.manchalamushafir.com/panch-prayag-in-uttarakhand/ Quinque Confluentia Uttarakhandiae]'''&lt;/ref&gt;  Haec duo flumina sacra hoc ipso loco coeunt atque deinde ut flumen Ganges f...'</comment>
      <origin>3991488</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1153" sha1="r1pfzwru4pcflgsjiqllhsliv0ysqrr" xml:space="preserve">Devprayag est oppidulum in India Septentrionali situm, celebre ob divinum confluentem fluminum Alaknanda et Bhagirathi, qui *Devprayag Sangam* appellatur. Hic est ultimus ac clarissimus confluens inter quinque illos confluentes sacros (Panch Prayag) in regione Uttarakhand.&lt;ref&gt;'''[https://www.manchalamushafir.com/panch-prayag-in-uttarakhand/ Quinque Confluentia Uttarakhandiae]'''&lt;/ref&gt;

Haec duo flumina sacra hoc ipso loco coeunt atque deinde ut flumen Ganges fluunt, initium sacri fluminis Gangis constituentes.

== Situs et Geographia ==
Devprayag in regione Tehri Garhwal civitatis Uttarakhand, in India septentrionali, sita est. Flumen Alaknanda apud confluentem atque ad radices glaciarum Satopanth et Bhagirath Kharak in Uttarakhand, prope fines Thibetanos, oritur. Bhagirathi autem apud Gaumukh, ad radices glaciarum Gangotri et Khatling in regione Garhwal, initium capit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.manchalamushafir.com/devprayag-sangam-uttarakhand/ Devprayag Sangam de Alaknanda et Bhagirathi]&lt;/ref&gt;

Hic ambo flumina confluunt atque initium fluminis Gangae apud Devprayag constituunt, indeque ex montibus Himalaiis versus planities fluere incipiunt.</text>
      <sha1>r1pfzwru4pcflgsjiqllhsliv0ysqrr</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mamady Doumbouya</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>329006</id>
    <redirect title="Mamadi Doumbouya" />
    <revision>
      <id>3991496</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-27T09:56:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aboubacarkhoraa</username>
        <id>131096</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Aboubacarkhoraa movit paginam [[Mamady Doumbouya]] ad [[Mamadi Doumbouya]]: Titulus male scriptus</comment>
      <origin>3991496</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="my25ajvzbjtpf24l9gdzq3sooterck7" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Mamadi Doumbouya]]</text>
      <sha1>my25ajvzbjtpf24l9gdzq3sooterck7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
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